&EFA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/600/P-95/002FC
August 1997
Exposure Factors
Handbook
Volume III
Activity Factors
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EPA/600/P-95/002FC
August 1997
VOLUME III - ACTIVITY FACTORS
EXPOSURE FACTORS HANDBOOK
Update to Exposure Factors Handbook
EPA/600/8-89/043 - May 1989
Office of Research and Development
National Center for Environmental Assessment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
Page Exposure Factors Handbook
ii August 1997
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CONTENTS
Page No.
VOLUME I
1. INTRODUCTION 1-
1.1. PURPOSE 1-
1.2. INTENDED AUDIENCE , , 1-
1.3. BACKGROUND 1-
1.3.1. Selection of Studies for the Handbook 1-
1.3.2. Using the Handbook in an Exposure Assessment 1-3
1.3.3. Approach Used to Develop Recommendations for Exposure Factors 1-4
1.3.4. Characterizing Variability 1-5
1.4. GENERAL EQUATION FOR CALCULATING DOSE 1-11
1.5. RESEARCH NEEDS 1-14
1.6. ORGANIZATION 1-15
1.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1 1-16
APPENDIX 1A 1A-1
2. VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY 2-1
2.1. VARIABILITY VERSUS UNCERTAINTY 2-1
2.2. TYPES OF VARIABILITY 2-2
2.3. CONFRONTING VARIABILITY 2-3
2.4. CONCERN ABOUT UNCERTAINTY 2-3
2.5. TYPES OF UNCERTAINTY AND REDUCING UNCERTAINTY 2-4
2.6. ANALYZING VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY 2-4
2.7. PRESENTING RESULTS OF VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 2-6
2.8. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2 2-7
3, DRINKING WATER INTAKE 3-1
3.1. BACKGROUND 3-1
3.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE 3-1
3.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES ON DRINKING WATER INTAKE 3-9
3.4. PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN , 3-17
3.5. HIGH ACTIVITY LEVELS/HOT CLIMATES 3-20
3.6. RECOMMENDATIONS 3-23
3.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 3-30
4. SOIL INGESTION AND PICA .4-1
4.1. BACKGROUND 4-1
4.2. KEY STUDIES ON SOIL INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN 4-1
4.3. RELEVANT STUDIES ON SOIL INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN 4-11
4.4. SOIL INTAKE AMONG ADULTS 4-16
4.5. PREVALENCE OF PICA ; 4-17
4.6. DELIBERATE SOIL INGESTION AMONG CHILDREN 4-18
4.7. RECOMMENDATIONS 4-20
4.8. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4 4-25
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 - IM
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
5. INHALATION ROUTE .5-1
5.1. EXPOSURE EQUATION FOR INHALATION 5-1
5.2. INHALATION RATE , 5-1
5.2.1. Background .- 5-1
5.2.2. Key Inhalation Rate Studies 5-3
5.2.3. Relevant Inhalation Rate Studies 5-16
5.2.4. Recommendations 5-22
5.3. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5 5-27
APPENDIX 5A 5A-1
6, DERMAL ROUTE 6-1
6.1. EQUATION FOR DERMAL DOSE 6-1
6.2. SURFACE AREA 6-2
6.2.1. Background 6-2
6.2.2. Measurement Techniques 6-2
6.2.3. Key Body Surface Area Studies 6-2
6.2.4. Relevant Surface Area Studies 6-4
6.2.5. Application of Body Surface Area Data 6-4
6.3. SOIL ADHERENCE TO SKIN 6-6
6.3.1. Background 6-6
6.3.2. Key Soil Adherence to Skin Studies 6-6
6.3.3. Relevant Soil Adherence to Skin Studies 6-6
6.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 6-8
6.4.1. Body Surface Area 6-8
6.4.2. Soil Adherence to Skin 6-8
6.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6 6-10
APPENDIX 6A , 6A-1
7. BODY WEIGHT STUDIES 7-1
7.1. KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 7-1
7.2. RELEVANT BODY WEIGHT STUDIES '. 7-4
7.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 7-10
7.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER? 7-11
8. LIFETIME 8-1
8.1. KEY STUDY ON LIFETIME 8-1
8.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 8-1
8.3. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 8 , 8-1
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
VOLUME II
9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES , 9-1
9.1. BACKGROUND 9-1
9.2. INTAKE STUDIES .9-2
9.2.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 9-2
9.2.2. Key Fruits and Vegetables Intake Study Based on the USDA CSFII 9-2
9.2.3. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Intake Studies 9-4
9.2.4. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Serving Size Study Based on the USDA MFCS 9-6
9.2.5. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight Intake Rates 9-7
9.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 9-7
9.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9 9-8
APPENDIX 9A , 9A-1
APPENDIX 9B 9B-1
10. INTAKE OF FISH AND SHELLFISH 10-1
10.1. BACKGROUND 10-1
10.2. KEY GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10-2
10.3. RELEVANT GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10-6
10.4. KEY RECREATIONAL (MARINE FISH STUDIES) 10-8
10.5. RELEVANT RECREATIONAL MARINE STUDIES 10-10
10.6. KEY FRESHWATER RECREATIONAL STUDIES 10-12
10.7. RELEVANT FRESHWATER RECREATIONAL STUDIES 10-18
10.8. NATIVE AMERICAN FRESHWATER STUDIES 10-20
10.9. OTHER FACTORS 10-24
10.10. RECOMMENDATIONS 10-25
10.10.1. Recommendations - General Population 10-25
10,10.2. Recommendations - Recreational Marine Anglers 10-26
10.10.3. Recommendations - Recreational Freshwater Anglers 10-26
10.10.4. Recommendations - Native American Subsistence Populations 10-26
10.11. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 10 10-27
APPENDIX 10A 10A-
APPENDIX 10B 10B-
APPENDIX IOC , 10C-
11. INTAKE OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS 11-
11.1. INTAKE STUDIES 11-
11.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 11-1
11.1.2. Key Meat and Dairy Products Intake Study Based on the CSFII 11-2
11.1.3. Relevant Meat and Dairy Products Intake Studies 11-3
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No,
11.2. FAT CONTENT OF MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS 11-6
11,3. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES .... 11-7
11.4. RECOMMENDATIONS i 1-7
11.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11 , 11-7
APPENDIX 11A 11A-1
12. INTAKE OF GRAIN PRODUCTS 12-1
12.1. INTAKE STUDIES 12-1
12.1.1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 12-1
12.1,2. Key Grain Products Intake Studies Based on the CSFII 12-2
12.1.3. Relevant Grain Products Intake Studies 12-2
12.1.4. Key Grain Products Serving Size Study Based on the USDA NFCS 12-4
12.2. CONVERSION BETWEEN AS CONSUMED AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES 12-4
12.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 12-5
12.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 12 12-5
APPENDIX 12A 12A-1
13. INTAKE RATES FOR VARIOUS HOME PRODUCED FOOD ITEMS 13-1
13.1. BACKGROUND 13-1
13.2. METHODS 13-2
13.3. RESULTS , 13-7
13.4. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 13-9
13.5. RECOMMENDATIONS 13-10
13.6. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 13 13-10
APPENDIX 13A 13A-1
14. BREAST MILK INTAKE 14-1
14.1. BACKGROUND 14-1
14.2. KEY STUDIES ON BREAST MILK INTAKE 14-1
14.3. RELEVANT STUDIES ON BREAST MILK INTAKE 14-4
14,4. KEY STUDIES ON LIPID CONTENT AND FAT INTAKE FROM BREAST MILK 14-5
14.5. OTHER FACTORS 14-6
14.6. RECOMMENDATIONS 14-7
14.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 14 14-8
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vi August 1997
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
VOLUME HI
15. ACTIVITY FACTORS 15-1
15.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS •. 15-1
15.1.1. Key Activity Pattern Studies 15-1
15.1.2. Relevant Activity Pattern Studies 15-7
15.2. OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY 15-11
15.2.1. Background 15-11
15.2.2. Key Occupational Mobility Studies 15-11
15.3. POPULATION MOBILITY 15-12
15.3.1. Background 15-12
15.3.2. Key Population Mobility Studies 15-13
15.3.3. Relevant Population Mobility Studies 15-15
15.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 15-15
15.4.1. Recommendations for Activity Patterns 15-15
15.4.2. Recommendations: Occupational Mobility 15-17
15.4.3. Recommendations: Population Mobility 15-17
15.4.4. Summary of Recommended Activity Factors 15-18
15.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 15 15-18
APPENDIX ISA 15A-1
APPENDIX 15B 15B-1
16. CONSUMER PRODUCTS 16-1
16.1. BACKGROUND 16-1
16.2. KEY CONSUMER PRODUCTS USE STUDIES 16-1
16.3. RELEVANT CONSUMER PRODUCTS USE STUDY 16-4
16.4. RECOMMENDATIONS 16-5
16.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 16 16-5
APPENDIX 16A 16A-1
17. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 17-1
17.1. INTRODUCTION 17-1
17.2. BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS 17-2
17.2.1. Key Volumes of Residence Studies 17-2
17.2.2. Volumes and Surface Areas of Rooms 17-4
17.2.3. Mechanical System Configurations 17-6
17.2.4. Type of Foundation 17-7
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ; vi'i
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
17.3. TRANSPORT RATES 17-8
17.3.1. Background 17-8
17.3.2. Air Exchange Rates 17-10
17.3.3. Infiltration Models 17-12
17.3.4. Deposition and Filtration 17-14
17.3.5. Interzonal Airflows 17-15
17.3.6. Water Uses 17-15
17.3.7. House Dust and Soil 17-19
17.4. SOURCES 17-20
17.4.1. Source Descriptions for Airborne Contaminants 17-20
17.4.2. Source Descriptions for Waterborne Contaminants 17-22
17.4.3. Soil and House Dust Sources 17-22
17.5. ADVANCED CONCEPTS 17-23
17.5.1. Uniform Mixing Assumption 17-23
17.5.2. Reversible Sinks 17-23
17.6 RECOMMENDATIONS 17-23
17.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 17 17-24
GLOSSARY G-l
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viii August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
VOLUME I
Table 1-1. Considerations Used to Rate Confidence in Recommended Values 1-6
Table 1-2. Summary of Exposure Factor Recommendations and Confidence Ratings 1-7
Table 1-3, Characterization of Variability in Exposure Factors 1-10
Table 1 A-l. Procedures for Modifying IRIS Risk Values for Non-standard Populations 1A-4
Table 2-1. Four Strategies for Confronting Variability 2-3
Table 2-2. Three Types of Uncertainty and Associated Sources and Examples 2-5
Table 2-3. Approaches to Quantitative Analysis of Uncertainty 2-6
Table 3-1. Daily Total Tapwater Intake Distribution for Canadians, by Age Group
(approx. 0.20 L increments, both sexes, combined seasons) 3-2
Table 3-2. Average Daily Tapwater Intake of Canadians (expressed as milliliters per kilogram
body weight) 3-3
Table 3-3. Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake of Canadians, by Age and Season (L/day) 3-3
Table 3-4. Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake of Canadians as a Function of Level of Physical
Activity at Work and in Spare Time (16 years and older, combined seasons, L/day) 3-3
Table 3-5. Average Daily Tapwater Intake by Canadians, Apportioned Among Various Beverages
(both sexes, by age, combined seasons, L/day) 3-4
Table 3-6. Total Tapwater Intake (mL/day) for Both Sexes Combined 3-5
Table 3-7. Total Tapwater Intake (mL/kg-day) for Both Sexes Combined 3-6
Table 3-8. Summary of Tapwater Intake by Age 3-7
Table 3-9. Total Tapwater Intake (as percent of total water intake) by Broad Age Category 3-7
Table 3-10. General Dietary Sources of Tapwater for Both Sexes 3-8
Table 3-11. Summary Statistics for Best-Fit Lognormal Distributions for Water Intake Rates 3-9
Table 3-12. Estimated Quantiles and Means for Total Tapwater Intake Rates (mL/day) 3-10
Table 3-13. Assumed Tapwater Content of Beverages 3-10
Table 3-14. Intake of Total Liquid, Total Tapwater, and Various Beverages (L/day) 3-11
Table 3-15. Summary of Total Liquid and Total Tapwater Intake for Males and Females (L/day) 3-12
Table 3-16. Measured Fluid Intakes (mL/day) 3-13
Table 3-17, Intake Rates of Total Fluids and Total Tapwater by Age Group 3-14
Table 3-18. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Beverages and Tapwater by Age 3-14
Table 3-19. Average Total Tapwater Intake Rate by Sex, Age, and Geographic Area 3-15
Table 3-20. Frequency Distribution of Total Tapwater Intake Rates 3-15
Table 3-21. Mean Per Capita Drinking Water Intake Based on USDA, CSFII Data From 1989-91
(mL/day) 3-16
Table 3-22. Number of Respondents that Consumed Tapwater at a Specified Daily Frequency 3-18
Table 3-23. Number of Respondents thai Consumed Juice Reconstituted with Tapwater
at a Specified Daily Frequency 3-19
Table 3-24. Total Fluid Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old 3-20
Table 3-25. Total Tapwater Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old 3-21
Table 3-26. Total Fluid (mL/Day) Derived from Various Dietary Sources by
Women Aged 15-49 Years 3-21
Table 3-27. Water Intake at Various Activity Levels (L/hr) 3-22
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 3-28. Planning Factors for Individual Tapwater Consumption 3-23
Table 3-29. Drinking Water Intake Surveys 3-24
Table 3-30. Summary of Recommended Drinking Water Intake Rates 3-26
Table 3-31. Total Tapwater Consumption Rates From Key Studies •. 3-26
Table 3-32. Daily Tapwater Intake Rates From Relevant Studies 3-26
Table 3-33. Key Study Tapwater Intake Rates for Children , 3-27
Table 3-34. Summary of Intake Rates for Children in Relevant Studies 3-27
Table 3-35. Confidence in Tapwater Intake Recommendations 3-29
Table 4-1. Estimated Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Aluminum, Silicon, and Titanium Concentrations . 4-2
Table 4-2. Calculated Soil Ingestion by Nursery School Children .4-3
Table 4-3. Calculated Soil Ingestion by Hospitalized, Bedridden Children 4-3
Table 4-4. Mean and Standard Deviation Percentage Recovery of Eight Tracer Elements 4-5
Table 4-5. Soil and Dust Ingestion Estimates for Children Aged 1-4 Years 4-5
Table 4-6. Average Daily Soil Ingestion Values Based on Aluminum, Silicon, and Titanium as
Tracer Elements 4-6
Table 4-7. Geometric Mean (GM) and Standard Deviation (GSD) LTM Values for Children at
Daycare Centers and Campgrounds 4-7
Table 4-8. Estimated Geometric Mean LTM Values of Children Attending Daycare Centers
According to Age, Weather Category, and Sampling Period 4-8
Table 4-9. Distribution of Average (Mean) Daily Soil Ingestion Estimates Per Child for 64
Children (mg/day) 4-9
Table 4-10. Estimated Distribution of Individual Mean Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Data for 64
Subjects Projected Over 365 Days 4-10
Table 4-11. Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Children 4-12
Table 4-12. Estimated Soil Ingestion Rate Summary Statistics and Parameters for Distributions
Using Binder et al. (1986) Data with Actual Fecal Weights 4-13
Table 4-13. Tukey's Multiple Comparison of Mean Log Tracer Recovery in Adults Ingesting Known
Quantities of Soil 4-14
Table 4-14. Positive/Negative Error (bias) in Soil Ingestion Estimates in the Calabrese et al. (1989)
Mass-balance Study: Effect on Mean Soil Ingestion Estimate (mg/day) 4-15
Table 4-15. Soil Ingestion Rates for Assessment Purposes 4-16
Table 4-16. Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Adults 4-17
Table 4-17. Adult Daily Soil Ingestion by Week and Tracer Element After Subtracting Food and
Capsule Ingestion, Based on Median Amherst Soil Concentrations: Means and
Medians Over Subjects (mg) 4-18
Table 4-18. Daily Soil Ingestion Estimation in a Soil-Pica Child by Tracer and by Week (mg/day) 4-19
Table 4-19. Ratios of Soil, Dust, and Residual Fecal Samples in the Pica Child 4-19
Table 4-20. Soil Intake Studies , 4-22
Table 4-21. Confidence in Soil Intake Recommendation 4-24
Table 4-22. Summary of Estimates of Soil Ingestion By Children ., 4-25
Table 4-23. Summary of Recommended Values for Soil Ingestion , 4-25
Page
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Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 5-1. Calibration and Field Protocols for Self-Moniloring of Activities Grouped by Subject
Panels 5-4
Table 5-2. Subject Panel Inhalation Rates by Mean VR, Upper Percentiles, and Self-Estimated
Breathing Rates 5-5
Table 5-3. Distribution of Predicted IR by Location and Activity Levels for Elementary and
High School Students 5-6
Table 5-4. Average Hours Spent Per Day in a Given Location and Activity Level for Elementary (EL)
and High School (HS) Students 5-6
Table 5-5. Distribution Patterns of Daily Inhalation Rates for Elementary (EL) and High School (HS)
Students Grouped by Activity Level 5-7
Table 5-6. Summary of Average Inhalation Rates (nrVhr) by Age Group and Activity Levels
for Laboratory Protocols 5-8
Table 5-7. Summary of Average Inhalation Rates (ttvVhr) by Age Group and Activity Levels
in Field Protocols 5-9
Table 5-8. Distributions of Individual and Group Inhalation/Ventilation Rate for Outdoor Workers .. 5-10
Table 5-9. Individual Mean Inhalation Rate (m3/hr) by Self-Estimated Breathing Rate or Job Activity
Category for Outdoor Workers 5-10
Table 5-10. Comparisons of Estimated Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) with Average Food-Energy
Intakes for Individuals Sampled in the 1977-78 MFCS 5-12
Table 5-11. Daily Inhalation Rates Calculated from Food-Energy Intakes 5-13
Table 5-12. Daily Inhalation Rates Obtained from the Ratios of Total Energy Expenditure to
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) , 5-14
Table 5-13. Daily Inhalation Rates Based on Time-Activity Survey 5-15
Table 5-14. Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposures 5-16
Table 5-15. Daily Inhalation Rates Estimated From Daily Activities 5-17
Table 5-16. Summary of Human Inhalation Rates for Men, Women, and Children by
Activity Level (mVhour) 5-18
Table 5-17. Activity Pattern Data Aggregated for Three Microenvironments by Activity Level
for all Age Groups 5-18
Table 5-18. Summary of Daily Inhalation Rates Grouped by Age and Activity Level 5-18
Table 5-19. Distribution Pattern of Predicted VR and EVR (equivalent ventilation rate)
for 20 Outdoor Workers 5-20
Table 5-20. Distribution Pattern of Inhalation Rate by Location and Activity Type for 20 Outdoor
Workers 5-21
Table 5-21. Actual Inhalation Rates Measured at Four Ventilation Levels 5-22
Table 5-22. Confidence in Inhalation Rate Recommendations 5-23
Table 5-23. Summary of Recommended Values for Inhalation 5-24
Table 5-24. Summary of Inhalation Rate Studies 5-25
Table 5-25, Summary of Adult Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposure Studies 5-26
Table 5-26. Summary of Children's (18 years old or less) Inhalation Rates for Long-Term
Exposure Studies 5-26
Table 5-27. Summary of Children's Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposure Studies 5-26
Table 5A-1. Mean Minute Ventilation (VE, L/min) by Group and Activity for Laboratory Protocols .. 5A-3
Table 5A-2. Mean Minute Ventilation (VE, L/min) by Group and Activity for Field Protocols 5A-3
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 5A-3.
Table 5A-4.
Table 5A-5.
Table 5A-6.
Table 5A-7,
Table 6-1.
Table 6-2.
Table 6-3.
Table 6-4.
Table 6-5.
Table 6-6.
Table 6-7.
Table 6-8.
Table 6-9.
Table 6-10.
Table 6-11.
Table 6-12.
Table 6-13.
Table 6-14.
Table 6-15.
Table 6-16.
Table 6-17.
Table 6-18.
Table 6-A1.
Table 6-A2.
Table 7-1.
Table 7-2.
Table 7-3.
Table 7-4.
Table 7-5.
Table 7-6.
Table 7-7.
Characteristics of Individual Subjects: Anthropometric Data, Job Categories,
Calibration Results 5A-4
Statistics of the Age/Gender Cohorts Used to Develop Regression Equations for
Predicting Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) 5A-4
Selected Ventilation Values During Different Activity Levels Obtained From
Various Literature Sources 5A-5
Estimated Minute Ventilation Associated with Activity Level for Average Male Adult .. 5A-6
Minute Ventilation Ranges by Age, Sex, and Activity Level 5A-7
Summary of Equation Parameters for Calculating Adult Body Surface Area 6-12
Surface Area of Adult Males in Square Meters , 6-13
Surface Area of Adult Females in Square Meters 6-13
Surface Area of Body Part for Adults (m2) 6-14
Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Part for Adults 6-14
Total Body Surface Area of Male Children in Square Meters 6-15
Total Body Surface Area of Female Children in Square Meters 6-15
Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Body Part for Children 6-16
Descriptive Statistics for Surface Area/BodyWeight (SA/WB) Ratios (m2/kg) 6-17
Statistical Results for Total Body Surface Area Distributions (m2) 6-17
Summary of Field Studies 6-20
Geometric Mean and Geometric Standard Deviations of Soil Adherence by Activity
and Body Region , 6-22
Summary of Surface Area Studies 6-24
Summary of Recommended Values for Skin Surface Area 6-25
Confidence in Body Surface Area Measurement Recommendations 6-25
Recommendations for Adult Body Surface Area 6-26
Summary of Soil Adherence Studies , 6-26
Confidence in Soil Adherence to Skin Recommendations 6-27
Estimated Parameter Values for Different Age Intervals 6-A5
Summary of Surface Area Parameter Values for the DuBois and
DuBois Model 6-A6
Smoothed Percentiles of Weight (in kg) by Sex and Age: Statistics from NCHS and Data
from Pels Research Institute, Birth to 36 Months 7-1
Body Weights of Adults (kilograms) 7-4
Body Weights of Children (kilograms) 7-4
Weight in Kilograms for Males 18-74 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean, Standard
Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Race and Age: United States, 1976-1980 7-5
Weight in Kilograms for Females 18-74 Years of Age—Number Examined, Mean, Standard
Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Race and Age: United States, 1976-1980 7-6
Weight in Kilograms for Males 6 Months-19 Years of Age—Number Examined, Mean,
Standard Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Sex and Age: United States, 1976-1980 .. 7-7
Weight in Kilograms for Females 6 Months-19 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean,
Standard Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Sex and Age: United States, 1976-1980 .. 7-8
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 7-8. Statistics for Probability Plot Regression Analyses Female's Body Weights 6 Months to
20 Years of Age 7-9
Table 7-9. Statistics for Probability Plot Regression Analyses Male's Body Weights 6 Months to
20 Years of Age 7-10
Table 7-10. Summary of Body Weight Studies 7-11
Table 7-11. Summary of Recommended Values for Body Weight ..7-11
Table 7-12. Confidence in Body Weight Recommendations 7-12
Table 8-1. Expectation of Life at Birth, 1970 to 1993, and Projections, 1995 to 2010 8-2
Table 8-2. Expectation of Life by Race, Sex, and Age: 1992 8-3
Table 8-3. Confidence in Lifetime Expectancy Recommendations ; 8-5
VOLUME D
Table 9-1. Sub-category Codes and Definitions Used in the CSFII 1989-91 Analysis 9-9
Table 9-2. Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations for 1989-91 CSFII Data Used in
Analysis of Food Intake 9-10
Table 9-3. Per Capita Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day as consumed) ' 9-11
Table 9-4. Per Capita Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-12
Table 9-5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-13
Table 9-6. Per Capita Intake of USDA Categories of Fruits and Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) .9-19
Table 9-7. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Fruits (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-20
Table 9-8. Per Capita Intake of Protected Fruits (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-21
Table 9-9. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-22
Table 9-10. Per Capita Intake of Protected Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-23
Table 9-11. Per Capita Intake of Root Vegetables (g/kg-day as consumed) 9-24
Table 9-12. Mean Daily Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Per Individual in a Day for USDA 1977-78,
87-88, 89-91,94, and 95 Surveys 9-25
Table 9-13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates (as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All
Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups 9-26
Table 9-14. Mean Total Fruit Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978) 9-33
Table 9-15. Mean Total Fruit Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex an Age (1987-1988) 9-33
Table 9-16. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978) 9-34
Table 9-17. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1987-1988) 9-34
Table 9-18. Mean Total Fruit Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1994 and 1995) 9-35
Table 9-19. Mean Total Vegetable Intake (as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age (1994 and 1995) .. 9-35
Table 9-20. Mean Per Capita Intake of Fats and Oils (g/day as consumed) in a Day by Sex and
Age (1994 and 1995) 9-36
Table 9-21. Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and Subclass by
Region (g/day as consumed) 9-36
Table 9-22. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Food Subclasses Per Capita by Age
(g/day as consumed) 9-37
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 9-23. Consumption of Foods (g dry weight/day) for Different Age Groups and Estimated
Lifetime Average Daily Food Intakes for a US Citizen (averaged across sex) Calculated
from the FDA Diet Data , 9-37
Table 9-24. Mean Daily Intake of Foods (grams) Based on the Nutrition Canada Dietary Survey ..... 9-38
Table 9-25, Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in 1991 9-38
Table 9-26. Quantity (as consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the
Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days 9-39
Table 9-27. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of
Edible Portions 9-40
Table 9-28. Summary of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Studies 9-43
Table 9-29. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Fruits and Vegetables 9-44
Table 9-30. Confidence in Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations 9-45
Table 9A-1, Fraction of Grain and Meat Mixture Intake Represented by
Various Food Items/Groups 9A-3
Table 9 B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII Data 9 B-3
Table 10-1. Total Fish Consumption by Demographic Variables 10-30
Table 10-2. Mean and 95th Percentile of Fish Consumption (g/day) by Sex and Age 10-31
Table 10-3. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Females by Age 10-32
Table 10-4. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Males by Age 10-32
Table 10-5. Mean Total Fish Consumption by Species , 10-33
Table 10-6. Best Fits of Lognormal Distributions Using the NonLinear Optimization (NLO) Method . 10-33
Table 10-7. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the
U.S. Population (Uncooked Fish Weight). 10-34
Table 10-8. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) by Habitat
for Consumers Only (Uncooked Fish Weight) 10-35
Table 10-9. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (mg/kg-day) by Habitat and Fish Type for U.S.
Population (Uncooked Fish Weight) 10-36
Table 10-10. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) by Habitat for
Consumers Only (Uncooked Fish Weight) 10-37
Table 10-11. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the U.S.
Population (Cooked Fish Weight - As Consumed)) 10-38
Table 10-12. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake (g/day) by Habitat for Consumers Only
(Cooked Fish Weight - As Consumed)) 10-39
Table 10-13. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-40
Table 10-14. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) 10-40
Table 10-15. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) 10-41
Table 10-16. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (grams/day) for the
U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-41
Table 10-17. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-42
Page
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August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 10-18. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) , 10-42
Table 10-19. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) 10-43
Table 10-20. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the
U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-43
Table 10-21. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-44
Table 10-22. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) 10-44
Table 10-23. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) 10-45
Table 10-24. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-45
Table 10-25. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-46
Table 10-26. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (Marine) 10-46
Table 10-27. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - As Consumed (All Fish) 10-47
Table 10-28. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - As Consumed 10-47
Table 10-29. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight
(Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-48
Table 10-30. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-48
Table 10-31. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-49
Table 10-32. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
the U.S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-49
Table 10-33. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the U.S.
Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Freshwater and Estuarine) .... 10-50
Table 10-34. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-50
Table 10-35. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
the U.S. Population by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-51
Table 10-36. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for the U.S.
Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-51
Table 10-37. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for Consumers
Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-52
Table 10-38. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-52
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 10-39. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-53
Table 10-40. Per Capita DistribuOon of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (g/day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-53
Table 10-41. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for Consumers
Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Freshwater and Estuarine) 10-54
Table 10-42. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (Marine) 10-54
Table 10-43. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only by Age and Gender - Uncooked Fish Weight (All Fish) 10-55
Table 10-44. Per Capita Distribution of Fish (Finfish and Shellfish) Intake (mg/kg-day) for
Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat - Uncooked Fish Weight 10-55
Table 10-45. Distribution of Quantity of Fish Consumed (in grams) Per Eating Occasion, by
Age and Sex , 10-56
Table 10-46. Mean Fish Intake in a Day, by Sex and Age 10-56
Table 10-47. Percent of Respondents That Responded Yes, No, or Don't Know to Eating
Seafood in 1 Month (including shellfish, eels, or squid) 10-57
Table 10-48. Number of Respondents Reporting Consumption of a Specified Number of
Servings of Seafood in 1 Month 10-58
Table 10-49. Number of Respondents Reporting Monthly Consumption of Seafood That Was
Purchased or Caught by Someone They Knew 10-59
Table 10-50. Estimated Number of Participants in Marine Recreational Fishing by State
and Subregion 10-60
Table 10-51. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and B1) by Marine Recreational
Fishermen, by Wave and Subregion 10-61
Table 10-52. Average Daily Intake (g/day) of Marine Finfish, by Region and Coastal Status 10-62
Table 10-53. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and B1) by Marine
Recreational Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion, Atlantic and Gulf 10-62
Table 10-54. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A and B1) by Marine
Recreational Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion, Pacific 10-63
Table 10-55. Median Intake Rates Based on Demographic Data of Sport Fishermen and
Their Family/Living Group , 10-63
Table 10-56. Cumulative Distribution of Total Fish/Shellfish Consumption by Surveyed
Sport Fishermen in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Area 10-64
Table 10-57. Catch Information for Primary Fish Species Kept by Sport Fishermen (n=1059) 10-64
Table 10-58. Percent of Fishing Frequency During the Summer and Fall Seasons in Commencement
Bay, Washington 10-64
Table 10-59. Selected Percentile Consumption Estimates (g/day) for the Survey and Total Angler
Populations Based on the Reanalysis of the Puffer etal. (1981) and Pierce et al. (1981)
Data 10-65
Table 10-60. Means and Standard Deviations of Selected Characteristics by Subpopulation
Groups in Everglades, Florida 10-65
Table 10-61. Mean Fish Intake Among Individuals Who Eat Fish and Reside in Households
With Recreational Fish Consumption 10-66
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 10-62. Comparison of Seven-Day Recall and Estimated Seasonal Frequency for Fish
Consumption 10-66
Table 10-63. Distribution of Usual Fish Intake Among Survey Main Respondents Who
Fished and Consumed Recreationally Caught Fish 10-66
Table 10-64. Estimates of Fish Intake Rates of Licensed Sport Anglers in Maine During the
1989-1990 Ice Fishing or 1990 Open-Water Seasons 10-67
Table 10-65. Analysis of Fish Consumption by Ethnic Groups for "All Waters" (g/day) 10-67
Table 10-66. Total Consumption of Freshwater Fish Caught by All Survey Respondents
During the 1990 Season 10-68
Table 10-67. Mean Sport-Fish Consumption by Demographic Variables, Michigan Sport
Anglers Fish Consumption Study, 1991-1992 10-68
Table 10-68. Distribution of Fish Intake Rates (from all sources and from sport-caught sources)
For 1992 Lake Ontario Anglers 10-69
Table 10-69. Mean Annual Fish Consumption (g/day) for Lake Ontario Anglers, 1992, by
Sociodemographic Characteristics 10-69
Table 10-70. Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for Wisconsin Sport Anglers 10-70
Table 10-71. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Respondents 10-70
Table 10-72. Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by All Adult Respondents
(Consumers and Non-consumers Combined) - Throughout the Year 10-71
Table 10-73. Fish Intake Throughout the Year by Sex, Age, and Location by All Adult Respondents .. 10-71
Table 10-74. Children's Fish Consumption Rates - Throughout Year 10-72
Table 10-75. Sociodemographic Factors and Recent Fish Consumption 10-72
Table 10-76. Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period for All Respondents .. 10-74
Table 10-77. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period for All
Respondents and Consumers Only 10-74
Table 10-78. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period and
Selected Characteristics for All Respondents (Mohawk, N=97; Control, N=154) 10-75
Table 10-79. Percentage of Individuals Using Various Cooking Methods at Specified Frequencies .... 10-75
Table 10-80. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species 10-76
Table 10-81. Recommendations - General Population 10-79
Table 10-82. Recommendations - General Population - Fish Serving Size 10-79
Table 10-83. Recommendations - Recreational Marine Anglers 10-79
Table 10-84. Recommendations - Freshwater Anglers 10-79
Table 10-85. Recommendations - Native American Subsistence Populations 10-80
Table 10-86. Summary of Fish Intake Studies 10-81
Table 10-87. Confidence in Fish Intake Recommendations for General Population 10-85
Table 10-88. Confidence in Fish Intake Recommendations for Recreational Marine Anglers 10-86
Table 10-89. Confidence in Recommendations for Fish Consumption - Recreational Freshwater 10-87
Table 10-90. Confidence in Recommendations for Native American Subsistence Fish Consumption ... 10-88
Table 10B-1. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Residence Size ... 10B-3
Table 10B-2. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Age 10B-3
Table 10B-3. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Ethnicity 10B-4
Table 10B-4. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Education 10B-4
Table 10B-5. Percent of Fish Meals Prepared Using Various Cooking Methods by Income 10B-5
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 1OB-6. Percent of Fish Meals Where Fat was Trimmed or Skin was Removed, by Demographic
Variables 10B-6
Table 10B-7. Method of Cooking of Most Common Species Kept by Sportfishermen 10B-7
Table 10B-8. Adult Consumption of Fish Parts 10B-7
Table 10C-1. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption U.S. Population - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - As Consumed Fish IOC-3
Table 10C-2. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption U.S. Population - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - Uncooked Fish 10C-4
Table IOC-3. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption As Consumed Fish - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - U.S. Population 10C-5
Table 10C-4. Daily Average Per Capita Estimates of Fish Consumption Uncooked Fish - Mean
Consumption by Species Within Habitat - U.S. Population 10C-6
Table 11-1. , Per Capita Intake of Total Meats (g/kg-day as consumed)) 11-9
Table 11-2. Per Capita Intake of Total Dairy Products (g/kg-day as consumed)) 11-10
Table 11-3. Per Capita Intake of Beef (g/kg-day as consumed)) 11-11
Table 11-4. Per Capita Intake of Pork (g/kg-day as consumed) 11-12
Table 11-5. Per Capita Intake of Poultry (g/kg-day as consumed) 11-13
Table 11-6. Per Capita Intake of Game (g/kg-day as consumed)) 11-14
Table 11-7. Per Capita Intake of Eggs (g/kg-day as consumed) 11-15
Table 11-8. Main Daily Intake of Meat and Dairy Products Per Individual in a Day for US DA
1977-78, 87-88, 89-91, 94, and 95 Surveys 11-16
Table 11-9. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products (g/kg-day as consumed)
Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups 11-17
Table 11-10. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1977-1978 11-18
Table 11-11. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1987-1988 , 11-18
Table 11-12. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as
consumed) for 1977-1978 11-19
Table 11-13. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1987-1988 11-19
Table 11-14. Mean Meat Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1994 and 1995 11-20
Table 11-15. Mean Dairy Product Intakes Per Individual in a Day, by Sex and Age
(g/day as consumed) for 1994 and 1995 11-20
Table 11-16. Mean and Standard Error for the Dietary Intake of Food Sub Classes Per Capita by Age
(g/day as consumed) ,. 11-21
Table 11-17. Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and
Sub Class by Region (g/day as consumed) 11-21
Table 11-18. Consumption of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products for Different Age Groups (averaged
across sex), and Estimated Lifetime Average Intakes for 70 Kg Adult Citizens
Calculated from the FDA Diet Data 11-22
Page
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__ August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 11-19. Per Capita Consumption of Meat and Poultry in 1991 11-22
Table 11-20. Per Capita Consumption of Dairy Products in 1991 11-23
Table 11-21. Adult Mean Daily Intake (as consumed) of Meat and Poultry Grouped by Region and
Gender 11-24
Table 11-22. Amount (as consumed) of Meat Consumed by Adults Grouped by Frequency of Eatings . 11-24
Table 11-23. Quantity (as consumed) of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products Consumed Per
Eating Occasion and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days ... 11-25
Table 11-24. Percentage Lipid Content (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Grams of Edible
Portions) of Selected Meat and Dairy Products 11-26
Table 11-25, Fat Content of Meat Products 11-27
Table 11-26. Fat Intake, Contribution of Various Food Groups to Fat Intake, and Percentage of the
Population in Various Meat Eater Groups of the U.S. Population 11-28
Table 11-27. Mean Total Daily Dietary Fat Intake (g/day) Grouped by Age and Gender 11-28
Table 11-28, Percentage Mean Moisture Content (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Grams of
Edible Portions) , 11-29
Table 11-29. Summary of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Intake Studies 11-30
Table 11-30. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Meat and Dairy
Products and Serving Size 11-31
Table 11-31. Confidence in Meats and Dairy Products Intake Recommendations 11-32
Table 12-1. Per Capita Intake of Total Grains Including Mixtures (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-6
Table 12-2. Per Capita Intake of Breads (g/kg-day as consumed)) 12-7
Table 12-3. Per Capita Intake of Sweets (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-8
Table 12-4. Per Capita Intake of Snacks Containing Grain (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-9
Table 12-5. Per Capita Intake of Breakfast Foods (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-10
Table 12-6. Per Capita Intake of Pasta (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-11
Table 12-7. Per Capita Intake of Cooked Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-12
Table 12-8. Per Capita Intake of Rice (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-13
Table 12-9. Per Capita Intake of Ready-to-Eat Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed)) 12-14
Table 12-10. Per Capita Intake of Baby Cereals (g/kg-day as consumed) 12-15
Table 12-11. Mean Daily Intakes of Grains Per Individual in a Day for USDA 1977-78,
87-88, 89-91, 94, and 95 Surveys , 12-16
Table 12-12. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Grains Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic
Subgroups 12-16
Table 12-13. Mean Grain Intake Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1977-1978 12-17
Table 12-14. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1987-1988 12-17
Table 12-15. Mean Grain Intakes Per Individual in a Day by Sex and Age (g/day as consumed)
for 1994 and 1995 12-18
Table 12-16. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Per Capita Intake of Grains, by Age
(g/day as consumed) 12-18
Table 12-17. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Grains, by Region (g/day as
consumed) 12-19
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 12-18. Consumption of Grains (g dry weight/day) for Different Age Groups and Estimated
Lifetime Average Daily Food Intakes for a U.S. Citizen (averaged across sex) Calculated
from the FDA Diet Data ,.. ., 12-19
Table 12-19. Per Capita Consumption of Flour and Cereal Products in 1991 12-20
Table 12-20, Quantity (as consumed) of Grain Products Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the
Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days 12-20
Table 12-21. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Grains Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions , 12-21
Table 12-22. Summary of Grain Intake Studies 12-22
Table 12-23. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Grain Products 12-22
Table 12-24. Confidence in Grain Products Intake Recommendation , 12-23
Table 12A-I. Food Codes and Definitions Used in the Analysis of the 1989-91 USDA CSFII
Grains Data 12A-3
Table 13-1. 1986 Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors 13-1
Table 13-2. Percentage of Gardening Households Growing Different Vegetables in 1986 13-1
Table 13-3. Sub-category Codes and Definitions 13-4
Table 13-4. Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations (Individuals) for NFCS Data
Used in Analysis of Food Intake , 13-6
Table 13-5. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Meats 13-8
Table 13-6. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Fruits 13-8
Table 13-7. Percent Weight Losses from Preparation of Various Vegetables 13-9
Table 13-8. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined 13-12
Table 13-9. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-13
Table 13-10. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-13
Table 13-11. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - South 13-14
Table 13-12. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - West 13-14
Table 13-13. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined .. 13-15
Table 13-14. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-16
Table 13-15, Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-16
Table 13-16. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - South 13-17
Table 13-17. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - West 13-17
Table 13-18. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day)-All Regions Combined ... 13-18
Table 13-19. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-19
Table 13-20. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-19
Table 13-21. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - South 13-20
Table 13-22. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Meats (g/kg-day) - West 13-20
Table 13-23. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined 13-21
Table 13-24. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-22
Table 13-25. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-22
Table 13-26. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - South 13-23
Table 13-27. Consumer Only Intake of Home Caught Fish (g/kg-day) - West 13-23
Table 13-28. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - All Regions 13-24
Table 13-29. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - Northeast 13-25
Table 13-30. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - Midwest 13-25
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 13-31. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - South 13-26
Table 13-32. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Dairy (g/kg-day) - West 13-26
Table 13-33. Seasonally Adjusted Consumer Only Homegrown Intake (g/kg-day) 13-27
Table 13-34. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Apples (g/kg-day) 13-28
Table 13-35. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Asparagus (g/kg-day) 13-29
Table 13-36. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Beef (g/kg-day) 13-30
Table 13-37. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Beets (g/kg-day) 13-31
Table 13-38. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Broccoli (g/kg-day) 13-32
Table 13-39. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Cabbage (g/kg-day) 13-33
Table 13-40. , Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Carrots (g/kg-day) 13-34
Table 13-41. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Corn (g/kg-day) 13-35
Table 13-42. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Cucumbers (g/kg-day) 13-36
Table 13-43. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Eggs (g/kg-day) 13-37
Table 13-44. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Game (g/kg-day) : 13-38
Table 13-45. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Lettuce (g/kg-day) 13-39
Table 13-46. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Lima Beans (g/kg-day) 13-40
Table 13-47. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Okra (g/kg-day) 13-41
Table 13-48. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Onions (g/kg-day) 13-42
Table 13-49. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Other Berries (g/kg-day) 13-43
Table 13-50. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Peaches (g/kg-day) , 13-44
Table 13-51. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Pears (g/kg-day) 13-45
Table 13-52. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Peas (g/kg-day) 13-46
Table 13-53. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Peppers (g/kg-day) 13-47
Table 13-54. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Pork (g/kg-day) 13-48
Table 13-55. Consumer Only Intake of Home Produced Poultry (g/kg-day) 13-49
Table 13-56. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Pumpkins (g/kg-day) 13-50
Table 13-57. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Snap Beans (g/kg-day) 13-51
Table 13-58. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Strawberries (g/kg-day) 13-52
Table 13-59. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Tomatoes (g/kg-day) 13-53
Table 13-60. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown White Potatoes (g/kg-day) 13-54
Table 13-61. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Exposed Fruit (g/kg-day) 13-55
Table 13-62. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Protected Fruits (g/kg-day) 13-56
Table 13-63. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Exposed Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-57
Table 13-64. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Protected Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-58
Table 13-65, Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Root Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-59
Table 13-66. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Dark Green Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-60
Table 13-67. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Deep Yellow Vegetables (g/kg-day) 13-61
Table 13-68. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Other Vegetables (g/kg-day) 1.3-62
Table 13-69. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Citrus (g/kg-day) 13-63
Table 13-70. Consumer Only Intake of Homegrown Other Fruit (g/kg-day) 13-64
Table 13-71. Fraction of Food Intake that is Home Produced 13-65
Table 13-72. Confidence in Homegrown Food Consumption Recommendations 13-67
Table 13A-1. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-88 USDA NFCS Data 13A-3
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 14-1. Daily Intakes of Breast Milk 14-2
Table 14-2. Breast Milk Intake for Infants Aged 1 to 6 Months 14-2
Table 14-3. Breast Milk Intake Among Exclusively Breast-fed Infants During the First 4 Months
of Life 14-3
Table 14-4. Breat Milk Intake During a 24-Hour Period 14-3
Table 14-5. Breast Milk Intake Estimated by the DARLING Study 14-4
Table 14-6. Milk Intake for Bottle- and Breast-fed Infants by Age Group 14-4
Table 14-7. Milk Intake for Boys and Girls 14-4
Table 14-8. Intake of Breast Milk and Formula 14-5
Table 14-9. Lipid Content of Human Milk and Estimated Lipid Intake Among Exclusively Breast-fed
Infants 14-6
Table 14-10. Predicted Lipid Intakes for Breast-fed Infants Under 12 Months of Age 14-6
Table 14-11. Number of Meals Per Day 14-7
Table 14-12. Percentage of Mothers Breast-feeding Newborn Infants in the Hospital and Infants
at 5 or 6 Months of Age in the United States in 1989, by Ethnic Background and
Selected Demographic Variables 14-10
Table 14-13. Breast Milk Intake Studies 14-11
Table 14-14. Confidence in Breast Milk Intake Recommendations 14-13
Table 14-15. Breast Milk Intake Rates Derived From Key Studies 14-14
Table 14-16. Summary of Recommended Breast Milk and Lipid Intake Rates 14-15
VOLUME III
Table 15-1. Time Use Table Locator Guide 15-20
Table 15-2. Mean Time Spent (minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped by Age, Sex and
Type of Day 15-21
Table 15-3. Mean Time Spent (minutes) in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for Five
Different Age Groups 15-22
Table 15-4. Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Average Shower Duration for 2,550 Households . 15-23
Table 15-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by
Total Sample and Gender for the CARB and National Studies (age 18-64 years) 15-24
Table 15-6. Total Mean Time Spent at Three Major Locations Grouped by Total Sample and
Gender for the CARB and National Study (ages 18-64 years) 15-24
Table 15-7. Mean Time Spent at Three Locations for both CARB and National Studies
(ages 12 years and older) 15-25
Table 15-8. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments Grouped by Total
Population and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB Data 15-26
Table 15-9. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Type of Day for
the California and National Surveys (sample population ages 12 years and older) 15-27
Table 15-10. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age Groups
for the National and California Surveys 15-28
Table 15-11. Mean Time (minutes/day) Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories for All
Respondents 15-30
Page
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Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-12. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Age
and Gender 15-30
Table 15-13. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Seasons
and Regions • 15-31
Table 15-14. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All Respondents
(minutes/day) , 15-31
Table 15-15. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender .... 15-32
Table 15-16. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Season and Region .. 15-32
Table 15-17. Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Three Potential Exposures Grouped by
All Respondents, Age, and Gender 15-33
Table 15-18, Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors 15-33
Table 15-19. Number of Times Taking a Shower at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of
Respondents , 15-34
Table 15-20. Times (minutes) Spent Taking Showers by the Number of Respondents 15-35
Table 15-21. Number of Minutes Spent Taking a Shower (minutes/shower) 15-36
Table 15-22. Time (minutes) Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering by the
Number of Respondents 15-37
Table 15-23. Number of Minutes Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering
(minutes/shower) 15-38
Table 15-24. Number of Baths Given or Taken in One Day by Number of Respondents 15-39
Table 15-25. Total Time Spent Taking or Giving a Bath by the Number of Respondents 15-40
Table 15-26. Number of Minutes Spent Giving and Taking the Bath(s) (minutes/bath) 15-41
Table 15-27. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) by the Number
of Respondents 15-42
Table 15-28. . Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately. After the Bath(s)
, (minutesftath) 15-43
Table 15-29. Total Time Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub by the Number of Respondents .. 15-44
Table 15-30. Total Number of Minutes Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub (minutes/bath) .... 15-45
Table 15-31. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath by the
Number of Respondents 15-46
Table 15-32. Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or
Bath (minutes/bath) 15-47
Table 15-33. Range of Number of Times Washing the Hands at Specified Daily Frequencies by
the Number of Respondents 15-48
Table 15-34. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Food While Fried,
Grilled, or Barbequed (minutes/day) 15-49
Table 15-35. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Open Flames
Including Barbeque Flames (minutes/day) 15-50
Table 15-36. Number of Minutes Spent Working or Being Near Excessive Dust in the Air
(minutes/day) 15-51
Table 15-37. Range of the Number of Times an Automobile or Motor Vehicle was Started in
a Garage or Carport at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 15-52
Table 15-38. Range of the Number of Times Motor Vehicle Was Started with Garage Door
Closed at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 15-53
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-39. Number of Minutes Spent at a Gas Station or Auto Repair Shop (minutes/day) 15-54
Table 15-40. Number of Minutes Spent at Home While the Windows Were Left Open
(minutes/day).: 15-55
Table 15-41. Number of Minutes the Outside Door Was Left Open While at Home (minutes/day) .... 15-56
Table 15-42. Number of Times an Outside Door Was Opened in the Home at Specified Daily
Frequencies by the Number of Respondents 15-57
Table 15-43. Number of Minutes Spent Running, Walking, or Standing Alongside a Road with
Heavy Traffic (minutes/day) 15-58
Table 15-44. Number of Minutes Spent in a Car, Van, Truck, or Bus in Heavy Traffic (minutes/day) .. 15-59
Table 15-45. Number of Minutes Spent in a Parking Garage or Indoor Parking Lot (minutes/day) .... 15-60
Table 15-46. Number of Minutes Spent Walking Outside to a Car in the Driveway or Outside
Parking Areas (minutes/day) 15-61
Table 15-47. Number of Minutes Spent Running or Walking Outside Other Than to the Car
(minutes/day) 15-62
Table 15-48. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay (hours/week) 15-63
Table 15-49. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay Between 6PM and 6AM (hours/week) 15-64
Table 15-50. Number of Hours Worked in a Week That Was Outdoors (hours/week) 15-65
Table 15-51. Number of Times Floors Were Swept or Vacuumed at Specified Frequencies by the
Number of Respondents 15-66
Table 15-52. Number of Days Since the Floor Area in the Home Was Swept or Vacuumed by the
Number of Respondents 15-67
Table 15-53. Number of Loads of Laundry Washed in a Washing Machine at Home by the
Number of Respondents 15-68
Table 15-54. Number of Times Using a Dishwasher at Specified Frequencies by the Number of
Respondents 15-69.
Table 15-55. Number of Times Washing Dishes by Hand at Specified Frequencies by the Number
of Respondents 15-70
Table 15-56. Number of Times for Washing Clothes in a Washing Machine at Specified Frequencies
by the Number of Respondents 15-71
Table 15-57. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand or Gravel in a Day by the Number of
Respondents 15-72
Table 15-58. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Sand or Gravel (minutes/day) 15-73
Table 15-59. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Outdoors on Sand, Gravel, Din, or Grass When
Fill Dirt Was Present by the Number of Respondents 15-74
Table 15-60. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass When Fill Dirt
Was Present (minutes/day) 15-75
Table 15-61. Range of the Time Spent Working in a Garden or Other Circumstances in a Month
by the Number of Respondents 15-76
Table 15-62. Number of Hours Spent Working with Soil in a Garden or Other Circumstances
Working (hours/month) 15-77
Table 15-63. Range of Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass in a Day by the Number of
Respondents 15-78
Table 15-64. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass (minutes/day) 15-79
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-65. Number of Times Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the
Number of Respondents 15-80
Table 15-66. Range of the Average Amount of Time Actually Spent in the Water by Swimmers by
the Number of Respondents 15-82
Table 15-67. Number of Minutes Spent Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool
(minutes/month) 15-83
Table 15-68. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Working in a Main Job .... 15-84
Table 15-69. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparation 15-85
Table 15-70. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Cleanup 15-86
Table 15-71. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Cleaning House 15-87
Table 15-72. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Cleaning 15-88
Table 15-73. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Clothes Care 15-89
Table 15-74. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Car Repair/Maintenance . 15-90
Table 15-75. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Repairs 15-91
Table 15-76. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Plant Care 15-92
Table 15-77. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Animal Care 15-93
Table 15-78. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Household Work , 15-94
Table 15-79. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Indoor Playing 15-95
Table 15-80. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Playing 15-96
Table 15-81. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent for Car Repair Services ... 15-97
Table 15-82. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Washing, etc 15-98
Table 15-83. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Sleeping/Napping 15-99
Table 15-84. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Attending
Full Time School 15-100
Table 15-85. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Active Sports 15-101
Table 15-86. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Recreation ... 15-102
Table 15-87. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Exercise 15-103
Table 15-88. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparation 15-104
Table 15-89. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Doing Dishes/Laundry ... 15-105
Table 15-90. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Housekeeping 15-106
Table 15-91. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bathing 15-107
Table 15-92. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Yardwork/Maintenanee 15-108
Table 15-93. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Sports/Exercise 15-109
Table 15-94. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Eating or Drinking 15-110
Table 15-95. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at an
Auto Repair Shop/Gas Station ., 15-111
Table 15-96. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a
Gym/Health Club , 15-112
Table 15-97. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the
Laundromat 15-113
Table 15-98. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at Work
(non-specific) 15-114
Table 15-99. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the
Dry Cleaners 15-115
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-100. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a
Bar/Nightclub/Bowling Alley 15-116
Table 15-101. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Restaurant .., 15-117
Table 15-102. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at School 15-118
Table 15-103. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a
Plant/Factory/Warehouse ; 15-119
Table 15-104. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on a
Sidewalk, Street, or in the Neighborhood 15-120
Table 15-105. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors in a
Parking Lot 15-121
Table 15-106. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Service Station or Gas Station 15-122
Table 15-107. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Construction Site 15-123
Table 15-108. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on School
Grounds/Playground , 15-124
Table 15-109. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Park/Golf Course 15-125
Table 15-110. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Pool/River/Lake 15-126
Table 15-111. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a
Restaurant/Picnic 15-127
Table 15-112. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Farm 15-128
Table 15-113. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Kitchen ... 15-129
Table 15-114. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom 15-130
Table 15-115. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Bedroom .. 15-131
Table 15-116. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Garage ... 15-132
Table 15-117. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Basement 15-133
Table 15-118. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the
Utility Room or Laundry Room • 15-134
Table 15-119. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Outdoor
Pool or Spa 15-135
Table 15-120. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Yard or
Other Areas Outside the House » 15-136
Table 15-121. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Car 15-137
Table 15-122. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Truck
(Pick-up/Van) 15-138
Table 15-123. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Motorcycle,
Moped, or Scooter 15-139
Table 15-124. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in Other Trucks 15-140
Table 15-125. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Bus 15-141
Table 15-126. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Walking 15-142
Table 15-127. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a
Bicycle/Skateboard/Rollerskate 15-143
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-128. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Waiting on a Bus, Train
etc., Stop 15-144
Table 15-129. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a
Train/Subway/Rapid Transit 15-145
Table 15-130. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on an Airplane . 15-146
Table 15-131. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors in a Residence
(all rooms) 15-147
Table 15-132. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors (outside the
residence) , 15-148
Table 15-133. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling Inside
a Vehicle 15-149
Table 15-134. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Near a Vehicle . 15-150
Table 15-135. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Other Than
Near a Residence or Vehicle Such as Parks, Golf Courses, or Farms 15-151
Table 15-136. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in an Office or Factory ... 15-152
Table 15-137. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Malls, Grocery Stores,
or Other Stores 15-153
Table 15-138. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Schools, Churches,
Hospitals, and Public Buildings 15-154
Table 15-139. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bars/Nightclubs,
Bowling Alleys, and Restaurants 15-155
Table 15-140. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Outdoors
Such as Auto Repair Shops, Laundromats, Gyms, and at Work (non-specific) 15-156
Table 15-141. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent with Smokers Present .... 15-157
Table 15-142. Range of Time (minutes) Spent Smoking Based on the Number of Respondents 15-158
Table 15-143. Number of Minutes Spent Smoking (minutes/day) 15-160
Table 15-144. Range of Time Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco by the Number of Respondents . 15-161
Table 15-145. Number of Minutes Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco (minutes/day) 15-162
Table 15-146. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked Based on the Number of Respondents 15-163
Table 15-147. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked by Other People Based on Number
of Respondents 15-164
Table 15-148. Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked While at Home Based on the
Number of Respondents , 15-165
Table 15-149. Differences in Time Use (hours/week) Grouped by Sex, Employment Status,
and Marital Status for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975 15-166
Table 15-150. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Age for the Surveys Conducted in 1965
and 1975 ., 15-167
Table 15-151. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Education for the Surveys Conducted in 1965
and 1975 15-168
Table 15-152. Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Race for the Surveys Conducted in 1965
and 1975 15-169
Table 15-153. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Regions . 15-169
Table 15-154, Total Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by
Type of Day 15-170
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 15-155. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories During Four Waves
of Interviews 15-170
Table 15-156. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Gender , 15-171
Table 15-157, Percent Responses of Children's "Play" (activities) Locations in Mary vale, Arizona ... 15-171
Table 15-158, Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals by Age and Sex 15-172
Table 15-159. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Race 15-172
Table 15-160. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Employment
Status 15-172
Table 15-161. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals Grouped by Major Occupational
Groups and Age 15-173
Table 15-162. Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers Age 16 Years and Older 15-173
Table 15-163. Values and Their Standard Errors for Average Total Residence Time, T, for
Each Group in Survey 15-174
Table 15-164. Total Residence Time, t (years), Corresponding to Selected Values of R(t) by
Housing Category 15-174
Table 15-165. Residence Time of Owner/Renter Occupied Units 15-175
Table 15-166. Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified Ranges of Time 15-175
Table 15-167. Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period 15-176
Table 15-168. Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age 15-176
Table 15-169. Summary of Residence Time of Recent Home Buyers (1993) 15-177
Table 15-170. Tenure in Previous Home (Percentage Distribution) 15-177
Table 15-171. Number of Miles Moved (Percentage Distribution) 15-177
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations 15-178
Table 15-173. Confidence in Occupational Mobility Recommendations 15-185
Table 15-174. Recommendations for Population Mobility 15-188
Table 15-175. Confidence in Population Mobility Recommendations 15-188
Table 15-176. Summary of Recommended Values for Activity Factors 15-187
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries 15A-3
Table 15A-2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California
and National Studies (minutes per day for age 18-64 years) 15A-17
Table 15A-3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments 15A-19
Table 15A-4. Major Time Use Activity Categories 15A-21
Table 15A-5. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week 15A-22
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals .... 15A-24
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure 15A-27
Table 15B-1. Annual Geographical Mobility Rates, by Type of Movement for Selected
1-Year Periods: 1960-1992 (numbers in thousands) , 15B-3
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 15B-4
Table 16-1. Consumer Products Found in the Typical U.S. Household 16-7
Table 16-2, Frequency of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-10
Table 16-3. Exposure Time of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-11
Table 16-4. Amount of Products Used for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-12
Table 16-5, Time Exposed After Duration of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only) 16-13
Table 16-6. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Adhesive Removers 16-14
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 16-7. Adhesive Remover Usage by Gender 16-14
Table 16-8. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Spray Paint 16-15
Table 16-9. Spray Paint Usage by Gender ,. 16-15
Table 16-10. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Paint Removers/Strippers 16-16
Table 16-11. Paint Stripper Usage by Gender 16-16
Table 16-12. Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type Used by Task for
Household Cleaning Products 16-17
Table 16-13. Percentile Rankings for Total Exposure Time in Performing Household Tasks 16-19
Table 16-14. Mean Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Performing Household Tasks 16-20
Table 16-15. Mean and Percentile Rankings for Exposure Time Per Event of Performing
Household Tasks 16-21
Table 16-16. Total Exposure Time for Ten Product Groups Most Frequently Used for
Household Cleaning 16-21
Table 16-17. Total Exposure Time of Painting Activity of Interior Painters (hours) 16-22
Table 16-18. Exposure Time of Interior Painting Activity/Occasion (hours) and Frequency of
Occasions Spent Painting Per Year 16-22
Table 16-19. Amount of Paint Used by Interior Painters 16-22
Table 16-20. Number of Respondents Using Cologne, Perfume, Aftershave or Other
Fragrances at Specified Daily Frequencies 16-23
Table 16-21. Number of Respondents Using Any Aerosol Spray Product for Personal Care
Item Such as Deodorant or Hair Spray at Specified Daily Frequencies 16-24
Table 16-22. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Freshly Applied
Paints (minutes/day) 16-25
Table 16-23. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Household
Cleaning Agents Such as Scouring Powders or Ammonia (minutes/day) 16-26
Table 16-24. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities (at home or elsewhere) Working with
or Near Floorwax, Furniture Wax or Shoe Polish (minutes/day) 16-27
Table 16-25. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Glue 16-28
Table 16-26. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Solvents, Fumes
or Strong Smelling Chemicals (minutes/day) 16-29
Table 16-27. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Stain or Spot
Removers (minutes/day) .• 16-30
Table 16-28. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Gasoline or
Diesel-powered Equipment, Besides Automobiles (minutes/day) 16-31
Table 16-29. Number of Minutes Spent Using Any Microwave Oven (minutes/day) 16-32
Table 16-30. Number of Respondents Using a Humidifier at Home 16-33
Table 16-31. Number of Respondents Indicating that Pesticides Were Applied by the Professional at
Home to Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies 16-34
Table 16-32. Number of Respondents Reporting Pesticides Applied by the Consumer at Home to
Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies 16-35
Table 16-33. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Pesticides, Including
Bug Sprays or Bug Strips (minutes/day) 16-36
Table 16-34. Amount and Frequency of Use of Various Cosmetic and Baby Products 16-37
Table 16-35. Summary of Consumer Products Use Studies 16-40
Table 16A-1. Volumes Included in 1992 Simmons Study 16A-3
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Page No.
Table 17-1. Summary of Residential Volume Distributions 17-3
Table 17-2. Average Estimated Volumes of U.S. Residences, by Housing Type and Ownership 17-4
Table 17-3. Residential Volumes in Relation to Household Size and Year of Construction 17-4
Table 17-4. Dimensional Quantities for Residential Rooms 17-5
Table 17-5. Examples of Products and Materials Associated with Floor and Wall Surfaces
in Residences 17-6
Table 17-6. Percent of Residences with Basement, by Census Region and EPA Region 17-8
Table 17-7. Percent of Residences with Certain Foundation Types by Census Region 17-9
Table 17-8. States Associated with EPA Regions and Census Regions 17-9
Table 17-9. Summary of Major Projects Providing Air Exchange Measurements in the
PFT Database 17-11
Table 17-10. Summary Statistics for Air Exchange Rates (air changes per hour-ACH), by Region .... 17-12
Table 17-11. Distributions of Residential Air Exchange Rates by Climate Region and Season 17-13
Table 17-12. Deposition Rates for Indoor Particles 17-15
Table 17-13. Particle Deposition During Normal Activities 17-15
Table 17-14. In-house Water Use Rates (gcd), by Study and Type of Use 17-17
Table 17-15. Summary of Selected HUD and Power Authority Water Use Studies 17-17
Table 17-16. Showering and Bathing Water Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-17. Showering Characteristics for Various Types of Shower Heads 17-18
Table 17-18. Toilet Water Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-19. Toilet Frequency Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-20. Dishwasher Frequency Use Characteristics 17-18
Table 17-21. Dishwasher Water Use Characteristics 17-19
Table 17-22. Clothes Washer Frequency Use Characteristics 17-19
Table 17-23. Clothes Washer Water Use Characteristics 17-19
Table 17-24. Range of Water Uses for Clothes Washers 17-19
Table 17-25. Total Dust Loading for Carpeted Areas 17-19
Table 17-26. Particle Deposition and Resuspension During Normal Activities 17-20
Table 17-27. Dust Mass Loading After One Week Without Vacuum Cleaning 17-20
Table 17-28. Simplified Source Descriptions for Airborne Contaminants 17-21
Table 17-29. Volume of Residence Surveys 17-29
Table 17-30. Air Exchange Rates Surveys 17-29
Table 17-31. Recommendations - Residential Parameters 17-30
Table 17-32. Confidence in House Volume Recommendations 17-30
Table 17-33. Confidence in Air Exchange Rate Recommendations 17-31
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Figure 1-1. Schematic of Dose and Exposure: Oral Route : 1-13
Figure 1-2. Road Map to Exposure Factor Recommendations 1-17
Figure 6-1. Schematic of Dose and Exposure: Dermal Route 6-12
Figure 6-2. SA/BW Distributions for Infants, Adults, and All Ages Combined 6-18
Figure 6-3. Surface Area Frequency Distribution: Men and Women 6-19
Figure 7-1. Weight by Age Percentiles for Boys Aged Birth-36 Months 7-2
Figure 7-2. Weight by Age Percentiles for Girls Aged Birth-36 Months 7-3
VOLUME n
Figure 10-1. Seasonal Fish Consumption: Wisconsin Chippewa, 1990 10-73
Figure 10-2. Peak Fish Consumption: Wisconsin Chippewa, 1990 10-73
VOLUME III
Figure 15-1. Distribution of Individuals Moving by Type of Move: 1991-92 15-14
Figure 17-1. Elements of Residential Exposure 17-1
Figure 17-2. Cumulative Frequency Distributions for Residential Volumes from the PFT Data
Base and the U.S. DOE's RECs 17-3
Figure 17-3. Configuration for Residential Forced-air Systems .... " 17-7
Figure 17-4. Idealized Patterns of Particle Deposition Indoors .17-14
Figure 17-5. Air Flows for Multiple-zone Systems ,. 17-16
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PREFACE
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) of EPA's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) has prepared this handbook to address factors commonly used in exposure assessments. This
handbook was first published in 1989 in response to requests from many EPA Program and Regional offices for
additional guidance on how to select values for exposure factors.
Several events sparked the efforts to revise the Exposure Factors Handbook. First, since its
publication in 1989, new data have become available. Second, the Risk Assessment Council issued a memorandum
titled, "Guidance on Risk Characterization for Risk Managers and Risk Assessors," dated February 26, 1992, which
emphasized the use of multiple descriptors of risk (i.e., measures of central tendency such as average or mean, or
high end), and characterization of individual risk, population risk, important subpopulations. A new document was
issued titled "Guidance for Risk Characterization," dated February 1995. This document is an update of the
guidance issued with the 1992 policy. Third, EPA published the revised Guidelines for Exposure Assessment in
1992.
As part of the efforts to revise the handbook, the EPA Risk Assessment Forum sponsored a
two-day peer involvement workshop which was conducted during the summer of 1993. The workshop was attended
by 57 scientists from academia, consulting firms, private industry, the States, and other Federal agencies. The
purpose of the workshop was to identify new data sources, to discuss adequacy of the data and the feasibility of
developing statistical distributions and to establish priorities.
As a result of the peer involvement workshop, three new chapters were added to the handbook.
These chapters are: Consumer Product Use, Residential Building Characteristics, and Intake of Grains. This
document also provides a summary of the available data on consumption of drinking water; consumption of fruits,
vegetables, beef, dairy products, grain products, and fish; breast milk intake; soil ingestion; inhalation rates; skin
surface area; soil adherence; lifetime; activity patterns; and body weight.
A new draft handbook that incorporated comments from the 1993 workshop was published for
peer review in June 1995. A peer review workshop was held in July 1995 to discuss comments on the draft
handbook. A new draft of the handbook that addressed comments from the 1995 peer review workshop was
submitted to the Science Advisory Board (SAB) for review in August 1996. An SAB workshop meeting was held
December 19-20, 1996, to discuss the comments of the SAB reviewers. Comments from the SAB review have been
incorporated into the current handbook.
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FOREWORD
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) of EPA's Office of Research and Development
(ORD) has five main functions: (!) providing risk assessment research, methods, and guidelines; (2) performing
health and ecological assessments; (3) developing, maintaining, and transferring risk assessment information and
training; (4) helping ORD set research priorities; and (5) developing and maintaining resource support systems for
NCEA, The activities under each of these functions are supported by and respond to the needs of the various
program offices. In relation to the first function, NCEA sponsors projects aimed at developing- or refining techniques
used in exposure assessments.
This handbook was first published in 1989 to provide statistical data on the various factors used in assessing
exposure. This revised version of the handbook provides the up-to-date data on these exposure factors. The
recommended values are based solely on our interpretations of the available data. In many situations different values
may be appropriate to use in consideration of policy, precedent or other factors.
Michael A. Callahan
Director
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Washington Office
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AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development was
responsible for the preparation of this handbook. The original document was prepared by Versar Inc. under EPA
Contract No. 68-02-4254, Work Assignment No. 189, John Schaum, of NCEA-Washington Office, served as the
EPA Work Assignment Manager, providing overall direction and coordination of the production effort as well as
technical assistance and guidance. Revisions, updates, and additional preparation were provided by Versar Inc.
under Contract Numbers 68-DO-01Q1, 68-D3-0013, and 68-D5-0051. Russell Kinerson and Greg Kew have served
as EPA Work Assignment Managers during previous efforts of the update process, Jackie Moya served as Work
Assignment Manager for the current updated version, providing overall direction, technical assistance, and serving as
contributing author.
AUTHORS DESKTOP PUBLISHING GRAPHICS
Patricia Wood Susan Perry Kathy Bowles
Linda Phillips Jennifer Baker
Aderonke Adenuga WORD PROCESSING
Mike Koontz
Harry Rector Valerie Schwartz
Charles Wilkes
Maggie Wilson
Exposure Assessment Division
Versar Inc.
Springfield, VA
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CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS
The following EPA individuals have reviewed and/or have been contributing authors of this document.
Michael Dellarco
Robert McGaughy
Amy Mills
Jacqueline Moya
Susan Perlin
Paul Pinsky
John Schaum
Paul White
" Amina Wilkins
Chieh Wu
The following individuals were Science Advisory Board Reviewers:
Members
Dr. Joan Daisey
Lawrence Berkley Laboratory
Berkley, California
Dr. Paul Bailey
Mobil Business Resources Corporation
Paulsboro, New Jersey
Dr. Robert Hazen
State of New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection and Energy
Trenton, New Jersey -
Dr. Timothy Larson
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Dr. Kai-Shen Liu
California Department of Health Services
Berkeley, California
Dr. Paul Lioy
Environmental Occupational Health
Sciences Institute
Piscataway, New Jersey
Dr. Maria Morandi
University of Texas School of Public Health
Houston, Texas
Dr. Jonathan M. Samet
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
Mr. Ron White
American Lung Association
Washington, D.C.
Dr. Lauren Zeise
California Environmental Protection Agency
Berkeley, California
Federal Experts
Dr. Richard Ellis
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C.
Ms. Alanna J. Moshfegh
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C.
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An earlier draft of this document was peer reviewed by a panel of experts at a peer-review workshop held in
1995, Members of the Peer Review Panel were as follows:
Edward Avol
Department of Preventive Medicine
School of Medicine
University of Southern California
James Axley
School of Architecture
Yale University
David Burmaster
Alceon Corporation
Steven Colome
Integrated Environmental Services
Michael DiNovi
Chemistry Review Branch
U.S. Food & Drug Administration
Dennis Druck
Environmental Scientist
Center of Health Promotion & Preventive
Medicine
U.S. Army
J.Mark Fly
Department of Forestry, Wildlife, &
Fisheries
University of Tennessee
Larry Gephart
Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc.
Patricia Guenther
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
P.J. (Bert) Hakkinen
Paper Product Development & Paper
Technology Divisions
The Proctor & Gamble Company
Mary Hama
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Dennis Jones
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry
John Kissel
Department of Environmental Health
School of Public Health & Community Medicine
Neil Klepeis
Information Systems & Services, Inc.
Andrew Persily
National Institute of Standards & Technologies
Barbara Petersen
Technical Assessment Systems, Inc.
Thomas Phillips
Research Division
California Air Resources Board
Paul Price
ChemRisk
John Risher
Division of Toxicology
The Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry
John Robinson
University of Maryland
Peter Robinson
The Proctor & Gamble Company
P. Barry Ryan
Department of Environmental & Occupational
Health
Rollins School of Public Health
Emory University
Val Schaeffer
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Brad Shurdut
DowElanco
John Talbott
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U.S. Department of Energy
Frances Vecchio
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture
The following individuals within EPA have reviewed an earlier draft of this document and provided valuable
comments:
OFFICE
REVIEWERS/CONTRIBUTORS
Office of Research and Development
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Office of Pollution, Pesticides and Toxic
Substances
Maurice Berry
Jerry Blancato
Elizabeth Bryan
Curtis Dary
Stan Durkee
Manuel Gomez
Wayne Marchant
Sue Perlin
James Quanckenboss
Glen Rice
Lance Wallace
Jim Konz
Pat Kennedy
Cathy Fehrenbacker
Office of Water
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
EPA Regions
Denis Borum
Helen Jacobs
Warren Peters
Steve Ehlers - Reg. VI
Maria Martinez - Reg. VI
Mike Morton - Reg. VI
Jeffrey Yurk - Reg. VI
Youngmoo Kim - Reg. VI
In addition, the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) of the Office of Research and
Development of EPA made an important contribution to this handbook by conducting additional analyses of the
National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) data. EPA input to the NHAPS data analysis came from Karen
A. Hammerstrom and Jacqueline Moya from NCEA-Washington Office; William C. Nelson from NERL-RTP, and
Stephen C. Hern, Joseph V. Behar (retired), and William H. Englemann from NERJL-Las Vegas.
The EPA Office of Water made an important contribution by conducting an analysis of the USD A
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individual (CSFII) data. They provided fish intake rates for the general
population. The analysis was conducted under the direction of Helen Jacobs from the Office of Water.
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15. ACTIVITY FACTORS
In calculating exposure, a person's average daily
dose is determined from a combination of variables
including the pollutant concentration, exposure duration,
and frequency of exposure (Sexton and Ryan, 1987).
These variables can be dependent on human activity
patterns and time spent at each activity and/or location, A
person's total exposure can be predicted using indirect
approaches such as computerized mathematical models.
This indirect approach of predicting exposure also
requires activity patterns (time use) data. Thus, individual
or group activities are important determinants of potential
exposure because toxic chemicals introduced into the
environment may not cause harm to an individual until an
activity is performed subjecting the individual to contact
with those contaminants. An individual's choice on how
to spend time will vary according to their occupation,
hobbies, culture, location, gender, age, and personal
preferences. Educational level attained and
socioeconomic status also influence chosen activities and
their duration.
The purpose of this section is to describe published
time use studies that provide information on activities in
which various individuals engage, length of time spent
performing various activities, locations in which
individuals spend time and length of time spent by
individuals within those various microenvironments.
According to Robinson and Thomas (1991),
microenvironments refer to a combination of activities
and locations that yield potential exposures. Information
on time spent in specific occupations and residing in
specific areas also is included in this section.
This section summarizes data on how much time
individuals spend doing various activities and in various
microenvironments. These data cover a wide scope of
activities and populations. The following table (Table 15-
1) should be used as a guide to locating the information
relevant to activities and microenvironments of concern.
Assessors can consider using these data to develop
exposure duration estimates for specific exposure
scenarios. Available studies are grouped as key or
relevant studies. The classifications of these studies are
based on the applicability of their data to exposure
assessments. All tables that provide data from these
studies are presented at the back of this chapter.
15.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS
The purpose of this section is to describe published
time use studies that provide information on time-activity
patterns of the national population and various sub-
populations in the U.S. The studies involve survey
designs where time diaries were used to collect
information on the time spent at various activities and
locations for children, adolescents, and adults, and to
collect certain demographic and socioeconomic data.
Available studies on time-activity data are summarized in
the following sections. It should be noted that other site-
limited studies, based on small sample sites, are available,
but are not presented in this section. The studies
presented in this section are ones believed to be the most
appropriate for the purpose of the handbook. Activity
pattern studies are presented in Sections 15.1.1 and
15.1.2.
15.1.1. Key Activity Pattern Studies
Timmer et al. (1985) - How Children Use Time -
Timmer et al. (1985) conducted a study using the data
obtained on children's time use from a 1981-1982 Panel
study. This study was a follow-up of households from a
previous survey conducted in 1975-76. The 922
respondents in the 1981-82 study were those who had
completed at least three out of four waves of interview in
the 1975 - 1976 survey. Timmer et al. (1985) conducted
the survey during February through December 1981, and
households were contacted four times during a 3 month
interval of the survey period. The first contact was a
personal interview, followed by subsequent telephone
interviews for most of the respondents. However, families
with children were contacted personally and
questionnaires were administered to a maximum of three
children per household.
The children surveyed were between the ages of 3
and 17 years and were interviewed twice. The
questionnaires administered to children had two
components: a time diary and a standardized interview.
The time diary involved children reporting their activities
beginning at 12.00 a.m. the previous night; the duration
and location of each activity; the presence of another
individual; and whether they were performing other
activities at the same time. The standardized interview
administered to the children was to gather information
about their psychological, intellectual (using reading
comprehension tests), and emotional well-being; their
hopes and goals; their family environment; and their
attitudes and beliefs.
For preschool children, parents provided
information about the child's previous day's activities.
Children in first through third grades completed the time
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diary with their parents assistance and, in addition,
completed reading tests. Children in fourth grade and
above provided their own diary information and
participated in the interview. Parents were asked to assess
their children's socioemotional and intellectual
development. A survey form was sent to a teacher of each
school-age child to evaluate each child's socioemotional
and intellectual development. The activity descriptor
codes used in this study were developed by luster et al.
(1983). The activity codes and descriptors used for the
adult time diaries in both surveys are presented in
Appendix Table 15A-1.
The mean time spent performing major activities
on weekdays and weekends by age and sex, and type of
day is presented in Table 15-2. On weekdays, children
spend about 40 percent of their time sleeping, 20 percent
in school, and 10 percent eating, washing, dressing, and
performing other personal activities (Timmer et al., 1985).
The data in Table 15-2 indicates that girls spend more
time than boys performing household work and personal
care activities, and less time playing sports. Also,
children spend most of their free time watching television.
Table 15-3 presents the mean time children spend during
weekdays and weekends performing major activities by
five different age groups. Also, the significant effects of
each variable (i.e., age, sex) are shown in Table 15-3.
Older children spend more time performing household
and market work, studying and watching television, and
less time eating, sleeping, and playing, Timmer et al.
(1985) estimated that on the average, boys spend 19.4
hours a week watching television and girls spend 17.8
hours per week performing the same activity.
A limitation associated with this study is that the
data do not provide overall annual estimates of children's
time use since the data were collected only during the time
of the year when children attend school and not during
school vacation. Another limitation is that a distribution
pattern of children's time use was not provided. In
addition, the survey was conducted in 1981 so there is a
potential that activity patterns in children may have
changed significantly from that period to the present.
Therefore, application of these data for current exposure
situations may bias exposure assessments results. An
advantage of this survey is that diary recordings of activity
patterns were kept and the data obtained were not based
completely on recall. Another advantage is that because
parents assisted younger children with keeping their
diaries and with interviews, any bias that may have been
created by having younger children record their data
should have been minimized.
James and Knuiman (1987) - An Application of
Bayes Methodology to the Analysis of Diary Records from
a Water Use Study - In 1987, James and Knuiman
provided a distribution of the amount of time (1-20
minutes) spent showering by individuals in households
located in Australia. The distribution presented in the
study of James and Knuiman was based on diary records
of 2,500 households. James and Knuiman (1987)
reported that 50 additional households provided data for
shower durations exceeding 20 minutes, but were
excluded from their analysis because specific values over
20 minutes were not reported. Using the data of James
and Knuiman, a cumulative frequency distribution was
derived for the handbook, based on the 2,550 households
and is presented in Table 15-3. Based on the results in
Table 15-3, approximate showering times are 7 minutes
for the median value, 13 minutes for the 90th percentile,
16 minutes for the 95th percentile, and >20 minutes for
the 99th percentile. The mean shower length is
approximately 8 minutes using the shower durations of 1
to 20 minutes,
A mean value could not be calculated using the
data for the 50 households that reported showering time
>20 minutes. However, if a 30 minute showering time
was assumed for the >20 minutes duration, the mean value
would be 8.5 minutes as compared to a mean of 8 minutes
if these households are excluded. Therefore, including the
50 additional households would give a similar mean and
the results at the upper end of the distribution would not
be affected,
A limitation of the study is that the data are from
households in Australia and may not be representative of
U.S. households. An advantage is that it presents
cumulative distribution data.
Robinson and Thomas (1991) - Time Spent in
Activities, Locations, and Microenviranments: A
California-National Comparison - Robinson and Thomas
(1991) reviewed and compared data from the 1987-88
California Air Resources Board (CARB) time activity
study and from a similar 1985 national study, American's
Use of Time, Data from the national study were recorded
similarly to the CARB code categories, in order to make
data comparisons (Robinson and Thomas, 1991).
The CARB study involved residents who lived in
the state of California. One adult 18 years or older was
randomly sampled in each household and was asked to
complete a diary with entries for the previous day's
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activities and the location of each activity. Time use
patterns for other individuals 12 years and older in the
households contacted were also included in the diaries.
Telephone interviews based on the random-digit-dialing
(ROD) procedure were conducted for approximately
1,762 respondents in the CARS survey. These interviews
were distributed across all days of the week and across
different months of the year (between October 1987-
August 1988)!
In the 1985 National study, single day diaries were
collected from over 5,000 respondents across the U.S., 12
years of age and older. The study was conducted during
January through December 1985. Three modes of time
diary collection were employed for this survey: mailback,
telephone interview, and personal interview. Data
obtained from the personal interviews were not used in
this study (Robinson and Thomas, 1991), The sample
population for the mail-back and telephone interview was
selected based on a RDD method. The RDD was
designed to represent all telephone households in the
contiguous United States (Robinson and Thomas, 1991).
In addition to estimates of time spent at various activities
and locations, the survey design provided information on
the employment status, age, education, race, and gender
for each member of the respondent's household. The
mail-back procedure was based on a "tomorrow"
approach, and the telephone interview was based on
recall. In the "tomorrow" approach, respondents know,
and agree ahead of time, that they will be keeping a diary
(Robinson and Thomas, 1991).
Data comparisons by Robinson and Thomas (1991)
were based on 10 major activity categories (100 sub-
category codes) and 3 major locations (44 sub-location
codes) employed in both the CARB and the 1985 national
study. In order to make data comparisons, Robinson and
Thomas (1991) excluded responses from individuals of
ages 65 years and older and 18 years or younger in both
surveys. In addition, only mail-back responses were
analyzed for the 1985 national study. The data were then
weighted to project both the California and national
population in terms of days of the week, region, numbers
of respondents per household, and 3 monthly seasons of
the year (Robinson and Thomas, 1991).
Table 15-5 shows the mean time spent in the 10
major activities by gender and for all respondents between
the ages of 18-64 years (time use data for the individual
activities are presented in Appendix Table 15A-2). In
both studies respondents spent most of their time (642
mins/day) on personal needs and care (i.e., sleep).
Californians spent more time on paid work, education and
training, obtaining goods and services, and
communication, and less time on household work, child
care, organizational activities, entertainment/social
activities, and recreation than the national population.
The male and female population closely followed the
same trends as the general population. Table 15-6 shows
the mean time spent at 3 major locations for the CARB
and national study grouped by total sample and gender,
ages 18-64 years (time use data for the 44 detailed
microenvironments are presented in Appendix Table 15A-
3). Respondents spent most of their time at home, 892
minutes/day for the CARB and 954 minutes/day for the
national study. Californians spent more of their time away
from home and traveling compared to the national
population.
In addition, Robinson and Thomas (1991) defined
a set of 16 microenvironments based on the activity and
location codes employed in both studies. The analysis
included data for adolescents (12-17 years) and adults (65
years and older) in both the CARB study and the mail-
back portion of the 1985 national study (Robinson and
Thomas, 1991). The mean duration of time spent in
locations for total sample population, 12 years and older,
across three types of locations is presented in Table 15-7
for both studies. Respondents spent most of their time
indoors, 1255 and 1279 minutes/day for the CARB and
national study, respectively.
Table 15-8 presents the mean duration of time and
standard mean error for the 16 microenvironments
grouped by total sample population and gender. Also
included is the mean time spent for respondents ("Doers")
who reported participating in each activity. Table 15-8
shows that in both studies men spend more time in work
locations, automobiles and other vehicles, autoplaces
(garages), and physical outdoor activities, outdoor sites.
In contrast, women spend more time cooking, engaging in
other kitchen activities, performing other chores, and
shopping. The same trends also occur on a per participant
basis.
Table 15-9 shows the mean time spent in various
microenvironments grouped by type of the day (weekday
or weekend) in both studies. Generally, respondents spent
most of their time during the weekends in restaurants/bars
(CARB study), motor vehicles, outdoor activities, social-
cultural settings, leisure/communication activities, and
sleeping. Microenvironmental differences by age are
presented in Table 15-10. Respondents in the age groups
18-24 years and 25-44 years spent most of their time in
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restaurants/bars and traveling. The oldest age group, 65
years and older, spent most of their time in the kitchen
(cooking and other kitchen related activities) and in
communication activities.
Limitations associated with the Robinson and
Thomas (1991) study are that the CARS survey was based
on recall and the survey was performed in California only.
Therefore, if applied to other populations, the data set
may be biased. Another limitation is that time distribution
patterns (statistical analysis) were not provided for both
studies. Also, the data are based on short term studies.
An advantage of this study is that the 1985 national study
represents the general U.S. population. Also, the 1985
national study provides time estimates by activities,
locations, and microenvironments grouped by age, gender,
and type of day. Another advantage is that the data were
compared and that, overall, both data sets showed similar
patterns of activity (Robinson and Thomas, 1991).
Wiley et al. (1991) - Study of Children's Activity
Patterns • The California children's activity pattern survey
design provided time estimates of children (under 12
years old) in various activities and locations
(microenvironments) on a typical day (Wiley ct at, 1991).
The sample population, which consisted of 1,200
respondents (including children under 12 years of age and
adult informants residing in the child's household), was
selected using Waksberg ROD methods from English-
speaking households. One child was selected from each
household. If the selected child was 8 years old or less,
the adult in the same household who spent the most time
with the child responded. However, if the selected child
was between 9 and 11 years old, that child responded.
The population was also stratified to provide
representative estimates for major regions of the state.
The survey questionnaire included a time diary which
provided information on the children's activity and
location patterns based on a 24-hour recall period. In
addition, the survey questionnaire included questions
about potential exposure to sources of indoor air pollution
(i.e., presence of smokers) on the diary day and the socio-
demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, marital
status of adult) of children and adult respondents. The
questionnaires and the time diaries were administered via
a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI)
technology (Wiley et al., 1991). The telephone interviews
were conducted during April 1989 to February 1990 over
four seasons: Spring (April-June 1989), Summer (July-
September 1989), Fall (October-December 1989), and
Winter (January-February 1990).
The data obtained from the survey interviews
resulted in ten major activity categories, 113 detailed
aciivity codes, 6 major categories of locations, and 63
detailed location codes. The average time respondents
spent during the 10 activity categories for all children are
presented in Table 15-11. Also included in this table are
the detailed activity, including its code, with the highest
mean duration of time; the percentage of respondents who
reported participating in any activity (percent doing); and
the mean, median, and maximum time duration for
"doers." The dominant activity category, personal care
(night sleep being the highest contributor), had the highest
time expenditure of 794 mins/day (13.2 hours/day). All
respondents reported sleeping at night, resulting in a mean
daily time per participant of 794 mins/day spent sleeping.
The activity category "don't know" had a duration of
about 2 mins/day and only 4 percent of the respondents
reported missing activity time.
Table 15-12 presents the mean time spent in the 10
activity categories by age and gender. Differences in
activity patterns for boys and girls tended to be small.
Table 15-13 presents the mean time spent in the 10
activity categories grouped by seasons and California
regions. There were seasonal differences for 5 activity
categories: personal care, educational activities,
social/entertainment, recreation, and communication/
passive leisure. Time expenditure differences in various
regions of the State were minimal for childcare, work-
related activities, shopping, personal care, education,
social life, and recreation.
Table 15-14 presents the distribution of time across
six location categories. The participation rates (percent)
of respondents, the mean, median, and maximum time for
"doers." The detailed location with the highest average
time expenditure are also shown. The largest amount of
time spent was at home (1,078 minutes/day); 99 percent
of respondents spent time at home (1,086 minutes/
participant/day). Tables 15-15 and 15-16 show the
average time spent in the six locations grouped by age and
gender, and season and region, respectively. There are
age differences in time expenditure in educational settings
for boys and girls (Table 15-15). There are no differences
in time expenditure at the six locations by regions, and
time spent in school decreased in the summer months
compared to other seasons (Table 15-16). Table 15-17
shows the average potential exposure time children spent
in proximity to tobacco smoke, gasoline fumes, and gas
oven fumes grouped by age and gender. The sampled
children spent more time closer to tobacco smoke (77
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mins/day) than gasoline fumes (2 mins/day) and gas oven
fumes (11 mins/day).
A limitation of this study is that the sampling
population was restricted to only English-speaking
households; therefore, the data obtained does not
represent the diverse population group present in
California. Another limitation is that time use values
obtained from this survey were based on short-term recall
(24-hr) data; therefore, the data set obtained may be
biased. Other limitations are: the survey was conducted
in California and is not representative of the national
population, and the significance of the observed
differences in the data obtained (i.e., gender, age, seasons,
and regions) were not tested statistically. An advantage of
this study is that time expenditure in various activities and
locations were presented for children grouped by age,
gender, and seasons. Also, potential exposures of
respondents to pollutants were explored in the survey.
Another advantage is the use of the CATI program in
obtaining time diaries, which allows automatic coding of
activities and locations onto a computer tape, and allows
activities forgotten by respondents to be inserted into its
appropriate position during interviewing (Wiley et al.,
1991).
U.S. EPA (1992) - Dermal Exposure Assessment:
Principles and Applications - U.S. EPA (1992) addressed
the variables of exposure time, frequency, and duration
needed to calculate dermal exposure as related to activity.
The reader is referred to the document for a detailed
discussion of these variables in relation to soil and water
related activities. The suggested values that can be used
for dermal exposure are presented in Table 15-18.
Limitations of this study are that the values are based on
small data sets and a limited number of studies. An
advantage is that it presents default values for frequency
and duration for use in exposure assessments when
specific data are not available.
Tsang and Klepeis (1996) - National Human
Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) - The National Human
Activity Pattern Survey was conducted by the U.S. EPA
(Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). It is the largest and most
current human activity pattern survey available (Tsang
and Klepeis, 1996). Data for 9,386 respondents in the 48
contiguous United States were collected via minute-by-
minute 24-hour diaries between October 1992 and
September 1994. Detailed data were collected for a
maximum of 82 different possible locations, and a
maximum of 91 different activities. Participants were
selected using a Random Digit Dial (RDD) method and
Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI). The
response rate was 63 percent, overall. If the chosen
respondent was a child too young to interview, an adult in
the household gave a proxy interview. Each participant
was asked to recount their entire daily routine from
midnight to midnight immediately previous to the day that
they were interviewed. The survey collected information
on duration and frequency of selected activities and of the
time spent in selected microenvironments. In addition,
demographic information was collected for each
respondent to allow for statistical summaries to be
generated according to specific subgroups of the U.S.
population (i.e., by gender, age, race, employment status,
census region, season, etc.). The participants' responses
were weighted according to geographic, socioeconomic,
time/season, and other demographic factors to ensure that
. results were representative of the U.S. population. The
weighted sample matches the 1990 U.S. census population
for each gender, age group, census region, and the day-of-
week and seasonal responses are equally distributed.
Saturdays and Sundays were over sampled to ensure an
adequate weekend sample.
The data presented are a compilation of 24-hour
diary locations, activities, and follow-up exposure
questions based on exposure-related events (personal,
exposure, household characteristics, medical background)
(Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Data presented are reported
in the form of means, percentages of time spent, and
percentages of respondent occurrences. The diary data are
useful for obtaining national representative distributions
of time spent in a large variety of activities and locations
in a single day (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). According to
Tsang and Klepeis (1996), the 24-hour diaries in the
NHAPS are useful in probabilistic modeling (Monte-
Carlo) that provides frequency distributions of exposure.
Overall survey results indicate that for time spent in
microenvironments, the largest overall percentage of time
was spent in residential-indoors (67 percent), followed by
time spent outdoors (8 percent), and then time spent in
vehicles (5 percent) (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Tables
15-19 through 15-146 provide data from the NHAPS
study. NHAPS data on the time spent in selected
activities are presented in Tables 15-19 through 15-92.
NHAPS data on the time spent in selected
microenvironments are presented in Tables 15-93 to 15-
139 and of these tables, Tables 15-66 through 15-139
present 24-hour cumulative statistics (mean, minimum,
maximuim, and percentiles) data for time spent in various
activities and in various microenvironments.
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Tables 15-19 through 15-32 provide
information on the frequency and duration of
taking baths, frequency of taking showers, and
on the amount of time spent in the shower or
bathroom after completion of the activity.
Table 15-33 provides the frequency for
washing the hands in a day.
Tables 15-34 through 15-36 present
information on time spent by persons working
with or being near foods while being grilled or
barbecued; working with or near open flames;
and working or being near excessive dust in
the air.
Tables 15-37 through 15-39 provide data for
the number of times a vehicle was started in a
garage or carport and if started with the door
closed; and for time spent at a gas station or
repair shop.
Tables 15-40 through 15-42 present
information on the number of times windows
and doors were opened and the number of
minutes they were left open at home while the
respondent was at home.
Tables 15-43 through 15-47 provide data for
time spent in heavy traffic either running,
walking, standing, or in a vehicle; and for time
spent in indoor and outdoor parking lots and
garages.
Tables 15-48 through 15-50 present
information for time spent working for pay;
working at different times of day; and for the
amount of that time was spent working
outdoors.
Tables 15-51 through 15-56 provide
information for number of times of performing
household tasks in a day such as vacuuming,
and washing dishes and clothes in a residence.
Tables 15-57 through 15-64 present data for
number of times per day and the duration for
playing in sand, gravel, and dirt; and for
working in circumstances where one comes in
contact with soil such as in a garden.
Tables 15-65 through 15-67 provide
information on the frequency of swimming in
a fresh water swimming pool and the amount
of time spent swimming during a 1-month
period.
Tables 15-68 through 15-87 present statistics
for time spent in various major categories.
They are as follows: Paid Work (main job);
Household Work (food preparation and
cleanup, cleaning house, clothes care); Child
Care (indoor and outdoor playing); Obtaining
Goods and Services (car repair); Personal
Needs and Care (sleeping/napping); Free Time
and Education (school); and Recreation
(active sports, exercise, outdoor recreation).
Tables 15-88 through 15-94 provide statistics
for time spent in various activities that are the
results of regrouping/combining activities
described in Tables 15-68 through 15-87.
Because the occurrences in some major
categories were too small to conduct analyses,
these categories were regrouped into broader
categories so that new categories could be
developed with a larger number of
occurrences (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). This
regrouping was performed to create a better
data set for estimating exposure activities from
the available data (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996).
Tables 15-95 through 15-103 provide
cumulative statistics for time spent in various
indoor microenvironments such as repair
shops/gas stations; bar/ night club/bowling
alley; and at school.
Tables 15-104 through 15-112 present
statistical data for time spent in various
outdoor locations. These tables include data
for locations such as schoolgrounds/
playground; parking lots; construction sites;
parks and golf courses; and farms.
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• Tables 15-113 through 15-120 present
statistics for time spent in various locations in
the home. Data are presented for the number
of minutes spent in the kitchen, bathroom,
bedroom, garage, basement, utility room or
laundry room; in the outdoor pool or spa; and
in the yard or other areas outside the house.
• Tables 15-121 through 15-130 provide data on
time spent traveling and for traveling in
various types of vehicles; and for time spent
walking.
• Tables 15-131 through 15-140 provide
statistics for total time spent indoors at home
(categories regrouped/combined based on
various data described in Tables 15-95
through 15-130), including all rooms;
outdoors at home; traveling inside a vehicle;
outdoors near a vehicle; outdoors other than
near a residence; in an office or factory; in
malls and other stores; in various public
buildings; in bars, restaurants, etc.; and
outdoor locations such as auto repair shops
and laundromats.
• Table 15-141 provides the number of minutes
spent in an activity or microenvironment
where a smoker was present.
• Tables 15-142 and 15-143 present data for
time spent smoking in a day.
• Tables 15-144 through 15-148 provide
information for time spent smoking selected
tobacco products such as cigars, cigarettes,
and pipe tobacco.
Advantages of the NHAPS dataset are that it is
representative of the U.S. population and it has been
adjusted to be balanced geographically, seasonally, and
for day/time. Also, it is representative of all ages, gender,
and is race specific. A disadvantage of the study is that
means cannot be calculated for time spent over 60, 120,
and 181 minutes in selected activities. Therefore, actual
time spent at the high end of the distribution for these
activities cannot be captured.
15.1.2. Relevant Activity Pattern Studies
Robinson - Changes in Americans' Use of Time:
1965-1975 (1977) - Robinson (1977) compared time use
data obtained from two national surveys that were
conducted in 1965-1966 and in 1975. Each survey used
the time-diary method to collect data. The 1965-66
survey excluded people in the following categories: (a)
Non-Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (non-SMSA)
(designation of Census Bureau areas having no city with
more than 50,000 population); (b) households where no
adult members were in the labor force for at least 10 hours
per week; (c) age 65 and over; and (d) farm-related
occupations (Robinson, 1977). The 1,244 respondents in
the 1965-66 study included either employed men and
women or housewives (Robinson, 1977). The survey was
conducted between November-December 1965 and
March-April 1966. Respondents recorded their daily
activities in time diaries by using the "tomorrow"
approach. In this approach, diaries were kept on the day
following the interviewer's initial contact. The
interviewer then made a second call to the respondent to
determine if the information in diaries were correct and to
obtain additional data. Only one person per household
was interviewed. The survey was designed to obtain
information on time spent with family members, time
spent at various locations during activities, and
performing primary and secondary activities.
A similar study was conducted in 1975 from
October through December. Unlike the 1965-1966
survey, the 1975 survey included rural areas, farmers, the
unemployed, students, and retirees. Time diary data were
collected using the "yesterday" approach. In this
approach, interviewers made only one contact with
respondents (greater than 1500) and the diaries were filled
out based on a 24-hour recall (Robinson, 1977). Time
diary data were also collected from the respondents'
spouses.
In both surveys, the various activities were coded
into 96 categories, and then were combined into five
major categories. Free-time activities were grouped into
5 sub-categories (Appendix Table 15A-2). In order to
compare data obtained from both surveys, Robinson
(1977) excluded the same population groups in the 1975
survey that were excluded in the 1965-66 survey (i.e.,
farmers, rural residents).
Results obtained from the surveys were presented
by gender, age, marital and employment status, race, and
education. Robinson (1977) reported the data collected in
hours/week; however, the method for converting daily
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activities to hours/week were not presented. Table 15-149
shows the differences in time use by gender, employment,
and marital status for five major activity categories and
five subcategories for 1965 and 1975. Time spent on
work related activities (i.e., work for pay and family care)
was lower in 1975 than in 1965 for employed men and
women. Table 15-149 also shows that there was an
overall increase in free time activities for all the six
groups. The difference in time use in 1965 and 1975 are
presented by age, education, and race in Tables 15-150,
15-151, and 15-152, respectively. These tables include
data for students and certain employed respondents that
were excluded in Table 15-148 (Robinson, 1977). In
1975, the eldest group (ages 56-65 years) showed a
decline in paid work, and an increase in family care,
personal care and sleep (Table 15-150). Education level
comparisons across the ten-year interval indicated that the
less educated had a decrease in paid work and an increase
in sleep and personal care; the most educated had an
increase in work time and a decrease in other leisure
(Table 15-151). For racial comparisons, Blacks spent less
time at paid work than Whites across the ten-year interval
(Table 15-152). Table 15-152 also shows that Blacks
spent more time than Whites at free time activities in
1975.
A limitation of the study survey design is that time
use data were gathered as social indicators. Therefore, the
activity categories presented may not be relevant in
exposure assessments. Another limitation is that
statistical analysis of the data set was not provided.
Additional limitations are that the time use data are old
and the data may not reflect recent changes in time use.
The 1965 and 1975 data sets excluded certain population
groups and, therefore, may not be entirely representative
of the U.S. population. Another limitation is that these are
short-term studies and may not necessarily represent long-
term activity patterns. An advantage of this study is that
time use data were presented by age, gender, race,
education level, and employment and marital status.
Another advantage is that earlier investigations on the
study method (24-hr recall) employed in the 1965 study
revealed no systematic biases in reported activities
(Robinson, 1977). Robinson (1977) also noted that the
time-diary method provides a "zero-sum" measure (i.e.,
since there are only 24 daily hours or 168 weekly hours,
if time on one activity increases then time on another
activity must decrease).
Juster et al. (1983) - 1975-1981 Time Use
Longitudinal Panel Study - The Time Allocation
longitudinal study of the U.S. population began as part of
a multinational project with the first survey conducted in
1965-66. A second national time use survey was
conducted in 1975-1976 and another in 1981 (Juster et al.
1983). Juster et al. (1983) provided study descriptions of
the second and third surveys. The surveys included a
probability sample of the adult population (18 years and
older) and children between the ages of 3 and 17 years in
the United States. In both surveys, time use was measured
from 24-hour recall diaries administered to respondents
and their spouses. The 1975-1976 survey involved four
waves of interview: wave 1, October-November 1975;
wave 2, February 1976; wave 3, May-June 1976; wave 4,
September 1976. The first wave was a personal interview
and the other three waves were telephone interviews. The
1975-1976 survey sample consisted of 2,300 individuals,
and of that sample, 1,519 respondents. Four recall diaries
(one from each wave of interviews) were obtained from
947 respondents, with data on time use measures for two
weekdays, one Saturday and one Sunday. The survey was
designed to gather information for: employment status;
earnings and other income; "consumption benefits for
activities of respondents and their spouses;" health,
friendships and associations of the respondents; stock
technology available to the household, house repair, and
maintenance activities of the family; division of labor in
household work and related attitudes; physical
characteristics of the respondents housing structure, net
worth and housing values; job characteristics; and
characteristics of mass media usage on a typical day
(Juster et al., 1983).
The 1981 survey was a follow-up of respondents
and spouses who had completed at least three waves of
interview in the 1975-1976 survey. For the 1981 survey,
920 individuals were eligible. The survey design was
similar to the 1975-1976 survey, however in this survey,
the adult population was 25 years and older and consisted
of 620 respondents. Four waves of interviews were
conducted between February - March 1981 (wave 1), May
- June 1981 (wave 2), September 1981 (wave 3), and
November - December (wave 4). The 1981 survey
included the respondents' children between the ages of 3
and 17 years. The survey design for children provided
information on time use measures from two time diary
reports: one school day and one non-school day. In
addition, information for academic achievement measures,
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school and family life measures, and ratings from the
children's teachers were gathered during the survey.
luster et al. (1983) did not report the time use data
obtained for the 1975-1976 survey or the 1981 survey.
These data are stored in four tape files and can be
obtained from the Inter-university Consortium for
Political and Social Research (ICPSR) in Michigan. The
response rate for the first wave of interview (1975-76
survey) based on the original sample population was 66
percent, and response rates for the subsequent waves
ranged from 42 percent (wave 4) to 50 percent (wave 2).
In the 1981 survey, the response rate based on eligible
respondents was 67 percent for the first interview, and
ranged from 54 percent (wave 4) to 60 percent (wave 2)
in the subsequent interviews (Juster et al., 1983). The
1975-1976 survey Included 87 activities. In the 1981
survey, these 87 activities were broken down into smaller
components, resulting in 223 activities (Juster et al,,
1983). The activity codes and descriptors used for the
adult time diaries in both surveys are presented in
Appendix Table 15A-3.
A limitation of this study is that the surveys were
not designed for exposure assessment purposes,
Therefore, the time use data set may be biased. Another
limitation is that time use data collected were based on a
24-hour diary recall. This may somewhat bias the data set
obtained from this survey. An advantage associated with
this survey is that it provides a database of information on
various human activities. This information'can be used to
assess various exposure pathways and scenarios
associated with these activities. Also, some of the data
from these surveys were used in the studies conducted by
Timmer et al. (1985) and Hill (1985). In addition, the
activity descriptor codes developed in these studies were
used by Timmer et al (1985), Hill (1985), and Robinson
and Thomas (1991). These studies are presented in
Sections 15.1.1 and 15,1.2. Another advantage of this
survey is that the data are based on a national survey and
conducted over a one year period, resulting in a seasonally
balanced survey and one representative of the U.S.
population.
Hiir(l985) - Patterns of Time Use - Hill (1985)
investigated the total amount of time American adults
spend in one year performing various activities and the
variation in time use across three different dimensions:
demographic characteristics, geographical location, and
seasonal characteristics. In this study, time estimates were
based on data collected from time diaries in four waves (1
per season) of a survey conducted in the fall of 1975
through the fall of 1976 for the 1975-1976 Time
Allocation Study. The sampling periods included two
weekdays, one Saturday and one Sunday. The 1975-1976
Time Allocation Study provided information on the
amount of time spent performing primary activities. The
information gathered were responses to the survey
question "What were you doing?" The survey also
provided information on secondary activities (i.e.,
respondents performing more than one activity at the same
time). Hill (1985) analyzed time estimates for 10 broad
categories of activities based on data collected from 87
activities. These estimates included seasonal variation in
time use patterns and comparisons of time use patterns for
different days of the week. The 10 major categories and
ranges of activity codes are listed in Appendix Table 15A-
4. Hill (1985) collected data on time use for the major
activity patterns in four different age groups (18-24, 25-
44, 45-64, and 65 years and older). However, the time
use data were summarized in graphs rather than in tables.
Analysis of the 1975-76 survey data revealed very
small regional differences in time use among the broad
activity patterns (Hill, 1985). The weighted mean hours
per week spent performing the 10 major activity
categories presented by region are shown in Table 15-153.
In all regions, adults spent more time on personal care
(included night sleep). Adults in the North Central region
of the country spent more time on market work activities
than adults in other regions of the country. Adults in the
South spent more time on leisure activities (passive and
active combined) than adults elsewhere (Table 15-153).
Table 15-154 presents the time spent per day, by the day
of the week for the 10 major activity categories. Time
spent on the 87 activities (components of the 10 major
categories) are presented in Appendix Table 15A-5.
Adult time use was dominated in descending order by
personal care (including sleep), market work, passive
leisure, and house work. Collectively, these activities
represent about 80 percent of available time (Hill, 1985).
According to Hill (1985), sleep was the single most
dominant activity averaging about 56.3 hours per week.
Television watching (passive leisure) averaged about 21.8
hours per week, and housework activities averaged about
14.7 hours per week. Weekdays were predominantly
market-work oriented. Weekends (Saturday and Sunday)
were predominantly devoted to household tasks ("sleeping
in," socializing, and active leisure) (Hill, 1985).
Table 15-155 presents the mean time spent performing
these 10 groups of activities during each wave of
interview (fall, winter, spring, and summer). Adjustments
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were made to the data to assure equal distributions of
weekdays, Saturdays, and Sundays (Hill, 1985). The data
indicates that the time periods adults spent performing
market work, child care, shopping, organizational
activities, and active leisure were fairly constant
throughout the year (Hill, 1985). The mean hours spent
per week in performing the 10 major activity patterns are
presented by gender in Table 15-156 (time use patterns
for all 87 activities are presented in Appendix Table 15A-
6). Table 15-156 indicates that time use patterns
determined by data collected for the mid-1970's survey
show gender differences. Men spent more time on
activities related to labor market work and education, and
women spent more time on household work activities.
A [imitation associated with this study is that the
time data were obtained from an old survey conducted in
the mid-1970s. Because of fairly rapid changes in
American society, applying these data to current exposure
assessments may result in some biases. Another limitation
is that time use data were not presented for children. An
advantage of this study is that time diaries were kept and
data were not based on recall. The former approach may
result in a more accurate data set. Another advantage of
this study is that the survey is seasonally balanced since it
was conducted throughout the year and the data are from
a large survey sample.
Sell (1989) - The Use of Children's Activity
Patterns in the Development of a Strategy for Soil
Sampling in West Central Phoenix - In a report prepared
for the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality,
Sell (1989) investigated the activity patterns of preschool
and school age children in the west central portion of
Phoenix known as Maryvale. The survey was conducted
in two parts: (1) most of the school age children were
interviewed personally from May through June, 1989 in
three schools; and (2) survey questionnaires were mailed
to parents of preschool children.
In the first survey, 15 percent of the total school
population (2,008) was sampled with 111 children in
grades K-6 participating (response rate of 37 percent).
The surveyed population was 53.2 percent male and 46.8
percent female. Of this population, 41 percent were
Hispanics, 49.5 percent Anglos, 7.2 percent Blacks, and
1.7 percent Asians. The children interviewed were
between the ages of 5 and 13 years. Within each school,
the children in grades K-6 were stratified into two groups,
primary (grades K-3) and intermediate (grades 4-6), and
children were selected randomly from each group.
Children in grades K-2 were either interviewed in school
or at home in the presence of a parent or an adult care-
provider. In the course of the interview, children were
asked to identify locations of activity areas, social areas
(i.e., places they went with friends), favorite areas, and
locations of forts or clubhouses. Aerial photographs were
used to mark these areas.
The second survey involved only preschool
children. Parents completed questionnaires which
provided information on the amount of time their children
spent outdoors, outdoor play locations, favorite places,
digging areas, use of park or playgrounds, and swimming
or wading locations. This survey was conducted between
June-July 1989. One thousand (1,000) parents were
sampled, but only 211 questionnaires were usable out of
886 questionnaires received resulting in a response rate
for the preschool's survey of about 24 percent. The
sample population consisted of children 1 month and up
to preschool age. Of this population, 53 percent were
Anglos, 18 percent Hispanics, 2 percent Blacks, and 3
percent Asians.
The survey design considered the kinds of activities
children engaged in, but not the amount of time children
spent in each activity. Therefore, Sell (1989) presented
the data obtained from the survey in terms of percent of
respondents who engaged in specific activities or
locations. A summary of percent responses of the
preschool and school-age children's activities at various
locations in the Maryvale study areas are presented in
Table 15-157. Also included in this table is a ranking of
children's play locations based on other existing research
works. Based on the survey data, Sell (1989) reported
that the median time preschool children spent outdoors on
weekdays was 1-2 hours, and on weekends the median
time spent outdoors was 2-5 hours. Most of these children
played outside in their own yards, and some played in
other people's yards or parks and playgrounds (Sell,
1989).
Limitations associated with this study are that the
survey design did not report the time spent in various
activities or locations and the response rates obtained
from the surveys were low and, therefore, may result in
biased data. In addition, because the survey was
conducted in Arizona, the surveyed population does not
represent the children's population on a national basis.
Advantages of this study are that it provides data on
various activities children engage in and locations of these
activities, and provides for time spent outdoors. This
information is useful in determining exposure pathways to
toxic pollutants for children.
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Tarshis (1981) - The Average American Book -
Tarshis (1981) compiled a book addressing the habits,
tastes, lifestyles, and attitudes of the American people in
which he reported data on time spent in personal
grooming. The data presented are gathered from small
surveys, the Newspaper Advertising Bureau, and
magazines. Tarshis reported frequency and percentage
data by gender and age for grooming activities such as
showering and bathing as follows:
* 90 percent take some sort of a bath in an average
24-hour period;
• 5 percent average more than 1 shower or bath a
day;
» 75 percent of men shower, 25 percent take baths;
* 50 percent of women take showers, 50 percent
take baths;
« 65 percent of teenage girls 16-19 shower daily;
« 55 percent of teenage girls take at least one bath
a week;
• 50 percent of women use an additive in their
bath every time they bathe;
• People are more likely to shower than bathe if
they are young and have higher income; and
* Showering is more popular than bathing in large
cities.
Limitations of this study are that the data are
compiled from other sources, and that the data are old; it
is possible that these data may not reflect the current
trends of the general population. An advantage of the
study is that it presents frequency data that are useful in
exposure assessment, especially concerning volatilization
of chemicals from water,
A1HC(1994) - Exposure Factors Sourcebook - The
activity factors data presented in the Sourcebook are
similar to that in this handbook. The AIHC Sourcebook
uses tenure data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(1987), while this handbook uses more recent data (Carey,
1988) and provides general and specific recommendations
for various age groups. Distributions were derived using
data presented in U.S. EPA (1989) version of this
handbook, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (1987), and
various other references. Distribution data and/or
recommendations are presented for time in one residence,
residential occupancy, time spent indoors/outdoors, hours
at home/away from home for adults and children, hours at
work for adults, working tenure, and shower duration. For
each distribution, the @Risk formula is provided for
direct use in the @Risk software (Palisade, 1992). The
Sourcebook has been classified as a relevant rather than
a key study because it is not the primary source for the
data used to make recommendations. It is a relevant
source of alterative information.
15.2. OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
15.2.1. Background
The amount of time spent in different types of
occupations may affect the duration and/or magnitude of
exposures to contaminants specific to those occupations.
For example, an individual who spends an entire lifetime
as a farmer may experience a longer duration of exposure
to certain contaminants, especially pesticides, than
individuals who have indoor occupations. Also,
individual exposures to specific chemicals in the work
place may be significantly reduced when individuals
change jobs. Work place exposures among women may
be of shorter duration than among men because women's
careers may be interrupted by home and family
responsibilities. The key studies presented in the
following section provide occupational tenure for workers
grouped by age, race, gender, and employment status.
15.2.2. Key Occupational Mobility Studies
Carey (1988) - Occupational Tenure in 1987:
Many Workers Have Remained in Their Fields - Carey
(1988) presented median occupational and employer
tenure for different age groups, gender, earnings,
ethnicity, and educational attainment. Occupational
tenure was defined as "the cumulative number of years a
person worked in his or her current occupation, regardless
of number of employers, interruptions in employment, or
time spent in other occupations" (Carey, 1988). The
information presented was obtained from supplemental.
data to the January 1987 Current Population Study, a U.S.
Bureau of the Census publication. Carey (1988) did not
present information on the survey design.
The median occupational tenure by age and gender,
ethnicity, and employment status are presented in Tables"
15-158, 15-159, and 15-160, respectively. The median,
occupational tenure of the working population (109.1
million people) 16 years of age and older in January of-
1987, was 6.6 years (Table 15-158). Table 15-158 also'
shows that median occupational tenure increased from 1,9'
years for workers 16-24 years old to 21.9 years for]
workers 70 years and older. The median occupational.
tenure for men 16 years and older was higher (7.9 years) •
than for women of the same age group (5.4 years). Table
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15-159 indicates that whites had longer occupational
tenure (6,7 years) than blacks (5.8 years), and Hispanics
(4.5 years). Full-time workers had more occupational
tenure than part-time workers 7.2 years and 3.1 years,
respectively (Table 15-160).
Table 15-161 presents the median occupational
tenure among major occupational groups. The median
tenure ranged from 4.1 years for service workers to 10.4
years for people employed in farming, forestry, and
fishing. In addition, median occupational tenure among
detailed occupations ranged from 24.8 years for barbers
to 1.5 years for food counter and fountain workers
(Appendix Table 15A-7).
The strength of an individual's attachment to a
specific occupation has been attributed to the individual's
investment in education (Carey, 1988). Carey (1988)
reported the median occupational tenure for the surveyed
working population by age and educational level.
Workers with 5 or more years of college had the highest
median occupational tenure of 10.1 years. Workers that
were 65 years and older with 5 or more years of college
had the highest occupational tenure level of 33.8 years.
The median occupational tenure was 10.6 years for self-
employed workers and 6.2 years for wage and salary
workers (Carey, 1988).
A limitation associated with this study is that the
survey design employed in the data collection was not
presented. Therefore, the validity and accuracy of the
data set cannot be determined. Another limitation is that
only median values were reported in the study. An
advantage of this study is that occupational tenure (years
spent in a specific occupation) was obtained for various
age groups by gender, ethnicity, employment status, and
educational level. Another advantage of this study is that
the data were based on a survey population which appears
to represent the general U.S. population.
Carey (1990) - Occupational Tenure, Employer
Tenure, and Occupational Mobility - Carey (1990)
conducted another study that was similar in scope to the
study of Carey (1988). The January 1987 Current
Population Study (CPS) was used. This study provided
data on occupational mobility and employer tenure in
addition to occupational tenure. Occupational tenure was
defined in Carey (1988) as the "the cumulative number of
years a person worked in his or her current occupation,
regardless of number of employees, interruptions in
employment, or time spent in other locations." Employer
tenure was defined as "the length of time a worker has
been with the same employer," while occupational
mobility was defined as "the number of workers who
change from one occupation to another" (Carey, 1990).
Occupational mobility was measured by asking
individuals who were employed in both January 1986 and
January 1987 if they were doing the same kind of work in
each of these months (Carey, 1990). Carey (1990) further
analyzed the occupational mobility data and obtained
information on entry and exit rates for occupations. These
rates were defined as "the percentage of persons employed
in an occupation who had voluntarily entered it from
another occupation" and an exit rate was defined as "the
percentage of persons employed in an occupation who had
voluntarily left for a new occupation" (Carey, 1990).
Table 15-162 shows the voluntary occupational
mobility rates in January 1987 for workers 16 years and
older. For all workers, the overall voluntary occupational
mobility rate was 5,3 percent. These data also show that
younger workers left occupations at a higher rate than
older workers. Carey (1990) reported that 10 million of
the 100.1 million individuals employed in January 1986
and in January 1987 had changed occupations during that
period, resulting in an overall mobility rate of 9.9 percent.
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
had the highest entry rate of 5.3 percent, followed by
administrative support (including clerical) at 4.9 percent.
Sales had the highest exit rate of 5,3 percent and service
had the second highest exit rate of 4.8 percent (Carey,
1990). In January 1987, the median employer tenure for
all workers was 4.2 years. The median employee tenure
was 12.4 years for those workers that were 65 years of age
and older (Carey, 1990).
Because the study was conducted by Carey (1990)
in a manner similar to that of the previous study (Carey,
1988), the same advantages and disadvantages associated
with Carey (1988) also apply to this data set.
15.3. POPULATION MOBILITY
15,3.1. Background
An assessment of population mobility can assist in
determining the length of time a household is exposed in
a particular location. For example, the duration of
exposure to site-specific contamination, such as a polluted
stream from which a family fishes or contaminated soil on
which children play or vegetables are grown, will be
directly related to the period of time residents live near the
contaminated site.
Information regarding population mobility is
compiled and published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census
(BOC). Banks, insurance companies, credit card
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companies, real estate and housing associations use
residence history information. However, usually this
information is confidential. Information compiled by the
BOC provides information about population mobility;
however, it is difficult to determine the average residence
time of a homeowner or apartment dweller from this
information. Census data provide representations of a
cross-section of the population at specific points in time,
but the surveys are not designed to follow individual
families through time. The most current BOC information
about annual geographical mobility and mobility by State
is summarized in Appendix 15B. Figure 15-1 graphically
displays the distribution of movers by type of move.
Available information was provided by the Oxford
Development Corporation, the National Association of
Realtors (NAR), and the BOC. According to Oxford
Development Corporation, a property management firm,
the typical residence time for an apartment dweller for
their corporation has been estimated to range from 18 to
30 months (S. Cameron Hendricks, Sales Department,
Oxford Development Corporation, Gaithersburg, MD,
personal communication with P. Wood (Versar) August
10, 1992),
15.3.2, Key Population Mobility Studies
Israeli and Nelson (1992) - Distribution and
Expected Time of Residence for U.S. Households - In risk
assessments, the average current residence time (time
since moving into current residence) has often been used
as a substitute for the average total residence time (time
between moving into and out of a residence) (Israeli and
Nelson, 1992). Israeli and Nelson (1992) have estimated
distributions of expected time of residence for U.S.
households. Distributions and averages for both current
and total residence times were calculated for several
housing categories using the 1985 and 1987 BOC housing
survey data. The total residence time distribution was
estimated from current residence time data by modeling
the moving process (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). Israeli and
Nelson (1992) estimated the average total residence time
for a household to be approximately 4.6 years or 1/6 of
the expected life span (see Table 15-163). The maximal
total residence time that a given fraction of households
will live in the same residence is presented in Table 15-
164. For example, only 5 percent of the individuals in the
"All Households" category will live in the same residence
for 23 years and 95 percent will move in less than 23
years.
The authors note that the data presented are for the
expected time a household will stay in the same residence.
The data do not predict the expected residence time for
each member of the household, which is generally
expected to be smaller (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). These
values are more realistic estimates for the individual total
residence time, than the average time a household has
been living at its current residence. The expected total
residence time for a household is consistently less than the
average current residence time. This is the result of
greater weighting of short residence time when calculating
the average total residence time than when calculating the
average current residence time (Israeli and Nelson, 1992).
When averaging total residence over a time interval,
frequent movers may appear several times, but when
averaging current residence times, each household appears
only once (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). According to Israeli
and Nelson (1992), the residence time distribution
developed by the model is skewed and the median values
are considerably less than the means (T), which are less
than the average current residence times.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993) - American
Housing Survey for the United States in 1991 - This
survey is a national sample of 55,000 interviews in which
collected data were presented owners, renters, Black
householders, and Hispanic householders. The data
reflect the number of years a unit has been occupied and
represent all occupied housing units that the residents*
rented or owned at the time of the survey.
The results of the survey pertaining to residence
time of owner/renter occupied units in the U.S. are
presented in Table 15-165. Using the data in Table 15-
165, the percentages of householders living in houses for
specified time ranges were determined and are presented
in Table 15-166. Based on the BOC data in Table 15-
165, the 50th percentile and the 90th percentile values
were calculated for the number of years lived in the
householder's current house. These values were
calculated by apportioning the total sample size (93,147
households) to the indicated percentile associated with the
applicable range of years lived in the current home.
Assuming an even distribution within the appropriate
range, the 50th and 90th percentile values for years living
in current home were determined to be 9.1 and 32.7 years,
respectively. These were then rounded to 9 and 33 years.
Based on the above data, the range of 9 to 33 years is
assumed to best represent a central tendency estimate of
length of residence and upper percentile estimate of
residence time, respectively.
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Different County
Same State
18.5%
Different State
16.8%
Abroad
2.9%
Local Movers, Within
Same County
61.95%
Figure 15-1. Distribution of Individuals Moving by Type of Move: 1991-92.
Source: U.S Bureau of the Census, 1993
A limitation associated with the above analysis is
the assumption that there is an even distribution within the
different ranges. As a result, the 50th and 90th percentile
values may be biased.
Johnson and Capel (1992) - A Monte Carlo
Approach to Simulating Residential Occupancy Periods
and It's Application to the General U.S. Population -
Johnson and Capel developed a methodology to estimate
the distribution of the residential occupancy period (ROP)
in the national population. ROP denotes the time (years)
between a person moving into a residence and the time the
person moves out or dies. The methodology used a
Monte Carlo approach to simulate a distribution of ROP
for 500,000 persons using data on population, mobility,
and mortality.
The methodology consisted of six steps. The first
step defined the population of interest and categorized
them by location, gender, age, sex, and race. Next the
demographic groups were selected and the fraction of the
specified population that fell into each group was
developed using U.S. BOC data. A mobility table was
developed based on census data, which provided the
probability that a person with specified demographics did
not move during the previous year. The fifth step used
data on vital statistics published by the National Center
for Health Statistics and developed a mortality table
which provided the probability that individuals with
specific demographic characteristics would die during the
upcoming year. As a final step, a computer based
algorithm was used to apply a Monte Carlo approach to a
series of persons selected at random from the population
being analyzed.
Table 15-167 presents the results for residential
occupancy periods for the total population, by gender.
The estimated mean ROP for the total population was
11.7 years. The distribution was skewed (Johnson and
Capel, 1992): the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were 4,
9, and 16 years, respectively. The 90th, 95th, and 99th
percentiles were 26, 33, and 47 years, respectively. The
mean ROP was 11.1 years for males and 12.3 years for
females, and the median value was 8 years for males and
9 years for females.
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Descriptive statistics for subgroups defined by
current ages were also calculated. These data, presented
by gender, are shown in Table 15-168. The mean ROP
increases from age 3 to age 12 and there is a noticeable
decrease at age 24. However, there is a steady increase
from age 24 through age 81.
There are a few biases within this methodology that
have been noted by the authors. The probability of not
moving is estimated as a function only of gender and age.
The Monte Carlo process assumes that this probability is
independent of (1) the calendar year to which it is applied,
and (2) the past history of the person being simulated.
These assumptions, according to Johnson and Capel
(1992), are not entirely correct. They believe that extreme
values are a function of sample size and will, for the most
part, increase as the number of simulated persons
increases.
15.3.3. Relevant Population Mobility Studies
National Association of Realtors (NAR) (1993)
The Home Buying and Selling Process - The NAR survey
was conducted by mailing a questionnaire to 15,000 home
buyers throughout the U.S. who purchased homes during
the second half of 1993. The survey was conducted in
December 1993 and 1,763 usable responses were
received, equaling a response rate of 12 percent (NAR,
1993). Of the respondents, forty-one percent were first
time buyers. Home buyer names and addresses were
obtained from Dataman Information Services (DIS). DIS
compiles information on residential real estate
transactions from more than 600 counties throughout the
United States using courthouse deed records. Most of the
250 Metropolitan Statistical Areas are also covered in the
DIS data compilation.
The home buyers were questioned on the length of
time they owned their previous home. Typical homebuyer
(41%) was found to have lived in their previous home
between 4 and 7 years (Table 15-169). The survey results
indicate that the average tenure of home buyers is 7.1
years based on an overall residence history of the
respondents,(NAR, 1993). In addition, the median length
of residence in respondents' previous homes was found to
be 6 years (see Table 15-170).
The distances the respondents moved to their new
homes were typically short distances. Data presented in
Table 15-171 indicate that the mean distances range from
230 miles for new home buyers and repeat buyers to 8
years for first time buyers and existing home buyers.
Seventeen (17) percent of respondents purchased homes
over 100 miles from their previous homes and 49 percent
purchased homes less than 10 miles away.'
Lehman (1994) - Homeowners Relocating at
Faster Pace - Lehman (1994) presents data gathered by
the Chicago Title and Trust Family Insurers. The data
indicate that, in 1993, average U.S. homeowners moved
every 12 years. In 1992, homeowners moved every 13.4
years and in 1991, every 14.3 years. Data from the U.S.
Bureau of the Census indicate that 7 percent of the owner
population moved in 1991. Based on this information,
Lehman has concluded that it would take 12 years for 100
percent of owners to move. According to Lehman, Bill
Harriett of the U.S. Bureau of the Census has been said
that 14 years is a closer estimate for the time required for
100 percent of home owners to move. An advantage of
this study is that it provides percentile data for the
residential occupancy period.
15.4. RECOMMENDATIONS
Assessors are commonly interested in a number of
specific types of time use data including time/frequencies
for bathing, showering, gardening, residence time, indoor
versus outdoor time, swimming, occupational tenure, and
population mobility. Recommendations for each of these
are discussed below. The confidence recommendations
for activity patterns is presented in Table 15-172.
15.4.1. Recommendations for Activity Patterns
Following are recommendations for selected
activities known to increase an individual's exposure to
certain chemicals. These activities are time spent indoors
versus outdoors and gardening, bathing and showering,
swimming, residential time spent indoors and outdoors,
and traveling inside a vehicle.
Time Spent Indoors Versus Outdoors and
Gardening - Assessors often require knowledge of time
individuals spend indoors versus outdoors. Ideally, this
issue would be addressed on a site-specific basis since the
times are likely to vary considerably depending on the
climate, residential setting (i.e., rural versus urban),
personal traits (i.e., age, health) and personal habits. The
following general recommendation is offered in the
absence of site-specific information. The key study by
Robinson and Thomas (1991) compares the time use
values derived in the CARB and National Studies; data
are presented only for persons 12 years and older. The
time use values did not differ significantly between the
two studies and were averaged to provide the following
recommended values. These values are applicable to
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individuals 12 years and older. Approximately 21 hrs/day
are spent indoors; 1.5 hrs/day are spent outdoors, and 1.5
hrs/day are spent in a vehicle.
Activities can vary significantly with differences in
age. Special attention should be given to the activities of
populations under the age of 12 years. Timmer et al.
(1985) presented data on time spent in various activities
for boys and girls ages 3-11 years. The study focused on
activities performed indoors such as household work,
personal care, eating, sleeping, school, studying, attending
church, watching television, and engaging in household
conversations. The average times spent in each indoor
activity (and half the times spent in each activity which
could have occurred indoors or outdoors) were summed.
This procedure resulted in the following
recommendations:
« Indoor activities accounted for about 78 percent
of the total time in weekdays and 70 percent
total time in weekend days. The corresponding
times spent indoors are 19 hrs/day for weekdays
and 17 hrs/day on weekends.
* Outdoor activities accounted for about 22
percent of children's time during weekdays and
30 percent during the weekend. The
corresponding times spent outdoors are 5 hrs/day
for weekdays and 7 hrs/day on weekends.
Assessors evaluating soil exposures are commonly
interested in data on gardening times and frequencies. No
data specific to time spent gardening could be found; thus,
no firm recommendation could be made. However, three
sets of data were found which indirectly relate to this issue
which the assessor can consider in deriving time estimates
for gardening:
* Robinson and Thomas (1991) estimated the time
spent in "other outdoor activities" (Table 15-8)
as 1 hr/day. These data apply to populations 12
years and older.
• Hill (1985) estimated that time spent in "house
work and/or yard work" (Table 15-153) as 2
hr/day. These data apply to adult populations.
« Tsang and Klepeis (1996) estimated that time
spent in the garden or other circumstances
working with soil for persons 18-64 years old
(Table 15-62) for the 90th, 95th, and 99th
percentile a( 16, 40, and 200 hours/month,
respectively.
U.S. EPA's Dermal Exposure Assessment
Document (1992) recommends, on the basis of judgement,
an event frequency for the adult gardener, working
outside: 1 to 2 events/week during warmer months or
about 40 events/year. An upper percentile value of 40
hours/month is recommended based on Tsang and Klepeis
(1996)
Baths and Showers - In the NHAPS study, 649
(~7 percent) of the total participants indicated either
taking or giving at least one bath in a day. Those 649
respondents were subsequently asked the number of times
they took or gave a bath in one day. The majority, 459 of
649 respondents, recorded taking or giving one bath in a
day. These results are presented in Table 15-24. The
recommended bathing duration is 20 minutes. This is a
50th percentile value based on the NHAPS distribution
shown on Table 15-26; the reported 90th percentile value
is 45 minutes.
The recommended shower frequency of one shower
per day is based on the NHAPS data summarized in Table
15-19. This table showed that 3,594 of the 9,386 total
participants indicated taking at least one shower the
previous day. When asked the number of actual showers
taken the previous day, the reported results ranged from
one to ten showers; a majority (76 percent), of those 3,549
respondents, reported taking one shower the previous day.
The NHAPS data shown on Table 15-19, Table 15-24,
and Table 15-26 provide information grouped according
to gender, age, race, employment, education, day of the
week, seasonal conditions, and health conditions such as
asthma, angina, and bronchitis/emphysema.
Recommendations for showering duration are
based on the key study conducted by Tsang and Klepeis
(1996). A recommended value for average showering
time is 10 minutes (Table 15-20) based on professional
judgement. This approximates the average showering
value (8 minutes) of James and Knuiman (1987) (Table
15-18), The recommended 50th percentile value is 15
minutes, and the 95th percentile value is 35 minutes
(Table 15-21). Although these values are slightly higher
than those of James and Knuiman (1987), they are
believed to be more representative of U.S. households.
Swimming - Data for swimming frequency is taken
from the NHAPS Study (Tsang ad Klepeis, 1996). Of
9,386 participants, 653 (about 7 percent), answered yes to
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the question "in the past month, did you swim in a
freshwater pool?". The results to this question are
summarized in Table 15-65. The recorded number of
times respondents swam in the past month ranged from 1
to 60 with the greatest number of respondents, 147 (23
percent), reporting they swam one time per month. Thus,
the recommended swimming frequency is one event/
month for the general population. The recommended
swimming duration, 60 minutes per swimming event, is
based on the NHAPS distribution shown on Table 15-67.
Sixty minutes is based on the 50th percentile value; the
90th percentile value is 180 minutes per swimming event
(based on one event/month); and the 99th percentile value
is 181 minutes. This value (181) indicates that more than
180 minutes were spent.
In addition, users can obtain frequency and
duration data grouped according to gender, age, race,
employment, education, day of the week, and season.
Frequency and duration data is also available in Table 15-
65 and Table 15-67, for swimmer respondents reporting
health conditions such as asthma, angina, and bronchitis/
emphysema.
Residential Time Spent Indoors and Outdoors -
The recommendations for time spent indoors at one's
residence is 16.4 hours/day. This is based on the NHAPS
data summarized in Table 15-131 which records the 50th
percentile value of 985.0 minutes per day (16.4
hours/day); and a 90th percentile value of 1,395 minutes
per day (23.3 hours/day).
The recommended value for time spent outdoors at
one's residence is 2 hours per day based on Table 15-102
(generated by the NHAPS data). Values of 105 minutes
per day for the 50th percentile and 362 minutes per day
for the 90th percentile are shown in Table 15-102.
Traveling Inside a Vehicle - The recommendation
for time spent in a vehicle is 1 hour and 20 minutes per
day. This recommendation is based on two studies and
(1) Robinson and Thomas (1991) and (2) The NHAPS
data. The Robinson and Thomas study evaluated two
independent studies, the CARB and the National Study.
They respectively reported mean durations for time spent
in a vehicle as 98 and 87 minutes per day which averages
to 92 minutes per day or about 1.5 hours per day. The
NHAPS data, as summarized on Table 15-133, provide a
50th percentile value of 70 minutes per day (or 1 hour and
10 minutes) and a 90th percentile value of 190 minutes
per day. Thus, the averaged value from these two studies
is about 1 hour and 20 minutes. NHAPS data is grouped
according to gender, race, age, employment status, census
region, day of the week, season, and health condition of
respondents.
15.4.2. Recommendations: Occupational Mobility
The median occupational tenure of the working
population (109.1 million people) ages 16 years of age
and older in January 1987 was 6.6 years (Carey, 1988).
Since the occupational tenure varies significantly
according to age it is recommended to use the age
dependent values presented in Carey's 1988 study (Table
15-158). When age cannot be determined, it is
recommended to use the median tenure value of 6,6 years
for working men and women 16 years and older. For
persons 70 years and older, a tenure value of 21.9 years is
recommended for a working lifetime. A value of 30.5
years and 18.8 years is recommended for men and women,
respectively. Part-time employment, race and the position
held are important to consider in determining
occupational tenure. The ratings indicating confidence in
the occupational mobility recommendations are presented
in Table 15-173. It should be noted that the
recommended values are not for use in evaluating job
tenure. These data can be used for determining time spent
in an occupation and not for time spent at a specific job
site.
15.4.3. Recommendations: Population Mobility
There are three key studies from which the
population mobility recommendations were derived:
Israeli and Nelson (1992), U.S. Bureau of the Census
(1993) - and Johnson and Capel (1992). Each study used
a unique approach to estimate the length of time a person
resides in a household. The respective approaches were
to (1) average current and total residence time; (2) model
current residence time; and (3) determine the residential
occupancy period. A summary of the approaches used
and values recommended by each of these studies is
presented in Table 15-174.
The three studies provide residence time estimates
that are very similar to the 9 year (50th percentile) and 30
year (95th percentile). Tables 15-163 and 15-164 show
residence times for different types of residences and are
recommended where assessors are interested in specific
types of residences. The ratings indicating confidence in
the population mobility recommendations is presented in
Table 15-175,
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15.4,4. Summary of Recommended Activity Factors
Table 15-176 includes a summation of the
recommended activity pattern factors presented in this
section and the studies which provided data on the
specific activities. The type of activities include indoor
activities, outdoor activities, time inside a vehicle, taking
a bath or shower, swimming, working at a specific
occupation, and residing in a particular location.
15.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 15
AIHC. (1994) Exposure factors sourcebook.
Washington, DC. American Industrial Health
Council.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (1987) Most occupational
exposures are voluntary. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Labor.
Carey, M, (1988) Occupational tenure in 1987; Many
workers have remained in their fields. Monthly
Labor Review. October 1988. 3-12.
Carey, M. (1990) Occupational tenure, employer
tenure, and occupational mobility. Occupational
Outlook Quarterly. Summer 1990: 55-60.
Hill, M.S. (1985) Patterns of time use. In: Juster, F.T.;
Stafford, P.P., eds. Time, goods, and well-being.
Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Survey
Research Center, Institute for Social Research, pp.
133-166.
Israeli, M; Nelson, C.B. (1992) Distribution and
expected time of residence for U.S. households.
Risk Anal. 12(1 ):65-72.
James, I.R.; Knuiman, M.W. (1987) An application of
Bayes methodology to the analysis of diary records
from a water use study. J. Am, Sta. Assoc.
82(399):705-711.
Johnson, T. and Capel, J. (1992) Amontecarlo
approach to simulating residential occupancy
periods and its application to the general U.S.
population. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality and Standards.
Juster, F.T.; Hill, M.S.; Stafford, P.P.; Parsons, J.E.
(1983) Study description. 1975-1981 time use
longitudinal panel study. Ann Arbor, MI: The
University of Michigan, Survey Research Center,
Institute for Social Research.
Juster, F.T. (1985) A note on recent changes in time
use. In: Juster, F.T.; Stafford, P.P.; eds. Time,
goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor, MI: University
of Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for
Social Research, pp. 313-330.
Lehman, H.J. (1994) Homeowners relocating at faster
pace. Virginia Homes Newspaper, Saturday, June
15, P. El.
National Association of Realtors (NAR). (1993) The
homebuying and selling process: 1993. The Real
Estate Business Series. Washington, DC: NAR.
Palisade. (1992) @Risk users guide. Newfield, NY:
Palisade Corporation.
Robinson, J.P. (1977) Changes in Americans' use of
time: 1965-1975. A progress report, Cleveland, OH:
Cleveland State University, Communication
Research Center.
Robinson, J.P; Thomas, J. (1991) Time spent in
activities, locations, and rnicroenvironments: a
California-National Comparison Project report. Las
Vegas, NV: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory.
Sell, J. (1989) The use of children's activity patterns in
the development of a strategy for soil sampling in
West Central Phoenix. The Arizona Department of
Environmental Quality, Phoenix, Arizona.
Sexton, K; Ryan, P.B. (1987) Assessment of human
exposure to air pollution: methods, measurements,
and models. In: Watson, A.; Bates, R.R.; Kennedy,
D., eds. Air pollution, the automobile and public
health: research opportunities for quantifying risk.
Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences
Press.
Spencer, G. (1989) Projections of the populations of
the United States by age, sex, and race: 1988 to
2080. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Series, P-25, No.
1018.
Tarshis, B. (1981) The "Average American" book.
New York, NY: New American Library, p. 191.
Timmer, S.G.; Eccles, J.; O'Brien, K. (1985) How
children use time. In: Juster, F.T.; Stafford, P.P.;
eds. Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan, Survey Research Center,
Institute for Social Research, pp. 353-380.
Tsang, A.M.; Klepeis, N.E. (1996) Results tables from
a detailed analysis of the National Human Activity
Pattern Survey (NHAPS) response. Draft Report
prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by Lockheed Martin, Contract No. 68-W6-
001, Delivery Order No. 13.
Page
15-18
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993) American Housing Wiley, J.A.; Robinson, J.P.; Cheng, Y.; Piazza, T.;
Survey for the United States in 1991. Washington, Stork, L.; Plasden, K. (1991) Study of children's
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. activity patterns. California Environmental
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993) Geographical Protection Agency, Air Resources Board Research
mobility: March 1991 to March 1992. Current ' Division. Sacramento, CA.
population reports P.20-473.
U.S. EPA. (1989) Exposure factors handbook.
Washington, DC: Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment. EPA/600/08-89/043.
U.S. EPA. (1992) Dermal exposure assessment:
principles and applications, Washington, DC:
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
EPA No. 600/8-91-01 IB. Interim Report.
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 15-19
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-1 . Time Use Table Locator Guide
Pcrcentile
Averages
Distribution
Distribution
Averages
Averages
Averages
Averages
Averages
Averages
Distribution
Averages
Averages
Distribution
Averages
Distribution
Averages
Average
Averages
Averages
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Averages
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Basis
Activity
Activity
Showering
Activity
Activity
Microenvironment
Microenvironment
Microenvironment
Activity
Activity
Activity by season
Microenvironment
Microenvironment
Microenvironment by
season
Microenvironment near
pollutant
Bathing and swimming
Activity by employment
Occupational Tenure by
race and gender
Occupational Tenure by
employment and gender
Occupational Tenure by
employment
Occupational Mobility by
age
Population Mobility by
locale
Residence Time by
region, setting
Residence Time by
region, setting
Residence Time by year
moved in
Residence Time by years
in current home
Residence Time by
gender
Residence Time by age
Residence Time by years
in previous house
Residence Time by
tenure in previous home
Relocation Distance
Population
Children 3-1 7 yrs
Children and Teens
Adults
Adults 18-64 yrs
Adults 18-64 yrs
Adults 18-64 yrs
Children and Adult
Children and Adults
Infants and Children
Infants and Children
Infants and Children
Infants and Children
Infant and Children
Infants and Children
Infant and Children
Adults
Adults
Teens and Adults
Teens and Adults
Teens and Adults
Teens and Adults
All ages
All ages
All ages
All ages
All ages
All ages
All ages
All ages
All ages
All ages
Application
National
National
Foreign-Australia
National
Regional-CA
National/Regional-CA
Regional-California
National
Regional-California
Regional-California
Regional-Cali fornia
Regional-California
Regional-California
Regional-California
Regional-California
Regional-National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
National
Study
Timmer et al., 1985
Timmer et al., 1985
James and Knuirnan, 1987
Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
Robinson and Thomas, 1 99 1
Robinson and Thomas, 1991
Robinson and Thomas, 1991
Robinson and Thomas, 1991
Robinson and Thomas, 1991
Wiley et al., 1991
Wiley etal,, 1991
Wiley etal., 1991
Wiley etal., 1991
Wiley etal., 1991
Wiley etal., 1991
Wiley etal., 1991
USEPA, 1992
Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
Robinson, 1977
Carey, 1988
Carey, 1988
Carey, 1988
Carey, 1990
Census, 1993
Israeli and Nelson, 1992
Israeli and Nelson, 1992
Census, 1993
Census, 1993
Johnson and Capel, 1992
Johnson and Capel, 1992
NAR, 1993
NAR, 1993
NAR, 1993
Table
15-2
15-3
15-4
15-24
15-5
15-5
15-6
15-7 to 15-10
15-7io 15-10
15-11
15-12
15-13
15-14
15-15
15-16
15-17
15-18
15-22, 15-63
15-147
15-157
15-158
15-159
15-160
Figure 15-1
15-161
15-162
15-163
15-164
15-165
15-166
15-167
15-168
15-169
Page
15-20
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-2. Mean Time Spent (minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped by Age, Sex and Type of Day
Activity
ARe(3-ll years)
Duration of Time (mins/day)
Weekdays Weekends
Market Work
Household Work
Personal Care
Bating
Sleeping
School
Studying
Church
Visiting
Sports
Outdoors
Hobbies
Ait Activities
Playing
TV
Reading
Household Conversations
Other Passive Leisure
NAa
Percent of Time Accounted for
by Activities Above
Boys
(n=118)
16
17
43
81
584
252
14
7
16
25
10
3
4
137
117
9
10
9
22
94%
Girls
0
21
44
78
590
259
19
4
9
12
7
1
4
115
128
7
11
14
25
92%
Boys
(n=118)
7
32
42
78
625
-
4
53
23
33
30
3
4
177
181
12
14
16
20
93%
Girls
4
43
50
84,
619
_
9
61
37
23
23
4
4
166
122
10
9
17
29 •
89%
Age (12- 17 years)
Duration of Time (mins/day)
Weekdays Weekends
Boys
(n=77)
23
16
48
73
504
314
29
3
17
52
10
^
12
37
143
10
21
21
14
93%
Girls
(n=83)
21
40
71
65
478
342
37
7
25
37
10
4
6
13
108
13
30
14
17
92%
Boys
(n=77)
58
46
35
58
550
-
25
40
46
65
36
4
11
35
187
12
24
43
10
88%
Girls
(n=83)
25
89
76
75
612
..
25
36
53
26
19
7
9
24
140
19
30
33
4
89%
a NA = Unknown
Source: Timmer et al., 1985.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-21
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-3. Mean Time Spent (minutes) in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for Five Different Age Groups
Time Duration (mins)
Age (years)
Activities
Market Work
Personal Cans
Household Work
Baling
Sleeping
School
Studying
Church
Visiting
Sports
Outdoor activities
Hobbies
Art Activities
Other Passive Leisure
Playing
TV
Reading
Being read to
NA
3-5
-
41
14
82
630
137
2
4
14
5
4
0
5
9
218
111
5
2
30
6-8
14
49
15
81
595
292
8
9
15
24
9
2
4
1
111
99
5
2
14
9-11
8
40
IS
73
548
315
29
9
10
21
8
2
3
2
65
146
9
0
23
Weekday
12-
14
14
56
27
69
473
344
33
9
21
40
7
4
3
6
31
142
10
0
25
Weekend
15-17
28
60
34
67
499
314
33
3
20
46
11
6
12
4
14
108
12
0
7
3-5
-
47
17
81
634
„
1
55
10
3
8
1
4
6
267
122
4
3
52
6-8
4
45
27
80
641
-
2
56
8
30
23
5
4
10
180
136
9
2
7
9-11
10
44
51
78
596
-
12
53
13
42
39
3
4
7
92
185
10
0
14
12-14
29
60
72
68
604
~
15
32
22
51
25
8
7
10
35
169
10
0
4
15-17
48
51
60
65
562
-
30
37
56
37
26
3
10
18
21
157
18
0
9
Significant
Effects3
A,S,AxS (F>M)
A,S, AxS (F>M)
A
A
A
A
A (Weekend only)
A,S (M>F)
A
A,S (M>F)
A,S, AxS (M>F)
A
A
A
a Effects are significant for weekdays and weekends, unless otherwise specified A = age effect, P<0.05, for both weekdays and weekend
activities; S =* sex effect P<0.05, F>M, M>F = females spend mote time than males, or vice versa; and AxS = age by sex interaction,
P<0.05.
Source: Timmcretal,. 1985.
Page
15-22
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Shower duration (minu(es)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
<20
Table 154. Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Average
Shower Duration for 2,550 Households
Cumulative frequency (percentage)
0.2
0.8
3.1
9.6
22.1
37.5
51.6
62.5
72.0
79.4
84.5
88.4
90.6
92.3
93.7
94.9
95.7
96.7
97.6
98.0
100.0
Source: Adapted from James and Knuiman, 1987.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-23
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-5, Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Total Sample
and Gender for the CARB and National Studies (age 18-64 years)
Time Duration (mins/day)
Activity Category8
Activity
Codes5
CARB
(1987-88)
National
(1985)
Total Sample
Paid Work
Household Work
Child Care
Obtaining Goods and
Services
Personal Needs and Care
Education and Training
Organizational Activities
Entertainment/Social
Activities
Recreation
Communication
00-09
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
nc = 1,359
273
102
23
61
642
22
12
60
43
202
n= 1,980
252
118
25
55
642
19
17
62
50
196
a,b Time use for components of activity categories and codes are shown in
c n = total diary days.
Source' Robinson and Thomas, 1991
Men
n = 639
346
68
12
48
630
25
11
57
53
192
CARB
(1987-88)
Women
n = 720
200
137
36
73
655
20
13
55
31
214
Men
n = 921
323
79
11
44
636
21
12
64
69
197
National
(1985)
Women
n= 1,059
190
155
43
62
645
16
20
62
43
194
Appendix Table 15A-6.
Table 15-6. Total Mean Time Spent at Three Major Locations Grouped by Total Sample and Gender
for the CARB and National Study (ages 18-64 years)
Location*
At Home
Away From Home
Travel
Not Ascertained
Total Time
Codeb
WC01-I3
WC21-40
WC51-61
WC99
CARB National CARB
(1987-88) (1985) (1987-88)
Total Sample Men
nc=1359 nc=l980 nc = 39
892 954 822
430 384 487
116 94 130
2 8 1
1440 1440 1440
a,b Time use data for the 44 components of location and location codes are presented in
c n a total diary days.
Source; Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
Women
nc = 720
963
371
102
4
1440
Appendix Table 15A-7.
National
(1985)
Men Women
nc = 921 nc=1059
886 1022
445 324
101 87
8 7
1440 1440
Page
15-24
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-7. Mean Time Spent at Three Locations for both CARB and
National Studies (ages 12 years and older)
Mean duration (mins/day)
Location Category CARB National
(n = 1762)b S.E." (n = 2762)b S.E.
Indoor
Outdoor
In-Vehicle
1255°
86d
98d
28
5
4
1279C
74d
87d
21
4
2
Total Time Spent 1440 J44Q
a S.E. = Standard Error of Mean
b Weighted Number - National sample population was weighted to obtain a ratio of 46.5 males and 53,5 females, in equal
proportion for each day of the week, and for each quarter of the year.
c Difference between the mean values for the CARB and national studies is not statistically significant.
d Difference between the mean values for the CARB and national studies is statistically significant at the 0.05 level.
Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 . 15-25
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-8. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments Grouped by Total Population
and Gender (12 years and over) in the National and CARB Data
National Data
Mean Duration (mins/day) (standard error)
Microenvironment
Autoplaces
Restaurant/bar
In-vehicle
In-Vuhiele/other
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Work/study-residence
Work/study-othar
Cooking
Other activities/kitchen
Chores/child
Shop/errand
Other/outdoors
Social/cultural
Leisure-eat/indoors
Sleep/indoors
N = 1284b
Men
5(1)
22(2)
92(3)
KD
24(3)
11(1)
17(2)
221 (10)
14(1)
54(3)
88(3)
23(2)
70(6)
71(4)
235 (8)
491 (14)
"Doer"c
Men
90
73
99
166
139
84
153
429
35
69
89
56
131
118
241
492
N = 1478b
Women
1(0)
20(2)
82(3)
1(0)
11(2)
6(1)
15(2)
142 (7)
52(2)
90(4)
153(5)
38(2)
43(4)
75(4)
215(7)
496(11)
"Doer"
Women
35
79
94
69
101
57
150
384
67
102
154
74
97
110
224
497
N = 2762b
Total
3(0)
21(1)
87(2)
1(0)
17(2)
8(1)
16(1)
179 (6)
34(1)
73(2)
12393)
31(1)
56(4)
73(3)
224 (5)
494 (9)
"Doer"
Total
66
77
97 '
91
135
74
142
390
57
88
124
67
120
118
232
495
CARB Data
Mean Duration (rains/day) (standard error)a
Microenvironment
Autoplaces
Restaurant/bar
In-vehiclc
In-Vehicle/other
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Work/study-residence
Work/study-other
Cooking
Other activities/kitchen
Chores/child
Shop/errand
Other/outdoors
Social/cultural
Leisure -eat/indoors
Sleep/indoors
N = 867b
Men
31(8)
45(4)
105 (7)
4(1)
25(3)
8(1)
14(3)
213(14)
12(1)
38(3)
66(4)
21(3)
95(9)
47(4)
223(10)
492(17)
"Doer"c
Men
142
106
119
79
131
63
126
398
43
65
75
61
153
112
240
499
N = 895b
Women
9(2)
28(3)
85(4)
3(2)
8(1)
5(1)
11(2)
156(11)
42(2)
60(4)
134(6)
41(3)
44(4)
59(5)
251 (10)
504(15)
"Doer"
Women
50
86
100
106
86
70
120
383
65
82
140
78
82
114
263
506
N = 1762b
Total
20(4)
36(3)
95(4)
3(1)
17(2)
7(1)
13(2)
184(9)
27(1)
49(2)
100 (4)
31(2)
69(5)
53(3)
237 (7)
498(12)
"Doer"
Total
108
102
111
94
107
68
131
450
55
74
109
70
117
112
250
501
a Standard error of the mean
b Weighted number
c Doer = Respondents who reported participating in each activity/location spant in microenvironments.
Source: Robinson and Thomas. 1991.
Page
15-26
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-9. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Type
of Day for the California and National Surveys
(sample population ages 1 2 years and older)
Weekday
Microenvironment
1 Autoplaces
2 Restaurant/Bar
3 In- Vehicle/Internal Combustion
4 In-Vehicle/Other
5 Physical/Outdoors
6 Physical/Indoors
7 Work/Study-Residence
8 Work/Study-Other
9 Cooking
10 Other Activities/Kitchen
1 1 Chores/Child
12 Shop/Errand
13 Other/Outdoors
14 Social/Cultural
15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors
16 Sleep/Indoors
Mean Duration (standard error)a
CARB
(n=1259)c
21(5)
29(3)
90(5)
3(1)
14(2)
7(1)
14(2)
228(11)
27(2)
51(3)
99(5)
30 (2)
67(6)
42(3)
230 (9)
490(14)
(mins/day)
NAT
(n=1973)c
3(1)
20(2)
85(2)
1(0)
15(2)
8(1)
16(2)
225 (8)
35(2)
73(3)
124(4)
30 (2)
51(4)
62(3)
211(6)
481 (10)
Mean Duration for
(mins/day)
CARB
108
83
104
71
106
64
116
401
58
76
108
67
117
99
244
495
"Doer"b
NAT
73
73
95
116
118
68
147
415
57
87
125
63
107
101
218
483
Weekend
Microenvironment
1 Autoplaces
2 Restaurant/Bar
3 In- Vehicle/Internal Combustion
4 In-Vehicle/Other
5 Physical/Outdoors
6 Physical/Indoors
7 Work/Study-Residence
8 Work/Study-Other
9 Cooking
10 Other Activities/Kitchen
1 1 Chores/Child
12 Shop/Errand
13 Other/Outdoors
14 Social/Cultural
15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors
16 Steep/Indoors
a Standard Error of Mean
b Doer = Respondent who reported
c Weighted Number
Mean Duration (standard error)"
CARB
(n=503)c
19(4)
55(6)
108 (8)
5(3)
23(3)
7(1)
10(2)
74(11)
27(2)
44(3)
103 (7)
35(4)
74(7)
79(7)
256(12)
520 (20)
(mins/day)
NAT
(n=789)c
3(1)
23(2)
91(6)
0(0)
23(4)
9(2)
15(3)
64(6)
34(2)
73(4)
120(5) .
35 (3)
67(7)
99(6)
257(11)
525 (17)
participating in each activity/location spent in
Mean Duration for
(mins/day)
CARB
82
127
125
130
134
72
155
328
60
71
114
81
126
140
273
521
microenvironments.
"Doer"b
NAT
62
84
100
30
132
80
165
361
55
90
121
75
132
141
268
525
Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-27
-------
<*!
1
I
| I
No
Table 15-10. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenviromtients by Age Groups for the National and California Surveys
Microenvironment
Autoplaces
Restaurant/bar
In-vehicle/internal
combustion
In-vehicle/other
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Work/study-
residence
Work/study-other
Cooking
Other
activities/kitchen
Chores/child
Shop/errands
Other/outdoors
Social/cultural
Leisure-
eat/indoors
Sleep/indoors
National Data
Mean Duration (Standard Error)*
Age 12-17
years
N=340b
2(1)
9(2)
79(7)
0(0)
32(8)
15(3)
22(4)
159(14)
11(3)
53(4)
91(7)
26(4)
70(13)
87 (10)
237 (16)
548(31)
"Doer"
c
73
60
88
12
130
87
82
354
40
64
92
68
129
120
242
551
Age 18-24
years
N=340
7(2)
28(3)
103 (8)
KD
17(4)
8(2)
19(6)
207 (20)
18(2)
42(3)
124 (9)
31(4)
34(4)
100(12)
181(11)
511(26)
"Doer"
137
70
109
160
110
76
185
391
39
55
125
65
84
141
189
512
Age 24-44
years
N=340
2(1)
25(3)
94(4)
1(0)
19(4)
7(1)
16 (2)
220(11)
38(2)
70(4)
133(6)
33(2)
48(6)
56(3)
200(8)
479 (14)
"Doer"
43
86
101
80
164
71
181
422
57
86
134
66
105
94
208
480
Age 45-64
years
N=340
4(1)
19(2)
82(5)
1(1)
7(1)
7(2)
9(2)
180(13)
43(3)
90(6)
121 (6)
33(3)
60(7)
73(6)
238(11)
472 (15)
"Doer"
73
67
91
198
79
77
169
429
64
101
122
67
118
116
244
472
Age 65+
years
N=340
4(2)
20(5)
62(5)
1(1)
15(4)
7(1)
5(3)
35 (6)
50(5)
108 (9)
119(7)
35(5)
82(13)
85(8)
303 (20)
507 (26)
"Doer"
57
74
80
277
81
51
297
341
65
119
121 •
69
140 •
122
312
509
gj
"i
a
-------
I?
I
r
Table 15-10, Mem Time Spent (minutes/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age Groups (continued)
Mieroenvironmem
Autoplaces
Restaurant/bar
In-vehicle/internal
combustion
In-vehicle/other
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Work/siudy-residenee
Work/smdy-other
Cooking
Other
activities/kitchen
Chores/child
Shop/errands
Other/outdoors
Social/cultural
Leisure-eat/indoors
Sleep/indoors
CARB Daa
Mean Duration (Standard Error)"
Age 12-17
years
N=183b
16(8)
16(4)
78(11)
1(0)
32(7)
20(4)
25(5)
196 (30)
3(1)
. 31(4) ,
72(11)
'14(3)
58(8)
63 (14)
260 (27)
557 (44)
"Doer"c
124
44
89
19
110
65
76
339
19
51
77
50
78
109
270
560
2 Sandard error,
b All N's are weighted number.
€ Doer = Respondents who reported participating
Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
Age 18-24
years
N=250
16(4)
40(8)
111(13)
3(1)
13(3)
5(2)
30(11)
201 (24)
14(2)
31(5)
79(8)
35(7)
80(15)
65 (10)
211 (19)
506 (30)
"Doer"
71
98
122
60
88
77
161
344
40
55
85
71
130
110
234
510
in each activity/location spent
Age 24-44
years
N=749
25(9)
44(5)
98(5)
5(2)
17(3)
6(1)
7(2)
215(14)
32(2)
43(3)
110(6)
33(4)
68(8)
50(5)
202(9)
487 (17)
"Doer"
114
116
111
143
128
61
137
410
59
65
119
71
127
122
215
491
Age 45-64
years
N=406
20(5)
31(4)
100(11)
2(1)
14(3)
5(1)
10(3)
173 (20)
31(3)
62(6)
99(8)
32(3)
76(12)
50(5)
248(15)
485 (23)
"Doer"
94
82
117
56
123
77
139
429
68
91
109
77
134
107
261
491
Age 65 +
years
N=158
9(2)
25(7)
63(8)
2(1)
15(4)
3(1)
5(3)
30(11)
41(7)
97(14)
123 (15)
35(5)
55(7)
49(7)
386 (34)
502(31)
"Doer"
53
99
89
53
104
48
195
336
69
119
141
76
101
114
394
502
in microenvironments.
I
1
«
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-1 1. Mean Time (minutes/day) Children Spent in Ten Major
Activity Categories for All Respondents
Mean Median
Mean Duration Duration
Duration % for Doers" for Doer
Activity Category (mins/dav) Doing (mins/dav) (mins/dav)
Work-related" 10 25 39 30
Household 53 86 61 40
Childcarc < 1 < 1 83 30
Goods/Services 21 26 ' 81 60
Personal Needs and Care* 794 100 794 770
Education* 110 35 316 335
Organizational Activities 4 4 111 105
Entertain/Social 15 17 87 60
Recreation 239 92 260 240
Communication/Passive 192 93 205 180
Leisure
Don't know/Not coded 2 4 41 15
All Activities0 1441
* Includes eating ai school or daycare, an activity not grouped under the "education activities
"Doers" indicate the respondents who reported participating in each activity category,
' Personal care includes night sleepand daytime naps, eating, travel for personal care,
Education includes student and other classes, homework, library, travel for education.
e Column total may not sum to 1440 due to rounding error
Source: Wilevetal., 1991,
Maximum
Duration
for Doers
(mins/dav)
405
602
290
450
1440
790
435
490
835
898
600
" (codes 50-59,
Detailed Activity with
Highest Avg. Minutes
(code)
Eating at work/school/daycare (06)
Travel to household (199)
Other child care (27)
Errands (38)
Night sleep (45)
School classes (50)
Attend meetings (60)
Visiting with others (75)
Games (87)
TV use (91)
-
549),
Table 15-12. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories
Grouped by Age and Gender
Mean Duration (minutes/day)
Activity
Category
Work-related
Household
Childcare
Goods/Services
Personal Needs and Care"
Education11
Organizational Activities
Entertainment/Social
Recreation
Communication/Passive
Leisure
Don't know/Not coded
All Activities'
Sample Sizes
Unweighted N's
0-2 yrs
4
33
0
20
914
60
1
3
217
187
1
1440
172
3-5 yrs
9
45
0
22
799
67
3
15
311
166
4
1441
151
Boys
6-8 yrs
14
55
0
19
736
171
7
5
236
195
1
1439
145
9-1 1 yrs
12
65
1
14
690
138
6
34
229
250
1
1440
156
All
Ages
10
48
<1
19
792
106
4
13
250
197
2
1442
624
0-2 yrs
5
58
0
22
906
41
6
5
223
171
3
1440
141
3-5 yrs
12
44
0
25
816
95
1
16
255
173
1
1438
151
Girls
6-8 yrs
11
51
0
23
766
150
4
9
238
189
<1
1441
124
9-11 yrs
10
76
4
22
701
176
6
36
194
213
3
1441
160
All
Ages
10
57
1
23
797
115
4
17
228
186
2
1440
576
* Personal needs and care includes night sleep and daytime naps, eating, travel for personal care,
^Education includes student and other classes, homework, library, travel for education.
c The column totals may differ from 1440 due to rounding error.
Source; Wiley etal., 1991.
Page
15-30
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III-Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-13. Mean Time Children Spent in Ten Major Activity Categories
Grouped by Seasons and Regions
Mean Duration (minutes/day)
Activity Category
•Winter Spring
(Jan-Mar) (Apr-June)
Work-related
Household
Childcare
Goods/Services
Personal Needs and
Care*
Education*
Organizational
Activities
Entertainment/Social
Recreation
Communication/Passi
ve Leisure
Don't know/Not
coded
AH Activities'
Sample Sizes
(Unweighted)
10
47
<1
19
799
124
3
14
221
203
<1
1442
318
10
58
1
17
774
137
5
12
243
180
2
1439
204
Season
Region of California
Summer Fall All
(July-Sept) (Oct-Dec) Seasons
6
53
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-15. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender
Mean Duration (minutes/day)
Location Category
Home
School/Childcare
Friend's/Other's House
Stores, Restaurants,
Shopping Places
In-transit
Other Locations
Don't Know/Not Coded
AH Locations"
Sample Sizes
(Unweighted)
0-2 yrs
1,157
86
67
21
54
54
<1
1,439
172
3-5 yrs
1,134
88
73
25
62
58
<1
1,440
151
Boys
6-8 yrs
1,044
144
77
22
61
92
<\
1,439
145
9- 11 yrs
1,020
120
109
15
62
114
<1
1,440
156
All
Boys
1,094
108
80
21
59
77
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-17. Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Three Potential Exposures Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender
Mean Duration (minutes/day)
Potential
Exposures
All
Children
Tobacco Smoke 77
Gasoline Fumes 2
Gas Oven Fumes 1 1
Sample Sizes
(Unweighted N's) I,166a
Boys
All
0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs ' 6-8 yrs 9-1 1 yrs Boys
115 75 66 66 82
21142
10 15 12 11 12
168 148 144 150 610
Girls
All
0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs ' 9-1 1 yrs Girls
77 68 71 74 73
11311
12 10 10 7 10
140 147 122 147 556
a Respondents with missing data were excluded.
Source: Wiley etal., 1991.
Table 15-18. Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors
Water Contact
Bathing
Event time and
frequency*
Exposure
duration
Centra]
lOmin/event
1 event/day
350 days/yr
9 years
Upper
15 min/event
I event/day
350 days/yr
30 years
Central
0.5 hr/event
1 event/day
5 days/yr
9 years
a Bathing event time is presented to be representative of baths as well as
Source: U.S. EPA 1992.
Swimming
Upper
1 .0 hr/event
1 event/day
150 days/yr
30 years
showers.
Soil Contact
Central Upper
40 events/yr 350 events/yr
9 years 30 years
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-33
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-19. Number of Times Taking a Shower at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Times/Day
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
A^e (years)
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>6T
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
D$C
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Pan time
Not Employed
Refusecf
Education
High ScnoolGraduate
College uraduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Wcekenu
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
i
Total N
3594
1720
1872
64
41
140
270
2650
429
2911
349
1
w
17
31
,48?8
111
22
515
297
1M2
772
576
392
828
756
1246
764
2481
1113
941
889
1003
761
3312
261
21
3481
91
22
3419
154
21
0
2
*
2
*
*
*
*
#
1
1
2
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
#
*
i
i
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
i
*
2
*
#
*
2
2
*
*
1
*
2
*
Note: * Signifies missing data; Dk= don't know; N
Source: Tsang and K]epeis,1996
I
2747
1259
1486
46
30
112
199
1983
377
2323
199
49
40
103
33
2521
190
13
23
330
1361
261
780
15
382
240
789
589
434
313
622
621
893
611
1889
858
732
674
735
606
2543
189
15
26,53
17
2620
112
15
= sample size.
2
802
436
366
17
9
26
65
636
49
140
14
23
56
711
81
4
6
$4
,6757
7
121
54
243
176
w
196
131
334
141
563
239
198
205
254
145
730
67
5
786
12
4
758
39
3 4
30 1
21 1
9 *
* *
* #
1 *
I »
6 *
21 1
1 *
17 *
7 1
1 «
2 *
? :
¥ i
* *
1 *
8 *
17
* #
5 I
# *
9 *
2 *
5 *
4 *
7 1
3 *
7 *
,34 1
6 *
17 1
13 *
9 *
,7o I
4 *
25 1
5 *
* *
f i
* #
27 1
3 *
5
1
#
1
*
*
#
*
1
1
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
1
*
8
1
*
1
#
*
*
*
1
*
#
1
*
*
1
1*1
*
*
*
#
*
1
*
*
*
i
*
*
#
#
1
1
#
*
*
#
1
1
*
1
*
1
*
10
1
*
1
id
#
*
*
i
#
*
*
i
*
i
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
#
#
#
i
i
*
i
#
l
*
*
i
*
1
#
11:1-0+
4
1
3
„
*
*
*
3
1
4
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
2
2
*
*
}
*
i
„
3
1
4
1
*
2
4
*
4
*
4
*
DK
5
2
3
1
1
1
#
2
*
2
*
2
4
*
*
I
2
1
*
3
*
1
#
3
1
*
1
4
1
2
1
4
*
1
4
1
4
*
1
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-20. Times (minutes) Spent Taking Showers by the Number of Respondents
lOiUl IN ^
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age
1-4 .
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
SW\mer
Spring
fummer
all
Asthma
No
If
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
3594
1720
1872
64
41
140
270
2650
429
2911
349
162
43
3269
277
11
31
439
1838
ill
22
515
297
111
392
828
756
1246
764
2481
1113
941
889
1003
761
3312
261
21
3481
91
22
3419
154
21
NOTE: * - Missing data; DK = don't know;
more than 60 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsang and KJepeis, 1996.
*„*
47
13
34
*
6
1
1
16
21
38
#
*
1
3
43
1
#
3
4
10
4
27
2
10
8
12
12
3
7
11
26
3
34
13
12
14
11
10
38
4
5
36
7
4
40
3
4
0-10
1640
788
850
2
27
13
§0
94
if
'I4,!5
25
18
57
19
1526
98
5
11
163
875
160
431
11
190
93
451
377
297
232
374
385
490
391
1134
506
421
410
435
374
1526
108
6
159 1
38
11
1566
66
8
N = sample size; Refused
10-20
1348
625
693
*
23
14
52
104
m
W
25
29
60
14
1188
109
9
12
165
682
112
355
4
186
125
409
ill
116
326
253
461
278
908
410
358
314
366
280
1222
89
1276
36
6
1258
54
6
Minutes/Shower
20-30
397
213
184
3
10
18
40
23?
. 2f
10
6
25
6
352
40
I
4
66
191
1?
4
79
51
108
79
50
30
79
177°9
69
279
118
95
93
128
81
362
33
2
389
8
*
375
19
3
= Refused to answer.
30-40
72
35
37
1
1
13
50
• 4
39
20
1
8
1
61
10
*
1
17
32
4
19
#
21 '
6
23
14
3
15
If
6
46
26
18
ay
4
65
7
70
I
1
67
5
*
A value of 61
40-50
52 '
25
27
* '
2
9
37
4
31
11
2
4
4
42
8
2
*
10
20
16
1
13
,77
6
5
4
11
296
6
38
14
15
17
6
44
8
51
I
*
47
5
*
50-60
51
14
37
*
2
2
4
33
3
fi
*
4
5
*
44
7
*
*
12
20
(6
«
14
i!
7
3
12
293
7
19
16
18
12
5
41
10
51
*
*
50
1
*
60-61
17
7
10
*
2
*
#
11
1
1
2
*
13
4
*
#
a
s
1
2
1
1
4
I
4
'7°
6
5
5
1
14
2
17
*
*
16
1
*
for number of minutes signifies that
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-35
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-21. Number of Minutes Spent Taking a Shower (minutes/shower)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School-
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Total
N
3547
1707
1838
40
139
268
2634
408
2873
344
64
65
161
3226
276
1828
324
940
289
1030
760
574
389
821
745
1220
761
2447
1100
929
875
992
751
3274
257
3445
84
3379
151
Pereentiles
1
3
3
3
5
3
5
3
3
3
4
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
4
2
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
5 5
4 5
5 5
3 5
3 5
4 5
4 5
3 4
3 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
3 5
3 5
5 5
3 5
5 5
3 5
3 4
5 5
4 5
3 5
3 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
3 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
4 5
10
5
5
5
5
5
7
5
5
5
6
5
10
6
5
6
5
5
5
8
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
25
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
NOTE: A value of 61 for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.
percentage of doers below or egual to a given number of minutes.
Source; Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
50
15
15
15
10
15
IS
15
10
13
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
12
15
15
15
12
10
10
15
10
15
10
15
15
15
15
15
12
15
15
15
15
15
15
75
20
20
20
17.5
20
25
20
20
20
30
20
30
25
20
22.5
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
20
20
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
20
20
91
30
30
30
30
30
35
30
30
30
40
30
45
40
30
39
30
30
30
30
30
30
25
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
30
30
30
30
N = doer sample size.
95 98
35 50
30 45
40 60
50 60
40 60
45 60
30 45
30 45
30 45
60 60
40 48
60 60
45 60
30 45
45 60
30 45
30 45
40 60
40 60
40 60
30 45
30 40
30 45
32 50
30 45
40 60
30 45
35 48
40 60
40 60
40 60
40 45
30 40
32 45
50 60
35 50
30 40.
35 50
40 48
99 100
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 60
60 60
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
60 61
61 61
60 61
60 60
60 61
60 61
60 61
60, 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
60 6!
48 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
45 45
60 ' 61
60 61
Pereentiles are the
Page
15-36
Exposure Factors Handbook
.. August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
• Table 15-22. Time (minutes) Spent in the Shower Room Immediately After Showering by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Shower
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Aj>e (years)
1-4
5-11
12-17
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
of
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
§pnng
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
1
TotalN
3594
1720
18^2
64
41
140
270
64*
il
43
31
439
1838
328
22
m
fl
828
756
1246
764
2481
1113
941
889
1003
761
3312
fl'
3481
91
22
3419
154
21
*_*
61
22
39
6
3
i
f
6
48
f
3
11
14
17
11
,69
ft
43
18
11
25
12
52
7
6
53
I
0-0
241
113
128
17
11
4
216
4
28
109
1!
2
1
|
Vf
92
43
225
¥
233
3
226
[2
0-10
2561
1316
1243
110
206
I
¥
22
II
15
88
1
603
536
885
537
m
fit
691
556
2374
V
25595
11
2446
104
11
10-20
509
207
302
I
29
fl
Iff
,1
|
48
267
,f8
I
Hi
171
104
342
138
108
465
42
2
f
f
20-30
138
46
92
f
10
f
I
f
*
14
71
li
11
31
88
50
39
26
123
15
132
1
131
*
30-40
24
19
*
*
*
3
20
*
3
*
2>
132
4
*
3
i
8
f
20
4
5
19
*
24
*
23
40-50
28
4
2*4
1
2
*
1
*
?
4
11
4
9
7
4
4
I
i!
I
I
24
3
27
*
27
*
50-60
27
|,
1
1
¥
i
*
*
2
f
2
t
4
8
y
4
9
7
26
*
27
*
*
26
*
61-61
5
4
*
*
4
*
5
*
*
*
*
5
*
*
7*
*
5
1
}
*
3
4
2
1
. 4
|
5
*
#
5
NOTE: * Signifies missing data. DK= respondents answered don't know. Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample size in
specified range of number or minutes spent. A value of 61 for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 H B p-
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-37
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-23. Number of Minutes Spent in the Shower Room
Immediately
After Showering (minutes/shower)
Percentiles
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N
3533
1698
1833
41
137
2619
2619
409
2872
341
64
62
156
3221
269
1818
323
938
283
1025
761
573
387
822
737
1220
754
2438
1095
930
876
978
749
3260
259
3429
88
3366
152
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NOTE: N = doer sample size, Percentiles are the percentage of doers
of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
below or equal
25
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
4
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
4
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2.5
50
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
8.5
5
5
75
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
13
10
15
10
10
90 95
20 30
15 20
20 30
15 20
15 20
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 25
15 20
30 35
20 25
20 30
20 25
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 25
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 25
20 30
20 30
20 ' 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
to a given number of minutes. A
98
40
30
45
45
30
40
40
35
40
30
30
45
40
40
45
35
45
45
45
45
35
35
30
40
35
40
30
40
40
40
. 45
30
40
38
40
40
30
40
30
value of
99 100
50 61
30 61
60 61
45 45
30 60
52 61
52 61
45 60
50 61
45 60
60 60
52 52
60 60
50 61
60 60
50 60
50 60
60 61
45 61 •
60 61
50 61
45 . 60
45 60
50 60
45 60
45 61
60 61
50 61
50" 61
45 61
60 61
50 61
53 61
50 . 61
45 61
50 61
45 45
50 61
45 60
61 for number
Page
15-38
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table
15-24. Number of Baths Given or Taken in One Day by
Number of Respondents
Number of Baths/Day
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Age (years)
MS?1
WHS
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
Yes
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
HiEh School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekena
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Bf
Angina
NoB
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
I SS
DK
Total N
649
490
9
491
149
487
106
12
12
f
600
40
1
w
287
2
4
163
102
49
137
255
106
415
234
178
160
174
137
596
¥
620
26
3
610
36
3
1
459
III
8
364
68
1
430
21
!
i
183
•56
in
2
4
66
167
112
68
42
100
116
164
79
299
160
124
126
112
97
424
34
435
22
2
429
27
3
2
144
33
111
1
127
16
92
29
4
13
127
16
i
*
B
*
*
19
54
28
5
25
70
20
8
37
27
49
31
129
15
141
2
137
7
*
NOTE: * Signifies missing data; Dk= respondents answered don't
Source: Tsane and Kleoeis, 1 996
3 4
20 9
5 1
15 8
* #
20 9
* *
13 7
5 1
* 1
1 *
1 *
* *
19 9
1 *
* #
* #
* *
12 5
7 3
* *
* *
3 2
8 2
6 2
3 2
* 1
3 4
4 1
9 2
4 2
10 4
10 5
10 1
4 1
4 3
2 4
19 7
1 2
19 9
1 *
20 9
* *
« *
know; N =
5
4
*
4
*
4
2
*
#
*
2
2
2
*
*
#
*
*
*
2
2
#
*
1
3
*
!
3
*
1
*
4
4
*
*
4
*
*
6
2
1
*
2
1
*
#
2
*
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
#
i
*
*
1
*
1
*
2
*
#
i
i
2
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
sample size; Refused
7
1
1
*
[
*
1
*
*
#
1
*
#
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
1
#
1
#
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
I
#
*
1
*
*
10
1
*
1
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
#
*
1
*
#
*
*
*
1
*
„
1
*
1
*
*
1
*
1
1
*
*
I
*
*
11
1
#
1
*
I
1
*
*
*
*
,
*
*
*
#
1
*
*
*
#
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
1
#
*
1
*
*
15
3
1
*
2
2
*
i
*
#
3
*
*
*
I
2
*
*
1
1
*
1
„
*
2
1
2
1
1
*
2
3
*
3
if
*
2
1
DK
5
*
5 •
*
3
5
#
*
*
#
5
#
#.
*
#
1
4
*
*
3
*
*
*
2
*
3
*
4
2
1
1
1
5
*
*
4
1
4
1
*
= respondents refused to answer.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-39
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table
15-25. Total Time Spent Taking or Giving a Bath by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Bath
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Ajje (years)
ilf
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
go
Yes
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refusca
Education
< High School,
Hieh School Graduate
< College
College Graduate;
Post Graduate
Census Region
N
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
, Table 15-26. Number of Minutes Spent Giving and Taking the Bath(s) (minutes/bath)
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma , No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
] Percentiles
N
,631
155
476
485
139
476
102
12
12
25
584
39
279
75
275
89
229
159
102
49
132
149
246
104
403
.228
173
154
171
133
580
51
606
23
595
34
1
2
1
3
2
3 '
1
5
10
5
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
5
1
5
1
1
2
3
5
2
4
2
1
5
4
2
4
' 2
5
2
5
2
5
4
5
•5
5
4
5
10
5
2
5
2
4
4
5
5
5
2
5
1
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5"
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
9
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
8
•5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
5
5
5
5
5
8
10
10
6
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
6
10
5
6
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
15
" 25
15
10
15
15
10
10
15
15
15
10
15
10
15
10
10
15
12
10
15
10
10
10
15
11
15
10
10
10
10
15
12
15
15
10
10
15
50
20
15
20
20
15
20
22.5
20
27.5
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
20
20
75
30
30
30
30
20
30
40
27.5
30
45
30
30
30
30
30
35
30
30
30
25
30
30
35
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
, 30
30
30
30
30
90 95
45 60
45 60
45 60
60 60
40 60
45 60
60 61
30 40
40 61
61 61
45 60
60 61
45 60
35 40
60 60
60 61
45 60
45 60
45 60
40 45
45 60
30 60
60 60
45 60
45 60
60 60
45 60
45 60
60 60
45 60
45 60
60 61
45 60
40 45
45 60
45 45
98
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
40
61
61
61
61
61
60
61
61
61
61
60
60
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61,
61
61
60
61
60
NOTE: N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. A value of 6 1
of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsane and Kleoeis. 1996
" 99 100
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
40 40
61 61
61 61
61 61
6i 61
61 61
60 60
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
60 61
60 60
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
60 60
'61 61
60 60
for number
Exposure Factors Handbook
'August 1997
Page
15-41
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter IS - Activity Factors
Table 15-27.
Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Bath
Overall
Gender
Male.
Fcmak
Age (years)
IW
BlacK
Asian _ ,
Some Others
Hispanic
Reiuscd
Hispanic
H
Refused
Employment
Full Tfme
Part Time
Not Employed
Refuseo
Education
*
11
59
14
I
1
T
#
I
#
u
IT
14
8
P
21
11
14
31
19
?
f
?
Dk= respondents answered don't
specified range of number of minutes spent. A
Source; Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
value of 61
0-10
422
11§
304
4
fa6
T 1 Q
\3 /
1
1°
i
i3
164
2
ft
U3
1
91
189
Ip4
67
fi
,„
nu
94
388
34
f '
400
10-20
74
II
s
5|
i
i
7,
*
1
1
'2
22
II
X
30
To
40
34
24
20
IP
14
?
?3°
1
20-30
23
4
19
t
19
1|
*
3
s
?
*
\
*
?
4
f
g
3
1?6
,
g
2
21
*
'T
?
30-40 40-50
7
6
t
!
4
*
*
*
1
*
\
*¥
\
^
*
*
*
i
3
i
*
7
*
1
6
know. Refused = respondents refused to answer.
6
1
f
42
*
*
*
*
f
*
*
*
I
f
*
2
2
1
*
1
i
4
,
^
1
5
* «Ov
5
N =
50-60
5
5
*
s
#
*
*
1
4
#
*
2
2
t
*
I
I
1
2
1
2
5
4
!
61.-61
2
*
2
2
1
*
*
i
*
i
*
*
*
*
2
*
.2
*
*
#
#
#
2
»
1
2
*
*
2
*
i
*
. i
*.
doer sample size in
for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.
15-42
Exposure Factors Handbook
1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-28. Numberof Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately After the Bath(s) (minutes/bath)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Percentiles
N
624
153
471
484
133
465
104
12
12
26
575
40
277
75
269
86
229
159
'100
47
129
146
246
103
398
226
175
152
165
132
572
51
597
. 24
588
33
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
25
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
0
1
2
1
2
3
2
5
2
2
1.5
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
5
2
2
50
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
75 90
10 20
10 12
10 20
10 15
15 30
10 18
10 20
7.5 10
7.5 10
10 25
10 20
10 22.5
10 15
10 15
10 25
15 30
10 15
10 15
10 19
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 20
10 20
10 18
10 20
10 20
10 20
10 15
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 20
10 30
95 98
30 45
20 30
30 45
25 40
35 55
30 45
30 40
20 20
15 15
25 61
30 40
25 61
20 30
25 35
35 58
35 61
30 40
30 45
25 30
20 30
30 30
25 50
30 45
20 30
30 40
30 45
30 58
30 40
20 30
20 45
30 45
30 30
30 45
30 55
30 45
40 45
99 100
55 61
35 45
60 61
50 61
60 60
58 61
45 45
20 20
15 15
61 61
50 61
61 61
30 45
40 . 40
60 61
61 61
45 58
60 60
37.5 45
30 30
30 60
60 60
55 61
45 58
50 61
60 61
61 61
45 60
45 50
55 "60
58 61
45 45
58 61
55 55
58 61
45 45
NOTE: N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. A value of 61 for number
of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis. 1996
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-43
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-29. Total Time
Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Bath
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Ace (years)
1-4
fl-17
>64
Race.
White
BlacK
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
m
Refused
Employment
Full Tjme
Pan time
Not Employed
Refusetf
Education
*
HigffScnool Graduate
CoIleEC Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Nonneasr
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
weelcdav
Weekena
Season
Winter
Spnni
Asthma
li
Angina
No
fe
Bronchitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Total
N
4290
If
H
fs'a9
W
/o
'JP
f
1
2||
f254
II
if
894
M
1134
ill
3946
If
If
*_*
0-0 0-10
10-20
20-30 30-40
40-50 50-60 70-80
80-90
90-
100- 110-
100 110 120
38
*
1
1
li
Y
*
\
l
*
ll)
12
4
1
6
11
g
4
f
T
f
5 1903
1 '?'
1 f
* 24
* 25
! 'f
* 172
2 10®
* 200
T 574
* 414
! i
I i?
* 426
I ^f
4 584
5 1767
* 'I8
5 'I9
* 12
1 If
1577
841
11
ll
f
28
14
10
284
707
317,
476
ll
1
318
KB8
,,,
323
'if!
'I29
4
548 46
234 19
3|4 2?
li 2
46 1
303 32
f ?
Jy 2
284 *
•fo6 |
1 .:
i 1
44 4
146 13
1J.5 10
08 14
i| J»
108 8
m «
137 14
if 1
f f
? " t
f f
65 67 3
24 ;
41 i.
9
1 1
7 1
1 i
6
1
1
i
I f : 2
f ? M
3
i
f •
20
ft :
f :
* *
* #
>9 1
1
i
*
2
3
2
i
I
1
*
*
#
i
i
I
*
1
*
¥ ft 3 ? 2
g
1
11
§ i
13
if
8 *
a *
J *
3 »
1 '
6 *
1 2
9 1
2 *
f f 3
f (
',6 2
* *
*
i
i
i
l
*
l
5
*
58 63 3 5
$4*1
Y * » *
#
*
*
*
1
*
*
„
1
2
*
1
*
2
«
1 21
! i?
» 4
i ?
* 1 "2
* 1
i 46
* *
: i
i 18
* i
* V
i 1?2
* 1
» 7
* A
# 2
* 2
* 6
* 5
1 16
7
* 5
i 19
1 2*'
* *
i 'i
121-
121
8
3
1
1
i
f
*
*
*
*
5
4
1
3
*
2
2
4
1
\
3
2
i
§
*
7
Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered "don't know". Refused = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample size in
specified range of number of minutes spent. A value of " 1 2 1" for number of minutes signifies that more than 1 20 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsane and Klepeis, 1996
Page
15-44
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-30. Total. Number of Minutes Spent Altogether in the Shower or Bathtub (minutes/bath)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region .
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No-
Yes
N
4252
1926
2325
198
263
239
2904
567
3425
446
74
78
178
3861
328
1974
395
1161
376
1242
862
554
449
920
947
1497
888
2858
1394
1116
1130
1154
852
3911
325
4117
111
4025
205
1
3
3
3
1
4
4
3
2
3
4
5
5
1
3
1
3-
3
2
I
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
Note: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsana and Klepeis, 1996.
2
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
3
4
4
5
5
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
- 5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
10
10
7
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
5
5
5
. 5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Percentiles
25 50
10 15
10 15
10 15
15 20
13 20
10 15
10 13.5
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 10
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 10
8 10
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
75
20
20
20
30
30
30
20
20
20
25
15
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
25
20
20
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
90 95
30 35
30 30
30 40
45 60
30 60
30 45
30 30
30 30
30 30
30 45
30 30
30 45
30 45
30 35
30 45
30 30
30 30
30 35
30 45
30 30
30 30
30 30
20 30
30 35
30 30
30 45
30 30
30 30
30 40
30 35
30 40
30 40
30 30
30 30
30 45
30 35
30 30
30 30
30 45
98
60
60
60
120
90
60
50
45
60
75
60
60
90
60
60
45
45
60
60
60
45
45
45
60
45
60
45
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
45
60
60
99 100
60 121
60 121
75 121
120 120
120 121
60 120
60 121
60 120
60 121
120 121
90 '90
60 60
100 120
'60 121
90 120
60 121
60 60
60 121
90 121
60 12!
60 120
90 120
60 121
100 121
60 120
75 121
60 121
60 121
75 121
60 121
90 121
60 121
60 121
60 121
120 121
60 121
45 60
60 121
120 121
120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percemiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-45
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter IS - Activity Factors
Table 15-31. Time Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Shower or Bath
Overall
Gender
Male
Female.
Refused
A|e (years)
Rff,f.
white
Asian
Spme Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
m
Refused
Employment
Full Tjme
ran Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
S Hjgb School
HiBii i School Graduate
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-32, Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom Immediately Following a Shower or Bath (minutes/bath)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/emphysema
Bronchitis/emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
• High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
"No
Yes
Percentiles
N
4182
1897
2284
196
260
238
2866
548
3372
438
74
76
176
3797
325
1949
392
1129
358
1220
847
550
446
907
929
1472
874
2802
1380
1090
1119
1129
844
3845
322
4052
108
3961
201
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
1
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
I
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
I
1
2
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
Note: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than 1 20 minutes were spent. N
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kleneis. 1 996.
25
4
3
5
0
2
5
5
4
4
4
2
5
3
4
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3.5
3
4
4
5
3
3
5
4
3
4
4.5
4
4
50
5
5
10
2
5
5
10
10
5
6
5
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
5
5
5
5
5
8
7
5
5
8
5
5
5
5,5
5
10
75 90
15 20
10 15
15 30
5 10
10 15
10 20
15 20
15 20
15 20
15 30
10 20
15 20
10 20
15 20
10 20
15 20
15 25
15 20
15 30
15 25
15 20
15 20
15 20
10 20
15 20
15 20
10 20
10 20
15 20
15 20
10 20
10 20
15 20
15 20
10 20
15 20
12.5 20
15 20
10 30
95 98
30 40
20 30
30 45
15 20
15 30
30 45
30 45
30 40
30 40
30 60
30 35
25 30
30 30
30 45
30 30
30 40
30 45
30 45
30 60
30 45
30 30
30 45
30 30
30 30
30 45
30 40
30 45
30 35
30 45
30 45
30 45
30 40
30 35
30' 40
30 60
30 40
30 30
30 40
30 60
99 100
60 121
40 121
60 121
35 45
35 120
45 60
60 121
60 120
60 121
60 60
45 45
60 60
30 60
60 121
30 60
60 121
60 120
60 121
90 121
60 121
60 121
45 60
50 120
45 121
60 121
60 121
45 60
50 121
60 121
60 121
50 120
52 120
60 121
60 121
90 121
60 121
30 60
60 121
88 121
= doer sample size. Percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-47
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-33. Range of Number of Times Washing the Hands at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Number of Times/Day
Overall
Gender
Male
Female.
Refused
A^e (years)
^fit-
White
Bl^ck
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Tjme
Not Employed
Refusccf
Education
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-34. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Food While Fried,
Category Population Croup
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race ' Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Grilled,
or Barbequed (minutes/day) .
Percentiles
N
1055
485
570
35
82
82
747
96
848
115
18
16
48
960
84
506
95
252
96
318
208
. 135
83
198
248
399
210
662
393
267
296
299
193
960
92
1032
19
1005
47
1
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Kleueis. 1996.
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
2
0
5
0
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
5 10
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 2
0 2
2 4
3 5
3 5
2 5
5 5
0 0
5 5
5 5
2 5
2 5
3 5
2 5
3 5
2 5
5 5
3 5
2 5
5 5
3 5
4 5
2 5
2 5
3 5
2 5
2 5
3 5
3 5
2 5
2.5 5
2 5
2 5
0 5
2 5
3 5
120 minutes
25
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
5
12.5
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
15
10
10
were spent
50
20
20
20
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
10
20
30
20
20
20
15
20
22.5
20
20
20
15
15
20
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
20
30
20
30
75
30
30
30
30
30
45
40
30
30
30
20
45
60
30
60
45
40
30
52.5
30
35
30
30
30
30
40
30
30
30
30
45
30
30
30
60
30
30
30
60
90
105
• 90
120
45
60
60
120
60
105
61
121
121
90
90
121
121
90
90
121
120
121
90
60
90
121
90
60
90
120
60
120
90
121
90
121
95
121
90
121
. N = doer sample size
95
121
121
121
60
90
90
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
98
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
12!
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
• 121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 • 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
Percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-49
-------
Volume HI- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-35. Number of Minutes Spent (at home) Working or Being Near Open Flames
Including Barbeque Flames (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
:>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Pan Time
Not Employed
< High School
N
479
252 .
227
14
29
28
372
31
407
31
5
8
22
436
36
262
44
99
27
High School Graduate 130
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
92
95
55
124
112
149
94
284
195
142
115
137
85
443
35
461
15
461
16
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
5
10
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
3
Note: A value of'121" for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsaneand Klepeis. 1996.
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
5
10
2
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
3
5
1
1
2
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
5
10
3
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
2
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
120 minutes
10 25
2 10
2 10
2 10
0 5
0 , 5
2 10
3 10
4 5
2 10
2 5
5 20
10 11
5 5
2 10
5 11
2 10
4 5
3 10
3 5
3 10
2 10
5 10
2 10
3 10
3 10
2 5
2 10
3 10
2 10
2 10
3 10
3 10
3 10
2 10
3 15
2 10
2 10
2 10
5 12.5
were spent.
50 75
20 60
20 60
20 30
10 30
. 15 . 30
22.5 42.5
20 60
17 30
20 45
20 30
40 121
22.5 60
30 60
20 42.5
60 90
20 60
15 52.5
20 40
20 60
20' 60
30 90
20 40
20 40
15 . 30
20 45
20 60
20 60
15 30
30 60
20 60
20 60
20 45
20 40
20 45
30 120
20 45
15 60
20 45
37,5 106
90
121
121
121
121
90
60
121
120
121
60
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
N = doer sample size.
95 98
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 90
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
99
121
121
121
121
121
90
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
100
121
121
121
121
121
90
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Percentiles are the
Page
15-50
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-36, Number of Minutes Spent Working or Being Near Excessive Dust in the
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
5:>64
White • '
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Air (minutes/day)
Percentiles
N
679
341
338
22
50
52
513
38
556
66
7
15
29
611.
57
368
66
122
52
199
140
82
76
138
145
227
169
471
208
154
193
193
139
606
73
662
15
637
41
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
1
20
5
3
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
5
1
3
0
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
Note: A valueof "121 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996,
2
2
2
2
0
0.5
1
5
2
2
3
20
5
3
2
3
5
2
2
5
0
5
2
5
0
2
2
3
1
2
0
1
2
5
2
3
2
3
2
0
5
5
5
5
0
2
2
5
2
5
5
20
5
5
5
3
7
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
.5
5
5
3
5
5
10 25
7 30
8 30
5 30
2 5
4 15
5 5
10 30
5 35
8 30
5 20
20 60
10 60
7 *20
5 30
10 30
15 37.5
5 20
8 30
7 35
10 30
20 60
15 30
10 37.5
5 20
10 30
5 30
10 30
7 30
5 30
5 30
5 20
10 30
10 30
5 30
10 30
7 30
30 60
7 30
5 30
120 minutes were spent. N
50
121
121
121
75
75
20
121
105.5
121
121
90
120
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121-
75 90
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 '121
120 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
= doer sample size.
95
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
98
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
12! 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 • 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
Percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-51
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-37. Range of the Number of Times an Automobile or Motor Vehicle was Started in a Garage or Carport at
Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Times/day
Overall
Gif3cr
Female
Ajjc(years)
gl?
18*&4
>64
R\§!ite
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
YCS
Refused
Employment
Full Tjme
Port Time
Not Employed
Education
< High School
Hieh School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Nijrtheasf
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekena
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
A^hma
tit
Angina
No
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Yes
DK
Note: "*" Signifies missing data;
Source: Tsang and Kleoeis, 1996
Total N
2009
939
1070
20
111
150
145
1287
296
1763
110
46
24
55
11
' 1879
111
T2
398
f
427
4864
268
289
541
702
477
1383
626
if!
525
39§
f
1959
48
2
1922
84
3
1-2
1321
588
733
13
68
93
86
840
221
1164
70
1
8
1239
68
I
Hi
f2
262
59
It
201
159
213
360
3?8
903
418
S!
313
276
1228
92
1288
33
*
1266
54
1
'DK" = respondent answered don't know; Refused
3-5
559
290
269
11
42
367
60
486
31
l|
24
3
519
35
127
f9
134
17
18?
106
88
64
142
84
386
173
lit
178
104
514
44
545
2
532
25
2
6-9
78
40
38
1
12
50
7
69
4
2
*
3
*
74
4
*
20
1
21
2
43
10
12
8
29
ft
63
15
25
18
15
f
76
2
*
74
4
#
- the respondent refused to answer;
10+
17
7
10
1
I
1
12
1
17
17
2
*
4
3
2
2
11
6
1
6
17
*
17
*
*
17
*
*
Dk
34
14
20
3
*
2
4
18
7
27
5
*
DC
1
30
4
#
7
13
*
6
i
74
6
2
8
20
14
1!
0
3
f
33
1
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-38. Range of the Number of Times Motor Vehicle Was Started with Garage
at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Door Closed
Times/day
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Age (years)
1-4
5-1 1
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
;m
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: "*" Signifies missing data; "DK'
Source: Tsang and Klepeis. 1996'
Total N
2009
939
1070
20
111
150
'145
1287
296
1763
110
46
24
11
1879
111
T2
398
919
149
536
7
427
84
464
440
268
289
541
702
477
1383
626
567
518
525
399
1861
146
2
1959
48
2
1922
84
3
None
1830
860
970
14
99
141
127
1184
265
1616
95
41
11
11
1714
7
360
840
488
5
w
429
399
299
242
270
500
628
432
Si?
509
470
476
375
1696
132
2
1785
43
2
1747
80
3
= respondents answered don't know;
1-2
99
41
58
1
^j
9
57
18
82
6
4
*
92
7
*
*
22
46
6
24
1
¥
24
24
12
14
10
22
42
25
i
i
23
15
92
7
*
96
3
#
96
3
*
3-5
26
15
11
2
*
4
18
2
22
2
*
#
2
*
23
3
*
5
13
2
5
1
6
2
3
5
4
9
21
|
11
3
23
3
26
*
26
*
*
N = doer sample size; Refused
6-9
2
*
2
#
*
I
*
1
1
#
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
i
i
*
*
*
i
*
*
*
,
1
*
*
*
2
1
*
i
i
i
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
= the respondent refused
Dk
52
23
29
5
2
3
4
27
11
42
|
1
2
*
48
4
*
* •
10
19
•4
19
*
f
9
9
3
14
24
11
27-
25
ii
15
5
49
3
*
50
2
*
51
1
* •
to answer.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-53
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-39. Number of Minutes Spent at a Gas Station or Auto Repair Shop (minutes/day)
Category
Overall
Gender
(Sender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Percentiles
N
967
552
414
29
42
57
760
67
788
95
13
22
42
875
82
542
107
186
70
293
213
143
106
167
246
348
206
634
333
236
232
282
217
892
74
947
17
920
45
1
1
2
0
0
2
1
1
0
1
0
2
5
0
I
0
I
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
2
0 '
1
1
0
1
3
1
2
Note: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kleoeis. 19%.
2
2
2
I
0
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
5
0
2 •
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
5
3
3
2
0
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
5
3
3
2
3
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
10
4
4
3
0
3
5
4
4
4
3
2
5
4
4
3
4
5
4
4.5
5
4
4
3
5
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
4
4
3
25 50
5 6
5 7
5 5.5
5 5
5 5
5 5
5 5.5
5 10
5 7.5
5 5
5 5
5 5
5 10
5 6
5 8
5 7
5 10
5 10
5 10
5 8
5 8
5 5
5 7
5 5
5 8
5 6.5
5 8
5 7
5 5
5 _ 6
5 7.5
5 10
5 5
5 7
5 5
5 6
10 10
5 7
5 5
75
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
10
10
12
15
10
10
10
10
10
30
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
15
90 95
30 90
30 120
15 30
20 60
15 15
20 30
30 120
15 40
30 120
15 15
10 10
20 30
25 30
30 120
20 35
30 121
30 120
20 40
121 121
30 121
15 60
15 30
15 35
30 121
30 120
20 45
20 70
30 121
15 30
20 60
30 120
30 120
15 35
25 90
30 120
30 90
15 121
25 60
120 120
98
121
121
121
121
120
60
121
120
121
20
10
30
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
56
121
121
120
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 120
121 121
121 121
120 120
121 121
120 120
10 10
30 30
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
90 . 120
121 - 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the
Page
15-54
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-40. Number of Minutes Spent at Home While the Windows Were Left Open (minutes/day)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
Percentiles
N
1960
893
1067
99
159
101
1282
282
1558
208
47
44
80
1775
156
822
190
576
163
High School Graduate 542
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Note: Values of "180", "360", "600","840"
than 16 hours, respectively, were spent N
minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
408
247
216
498
390
494
578
1285
675
308
661
680
311
1809
145
1902
49
1850
100
1
2
5
2
0
3
2
6
1
2
3
10
1
2
2
20
5
1
5
1
2
5
15
10
3
5
1
2
3
2
1
10
10
3
2
5
3
1
2
5
2
10
10
10
1
10
5
16
5
10
10
10
1
20
10
20
15
7
10
6
10
15
15
10
10
10
6
10
10
10
2
20
30
5
10
10
10
1
10
15
5
30
30
30
10
20
24
60
30
30
30
16
60
30
30
. 30
30
30
60
30
60
30
60
30
30
60
30
30
30
30
10
60
180
30
30
60
30
24
30
35
10
180
ISO
119
180
60
ISO
180
180
180
180
180
90
60
180
180
180
60
180
90
180
119
100
180
119
180
90
180
180
119
24
180
180
60
180
118
180
30
180
180
25 50
360 840
360 840
360 840
180 600
360 600
360 600
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 600
180 600
360 600
360 840
180 840
360 840
180 840
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 840
360 600
360 840
360 840
360 840
180 360
360 600
600 961
180 600
360 840
• 360 840
360 840
180 961
360 840
480 .961
75
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
96!
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
90 95
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 . 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
98
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
961
99 100
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 • 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961-
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
961 961
and "961" for number of minutes signify that 2-4 hours, 4-8 hours, 8-12 hours, 12-16 hours, and more
= doer sample size. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-55
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter IS - Activity Factors
Table 15-41. Number of Minutes the Outside Door Was Left Open While at Home (minutes/day)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age {years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employmtnt
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/emphysema
Bronchitis/emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Note; Values of " 1 80", "360","600", and "72 1 "
respectively, were spent N = doer sample size.
Source: Tsani and Klepeis, 1996.
Percentiles
N
1170
505
665
68
109
79
718
180
968
100
23
22
45
1073
81
451
93
362
96
309
225
150
124
223
221
361
365
732
438
184
407
385
194
1072
97
1133
36
1105
63
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
I
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
I
0
I
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
5
2 5
1 5
1 3
1 5
0 2
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 10
1 5
2.5 5.5
1 2
1 1
0 5
1 3
1 5
1 3
3 5
1 5
1 2
3 5
1 3
0.5 1
2 3
2 5
0 2
1 5
1 5
1 5
1 5
0 2
I 5
2 10
1 2
1 5
1 3
1 5
1 3
1 3
5 10
10 25
10 60
10 60
10 60
10 30
10 60
5 60
10 60
20 180
10 60
13 60
60 180
15 30
5 45
10 60
10 45
10 60
15 60
10 60
11 75
10 60
10 60
15 60
5 30
10 90
10 60
10 60
15 60
10 60
10 60
3 10
20 180
30 180
10 30
10 60
6 30
10 60
10 104.5
10 60
10 90
50
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
360
180
180
360
180
180
180
ISO
180
180
360
360
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
60
360
360
180
180
180
180
360
180
180
75
600
600
600
360
600
360
600
600
600
600
600
600
360
600
360
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
360
600
600
600
180
600
600
360
600
600
600
360
600
600
90
600
600
600
721
600
600
600
721
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
721
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
95
721
721
721
721
600
721
721
721
721
600
721
721
600
721
600
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
600
721
721
721
600
721
721
600
721
721
721
721
721
600
98 99
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
660.5 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
600 600
721 721
721 721
600 -600
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
721 721
100
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
721
600
721
721
600
721
721
721
721
721
721
for number of minutes signify that 2-4 hours, 4-8 hours, 8-12 hours, and over 12 hours,
Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Page
15-56
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-42. Number of Times an Outside Door Was Opened in the Home at Specified Daily Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Times/Day
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Age (years)
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Education
4
< High School,
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Dav of Week
weekday
Weekena
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Total N
1187
511
676
19
68
109
79
730
182
979
103
23
22
46
14
1086
83
7
11
255
458
95
267
98
318
228
150
126
228
225
365
369
746
441
185
417
387
198
1087 .
99
1
1147
39
1121
64
2
Note: * Signifies missing data: "DK" = respondent answered
Source: "Kane and Klepeis, 1996
• 1-2 -
192
80
112
6
13
15
35-
155
22
1
3
179
11
*
2
40
79
14
58
42
21
48
44
21
16
37
44
59
52
116
76
I!
11
116
1
183
1
179
12
1
don't know;
'3-5
248
96
152
3
14
16
53
193
28
9
.. 4
11
227
17
2
2
46
98
20
81
48
52
37
28 •
38
54
81
75
167
81
94
68
35
228
20
*
241
7
230
18
*
N = sample size;
6-9
229
100
129
2
8
18
W
188
21
4
10
4
208
16
1
4
43
95
19
f
46
3?
39
. 27
49
39
72
w
ii
Si
2,v •
* .
221
8
216
12
1
Refused
10-19
267
118
149
3
17
31
13
171
32
233
12
6
8
244
20
3
60
104
22
80
63
18
71
49
31
35
53
50
93
100
1
2f}
*
259
*
258
9
*
= respondent refused
20+
196
93
103
1
13
23
17
W
168
14
2
4
8
#
180
15
1
*
53
72
18
54
20
54
34
19
15
38
33
66
59
9°06
73
30
W
*
192
4
*
186
10
#
to answer.
DK
55
24
31
4
3
6
4
23
15
42
6
1
2
3
48
4
*
3
13
10
2
29
14
14
12
5
13
5
19
18
2*
21
271
f
f
*
51
4
*
52
3
*
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-57
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-43, Number of Minutes Spent Running
Categoiy
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Walking, or Standing Alongside a Road with Heavy Traffic (minutes/day)
Percentiles
N
401
202
198
12
20
27
304
31
306
51
10
7
24
356
43
214
50
76
18
106
84
79
50
129
83
105
84
303
98
104
114
104
79
370
31
393
8
378
22
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
0
3
2
2
1
1
1
0.5
1
4
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
I
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
2
NOTE: A value of " 12 1" for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsaneand Klepeis,1996
5
2
2
1
1
1.5
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
4
2
1
1
2
2 '
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
5
10
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
1
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
5
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
120 minutes
25
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
3
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5.5
6
5
5.5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4.5
6
5
5
5
5
5
6.5
5
5
50 75
15 30
17.5 45
10 30
7.5 30
6 12.5
5 30
15 30
20 45
15 30
7 30
7.5 15
10 45
17.5 40
15 30
10 30
15 30
15 30
15 30
10 15
15 60
20 40
15 30
10 20
20 50
10 20
15 30
15 30
15 30
15 30
10 20
20 60
10 30
20 35
15 30
15 30
15 30
17.5 30
15 30
17.5 30
90 95
60 121
120 121
60 120
60 60
25 60
60 90
90 121
60 121
110 121
50 60
17.5 20
121 121
60 60
90 121
60 120
120 121
90 121
60 110
30 121
121 121
120 121
60 90
52.5 90
120 121
60 121
90 121
60 120
60 120
121 121
60 110
120 121
60 121
120 121
60 121
120 121
90 121
60 60
60 121
121 121
98
121
121
121
60
90
120
121
121
121
60
20
121
120
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
60
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60
90 90
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
20 20
121 121
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60
121 121
121 121
were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the
Page
15-58
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-44. Number of Minutes Spent in a Car, Van, Truck, or Bus in Heavy Traffic (minutes/day)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/emphysema
Bronchitis/emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Percentiles
N 1
1197 1
534 1
663 I
33 4
63 1
52 3
889 1
139 3
959 1
133 2
20 5
24 5
55 1
1097 1
95 1
659 1
108 2
279 1
81 0
352 1
276 1
176 1
150 2
229 2
263 2
429 1
276 I
927 1
270 2
286 1
317 1
312 1
282 2
1108 1
89 2
1159 1
35 0
1130 2
64 1
2
2
2
2
4
2
3
2
3
2
3
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
0
2
1
NOTE: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
fercentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
ource: Tsane and Kleoeis, 1996
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
3
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5-
4
5
5
5
5
5
2
120
10
5
5
• 5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
• 5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
25
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
15
10
10
11
12.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
12.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
50
20
20
25
15
20
12.5
25
30
25
20
20
30
20
20
20
30
20
30
20
30
30
30
20
20
30
30
20
20
25
20
30
30
20
20
30
20
30
20
27.5
minutes were spent. N
75
60
60
60
30
45
27.5
60
60
60
40
30
60
60
60
90
60
48.5
60
40
60
60
60
60
60
45
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
45
60
60
60
70
60
51
90 95
120 121
120 121
120 121
60 60
60 120
90 120
120 121
121 121
120 121
90 120
45 52.5
90 120
120 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
97.5 120
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
120 121
98
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
"121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 • 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
= doer sample size. Percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-59
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-45. Number of Minutes Spent in a Parking Garage or Indoor Parking Lot (minutes/day)
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age {years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
Percentiles
N
294
138
156
8
15
20
229
18
208
34
15
7
28
251
39
171
23
58
13
58
54
72
50
53
59
92
90
208
86
67
78
85
64
263
30
291
2
281
12
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
I
0
1
0
2
3
1
0
I
1
2
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
0
2
2
1
1
I
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
3
1
2
NOTE: A value of " 12 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsnne and Klerjeis,1996
5
1
1
I
0
1
0,5
2
0
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
5
1
o'
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
' 2
1
1
3
1
2
10
2
2
2
0
2
1.5
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
5
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
5
25
3
4
3
2
3
2
5
3
3
5
2
3
4.5
3
5
3
5
4
5
3
4
4,5
5
5
3
3.5
4
3
5
3
3
5
4.5
3
4
4
50
5
5
5
3.5
5
7.5
5
5
5
5
10
5
10
5
10
5
5
10
10
9.5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
7
5
5.5
5
5
5
7
5
3 46.5
3
5
120 minutes were spent.
5
5.5
N
75
10
15
10
5
10
15
10
15
10
15
60
IS
20
10
30
10
10
20
10
30
15
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
15
10
15
15
10
10
10
10
90
10
10
90 . 95
30 60
60 121
20 40
10 10
45 60
45 90.5
30 60
45 90
30 60
20 30
120 121
121 121
60 120
30 60
121 121
30 60
30 60
40 120
30 121
90 121
40 120
15 60
12.5 20
30 90
30 60
30 60
45 60
30 60
30 60
20 30
60 120
30 90
30 45
30 60
30 121
30 60
90 90
30 60
60 120
98
121
121
60
10
60
121
121
90
121
30
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
120
40
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
90
121
120
= doer sample size. Percentiles
99 100
121 121
121 121
120 121
10 10
60 60
121 121
121 121
90 90
121 121
30 . 30
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121. 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
90 90
121 121
120 120
are the
Page
15-60
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-46, Number of Minutes Spent Walking Outside to a Car in the Driveway or Outside Parking Areas (minutes/day)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Perceniiles
N 1
3303 0
1511 0
1791 0
132 0
245 0
202 0
2303 0
373 0
2756 0
279 0
53 0
63 0
127 0
3029 0
235 0
1613 0
312 0
785 0
241 0
935- 0
680 0
445 0
381 0
680 0
763 0
1149 0
711 0
2209 0
1094 0
855 0
890 0
903 0
655 0
3063 0
234 0
3219 0
72 0
3132 0
162 0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NOTE: A value of " 1 21 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsaneand KleBeis,1996
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o •
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
25
2
2
2
1.5
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
50
5
4
5
2
2
5
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1 20 minutes were spent. N
75
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
90 95
20 30
20 30
20 30
15 20
15 30
20 30
20 30
15 30
20 30
10 20
15 30
30 30
20 60
20 30
20 60
20 30
20 45
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
15 25
15 30
15 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
15 30
20 30
20 30
15 30
20 30
. 15 30
20 30
15 30
20 30
20 30
= doer sample size.
98
60
60
60
30
45
30
60
30
60
30
32
60
120
60
120
60
120
60
110
60
60
60
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
30
100
60
45
60
120
60
45
60
110
99 100
121' 121
121 121
60 121
60 121
80 121
60 121
120 121
88 121
120 121
45 88
45 45
120 120
121 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
60 121
121 121
121 121
120 121
60 121
120 121
90 121
120 121
90 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
100 121
120 121
60 121
110 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
no no
120 121
121 121
Percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-61
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-47, Number of Minutes Spent
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (ycaars)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
5:>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
5:hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Running or Walking Outside Other Than to the Car (minutes/day)
Percentiles
N
1273
605
668
82
149
110
772
143
1051
111
21
23
55
1156
99
517
112
300
97
287
234
153
138
265
286
412
310
843
430
312
403
396
162
1162
105
1240
25
1204
62
1
1
2
0
3
4
5
0
1
1
0
2
5
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
I
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
5
5
1
i
1
1
2
5
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
NOTE: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsanu and Kleneis,1996
5
3
5
2
5
5
5
2
2
3
3
10
10
8
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
4
2
4
3
2
3
5
3
5
3
4
10
5
10
5
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
10
15
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5.5
5
5
5
10
10
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
120 minutes
25
15
20
15
30
30
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
20
15
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
15
20
15
15
15
15
20
10
20
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
50 75
45 120
60 121
30 116
120 121
120 121
60 121
30 120
30 60
45 121
35 120
30 70
60 121
40 90
45 120
60 121
30 120
30 90
30 120
30 90
30 120
30 120
45 120
37.5 90
45 120
40 121
45 121
45 120
40 120
60 121
42.5 90
60 121
55 121
30 120
45 120
45 121
45 120
45 121
45 120
30 120
90 95
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
were spent, N = doer sample size.
98
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 '121
121 21
121 21
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 21
121 21
121 121
121 21
121 121
121 21
121 21
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
Percentiles are the
Page
15-62
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-48. Number of Hours Spent Working for Pay (hours/week)
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Percentiles
N
4896
2466
2430
0
0
14
4625
181
3990
499
76
87
194
4494
341
4094
802
0
308
Education High School Graduate 1598
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
1251
954
716
1096
1118
1675
1007
3306
1590
1306
1197
1343
1050
4579
302
4811
66
4699
182 .
1
0
0
0
*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
12
18
6
*
1
15
0
10
18
7
0
15
12
8
30
0
1
12
15
16
10
14
12
12
9
10
12
10
15
3
14.5
12
9
12
0
12
6
25 50
33 40
40 40
28 40
# *
9 18.5
35 40
5 21
32 40
35 40
36.5 40
30 40
32 40
33 40
32 40
40 40
10 20
21 40
32 40
30 40
40 40
35 40
32 40
32 40
35 40
30 40
33 40
33 40
32 40
35 40
33 40
32 40
34 40
30 40
34 40
20 40
33 40
30 40
Note: * Signifies missing data. A value of "61" for number of hours signifies that more than 60 hours
Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of hours.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
75
50
53
43
*
24
,50
40
50
46
50
50
48
50
50
50
30
48
48
•50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
48
50
50
48
50
50
48
50
44
50
48
90
60
61
55
#
26
60
50
60
60
61
60
60
60
60
60
38
61
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
6
60
were spent. N
95
61
61
60
*
31
61
61
61
61
61
61
60
61
61
61
40
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
98
61
61
61
*
31
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
99 100
61 61
61 61
61 61
# *
31 31
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 "61
61 61
= doer sample size.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-63
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-49. Number of Hours Spent Working.for Pay Between 6PM and 6AM (hours/week)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Percentiles
N 1
4894 0
2465 0
2429 0
0 0
0 0
14 0
4623 0
1S1 0
3989 0
499 0
75 0
87 0
194 0
4492 0
341 0
4092 0
802 0
0 0
308 0
1597 0
1251 0
953 0
716 0
1096 0
1118 0
1674 0
1006 0
3306 0
1588 0
1305 0
1197 0
1342 0
1050 0
4578 0
301 0
4809 0
66 0
4697 0
182 0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note: A Value of "6 1 " for number of hours signifies that more than 60 hours were spent.
doers below or equal to a given number of hours.
Source: Tsane and Kleneis, 1996.
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N =
50
0
0
0
0
0
4.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
8
10
5
0
0
20
8
0
g
10
12
7
15
8
13
8
6
0
11
8
9
8
7
7
10
7
10
8
7
8
8
9
7
8
8
8
7
8
10
doer sample size.
90 95
30 45
35 50
20 39
0 0
0 0
24 25
30 42
20 61
25 40
40 61
30 61
25 45
35 48
27 40
35 50
30 45
20 35
0 0
50 61
35 50
26 40
20 40
20 30
24 40
30 42
30 48
30 47
30 48
28 40
28 40
30 48
30 48
25 40
30 45
28 36
30 • 44
36 40
30 43
40 50
98
61
61
61
0
0
25
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
0
61
61
60
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
99 100
61 61
61 61
61 61
0 0
0 0
25 25
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 ,61
61 61
61 61
0 0
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
Percentiles are the percentage of
Page
15-64
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI-Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-50. Number of Hours Worked in a Week That Was Outdoors (hours/week)
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race , Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education . College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter —
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma " No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Percentiles
N 1
4891 0
2463 0
2428 0
0 0
0 0
14 0
4621 0
181 0
3986 0
499 0
75 0
87 0
194 0
4489 0
341 0
4090 0
801 0
0 0
308 0
1594 0
1251 0
953 0
716 0
1094 0
1117 0
1674 0
1006 0
3305 0
1586 0
1305 0
1195 0
1341 0
1050 0
4576 0
300 0
4806 0
66 0
4694 0
182 0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 .
0
0
0
0
10 25
0
0
0
0
0
'o
• o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NOTE: A value of "6 1 " for number of hours signifies that more than 60 hours were spent
of doers below or equal to a given number of hours.
Source: Tsang and Kleoeis, 1996
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. N
50
0
0
0
, 0
0
0
0
0
0
• o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
75. .
!
16
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
0
0
1
2 .
1
2
2
0
0
16.5
6
I
0
0
0
0
2
2
I
1
0
2
2
0
1
0
1
_- 4
1
2
90
30
42
2
0
0
0
30
29
30
25
3
17
30
30
35
35
15
0
55
40
30
20
4
25
30
32
33
32
30
25
30
36
30
30
31
30
35
30
" 30
= doer sample size.
95
50
60
12
0
0
0
50
60
50
48
30
40
50
48
60
50
30
0
61
60
46
35
15'
40
50
55
50
50
48
50
50
50
45
50
50
50
50
50
60
98
61
61
55
0
0
0
61
61
61
61
40
48
61
61
61
61
61
0
61
61
61
50
60
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61'
99 100
61 61
61 61
61 61
0 0
0 0
0 0
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
.61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
0 0
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 '61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
Percentiles are the percentage
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-65
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-51. Number of Times Floors Were Swept or Vacuumed at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
A|e (years')
1-4
12-17
18-64
>64^
Race.
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
Yes
Refused
Employment
Full Time
PartTime
Not Employed
Refuserf
Education
Hieh ScnoolGraduate
-------
Volume /// - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-52. Number of Days Since the Floor Area in the Home Was Swept or Vacuumed by the Number of Respondents
Number of Days since That Area Was Swept-vacuumed
Total 0
N
Overall 9386 8112
Gender
Male 4294 3688
Female 5088 4421
Refused 4 3
Age (years)
* 187 180
1-4 499 67
5-11 703 393
12-17 589 533 '
18-64 6059 5592
>64 1349 1347
Race
White 7591 6586
Black 945 825
Asian 157 138
Some Others 182 141
Hispanic 385 300
Refused 126 122
Hispanic
No 8534 7421
Yes 702 549
Dk . 47 42
Refused 103 100
Employment
* 1773 974
Full Time 4096 3826
Part Time 802 741
Not Employed 2644 2502
Refused 71 69
Education
* 1968 1162
< High School 834 793
High School Graduate 2612 2447
< College 1801 1681
College Graduate 1247 1155
Post Graduate 924 874
Census Eegion
Northeast 2075 ; 1793
Midwest 2102 1826
South 3243 2805
West 1966 1688
Day of Week
Weekday 6316 5487
Weekend 3070 2625
Season
Winter 2524 2144
Spring 2438 2112
Summer . 2536 2187
Fall 1888 1669
Asthma
No ' 8629 7455
Yes 694 596
Dk 63 61
Angina
No 9061 7793
Yes 250 246
Dk 75 73
Bronchitis/emphysema
No 8882 7645
Yes 433 397
Dk 71 70
Swept-
Vacuumed
Yes'day
550
245
304
I
1
199
121
30
198
1
398
72
5
21
52
2
460
88
1
1
349
96
28
77
0
353
24
76
55
28
14
129
108
193
120
366
184
162
121
167
100
502
48
0
547
2
1
536
13
1 .
1
278
136
142
0
0
93
70
12
102
1
232
18
6
7
15
0
248
29
1
0
175
64
10
29
0
175
13
39
25
19
7
65
59
87
67
160
118
79
90
68
41
262
15
1
277
1
0
268
10
0
2
189
100
89
0
3
54
50
6
76
0
152
17
2
9
9 '
0
170
17
1
1
112
50
8
18
1
114
2
26
18
17
12
35
47
75
32
125
64
61
48
41
39
171
17
1
189
0
0
182
7
0
3
85
35
50
0
1
24
23
3
34
0
72
7
2
2
2
0
80
5
0
0
50
21
6
8
0
50
1
9
10
10
18
21
26
20
57
28
27
19
26
13
80
5
0
83
1
1
84
1
0
Note: * Signifies missing data; DK = respondents answered don't know; N=
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
4 5
63 31
37 19
26 12
0 0
0 0
19 17
22 8
0 0
22 6
0 0
55 29
3 1
i 0
1 0
2 0
1 1
57 29
4 2
I 0
1 0
41 25
18 6
2 . 0
2 0
0 0
41 25
0 0
7 1
6 0
5 3
4 2
4 9
17 7
27 8
15 7
51 18
12 13
17 7
19 9
19 12
8 3
59 30
4 1
0 0
63 31
0 0
0 0
61 3!
2 0
0 0
sample size;
6
17
8
9
0
0
9
2
1
5
0
14
2
0
0
1
0
15
2
0
0
12
4
0
1
0
12
0
2
1
1
1
9
2
3
3
13
4
3
7
3
4
- 13
4
0
17
0
0
17
0
0
Refused
7
26
10
16
0
0
7
4
2
13
0
24
0
1
0
1
0
24
2
0
0
13
6
4
3
0
13
0
0
3
7
3
6
6
8
6
15
11
13
4
3
6
22
4
0
26
0
0
25
1
0
8
2
1
1
0
0
0
I
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
10
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
14
5
3
2
0
0
2
2
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
1
4
1
1
2
2
0
5
0
0
5
0
0
5
0
0
>2
Weeks Dk
16 11
7 5
9 6-
0 0
1 1
6 1
2 5
2 0
5 4
0 0
13 8
0 0
1 1
1 0
1 2
0 0
14 8
1 3
1 0
0 0
9 7
4 0
1 1
1 3
1 0
10 7
0 1
2 2
2 0
! 1
1 0
5 2
2 1
5 4
4 3
11 6
5 5
5 5
5 2
4 3
2 1
16 11
0 0
0 0
16 11
0 0
0 0
15 10
1 1 ,
0 0
= respondent refused to answer.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-67
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-53.
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
1-4
ttl7
^
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
DavofWcck
weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Ancina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Number of Loads of Laundry Washed in a Washing Machine at Home by the Number of Respondents
Total N
1762
678
1083
1
• 30
109
141
127
1161
194
1511
112
22
ii
18
1615
126
6
15
369
734
160
482
17
413
133
508
321
212
175
367
406
628
361
1172
590
458
4§2
357
1615
140
7
1710
40
12
1658
96
8
Note; * Signifies missing data: "DK" =
Source: Tsang And Kleoeis. 1996
Number of Loads/Day
1
582
219
363
#
299
1
f25
513
27
7
8
533|
*
8
102
259
58
158
5
118
44
175
105
83
57
111
125
205
141
418
164
154
154
158
116
548
31
3
564
14
4
544
36
2
2
604
241
363
*
14
36
55
52
3?76
519
41
4
12
24
4
556
42
2
4
143
244
53
158
6
160
44
166
101
68
65
146
123
228
107
409
195
159
159
166
120
545
56
3
592
3
572
28
4
3
303
120
183
*
2
24
28
22
209
18
254
23
3
1
226
4
2
128
23
79
2
77
22
85
61
32
26
57
76
110
60
194
109
73
87
85
58
274
28
1
294
7
2
285
16
2
respondent answered don't know
4
123
41
82
*
12
8
10
80
10
101
11
5
1
'I5
*
29
42
10
41
1
32
10
35
ff
10
23
42
39
19
62
61
31
28
38
26
105
18
*
113
8
2
112
11
*
5
55
17
38
*
5
f
¥
48
4
*
1
50
5
*
12
20
g
15
12
4
18
9
8
4
13
14
17
11
29
26
14
10
11
20
50
5
*
54
1
*
53
2
*
6
27
8
19
*
2
22
*
23
1
*
2
¥
*
fo
3
8
1
6
3
4
3
7
5
6
9
17
10
6
10
8
3
27
#
*
26
1
*
26
1
*
7
11
*
10
1
#
1
9
U
*
*
n
*
,
*
5
*
I
2
*
3
2
3
6
*
4
3
3
4
1
11
*
*
11
*
#
10
1
*
; N= sample size; Refused =
8 9
12 1
* 1
12 *
# *
* *
I 1
y :
12 1
* *
# *
* *
* *
12 1
* *
* *
1 1
4 *
1 *
6 *
* *
1 1
* *
4 *
5 *
1 *
1 *
1 *
6 1
4 *
1 *
5
4 1
2 *
3 »
3 *
12 1
* *
* *
12 1
* *
* *
12 1
* *
* *
respondent refused
10
5
I
4
*
1
1
3
3
1
*
*
1
4
*
2
#
1
*
2
*
*
2
1
*
*
3
2
i
3
1
1
#
5
*
*
5
#
5
*
*
>10 DK
1 38
* 30
1 8
* *
* *
* 1
* I
1 30
* 5
* 26
* 4
* 3
» 3
* 1
1 1
* 35
* 3
* *
1 *
* 2
* 20
» 4
1 10
* 2
* -3 .
« - 4
* 14
1 7
* 5
* 5
* 7
I 10
* 10
* 11
1 26
* 12
1 9
* 11
* 8
* 10
1 36
* 2
* *
1 37
* *
* 1
1 37
* 1
* *
to answer.
Page
15-68
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-54, Number of Times Using a Dishwasher at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
fpring
ummer
Fall
Asthma
No
X*
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
If
Note: * Signifies missing data: "DK"
Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996
Total N
2635
1235
1399
1
35
145
211
206
1718
320
2267
163
54
45
84
22
2444
164
11
16
552
1191
204
678
10
593
124
582
560
446
330
538
514
953
630
1768
867
711
664
721
539
2439
189
2570
60
5
2533
Number of Times/Week
*
1
*
1
*
#
#
#
*
*
1
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
#
Almost Every Day
557
259
298
*
4
9
14
.27
438
65
504
19
7
9
13
524
¥
4
49
276
48
181
55
29
153
144
105
71
133
116
200
108
378
179
144
122
157
134
521
35
538
19
#
540
16
3-5/Week
678
282
396
*
13
4
8
33
512
108
603
32
g
8
15
12
635
32
9
45
359
70
200
4
51
27
173
181
134
112
144
130
. 251
153
466
212
175
181
185
137
622
54
2
664
11
3
646
27
= respondent answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused =
1-2/Week
529
247
282
*
1 1
3
15
31
397
'72
487
19
7
12
504
I'
2
46
298
46
,36
55
26
114
117
126
91
95
no
169
155
341
188
149
134
114
492
35
2
512
16 '
1
504
23
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-55.
Number of Times Washing Dishes by Hand at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
TolalN * Almost Every Day
Overall
Gender
Mate
Female
Refused
Age (years)
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
NO
Yes
Refused
Employment
Full Tjme
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
Collefic Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
a?
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Yes
DK
3626
1554
2071
1
65
103
228
2642
587
2928
385
6i
67
147
38
3322
258
11
328
1765
349
1165
19
386
354
1106
393
832
811
1214
769
2474
1152
985
902
987
752
3345
263
18
3501
105
20
3438
169
19
Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK"
Source: Tsang And Kleneis, 1996
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
1
*
*
= respondent answered
2600
982
1618
*
51
12
1979
501
2114
261
48
44
108
25
2383
185
71
1282
270
965
12
101
298
856
294
636
569
840
555
1759
841
691
648
705
556
2407
179
14
2499
86
15
2459
126
15
Number of Times/Week
3-5/Week
490
264
225
1
6
*
14
45
379
46
391
61
6
9
17
6
454
32
4
57
284
44
104
1
65
26
140
806
57
90
114
175
111
335
155
138
117
132
103
455
33
475
11
4
460
27
3
don't know; N= sample size;
1-2/Week
326
183
143
2
1
33
69
201
20
257
40
3
9
12
5
296
25
3
102
w
60
2
107
15
74
47
26
60
81
124
61
236
90
90
85
92
59
290
34
2
321
5
*
314
11
1
Refused = respondent
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-56. Number of Times
for Washing Clothes in a Washing Machine at Specified Frequencies by the Number of Respondents
Number of Times/Week
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
? w
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
*r *
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
Yes
DK
Total N
4663
2163
2498
2
84
263
348
326
2972
670
3774
463
77
96
193
60
4244
347
26
46
926
2017
379
1309
32
1021
399
1253
895
650
445
1048
1036
1601
978
3156
. 1507
1264
1181
1275
943
4287
341
35
4500
125
38
4424
203
36
Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK"
Source: Tsans And Klepeis, 1996
*
404
212
191
1
3
261
101
1
31
7
316
39
4
16
29
*
342
59
2
1
*
366
21
6
10
I
367
3
14
3
12
5
84
88
147
85
257
147
121
122
102
59
371
32
1
403
*
1
397
7
*
Almost Every Day
566
211
355
#
6
*
2
22
489
47
499
33
1
10
19
4
528
31
3
4
23
305
64
170
4
33
61
218
126
78
50
119
108
229
110
407
159
157
135
163
111
522
42
2
555
8
3
549
15
2
3-5 /Day
1033
458
575
*
11
*
4
29
832
157
883
72
12
15
41
10
950
69
6
8
32
569
101
326
5
37
88
367
261
171
109
216
229
376
212
697
336
273
259
280
221
951
79
3
993
37
3
979
51
3
1-2/week
1827
811
1015
1
47
*
16
83
1328
353
1445
207
39
.36
77
23
1674
130
10
13
97
929
166
628
7
129
178
548
432
321
219
454
408
557
408
1217
610
472
464
484
407
1700
118
9
1759
58
10
1724
92
11
= respondent answered don't know; N= sample size; Refused =
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-57. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand or Gravel in a Day by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Day
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refusedused
Age (years)
1-4
5-11
12-1?
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Pan Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
Wo
DK
Bronchitis/Emphyseme
No
Yes
Total N
700
352
347
1
3
216
200
41
237
3
568
68
5
16
41
2
619
77
3
1
461
149
29
60
1
461
22
73
66
54
24
124
128
273
175
445
255
107
240
262
91
638
61
1
699
1
679
21
*-* 0-0
41 348
18 189
23 158
* 1
1 *
13 115
7 96
1 23
18 112
1 2
34 274
4 42
* 2
2 9
* 19
2
36 309
5 36
* 2
* 1
22 234
9 73
2 10
7 31
22 234
5 9
4 39
2 34
4 26
4 6
8 60
6 69
17 133
10 86
35 216
6 132
10 44
8 113
12 146
11 45
38 319
3 28
* 1
40 348
1 *
41 339
* 9
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
42
20
22
#
15
11
1
15
37
5
*
*
*
*
41
1
*
27
7
4
4
27
*
4
6
3
2
8
8
18
8
27
15
9
21
5
7
39
3
*
42
*
41
1
34 57
13 25
21 32
9 15
12 14
2 4
10 24
30 49
3 2
» 1
* *
1 5
* *
29 49
4 8
24 33
7 16
1 2
2 6
24 33
* 3
1 8
2 6
3 6
4 1
5 7
6 14
12 25
11 11
22 40
12 17
6 11
14 22
9 20
5 4
34 51
* 6
* *
34 57
* *
34 54
* 3
4
*
4
2
*
*
2
2
*
#
2
*
*
4
#
2
1
1
*
2
#
I
*
1
*
#
*
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
*
4
*
*
4
*
4
*
12
7
5
3
5
*
4
9
1
*
*
2
*
10
2
8
3
*
1
8
*
*
2
2
*
4
2
3
3
10
2
2
3
5
2
10
2
*
12
*
12
*
50-60 70-80 80-90
66
32
34
15 .
25
3
23
57
4
1
I
3
#
59
7
43
17
4
2
43
1
6
6
7
3
16
11
30
9
37
29
8
25
25
8
57
9
*
66
*
62
4
2 9
* 7
2 2
1 5
1 2
* *
* 2
1 8
* *
* *
* *
1 1
* *
1 7
1 2
2 7
* 2
* *
* #
2 • 7
* *
* I
* *
* *
* 1
» 1
* 2
* 3
2 3
2 6
* 3
2 1
* 2
* 5
* 1
2 9
* *
* »
2 9
* *
2 9
* *
90-100
2
1
1
*
1
1
#
2
*
*
*
*
*
2
*
2
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
*
#
#
*
2
*
2
#
*
*
2
*
2
*
*
2
*
2
*
1 10-120
27
10
17
*
7
6
3
11
21
3
*
*
3
*
23
4
16
6
2
3
16
2
2
4
*
3
6
3
6
12
17
10
4
12
9
2
22
5
*
27
4i
26
1
121
56
30
• 26
1
16
20
• 3
16
44
4
1
3
4
*
49
7
•
41
8
3
4
41
2
7
4
2
*
9
7
21.
19
28
28
9
19
22
6
51
5
*
56
*
53
3
Note: "*" a Signifies missing data. "DK" = Don't know. Refused = refused to answer. N = Doer sample size in specified range of number of
minutes spent. A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than 1 20 minutes were spent
Source: Tsane and Klepeis, 1996.
Page
15-72
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-58. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Sand
or Gravel (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education .
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Bronch/emphys
Bronch/emphys
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Pan Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest •
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
N
659
334
324
203
193
40
219
2
534
64
5
15
39
583
72
140
27
53
17
69
64
50
20
116
122
256
165
410
249
97
232
250
80
600
58
659
638
21
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o-
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 '
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
- 0 .
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NOTE; A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent.
§ercentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
ource: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
15
0
1.5
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
30
75 90
45 120
45 120
60 120
30 120
60 121
45 120
45 120
0 0
50 120
15 120
60 121
60 121
60 121
45 120
60 120
45 105
60 121
30 120
60 121
30 121
37.5 120
30 60
60 120
60 120
30 60
45 120
60 121
40 120
60 121
45 120
52.5 120
60 120
30 105
45 120
60 120
45 120
45 120
60 121
N = doer sample size.
95 98
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
0 0
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 121
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
0 0
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
Percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-73
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-59. Number of Minutes Spent Playing in Outdoors on Sand, Gravel, Dirt, or Grass
When Fill Dirt Was Present by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Day
Total N
0-0 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 70-80 80-90 110-120
121
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Agc(ycars)
Refused
Employment
Full Tjme
Not Employed
Refused
Education
High School Graduate
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
%Vest
Day of Week
weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
urnrr
"I
Asthma
Anncina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
No
Yes
700
352
347
2?6
200
237
I8
,56
41
T
149
?
461
22
1
124
128
273
175
445
255
107
m
91
f
699
ff
53 380
26
27
11
I
40
,62
23
12
8
!4o
17
12
48
53
52
183
,96
118
380
51
22
29
,'4
5*'
51
29
18
11
10
29
28
48
33
15
13
1
03
19
38
2
117
33
2
10
17
1
;45
32
3
*
140
91
17
32
!40
9
44
38
35
14
70
77
53
80
!35
45
51
34
43
52
i54
25
14
3
19
*
40
5
*
1
5
*
f
*
*
f
8
*
32
*
7
7
2
8
15
?7
6
17
19
9
47
4
8
2
9
*
21
2
2
4
*
21
8
*
HI
f
*
1
*
20
*
2
1
*
,1
7
28*
6
10
12
1
25
4
15
7
13
*
38
6
1
#
1
44
3
*
1
35
8
2
3
M<
35
3
3
4
*
10
20
13
34
14
5
20
19
4
41
7
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
1
Mr
*
i
*
*
48
1
60
24
36
1
48
*
4
40
12
6
40
7
3
1
18
,77
18
38
22
21
25
50
10
60
,8
17 1
4 1
20 1
1
21
!6
15
17
4
18
IS
2
11
6
10
11
2
10
19
21
21
43
21
22
16
17
38
I
38
I
2
35
1
2
6
4
13
20
24
19
12
II
40
3
43
42
Note: "•" Signifies missing data. "DK"k = Respondents answered don't know. Refused = Respondents refused to answer. N = Doer sample size
in specified range of number of minutes spent. A value of " 121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsang and Kleneis. 1996.
Page
15-74
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume 111 - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 -Activity Factors
Table 15-60. Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Sand, Gravel, Dirt,
or Grass When Fill Dirt Was Present (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Pooulation Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-1 i
12-17
18:64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
N
647
326
320
205
185
38
214
2
528
60
5
16
36
574
69
138
25
52
17
67
62
51
18
118
116
250
163
406
241
93
230
245
79
590
56
646
627
20
NOTE: A value of " 12 1 " for number o'f minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
"o
0
•0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
120 minutes
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
"o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
were spent.
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N =
50
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
30
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
75 90
30 100
30 120
30 60
30 120
30 120
30 60
15 60
0 0
30 120
30 74
30 121
20 40
60 120
30 90
30 120
15 60
10 60
10 60
60 121
10 60
15 60
15 30
0 60
30 60
20 60
30 90
60 121
30 88
30 120
45 121
30 105
30 90
10 60
30 110
60 60
30: 100
30 120
37.5 60
doer sample size.
95
121
121
121
121
121
120
120
0
121
120
121
60
121
121
121
120
60
60
121
88
60
60
120
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
90.5
98
121
121
121
121
121
.120
121
0
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Percentiles
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 120
121 121
0 0
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page;
15-75
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-61 , Range of the Time Spent Working in a Garden or Other Circumstances in a Month by the Number of Respondents
Hours/Momh
Total *-* 0-0 0-24
N
Overall 4663 91 2928 1312
Gender
Male 2163 38 1309 628
Female 2498 53 1618 683
Refused 2 » I 1
Age (years)
** 84 11 51 17
1-4 263 7 189 55
5-11 348 7 225 100
12-17 326 5 236 75
18-64 2972 37 1813 900
>64 670 24 414 165
Hace
White 3774 59 2303 1128
Black 463 9 351 77
Asian 77 1 50 25
Some Others 96 2 64 23
Hispanic 193 6 126 50
RcfUscd 60 14 34 9
Hispanic
No 4244 65 2669 1206
Yes 347 II 218 94
DK 26 1 IS 5
Refused 46 14 23 7
Employment
* 926 19 638 230
Full Time 2017 18 1235 600
Pan Time 379 4 234 120
Not Employed 1309 39 808 354
Refused 32 1 1 13 8
Education
* 1021 34 699 246
< High School 399 18 263 86
High School Graduate 1253 25 770 355
< College 895 11 545 265
College Graduate 650 1 406 200
Post Graduate 445 2 245 160
Census Region
Northeast 1048 17 714 259
Midwest 1036 23 687 273
South 1601 35 989 446
West 978 16 538 334
DavofWcck
IVeekday 3156 62 1982 890
Weekend 1507 29 946 422
Season
Winter 1264 9 1038 171
Spring 1181 29 614 434
Summer 1275 39 690 421
Fall 943 14 586 286
Asthma
NO 4287 70 2697 1206
Yes 341 6 216 101
DK 35 15 15 5
Angina
No 4500 74 2825 1277
Yes 125 4 86 29
DK 38 13 17 6
Bronchitis/emphysema
No 4424 72 2766 1265
Yes 203 5 146 43
DK 36 14 16 4
24-48
145
77
68
*
4
9
6
97
29
127
9
2
1
135
9
*
I
20
68
9
48
22
11
41
33
19
19
24
19
64
38
96
49
20
50
56
19
135
10
*
143
i
1
140
5
*
48-72
81
41
40
2
1
52
19
69
8
2
1
?
385
335
22
IS
12
12
12
IS
26
25
54
27
290
33
19
77
4
77
1
77
2
72-96
28
16
12
#
2
*
*
16
g
22
1
*
25
3
*
2
12
2
12
3
4
9
6
3
4
11
8
18
10
5
8
12
3
27
*
28
*
*
27
*
96-
120
23
9
14
1
*
16
21
*
*
1
20
#
9
4
7
4
7
3
1
8
5
15
8
3
9
4
23
*
!
22
*
Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered don't know. Refused
specified range of number of minutes spent,
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996
120-
144
1
1
*
#
*
*
1
*
1
*
|
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
1
1
*
*
*
1
#
I
#
]
*
1
*
*
144-
168
10
8
2
1
*
7
2
7
1
8
1
1
7
#
1
1
1
1
1
3
*
4
3
8
2
2
4
2
2
10
*
10
*
10
#
*
168-
192
5
4
i
2
4
1
*
5
2
2
2
*
2
*
I
*
4
1
2
2
1
5
*
5
*
5
*
192- 216-
216 240
12 8
10 8
2 *
* *
1 *
8 8
3 *
11 7
* 1
12 8
.1 *
10 8
1 *
1 *
1 *
8 4
2 4
* *
2 1
3 *
3 6
4 1
6 7
6 i
2 *
4 5
3 3
3 *
12 6
* *
12 8
# *
* *
12 8
* *
* *
= respondents refused to answer.
240-
264
3
2
*
*
3
3
3
*
2
1
*
*
*
3
*
*
1
*
2
1
*
2
*
3
*
*
i
#
1
*
264-
288
1
1
liC
1
*
*
*
1
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
*
1
*
*
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
1
#
*
288- 312-
312 336
1 14
* 11
1 3
* 1
# #
* 13
1 *
I 10
* 2
J ",2
* 1
* 11
1 1
: i
1 4
* 4
* 1
* 3
* 2
I 4
* 5
1 11
* 3
1 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
1 13
* 1
* #
1 14
* f
* #
1 14
* *
* *
N = doer sample size in
Page
15-76
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-62. Number of Hours Spent Working with Soil in a Garden or Other Circumstances Working (hours/month)
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No .
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Grad
< College
College Grad.
Post Grad.
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Percentiles
N
4572
2125
2445
256
341
321
2935
646
3715
454
76
94
187
4179
336
1999
375
1270
381
1228
884
649
443
1031
1013
1566
962
3094
1478
1255
1152
1236
929
4217
335
4426
121
4352
198
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered don't know. Refused =
Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsans and Kleoeis, 1996.
25 50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
respondents
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
75 90
3 15
3 20
2 12
1 7
2 10
1 5
3 16
3 25
3 16
0 8
1.5 6
2 15
2 12
3 15
2 15
4 20
3 12
3 20
2 16
3.5 20
4 20
3 16
5 20
1 10
2 10
3 18
5 20
3 15
3 15
0 4
5 20
5 25
3 10
3 15
2 12
3 15
2 7
3 15
1 7
refused to answer.
95 98
40 88
50 150
30 60
20 60
20 50
10 40
40 90
60 90
40 88
30 60
15 '24
60 150
25 90
40 80
32 90
45 144
32 90
45 64
60 120
50 120
40 90
40 70
40 61
30 90
30 60
40 90
50 90
40 80
40 90
12 50
45 110
50 96
30 88
40 90
30 60
40 88
24 60
40 88
24 60
99 100
160 320
230 320
90 320
120 150
60 320
60 200
200 320
160 300
160 320
160 320
40 40
200 200
320 320
180 320
120 320
240 320
120 320
100 320
160 320
200 320
240 320
100 320
90 320
120 320
120 320
180 320
200 320
160 320
150 320
90 320
200 320
160 320
180 320
160 320
80 320
160 320
110 120
180 320
80 100
N = doer sample size.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-77
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 -Activity Factors
Table 15-63. Range of Number of Minutes Spent Playing on Grass in a Day by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Day
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
1-4
5-11
12-17
'If4
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Pan Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
IVeekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
Wo
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
Total •-*
N
700 43
352 25
347 18
3 *
216 10
200 • 15
41 2
217 I6
3 *
?88 f
i56 :
41 4
2 *
619 38
7 1
3 *
1 *
461 27
149 8
29 2
60 5
1 1
461 27
22 2
73 4
66 2
54 3
24 5
124 5
128 8
273 21
175 9
445 33
255 10
107 12
240 9
262 12
91 10
638 38
61 5
1 *
699 43
1 *
679 43
21 *
0-0 0-10 10-20
79 49 49
35 23 25
44 26 24
* 1 1
24 19 21
24 10 10
5 1 2
2.6 '1 !?
f f f
* 1 *
4 * 1
522
1 * *
65 44 42
13 5 7
ft * ft
54 31 34
16 12 10
5 1 i
454
54 31 34
2 1 1
894
746
534
3 1 *
14 10 4
7 10 10
22 20 25
36 9 10
55 35 32
24 14 17
22 6 6
23 16 13
20 20 18
14 7 12
73 46 44
635
* * *
79 49 48
» * i
76 49 47
3*2
20-30 30-40 40-50
85
41
44
25
19
8
32
1
58
14
3
9
*
73
11
1
52
21
6
6
52
4
6
e3
4
13
15
30
27
55
30
15
28
36
6
78
7
*
85
#
83
2
NOTE: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes. Refusec
Source: Tsang and KIepeis.1996.
7 - 11
3 5
4 6
1 4
2 3
* i
4 3
7 9
« I
ft *
* *
* i
6 11
1 *
# *
3 8
3 3
* *
1 *
3 8
# *
1 1
2 *
1 1
* I
* 3
1 3
5 4
1 1
3 7
4 4
2 *
1 5
2 5
2 1
7 9
* 2
* *
7 11
* *
7 11
* *
50-60 60-70
125
64
61
35
38
8
44
98
15
4
8
#
110
14
1
81
25
4
15
81
9
20
10
2
26
23
52
24
82
43
15
49
48
13
114
10
1
125
*
120
5
i
*
1
*
1
*
#
i
*
«
#
1
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
#
*
*
i
*
*
1
*
«
1
«
i
*
#
i
#
i
*
70-80
1
1
*
I
ft
*
*
1
ft
*
#
1
*
I
*
ft
*
1
*
ft
ft
#
1
*
ft
1
*
ft
ft
ft
1
1
*
ft
I
ft
1
ft
80-90
21
12
9
8
8
1
4
17
1
1
*
18
3
17
2
2
*
17
ft
3
1
2
4
11
4
15
6
5
7
7
2
18
3
*
21
*
20
1
90-
100
1
+
I
ft
1
ft
ft
i
*
*
*
i
*
1
*
«
*
i
*
*
*
1
ft
*
ft
i
*
*
I
ft
ft
i
ft
*
i
*
i
*
100-
110
2
I
1
i
*
ft
1
1
*
ft
1
*
1
1
1
*
*
1
1
|
#
*
*
2
*
1
1
#
1
I
*
2
*
*
2
*
2
#
110- 121-
120 121
66 160
33 84
33 75
18 49
20 49
8 5
20 54
56 139
5 11
2 3
3 6
* *
62 146
4 13
46 104
13 36
3 5
4. 15
46 104
3 5
6 22
3 9
6 15
2 5
10 36
15 31
23 57
18 36
38 87
28 73
5 19
26 61
29 63
6 17
60 146
6 14
* #
66 160
* *
65 153
1 7
120 minutes were spent. N = doer sample size. Percentiles are the
= respondent refused to answer.
Page
15-78
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-64. Number of Minuies Spent Playing on Grass (minutes/day)
Percenciles
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
> 64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
N
657
327
329
206
185
39
221
3
532
65
5
16
37
581
72
141
27
55
20
69
64
51
19
119
120
252
166
412
245
95
231
250
81
600
56
656
636
21
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NOTE: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minuies.
Source: Tsane and Kleoeis, 1996
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• o
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
120 minutes
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
3
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
1
0
0
7.5
1
0
0
1
0
1
1.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
20
20
15
15
30
30
20
30
20
20
30
10
30
20
10
20
15
23
30
15
17.5
30
25
30
30
20
10
15
30
4
30
30
10
20
22.5
20
20
30
were spent.
50
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
121
60
58
30
60
60
60
35
60
60
60
60
60
46.5
60
60
60
60
60
45
60
60
30
60
60
35
60
60
60
60
60
75 90
120 121
121 121
120 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
120 121
121 121
121 121
90 121
30 121
120 121
110 121
121 121
100 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
120.5 121
121 121
60 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 121
120 121
120 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
121 121
120 121
120 121
120.5 121
120 121
120 121
121 121
N = doer sample size.
95 98
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
Percemiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-79
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-65
. Number ofTimes Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the Number of Respondents
Times/Month
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Ag^ (years)
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
m
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Relused
Hispanic
&
pK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
PartTime
Noi Employed
Refuscu
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Da3V&fckdayk
Weekend
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
m
Angina
Wo
of
Bronchitis/Emphysema
I
Total N
653
300
352
I
683
'sf
360
38
f
13
12
¥
591
243
240
43
122
257
16
112
f
13.6
235
152
445
208
62
174
363
54
590
¥
639
6
621
1
147
62
85
j2]
if
86
11
126
3
I
135
10
2
47
56
13
1
52
28
29
22
15
i
If
97
50
61
12
132
14
143
3
138
8
2
94
47
47
124
48
2
74
2
i
y
2
41
38
,22
1
43
2
15
11
If
15
21
36
67
27
u
45
12
81
11
2
90
1
91
1
3
73
37
36
1
7
50
1
64
2
2
4
68
*
21
38
21
16
11
14
8
10
29
17
52
21
,59
41
8
67
5
73
#
71
2
4
47
20
27
|
4
27
3
44
*
2
44
17
15
18
y
10
6
16
g
13
36
11
29
2
43
4
47
*
#
45
1
5
42
16
26
|
1
22
2
32
6
I
i
13
I
17
6
9
5
I
25
17
4
6
38
3
41
1
40
2
6
26
17
9
4
4
4
11
2
25
*
1
25
12
10
3
1
12
1
2
3
I
12
15
11
2
7
15
2
25
*
26
*
*
25
1
7
11
5
6
1
2
5
1
10
1
*
'l°
3
i
2
5
1
3
1
1
7
9
2
*
g
*
10
1
*
10
1
10
1
8
26
9
17
3
f
14
2
23
1
I
25
10
8
1
11
1
7
4
4
4
'8°
14
12
,1
1
24
2
26
24
1
9
2
2
*
1
*
I
#
*
2
*
*
2
2
*
2
*
*
*
2
1
1
*
*
2
2
#
2
*
2
*
*
10
38
16
22
4
g
18
1
36
1
1
36
18
10
4
6
19
4
5
13
9
10
6
24
14
2
8
27
1
37
I
37
*
1
38
*
*
11
3
2
1
*
#
*
3
*
2
*
*
3
*
1
2
*
1
«
*
1
*
2
*
2
1
1
*
2
*
3
*
3
#
*
2
1
12
27
13
14
2
f
15
4
23
1
3
234
8
g
9
g
}
8
4
g
18
9
14
3
25
2
27
*
*
27
*
*
13
2,
1
1
1
*
1
#
2
s*
*
1
1
1
#
#
1
#
*
1
1
*
*
2
*
*
2
2
*
2
*
*
2
#
*
14
2
*
i
1
1
#
*
1
»
2
#
*
2
1
1
*
#
1
*
*
2
*
2
A
*
2
2
*
2
*
2
*
15
27
16
y
2
11
10
2
21
2
*
4
*
234
15
6
5
15
4
4
8
21
6
|,
1
22
5
26
1
25
2
*
16
2
1
*
2
*
*
1
• *
*
2
2
*
*
*
2
*
*
*
2
1
1
*
i
*
2
*
*
2
*
#
2
*
*
Page
15-80
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-65. Number of Times Swimming in a Month
in Freshwater Swimming Pool by the Number of Respondents (continued)
Times/Month
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Agc_ (years)
1-4
U\7
i86l4
Race
White
Black
Asian,
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
fi°
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High .School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
to
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Yes
DK
18
2
*
2
*
*
|
1
2
*
*
#
2
*
1
*
1
*
1
*
*
*
1
*
*
2
*
i
i
i
2
*
2
*
2
*
20
25
18
2
4
'l5
19
1
1
1
23
1
9
8
*
7
11
6
2
4
7
7
IS
8
10
4
21
1
24
1
22
2
Note: * Signifies missing data; "DK" =
Source; Tsang And Klepeis, 1996
23
1
#
1
#
*
1
1
1
#
$
*
1
#
*
*
1
#
*
#
i
i
*
*
1
1
*
!
*
i
*
respondent
24
1
*
1
1
*
1
1
|
*
*
1
*
*
*
#
*
4
i
*
*
*
1
1
*
1
*
1
*
25
9
4
5
2
7
9
9
2
1
2
#
4
2
2
4
2
*
?
9
«
9
*
9
*
26
2
2
#
1
2
2
1
*
1
2
*
*
*
]_
*
1
1
1
*
1
1
*
2
*
2
*
28
1
1
*
*
1
1
1
*
1
*
#
*
*
*
*
I
*
id
i
i
#
i
*
i
#
i
*
i
#
answered don't know;
29
1
#
1
• |
*
*
1
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
#
*
*
|
*
1
*
*
1
1
*
i
*
i
*
30
26
10
16
2
1
19
3
f
a
6
9
4
2
4
f,
19
1
23
26
*
23
#
N= sample size;
31 32 40
2 1
2 1
* *
* 1
2 *
* *
2 1
* *
2 1
Ht *
* 1
2 *
* *
* 1
* *
2 *
1 *
* *
i *
* 1
2 *
1 *
* *
1 1
2 1
* *
2 1
* *
* *
2 1
* *
* *
Refused =
2
1
2
2
*
2
*
2
*
*
*
2
1
I
1
*
*
2
2
*
2
*
2
*
respondent
42
2
1
1
2
*
2
#
1
1
*
1
itt
1
1
*
tic
*
2
1
He
2
#
1
2
*
45
1
*
1
!
*
*
1
*
1
*
1
*
*
#
|
*
*
*
1
#
*
*
1
1
*
i
*
1
*
50
1
*
1
1
*
*
*
1
*
|
|
*
1
#
#
*
*
*
I
1
* .
i
*
1
1
*
1
%
60 DK
2 5
* 4
2 1
* *
i 3
1 1
2 5
* *
* *
2 4
» 1
1 1
* 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
* 2
* 1
* 1
* *
1 4
1 »
2 4
* 1
# He
1 2
1 ,3
2 5
* *
# #
1 1
* *
2 4
* 1
* *
refused to answer.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-81
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-66. Range of the Average Amount of Time Actually
Spent in the Water by Swimmers by the Number of Respondents
Minutes/Month
Total
N »-* 0-10
Overall 653 13 62
Gender
Male 300 5 31
Female 352 7 31
Refused 1 1 *
Age (years)
1-4 63 3 5
5-11 100 5 3
12-17 84 1 3
18-64 360 3 45
>64 38 » 4
Race
White 555 7 53
Black 30 3 I
Asian 13 * 1
SomeOlhers 12 * 1
Hispanic 35 1 5
Refused 8 2 1
Hispanic
No 591 11 57
Yes 55 1 5
Refused 5 i *
Employment
* 243 9 11
Full Time 240 3 31
Part Time 43 * 3
Not Employed 122 1 16
Refused 5 * 1
Education
« 257 9 13
< High School 16 * 4
High School Graduate 112 I 12
< College 104 2 15
College Graduate 93 I 8
Post Graduate 71 * 10
Census Region
Northeast 136 2 12
Midwest 130 3 10
South 235 8 20
West 152 * 20
Day of Week
Weekday 445 11 45
Weekend 208 2 17
Season
Winter 62 2 6
Spring 174 3 21
Summer 363 7 29
Fall 54 1 6
Asthma
No 590 12 52
Yes 56 1 9
DK 7*1
Angina
No 639 13 60
Yes 8 * *
DK 6*2
Bronchitis/emphysema
No 621 13 56
Yes 26 * 5
DK 6*1
10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
75
38
37
1
12
2
7
50
3
67
1
1
2
4
«
67
8
*
20
29
10
16
22
2
10
16
15
10
17
17
19
22
52
23
6
24
36
9
71
3
1
73
2
*
72
3
*
120
60
60
2
12
12
10
75
9
105
4
3
1
4
3
108
10
2
34
51
12
21
2
35
3
16
27
21
18
28
27
37
28
82
38
10
37
64
9
114
4
2
118
1
1
115
4
I
20
6
14
I
5
2
g
4
18
1
1
*
19
1
*
8
4
1
7
8
#
5
2
2
3
5
4
6
5
14
6
5
7
6
2
19
1
19
1
#
19
1
*
39
17
22
4
4
6
22
3
36
*
*
2
1
35
3
1
13
14
3
8
1
15
*
8
4
6
6
9
8
15
7
23
16
3
12
20
4
33
5
1
37
1
I
37
1
I
131
55
76
8
25
15
74
9
109
8
4
7
120
10
1
*
48
51
2
30
50
3
26
20
17
15
20
24
56
31
87
44
14
32
77
8
117
14
*
130
I
*
123
7
1
60-70 70-80
8 2
3 *
5 2
* *
* #
* 1
8 *
* 1
8 2
* *
* *
* *
8 2
* *
* *
* 1
3 *
I *
4 1
* 1
1 *
1 1
3 *
1 *
2 *
3 1
1 *
* *
4 i
7 2
1 *
* *
* 2
6 *
2 *
8 2
* *
* *
8 2
* #
* *
7 2
* *
1 *
80-90
31
18
13
2
7
8
13
I
24
5
I
1
29
2
*
16
8
5
2
17
1
5
4
1
3
4
6
13
8
• 19
12
3
6
20
2
26
5
30
1
#
31
*
110
90-100 120
2
i
1
*
*
1
1
#
2
*
*
*
2
*
*
i
*
l
1
*
1
*
*
*
*
*
I
1
#
2
1
1
*
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
68
28
40
2
7
16
14
26
3
59
1
1
2
4
1
62
5
1
37
21
2
7
1
39
*
11
6
10
2
13
17
26
12
46
22
7
13
44
4
64
3
1
66
1
1
67
*
1
ISO-
ISO
10
6
4
.
1
2
4
3
9
1
*
*
*
*
9
1
*
7
3
*
*
7
*
*
1
2
*
3
1
4
2
8
2
1
3
6
*
9
1
10
*
*
10
1C
*
180- 181-
180 181
32 40
17 15
15 25
* *
3 5
11 8
6 6
12 20
* 1
26 30
1 .5
* . |
I 2
4 2
* *
28 34
4 5
* *
19 19
10 12
* 4
3 5
20 20
* 2
5 10
2 2
4 5
1 1
9 10
7 5
12 18
4 7
22 27
10 13
1 3
6 7
23 25
2 5
26 35
6 '5
* *
32 39
* *
» 1
30 37
2 3
* *
Note: * Signifies missing data. DK = respondents answered don't know. Ref = respondents refused to answer. N = doer sample size in
specified range of number of minutes spent. Values of 120, 150, and 180 for number of minutes signify that 2 hours, 2.5 hours, and 3 hours,
respectively, were spent.
Source: Tsans and Kleoeis. 1996.
Page
15-82
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 -Activity Factors
Table
Category
Overall
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day of Week
Day of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
15-67. Number of Minutes Spent Swimming in a Month in Freshwater Swimming Pool (minutes/month)
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Percentiles
N
640
295
345
60
95
83
357
38
548
27
13
12
34
580
54
237
43
121
16
111
102
92
71
134
127
227
152
434
206
60
171
356
53
578
55
626
8
608
26
1
2
3
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
10
4
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
1
3
3
2
.5
4
5
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
15
3
2
Note: A Value of 181 for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsanp and Kleoeis. 1996.
2
3
4
3
3
3
5
3
5
3
10
4
2
3
3
5
4
2
2
1
5
3
3
10
8
5
3
3
3
5
3
4
3
10
3
3
3
15
3
2
5
10
8
10
7.5
20
15
5
8
10
15
4
2
5
10
5
5
5
8
1
8
5
10
10
10
10
5
5
8
10
5
5
10
10
10
4
10
15
10
5
10
15
10
15
15
30
20
10
10
15
30
20
15
10
15
15
10
15
10
2
10
10
15
10
15
15
15
10
10
15
12.5
10
15
10
15
10
15
15
15
5
25 50
30 60
30 45
30 60
20 42.5
45 60
40 60
20 45
30 40
30 45
60 60
30 60
25 60
20 60
30 60
30 52.5
20 45
20 30
20 45
12.5 30
30 60
20 30
22.5 42.5
20 30
30 45
30 45
30 60
20 45
30 60
30 60
30 52.5
20 40
30 60
20 45
30 55
30 60
30 60
25 42.5
30 60
15 42.5
75 90
90 180
90 180
90 180
120 180
120 180
120 180
60 120
60 120
90 180
150 181
60 120
150 181
120 180
90 180
120 180
60 150
90 120
60 120
60.5 181
90 180
60 120
60.5 150
60 70
120 180
90 150
120 180
61 120
90 180
90 180
90 120
60 120
120 180
70 180
90 180
120 . 180
90 180
75 120
90 180
60 181
180 minutes were spent, N = doer sample size.
95
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
120
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
180
181
181
120
181
120
181
180
181
180
181
181
180.5
180
181
181
181
181
181
120
181
181
98
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
180
181
180
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
120
181
181
99 100
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
'181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 1S1
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
181 181
120 120
181 181
181 181
Percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-83
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-68. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Working in a Main Job
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
A$c (ycirs) *
Age (yean) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Rice Black
Rue Asian
Rice Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region Wesi
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchiu's/Emphyiema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
Percentiles
N
3259
1733
1526
80
3
10
38
2993
135
2630
343
57
56
125
48
2980
221
12
46
47
2679
395
112
26
108
217
1045
795
627
467
721
755
1142
641
2788
471
864
791
910
694
3042
195
22
3192
44
23
3120
116
23
Mean
475.909
492.305
457.288
472.375
16.667
150.4
293.158
484.822
366.148
477.536
466.551
464.053
477.411
465.88
492.083
475.393
481.493
529.583
468.522
257.915
504.35
364.587
270.946
513.577
343.037
473.502
482.03
475.585
484,526
483.041
475.964
477.008
478.231
470.415
487.858
405.18
475.784
472.972
477.185
477.739
477.013
453.354
523.182
475.735
472.068
507.391
476.547
446.991
535.21?
Stdev
179.067
186.996
167.74
1 83.298
11.547
185.796
180.681
173.083
208.656
179.01
175.989
177.305
181.661
185.322
191.623
179.214
174.32
146.226
201.347
202.833
164.818
159.361
216.024
155.456
211,879
216.729
180,638
174.025
159,816
169.574
180.84
182.167
176.739
177.801
166.167
229.526
172,828
195.425
.179.907
165.961
176.967
204.227
216.952
178.389
200.68
230.296
178.194
189.381
226.256
Stderr
3.1367
4.4919
4.294
20.4933
6.6667
58.754
29.3103
3.1638
17.9582
3.4906
9.5025
23.4846
24.2754
16,5757
27.6584
3.2829
1 1 .726
42.2117
29.687
29.5863
3.1843
8.0183
20,4123
30.4875
20,3881
14.7125
5.5879
6.172
6.3824
7.847
6.7348
6.6297
5.23
7.0227
3.147
10.576
5.8797
6.9485
5.9639
6.2998
3.2086
14.625
46.2542
3.1574
30.2536
48.02
3.1902
17.5836
'47.1777
Min
1
!
2
5
10
2
5
1
5
1
5
5
45
2
50
1
2
295
10
2-
1
5
4
170
2
4
1
2
5
1
1
2
1
5
1
2
5
1
1
2
1
5
170
1
10
80
1
S
170
Max
1440
1440
1440
940
30
550
840
1440
990
1440
1037
870
855
840
957
1440
1106
757
860
840
1440
945
990
840
860
1440
1440
1440
1005
945
1440
1440
1440
1080
1440
1440
1440
1440
1215
1005
1440
1440
1215
1440
990
1215
1440
985
1215
5
120
120
120
117.5
10
2
15
140
30
120
105
45
75
95
120
120
150
295
115
5
180
80
9
225
10
85
120
140
120
125
120
120
105
120
155
30
150
75
120
130
120
45
225
120
60
170
120
30
225
25 50
395 500
417 510
390 485
377,5 482.5
10 10
10 67.5
185 269
420 505
185 395
400 500
390 490
390 493
415 510
360 485
410 507.5
395 500
405 505
425 554
350 497.5
65 245
450 510
250 365
82.5 245
440 510
176.5 342.5
360 485
405 500
409 495
424 510
400 510
405 495
395 495
405 505
390 500
425 505
245 415
390 495
390 495
400 500
405 510
400 500
345 480
430 500
395 500
386 500
430 500
400 500
367.5 480
430 500
75
570
595
543
560
30
264
390
570
500
570
550
553
570
580
575
570
580
610
585
390
582
480
377.5
570
510
568
565
563
570
590
570
570
570
570
570
555
570
570
565
570
570
550
565
570
572.5
565
570
557.5
600
90
660
690
620
672.5
30
447.5
510
660
600
660
655
660
680
720
810
660
670
710
780
540
675
540
600
778
610
710
670
648
645
660
669
660
660
657
660
670
660
670
670
645
660
668
780
660
679
780
660
644
860
95 98 99
740 840 930
770 890 955
690 785 '850
850 900 . 940
30 30 30
550 550 550
675 840 840
745 840 930
660 840 940
735 845 933
735 880 990
750 780, 870
765 780, 855
750 825 840
840 957 957
740 850 940
740 825 840
757 757 757
818 860 860
625 840 840
750 855 950
600 675 795
675 795 870
790 840 840
675 840 840
795 940 1080
765 890 979
750 825 905
720 765 815
730 810 860
740 890 950
750 825 940
735 840 900
730 850 880
740 840 930
770 870 960
735 835 900
765 850 915
750 890 979
720 '780 840
740 840 930
793 855 979
860 1215 1215
740 840 930
730 990 990
860 1215 1215
740 840 930
720 800 855
875 1215 1215
Note: A """ Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Slderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Pctcentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane nnd Klcneis. 1996.
Page
15-84
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-69. Statistics fof 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparation
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-1?
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Or
Education < College
4278
1342
2936
94
24
60
131
3173
796
3584
377
62
66
132
57
3960
254
20
44
210
1988
419
1626
35
291
450
jduate 1449
954
Education College Graduate 659
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region Soulh
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
475
953
956
1452
917
2995
1283
1174
1038
1147
919
3948
300
30
4091
149
38
4024
216
38
Percentiles
Mean
52.35
37.77
59.02
52
56.46
25.17
21.7
52.07
60.5
51.62
57.03
54
50.59
58.76
53.14
51.84
58.99
54.95
58.61
27,17
45.46
53.85
63.62
53.S4
3K7!
61.26
58,84
51.99
46.2
46.04
52.3
53.23
53,35
49.91
50.05
57.72
50.62
54.39
51,34
53.54
52.02
57,14
47,63
52.18
56.81
53.97
52.01
56.91
62.39
Stdev
52.877
42.133
55.872
43.217
60.37
29.688
37.69
52.872
54.669
53.259
52.289
41.822
53,237
49.73
49.297
52,603
56.694
53.2
53.296
40,549
, 46.66
55.413
57.743
66.78
42.621
53.232
56,665
52.238
48.078
48.686
53.178
51.814
53.471
52.72
49.979
58.762
48.626
54.484
54.194
54.535
53.176
49.443
44.812
52.97
48.238
60.417
53.092
46.683
61.703
Stderr Min
0,8084
1.1501
1.0311
4.4575
12.3229
3.8327
3.293
0.9386
1 .9377
0.8896
2.693
5.3115
6.553
4,3285
6.5295
0.8359
3.5573
1 1 .8959
8.0346
2.7981
1.0465
2.7071
1.432
11.2879
2.4985
2.5094
1.4886
1.6913
1.8728
2.2339
1.7226
1.6758
1.4032
1.741
0.9132
1.6405
1.4192
1 .691 1
1.6002
1.7989
0.8463
2.8546
8.1815
0.8282
3.9518
9.8009
0.837
3.1764
10.0096
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" - The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes
Source: Tsane and Klepeis, 1 996.
1
1
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
6
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1 .
1
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
I
. 1
2
1
3
2
Max
555
480
555
215
240
120
385
555
525
555
390
210
295
315
210
555
420
240
210
385
480
520
555
340
385
555
520
525
515
375
480
520
555
515
555
420
480
525
555
520
555
272
195
555
340
240
555
240
240
5 25
5 20
5 13
5 25
5 20
5 22.5
2 5
2 .5
5 20
5 25
5 19
5 20
5 20
5 IS
5 23,5
5 20
5 20
5 20
8 25
5 27.5
2 5
5 15
5 20
5 29
2 20
2 5
5 30
5 22
5 20
5 15
5 15
5 20
5 20
5 15,5
5 15
5 19
5 20
5 18
5 20
.5 20
5 20
5 20
5 20,5
5 10
5 20
5 25
2 10
• 5 20
5 20
2 20
50
35
30
45
40
30
11
10
35
45
35
40
50
33,5
52,5
40
35
45
45
37.5
15
30
40
45
30
15
45
45
34.5
30'
30
40
35
35
31
35
40
35
38.5
35
37
35
45
32.5
35
45
32.5
35
45
42.5
75
65
50
75
60
75
30
30
65
80
65
75
70
70
79.5
60
65
75
60
80
30
60
65
90
60
37
90
75
65
60
60
60
65
70
60
60
75
65
70
60
67
65
75
60
65
80
60
65
85
90
90 95
115 150
80 105
120 155
110 ISO
150 180
60 107
55 70
110 145
120 150
110 145
120 150
105 130
115 150
110 135
120 180
111 145
120 155
112,5 180
150 180
60 90
90 130
105 125
125 170
120 195
75 120
120 150
120 155
110 150
100 125
95 135
no 140
120 150
120 150
105 135
105 132
130 180
110 135
120 150
110 137
120 155
110 145
120 160
117.5 120
115 150
120 135
120 240
110 145
120 150
150 240
98 99
210 265
150 210
224 272
195 215
240 240
120 120
90 90
210 265
240 270
210 265
210 240
175 210
210 295
225 285
195 210
205 255
240' 315
240 240
210 210
120 ISO
180 240
205 255
240 275
340 340
155 195
197 225
240 310
210 245
180 224
200 270
205 255
210 265
195 245
225 265
180 240
240 300
195 240
224 265
208 300
200 265
210 265
199 240
195 195
210 265
180 210
240 240
210 265
198 210
240 240
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-85
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-70. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minuies Spent in Food Cleanup
Group Name Croup Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (yews) > 64
Race White
Race Black
R*c<8 Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
EJucation < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Ailhma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
Percemiles
N Mean
1 143 32.9948
204 27.4951
939 34.1896
24 31.0417
5 41.6
9 28.4444
28 26.75
808 31.3317
269 38.8067
976 32.9652
82 33.2805
1 1 27.0909
17 29.7059
42 35.6429
15 34
1057 32.7351
68 38.9265
6 24.1667
12 26.6667
39 28.1538
432 28.4236
134 28.903
528 38.2254
10 28
59 27.2542
135 41.8593
445 33.3483
259 33.5907
142 27.7254
103 28,9029
295 32.6169
252 28.4643
343 35.9242
253 33.9763
782 32.1957
361 34.7258
303 33.1188
245 30.2939
293 33.157
302 34.904
1047 32.7708
91 35.956
5 26
1092 32.9661
45 32.3111
6 43.3333
1065 31.77
71 50.8592
7 38.1429
Stdev
40.379
20.398
43.44
28.013
48.04
21,634
20.573
27.053
67.357
41.685
28.602
22.047
34.797
39.899
28.234
40.353
44.877
9.704
18.2S7
25,77
22.686
21.322
53.763
21.884
22.695
58.603
45.827
30.026
21.846
34.476
28.347
22.677
52.496
46.539
43.579
32.371
51.809
26.108
29.932
45.406
40.408
40.996
20.736
40.95
22.926
41.793
28.195
118.417
41.119
Stderr Min
1.1944
1.4282
1,4176
5,7182
21.4839
7.2113
3.8879
0.9517
4.1068
1.3343
3.1585
6.6476
8.4396
6.1565
7.2899
1.2412
5.4422
3.9616
5.2705
4.1265
1.0915
1.842
2.3398
6.9202
2.9546
5.0437
2.1724
1.8657
1.8333
3.397
1 .6504
1.4285
2.8345
2.9259
1.5584
1.7037
2.9763
1.668
1.7487
2.6128
1.2488
4.2975
9.2736
1.2392
3.4175
17.062
0.864
14.0535
15.5417
Note: A "** Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
minutes. Pcrcenufcs are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: T«ing and Kleneis, 1 996.
1
1
1
10
3
1
2
1
1
1
5
3
5
3
5
1
3
10
5
1
2
3
1
10
1
2
1
5
1
3
3
1
I
3
1
5
1
2
2
1
I
2
10
1
5
10
1
3
2
Max
825
180
825
120
120
75
90
330
825
825
180
75
150
255
90
825
270
35
60
120
255
150
825
60
120
570
825
255
180
330
270
210
825
570
825
270
825
250
270
570
825
255
60
825
120
120
330
825
120
5 25
8 15
10 15
5 15
10 15
3 15
I 15
5 12.5
10 15,
5 15
8 IS
10 15
3 15
5 10
10 15
5 10
5 IS
10 15
10 15
5 12.5
2 15
8 15
10 15
5 15
10 10
3 10
5 15
10 15
10 15
10 15
5 15
5 15
5 15
10 15
10 15
8 15
8 15
8 15
10 15
5 15
8 15
6 15
8 15
10 10
8 15
5 15
10 10
8 15
5 15
2 10
50
30
25
30
30
15
30
20
30
30
30
30
15
15
30
30
30
30
27.5
25
IS
25
25
30
17.5
20
30
30
30
22.5
25
30
30
30
27
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
30
30
30
30
29
30
75
35
30
35
30
55
30
30
30
40
35
30
30
30
40
60
35
40
30
32.5
30
30
30
45
55
30
45
30
45
30
30
40
30
40
30
30
40
30
30
40
40
35
40
30
35
45
60
35
35
60
90
60
SO
60
60
120
75
60
60
60
60
65
60
60
50
90
60
60
35
60
65
50
60
60
60
60
85
60
60
50
50
60
50
65
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
120
60
70
120
95
85
60
90
105
120
75
65
80
105
84
90
75
150
60
90
85
120
35
60
90
60
60
105
60
75
120
90
85
60
60
90
60
90
75
75
90
85
65
90
90
85
90
60
85
60
120
80
105
120
98 99
120 135
80 85
120 ISO
120 120
120 120
75 75
90 90
120 120
1 30 270
120 130
120 180
75 75
ISO ISO
255 255
90 90
120 130
255 270
35 35
60 60
120 120
90 120
95 100
120 250
60 60
90 120
180 270
120 120
105 150
90 120
60 120
120 120
85 120
120 180
120 255
120 120
120 , 180
120 120
105 120
120 135
120 ISO
120. 120
250 255
60, 60
120 150
120 120
120 120
120 120
570 825
120 120
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
Page
15-86
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-7 1 . Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Cleaning House
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Fyll Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
1910
351
1559
45
11
49
67
1307
431
1614
139
32
26
73
26
1740
134
14
22.
128
673
195
901
13
161
234
Education High School Graduate 665
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day O f Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
432
247
171
454
406
636
414
1287
623
464
445
546
455
1764
133
13
1826
70
14
1791
100
19
Percentiles
Mean
114.798
100.353
118.051
136.2
74.091
42.633
78.746
115.55
125.132
115,85
108.712
97.656
80.5
99.781
179.615
114.153
110.134
136,071
180.682
64.453
100.944
119.415
129.566
235
81.379
135.731
121.899
108.343
101.097
126.105
116.969
114.086
114.36
1 1 3.79
108.319
128.185
105.554
1 14.202
109.908
130.677
114.32
114.699
180.769
113.702
120.371
230
113.894
118.11
182.632
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data, "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Sldev = standard deviation
of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to
Source: Tsane and Kleoeis. 1996.
Stdev
111.683
1 10.445
111.737
114,124
69.42
35.19
79.357
1 1 1 .597
118,341
111.348
106.826
101.091
58.059
110.669
176.878
109.99
115.754
131.591
177.33
66.811
99,87
115.568
118.009
218.908
98.129
121.618
118.814
100.456
96.605
118.897
ll%268
111.049
112.921
104.234
108.542
116.861
98.348
109.757
113.686
122.137
110.119
117.523
214.533
110.563
103.11
210.868
111.025
104.363
179.253
Stderr Min
2.5555 1
5.8951 1
2.8299 1
17.0127 10
20.9308 10
5.0271 1
9.695 1
3.0868 1
5.7003 3
2.7716 1
9.0609 I
17.8705 15
11.3864 5
12.9528 5
34.6886 10
2.6368 1
9.9996 5
35.1691 10
37.8069 10
5.9053 1
3.8497 1
8.276 1
3.9314 3
60.7142 10
7.7337 I
7.9504 3
4.6074 2
4.8332 1
6.1468 1
9.0923 5
5.5037 2
5.5113 1
4.4776 1
5.1228 5
3.0256 1
4.682 1
4.5657 1
5.203 3
4.8653 1
5.7259 1
2.6219 1
10.1905 5
59.5007 10
2.5874 1
12.324 5
56.3569 10
2.6234 1
10.4363 5
41.1234 5
Max
810
810
790
480
270
180
300
' 810
790
790
490
425
210
548
810
790
658
510
810
300
655
660
790
810
810
715
790
570
525
655
790
720
~810
720
790
810
810
720
690
790
790
690
810
790
394
810
790
480
810
5
10
"10
15
10
10
5
5
15
10
10
5
15
10
10
20
10
10
10
20
5
10
15
15
10
5
10
15
10
15
15
10
10
10
15
10
15
10
15
10
15
10
10
10
14
5
10
10
7.5
5
25 50
30 80
30 60
40 90
55 105
40 60
20 30
20 55
30 85
45 90
35 85
30 80
30 60
35 60
30 60
30 135
30 80
34 60
30 92,5
45 138
22.5 45
30 60
45 85
50 95
120 180
28 45
50 115
40 90
30 85
30 60
45 90
30 90
30 80
30 80
40 82.5
30 70
45 90
30 75
30 75
30 71
45 90
30 82,5
33 64
45 120
30 80
30 90
120 210
30 80
32,5 90
50 150
75
150
120
160
180
90
53
105
150
170
155
135
127.5
115
120
240
150
135
210
240
77.5
120
175
180
255
100
180
160
149
127
180
164
150
150
160
150
180
150
165
135
180
150
150
240
150
190
255
150
180
240
90
255
240
255
297
90
90
240
270
250
255
270
265
185
210
390
255
240
240
340
180
240
265
285
450
225
297
270
240
240
280
240
240
270
240
240
290
240
240
245
300
255
270
340
255
262.5
480
255
262.5
340
don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size, Mean =
Stdert f standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max
a given number of minutes.
95
335
310
340
320
270
120
240
350
340
330
358
345
190
345
465
330
360
510
390
240
310
390
360
810
265
390
360
315
315
390
330
325
360
330
315
370
285
340
365
390
330
390
810
330
320
810
340
297.5
810
98 99
465 525
400 495
465 540
480 480
270 270
180 180
285 300
435 510
540 570
435 540
480 484
425 425
210 210
470 548
810 810
435 525
480 548
510 510
'810 810
270 285
410 480
480 540
480 570
810 810
300 375
540 560
484 610
420 470
390 465
495 540
480 655
475 495
435 525
400 470
465 540
435 525
360 465
465 525
465 548
480 560
450 525
470 480
810 810
465 525
370 394
810 810
450 540
467.5 475
810 810
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-87
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-72.
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Rice Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema DK
Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Cleaning
Percentiles
N
692
417
275
13
4
12
20
479
164
621
30
6
12
14
9
652
26
5
9
38
315
52
280
7
46
96
237
142
99
72
144
155
218
175
420
272
128
252
205
107
640
47
5
665
18
9
661
26
5
Mean Stdev
145.9 121.42
160.8 131.68
123.2 99.98
210.5 157.91
138,3 116.84
104.6 62.921
142.3 96.274
147.4 125.22
139.9 112.13
146.4 122.18
134.2 99.049
65 27.568
163.5 97.091
128.2 82.593
206.7 213.95
145.6 121.19
115.3 76.402
218 103.05
216.7 206.64
132.1 88.152
147.7 123.2
135.1 103.74
145.1 122.82
252.9 216.41
136.8 115.99
146 124.59
154.2 126.38
146.7 119.87
137.3 124.43
134.3 103.25
135.2 113.42
131 111.34
158.7 117.58
151.8 138.65
132.5 109.32
166.6 135.66
149.5 135.12
151.3 116,12
133 104.23
153.4 144.65
147.3 121.44
109.1 87.096
312 230.04
143.6 118.92
144.7 96.703
318.9 213.67
146.2 120.68
104.8 85.282
312 230.04
Stderr Min
4.616 2
6.448 10
6.029 2
43.796 30
58.421 30
18.164 30
21.527 30
5.721 2
8.756 2
4.903 2
18.084 2
11.255 30
28.028 39
22.074 30
71.317 30
4.746 2
14.984 10
46.087 120
68.88 60
14.3 30
6.942 4
14.387 2
7.34 2
81.794 15
17.101 2
12.716 2
8.209 5
10.059 4
12.505 10
12.168 10
9.451 * 5
8.943 4
7.964 2
10.481 2
5.334 4
8.225 2
11.943 4
7.315 5
7.28 5
13.984 2
4.8 2
12.704 5
102.879 60
4.61 1 2
22.793 30
71.223 10
4.694 2
16.725 5
102.879 60
Note: A *•* Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don'i know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
minutes, Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes
Source; Tsaniz and Klepeis, 1996.
Max
720
720
635
600
285
210
385
690
720
720
405
90
380
300
600
720
300
380
600
385
690
470
720
600
600
510
720
655
555
495
600
655
635
720
660
720
600
690
635
720
720
510
600
720
330
600
720
375
600
5
25
30
10
30
30
30
32.5
15
30
25
10
30
39
30
30
25
25
120
60
30
30
15
20
15
30
10
30
30
15
30
15
15
30
25
20
30
15
30
20
15
27.5
15
60
25
30
10
30
10
60
25
60
60
60
112
45
58
75
60
60
60
60
30
90
65
60
60
60
140
60
60
60
60
60
120
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
70
60
60
60
59.5
70
60
60
60
60
120
60
60
120
60
60
120
50 75
120 180
120 200
90 160
140 250
119 231.5
80 165
127 157.5
120 180
120 172.5
120 180
117.5 190
77.5 85
157.5 187.5
105 180
120 300
120 180
116.5 145
210 240
120 300
115 165
120 180
112.5 180
120 180
120 465
1 12.5 165
119.5 180
120 180
120 185
95 175
120 165
110 185
95 150
120 195
120 180
105 175
120 227.5
102.5 225
120 180
120 180
120 180
120 180
90 135
300 480
120 180
135 165
325 480
120 180
90 135
300 480
90
300
345
268
395
285
190
300
310
300
305
262.5
90
290
255
600
300
240
380
600
255
300
300
310
600
285
330
310
270
325
290
300
270
330
355
285
345
345
300
270
360
307.5
210
600
300
330
600
300
225
600
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
Min ~ minimum number of minutes. Max
95
405
480
330
600
285
210
372.5
435
350
410
330
90
380
300
600
405
255
380
600
360
435
325
412.5
600
360
465
415
375
475
345
330
360
415
475
360
495
465
410
325
480
400
240
600
385
330
600
395
300
600
98
510
533
390
600
285
210
385
520
480
510
405
90
380
300
600
510
300
380
600
385
530
325
480
600
600
480
520
560
533
465
510
510
510
530
475
533
510
510
475
655
510
510
600
510
330
600
510
375
600
99
570
600
465
600
2S5
210
385
570
510
560
405
' 90
380
300
600
560
300
380
600
385
560
470
655
600
600
510
660
570
555
495
. 555
560
520
690
530
635
520
530
555
660
560
510
600
560
330
600
560
375
600
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
Page
15-88
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume 111 - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-73. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Clothes Care
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) I -4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64 '
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema DK ,
N
893
117
776
10
4
11
21
702
145
737
99
7
10
33
7
836
51
3
3
34
402
116
336
5
43
102
337
193
127
91
222
201
304
166
607
286
254
213
259
167
829
62
2
867
22
4
834
58
1
Mean
79.479
72.248
80.S7
59.5
70
39
37.476
80.474
85.455
80.096
68.636
107.857
62.4
92.879
100.714
78.248
91.176
118.333
185
43.412
73,443
80.724
89.804
87,4
47.488
86.51
85.19
- 85.87
67.756
68.374
76.905
78.448
81.839
79.849
75.853
87,175
82.291
86.103
76.722
71,03
79.534
79.855
45
79.516
81.591
60
78.45
94.621
60
Stdev
73.355
67.028
74,241
34.757
94.251
33.856
39.447
74.354
73.545
73.392
65.289
48.807
39.09
78.01
166.018
72.306
71.178
62,517
251,942
46.313
73.706
68.545
75.166
74.725
48.217
. 60.048
82.249
78.466
56.995
64.714
67.875
75,998
75.654
73.398
72.909
73.832
80.245
79.325
68.328
60.463
74.024
65.269
21.213
73.48
75.756
24.495
73.617
68.927
0
Stderr
2.455
6.197
2,665
10,99!
47.126
10.208
8.60S
2.806
6.108
2.703
6,562
18.447
12.36!
13.58
62.749
2.501
9.967
36.094
145.459
7.943
3.676
6.364
4,101
33.418
7.353
5.946
4.48
5,648
5.058
6.784
4.555
5.36
4.339
5.697
2.959
4.366
5.035
5.435
4.246
4,679
2.571
8.289
15
2.496
16.151
12.247
2.549
9.05!
0
Min
2
5
2
15
5
2
3
2
2
2
5
60
18
5
15
2
5
55
20
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
2
2
5
5
2
2
5
2
2
5
2
2
2
3
2
5
30
2
5
30
2
5
60
Max
535
360
535
120
210
92
150
535
375
535
300
210
120
265
475
535
265
180
475
210
535
335
475
180
210
265
535
475
260
360
535
475
450
405
475
535
475
450
535
300
535
375
60
535
335
90
535
335
60
5
10
7
10
IS
5
2
5
10
10
10
5"
60
18
5
15
!0
5
55
20
3
5
10
10
2
5
15
10
5
10
"5
10
5
10
5
5
10
7
10
8
5
10
10
30
10
10
30
8
15
60
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data, N =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsana and Kleoeis. 1996.
25 50
30 60
20 60
30 60
25 60
17.5 32.5
5 30
10 20
28 60
30 60
30 60
15 45
80 90
21 65
20 90
20 45
30 60
20 90
55 120
20 60
10 30
20 60
30 67.5
35 60
45 60
10 30
38 65
30 60
21 60
20 60
20 60
30 60
20 60
30 60
20 60
25 60
30 65
23 60
30 60
30 60
25 60
30 60
30 66.5
30 45
30 60
30 60
45 60
25 60
60 ' 77.5
60 60
Percentiles
75 90
118 175
90 150
120 180
90 105
122.5 210
. 60 90
60 80
120 180
120 180
118 175
110 165
120 210
90 120
150 210
60 475
115 165
150 190
180 ISO
475 475
60 92
100 155
117,5 180
120 185
150 180
60 92
120 175
120 180
120 190
90 150
90 145
120 150
115 170
115 170
120 180
105 160
120 180
120 190
120 180
115 154
105 150
118 180
120 154
60 60
120 178
120 155
75 90
115 170
120 190
60 60
95
210
210
225
120
210
92
120
'210
245
223
210
210
120
225
475
210
225
180
475
150
223
225
235
180
150
210
240
240
190
210
200
210
235
223
210
223
225
240
190
195
225
180
60
210
195
90
210
240
60
98 99
300 375
300 335
300 375
120 120
210 210
92 92
ISO 150
300 360
300 375
300 375
240 300
210 210
120 120
265 265
475 475
300 360
225 265
180 180
475 475
210 210
300 360
240 330
300 375
180 180
210 210
240 245
375 445
300 375
225 225
245 360
245 300
265 420
330 375
300 360
300 375
300 335
330 445
335 375
240 360
240 300
300 360
200 375
60 60
300 375
335 335
90 90
300 375
300 335
60 60
doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
number of minutes. Max — maximum number of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-89
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-74. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Car Repair/Maintenance
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) »
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Alegars) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Rice White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Rice Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Scmon Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchiu's/Emphyscm No
a
Bronchiiis/Emphysem Yes
a
N Mean
145 123.407
110 135.582
35 85.143
1 60
1 150
1 300
8 106.875
114 130.342
20 83.5
112 139.607
19 85.789
2 10
6 43,333
6 58
133 123.617
10 98.8
2 232.5
10 130.5
77 122.091
12 123.167
46 124.13
13 120
17 185.882
50 111.52
31 138.226
20 93.25
14 103.429
28 130.75
31 149.839
45 106.778
41 116.659
79 108.519
66 141.227
49 130.673
39 1 36.667
35 121.514
22 86.727
137 117,657
8 221.875
139 125.712
5 51
1 165
140 122.279
5 155
Note: A **" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "
fordoeis, StJev « standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane nnd Klepeis, 1996.
Stdev
147,198
1 52.737
122.441
*
*
*
163.837
156.511
68.347
158.66
93.516
7.071
42.387
51.595
144.993
153.362
321,734
156.87
150.192
138.769
146.952
139.523
224.418
128.261
169.231
99.344
97.566
163.729
173.193
131.409
132.206 '
125.914
168.477
167.715
156.042
137.704
87.502
139.579
235.553
149.156
72.921
*
145.67
203.347
don't know"
= minimum
Stderr
12.224
14.563
20.696
*
*
*
57.925
14.659
15.283
14.992
21.454
5
17.304
21.063
12.573
48.497
227.5
49.607
17.116
40.059
21.667
38.697
54.429
18.139
30.395
22.214
26.076
30.942
31.106
19.589
20.647
14.166
20.738
23.959
24.987
23.276
18.655
1 1 .925
83.281
12.651
32,611
*
12,311
90.94
Min
5
5
5
60
150
300
20
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
20
5
8
5
15
5
5
5
10
5
8
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15
5
5
165
5
5
Max
700
700
690
60
150
300
505
700
300
700
300
15
120
120
700
520
460
505
700
495
690
505
670
690
700
300
300
690
670
700
505
690
700
690
700
505
300
700
670
700
180
165
700
460
5
5
5
5
60
150
300
20
5
12.5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
20
5
8
10
15
5
5
10
10
5
10
10
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
8
5
15
5
5
165
5
5
25 50
,30 60
30 85
15 45
60 60
150 150
300 300
30 45
30 77.5
30 70
30 90
20 60
5 10
10 32.5
13 45
30 80
30 45
5 233
30 52.5
30 60
40 72.5
30 90
30 60
30 90
30 67.5
30 85
15 45
30 75
30 60
45 90
30 60
30 60
15 60
45 82.5
30 60
45 85
30 60
10 70
30 60
30 150
30 75
15 20
165 165
30 67.5
10 30
75
150
170
120
60
150
300
90
165
120
175
95
15
60
120
150
120
460
ISO
165
150
120
120
220
120
ISO
135
120
200
120
120
120
150
150
165
150
150
120
120
365
150
35
165
135
270
90
300
300
180
60
150
300
505
300
150
300
300
15
120
120
300
320
460
402.5
300
270
300
300
555
270
280
285
300
300
350
240
300
280
495
350
300
300
240
300
670
300
180
165
300
460
95
495
505
270
60
ISO
300
505
520
240
520
300
15
120
120
495
520
460
505
520
495
480.
505
670
350
600
300
300
520
600
300
460
350
555
600
555
480
270
495
670
505
180
165
500
460
98 99
670 690
600 670
690 690
60 60
150 150
300 300
505 505
670 690
300 300
670 690
300 . 300
15 15
120 120
120 120
670 690
520 520
460 460
505 505
670 700
495 495
690. 690
505 . 505
670 670
585 690
700 700
300 300
300 300
690.' 690
670 670
700 700
505. 505
480 690
670 700
690 690
700 700
505 505
300 300
600 690
670 670
670 690
180 180
165 165
670 690
460 460
N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes
number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the
Page
15-90
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-75. Statitstics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Repairs
Group Name Group Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age(years) *
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
Percentiles
N
288
200
88
1
3
14
221
49
264
13
3
3
4
1
278
9
1
17
140
27
102
2
18
23
90
64
54
39
55
77
89
67
188
100
62
65
95
66
264
24
281
6
1
276
12
Mean
184.816
205.045
138.841
540
66.667
119.5
198.471
.141.878
186.367
150.385
321.667
173.667
127.5
75
184.917
160,556
375
110.176
199.993
167.963
183.314
61
110.722
214.348
194.4
202.156
169
172,923
166.164
188.909
202.281
172.224
178.213
197.23
167.097
203.123
180.442
189.727
180.33
234.167
179.687
448.333
45
184.681
187.917
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a
Source: Tsana and Kleneis. 1996.
Stdev
184.111
187.704
167.784
«
55.076
103.383
192.928
146.868
184.944
207.961
89.489
165.228
122.848
*
184.467
180.666
*
97.439
206.025
153.74
169.14
83.439
94.558
215.017
196.472
200.764
154.537
174.213
181.344
170.219
212.332
161.66
171.94
205.392
172.076
216.629
182.013
164.551
183.699
185.283
175.258
369.995
*
185.591
152.591
Stderr
10.849
13.273
17.886
»
31.798
27.63
12.978
20.981
1 ! ,382
57.678
51.667
95.395
61.424
*
11.064
60.222
*
23.632
17.412
29.587
16,747
59
22.287
44,834
20.71
25.095
21.03
27.896
24.452
19.398
22,507
19.75
12.54
20.539
21.854
26.87
18.674
20.255
11.306
37.821
10.455
151.05
*
11.171
44.049
Min
2
2
3
540
10
15
' 2
2
2
10
270
45
10
75
2
10
375
10
5
5
2
2
10
15
3
2
5
2
3
10
2
2
2
3
3
5
2
2
2
5
2
90
45
2
5
Max 5
1080 10
1080 10
900 5
540 540
120 10
345 15
1080 10
526 10
1080 10
750 10
425 270
360 45
290 10
75 75
1080 10
575 10
375 375
345 10
1080 8.5
490 10
670 10
120 2
345 10
900 30
840 5
1080 10
525 10
690 7
840 5
780 15
1080 10
750 7
780 10
1080 5
600 5
900 10
1080 10
600 10
1080 10
670 10
900 10
1080 90
45 45
1080 10
405 5
25 50
36.5 120
60 150
17.5 72.5
540 540
10 70
30 90
45 120
'30 75
36.5 120
30 90
270 270
45 116
35 105
75 75
35 120
60 60
375 375
30 90
60 120
25 120
30 120
2 61
30 90
45 120
30 132.5
32.5 130
60 97.5
38 120
30 75
60 120
30 120
60 120
42.5 110
32.5 145
15 90
45 120
60 120
55 120
36.5 120
45 210
30 120
100 410
45 45
36.5 120
45 165
. 75
300
327.5
192.5
540
120
180
325
209
300
120
425
360
220
75
300
210
375
180
297.5
302
315
120
180
360
300
355
270
270
210
315
315
243
300
296.5
300
300
290
330
288.5
352.5
295
600
45
299
350
90
425
460
360
540
120
285
434
390
430
390
425
360
290
75
425
575
375
285
470
390
420
120
285
480
447
420
425
420
415
420
480
340
430
420
445
480
390
420
420
480
420
1080
45
430
360
95
525
555
425
540
120
345
570
480
525
750
425
360
290
75
525
575
375
345
600
434
480
120
345
490
575
480
490
600
525,
460
570
526
490
585
490
670
510
435
525
510
490
1080
45
526
405
98 99
690 840
680 810
750 900
540 540
120 120
345 345
750 840
526 526
670 840
750 750
425 425
360 360
290 290
75 75
690 840
575 575
375 375
345 345
840 900
490 490
526 600
120 120
345 345
900 900
780 840
600 1080
510 525
690 690
600 840
670 780
900 1080
690 750
600 750
870 990
540 600
840 900
750 1080
600 600
690 '840
670 670
670 780
1080 1080
45 45
690 840
405 405
'don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample sjze. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Stderr — standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
jiven number of minutes.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-91
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-76. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Plant Care
Category Population Group
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age Sycarj) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
DiyOfWeck Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
Percentiles
' N
254
84
170
4
5
3
157
85
233
8
3
2
6
2
244
7
1
2
8
94
25
124
3
9
30
93
47
35
40
55
41
77
81
170
84
15
96
111
32
239
15
240
13
1
248
6
Mean
103.602
146.274
82.518
51.25
121
51
100.49
112.647
102.124
81.25
140
137.5
164.167
95
102.971
149.286
60
42.5
94.75
94.436
112.2
108.387
145
86.444
92.333
87.656
118.298
139
104.75
116.055
101.659
82.078
116.593
104.559
101.667
135.333
124.323
89.82
74.375
105
81.333
103.083
120.769
5
105.202
37.5
Stdev
108.761
145.969
76.759
24.622
120.955
61.262
104.921
118.439
106.695
90.149
45,826
187.383
209.796
49.497
106.161
195.521
ill
24.749
103.657
111.848
104.812
108.655
99.875
100.113
108.753
95.248
112.855
107.818
131.036
116.677
109.248
76.081
126.602
105.561
115.595
170.592
108.656
100.882
87.894
108.541
.113.68
107.762
130.286
»
109.525
24.238
Stderr Min
6.824
15.926
5.887
12.311
54.093
35.369
8.374
12.846
6.99
31.872
26.458
132.5
85.649
35
6.796
73.9
*
17.5
36.648
11.536
20.962
9.758
57.663
33.371
19.855
9.877
16.462
18.225
20.719
15.733
17.062
8.67
14.067
8.096
12.612
44.047
11.09
9.575
15.538
7.021
29.352
6.956
36.135
*
6.955
9.895
3
10
3
15
35
3
5
5
3
15
90
5
15
60
3
15
60
25
3
5
15
5
60
3
10
5
5
15
15
3
5
5
10
3
5
5
5
3
5
3
5
3
15
5
3
5
Max
630
630
630
70
330
120
570
630
630
280
180
270
565
130
630
565
60
60
330
630'
485
630
255
330
475
565
630
485
630
485
630
475
630
630
630
565
570
630
480
630
450
630
485
5-
630
60
5 25
10 30
15 32.5
10 30
15 37.5
35 60
3 3
10 30
10 35
10 30
15 15
90 90
5 5
15 15
60 60
10 30
15 15
60 60
25 25
3 32.5
10 30
15 30
10 40
60 60
3 30
10 15
10 30
10 50
15 55
15 30
10 30
30 30
10 30
14 30
14 30
10 30
5 30
15 45
10 30
10 25
10 30
5 15
10 30
15 55
5 5
10 30
5 15
50
60
105
60
60
60
30
60
75
60
50
150
138
90
95
60
60
60
42.5
60
60
90
72.5
120
60
60
60
90
120
60
70
60
60
75
60
60
60
90
60
47.5
60
55
60
60
5
60
42.5
75
130
195
120
65
120
120
135
135
120
112.5
180
270
210
130
132.5
210
60
60
120
120
150
127.5
255
120
120
120
150
195
120
150
120
120
150
130
127.5
175
150
120
102.5
135
90
125
135
5
135
60
90 95
225 300
380 480
180 210
70 70
330 330
120 120
225 300
240 280
225 300
280 280
180 180
270 270
565 565
130 130
225 280
565 565
60 60
60 60
330 330
195 325
210 270
240 270
255 255
330 330
170 420
180 255
240 240
280 325
217.5 420
250 420
195 270
175 225
240 330
225 280
240 325
485 565
270 330
190 225
135 195
235 300
175 450
225 290
270 485
5 5
235 300
60 60
98 99
480 570
570, 630
270 325
70 70
330 330
120 120
475 565
630 630
480 570
280 280
180 180
270 270
565 565
130 130
480' 570
565, 565
60 60
60 60
330 330
570 630
485 485
480 565
255. 255
330 330
475 475
480 565
630 630
485 485
630 630
480 485
630 630
300 475
570 630
480 565
570 630
565 565
475 570
420 630
480 480
485 570
450 450
480 570
485 485
5 5
485 570
60 60
Note; A "•" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Sldcv = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source; Tsans and Kleneis. 1996.
Page
15-92
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-77
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) «
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
Bronchtis/emphysema DK
. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Animal Care
Percentiies
N
764
282
482
13
9
27
49
530
136
696
26
5
12
17
8
712
39
6
7
86
376
60
233
9
98
63
231
ISO
121
. 10,1
171
181
247
165
527
237
221
201
216
126
705
57
2
734
27
3
718
43
3
Mean
48.168
57.291
42.83
37.462
59.222
47.296
55.204
45.928
54.824
47.757
37.577
30.4
100
37.765
73.75
47.81
50.872
50
67.857
51.221
44.918
48.883
52.459
38.889
52.347
51.492
52.913
40.593
51.273
38.713
39.789
49.773
51.389
50.267
46.602
51.65
44.62
52.99
51.426
41.111
48.401
45.386
45
47.834
58.704
35
48.357
45.395
42.667
Stdev
65.029
81.786
52.182
38.606
44.291
43.1
68.276
66.581
64.527
62.01 1
39.832
21.87
193.567
44.992
58.478
61.479
112.78
77.071
62.039
56.803
71.458
56.285
59.357
53.897
57.02
68.122
75.819
49.247
79.213
40.069
44.88
58.716
75.022
72.551
66.468
61.703
66.372
60.351
76.405
45.413
65.505
60.468
21.213
64.308
85.601
22.913
65.56
58.522
15.535
Stderr
2.3527
4.8703
2.3768
10.7074
14.7637
8.2946
9.7537
2.8921
5.5331
2.3505
7.8117
9.7806
55.878
10.9123
. 20.675
2:304
18.0593
31 14643
23.4485
6.1252
3.6852
7,2664
3.8886
17.9656
5.7599
8.5825
4.9885
4.021
7,2012
3.987
3.432
4,3644
4.7736
5.6481
2.8954
4.0081
4.4647
4.2568
5.1987
4.0457
2.4671
8.0091
15
2.3737
16.474
13.2288
2.4467
8.9245
8.9691
Min Max
1
1
1
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
10
5
5
5
1
2
10
5
2
1
3
1
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
30
1
2
15
1
2
30
760
760
450
135
140
179
308
760
383
760
145
60
690
180
180
760
690
205
180
308
760
230
383
180
308
383
760
280
690
240
273
330
760
690
760
383
690
340
760
280
760
330
60
760
340
60
760
330
60
5 25
5 10
5 15
3 10
2 5
3 30
8 15
5 10
3 10
5 15
4 10
1 10
10 15
5 17.5
5 15
5 32.5
4 10
3 10
10 10
5 20
5 15
3 10
5 12.5
5 15
5 20
5 15
5 15
5 10
4 10
3 15
5 12
3 10
4 14
5 15
3 10
4 10
5 15
4 10
5 15
5 15
3 10
4 10
5 10
30 30
5 10
3 15
15 15
4 10
5 10
30 30
50 75
30 60
30 65
28.5 60
30 55
60 90
38 65
25 90
30 60
30 60
30 60
25 45
20 47
30 65
30 35
55 115
30 60
20 35
15 45
60 120
30 70
25 60
20 60
30 60
30 30
30 70
30 60
30 70
20 55
30 60
30 57
25 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
25 55
30 60
30 64
25 60
30 60
30 55
45 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
30 55
38 60
90
120
120
105
80
140
120
175
109
135
120
120
60
205
120
180
120
120
205
180
120
90
152.5
120
180
140
120
120
97.5
110
80
90
120
120
" 120
115
120
95
120
120
110
120
105
60
120
135
60
120
90
60
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data, "DK" = The respondent replied "dont know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max
of minutes. Percentiies are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kleoeis, 1996.
95
155
180
140
135
140
150
180
150
180
155
120
60
690
180
180
151
180
205
180
175
145
176.5
180
180
180
225
165
155
135
105
120
180
165
155
155
180
160
175
165
135
155
195
60
155
330
60
160
150
60
98 99
230 312
308 340
187 273
135 135
140 140
179 179
308 308
230 280
340 340
240 312
145 145
60 . 60
690 690
180 180
180 180
230 308
690 690
205 205
180 180
240 308
240 340
205 230
273 330
180 180
240 308
273 383
245 330
205 230
340 340
150 185
205 245
240 312
308 383
210 340
195 280
273 330
225 245
240 330
240 383
180 180
225 308
240 330
60 60
225 ' 280
340 340
60 60
230 308
330 330
60 60
Mean 24-hour
~ maximum Humber
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-93
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-78. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Household Work
Percentiles
Group Name Group Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
AgC (yeatS) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
1322
478
844
21
15
56
84
918
228
1118
102
20
22
43
17
1218
81
7
16
153
555
124
482
8
175
96
418
290
196
147
307
318
394
303
857
465
353
327
391
251
121 1
103
8
1269
44
9
1247
64
11
Mean
68.6354
70.3661
67.6552
93,4286
57.1333
24.9464
39.4762
71.2353
78.114
70.6977
46.1176
71.9
67.7727
65.6512
72.9412
67.8342
80.5185
54.1429
75.8125
37.0196
70.0342
62.0726
78.3008
95.625
42.7086
82.5313
75.5574
71.3724
73.6173
58.7007
62.8632
70.8679
74.7056
64.2475
71.5496
63.2645
64.1558
82.S44
62.1125
66.5857
67.8423
75.6893
97.875
68.2041
77.1364
87.8889
67.8043
83.4844
76.4545
Stdev
98.697
101.833
96,923
113.994
85.7
30.134
51.785
101.54
106.158
98.015
65.201
76.619
190.288
118.419
108.744
93.324
159.202
74.627
113.469
52.694
103.005
86.315
105.529
110.014
64.901
114.62
105.946
100.836
104.18
81.662
91.306
98.179
106.703
95.504
106.351
82.596
91.547
118.992
97.341
77.867
98.123
104.033
120.21
99.025
86.104
116.368
97.936
111.726
107.17
Stderr
2.7145
4.6577
3.3362
24.8756
22.1277
4.0269
5.6502
3.3513
7.0305
2.9314
6.4558
17.1324
40.5695
18.0587
26.3742
2.674
17.6891
28.2062
28.3673
4.2601
4.3723
7.7513
4.8067
38.8959
4.906
11.6983
5.182
5.9213
7.4414
6.7354
5.2111
5.5056
5.3756
5.4866
3.6329
3.8303
4.8726
6.5803
4.9227
4.9149
2.8197
10.2507
42.5006
2.7798
12.9807
38.7895
2.7734
13.9658
32.3131
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumuhtive number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source; Tsans and Kteneis, 1996.
Min
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
1
1
1
5
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
5
5
1
1
5
Max
905
905
720
403
290
ISO
230
905
665
720
300
315
905
660
420
720
905
210
420
290
905
420
685
300
450
660
720
905
600
570
665
590
720
90S
905
600
590
905
685
480
905
575
300
905
300
300
905
575
300
5 25
5 15
5 10
5 15
5 15
1 6
2 5
2 5
5 15
5 14.5
5 15
3 10
1 .5 22.5
2 10
5 10
5 15
5 15
5 10
1 10
5 15
2 5
5 15
5 IS
5 15
5 17.5
2 5
5 IS
5 15
5 15
5 15
4 10
5 IS
5 15
5 10
5 13
5 10
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 10
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 10
5 15
5 IS
5 15
5 15
SO 75
30 75
30" 90
30 75
30 180
25 60
12,5 30
16.5 50
30 90
30 90
30 80
15 SO
60 105
15 30
20 60
20 75
30 75
20 60
25 90
25 82.5
15 45
30 85
30 65
30 100
32.5 180
15 45
30 117.5
30 90
30 100
30 85
30 65
30 63
30 90
30 85
30 75
30 85
30 75
30 65
30 115
30 60
35 90
30 75
30 100
17.5 206.5
30 75
30 132.5
15 180
30 75
32.5 117.5
20 ISO
90
195
195
190
225
230
60
120
195
225
195
120
162,5
90
155
210
195
155
210
233
90
195
190
224
300
120
240
215
192.5
190
ISO
180
180
215
180
210
170
195
240
160 .
180
190
210
300
190
220
300
190
220
233
95
255
265
255
300
290
90
ISO
265
295
265
210
260
155
270
420
235
360
210
420
150
265
240
270
300
192
328
270
270
330
210
255
270
296
240
295
225
240
305
255
230
255
240
300
255
240
300
2SS
265
300
98 99
360 480
375 480
360 496
403 403
290 290
120 150
210 230
375 540
420 480
375 480
255 260
315 315
905 . 905
660 660
420 420
358. 420
665 905
210 210
420 420
225 230
375 540
400 403
420 575
300 300
233 300
420 660
420 540
330 375
400 585
315 420
360 400
375 570
380 600
330 420
380 570
296 403
345 480
420 585
400 570
292 345
360 480
400 480
300 300
375 496
300 300
300 300
360 480
480 575
300 300
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max — maximum number of
Page
15-94
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-79. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in
Indoor Playing
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema DK
N Mean Stdev Stderr
188
65
123
3
11
11
4
149
10
153
13
5
7
8
2
172
15
1
26
74
20
68
27
16
59
33
37
16
46
40
64
38
128
60
49
36
47
56
174
13
I
184
3
1
177
10
1
105 82.7
117 97.1
99.5 73.8
127 47.3
130 80.2
93.6 64.3
82.5 45
103 86
124 76.4
110 84.3
95 84.8
71 56.8
108 96.5
68.4 46.4
64 65.1
107 83.9
88.1 71.4
110 *
108 69.9
102 95
124 74
102 76
108 68.6
89.4 58.8
102 83.6
112 97.7
125 96.1
72.5 40.4
1 10 94.4
111 75.8
100 73
102 92.2
99.4 71
118 13
130 99.2
85.7 55.7
92.7 77
107 82.7
107 84.1
88.5 66.4
110 *
104 80.7
210 167
110 *
107 83.5
80.1 72.5
no *
6.03
12
6.65
27.3
24.2
19.4
22.5
7.05
24.2
6.82
23.5
25.4
36.5
16.4
46
6.4
18.4
*
13.7
11
16.6
9.21
13.2
14.7
10.9
17
15.8
10.1
13.9
12
9.13
15
6.27
13.3
14.2
9.28
11.2
11
6.38
18.4
*
5.95
96.4
*
6.27
22.9
*
Min Max
2
10
2
90
15
30
30
2
20
2
15
10
30
42
18
2
42
110
15
2
30
15
15
20
2
10
15
10
2
15
10
10
2
' 15
18
2
10
10
2
20
110
2
60
110
2
10
110
510
510
420
180
270
195
120
510
270
510
255
150
300
180
110
510
300
110
270
510
340
420
270
220
435
510
420
150
420
340
435
510
435
510
420
270
435
510
510
245
110
510
390
110
510
245
110
5 25
20 55
20 60
20 55
90 90
15 60
30 30
30 45
20 55
20 75
20 60
15 30
10 30
30 55
42 45
18. 18
20 60
42 45
110 110
30 55
15 45
36 60
30 60
30 55
20 52.5
20 55
20 55
15 60
10 37.5
20 60
17.5 50
30 52.5
18 60
20 55
30 60
20 60
20 45
30 45
15 60
20 55
20 30
no no
20 55
60 60
110 110
20 60
10 30
110 110
50
90
90
76
no
115
60
90
76
100
90
60
60
60
50
64
90
60
110
105
70
120
85
no
60
75
90
105
65
75
95
87.5
60
90
90
105
77.5
60
90
90
75
110
90
180
110
90
60
110
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N
24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min =
Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given
Source: Tsang and Kleoeis, 1996.
75
127.5
135
120
180
180
175
120
120
150
130
180
105
175
67,5
110
132.5
100
110
160
125
165
120
160
125
135
120
155
102.5
120
175
127.5
120
120
150
180
112.5
120
127.5
130
120
no
122.5
390
no
130
76
no
90
190
255
190
180
255
180
120
190
248
190
220
150
300
180
no
190
180
110
195
195
200
180
195
180
180
190
270
120
245
193
180
180
180
245
300
155
180
195
190
180
110
190
390
no
190
208
110
95
270
300
225
180
270
195
120
292
270
270
255
150
300
180
110
270
300
110
255
300
280
245
255
220
340
300
390
150
375
256
225
300
245
382.5
375
180
195
255
270
245
no
270
390
110
270
245
no
98 99
390 435
435 510
340 375
180 180
270 270
195 195
120 120
420 435
270 270
390 435
255 255
150 150
300 "300
180 180
110 110
390 435
300 300
no no
270 270
435 510
340 340
390 420
270 270
220 220
375 435
510 510
420 420
ISO 150
420 420
340 340
270 435
510 510
300 340
420 510
420 420
270 270
435 435
270 510
390 435
245 245
no no
375 435
390 390
110 110
390 435
245 245
110 110
= doer sample size. Mean = Mean
minimum number of minutes.
number of minutes.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-95
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-80,
Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Playing
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (year*) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (yean) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education *
Educalion < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N
59
26
33
1
4
9
i
40
4
50
2
1
1
5
51
g
15
15
7
22
15
5
10
18
g
3
17
12
15
15
42
17
10
10
31
8
56
3
58
1
55
4
Mean
97.373
108.192
88.848
170
83.25
148.333
IS
92.05
52.5
93.94
86.5
100
30
149
93.333
123.125
123.533
67.2
87.714
103.182
123.533
57
148.5
74.667
75.375
58.333
1 14.059
78.583
109.667
81.2
86.81
123.471
66.5
135.3
92.355
108
94.821
145
96.983
120
90.018
198.5
Note: A "'"Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
for doers. Sldev » standard deviation. Stderr = standard error, Min
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsinz and Kienris, 1996.
Stdev
95,372
94.783
96.425
*
89.66
144.265
*
86.358
IS
90.208
37.477
*
*
164.864
89.747
130.218
124.379
30.887
54.129
110.136
124.379
6.108
150.482
45.169
35.492
24.664
103.26
32.354
109.536
107.674
79.211
126.007
46.251
114.735
94.966
115.681
91.447
173.853
96.158
*
87.056
157.509
Slderr
12.416
18.588
16.785
He
44.83
48.088
*
13.654
7.5
12.757
26.5
*
*
73.729
12.567
46.039
32,115
7.975
20.459
23.481
32.115
3
47.586
10.646
12,548
14.24
25.044
9,34
28.282
27.801
12.223
30.561
14.626
36.283
17.056
40.899
12.22
100.374
12.626
*
11.739
78.754
Min
5
IS
S
170
15
• 5
IS
20
30
5
60
100
30
20
5
20
5
20
30
25
5
45
30
20
30
30
15
30
30
5
5
25
5
45
5
25
5
30
5
120
5
60
Max 5
435 15
360 15
435 5
170 170
210 15
360 5
15 15
435 27.5
60 30
420 IS
113 60
100 100
30 30
435 20
420 15
435 20
360 5
135 20
194 30
435 30
360 5
60 45
435 30
194 20
120 30
75 30
360 15
150 30
420 30
435 5
360 15
435 25
150 5
435 45
420 15
360 25
435 15
345 30
435 15
120 120
435 15
420 60
25
45
60
45
170
20
55
15
52.5
45
45
60
100
30
60
45
60
15
45
60
45
15
60
60
45
45
30
60
60
30
20
30
45
30
60
45
30
45
30
45
120
45
90
50 75
60 110
75 135
60 100
170 170
54 146.5
60 280
15 15
65 102.5
60 60
60 100
86.5 113
100 100
30 30
110 120
60 100
90 115
60 210
60 85
60 110
60 105
60 210
60 60
95 135
60 95
75 106.5
70 75
70 120
65 97.5
60 135
60 105
60 100
60 120
60 105
108 165
60 100
67.S 142
60 107.5
60 345
60 105
120 120
60 100
157 307
90
210
280
150
170
210
360
15
142.5
60
202
113
100
30
435
194
435
. 345
113
194
150
345
60
427.5
150
120
75
345
113
280
165
165
420
135
302.5
210
360
194
345
210
120
170
420
95
360
345
420
170
210
360
15
307
60
345
113
100
30
435
345
435
360
135
194
420
360
60
435
194
120
75
360
150
420
435
280
435
ISO
435
345
360
360
345
360
120
345
420
98 99
420 435
360 . 360
435 435
170 170
210 210
360 360
15 15
435 435
60 60
390 420
113 113
100 100
30 30
435 435
360 420
435 435
360 360
135 135
194 194
435 435
360 360
60 60
435 : 435
194 194
120 . 120
75 75
360 360
150 150
420 420
435 435
360 360
435 435
150 150
435 435
420 420
360 360
420, 435
345 345
420 435
120 120
360 435
420 420
don't know". N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes
« minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the
Page
15-96
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 -Activity Factors
Table 15-81. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent for Car Repair Services
Percentiles
Category Population Group N
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) »
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
259
128
131
2
8
6
13
204
26
226
19
3
5
6
247
12
26
137
25
70
1
28
20
Education High School Graduate 64
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
68
41
38
45
66
88
60
176
83
70
70
79
40
238
21
253
6
247
12
Mean
33.7876
41.6953
26.0611
88
33.125
18.3333
31.3077
32.4853
44.8462
33.8451
49.3158
11.6667
11
12.5
34.6154
16.75
27.7692
31.8759
32.96
40,4714
5
28.4643
36.15
41.0781
36.2206
29.6829
24,2632
40.4889
34.6364
34.8182
26,3167
36.0227
29.0482
19.4857
36.5286
41.5316
38.725
34.7731
22.619
32.6324
82.5
33.0607
48.75
Stdev Stderr Min
53.772 3.3413 1
65.45 5.7851 1
37.84 3.3061 2
2.828 2 86
43.666 15.438 5
20.897 8.531 5
32,638 9.0521 3
52.731 3,6919 1
75.446 14.796 I
51.028 3.3943 1
90.675 20.802 1
11,547 6,6667 5
8,944 4 5
6.124 2.5 5
54,728 3,4822 I
22,471 6.4867 5
33.586 6.5868 3
52.912 4.5206 1
49.672 9,9344 5
62,833 .7.51 1
* * 5
32,992 6.2349 3
51.714 11.564 5
62.959 7.8698 2
59.709 7.2407 1
54.536 8,5171 1
36.541 5.9277 5
58.498 8.7204 2
56.367 6,9383 2
60,547 6,4543 1
33.054 4.2673 4
57,142 4.3072 1
45,78 5.025 ' 1
27.784 3.3208 1
48.821 5.8352 2
66,665 7.5004 2
64.266 10.161 2
55.08 3.5703 1
34.735 7.5799 5
51.888 3.2622 1
102.896 42.007 10
52.903 3.3661 1
70,522 20.358 5
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers, Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsana and Kleoeis. 1996.
Max
358
358
180
90
115
60
95
280
358
280
358
25
25
20
358
86
115
280
180
358
5
115
180
280
358
270
195
270
280
358
175
358
245
180
245
358
280
358
150
358
245
358
245
5
5
4
5
86
5
5
3
5
2
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
2
4
5
5
5
3
5
5
3
2
5
5
5
4
5
5
10
5
5
25
5
5
5
86
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
10
5
5
10
5
5
• 5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15
5
5
50 75
10 30
15 45
10 30
88 90
12.5 55
12.5 15
10 55
10 30
15 50
10 35
10 44
5 25
5 15
15 15
10 35
12.5 IS
10 50
10 30
15 30
15 35
5 5
12.5 52.5
15 45
15 47.5
15 37.5
10 25
10 20
15 60
10 35
10 30
12.5 30
15 ' 30
10 30
10 20
15 50
15 30
12.5 39,5
10 35
15 15
10 30
22.5 180
10 30
15 77.5
90
. 90
120
65
90
115
60
79
85
105
90
180
25
25
20
90
20
90
85
105
103
5
90
117.5
105
90
60
70
105
70
95
80
101
79
60
105
160
90.5
90
35
'90
245
90
95
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
Min = minimum number of minuies. Max
95
180
180
105
90
115
60
95
180
180
175
358
25
25
20
180
86
95
175
180
180
5
95
177.5
180
180
160
95
180
180
180
95.5
180
95
60
150
180
222.5
180
90
160
245
175
245
98
195
270
ISO
90
115
60
95
195
358
195
358
25
25
20
245
86
115
265
180
245
5
115
180
265
180
270
195
270
265
245
115
265
195
90
180
270
280
245
150
180
245
195
245
99
270
280
180
90
115
60
95
265
358
265
358
25
25
20
270
86
115
270
180
358
5
115
.180
280
358
270
195
270
280
358
175
280
245
180
- 245
358
280
270
150
270
245
270
245
Mean 24-hour
— maximum number of
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-97
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-82. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Washing, etc.
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (yc.irl) 18-64
Age (years) >64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angini Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
6029
2785
3242
2
110
318
407
411
4154
629
4794
664
110
119
269
73
5476
465
30
58
1116
2975
518
1378
42
1245
440
1634
1228
844
638
1356
1303
2136
1234
4184
1845
1688
1584
1636
1121
5559
437
33
5866
125
38
5749
249
31
Mean
23.9338
23.4154
24.3816
20
25.9182
29.2673
26.5184
22.4088
22.7939
27.7424
23.1558
28.7816
24.4727
28.6471
23.8364
22.7945
23.8088
25.7312
23.8
21.3966
25,9758
22.0733
22.3996
26.9354
21.9048
25.3888
30.6
23.7699
22.8575
22.5936
20.7618
23.3274
22.9294
25.2116
23.4489
22.9441
26.1783
24.6226
26.3295
21.8264
22.587
23.9538
24.2288
16.6667
23.9529
25.176
16.8947
23.8629
26.49
16.5484
Note; A **" Signifies missing data, "DK" = The respondent replied '
cumulative number of minutes for doers, Stdsv
= standard deviation
Sidcv
25.5661
28.8168
22.4026
14.1421
30.4752
16.5524
35.9626
14.6309
21.6279
43.1415
26.1288
24.2016
17.5493
27.4768
19.8318
20.46
25.0872
31.6942
15.0319
18.5708
25.169
21.4639
17.1137
34.8572
15.8865
24.2988
46.38
20.0081
19.6959
32.3617
I8.4S97
21.7583
27.432
21.6627
32.61 16
25.7284
25.0567
20.295
38.468
15.5411
20.8871
26.1095
18.3575
8.7202
25.8029
15.6613
8.5481
25.8064
20.7475
8.0616
don't know".
Stdctr
0.3293
0.5461
0.3935
10
2.9057
0.9282
1.7826
0.7217
0,3356
1.7202
0.3774
0.9392
1.6733
2.5188
1.2092
2.3947
0.339
1 .4698
2.7444
2.4385
0.7534
0.3935
0.7519
0.939
2.4513
0.6887
2.2111
0.495
0.5621
1.1139
0.7308
0.5909
0.76
0.4687
0.9284
0.3978
0.5833
0.494
0.9665
0.3842
0.6238
0.3502
0.8782
1.518
0.3369
1.4008
1.3867
0.3404
1.3148
1.4479
Refused =
Stderr = standard error
Min
1
1
1
10
3
5
2
1
1
1
1
3
5
3
1
3
1
1
5
5
1
1
1
I
5
I
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
5
1
1
5
Max
705
705
555
30
300
125
690
90
555
705
705
270
90
240
210
105
705
570
60
105
690
555
135
705
90
690
570
270
255
705.
240
360
570
300
705
705
555
300
705
150
340
705
145
30
705
100
35
705
150
30
Refused data. N =
Min =
5
5
5
5
10
5
10
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
8
5
5
5
5
10
5
7
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
25
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
10
10
12
10
15
15
15
10
10
10
IS
15
10
15
10
10
10
10
15
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
10
15
10
13
10
10
10
15
10
10
15
10
10
15
10
doer sample
50 75
20 30
15 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
30 30
20 30
18 30
15 30
20 30
15 30
20 35
20 30
25 30
20 30
15 30
20 30
20 30
17.5 30
15 25
20 30
15 30
15 30
20 30
15 '30
20 30
20 30
20 30
15 30
15 30
15 30
15 30
15 30
20 30
15 30
15 30
20 30
20 30
20 30
15 30
15 30
20 30
20 30
15 25
20 30
25 30
15 25
20 30
20 30
15 25
size. Mean =
* minimum number of minutes. Max
90 95
45 60
45 55
45 60
30 30
41.5 60
50 60
45 60
42 50
45 60
45 65
45 60
60 65
47.5 60
50 60
45 60
60 75
45 60
45 60
50 60
30 60
45 60
45 60
45 60
50 60
30 45
45 60
50 60
45 60
45 60
40 60
45 60
45 60
45 60
45 60
45 60
45 60
50 60
45 60
45 60
40 55
45 60
45 60
45 60
30 30
45 60
45 60
30 30
45 60
60 60
30 30
98 99
75 90
65. 90
80 90
30 30
60 80
75 85
60 75
60 60
75 90
90 120
70 90
90 105
85 90
100 150
75 90
90 105
75 90
75 90
60 60
80 105
60 75
65 85
70 90
90 120
90 90
60 80
90 240
75 90
75 90
75 110
65 85
75 90
70 85
85 105
65 . 85
65 90
90 100
75 90
90 125
60 75
75 90
75 90
90 95
30 30
75 90
6.0 75
35 35
75 90
95 105
30 30
= Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
minutes. Pcrcentilcs are the percentage of doers helow or equal to a given number of minutes.
Snurcc: Tssnzsnd Kkneh, 1996.
Page
15-98
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Category
AH
Gender
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Table 15-83.
Population Group
Male
Female
Refused
*
1-4
S-ll
12-17
18-64
>64
White -.
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
No
Yes
DK
Refused
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate .
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring •
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Sleeping/Napping
N Mean
9362 526.287
4283 523.333
5075 528.685
4 645
185 502.281
499 732.363
702 625.058
588 563.719
6041 496.93
1347 517.084
7576 523.598
940 541.303
156 537.09
181 528.823
383 537.966
126 523.421
8514 525.205
700 540.053
45 527.467
103 521.592
1771 636.604
4085 487.152
798 502.764
2638 520.277
70 513.671
1966 625.586
832 515.445
2604 505.367
1791 496.616
1245 492.516
924 486.737
2068 523.129
2096 520.846
3234 529.019
1964 530.918
6303 511.13
3059 557.517
2514 534.911
2431 526.839
2533 527.653
1884 512.228
8608 525.05
692 540.061
62 544.194
9039 526.754
249 513.743
74 511.392
8860 526.549
432 521.713
70 521.243
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev -
Stdev
134.435
135.183
1 33.743
123.693
125.424
124.328
100.656
110.83
123.019
117.477
129.545
162.726
118.072
142.25
148.886
143.695
133.218
147.143
1 39.269
1 38.874
128.545
118.9
117.416
125.549
136.491
133.976
135.697
123.006
119.862
117.558
110.394
133.703
127.642
135.651
139.966
131.826
134.392
134.719
130.49
139.46
131.14
133.571
143.571
140.992
1 34.235
1 37.698
146.297
134.267
138.459
131.857
Stderr
1.3894
2.0656
1.8774
61.8466
9.2214
5.5657
3.799
4.5706
1,5828
3.2009
1 .4883
5.3076
9.4533
10,5734
7.6077
12.8014
1.4438
5.5615
20.7609
13.6837
3.0545
1.8603
4.1565
2.4444
16.3138
3.0216
4.7045
2.4105
2.8323
3.3317
3,6317
2.9401
2.788
2,3854
3.1583
1.6605
2.4299
2.6869
2.6466
2.771
3.0213
1.4397
5.4577
17.906
1.4119
8.7263
17,0067
1,4264
6.6616
15.7599
Min
30
30
30
540
195
270
120
150
30
30
30
60
300
60
60
180
30
60
195
240
120
30
60
30
'210
120
30
30
60
75
105
55
30
30
60
30
30
55
30
30
60
30
30
300
30
60
• 30
30
80
210
Max
1430
1295
1430
780
908
1320
1110
1015
1420
1430
1430
1415
920
905
1125
1140
1430
1125
842
930
1320
1420
1005
1430
930
1420
1317
1430
1350
1404
1295
1420
1215
1430
1404
1430
1420
1404
1175
1430
1420
1430
1404
1035
1420
1430
930
1430
1110
930
5 25
345 445
330 435
350 450
540 540
330 420
540 655
480 S70
395 484
330 420
345 450
350 445
315 424
345 467.5
300 420
315 450
330 420
345 445
320 450
345 420
330 420
440 555
325 420
330 435
345 450
320 420
420 540
300 435
330 420
315 420
330 420
345 420
345 435
330 440
345 450
345 449.5
330 420
360 480
355 450
345 445
330 435
330 430
345 445
330 450
330 465
345 445
300 445
300 420
345 445
300 420
300 450
50
510
510
510
630
480
720
630
5SO
480
510
510
530
540
525
540
510
510
540
515
510
630
480
495
510
490
628
510
495
480
480
480
510
510
510
510
495
540
520
510
510
505
510
537.5
535
510
510
510
510
510
510
Perccntiles
75 90
600 690
600 690
600 690
750 780
555 655
810 900
680 725
. 630 705
555 630
570 660
600 690
630 737.5
600 690
630 720
630 720
600 720
600 690
630 720
659 690
590 720
705 802
540 628
570 645
590 660
570 696.5
699 790
585 670
570 659
565 630
540 629
540 615
600 690
598 690
600 699
600 690
570 670
630 720
600 700
600 690
600 699
570 660
600 690
617.5 715
600 720
600 690
595 660
600 720
600 690
600 705
600 690
95
760
" 765
750
780
745
930
780
750
705
720
750
822.5
735
769
765
780
750
777.5
710
780
860
685
720
720
780
855
750
720
690
690
660
760
745
765
769
745
780
780
750
765
735
750
780
780
760
735
780
760
765
745
• 98 99
850 925
860 925
840 925
780 780
865 900
1005 11 10
840 875
810 900
780 868
780 860
840 900
940 1020
840 870
810 842
870 930
870 930
855 925
842.5 915
842 842
865 870
930 975
770 840
780 860
800 885
900 930
926 975
860 900
780 840
779 845
, 775 900
725 800
860 930
840 870
855 925
862 940
840 920
870 925
870 930
840 900
840 930
840 900
840 915
900 945
930 1035
855 925
795 845
840 930
850 924
840 930
840 930
"don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
= standard deviation. Stderr
= standard error.
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =
maximum number of
minutes. Percemiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis. 1996,
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-99
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-84. Siatistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Attending Full Time School
Perccntiles
Cwegory Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (ycais) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Rice Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angin* . Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
884 358.537
468 369.301
416 346.428
7 232.143
56 365.036
297 387.811
271 392.28
247 292.194
6 203.333
665 362.913
92 351.793
33 346,303
29 337,828
58 345,259
7 285
771 359.565
103 353,107
4 315.5
6 348,333
60S 386.497
49 206.551
89 304.652
135 325.274
3 270
666 384.985
14 267.071
54 238.481
100 303.35
24 238.417
26 302.808
186 351.597
200 358.07
322 373.879
176 338.335
858 363.66
26 189.5
302 375.113
287 353.359
125 332,448
170 357.018
784 357.969
96 362.958
4 363.75
875 358.57
4 382.5
5 333.6
851 359.132
27 340.111
6 357.167
Note: A **" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
130,347
123.186
137.1
148.123
199.152
98.013
84.986
154.58
147.366
128.548
129.647
156.009
148.115
124.048
157.03
130.825
126.354
167,773
140.594
107.308
133.583
134.791
16L049
147.224
107.925
129.31
141.148
170.598
145.897
144.149
127.019
123.934
139.7
120.469
126.018
158.415
118.518
133.705
142.088
132.833
130.658
127.895
162.551
130.546
87.702
140.481
130.435
132.683
121.491
Stderr
4,384
5.6943
6.7219
55.9853
26.6128
5.6873
5.1625
9.8357
60.1618
4.9849
13.5166
24.1576
27.5043
16.2883
59.3517
4.7116
12.4501
83.8863
57,3973
4.3519
19.0833
14.2879
13.8609
85
4.182
34.5595
19,2079
17.0598
29.781
28.2699
9.3135
8.7634
7,7852
9.0807
4.3022
31,0677
6.8199
7,8924
12.7088
10.1878
4.6663
13.0533
81,2756
4.4133
43.8511
62.8248
4.4713
25.5349
49,5987
Min
I
20
1
10
20
60
10
1
75
1
40
90
58
30
60
1
30
65
150
10
5
25
1
185
10
5
58
1
25
10
60
S
10
1
1
15
5
10
40
1
1
20
120
1
255
120
1
30
120
Max
840
840
710
495
710
645
605
840
480
825
710
840
553
565
440
840
630
416
445
710
502
695
840
440
710
415
785
840
565
535
825
645
840
630
840
465
695
840
630
785
840
695
450
840
455
460
840
605
440
5
95
120
75
10
30
170
200
60
75
107
70
120
70
85
60
100
85
65
ISO
165
IS
90
60
185
160
5
60
60
30
95
120
87.5
60
120
120
20
150
90
70
120
95
95
120
95
255
120
95
60
120
25
300
320
262.5
180
172,5
360
375
180
120
310
286.5
225
212
260
150
300
269
221
185
361
115
210
215
185
360
175
125
185
135
210
268
307.5
330
262.5
310
60
330
290
217
285
295
334
280
300
330
270
300
305
350
50 75
390 435
390 435
385 430
210 320
427,5 530
390 435
405 435
289 400
152.5 240
392 435
387.5 432.5
365 435
360 445
377.5 430
290 440
390 435
385 425
391 410
435 440
400 440
180 305
295 395
340 420
440 440
400 440
310 357
212 330
272.5 415
200 360
300 461
375 420
392.5 425
405 450
375 410
390 435
120 300
395 440
390 430
375 425
380 430
390 435
390 427.5
442,5 447.5
. 390 435
410 435
378 440
390 435
365 435
396.5 440
90 95
483 550
485 555
480 535
495 495
595 628
485 555
460 485
480 535
480 480
485 550
465 526
500 565
502 540
480 510
440 440
483 550
483 510
415 415
445 445
485 550
430 461
480 500
500 605
440 440
485 550
385 415
400 480
525.5 613.5
430 460
500 502
483 520
470 527,5
500 565
465 540
485 550
460 465
495 550
475 500
470 550
510 565
485 550
475 540
450 450
483 550
455 455
460 460
485 550
450 460
440 440
98
600
595
600
495
665
600
510
645
480
600
645
840
553
510
440
600
595
415
445
595
502
535
785
440
595
415
480
760
565
535
600
577.5
625
555
600
465
612
570
,600
605
595
645
450,
600
455.
460,
600
605
440
99
640
645
628
495
710
630
555
785
480
630
710
840
553
565
440
645
600
415
445
625
502
695
825
440
625
415
785
832.5
565
535
785
602
645
600
640
465
640
710
600
645
630
695
450
640
455
460
640
605
440
don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Pcrcentilcs are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsans and Klepeis. 1996.
Page
15-100
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 -ActivityFactors
Table 1 5-85. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Active Sports
Percemiles
Category Population Group
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Pnrt Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education ' Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
1384
753
629
2
23
105
247
215
642
152
1139
109
30
35
59
12
1250
120
4
10
561
375
87
352
9
610
86
233
178
165
112
333
254
479
318
902
482
316
423
425
220
1266
105
13
1343
33
3
1331
43
10
Mean Stdev
123.994 112.825
136.781 120.777
108.628 100.648
142.5 38.891
108.696 78.628
115.848 98.855
148.87 126.627
137.46 124.516
120.315 110.376
88,007 80.207
125.994 116.168
113.431 96.788
89.933 79.214
135,371 112.206
116,288 91.326
120 86.576
124.471 113.469
121.2 110.791
1I3.7S 57.5
102 72.119
137.073 120.838
117.579 107.304
1 16.207 87.553
1 12.537 109.99
99.444 77.235
137.702 121.227
101.047 99.745
116.794 116.802
115.781 100.276
116.218 97.925
106.446 97.879
131.967 129.1
116.882 101.859
119.476 108.664
128.132 108.811
115.47 97.84
139.946 135.196
115.589 115.201
130.775 105.017
129.541 115.123
112.314 118.325
122.461 109.594
144.829 145.828
105 110.416
125.491 113.589
72.091 73.998
86.875 41.139
124.101 113.19
130 112.663
84 39.847
Note: A "** Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know".
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev =
Stderr
3.0328
4.4014
4.0131
27.5
16.395
9.6472
8.0571
8.4919
4.3562
6.5056
3.4421
9.2706
14.4625
18.9663
11.8897
24.9924
3.2094
10.1138
28.75
22.8059
5.1018
5.5412
9.3867*
5.8625
25.7451
4.9083
10.7558
7.652
7.516
7.6235
9.2487
7.0746
6.3912
4.965
6.1018
3.2577
6.158
6,4806
5.1061
5.5843
7,9775
3.0801
14.2314
30,6239
3,0995
,12,8815
14.5448
3.1026
17.181
12.6007
Min
1
1
1
115
5
10
2
5
I
1
1
5
5*
15
1
40
1
1
60
40
2
5
1
1
30
2
10
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
30
1
5
40
1
10
40
Max
1130
1130
1065
170
290
630
975
1065
1130
380
1130
440
310
553
520
300
1130
630
185
290
1065
1130
450
600
280
1065
570
1130
525
600
375
1130
570
975
625
650
1130
1065
650
625
1130
1130
1065
450
1130
330
155
1130
553
155
Refused = Refused data. N
standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min **
5
15
20
15
115
30
30
20
15
IS
IS
15
10
10
20
IS
40
15
15
60
40
20
20
IS
10
30
20
15
20
15
15
10
15
18
15
25
15
20
IS
30
15
15
15
IS
30
IS
5
40
15
30
40
25 50
50 90
60 105
38 75
115 142.5
40 90
45 90
60 120
60 HO
45 90
30 60
50 90
45 86
30 60
60 IDS
45 115
60 95
45 90
50 90
67.5 105
60 82.5
60 110
45 90
60 95
30 70
45 90
60 110
30 60
45 85
45 90
50 90
40 60
60 100
45 90
45 90
55 92.5
45 90
59 100
45 85
60 105
45 95
43 77.5
45 90
60 110
60 60
SO 90
30 50
60 75
50 90
45 110
60 75
- doer sample size
75
165
180
150
170
155
159
188
180
160
120
165
150
145
195
145
130
165
147,5
160
105
180
155
160
150
120
180
135
150
160
150
142.5
170
150
160
175
ISO
180
155
175
178
143.5
162
180
90
165
60
115
165
165
105
Mean
90
267
285
240
170
220
250
320
265
250
220
270
240
215
270
240
290
270
240
185
215
285
240
235
270
280
285
225
240
270
250
270
275
255
265
295
240
300
240
270
290
240
266
300
165
270
180
155
267
270
147.5
95
330
375
300
170
225
330
390
375
330
285
340
332
235
330
305
300
330
335
185
290
370
305
285
330
280
370
270
300
340
310
330
345
315
330
330
300
380
305
330
375
290
330
390
450
332
275
155
330
340
155
98 99
435 525
500 558
370 435
170 170
290 290
345 390
510 558
470 520
450 525
315 330
452 530
430 435
310 310
553 553
345 520
300 300
435 515
520 553
185 185
290 290
452 558
380 525
355 450
475 520
280 280
470 558
510 570
420 530
418 475
380 450
360 375
485 558
430 440
410 462
500 525
395 485
500 565
370 475
435 515
462 530
460 565
430 515
553 565
450 450
440 525
330 330
155 155
435 520
553 553
155 15$
= Mean 24-hour
minimum number of minutes. Maxima
ximum number of
minutes. Percemiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsana and Kleceis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-101
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-86. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Outdoor Recreation
Pereentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (yean) *
Age (yew) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (yean) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Noi Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
D»y Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitisffimphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
253
140
112
1
2
13
21
27
158
32
225
16
3
2
4
3
238
12
3
60
104
19
68
2
64
22
59
54
31
23
52
54
84
63
129
124
31
75
102
45
232
19
2
245
6
2
238
13
2
Mean Stdev
211.23 185.48
231.78 207.41
183.67 150.15
420 »
337.5 201.53
166.54 177.06
206,14 156.17
155.07 128.28
223.61 192.97
211.06 206.59
209.77 182.74
233.88 231.3
203.33 262.22
327.5 130.82
77,5 53.929
308.33 209.42
211.8 187.07
175.5 149.06
308.33 209.42
177,1 150.02
210.74 153.37
205.26 ^204.04
244.44 }245.03
187.5 10.607
176.73 145.32
259.41 177.97
238.2 228.99
218.09 172.21
224.71 193.06
157.61 178.18
189,6 160.88
212.09 228,41
217.26 175.27
220.29 179.71
197.21 195.32
225.81 174.26
196.61 165.52
198.85 161.67
228.16 204.18
203.53 193.83
208.24 187.69
250.21 166.64
187.5 10.607
206.82 184.85
399.17 151.21
187.5 10.607
212.24 189.23
196.31 122.22
187.5 10.607
Stderr
11.661
17.529
14.188
*
142.5
49.109
34,078
24.687
15.352
36.521
12.183
57.825
151.39
92.5
26.964
120.91
12.126
43.029
120.91
19.368
15.039
46.81
29.715
7.5
18.165
37.943
29.812
23.434
34.675
37.153
22.31
31.083
19.123
22.642
17.197
15,649
29,728
18.668
20.217
28.895
12.323
38.23
7.5
11.81
61.731
7.5
12.266
33.896
7.5
Min
5
5
5
420
195
15
30
5
5
5
5
5
30
235
20
180
5
15
180
5
5
30
5
180
5
5
IS
5
20
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15
180
5
285
180
5
5
180
Note: A *** Signifies missing data, "DK"= The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev
= standard deviation, Stderr
= standard error.
Max
1440
1440
645
420
480
630
585
465
1440
735
1440
690
505
420
150
550
1440
511
550
630
670
690
1440
195
630
600
1440
690
690
735
690
1440
645
690
1440
690
585
690
1440
735
1440
570
195
1440
690
195
1440
370
195
5
20
17.5
20
420
195
15
60
5
30
5
20
5
30
235
20
180
20
15
180
12.5
30
30
15
180
15
30
20
25
30
10
30
20
15
30
15
.20
5
25
30
20
20
15
180
20
285
180
20
5
180
Refused data. N
Min =
25
60
67.5
60
420
195
30
90
60
80
30
60
42,5
30
235
42,5
180
60
70
180
60
82,5
60
60
180
60
105
90
65
60
50
60
60
62.5
75
60
85
60
75
75
60
60
80
180
60
310
180
60
117
180
50 75
165 300
177 330
150 255
420 420
337.5 480
130 180
165 245
135 225
172.5 310
171 375
165 300
150 450
75 505
327.5 420
70 112.5
195 550
165 300
ISO 255
195 550
147.5 230
180 294
150 180
179.5 375
187.5 195
152.5 225
247,5 380
175 310
172.5 345
150 325
80 200
162,5 231.5
177.5 280
150 347.5
165 280
150 275
180 310
165 280
180 270
179.5 325
120 330
159 294
255 350
187.5 195
160 288
345 420
187.5 195
165 300
160 310
187.5 195
90
480
502.5
380
420
480
370
360
420
505
495
460
585
505
420
ISO
550
480
340
550
395
419
570
525
195
370
S2S
511
460
505
370
370
419
495
545
465
480
440
465
459
505
480
525
195
480
690
195
495
340
195
95
574
600
525
420
480
630
574
420
585
600
570
690
505
420
150
550
585
511
550
519.5
511
690
690
195
465
600
670
550
645
480
574
600
525
585
525
600
550
545
585
574
585
570
195
570
690
195
585
370
195
98 99
670 690
690 735
585 630
420 420
480 480
630 630
585 585
465 465
690 690
735 735
670 690
690 690
505 . 505
420 420
150 150
550 550
690 690
511 511
550 550
585 630
600 64S
690 690
735 1440
195 195
585 630
600 600
690 1440
570 690
690 690
735 735
670 690
735 1440
600 645
690 690
670 735
690 690
585 585
670 690
690 690
735 735
690 690
570 570
195 195
670 690
690 690
195 195
690 690
370 370
195 195
= doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
minimum number of minutes.
Vfax =; maximum number of
minutes, Pereentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsanz and KleneK 1996.
Page
15-102
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-87. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Exercise
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) . *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race • Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/EMphyscma DK
N Mean
564 77.429
262 84.676
302 71.142
10 76.5
11 127.273
26 132.5
35 67.829
407 77.572
75 54.853
480 78.015
34 74.706
10 46.3
14 80.214
19 63
7 128.571
516 76.872
38 76.553
3 65
7 128.571
72 99.014
300 72.663
50 85.98
139 72.683
3 113.333
83 101.976
21 58.238
124 81.048
104 80.856
1 10 73.627
122 60.861
130 88.423
101 63.564
177 75.311
156 79.647
426 73.096
138 90.804
150 67.387
140 74.871
192 93.188
82 63.268
523 76.625
37 78.243
4 175
553 77.259
7 27.286
4 188.75
542 77.098
17 64.588
5 157
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev
= standard deviation
Stdev
70.438
75.778
64.927
74.014
187.18
126.31
41.589
63.597
44.455
71.517
• 44.67
25.038
73.944
60.658
130.47
70.111
59.516
69.462
130.47
111.6
55.618
83.568
63.36
135.77
110.97
66.062
63.037
70.181
62.548
38.368
77.649
44.33
71.62
75.331
63.872
86.574
49.859
55.395
91.294
63.277
70.247
51.454
167.03
69.366
19.576
150.35
69.465
60.635
149.57
Stderr
2.966
4.6816
3.7361
23.405
56.437
24.772
7.0298
3.1524
5.1332
3.2643
7.6608
7.9177
19.762
13.916
49.313
3.0865
9.6548
40.104
49.313
13.153
3.2111
11.818
5.3742
78.387
12.18
14.416
5.6609
6.8818
5.9637
3.4737
6.8102
4.411
5.3833
6.0313
3.0946
7.3697
4.071
4.6817
6.5886
6.9878
3.0717
8.459
83.517
2.9497
7.3992
75.177
2.9838
14.706
66.888
Min
4
5
4
15
15
15
15
4
6
4
15
15
30
15
30
4
15
20
30
15
5
10
4
30
15
10
4
15
5
5
10
10
5
4
4
6
8
10
5
4
4
20
10
4
6
60
4
10
15
Max
670
670
525
270
670
525
180
480
195
670
250
95
275
265
360
670
7.65
145
360
670
460
420
480
270
670
300
298
480
460
240
450
300
525
670
670
525
285
360
670
460
670
•275
360
670
60
360
670
275
360
5
15
20
15
15
15
25
20
20
10
15
15
15
30
15
30
15
20
20
30
20
20
20
10
30
25
10
15
20
20
15
15
15
15
20
15
15
15
17.5
20
15
15
20
10
15
6
60
15
10
15
"don't know". Refused = Refused data. N
Stderr =
standard error.
25
30
30
30
30
30
60
30
30
25
30
45
30
30
30
55
30
30
20
55
30
30
30
30
30
30
28
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
45
35
30
10
62.5
30
30
60
50
60
60
60
60
60
90
60
60
40
60
60
41.5
47.5
45
60
60
60
30
60
60
60
60
60
40
60
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
62.5
45
60
65
165
60
25
167.5
60
50
80
Percentiles
75 90
100 150
117 165
90 125
90 187.5
150 160
180 275
100 120
100 145
70 120
100 150
105 120
60 82.5
90 179
60 160
270 360
99 145
110 160
145 145
270 360
120 180
90 130
92 167.5
90 135
270 270
120 205
60 90
115 179
112.5 150
98 130
80 110
120 200
89 115
90 150
104 130
90 130
120 200
90 127.5
90 147.5
120 180
75 120
100 150
100 120
315 360
100 145
45 60
315 360
100 145
63 120
270 360
95
195
205
175
270
670
450
150
185
150
. 194
130
95
275
265
360
193
7.50
145
360
275
179.5
300
195
270
275
165
205
170
180
127
240
120
185
183
180
265
175
181
250
135
185
200
360
193
60
360
185
275
360
98 99
275 420
285 450
265 360
270 270
670 670
525 525
180 180
265 300
193 195
285 450
250 250
95 95
275 275
265 265
360 360
275 420
265 265
145 145
360 360
525 670
240 291
390 420
240 265
270 270
525 670
300 300
250 265
240 420
285 297
165 185
297 420
170 215
298 480
270 460
240 298
420 460
212.5 240
220 298
450 525
300 460
265 420
275 275
360 360
265 420
60 60
360 360
265 420
275 275
360 360
= doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsans and Kleoeis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-103
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter IS - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-88. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Food Preparation*
Percentiles
Category Population Group
AD
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (ye«r») "
Age (years) ' 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (yean) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age {ycsrs) > 64
Race White
Race, Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region . Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
4278
1341
2937
94
24
60
131
3173
796
3584
377
62
66
132
57
3960
254
20
44
210
1988
420
1625
33
291
450
1449
954
659
475
952
956
1453
917
2995
1283
1173
1038
1148
919
3948
300
30
4091
149
38
4024
216
38
Mean
52.37
37.8106
59.0177
52
56.4583
25.1667
21.7023
52.0905
60.5025
51.6205
57.0265
54
50.5909
59.2121
53.1404
51.848
59.2244
54.95
58.6136
27.1667
45.4874 •
53.8643
63.6357
53.5429
31.7079
61.2556
58.8392
52.0073
46.2018
46.1621
52.312
53.2333
53.3944
49.9073
50,0571
57.7693
50.6206
54.3892
51.3972
53.5375
52.0433
57.1433
47.6333
52.1936
56.8054
53.9737
5X0318
56.9074
62.3947
Stdev
52.8802
42.1779
55.862
43.2171
60.3699
29.6877
37.6902
52.8766
54.669
53.2589
52.2893
41.8224
53.2368
49.7947
49.297
52.6035
56.7225
53.2002
53.2957
40.5487
46.6734
55.3474
57.7587
66.7803
42.6211
53.2321
56.6653
52.2377
48.0775
48.7374
53.2054
51.8139
53.4621
52.7204
49.979
58.7687
48.6464
54.484
54.1854
54.5349
53.1805
49.4425
44.8119
52.9733
48.2377
60.4168
53.0963
46.6833
61.7031
Stderr
0.8083
1.1518
1.0308
4.4575
12.3229
3.8327
3.293
0.9387
1.9377
0.8896
2.693
5.3115
6.553
4.3341
6.5295
0.8359
3.5591
11.8959
8.0346
2.7981
1.0468
2.7007
1.4328
11.2879
2.4985
2.5094
1.4886
1.6913
1.8728
2.2362
1.7244
1.6758
1.4025
1.741
0.9132
1.6407
1.4204
1.6911
1 .5992
1.7989
0.8464
2.8546
8.1815
0.8282
3.9518
9.8009
0.837
3.1764
10.0096
Min
1
1
1
• 5
5
2
1
2
2
I
2
6
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
2
Max '
555
480
555
215
240
120
385
555
525
555
390
210
295
315
210
555
420
240
210
385
480
520
555
340
385
555
520
525
515
375
480
520
555
515
555
420
480
525
555
520
555
Til
195
555
340
240
555
240
240
5 25 50
5 20 35
5 13 30
5 25 45
5 20 40
5 22.5 30
2 511
2 5 10
5 20 35
5 25 45
5 19 35
5 20 40
5 20 50
5 15 33.5
5 23.5 55
5 20 40
5 20 35
5 20 45
8 25 45
5 27.5 37.5
2 5 15
5 15 30
5 20 40
5 29 45
2 20 30
2 5 15
5 30 45
5 22 45
5 20 34.5
5 15 30
5 15 30
5 20 40
5 20 35
5 16 35
5 15 31
5 19 35
5 20 40
5 18 35
5 20 38.5
5 20 35
5 20 37
5 20 35
5 20.5 45
5 10 32.5
5 20 35
S 25 45
2 10 32.5
5 20 35
5 20 45
2 20 42.5
75
65
50
75
60
75
30
30
65
80
65
75
70
70
80
60
65
75
60
80
30
60
65
90
60
37
90
75
65
60
60
61
65
70
60
60
75
65
70
60
67
65
75
60
65
80
60
65
85
90
90
115
SO
120
no
150
60
55
110
120
110
120
105
115
110
120
111
120
112.5
150
60
90
105
125
120
75
120
120
110
100
96
110
120
120
105
105
130
110
120
110
120
HO
120
117.5
115
120
120
110
120
ISO
95
150
105
155
150
180
107
70
145
ISO
145
150
130
150
135
180
145
155
180
180
90
130
125
170
195
120
ISO
155
150
125
135
140
150
150
135
132
180
135
150
137
155
145
160
120
150
135
240
145
ISO
240
98. 99
210 265
150 210
224 272
195 215
240 240
120 120
90 90
210, 265
240 270
210. 265
210 240
175 210
210 295
225 285
'l95 210
205 255
240 315
240 240
210 210
120 180
180 240
205 255
240 275
340 340
155 195
197 225
240 310
210 245
180 224
200 270
205 255
210 265
195 245
225 265
180 240
240 300
195 240
224 265
208 300
200 265
210 265
199 240
195 195
210 265
180 210
240 240
210 265
198 210
240 240
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error, Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of
Source: Tsanennd KleDeis, 1996.
minutes.
Page
15-104
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 -Activity Factors
Table I5-S9. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minules Spent Doing Dishes/Laundry3
Percentiles
Category Population Group
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Ernploymeni Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
1865
324
1541
32
10
20
47
1371
385
1560
170
19
25
71
20
1732
112
7
14
73
776
214
789
13
99
216
683
422
262
183
471
405
602
387
1270
595
503
438
510
414
- 1712
147
6
1790
66
9
1746
112
7
Mean
61.7882
46.1142
65.0837
43.75
49.3
34.25
32.6809
63.2356
63.4416
62,2173
57.8471
56.7368
45.96
69.0141
60.75
61.3077
68.2589
75.7143
62.5
35.3288
56.9549
63.7243
68.5234
58.2308
37!5253
69.7824
67.3616
64.3033
51.4466
53.6831
59.5223
60.3235
65.8156
59.814
59.5402
66.5866
65.3479
62.7763
61.7294
56.4903
61.9533
60.8912
36.6667
62.0788
54.7576
55.5556
60.5063
82.7143
46.7143
Stdev
68.894
50.179
71.793
46.49
66.545
28.799
30.603
67.104
79.738
69.493
60.026
51.705
41.361
75.626
104.217
68.206
. 71.468
66.548
122.266
37.364
63.42
64.791
76.296
59.448
38.655
69.956
76.746
72.277
49.386
60.208
60.067
68.244
75.076
69.562
68.798
68.909
79.461
67.751
62.801
63.125
69.64
60.62
41.793
69.212
62.985
44.19
65.326
109505
51.403
Note: A "'" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know".
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev
= standard deviation.
Siderr
1.5953
2.7877
1.8289
8.2183
21,0434
6.4395
4.4639
1.8123
4.0638
1.7595
4.6038
11.862
8.2721
8.9752
23.3037
1.6389
6.7531
25.1526
32.677
4.3732
2.2766
4.429
2.7162
16.4878
3.885
4.7599
2,9366
3,5184
3.0511
4,4507
2,7677
3.3911
3.0599
3.536
1.9305
2.825
3.543
3.2373
2.7809
3.1024
1.6831
4.9999
17.062
1.6359
7.7529
14.7301
1.5634
10.3473
19.4284
Refused =
Stderr = standard error
Min
1
1
1
10
3
1
2
1
1
1
5
3
5
3
5
1
3
10
5
1
2
2
1
10
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
1
5
!
2
2
1
1
2
10
1
5
10
1
3
2
Max
825
360
825
225
210
92
150
565
825
825
390
210
150
325
475
825
325
180
475
210
565
340
825
180
210
570
825
475
260
360
565
480
825
570
825
565
825
450
565
570
825
375
120
825
335
120
565
825
120
Refused data.
Min
5
10
10
10
10
3
1.5
5
10
9
10
5
3
10
5
7.5
10
5
10
s
3
10
10
10
10
3
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
5
2
25 50
20 30
15 30
20 35
15 30
5 22.5
15 30
10 20
20 30
20 35
20 30
17 30
15 30
15 30
20 35
15 30
20 30
20 30
15 55
15 25
15 20
20 30
15 30
25 40
10 30
10 30
26.5 45
20 40
20 30
15 30
15 30
20 35
15 30
20 35
15 30
20 30
20 40
20 30
20 35
20 40
15 30
20 30
20 30
10 25
20 30
25 30
30 30
20 30
20 57.5
10 30
N = doer sample size
75 90
80 150
60 120
90 150
55 90
55 165
58 82.5
45 65
90 ISO
80 135
85 147.5
75 ISO
90 120
80 120
105 200
60 127.5
80 140
103 180
150 180
35 120
SO 80
70 125
90 151
90 158
100 150
55 90
90 151
90 150
85 155
70 120
60 . 120
75 135
75 150
90 ISO
70 150
75 137.5
90 150
90 150
75 150
90 140
65 130
85 150
76 151
30 120
85 150
60 120
90 120
80 140
103 170
120 120
95
190
135
200
150
210
91
90
198
195
190
180
210
120
225
305
180
225
180
475
120
180
205
210
180
120
195
205
210
158
190
180
198
210
210
190
210
210
190
180
195
195
180
120
190
200
120
190
240
120
98 99
255 335
210 260
270 340
225 225
210 210
' 92 92
150 150
245 335
285 375
270 335
235 240
210 210
ISO 150
275 325
475 475
250 335
270 275
180 180
475 47S
150 210
240 335
240 275
285 375
180 180
180 210
245 315
285 405
285 360
200 225
245 330
210 285
240 285
270 360
270 345
245 330
275 340
300 360
285 335
240 270
230 270
270 335
250 255
120 120
255 335
315 335
120 120
250 325
360 570
120 120
. Mean = Mean 24-hour
= minimum number of minutes. Max =
maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
a Includes food cleanup, clothes care.
Source: Tsane and Kleoeis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 ___^
Page
15-105
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-90. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Housekeeping3
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Mate
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (yean) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age >64
Race While
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic OK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Fyll Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asilima DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
1943
370
1573
47
11
54
72
1316
443
1649
137
32
26
71
28
1771
134
15
23
138
673
193
925
14
171
246
677
433
245
171
464
413
648
418
13)6
627
470
451
563
459
1789
140
14
1853
75
15
1816
107
20
Mean
118.833
109.419
121.047
146.043
74.091
42.852
78.111
120.422
128.217
1 19.056
116.555
98.75
82.423
112.648
189.286
117.443
121.657
146.867
191.087
65.565
106.579
124.72
132.681
236.786
82.164
140.736
125.078
112.898
107.302
130.813
119.235
117.855
119.912
117.679
113.21
130.635
111.4
122.621
111.803
131.344
118.529
115.664
189.286
117.731
122.88
234.667
118.073
118.701
188.5
Note: A "•" Signifies missing data. "DK" ** The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers- Stdev =
standard deviation
Stdev
113.369
116.541
112.533
121.3
69.42
34.096
75.546
113.654
118.925
112.184
109.394
100.467
56.436
129.335
176.198
1 10.586
129.578
127.912
180.296
68.838
102.376
117.48
119.442
208.221
96.944
125.356
120.495
100.145
102.244
117.998
116.368
112.595
116.159
106.559
111.913
1 1 5.567
100.617
114.024
114.5
122.391
112.075
115.811
208.565
112.346
103.762
204
112.929
102.942
176.435
don't know
Stderr Min Max
2.5719
6.0587
2.8374
17.6935
20.9308
4.6399
8.9031
3.133
5.6503
2.7626
9.3462
17.7602
11.0681
15.3492
33.2983
2.6278
11.1939
33.0268
37.5944
5,8599
3.9463
8.4564
3.9272
55.6495
7.4135
7.9924
4.631
4.8127
6.5321
9.0236
5.4022
5.5405
4.5631
5,212
3.085
4.6153
4.6411
5.3692
4.8256
5.7127
2.6497
9.7878
55.7414
2.6099
11.9814
52.6725
2.65
9.95 IS
39.452
. Refused =
1
!
1
10
10
1
1
1
3
1
1
15
5
5
10
I
5
10
10
1
I
1
3
10
I
3
2
1
1
5
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
5
10
1
5
10
1
5
5
810
810
790
480
270
180
300
810
790
790
490
425
210
660
810
790
660
510
810
375
655
660
790
810
810
715
790
570
585
655
790
715
810
720
790
810
810
720
690
790
790
690
810
790
394
810
790
480
5 25
10 40
10 30
15 45
10 45
10 40
5 20
5 27.5
15 40
10 55
10 40
5 30
15 30
15 40
8 30
20 52.5
10 40
10 35
10 30
20 45
5 25
10 30
15 45
15 55
10 120
5 30
10 60
15 45
10 40
15 30
15 60
10 35
10 34
10 40
15 40
10 30
15 55
10 45
15 40
10 30
15 45
10 40
10 36.5
10 45
13 40
5 30
10 120
10 40
10 30
810 7.5 85
Refused data
Stderr = standard error. Min
50 75
90 165
60 150
90 165
115 240
60 90
30 53
60 105
90 165
90 180
90 165
90 150
60 127.5
60 115
60 135
147.5 247.5
90 165
85 135
120 210
150 255
45 80
70 145
90 180
105 180
182.5 300
45 105
120 180
90 175
90 150
60 150
90 180
90 165
88 165
90 165
90 165
75 150
90 180
85 160
90 180
75 135
90 180
90 165
67 150
122.5 255
90 160
90 210
240 300
90 160
90 180
1 55 240
90
270
270
270
300
90
80
210
270
270
265
300
265
185
270
420
265
270
'240
390
180
240
270
295
430
220
300
270
240
240
280
245
255
285
255
255
290
240
270
255
300
270
277.5
340
265
270
480
270
255
320
95
345
360
345
375
270
120
240
360
345
340
358
345
190
465
465
335
470
510
420
240
325
390
370
810
270
400
375
320
328
390
330
345
370
340
330
370
290
360
365
390
345
377.5
810
345
320
810
355
290
575
98 99
465 540
425 560
465 540
48Q 480
270 270
150 180
285 300
465 525
540 570
465 540
480 484
425 425
210 210
518 660
810 810
425 525
540 658
510 510
810 810
285 300
413 490
480 540
484 600
810 810
300 375
540 660
490 610
420 470
405 465
495 540
480 655
480 525
435 540
420 470
470 550
435 525
390 480
465 540
465 610
480 560
465 540
470 480
810 810
465 540
370 394
S\0 810
465 540
465 470
810 810
N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
= minimum number of minutes.
Max m maximum number of
manures. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
I Includes cleaning house, other repairs, and household work.
Source: Tsanit and Kleneis. 1996.
Page
15-106
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-91. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Speni in Bathing (a)
Percent! les
Group Name
All
Gender
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchilis/Emphysema
Group Code N Mean Stdev Stderr Min
6416 26.0842 29.6711 0.3704
Male 2930 24.2416 31.0251 0.5732
Female 3484 27.6372 28.4021 0.4812
1
1
1
Refused 2 20 14.1421 10 10
* 114 29.0088 38.9855 3.6513
1-4 330 29.9727 19.4226 1.0692
5-11 438 25.7511 35.3164 1,6875
12-17 444 23.1216 18.7078 0.8878
18-64 4383 25.4312 27,1553 0.4102
>64 707 29.9123 44.502 1.6737
While 5117 25.0233 28.5494 0.3991
Black 707 31.4851 31.5524 1.1866
Asian 112 28.1786 29.7661 2.8126
Some Others 122 30,2213 27.2726 2.4691
Hispanic 280 28.7786 39.2648 2.3465
Refused 78 27.5769 40.3235 4.5657
No 5835 25.8833 28.5411 0.3736
Yes ' 486 28.75! 40.5582 1.8398
DK 33 25.7576 16.7724 2,9197
Refused 62 24.2581 37.2268 4.7278
* 1189 26.1329 26.4288 0.7665
Full Time 3095 24.1499 25.0984 0.4511
Part Time 558 24.7616 23.2468 0.9841
Not Employed 1528 30.3161 39.9341 1.0216
Refused 46 30.4348 45.176 6.6608
* 1330 25.6759 26.4094 0.7242
< High School 474 33.3122 53.0129 2.435
High School Graduate 1758 25.822 23.5699 0.5621
< College 1288 26.4099 27.0338 0.7533
College Graduate 897 25.3813 34.8197 1.1626
Post Graduate 669 22.7788 23.0661 0.8918
Northeast 1444 25.0478 24.2512 0.6382
Midwest 1402 24.602 30,2958 0.8091
South 2266 27.4086 26,0895 0,5481
West 1304 26.5238 38.8092 1.0747
Weekday 4427 25.2896 30.2913 0,4553
Weekend 1989 27.8527 28.1689 0.6316
Winter 1796 26.858 26.9167 0.6351
Spring 1645 28.5854 41.0512 1.0121
Summer 1744 23.9295 20.7343 0.4965
Fall 1231 24.6653 25.5885 0.7293
No 5912 26.0658 30.0373 0.3907
Yes 468 26.5427 22.9543 1.0611
DK 36 23.1389 44.0728 7.3455
No ' 6243 26.0042 29.0175 0.3673
Yes 131 31.145 49.5427 4.3286
DK 42 22.1905 40.9153 6.3134
No 6112 26.0545 29,857 0.3819
Yes 268 27.2463 22.162 1.3538
DK 36 22.4722 44.0859 7.3477
2
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
3
1
2
5
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
5
3
I
1
3
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data, "DK" - The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers, Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr ™ standard error
Max
705
705
555
30
300
170
690
210
555
705
705
295
270
240
546 .
275
705
570
65
275
690
555
295
705
275
690
570
270
255
705
257'
360
570
300
705
705
555
546
705
270
340
705
210
275
705
546
275
705
150
275
5
5
5
5
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
g
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
-5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Refused data. N =
Min = minimum
25
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
10
10
IS
15
10
15
10
10
10
10
15
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
10
15
11
15
10
10
10
15
10
10
15
10
10
13
10
50
20
20
20
20
20
30
20
18
20
20
20
22
20
27.5
20
15
20
20
20
15
20
15
20
20
15
20
20.5
20
20
15
15
20
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
19.5
17
20
20
15
20
25
15
20
20
IS
75
30
30
30
30
30
31
30
30
30
30
30
40
30
35
31.5
30
30
30
30
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
33
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
25
30
30
25
30
30
22.5
90
50
45
60
30
60
54.5
45
45
50
60
45
60
60
50
54.5
60
50
50
55
30
45
45
46
60
55
45
60
50
55
50
45
50
45
55
48
45
60
50
60
45
50
50
46
30
50
50
30
50
60
30
95
60
60
75
30
60
60
60
60
60
85
60
80
75
60
62.5
100
60
60
65
60
60
60
60
85
105
60
85
60
75
65
60
60
60
65
60
60
68
60
70
60
60
60
60
30
60
60
30
60
60
30
98
90
75
105
30
105
85
60
65
90
120
90
120
90
100
90
195
90
90
65
105
75
85
90
120
275
75
110
90
105
105
85
90
85
100
90
90
100
90
115
80
95
90
100
275
90
105
275
90
95
275
99
120
100
135
30
275
90
75
90
120
150
115
170
90
150
155
275
120
140
65
275
90
110
110
155
275
90
300
120
150
135
100
105
115
135
133
115
130
no
ISO
100
120
120
120
275
120
131
275
120
131
275
doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
number of minutes.
Max =
maximum number of
minutes. Percentilcs are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
a Includes baby and child care, personal care services, washing and personal hygiene (bathing,
showerin.
;, etc.)
Source: Tsane and Klerffiis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-107
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-92. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Yardwork/Maintenance (a)
Percent! les
Category Population Group
Alt
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 i
Age (years) 12-17
Age {years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race SVhite
Rice Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Pirt Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week SVeekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
1414
804
610
20
12
26
54
1015
287
1249
77
13
26
37
12
1331
65
8
10
92
664
121
526
11
105
160
465
305
211
168
291
314
438
371
878
536
289
438
458
229
1311
98
5
1360
42
12
1352
57
5
Mean Stdev Stderr
147.69 148.216 3,942
174.84 160.191 5.649
111.91 121.979 4.939
181.85 170.345 38.09
93.167 80.805 23.326
96.154 85.532 16.774
116 116.758 15.889
150.22 154.486 4.849
149.3 133.834 7.9
151,52 150.205 4.25
114.53 127.124 14.487
140 150.111 41.633
117.23 110.647 21.7
102.11 113.508 18.661
177.08 190.793 55.077
148.69 147.962 4,056
106.17 127.4 15.802
248.75 206.48 73.002
203.5 200.056 63.263
106.82 101.779 10.611
146.73 155,488 6.034
134.51 130.79 11.89
157.76 147.022 6.41
211.55 198.724 59.918
113.47 113.854 11.111
158.46 164.764 13.026
151.39 146.985 6.816
152.84 157.011 8.99
145.36 138.849 9.559
142.2 147.773 11.401
140.5 139.641 8.186
145.1 143.219 8.082
152.69 156.36 7.471
149.63 149.345 7.754
140.86 140.753 4.75
158.88 159.193 6.876
139.35 151.711 8.924
162.23 150.477 7,19
137.92 140.291 6.555
149.97 153.398 10.137
146.95 147.084 4.062
149.27 155.758 15.734
312 230.043 102,879
145.34 145.05 3.933
192.62 203.363 31.38
257.08 216.716 62,56
148.48 148.534 4.04
114.65 121.376 16.077
312 230.043 102.879
Min
1
2
1
5
5
5
3
1
2
1
2
5
5
5
30
1
5
5
60
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
5
60
1
5
5
1
5
60
Note: A *** Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation, Stderr = standard error
Max
1080
1080
900
600
285
330
505
1080
810
1080
750
425
380
565
600
1080
575
585
600
505
1080
554
810
600
600
900
840
1080
625
690
840
780
1080
750
810
1080
690
900
1080
720
1080
670
600
900
1080
600
1080
460
600
5
5
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
30
S
5
5
60
5
5
5
10
2
5
7.5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
60
5
15
5
5
5
60
25 50
45 100
60 120
30 75
60 116
30 82.5
39 60
30 90
35 100
60 120
45 105
20 65
15 85
30 88
20 60
60 97.5
45 105
20 60
90 190
60 120
31.5 77
35 90
30 90
60 120
60 120
33 79
45 111
50 110
45 95
40 105
30 90
40 90
55 95
45 111
40 104
40 92.5
50 116.5
30 75
60 120
40 90
40 97
45 100
30 90
120 300
45 100
60 142.5
52.5 232.5
45 105
30 60
120 300
75
205
249.5
145
240
132.5
120
150
210
205
210
165
210
178
120
215
209
120
420
300
147.5
202.5
200
220
375
150
210
210
210
225
180
200
195
205
210
190
225
195
220
180
210
200
210
480
200
255
472.5
205
135
480
90
360
415
277,5
467.5
178
210
285
360
330
360
285
360
290
255
510
360
255
585
555
240
360
317
370
465
285
412.5
345
360
330
340
330
360
375
350
345
380
360
360
310
390
355
445
600
. 355
46S
510
360
340
600
95
470
510
360
570
285
300
385
480
420
480
355
425
360
300
600
465
300
585
600
330
490
390
480
600
360
492.5
460
473
465
470
450
445
480
480
460
510
480
480
440
480
465
480
600
465
485
600
470
375
600
98
570
600
465 .
600
285
330
450 .
585
525
575
405
425
380
565
600
570 .
565
585
600
450
575
490
595
600
450
595
575 .
600 '
525
570
525
560
585 ,
575 .
560
600
565
570 :
555 .
600
570
670
600
570
99
655
670
510
600
285
330
505
670
630
660
750
425
380
565
600
660
575
585
600
505
690
495
655
600
505
810
690
630
533
630
600
655
635
690
625
690
600
700
630
655
635
670
600
655
1080 . 1080
600
570
405
600
600
660
460
600
Refused data, N — doer sample size. Mean ~ Mean 24-hour
Min — minimum number of minuies. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
* Includes car repair services, other repairs services, outdoor cleaning, car repair maintenance
domestic ans.
Source: Tsan? and Kleneis, 1996.
other repairs, plant care, other household work, domestic crafts,
Page
15-108
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-93. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Sports/Exercise (a)
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic • No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
1852
958
892
2
32
114
262
237
992
215
1541
135
37
47
74
18
1678
151
7
16
606
644
125
465
12
663
103
341
265
258
222
437
341
627
447
1264
588
448
533
579
292
1699
137
16
1801
40
11
1782
56
14
Mean
116.322
130.669
100.854
142.5
102.031
118.982
153.496
134.717
109.692
82.051
117.524
110.4
85.432
124.702
108.892
130
116.451
115.583
92.857
120
138.658
102.315
115.272
107.239
102.917
1 39.46
96.243
109.276
110.068
105.717
87.149
126.865
105.889
1 12.774
118.951
107.154
136.029
104.094
123.452
125.988
102.901
1 14.927
132.131
129.063
117.3
' 68
131.818
116.226
119.429
116.071
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to
a Includes active sports, exercise, hobbies.
Source: Tsana and Kleneis. 1996.
Stdev
107.947
117.216
94.795
38.891
79.32
109.17
130.58
122.228
100.801
75.995
110.622
93.06
73.897
106.397
89.177
111.698
108.276
106.428
62.773
110
123.665
94.146
91.33
104.105
87.917
123.813
97.046
106.483
94.836
92.204
79.704
122.905
94.38
104.846
105.629
94.026
1 30.966
104.108
100.904
114.358
110.416
105.239
134.238
134.786
108.373
70.942
1 16.023
107.987
108516
108.187
Stderr
2.5084
3.7871
3.174
27.5
14.022
10.2247
8.0673
7.9396
3.2004
5.1828
2.818
8.0094
12.1486
15.5196
10.3667
26.3275
2.6432
8.661
23.726
27.5
5.0235
3.7099
8.1688
4.8277
25.3794
4.8085
9.5622
5.7664
5.8257
5.7404
5.3494
5.8793
5.111
4.1872
4.9961
2.6447
5.401
4.9187
4.3706
4.7525
6.4616
2.5532
1 1 .4687
33.6966
2.5537
11.217
34.9823
2.5581
14.501
28.9143
Min
1
1
I
115
5
10
2
5
1
1
1
5
5
15
1
30
1
1
20
30
2
5
1
1
30
2
10
1
1
1
5
1
, 5
1
4
1
1
1
5
1
4
1
1
10
1
5
40
1
10
15
Max
1130
1130
1065
170
290
670
975
1065
1130
380
1130
440
310
553
520
420
1130
630
185
420
1065
1130
450
600
280
1065
570
1130
525
600
375
1130
570
975
670
670
1130
1065
650
670
1130
1130
1065
450
1130
330
420
1130
553
420
5 25
17 45
20 55
15 35
115 115
15 40
25 45
20 60
15 60
20 45
10 30
20 45
15 45
10 30
30 40
15 45
30 60
17 45
15 45
20 30
30 60
20 60
20 45
15 45
10 31
30 40
20 60
15 30
15 40
17 45
20 45
15 30
15 50
20 40
15 45
22 48
15 45
20 51.5
15 40
25 60
15 45
15 40
17 45
15 60
10 60
20 45
5.5 30
40 60
17 45
20 42.5
15 60
50
85
97.5
65
143
80
90
120
110
75
60
85
85
60
85
90
82.5
85
90
75
70
110
67.5
90
70
75
110
60
75
80
70
60
95
75
80
85
75
90
70
90
90
60
85
90
60
89
47.5
90
85
75
85
75
150
175
130
170
137.5
159
200
179
145
110
150
150
95
180
145
140
150
145
145
122.5
180
130
160
135
130
180
135
150
145
130
105
165
135
150
160
140
180
130
162
160
127.5
150
165
152.5
150
60
155
150
172.5
140
90 95
253 316
270 355
230 285
170 170
225 270
250 330
330 415
265 360
240 300
195 270
255 320
220 340
210 235
270 325
225 270
300 420
253 316
240 325
185 185
290 420
. 285 375
225 280
220 300
250 310
270 280
285 383
210 270
235 285
240 305
240 297
208 290
270 338
240 280
250 313
250 325
235 285
297 380
230 280
267 330
283 360
225 275
250 310
265 390
420 450
254 316
172.5 235
270 420
250 315
270 340
270 420
98 99
420 515
475 558
370 435
170 170
290 290
390 630
525 580
470 520
405 510
310 316
435 525
430 435
310 310
553 553
345 520
420 420
430 510
415 553
185 185
420 420
470 580
360 405
420 420
462 515
280 280
510 580
305 510
405 485
418 475
343 450
355 360
470 558
430 438
410 462
475 525
375 485
462 558
360 420
420 500
470 545
460 565
420 510
553 565
450 450
430 515
330 330
420 420
430 515
410 553
420 420
don't know". Refused — Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number
a given number of minutes.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-109
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-94. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Haling or Drinking
Percent! les
Category Population Group
AN
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age {years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Rue Asian
Rice Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
DiyOfWcck Weekday
Diy Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema OK
N
8627
3979
4644
4
157
492
680
538
5464
1296
7049
808
148
168
345
109
7861
639
41
86
1695
3684
715
2472
61
1867
758
2363
1612
1160
867
1916
1928
2960
1823
5813
2814
2332
2222
2352
1721
7937
635
55
8318
243
66
8169
397
61
Mean
74.8821
75,8316
74.0814
60
75.3248
93.4837
68.5412
55.8587
71.8673
91.7014
77.0058
59.9047
80,4054
66.0417
68.7043
74.2477
75.5599
68.2754
60.4146
68,9186
72.2083
70.6097
72,2112
83.9498
71.0492
70.85
72.3206
74.8565
73,9237
78.4991
82.8166
78.2766
75.8117
71.3916
75,9989
71.2069
82.4741
76,0931
76.3096
73.4787
73.3161
75.2016
71,3732
69.2909
74.5795
85.0288
75.6667
74.6605
80.6599
66.9508
Stdev
54.8419
56.2313
53.6353
21.2132
50,1255
52,8671
38.9518
34.9903
55.1199
62,6665
55.6564
46.5954
47.8283
52,0928
51.8926
60.8473
55.2306
50.1994
37.1039
55.4732
44.9086
55.0998
55.4476
59.1281
60.9843
45.3955
57.4352
57.1005
56.5324
55.4196
S9.6871
59.1627
51.3702
55.0903
52.9755
52.0446
59.5052
56.4379
55.207
53.2506
54.2737
54.8093
55.0353
56.5874
54.4372
63.5335
67.304
54.3234
65.2442
47.7188
Stderr Min
0,5904
0,8914
0.7871
10.6066
4.0005
2,3834
1.4937
1.5085
0.7457
1.7407
0.6629
1.6392
3.9315
4.019
2.7938
5.8281
0.6229
1.9859
5,7947
5.9818
1.0908
0.9078
2,0736
1.1892
7.8082
1,0506
2,0861
1.1746
1.408
1.6272
2.0271
1,3516
1.1699
1.0126
1 .2407
0.6826
1,1217
1.1687
1.1712
1.098
1.3083
0.6152
2,184
7.6302
0,5969
4.0757
8.2845
0.601
3.2745
6.1098
1
1
2
30
10
2
5
2
1
5
1
2
2
7
2
8
1
2
5
8
2
1
2
2
8
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
8
1
2
5
1
2
8
Max 5
900 15
900 15
640 15
75 30
315 15
345 20
255 15
210 10
900 15
750 20
900 15
505 IS
305 15
525 15
435 12
410 20
900 IS
435 15
150 IS
410 15
345 15
900 15
509 15
750 15
385 15
375 15
460 15
900 15
525 15
640 IS
750 ' 15
750 15
435 15
900 15
500 15
900 15
630 15
640 15
630 15
750 15
900 15
900 15
460 15
335 15
900 15
500 15
435 15
900 15
460 15
230 15
25 50
35 60
39 60
34 60
45 67.5
30 65
60 90
40 65
30 50
30 60
50 80
40 64
30 50
45 72.5
30 59.5
30 60
30 60
35 60
30 60
30 55
30 60
40 65
30 60
30 60
45 75
30 55
38 60
30 60
35 60
30 60
40 65
40 70
37 65
40 64
30 60
35 60
33 60
40 70
38.5 65
35 60
35 60
30 60
35 60
30 60
30 60
35 60
45 75
30 60
35 60
30 60
30 60
75
96
96
98
75
100
120
90
75
90
120
100
75
106.5
83
90
90
100
90
90
90
90
90
90
110
90
90
90
96
90
105
110
102.5
100
90
100
90
110
95.5
100
95
95
100
90
90
95
115
90
95
110
90
90
140
140
140
75
145
160
120
105
135
165
145
119
150
120
125
130
140
120
120
115
133
135
135
150
120
130
135
140
145
145
ISO
145
140
135
150
130
150
140
145
135
140
140
133
120
140
160
150
140
ISO
120
Noce: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data, N = doer sample size. Mean =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =
minutes. Perccntilcs arc the percentage of doers below or equal to a
Source: Tssnsand Klcneis. 1996.
95
175
180
170
75
150
190
142.5
125
170
200
180
140
160
135
165
180
175
155
130
155
150
165
170
185
145
150
ISO
175
175
180
185
180
175
165
180
165
190
175
178
170
175
175
170
210
175
180
195
170
180
155
98 99
215 270
210 270
225 270
75 , 75
195 285
225 270
165 195
150 170
220 270
270 . 295
225 270
200 225
200 200
190 200
195 225
290 315
220 270
195 225
150 150
210 410
195 210
225 270
230 260
235 285
235 385
190 210
230 315
220 270
230 275
220 265
240 270
240 285
210 255
210 270
210 240
210 250
240 297
240 275
220 275
210 260
210 232
215 270
225 285
215 • 335
210 265
285 ; 330
215 435
210 260
285 360
215 230
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
given number of minutes.
Page
15-110
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-95. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at an Auto Repair Shop/Gas Station
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N
153
105
48
3
4
5
7
118
16
130
12
5
3
3
148
5
16
84
16
35
2
IS
16
51
32
19
17
29
48
43
33
121
32
28
44
52
29
145
8
149
4
146
7
Mean
190.693
241.476
79.604
161.667
40
22
153.857
223.847
58.125
195.538
149.667
173
IS
350
188.926
243
84.188
283.571
104.188
65.914
17.5
95.056
327.188
233.353
253.469
72.895
49
247.31
230.896
165.721
115
204.645
137.938
177.143
189.636
171.692
239.448
191.29
179.875
191.047
177.5
189.048
225
Stdev
234.506
250.274
144.512
115.578
50.166
21.679
205.069
249.335
96.889
237.537
203.31
231.236
10
330.114
233.749
279.701
146.714
263.755
147.369
94,745
17.678
153.879
301.181
243.089
252.8
126.321
73.388
257.069
251.622
211.591
198.907
244.861
184.175
258.088
223,267
223.809
251.391
235.288
234.838
235.262
235.744
234.959
239.948
Stderr
1 8.959
24.424
20.858
66,729
25.083
9.695
77.509
22,953
24.222
20.833
58.691
103.412
5,774
190,591
19.214
125.086
36,678
28,778
36.842
16.015
12.5
36.27
75.295
34.039
44.689
28.98
17.799
47.737
36.318
32.267
34.625
22.26
32.558
48.774
33.659
31.037
46.682
19.54
83.028
19.273
117.872
19.445
90.692
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean
standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Mis- minimum number of minutes. Max =
below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Kleoels. 1996.
Min
1
2
1
90
10
5
3
1
2
1
2
5
5
15
1
15
3
3
5
1
5
3
5
2
2
1
5
2
1
3
5
1
2
2
- 2
I
5
1
5
1
5
1
5
Max
930
930
595
295
115
60
505
930
358
930
565
525
25
675
930
675
505
930
390
432
30
505
930
748
700
508
235
930
700
675
675
930
540
930
645
680
748
930
600
930
510
930
555
5 25
5 15
5 15
3 10
90 90
10 12.5
5 15
3 5
5 15
2 15
5 15
2 6.5
5 15
5 5
15 15
5 15
15 15
3 12.5
5 .17.5
5 12.5
2 15
5 5
3 10
5 60
5 20
5 15
1 5
5 10
3 30
5 17.5
5 15
5 10
5 15
3 15
5 15
5 15
3 10
8 35
5 15
5 5
5 15
5 10
5 IS
5 5
50 75
60 360
115 495
IS 70
100 295
17.5 67.5
15 15
55 390
75 480
20 42.5
60 390
75 229
25 295
15 25
360 675
60 369.5
150 360
17.5 69.5
230 540
17.5 187.5
30 90
17.5 30
17.5 79
278 615
120 480
157 517.5
20 90
15 35
120 432
74.5 510
50 358
15 100
60 390
40 200
30 355
79.5 384.5
30 347.5
95 445
60 360
37.5 374.5
60 360
97.5 345
57.5 360
95 510
90
565
600
295
295
115
60
SOS
600
225
587.5
495
525
25
675
565
675
390
630
359
160
30
390
.675
565
595
295
225
600
600
555
505
595
505
595
565
540
605
565
600
585
510
585
555
95
645
675
485
295
115
60
505
675
358
645
565
525
25
675
630
675
505
680
390
358
30
505
930
675
680
508
235
748
680
595
645
675
510
700
600
675
695
645
600
645
510
645
555
98 99
695 748
700 748
595 595
295 295
115 115
60 60
505 505
700 748
358 358
700 748
565 565
525 525
25 25
675 675
700 748
675 675
505 505
748 930
390 390
432 432
30 30
505 505
930 930
695 748
700 700
508 508
235 235
930 930
700 700
675 675
675 675
700 748
540 540
930 930
645 645
675 680
748 748
700 748
600 600
700 748
510 510
700 748
555 555
= Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev =
maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-111
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-96. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Numbr of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Gym/Heallh Club
Percentiies
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (yean) »
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employmenl Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Scjson Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
364
176
188
6
5
28
39
254
32
307
30
10
11
4
2
345
17
2
72
176
40
75
1
81
9
61
71
81
61
83
62
118
101
281
83
127
85
81
71
333
28
3
357
4
3
352
10
2
Mean
129.651
147.193
113.229
202.5
156
105.286
165.385
123.134
141.375
134.261
117.7
75.2
1 12.909
83.75
57.5
132.017
90.118
57.5
139,625
131.193
129.25
117.867
40
136.877
110.556
128.475
145.634
121.975
115.639
140.53
127
125,669
126.99
121.26
158.06
139.795
141.459
1,09.864
119,944
132.39
100.071
101.667
130.499
90
81.667
130.696
97.3
107.5
Note: A *'" Signifies missing data, "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
104.343
115.554
89.876
227.854
29.875
69.537
122.056
98.827
114.216
109.36
75.418
36.484
69.077
42.696
3.536
105.901
58.765
3.536
103.274
112.511
92,836
91.345
*
99.66
97.706
1 10,005
129.073
99.467
76,916
107.244
88.661
107.038
108,452
96.577
123.652
108.258
115.229
87.411
98,963
106.796
69.387
55.752
104.98
47.61
65.256
104.843
92.848
67.175
Stderr Min
S.4691
8.7102
6.5549
93,021 1
5
S
5
30
13.3604 105
13.1413
19.5447
6.2009
20.1907
6.2415
13.7693
11.5372
20.8276
21.3478
2.5
5.7015
14.2527
2.5
12.171
8.4808
14.6787
10.5477
*
11.0733
32.5688
14.0847
15.3181
11.0519
9.848!
11.7716
11.26
9.8537
10.7914
5.7613
1 3.5726
9.6063
12.4983
9.7123
11.7447
5.8524
13.113
32.1887
5.5561
23.8048
37.6755
5.5882
29,361
47.5
don't know". Refused =
Stderr = standard error
5
15
5
10
5
5
30
25
40
55
5
5
55
5
5
25
5
40
5
10
5
5
15
10
20
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
20
5.
5
60
5
60
30
5
10
60
Max
686
686
660
560
180
325
660
686
533
686
320
145
270
140
60
686
255
60
660
686
420
533
40
660
300
660
600
686
415
660
440
660
686
686
660
686
600
525
660
686
330
165
686
160
155
686
330
15S
5 25
30 60
30 77.5
30 60
30 55
105 160
30 58
30 90
30 60
30 60
30 65
10 60
30 54
25 65
40 52.5
55 55
30 65
5 60
55 55
30 76
30 60
35 60
25 60
40 40
30 75
10 30
25 75
35 65
30 60
40 60
40 70
25 60
15 60
50 60
30 60
30 77
25 75
30 65
30 60
30 56
30 62
25 60
60 60
30 62
60 60
30 30
30 61
10 45
60 60
50
110
120
92.5
75
160
82.5
138
100
103
HO
115
60
90
77.5
57.5
110
90
57.5
120
110
95
90
40
120
80
105
no
98
90
120
113
103
92
98
120
120
102
90
98
110
86
80
110
70
60
110
76.5
108
75
155
175
135
420
175
141
206
ISO
173
164
145
95
153
115
60
160
115
60
165
150
168
145
40
164
165
145
170
135
145
170
170
150
135
145
180
177
164
130
150
160
118
165
155
120
155
158
120
155
90 95
240 320
285 360
200 279
560 560
180 180
165 270
330 440
210 295
292 340
255 330
235 285
133 145
179 270
140 140
60 60
240 325
140 255
60 60
265 330
240 330
285 325
230 285
40 40
215 325
300 300
210 310
285 533
220 285
225 265
240 330
285 300
240 330
225 292
210 295
285 415
240 330
285 340
160 310
215 295
255 325
210 230
165 165
240 32S
160 160
155 155
240 320
245 330
155 155
98 99
525 600
533 660
420 560
560 , 560
180 180
325 325
660 660
475 600
533 533
533, 600
320 320
145 145
270 270
140 140
60 60
533 600
255, 255
60, 60
440. 660
560 660
420 420
475 533
40 40
440 660
300 300
525 660
560 600
420 686
320 415
600 660
340 440
533 540
525 560
475 560
600 660
533 660
560 600
440 525
420 660
533 600
330 330
165 165
525 600
160 160
155 155
525 600
330 330
155 155
Refused data. N = doer sample siie. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutci, Pereentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsanzand Kleneis, 1996.
Page
15-112
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-97. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the Laundromat
Category
All
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
5-11
18-64
>64
White
Black
Hispanic
No
Yes
«
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Percentiles
N Mean Stdev Stderr Min Max 5 25 SO 75 90 95 98 99
40 99.275 85.209 13.4727 2 500 5 54.5 91 120 153 238 500 500
9 150.222 146.822 48.9407 2 500 2 115 120 150 500 500 500 500
31 84.484 51.822 9.3075 5 265 5 50 80 115 137 155 265 265
3 80.667 17.926 10.3494 60 92 60 60 90 92 92 92 92 92
33 101.182 91.724 15.967 2 500 5 50 90 120 155 265 500 500
4 97.5 63.574 31.7871 5 150 5 60 118 135 150 150 ISO 150
31 102.161 93.832 16.8527 2 500 5 50 90 120 155 265 500 500
6 75.667 50.306 20.5372 5 130 5 34 85 115 130 130 130 130
3 116.667 30.551 17.6383 ' 90 150 90 90 110 150 150 150 150 150
37 97.865 88.241 14.5068 2 500 5 50 90 120 155 265 500 500
3 116.667 30.551 17.6383 90 150 90 90 110 150 ISO 150 ISO 150
3 80.667 17.926 10.3494 60 92 60 60 90 92 92 92 92 92
20 97.6 104.739 23.4203 2 500 4 42 83.5 115 143 328 500 500
4 127.5 91.879 45.9393 75 265 75 77.5 85 178 265 265 265 265
13 97.462 60.852 16.8772 5 210 5 45 ' 115 137 150 210 210 210
3 80.667 17.926 10.3494 60 92 60 60 90 92 92 92 92 92
6 95 53.292 21.7562 5 ISO 5 60 113 130 150 150 ISO 150
17 101.353 64.434 15.6275 5 265 5 59 90 120 210 265 265 265
6 91.5 56.387 23.0199 10 155 10 34 115 120 155 155 155 155
7 126.429 168.219 63.5808 5 500 5 45 70 110 500 500 500 500
1 2 * "2222222222
6 168.667 166.465 67.9591 45 500 45 75 126 140 500 SOO 500 500
8 94 60.328 21.3291 5 210 5 57.5 93.5 118 210 _ 210 210 210
18 85.944 61.82 14.5711 2 265 2 50 76 115 155 265 265 265
8 82.5 52.915 18.7083 5 150 5 35 100 118 ISO 150 150 150
25 103.32 100.663 20.1326 2 500 5 50 90 115 155 265 500 500
15 92.533 52.697 13.6063 10 210 10 60 92 130 150 210 210 210
11 86.455 57.98 17.4816 2 210 2 45 80 120 140 210 210 210
12 85.583 71.678 20.6916 5 265 5 35 73.5 120 130 265 265 265
12 118.667 125.78 36.3096 5 500 5 55 101 113 137 500 500 500
5 113.8 48.422 21.655 34 155 34 115 115 ISO 155 155 155 155
37 95.459 83.88 13.7897 2 500 5 50 90 120 150 210 SOO 500
3 146,333 106.514 61.4962 59 265 59 59 115 265 265 265 265 265
40 99.275 85.209 13.4727 2 500 5 54.5 91 120 153 238 500 500
35 92.314 84.343 14.2565 2 500 5 50 90 115 130 210 500 500
5 148 83.262 37.2357 30 265 30 140 150 155 265 265 265 265
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. N » doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Slderr =
standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given
number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis
1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-113
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-98. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at Work (non-specific)
Percentiles
Category
All
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education *
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angint
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Mate
Female
«
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
No
Yes
DK
Refused
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
N Mean
13? 393.949
96 435.271
41 297.195
4 568.75
2 200
4 33.75
2 207.5
121 409.678
4 293.75
113 397.903
13 379.231
1 405
9 314.778
1 840
121 388.702
12 361.083
2 585
2 717.5
8 118.75
97 440.732
21 341.19
9 250.556
2 425
11 234.091
12 460.417
SO 409.6
29 368.897
22 405.682
1 3 443.692
22 405.545
26 418.577
58 379.707
31 391.71
121 401.843
16 334,25
42 390.81
34 361.324
•41 400.902
20 441.75
124 393.218
13 400.923
133 397.677
3 266.667
1 280
131 397,13
5 333.4
1 280
Stdev
242.649
243.979
212.415
394.723
70.71 1
11.087
166.17
230.934
289.464
235.199
286.501
*
266.161
t*
242.092
242.06
35.355
173.241
113.916
237.56
188.235
218.567
586,899
266.306
181.727
273.7 '17
237.58
184.225
218.128
193.817
250.898
233.179
289.538
242.472
243.28
241.456
236.996
262.9
219.411
237.29
300.15
243.291
255.799
*
242.048
299.365
*
Stderr
20.731
24.901
33.174
197.362
50
5.543
117.5
20.994
144.732
22.126
79.461
*
88.72
*
22.008
69.877
25
122.5
40.275
24.121
41.076
72.856
415
80.294
52.46
38.709
44.117
39.277
60.498
41.322
49.205
30.618
52.003
22.043
60.82
37.257
40.644
41.058
49.062
21.309
83.247
21.096
147.686
*
21.148
133.88
*
Min
5
10
5
90
150
20
90
5
10
5
10
405
30
840
5
30
560
595
20
10
30
5
10
20
115
5
10
90
10
15
10
5
10
5
13
10
10
5
10
5
10
5
90
280
5
10
280
Max 5
979 IS
979 20
780 15
940 90
250 150
45 20
325 90
979 IS
610 10
979 15
850 10
405 405
793 30
840 840
979 15
793 30
610 560
840 595
325 20
979 15
795 115
630 5
840 10
840 20
795 115
979 15
850 10
815 150
793 10
765 90
940 13
979 10
960 20
979 15
795 13
960 30
840 30
979 13
793 12.5
960 20
979 10
979 15
560 90
280 280
979 20
619 10
280 280
25
180
245
90
248
150
25
90
240
50
210
85
405
95
840
180
138
560
595
35
300
240
95
10
40
330
ISO
160
240
360
320
180
150
90
210
97.5
175
150
210
285
180
240
190
90
280
180
13
280
50
440
473
280
623
200
35
208
450
278
450
405
405
245
840
405
370
585
718
67,5
480
330
150
425
ISO
495
.463
405
375
500
398
473
420
405
450
340
405
360
450
490
440
320
440
150
280
. 440
460
280
75
555
598
495
890
250
42.5
325
560
538
555
510
405
440
840
550
510
610
840
200
585
435
360
840
325
558
619
510
540
585
540
610
540
630
560
495
550
525
570
620
553
590
555
560
280
555
565
280
90 95
662 810
765 840
550 590
940 940
250 250
45 45
325 325
660 793
610 610
660 780
810 850
405 405
793 793
840 840
660 795
660 793
610 610
840 840
325 325
690 815
590 610
630 630
840 840
610 840
615 795
735 940
660 765
595 645
630 793
660 662
690 780
619 810
795 850
660 810
690 795
660 765
660 815
690 810
661 727.5
660 795
793 979
662 810
560 560
280 280
662 810
619 619
280 280
98 99
940 960
960 979
780 780
940 940
250 250
45 45
325 325
850 960
610 610
940 960
850 . 850
405 405
793 793
840 , 840
940 960
793 793
610 610
840 840
325 325
960 979
795 795
630. 630
840 840
840 840
795 795
969.5 979
850 850
815 815
793 793
765 765
940 940
815 979
960: 960
940 960
795 795
960 960
840 840
979 979
793 793
850 940
979, 979
940 960
560 560
280. 280
940. 960
619 619
280 280
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N — doer sample size. Mean ™ Mean 24-hour
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min := minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes, Pcrccntilcs arc the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsanz and Kleneis. 1996.
Page
15-114
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-99. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at the Dry Cleaners
Percentiles
Category
All
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race ,
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchiiis^Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
*
1-4
18-64
>64
White
Black
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. N = doer sample
standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes.
number of minuies.
Source; Tsane and Klepeis
. 1996.
N
34
11
23
1
2
28
3
25
7
1
I
31
3
2
25
I
6
2
4
8
6
12
2
8
10
8
g
23
11
12
4
8
10
32
2
33
1
33
1
Mean
82.029
105.545
70.783
485
20
61.036
185
70.72
131.429
10
91
83.806
63.667
20
83.12
500
28.5
20
234
84.125
146.333
13.5
50
110
19.1
197
17.75
93.957
57.091
74.583
44.5
20.25
155.4
86.688
7.5
83.909
20
84.061
15
Stdev
151.651
166.006
146.839
*
21.213
120.923
273.359
143.744
198.95
lit
*
158.483
46.479
21.213
151.81
*
33.934
21.213
209.191
165.008
220.347
24.247
63.64
187.293
30.101
211.975
29.359
172.77
95.985
158.092
41.685
32.012
205.739
155.244
3.536
153.599
*
153.532
*
Stderr
26.008
50.053
30.618
*
15
22.852
157.824
28.749
75.196
«
«
28.464
26.835
15
30.362
*
13.853
IS
104.595
58.339
89.956
6.999
45
66.218
9.519
74.945
10.38
36.025
28.941
45.637
20.843
11.318
65.061
27.443
2.5
26.738
*
26.726
*
Min
2
2
5
485
5
2
10
2
5
10
91
2
10
5
2
500
5
5
45
5
5
2
5
5
5
15
2
2
5
5
10
2
5
2
5
2
20
2
15
Max 5
515 5
515 2
500 5
485 485
35 5
515 5
500 10
515 5
500 5
10 10
91 91
515 5
91 10
35 5
515 5
500 500
91 5
35 5
500 45
485 5
515 5
90 2
95 5
485 5
103 5
515 15
90 2
515 5
325 5
485 5
103 10
95 2
515 5
515 5
10 5
515 5
20 20
515 5
15 15
.25 50
5 10
5 10
5 10
485 485
5 20
5 10
10 45
5 10
10 20
10 10
91 91
5 10
10 90
5 20
5 10
500 500
10 10
5 20
68 196
13 17.5
10 11.5
5 5
5 50
5 10
5 7.5
30 93
5 10
5 10
5 10
5 10
15 32.5
5 5
13 55
5 11.5
5 7.5
5 10
20 20
5 10
15 15
75
90
103
35
485
35
55
500
35
325
10
91
45
91
35
90
500
45
35
400
62
325
10
95
ISO
20
400
10
90
95
13
74
23
300
91
10
90
20
90
15
90 95
325 500
325 515
300 485
485 485
35 35
300 325
500 500
300 485
500 500
10 10
91 91
325 500
91 91
35 35
325 485
500 500
91 91
35 35
500 500
485 485
515 515
10 90
95 95
485 485
61.5 103
515 515
90 90
485 500
103 325
325 485
103 103
95 95
507.5 515
325 500
10 10
325 500
20 20
325 500
15 15
size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a
98 99
515 515
515 515
500 500
485 485
'35 35
515 515
500 500
515 515
500 500
10 10
91 91
515 515
91 91
35 35
515 515
500 500
91 91
35 35
500 500
485 4S5
515 515
90 90
95 95
485 485
103 103
515 515
90 90
515 515
325 "325
485 485
103 103
95 95
515 515
515 515
10 10
515 515
20 20
515 515
15 15
. Stderr =
given
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-115
-------
Volume HI • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-100. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Bar/Nightclub/Bowling Alley
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race While
Race Black
Rice Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma 'DK
Angina No
Angini Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
352
213
139
4
4
g
313
23
297
25
g
7
10
5
327
20
2
3
12
223
43
70
4
13
28
117
95
55
44
83
88
91
90
192
• 160
93
83
99
77
331
IS
3
345
5
2
333
17
2
Mean
175.818
174.319
178,115
158.75
98.75
151.25
180.192
141.217
173.623
205.44
169.875
197.286
121.3
246.6
177.131
144.9
142,5
261
133.75
18X439
201.233
146,3
176.25
146.538
218.036
177.778
205.274
141.764
131.364
179.337
169.818
175.714
178.544
167.458
185.85
182.667
186.12
160.313
176,377
176.308
169.444
160
176.98
82
210
177.273
148,588
165
Note; A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied '
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation.
Stdev
132.206
133.151
131.191
98.011
57.5
77.678
1 36.706
85.243
1 32.592
126.551
153.311
187.607
52.326
127.153
134.457
85.08
31.82
171.852
73.55
1 38.308
155.454
97.375
115.136
84.172
170.225
130.078
152.829
92.766
90.209
137.039
126.238
132.028
135.533
133.473
1 30.378
131.674
147.597
1 30.672
117.154
133.715
108.978
124.9
132.759
47.249
127.279
133.27
108.499
190.919
Stderr
7.047
9.123
11.127
49.006
28.75
27.463
7.727
17.774
7.694
25.31
54.204
70.909
16.547
56.864
7.435
19.024
22.5
99.219
21.232
9.262
23,706
11.639
57.568
23.345
32.17
12.026
15.68
12.509
13.599
15.042
13.457
13.84
14.286
9.633
10.307
13.654
16.201
13.133
13.351
7.35
25,686
72.1 1 1
7.148
21,131
90
7,303
26.315
135
don't know". Refused =
Stderr » standard error
Min
3
5
3
75
45
50
3
5
3
50
5
70
5
73
3
5
120
73
43
5
5
3
45
45
60
3
5
10
30
5
S
3
5
5
3
5
5
3
15
3
60
60
3
5
120
3
50
30
Max
870
870
630
300
170
270
870
328
870
540
479
615
198
410
870
440
165
410
270
870
615
479
300
300
870
630
650
417
400
650
615
870
605
650
870
650
870
630
615
870
530
300
870
120
300
870
530
300
5
30
30
30
75
45
50
30
30
30
60
5
70
5
73
30
38
120
73
45
30
45
30
45
45
75
25
30
20
30
45
30
35
30
30
45
40
30
30
30
30
60
60
30
5
120
30
50
30
25 50
90 150
90 140
95 ISO
98 130
53 90
80 ' 160
90 150
75 135
90 140
120 180
38 175
110 135
105 117,5
1 80 270
90 ISO
110 120
120 142.5
73 300
60 135
90 150
90 150
73 122.5
83 180
60 150
120 174.5
90 150
105 180
75 120
60 110
89 140
90 147.5
90 148
85 152.5
SO 120
108 165
87 150
90 140
75 120
100 165
90 150
105 135
60 120
90 150
75 90
120 210
90 150
110 120
30 165
75
222.5
220
225
220
145
205
225
180
220
240
225
185
160
300
225
160
165
410
177.5
228
270
180
270
185
235
225
240
205
177.5
240
211.5
225
225
210
228
240
230
189
220
225
210
300
225
120
300
225
175
300
90 95
328 487
340 479
300 530
300 300
170 170
270 270
370 498
240 325
328 487
417 498
479 479
615 615
179 198
410 410
340 489
221.5 342,5
165 165
410 410
225 270
340 525
455 520
255 328
300 300
270 300
420 568
360 489
462 590
265 340
265 290
328 489
299 487
270 462
407 479
340 520
321.5 474.5
410 455
380 498
285 530
299 410
340 487
270 530
300 300
340 487
120 120
300 300
340 487
210 530
300 300
98 99
570 615
568 615
600 605
300 300
170 170
270 270
590 615
328 328
590. 630
540 540
479 479
615 615
198 198
410 410
590 615
440. 440
165 165
410 410
270 270
600 630
615 615
462 479
300 300
300 300
870 870
540 570
615 650
410 417
400 400
630 650
568 615
570 870
590 605
590 605
568 630
560 650
570 870
605 630
600 615
590 615
530 530
300 300
590 615
120 120
300 300
590 615
53.0 530
3QO 300
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
, Min = minimum number of minutes. Max ^ maximum number of
minutes, Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Kteneis. 1 996.
Page
15-116
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-101. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors ata Restaurant
Category Population Group
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
2059
986
1073
30
61
84
122
1503
259
1747
148
37
30
78
19
1911
129
5
14
263
1063
208
515
10
299
132
590
431
359
248
409
504
680
466
1291
768
524
559
556
420
1903
150
6
1998
50
11
1945
104
10
Mean
94,539
87.498
101.01
126.13
62.705
56.69
69.836
101.21
83.583
91.658
102.82
81.297
145.17
123
123.84
92.945
116.7
76
114.5
62.251
105.48
122.61
76.33
135
72.177
134,77
99.439
94.935
89.515
95.012
94.379
96.895
92.666
94.863
97.338
89.833
97.735
91.642
95.121
93.636
94.081
96.267
196.33
94.926
68.98
140.27
93.746
96.077
232.8
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent repUed '
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
1 19.93
114.17
124.69
138.22
47.701
38.144
78.361
131.22
83.517
1 14.69
141.28
78.948
194.83
156.78
127.64
117.6
147.95
134.32
1 34.74
57.907
142.37
144.83
61.418
133.52
79.595
. 171.84
136.32
114.88
104.13
109.37
113.64
120.86
125.1
116.88
128.83
103.16
125.69
109.7
123.03
121.74
117.41
143.56
220.89
120.73
53.608
171.27
117.67
130.13
288.24
Stderr Min
2.643
3.6358
3.8065
25.2349
6.1075
4.1618
7.0945
3.3846
5.1895
2.744
11.613
12.979
35.5705
17.7518
29.2833
2.6901
13.0261
60.0708
36.0117
3.5707
4.3668
10.0423
2.7064
42.223
4.6031
14,9567
5.612
5.5338
5.4957
6,9452
5.619
5.3833
4.7972
5.4145
3.5855
3,7224
5.491
4.6399
5.2177
5.9401
2.6915
11.7219
90,1782
2.701
7.5813
51.6393
2.668
12.7602
91,1492
don't know". Refused =
Stderr = standard error
1
I
1
15
4
5
2
1
3
1
3
15
5
10
20
1
1
5
30
2
1
1
3
30
1
5
3
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
I
1
4
30
1
3
30
1
5
10
Max
925
900
925
495
330
180
455
925
750
925
805
480
765
700
480
925
765
315
480
455
925
805
490
425
548
925
910
770
765
765
765
805
910
925
925
770
875
925
910
900
910
925
480
925
340
480
910
925
875
5
10
10
10
30
10
10
10
10
19
10
5
18
10
15
20
10
15
5
30
10
10
5
15
30
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
10
10
10
10
30
10
15
30
10
15
10
25 50
30 60
30 60
40 60
45 60
35 55
30 45
30 45
30 60
45 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
45 82.5
40 60
30 70
30 60
40 60
10 10
30 60
30 45
35 60
32.5 65
40 60
60 82.5
30 50
30 60
35 60
35 60
35 60
40 60
35 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
30 60
36 60
35 60
35 60
30 60
30 60
35 60
30 45.5
30 79,
30 60
45 60
30 70
30 60
30 60
30 79
Percentiles
75 90
95 185
90 160
105 230
150 397.5
85 115
85 120
65 165
105 211
90 150
95 175
95 295
90 135
120 432.5
1 10 375
210 330
95 180
115 360
40 315
90 330
80 120
105 235
122.5 320
90 145
135 377.5
85 130
151.5 375
90 202.5
105 180
100 165
115 180
100 210
105 190
90 194.5
110 175
93 210
105 155
105 178
95 180
94 210
95 -1 85
100 180
90 237.5
480 480
100 190
90 105
120 480
97 180
90 235
480 677.5
95
351
305
380
490
120
120
250
400
215
320
430
200
750
585
480
330
435
315
480
140
485
441
195
425
250
535
435
340
295
260
330
340
365
375
377
280
351
360
360
325
330
485
480
355
120
480
335
360
875
98 99
548 660
550 660
540 670
495 495
130 330
140 180
325 360
570 675
315 520
535 640
555 735
480 480
765 765
660 700
480 480
542 645
660 700
315 315
480 480
273 330
630 735
595 660
260 315
425 425
360 480
700 7SO
645 680
550 640
490 570
560 675
507 585
560 675
550 650
535 640
555 700
510 620
595 685
505 555
555 675
540 653
545 653
590 670
480 480
550 660
286 340
480 480
548 653
500 620
875 875
Refused data. N — doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kteueis, 1 996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-117
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-102. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at School
Percemiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (yean) •
Age (yean) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Rice Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Rice Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Ves
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
1224 343.35
581 358.599
643 329.572
18 314.056
43 288.465
302 396.308
287 402.551
550 29S.422
24 187,708
928 348.525
131 339,809
39 332.385
36 363.583
76 294.039
14 279,714
1082 344,924
127 333.016
5 293
10 329,5
616 390.294
275 331.269
138 280.891
190 258.674
5 166
679 388.943
24 233.333
114 186,649
173 281.41
93 300.43
141 373.525
261 345.724
290 334.445
427 354.037
246 332.78
1179 346.838
45 251.978
392 369,298
353 355.057
207 316,763
272 310,996
1095 342.779
124 350.669
5 287
1209 344.629
9 205.778
6 292.167
1175 344.826
42 306,714
7 315.429
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data, "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers, Stdev =
standard deviation
Sfdev
179.099
167.7
187.875
230.927
217.621
109.216
125.512
207.294
187.012
180.458
169.282
179.918
155.557
175.697
221,268
179.58
173.803
244.672
180.053
130.206
222.021
174.844
199.529
179.074
132.842
179.648
193.608
209,872
208.704
193,443
181.522
176,652
178.547
180.277
177.477
198.543
164.363
165.488
196.364
195,332
179.195
178,785
190.676
178.874
169.545
178.908
178.845
188.249
163.691
"don't know
Siderr
5.119
6.957
7.409
54.43
33.187
6.285
7.409
8.839
38.174
5.924
14,79
28.81
25.926
20.154
59.136
5.459
15.423
109.42
56.938
5.246
13.388
14.884
14.475
80.084
5.098
36.67
18.133
15.956
21,642
16.291
11.236
10.373
8.641
11.494
5.169
29.597
8.302
8.808
13,648
11.844
5.415
16.055
85.273
5,144
56,515
73.039
5.217
29.047
61.869
Min
1
1
1
5
5
5
15
1
2
1
2
5
10
2
5
1
2
3
5
5
1
1
1
5
5
I
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
20
1
!
2
1
I
1
5
1
15
5
1
3
5
'. Refused =
. Stderr = standard error
Max
995
995
855
713
665
665
855
995
585
995
855
840
820
565
681
995
820
562
625
855
995
800
855
440
855
540
785
995
755
683
995
730
855
820
995
820
855
855
995
855
995
855
445
995
510
480
995
632
440
5
10
30
5
5
10
170
120
5
3
10
IS
20
105
10
5
10
15
3
5
115
5
10
5
5
100
2
4
5
5
15
11
10
10
15
10
40
20
12
10
5
10
10
5
10
15
5
10
10
5
Refused data. N
Min =
25
210
255
180
165
60
365
383
104
45
212.5
230
190
272.5
142.5
60
210
200
65
200
365
115
160
60
5
360
30
20
120
115
250
210
180
235
195
222
105
285
250
125
120
200
250
180
210
90
180
212
120
180
50 75
395 454
400 450
390 455
247.5 520
269 500
403 445
420 450
300 460
120 327,5
400 458
390 445
365 450
366 457.5
362,5 432
260 440
395 455
390 445
415 420
350 445
410 450
405 510
285 412
262.5 410
180 200
410 450
297.5 373.5
107.5 295
255 425
320 470
442 510
385 455
390 440
415 462
377.5 440
395 455
180 360
405 457
400 455
365 445
365 445
390 455
401 .5 445
365 440
395 455
180 275
324 440
395 455
377.5 444
378 440
90
540
540
540
625
580
535
500
552.5
480
545
510
560
502
495
625
540
500
562
537.5
525
575
480
527.5
440
525
460
480
550
540
575
535
530
540
555
540
555
545
535
557
540
540
535
445
540
510
480
540
465
440
95
585
600
582
713
595
565
565
612
510
600
580
580
598
525
681
598
565
562
625
570
625
537
572
440
580
465
580
640
580
615
620
585
575
595
585
632
600
575
585
595
585
605
445
595
510
480
595
580
440
98 99
660 723
690 778
640 683
713 713
665 665
625 640
710 778
683 785
585 585
665 723
624 645
840 840
820 820
540 565
681 681
665 730
600 630
562 562
625 625
640 665
690 755
660 683
778 840
440 440
640 710
540, 540
645 690
820 855
730 755
655 680
710 855
645 683
640 755
681 713
655 723
820 820
680 710
636 713
640 723
66Q 778
660 723
645 800
445 445
660 723
510 510
480 480
660 730
632 632
440 440
sa doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
minimum number of minutes.
Max = maximum number of
minutes, Pet cemilej are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Klepcis, 1996.
*
Page
15-118
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-103. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumul
itive Number of Minutes Spent Indoors at a Plant/Factory/Warehouse
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week • Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
383 450.896
271 460.458
112 427.759
6 405.667
1 20
2 107,5
4 108
353 463.683
17 347.765
322 451.789
32 466.438
3 263.333
6 585.333
15 385.8
5 440.4
350 454.137
26 419.615
2 425
5 397
7 95.286
333 481.417
23 359,87
19 179.316
1 30
13 184
38 491.237
190 465.374
85 450.494
43 46.1.163
14 357.5
71 449.423
113 462.035
136 465.912
63 400.159
319 476.445
64 323.547
89 468.157
91 445.198
127 440.646
76 454.632
364 452.948
17 412.353
2 405
375 453.928
5 231
3 438.333
362 450.235
19 468.316
2 405
Stdev
204.367
205.102
201.609
304.05
*
123.744
1 36.404
196.321
210.909
201.135
172.559
378.462
156.91
231.348
387.419
202.78
213.155
162,635
314.833
113.83
185.222
170,619
221.341
*
234.182
195.919
188.699
199.674
206.51
255.702
207.98
196.506
199.315
221.13
190.875
222.63
188.472
212.648
210.285
204.721
203.838
187.025
530.33
202.31
168.389
379.418
204.588
175.293
530.33
Stderr
10.443
12.459
19.05
124.13
#
87.5
68.202
10.449
51.153
11.209
30.504
218.51
64.058
59.734
173.26
10.839
41.803
115
140.8
43.024
10.15
35.577
50.779
*
64.95
31.782
13.69
21.658
31.492
68.339
24.683
18.486
17.091
27.86
10.687
27.829
19.978
22.292
18.66
23.483
10.684
45.36
375
10.447
75.306
219.06
10.753
40.215
375
Min Max
2 997
2 997
5 820
30 780
20 20
20 195
10 307
5 997
2 705
5 890
2 750
30 700
310 780
5 765
30 997
2 997
5 765
31,0 540
30 780
10 307
5 997
40 585
2 705
30 30
10 780
2 855
5 997
IS 870
5 840
10 700
5 890
2 997
5 870
10 760
5 997
2 820
10 997
10 870
2 890
5 760
2 997
20 580
30 780
2 997
60 475
30 780
2 997
50 720
30 780
5 25
30 350
30 365
15 314.5
30 120
20 20
20 20
10 20
30 385
2 180
30 355
30 382.5
30 30
310 565
5 230
30 115
30 365
15 240
310 310
30 115
10 20
50 440
45 240
2 25
30 30
10 20
5 435
30 380
40 37S
60 405
10 90
15 300
30 405
20 382
30 185
30 435
10 107.5
30 360
30 270
15 370
30 352.5
30 355
20 340
30 30
30 360
60 90
30 30
30 350
50 375
30 30
50
510
515
510
414.5
20
107.5
57.5
520
450
517.5
497.5
60
591
435
520
512.5
482.5
425
520
30
525
390
60
30
85
525
520
510
520
355
510
520
522,5
490
525
357.5
520
505
510
520
512.5
495
405
515
230
505
510
510
405
75
568
575
555
675
20
195
196
570
495
568
550
700
675
515
540
570
550
540
540
195
580
505
295
30
270
600
565
S6S
600
550
565
570
570
550
580
507.5
565
570
560
591
570
540
780
570
300
780
565
568
780
90
670
675
600
780
20
195
307
670
550
650
675
700
780
760
997
666.5
675
540
780
307
675
527
640
30
510
705
667.5
635
670
675
675
640
670
675
675
560
660
675
645
675
675
550
780
670
475
780
663
690
780
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Mtn = minimum number of minutes. Max
95
705
720
675
780
20
195
307
705
705
690
720
700
780
765
997
700
760
540
780
307
720
535
705
30
780
765
705
680
690
700
725
700
720
690
710
620
690
760
700
690
705
580
780
705
475
780
700
720
780
98
770
780
705
780
20
195
307
770
705
770
750
700
780
765
997
770
765
540
780
307
780
585
705
30'
780
855
760
820
840
700
780
770
840
710
770
780
780
840
765
720
770
580
780
770
475
780
770
720
780
99
855
870
720
780
20
195
307
855
705
840
750
700
780
765
997
855
765
540
780
307
855
585
705
30
780
855
890
870
840
700
890
820
855
760
855
820
997
870
855
760
855
580
780
855
475
780
855
720
780
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number
of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsansr and Kleneis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-119
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Tabk 1 5-104. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on a Sidewalk,
Street, or in the Neighborhood
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (yean) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
AgeiycMt) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Rice Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
EmptoytnejH Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day orwcek Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthmt DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchiu's/Emphysema DK
N
896
409
487
15
30
75
74
580
122
727
87
11
18
42
11
807
79
1
9
176
384
74
255
7
198
56
223
172
138
109
202
193
298
203
642
254
210
242
276
168
832
57
7
857
33
6
855
34
7
Mean
85.785
108.775
66.476
72.533
54.8
110.813
52.554
94.279
59.418
85.735
89.184
88.727
80.556
71.357
122.909
87.482
67.797
2
100.778
79.182
102.221
74.446
69.996
45.143
74.914
131,232
100.233
77.186
76.275
78.229
89.134
87,855
79.943
89.059
86.684
83.512
73.548
97.913
83.989
86.56
86.108
85.596
48.857
86.177
81.727
52
84.837
i 17.735
46.286
Stdev
133.828
168.11
91.863
69.418
52.731
116.76
74.776
153,933
61.519
136.504
132.669
1 14.01
105.981
110.769
117.699
136.129
110.301
*
115.933
96.345
169.534
113.86
94.045
36.64
92.253
247.289
146.92
128.752
106.589
121.311
132.343
153.329
125.46
127.909
143.938
104.207
144.308
137.243
123.086
131.855
129.455
193.133
27.973
134.897
117.393
29.257
132.316
176.429
27.482
Stderr
4.4709
8.3125
4.1627
17.9236
9.6274
13.4823
8.6925
6.3917
5.S696
5.0627
14.2236
34.3752
24.98
17.092
35.4876
4.792
12.4098
»
38.6443
7.2622
8.6515
13.2359
5.8893
13.8485
6.5561
33,0454
9.8385
9.8173
9.0734
11.6195
9.3116
11.0369
7.2677
8.9775
5,6808
6.5385
9,9582
8.8223
7.4089
10.1729
4.488
25.5811
10.5727
4.608
20.4356
11.9443
4.5251
30.2574
10.3871
Min Max
1 1440
1440
580
290
235
540
435
1440
380
1440
565
2 405
10 420
1 525
2 310
1 1440
1 615
2 2
2 310
1 540
1 1440
1 795
I 615
2 90
1 540
1 1440
1 795
1 675
1 600
I 710
1 735
1 1440
1 710
1 795
1 1440
1 565
1 1440
1 795
1 690
1 710
1 795
1 1440
2 90
1 1440
1 465
2 90
1 1440
3 735
2 90
Note: A "•" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N =
cumulative number of minutes for doers, Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum
5
2
3
1
1
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
5
1
3
5
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
4
4
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
8
2
25 50
15 40
20 45
15 35
40 55
10 42.5
20 65
15 30
15 40
20 40
15 41
10 35
30 45
20 40
20 40
40 60
15 45
15 30
2 2
40 60
15 45
15 40.5
15 42.5
15 40
4 40
15 40.5
15 40
20 45
10 30
20 45
20 45
15 45
15 30
15 35
20 45
15 40
25 45
15 33
25 45
15 45
15 40
15 40
15 35
30 60
15 40
17 45
40 60
15 40
30 45
32 40
75
90
120
75
90
78
178
60
90
223
330
152
120
125
240
125
82.5 277.5
75
90
120
120
75
75
290
90
62
2
90
110
75
86
85
90
90
118
95
75
70
60
90
85
75
105
80
90
60
120
90
90
90
90
60
90
60
60
85
120
60
doer sample size. Mean -
number of minutes. Max
120
215
324
149
240
135
300
225
140
2
310
200
330
180
152
90
185
465
275
180
205
200
235
240
185
210
223
220
160
240
200
240
225
180
90
223
250
90
225
215
90
95
405
525
255
290
158
410
200
480
190
405
426
405
420
290
310
410
300
2
310
260
525
255
270
90
240
710
480
435
310
330
410
355
420
300
426
310
270
435
420
405
418
235
90
410
380
90
405
690
90
98 99
565 615
615 710
435 465
290 290
235 235
465 540
338 435
600 ,690
235 270
570 675
540 565
405 405
420 ,420
525 525
310 310
565 600
525 615
2 2
310 310
435 465
600 , 710
390 . 795
380 485
90 90
435 465
735 1440
600 680
570 600
485 565
560 570
530 570
565 600
532 680
570 615
585 . 680
440 480
560 710
570 675
525 580
600 615
565 ' 600
260 1440
90 90
565 615
465 465
90 90
560 600
735 735
90 90
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
minutes. Perceniiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tstnz and Klcneis, 1996.
Page
15-120
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-105. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors in a Parking Lot
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
226 70.721
106 100.34
120 44,558
3 135
11 39.818
5 62
12 93,75
182 69.984
1 3 74.462
180 72.122
18 102,444
3 21.667
5 50
17 25.706
3 135
196 69,26
25 42.92
2 465
3 135
26 55.577
117 83.325
37 75.378
43 37.093
3 135
33 69.697
16 73.25
83 83
49 75.898
23 48.783
22 35.5
56 57.357
48 73.438
75 57.92
47 104.298
154 64.851
72 83.278
45 50.533
57 82.912
75 72.027
49 73.082
204 62.98
IS 149.722
4 110
217 69.263
5 99.6
4 113.75
21 1 65.555
11 142.364
4 146.25
Stdev
126.651
167.159
64.826
195
38.449
63.699
90.81
132.655
127.9
128.299
167.776
7.638
46.098
39.365
195
! 14.078
103.34
629.325
195
59.88
155.119
1 14.734
46.8
195
85.644
176.778
124.358
162.674
107.169
54.472
82.622
118.574
106.421
189.916
136.686
101.675
64.702
131.245
146.21
133.165
109.369
238.456
166.883
127.076
83.056
164.792
114.21
265.976
160.799
Stderr Min
8.425 1
16.236 1
5.918 1
112.58 15
11.593 5
28.487 5
26.214 5
9.833 1
35.473 1
9.563 1
39,545 2
4.41 "IS
20.616 5
9.547 1
112.58 15
8.148 1
20.668 1
445 20
112.58 15
11.743 5
14.341 1
18.862 1
7.137 1
112.58 15
14.909 1
44.194 2
13.65 1
23.239 1
22.346 1
11.613 1
11.041 1
17.115 1
12.288 1
27.702 3
11.014 1
11.982 1
9.645 2
17.384 1
16.883 1
19.024 1
7.657 1
56.205 1
83.442 .15
8.626 1
37.144 35
82.396 15
7.863 1
80.195 I
80.399 15
Max
910
910
295
360
110
no
248
910
465
910
580
30
115
165
360
720
510
910
360
238
910'
465
210
360
360
720
580
910
.510
185
495
550
720
910
910
465
309
495
910
720
720
910
360
910
238
360
720
910
360
5
2
5
1
15
5
5
5
2
1
2
2
15
5
1
15
2
t
20
15
5
2
1
1
15
5
2
5
2
2
1
1
5
2
5
2
5
5
1
2
1
2
1
15
2
35
15
2
1
15
25
10
15
5
15
10
30
17.5
10
10
10
6
15
to
10
15
10
5
20
15
IS
10
5
10
15
15
7.5
10
10
5
5
12.5
10
7
10
7
15
15
10
10
10
10
15
22.5
10
40
22.5
10
10
22.5
50
20
30
20
30
20
45
52
20
25
20.5
27.5
20
45
10
30
24
10
465
30
30
20
21
20
30
30
22.5
25
20
10
15
27.5
25
20
20
20
35
30
20
20
20
20
45
32.5
20
75
40
20
40
105
75
60
110
46,5
360
90
60
•163
60
60
64
130
30
75
20
360
67.5
20
910
360
90
60
90
60
360
90
32.5
90
60
30
30
75
62.5
50
90
43
113
63
90
60
75
60
145
198
60
110
205
60
180
270
90
190
•315
167.5
360
90
170
238
190
180
205
495
30
115
60
360
190
75
910
360
145
240
180
90
360
180
165
215
210
130
115
135
248
185
450
180
240
130
240
205
205
180
580
360
185
238
360
180
240
360
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data, "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused - Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min K minimum number of minutes. Max
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to z
Source: Tsantand Kleoeis. 1996.
95
309
495
187.5
360
110
170
248
309
465
302
580
30
115
165
360
295
165
910
360
170
495
450
134
360
248
720
315
450
135
180
180
315
238
510
450
309
180
465
315
295
248
910
360
309
238
360
295
910
360
98 99
510 580
580 720
248 285
360 360
110 110
170 170
248 -248
550 720
465 465
510 720
580 580
30 30
IIS 115
165 165
360 360
495 580
510 510
910 910
360 360
238 . 238
580 720
465 465
210 210
360 360
360 360
720 720
495 580
910 910
510 510
185 185
295 495
550 - 550
360 720
910 910
550 720
360 465
309 309
495 495
580 910
720 720
495 510
910 910
360 360
510 580
238 238
360 360
495 550
910 910
360 360
Mean 24-hour
— maximum number of
given number of minutes.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-121
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-106. Statistics Tor 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Service Station or Gas Station
Percenfjles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Rice Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
DiyOfWeek Weekday
D*yOf\Veck Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N
191
90
101
1
3
3
11
157
16
170
11
I
3
5
1
179
12
16
110
26
38
1
18
16
46
58
30
23
33
48
68
42
122
69
56
54
51
30
174
16
1
184
7
181
10
Mean
50.597
73.522
30.168
86
6.667
66.667
7.818
54.185
47.813
50.941
80.727
5
16.667
10.2
10
53.056
13.917
18.813
55.827
34.731
40.237
790
17.833
103
85.739
41.759
36.633
10
59.697
28.563
49.882
69.786
58.402
36.797
37.536
80.13
46.51
28.767
53.517
15.75
100
46,788
150.714
47.122
113,5
Note; A "'"Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
125,489
149.969
94.915
*
2.887
98.277
4.513
135.636
69.497
124.015
191.433
*
20.207
7.596
*
129.15
23.008
43.196
136.782
71,829
76,973
*
40.712
164.12
162.855
121.08
111.641
6.396
149.173
77.552
133.967
135,545
145.085
79.004
100.602
157.514
137.689
58.93
130.777
25.736
*
120.622
206,81
123.971
142,946
Sldcrr
9,0801
15.8082
9.4444
#
1.6667
56.7401
1.3606
10.8249
17.3744
9.5115
57.7192
*
11.6667
3.3971
*
9.6531
6.6418
10.799
13.0417
14.0868
12.4867
*
9.5958
41.03
24.01 16
15.8986
20.3828
1 .3337
25.9677
11,1936
16.2459
20.9151
13.1354
9.5109
13.4435
21.4349
19.2804
10.7591
9.9141
6.434
*
8.8923
78.1667
9.2147
45.2036
'don't know". Refused =«
Stderr = standard error
Min
1
1
2
86
5
5
1
2
5
2
4
5
5
1
10
2
1
1
2
3
4
790
1
5
3
2
2
5
2
2
1
4
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
100
1
10
1
5
Max 5
790 5
645 5
790 5
86 86
10 5
180 5
15 1
790 5
240 5
790 5
645 4
5 5
40 5
20 1
10 10
790 5
86 1
180 1
645 5
355 5
380 5
790 790
180 . 1
520 5
645 5
790 4
570 4
30 5
600 3
510 5
790 5
520 5
790 5
390 4
600 4
645 5
790 5
295 5
790 5
110 2
100 100
790 5
510 10
790 5
380 5
. 25
5
5
5
86
S
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
790
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
100
5
15
5
10.
50
10
10
to
86
5
15
5
10
18
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
7,5
7.5
10
10
10
790
7.5
15
10
13
6.5
10
10
10
10
13
10
10
10
10
10
8.5
10
7.5
100
10
20
10
58
75
20
30
15
86
10
180
10
15
55
20
44
5
40
15
10
20
10
12.5
15
25
20
790
15
140
85
20
15
10
20
IS
15
40
20
15
15
60
15
15
20
15
100
15
380
15
140
90 95
105 365
325 495
44 105
86 86
10 10
180 180
IS 15
110 390
180 240
107.5 365
140 645
5 5
40 40
20 20
10 10
130 380
15 86
15 180
99 495
100 130
140 240
790 790
15 180
365 520
380 495
60 110
30 270
20 20
105 570
60 110
130 295
270 390
130 495
88 240
60 270
380 510
35 365
93 130
130 380
20 110
100 100
88 295
510 510
85 295
367.5 380
98 99
570 645
600 645
ISO 510
86 . 86
10 10
180 180
15 15
570 645
240 240
520 ' 600
645 645
5 5
40 40
20 20
10 10
570 645
86 86
180 180
570 600
355 355
380 380
790 790
180 180
520 520
645 645
510 790
570 570
30 30
600 . 600
510 510
645 790
520 520
600 645
380 ' 390
355 600
570 645
520 790
295 295
570 . 645
110 110
100 100
570 645
510 510
570 645
380 380
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minuteSi Pcrccntiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kleneis. 1996.
Page
15-122
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-107. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at
a Construction Site
Percentiles
Group Name Group Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N
143
130
13
1
2
1
133
6
125
10
2
3
3
129
9
2
3
3
127
6
7
4
12
68
41
14
4
28
30
57
28
121
22
34
33
46
30
137
6
139
4
140
3
Mean
437.098
461.531
192.769
510
240
10
444.549
396.667
430.872
430.1
. 492.5
501.667
618.333
426.202
496.111
577,5
635
163.333
456.803
495.833
146.571
250
500.833
482,162
417.683
372.357
92.5
481.714
343.967
474.018
417.107
455.116
338
418.5
412.242
477.739
423.2
437.161
435.667
439.108
367.25
433.257
616.333
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
242.073
232.511
202.794
*
254.558'
*
243.017
188.75
247.432
233.307
60.104
170.318
166.458
247.087
166.429
180.312
156.125
223.681
236.198
171.389
162.79
251.794
227.035
228.976
241.023
247.278
137.265
238.306
231.025
248.301
226.287
238.494
243.022
268.44
223.533
221.422
264.183
243.531
225.957
242.331
256.288
240.003
328.664
Stderr Min
20.243 1
20.393 1
56.245 5
* 510
180 60
* 10
21.072 1
77.057 60
22.131 5
73.778 1
42.5 450
98.333 305
96.105 510
21.755 1
55.476 240
127,5 450
90.139 510
129.142 10
20.959 1
69.969 155
61.529 5
125.897 10
65.539 60
27,767 5
37.641 1
66.088 15
68.632 5
45.036 5
42.179 5
32.888 1
42.764 15
21.681 5
51.813 1
46.037 1
38,912 10
32.647 10
48.233 , 5
20.806 1
92.247 60
20.554 1
128.144 10
20.284 1
1 89.755 354
"don't know". Refused =
. Stderr = standard error
Max
1190
1190
630
510
420
10
1190
560
1190
630
535
600
810
1190
765
705
810
420
1190
600
430
510
930
1190
745
660
295
985
810
1190
930
1190
705
1190
810
985
930
1190
690
1190
570
1190
985
5
10
10
5
510
60
10
10
60
10
• 1
450
305
510
10
240
450
510
10
15
155
5
10
60
20
10
15
5
6
10
10
60
15
5
5
60
60
6
10
60
10
10
10
354
25
240
300
60
510
60
10
240
300
240
170
450
305
510
180
410
450
510
10
285
510
6
35
375
395
170
120
7.5
357.5
120
410
235
285
60
155
230
325
135
240
354
240
182
240
354
50 75
510 600
522.5 600
135 165
510 510
240 420
10 10
520 600
460 540
510 600
550 585
492,5 535
600 600
535 810
510 600
505 600
577.5 705
585 810
60 420
520 605
555 600
60 300
240 465
525 592.5
522.5 592.5
520 615
440 585
35 177.5
532.5 650
342 525
535 615
500 570
525 600
407.5 525
505 570
490 570
515 630
532.5 585
510 600
440 630
510 600
444.5 552.5
510 600
510 985
90
675
688.5
535
510
420
10
687
560
687
615
535
600
810
665
765
705
810
420
690
600
430
510
735
720
645
643
295
695
637.5
720
630
687
600
645
635
705
700
675
690
687
570
670
985
95
740
745
630
510
420
10
745
560
740
630
535
600
810
735
765
705
810
420
745
600
430
510
930
780
687
660
295
740
660
765
656
745
645
695
740
745
780
745
690
745
570
737.5
985
98 99
930 985
930 985
630 630
510 510
420 420
10 10
930 985
560 560
930 985
630 630
535 535
600 600
810 810
930 985
765 765
. 705 705
810 810
420 420
930 985
600 600
430 430
510 510
930 930
985 1190
745 745
660 660
295 295
985 985
810 810
780 1190
930 930
930 985
705 705
1190 1190
810 810
985 985
930 930
930 985
690 690
930 985
570 570
810 930
985 985
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max — maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Kleneis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-123
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 -Activity Factors
Table 15-103, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors on School Grounds/Playground
Perceniiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
DayOf%Veefc Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
259 98.386
0.136 118.007
123 76.691
2 275
9 85
64 88.016
76 78.658
101 119.812
7 65
208 98.212
23 128.435
6 59
7 70
15 83.733
225 102.613
32 71.219
2 57.5
143 80.161
48 130.271
24 129.708
42 95.429
2 322.5
162 86.593
11 124.818
33 113.636
19 129.842
19 122.105
15 102.933
66 105.955
53 86.057
82 85.463
58 119.31
205 87.02
54 141.537
53 72.189
88 108.614
65 116.446
53 85.453
237 100.941
22 70.864
254 99.118
5 61.2
248 100.565
10 52.7
1 IS
Stdev
110.056
126.395
83.861
374.767
61.084
95.638
88.179
127,563
47.258
106.512
157.54
66.076
59.652
102.972
113.686
79.899
31.82
88.031
127.162
158.934
94.776
307.591
94.553
171.918
1 10.669
147.389
149.938
98.093
115.248
109,203
92,353
125.638
105.524
117.065
101,951
96.502
137.897
96.241
113,236
61.977
1 10.809
53.383
111.621
45.363
0
Stderr
6.839
10.84
7.562
265
20.36
11.96
10.12
12.69
17.86
7.385
32,85
26,98
22.55
26.59
7.579
14.12
22.S
7.362
18,35
32.44
14.62
217.5
7.429
51.84
19.27
33.81
34.4
25.33
14.19
15
10.2
16.5
7.37
15.93
14
10.29
17,1
13.22
7.355
13.21
6.953
23.87
7.088
14.35
0
Min
1
1
1
10
10
5
3
1
5
1
5
10
10
1
3
1
35
3
1
3
I
105
3
I
3
5
5
1
5
3
1
1
1
10
1
5
5
5
1
5
1
1
1
9
IS
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Sldev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
of minutes. Percentiles arc the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of
Source; Tsane and Kteneis. 1996.
Max
690
690
570
540
175
625
570
690
ISO
690
570
179
180
370
690
370
80
625
555
690
440
540
625
540
555
510
690
360
690
540
570
625
625
690
555
540
690
540
690
179
690
130
690
160
15
S
5
10
5
10
10
10
s
5
5
9
5
10
10
1
9
1
35
9
10
10
5
105
10
1
5
S
5
1
10
5
5
10
5
25
3
10
10
5
5
10
5
1
S
9
15
25 50
30 70
35. 85
20 51
10 275
30 65
30 60
25 55
30 85
30 60
30 70
25 67
10 35
10 60
10 30
30 70
12.5 32.5
35 57.5
25 55
40 85
35 85
30 80
105 323
27 60
5 45
30 90
33 70
50 85
30 75
30 85
20 50
30 60
30 85
25 55
67 113
20 35
45 85
30 75
20 55
30 70
15 45
30 68.5
15 70
30 71
22 44
15 IS
75
120
148.5
120
540
140
120
105
165
95
125
170
85
105
120
125
110
80
115
180
143.5
120
540
120
180
160
210
125
125
150
115
115
160
115
180
85
147.5
135
120
120
145
120
90
125
60
15
90
208
255
180
540
175
170
165
240
150
190
300
179
180
228
210
150
80
160
300
228
180
540
170
345
240
440
235
235
190
190
180
235
180
290
130
215
270
180
215
160
208
130
210
125
15
95
300
370
225
540
175
220
225
360
150
281
540
179
180
370
300
228
80
215
360
510
235
540
220
540
290
510
690
360
281
290
255
440
240
345
315
255
360
235
315
165
300
130
300
160
15
98 99
540 570
555 625
270 440
540 540
175 175
315 625
370 570
540 555
ISO 150
510 555
570 570
179 179
180 180
370 370
540 . 570
370 370
80 . 80
315 570
555 555
690 690
440 . 440
540 540
370 570
540 540
555 555
510 510
690 690
360 360
540 690
510 540
360 570
555 625
540 555
440 690
440 7555
510 540
625 690
345 . 540
540 570
179 179
540 570
130 , 130
540 570
160 160
15 15
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number
minutes.
Page
15-124
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-1 09. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoor
s at a Park/Golf Course
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender '•' Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race ' While
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-110. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at
a Pool/River/Lake
Percentiles
Category Population Group
Ail
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) «
Age {years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Agc(ye«J) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race While
Rice Black
Race Asian
Rice Some Others
Race Hispanic
Rice Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
283
152
131
6
14
29
22
187
25
246
12
4
5
12
4
259
20
4
66
119
26
69
3
73
18
69
62
37
24
61
41
111
70
165
118
30
77
151
25
262
17
4
272
8
3
266
14
3
Mean
209.555
229.829
186.031
175
250.571
175.448
128.318
224.492
194.2
201.565
380.583
265
237
161
243.75
208.923
210.9
243.75
176,879
210.748
217.038
238.884
141.667
172,932
267.61 1
213.217
233.258
230.919
172.708
220.689
219.22
182.198
237.571
188.77
238,619
173.167
206.468
219.709
201.4
209.004
238.824
121.25
205,897
359,375
141.667
210.974
197.143
141.667
Note! A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent repliec
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev
Stdev
185.668
202.702
161.293
156.971
177.508
1 17.875
94.389
203.822
161.757
182.298
231.89
247.083
129.933
131.699
208.621
187.792
160.142
208.621
131.256
176.089
199.926
236.16
52.52
129.988
159,382
224.126
192.408
187.271
196.977
172.373
257.201
161.288
181.838
179.894
190.432
181.68
163.551
196.809
189.663
188.208
161.966
59.214
185.199
178.774
52.52
189.082
131.54
52.52
Stderr
11.037
16.441
14.092
64.083
47.441
21.889
20.124
14.905
32.351
11.623
66.941
123.54
58.108
38.018
104.31 "
11.669
35.809
104.31
16.156
16.142
39.209
28.43
30.322
15.214
37.567
26.982
24.436
30.787
40.208
22.07
40.168
15.309
21.734
14.005
17.531
33.17
18.638
16.016
37.933
11.628
39.282
29.607
11.229
63.206
30,322
11.593
35.156
30.322
Min Max
5 1440
10 1440
5 645
60 480
90 630
25 390
40 420
5 1440
20 525
5 1440
20 690
30 505
70 435
20 390
90 550
5 1440
20 540
90 550
25 630
10 900
20 670
5 1440
90 195
20 630
40 600
10 1440
5 690
14 645
20 900
30 900
10 1440
5 670
25 690
10 1440
5 900
20 630
15 690
5 1440
20 670
5 1440
15 570
60 195
5 1440
60 690
90 195
5 1440
15 440
90 195
5
25
30
20
60
90
30
58
20
30
25
20
30
70
20
90
25
28.5
90
40
20
30
20
90
30
40
20
30
20
25
30
20
20
40
30
20
20
30
26
45
25
15
60
25
60
90
25
15
90
"don't know". Refused = Refused data.
= standard deviation. Stderr
= standard error. Min
25
60
82.5
60
85
130
60
60
60
60
60
I77.S
S2.S
220
52.5
115
60
87.5
115
70
65
60
65
90
70
145
60
65
70
45
60
60
60
90
60
75
40
80
65
70
60
105
75
60
287.5
90
60
90
90
50 75
ISO 296
174 305
135 280
115 195
167.5 370
145 293
82.5 210
ISO 320
115 277
145 285
450 562,5
262.5 477.5
225 235
112.5 265
167.5 372.5
150 295
155 337.5
167.5 372.5
142.5 235
150 298
120 320
145 370
140 195
140 225
247.5 375
145 285
150 360
173 400
112.5 240
180 325
120 280
118 280
180 300
125 255
187.5 350
102.5 270
180 288
155 300
105 310
150 295
225 350
115 167.5
145 290.5
340 435
140 195
150 296
172.5 300
140 195
90
480
510
440
480
560
365
225
511
480
440
615
505
435
375
550
480
450.5
550
370
510
570
510
195
370
525
511
550
505
370
390
480
420
547.5
420
555
492.5
480
445
510
480
525
195
480
690
195
480
370
195
95
570
600
550
480
630
375
235
615
510
560
690
505
435
390
550
585
525.5
550
420
600
580
630
195
420
600
670
580
630
480
510
600
525
615
511
630
585
555
580
510
580
570
195
570
690
195
580
440
195
98 99
670 690
690 900
63.0 630
480 480
630 . 630
390 390
420 420
690 . 900
525 525
670 690
690 690
505 SOS
435 435
390 390
550 , 550
670 690
540 540
550 , 550
560 . 630
645 670
670 670
690 1440
195 195
560 630
600 600
690 1440
615 690
645 645
900 900
670 900
1440 1440
630 645
690. 690
615 670
690 690
630, 630
670, 690
630 900
670 670
670 690
570 570
195 195
645 690
690, 690
195 195
670 690
440 440
195 195
N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
= minimum number of minutes.
Max =
maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
."jource: Tsans tnd Klnwis. 1996.
Page
15-126
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-111, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Restaurant/Picnic
Category
All
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
No
Yes
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
«
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwesl
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
N
64
31
33
6
5
6
46
1
54
4
1
2
2
1
60
4
1?
37
4
6
18
1
11
10
11
13
19
15
16
14
35
29
8
14
28
14
61
3
63
1
63
1
Mean
81.016
1 1 1 .839
52.061
57.5
112.8
60
84.804
15
76
57.75
75
97.5
20
540
81.833
68.75
74.647
70.838
42
187.833
70.667
540
56.182
108.6
68,636
70.308
88.105
102.6
48.563
85.357
51.2
117
79,375
138.429
71
44.571
82.131
58.333
82.222
5
81.667
40
Stdev
114.7
148.921
57.66
61.38
202.59
55.408
116.85
*
105.032
83.108
»
31.82
14.142
*
117.521
66.63
114.206
67.86
32.031
Stderr
14.337
26.747
10,037
25,058
90.601
22.62
17.229
*
14.293
41.554
»
22.5
10
*
15.172
33.315
27.699
11.156
16,016
272.841 111.387
112.076
*
84.536
164.611
59.544
53.494
116.181
140.685
47.25
138.737
52.665
154.21
75.187
172.811
105.063
52.2
117.182
40.723
115.211
»
115.502
*
26,416
*
25.489
52.055
17,953
14.836
26.654
36.325
11.812
37.079
8.902
28.636
26.583
46.186
19.855
13.951
15.004
23.511
14,515
*
14.552
*
Min
3
5
3
5
5
5
3
15
3
5
75
75
10
540
3
10
5
3
•3
5
3
540
3
5
10
6
3
3
5
10
3
5
10
5
3
5
3
30
3
5
3
40
Max 5
540 5
540 5
210 3
160 5
473 5
ISO 5
540 5
15 15
540 5
180 5
75 75
120 75
30 10
540 540
540 5
160 10
473 5
270 5
75 3
540 5
473 3
540 540
270 3
540 5
210 10
180 6
473 3
540 3
140 5
540 10
180 3
540 5
210 10
540 5
540 3
165 5
540 5
105 30
540 5
5 5
540 5
40 40
25 50
12.5 30
20 60
8 30
15 30
6 20
30 35
10 50
15 15
15 30
5.5 23
75 7S
75 97.5
10 20
540 540
12.5 30
20 52.5
15 30
15 55
16.5 45
7 17.5
6 30
540 540
10 20
7 30
20 55
15 75
10 60
15 45
8.5 30
15 30
15 30
10 60
20 52.5
30 65
7.5 35
10 20
10 30
30 40
15 30
5 5
10 30
40 40
Percentiles
75 90
107.5 165
150 270
80 135
105 160
60 473
105 ISO
120 180
15 15
105 165
110 180
75 75
120 120
30 30
540 540
107.5 172.5
1 17.5 160
105 160
120 165
67.5 75
540 540
105 160
540 540
60- 165
150 352.5
110 120
80 140
120 270
165 210
92.5 120
75 160
75 150
135 473
135 210
180 473
100 150
60 150
110 165
105 105
110 165
5 5
110 165
40 40
95
270
540
180
160
473
ISO
270
15
270
180
75
120
30
540
371.5
160
473
210
75
540
473
540
270
540
210
180
473
540
140
• 540
165
540
210
540
160
165
270
105
270
5
270
40
98 99
540 540
540 540
210 210
160 160
473 473
150 150
540 540
15 15
473 540
180 180
75 7S
120 120
30. 30
540 540
540 540
160 160
473 473
270 270
75 75
540 540
473 473
540 540
270 270
540 540
210 210
180 180
473 473
540 540
140 140
540 540
180 ISO
540 540
210 210
540 540
540 540
165 165
540 540
105 105
540 540
5 5
540 540
40 40
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data, N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev =
standard deviation. Stderr — standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes, Fercentiles are the percentage of doers
below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Klepeis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-127
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-112. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors at a Farm
Cotcgoty
All
Gender
Gender
Age (yean)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Rice
Ruce
Rice
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
EmploymciM
Employment
Employment
E mploymem
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
0
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Some Others
Hispanic
No
Yes
Refused
#
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
N Mean
128 252.703
86 305.186
42 145.238
1 510
3 121.667
7 111 .286
9 157.778
91 296.67
17 133.824
120 260.217
4 58.75
2 165
2 277.5
123 252.61
4 297.5
I 85
19 134.947
73 314.781
11 283
24 152.917
1 20
20 137.2
12 305
50 314.54
25 186.6
12 290.417
9 229.444
11 238.182
42 202.31
57 279.702
18 293.667
78 276.859
SO 215.02
32 205.25
40 224.4
43 276.093
13 379.231
120 256.983
8 188.5
127 253.039
1 210
125 256.208
3 106.667
Stdev
232.537
251.432
137.207
«
52.52
76.952
85.416
252.209
134.182
236.226
30.923
21.213
222.739
234.762
189.143
*
77.658
258.07
183.589
183.977
*
76.255
211.058
280.31
165.994
242.903
246.062
299.143
196.644
239.345
242.324
243.801
210.635
207.666
213.304
247.758
264.904
235.209
188.481
233.426
*
233.892
95.699
Stdcrr
20.554
27.113
21.171
*
30.322
29.085
28.472
26.439
32.544
21.564
15.462
15
157.5
21.168
94.571
*
17.816
30.205
55.354
37.554
*
17.051
60.927
39.642
33.199
70.12
82.021
90.195
30.343
31.702
57.116
27.605
29.788
36.7 1 1
33.726
37.783
73.471
21.472
66.638
20.713
#
20.92
55.252
Noic: A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean
Standard deviation. Sldcrr « standard error, Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =
below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source; Tsinrr and KtepeK 1996.
Min
5
5
5
510
70
25
29
5
5
5
25
150
120
5
120
85
25
5
45
5
20
25
30
5
5
30
5
5
15
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15
5
5
5
210
5
5
Max 5
955 20
955 29
600 20
510 510
175 70
264 25
265 29
955 20
495 5
955 20
85 25
180 150
435 120
955 20
485 120
85 85
265 25
955 20
525 45
825 5
20 20
265 27
635 30
955 20
555 15
615 30
780 5
955 5
780 20
933 25
855 5
955 15
855 25
955 22
825 25
933 20
780 15
955 21
500 5
955 20
210 210
955 22
195 5
25
75
90
50
510
70
50
90
80
50
75
32.5
150
120
70
135
85
86
85
150
35
20
88
97.5
85
60
67.5
80
30
654
85
120
85
60
77.5
60
70
200
75
700
75
210
75
5
50
176.5
230
105
510
120
100
175
230
85
180
62.5
165
277.5
178
292..S
85
120
240
230
90
20
120
325
215
155
202.5
150
100
125
195
220
180
120
120
152.5
230
280
180
1)0
175
210
178
120
Percentiles
75 90
427.5 600
500 660
210 265
510 510
175 175
130 264
265 265
500 635
160 360
472.5 607.5
85 85
180 180
435 435
420 600
460 485
85 S5
180 . 264
525 660
490 495
205 280
20 20
180 262
492.5 510
525 745
255 482
530 600
210 780
490 520
265 510
482 635
525 615
485 615
290 525
245 495
342.5 525
435 660
600 730
427.5 607.5
321.5 500
435 600
210 210
435 600
195 195
95
730
780
482
510
175
264
265
780
495
745
85
180
435
730
485
85
265
780
525
495
20
264.5
635
855
525
615
780
955
635
760
855
780
700
540
625
760
780
745
500
730
210
730
195
98 99
855 . 933
933 . 955
600 600
510 510
175 175
264 264
256 : 265
933 955
495 495
855 933
85 85
180 180
435 435
855 933
485 . 485
85 85
265 265
933 . 955
525 525
825 825
20 20
265 , 265
635 635
944 955
555 555
615 , 615
780 . 780
955 955
780 780
825 , 933
855 . 855
933 955
792.5 855
955 955
825 825
933 , 933
780 780
855, 933
500 500
855 933
210 210
855 933
195 195
= Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Sldev =
maximum number of rninutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers
Page
15-128
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-113. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Kitchen
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
7063 92.646
2988 74.998
4072 105.636
3 40
144 102.688
335 73.719
477 60.468
396 55.02
4531 90.313
1180 131.388
5827 95.076
641 79.376
113 89.363
119 69.059
266 84.203
97 90.33
6458 93.422
497 83.889
32 82.25
76 88.421
1200 62.348
2965 77.748
608 97.699
2239 126.929
51 106.373
1346 63.922
678 108.114
2043 107.208
1348 94.359
933 91.874
715 88.227
1645 99:632
1601 96.066
2383 86.253
1434 91.441
4849 90.068
2214 98.294
1938 96.575
1780 89.02
1890 89.316
1455 96.177
6510 92.448
503 94.038
50 104.44
6798 91.625
207 122.469
58 105.948
6671 91.827
338 104.784
54 117.889
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev Stderr
94.207 1.121
80.79 1.478
101.03 1.5832
31.225 18.028
110.82 9.235
54.382 2.9712
52.988 2.4262
58.111 2.9202
90.893 1.3503
119.55 3.4802
95.151 1.2465
91.989 3.6333
95.45 8.9792
60.786 5.5722
77.297 4.7394
113.55 11.53
94.778 1.1794
82.921 3.7195
71.901 12.71
118.56 13.6
55.431 1.6001
77.466 1.4227
94.046 3.814!
115.78 2.4468
168.46 23.589
62.315 1.6985
102.88 3.9511
102.33 2.264
101.17 2.7555
92.098 3.0152
87.661 3.2783
99.739 2.4591
93.567 2.3384
87.055 1.7833
99.061 2.6159
92.218 1.3243
98.207 '2.0871
100.32 2.2787 .
90.187 2.1376
90.984 2.0928
94.494 2.4773
93.602 1.1601
96.001 4.2805
143.73 20.326
93.03 1.1283
111.41 7.7437
138.38 18.17
92.587 1.1336
113.39 6.1676
142.41 19.38
Min
I
1
1
15
5
5
1
1
1
3
1
2
5
2
1
5
1
!"•
5
5
1
1
1
1
2
1
I
i
i
2
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
i
i
i
7
1
4
2
1
1
2
'don't know". Refused =
Siderr = standard error
Max
1320
840
1320
75
840
392
690
450
1320
825
840
1320
690
315
585
880
1320
675
300
880
690
840
755
1320
880
880
775
840
1320
840
770
840
833
' 880
1320
1320
840
1320
840
880
770
1320
785
880
1320
657
880
1320
825
880
5
10
10
10
15
15
15
10
5
10
15
10
10
10
7
10
7
10
10
10
7
10
10
10
12
5
10
10
10 •
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
25
30
30
35
15
30
30
30
15
30
49
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
30
30
30
30
45
30
30
34
35
30
30
• 30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
45
30
30
30
30
50
60
55
75
30
70
60
50
36
60
100
65
60
75
55
60
60
60
60
60
60
50
60
70
95
48
50
80
75
60
60
60
70
65
60
60
60
65.5
65
60
60
65
60
60
60
60
100
60
60
71
76
75
120
90
145
75
130
100
75
65
120
172
120
100
115
90
110
90
120
110
112.5
90
85
100
133.5
175
130
85
150
150
120
120
113
130
125
115
119
119
135
120
120
120
125
120
120
120
120
155
135
120
135
160
90
205
155
230
75
215
140
120
125
200
275
210
175
150
150
190
190
210
180
185
190
125
165
213
270
210
130
230
235
210
200
190
210
213
190
195
195
220
210
195
195
210
205
210
195
200
255
240
200
225
240
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max
95
270
215
295
75
260
180
150
155
260
360
273
230
220
195
240
275
270
240
240
240
152.5
225
270
342
250
165
295
300
280
261
260
300
270
245
255
255
280
285
255
255
275
270
270
240
265
360
240
265
300
275
98 99
365 460
300 392
395 475
75 75
485 540
225 240
180 235
240 340
345 420
490 620
380 465
275 380
265 650
210 315
305 360
480 880
370 460
315 415
300 300
480 880
212.5 260
300 376
405 445
470 545
840 880
235 285
405 545
415 500
380 450
330 410
380 405
390 465
355 450
330 420
380 480
360 450
390 480
390 485
350 420
362 430
375 470
365 450
345 450
712.5 880
360 450
415 620
545 880
360 445
480 657
545 880
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Kleoeis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-129
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-114, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Bathroom
Percemiles
Category
All
Gender
GcnJcr
Gender
Age (years)
Age (yew)
Age (yeus)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (year*)
Race
Race
Rice
Race
Rice
Rice
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hupanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Atthmi
Angina
Angini
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronduu's/Emphvsema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
Refused
*
1-4
5-11
12-1?
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
No
Yes
DK
Refused
•
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
N Mean Stdev Stderr Min
666! 35.0237 48.796 0.5979 I
3006 32.689 50.366 0.9186 1
3653 36.9491 47.399 0.7842 1
2 27.5 3.536 2.5 25
122 43.8689 67.007 6.0665 2
328 35.939 46.499 2.5675 1
490 30.9673 38.609 1.7442 1
445 29.0517 32.934 .5612 I
4486 34.4884 46.067 0.6878 1
790 42.1975 69.431 2.4703 1
5338 34.3164 48.628 0.6656 1
711 36.8678 39.559 1.4836 1
117 33.5556 41.449 3.8319 5
134 47.306 69.649 6.0167
283 38.6396 61.494 3.6554 1
78 34.6026 49.182 5.5687 3
6067 34.5332 45.887 0.5891 1
498 39.2309 68.582 3.0733 1
33 44.4242 72.269 12.58 5
63 44.0794 95.224 11.997 3
1240 31.9645 39.652 1.1261 1
3130 33.4086 44.827 0.8012 1
583 35.5232 43.932 1.8195 1
1661 40.1854 61.587 1.5111 1
47 34.6809 54.835 7.9986 3
1386 32.1717 42.788 1.1493
522 40.8736 64.533 2.8245
1857 35.832 50.155 .1639
1305 36.0797 44.121 .2214
913 34.9912 54.071 .7895
• 678 32.1475 42.82 .6445
1497 34.3287 51,244 .3244
1465 35.7802 54.521 1.4245
2340 35.0739 42.003 0,8683
1359 34.8874 50.399 1.3671 1
4613 33.9035 46.663 0.687 1
2048 37.5469 53.214 1.1759
1853 37.0232 50.658 1,1768
1747 36.6474 50.536 1.2091
1772 32.7788 44.543 1.0582
1289 33.0349 49.108 1.3678
6132 34.9204 48.833 0.6236
493 35.2495 38.157 1.7185
36 49.5278 121.114 20.186 3
6473 34.5801 46.79 0.5816 1
145 51.9103 88.284 7.3316 3
43 44.8605 111.216 16.96 3
6327 34.8211 - 48.073 0.6044 1
296 36.8378 47.481 2.7598 1
38 54.6316 122.723 19.908 3
Max
870
870
665
30
530
600
535
547
665
870
870
460
375
535
546
360
705
870
422
665
600
595
430
870
360
665
870
600
540
705
460
600
870
510
705
870
600
665
870
570
540
870
410
665
870
600
665
870
600
665
5
5
5
5
25
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
5
5
5
5
25
15
15
15
25
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
10
15
15
15
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
IS
15
15
15
15
15
15
11
15
15
10
15
20
10
15
15
10
50
25
20.5
30
27.5
30
30
27
20
25
30
25
30
25
30
24
20
25
25
30
20
30
25
29
30
25
25
30
25
25
20
22
25
25
30
25
25
30
30
30
25
20
25
. 30
17.5
25
30
15
25
30
17.5
75
40
35
45
30
45
40
35
35
40
45
40
45
40
45
45
35
40
45
45
35
35
40
45
45
30
35
45
40
45
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
45
42
45
38
35
40
45
30
40
45
30
40
43.5
30
90
60
60
70
30
85
60
52.5
60
60
75
60
70
60
95
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
75
55
60
70
63
70
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
65
65
60
60
60
60
65
60
60
75
50
60
60
110
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK"= The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max
95
90
75
90
30
120
75
60
65
90
120
85
98
90
120
80
135
90
90
120
150
70
80
90
110
75
70
100
90
95
90
75
80
90
90
90
85
90
90
90
80
90
90
90
360
90
185
110
90
90
360
98
137
150
135
30
300
125 :
100
90
135 ;
240
135
135 .
no
315
270
165,
135
270.
422
360
100
123
140
210
360,
110
240
135
150
150
110
140
145
135
140,
135
150
150.
135
135
140
135
140
665
135
546,
665
135
180
665
99
255
300
240
30
360
270
200
100
250
360
255
186
210
422
425
360
240
425
422
665
180
240
270
340
360
200
350
270
225
340
300
335
315
214
250
240
300
270
240
210
303
255
220
665
240
570
665
255
250
665
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
minutes. Pcrccntilcs arc the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsan^and Klerteis. 1996.
Page
15-130
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume 111 • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-115. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Bedroom
Percent! les
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
9151
4157
4990
4
184
488
689
577
5891
1322
7403
923
153
174
378
120
8326
684
43
98
1736
3992
777
2578
68
1925
807
2549
1740
1223
907
2037
2045
3156
1913
6169
2982
2475
2365
2461
1850
8420
671
60
8836
244
71
. 8660
423
68
Mean
563.12
549.648
574.274
648.75
525.065
741..988
669.144
636.189
532.699
550.8
553.424
612.33
612.261
590.713
602.577
555.842
560.878
597.402
542.279
523.439
679.52
513.454
551.613
566.409
513.971
668.265
554.809
534.057
539.07
526.025
525.192
561.515
552.402
570,023
564.897
552.611
584.861
576
558.956
566.114
547.23
560.814
593.846
543.117
564.211
535.545
522.113
563.08
570.102
524.765
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
J 84.644
182.976
185.332
122.772
193.498
167.051
162.888
210883
172.964
171.997
175.912
219.9
187.417
200.214
214.353
198.564
182.574
206.333
169.881
180.194
185.535
157.599
169.425
191.218
209.558
188.751
180.581
176.208
176.123
164.899
160.567
185.273
179.232
186.38
186.373
174.489
202.361
183.782
176.729
195.229
179.924
182.769
201.517
218.404
183.935
203.888
193.937
184.244
192.041
186.701
Stderr Min
1.9302 3
2.8379 3
2.6236 5
61.386 540
14.265 15
7.562 30
6.2055 35
8.7792 1 5
2.2535 3
4.7305 15
2.0445 3
7.2381 15
15.152 25
15.178 15
11.025 25
18.126 30
2.0009 3
7.8893 15
25.907 135
18.202 30
4.453 15
2.4943 3
6.0781 15
3.7661 5
25.413 30
4.302 15
6.3567 5
3.4901 3
4.2222 5
4.7152 15
5.3315 3
4.105 5
3.9634 3
3.3177 10
4.2611 5
2.2216 3
3.7057 3
3.6942 5
3.6341 15
3.9354 3
4.1832 3
1.9918 3
7.7795 30
28.196 30
1.9568 3
13.053 20
23.016 30
1.9799 3
9.3373 15
22.641 30
Max
1440
1440
1440
785
1440
1440
1440
1375
1440
1440
1440
1440
1285
1405
1440
1405
1440
1440
1002
1295
1440
1440
1335
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1404
1355
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1295
1440
1440
1295
1440
1440
1295
5
300
285
312
540
195
489
435
165
295
315
300
300
345
300
265
285
300
300
300
255
390
283
330
300
210
360
300
285
282
300
315
300
280
300
305
325
223
305
315
285
270
300
300
223
300
215
180
300
294
240
25 50
460 540
450 540
470 555
545 635
420 513
635 740
600 665
542 645
440 520
475 540
455 540
480 597
510 600
464 580
480 587.5
440 534
460 540
480 585
420 555
415 515
590 675
435 510
455 540
478 540
420 497.5
575 663
450 540
447 520
450 530
445 515
445 510
457 540
450 540
465 552
460 540
450 539
480 570
475 555
455 540
455 545
450 537.5
460 540
475 580
423 540
460 540
450 522.5
420 540
460 540
450 555
420 540
75
660
640
660
752.5
600
840
740
750
610
610
640
725
705
700
720
630
650
713
660
600
785
585
630
650
585
780
630
607
615
600
600
655
643
660
660
635
690
660
655
660.
630
655
690
605
660
612.5
600
660
660
600
90
780
. 780
790
785
720
930
840
875
723
735
760
895
830
830
865
762.5
780
840
756
735
892
680
750
780
725
885
775
720
735
713
690
781
765
790
793
760
825
805
770
810
750
780
835
760
785
770
690
780
795
700
95
.880
860
900
785
860
990
915
970
820
840
850
990
950
960
958
875
870
958
830
795
960
765
835
905
795
960
860
835
825
785
780
885
860
900
875
855
920
900
855
900
850
870
946
982.5
880
840
820
880
900
820
98 99
1005 1141
980 1095
1030 1185
785 785
950 1295
1095 1200
1065 1140
1040 1210
975 1110
1000 1140
975 1105
1160 1323
1005 1245
1050 1152
1095 1213
1290 1295
1000 1140
1095 1200
1002 1002
930 1295
1065 1170
890 1000
1005 1100
1095 1223
1200 1440
1060 1170
1015 1160
975 1151
1005 1135
965 1070
950 1095
1020 1139
965 1035
1055 1155
995 1152
975 1130
1055 1170
1035 1148
960 1095
1030 1190
960 1100
1000 1140
1060 1327
1275 1295
1005 1140
1135 1230
990 1295
1005 1141
1055 1110
930 1295
'don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-131
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factory
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-116. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Garage
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) •
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N
193
120
73
1
4
6
12
130
40
165
12
1
6
8
1
174
17
2
21
85
17
70
22
14
63
48
25
21
23
42
60
68
116
77
51
59
51
32
184
9
187
6
185
8
Mean
1 17.732
144.058
74.589
20
83.5
63.333
80.833
134.508
88.55
109.509
205
5
186.333
120
120
116.615
128.588
127.5
79.714
145.259
50.118
112.271
76.545
188.929
127.286
121.583
118.2
75.857
137.174
131.381
103.683
115.265
128.664
101.39
115.608
136.763
101.078
112.875
118.598
101.111
118.219
104.167
114.146
201.875
Stdev
144.451
162.612
94.322
*
47.459
63.377
78.383
165.117
84.108
127.523
219.483
«
308.416
164.859
*
138.452
207.294
10.607
67.545
175.17
51.967
127.392
67.572
195.036
159.283
147.764
145.773
88.067
159.451
166.398
128.598
139.682
158.968
118.416
161.848
163.341
121.329
110.217
146.349
102.585
146.174
78.639
142.947
163.64
Stderr Min
10.398 1
14.844 2
11.04 1
• 20
23.729 15
25.874 10
22.627 10
14.482 I
13.299 5
9.928 1
63.359 5
* 5
125.91 10
58.287 15
* 120
10.496 1
50.276 5
7.5 120
14.74 10
19 1
12.604 5
15.226 5
14.406 10
52.126 5
20.068 2
21.328 5
29.155 5
19.218 1
33.248 5
25.676 10
16.602 2
16.939 1
14.76 1
13.495 2
22.663 2
21.265 5
16.989 1
19.484 5
10.789 1
34.195 5
10.689 1
32.104 10
10.51 1
57.856 15
Max 5
790 5
790 10
530 5
20 20
120 15
165 10
240 10
790 5
300 7.5
690 5
570 5
5 5
790 10
510 15
120 120
690 5
790 5
135 120
240 15
790 5
194 5
690 5
240 10
675 5
690 5
790 10
480 5
300 2
510 15
690 20
570 5
790 5
790 5
675 10
690 5
790 10
530 5
480 10
790 5
270 5
790 5
220 10
790 5
450 15
25
20
30
15
20
52
25
20
20
25
20
37.5
5
18
22.5
120
20
20
120
25
20
15
30
20
30
25
30
20
10
30
40
12.5
20
25
20
15
30
20
25
25
15
20
25
20
60
50
60
93.5
30
20
99.5
30
50.5
67.5
60
60
90
5
30
60
120
60
60
127.5
51
65
30
75
50.5
120
60
60
60
30
60
87.5
52.5
72.5
60
60
50
90
60
85
60
60
60
110
60
177.5
75
150
182.5
120
20
115
120
147.5
180
142.5
135
405
5
240
135
120
155
110
135
120
180
60
135
120
235
165
140
120
120
195
120
127.5
152.5
165
120
150
165
120
157.5
150
180
150
150
135
337.5
90
296
315
180
20
120
165
185
360
227.5
240
530
5
790
510
120
296
510
135
165
405
135
255
165
510
300
296
405
195
460
260
283
300
315
240
240
315
260
240
300
270
300
220
260
450
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdcv = standard deviation. Stdcrr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max
minutes. Pcrcenliles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsans and Kleoeis. 1996.
95
480
518
240
20
120
165
240
526
270
315
570
5
790
510
120
460
790
135
185
530
194
450
185
675
530
450
460
260
510
665
427.5
315
510
300
526
570
450
315
480
270
480
220
480
450
98 99
665 690
675 690
450 530
20 20
120 120
165 165
240 240
675 690
300. 300
526 675
570 570
5 5
790 790
510 510
120 120
570 675
790 790
135 135
240 240
675 790
194 194
480 690
240 240
675 675
665 690
790 790
480 480
300 300
510 510
690 690
480 570
530 790
665 690
526 675
665 690
675 790
460 530
480 480
665 690
270 270
665 690
220 220
665 690
450 450
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
Page
15-132
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-117, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in the Basement
Percentiles
Category Population Group
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) «
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
274 142.15
132 160.386
141 125.66
1 60
3 171.667
8 94.75
25 135.4
26 97.462
170 151.271
42 143.833
248 133.75
15 183.8
2 135
3 468.667
1 30
5 263-2
263 139.046
6 185
I 185
4 271.25
57 115.561
107 149.075
22 115
85 157.953
3 151.667
65 129.492
15 169.867
78 159.385
48 160.583
39 146.744
29 73.138
90 115.611
123 129.024
35 187.971
26 234.423
178 135.331
96 154.792
80 144.475
65 174.215
79 142.367
50 96.4
253 143.126
20 124.65
1 245
269 141.409
3 201.667
2 152.5
265 138.996
8 233.75
1 245
Stdev
162.882
180.747
143.283
*
122.712
55.695
145.945
113.063
172.66
173.502
154.08
165.472
106.066
Stderr Min
9.84 1
15.732 1
12.067 2
* 60
70.848 30
19.691 28
29.189 15
22.173 1
13.242 1
26.772 5
9.784 1
42.725 12
75 60
455.654 263.072 20
*
173.071
161.666
197.332
*
198.762
124.205
178.633
1 14.808
176.347
110.265
133.447
203.464
188.681
184.204
150.808
66.272
118.744
146,939
205,847
247.688
159.404
169.263
147.022
196.783
180.698
83.08
164.183
150.961
l*f
163.736
122.1
130.815
160.98
214.172
*
* 30
77.4 60
9.969 1
80.561 15
* 185
99.381 60
16.451 1
17.269 1
24.477 10
19.128 5
63.661 30
16.552 I
52.534 5
21.364 5
26.588 2
24.149 10
12.306 1
12.517 5
13.249 2
34.794 10
48.576 1
11.948 1
17.275 5
16.438 5
24.408 1
20.33 1
1 1 .749 5
10.322 1
33.756 1
* 245
9.983 1
70.494 65
92.5 60
9.889 1
75.721 20
* 245
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused m
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
Max
931
931
810
60
245
180
705
515
810
931
810
515
210
931
30
540
931
555
185
540
705
810
535
931
245
705
605
810
931
555
245
555
765
931
810
810
931
630
931
765
332
931
510
245
931
300
245
931
605
245
5
10
10
10
60
30
28
15
10
5
10
10
12
60
20
30
60
10
15
185
60
12
5
25
10
30
15
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
28
1
10
10
13.5
5
5
10
10
5.5
245
10
65
60
10
20
245
25
30
40
30
60
30
47.5
60
30
30
40
30
40
60
20
30
231
30
30
185
150
40
30
60
35
30
45
30
40
25
30
30
40
30
45
30
30
50
30
60
30
30
35
16
245
30
65
60
30
67.5
245
50
90
90
75
60
240
90
105
60
90
90
90
150
135
455
30
240
90
150
185
242.5
90
75
77.5
120
180
90
90
90
120
70
60
72.5
90
110
165
82.5
97.5
90
105
85
60
90
72.5
245
90
240
152.5
90
180
245
75
180
202.5
175
60
245
137.5
140
150
210
170
167.5
270
210
931
30
245
180
210
185
392.5
150
210
150
210
245
160
255
195
202.5
210
100
150
180
255
325
180
190
220.5
210
150
145
180
177.5
245
180
300
245
180
375
245
90
330
490
265
60
245
180
270
240
410
330
315
450
210
931
30
540
330
555
185
540
240
450
185
330
245
270
565
420
400
450
210
250
270
450
70S
315
450
315
490
455
240
330
382.5
245
330
300
245
330
605
245
95
535
565
420
60
245
180
420
275
555
455
510
515
210
931
30
540
510
555
185
540
420
540
290
600
245
420
605
720
600
510
210
400
510
720
720
535
540
480
555
605
255
540
510
245
535
300
245
515
605
245
98 99
70S 765
720 765
705 720
60 60
245 245
180 180
705 705
515 515
720 765
931 931
705 720
515 515
210 210
931 931
30 30
540 540
705 765
555 555
185 185
540 540
515 705
720 765
535 535
720 931
245 245
535 705
605 605
765 810
931 931
555 555
245 245
540 555
605 630
931 931
810 810
720 765
600 931
610 630
810 931
720 765
301 332
705 765
510 510
245 245
705 765
300 300
245 245
705 765
605 605
245 245
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kletjeis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-133
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-1 18. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Utility Room or Laundry Room
Percentiles
Group Name Group Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (yews) •
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (yean) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
R«cc White
Race Black
Rice Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment •
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education •
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Gradutae
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
458
70
388
6
3
3
8
362
76
400
35
4
6
10
3
435
20
1
2
12
206
51
187
2
17
51
163
107
60
60
105
116
151
86
322
136
145
89
132
92
432
26
440
16
2
428
30
Mean
73.218
78.443
72.276
65.833
75
105.667
55.5
73.58
72.592
69.243
100.514
82.5
86.667
95.9
170
72.069
81.7
55
247.5
76.75
69.184
72.216
77.679
76
72
71.765
71.583
77.234
74.033
71.267
80.933
64.948
72.695
75.872
68.643
84.051
75.248
81.888
69.25
67.326
73.764
64.154
72.134
103.125
72.5
73.276
72.4
Note: A "•" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied '
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation.
Stdev
71.872
95.687
66.796
34.412
116.94
168.423
77.107
73.87
58.092
65.801
103.238
37.749
27.869
78.827
264.15
69.87
62.982
*
321.734
107.831
78.438
62.506
63.835
104.652
90.881
49.445
71.583
71.721
77.252
79.857
84.595
63.307
69.541
69.9
66.724
82.05
80.989
83.016
60.815
58.613
73.182
44.791
70.217
109.877
17.678
73.484
43.498
Stderr Min
3.358
11.437
3.391
14.049
67.515
97.239
27.261
3.882
6.664
3.29
17.45
18.875
11.377
24.927
152.507
3.35
14.083
*
227.5
31.128
5.465
8.753
4.668
74
22.042
6.924
5.607
6.934
9.973
10.31
8.256
5.878
5.659
7.537
3.718
7.036
6.726
8.8
5.293
6.111
3.521
8.784
3.347
27.469
12.5
3.552
7.942
1
1
2
25
5
2
1
2
2
2
1
30
60
4
15
1
4
55
20
1
2
2
5
2
1
15
2
2
5
5
2
2
1
4
1
5
1
5
2
3
1
10
1
5
60
I
10
Max 5
510 5
510 5
510 5
120 25
210 5
300 2
240 1
510 5
345 10
510 5
510 5
120 30
120 60
225 4
475 15
510 5
225 4.5
55 55
475 20
300 1
510 5
225 5
475 10
150 2
300 1
245 20
510 6
475 5
510 10
360 5
510 5
475 5
510 10
405 5
510 5
510 10
510 5
510 10
360 5
345 10
510 5
200 10
510 5
360 5
85 60
510 5
200 15
25 50
25 60
20 60
28 60
40 60
5 10
2 15
17 33
20 60
30 60
25 60
20 60
60 90
65 78
20 105
15 20
25 60
40 60
55 55
20 248
4 23
20 60
15 55
30 60
2 76
10 35
30 60
30 60
20 60
27 60
18 60
25 60
15 60
30 60
30 60
23 60
30 60
17 60
30 60
25 60
22 60
25 60
25 60
25 60
30 60
60 73
24 60
45 60
75
100
90
105
90
210
300
52.5
105
90
90
135
105
120
120
475
90
120
55
475
135
90
120
115
150
90
90
90
120
97.5
90
120
90
90
115
90
120
90
100
120
90
105
90
100
138
85
105
90
90
150
167.5
150
120
210
300
240
150
150
150
240
120
120
217.5
475
150
182.5
55
475
240
135
150
150
150
240
120
140
155
154
155
180
135
150
150
140
180
165
180
135
125
150
120
150
345
85
150
125
95
200
345
190
120
210
300
240
195
180
180
300
120
120
225
475
190
218
55
475
300
203
180
180
150
300
180
180
200
190
263
225
155
210
180
180
240
215
240
155
180
200
130
185
360
85
200
150
98 99
300 360
360 510
240 330
120 120
210 210
300 300
240 240
325 405
245 345
258 352.5
510 510
120 120
120 120
225 225
475 475
300 360
225 225
55 55
475 475
300 300
360 405
225 225
245 345
150 150
300 300
195 245
325 405
225 240
203 510
360 360
345 360
215 240
245 330
360 405
240 345
360 405
360 475
405 510
240 325
245 345
325 360
200 200
270 360
360 360
85 85
325 360
200 200
don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Stdcrr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsancund Kleneis. 1996.
Page
15-134
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-H9. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home in the Outdoor Pooler Spa
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
85
34
51
2
9
15
5
44
10
75
5
1
2
2
78
5
2
29
27
2
26
1
30
8
15
17
9
6
23
16
23
23
56
29
10
24
47
4
73
11
1
84
1
78
6
1
Mean
115.318
113.676
116.412
60
85.556
164.2
97
117.614
78.9
120.893
66
105
112.5
37.5
116.821
123
37.5
128.207
111.889
237.5
98.962
15
124.433
109.375
150
80.529
120.556
81.667
135.348
64.625
114.696
131.174
114.464
116.966
118.9
97.417
124.511
105.75
109.89
160.455
15
116.512
15
115.731
126.667
15
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a
Source: Tsang and Klepeis. 1996.
Stdev
103.713
106.758
102.691
63.64
86.329
103.969
53.805
112.718
85.318
107.723
59.729
*
53.033
31.82
104.631
108.374
31.82
96.956
102.499
300.52
94.835
*
97.486
155.367
130.516
66.66
107.308
42.032
113.518
63.636
78.499
129.262
106.726
99.452
159.415
74.622
104.25
107.481
105.481
82.355
*
103.746
*
101.786
137.792
*
Stderr
11.249
18.309
14.38
45
28.776
26.845
24.062
16.993
26.98
12.439
26.711
*
37.5
22.5
11.847
48.466
22.5
18.004
19.726
212.5
18.599
*
17.798
54.93
33.699
16.167
35.769
17.159
23.67
15.909
16.368
26.953
14.262
18.468
50.412
15.232
15.206
53.741
12.346
24.831
*
11.32
*
11.525
56.253
*
Min
1
5
1
15
15
25
40
4
1
1
10
105
75
15
1
30
15
15
4
25
1
15
15
5
1
4
15
30
1
4
15
15
1
10
4
10
1
30
1
85
15
1
15
1
15
15
Max
450
450
450
105
255
450
180
450
258
450
150
105
150
60
450
300
60
450
390
• 450
360
15
450
450
390
240
297
135
450
255
390
450
450
360
450
360
450
258
450
360
15
450
15
450
360
15
5
15
10
15
15
15
25
40
15
1
15
10
105
75
15
10
30
15
20
10
25
5
15
15
5
1
4
15
30
10
4
20
25
5
20
4
30
15
30
10
85
15
15
15
10
15
15
25 50
34 90
45 75
30 90
15 60
30 60
105 140
60 100
32 82.5
20 52.5
34 90
20 45
105 105
75 112.5
15 37.5
34 90
60 75
15 37.5
60 105
30 90
" 25 237.5
30 67.5
15 15
60 105
15 37.5
45 105
30 75
30 85
60 67.5
40 100
25 52.5
60 105
30 75
30 90
45 85
20 30
52.5 80
40 90
30 67.5
30 75
90 150
15 15
37 90
15 15
40 90
25 67.5
15 15
75
ISO
150
178
105
75
185
105
155
90
180
105
105
150
60
160
150
60
178
150
450
130
15
178
157.5
240
90
180
130
225
82.5
150
195
155
150
135
120
185
181.5
140
225
15
155
15
150
225
15
90 95
255 360
258 360
240 360
105 105
255 255
300 450
180 180
297 360
226.5 258
258 360
150 150
105 105
150 150
60 60
255 360
300 300
60 60
255 300
297 360
450 450
240 258
15 15
250 300
450 450
360 390
225 240
297 297
135 135
245 297
1 35 255
185 210
360 360
255 390
297 360
405 450
180 195
255 300
258 258
255 360
225 360
15 15
255 360
15 15
255 360
360 360
15 15
98 99
450 450
450 450
390 450
105 105
255 255
450 450
180 180
450 450
258 258
450 450
150 150
105 105
150 150
60 60
450 450
3QO 300
60 60
450 450
390 390
450 450
360 360
15 15
450 450
450 450
390 390
240 240
297 297
135 135
450 450
255 255
390 390
450 450
450 450
360 360
450 450
360 360
450 450
258 258
450 450
360 360
15 15
450 450
15 15
450 450
360 360
15 15
'don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
>iven number of minutes.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-135
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-120. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent at Home In the Yard or Other Areas Outside the House
Percent! les
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Rice Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Srason Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
2308
1198
1107
3
27
151
271
157
1301
401
1966
173
21
37
83
28
2122
153
10
23
581
807
166
739
15
615
236
618
381
251
207
473
456
832
547
1453
855
399
787
796
326
2129
166
13
2228
63
17
2191
105
12
Mean
137.587
158.448
114.887
183.333
167.37
135.311
150.594
113.153
136.382
141.125
139.037
128.416
101.19
183.541
106.108
152.321
137.711
125
213.8
176.739
137.501
131.087
126.145
146.097
198
136.348
161.017
144.706
128.843
122.968
127.126
137.67
138,853
136.472
138.155
126.919
155.716
112.19
149.738
143.681
124.457
137.746
131.566
188.462
136.521
158.683
199.118
138,793
104.438
207.5
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied '
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
144.112
160.016
120.869
60.277
164.484
111.483
135.111
1 17.746
147.923
155.213
145.534
144.607
88.485
161.858
96.781
151.049
144.33
134.265
192.232
156.551
125.562
150.703
134.084
149.672
239.029
125.656
186.469
144.929
141.194
135.802
149.975
132.769
155.656
146.655
139.946
131.579
161.693
135.967
139.245
155.886
130.523
144.41
136.006
192.141
141.088
216.341
191.305
144.994
111.282
192.23
Stderr Min Max
2.9997
4.6231
3.6328
1 1290
1 1290
1 1065
34.801 120 240
31.6549
9.0723
8.2074
9.3972
4.1011
7.751
3.2823
10.9943
19.3091
26.6094
10.6231
28.5455
3.1332
10.8547
60.7892
32.6431
5.2092
5.305
10.407
5.5058
61,7171
5.0669
12.1381
5.8299
7.2336
8.5717
10.424
6.1047
7.2893
5.0843
5.9837
3.4519
5.5298
6.8068
4.9635
5.5252
7.229
3.1297
10.5561
53.2904
2.989
27.2564
46,3983
3.0976
10.86
55,4919
don't know". Refused =
Stderr = standard error
2 600
5 630
2 1250
2 660
1 1080
1 1290
1 1290
1 1250
12 360
2 750
2 610
5 600
1 1290
1 750
3 585
5 600
2 1250
1 1080
1 1080
1 1290
5 660
2 1250
2 1290
840
1080
750
1065
750
2 1290
1 1080
1 750
1 1250
1 1290
1 1080
1 915
1 1290
1 720
1 1290
1 670
5 600
1 1290
2 1080
5 600
1 1290
1 553
5 600
5
10
10
5
120
5
25
20
5
5
10
10
5
15
3
5
5
10
5
3
5
15
5
10
10
5
15
10
5
5
10
5
10
10
10
5
5
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
5
10
5
5
25 SO
40 90
60 120
30 75
120 190
60 120
60 90
60 120
30 80
30 90
45 90
40 90
30 95
35 90
84 120
35 75
60 97.5
40 90
30 85
60 145
60 160
60 110
30 80
30 77.5
45 100
30 120
60 105
45 105
40 100
35 85
30 75
30 78
45 90
45 90
35 90
36 90
35 90
45 110
30 60
60 120
45 99
35 87.5
40 90
30 90
60 90
41 90
30 75
35 120
45 90
30 60
60 140
75
180
198
150
240
230
180
190
ISO
180
180
180
180
125
270
145
210
180
150
380
240
ISO
175
180
185
465
180
195
195
175
160
150
185
180
180
180
165
210
140
195
180
160
180
165
300
180
ISO
325
ISO
14S
330
90
320
360
285
240
395
305
310
240
330
302
330
270
210
380
240
360
320
270
503
360
300
307
300
360
600
300
390
360
300
300
320
317
300
310
330
300
360
300
338
330
300
315
345
480
315
420
480
320
270
480
95
420
500
360
240
600
345
405
405
435
465
'435
390
240
553
270
510
420
435
585
510
370
450
360
465
660
370
510
479
400
390
435
420
440
420
460
395
475
380
430
450
380
420
450
600
420
485
600
430
360
600
98 99
570 660
627 730
450 560
240 240
600 600
450 480
553 570
462 610
570 715
598 660
570 670
462 745
360 360
750. 750
330 610
600 600
570 670
575 630
585 585
600 600
480 570
600 745
450 485
585 655
660 660
48Q 570
765 915
555 660
585 720
575 690
570 630
532 600
575 690
570 730
570 630
553 610
630 745
540 690
555 660
610 715
510 655
570 690
553 610
600 600
570 660
1065 1080
600 600
570 690
415 475
600 600
Refused data. N = doer sample size, Mean = Mean 24-hour
. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: TSWK and Klepeis, 1996.
Page
15-136
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-121.
Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Car
. . , Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
6560 87.4261
2852 90.7398
3706 84.9069
2 30
120 94.025
297 63.0101
449 64.6325
393 64,8346
4489 93.8278
812 83.5283
5337 87.6283
640 86.8063
117 78.7607
121 87.6942
Stdev
88.186
97.337
80.374
14.142
90,218
56.758
81.08
70.974
92.302
79.436
89.72
74.343
66.315
84.48
265 90.0717 101.474
80 82.4
5987 87.4657
477 88.543
29 63.8966
67 86.1194
1124 64,2482
3134 93.5568
632 90.0506
1629 90.3603
41 97. 1707
1260 66.531
434 86,0115
1805 91.8476
1335 93.2427
992 95.6683
734 91.5395
1412 85.8343
1492 89.0992
2251 88.2625
1405 85.9089
4427 83.9248
2133 94.6929
1703 83.4692
1735 88.589
1767 88.0266
1355 90.1269
6063 87.4143
463 88.2419
34 78.4118
6368 87.54
154 82.1753
38 89.6053
6224 87.5517
300 85.5833
36 81.0556
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation.
73.314
87.603
97.206
73.131
78.361
72.331
92,167
81.969
90.224
83.994
72,305
82,143
91.088
94.302
95.468
82.009
83.847
86.623
89.347
92.167
85,023
94.018
82.128
91.537
86.471
93.173
88.032
92.088
57.362
88.695
68.568
72.877
88.855
76.155
63.142
Stderr
1.0888
1 .8227
1.3203
10
8.2358
3.2934
3.8264
3.5802
1.3776
2.7877
1.2281
2.9387
6.1309
7.68
6.2335
8.1967
1.1322
4.4507
13.5801
9.5733
2.1575
1.6464
3.2605
2.2354
13.1176
2.0369
3.943
2.144
2.581
3.0311
3.027
2.2314
2.2426
1.8832
2.4589
1.2779
2,0357
1.9902
2.1976
2.0571
2.5312
1.1306
4.2797
9.8376
1.1115
5.5254
11.8221
1.1263
4.3968
10.5237
Min
1
1
1
20
7
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
5
3
2
5
1
2
5
5
I
2
2
1
10
1
5.
1
2
4
4
I
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
10
1
8
10
1
1
5
don't know". Refused =
Stderr = standard error
Max
1280
1280
878
40
593
390
900
630
1280
780
1280
690
360
540
825
420
1280
825
325
420
900
1280
878
780
330
900
620
870
1280
840
905
780
825
900
1280
905
1280
870
905
900
1280
1280
870
239
1280
365
360
1280
505
239
5
10
10
10
20
10
10
5
, 9
13
10
10
10
20
10
15
12
10
10
6
14
5
15
10
10
15
6
10
10
10
14
20
10
.10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
IS
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
25
34
30
35
20
37.5
25
20
20
40
30
31
35
35
30
35
30
35
30
20
30
20
40
40
35
30
21
35
38
36
40
40
33
35
34
30
30
35
30
30
35
35
34
34
30
34
30
35
34
35
30
50 75
63 HO
63 115
63.5 1 10
30 40
71.5 120
45 80
40 85
41 80
70 120
60 110
64 110
65 115
60 95
60 120
65 100
60 120
65 110
60 103
40 60
60 120
45 81
70 120
70 116.5
60 115
75 120
45 85
60 115
65 115
70 120
73 120
75 115
60 110
65 112.5
65 115
60 110
60 105
70 120
60 105
60 110
65 115
70 115
63 110
64 110
71 100
63.5 110
60 115
73.5 120
62 110
68.5 109
71 120
90
175
185
165
40
180
135
145
136
184
165
175
180
135
180
165
167.5
175
180
187
180
136
180
175
195
220
145
165
190
180
185
175
170
180
175
175
165
190
165
180
170
170
175
165
160
175
162
180
175
185
175
95
240
254
220
40
222,5
180
175
185
250
225
240
240
225
250
235
229.5
240
240
200
239
180
242
230
250
290
186,5
210
255
250
250
235
240
250
235
235
225
265
230
250
235
240
240
245
220
240
214
239
240
237.5
220
98 99
345 450
360 526
335 420
40 40
435 450
235 270
310 345
300 380
360 495
315 405
360 460
305 330
320 330
330 345
465 620
315 420
345 440
388 595
325 325
315 420
270 345
360 490
330 384
365 465
330 330
270 350
360 455
385 465
380 460
370 580
330 380
330 410
360 465
338 490
345 435
330 440
360 455
350 425
380 480
330 450
335 545
350 450
345 SOS
239 239
350 450
285 320
360 360
350 450
305 435
239 239
Refused data. N = doer sampie size. Mean =: Mean 24-hour
Min « minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsana and Kleoeis. 1 996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-137
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-122. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling in a Truck (Pick-up/Van)
Group Name Croup Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Agc(ycars) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Rice Black
Race Asian
Rice Some Others
Rtce Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employmeitt Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
N
1172
760
412
13
41
89
80
859
90
1022
6$
3
20
48
11
1069
87
5
11
205
642
97
217
11
230
119
Education High School Graduate 392
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
238
127
66
170
268
491
243
796
376
322
300
323
227
1092
72
8
1142
20
10
1128
35
9
Mean
85.3
91.097
74.607
110.769
80.829
47.607
66.763
91,42
79
84.717
91.294
138.333
67.2
92.792
88.182
85.112
89.103
58
85.909
60.176
93,288
89.351
83.032
96.364
64.043
90.471
87.594
91.992
85.228
112.439
85.365
91.209
87.279
74.741
80.083
96.346
78.543
92.477
86.133
84.216
85.288
83.639
101.875
84.868
93.4
118.5
85.469
77.8
93.333
Note: A *** Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr =
Pcrccntiles are the percentage of doers below or equal lo a
Source' Tsanc and Kleneis. 1996.
Stdev
95.867
105.368
74.197
129.178
154.295
44.208
71.084
97.968
82.42
96.222
98.465
63.311
48.46
99.31
110.754
95.567
100.75
36.187
111.643
86.416
101.354
88.958
85.775
114.26
86.936
81.711
94.724
111.776
74.586
117.975
104.161
94.43
100.099
81.299
90.569
105.493
91.604
100.164
99.255
90.861
93.452
125.252
129.668
95.219
116.003
128.583
96.579
60.527
123.92
Slderr
2.8003
3.8221
3.6S54
35.8274
24.0969
4.6861
7.9475
3.3426
8.6878
3.0099
11.9406
36.5529
10.836
14.3341
33.3935
2.9229
10.8015
16.1833
33.6615
6.0355
4.0001
9.0323
5.8228
34.4508
5.7324
7.4904
4.7843
7.2454
6.6184
14.5217
7.9888
5.7682
4.5174
5.2153
3.2101
5.4404
5.1049
5.783
5.5227
6.0306
2.828
14.7611
45.8446
2.8177
25.939
40,6615
2.8756
10.2308
41.3068
Min Max
1 955
1 955
1 510
10 450
1 955
1 240
5 352
2 750
10 453
1 955
6 453
90 210
5 165
5 440
10 390
1 955
5 630
20 97
10 390
1 955
4 750
2 460
5 655
10 390
1 955
5 453
2 675
4 750
5 370
10 650
2 695
1, 750
4 955
5 478
1 750
2 955
1 955
1 695
2 750
5 675
1 750
5 955
10 390
1 955
5 555
10 390
1 955
5 240
10 390
Percentiles
5 25
10 30
10 30
10 25
10 35
10 15
7 15
5.5 15
10 30
12 30
10 30
14 27.5
90 90
7.5 25
10 27.5
10 30
10 30
5 29
20 20
10 30
7 15
10 30
6 30
10 30
10 30
7 15
14 35
10 30
10 30
15 30
10 35
10 20
10 30
10 30
10 23
10 30
12 30
10 29
10 30
10 30
10 30
10 30
10 20
10 20
10 30
7.5 37.5
10 30
10, 30
5 30
10 20
50
60
60
55
60
35
30
37
60
48.5
60
62.5
115
62.5
60
60
60
60
68
35
30
60
60
60
35
35
60
60
60
60
80
SO
60
60
52
55
60.5
51
60
60
60
60
46
60
60
70
60
60
60
60
75
110
115
95
90
70
65
93.5
115
103
110
105.5
210
102.5
120
65
110
115
85
65
75
120
120
110
170
85
120
115
110
110
135
110
118.5
HI
90
101
120
95
120
110
105
110
115
127.5
110
90
180
190
165
300
206
110
180
189
185
180
220
210
137
224
190
180
210
97
190
146
192
190
180
190
160
195
185
\90
180
220
186
205
180
160
170
192
170
208
180
165
184
170
390
180
103 140.5
190
110
120
65
340
180
165
390
95
240
265
220
450
210
130
222.5
260
265
235
295
210
154.5
330
390
240
230
97
390
185
270
270
235
390
206
280
255
290
230
412
260
245
235
235
230
280
220
267.5
233
265
240
235
390
235
350.5
390
240
220
390
98 99
395 478
450 620
300 355
450 450
955 955
180 240
265 352
440 555
390 453
390 510
450 453
210 210
165 165
440 440
390 390
390 478
440 630
97 97
390 390
240 265
450 555
450 460
300 355
390 390
245 352
295 450
45.0 510
555 655
345 355
445 650
445 630
390 460
445 595
395 440
375 510
430 460
355 445
442.5 549
430 595
395 465
412 478
395 955
390 390
395 475
555 555
390 390
412 478
240 240
390 390
"don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative
standard error. Min — minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes.
given number of minutes.
Page
15-238
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-123. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Motorcycle, Moped, or Scooter
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Not Employed
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School
Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N Mean
32 100.125
29 104.276
3 60
2 42.5
1 180
28 103.893
I 30
31 101.516
1 57
31 102.387
1 30
3 88.333
23 62.783
6 249.167
3 88.333
3 305
15 95.667
6 45.833
4 70,5
I 32
6 24.16?
12 191.583
6 67.167
8 44.625
21 71.333
11 155.091
5 124
12 121.833
8 55.875
7 96.429
30 85.1
2 325,5
31 102,38?
1 30
31 101.516
1 57
Stdev
152.222
158.322
74.666
53.033
*
160.69
*
154.532
*
154.191
*
87,797
100.105
251.663
87.797
247.538
170.645
49.54
51.423
«
8,01
216.501
66.764
44.654
110.425
205.865
230.011
153.631
52.267
184.249
134.187
296.278
154.191
*
154.532
*
Stderr
26.909
29.4
43.108
37.5
*
30.367
*
27.755
*
27.693
«
50.69
20.873
102.741
50.69
142.916
44.06
20.224
25.712
*
3.27
62.499
27.256
15.788
24.097
62.071
102.864
44.349
18.479
69.639
24.499
209.5
27.693
#
27.755
»
Min
1
1
5
5
180
1
30
1
57
1
30
5
1
10
5
30
1
10
20
32
10
1
5
5
5
1
5
1
20
5
1
116
1
30
1
57
Max
535
535
145
80
180
535
30
535
57
535
30
180
485
535
180
510
535
145
142
32
30
535
180
142
510
535
535
485
180
510
510
535
535
30
535
57
5
5
5
S
5
180
5
30
S
57
5
30
5
5
10
5
30
1
10
.20
32
10
1
5
5
5
1
5
1
20
5
5
116
S
30
5
57
25
25
25
S
5
180
25
30
25
57
25
30
5
25
30
5
30
25
20
37,5
32
20
28
32
15
25
20
20
28
30
5
25
116
25
30
25
57
50 75
31 98
32 80
30 145
42.5 80
180 180
31 90.5
30 30
30 116
57 57
32 116
30 30
80 180
30 57
205 510
80 ISO
375 510
30 57
32,5 35
60 103.5
32 32
27.5 30
68.5 430
35 116
30 60
32 65
30 375
25 35
43,5 143.5
33.5 60
30 80
30 65
325.5 535
32 116
30 30
30 116
57 57
90
375
485
145
SO
ISO
485
30
375
57
375
30
180
142
535
180
510
485
145
142
32
30
510
180
142
145
485
535
375
180
510
277.5
535
375
30
375
57
95
510
510
145
80
180
510
30
510
57
510
30
180
145
535
180
510
535
145
142
32
30
535
180
142
180
535
535
485
180
510
485
535
510
30
510
57
98 99
535 535
535 535
145 ,145
80 80
ISO 180
535 535
30 30
535 535
57 57
535 535
30 30
180 180
485 485
535 535
180 180
510 510
535 535
145 145
142 142
32 32
30 30
535 535
180 180
142 142
510 510
535 535
535 535
485 485
180 180
510 510
510 510
535 535
535 535
30 30
535 535
57 57
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. N — doer sample size, Mean = Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr=;
standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given
number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kleoeis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-139
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-124. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Tn
veling in Other Trucks
Percemiles
Category Population Group
Ail
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Rncc White
Race Block
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Rice Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispsnie Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
124
80
44
1
4
9
7
96
9
110
8
1
1
3
1
113
9
1
1
18
79
6
19
2
21
10
48
24
10
11
28
36
42
18
82
42
36
29
38
21
116
7
1
120
3
I
116
7
1
Mean
135.121
174.888
62.818
35
79
37.875
116.857
153.24
71.5
1440
46.125
40
95
246.333
35
133.673
170
85
35
79.278
168.468
96
75.105
20
70..133
389
156.958
116.25
53
48.545
119.179
189.194
100.595
132.333
134.793
135.762
'126.444
199.793
87.447
146.952
133.69
173.143
35
138.725
24.333
35
135.612
141.286
35
Stdev
235.635
283.085
57.438
*
26.47
28.002
83.071
263.424
57.887
242.807
36.314
*
«
366.947
*
240.595
200.709
*
*
63.15
286.399
103.894
57.278
21.213
62.607
505.656
257.81
124.385
53.24
55. i 1 1
237.794
318.577
151.868
194.344
197.96
298.573
219.584
350.125
125.316
213.871
238.543
210.169
*
238.702
13.65
*
242.76
83.38
*
Sfdetr Min
21.16
31.65
8.659
*
13.235
9.9
31.398
26.886
20.466
23.151
12.839
*
*
211.86
*
22.633
66.903
.
*
14.885
32.222
42.415
13.14
15
13.662
159.9
37,212
25.39
16.836
16.617
44.939
53.096
23.434
45.807
21.861
46.071
36.597
65.017
20.329
46.67
22.148
79.436
*
21.79
7.881
*
22.54
31.515
*
1
1
1
35
46
10
10
1
18
1
10
40
95
29
35,
1
29
85
35
10
1
2
10
5
5
5
1
29
10
1
2
1
1
10
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
32
35
1
15
35
1
18
35
Nolc; A "*" Signifies missing d«a. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
mimilcs. Percenu'lcs are the percentage of doers below or equal to a
Source^ Tsuns and KIcDets. 1996.
Max
1440
1440
270
35
105
95
250
1440
186
1440
100
40
95
670
35
1440
670
85
35
250
1440
255
186
35
250
1440
1080
600
180
186
1080
1440
750
670
795
1440
1080
1440
750
735
1440
610
35
1440
40
35
1440
250
35
5
5
5
5
35
46
10
10
5
18
5
10
40
95
29
35
5
29
85
35
10
5
2
10
5
10
5
5
32
10
1
5
5
5
10
5
5
10
5
5
15
5
32
35
5
15
35
5
18
35
25
25
27
20
35
58
18.5
60
22.5
25
25
15
40
95
29
35
20
41
85
35
35
20
5
25
5
25
25
19
42.5
15
15
27.5
17
22
35
25
18
26
15
32
30
21
35
35
25
IS
35
23.5
60
35
50 75
48 107,5
60 139
45 90
35 35
82.5 100
30 50.5
90 195
45 117
60 99
60 120
32.5 82
40 40
95 95
40 670
35 35
45 100
105 180
85 85
35 35
65 95
45 114
55 180
75 120
20 35
60 95
45 750
52.5 130
77.5 120
30 90
30 78
45.5 90
45 197.5
55 114
67.5 105
60 120
45 75
53 92.5
35 180
60 95
74 120
48 104
60 250
35 35
60 112
18 40
35 35
45 101.5
180 195
35 35
90 95
270 690
640 772.5
145 180
35 35
105 105
95 95
250 250
600 750
186 186
412.5 735
100 100
40 40
95 95
670 670
35 35
270 735
670 670
85 85
35 35
195 ->SO
670 795
255 255
180 186
35 35
138 195
1 117.5 1440
610 690
255 270
135 180
103 186
180 795
600 960
186 205
610 670
555 670
250 960
270 670
795 960
195 255
600 600
270 735
610 610
35 35
412.5 712.5
40 40
35 35
555 735
250 250
35 35
98 99
960 1080
1080. 1440
270 270
35 35
105. 105
95 95
250 250
1080 1440
186 186
960 1080
100 100
40 40
95 95
670 670
35 35
960 1080
670 670
85 85
35. '35
25Q 250
1080 1440
255 255
186 186
35 35
250 250
1440 1440
1080 1080
600 600
180 180
186 186
1080 1080
1440 1440
750 750
670 670
750 795
1440 1440
1080 1080
1440 1440
750 750
735 735
960 1080
610 610
35 35
960 1080
40 40
35 35
960 1080
250 250
35 35
Refused daw. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
given number of minutes.
Page
15-140
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-125.
Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Bus
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
469
219
250
14
5
133
143
147
27
311
101
15
14
24
4
415
46
2
6
274
95
34
61
5
29S
25
57
38
30
24
145
102
142
80
426
43
158
140
94
77
413
SO
6
459
4
6
442
19
8
Mean
74.648
77.25!
72.368
145
56
48.383
59.413
96.639
131.963
70.07 1
85.178
58
107.143
65.542
168
72.839
83.913
47.5
137.833
54.018
122.579
83.265
80.262
167.4
55.302
120,4
111.579
108.842
84.633
1 10.458
77.062
69.676
71.718
81.813
70.61
114.651
78.285
61.636
86.617
76.234
76.448
55.36
111.5
73.373
168.75
109.5
74.814
58.158
104.625
Stdev
93.532
104.119
83,306
167,177
40.218
29.431
46.343
128.354
144.641
89.462
92.396
58.487
176,48
71.515
196.195
86.077
1 38.922
10.607
159,631
39.364
168.8
79.298
69.212
169.916
44.964
124.272
116.718
133.431
128.087
199,236
75.41
103.283
82.846
124.342
84.646
152.229
98,116
53.541
116.695
107.505
96.792
39.329
161.48
91.312
182.683
162.362
94.281
39.881
137.907
Stderr Min
4.3189 2
7.0357 5
5.2688 2
44.68 10
17.986 15
2,552 5
3.8754 7
10.587 2
27.836 10
5.0729 2
9.1937 5
15.101 5
47,166 20
14,598 15
98.098 10
4.2253 2
20.483 7
7,5 40
65,169 10
2.3781 5
17.319 5
13.6 2
8.8617 5
75.989 10
2.6179 5
24.854 10
15.46 10
21.645 10
23.385 2
40.669 5
6,2624 7
10.227 , 2
6.9523 5
13.902 5
4.1011 2
23-215 10
7.8057 5
4.525 2
12.036 5
12.251 5
4.7628 2
5.562 5
65.924 10
4.2621 2
91.341 20
66.284 10
4.4845 2
9,1493 10
48.757 10
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
Max
945
945
640
605
120
140
370
945
570
945
570
175
690
370
435
945
690
55
435
370
945
468
460
435
435
570
so r
640
690
945
435
945
570
690
690
945
690
460
945
640
945
195
435
945
435
435
945
155
435
5
10
10
15
10
15
10
10
10
20
10
15
5
20
20
10
10
15
40
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
30
20
20
5
10
15
10
10
12.5
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
25
30
30
30
60
30
25
30
30
45
30
35
20
30
30
21
30
30
40
32
29
30
40
30
32
29
45
45
40
30
29
30
30
30
30
30
45
30
30
30
30
30
30
32
30
60
30
30
30
28.5
50
55
55
55
100
55
43
54
60
73
54
60
20
42,5
42.5
113.5
55
37.5
47.5
77.5
49.5
60
60
65
165
49
90
73
75
60
60
60
55
50
41.5
50
90
58
50
60
50
55
47.5
46
55
110
41
55
55
67.5
75
90
90
90
140
60
67
75
110
130
80
110
120
100
87
315
90
85
55
195
70
120
100
120
195
70
135
120
120
90
101.5
95
85
80
90
85
120
90
75
95
80
90
71
100
90
277.5
100
90
65
100
90 95
125 180
135 180
120 175
435 605
120 120
90 110
110 135
180 405
435 460
120 147
140 185
155 175
225 690
90 120
435 435
125 165
145 370
55 55
435 435
100 120
405 570
135 185
135 165
435 435
100 120
195 405
225 435
195 605
130 300
125 460
135 180
120 125
135 180
127.5 297.5
120 165
180 300
12S 180
120 137.5
155 225
125 175
125 180
' 115 135
43S 435
125 179
435 435
435 435
125 180
125 155
435 435
98 99
435 570
460 570
420 501
605 605
120 120
120 122
179 225
640 690
570 570
405 501
460 468
175 175
690 690
370 370
435 435
420 468
690 690
55 55
435 435
150 179
690 945
468 468
205 460
435 435
155 225
570 570
468 501
640 640
690 690
945 945
435 435
175 468
460 501
640 690
435 501
945 945
435 605
205 225
435 945
570 640
435 570
1 65 195
435 435
420 570
435 435
435 435
435 570
155 155
435 435
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean ~ Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsanxand Kleoeis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-141
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-1 26. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Walking
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (yean) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Rice While
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Rice Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma OK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina OK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
1639 29.6718
755 32.4781
883 27.2831
1 20
38 29.5263
58 24.3276
155 18.2129
223 25.8341
944 31.8252
221 33.81
1289 29.5912
175 34.8114
36 26.5556
30 23.7667
88 23.0795
21 33.1905
1467 29.8718
144 26.8403
10 30.2
18 35.7222
431 22.768
561 30.9519
153 26.8693
482 35.5249
12 18.4167
472 22.6737
138 42.7174
366 29.2596
288 32.5313
210 29.7667
165 34.5818
507 34.9172
321 29.271
423 24.9976
388 28.2448
1182 29.2902
457 30.6586
412 32.3034
459 28.854
475 26.6084
293 32.2184
1504 29.6011
120 29.7417
15 36.2
1 578 29.5076
44 29
17 46.6471
1553 29.7173
67 26.9851
19 35.4211
Note: A "** Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
41.617
48.261 1
34.8259
«
23.7416
26.3268
21.0263
32.3753
44.9705
49.3278
43.6801
39,7274
24.6535
21.2192
21.1058
32.9555
41.0288
48.7064
28.8359
34.7847
28.0141
43.7734
37.1231
49.4109
13.4601
27.6375
71.9429
41.5618
39.3063
38.813
44.6107
45.2549
46.8743
37.6654
35.029
39.1911
47.3511
47.7062
41.54
31.325
46.6936
41.9939
38.3451
27.8162
41.4718
36,0633
63.1456
42.1023
31.8774
31.36S8
Stderr
1,028
1.7564
1.172
*
3.8514
3.4569
1.6889
2.168
1.4637
3.3181
1.2166
3.0031
4.1089
3.8741
2.2499
7,1915
1.0712
4.0S89
9.1187
8.1988
1.3494
1.8481
3.0012
2.2506
3.8856
1.2721
6.1242
2.1725
2.3161
2.6784
3.4729
2.0098
2.6163
1.8314
1.7783
1.1399
2.215
2.3503
1 .9389
1.4373
2.7279
1.0828
•3.5004
7.1821
1.044
5.4367
15.3151
1.0684
3.8944
7.1958
Min
I
1
1
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
8
1
I
1
1
5
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
5
I
1
3
Max
540
540
360
20
100
160
170
190
410
540
540
250
100
60
100
150
410
540
80
150
190
365
295
540
55
190
540
410
295
300
360
365
540
410
285
540
410
365
540
270
410
540
250
90
540
150
270
540
165
110
5
2
2
2
20
2
2
I
2
2
2
2
2
1
I
2
8
2
2
2
8
2
2
2
2
5
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
4
5
2
2
3
'don't know". Refused == Refused daca. N =
Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum
25
6
7
6
20
10
10
5
6
6
10
6
10
10
6
5.5
15
6
5.5
10
15
5
7
5
10
10
5
7
5
9.5
8
10
10
6
5
8
7
5
6
6
6
8
6
5
10
6
6
10
6
5
10
50
16
20
15
20
25
15
10
15
18.5
20
15
20
20
17
IS
20
16
15
17.5
25
13
16
15
20
16.5
13
20
18
20
18.5
20
20
15
10
15
18
IS
20
16
15
20
16
15
30
16
14.5
30
16
16
30
75
39
40
35
20
40
35
25
30
40
45
35
50
30
43
37
40
40
35
55
55
30
40
35
50
20
30
50
35
45
40
45
45
31
30
40
40
35
38.5
35
35
45
35.5
40
60
38
36
60
38
40
60
90 95
65 95
70 100
60 94
20 20
60 80
60 60
40 60
60 100
70 110
73 95
65 100
75 125
60 78
60 60
50 60
65 65
65 100
60 70
77.5 80
65 150
55 65
70 100
60 92
75 120
30 55
55 65
115 145
65 100
75 100
60 90
80 95
75 107
60 105
60 80
60 90
65 92
60 120
75 120
60 90
60 85
61 105
65 95
70 117.5
75 90
65 95
60 115
90 270
65 95
60 90
90 110
98 99
151 190
170 270
140 171
20 20
100 100
70 160
65 100
135 151
171 250
155 180
160 225
160 194
100 . 100
60 60
92 100
150 150
155 194
100 135
80 80
150 150
131 151
180 250
135 165
150 250
55 . 55
130 151
360 365
150 240
160 180
140 225
180 200
170 250
160 180
135 171
140 180
145 180
171 200
180 250
146 180
123: 160
155 295
152 190
135 ISO
90 90
151 190
150 150
270 270
151 194
130 165
110 110
doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
number of minutes. Max o maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tssns and Kleoeis, ! 996.
Page
15-142
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5- 1 27. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Bicycle/SkateboardTRollerskate
Percent! tes
Group Name Group Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate .
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
115
82
33
2
2
18
33
53
7
98
7
2
4
3
1
106
8
1
52
27
7
27
2
56
3
18
18
11
9
20
24
26
45
83
32
20
46
34
15
95
18
2
114
1
109
5
I
Mean
45.1217
43.2073
49.8788
15
20
40.2778
31.9697
53.2264
74
46.7245
41.1429
6
47.5
33.3333
20
45.8679
38.375
20
33.8462
56.8519
40.8571
55.4815
55
33.3929
98.3333
41.5556
42.9444
89.8182
57.2222
42.05
39.125
64.6923
38.3778
44.5783
46.5313
38.6
34.7826
61.7059
47.9333
48.5368
29.3333
25
45.3421
20
45.1284
50
20
Stdev Stderr
53.35 4.9749
56.113 6.1966
46.228 8.0472
7.071 5
14.142 10
52.985 12.4886
27.929 4.8618
62.916 8.6422
67.295 25.4353
56.914 5.7492
21.737 8.2156
1.414 1
23.629 11.8145
25.166 14.5297
* *
55.172 5.3587
23.323 8.2461
* *
38.258 5.3054
76.863 14.7923
24.768 9.3616
54.258 10.442
49.497 35
36.945 4.937
77.835 44.9382
49.048 11.5606
35.049 8.261
111.308 33.5605
38.415 12.8049
35.057 7.839
47.505 9.6969
87.03 17.0681
32.614 4.8619
56.02 6.149
46.508 8.2215
44.951 10.0513
35.036 5.1657
72.243 12.3896
55.663 14.3721
57.246 5.8733
24.22 5.7086
7.071 5
53.533 5.0138
* *
53.909 5.1636
49.624 22.1923
* *
Min
1
1
5
10
10
1
2
5
23
1
5
5
30
10
20
1
10
20
1
5
10
5
20
1
25
5
5
15
5
5
2
1
5
5
1
1
5
2
2
1
5
20
1
20
1
5
20
Max
400
400
205
20
30
195
115
400
205
400
65
7
80
60
20
400
80
20
195
400
90
205
90
195
180
205
120
400
110
102
180
400
151
400
195
205
195
400
180
400
90
30
400
20
400
115
20
5
5
5
5
10
10
1
5
5
23
5
5
5
30
10
20
5
10
20
2
5
10
5
20
2
25
5
5
15
5
5
5
2
5
5
2
3.5
5
5
2
5
5
20
5
20
5
5
20
25 50
11 30
10 27.5
15 45
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 25
20 30
25 35
11 30
25 50
5 6
30 40
10 30
20 20
10 30
23.5 30
20 20
10 20
15 30
30 35
20 30
20 55
10 20
25 90
15 30
20 30
25 S3
20 60
10 32.5
10 18.5
15 32.5
18 30
15 30
10 32.5
12.5 27.5
10 22.5
20 42.5
10 20
15 30
7 32.5
20 25
11 30
20 20
15 30
10 30
20 20
75
60
50
60
20
30
55
45
65
110
60
60
7
65
60
20
60
55
20
47.5
60
46
90
90
45
180
46
60
90
90
77.5
57.5
75
50
60
75
47.5
46
90
75
60
40
30
60
20
60
90
20
90
102
90
105
20
30
151
65
105
205
110
65
7
80
60
20
105
80
20
65
115
90
165
90
65
180
100
115
165
110
95
90
195
80
90
110
75
80
115
151
110
60
30
102
20
102
115
20
95
151
120
16S"
20
30
195
102
165
205
165
65
7
80
60
20
151
80
20
115
120
90
180
90
115
180
205
120
400
110
101
165
205
115
151
120
147.5
90
165
180
165
90
30
151
20
151
115
20
98 99
195 205
195 400
205 205
20 20
30 30
195 195
115 115
180 400
205 205
205 400
65 65
7 7
80 80
60 60
20 20
195 205
80 80
20 20
151 195
400 400
90 90
205 205
90 90
151 195
180 180
205 205
120 120
400 400
110 110
102 102
180 180
400 400
151 151
205 400
195 195
205 205
195 195
400 400
180 180
205 400
90 90
30 30
195 205
20 20
195 205
115 115
20 20
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
cumulative number of minutes for doers, Stdev = standard deviation, Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max - maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kleneis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-143
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-128, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Waiting on a Bus, Train
, etc. Stop
Percentiles
Category Population Group
A«
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (ycari) 1-4
Agc(ycirs) 5-11
Age (you-S) 12-17
Age (yean) 18-64
Age (years) >64
Race While
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N Mean
151 18.702
61 16.3443
90 20.3
2 21
2 g
32 12.5
50 13.78
54 25.5
1 1 27.2727
115 18.2522
21 17.4762
3 10
1 IS
10 29,8
1 15
136 18.0956
13 25.2308
1 20
1 15
79 13.1646
31 24.9355
15 31.6667
26 20.6154
87 12.931
6 32,5
25 23.56
9 28.333
16 33.8125
8 14,875
63 20.4921
27 17.4074
39 19.8205
22 13.1818
128 17.789!
23 23.7826
55 19.9273
43 17.186
28 24
25 12.68
139 18.7698
10 20
2 7.5
151 18.702
145 18,6552
6 19.8333
Stdev
18.7513
17.9934
19.1818
5.6569
9.8995
10.7283
11.4843
25.616
13.484
17.9501
11.9901
5
*
35.8137
*
17.1035
32.4427
*
*
11.3707
24.8125
31.5179
12.7061
10.9723
11.726
24.5749
19,2029
31.1239
8,3741
23.43
13.1244
16.6684
11.3458
18.9656
17,0026
15,5693
20.6574
25.4675
9.8815
18.7788
20.5372
3.5355
18.7513
18.969
13.5561
Stderr Min
1.526 1
2.3038 1
2.02319 1
4 17
7 1
1 .8965 2
1.6241 1
3.4859 1
4.0656 5
1.6739 I
2.6164 1
2.8868 5
* 15
11.3253 5
* 15
1.4666 1
8.998 1
* 20
* IS
1.2793 1
4.4565 1
8.1379 5
2.4919 5
1.1763 I
4.7871 15
4.915 5
6.401 10
7.781 5
2.9607 1
2.9519 1
2.5258 3
2.6691 4
2.4189 1
1.6763 1
3.S4S3 5
2.0994 1
3,1502 1
4.8129 5
1 .9763 i
1.5928 1
6.4944 4
2.5 5
1.526 1
1.5753 1
5,5342 9
Max
128
120
128
25
15
45
74
128
45
128
45
15
IS
120
15
128
120
20
15
75
128
120
45
75
45
120
60
128
30
128
60
75
45
128
65
75
120
128
45
128
55
10
128
128
45
5
4
4
4
17
1
2
3
5
5
4
3
5
15
5
15
4
1
20
15
2
5
5
5
3
15
5
10
5
1
3
4
5
1
3
5
Z
4
5
4
3
4
5
4
4
9
25
7
5
10
17
I
5
5
10
20
5
10
5
15
10
15
6
10
20
15
5
10
10
10
5
25
10
10
10
40.5
6
5
10
5
5.5
10
10
5
10
5
10
5
5
7
6
10
SO
15
11
15
21
8
10
10
15
30
15
15
10
15
16.5
15
15
15
20
15
10
IS
17
20
10
32.5
15
20
30
15
15
IS
15
10
IS
20
15
10
15
10
IS
12
7.5
IS
15
16
75
20.
20
30
25
15
15
20
30
40
22
23
15
15
20
15
22.5
20
20
15
15
30
45
30
15
45
30
45
37.5
18.5
22
20
28
15
20
35
25
20
32.5
15
20
30
10
20
20
23
90
40
30
42.5
25
15
20
23
60
45
40
35
15
15
92.5
15
40
65
20
15
23
45
67
40
23
45
45
60
65
30
40
35
45
30
35
45
43
33
45
20
40
55
10
40
40
45
95
45
45
60
25
15
43
30
67
45
45
40
15
15
120
15
45
120
20
15
35
65
120
45
30
45
67
60
128
30
65
35
65
30
45
60
60
45
67
35
45
65
10
45
45
45
98 99
67 120
65 120
75 128
25 25
15 15
45 45
52.5 75
120 128
45 45
67 75
45 45
15 15
IS 15
120 120
15 15
67 75
120 120
20 20
15 15
45 75
128 128
120 120
45 45
45 75
45 45
120 120
60 60
128 128
30 30
120 128
60 60
75 75
45 45
75 120
65 65
65 75
120 120
128 128
45 45
75 120
65 65
10 10
67 120
75 120
45 45
Note; A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes,
Source: Tssnewd Klepeis, 1996.
Page
15-144
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5- 1 29. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on a Train/Subway/Rapid Transit
Percemiles
Group Name Group Code
AH
Gender . Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 !
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean Stdev Stderr
116 97.767 136.346 12.659
62 91.613 119.437 15.168
54 104.833 154.349 21.004
8 191.875 256,82 90.8
2 92.5 38.891 27.5
3 166.667 271.401 156.693
2 100 56.569 40
92 84.967 106.533 11.107
9 122.667 219.531 73.177
64 89.5 139.691 17.461
26 131.385 168.356 33.017
3 79.667 17,039 9.838
4 71.25 47.675 23.838
16 88.625 98.922 24.731
3 85 56.347 32.532
89 101.281 149.687 15.867
22 86.955 85.56! 18.242
2 79.5 34.648 24.S
3 85 56.347 32.532
7 126.429 163.598 61.834
76 98.526 128.056 14.689
10 61.7 46.375 14.665
21 101.714 186.201 40.632
2 107.5 123.744 87,5
10 122 140.024 44.279
6 181.833 311.76 127.275
30 89.433 109.191 19.935
26 125.692 189.64 37.192
24 66.5 50.332 10.274
20 74.15 59.415 13.286
72 111.847 134.554 15.857
14 64.214 109.483 29.261
15 75.733 121.139 31.278
15 83.533 179.444 46.332
96 101.604 127.189 12.981
20 79.35 176.643 39.499
26 138.192 196.327 38.503
29 77.276 89.479 16.616
37 106.081 140.735 23.137
24 65.917 82.217 16.782
106 94.151 122.865 11.934
7 146.571 294.036 1 11.135
3 111.667 87.797 50.69
112 96.527 137.946 13.035
4 132.5 82.916 41.458
112 98.179 138.009 13.041
1 10 * *
3 111.667 87.797 50.69
Min
1
5
1
20
65
5
60
1
10
1
5
60
30
5
20
1
5
55
20
5
1
5
1
20
5
1
1
10
5
10
10
2
1
5
I
2
5
2
5
1
1
1
20
1
20
1
10
20
Max
810
720
810
810
120
480
140
720
690
720
810
90
140
415
120
810
415
104
120
480
720
160
810
195
480
810
480
720
180
240
810
380
480
720
720
810
810
480
690
380
720
810
195
810
195
810
10
195
5
5
10
2
20
65
5
60
5
10
5
10
60
30
5
20
5
10
55
20
5
5
5
10
20
5
1
2
10
10
12.5
20
2
1
5
10
3.5
10
5
10
1
5
I
20
5
20
5
10
20
25
27.5
24
30
55
65
5
60
30
10
22
35
60
42.5
20
20
25
40
55
20
IS
30
15
10
20
20
5
30
20
24.5
30
49
10
10
10
30
7.5
30
25
30
15
30
10
20
27.5
70
30
10
20
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N ~
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation, Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum
50
60
60
60
117.5
92.5
15
100
60
24
55
117.5
89
57.5
70
115
60
70
79.5
115
65
60
57.5
55
107.5
92.5
70
60
60
55
60
62.5
22.5
30
30
60
32.5
79.5
60
60
42.5
60
30
120
60
1S7.5
60
10
120'
75
120
120
120
180
120
480
140
104.5
120
74
135
90
100
112.5
120
120
120
104
120
140
120
89
90
195
140
135
120
120
102.5
97
122.5
50
90
75
120
60
130
105
120
82.5
120
90
195
117.5
195
120
10
195
90
189
180
195
810
120
480
140
175
690
195
195
90
140
165
120
195
130
104
120
480
189
125
165
195
337.5
810
177.5
380
125
164.5
189
240
160
120
195
120
240
135
195
160
180
810
195
175
195
180
10
195
doer sample size. Mean =
number of minutes. Max
95
415
240
480
810
120
480
140
240
690
380
480
90
140
415
120
480
165
104
120
480
380
160
415
195
480
810
415
690
175
214.5
415
380
480
720
415
465
720
175
480
180
380
810
195
415
195
415
10
195
98
690
480
690
810
120
480
140
480
690
690
810
90
140
415
120
720
415
104
120
480
690
160
810
195
480
810
480
720
180
240
690
380
480
720
690
810
810'
480
690
380
480
810
195
690
195
690
10
195
99
720
720
810
810
120
480
140
720
690
720
810
90
140
415
120
810
415
104
120
480
720
160
810
195
480
810
480
720
180
240
810
380
480
720
720
810
810
480
690
380
690
810
195
720
195
720
10
195
Mean 24-hour
— maximum number of
minutes. Pereentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Kleueis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-145
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter IS - Activity Factors
Table 15-130. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling on on Airplane
Percentiies
Group Name Group Code
AD
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthnu No
Asthtrm Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
N
S3
28
25
3
3
42
5
44
7
1
1
51
2
3
33
3
13
1
4
4
9
13
15
8
17
17
9
10
37
16
17
14
17
5
51
2
51
2
Si
2
Mean
234
241.25
225.88
175
113.333
226.429
405.4
241.068
199.286
60
340
234.745
215
113.333
212.424
510
259.385
150
122.5
111.25
253.889
293.846
194.8
305
254.706
235.1 18
212.778
216
258.919
176.375
216.294
191.786
230.882
423
224.843
467,5
233.725
241
231.608
295
Stdev
203.736
230.979
172.581
145.688
118.568
193.962
292,392
215.555
134.364
•
»
206.224
176,777
118.568
194.008
375.899
168.387
*
98.531
179.647
191.046
170.784
113.998
375.129
234.81
234.348
103,565
181.702
192.755
222.825
172,818
160.547
222,171
294.398
201.484
123.744
207.562
65.054
206.7
120.208
Stderr
27.985
43.651
34.516
84,113
68.455
29.929
130.762
32.496
50.785
»
»
28,877
125
68.455
33.773
217.025
46.702
*
49.265
89.823
63.682
47.367
29.434
132.628
56.95
56.838
34,522
57.459
31.689
55.706
41.914
42.908
53.884
131.659
28.213
87.5
29.064
46
28.944
85
Note; A "*" Signifies missing data. Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean
standard deviation. Stdcrr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max =
below or equal to a given number of minutes,
Source: Tsanz and KlepeK 1996.
Min
10
15
10
15
15
10
195
10
15
60
340
10
90
15
15
150
10
150
15
10
15
20
45
20
15
15
15
10
15
10
20
15
10
180
10
380
10
195
10
210
Max 5
900 15
900 20
660 15
300 15
245 IS
900 20
900 195
900 15
435 15
60 60
340 340
900 15
340 90
245 15
900 20
900 150
660 10
150 150
245 15
380 10
660 15
555 20
480 45
900 20
900 15
900 15
340 15
555 10
900 15
900 10
660 20
555 15
900 10
900 180
900 15
5SS 380
900 15
287 195
900 15
380 210
25
70
65
110
15
15
60
210
65
110
60
340
60
90
15
60
150
195
150
47.5
12.5
195
180
90
45
70
60
ISO
45
150
37.5
60
90
60
240
60
380
60
195
60
210
SO
210
210
210
210
80
202.5
287
210
210
60
340
210
215
80
180
480
225
150
115
27.5
270
300
210
137.5
245
195
255
202.5
230
95
210
150
245
285
210
467.5
210
241
210
295
75
300
292.5
300
300
245
300
435
300
255
60
340
300
340
245
285
900
300
150
197.5
210
285
435
255
577.5
380
287-
270
240
305
262.5
275
230
300
510
287
555
300
287
300
380
90 95
480 660
555 900
480 510
300 300
245 245
480 555
900 900
510 660
435 435
60 60
340 340
480 660
340 340
245 245
480 555
900 900
435 660
150 150
245 245
380 380
660 660
510 555
287 480
900 900
510 900
660 900
340 340
517.5 555
510 660
360 900
480 660
435 555
480 900
900 900
480 660
555 555
480 660
287 287
480 660
380 380
98 99
900 900
900 900
660 660
300 .300
245 245
900 , 900
900 900
900 900
435 435
60 60
340 340
900 900
340 340
245 245
900 900
900 900
660 . 660
ISO 150
245 . 245
380 380
660 660
555 555
480 480
900 900
900 900
900 900
340 340
555, 555
900, 900
900 900
660 660
555. 555
900 900
900 900
900 900
555, 555
900 900
287 287
900 900
380 380
- Mean 24-hour cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev =
maximum number of minutes. Percentiies are the percentage of doers
Page
15-146
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-131. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Indoors in a Residence (all rooms)
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment • Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
9343
4269
5070
4
187
498
700
588
6022
1348
7556
941
157
181
382
126
8498
696
46
103
1768
4068
797
2639
71
1963
829
2602
1788
1240
921
2068
2087
3230
1958
6286
3057
2513
2424
2522
1884
8591
689
63
9019
249
75
8840
432
71
Mean
1001.39
945.9
1048.07
1060
1001.07
1211.64
1005.13
969.5
947.91
1174.64
999.36
1015.95
983.52
996.09
1009.4
1019.69
1000.38
1009.84
1097.87
984.08
1053.3
881.03
982.44
1158.03
995.08
1044.47
1093.37
1008.1
974.34
939.49
943.67
1003.4
1001.73
999
1002.84
965.69
1074.81
1034.92
977.88
980.52
1014.84
999.12
1027.42
1025.68
997.77
1125.47
1024.08
997.66
1070.48
1045.48
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
275.143
273.498
267.864
135.647
279.866
218.745
222.335
241.776
273.033
229.344
275.678
272.54
254.689
268.283
281.75
276.578
275.436
270.816
286.655
269.485
248.46
259.166
243.085
233.775
268.059
251.888
278.592
279.281
272.599
275.004
274.27
278.441
280.646
270.19
273.992
272.596
265.676
278.237
267.177
273.962
277.47
274.377
284.437
264.342
274.112
281.353
285.059
274.78
273.759
273.047
Stderr
2.8465
4.1859
3.7619
67.8233
20.4658
9.8022
8.4035
9.9707
3.5184
6.2466
3.1714
8.8845
20.3264
19.9413
14.4156
24.6396
2.9879
10.2653
42.265
26.5531
5.909
4.0634
8.6105
4.5507
31.8128
5.6852
9.6759
5.4751
6.4468
7.8096
9.0375
6.1229
6.1432
4.7541
6.192
3.4382
4.8051
5.5503
5.4267
5.4553
6.3926
2.9602
10.8362
33.3039
2.8863
17.83
32.9158
2.9225
13.1712
32.4047
Min
8
S
30
900
265
270
190
95
8
60
8
190
30
10
55
270
8
55
401
270
95
8
255
60
445
95
ISO
30
10
30
g
30
g
10
30
30
8
30
10
8
30
8
190
445
8
180
150
8
205
445
Max
1440
1440
1440
1200
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
J440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
5
575
540
620
900
565
795
686
585
540
760
570
600
600
604
555
575
575
585
645
565
675
515
600
735
575
660
630
565
570
528
540
570
565
585
575
567
615
590
580
555
589
576
555
630
575
660
560
575
585
565
25 50
795 985
750 900
840 1050
950 1070
799 955
1065 1260
845 975
R11.5 950
750 900
1030 1210
795 980
815 1000
810 930
805 975
810 1004.5
840 975
795 980
810 1000
835 1172.5
810 950
870 1030
715 835
820 970
1015 1190
810 940
855 1020
870 1 130
803 995
775 930
745 885
750 900
795 980
790 989
800 970
800 1000
770 911
895 1105
825 1015
780 955
785 960
805 997
795 980
825 1025
840 960
795 975
925 1185
840 975
795 975
867.5 1110
845 975
Percentiles
75 90
1235 1395
1160 1350
1280 1420
1170 1200
1230 1440
1410 1440
1165 1334
1155 1310
1165 1350
1375 1440
1235 1395
1245 1410
1180 1355
1198 1380
1250 1410
1255 1440
1235 1395
1230 1405
1355 1440
1200 1375
1255 1413
1045.5 1290
1170 1320
1350 1440
1255 1440
1254 1410
1345 1440
1245 1400
1205 1371
1165 1335
1155 1350
1245 1405
1250 1390
1228 1400
1230 1390
1190 1380
1290 1420
1285 1432
1185 1370
1201 1365
1260 1405
1230 1393
1260 1430
1315 1410
1230 1391
1380 1440
1305 1425
1230 1395
1292.5 1440
1320 1440
95
1440
1430
1440
1200
1440
1440
1412.5
1405
1428
1440
1440
1440
1420
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1385
1380
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1436
1427.5
1410
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1435
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
98 99
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1200 1200
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
H40 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
I44Q 144Q
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
K40 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
1440 1440
'don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes, Percentiles are Ihe percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-147
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-132, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors (outside the residence)
Percentiles
Group Name Group Code
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Rice White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employmcni Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Educalion High School Graduate
Education < College
Educalion College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Censu! Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean Stdev Siderr
3124 154.03
1533 174.908
1588 133.524
3 340
40 163.95
201 195.652
353 187.564
219 135,26
1809 144.244
502 156.448
2622 156.787
255 141.557
34 115.765
53 167
125 1 17.28
35 187.143
2857 153.812
222 146.405
15 191.533
30 212.5
'774 175.762
1110 141.308
240 134.663
978 156.052
22 152.727
825 174.105
306 171.941
837 153.633
527 143.362
355 126.868
274 130.504
635 147.967
639 156.028
1120 158.577
730 150.579
1933 141.157
1191 174.924
548 113.96
1034 171.915
1098 168.309
444 126.525
2869 154.516
236 145.835
19 182.421
3023 153.218
76 172.855
25 195
2968 154.884
139 129.353
17 206.765
158.302 2,8322
173.671 4,4356
138.801 3,4831
140 80.829
179.615 28,3996
163.732 11.5488
158.575 8.4401
137.031 9.2597
155.13 3.6473
168.259 7.5098
160.173 3.1281
153.169 9.5918
135.554 23.2474
149.049 20.4735
128.886 11.5279
163.771 27.6824
158.38 2.9631
154.069 10.3405
178.278 46.0312
165.335 30.186
156.127 5.6119
159.947 4.8008
140.78 9.0873
159.151 5.0891
209.828 44.7355
156.184 5.4376
188.396 10.7699
154.781 5.35
157.106 6.8436
142.575 7.5671
150.996 9.122
143.678 5.7017
169.151 6.6915
165.201 4.9363
149.63 5.538 1
148.958 3.388
170.399 4.9375
138.121 5.9002
159.391 4.9568
168.2 5.076
140.747 6.6796
159.172 2.9717
145.523 9.4727
181.024 41.5298
156.257 2.842
222.319 25.5017
170.434 34.0869
158.787 2.9146
142.494 12.0862
179.765 43.5994
Min
I
1
1
240
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
5
1
1
15
5
1
1
2
5
1
1
5
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
Max
1290
1290
1065
500
720
715
1250
720
1080
1290
1290
1250
480
750
720
600
1290
750
585
600
1250
1080
1080
1290
660
1250
1290
840
1080
750
1065
750
1290
1080
855
1250
1290
1080
990
1290
960
1290
885
600
1290
1080
600
1290
855
600
5
5
10
5
240
3.5
30
20
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15
5
15
5
5
5
5
15
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
25
40
60
30
240
40
75
80
35
30
36
45
30
20
60
30
60
40
30
40
60
60
30
30
40
15
60
45
35
30
30
30
35
45
40
36
31
50
25
60
50
30
40
45
60
40
30
60
40
30
60
50
105
120
90
280
107.5
135
150
100
90
110
105
95
60
130
70
170
105
112,5
140
180
125
85
90
115
60
125
120
105
90
80
75
105
102
110
105
90
120
60
120
120
75
105
105
120
105
68.5
150
105
75
170
75
210
240
190
500
212.5
270
265
190
199
210
215
195
ISO
238
150
240
210
200
380
345
245
195
182.5
220
125
240
240
215
195
170
180
215
210
210
213
190
260
150
240
235
162.3
210
190
300
210
252.5
300
210
175
300
90
362
420
325
500
430
430
365
300
360
375
375
330
360
320
270
450
362
345
420
457.5
380
358.5
332.5
375
555
380
405
380
360
300
325
345
360
390
360
345
400
280
390
400
313
365
360
480
360
465
465
367
327
480
95
480
540
415
500
600
535
479
452
470
485
485
420
450
475
355
510
480
480
585
510
480
490
422.5
480
600
480
510
480
465
415
465
450
500
495
465
452
500
380
495
510
420
480
450
600
479
660
480
480
415
600
98 99
610 715
680 745
525 610
500 500
720 720
625. 699
600 720
545 610
600 715
645 735
625 720
535 645
480 480
553," 750
590 610
600 600
610 720
640 690
585 585
600 600
610 705
660 745
485 525
610 701
660 660
610 699
765 855
598 701
615 720
615 690
570 660
575 610
655 750
640 745
575 660
598 698
660 745
540 690
645 730
630 715
575 655
615 720
575 610
600 600
610 707
1065 1080
600 600
615 715
553 735
600 600
Refused data. N = doer sample size, Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes, Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsans and Klepeis. 1996.
Page
15-148
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-133. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Traveling Inside a Vehicle
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
7743
3603
4138
2
144
335
571
500
5286
907
6288
766
133
144
319
93
7050
578
34
81
1388
3732
720
1849
54
1550
561
2166
1556
1108
802
1662
1759
2704
1618
5289
2454
2037
2032
2090
1584
7152
544
47
7516
172
55
7349
342
52
Mean
97.278
103.696
91.721
30
117.035
68.116
71.033
81.53
104.011
90.87
97.248
98.723
83.414
96.181
101.734
93.591
97.149
100.043
73
98.914
73.609
105.816
98.763
96.561
120.296
76.39
100.822
101.605
103.215
104.532
101.938
98.585
101.229
96.051
93.689
94.437
103.399
94.31
99.612
97.792
97.419
97.262
97.241
100
97.288
93.07
108.945
97.559
90.971
98.942
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied '
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation.
Stdev
104.938
119,736
89,756
14.142
129.103
75.531
77.62
79.8
111.1
93.881
107.173
91.337
74.929
93.965
110.376
90.073
104.847
109.048
68.279
95.273
77.782
116.18
94.999
99.534
108.615
78.923
120.246
107.594
110.128
109.485
108.688
106.64
114.641
97.72
103.717
101.435
111.892
101.375
110.464
103.76
103.714
104.554
1 10.792
95.192
105.235
93.142
99.695
106.055
79.287
93.767
Stderr Min Max
1,1926
1.9948
1,3953
10
10.7586
4.1267
3.2483
3.5687
1.5281
3.1173
1.3515
3.3001
6.4972
7,8304
6.1799
9.3401
1 .2487
4.5358
1 1 ,7098
10,5859
2,0878
1.9018
3.5404
2.3147
14.7807
2.0047
5.0768
2.3118
2.7919
3.2891
3.8379
2.6158
2.7334
1,8792
2.5785 .
1.3948
2.2587
2.2461
2.4505
2.2696
2.6059
1.2363
4.7502
13.8852
1.2139
7.102
13.4429
1.2371
4.2873
13.0031
don't know". Refused =
Stderr — standard error
1 1440
1 1440
! 995
20 40
5 810
I 955
1 900
I 790
1 1440
4 900
1 1440
2 810
5 540
3 690
2 825
10 480
1 1440
2 825
5 325
10 480
1 955
4 1440
2 960
1 995
10 480
1 955
5 1440
I 1210
2 1280
4 1215
4 1357
1 1215
1 1440
1 955
2 1280
1 1215
1 1440
1 1080
1 1440
1 1357
1 1280
1 1440
4 955
10 480
1 1440
8 615
10 480
1 1440
2 505
5 480
5
12
10
12
20
20
10
10
10
15
10
10
15
20
10
20
15
10
15
6
15
10
16
10
10
20
10
15
12
15
15
20
15
10
13
10
10
13
10
12
10
14
10
17
10
11
15
20
10
15
10
25 50
40 70
40 70
40 70
20 30
40 80
30 47
25 51
30 60
43 75
35 60
40 70
45 75
35 70
40 69.5
41 70
30 65
40 70
40 70
25 60
30 65
30 55
45 75
45 75
37 65
35 88
30 60
40 70
40 70
40 75
45 75
45 75.5
40 70
40 ' 70
40 70
35 65
40 66
40 75
35 65
4O 70
40 70
40 70
40 70
40 65
30 75
40 70
30 65
35 75
40 70
40 " 70
30 73.5
75
120
120
115
40
142.5
85
90
100
120
120
120
120
105
127.5
120
120
120
120
97
130
90
124
120
120
190
95
120
120
120
125
120
120
120
120
115
115
125
116
120
120
120
120
116.5
120
120
120
150
120
115
145
90
190
205
180
40
210
150
140
165.5
200
190
190
195
ISO
180
190
205
190
190
175
220
150
198
195
200
290
155
180
210
"195
.200
195
190
205
190
180
180
205
190
200
190
180
190
180
220
190
185
235
190
195
195
95
270
295
240
40
435
200
171
232.5
285
258
270
265
210
250
335
255
270
285
200
255
195
290
260
275
330
201
265
286
285
280
270
275
290
250
260
260
280
270
275
260
265
270
255
239
270
280
360
270
240
239
98 99
425 570
478 655
385 465
40 40
593 660
245 270
275 360
345 405
450 620
400 460
425 595
390 485
330 360
345 540
465 620
420 480
420 566
480 630
325 325
420 480
275 382
475 660
380 470
420 526
390 480
302.5 385
460 620
445 570
460 630
450 675
3fi5 480
425 570
435 595
420 558
420 540
435 575
420 540
425 544
440 546
415 558
420 620
425 570
460 705
480 480
425 570
420 540
390 480
425 580
325 460
390 480
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min =* minimum number of minutes. Max *= maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1 996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-149
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter IS - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-1 34, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent Outdoors Near a Vehicle
Percentiies
Category Population Group
AH
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Raee Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Bacc Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Rill
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
2825
1388
1436
1
51
102
230
313
1787
342
2275
278
51
50
136
35
2552
230
13
30
632
1169
254
751
19
702
222
702
537
367
295
749
586
836
654
2018
807
703
791
819
512
2596
205
24
2726
76
23
2684
115
26
Mean
79.828
111.21
49.541
20
64.373
45.99
55.909
40.879
96.365
57.55
81.787
78.374
42.431
73.06
55.066
124.4
79.761
68.091
185.31
129.83
46.989
1 14.86
67.118
56.792
96.947
47.098
105.76
113.18
87.927
70.905
55.186
75.734
77.445
86.447
78.19
84.241
68.793
70.91
80.542
84.178
84.01
80.366
75.088
62.083
79.57
92.434
68.696
79.404
93.843
61.615
Note; A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied '
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
143.82
184.96
75.947
Ml
90.949
59.489
86.475
55.718
169.13
85.255
148.41
130.69
61.693
1 13.02
100.19
186.88
142.98
125.96
321.29
198.28
68.827
193,04
114.34
84.927
185.76
70.151
193.65
185.75
157.3
117.85
86.872
130.56
141.21
160.31
138.28
155.61
108.2
141.83
135.48
150.3
148.27
143.21
157.15
78.548
144.32
139.38
91.209
142.84
175.36
72.201
Stderr Min Max
2.7059
4.9645
2.0042
*
12.7354
5.8903
5.702
3.1494
4.0009
4.61
3.1116
7.838
8.6387
15.9836
8.591
31.5887
2.8303
8.3058
89.1098
36.2
2.7378
5.646
7.174
3.099
42.616
2.6477
12.9967
7.0107
6.7878
6.1515
5.0579
4.7705
5.8332
5.5443
5.4072
3.4639
3.8088
5.3492
4.817
5.2519
6.5525
2.8107
10.9756
16.0335
2.7642
15.9879
19.0183
2.7572
16.3523
14.1598
don't know". Refused =
Stderr = standard error
1 1440
1 1440
1 790
20 20
1 510
1 420
1 540
1 435
1 1440
1 560
1 1440
1 645
1 405
1 535
1 600
4 810
1 1440
1 765
2 985
10 810
1 540
1 1440
1 795
1 690
5 790
1 540
1 1440
1 1410
1 985
I 660
1 710
i 985
1 1440
1 1410
1 985
1 1440
1 705
1 1440
1 810
1 985
1 930
1 1410
1 1440
5 360
1 1440
I 570
5 360
1 1440
1 985
5 360
5
2
3
2
20
4
2
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
10
2
2
2
10
2
2
2
2
5
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
3
10
2
2
7
25
10
It
10
20
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
15
10
20
10
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
20
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
17.5
10
10
20
10
10
27
50
30
30.5
25
20
40
30
20
21
30
30
30
30
28
40
25
40
30
30
25
40
23
30
30
30
30
24
30
35
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
26
30
30
30
30
30
35
30
35
40
30
30
40
75
65
90
60
20
65
60
60
45
75
60
68
70
60
60
54.5
120
65
60
100
98
55
90
63
60
90
55
90
90
70
68
60
70
60
61.5
65
65
65
60
74
70
70
65
65
67.5
65
91
75
65
90
75
90 95
200 465
430 570
120 180
20 20
125 290
105 160
170 215
100 160
325 539
120 205
210 480
190 435
85 120
167.5 420
110 170
360 565
200 457
147.5 410
705 985
435 585
120 180
485 570
165 280
130 210
360 790
120 180
365 540
455 555
240 540
170 325
120 200
179 375
210 390
240 525
180 435
215 515
180 310
160 365
215 435
210 510
225 510
205 475
160 309
98 225
196 465
354 465
98 330
197 465
225 465
110 180
98 99
600 675
675 735
290 420
20 20
360 510
192 245
360 465
220 260
645 720
450 510
600 695
580 600
150 405
492.5 535
525 600
810 810
600 665
565 615
985 985
810 810
265 360
690 740
510 600
360 465
790 790
265 360
720 735
665 740
635 705
565' 600
362 560
570 665
560 645
643 710
570 615
625' 705
465' 540
570 643
570 645
615 705
600 690
600 675
580 690
360 360
600 687
535 570
360 360
600 665
735 98S
360 360
Refused data, N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Min - minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Pereentilei are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsnne and Kteoeis, 1996.
Page
15-150
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 S- ! 35, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spew Outdoors Other Than
Near a Residence or Vehicle Such as Parks, Golf Courses, or Farms
Percentiles
Group Name Group Code
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
1383 200.153
789 223.482
593 168.742
1 420
19 183.368
54 164.648
159 171.34
175 156.903
858 219.425
118 181.932
1186 202.615
81 185.84
20 169.45
30 187.5
57 158.298
9 380
1267 202.593
103 163.942
4 67.5
9 330
383 163.846
555 228.526
126 202.556
309 191.469
10 254
429 163.949
83 264.482
313 228.613
250 217.984
185 207.27
123 163.642
279 196.824
309 196.702
468 198.432
327 208.716
851 183.982
532 226.019
241 175.676
412 185.806
508 224.996
222 196.5
1283 196.564
93 244.344
7 270.714
1352 199.038
25 238.64
6 290.833
1326 199.761
51 '206.431
6 233.333
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" =* The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev =
Stdev
202.665
208.727
189.993
»
160.349
177.34
177.947
174.411
215,094
180.158
203.396
195.119
189.122
161.849
203.27
250.637
203.353
185.155
59.231
259,459
176.805
219,372
211.673
189.268
240.899
175.476
255.463
228.235
202.991
190.178
173.04
208.372
211,59
195.071
200.465
197.931
207,598
192.682
174.522
220.748
213.598
196.894
263.314
274.415
202,274
205.994
275.979
200.843
239.756
294.035
Stderr
5.45
7.431
7.802
*
36.787
24.133
14.112
13,184
7.343
16.585
5.906
21.68
42.289
29,549
26.924
83.546
5.713
18.244
29,616
86.486
9.034
9.312
18.857
10.767
76.179
8.472
28.041
12.901
12.838
13.982
15.603
12.475
12.037
9.017
11.086
6.785
9
12,412
8.598
9.794
14.336
5.497
27.304
103.719
5.501
41.199
112.668
5.516.
33.573
120.039
"don't know". Refused
standard deviation. Stderr =
minutes. Percenttles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a
Source: Tsang and Klepeis. 1996.
Min
1
1
I
420
10
1
5
5
1
5
1
1
10
10
1
30
1
1
10
30
1
I
3
1
30
1
I
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
5
30
r
i
30
1
5
15
Max
1440
1440
1440
420
540
980
1210
1065
1440
900
1440
765
665
560
1305
810
1440
1305
145
810
1210
1305
1440
1440
810
1210
1305
1440
1440
930
900
1305
1440
933
1440
1440
1440
1065
980
1440
1130
1440
1440
810
1440
730
810
1440
1100
810
= Refused data
5 25
10 60
20 60
10 40
420 420
10 60
10 60
15 55
10 45
10 60
20 55
14 60
5 40
10 32.5
10 60
5 30
30 195
10 60
10 30
10 22.5
30 140
10 51
14 60
10 60
10 50
30 105
10 55
30 60
10 60
10 60
20 60
10 45
10 60
10 50
15 60
15 60
10 45
20 68.5
10 35
15 60
15 60
10 35
10 60
15 60
30 60
10 60
5 60
30 140
10 60
10 50
15 30
50
130
150
105
420
140
120
115
100
150
112.5
134.5
108
95
120
110
435
130
115
75
276
315
238
420
220
175
221
210
310
280
280
240
230
270
'228
540
280
228
57,5 112.5
210
110
150
125
125
167.5
115
180
160
152.5
128
90
130
120
120
150
119
155
93
130
150
120
125
150
195
130
210
202.5
130
110
167.5
. N = doer sample size
510
215
335
280
275
280
210
480
310
330
285
240
265
270
285
285
240
320
253
240
305
280
270
350
450
270
340
360
275
305
210
90
510
540
420
420
510
370
405
385
540
480
510
540
477.5
437.5
370
810
510
400
145
810
385
545
510
480
675
385
555
570
510
505
385
480
510
510
525
490
525
450
473
540
540
495
530
810
510
465
810
500
540
810
95
600
635
540
420
540
560
574
570
635
570
615
585
585
535
435
810
615
511
145
810
560
645
580
565
810
560
600
690
555
600
480
590
635
600
580
585
630
585
555
630
600
600
810
810
600
690
810
600
700
810
98 99
748 915
765 900
700 930
420 420
540 540
630 980
660 725
735 915
780 933
600 735
750 930
690 765
665 665
560 560
555 1305
810 810
748 915
555 555
145 145
810 810
665 915
825 955
690 700
690 735
810 810
665 840
1100 1305
855 990
715 765
690 795
735 780
900 1130
740 900
748 825
725 855
735 900
810 915
750 810
665 740
840 990
780 900
730 855
1100 1440
810 810
740 915
730 730
810 810
735 900
930 1100
810 810
Mean = Mean 24-hour
standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
given number of minutes.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-151
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-1 36. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in an Office or Factory
Category
All
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Population Group
Male
Female
*
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
No
Yes
DK
Refused
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
N
1975
1012
963
49
12
14
19
1749
132
1612
191
42
28
74
28
1805
138
7
25
43
1535
164
213
20
80
104
631
462
415
283
465
439
666
405
1759
216
531
470
550
424
1845
114
16
1931
26
18
1873
86
16
Mean
393.972
410.816
376.271
438.918
31.583
100.929
145.421
418.971
145.848
387.646
413.911
428.024
480.893
394.459
482.893
393.453
393.645
262.571
470.04
121.279
455.571
293.03
77.643
449.15
225.1
329.548
396.876
393.108
437.231
396.883
399.075
389.31
408.637
369.052
406.795
289.551
390.716
385.198
393.524
408,358
394.976
371.693
437
395.718
265.462
392.333
395.611
356.43
403.875
Note; A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" • The respondent replied
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Sldev
230.763
233.454
226.676
232.58
25.639
155.126
181.118
218.445
193.973
231.968
218
216.759
200.859
237.847
246.079
229.593
238.608
242.131
258.753
177.984
200-299
196.95
122.957
184.813
248.547
264.402
228.074
228.826
205.198
232.151
226.243
229.075
228.181
240.375
225.173
249.076
231.677
240.678
224.454
226.578
230.383
23 i .336
272.067
229.668
246.766
282.64
229.961
236.119
289.456
Stderr
5,1926
7.3386
7.3045
33.2257
7.4013
41.4593
41.5512
5.2233
16.8832
5.7776
15.7739
33.4466
37.9588
27.6492
46.5046
5.404
20.3116
91.5168
51.7505
27.1423
5.1124
15.3792
8.4249
41.3256
27.7884
25.9267
9.0795
10.6459
10.0728
13.7999
10.4918
10.9331
8,8418
11.9443
5.3689
16.9475
10.0539
11.1016
9.5708
11.0036
5.3635
21.6666
68.0168
5.2265
48.3947
66.619
5.3135
25,4614
72.3641
don't know". Refused =
Stderr — standard error
Min
1
1
1
10
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
10
40
1
30
1
1
1
17
1
1
1
1
30
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
I
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
. 3
5
I
5
5
1
S
5
Max
1440
1440
855
900
90
580
625
1440
705
1440
1037
780
795
840
997
1440
840
610
860
685
1440
750
70S
675
860
930
997
1440
900
860
930
997
1440
900
997
1440
997
1440
1037
840
1440
840
860
1440
650
860
1440
800
860
5 25
9 180
10 225
5 120
20 299
5 12.5
2 10
1 10
10 273
3 10
6 ISO
10 268
30 285
75 347.5
S 230
30 373
10 180
S 180
1 12
30 311
2 10
15 400
10 95
3 10
60 334
3 15
5 50.5
10 210
5 210
10 325
S 175
10 215
8 180
10 225
5 95
10 237
3 30
10 180
5 120
9 200
10 23S.5
8 185
10 120
5 232.5
10 195
9 15
5 30
8 195
10 75
5 30
Percentiles
50 75
485 550
495 565
480 540
500 555
25 44.5
32.5 178
50 240
500 555
40 205
480 550
485 540
491.5 553
540 582.5
492.5 560
532.5 607.5
483 550
497.5 560
245 540
525 615
40 178
510 570
342.5 480
30 90
522.5 550
105 470
388.5 552.5
492 550
480 540
510 570
480 565
485 550
480 550
497.5 555
470 550
495 555
282.5 495
480 550
480 553
482.5 540
500 566.5
490 550
462.5 540
520 587.5
490 550
175 490
490 550
490 550
427.5 540
490 582.5
Refused data, N = doer sample size. Mean =
Min = minimum number of minutes. Max
90
630
645
600
675
60
195
510
630
495
628
635
660
715
645
818
630
644
610
810
307
644
525
215
645
607.5
640
615
615
640
640
625
630
630
630
630
600
625
630
613.5
640
630
630
780
630
630
780
630
620
780
95 98 99
675 765 818
710 780 855
645 710 750
780 900 '900
90 90 90
580 580 580
625 625 625
680 765 818
540 640 675
675 750 800
720 803 900
745 780 .780
780 795 795
720 765 840
860 997 997
675 755 810
675 765 795
610 610 610
818 860 860
580 685 685
700 775 837
555 585 615
305 570 640
675 675 675
675 780, 860
705 765 , 855
675 760 800
660 770 820
690 750 800
675 780 818
675 765 840
670 750, 800
675 760 840
675 760. 800
675 755, 810
670 800 900
675 755 835
695 775 837
675 753 810
675 750, 770
675 760, 810
675 800 837
860 860 860
675 760 811
645 650 650
860 860 860
675 760 818
660 720 800
860 860 860
= Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
minutes, Pcrceniilcs are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsaneand Kleneis, 1996.
Page
15-152
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-137. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Malls, Grocery Stores, or Other Stores
Percenti les
Group Name
All
Gender
Gender
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Age (years)
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Race
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Hispanic
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Education
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Census Region
Day Of Week
Day Of Week
Season
Season
Season
Season
Asthma
Asthma
Asthma
Angina
Angina
Angina
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Bronchitis/Emphysema
Group Code
Male
Female
*
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
No
Yes
DK
Refused
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Weekday
Weekend
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
No
Yes
DK
N
2697
1020
1677
50
110
129
140
1871
397
2234
237
37
52
110
27
2476
188
12
21
372
1170
285
854
16
420
206
792
583
411
285
622
601
871
603
1721
976
683
679
759
576
2480
208
9
2607
74
16
2553
130
14
Mean
114,975
120.159
111.822
139.44
90.036
77.674
88.714
125.927
88.572
111,563
123
158.892
150.231
133.145
124.741
1 14.387
126.074
49.417
122.429
86.946
1 36.797
134.123
91.198
98.938
88.262
128.937
126.295
i 29.849
117.876
78.182
1 10.201
108.243
127.922
107.909
117.451
110.61
111.71
115.844
113.138
120.243
116.246
101.111
85.111
115.981
90.838
62.688
115.736
104.754
71.143
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied '
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation
Stdev
140.961
157.143
130.088
1 37.586
77.887
68.035
101.361
156.815
88.477
139.443
152.318
151.725
146.737
138.309
131.136
141.819
133.15
37.689
1 38.488
86.322
176.691
147.732
87.218
1 10.033
91.922
155.722
158.884
149.53
144.142
95.665
134.942
133.098
155.825
130.742
148.879
125.747
134
142.21
147.47
138.948
142.351
124.977
79.634
142.101
103.912
68,084
141.704
131.336
66.864
Stderr Min Max
2.7143
4.9203
3.1766
19.4576
7.4263
5.9901
8.5666
3.6253
4.4405
2.9502
9.8941
24.9434
20.3488
13.1872
25.2372
2.8501
9.711
10.8798
30.2206
4.4756
5.1656
8.7509
2.9846
27.5083
4.4853
10.8497
5.6457
6.1929
7.11
5.6667
5.4107
5.4292
5.2799
5.3242
3.5887
4.0251
5.1274
5.4575
5.3528
5.7895
2.8585
8.6656
26.5447
2.783 1
12.0795
17.021
2.8045
11.5189
17.8701
1 1080
1 840
1 1080
15 660
5 420
3 320
1 530
1 1080
1 655
1 1080
2 800
2 600
5 660
1 720
10 515
1 1080
1 720
2 122
10 515
I 660
1 1080
2 540
1 585
10. 357
1 660
2 1080
1 960
I 800
1 720
1 630
1 755
2 840
I 1080
1 840
1 1080
1 840
2 840
1 720
1 1080
1 840
I 1080
I 600 .
33 290
1 1080
2 630
2 290
1 1080
5 613
20 290
5 25
10 30
5 30
10 30
20 45
10 40
5 30
5 20
10 30
10 30
10 30
10 25
14 50
14 65
10 35
10 30
10 30
10 30
2 17.5
20 33
5 30
10 30
6 30
10 30
10 31.5
5 29
10 30
5 30
10 30
10 30
10 25
5 30
10 30
10 30
10 30
10 30
5 30
10 30
10 30
5 30
10 30
10 30
5 30
33 55
10 30
15 37
2 30
10 30
10 25
20 35
50 75
60 135
60 130
60 135
92.5 180
65 105
60 110
45 123.5
60 150
60 120
60 130
60 135
105 220
102.5 180
90 195
60 207
60 131.5
90 172.5
47.5 69.5
60 180
60 120
60 150
65 186
60 120
52,5 115
60 120
75 150
60 150
70 165
60 135
50 90
60 130
60 130
60 155
60 120
60 135
65 135
60 135
60 130
60 125
60 160
60 135
60 120
58 60
60 135
64 105
55 60
60 135
60 135
56.5 70
90
285
375
255
338.5
210
180
222.5
360
180
265
370
410
280
310
300
285
270
105
290
206
480
400
195
290
210
330
365
345
290
160
280
250
320
255
320
255
255
300
300
295
287.5
245
290
290
150
110
285
192.5
no
95
482
530
400
420
250
225
317.5
525
255
495
480
480
588
450
380
495
450
122
380
255
562
480
255
357
262.5
500
524
510
515
250
465
440
520
430
510
380
420
500
510
480
495
420
290
495
190
290
481
505
290
98 . 99
570 640
609 658
550 600
565 660
359 360
255 280
384 413
600 658
400 470
570 640
600 613
600 600
600 660
535 540
515 515
570 640
540 610
122 122
515 515
360 384
640 690
520 540
360 420
357 357
384 420
570 605
600 660
563 651
600 640
450 555
563 600
560 645
600 660
550 600
586 650
560 608
568 660
588 645
570 610
550 640
575 640
545 550
290 290
570 640
510 630
290 290
570 640
575 609
290 290
don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max ^ maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles arc the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number.of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Mends. 1 996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-153
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-138. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Speni in Schools, Churches, Hospitals, and Public Buildings
Percemlle
Category Population Group
All
Ocndcr Male
Gender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years} 1 -4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (yeais) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Rsce White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hisptnic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education »
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
D*yOfWeck Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Aithmi Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angini DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
2932
1234
1698
50
98
391
355
1653
385
2310
332
61
57
141
31
2654
240
13
25
821
1029
293
775
14
917
166
617
520
351
361
645
686
1036
565
2091
841
847
805
667
613
2689
229
14
2836
78
18
2794
121
17
Mean
274,332
285.147
266,472
268.96
233
351,202
366.338
267.707
151.091
268.239
303.473
295
314.684
283.936
257.774
271.293
306.388
279.385
286.6
343.484
300.3
251.324
176.406
212.857
340.328
172.602
207.29
247.492
261.581
319.114
272.747
275.394
278.387
267.418
309.844
186.039
296.587
276.761
254.115
262.39
273.193
287.974
270
277.127
176.423
258.278
276.999
212.562
275.765
Stdev Stderr
205.942 3.8033
206,713 5.8845
205.082 4.9769
221.042 31.2601
235.787 23.8181
149.578 7.5645
161.247 8.5581
221.203 5.4407
128.639 6.556
204.323 4.2512
207.071 11.3645
199.398 25.5302
203.549 26.9607
229.828 19.355
192.517 34.5771
203.551 3.9511
230.835 14.9003
230.736 63.9946
175.367 35.0734
171.113 5.9719
239,785 7.475 1
199.326 11.6447
148.414 5.3312
147.736 39.484
172.613 5.7002
138,026 10,7129
199.027 8.0125
213,609 9.3674
214.287 11.4378
236.166 12.4298
211,594 8.3315
207.157 7.9093
201.004 6.2449
207.214 8.7176
212.577 4.6488
156.873 5.4094
201.244 6,9148
204,618 7.2118
209.724 8.1205
207.33 8.374
207.301 3.9977
191.578 12.6598
171.24 45.7658
206.396 3.8757
172.803 19.5661
165,599 39.0321
207.348 3.9227
166.349 15.1226
163.40! 39.6306
Min Max
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
5 1030
1 1440
5 665
' 1 935
1 1440
5 710
1 1440
1 1440
S 900
10 967
2 1440
5 681
1 1440
1 1440
35 760
5 625
1 1440
1 1440
1 1030
1 855
5. 440
1 1440
1 735
1 1440
1 1000
1 1005
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
1 1440
1 1015
1 1005
1 1440
1 855
5 565
1 1440
5 890
3 565
1 1440
10 662
5 565
5
20
30
20
30
5
70
60
15
21
20
35
30
30
11
5
20
20
35
55
55
IS
20
15
5
45
27
15
15
15
30
25
30
20
15
15
40
30
30
20
14
20
25
5
20
28
3
20
30
5
25 50
95 221
110 255
90 200
100 192.5
60 150
245 389
260 415
87 190
60 115
90 210
135 285
135 240
135 360
100 237
120 240
94 215
1 10 287.5
65 235
145 255
190 393
90 215
85 200
60 121
120 190
190 390
70 123,5
60 135
85 165
85 180
110 290
90 215
88 239
110 230
100 200
115 340
85 140
120 285
1 10 220
80 180
75 210
94 217
120 275
145 280
100 230
60 120
145 270
95 228
90 145
145 305
75
430
425
430
400
390
440
446
450
195
429
440
425
455
430
430
425
444.5
420
440
441
510
387
250
305
440
235
295
420
450
510
420
425
440
420
460
230
444
420
420
425
430
435
430
430
195
378
430
375
415
90
540
540
540
590
545
535
502
570
340
540
540
535
525
525
495
540
567.5
562
495
520
610
525
400
430
525
375
510
552.5
560
615
545
540
535
555
565
385
545
535
550
540
540
533
445
540
480
480
540
445
440
95
615
620
610
625
595
562
605
655
435
612
630
565
598
630
625
612
695
760
565
570
685
610
475
440
580
465
585
640
625
683
630
615
600
620
632
525
615
600
630
615
615
605
565
615
575
565
615
490
565
98
725
745
713
871.5
900
625
710
760
525
705
775
840
820
840
681
712
840
760
625
645
775
800
570
440
645
525
690
760
750
765
735
745
690
712
750
640
710
725
738
712
725
645
565
725
625
565
726
605
565
99
805
840
800
1030
.1440
645
80S
; 855
615
765
1000
900
967
940
681
800
940
760
625
713
900
880
641
440
713
640
785
855
800
900
855
850
778
820
855
735
770
840
890
778
820
800
565
805
890
565
840
630
565
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
Cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max = maximum number of
minutes. Pcrcentiles are the percentage of doers below
Source: Tsanz and Ktepcis. 1 996.
or equal 10 a given number of minutes.
Page
15-154
Exposure Factors Handbook
August1997
-------
Volume HI- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 1 5-1 39, Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Bars/Nightclubs, Bowing Alleys, and Restaurants
Percentiles
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) »
Age (years) 1 -4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
2296 111,735
1127 109.497
1169 113.892
32 138.094
61 62.705
88 58.602
127 76.614
1718 121,371
270 92,207
1945 108.84
167 121.88
42 103.976
36 159.333
83 1 30.205
23 155,913
2131 110.53
141 127.319
7 95
17 140.353
273 65.85
1215 125.765
236 144.729
S59 88.642
13 158.077
309 76,006
155 154.155
665 119.502
498 121.321
395 101 .096
274 107,091
462 115.771
561 113.688
748 105.619
525 114.81
1407 112.164
889 111.055
584 116.783
615 108.416
622 110.543
475 111.385
2124 111.768
163 107.301
9 184,222
2229 112.481
54 71.463
13 151
2171 111.178
1 14 109.807
11 241.636
Stdev
131.368
129.654
133.019
151.816
47.701
39.746
82.038
142.223
90.483
127.174
147.847
104.151
196.721
161.594
135.696
129.679
153.659
115.109
147.503
61.078
151.364
1 57.886
77.231
127.157
81.68
175.537
145.414
137.839
109.709
117.52
127.168
132.476
133.036
131.486
138.508
119.269
135.982
124.727
132.965
132.104
129.918
145.813
1 86.348
132.361
52.513
162.726
129.886
134.998
274.085
Stderr Min
2.7416
3.8621
3.8905
26.8376
6.1075
4.2369
7.2797
3.4313
5.5066
2.8836
11.4408
16.0709
32.7868
17.7373
28.2945 '
2,8092
12.9404 •
43.507
35.7748
3.6966
4.3424
10.2775
3.2665
35.267
4.6466
14.0995
5.6389
6.1767
5.5201
7.0997
5.9164
5.5932
4.8643
5.7385
3.6926
4.0001
5,627
5.0295
5.3314
6.0614
2.819
11.4209
62.1159
2.8035
7.1461
45.132
2.7876
12.6437
82.6397
1
1
2
IS
4
5
2
1
3
1
5
5
5
5
20
1
1
5
30
2
1
1
3
30
1
S
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
4
30
1
3
30
1
5
10
Max
925
900
925
610
330
180
455
925
750
925
805
497
765
813
480
925
813
315
480
455
925
813
610
425
548
925
910
775
765
765
765
813
910
925
925
870
875
92S
910
900
910
925
480
925
340
480
910
925
875
5
10
10
10
30
10
10
10
10
20
10
10
30
10
15
30
10
15
5
30
10
10
10
15
30
10
15
10
10
15
15
15
10
13
10
10
10
15
15
10
10
10
10
30
10
15
30
10
15
10
25 50
40 60
35 " 60
45 60
47.5 65
35 55
30 45
30 50
40 65
45 62.5
40 60
30 60
40 62.5
52.5 90
40 65
60 88
40 60
40 70
10 40
40 70
30 50
40 63
47.5 80
45 60
70 105
30 55
40 90
45 60
40 75
40 60
40 65
45 70
40 65
35 .60
37 70
35 60
45 70
40 68.5
41 65
35 60
35 60
40 60
30 57
60 ' 88
40 60
45 60
35 88
40 60
43 65
30 88
75
120
120
120
150
85
85
90
135
100
120
153
120
137.5
143
270
120
120
165
210
85
135
180
115
240
90
209
120
135
120
120
120
120
110
130
120
120
120
120
120
125
120
118
300
120
90
120
120
120
480
90
255
240
270
315
115
120
220
285
177.5
240
300
200
495
360
' 330
245
360
315
410
120
300
385
180
330
165
388
290
270
225
220
270
250
240
245
270
235
265
240
260
265
255
265
480
260
120
480
255
235
480
95
405
377
424
495
120
137
270
462
255
388
490
240
750
485
410
395
440
315
480
182
500
520
240
425
255
545
485
440
330
330
380
410
390
417
430
351
440
395
390
355
390
485
480
410
120
480
400
375
875
98 99
568 660
560 660
570 645
610 610
130 330
170 180
325 360
600 680
358 520
560 645
555 735
497 497
765 765
700 813
480 480
560 650
700 765
315 315
480 480
273 330
640 735
615 745
315 388
425 425
330 455
700 870
630 680
610 675
507 570
560 675
560 650
570 675
555 650
590 640
595 675
535 630
595 735
542 585
605 660
550 770
568 660
560 670
480 480
570 660
232 340
480 480
560 660
530 620
875 875
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean = Mean 24-hour
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation, Stderr = standard error, Min = minimum number of minutes. Max ™ maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a
Source: Tsana and Kleoeis. 1 996,
given number of minutes.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-155
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-140. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent in Other Outdoors
Such as Auto Repair Shops, Laundromats, Gyms, and at Work (non-specific) ' '' """
Percentiles
Group Name Group Code
All
Gender Male
(Sender Female
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Rice Black
Race Asian
Rice Some Others
Race Hispanic
Rice Refused
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
DiyOfWeek Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N Mean
1214 225.747
612 260.322
602 190.S98
21 264.524
27 92.296
59 134.678
76 164.368
903 250.29
128 152.813
996 226.348
118 228.102
25 194.68
23 211.217
42 250.19
10 146.5
1133 224.325
68 230.088
$ 483.2
8 229.375
162 140.031
652 276.345
132 240.909
259 145.347
9 194.444
186 148.097
88 301.966
324 249.086
251 266.996
217 202.014
148 191.764
275 218.171
254 250.689
401 223.691
284 213.68
900 224.954
314 228.019
347 241.715
321 220.343
294 224.418
252 212.194
1123 225.742
84 228.5
7 193.571
1178 225.259
28 227.75
8 290.625
1166 226.724
41 198.829
7 220.714
Sldev
231.111
239.586
216.774
273.733
74.852
186.691
159.542
243.45
159.777
228.881
256.391
196.484
236.332
229.16
246.555
231.063
215.421
240.867
310.592
158.915
250.945
227.902
173.086
278.752
168.067
251.244
243.136
256.435
217.284
198.819
216.166
241.492
239.929
222.324
232.145
228.476
239.749
220.658
244.957
214,928
229.228
259.329
201.406
231.28
218.573
269.171
232.003
213.198
197,261
Stderr Min
6.633
9.685
. 8.835
59.733
14.405
24.305
18.301
8.101
14.122
7.252
23.603
39.297
49.279
35.36
77.967
6.865
26.124
107.719
109.811
12.486
9.828
19.836
10.755
92.917
12.323
26.783
13.508
16,186
14.75
16.343
13.035
15.153
11.981
13.193
7.738
12.894
12.87
12.316
14.286
13.539
6.84
28.295
76.124
6.739
41.306
95.166
6.794
33.296
74.558
1
1
1
15
10
5
1
1
2
1
2
5
5
5
15
1
5
55
30
1
2
5
1
15
1
5
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
15
1
5
15
1
5
15
Max
1440
1040
1440
940
270
910
660
1440
770
1440
1430
600
800
793
840
1440
793
623
840
910
1430
1440
1150
840
910
930
1150
1440
1005
870
990
1005
1440
960
1430
1440
1440
1005
1040
990
1440
979
510
1440
770
780
1440
780
510
5
10
10
!0
30
IS
5
5
10
12
10
5
25
10
15
15
10
15
55
30
10
10
15
5
15
5
, 15
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
5
15
10
10
15
10
12
15
10
10
15
25 50
56 120
60 160
45 105
75 100
25 65
30 80
45 130
60 135
45 95
58.5 120
45 120
58 90
25 115
60 165
55 67.5
55 120
61.5 127.5
560 568
42.5 67.5
30 103.5
60 162.5
67.5 170
40 90
40 75
30 109.5
60 265
53.5 126
60 155
55 110
60 105
60 120
55 150
4? 120
60 120
58.5 120
52 120
60 155
54 115
45 115
55.5 120
55 125
59.5 100
60 80
55 120
62.5 135
67.5 217.5
58 120
45 95
60 155
75
370
460
260
420
160
145
208
450
202.5
370
358
300
405
420
105
360
398
610
372.5
170
508
360
160
150
177
487.5
435
480
295
262.5
360
460
360
305
367.5
376
390
390
360
327,5
370
351
450
360
425
480
370
330
450
90
.568
605
535
560
180
325
450
600
420
580
525
525
515
600
495
565
545
623
840
325
619
510
432
840
330
670
595
600
570
535
544
600
560
585
565
580
585
550
595
540
565
660
510
570
560
780
570
550
510
Note; A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" » The respondent replied "don't know". Refused = Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error. Min = minimum number of minutes. Max
95
670
695
600
840
250
720
550
690
510
665
720
530
680
675
840
670
660
623
840
505
700
620
540
840
520
780
690
710
645
590
660
695
635
675
672.5
665
660
630
760
660
660
793
510
670
600
780
670
565
510
98 99
800 . 910
815 930
720 855
940 940
270 270
855 910
600 660
815 945
600 610
780 910
990 1150
600 600
800 800
793 793
840 840
810 . 930
790 793
623 623
840 . 840
660 855
815 . 945
815 1005
704 770
840 840
720 855
815 930
815 979
800 , 990
760 855
700 793
765 855
815 940
815 979
793 850
815 942.5
720 815
897 , 960
730 815
855 979
710 793
780 897
910 979
510 510
810 930
770 770
780 780
810 930
780 780
510 510
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsant and Klepeis, 1996.
Page
15-156
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-141. Statistics for 24-Hour Cumulative Number of Minutes Spent with Smokers Present
Percent! les
Category Population Group
All
Gender Male
Gender Female
Gender Refused
Age (years) *
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race , While
Race Black
Race • . Asian .
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Race Refused
Hispanic _ No
Hispanic Yes
Hispanic DK
Hispanic Refused
Employment *
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Employment Refused
Education *
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region ' West
Day Of Week Weekday
Day Of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No -
Asthma Yes
Asthma DK
Angina No
Angina Yes
Angina DK
Bronchitis/Emphysema No
Bronchitis/Emphysema Yes
Bronchitis/Emphysema DK
N
4005
1967
2035
3
54
155
224
256
2976
340
3279
395
48
79
165
39
3666
2S8
18
33
624
2042
381
935
23
704
377
1315
829
473
307
932
938
1409
726
2661
1344
1046
1034
1059
866
3687
298
20
3892
87
26
3749
236
20
Mean
381.494
411.359
352.771
283.333
386.259
366.561
318.071
245.77
403.067
342.694
389.219
359.977
262.063
420.671
292.624
393.538
384.913
336.191
369.833
403.364
301.723
405.894
378.013
383.833
341.957
308.635
497.719
425,682
388.807
325.871
282.518
369.46
384.067
404.028
349.883
374.746
394.854
374.159
384.762
385.134
381.999
378.806
416.862
350
380.923
404.31
390.577
378.662
431,157
326.25
Stdev
300.479
313
285.139
188.171
305.371
324.464
314.016
243.61
299.434
292.209
303.032
287.96
209.928
339.247
250.208
325.254
301.22
280.874
371.484
322.819
295.529
296.349
291.098
308,691
254,245
292.801
317.756
301,711
295.753
272.694
257.117
287,677
304.829
308.501
291.992
296.185
308.482
304.183
301,561
300.394
295,104
298.378
323.967
304.324
299.475
345.105
300.394
298.576
326.848
291.068
Stderr Min
4.748 1
7.057 1
6.321 1
108.641 105
41.556 5
26.062 5
20.981 1
15.226 1
5.489 2
15.847 5
5.292 1
14.489 2
30.3 5
38.168 10
19.479 5
52.082 25
4.975 1
16.551 1
87.56 15
56.195 25
11.831 I
6.558 2
14.913 5
10,095 3
53.014 25
11.035 I
16.365 2
8.32 3
10.272 5
12.538 2
14.674 3
9.423 2
9.953 2
8.219 1
10.837 1
5.742 1
8.415 1
9.405 1
9.378 2
9.231 2
10:028 2
4.914 1
18.767 5
68.049 25
4.8 1
36.999 2
58.912 25
4.876 1
21.276 5
65.085 10
Note: A "*" Signifies missing data. "DK" = The respondent replied "don't know". Refused =
cumulative number of minutes for doers. Stdev = standard deviation. Stderr = standard error
Max
1440
1440
1440
480
1440
1440
1440
1260
1440
1440
1440
1440
800
1328
1095
1110
1440
1440
1440
1110
1440
1440
1440
.1440
925
1440
1440
1440
1435
1140
1205
1440
•1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
995
1440
1380
995
1440
1380
995
5
30
30
29
105
25
30
25
10
30
30
30
22
10
30
15
30
30
20
15
30
15
30
30
30
30
15
40
30
30.
30.
20
30
29
30
30
30
30
25
30
30
30
30
• 20
27.5
30
30
- 30.
30
30
17.5
25 50
120 319
135 355
105 285
105 265
105 370
90 273
105 190
60 165
134.5 355
100 240
120 330
118 300
75
595
638
545
480
555
570
475
360
625
540
610
538
64 212.5 412.5
135 310
75 220
115 290
120 324
115 252
90 220
120 325
75 190
135 364.5
135 325
120 310
120 325
87.5 205
225 465
155 390
135 330
90 240
60 200
120 314
120 319.5
130 345
110 274
120 315
120 321.5
1 15 295
120 320
120 330
120 324
120 315
135 342.5
60 290
120 320
120 270
115 342.5
120 315
150 362.5
85 222.5
655
475
655
600
512
600
655
450
625
585
600
450
465
'775
650
.600
499
430
565
600
630
541
578
625
.590
610
591
590
591
652
540
595
703
670
590
680
540
90
815
855
780
480
. 780
825
775
595
830
797.5
825
775
560
885
660
865
822
760
760
840
735
835
805
' 825
715
741
905
840
810
735
665
800
825
840
800
810
. 833
815
. 810
840
810
810
870
795
815
910
780
810
892
755
Refused data. N = doer sample size. Mean =
Min - minimum number of minutes. Max
95
925
965
870
480
995
1010
1050
774
930
880
930
905
630
1140
800
1040
930
850
1440
1040
900
925
915
930
885
900
990
928
930
860
810
892
930
943
900
915
940
925
900
940
915
915
1015
902.5
920
1015
790
915
980
887.5
98 99
1060 1 170
1105 1217
995 11 10
480 480
995 1440
1140 1305
1210 1250
864 1020
1047 1150
1015 1205
1060 1190
1080 1160
800 800
1305 1328
845 945
1110 1110
1060 1 170
1010 1260
1440 1440
1110 1110
1 140 1230
1005 1 1 10
1080 1245
1110 1290
- 925 925
1095 1217
1120 1369
1060 1202
1050 1155
990 1035
900 983
990 1095
1080 1140
1090 1205
1045 1180
1045 1150
1110 1260
1080 1170
1105 1215
1040 1130
1030 1150
1050 1170
1202 1335
995 995
1060 1170
1320 1380
995 995
1060 1170
1205 1260
995 995
Mean 24-hour
= maximum number of
minutes. Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsana and Kleoeis, 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-157
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-142
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
w* w
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Total N
9386
4294
5088
4
187
499
703
589
6059
1349
7591
945
157
182
385
126
8534
702
47
103
1773
40%
802
2644
71
1968
834
2612
1801
1247
924
2075
2102
3243
1966
6316
3070
2524
2438
2536
1888
8629
694
63
9061
250
75
8882
433
71
Range of Time (minutes) Spent Smoking Based on the
Number of Respondents
Number of Minutes
#,*
5381
2327
3053
1
133
344
479
333
3083
1009
4312
550
109
103
220
87
4868
414
29
70
1 149
2054
421
1709
48
1264
457
1297
972
774
617
1143
1164
1834
1240
3655
1726
1478
1404
1477
1022
4942
396
43
S169
63
49
5133
197
51
0-60
628
280
348
*
10
29
40
75
412
62
496
66
12
10
39
5
573
48
3
4
143
286
51
145
3
153
34
160
114
88
79
150
145
206
127
430
198
180
154
165
129
580
42
6
610
13
5
593
30
5
60-
120
444
184
259
1
6
23
38
31
305
41
368
41
3
g
17
7
396
38
4
6
91
203
42
105
3
98
28
115
87
70
46
108
110
137
89
301
143
113
120
116
95
419
24
1
430
11
3
423
20
1
120-
180
338
167
171
*
2
14
32
30
225
35
261
37
7
9
21
3
295
38
2
3
74
140
36
87
1
81
23
94
76
42
22
66
75
116
81
227
111
91
82
88
77
308
29
1
331
5
2
311
24
3
180-
240
285
141
144
*
3
8
23
20
196
35
233
26
5
5
13
3
267
16
*
2
50
141
25
67
2
56
16
86
62
38
27
73
65
106
41
188
97
81
73
71
60
- 264
20
1
273
11
1
267
17
1
240-
300
258
119
138
1
2
10
10
22
195
19
208
29
3
7
9
2
238
18
1
!
39
124
32
61
2
49
15
92
50
32
20
61
69
76
52
164
94
65
73
64
56
237
20
1
252
5
1
246
11
1
300-
360
242
114
128
id
4
7
9
15
187
20
208
IS
2
3
9
2
226
14
*
2
29
126
27
56
4
38
23
84
56
24
17
63
37
92
50
146
96
68
61
64
49
223
17
2
235
5
2
224
16
2
360-
420
236
128
108
*
3
8
6
13
192
14
186
31
5
2
10
2
213
21
1
1
26
134
17
58
1
30
38
69
49
32
18
54
63
85
34
171
65
53
61
68
54
216
20
#
233
2
1
219
17
if
420-
480
192
92
99
1
6
7
12
7
143
17
154
23
3
3
8
1
181
10
*
1
28
96
23
43
2
31
15
71
44
23
8
52
42
58
40
127
65
39
50
61
42
175
16
1
187
5
*
182
10
*
480-
540
228
101
127
<*
4
8
6
13
184
13
173
33
3
5
12
2
202
23
1
2 •
27
134
28
38
1
30
20
93
52
20
13
56
55
87
30
169
59
60
58
52
58
213
13
2
223
4
1
215
11
2
540-
600
186
92
94
*
3
7
11
5
148
12
160
15
2
4
5
*
173
11
2
*
22
109
12
43
*
27
26
64
35
22
12
40
51
60
35
128
58
48
40
57
41
172
13
1
184
*
2
177
7
2
600-
660
185
89
96
*
3
5
6
.3
154
14
149
22
1
4
6
'3
168
13
1
3
14
110
16
44
I
18
12
76
44
21
14
38
41
76
30
116
69
41
61
45
38
173
12
*
181
4
#
174
11
*
Page
15-158
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-142 Range of Time (minutes) Spent Smoking Based on the
Number of Respondents (continued)
Number of Minutes
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
*
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Tune
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
660-
720
149
84
65
*
2
3
7
7
119
11
135"
7
*
3
3
1
141
5
1
•2
16
83
18
31
1
19
15
60
36
11
8
37
36
52
• 24
95
54
30
41
38
40
134
15
# "
141
4
4
139
10
*
720-
780
135
76
59
*
1
5
2
3
114
10
118
10
*
2
3
2
127
6
1
1
10
82
11
32
*
12
24
64
22
9
4
34
28
63
10
84
51
47
36
23
29
124
9
2
130
3
2
128
5
2
Note: * = Missing Data; DK sDon1! know;
Source: Tsang And Klepeis,
1996.
780-
840
162
87
75
#
1
6
5
5
129
16
139
8
2
6
6
1
149
11
*
2
16
82
16
48
*
.18
34
62
29
12
7
34
36
60
32
103
59
46
44
45
27
150
li
1
157
4
1
150
12
*
840-
900
105
66
39
*
1
3
2
3
91
5
90
9
*
2
2
2
96
8
*
1
8
72
6
18
1
10
16
45
18
10
6
23
29
37
16
63
42
26
29
31
19
92
13
*
103
2
*
91
14
*
900-
960
83
48
35
- *
*
2
*
I
72
8
74
6
*
2
1
#
81
2
*
*
3
50
10
19
1
3
16
33
23
6
2
20
15
37
11
55
28
21
10
33
19
77
6
*
82
1
*
75
8
*
N = Number of Respondents
960- 1020-
1020 1080
53 27
37 18
17 9
* *
2 *
3 2
1 5
1 *
44 18
2 2
49 21
3 5
* *
* *
* *
1 1
52 25
I 1
* *
* 1
5 7
34 10
2 2
12 8
* *
7 8
7 6
17 6
12 5
8 1
2 ' 1
10 2
13 11
21 11
9 3
38 17
15 10
11 7
14 5
13 11
15 4
47 24
5 3
1 *
48 26
4 1
1 *
48 25
4 2
1 *
1080-
1140
21
14
7
*
*
2
2
*
17
*
16
2
*
1
I
1
19
I
*
1
4
11
3
3
*
4
2
5
6
4
*
4
8
6
. 3
12
9
6
5
5
5
20
1
*
20
1
*
20
1
#
1140-
1200
12
9
3
*
*
1
2
#
9
*
11
1
*
*
Hi
*
12
*
*
*
3
5
*
4
*
'3
1
5
3
#
*
2
1
7
2
8
4
4
4
2
2
9
3
*
12
*
*
11
1
*
1200-
1260
12
6
6
*
*
*
3
2
5
2
11
*
ill
1
*
*
11
1
*
*
5
2
2
3
*
5
1
3
2
*
1
2
2
5
3
8
4
I
5
3
3
9
3
*
12
*
*
9
3
*
1260-
1320
3
3
#
*
*
!
*
#
2
#
2
*
*
1
*
< *
2
1
#
*
1
*
#
2
jfc
1
*
:1
1
#
*
*
1
*
2
2
1
2
1
*
*
3
*
*
2
1
*
3
*
*
1320- 1380-
1380 1440
6 15
3 10
3 5
* *
'* 1
* 1
* • 2
* #
5 10
1 1
3 14
2 1
* #
1 *
* *
* *
6 13
* 1
* 1
* *
* 3
2 6
1 1
3 5
* *
* 3
2- 3
2 8
2 1
* *
* *
1 2
1 4
4 7
» 2
1 8
5 7
1 5
2 5
2 2
1 3
5 13
- 1 2
* *
5 15
1 *
* *
4 15
2 *
* *
; Refused = Respondent Refiised to Answer.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-159
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15
-143 Number of Minutes Spent Smoking (minutes/day)
Percemiles
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gentler Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
9386
4294
5088
499
703
589
6059
1349
7591
945
157
182
385
8534
702
4096
802
2644
834
2612
1801
1247
924
2075
2102
3243
1966
6316
3070
2524
2438
2536
1888
8629
694
9061
250
8882
433
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
Note: N = Doer Sample Size; Percentiles are the Percentage of Doers below or Equal to a Given
Source: Tsang and Kleoeis, 1996,
75
240
310
180
75
82
130
345
10
250
225
60
255
175
243
175
360
295
144.5
420
390
288
135
60
259
255
275
140
225
260
210
240
235
285
240
270
240
125
235
405
90
615
685
545
455
370
377
675
340
630
540
375
680
481
625
518
687
630
555
790
710
630
480
380
610
630
655
510
595
651
600
626
600
630
610
668
615
615
605
810
95
795
840
725
735
625
542
830
622
805
715
494
815
652
800
680
835
793
768
880
840
805
660
595
775
810
810
710
780
810
790
785
810
791
790
855
795
835
785
900
98 99 100
930 1035 1440
983 1095 1440
870 960 1440
975 1095 1440
975 1140 1440
810 864 1260
950 1045 1440
825 910 1440
940 1035 1440
910 1071 1440
565 790 800
1140 1305 1328
813 845 1095
940 1035 1440
850 920 1440
945 1005 1440
930 1054 1440
915 1045 1440
1004 1 1 05 1440
956 1060 1440
945 1045 1435
860 970 1140
795 860 1205
915 990 1440
945 1054 ,1440
950 1060 1440
885 990 1440
925 1015 1440
950 1080 1440
930 1034 1440
920 1060 1440
940 1020 1440
945 1020 1440
928 1020 1440
1020 1170 1440
930 1034 1440
1007.5 1125 1380
928 1020 1440
1040 1205 1380
Number of Minutes.
Page
15-160
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-144 Range of Time Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco by the Number of Respondents
Total N
Number of Minutes per Day
0-3
3-6
6-9
9-12
12-15
15-18
18-61
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Age (years)
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Some Others
Hispanic
Hispanic
No
Yes
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
Angina
No
Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
62
58
4
1
46
14
53
5
1
3
57
5
2
39
3
17
1
2
2
24
18
10
6
20
19
12
11
40
22
16
19
19
59
3
60
2
60
2
10
10
2
10
*
10
1
21
20
1
16
5
20
20
1
15
*
6
7
3
2
10
4
4
3
15
6
2
21
20
1
21-
1
Note; * Signifies missing data; Refused = respondents refused to answer; N = doer sample size in specified range of number of minutes spent.
A value of "61" for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent.
Source: Tsangand Klepeis. 1996.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-161
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-145 Number of Minutes Spent Smoking Cigars or Pipe Tobacco (minutes/day)
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Pan Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
57
53
4
1
0
43
13
50
4
0
3
52
5
37
3
16
2
22
16
10
6
17
19
11
10
37
20
16
16
18
7
54
3
55
2
56 .
1
1
2
3
2
15
0
2
15
2
10
0
30
2
10
2
3
15
45
2
3
5
20
10
2
10
10
2
3
3
2
10
3
2
3
2
60
2
60
2
3
5
2
15
0
2
15
2.5
10
0
30
3
10
2
3
15
45
2
3
5
20
10
2
10
10
2
3
3
2
10
3
3
3
3
60
3
60
5
3
10
2
15
0
3
15
3
10
0
30
3
10
3
3
15
45
10
3
5
20
10
2
10
10
3
6.5
3
2
10
3
10
3
3
60
3
60
10
10
10
2
15
0
10
20
10
10
0
30
10
10
10
3
20
45
10
3
7.5
20
20
3
10
10
10
10
10
5
20
3
10
3
10
60
10
60
25
20
20
2.5
15
0
15
45
20
10
0
30
20
30
20
3
37.5
45
15
25
20
30
20
15
10
30
20
20
15
15
30
10
20
3
20
60
20
60
Note: A value of "6 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than 60 minutes were spent;
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Kleoeis. 1996.
Percentiles
50 75
60 61
60 61
9 38
15 15
0 0
45 61
60 61
60 61
15 25
0 0
45 61
60 61
40 45
60 61
10 10
60 61
53 61
45 61
60 61
30 61
52.5 61
61 61
30 60
45 61
60 61
60 61
37.5 61
25 60
60.5 61
60 61
60 61
60 61
5 60
60 61
60.5 61
60 61
60 60
90
61
61
61
15
0
61
61
61
30
0
61
61
61
61
10
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
60
61
61
61
60
N = doer sample size.
95
61
61
61
15
0
61
61
61
30
0
61
61
61
61
10
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
60
61
61
61
60
98
61
61
61
15
0
61
61
61
30
0
61
61
61
61
10
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
60
61
61
61
60
99 100
61 61
61 61
61 61
15 15
0 0
61 61
61 61
61 61
30 30
0 0
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
10 10
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
61 61
60 60
61 61
61 61
61 61
60 60
Percentiles are the
Page
15-162
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-146 Range of Numbers of Cigarettes Smoked Based on the Number of Respondents
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
*
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Aian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing Data; DK =
Source: Tsangand Klepeis, 1996
Total N
4663
2163
2498
2
84
263
348
326
2972
670
3774
463
77
96
193
60
4244
347
26
46
926
2017
379
1309
32
1021
399
1253
895
650
445
1048
1036
1601
978
3156
1507
1264
1181
1275
943
4287
341
35
4500
125
38
4424
203
36
Don't Know;
Number of Cigarettes Smoked by Respondent on the Day Before the Survey
*
530
278
251
1
2
263
258
1
5
1
413
53
5
22
37
*
452
75
2
1
526
1
*
3
*
526
3
1
*
*
*
U2
110
193
115
341
189
163
148
142
77
480
48
2
526
2
2 '
519
11
*
None
3288
1467
1820
1
72
*
88
315
2232
581
2664
319
71
55
133
46
3010
225
18
35
388
1510
307
1058
25
473
279
899
696
547
394
747
746
1079
716
2239
1049
883
819
906
680
3023
239
26
3161
99
28
3138
120
30
1-2
45
24
21
*
1
*
He
*
42
2
30
7
*
1
7
*
33
11
* .
1
#
34
5
6
#
*
1
16
11
11
6
4
11
17
13
28
17
16
13
7
9
40
5
«
45
*
*
43
2
*
N= Number of Respndenls;
3-5
92
38
54
*
I
' *
1
1
76
13
63
18
*
4
5
2
79
10
2
1
2
55
7
28
*
4
9
44
19
10
6
12
25
37
. 18
66
26
23
22
20
27
, 85
6
i
88
3
I
80
11
1
Refused
6-9
88
32
56
*
*
#
*
3
75
10
63
22
*
1
2
*
79
7
2
*
3
51
6
28
*
3
12
35
20
13
5
19
19
34
16
61
27
21
14
32
21
80
8
*
85
3
*
81
6
1
= Respondent
10-14
182
81
101
*
2
*
*
2
156
22
156
17
*
5
2
2
173
7
1
1
2
100
23
57
«
4
27
73
44
26
8
49
29
76
28
116
66
50 .
45
47
40
171
10
1
175
5
2
170
11
1
15-24
315
167
148
*
3
*
1
3
276
32
272
22
1
6
7
7
297
12
1
5
3
193
22
92
5
8
42
138
75
32
20
78
73
108
56
217
98
71
94
89
61
292
18
5
304
8
3
284
28
3
25-35
56
30
26
*
1
*
*
*
54
1
54
1
*
I
*
*
56
*
*
*
*
37
4
14
1
*
8
23
18
5
2
10
13
29
4
38
18
18
14
12
12
51
5
*
52
3
1
48
8
*
36+
57
43
14
*
1
*
*
*
51
5
52
1
*
1
*
3
55
*
*
2
*
34
3
20
*
1
16
23
9
5
3
16
8
24
9
43
14
14
10
17
16
56
1
#
54
2
1
52
5
*
DK
10
3
7
*
1
*
*
1
5
3
7
3
*
*
*
*
10
*
*
*
2
2
2
3
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
I
2
4
3
7
3
5
2
3
*
9
1
*
10
*
*
9
1
*
Refused lo Answer
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-163
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-147 Range of Number of Cigarettes Smoked by Other People Based on Number of Respondents
Total N
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
°«
1-4
5-n
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
4723
2131
2590
2
103
236
355
263
3087
679
3817
482
80
86
192
66
4290
355
21
57
847
2079
423
1335
39
947
435
1359
906
597
479
1027
1066
1642
988
3160
1563
1260
1257
1261
945
4342
353
28
4561
125
37
4458
230
35
Note: * = Missing Data; DK =Don't know; N
Source: Tsang And Klepeis, 1996,
#
898
468
428
2
11
236
355
263
32
1
675
119
21
29
50
4
796
95
4
3
845
*
21
30
2
897
*
*
1
*
*
201
196
320
181
596
302
266
270
240
122
802
95
1
894
1
3
875
21
2
None
3209
1403
1806
*
82
*
*
*
2506
621
2616
309
57
51
120
56
2928
223
11
47
2
1740
336
1098
33
44
336
1097
748
536
448
690
726
1090
703
2178
1031
841
821
863
684
2989
196
24
3068
110
31
3016
163
30
= Number of Respondents;
Number of Cigarettes Smoked
1-2
55
21
34
*
*
*
*
*
46
9
42
7
1
*
5
*
49
5
1
*
*
28
6
21
*
*
6
25
10
9
5
14
15
17
9
33
22
17
14
13
11
52
3
*
53
2
*
53
2
*
Refused
3-5
108
35
73
*
2
*
*
if
97
9
89
8
*
*
9
2
91
15
*
2
*
64
15
28
1
1
18
38
29
15
7
29
28
36
15
76
32
23
35
25
25
97
10
1
104
3
I
99
8
1
6-9
78
39
39
*
*
*
*
*
74
4
70
6
*
i
i
*
73
3
1
1
*
50
4
24
*
*
9
40
22.
5
2
18
13
33
14
54
24
19
22
18
19
69
9
*
78
*
*
75
3
#
10-14
122
61
61
*
*
#
*
*
116
6
106
9
1
3
3
*
114
7
1
*
*
73
14
35
*
*
17
47
36
17
5
14
27
58
23
77
45
29
27
35
31
117
5
*
121
1
*
115
7
*
By Others
15-24
121
46
.75
*
3
*
*
*
109
9
107
9
*
1
1
3
118
1
*
2
*
59
11
48
3
4
16
62
22
11
6
32
25
44
20
69
52
34
32
30
25
104
16
1
116
4
I
108
12
1
25-35
19
11
8
*
*
*
*
*
16
3
18
1
*
*
*
*
19
*
Hi
*
#
9
I
9
*
*
4
9
5
*
1
3
4
7
5
12
7
7
4
3
5
15
4
#
19
*
*
17
2
*
36+
28
12
16
#
1
*
#
*
24
3
24
2
*
I
1
*
25
1
2
*
*
10
3
15
#
*
10
9
9
*
*
4
7
15
2
14
14
6
10
6
6
22
6
*
26
2
*
23
5
*
DK
85
35
50
*
4
*
*
ik
67
14
70
12
*
*
2
1
77
5
1
2
*
46
12
27
#
1
19
32
24
4
5
22
25
22
16
• 51
34
18
22
28
17
75
9
1
82
2
1
77
7
1
= Respondent Refused to Answer.
Page
15-164
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume 111 - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-148 Range of the Number of Cigarettes Smoked While at Home Based on the Number of Respondents
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
*
1-4 .
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
#
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No '
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Total N
4723
2131
2590
2
103
236
355
263
3087
679
3817
482
80
86
192
66
4290
355
21
57
847
2079
423
1335
39
947
435
1359
906
597
479
1027
1066
1642
988
3160
1563
1260
1257
1261
945
4342
353
28
4561
125
37
4458
230
35
Note: * = Missing Data; DK =Don't Know; N=
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Number of Cigarettes Smoked by Respondent at Home
*
516
277
237
2
8
236
268
2
1
1
391
61
13
17
32
2
451
64
*
1
514
1
*
1
*
514
*
*
2
*
*
121
102
177
116
336
180
153
152
139
72
470
46
*
515
*
1
501
15
*
None
3358
1463
1895
*
83
*
86
248
2352
589
2700
345
65
58
140
, 50
3045
252
•18
43
322
1598
346
1060
32
406
309
989
701
524
429
721
764
1159
714
2277
1081
873
901
896
688
3100
234
24
3225
104
29
3179
149
30
1-2
51
24
27
*
*
*
*
*
47
4
30
10
, *
1
8
2
41
. 8
*
2
*
33
4
14
*
1
5
21
17
6
1
11
12
16
12
32
19
18
7
10
16
45
5
1
49
1
1
46
4
1
Number of Respondents;
3-5
193
86
107
*
2
*
*
6
170
15
152
27
2
3
3
6
182
4
1
6
5
122
17
47
2
9
20
78
51
20
15
39
52
62
40
129
64
53
51
44
45
176
15
2
188
2
3
179
12
2
Refused =
6-9
126
53
73
*
4
*
*
2
110
10
103
20
*
1
2
*
'121
5
*
*
1
88
10
27
*
3
' 17
64
25
11
6
22
32
51
21
87
39
39
22
33
32
112
14
*
123
3
*
121
5
*
Respondent
10-14
224
91
133
*
1
*
1
3
193
26
208
9
*
2
3
2
210
10
2
2
3
117
27
76
1
6
32
98
56
19
13
50
53
81
40
134
90
59
55
64
46
208
16
*
217
5
2
210
14
*
15-24
180
98
82
*
2
* .
*
1
150
27
164
6
*
3
4
3
167
11
*
2 •
1
87
12
78
2
4
26
84
39
13
14
46
33
63
38
118
62
42
54
53
31
165
15
*
173
7
*
159
20
1
25-35
23
11
12
*
1
*
*
1
21
0
22
1
*
*
*
*
23
*
*
*
i
11
3
7
1
2
7
7
4
2
1
8
5
8
2
14
9
10
1
7
5
20
3
*
23
*
*
21
2
*
36+
29
17
12
*
*
*
*
*
26
3
28
*
*
1
*
*
29
*
*
*
*
10
3
16
*
*
12
11
5
1
*
5
7
14
3
18
11
6
6
10
7
25
4
*
26
3'
*
20
9
*
DK
23
11
12
*
2
*
*
*
17
4
19
3
*
if
*
1
21
1
*
1
*
12
1
9
1
2
7
7
6
1
*
4
6
11
2
15
8
7
8
5
3
21
1
1
22
*
1
22
*
1
Refused to Answer
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-165
-------
I
a
3"
I 1
Table 15-149. Differences in Time Use (hours/week)* Grouped by Sex, Employment Status, and Marital Status
for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975
Employed Men
Urban Data
1965
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Persona] Care
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total Time
(Free)
1975
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total Time
(Free)
Married
(N=448)
53.1
51.3
9.0
20.9
33.7
2.6
17.1
7.2
1.4
5.4
168.0
(33.7)
(N=245)
53.4
47.4
9.7
21.4
36.1
3.7
18.9
6.4
1.3
5.8
168.0
(36.1)
Single
(N=73)
50.6
51.4
7.7
22,2
36,1
3.6
13.9
10.4
1.3
6.9
168.0
(36,1)
(N=87)
54.1
40.0
9.0
20.0
44.9
4.8
18,5
8.9
4.1
8.6
168.0
(44.9)
Employed Women
Married
(N=190)
53.8
38.4
28.8
20.3
26.7
1.4
10.7
7.9
0.6
6.1
168.0
(26.7)
(N=l 17)
55.1
30.1
24.9
26.2
31.7
1.1
15.6
6.6
0.8
6.5
168.0
(31.7)
Single
(N=152)
52.6
39.8
20.6
21.7
33.3
3.7
11.1
9.6
0.5
8.4
168.0
(33.3)
(N-108)
54.3
38.8
16.6
21.9
36.4
4.4
14.5
8,9
0,5
8.1
168.0
(36.4)
Housewives
Married
(N=341)
53.9
0.5
50.0
22.6
41.0
3.4
15.3
12.6
0.6
9.1
168.0
(41.0)
(N=141)
56.8
I.I
44.3
21.4
44.4
4.8
20.4
10.1
0.7
8.4
168.0
(44.4)
Single
(N=14)
58.8
1.6
45.7
23.0
38.9
3.4
19.1
10.2
1.1
5.1
168.0
(38.9)
(N=28)
58.6
0.0
42.8
19.2
47.4
3.0
27.2
9.1
0.4
7.7
168.0
(47.4)
Total
(N=1218)
53.3
33.0
25.4
21.5
34.8
2.8
14.7
9.4
0.9
7.0
168.0
(34,8)
(N=726)
54.7
32.5
20.5
21.8
38.5
3.8
18.2
7.8
1,3
7.4
168.0
(38.5)
a Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week.
Source: Robinson, 1977.
I
i
«%
^
I
-------
8
Table
15-150. Time Use (hours/week)* Differences by Age for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975
Mean Duration (hrs/wk)
Age Croup (years)
18-25
Activity
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total Time
Free Time
1965
(N=200)
54.2
32.6
21.2
20.9
39.1
4.8
13.8
11.3
0.9
8.3
168.0
(39.1)
1975
(N=149)
55.4
27.0
15.3
20.3
50.0
8.4
18.5
10.7
2.6
9.8
J68.0
(50.0)
a Data weighted to ensure equal days
Source: Robinson, 1977.
25-35
1965
(N=321)
52.5
29.2
30.4
20.3
35.6
3.0
14.6
10.3
1.2
6.5
168.0
(35.6)
of the week.
1975
(N=234)
53.9
33.4
21.6
20.8
38.4
4.2
17.2
8.7
1.3
7.0
168.0
(38.4)
36-45
1965
(N=306)
53.1
33.1
25.4
22.5
33.8
3.0
14.5
8.4
0.8
7.1
168.0
(33.8)
1975
(N=I50)
54.7
34.4
20.4
21.1
37.3
3.3
18.3
7.8
1.0
6.9
168.0
(37.3)
46-55
1965
(N=252)
53.9
33.4
24.9
22.4
33.4
2.0
15.3
8,6
0.6
6.9
168.0
(33.4)
1975
(N=141)
55.4
31.0
23.2
23.1
35.2
3.1
18.8
5.4
1.3
6.6
168.0
(35.2)
56-65
1965
(N=1S6)
53.6
35.9
20.4
20.9
37.1
2.9
17.4
8.1
1.1
7.6
168.0
(37.1)
1975
(N=ll!)
56.0
20.4
23.2
26.6
41.8
.3.2
22.6
6.2
1.3
8.5
168.0
(41.8)
I
a
erg
-------
I
^3
S
Table 15-151. Time Use (hours/week)" Differences by Education for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975
Mean duration (hours/week)
Age Croup (in years)
Activity
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total Time
Free Time
1965
(N=171)
54.9
31.6
24.7
20.8
35.9
1.8
19.3
7.7
0.9
6.3
.168.0
(36.0)
0-8
1975
(N=75)
57.0
30.0
18.7
22.9
39.4
3.0
18.0
8.4
1.3
8.7
168.0
(39.4)
9- II
1965
(N=220)
52.3
33.1
25.4
20.9
36.1
1.5
16.5
9,8
1.4
7.0
168.0
<36.2)
1975
(N=H4)
53.7
32.0
21.7
22.0
38.6
2.2
20.7
7.9
0.7
7.1
168.0
(38.6)
1965
(N=452)
53.0
30.9
28.9
21.1
34.1
2.5
14.2
9.5
0.7
7.2
168.0
(34.1)
12
1975
(N=319)
55.5
26.9
23.5
22.1
40.0
3.7
• 19,0
8.5
1.3
7.5
168.0
(40,0)
13-15
1965
(N=195)
53.6
34.4
21.7
21.7
36.5
5.8
13.3
9.0
1.1
7.4
168.0
(36.6)
1975
(N=137)
53.6
27.5 ,
18.9
10.5
47.5
9.1
19.7
7.7
2.0
9.0
168.0
(47.5)
16*
1965
(N=191)
53.6
34.5
21.2
22.7
35.9
4.7
12.5
10.2
0.9
7.7
168.0
(36.0)
1975
(N=I44)
54.8
38.0
16.8
22.3
36.1
4.1
16.2
8.i
1.3
6.4
168.0
(36.1)
a Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week.
Source: Robinson, 1977.
I I
1 £
Vi KH
i i
^ ^
Ct f%
a a.
•« •«
f
2"
ft
!
-------
Volume HI • Activity Factors
Chapter 75 - Activity Factors
Table 15-152. Time Use (hours/week)0 Differences by Race for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975
Mean duration (hours/week)
White
Activity Category
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total Time
Free Time
1965
(N = 1030)
53.4
31.9
26.0
21.8
34.9
2.8
14.8
9.3
1.1
6.9
168.0
(34.9)
1975
(N = 680)
54.5
30.0
21.1
22.1
40.3
4.4
18.7
8.2
1.5
7.5
168.0
(40.3)
Black
1965
(N = 103)
50.9
36.6
23.6
20.0
36.9
3.0
15.7
9.1
0.6
8.4
168.0
(36.8)
1975
(N = 77)
54.8
30.0
17.6
21.0
44.6
4.9
19.6
9.8
0.4
9.9
168.0
(44.6)
a Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week.
Source: Robinson, 1977.
Table 15-153. Mean Time Spent (hours/week)2 in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Regions
Totalb
N=975
Activity
West
N=200
North Central
N=304
Northeast
N=185
South
N=286
Mean
S.D.C
Activity Actegtory
Market Work
House/yard work
Child care
Services/shop
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
Total Time
11 Weighted for day of week,
rounding.
b N = surveyed population.
c S.D. = standard deviation.
Source: Hill, 1985.
23.44
14.64
2.50
5.22
79.23
2.94
3.42
8.26
5.94
22.47
168.00
29.02
14.17
2.82
5.64
76.62
1.43
2.97
8.42
5.28
21.71
168.00
panel loss (not defined in report),
27.34
14.29
2.32
4.92
78.11
0.95
2.45
8.98
4.77
23.94
168.00
24.21
15.44
2.66
4.72
79.38
1.45
2.68
8.22
5.86
23.47
168.00
26.15
14.66
2.62
5.15
. 78.24
1.65
2.88
8.43
5.49
22.80
168.00
23.83
12.09
5.14
5.40
12.70
6.34
5.40
8.17
7.81
13.35
0.09
and correspondence to Census. Data may not add to totals shown due to
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-169
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-154. Total Mean Time Spent {minutes/day)
Activity Category
Market Work
House/Yardwork
Child Care
Services/Shopping
Personal Care
Education
Organizations
Social Entertainment
Active Leisure
Passive Leisure
Total Time
Weekday
[Na = 831]
288.0 (257.7)b
126,3 {119.3}
26,6 (50.9)
48.7 (58.7)
639.2(114.8)
16.4 (64.4)
21.1 (49.7)
54.9 (69.2)
37.9(71.11)
181.1(121.9)
1,440
in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Type of Day
Time Duration (mins/day)
Saturday
[N = 831]
97.9(211.9)
160.5 (157.2)
19.4(51.5)
64.4 (92.5)
706.8(169.8)
5.4(38.1)
18.4(75.2)
1,114.1 (156.0)
61.4(126.5)
191.8(161.6)
1,440
Sunday
EN = 831]
58.0(164.8)
124.5 (133.3)
24.8(61.9)
21.6(49.9)
734.3 (156.5)
7.3 (48.0)
58.5(104.5)
110.0(151.2)
64.5 (120.6)
236.5(167.1}
1,440
a N= Number of respondents.
b { ) = Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations.
Source: Hill, 1985.
Table 15-155. Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories During Four Waves of Interviews11
Activity Category
Market work
House/yard work
Child care
Services/shop
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
Total Time
* Weighted for day of week,
b Dates by which 50% of the
Source: Hill, 1985.
Fall
(Nov. 1, 1975)b
N=861
Wave 1
222.94
133.16
25.50
48,98
652.95
22.79
25.30
63.87
42.71
210.75
1440.00
Winter
(Feb. 28. 1976)b
Wave 2
226.53
135.58
22.44
44.09
678.14
12.57
22.55
67.11
47.46
183.48
1440.00
Spring
(June 1, 1976)b
N=861
Wave 3 .
210.44
143.10
25.51
44.61
688.27
2.87
23.21
83.90
46.19
171.85
1440.00
Summer
(Sept. 21, 1976)b
N=861
Wave 4
230.92
1 19.95
21.07
47.75
674.85
10.76
29.91
72.24
42.30
190.19
1440.00
Range of Standard
Deviations
272-287
.129-156
49-58
76-79
143-181
32-93
68-87
102-127
96-105
144-162
__
panel loss (not defined in report), and correspondence to Census.
interviews for each wave were taken.
Page
15-170
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
"' "". "' Table 15-156. Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in Ten Major
Activity Categories Grouped by Gender1
Time duration (hours/week)
Activity Category
Market work
House/yard
Child care
Services/shop
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
Total time
Men
n= 140
35.8
8.5
1.2
3.9
77.3
2.3
2.5
7.9
5.9
22.8
168.1
a Detailed components of activities (87) are presented
(23.6)b
(9.0)
(2.5)
(4.5)
(13.0)
(7.7)
(5.5)
(8.3)
(8.2)
(14.1)
in Table 1A-4.
Women
n = 561
17.9
20.0
3.9
6.3
79.0
1.1
3.2
8.9
5.2
22.7
168.1
Men and Women
(20.7)
(11.9)
(6.4)
(5.9)
(12.4)
(4.8)
(5.3)
(8.0)
(7.4)
(12.7)
n = 971
26.2
14.7
2.6
5.2
78.2
1.7
2.9
8.4 .
. 5.5
22.8
168.1
(23.8)
(12.1)
(5.2)
(5.4)
(12.7)
(6.4)
(5.4)
(8.2)
(7.8)
(13.3)
b ( ) = Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations.
Source: Hill, 1985.
Table 15-157. Percent Responses of Children's "Play" (activities) Locations in Maryvale, Arizona0
Location
Percent Responses
Preschool Primary Grades (K-3)
n = 2 1 1 n = 45
Residential Yards
School Playgrounds
Parks and Recreation Areas
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Streets
Alleys
Parking Lots
Vacant Lots/Canals/Fields
143b
0
42
2
0
1
3
1
0
1
124b
53
53
24
0
2
24
2
9
7
Intermediate Grades (4-6)
n = 66
132b
52
33
27
2
0
41
9
9
8
Ranking of Children's
Locations'1
"Play"
Residential (Own and Others)
Parks and Recreation Areas
Street/Path/Alley
Natural/Vacant Areas
School
Institutional
Commercial
Parking Lots
Child Built Places
Water
Industrial
a Survey was conducted in Maryvale (West Centra] Phoenix), Arizona.
b Percentages greater than 100, because many children played in more than one location.
c Ranking of children's activity locations were obtained from other literature sources.
Source: Sell, 1989.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-171
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-158. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals3 by Age and Sex
A?e Group (years)
16-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70 and older
Total
a Working population
Source: Carey, 1988.
All Workers
1.9
4.4
6.9
9.0
10.7
13.3
15.2
17.7
19.4
20.1
21.9
6.6
= 109.1 million persons
Median Tenure (years)
Men
2.0
4.6
7.6
10.4
13.8
17.5
20.0
21.9
23.9
26.9
30.5
7.9
Women
1.9
4.1
6.0
7.0
8.0
10.0
10.8
12.4
• 14.5
15.6
18.8
5.4
Table
Race
White
Black
Hispanic
* Working population =
Source: Carey, 1988.
15-159. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals3 Grouped by Sex
Median Tenure (Years)
All Individuals - Men
6.7 8.3
5.8 5.8
4.5 5.1
109.1 million persons.
and Race
Women
5.4
5.8
3.7
Table 15-160.
Employment Status
Full-Time
Part-Time
a Working population =
Source: Carey, 1988.
Occupational Tenure for Employed
All Individuals
7.2
3.1
109.9 million persons.
Individuals3 Grouped by Sex
Median Tenure (Years)
Men
8.4
2.4
and Employment Status
Women
5.9
3.6
Page
15-172
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
, Table 15-161. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals3 Grouped by Major Occupational Groups and Age
Median Tenure (years)
Occupational Group
Executive, Administrative, and Managerial
Professional Specialty
Technicians and Related Support
Sales Occupations
Administrative Support, including Clerical
Service Occupations
Precision Production, Craft, and Repair
Operators, Fabricators, and Laborers
Fanning, Forestry, and Fishing
Age Group
Totalb
8.4
9.6
6.9
5.1
5.4.
4.1
9.3
5.5
10.4
16-24
2.4
2.0
2.2
1.7
2.1
1.7
2.6
1.7
2.9
25-34
5.6
5.7
5.7
4.7
5.0
4.4
7.1
4.6
7.9
35-44
10.1
12.0
10.9
7.7
7.6
6.9
13.5
9.1
13.5
45-54
15.1
18.2
17.7
10.5
10.9
9.0
19.9
13.7
20.7
55-64
17.9
25.6
20.8
15.5
14.6
10.6
25.7
18.1
30.5
65+
26,3
36.2
22.2
21.6
15.4
10.4
30.1
14.7
39.8
a Working population = 109.1 million persons.
b Includes all workers 16 years and older
Source: Carey, 1988.
Table 15-162.
Age Group (years)
16-24
. 25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
64 and older
Total, age 16 and older
a Working population = 109.1
b Occupational mobility rate =
occupation.
Source: Carey, 1990.
Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers* Age 16 Years and Older
Occupational Mobility Rate
(Percent)
12.7
6.6
4.0
1.9
1.0
0.3
5.3
million persons.
percentage of persons employed in an occupation who had voluntarily entered it from another
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-163. Values and Their Standard Errors for Average Total Residence Time, T,
Average total residence
time S.D.
Households T(years) ST
All households
Renters
Owners
Farms
Urban
Rural
Northeast region
Midwest region
South region
West region
4.55 + 0.60
2.35±0.14
.11.36±3.87
17.31±13.81
4.19±0.53
7.80±U7
7.37*0.88
5.11±0.68
3.96±0.47
3.49*0.57
"Values of the average current residence time, TCR,
Source; Israeli and Nelson, 1992.
8.68
4.02
13.72
18.69
8.17
11.28
11.48
9.37
8.03
6.84
Average current
residence
TCR (years)
10.56±0.10
4.62±0.08
13.96±0.12
18.75±0.38
10.07±0.10
12.06±0.23
12.64±0.12
11.15±0.10
10.12±0.08
8.44*0.11
for Each Group in Surveya
Households (percent)
1985
100.0
36.5
63.5
2.1
74.9
25.1
21.2
25.0
34.0
19.8
1987
100.0
36,0
64.0
1.9
74.5
25.5
20.9
24.5
34.4
20.2
are given for comparison.
Table 15-164. Total
R(0 =
All households
Renters
Owners
Farms
Urban
Rural
Northeast region
Midwest region
South region
West region
Residence Time, t (years), Corresponding to Selected Values of R(t)a by Housing Category
0.05
23.1
8.0
41.4
58.4
21.7
32.3
34.4
25.7
20.7
17.1
n R(t) = fraction of households living
Source: Israeli and Nelson, 1992.
0.1
12.9
5.2
32.0
48.3
10.9
21.7
22.3
15.0
10.8
8.9
in the same residence for t
0.25
3.7
2.6
17.1
26.7
3.4
9.1
7.5
4.3
3.0
2.9
years or more.
0.5
1.4
1.2
5.2
10.0
1.4
3.3
2.8
1.6
1.2
1.2
0.75
0.5
0.5
1.4
2.4
0.5
1.2
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.4
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August 1997
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Volume 111 • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-165, Residence Time of Owner/Renter Occupied Units
Year household moved into unit Total occupied units (numbers
1990-1994
1985-1989
1980-1984
1975-1979
1970-1974
1960-1969
1950-1959
1940-1949
1939 or earlier
in thousands)
24,534
27,054 _
10,613
9,369
6,233
7,933
4,754
1,772
885
Total 93,147
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
Table 15-166. Percent of Householders Living in
Years lived in current home
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
>55
Total3
a Total does not equal 100 due to rounding errors.
Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
Houses for Specified
Ranges of Time
Percent of total households
26.34
29.04
11.39
10.06
6.69
8.52
5.1
1.9
0.95
99.99
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August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-167
, Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period
Residential occupancy period (years)
Statistic
Mean
5th pcrcentile
lOihperconiJIe
25th pcrcentile
50th pcrcentile
75th pcrcentile
90ih perccntite
95th pcrcentile
98th pcrcentile
99th pcrceniile
99.5th pcrcentile
99.8th percentile
99.9lh percentile
Second largest value
Largest value
a = Number of simulated persons
Source: Johnson and Capel, 1992.
Both genders
Na = 500,000
11.7
2
2
3
9
16
26
33
41
47
51
55
59
75
87
Males only
N = 244,274
11.1
2
2
4
8
15
24
31
39
44
48
53
56
73
73
Females only
N = 255,726
12,3
2
2
5
9
17
28
35
43
49
53
58
61
75
87
Table 15-168. Descriptive Statistics
for Both Genders by Current Age
Residential occupancy period (years)
Current
age, years
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
All sees
' Percentile
Mean
6.5
8.0
8.9
9.3
9.1
8.2
6.0
5.2
6.0
7.3
8.7 ,
10.4
12.0
13.5
15.3
16.6
17.4
18.3
19.1
19.7
20.2
20.7
21.2
21.6
21.5
21.4
21.2
20.3
20.6
18.9
11.7
25
3
4
5
5
5
4
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
12
11
11
10
8
4
50
5
7
8
9
8
7
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
19
20
19
18
15
9
75
8
10
12
13
12
11
8
6
8 •
9
11
13
15
18
20
22
24
25
26
27
27
28
29
29
29
29
29
28
29
27
16
90
13
15
16
16
16
16
13
11
12
14
17
21
24
27
31
32
33
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
37
39
40
26
95
17
18
18
18
18
19
17
15
16
19
23
28
31
35
38
39
39
40
41
40
41
41
42
43
43
44
45
44
46
47
33
99
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
25
27
32
39
47
48
49
52-
52
50
50
51
51
51
50
50
53
53
53
55
56
57
56
47
Source: Johnson and Capel, 1992,
Page
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August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-169. Summary of Residence Time of Recent
Number of years lived in previous house
1 year or less
2-3
4-7
8-9
10 years or more
Home Buyers (1993)
Percent of Respondents
2
16
40
10
32
Source: NAR, 1993
Table 15-170. Tenure in Previous Home (Percentage Distribution)
Percent
One year or less
2-3 Years
4-7 Years
8-9 Years
10 or More Years
Total
Median
1987
5
25
36
10
24
100
6
1989
8
15
22
11
34
100
6
1991
4
21
37
9
29
100
6
1993
2
16
40
10
32
100
6
Source: NAR, 1993
Table 15-171. Number of Miles Moved (Percentage Distribution)
Miles
Less than 5 miles
5 to 9 miles
10 to 19 miles
20 to 34 miles
35 to 50 miles
51 to 100 miles
Over 100 miles
Total
Median
Mean
All Buyers
29
20
18
9
2
5
17
100
9
200
First-Time
Buyer
33
25
20
11
2
2
6
100
8
110
Repeat Buyer
Percent
27
16
17
8
2
6
24
100
11
270
New Home
Buyer
23
18
20
12
2
6
19
100
11
230
Existing Home
Buyer
31
20
17
9
3
4
16
100
8
190
Source: NAR, 1993
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August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
TIME SPENT INDOORS VS. OUTDOORS
Study Elements
Level of peer review
Accessibility
Reproducibility
Focus on factor of
interest
Data pertinent to US
Primary data
Currency
Adequacy of data
collection period
Validity of approach
The studies received high level of peer review.
The studies are widely available to the public.
The reproducibility of these studies is left to question. Evidence has shown that
activities have tended to shift over the past decade since the studies were
published, due to economic conditions and technological developments, etc. Thus,
it is assumed there would be differences in reproducing these results. However, if
data were reanalyzed in the same manner the results are expected to be the same.
The study focused on general activity patterns. One study delineated between
indoor and outdoor use of time but in many cases the locations were specified.
Thus, any assumptions were made about the indoor or outdoor location where
event took place.
The studies focused on the U.S. population and California.
One study analyzed data from a two primary studies. Data from the remaining
study was collected to via questionnaires and interviews.
The studies were published in 1985 (data was collected 1981-1982), 1987, 1991
(data was collected 1987-1990) and 1992.
In one study, households were sampled 4 times during 3 month intervals from
February to December, 1981. Robinson's data was based on I) the CARB Study
where data was collected October 1987 to August 1988; and 2) the National Study
where data was collected January through December 1985.
The approach used to collect data was direct and included questionnaires or
interviews. Responses where based on diaries and 'mailback* surveys based on
what the person planned to do the following day (the "tomorrow approach"). A 24
hour diary was used in another study.
Study size The study sizes ranged from 922 to 5,000 depending on the sub-group considered.
Representativeness of the Timmer focused on activities of children. Robinson studies activities of both
population children and adults. The studies are representative of the US population and
California State.
* Characterization of
variability
« Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
* Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
* Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
Variability was characterized by age, gender, and day of the week; location of
activities and various age categories for children. There was no mention of race
and no socio-economic characterizations made.
Biases noted were sampled during time when children were in school (activities
during vacation time are not represented); activities in the 1980's may different
than they are now;
Measurement or recording error may occur since the diaries were based on recall
(in most cases a 24 hour recall).
Two
Difficult to compare due to varying categories of activities and the unique age
distributions found within each study.
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Not
Ranked
Medium
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August 1997
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-172, Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued)
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
TIME SPENT IN A VEHICLE
Study Elements
* Level of peer review
• Accessibility
* Reproducibility
* Focus on factor of.
interest
• Data pertinent to US
• Primary data
* Currency
• Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
• Representati veness of the
population
• Characterization of
variability
• Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
• Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
The study received high level of peer review.
The study is widely available to the public.
The reproducibility of these studies is left to question. Evidence has shown that
activities have tended to shift over the past decade since the studies were
published, due to economic conditions, technological developments, etc. Thus, it
is assumed there would be differences in reproducing these results.
The study focused specifically focused on time spent in vehicle.
The studies focused on the U.S. population and California.
Robinson's study analyzed data from two primary studies, thus it secondary data.
The studies were published in 1985 (data was collected 1981-1982), 1987, 1991
(data was collected 1987-1990) and 1992.
In one study, households were sampled 4 times during 3 month intervals from
February to December, 1981. Robinson's data was based on 1) the Wiley et al.
(1991) Study where data was collected October 1987 to August 1988; and 2) the
National Study where data was collected January through December 1985.
The approach used to collect primary data was based on diary entries recorded the
previous day with follow-up telephone interviews. Another study collected time
diary data via mailback of questionnaires, telephone interviews. 'Mailback' surveys
were based on the "tomorrow approach" where person knew they were to record in
diaries in advance.
The study sizes ranged from 922 to 5,000 depending on the sub-group considered.
The studies are representative of the US population and California State.
Variability was characterized by age, gender, and day of the week. There was no
mention of race and no socio-economic characterizations made.
Both studies lacked time distributions and were based on short-term data. Wiley et
al. (1991) data was based recall, is limited to California's population, and only
considered English speaking households.
Measurement or recording error may occur when diaries were based on 24 hr
recall.
One secondary study analyzing two primary studies
Similar activity patterns were found in both studies.
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Medium
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August 1997
Page
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued)
Considerations
TIME SPENT SHOWERING
Study Elements
• Level of peer review
• Accessibility
• Reproducibility
• Focus on factor of
interest
• Data pertinent to US
* Primary data
* Currency
* Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
• Representativeness of
the population
* Characterization of
variability
* Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
• Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
Rationale
The study received high level of peer review.
Currently, raw data are available to only EPA. It is not known when data will be
publicly available.
Results are reproducible.
The study focused specifically focused on time spent showering.
The study focused on the U.S. general population.
The study was based on primary data.
The study was published in 1996.
The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994.
The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24-hour
diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such as
geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. subgroups.
Study consisted of 9,386 total participants..
The data were representative of the U.S. population.
The study provides a distribution on showering duration.
The study includes distributions for showering duration. Study is based on short-
term data.
Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries are based on 24-hour
recall. >
One; the study was a national study.
Recommendation is based on only one study but it is a widely accepted study and
average value is comparable to a second key study.
Rating
High
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Low
High
High
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15-180
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume /// - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued)
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
TIME SPENT BATHING
Study Elements
* Level of peer review
• Accessibility
• Reproducibility
• Focus on factor of
interest
* Data pertinent to US
• Primary data
• Currency
• Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
Study size
Representativeness of
the population
Characterization of
variability
Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
• Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
The study received high level of peer review. High
Currently, raw data are available to only EPA. It is not known when data will be Low
publicly available.
Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated provided High
comparable economic and social conditions exists.
The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected activities High
and time spent in selected micro-environments.
The data represents the U.S. population. High
The study was based on primary data. High
The study was published in 1996. High
The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994. High
The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24-hour High
diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such
as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. subgroups.
Responses were weighted according to this demographic data.
The study consisted of 9,386 total participants. High
The studies were based on the U.S. population. High
The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender, High
employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, and
medical conditions of respondent..
The study includes distributions for bathing duration. Study is based on short-term Medium
data.
Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on 24-hour Medium
recall.
One; the study was based on one, primary, national study. Low
Recommendation was based on only one study. Not
Ranked
; High
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued)
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
SHOWER AND BATHING FREQUENCY
Study Elements
» Level of peer review The study received high level of peer review.
Accessibility
Reproducibility
Focus on factor of
interest
Data pertinent to US
Primary data
Currency
Adequacy of data
collection period
Validity of approach
Study size
Currently, raw data is available to only EPA. It is not known when data will be
publicly available.
Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated provided
comparable economic and social conditions exists.
The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected activities
and time spent in selected micro-environments.
The data represents the U.S. population
The study was based on primary data.
The study was published in 1996.
The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994.
The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24-hour
diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such
as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. subgroups.
Responses were weighted according to this demographic data.
The study consisted of 9,386 total participants
Representativeness of the Studies were based on the U.S. population.
population
Characterization of
variability
Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
• Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender,
employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, and
medical conditions of respondent-
Study is based on short term data..
Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on 24-hour
recall.
One; the study was based on one, primary, national study.
Recommendation was based on only one study.
High
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Not
Ranked
High
Page
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August 1997
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table 15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued)
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
TIME SPENT SWIMMING
Study Elements
* Level of peer review
• Accessibility
* Reproducibility
• Focus on factor of
interest
* Data pertinent to US
• Primary data
• Currency
* Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
Study size
Representativeness of the
population
Characterization of
variability
Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
Measurement error
Study received high level of peer review.
Currently, raw data is available to only EPA. It is not known when data will be
publicly available.
Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated provided
comparable economic and social conditions exists.
The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected activities
and time spent in selected micro-environments.
The data represents the U.S. population
The study was based on primary data.
The study was published in 1996.
The data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994.
The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24-hour
diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such
as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. subgroups.
Responses were weighted according to this demographic data.
The study consisted of 9,386 total participants
Studies were based on the U.S. population.
The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender,
employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, and
medical conditions of respondent..
The study includes distributions for swimming duration. Study is based on short
term data.
Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on 24-hour
recall.
Other Elements
• Nu mber of studies
• Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
One; the study was based on one, primary, national study.
Recommendation was based on only one study.
High
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Not
Ranked
High
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Table
Considerations
15-172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations (continued)
Rationale
Rating
RESIDENTIAL TIME SPENT INDOORS AND OUTDOORS
Studv Elements
* Level of peer review
* Accessibility
* Reproducibility
* Focus on factor of
interest
* Data pertinent to US
• Primary data
• Currency
• Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
* Representativeness of
the population
* Characterization of
variability
* Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
* Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
The study received high level of peer review.
Currently, raw data is available to only OPA. It is not known when data will be
publicly available.
Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated provided
comparable economic and social conditions exists.
The survey collected information on duration and frequency of selected activities
and time spent in selected micro-environments.
The data represents the U.S. population
The study was based on primary data.
The study was published in 1996.
Data were collected between October 1992 and September 1994.
The study used a valid methodology and approach which, in addition to 24-hour
diaries, collected information on temporal conditions and demographic data such
as geographic location and socioeconomic status for various U.S. subgroups.
Responses were weighted according to this demographic data.
The study consisted of 9,386 total participants
The studies were based on the U.S. population.
The study provided data that varied across geographic region, race, gender,
employment status, educational level, day of the week, seasonal conditions, and
medical conditions of respondent..
The study includes distribitions for time spent indoors and outdoors at ones
residence. Study is based on short term data.
Measurement or recording error may occur because diaries were based on 24-hour
recall.
One; the study was based on one, primary, national study.
Recommendation was based on only one study.
High
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Not
Ranked
High
Page
15-184
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August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter IS - Activity Factors
Table 15-173. Confidence in Occupational Mobility Recommendations
Considerations
Study Elements
* Level of peer review
* Accessibility
* Reprodueibility
» Focus on factor of
interest
• Data pertinent to US
• Primary data
• Currency
* Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
• Representativeness of
the population
• Characterization of
variability
* Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
* Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
• Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
Rationale
The studies received high level of peer review
The studies are widely available to the public.
If the data were re-collected in the same fashion, it is questionable whether the
results would be the same based on changes in the economy that have occurred
since study was conducted (more than 10 years ago). If the same data were
analyzed according to the design of the study then it is expected the results would
be the same.
Occupational tenure was the focus of both key studies.
The data represents the U.S. population.
The two studies are secondary data sources since they are based on supplemental
data to the January 1987 Current Population Study (a U.S. Census publication).
The studies were published in 1988 (data was collection in 1987) and 1990 (data
collected from 1986-1987).
The studies are based on census data, which is collected over a period of years.
One study analyzed data for January 1 987. The remaining study based data
between a January 1986 and January 1987 time frame.
The studies used a valid methodologies and approaches.
The study size for one is 109 Million; the remaining study's sample size was 100.1
Million.
The data are representative of the U.S. population.
The studies provided averaged data according to gender, race, and education; age
averages and percentiles were provided.
Much of the original study data is not available. Only median values are reported.
There is no apparent error in measurement
Two
Difficult to compare between the number of years worked on a job and entry verses
exit rate of various occupations. One set of data was recorded in number of years.
The other set of data was recorded as a percent motility rate and grouped by age.
Rating
High
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
High
Medium
Not
Ranked
High
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15-185
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
Study
Israeli and Nelson, 1992
US Bureau of the Census, 1993
Johnson and Capel, 1992
Table 15-174, Recommendations for Population
Value
4.6 yr (averge)
1/6 a person's 'lifetime
(70 yr)=l 1.7 (modeled)
9 yr (50th percentile)
33 yr (90th percentile) " *
26 yr (90th percendie)
33 yr (95th percentile) ' • .
47 yr (99th percentile) , . •,<
1 2 yr (mean)
Mobility
Method
• Average of current and total "residence
times,
, Current residence time ,-;'••'
Residential'occupancy period
* < > Mf • ' ^
Table 15-175. Confidence in Population Mobility Recommendations
Considerations
Study Elements
• Level of peer review
» Accessibility
* Reproducibility
* Focus on factor of
interest
• Data pertinent to US
• Primary data
• Currency
• Adequacy of data
collection period
» Validity of approach
» Study size
• Representativeness of the
population
• Characterization of
variability
* Lack of bias in study
design (high rating is
desirable)
* Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
« Agreement between
researchers
Overall Rating
Rationale
The studies received high levels of peer review and appear in publications.
The studies are widely available to the public.
Results can be reproduced or methodology can be followed and evaluated.
The Census data provided length of time at current. Two of the studies used
modeling to estimate total time.
The data is based on the U.S. population
Two studies based results on modeled data and one based results on interviews.
The reports were published in 1992 (based on data collected in 1985-1987) and
1993 (based on data collected from 1939 and 1994 (projected) .
The collection period was based on data collected over several years.
There are some concerns regarding the validity of approach. Data does not account
for each member of the household, values are more realistic estimates for the
individual's total residence time, than the average time a household has been living
at its current residence. The moving process was modeled. In another study data
was assumed to have an even distribution within the different ranges which may
bias the 50th and 90th percentiles.
The study size ranged from 15,000 to 500, 000.
Studies were based on the U.S. population.
Variability across several geographic regions was noted. Type of ownership was
also addressed. One study provided data grouped by race.
Mentioned above in validity of approach section.
There is no apparent error in measurement.
Three
The studies produced very similar results.
Rating
High
High
High
Medium
High
Medium
Medium
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
Not
Ranked
High
High
High
Medium
Page
15-186
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume HI • Activity Factors
Chapter 15 - Activity Factors
** s vj- -i Table V5-17<>,r Summary of Recoftimendcd Values for Activity JPactois,
- , n ' * «S * * ~ A £" '»».?;> X. *»v -.? ' '
'(age|g-l 1V\?i"* '^ , 4^ ^ ^ *v *, *• v \ ,, ^f
- ' -Timme^et al., 1985 -Key study
'.> \, * " ^ -*j; ' 1«7,hfydajk (weekends)' ,-. >•«• **';,t|* Timnjer et ai., 19,85 -Key study t '*|
V *« "*' 1 >"*. ^ •-> Adulg(ages_12a'nd^older)v'^ ~\ -. "V \ '- if, '-^ '•V/j«.
-i \ *. *. j 21 Ifr/day** - r x \ ; -^ *RobmsonandThoma|*l991-Keystudy
•4 *• *• ••Tiii \s* rf~ '"*•,-, "'T&, «y. < ' ^ S1'- \ *ty, v • "tL ^ *k' - ". *"'•>• '-":
«- ^ , ^
•>«; «•».
------ « ' * v - ~ i « • ~ , t. v, • i / - ,
•1.5 hr/day •>'*** -" » , ""«> Robinson jnd Thomas 1991*^ Key study
'% 'fc^X ^^ CH :- "— ^^: '4"' ^- "' * vf * %'lVt
Tiniie Spent Inside Vehicle^, ^Adults 'j a i- -, • -« Robinson a'nd Thomaf f 1991 - Key study
v ? «* "f1. ^ "'"*-, 1.3 1it/dayv "T '• \ « -» ?1 ^ f sang- and Klepeis?! 996 - Kuyl study *%,
. V X *' * *- '^- " -^ * ^%/^J- V<^, ^. t.* ^^ . "*" %
hs \ ™. " J ft-20 minutes/event 'i V % *v», ';i*t "\Tsang and Klepeist 1996 - Key study* "x
,; ~» ^ ' H. ^ ' !; V \ -\ V '^-, >z\, * - x *„ / ' ,,v - " ."
vi/e * ^- 0 mi/^> ' f-*" fi ^X
Taking-Pauls \
^ rs
Taking Shovi/ers \ -* 10 min/dayhoe/dutioiu> ' f-*"TsShg andKlepeis1996 ^X
'' x
%
^« ? 'Hs Bureau of Uie Census, 1993 - Keys
(Indoors
-jOutdoorj
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 75-M7
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
APPENDIX ISA
ACTIVITY PATTERNS CODES AND OCCUPATIONAL TENURE DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 ; 15A-1
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries
WORK AND OTHER INCOME-PRODUCING ACTIVITIES
Paid Work
01 - Normal work: activities at the main job including work brought home, travel that is part of the job, and
overtime; "working," "at work"
Work at home; work activities for pay done in the home when home is the main workplace (include travel as
above)
02 - Job search; looking for work, including visits to employment agencies, phone calls to prospective employers,
answering want ads
Unemployment benefits; applying for or collecting unemployment compensation
Welfare, food stamps; applying for or collecting welfare, food stamps
05 - Second job; paid work activities that are not part of the main job (use this code only when R* clearly indicates
a second job or "other" job); paid work for those not having main job; garage sales, rental property
06 - Lunch at the workplace; lunch eaten at work, cafeteria, lunchroom when "where" = work (lunch at a restaurant,
code 44; lunch at home, code 43)
Eating, smoking, drinking coffee as a secondary activity while working (at workplace)
07 - Before and/or after work at the workplace; activities at the workplace before starting or after stopping work;
include "conversations," other work. Do not code secondary activities with this primary activity
Other work-related
08 - Coffee breaks and other breaks at the workplace; unscheduled breaks and other nonwork during work hours
at the workplace; "took a break"; "had coffee" (as a primary activity). Do not code secondary activities with
this primary activity
09 - Travel; to and from the workplace when R's travel to and from work were both interrupted by stops; waiting
for related travel
Travel to and from the workplace, including time spent awaiting transportation
HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES
Indoor
10 - Meal preparation: cooking, fixing lunches
Serving food, setting table, putting groceries away, unloading car after grocery shopping
11 - Doing dishes, rinsing dishes, loading dishwasher
Meal cleanup, clearing table, unloading dishwasher
(continued on the following page)
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 15A-3
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table ISA-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES (continued)
Indoor (continued)
12 - Miscellaneous, "worked around house." NA if indoor or outdoor - Routine indoor cleaning and chores, picking
up, dusting, making beds, washing windows, vacuuming, "cleaning," "fall/spring cleaning," "housework"
14 - Laundry and clothes care - wash
Laundry and clothes care - iron, fold, mending, putting away clothes ("Sewing" code 84)
16 - Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing appliances
Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furniture
Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furnace, plumbing, painting a room
17 - Care of houseplants
19 - Other indoor, NA whether cleaning or repair; "did things in house"
Outdoor
13 - Routine outdoor cleaning and chores; yard work, raking leaves, mowing grass, garbage removal, snow
shoveling, putting on storm windows, cleaning garage, cutting wood
16 - Repair, maintenance, exterior; fixing repairs outdoors, painting the house, fixing the roof, repairing the
driveway (patching)
Home improvements: additions to and remodeling done to the house, garage; new roof
Improvement to grounds around house; repaved driveway
17 - Gardening; flower or vegetable gardening; spading, weeding, composting, picking, worked in garden"
19 - Other outdoor; "worked outside," "puttering in garage
MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES
16 - Car care; necessary repairs and routine care to cars; tune up
Car maintenance; changed oil, changed tires, washed cars; "worked on car" except when clearly as a hobby
- (code 83)
17 - Pet care; care of household pets including activities with pets; playing with the dog; walking the dog; (caring
for pets of relatives, friends, code 42)
(continued on the following page)
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1, Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES (continued)
19 - Household paperwork; paying bills, balancing the checkbook, making lists, getting the mail, working on the
budget
Other household chores; (no travel), picking up things at home, e.g., "picked up deposit slips" (relate travel
to purpose)
CHILD CARE
Child Care for Children of Household
20 - Baby care; care to children aged 4 and under
21 - Child care; care to children aged 5*-17
Child care; mixed ages or NA ages of children
22 - Helping/teaching children learn, fix, make things; helping son bake cookies; helping daughter fix bike
Help with homework or supervising homework
23 - Giving children orders or instructions; asking them to help; telling the*i*n to behave
Disciplining child; yelling at kids, spanking children; correcting children's behavior
Reading to child
Conversations with household children only; listening to children
24 - Indoor playing; other indoor activities with children (including games ("playing") unless obviously outdoor
games)
25 - Outdoor playing; outdoor activities with children including sports, walks, biking with, other outdoor games
Coaching/leading outdoor, nonorganizational activities
26 - Medical care at home or outside home; activities associated with children's health; "took son to doctor," "gave
daughter medicine"
Other Child Care
27 - Babysitting (unpaid) or child care outside R's home or for children not residing in HH
Coordinating or facilitating child's social or instructional nonschool activities; (travel related, code 29)
Other child care, including phone conversations relating to child care other than medical
29 - Travel related to child's social and instructional nonschool activities
Other travel related to child care activities; waiting for related travel
(continued on the following page)
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
OBTAINING GOODS AND SERVICES
Goods (include phone calls to obtain goods)
30 - Groceries; supermarket, shopping for food
All other shopping for goods; including for clothing, small appliances; at drugstores, hardware stores,
department stores, "downtown" or "uptown," "shopping," "shopping center," buying gas, "window shopping"
31 - Durable household goods; shopping for large appliances, cars, furniture
House, apartment: activities connected to buying, selling, renting, looking for house, apartment, including
phone calls; showing house, including traveling around looking at real estate property (for own use)
Services (include phone conversations to obtain services)
32 - Personal care; beauty, barber shop; hairdressers
33 - Medical care for self; visits to doctor, dentist, optometrist, including making appointments
34 - Financial services; activities related to taking care of financial business; going to the bank, paying utility bills
(not by mail), going to accountant, tax office, loan agency, insurance office
Other government services: post office, driver's license, sporting licenses, marriage licenses, police station
35 - Auto services; repair and other auto services including waiting for such services
Clothes repair and cleaning; cleaners, laundromat, tailor
Appliance repair: including furnace, water heater, electric or battery operated appliances; including watching
repair person
Household repair services: including furniture; other repair services NA type; including watching repair person
37 - Other professional services; lawyer, counseling (therapy)
Picking up food at a takeout place - no travel
Other services, "going to the dump"
38 - Errands; "running errands," NA whether for goods or services; borrowing goods
39 - Related travel; travel related to obtaining goods and services and/or household activities except 31; waiting
for related travel
(continued on the following page)
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Volume HI-Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
PERSONAL NEEDS AND CARE
Care to Self
40 - Washing, showering, bathing
Dressing; getting ready, packing and unpacking clothes, personal hygiene, going to the bathroom
41 - Medical care at home to self
43 - Meals at home; including coffee, drinking, smoking, food from a restaurant eaten at home, "breakfast,"
"lunch"
44 - Meals away from home; eaten at a friend's home (including coffee, drinking, smoking)
Meals away from home, except at workplace (06) or at friend's home (44); eating at restaurants, out for coffee
45 - Night sleep; longest sleep for day; (may occur during day for night shift workers) including "in bed," but not
asleep
46 - Naps and resting; rest periods, "dozing," "laying down" (relaxing code 98)
48 - Sex, making out
Personal, private; "none of your business"
Affection between household members; giving and getting hugs, kisses, sitting on laps
Help and Care to Others
41 - Medical care to adults in household (HH)
42 - Nonmedical care to adults in HH; routine nonmedical care to adults in household; "got my wife up," "ran a
bath for my husband"
Help and care to relatives not living in HH; helping care for, providing for needs of relatives; (except travel)
helping move, bringing food, assisting in emergencies, doing housework for relatives; visiting when sick
Help and care to neighbors, friends
Help and care to others, NA relationship to respondent
Other Personal and Helping
48 - Other personal; watching personal care activities
49 - Travel (helping); travel related to code 42, including travel that is the helping activity; waiting for related
travel
Other personal travel; travel related to other personal care activities; waiting for related travel; travel, NA
purpose of trip - e.g., "went to Memphis" (no further explanation given)
(continued on the following page)
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
50 - Student (full-time); attending classes, school if full-time student; includes daycare, nursery school for children
not in school
51 - Other classes, courses, lectures, academic or professional; R not a full-time student or NA whether a student;
being tutored
54 - Homework, studying, research, reading, related to classes or profession, except for current job (code 07);
"went to the library"
56 - Other education
59 - Other school-related travel; travel related to education coded above; waiting for related travel; travel to school
not originating from home
ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Volunteer. Helping Organizations: hospital volunteer group, United Fund, Red Cross, Big Brother/Sister
63 - Attending meetings of volunteer, helping organizations
Officer work; work as an officer of volunteer, helping organizations; R must indicate he/she is an officer to
be coded here
Fund raising activities as a member of volunteer helping organization, collecting money, planning a collection
drive
Direct help to individuals or groups as a member of volunteer helping organizations; visiting, bringing food,
driving
Other activities as a member of volunteer helping organizations, including social events and meals
Religious Practice
65 - Attending services of a church or synagogue, including participating in the service; ushering, singing in choir,
leading youth group, going to church, funerals
Individual practice; religious practice carried out as an individual or in a small group; praying, meditating,
Bible study group (not a church), visiting graves
Religious Groups
64 - Meetings: religious helping groups; attending meetings of helping - oriented church groups -ladies aid circle,
missionary society, Knights of Columbus
Other activities; religious helping groups; other activities as a member of groups listed above, including social
activities and meals
(continued on the following page)
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Volume III- Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES (continued) •
Religious Groups (continued)
Meetings: other church groups; attending meetings of church group, not primarily helping-oriented, or NA
if helping-oriented . . . .
Other activities, other church groups; other activities as a member of church groups that are not
helping-oriented or NA if helping, including social activities and meals; choir practice; Bible class
Professional/Union Organizations: State Education Association; AFL-CIO; Teamsters
60 - Meetings; professional/union; attending meetings of professional or union groups
Other activities, professional/union; other activities as a member of professional or union group including
social activities and meals
Child/Youth/Familv Organizations: PTA, PTO; Boy/Girl Scouts; Little Leagues; YMCA/YWCA; school volunteer
67 - Meetings, family organizations; attending meetings of child/youth/family*-oriented organizations
Other activities, family organizations; other activities as a member of child/youth/family-oriented
organizations including social activities and meals
Fraternal Organizations: Moose, VFW, Kiwanis, Lions, Civitan, Chamber of Commerce, Shriners, American
Legion
66 - Meetings, fraternal organizations; attending meetings of fraternal organizations
Other activities, fraternal organizations; other activities as a member of fraternal organizations including social
activities and helping activities and meals
Political Party and Civic Participation: Citizens' groups, Young Democrats, Young Republicans, radical political
groups, civic duties
62 - Meetings, political/citizen organizations; attending meetings of a political party or citizen group, including
city council
Other activities, political/citizen organizations; other participation in political party and citizens' groups,
including social activities, voting, jury duty, helping with elections, and meals
Special Interest/Identity Organizations (including groups based on sex, race, national origin); NOW; NAACP;
Polish-American Society; neighborhood, block organizations; CR groups; senior citizens; Weight Watchers
61 - Meetings: identify organizations; attending meetings of special interest, identity organizations
Other activities, identity organizations; other activities as a member of a special interest, identity organization,
including social activities and meals
(continued on the following page)
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1, Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES (continued)
Other Miscellaneous Organizations, do not fit above
68 - Other organizations; any activities as a member of an organization not fitting into above categories; (meetings
and other activities included here)
Travel Related to Organizational Activities
69 - Travel related to organizational activities as a member of a volunteer (helping) organization (code 63);
including travel that is the helping activity, waiting for related travel
Travel (other organization-related); travel related to all other organization activities; waiting for related travel
ENTEETAINMENT/SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
Attending Spectacles. Events
70 - Sports; attending sports events - football, basketball, hockey, etc.
71 - Miscellaneous spectacles, events: circus, fairs, rock concerts, accidents
72 - Movies; "went to the show"
73 - Theater, opera, concert, ballet
74 - Museums, art galleries, exhibitions, zoos
Socializing
75 - Visiting with others; socializing with people other than R's own HH members either at R's home or another
home (visiting on the phone, code 96); talking/chatting in the context of receiving a visit or paying a visit
76 - Party; reception, weddings
77 - At bar; cocktail lounge, nightclub; socializing or hoping to socialize at bar, lounge
Dancing
78 - Other events; other events or socializing, do not fit above
79 - Related travel; waiting for related travel
(continued on the following page)
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Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE
Active Sports
80 - Football, basketball, baseball, volleyball, hockey, soccer, field hockey
Tennis, squash, racquetball, paddleball
Golf, miniature golf
Swimming, waterskiing
Skiing, ice skating, sledding, roller skating
Bowling; pool, ping-pong, pinball
Frisbee, catch
Exercises, yoga (gymnastics - code 86)
Judo, boxing, wrestling
Out of Doors
81 - Hunting
Fishing
Boating, sailing, canoeing
Camping, at the beach
Snowmobiling, dune-buggies
Gliding, ballooning, flying
Excursions, pleasure drives (no destination), rides with the family
Picnicking
Walking. Biking
82 - Walking for pleasure
Hiking
Jogging, running
Bicycling
Motorcycling
Horseback riding
Hobbies
83 - Photography
Working on cars - not necessarily related to their running; customizing, painting
Working on or repairing leisure time equipment (repairing the boat, "sorting out fishing tackle")
Collections, scrapbooks
Carpentry and woodworking (as a hobby)
(continued on the following page)
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE (continued)
DomesticCrafts
84 - Preserving foodstuffs (canning, pickling)
Knitting, needlework, weaving, crocheting (including classes), crewel, embroidery, quilting, quilling, macrame
Sewing
Care of animals/livestock when R is not a farmer (pets, code 17; "farmer", code 01, work)
Art and Literature
85 - Sculpture, painting, potting, drawing
Literature, poetry, writing (not letters), writing a diary
Music/Theater/Dance
86 - Playing a musical instrument (include practicing), whistling
Singing
Acting (rehearsal for play)
Nonsocial dancing (ballet, modern dance, body movement)
Gymnastics (lessons - code 88)
Games
87 - Playing card games (bridge, poker)
Playing board games (Monopoly, Yahtzee, etc.), bingo, dominoes
Playing social games (scavenger hunts), "played games" - NA kind
Puzzles
Classes/Lessons for Active Leisure Activity
88 - Lessons in sports activities: swimming, golf, tennis, skating, roller skating
Lessons in gymnastics, dance, judo, body movement
Lessons in music, singing, instruments
Other lessons, not listed above
Travel
89 - Related travel; travel related to sports and active leisure; waiting for related travel: vacation travel
(continued on the following page)
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1, Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
PASSIVE LEISURE
90 - Radio
91 - TV
Records, tapes, "listening to music," listening to others playing a musical instrument
Reading books (current job related, code 07; professionally or class related, code 54)
92
93
94
Reading magazines, reviews, pamphlets
Reading NA what; or other
95 - Reading newspapers
96 - Phone conversations - not coded elsewhere, including all visiting by phone
Other talking/conversations; face-to-face conversations, not coded elsewhere (if children in HH only, code
23); visiting other than 75
Conversations with HH members only - adults only or children and adults
Arguing or fighting with people other than HH members only, household and nonhousehold members, or NA
Arguing or fighting with HH members only
97 - Letters (reading or writing); reading mail
98 - Relaxing
Thinking, planning; reflecting
"doing nothing," "sat"; just sat;
Other passive leisure, smoking dope, pestering, teasing, joking around, messing around; laughing
99 - Related travel: waiting for related travel
MISSING DATA CODES
Activities of others reported - R's activity not specified
NA activities; a time gap of greater than 10 minutes.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES
Other Work Related
07 - Foster parent activities
(continued on the following page)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES (continued)
OtherHousehold
19 - Typing
Wrapping presents
Checked refrigerator for shopping list
Unpacked gifts from shower
Packing/unpacking car
"Settled in" after trip
Hooked up boat to car
Showed wife car (R was fixing)
Packing to move
Moved boxes
Looking/searching for things at home (inside or out)
Other Child Care
27 - Waited for son to get hair cut
Picked up nephew at sister's house
"Played with kids" (R's children from previous marriage not living with R)
Called babysitter
Other Services
37 - Left clothing at Goodwill
Unloaded furniture (just purchased)
Returned books (at library)
Brought clothes in from car (after laundromat)
Delivered some stuff to a friend
Waited for father to pick up meat
Waited for stores to open
Put away things from swap meet
Sat in car waiting for rain to stop before shopping
Waiting for others while they are shopping
Showing mom what I bought
Other Personal
48 - Waiting to hear from daughter
Stopped at home, NA what for
Getting hysterical
Breaking up a fight (not child care related)
Waited for wife to get up
(continued on the following page)
Page
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES (continued)
Other Personal (continued)
Waiting for dinner at brother's house
Waiting for plane (meeting someone at airport)
Laughing
Crying
Moaning - head hurt
Watching personal care activities ("watched dad shave")
Other Education
56 - Watched a film
In discussion group
Other Organization
68 - Attending "Club House coffee Match"
Waited for church activities to begin
"Meeting" NA kind
Cleanup after banquet
Checked into swap meet - selling and looking
Other Social. Entertainment
78 - Waiting for movies, other events
Opening presents (at a party)
Looking at gifts
Decorating for party
Tour of a home (friends or otherwise)
Waiting for date
Preparing for a shower (baby shower)
Unloaded uniforms (for parade)
Other Active Leisure
88 - Fed birds, bird watching
Astrology
Swinging
At park
Showing slides
Showing sketches
(continued on the following page)
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 • ISA-IS
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries (continued)
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES (continued)
Other Active Leisure (continued)
Recording music
Hung around airport (NA reason)
Picked up fishing gear
Inspecting motorcycle
Arranging flowers
Work on model airplane
Picked asparagus
Picked up softball equipment
Registered to play golf
Toured a village or lodge (coded 81)
Other Passive Leisure
98 - Lying in sun
Listening to birds
Looking at slides
Stopped at excavating place
Looking at pictures
Walked around outside
Waiting for a call
Watched plane leave
Girl watching/boy watching
Watching boats
Wasted time
In and out of house'
Home movies
* R = Respondent
HH = Household.
Source: luster et al., 1983.
Page Exposure Factors Handbook
15A-16 August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California
and National Studies (minutes per day for age 18-64 years)
00-49
00-09
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10-19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20-29
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
NON-FREE TIME
PAID WORK
(not used)
Main job
Unemployment
Travel during work
(not used)
Second job
Eating
Before/after work
Breaks
Travel to/from work
HOUSEHOLD WORK
Food Preparation
Meal Cleanup
Cleaning House
Outdoor Cleaning
Clothes Care
Car Repair/Maintenance (by R)
Other Repairs (by R)
Plant Care
Animal Care
Other Household
CHILD CARE
Baby Care
Child Care
Helping/Teaching
Talking/Reading
Indoor Playing
Outdoor Playing
Medical care - Care
Other Child Care
(At Dry Cleaners)
Travel, Child care
California
1987-88
(1359)
224
1
8
-
3
6
1
2
28
29
10
21
9
7
5
8
3
3
7
3
7
2
1
2
2
*
2
*
4
National
1985
(1980)
211
1
NR
-
3
8
2
2
25
36
11
24
7
11
5
6
5
5
8
8
5
1
1
3
1
1
1
NR
4
50-59
50-99 '
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60-69
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70-79
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Free Time
California
1987-88
(1359)
National
1985
(1980)
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Students' Classes
Other Classes
(not used)
(not used)
Homework
Library
Other Education
(not ysed)
(not used)
Travel, Education
9
1
'
-
8
*
1
. -
,
3
5
3
-
-
7
1
1
-
-
2
ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES
Professional/Union
Special Interest
Political/Civic
Volunteer/Helping
Religious Groups
Religious Practice
Fraternal
Child/Youth/Family
Other Organizations - .
Travel Organizations
0
*
0
1
I
5
0
1
2
2
1
1
*
1
2
7
#
*
1
4
ENTERTAINMENT/ SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
Sports Events
Entertainment Events
Movies
Theatre
Museums
Visiting
Parties
Bars/Lounges
Other Social
Travel, Events/Social
2
5
2
1
1
26
6
4
*
13 '
2
1
3
1
*
25
7
6
1
16
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15A-17
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California
and National Studies (minutes per day for age 1 8-64 years) (continued)
00-49
30-39
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40-49
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
NR =
•a
Source:
NON-FREE TIME
OBTAINING GOODS AND
SERVICES
Everyday Shopping
Durable/House Shop
Personal Services
Medical Appointments
Gov't/Financial Service
Car Repair services
Other Repair services
Other Services
Errands
Travel. Goods and Services
PERSONAL NEEDS AND
CARE
Washing, Etc.
Medical Care
Help and Care
Meals At Home
Meals Out
Night Sleep
Naps/Day Sleep
Dressing, Etc.
NA Activity
Travel. Personal Care/NA
Not Recorded in National
Survey
Less than 0.5 Min. per day
Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
California
1987-88
(1359)
8
19
I
2
3
2
if
2
#
24
21
3
3
44
27
480
16
24
2
22
National
1985
(1980)
5
20
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
20
25
1
4
50
20
469
16
32
12
13
50-59
80-89
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90-99
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Free Time
RECREATION
Active Sports
Outdoor
Walking/Hiking
Hobbies
Domestic Crafts
An
Music/Drama/Dance
Games
Computer Use/Other
Travel. Recreation
COMMUNICATION
Radio
TV
Records/Tapes
Read Books
Reading Magazines/Other
Reading Newspaper
Conversations
Writing
Think, Relax
Travel. Communication
Total Travel
(Codes 09, 29, 39, 49, 59,
69, 79, 89. 99)
California
1987-88
(1359)
15
3
5
1
3
*
3
5
3
5
1
130
3
4
16
11
15
8
9
5
108
National
1985
(1980)
13
7
4
1
6
1
2
7
3
6
3
126
1
7
10
9
25
9
6
*
90
Page
15A-18
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
AT HOME
Table 15A-3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments
Men
Mean duration
Women
Total3
Code Description
N = 639
California
N=914
National
N=720
California
N = 1059
National
N = 1980
California
N=1359
National
Kitchen
Living Room
Dining Room
Bathroom
Bedroom
Study
Garage
Basement
Utility Room
Pool, Spa
Yard
Room to Room
Other NR Room
Total at home
46
181
18
27
481
8
14
<0.5
1
1
33
9
3
822
AWAY FROM HOME
Office
Plant
Grocery Store
Shopping Mall
School
Other Public Places
Hospital
Restaurant
Bar-Night Club
Church
Indoor Gym
Other's Home
Auto Repair
Playground
Hotel-Motel
Dry Cleaners
Beauty Parlor
Other Locations
Other Indoor
Other Outdoor
Total away
from home
78
73
12
30
25
18
9
35
15
7
4
60
18
16
7
<0,5
<0.5
3
17
60
:
487
56
136
10
27
478
10
5
4
0
NR
160C
261
IS
13
NR
22
NR
42
NR
27
NR
NR
NR
NR
41
NR
445
98
98
22
38
534
6
6
<0.5
3
1
21
34
4
963
94
12
14
40
29
10
24
25
5
5
4
61
4
I
4
1
7
13
371
135
180
18
43
531
7
1
6
5
NRb
116
1022
155
33
11
NR
18
11
NR
45
NR
16
NR
NR
NR
NR
24
NR
324
72
189
19
33
508
7
19
<0.5
2
1
27
21
3
892
86
42
13
35
27
14
17
30
10
6
4
61
11
12
8
1
2
2
12
37
430
104
158
IS
38
521
8
2
' 5
4
NRb
37
40
22
954
193
30
15
12
3
23
10
NR
43
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
24
6
383
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15A-19
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments (continued)
Code Description
TRAVEL
Car
Van/Truck
Walking
Bus Slop
Bus
Rapid Train
Other Travel
Airplane
Bicycle
Motorcycle
Other or Missing
Total travel
Not ascertained
Total Time Outdoors
N = 639
California
76
30
10
<0.5
6
1
2
!
1
2
1
130
1
Mean duration
Men Women
Total8
N = 914 N = 720 N = 1059 N=1980 N=1359
National California National California National
77 - 76
86 11 77- • 20 88
8 9, 2
— |
--
- , 2 - - .4 3 .
_ _
]
15 <0.5 10
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1
<0.5
I
NR
NR
NR
101 102 87 116 94
847 29
gg 70
Totals do not necessarily reflect exact averages presented for each gender. Totals were revised, but revisions for each gender were not provided.
NR = Not Reported
Is total mean duration for those categories; breakdowns per category were not reported.
Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
Note; Percent at home
Percent away from home
Percent in travel
National
men
women
total
men
women
total
men
women
total
62
7!
67
31
23
27
7
6
7
California
men •» =57
women = 67
total = 62
men
women
total
men
women
total
34
26
30
9
7
Page
15A-20
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15 A-4. Major Time Use Activity
Activity code
01-09
10-19
20-29 .
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
Categories3
Activity
Market work
House/yard work
Child care
Services/shopping
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
a Appendix Table 14A-3 presents a detailed explanation of the coding and activities.
Source: Hill, 1985.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15A-21
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-5.
Mean Time Spent (minutes/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week
Weekday
N=831
Activity
01 -Normal Work
02-Unemployment Aces
OS-Second Job
06-Lunch At Work
07-Befbre/AJterWork
08-Coffce Breaks
09-Travel: To/From Work
10-Mcal Preparation
1 i-Meal Cleanup
12-Indoor Cleaning
13-Outdoor Cleaning
14-Laundry
16-Repairs/Maimenance
17-Garden/Pet Care
19-Othcr Household
20-Baby Care
21-ChildCare
22-Helping/Tcaching
23-Rcading/Talking
24-Indoor Playing
25 -Outdoor Playing
26-Mcdical Care-Child
27-Babysiuing/Other
29-Travcl: Child Care
30-Evcryday Shopping
3 1 -Durable/House Shop
32-Personal Care Services
33-Medical Appoinlments
34-Gov't/Rnancial Services
35-Repair Services
3?-Other Services
38 -Errands
39-Travel: Goods/Services
40-Washing/Dressing
41 -Medical Care R/HH Adults
42-Help & Care
43-Meals Al Home
44-Meals Out
45-Nighi Sleep
46-Naps/Resting
48-N.A. Activities
49-Travel; Personal
50-Siudcms' Classes
51 -Other Classes
Mean
240.54
0.98
3.76
10.00
3.51
5.05
24.03
42.18
12.48
26.37
7.48
13.35
9.61
8.52
6.26
6.29
6.26
1.36
2.47
1.75
0.73
0.64
2.93
4.18
19.73
0.58
1.93
3.43
1.90
1.33
1.13
0.74
17.93
44.03
0.77
8.43
53.45
19.55
468.49
22.07
7,52
14,87
6.33
2.65
Std. Dev.
219.10
9.43
25.04
15.81
10.05
11.53
30.37
46.59
19.25
43.84
25.45
30.39
35.43
25.15
20.62
22.91
16.34
8.28
8.65
8.72
6.33
7.42
14.56
10.97
30.28
4.83
10.04
14.49
6.07
7.14
7.17
8.03
23.58
29.82
6.19
28.17
35.57
31.20
79.42
43.92
22.32
27.76
33.79
17.92
Saturday
N=831
Mean
82.43
0.00
2.84
1.82
1.45
1.59
7.74
40.37
12.07
38.88
15.71
11.48
17.36 '
14.75
9.82
5.89
5.38
0.23
1.71
0.90
1.23
0.16
2.16
1.71
33.52
1.46
3.42
0.60
0.66
1.25
1.55
0.35
21.61
44.25
1.29
12.19
57.86
31.13
498.40
30.67
11.72
19.33
0.96
0.40
Std. Dev.
184.41
0.00
32.64
7.88
9.79
7.32
22.00
59.82
22.96
80.39
58.00
31.04
72.50
49.17
37.58
30.72
21.58
3.64
10.84
7.82
13.03
2.79
19.11
8.72
61.38
14.04
18.94
6.63
4.34
10.24
9.57
5.27
36.35
41.20
15.90
52.58
49.25
56.03
115.55
74.98
41.61
50.42
18.17
11.52
Sunday
N=831
Mean
46.74
0.00
2.65
1.43
1.66
0.93
4.60
42.38
13.97
21.73
9.01
7.79
13.56
8.47
7.60 '
6.26
7.09
0.76
1.53
2.45
0.91
0.44
3.28
2.08
10.13
1.65
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.52
0.72
0.04
8.45
47.54
1.45
14.32
61.84
25.95
528.86
27.56
8.18
18.58
0.96
0.27
Std. Dev.
139.71
0.00
27.30
8.29
13.76
8.52
17.55
57.42
25.85
48.70
39.39
25.43
62.12
37.54
32.17
33.78
23.15
6.52
9.97
15.11
10.30
7.20
24.89
10.56
30.18
17.92
0.69
0.00
0.43
5.61
4.34
1.04
21.64
40.15
29.18
55.13
' 49.27
47.60
115.84
66.01
35.79
46.36
20.07
5.63
Page
15A-22
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA __
Table 15A-5. Mean
Time Spent (minutes/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week (continued)
Weekday
N=831
Activitv
54-Homework
56-Other Education
59-Travel: Education
60-Professional/Union Orgs,
61 -Identity Organizations
62-Political/Citizen Orgs
63- Volunteer/Helping Orgs
64-Religious Groups
65-Religious Practice
66-Fraternal Organizations
67 -Child/Family Organizations
68-Other Organizations
69-Traves: Organizations
70-Sport Events
71 -Miscellaneous Events
72-Movies
73-Theater
74-Museums
75-Visiting w/Others
76-Parties
77-Bars/Lounges
78-Olher Events
79-Travel: Events/Social
80-Active Sports
81 -Outdoors
82-Walking/Biking
83-Hobbies
84-Domestic Crafts
85-Art/Literature
86-Music/Drama/Dance
87-Games
88-Ciasses/Other
89-Travel: Active Leisure
90-Radio
91 -TV
92-Records/Tapes
93-Reading Books
94-Reading Magazines/N.A.
95-Reailing Newspapers
96-Conversations
97-Letters
98-Other Passive Leisure
99-Travel: Passive Leisure
Mean
4.56
0.53
2.29
0.51
1.53
0.14
1.08
2.96
4.98
0.85
1.70
3.91
3.41
2.22
0.32
1.65
0.69
. 0.19
33.14
2.81
3.62
1.39
8.90
5.30
5.11
2.08
1.78
11.18
0.99
0.45
5.06
2.65
3.31
2.89
113.01
2.58
4.41
13.72
12.03
18.68
2.83
9.72
1.26
Std. Dev.
24.35
5.91
10.36
7.27
11.19
1.25
10.08
17.33
19.92
9.28
11.69
22.85
9.83
13.45
4.89
11.03
7.13
3.32
51.69
16.49
18.07
11.55
16.19
19.60
33.00
9.70
•11.73
37.03
10.84
4.91
22.91
15.83
14,77
12.19
103.89
20.26
18.09
31.73
22.65
. 28.59
12.23
25.02
5.44
Saturday
N=831
Mean
3.48
0.15
0.35
0.13
.1.24
0.07
0.02
3.05
7.13
1.73
1.04
1.31
2.66
6.29
1.94
4.74
2.66
0.90
56.78
12.63
7.23
1.33
19.55
9.23
11.58
5.87
3.20
8.67
0.86
0.83
10.14
2.56
8.50
3.53
118.99
2.40
2.76
16.33
12.19
15.45
1.61
17.24
1.32
Std. Dev.
27.98
2.75
4.26
3.64
35.63
1.91
0.45
27.73
30.12
27.71
17.83
20.28
12.22
42.05
19.90
27.04
27.79
13.62
95.61
56.11
35.09
15.52
43.38
43.69
55.07
36.38
32.43
40.49
13.59
8.83
45.11
29.92
48.72
23.42
131.24
16.09
17.85
46.24
34.96
35.27
10.80
57.21
6.80
Sunday
N=831
Mean
5.40
0.45
0.21
0.44
0.48
0.19
0.41
8.59
34.05
0.31
0.26
1.71
12.07
3.44
1.96
3.35
0.77
0.72
69.65
7.16
3.91
1. 00
18.02
11.39
15.52
5.92
4.10
6.41
1.13
0.63
7.89
3.37
8.19
2.88
149.67
2.03
5.23
17.18
26.01
. 14.57
1.96
15.28
1.72
Std. Dev.
' 38.68
9.85
3.14
8.34
7.58
5.55
7.09
33.31
62.06
6.67
7.63
17.52
" 37.64
27.78
19.75
22.65
10.37
11.17
114.58
39.02
26.95
10.80
34.45
48.66
62.68
32.28
31.55
34.82
15.07
8.32
40.45
23.60
38.11
18.50
141.43
16.08
30.13
51.01
44.47
34.60
12.59
47.86
9.87
Source: Hill, 1985.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15A-23
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals
Activity
01 - Normal work
02 - Unemployment acts
05 -Second job
06 - Lunch at work 1.08
07 - Before/after work
08 - Coffee breaks 0.57
09 - Travel: to/from work
10 - Meal preparation
1 1 - Meal cleanup
12 - Indoor cleaning
13 - Outdoor cleaning
14 - Laundry
16 - Repairs/maintenance
17 - Gardening/pet care
19 - Other household
20 - Baby care
21 - Child care
22 - Helping/teaching
23 - Reading/talking
24 - Indoor playing
25 - Outdoor playing
26 - Medical care - child
27 - Babysitting/other
29 - Travel: child care
30 - Everyday shopping
3 1 - Durables/house shopping
32 - Personal care services
33 - Medical appointments
34 - Govt/flnaneial services
35 - Repair services
37 - Other services 0.1 1
38 - Errands
39 - Travel: goods/services
Men
N=410
Mean Std.
29.78
0.14
0.73
1.43
0.51
1.05
2.98
1.57
0.33
0.85
1.59
0.13
2.14
0.94
0.92
0.24
0.24
0,07
0.07
0.13
0.06
0.01
0.14
0.23
1.45
0.19
0.06
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.61
0.04
1.60
Women
N=561
dev. Mean
20.41
1.06
3.20
0.65
1.27
0.36
2.87
2.61
0.83
2.01
3.59
0.72
4.29
2.78
2.42
1.20
0.78
0.61
0.35
0.69
0.37
0.09
0.78
0.67
2.18
1.39
0.42
0.75
0.44
0.45
0.13
0.41
2.02
Std. dev.
14.99
0.08
0.17
1.21
0.23
1.03
1.45
7.25
2.30
5,03
0.56
2.44
0.68
1.00
0.72
0.90
0.99
0.15
0.30
0.18
0.12
0.09
0,64
0.50
2.78
0.08
0.35
0.37
0.19
0.17
0.61
0.06
2.14
N=971
Mean
17.62
0.75
1.62
0.85
0.69
0.46
2.17
5.04
2.19
5.05
1.59
3.34
3.43
2.19
1.84
3.04
2.11
0.76
0.86
0.82
0.72
0.67
2.58
1.21
3.25
0.51
1.14
1.63
0.61
0.78
0.12
0.68
2.17
Men and women
Std. dev.
21.82
0.11
0.43
1.33
0.36
1.04
2.16
4.63
1.39
3.10
1.03
1.38
1.35
0.97
0.81
0.60
0.64
0.11
0.19
0.16
0.09
0.05
0.41
0.38
2.17
0.13
0.22
0.27
0.17
0.14
0.61
0.05
1.89
20.33
0.90
2.49
1.01
2.63
4.98
1.97
4.46
2.75
2.75
3.92
2.48
2.13
2.40
1,68
0.70
0.68
0.76
0.58
0.50
1.98
1.00
2.89
1.01
0.90
1.31
0.54
0.65
0.57
2.12
(Continued on the following page)
Page
1SA-24
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and
Activity
40 - Washing/dressing
41 - Medical care - adults
42 - Help and care
43 - Meals at home
44 - Meals out
45 - Night sleep
46 - Naps/resting 2.94
48 - N.A. activities
49 - Travel: personal
50 - Students' classes
5 1 - Other classes
54 - Homework
56 - Other education
59 - Travel: education
60 - Professional/union
organizations
61 - Identity organizations
62 - Political/citizen
organizations
63 - Volunteer/helping
organizations
64 - Religious groups
65 - Religious practice
66 - Fraternal organizations
67 - Child/family organizations
68 - Other organizations
69 - Travel: organizations
70 - Sports events
71 - Miscellaneous events
72 - Movies
73 - Theatre _
74 - Museums
75 - Visiting with others
76 - Parties
77 - Bars/lounges
78 -Other events 0.1 2
79 - Travel: events/social
Men
N=410
Mean Std.
4.33
0.09
1.02
6.59
2.72
55.76
5.18
1.77
2.06
0.92
0.23
0.76
0.11
0.29
0.04
0.14
0.01
0.02
0.38
0.89
0.16
"0.10
0.34
0.43
0.30
0.07
0.31
0.13
0.04
4.24
0.64
0.71
0.72
1.40
Women
N=561
dev.
2.39
0.67
2.84
3.87
3.48
8.43
3.19
6.12
2.59
4.00
1.68
3.48
0.86
1.07
0,46
0.97
0.08
0.32
1.82
2.05
1.17
0.88
2.40
1.04
1.31
0.52
1.25
0.93
0.37
5.72
2.05
'2.21
0.18
1.82
Mean Std.
5.43
0.18
1.30
6.32
2.24
56.74
4.70
1.99
1.61
0.38
0.15
0.38
0.02
0.16
0.04
0.18
0.02
0.14
0.41
1.31
0.05
0.21
0.32
0.52
0.26
0.08
0.26
0.06
0.03
5.84
0.44
0.46
1.18
1.26
dev.
3.24
1.00
3.04
3.53
2.73
8.49
3.08
5.70
2.51
2.51
1.05
1.87
0.22
1.06
0.62
1.55
0.15
1.05
1.61
2.97
0.66
1.33
1.53
1.02
1.28
0.59
1.13
0.48
0.35
6.42
1.65
2.09
0.15
1.67
10 Subtotals (continued)
Men and women
N=971
Mean Std.
4.92
0.14
1.17
6.44
2.46
56.29
4.93
1.89
1.82
0.63
0.18
0.56
0.06
0.22
0.04
0.16
0.01
0,09
0.40
1.12
0.10
0.16
0.32
0.48
0.28
0.07
0.28
0.09
0.03
5.10
0.53
0.57
0.99
1.32
dev.
2.93
0.86
2.95
3.69
3.W
8.47
5.89
2.56
3.29
1.38
2.74
0.61
1.07
0.55
1.31
0.12
0.80
1.71
1.60
0.93
1.15
1.98
1.03
1.29
0.56
1.19
0.72
0.36
6.16
1.84
2.15
1.74
(Continued on the following page)
.Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997 ___
Page
15A-25
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals
Activity
80 - Active sports
81 -Outdoors
82 - Walking/biking
83 - Hobbies
84 - Domestic crafts
85 - Art/literature
86 - Music/drama/dance
87 - Games
88 - Classes/other
89 - Travel: active leisure
90 - Radio
91 -TV
92 - Records/tapes
93 - Reading books
94 - Reading magazines/N.A.
95 - Reading newspapers
96 - Conversations
97 - Letters
98 - Other passive leisure
99 - Travel: passive leisure
Men
N=410
Women Men and
N=561 N=971
Mean Std. dev.
1.05
1.49
0.52
0.69
0.30
0.05
0.06
0.60
0.41
0.76
0.39
14.75
0.46
0.37
1.32
1.86
1.61
0.20
1.68
0.18
2.62
4.59
1.31
3.88
1.59
0.45
0.49
2.00
1.75
1.91
1.40
12.14
2.35
1.52
2.81
2.72
2.19
1.06
3.53
0.49
(continued)
women
Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.
0.50
0.48
0.23
0.06
2.00
0.13
0.07
0.99
0.28
0.43
0,39
13.95
0.33
0.56
1.97
1.47
2.18
0.31
1.41
0.13
1.68
1.67
0.98
0.43
4.72
1.03
0.47
3.16
1.50
1.43
1,55
10.67
2.13
1.83
3.67
2.27
2.74
1.12
3.32
0.49
0.76
0.94
0.36
0.35
1,21
0.09
0.07
0.81
0.34
0.58
0.39
14.32
0.39
0.47
1,67
1.65
1.91
0.26
1.53
0.15
2,18
3.39
1.16
2.67
3.93
0.81
0.48
2.69
1.62
1.68
1,49
11.38
2.23
1.70
3,32
2.49
2.52
1.10
3.42
0.49
Source: Hill, 1985.
Page
15A-26
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure
Median years of
Occupation occupational tenure
Barbers 24.8
Farmers, except horticultural 21.1
Railroad conductors and yardmasters 18.4
Clergy 15.8
Dentists 15.7
Telephone line installers and repairers 15.0
Millwrights . 14.8
Locomotive operating occupations 14.8
Managers; farmers, except horticultural 14.4
Telephone installers and repairers 14.3
Airplane pilots and navigators 14.0
Supervisors: police and detectives 13.8
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators 13.3
Tailors 13.3
Civil engineers 13.0
Crane and tower operators 12.9
Supervisors, n.e.c. 12.9
Teachers, secondary school 12.5
Teachers, elementary school 12.4
Dental laboratory and medical applicance technicians 12.3
Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine oeprators 12.1
Tool and die makers 12.0
Lathe and turning machine operators 11.9
Machinists 11.9
Pharmacists 11.8
Stationary engineers 11.7
Mechanical engineers 11.4
Chemists, except biochemists 11.1
Inspectors, testers, and graders 11.0
Electricians 11.0
Operating engineers 11.0
Radiologic technicians 10.9
Electrical power installers and repairers 10.8
Supervisors; mechanics and repairers 10.7
Heavy equipment mechanics 10.7
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics 10.7
Physicians 10.7
Construction inspectors 10.7
Cabinet makers and bench carpenters 10.6
Industrial machinery repairers 10.6
Automobile body and related repairers 10.4
(Continued on the following page)
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 1SA-27
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)
Occupation
Median years of
occupational tenure
Electrical and electronic engineers
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
Licensed practical nurses
Brickmasons and stonemasons
Truck drivers, heavy
Tile setters, hard and soft
Lawyers
Supervisors: production occupations
Administrators, education and related fields
Engineers, n.e.c.
Excavating and loading machine operators
Firefighting occupations
Aircraft engine mechanics
Police and detectives, public service
Counselors, educational and vocational
Architects
Stuctural metal workers
Aerospace engineers
Miscellaneous aterial moving equipment operators
Dental hygienists
Automobile mechanics
Registered nurses
Speech therapists
Binding and twisting machine operators
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.
Personnel and labor relations managers
Office machine repairer
Electronic repairers, commercial and industrial equipment
Welders and cutters
Punching and stamping press machine operators
Sheet metal workers
Administrators and officials, public administraion
Hairdressers and cosmetologists
Industrial engineers
Librarians
Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction
Upholsterers
Payroll and timekeeping clerks
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food
Surveying and mapping technicians
Chemical engineers
10.4
10.4
10.3
10.2
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.7
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.4
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.8
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
(continued on the following page)
Page
15A-28
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)
Occupation
Median years of
occupational tenure
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers
Concrete and terrazzo finishers
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale
Supervisors: general office
Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.
Stenographers
Typesetters and compositors
Financial managers
Psychologists
Teachers: special education
Statistical clerks
Designers
Water and Sewage Treatment plant operators
Printing machine operators
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics
Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks
Insurance sales occupations
Carpenters
Public transportation attendants
Drafting occupations
Butchers and meatcutters
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers
Dressmakers
Musicians and composers
Supervisors and proprietors; sales occupations
Painters, Sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers
Mechanics and repairers, not specified
Engineering technicians, n.e.c.
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Purchasing managers
Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.
Photographers
Chemical technicians
Managers; properties and real estate
Accountants and auditors
Religious workers, n.e.c.
Secretaries
Social workers
Operations and systems researchers and analysts
Postal clerks, except mail carriers
Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.4*
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.3
(continued on the following page)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15A-29
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-7, Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)
Occupation
Median years of
occupational tenure
Farm workers
Managers; medicine and health
Data processing equipment repairers
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators
Management related occupations, n,e.c.
Supervisiors; cleaning and building service workers
Management analysts
Science technicians, n.e.c.
Mail carriers, postal service
Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators
Electrical and electronic technicians
Painting and paint spraying machine operators
Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified
Crossing guards
Inhalation therapists
Carpet installers
Computer systems analysts and scientists
Other financial officers
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators
Textile sewing machine operators
Correctional institution officers
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten
Supervisors; financial records processing
Miscellaneous Textile machine operators
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners
Actors and directors
Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.
Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.
Private household cleaners, and servants
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, excluding farm products
Real estate sales occupations
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers
Bus drivers
Editors and reporters
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators
Meter readers
Painters, construction and maintenance
Driver-sales workers
Teachers, n.e.c.
Order clerks
Physicians' assistants
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.8
(continued on the following page)
Page
1SA-30
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)
Occupation
Median years of
occupational tenure
Billing clerks
Drywall installers
Construction trades, n.e.c.
Telephone operators
Authors
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants
Dental assistants
Timber cutting and logging occupations
Molding and casting machine operators
Miscellaneous hand-working occupations
Production coordinators
Public relations specialists
Personnel clerks, except payroll and bookkeeping
Assemblers
Securities and financial services sales occupations
Salesworkers, furniture and home furnishings
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators
Pressing machine operators
Roofers
Graders and sorters, except agricultural ,
Supervisors; related agricultural occupations
Typists
Supervisors; motor vehicle operators
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists
Legal assistants
Physical therapists
Advertising and related sales occupations
Records clerks
Economists
Technicians, n.e.c.
Expediters
Sales occupations, other business services
Computer operators
Computer programmers
Investigators and adjusters, except insurance
Underwriters
Salesworkers, parts
Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.
Teachers' aides
Maids and housemen
Sawing machine operators
Machine operators, not specified
Weighers, measurers, and checkers
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.3
5,3
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
(continued on the following page)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
15A-31
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table 15A-7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)
Occupation
Median years of
occupational tenure
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks
Salesworkers, hardware and building supplies
Biological technicians
Athletes
Bill and account collectors
Taxtcab drivers and chauffeurs
Slicing and cutting machine operators
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.
Mixing and blending machine operators
Waiters and waitresses
Janitors and cleaners
Production helpers
General office clerks
Machine feeders and offbearers
Interviewers
Bartenders
Eligibility clerks, social welfare
Bank tellers
Cooks, except short-order
Health aides, except nursing
Laborers, except construction
Welfare service aides
Salesworkers, motor vehicles and boats
Cost and rate clerks
Construction laborers
Hand packers and packagers
Transportation ticket and reservation agents
Animal caretakers, except farm
Photographic process machine operators
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c.
Data-entry keyers
Bakers
Dispatchers
Guards and police, except public service
Packaging and filling machine operators
Receptionists
Library clerks
Truckdrivers, light
Salesworkers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances
Salesworkers, apparel
Sales counter clerks
Salesworkers, other commodities
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
(continued on the following page)
Page
15A-32
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume If I- Activity Factors
Appendix ISA
Table I5A-7, Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure (continued)
Median years of
Occupation occupational tenure
Small engine repairers 3,1
Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations 3,0
Health record technologists and technicians 2.9
Helpers, construction trades 2.9
Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities 2.8
Street and door-to-door salesworkers 2.7
Child-care workers, private household 2.7
Child-care workers, except private household 2.7
Information clerks, n.e.c. 2.7
Hotel clerks 2.7
Personal service occupations, n.e.c. 2.7
Salesworkers, shoes 2.6
Oarage and service station related occupations 2.6
Short-order cooks 2.5
File clerks 2.5
Cashiers 2.4
Mail clerks, except postal service 2.3
Miscellaneous food preparation occupations 2.3
News vendors 2.3
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 2.3
Messengers 2.3
Kitchen workers, food preparation 2.1
Stock handlers and baggers - 1.9
Waiters and waitresses assistants 1,7
Food counter, fountain, and related occupations 1.5
a n.e.c. - not elsewhere classified
Source: Carey, 1988.
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 . ' 15A-33
-------
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix 15B
APPENDIX 15B
ACTIVITY PATTERNS CODES AND OCCUPATIONAL TENURE DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 15B-1
-------
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Appendix 15B
Table 15B-1. Annual Geographical Mobility Rates, by Type of Movement for
Selected 1 -Year Periods: 1960-1992 (numbers in thousands)
Residing in the United States at beginning of period
Mobility
period
NUMBER
1991-92
1990-91
1989-90
1988-89
1987-88
1986-87
1985-86
1984-85
1983-84
1982-83
1981-82
1980-81
1970-71
1960-61
PERCENT
1991-92
1990-91
1989-90
1988-89
1987-88
1986-87
1985-86
1984-85
1983-84
1982-83
1981-82
1980-81
1970-71
1960-61
Total
movers
42,800
41,539
43,381
42,620
42,174
43,693
43,237
46,470
39,379
37,408
38,127
38,200
37,705
36,533
17.3
17.0
17.9
17.8
17.8
18.6
18.6
20.2
17,3
16.6
17.0
17.2
18.7
20.6
Total
41,545
40,154
41,821
41,153
40,974
42,551
42,037
45,043
38,300
36,430
37,039
36,887
36,161
35,535
16.8
16.4
17.3
17.2
17.3
18.1
18.0
19.6
16.8
16.1
16.6
16.6
17.9
20.0
Different
house,
same
county
26,587
25,151
25,726
26,123
26,201
27,196
26,401
30,126
23,659
22,858
23,081
23,097
23,018
24,289
10.7
10.3
10.6
10.9
11.0
11.6
11.3
13.1
10.4
10.1
10.3
10.4
11.4,
13.7
Total
14,957
15,003
16,094
15,030
14,772
15,355
15,636
14,917
14,641
13,572
13,959
13,789
13,143
11,246
6.0
6.1
6.6
6.3
6.2
6.5
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.3
Different County
Same Different
State State
7,853
7,881
8,061
7,949
7,727
8,762
8,665
7,995
8,198
7,403
7,330
7,614
6,197
5,493
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.1
3.1
7,105
7,122
8,033
7,081
7,046
6,593
6,791
6,921
6,444
6,169
6,628
6,175
6,946
5,753
2.9
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.7
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.2
Different
Region
3,285
3,384
3,761
3,258
3,098
3,546
3,778
3,647
3,540
3,192
3,679
3,363
3,936
3,097
.3
.4
.6
.4
.3
.5
.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.0
1.7
Residing
outside the
United States
at the
beginning of
period
1,255
1,385
,560
,467
,200
,142
,200
,427
,079
978
,088
,313
1,544
988
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.6
Source:
U.S. Bureau of Census, 1993.
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Appendix 15B
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980
Percent distribution -
residence in 1975a
Region, division.
and slate
United Stales
Northeast
New England
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Middle Atlantic
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Midwest
East North Central
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
West North Central
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Persons
5 years
old, and
over*
1980
(1,000)
210,323
46,052
11,594
1,047
857
476
5,398
891
2,925
34,458
16,432
6,904
11,122
54,513
38,623
10,015
5,074
10,593
8,582
4,360
15,890
3,770
2,693
4,564
598
633
1,448
2,184
Same
house
in
1980
as
1975
53.6
61,7
59.1
56.9
51.6
54.4
61.0
60.5
59.0
62.6
61.5
61.5
65.0
55.4
56.0
56.7
54.8
55.5
56.4
56.2
53.9
55.6
55.6
54.0
51.7
52.9
53.1
50.2
Different
house,
same
county
25,1
22.3
23.4
24.0
22.8
23.9
22.7
23.9
24.4
21.9
22.6
20.0
22.0
26.4
27.4
27.9
27.5
28.5
26.2
25.5
24.0
22.8
25.0
24.1
23.1
23.2
24.4
25.1
Different
county.
same
state
9.8
8.0
6.7
7.5
6.2
6.5
7.6
5.0
5.5
8.4
9.3
8.6
7.1
10.2
9.6
9.0
9.6
8.1
11.3
11.0
11.8
13.3
10.9
11.8
11.4
12.1
11.0
10.7
Different
county,
different
state
9.7
6.1
9.2
10.8
18.5
14.3
7.0
8.7
9.3
5.0
3.8
7.8
5.2
7.0
6.0
5.7
7.6
6.1
5.1
6.7
9.4
7.3
7.9
9.4
12.7
11.1
10.5
12.6
(Continued on the following page)
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Appendix 1 SB
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 (continued)
Percent distribution -
residence in 1975a
Region, division,
and state
Persons
5 years
old, and
overb
1980
(1,000)
Same
house
in
1980
as
1975
Different
, house,
same
county
Different
county,
same
state
Different
county,
different
state
Souti
South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida •
East South Central
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
West South Central
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
West
Mountain
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
69,880
34,498
555
3,947
603
4,99i
1,806
5,476
2,884
5,052
9,183
13,556
3,379
4,269
3,601
2,307
21,826
2,113
3,847
2,793
13,074
39,879
10,386
722
852
425
2,676
1,188
2,506
1,272
745
52,4
52.7
57.0
55.5
58.2
51.0
60.9
56.9
57.5
52.5
46.2
56.0
54.4
54.2
57.6
59.0
49.6
53.1
57.0
47.6
47.3
43.8
42.7
47.3
44.4
38.4
39.8
50.3
41.9
45.8
34.8
24.1
22.4
26.3
21.9
22.7
17.9
23.4
23.5
22.3
22.8
23.7
25.9
27.2
27.2
25.3
22.5
25.6
24.8
24.3
24.9
26.2
28.3
25.1
24.5
24.7
23.6
22.7
23.2
27.1
27.8
27.4
10.0
9.7
2.0
• 10.3
NA
15.0
6.6
8.9
7.7
12.2
7.8
7.9
8.6
7.4
7.4
8.6
11.8
9.1
9.2
12.3
12.9
11.0
9.1
12.3
9.5
8.6
14.8
7.2
5.0
8.4
3.6
12.0
13.6
13.3
10.4
16.3
13.9
8.6
9.8
11.5
11.5
19.6
9.5
9.0
10.6
8.9
9.2
11.0
12.4
8.4
13.7
11.0
13.4
21.1
15.0
20.0
28.3
20.6
17.4
23.9
16.0
31.5
(continued on the following page)
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Appendix 15B
Table 15B-2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 (continued)
Percent distribution -
residence in 1975°
Persons Same
5 years house
old, and in Different Different Different
overb 1980 house, county, county,-
Region, division, 1980 as same . same different
and state (1,000) 1975 county state state
Pacific 29,493 44.2 29,4 11.6 10.7
Washington 3,825 43.7 27.7 10.1 16.2
Oregon 2,437 41.4 26.6 13.4 16.9
California 21,980 44.6 30.2 12.1 8.5
Alaska 363 32.2 27.6 8.7 29.1
Hawaii 888 49.3 25.2 2.8 16.9
* Survey assessed changes in residence between 1975 and 1980.
b Includes persons residing abroad in 1975.
NA = not applicable.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract, 1984.
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Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
16. CONSUMER PRODUCTS
16.1. BACKGROUND
Consumer products may contain toxic or
potentially toxic chemical constituents to which humans
may be exposed as a result of their use. For example,
methylene chloride and other solvents and carriers are
common in consumer products and may have human
health concerns. Potential pathways of exposure to
consumer products or chemicals released from consumer
products during use occur via ingestion, inhalation, and
dermal contact. Exposure assessments that address
consumer products involve characterization of these
potential exposure pathways and calculating exposure or
dose (based on exposure pathway) of chemical substances
released during use of consumer products. In order to
estimate specific-pathway exposure for consumer products
or their components, the following information is needed:
amount of product used; concentration of product in each
type of activity; percent weight of chemical present in
product; duration and frequency of use or activity; and for
dermal exposure, the amount of solution on skin after
exposure (Hakkinen et al., 1991; U.S. EPA, 1987).
This chapter presents information on the amount of
product used, frequency of use, and duration of use for
various consumer products typically found in consumer
households. All tables that present information for these
consumer products are located at the end of this chapter.
U.S. EPA (1987) has complied a comprehensive list of
consumer products found in typical American households.
This list of consumer products is presented in Table 16-1.
It should be noted that this chapter does not provide an
exhaustive treatment of all consumer products, but rather
provides some background and data that can be utilized in
an exposure assessment. Also, the data presented may not
capture information needed to assess the highly exposed
population (e.g., consumers who use commercial/
industrial strength products at home). The studies
presented in the following sections represent readily
available surveys for which data were collected on the
frequency and duration of use and amount of use of
cleaning products, painting products, household solvent
products, cosmetic and other personal care products,
household equipment, pesticides, and tobacco. The
studies have been classified as either key or relevant based
on their applicability to exposure assessment needs.
The reader is also referred to a document
developed by the U.S. EPA, Office of Toxic Substances:
Standard Scenarios for Estimating Exposure to Chemical
Substances During Use of Consumer Products - Volumes
I and II (U.S. EPA, 1986). This document presents data
and supporting information required to assess consumer
exposure to constituents in household cleaners and
components of adhesives. Information presented includes
a description of standard scenarios selected to represent
upper bound exposures for each product. Values are also
presented for parameters that are needed to estimate
exposure for defined exposure routes and pathways
assumed for each scenario.
An additional reference is the Simmons Market
Research Bureau (SMRB), "Simmons Study of Media and
Markets." This document provides an example of
marketing data that are available that may be useful in
assessing exposure to selected products. The reports are
published annually. Data are collected on the buying
habits of the U.S. populations over the past 12 months.
This information is collected for over 1,000 consumer
products. Data are presented on frequency of use, total
number of buyers in each use category, and selected
demographics. The consumer product data are presented
according to the "buyer" and not necessarily according to
the "user" (actively exposed person). It may be necessary
to adjust the data to reflect potential uses in a household.
The reports are available for purchase from the Simmons
Market Research Bureau, (212) 916-8970. Appendix
Table 16A-1 presents a list of product categories in
SMRB for which information is available.
16.2. KEY CONSUMER PRODUCTS USE STUDIES
Westat (I987a) - Household Solvent Products: A
National Usage Survey - Westat (1987a) conducted a
nationwide survey to determine consumer exposure to
common household products believed to contain
methylene chloride or its substitutes (trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene,
and 1,1,1,2,2,2- trichlorotrifluoroethane). The survey
methodology was comprised of three phases. In the first
phase, the sample population was generated by using a
random digit dialing (RDD) procedure. Using this
procedure, telephone numbers of households were
randomly selected by utilizing an unbiased, equal
probability of selection method, known as the " Waksberg
Method" (Westat, 1987a). After the respondents in the
selected households (18 years and older) agreed to
participate in the survey, the second phase was initiated.
It involved a mailout of questionnaires and product
pictures to each respondent. In the third phase, a
telephone follow-up call was made to those respondents
who did not respond to the mailed questionnaire within a
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Chapter 16- Consumer Products
4-week period. The same questionnaire was administered
over the telephone to participants who did not respond to
the mailed questionnaire. Of the 6,700 individuals
contacted for the survey, 4,920 individuals either
responded to the mailed questionnaire or to a telephone
interview (a response rate of 73 percent). Survey
questions included how often the products were used in
the lost 12 months; when they were last used; how much
time was spent using a product (per occasion or year), and
the time the respondent remained in the room after use;
how much of a product was used per occasion or year; and
what protective measures were used (Westat, 1987a).
Thirty-two categories of common household
products were included in the survey and are presented in
Table 16-2. Tables 16-2, 16-3, 16-4, and 16-5 provide
means, medians, and percentile rankings for the following
variables; frequency of use, exposure time, amount of
use, and time exposed after use.
An advantage of this study is that the random digit
dialing procedure (Waksberg Method) used in identifying
participants for this survey enabled a diverse selection of
a representative, unbiased, sample of the U.S. population
(Westat 1987a). Also, empirical data generated from this
study will provide more accurate calculations of human
exposure to consumer household products than estimates
previously used. However, a limitation associated with
this study is that the data generated were based on recall
behavior. Another limitation is that extrapolation of these
data to long-term use patterns may be difficult.
Abt (1992) - Methylene Chloride Consumer Use
Study Survey Findings - As part of a plan to assess the
effectiveness of labeling of consumer products containing
methylene chloride, Abt conducted a telephone survey of
nearly five thousand households (Abt, 1992). The survey
was conducted in April and May of 1991. Three classes
of products were of concern: paint strippers, non-
automotive spray paint, and adhesive removers. The
survey paralleled a 1986 consumer use survey sponsored
jointly by Abt and the U.S. EPA. Results of the survey
were the following (Abt, 1992):
• Compared to the 1986 findings, a significantly
smaller proportion of current survey
respondents used a paint stripper, spray paint,
or adhesive remover.
» The proportion of the population who used the
three products recently (within the past year)
decreased substantially.
• Those who used the products reported a
significantly longer time since their last use.
• For all three products, the reported amount
used per year was significantly higher in the
current survey.
The survey was conducted to estimate the percent
of the U.S. adult population using paint remover, adhesive
remover, and non-automotive spray paint. In addition, an
estimate of the population using these products containing
methylene chloride was determined. A survey question-
naire was developed to collect product usage data and
demographic data. The survey sample was generated
using a RDD technique.
A total of 4,997 product screener interviews were
conducted for the product interview sections; the number
of respondents were: 381 for paint strippers, 58 for
adhesive removers, and 791 for non-automotive spray
paint; Survey responses were weighted to allow
estimation at the level of the total U.S. population (Abt,
1992). A follow-up mail survey was also conducted using
a short questionnaire. Respondents who had used the
product in the past year or had purchased the product in
the past 2 years and still had the container were asked to
respond to the questionnaire (Abt, 1992). Of the mail
questionnaires (527) sent out, 259 were returned. The
questionnaire responses included 67 on paint strippers, 6
on adhesive removers, and 186 on non-automotive spray
paint. Results of the survey are presented in Tables 16-6
through 16-11 (N's are unweighted). Data are presented
for recent users. Recent users were defined as persons
who have used the product within the last year of the
survey or who have purchased the product in the past 2
years.
An advantage of this survey is that the survey
population was large and the survey responses were
weighted to represent the U.S. population. In addition,
the survey was designed to collect data for frequency of
product use and amount of product used by gender. A
limitation of the survey is that the data were generated
based on recall behavior. Extrapolation of these data to
accurately reflect long-term use patterns may be difficult.
Westat (I987b) - National Usage Survey of
Household Cleaning Products - Westat (1987b) collected
usage data from a nationwide survey to assess the
magnitude of exposure of consumers to various products
used when performing certain household cleaning tasks.
The survey was conducted between the middle of
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Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
November, 1985 to the middle of January, 1986.
Telephone interviews were conducted with 193
households. According to Westat (1987b), the resulting
response rate for this survey was 78 percent. The
Waksberg method discussed previously in the Westat
(1987a) study was also used in randomly selecting
telephone numbers employed in the Westat (1987b)
survey. The survey was designed to obtain information on
cleaning activities performed in the interior of the home
during the previous year. The person who did the
majority of the cleaning in the kitchen and bathroom areas
of each household was interviewed. Of those respondents,
the primary cleaner was female in 160 households (83
percent) and male in 30 households (16 percent); the sex
of the respondents in three remaining households was not
ascertained (Westat, 1987b). Data obtained from the
survey included the frequency of performing 14 different
cleaning tasks; the amount of time (duration) spent at each
task; the cleaning product most frequently used; the type
of product (liquid, powder, aerosol or spray pump) used;
and the protective measures taken during cleaning such as
wearing rubber gloves or having a window open or an
exhaust fan on (Westat, 1987b).
The survey data are presented in Tables 16-12
through 16-16. Table 16-12 presents the mean and
median total exposure time of use for each cleaning task
and the product type preferred for each task. The
percentile rankings for the total time exposed to the
products used for 14 cleaning tasks are presented in Table
16-13. The mean and percentile rankings of the frequency
in performing each task are presented in Table' 16-14.
Table 16-15 shows the mean and percentile rankings for
exposure time per event of performing household tasks.
The mean and percentile rankings for total number of
hours spent per year using the top 10 product groups are
presented in Table 16-16.
Westat (1987b) randomly selected a subset of 30
respondents from the original survey and reinterviewed
them during the first two weeks of March, 1986 as a
reliability check on the recall data obtained from the
original phone survey. Frequency and duration data for 3
of the original 14 cleaning tasks were obtained from the
reinterviews. In a second effort to validate the phone
survey, 50 respondents of the original phone survey
participated in a four-week diary study (between February
and March, 1986) of 8 of the 14 cleaning tasks originally
studied. The diary approach assessed the validity of using
a one-time telephone survey to determine usual cleaning
behavior (Westat, 1987b). The data (i.e., frequency and
duration) obtained from the reinterviews and the diary
approach were lower than the data from the original
telephone survey. The data from the reinterviews and the
diary approach were more consistent with each other.
Westat (1987b) attributed the significant differences in the
data obtained from these surveys to seasonal changes
rather than methodological problems.
A limitation of this survey is evident from the
reliability and validity check of the data conducted by
Westat (1987b). The data obtained from the telephone
survey may reflect heavier seasonal cleaning because the
survey was conducted during the holidays (November
through January). Therefore, usage data obtained in this
study may be biased and may represent upper bound
estimates. Another limitation of this study is the small
size of the sample population. An advantage of this
survey is that the ROD procedure (Waksberg Method)
used provides unbiased results of sample selection and
reduces the number of unproductive calls. Another
advantage of this study is that it provides empirical data
on frequency and duration of consumer use, thereby
eliminating best judgment or guesswork.
Westat (1987c) - National Household 'Survey of
Interior Painters - Westat (1987c) conducted a study
between November, 1985 and January, 1986 to obtain
usage information to estimate the magnitude of exposure
of consumers to different types of painting and painting
related products used while painting the interior of the
home. Seven-hundred and seventy-seven households
were sampled to determine whether any household
member had painted the interior of the home during the
last 12 months prior to the survey date. Of the sampled
households, 208 households (27 percent) had a household
member who had painted during the last 12 months.
Based on the households with primary painters, the
response rate was 90 percent (Westat, 1987c). The person
in'each household who did most of the interior painting
during the last 12 months was interviewed over the
telephone. The RDD procedure (Waksberg Method)
previously described in Westat (1987a) was used to
generate sample blocks of telephone numbers in this
survey. Questions were asked on frequency and time
spent for interior painting activities; the amount of paint
used; and protective measures used (i.e., wearing gloves,
hats, and masks or keeping a window open) (Westat,
1987c). Fifty-three percent of the primary painters in the
households interviewed were male, 46 percent were
female, and the sex of the remaining 1 percent was not
ascertained. Three types of painting products were used
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Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
in this study; latex paint, oil-based paint, and wood stains
and varnishes. Of the respondents, 94.7 percent used
latex paint, 16.8 percent used oil-based paint, and 20.2
percent used wood stains and varnishes.
Data generated from this survey are summarized in
Tables 16-17, 16-18, and 16-19. Table 16-17 presents the
mean, standard duration, and percentile rankings for the
total exposure time for painting activity by paint type.
Table 16-18 presents the mean and standard exposure
time for the painting activity per occasion for each paint
type. A "painting occasion" is defined as a time period
from start to cleanup (Westat 1987c). Table 16-18 also
presents the frequency and percentile rankings of painting
occasions per year. Table 16-19 presents the total amount
of paint used by interior painters.
In addition, 30 respondents from the original
survey were reinterviewed in April 1986, as a reliability
check on the recall data obtained from the original
painting survey. There were no significant differences
between the data obtained from the reinterviews and the
original painting survey (Westat, 1987c).
An advantage of this survey, based on the
reliability check conducted by Westat (1987c), is the
stability in the painting data obtained. Another advantage
of this survey is that the response rate was high (90
percent), therefore, minimizing non-response bias. Also,
the Waksberg Method employed provides an unbiased
equal probability method of ROD. A limitation of the
survey is the data are based on 12-month recall and may
not accurately reflect long-term use patterns,
Tsang and Klepeis (1996) - National Human
Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) - The U.S. EPA
collected information for the general population on the
duration and frequency of selected activities and the time
spent in selected microenvironments via 24-hour diaries.
Over 9000 individuals from 48 contiguous states
participated in NHAPS. The survey was conducted
between October 1992 and September 1994. Individuals
were interviewed to categorize their 24-hour routines
(diaries) and/or answer follow-up exposure questions that
were related to exposure events. Data were collected
based on selected socioeconomic (gender, age, race,
education, etc.) and geographic (census region, state, etc.)
factors and time/season (day of week, month) (Tsang and
Klepeis, 1996).
Data were collected for a maximum of 82 possible
microenvironments and 91 different activities (Tsang and
Klepeis, 1996). Respondents were also asked exposure-
related follow up questions, mostly on air and water
exposure pathways, on specific pollutant sources (paint,
glue, etc.), or prolonged background activities (tobacco
smoke, gas heaters, etc.) (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996).
As part of the survey, data were also collected on
duration and frequency of use of selected consumer
products. These data are presented in Tables 16-20
through 16-34. Distribution data are presented for
selected percentiles (where possible). Other data are
presented in ranges of time spent in an activity (e.g.,
working with or near a product being used) or ranges for
the number of times an activity involving a consumer
product was performed. Tables 16-20 through 16-34
provide duration and/or frequency data for the following
categories: selected cosmetics and personal care items;
household cleaners and other household products;
household equipment; pesticides; and tobacco products.
The advantages of NHAPS is that the data were
collected for a large number of individuals and are
representative of the U.S. general population. In addition,
frequency distributions of time spent and frequency of
occurrence data for activities and locations are provided,
when possible. Also, data on 9,386 different respondents
are grouped by various socioeconomic, geographic,
time/seasonal factors. A disadvantage of NHAPS is that
means cannot be calculated for consumers who spent
more than 60 or 120 minutes (depending on the activity)
in an activity using a consumer product. Therefore, a
good estimate of the high consumer activities cannot be
captured.
16.3. RELEVANT CONSUMER PRODUCTS USE
STUDY
CTFA (1983) - Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance
Association, Inc. - Summary of Results of Surveys of the
Amount and Frequency of Use of Cosmetic Products by
Women - The Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance
Association Inc. (CTFA, 1983), a major manufacturer and
a market research bureau, conducted surveys to obtain
information on frequency of use of various cosmetic
products. Three surveys were conducted to collect data
on the frequency of use of various cosmetic products and
selected baby products. In the first of these three surveys
CTFA (1983) conducted a one-week prospective survey
of 47 female employees and relatives of employees
between the ages of 13 and 61 years. In the second
survey, a cosmetic manufacturer conducted a retrospective
survey of 1,129 of its customers. The third survey was
conducted by a market research bureau which sampled
19,035 female consumers nationwide over a 9-1/2 month
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period. Of the 19,035 females interviewed, responses
from only 9,684 females were tabulated (CTFA, 1983).
The third survey was designed to reflect the
'sociodemographic (i.e., age, income, etc) characteristics
of the entire U.S. population. The respondents in all three
surveys were asked to record the number of times they
used the various products in a given time period, i.e., a
week, a day, a month, or a year (CTFA, 1983).
To obtain the average frequency of use for each
cosmetic product, responses were averaged for each
product in each survey. Thus, the averages were
calculated by adding the reported number of uses per
given time period for each product, dividing by the total
number of respondents in the survey, and then dividing
again by the number of days in the given time period
(CTFA, 1983). The average frequency of use of cosmetic
products was determined for both "users" and "non-
users." The frequency of use of baby products was
determined among "users" only. The upper 90th
percentile frequency of use values were determined by
eliminating the top ten percent most extreme frequencies
of use. Therefore, the highest remaining frequency of use
was recorded as the upper 90th percentile value (CTFA,
1983). Table 16-34 presents the amount of product used
per application (grams) and the average and 90th
percentile frequency of use per day for baby products and
various cosmetic products for all the surveys.
An advantage of the frequency data obtained from
the third survey (market research bureau) is that the
sample population was more likely to be representative of
the U.S. population. Another advantage of the third
dataset is that the survey was conducted over a longer
period of time when compared with the other two
frequency datasets. Also, the study provided empirical
data which will be useful in generating more accurate
estimates of consumer exposure to cosmetic products. In
contrast to the large market research bureau survey, the
CTFA employee survey is very small and both that survey
and the cosmetic company survey are likely to be biased
toward high end users. Therefore, data from these two
surveys should be used with caution.
16.4. RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to the large range and variation among
consumer products and their exposure pathways, it is not
feasible to specify recommended exposure values as has
been done in other chapters of this handbook. The user is
referred to the contents and references in the chapter to
derive appropriate exposure factors. Table 16-35
summarizes the key and relevant studies in this chapter.
In order to estimate consumer exposure to household
products, several types of information are needed for the
exposure equation. The information needed includes
frequency and duration of use, amount of product used,
percent weight of the chemical of concern found in the
product, and for dermal exposure, the amount of the
solution on the skin after exposure. The studies of Westat
(1987a, b, and c), (Abt, 1992), and Tsang and Klepeis
(1996) provide information on amount, duration, and
frequency of use of household products. The frequency
and duration of use and amount of product used for some
household and other consumer products can be obtained
from Tables 16-2 through 16-34. Exposure to chemicals
present in common household products can be estimated
by utilizing data presented in these tables and the
appropriate exposure equation. It should be noted that if
these data are used to model indoor air concentrations, the
values for time of use, time exposed after use, and
frequency in the indoor air, should be the same values
used in the dose equation for frequency and contact time
for a given individual.
16.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 16
Abt. (1992) Methylene chloride consumer products
use survey findings. Prepared by Abt Associates,
Inc. for the U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission, Bethesda, MD.
Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA).
(1983). Summary of the results of surveys of the
amount and frequency of use of cosmetic products
by women. Prepared by Environ Corporation,
Washington, DC for CFFA Inc., Washington, DC.
Hakkinen, P.J.; Kelling, C.K.; Callender, J.C. (1991)
Exposure assessment of consumer products:
Human body weights and total body surface areas
to use; and sources of data for specific products.
Veterinary and Human Toxicology l(33):61-65.
Tsang, A.M.; Klepeis, N.E. (1996) Results tables from
a detailed analysis of the National Human Activity
Pattern Survey (NHAPS) response. Draft Report
prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by Lockheed Martin, Contract No. 68-W6-
001, Delivery Order No. 13.
U.S. EPA. (1986) Standard scenarios for estimating
exposure to chemical substances during use of
consumer products. Prepared by Versar, Inc. For
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-5
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
the Office of Toxic Substances, Contract No. 68-
02-3968.
U.S. EPA. (1987) Methods for assessing exposure to
chemical substances - Volume 7 - Methods for
assessing consumer exposure to chemical
substances. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic
Substances. EPA Report No. 560/5-85-007.
Westat. (I987a) Household solvent products - a
national usage survey. Under Subcontract to
Battelle Columbus Div., Washington DC, Prepared
for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Available from NTIS,
Springfield, VA. PB88-132881.
Westat. (I987b) National usage survey of household
cleaning products. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic
Substances and Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances, Washington, DC.
Westat. (1987c) National household survey of interior
painters. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances and
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
Washington DC.
Page
16-6
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-1. Consumer Products Found in the Typical U.S. Household*
Consumer Product Category
Consumer Product
Cosmetics Hygiene Products
Household Furnishings
Garment Conditioning Products
Household Maintenance Products
Adhesive bandages
Bath additives (liquid)
Bath additives (powder)
Cologne/perfume/aftershave
Contact lens solutions
Deodorant/antiperspirant (aerosol)
Deodorant/antiperspirant (wax and liquid)
Depilatories
Facial makeup
Fingernail cosmetics
Hair coloring/tinting products
Hair conditioning products
Hairsprays (aerosol)
Lip products
Mouthwash/brcath freshener
Sanitary napkins and pads
Shampoo
Shaving creams (aerosols)
Skin creams (non-drug)
Skin oils (non-drug)
Soap (toilet bar)
Sunscreen/suntan products
Talc/body powder (non-drug)
Toothpaste
Waterless skin cleaners
Carpeting
Draperies/curtains
Rugs (area)
Shower curtains
Vinyl upholstery, furniture
Anti-static spray (aerosol)
Leather treatment (liquid and wax)
Shoe polish
Spray starch (aerosol)
Suede cleaner/polish (liquid and aerosol)
Textile water-proofing (aerosol)
Adhesive (general) (liquid)
Bleach (household) (liquid)
Bleach (see laundry)
Candles
Cat box litter
Charcoal briquets
Charcoal lighter fluid
Drain cleaner (liquid and powder)
Dishwasher detergent (powder)
Dishwashing liquid
Fabric dye (DlY)b
Fabric rinse/softener (liquid)
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-7
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-1. Consumer Products Found in the Typical U.S. Household" (continued)
Consumer Product Category
Consumer Product
Household Maintenance Products
(continued)
Home Building/Improvement Products (DIY)b
Fabric rinse/softener (powder)
Fertilizer (garden) (liquid)
Fertilizer (garden) (powder)
Fire extinguishers (aerosol)
Floor polish/wax (liquid)
Food packaging and packaged food
Furniture polish (liquid)
Furniture polish (aerosol)
General cleaner/disinfectant (liquid)
General cleaner (powder)
General cleaner/disinfectant (aerosol and pump)
General spot/stain remover (liquid)
General spot/stain remover (aerosol and pump)
Herbicide (garden-patio) (Liquid and aerosol)
Insecticide (home and garden) (powder)
Insecticide (home and garden) (aerosol and pump)
Insect repellent (liquid and aerosol)
Laundry detergent/bleach (liquid)
Laundry detergent (powder)
Laundry pre-wash/soak (powder)
Laundry pre-wash/soak (liquid)
Laundry pre-wash/soak (aerosol and pump)
Lubricant oil (liquid)
Lubricant (aerosol)
Matches
Metal polish
Oven cleaner (aerosol)
Pesticide (home) (solid)
Pesticide (pet dip) (liquid)
Pesticide (pet) (powder)
Pesticide (pet) (aerosol)
Pesticide (pet) (collar)
Petroleum fuels (home( (liquid and aerosol)
Rug cleaner/shampoo (liquid and aerosol)
Rug deodorizer/freshener (powder)
Room deodorizer (solid)
Room deodorizer (aerosol)
Scouring pad
Toilet bowl cleaner
Toiler bowl deodorant (solid)
Water-treating chemicals (swimming pools)
Adhesives, specialty (liquid)
Ceiling tile
Caulks/sealers/fillers
Dry wall/wall board
Flooring (vinyl)
House Paint (interior) (liquid)
House Paint and Stain (exterior) (liquid)
Insulation (solid)
Insulation (foam)
Page
16-8
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI- Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-1. Consumer Products Found in the Typical U.S. Household" (continued)
Consumer Product Category
Consumer Product
Home Building/Improvement Products (DIY)b
(Continued)
Automobile-related Products
Personal Materials
Paint/varnish removers
Paint thinner/brush cleaners
Patching/ceiling plaster :
Roofing
Refinishing products (polyurethane, varnishes, etc.)
Spray paints (home) (aerosol)
Wall paneling
Wall paper
Wall paper glue
Antifreeze
Car polish/wax
Fuel/lubricant additives
Gasoline/diesel fuel
Interior upholstery/components, synthetic
Motor oil
Radiator flush/cleaner
Automotive touch-up paint (aerosol)
Windshield washer solvents
Clothes/shoes
Diapers/vinyl pants
Jewelry
Printed material (colorprint, newsprint, photographs)
Sheets/towels
Toys (intended to be placed in mouths)
a A subjective listing based on consumer use profiles.
b D1Y = Do it Yourself.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1987.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-9
-------
f
c
I
2
c
£
§:
I
Table
16-2. Frequency of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only)
Pcrccmilc Rankings for Frequency of Use/Year
Products
Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellents/Prelectors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids or Degreascrs
Wood Floor and Paneling Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesives
Adhesive Removers
Silicone Lubricants
Other Lubricants (excluding Automotive)
Specialized FJectronic Cleaners (for TVs, Etc.)
Latex Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Stains, Varnishes, and Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thinners
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primers and Special Primers
Aerosol Rust Removers
Outdoor Water Repellents (for Wood or Cement)
Glass Frostings, Window Tints, and Artificial
Snow
Engine Degreasers
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Cars
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Cars
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake Quieters Cleaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
Ignition and Wire Drvers
NA = Not Available
Source: Westat, 1987a
Mean
10.28
3.50
15.59
16.46
8.48
40.00
8.89
4.22
10.32
10.66
13.41
3.93
5.66
4.21
3.68
6.78
4.22
3.43
6.17
2.07
2.78
4.18
3.77
4.50
6.42
10.31
2.28
3.95
3.00
2.50
11.18
3.01
Std. dev.
20.10
11.70
43.34
44.12
20.89
74.78
26.20
12.30
25.44
25.46
38.16
20.81
23.10
12.19
9.10
22.10
15.59
8.76
9.82
3.71
21.96
13.72
7.10
9.71
33.89
30.71
3.55
24.33
6.06
4.39
18.67
5.71
Min. 1
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
.00 1.00
.00 1.00
.00 1.00
.00 1.00
.00 1.00
.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.03 0.03
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 NA
1.00 1.00
1.00 NA
1.00 NA
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
5 10
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.10
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
25 50
.00 2.00 4.00
.00
.00 2.00
.00 2.00 3.00
.00 2.00 4.00
.00 NA 2.00
t.OO 4.00 12.00
.00 2.00 3.00
.00
.00 1.00
.00 2.00 3.00
.00 2.00 4.00
.00 2.00 3.00
.00
.00
.00
.00 2.00
.00 1.00
.00 2.00
.00 4.00 2.00
).23
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00 2.00
.00 2.00
.00 1.00
.00 2.00
.00 2.00
.00 1.00
.00 2.00
.00 2.00
.00 2.00
.00 2.00
.00 3.00
.00 1.00
.00 2.00
.00 2.00
.00 1.00
.00 2.00 4.00
.00
.00 2.00
75
8.00
3.00
10.00
12.00
6.00
40.00
6.00
3.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
6.00
2.00
1.00
3.25
3.00
4.00
3.75
6.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
12.00
3.00
90
24.30
6.00
40.00
46.00
24.00
100.00
15.00
6.00
20.00
20.00
24.00
6.00
6.00
7.00
6.00
12.00
6.10
6.00
15.00
3.00
2.00
6.70
6.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
3.00
4.00
6.00
5.00
30.00
5.00
95
52.00
10.00
52.00
52.00
50.00
200.00
28.00
16.80
46.35
50.00
52.00
10.00
12.00
12.00
11.80
23.00
12.00
10.00
24.45
5.90
2.00
12.00
12.00
15.00
15.00
40.00
9.00
6.55
10.40
6.50
50.00
9.70
99
111.26
35.70
300.00
300.00
56.00
365.00
100.00
100.00
150.00
100.00
224.50
30.00
139.20
50.80
44.56
100.00
31.05
50.06
50.90
12.00
27.20
41.70
47.28
60.00
139.00
105.60
NA
41.30
NA
NA
77.00
44.52
Max.
156.00
300.00
365.00
365.00
350.00
520.00
500.00
100.00
300.00
420.00
400.00
800.00
300.00
250.00
100.00
352.00
365.00
104.00
80.00
52.00
365.00
300.00
100.00
100.00
500.00
365.00
26.00
365.00
52.00
30.00
200.00
60.00
I
&.
4-
I
-------
ft
ft a
I
Table 16-3. Exposure Time of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only)
Percentile Rankings for Duration of Use (minutes)
Products
Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellents/Protectors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids or
Degreasers
Wood Floor and Paneling Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesives
Adhesive Removers
Silicone Lubricants
Other Lubricants (excluding
Automotive)
Specialized Electronic Cleaners
(for TVs, Etc.)
Latex Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Siains, Varnishes, and Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thinners
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primers and Special Primers
Aerosol Rust Removers
Outdoor Water Repellents
(for Wood or Cement)
Glass Frostings, Window Tints, and
Artificial Snow
Engine Degreasers,
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Cars
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Cars
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake Quieters/CIeaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
Ignition and Wire Dryers
NA = Not Available
Source: Westat, 1987a
Mean
(rains)
7.49
14.46
10.68
29.48
74.04
7.62
15.58
121.20
10.42
8.12
9.47
295.08
194.12
117.17
125.27
39.43
39.54
91.29
18.57
104.94
29.45
29.29
13.57
42.77
51.45
9.90
27.90
9.61
23.38
23.57
22.66
7.24
Std.
dev.
9.60
24.10
22.36
97,49
128.43
29.66
81.80
171.63
29.47
32.20
45.35
476.11
345.68
193.05
286.59
114.85
87.79
175.05
48.54
115.36
48.16
48.14
•
23.00
71.39
86.11
35.62
61.44
18.15
36.32
27.18
23.94
H.48
Min.
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.05
0-02
0.17
0.03
0.07
0.33
0.08
0.02
1
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.03
1.00
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0,03
0.03
1.00
0.51
0.74
0,38
0.08
0,17
0.24
0.05
0.05
0.14
0.95
0.08
0.19
0.22
0.03
NA
0.04
NA
NA
0.71
0.02
5
0.25
0.50
0.08
1.00
5.00
0.03
0.08
1.45
0.08
0.05
0.08
22.50
15.00
5.00
5.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
0.17
5.00
2.00
2.00
0.33
1.00
2.00
0.08
0.35
0.08
0.50
0.50
3.00
0.08
10
0.50
1.40
0.25
2.00
10.00
0.03
0.33
3.00
0,17
0.08
0.17
30.00
30,00
10.00
5.00
2.00
5.00
5.00
0.25
15.00
3.00
5.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
0.17
1.80
0.23
1.00
2.00
5.00
0.47
25
2.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
20.00
0.17
1.00
15.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
90.00
60.00
30.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
2.00
30.00
5.00
10.00
3.00
10.00
10.00
1.00
5.00
1.00
5.00
6.25
10.00
1.50
50
5.00
10.00
5.00
15.00
30.00
1.00
4.25
60.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
180.00
12.00
60.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
5.00
60.00
15,00
15.00
7.00
20.00
27.50
5.00
15.00
5.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
5.00
75
10.00
15.00
10.00
30.00
90.00
2.00
10.00
120.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
360.00
240.00
120.00
120.00
30.00
45.00
120.00
20.00
120.00
30.00
30.00
15.00
60.00
60.00
10,00
30.00
10.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
10.00
90
18.00
30.00
30.00
60.00
147.00
10.00
30.00
246.00
20.00
15.00
20.00
480.00
480.00
140.00
240.00
60-00
60.00
240.00
60.00
240.00
60.00
60.00
30.00
120.00
120.00
15.00
60.00
20.00
49.50
60.00
60.00
15.00
95
30.00
60.00
30.00
120.00
240.00
32.00
60.00
480.00
45.00
30.00
30.00
810.00
579.00
360.00
420.00
180.00
120.00
360.00
60.00
300.00
96.00
120,00
45.00
145.00
180.00
30.00
60.00
30.00
120.00
60.00
60.00
25.50
99
60.00
120.00
120.00
300.00
480.00
120.00
180.00
960.00
180.00
90.00
93.60
2880.00
1702.80
720.00
1200.00
480.00
300.00
981.60
130.20
480.00
268.80
180.00
120.00
360.00
529,20
120.00
NA
120.00
NA
NA
120.00
48.60
Max.
60.00
480.00
360.00
1800.00
2700.00
480.00
2880.00
960.00
360.00
900.00
900.00
5760.00
5760.00
280.00
4320.00
2400.00
1800.00
1920.00
720.00
960.00
360.00
900.00
300.00
900.00
600,00
720.00
. .450,00
180.00
240.00
180.00
240.00
60.00
r
fa
I
01
I
I
-------
*•«
a
00
e
Table 16-4
Amount of Products Used for Household Solvent Products (users-only)
PerccmUc Rankings for A mourn or Products Used (ounces/yr)
Products
Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellents/Protectors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids or
Dcgreascrs
Wood Floor and Paneling Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesivcs
Adhesive Removers
Silicone Lubricants
Oiher Lubricants (excluding
Automotive)
Specialized Electronic Cleaners
(for TVs, Etc.)
Latex Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Stains, Varnishes, and
Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thinners
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primers and Special Primers
Aerosol Rusi Removers
Outdoor Water Repellents
(for Wood or Cement)
Glass Frostings, Window Tims,
and
Artificial Snow
Engine Degreasers
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Cars
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Cars
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake Quieters/Cleaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
lenition and Wire Drvers
NA = Not Available
Source: Westat, 1987a
Mean
(ounces/vrt
9.90
11.38
26.32
58.30
28.41
4.14
7.49
34.46
12,50
9.93
9.48
371.27
168.92
65.06
63.73
69.45
30.75
68.39
18.21
148.71
13.82
46.95
22,00
44.95
70.37
18.63
35.71
16.49
11.72
13.25
31.58
9.02
Std.
dev
17.90
22.00
90.10
226.97
57.23
13.72
55.90
96.60
27.85
44.18
55.26
543.86
367.82
174.01
144.33
190.55
52.84
171.21
81.37
280.65
14.91
135,17
50.60
89.78
274.56
54.74
62.93
87.84
13.25
22.35
80.39
14.59
Min.
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.25
0.02
0,01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.12
0.64
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.09
0.01
1.00
0.04
0.10
0.04
0.12
0.08
2.00
0.12
0.50
0.50
0.12
0.13
1
0.20
0.47
0.24
0.50
0.80
0.02
0.02
0.29
0.20
0.18
0.05
4.00
0.33
1.09
1.50
0.45
0.75
0.09
0.25
0.37
1.40
1.56
0.50
0.14
0.77
0.40
NA
0.13
NA
NA
0.50
0.32
5
0.63
0.98
0.60
2.00
2.45
0.06
0.05
1.22
0.69
0.30
0.13
12.92
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.10
2.01
1.30
1.00
3.63
2.38
4,00
1.50
1.50
3.00
0.96
3.75
0.58
1.00
1.00
1.82
1.09
10
1,00
1.43
1.00
3.00
3.50
0.12
0.12
2.80
1.00
0.52
0.25
32.00
8.00
4.00
8.00
4.00
3.25
3.23
1.43
8.00
3.25
6.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
1.00
4.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
3.00
1.50
25
2.00
2.75
2.00
6.50
7.00
0.30
0.35
6.00
2.25
1.00
0.52
64.00
25.20
8.00
16.00
8.00
7.00
8.00
2.75
16.00
6.00
12.00
5.22
6.12
9.00
2.75
8.00
2.00
3.02
3.75
6.00
3.00
50
4.50
6.00
5.50
16.00
14.00
0.94
1.00
10.88
4.50
2.25
2.00
256.00
64.00
16.00
32.00
20.48
13.00
16.00
8.00
64.00
12.00
16.00
12.00
16.00
16.00
6.00
15.00
4.00
8.00
7.75
12.00
6.00
75
10.00
12.00
16.00
32.00
30.00
2.40
3.00
32.00
12.00
8.00
6.00
384.00
148.48
64.00
64.00
64.00
32.00
60.00
13.00
128.00
14.00
36.00
16.00
48.00
48.00
15.50
32.00
8.00
14.25
16.00
28.00
10.75
90
24.00
24.00
48.00
96.00
64.00
8.00
8.00
64.00
24.00
18.00
12.65
857.60
384.00
128.00
128.00
128.00
65.00
128.00
32.00
448.00
28.00
80.00
39.00
100.80
128.00
36.00
77.00
15.00
32.00
24.00
64.00
16.00
95
36.00
33.00
119.20
192.00
96.00
18.00
20.00
138.70
41.20
32.00
24.00
1280.00
640.00
256.00
256.00
256.00
104.00
256.00
42.60
640.00
33.00
160.00
75.00
156.00
222.00
64.00
140.00
24.60
38.60
58.40
96.00
20.55
99
99.36
121.84
384.00
845.00
204.40
67.44
128.00
665.60
192.00
128.00
109.84
2560.00
1532.16
768.00
512.00
640.00
240.00
867.75
199.80
979.20
98.40
480.00
212.00
557.76
1167.36
240.00
NA
627.00
NA
NA
443.52
113.04
Max.
180.00
450.00
1600.00
5120.00
1144.00
181.80
1280.00
1024.00
312.00
1280.00
1024.00
6400.00
5120.00
3840.00
2560.00
3200.00
1053.00
1920.00
1280.00
3200.00
120,00
2560.00
672.00
900.00
3840.00
864.00
360.00
1050.00
78.00
160.00
960.00
120.00
3
OS
i
§
8
3
I
I
-------
g
§
ST
a
1=
Q
Table 16-5, Time Exposed After Duration of Use for Household Solvent Products (users-only)
Products
Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellenis/Proteetors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids or Dcgreasers
Wood Floor and Paneling Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesives
Adhesive Removers
Silicone Lubricants
Other Lubricanls (excluding Automotive)
Specialized Electronic Cleaners
(for TVs, Etc.)
Latex Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Stains, Varnishes, and Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thirmers
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primers and Special Primers
Aerosol Rust Removers
Outdoor Water Repellents
(for Wood or Cement)
Glass Frostings, Window Tints, and Artificial
Snow
Engine Degreascrs
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Cars
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Cars
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake QuietersCleaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
Ignition and Wire Dryers
NA = Not Available
Source: Westat. 1987a
Mean
(mins)
31,40
37.95
43.65
33.29
96.75
124.70
68.88
94.12
30.77
47.45
117.24
91.38
44.56
48,33
31.38
32.86
12.70
22.28
15.06
8.33
137.87
4.52
7.51
10.71
11.37
4.54
5.29
3,25
10.27
27.56
1.51
6.39
Percentile Rankings for Time Exposed After Duration of Use (minutes)
Std.
dev.
80.50
111.40
106.97
90.39
192.88
153.46
163,72
157.69
107.39
127.11
154.38
254.61
155,19
156.44
103.07
105.62
62.80
65.57
47.58
43.25
243.21
24.39
68.50
45.53
45,08
30.67
29.50
17.27
30..02
58.54
20.43
31.63
Win.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
.0,00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
25
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
5.00
30.00
1.00
1.75
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0,00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
50
5.00
3.00
5..00
3.00
30.00
60.00
10.00
20,00
0.00
2.00
60.00
5.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
0,00
60.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
75
20.00
20.00
30.00
28.75
120.00
180.00
60.00 ,
120,00 '
10,00
30.00
180.00
60.00
30.00
30.00
20.00
15.00
1.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
180.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
12.50
0.00
0.00
90
120.00
120.00
120.00
60.00
240.00
360.00
180.00
360.00
60.00
120.00
300.00
240.00
120,00
120.00
60.00
60,00
30.00
60.00
60.00
5,00
360.00
0.00
0.10
17.50
20,00
2.00
5.00
2.90
30.00
120.00
0.00
0,10
95
120.00
240.00
240.00
180.00
480.00
480.00
360.00
480.00
180.00
240.00
480.00
480.00
240.00
240.00
180.00
180.00
60.00
120.00
60.00
58.50
480.00
15.50
30.00
60.00
77.25
15.00
22.50
15.00
120.00
180.00
0.00
30.00
99
480.00
480.00
480.00
480.00
1062.00
600.00
720.00
720.00
480.00
485.40
720.00
1440.00
480.00
694.00
541.20
480.00
260.50
319.20
190.20
309.60
1440.00
120.00
120.60
282.00
360.00
70.20
NA
120.00
NA
NA
30.00
216.60
Max.
720,00
1800,00
1440.00
1440.00 .
1440.00
1800,00
2100.00
720.00
1440.00
1440.00
1440.00
2880.00
2880.00
2880.00
1440.00
1440.00
1440.00
720.00
600.00
420,00
1800.00
360.00
1800.00
480.00
360.00
420.00
240,00
180.00
120.00
240.00
480.00
240.00
OS Ki
I I
f} k-
O O
1 'f
I
I
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-6. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Adhesive Removers
No. of Times
Used Within the Minutes
Last 12 Months Using
N=58 N=52
Mean 1.66 172.87
Standard deviation 1 .67 304.50
Minimum Value .00 5.00
1st Pcrcentilc .00 5.00
5th Percentiie .00 10.00
10th Percentiie .00 15.00
25th Percentile .00 29.50
Median Value 1.00 120.00
75th Percentiie 2.00 240.00
90th Percentiie 3.00 480.00
95th Percentiie 5.00 1440.00
99th Percentiie 12.00 1440.00
Maximum Value 12.00 1440.00
* Includes those who did not spend anytime in the room
11 Includes only those who spent time in the room.
Source: Abt. 1992.
Minutes in Room
After Using"
N=51
13.79
67.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
120.00
420.00
420.00
after use.
Minutes in
Room After
Usingb
N=5
143.37
169.31
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
20.00
120.00
420.00
420.00
420.00
420.00
1440.00
Amount Used in Past
Year (Fluid oz.)
N=51
96.95
213.20
13.00
13.00
13.00
16.00
16.00
32.00
96.00
128.00
384.00
1280.00
1280.00
Amount per
Use (Fluid oz.)
N=51
81.84
210.44
5.20
5.20
6.50
10.67
16.00
26.00
64.00
128.00
192.00
1280.00
1280.00
Table 16-7. Adhesive Remover Usage by Gender
Gender
Mean number of months since last time adhesive remover was used - includes ajl
respondents. (Unweighted N=240)
Mean number of uses of product in the past year.
Mean number of minutes spent with the product during last use.
Mean number of minutes spent in the room after last use of product. (Includes all
recent users)
Mean number of minutes spent in the room after last use of product. (Includes only
those who did not leave immediately)
Mean ounces of product used in the past year.
Mean ounces of product used per use in the past year.
Male
N=25
35.33
1.94
127.95
19.76
143.37
70.48
48.70
Female
N=33
43.89
1.30
233.43
0
0
139.71
130.36
Source: Abt, 1992.
Page
16-14
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-8, Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Spray Paint
Mean
Standard deviation
Minimum Value
1st Percentile
5th Percentile
10th Percentile
25th Percentile
Median Value
75th Percentile
90th Percentile
95th Percentile
99th Percentile
Maximum Value
No. of Times
Used Within the
Last 12 Months
N=775
8.23
31.98
1.00
1.00
1.00
1. 00
1.00
2.00
4.00
11.00
20.00
104.00
365.00
Minutes
Using
N=786
40.87
71.71
1.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
45.00
90.00
120.00
360.00
960.00
a Includes those who did not spend anytime in the room
b Includes only those who spent time in the room.
Source: Abt, 1992.
Minutes in Room
After Using"
N=791
3.55
" 22.03
0.00'
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
120.00
300.00
after use.
Minutes in Room
After Usingb
N=35
65.06
70.02
1.00
1.00
1.00
10.00
15.00
30.00
60.00
120.00
120.00
300.00
300.00
Amount Used in
Past Year
(Ruid oz.)
N=778
83.92
175.32
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
26.00
65.00
156.00
260.00
1 170.00
1664.00
Amount per
Use (Fluid oz.)
N=778
19.04
25.34
0.36
0.36
3.47
6.50
9.75
13.00
21.67
36.11
52.00 .
104.00
312.00
Table 16-9. Spray Paint Usage by Gender
Gender
Mean number of months since last time spray paint was used - includes all
respondents. (Unweighted N= 1724)
Mean number of uses of product in the past year.
Mean number of minutes spent with the product during last use.
Mean number of minutes spent in the room after last use of product. (Includes all
recent users)
Mean number of minutes spent in the room after last use of product. (Includes only
those who did not leave immediately)
Mean ounces of product used in the past year.
Mean ounces of product used per use in the past year.
Male
N=405
17.39
10.45
40.87
5.49
67.76
103.07
18.50
Female
N=386
26.46
4.63
40.88
-. 0.40
34.69
59.99
19.92
Source: Abt, 1992.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-15
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-10, Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Paint Removers/Strippers
Mean
Standard deviation
Minimum Value
1st Perccntile
Sth Pcrcentite
10th Percentile
25th Perecntile
Median Value
75th Percentile
90th Pcrcenlile
95th Percentile
99th Percentile
Maximum Value
No, of Times
Used Within the
Last 12 Months
N=316
3.54
7.32
1.00
1,00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
6.00
12.00
50.00
70.00
Minutes Minutes in Room
Using After Using3
N=390 N=390
144.59
175.54
2.00
5.00
15.00
20.00
45.00
120.00
180.00
360.00
480.00
720.00
1440.00
12.96
85.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0,00
0.00
10.00
60.00
180.00
1440.00
Minutes in Room
After Using"
N=39
93.88
211.71
1. 00
1.00
1.00
3.00
10.00
60.00
120.00
180.00
420.00
1440.00
1440.00
Amount Used in
Past Year
(Fluid oz.)
N=307
142.05
321.73
15.00
15.00
16.00
16.00
32.00
64,00
128.00
256.00
384.00
1920.00
3200.00
Amount per
Use (Fluid oz.)
N=307
64.84
. 157.50
0.35
2.67
8.00
10.67
16.00
32.00
64.00
128.00
192.00
320.00
2560,00
* Includes those who did not spend anytime in the room after use.
6 Includes only those who spent time in the room.
Source: Abt, 1992.
Table 16-11. Paint Stripper Usage by Gender
Gender
Mean number or months since last time paint stripper was used - includes all
respondents. (Unweighted N=1724)
Mean number of uses of product in the past year.
Mean number of minutes spent with the product during last use.
Mean number of minutes spent in the room after last use of product. (Includes all
recent users)
Mean number of minutes spent in the room after last use of product, (Includes only
those who did not leave immediately)
Mean ounces of product used in the past year.
Mean ounces of product used per use in the past year.
Male
N=156
32.07
3.88
136.70
15.07
101.42
160.27
74.32
Female
N=162
47.63
3.01
156,85
9.80
80.15
1 14.05
50.29
Source: Abt. 1992.
Page
16-16
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume /// - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-12.
Tasks
Clean Bathroom Sinks and Tubs
Clean Kitchen Sinks
Clean Inside of Cabinets
(such as kitchen)
Clean Outside of Cabinets
Wipe Off Kitchen Counters
Thoroughly Clean Counters
Clean Bathroom Floors
Clean Kitchen Floors
Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type
Used by Task for Household Cleaning Products
Mean (hrs/year) Median
(hrs/yeart
44 - 26
41 18
12 5
21 6
92 55
24 13
20 9
31 14
Clean Bathroom or Other Tilted or Ceramic Walls 1 6 9
Product Type
Used
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Percent of
Preference
29%
44%
16%
10%
1%
31%
61%
2%
4%
2%
68%
12%
2%
16%
2%
61%
8%
16%
13%
2%
67%
13%
2%
15%
3%
56%
21%
5%
17%
1%
70%
21%'
2%
4%
3%
70%
27%
2%
1%
-
37%
18%
17%
25%
3% '
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-17
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-12. Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type
Task for Household Cleaning Products (continued)
Mean (hrs/year) Median
Tasks (hrs/year)
Clean Outside of Windows 1 3 6
Clean Inside of Windows 18 6
Clean Glass Surfaces Such as Mirrors & Tables 34 13
Clean Outside of Refrigerator and Other Appliances 27 13
Clean Spots or Dirt on Walls or Doors 1 9 8
Finishes
Used by
Product Type
Used
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Percent of
Preference
27%
2%
6%
65%
•-
24%
\%
8%
66%
2%
13%
1%
8%
76%
2%
48%
3%
7%
38%
4%
46%
15%
4%
30%
4%
Source: Weslat, I987b.
Page
16-18
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume /// - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-13. Percentile Rankings for Total Exposure Time in Performing Household Tasks
Percentile Rankings for Total Exposure Exposure Time Performing Task
(hrs/yr)
Tasks
Clean Bathroom Sinks and Tubs
Clean Kitchen Sinks
Clean Inside of Kitchen Cabinets
Clean Outside of Cabinets
Wipe Off Kitchen Counters
Thoroughly Clean Counters
Clean Bathroom Floors
Clean Kitchen Floors
Clean Bathroom or Other Tilted or Ceramic
Walls
Clean Outside of Windows
Clean Inside of Windows
Clean Glass Surfaces Such as Mirrors & Tables
Clean Outside Refrigerator and Other
Appliances
Clean Spots or Din on Walls or Doors
100th
365
547.5
208
780
912.5
547.5
365
730
208
468
273
1460
365
312
95th
121.67
121.67
48
78.66
456.25
94.43
71.49
96.98
52
32.6
72
104
95.29
78
90th
91.25
97.6
32.48
36
231.16
52
.36.83
52
36
24
36
60.83
91.25
52
75th
52
60.83
12
17.33
91.25
26
26
26
26
11.5
19.5
26
30.42
24
50th
26
18.25
4.75
6
54.75
13
8.67
14
8.67
6
6
13
13
" 8
25th
13
8.67
2
2
24.33
6
4.33
8.67
3
2
3
6
4.33
2
10th
5.2
3.47
1
0.967
12.17
1.75
2
4.33
1
1.5
1.15
1.73 '
1.81
0.568
Oth
0.4
0.33
0.17
0.07
1.2
0.17
0.1
0.5
0.17
0.07
0.07
0.17
0.1
0.07
Source: Westat, 1987b.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-19
-------
K4
Q>
en
&
Table 16-14. Mean Perccntile Rankings for Frequency of Performing Household Tasks
Pcrcentile Rankings
Tasks
Clean bathroom sinks and lubs
Clean kitchen sinks
Clean inside of cabinets such as those in the
kitchen
Clean outside of cabinets
Wipe off counters such as those in the
kitchen
Thoroughly clean counters
Clean bathroom floors
Clean kitchen floors
Clean bathroom or other tiled or ceramic
walls
Clean outside of windows
Clean inside of windows
Clean other glass surfaces such as mirrors
and tables
Clean outside of refrigerator and other
appliances
Clean spots or din on walls or doors
Mean
3 x/week
7 x/week
9 x/year
3 x/month
2 x/day
8 x/month
6 x/month
fix/month
4 x/month
5 x/year
10 x/year
7 x/moeth
10 x/monih
6 x/month
Oth
0.2 x/week
0 x/week
1 x/year
0.1 x/month
0 x/day
0.1 x/month
0.2 x/month
0.1 x/month
0.1 x/monih
1 x/year
1 x/year
0.1 x/month
0.2 x/month
0.1 x/month
10th
1 x/week
1 x/week
1 x/year
0.1 x/month
0.4 x/day
0.8 x/month
1 x/month
1 x/month
0.2 x/month
1 x/year
1 x/year
1 x/mondi
1 x/month
0.2 x/month
25th
1 x/weck
2 x/week
1 x/ycar
0.3 x/monlh
1 x/day
1 x/month
2 x/month
2 x/month
1 x/month
1 x/year
2 x/year
2 x/month
2 x/month
0.3 x/month
50th
2 x/week
7 x/week
2 x/year
1 x/month
1 x/day
4 x/month
4 x/month
4 x/month
2 x/month
2 x/year
4 x/year
4 x/month
4 x/monih
1 x/month
75th
3.5 x/week
7 x/week
12 x/year
4 x/monih
3 x/day
4 x/month
4 x/month
4 x/month
4 x/month
4 x/year
12 x/year
4 x/month
13 x/month
4 x/monih
90th
7 x/week
15 x/week
12 x/year
4 x/month
4 x/day
30 x/month
13 x/month
13 x/month
9 x/month
12 x/year
24 x/year
17 x/month
30 x/month
1 3 x/month
95th
7 x/weck
21 x/week
52 x/ycar
22 x/month
6 x/day
30 x/month
30 x/month
30 x/month
13 x/monih
12 x/year
52 x/ycar
30 x/month
30 x/month
30 x/monih
100th
42 x/week
28 x/week
156 x/year
30 x/month
16 x/day
183 x/month
30 x/month
30 x/month
30 x/month
156 x/year
156 x/year
61 x/month
61 x/month
152 x/month
Source: Westat, 1987b.
05
K
§
?
I
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
16-15. Mean and Percentile Rankings for Exposure Time Per Event of Performing Household Tasks
Tasks
Clean bathroom sinks and tubs
Clean kitchen sinks
Clean inside of cabinets such as those in the
kitchen
Clean outside of cabinets
Wipe off counters such as those in the kitchen
Thoroughly clean counters
Clean bathroom floors
Clean kitchen floors
Clean bathroom or other tiled or ceramic walls
Clean outside of windows
Clean inside of windows
Clean other glass surfaces such as mirrors and
tables
Clean outside of refrigerator and other
appliances
Clean spots or dirt on walls or doors
Mean
(minutes/event)
20
10
137
52
9
25
16
30
34
180
127
24
19
50
Percentile Rankings (minutes/event)
Oth
1
1
5
1
1
1
I
2
1
4
4
1
1
1
10th
5
2
24
5
2
5
5
10
5
30
20
5
4
5
25th
10
3
44
15
3
10
10
15
15
60
45
10
5
10
50th
15
5
120
30
5
15
15
20
30
120
90
15
10
20
75th
30
10
180
60
10
30
20
30
45
240
158
30
20
60
90th
45
15
240
120
15
60'
30
60
60
420
300
60
30
120
95th
60
20
360
180
30
90
38
60
120
480
381
60
45
216
1 00th
90
480
2,880
330
120
180
60
180
240
1,200
1,200
180
240
960
Source: Westal, 1987b.
Table 16-16. Total Exposure Time for Ten Product Groups Most Frequently Used for Household Cleaning"
Products
Mean
(hrs/yr)
Percentile Rankings of Total Exposure Time
(hrs/yr)
Oth
10th
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
100th
Dish Detergents
Glass Cleaners
Floor Cleaners
Furniture Polish
Bathroom Tile Cleaners
Liquid Cleansers
Scouring Powders
Laundry Detergents
Rug Cleaners/Shampoos
All Purpose Cleaners
107
67
52
32
47
68
78
66
12
64
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
3
4
0.3
2
2
9
8
0.3
4
24
12
7
1
8
9
17
14
0.3
9
56
29
22
12
17
22
35
48
9
26
134
62
52
36
48
52
92
103
26
77
274
139
102
101
115
122
165
174
26
174
486
260
414
215
287
215
281
202
26
262
941
1,508
449
243
369
2,381
747
202
26
677
a The data in Table 16-15 above reflect for only the 14 tasks included in the survey. Therefore, many of the durations reported in the table
underestimate the hours of the use of the product group. For example, use of dish detergents to wash dishes is not included.
Source: Westat. 1987b.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-21
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-17. Total Exposure Time of Painting Activity of Interior Painters (hours)
Mean
Types of Paint (hrs) Sid. dev.
Latex 12.2 1 1..28
Oil-based 10.68 15.56
Wood Stains and Varnishes 8.57 10.85
Percentile Rankings for Duration of Painting Activity
(hrs)
Win. 10 25 50 75 '90 95 Max.
13 4 9 15 24 40 248
1 1.6 3 6 10 21.6 65.6 72
11 2 4 9.3 24 40 42
Source: Westat, 1987c.
Table 16-18. Exposure Time of Interior Painting Activity/Occasion (hours) and Frequency of Occasions Spent Painting Per Year
Types of Paint Duration of Frequency of
Painting/Occasion Occasions Spent
(hrs) Painting/Year
Mean Median Mean Std. dev.
Latex 2.97 3 4.16 5.54
Oil-based 2.14 3 5.06 11.98
Wood Stains and 2.1S 2 4.02 4.89
Varnishes
Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Occasions Spent Painting
Min 10 25 50 75 90 95 Max.
112 3 4 9 10 62
111 2 4 8 26 72
111 2 4 9 20 20
Source: Westat, 1987c.
Table 16-19. Amount of Paint Used by Interior Painters
Median
Types of Paint (gallons)
Latex 3.0
Oil-based 2.0
Wood Stains and 0.75
Varnishes
Percentile Rankings for Amount of Paint Used
Mean Std. (gallons)
(gallons) dev.
Min 10 25 50 75 90 95 Max.
3.89 4.56 0.13 1 2 3 5 8 10 50
2.55 3.03 0.13 0.25 0.5 2 3. 7 12 12
0.88 0.81 0.13 0.14 0.25 0.75 1 2 2 4.25
Source: Westat, 1987c.
Page
16-22
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-20. Number of Respondents Using Cologne, Perfume, Aftershave or Other Fragrances at Specified Daily Frequencies
Number of Times Used in a Dav
Population Group
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Age (Years)
*
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing Data; DK = Don't Know
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Total N
2223
912
1311
33
26
144
1735
285
1781
242
30
38
111
21
2012
182
11
18
157
1195
240
618
13
208
190
739
504
331
251
459
530
813
421
1480
743
604
588
568
463
2075
143
5
2161
52
10
2112
103
8
Refused =
1-2
2100
868
1232
31
24
133
1635
277
1684
233
30
35
98
20
1909
165
9
17
145
1125
228
591
11
194
177
704
4§0
308
237
434
502
766
398
1402
698
574
549
535
442
1959
136
5
2043
47
10
1994
98
8
' 3-5
113
44
69
1
2
9
93
8
91
7
*
3
11
1
95
15
2
1
10
67
11
23
2
12
13
32
21
21
14
21
25
46
21
71
42
26
36
31
20
106
7
" *
108
5
*
• 108
5
*
Respondents Refused to Answer; N
6-9
4
*
4
1
*
*
3
*
4
*
*
*
*
*
4
*
*
*
*
2
*
2
*
*
*
2
*
2
*
3
1
*
*
3
1
1
1
2
*
4
*
*
4
*
*
4
*
*
= Number of Respondents
10+
2
*
2
*
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
*
1
*
1
1
*
*
1
*
I
*
*
1
*
Hi
1
*
*
*
*
1
1
*
2
1
1
*
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
2
*
*
DK
4
*
4
*
#
i
3
*
2
1
*
*
1
*
3
i
* .
*
i
i
*
2
*
1
*
1
2
*
*
1
2
*
I
4
#
2
1
#
i
4
*
*
4
*
*
4
*
#
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-23
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 1 6-2 1 . Number of Respondents Using Any Aerosol Spray Product for Personal Care Item
Such as Deodorant or Hair Spray at Specified Daily Frequencies
Population Group
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
0
14
5-11
12-17
1844
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
0
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
0
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
Ho
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing Data; "DK" =
Source: Tsang And Kleoeis, 1996
Number of Times
Total N
1491
528
962-
1
27
40
75
103
1071
175
1232
131
24
22
73
9
1359
119
6
7
210
714
152
404
11
240
128
528
311
161
123
292
340
585
274
994
497
381
408
400
302
1387
100
4
1451
35
5
1411
74
6
1
1019
375
644
0
14
30
57
53
724
141
855
84
18
12
45
5
937
74
3
5
137
492
99
284
7
151
83
365
212
115
93
201
227
388
203
695
324
264
269
282
204
950
66
3
990
26
3
972
44
3
Don't Kaow; Refused =
2
352
125
226
1
8
9
14
31
263
27
285
32
5
8
19
3
316
32
2
2
52
171
35
92
2
61
37
121
77
34
22
70
85
148
' 49
220
132
86
104
86
76
327
24
1
344
7
1
' 322
29
1
Respondents
3
57
14
43
0
1
0
1
12
39
4
47
5
0
1
4
0
49
7
1
0
11
24
7
14
1
14
2
23
7
8
3
8
14
23
12
35
22
15
12
21
9
53
4
0
55
1
I
55
1
1
Refused To
4
22
4
18
0
2
0
1
4
15
0
17
3
0
0
1
1
20
2
0
0
4
11
0
6
1
6
I
7
3
1
4
8
4
8
2
17
5
5
9
5
3
20
2
0
22
0
0
22
0
0
Answer;
5
17
3
14
0
1
1
1
1
13
0
8
5
0
0
4
0
13
4
0
0
3
5
5
4
0
4
1
5 ,
6
1
0
1
3
8
5
12
5
4
9
2
2
15
2
0
17
0
0
17
0
0
Used in a Day
6
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
7
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0 '
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
10
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
0
2
1
2
0
3
0
0
3
0
0
10+
10
2
8
0
0
0
0
1
8
1
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
1
4
4
1
0
2
2
1
4
1
0
1
3
4
2
7
3
4
1
1
4
10
0
0
9
1
0
9
0
1
DK
8
3
5
0
1
0
0
0
5
2
5
2'
1
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
4
2
2
0
0
2
3
1
1
1
3
2
3
0
6
2
3
2
2
1
8
0
0
g
0
0
8
0
0
N= Sample Size
Page
16-24
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-22. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Freshly Applied Paints (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) " 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
276
145
131
7
12
20
212
20
241
16
3
. 2
12
257
17
145
31
61
13
74
72
42
30
60
70
90
56
222
54
67
74
76
59
257
19
270
6
265
11
1
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
20
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
45
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
20
10
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
I
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
45
0
0
Note: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
5 10
1 2
1 2
1 3
3 3
5 15
0.5 3
1 2
0 2.5
2 4
0 1
20 20
10 10
0 1
1 3
0 1
2 3
0 1
0 2
0 1
1 5
2 2
0 1
3 4.5
2 5
0 2
1 2
1 3
1 2
0 5
2 3
1 2.
0 2
2 5
1 2
1 2
1 2
45 45
1 3
0 2
120 minutes
25 50
15 60
10 48
15 120
5 15
20 45
8 45
11 60
17.5 90
15 60
2.5 10
20 30
10 20
3.5 27.5
15 60
6 45
10 60
30 60
30 120
5 45
20 120
12.5 105
6 60
15 30
25 120
10 55
10 47.5
12.5 75
15 60
15 45
15 60
10 30
13.5 90
20 120
15 60
10 45
12 60
60 121
15 60
5 45
were spent; n
75
121
121
121
121
120
75
121
121
121
90
60
30
120.5
121
121
12!
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
90
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
60
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
95
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
60
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121 ,
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
98
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
60
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
60
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
*121
121
121
121
121
100
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
60
30
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
• 121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
= doer sample size; percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-25
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16- Consumer Products
Table 16-23. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Household Cleaning
Agents Such as Scouring Powders or Ammonia (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Population Group N
Overall 905
Gender Male 278
Gender Female 627
Age (years) 1-4 21
Age (years) 5-11 26
Ago (years) 12-17 41
Age (years) 18-64 672
Age (years) >64 127
Race White 721
Race Black 112
Race Asian 16
Race Some Others 19
Race Hispanic 30
Hispanic No 838
Hispanic Yes 58
Employment Full Time 422
Employment Part Time 98
Employment Not Employed 296
Education < High School 76
Education High School Graduate 304
Education < College 204
Education College Graduate 1 14
Education Post Graduate 109
Census Region Northeast 207
Census Region Midwest 180
Census Region South 309
Census Region West 209
Day of Week Weekday 580
Day of Week Weekend 325
Season Winter 240
Season Spring 220
Season Summer 244
Season Fall 201
Asthma No 826
Asthma Yes 79
Angina No 868
Angina Yes 33
Bronchitis/emphysema No 843
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 60
1
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note: A value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsane and Klepeis. 1996.
5
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
!
0
0
2
I
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
10
1
2
1
0
2
0
2
1
1
i
5
3
2.5
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
I
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
i
2
25
4
3
4
5
3
2
5
3
4
2
5
5
10
3
5
4
5
3
2
5
4.5
5
3
3
5
4
4
3
5
3
3
4
5
3
5
4
5
4
3.5
50
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
5
10
5
10
10
15
10
12.5
10
10
10
12.5
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
• 10
10
120 minutes were spent; n =
75
20
20
20
15
15
10
20
15
20
12
15
20
30
20
30
30
20
15
30
20
30
20
15
15
30
20
20
20
20
20
17.5
20
30
20
30
20'
30
20
32.5
90
60
60
60
20
30
40
60
30
60
30
20
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
120
60
120
60
30
45
75
60
60
60
60
75
52.5
30
90
60
120
60
120
60
120.5
doer sample size
95
121
121
120
30
30
60
121
60
121
90
30
60
90
121
120
121
121
120
121
120
121
90
60
120
121
120
121
121
90
121
104
60
121
120
121
121
121
120
121
98
121
121
121
121
30
60
121
120
121
121
30
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
30 30
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
30 30
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 -121
121 121
121 121
121 121
; percentiles are the
Page
16-26
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-24. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities (at home or elsewhere) Working with
or Near Floorwax, Furniture Wax or Shoe Polish (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
325
96
229
13
21
15
238
34
267
32
1
6
18
291
31
150
32
92
26
115
70
29
31
77
70
125
53
210
115
92
78
81
74
296
29
312
12
302
22
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
3
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 5
0 2
0 1
0 2
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 2
2 2
0 0
1 1 .
0 2
1 4
0.5 2
3 5
0 1
2 3
0 2
1 2
2 3
0 0
0 2
0 1
0 2
0 1
0 2
0 2
1 2
0 1
0 2
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 2
0 2
10
2
2
3
5
2
1
3
2
2
5
0
4
2
5
3
5
2
5
3
3
5
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
4
2
• 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
25
5
5
5
10
3
2
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
5
10
5
5'
5
10
7
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
50
10
11
10
15
5
10
15
10
10
15
22.5
12.5
10
10
15
15
10
10
12
15
30
10
10
10
10
15
10
10
13.5
15
15
10
10
15
10
10
10
10
Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent; n =
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klep'eis, 1996.
75
30
30
30
20
10
25
30
20
30
30
60
30
30
30
30
30
20
15
30
30
60
30
30
25
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
15
30
30
30
12.5
30
15
90
60
121
60
60
35
45
120
35
60
60
121
120
60
90
121
60
60
60
120
75
121
60
60
90
120
120
120
60
121
60
120
60
60
121
60
30
90
20
95
121
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121 '
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
120
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
20
98
121
121
121
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121- '121
121 121
121 121
121 ' 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 ' 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121-
doer sample size; percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-27
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-25. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Glue (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N 1
294 0
151 0
143 0
6 0
36 2
34 0
207 0
10 0
241 0
28 0
4 10
7 1
12 5
260 0
27 3
150 0
24 I
46 0
11 0
69 0
66 0
37 0
32 0
55 0
71 0
98 0
70 0
228 0
66 0
85 0
74 0
66 0
69 0
266 0
28 0
290 0
3 1
283 0
11 1
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
5
0
3
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
3
I
0
0
0
0
10
1
5
0
5
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•o
0
0
0
1
0
1
10
1
2
1
0
5
2
1
0
1
2
10
1
5
1
5
1
3
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
25 50
5 15
5 15
5 15
30 30
5 12.5
5 10
5 20
0 3.5
5 15
5 12.5
12.5 17.5
3 30
5 27.5
5 15
5 30
5 20
10 27.5
2 10
1 5
5 20
5 27.5
5 15
5 15
5 20
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 15
5 10
10 2*0
5 15
5 15
5 17.5
5 15
1 121
5 15
2 30
Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent;
of doers below or equal 10 a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsani and Klepeis. 1996.
75
60
70
30
30
25
30
90
60
60
45
40
90
90
60
120
120
90
30
10
90
121
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
45
30
121
60
60
40
60
121
60
121
90
121
121
121
50
30
30
121
120.5
121
121
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121-
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
95
121
121
121
50
60
60
121
121
121
121
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
98
121
121
121
50
120
120
121
121
121
121
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99
121
121
121
50
120
120
121
121
121
121
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
100
121
121
121
50
120
120
121
121
121
121
60
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
n = doer sample size; percentiles are the percentage
Page
16-28
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-26. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Solvents, Fumes or Strong Smelling Chemicals (minutes/day)
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education ' College Graduate.
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
495
258
237
7
16
38
407
21
413
40
8
8
23
449
41
299
44
91
35
138
128
69
60
101
122
165
107
362
133
128
127
149
91
445
50
489
6
469
26
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
2
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0.
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
10
2
2
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
3.5
5
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
1
1.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
0
2
2
25
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
2
5
9
10
2.5
5
5
5
10
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
Percentiles
50 75
20 121
30 121
15 90
5 60
5 17.5
10 60
30 121
5 15
20 121
60 121
37.5 120.5
5 60
30 121
20 121
20 121
30 121
22.5 121
10 60
15 121
30 121
30 121
30 121
27.5 121
20 121
30 121
20 121
20 121
30 121
15 90
20 95
20 121
21 121
30 121
20 121
15 121
20 121
15 121
20 121
17.5 60
90
121
121
121
121
45
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
95
121
121
121
121
70
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
Note: A Value of "121" for Number of Minutes Signifies That More than 120 Minutes Were Spent; N = Doer Sample Size;
Percentage of Doers below or Equal to a Given Number of Minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
98
121
121
121
121
70
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
70 70
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
Percentiles Are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-29
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
, Table 16-27. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Stain or Spot Removers (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 1-4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 1 8-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
109
42
67
3
3
7
87
9
88
9
2
3
7
97
12
62
8
25
6
34
22
16
16
21
25
38
25
75
34
26
30
37
16
100
9
109
105
4
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note: A value of " 1 2 1" for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis. 1996.
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
25
2
3
2
0
3
5
2
2
2
5
5
0
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
1
3
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
0.5
50
5
5
5
0
5
15
5
3
5
5
7.5
2
5
5
3
5
5
4
20
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1.5
120 minutes were spent; n
75
15
60
10
3
5
35
15
15
15
6
10
3
30
15
22.5
15
12.5
15
30
10
15
12.5
15
10
15
15
25
15
15
15
15
20
15
15
6
15
15
8.5
90 95
60 121
121 121
20 30
3 3
5 5
60 60
60 121
121 121
60 121
121 121
10 10
3 3
35 35
60 121
35 121
120 121
20 20
60 121
60 60
120 121
20 121
60 121
20 121
121 121
60 60
60 120
60 60
120 121
60 60
60 120
32.5 121
121 121
60 121
60 120.5
121 121
60 121
60 121
15 15
98
121
121
60
3
5
60
121
121
121
121
10
3
35
121
121
121
20
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
15
99 100
121 121
121 121
120 120
3 3
5 5
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
10 10
3 3
35 35
121 121
121 121
121 121
20 20
121 121
60 60
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 120
120 120
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
15 15
= doer sample size; percentiles are the
Page
16-30
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI-Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-28. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Gasoline or
Diesel-powered Equipment, Besides Automobiles (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Population Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) I -4
Age (years) 5-11
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education ' College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
390
271
119
14
12
25
312
26
355
15
8
2
8
367
19
237
33
66
33
135
89
48
30
57
117
151
65
278
112
97
no
119
64
361
28
381
7
368
21
I
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
2
0
1
0
1
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
15
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
2
1
1
0
I
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
I
1
0 '
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
I
1
1
0
2
0
15
0
2
Note: A value of " 12 1 " for number of minutes signifies that .more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsans and Ktepeis, 1996.
5
1
1
I
0
I
5
1
2
1
1
0
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
2
1
I
2
1
I
2
1
1
3
1
15
1
3
10
3
3
2
1
3
5
3
3
3
1
0
1
3
3
2
2
2
4
2
5
3
1
1.5
1
5
3
3
2
5
2
3
5
2
3
3
3'
15
3
3
120 minutes
25
10
15
8
5
7,5
13
15
10
15
2
5
1
10
10
5
20
10
10
6
20
15
10
10
10
15
10
10
10
15
10
10
15
5
10
30
- 10
20
15
5
50
60
60
30
22.5
25
35
60
25
60
15
11.5
23
105.5
60
30
90
45
30
60
90
60
60
30
60
90
60
45
60
45
60
60
60
30
60
120.5
60
45
60
45
were spent; n =
75 90
121 121
121 121
120 121
120 121
50 60
120 121
121 121
90 121
121 121"
121 121
17.5 90
45 45
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 .121
120 121
120 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
120 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 '121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
95
121
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
90
45
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
98
121
121
121
121
60
121
121
121
121
121
90
45
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
60 60.
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
90 90
45 45
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
doer sample size; percentiles are the
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-31
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-29. Number of Minutes Spent Using Any Microwave Oven (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Peculation Group
Overall
Gender Male
Gender Female
Age (years) 5-1 1
Age (years) 12-17
Age (years) 18-64
Age (years) > 64
Race White
Race Black
Race Asian
Race Some Others
Race Hispanic
Hispanic No
Hispanic Yes
Employment Full Time
Employment Part Time
Employment Not Employed
Education < High School
Education High School Graduate
Education < College
Education College Graduate
Education Post Graduate
Census Region Northeast
Census Region Midwest
Census Region South
Census Region West
Day of Week Weekday
Day of Week Weekend
Season Winter
Season Spring
Season Summer
Season Fall
Asthma No
Asthma Yes
Angina No
Angina Yes
Bronchitis/emphysema No
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes
N
2298
948
1350
62
141
1686
375
1953
182
38
29
74
2128
139
1114
237
734
190
717
518
347
288
420
545
831
502
1567
731
657
577
565
499
2109
180
2212
72
2164
124
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note: A Value of " 1 2 1 " for number of minutes signifies that more than
percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes,
Source: Tsane and Kleueis, 1996,
5
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
!
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
in
i
i
1.5
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1.5
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
I
1
i
2
1
2
1
1
120 minutes
25
3
2
3
1
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3 .
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
were spent
50
5
5
5
2
3
5
5
5
3
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
;n
75 90
10 15
10 15
10 20
5 10
5 10
10 15
10 20
10 16
6 15
10 20
10 30
10 15
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 20
10 20
10 20
10 20
10 18
10 15
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 16
10 15
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 20
10 15
10 19
10 15
10 15
10 15
10 30
= doer sample
95
30
30
30
15
15
25
30
30
20
30
30
45
30
30
30
30
30
33
30
30
25
20
30
30
30
20
25
30
30
30
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
98
40
40
42.5
20
30
45
60
40
30
60
50
120
35
120
34
60
45
60
45
60
30
30
60
35
45
,30 '
30
50
40
45
30
45
40
45
40
45
40
60
99 100
60 121
67 121
60 121
30 30
30 60
60 121
60 70
60 121
30 121
60 60
50 50
121 121
60 121
120 121
60 121
120 121
60 120
121 121
60 121
120 121
60 70
30 90
60 121
60 121
60 121
60 121
60 121
120 121
67 121
60 120
60 120
120 121
60 121
60 121
60 121
60 60
60 121
120 121
size; percemiles are the
Page
16-32
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III- Activity Factors
Chapter16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-30. Number of Respondents Using a Humidifier at Home
Frequency
Almost
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Reftised
Age (years)
*
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School •
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Eegion
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing Data;
Source: Tsatw and Klepeis,
Total N
J047
455
591
1
16
111
88
83
629
120
879
93
18
20
30
7
978
60
5
4
279
416
88
256
8
303
86
251
188
119
100
273
326
302
146
698
349
320
257
269
201
948
92
7
1015
24
8
994
48
5
Every
Day
300
135
165
*
3
33
18
21
183
42
268
24
3
1
2
2
286
11
3
*
70
124
22
82
2
74
27
85
53
32
29
84
102
83
31
196
104
135
58
56
51
272
27 •
1
290
8
2
278
21
1
DK= Don't Know; Reftised = Respondent Refused
1996.
3-5 Times a
Week
121
53
68
*
1
16
10
7
77
10
98
10
2
3
7
1
109
11
*
1
32
43
14
29
3
36
15
27
16
17
10
26
37
42
16
83
38
46
, 23
27
25
110
9
2
116
4
I
117
3
I
1-2 Times a 1 -2 Times a
Week Month
107
48
59
*
3
7
12
5
70
10
79
15
1
4
8
*
95
12
#
0
25
44
9
29
*
27
14
28
17
13
8
28
32
31
16
70
37
34
29
20
24
95
10
2
103
3
1
102
4
1
495
208
286
1
7
53
46
49
287
S3
414
42
11
12
13
3
466
25
2
2
147
194
43
109
2
160
29
104
97
56
49
132
142
141
80
335
160
98
144
155
98
448
45
2
482
9
4
473
20
2
DK
24
11
13
*
2
2
2
, 1
12
5
20
2
1
*
*
1
22
1
*
1
5
11
*
7
1
6
1
7
5
I
4
3
13
5
3
14
10
7
3
11
3
23
1
*
24
*
*
24
*
*
to Answer; N = Number of Respondents
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-33
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-31. Number of Respondents Indicating that Pesticides Were Applied by the Professional at Home
to Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies
Total N
Number of Times Over a 6-month Period
Pesticides Were Applied bv Professionals
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years
*
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
tfo
Yes
DK
Refused
Employment
*
Full Time
Pan Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
«
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing Data;
Source: Tsang and Klepeis,
1946
897
1048
1
33
113
150
143
1264
243
1532
231
24
38
100
21
1750
172
8
16
398
855
163
512
IS
436
137
483
416
272
202
335
318
875
418
1303
643
466
449
584
447
1766
167
13
1880
53
13
1833
101
12
DK= Don't know; Refused =
1996,
None
1057 '
498
558
1
17
60
84
90
660
146
856
107
13
24
45
12
960
83
5
9
229
463
84
272
9
246
80
265
218
137
111
201
202
404
250
702
355
247
240
324
246
969
80
8
1019
30
8
1004
46
7
1-2
562
248
314
*
8
35
37
40
387
55
429
78
10
8
33
4
499
56
3
4
111
252
50
145
4
122
31
140
131
87
51
85
84
298
95
374
188
129
128
172
133
509
50
3
549
10
3
524
36
2
Respondent Refused to Answer; N
3-5
134
64
70
*
4
11
10
5
89
15
98
20
1
4
10
1
121
12
*
1
24
59
14
35
2
27
11
26
28
25
17
2
17
63
34
91
43
29
30
40
35
121
13
*
131
3
*
127
7
*
6-9
150
64
86
*
4
6
18
6
97
19
117
17
#
2
11
3
130
18
9*
2
30
60
12
46 .
2
35
10
38
29
20
18
22
13
86
29
105
45
46
43
34
27
129
19
2
141
7
2
140
8
2
10+
20
11
9
#
*
1
1
#
15
3
14
4
*
*
1
1
19
1
#
*
2
11
2
5
*
2
1
9
4
2
2
3
*
11
6
16
4
9
3
6
2
16
4
*
19
1
*
18
1
1
DK
23
12
11
lit
4<
HI
*
2
16
5
18
5
#
*
*
#
21
2
*
*
2
10
1
9
1
4
4
5
6
1
3
4
2
13
4
15
8
6
5
8
4
22
1
*
21
2
*
20
3
*
= Number of Respondents
Page
16-34
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-32, Number of Respondents Reporting Pesticides Applied by the Consumer at Home
To Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies
Total N
Number of Times Over a 6-month
Period Pesticides Annlied bv Resident
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Refused
Age (years)
*
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race
White
Black
Asian
Some Others
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes •
DK
Refused
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
*
< High School
High School Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Post Graduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend.
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis/emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Note: * = Missing Data;
Source: Tsane and Weoeis,
1946
897
1048
1
33
113
150
143
1264
243
1532
231
24
38
100
21
1750
172
8
16
398
855
163
512
18
436
137
483
416
272
202
335
318
875
418
1303
643
466
449
584
447
1766
167
13
1880
53
13
1833
101
12
DK= Don't know; Refused =
1996.
None
721
318
403
*
13
46
50
45
473
94
574
81
4
11
41
10
647
66
2
6
139
298
67
209
8
157
44
184
157
97
82
112
108
363
138
485
236
190
170
204
157
643
73
5
696
21
4
675
41
5
1-2
754
367
386
1
12
46
70
64
477
85
600
77
15
12
42
8
677
67
3
7
176
342
66
163
7
189
50
196
158
97
64
131
145
316
162
503
251
153
192
233
176
695
54
5
731
19
4
715
35
4
Respondent Refused to Answer;
3-5
286
135
151
41
3
15
24
21
192
31
227
36
3
11
9
*
258
26
1
1
59
131
20
76
*
62
19
53
63
53
36
56
35
119
76
186
100
75
51
89
71
261
25
*
276
8
2
272
14
*
6-9
73
31
42
*
1
3
1
5
48
15
55
10
1
1
5
1
63
10
*
*
9
37
4
23
*
10
4
21
18
9
11
12
12
30
19
44
29
18
15
21
19
70
3
*
70
3
0
72
1
#
10+
83
35
48
*
4
3
4
8
55
9
50
25
1
2
3
2
76
3
2
2
14
35
5
27
2
17
14
18
16
12
6
19
12
37
IS
66
17
21
16
27
19
70
11
2
80
1
2
71
10
2
DK
29
11
18
*
*
*
1
*
19
9
26
2
*
1
*
*
29
#
*
*
1
12
1
14
1
1
6
11
4
4
3
5
6
10
8
19
10
9
5
10
5
27
I
1
27
1
1
28
*
1
N = Number of Respondents
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-35
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-33. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Pesticides, Including Bug Sprays or Bug Strips (minutes/day)
Percentiles
Category Population Group ^
Overall 257
Gender Male 121
Gender Female 136
Age (years) 1-4 6
Age (years) 5-11 16
Age (years) 12-17 10
Age (years) 18-64 190
Age (years) >64 31
Race White 199
Race Black 36
Race Asian 2
Race Some Others 4
Race Hispanic 15
Hispanic .No 231
Hispanic Yes 25
Employment Full Time 124
Employment Part Time 26
Employment Not Employed 75
Education < High School 20
Education High School Graduate 87
Education < College 56
Education College Graduate 29
Education Post Graduate 29
Census Region Northeast 45
Census Region Midwest 5 1
Census Region South 106
Census Region West 55
Day of Week Weekday 183
Day of Week Weekend 74
Season Winter 39
Season Spring 78
Season Summer 105
Season Fall 35
Asthma No 23 1
Asthma Yes 24
Angina No 244
Angina Yes 8
Bronchitis/emphysema No 240
Bronchitis/emphysema Yes 14
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
5
0
1
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
10
0
]
I
0
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
25
2
2
2
3
1.5
2
2
2
2
1
5
1.5
2
2
5
2
2
2
2.5
2
2-
I
3
5
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
50
10
10
0
10
7.5
2.5
10
5
10
3
7.5
6.5
20
10
20
10
5
5
22.5
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
10
5
75
60
90
35
15
30
40
88
15
60
20
10
10
12!
60
121
120.5
60
30
105.5
45
89
90
30
88
121
30
45
60
30
90
60
60
60
60
90.5
60
75.5
60
30
90
121
121
121
20
121
121
121
60
121
121
10
10
12!
121
12!
121
121
121
121
12!
121
121
121
121
121
12!
121
121
12!
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
95
121
12!
121
20
121
121
121
12!
121
121
10
10
12!
121
121
121
121
121
121
12!
121
121
121
12!
121
121
121
121
12!
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
98
121
121
121
20
121
121
121
121
121
121
10
10
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
12!
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
99 100
121 121
121 121
121 121
20 20
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
10 10
10 10
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
12! 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 12!
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
_ 121 121
121 12!
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
121 121
Note: A value of "121" for number of minutes signifies that more than 120 minutes were spent; n = doer sample size.
Percentiles are the percentage of doers below or equal to a given number of minutes.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
Page
16-36
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume HI- Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-34. Amount and Frequency of Use of Various Cosmetic and Baby Products
Product Type
Baby Lotion - baby use
Baby Lotion - adult use
Baby Oil - baby use
Baby Oil - adult use
C
Baby Powder - baby use
Baby Powder - adult use
C
Baby Cream - baby use
Baby Cream - adult use
c
Baby Shampoo - baby use
Baby Shampoo - adult use
Bath Oils
Bath Tablets
Bath Salts
Bubble Baths
Bath Capsules
Bath Crystals
Eyebrow Pencil
Eyeliner
Eye Shadow
Eye Lotion
Eye Makeup Remover
Mascara
Under Eye Cover
Blusher & Rouge
Face Powders
Foundations
Leg and Body Paints
Lipstick & Lip Gloss
Makeup Bases
Makeup Fixatives
Sunscreen
Colognes & Toilet Water
Perfumes
Amount of
Product Pefj
Application
(grams)
1.4
1.0
1.3
5.0
0.8
0.8
..
__
0.5
5.0
14.7
_.
18.9
11.8
_
--
--
--
-
-
~
--
--
0.011
0.085
0.265
-
, --
0.13
_
3.18
0.65
"0.23
Average Frequency of Use
(per day)
Upper 90th Percemile Frequency of Use
(per day)
Survey Type
CTFA
0.38
0.22
0.14
0.06
5.36
0.13
0.43
0.07
0.14
0.02
0.08
0.003
0.006
0.088
0.018
0.006
0.27
0.42
0.69
0.094
0.29
0.79
0.79
1.18
0.35
0.46
0.003
1.73
0.24
0.052
0.003 •
0.68
0.29
Cosmetic
Co.
1.0
0.19
1.2
0.13
1.5
0.22
1.3
0.10
„
-
0.19
0.008
0.013
0.13
0.019
--
0.49
0.68
0.78
0.34.
0,45
0.87
..
1.24
0.67
0.78
0.011
1.23
0.64
0.12
„
0.85
0.26
Market"
Research
Bureau
__
rt
0.24°
~
__
0.35d
..
__
__
O.llf
-
0.22g
„
-
„
__
-
-
0.27
0.40
-
-
0.46
-
0.55
0.33
0.47
--
2.62
-
-
0.002
0.56
0.38
CTFA
0.57
0.86
0.14
0.29
8.43
0.57
0.43
0.14
0.14
e
0.86
.0.29
0.1 4e
0.1 4C
0.43
0.29e
0.29e
1.0
1.43
1.43
0.43
1.0
1.29
0.29
2.0
1.29
1.0
0.146
4.0
0.86
0.14
0.1 4e
1.71
0.86
Survey Type
Cosmetic
Co.
2.0
1.0
3.0
0.57
3.0
1.0
3.0
0.146
—
—
0.86
0.146
0.146
0.57-
0.1 4e
0.1 4°
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
-
1.43
1.0
1.0
0.146
2.86
1.0
1.0
-
'1.43
1.0
Market
Research
Bureau
._
d
1.0
--
„
..od
..
„
„
0.43f
-
1.0g
„
-
...
..
--
--
1.0
1.0
-
-
1.5
..
1.5
1.0
1.5
-
6.0
--
-
0.005
1.5
1.5
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-37
-------
Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-34, Amount and Frequency of Use of Various Cosmetic and Baby Products (continued)
Product Type
Powders
Sachets
Fragrance Lotion
Hair Conditioners
Hair Sprays
Hair Rinses
Shampoos
Tonics and Dressings
Wave Sets
Dentifrices
Mouthwashes
Breath Fresheners
Nail Basecoats
Cuticle Softeners
Nail Creams & Lotions
Nail Extenders
Nail Polish & Enamel
Nail Polish & Enamel
Remover
Nail Undercoats
Bath Soaps
Underarm Deodorants
Douches
Feminine Hygiene
Deodorants
Cleansing Products (cold
creams, cleansing lotions
liquids & pads)
Depilatories
Face, Body & Hand Preps
(excluding shaving props)
Foot Powder & Sprays
Hormones
Moisturizers
Night Skin Care Products
Amount of
Product Pefj
Application
(grams)
2.01
0.2
12.4
-
12.7
16.4
2.85
2.6
_
-
-
0.23
0.66
0.56
0.28
3.06
_
2.6
0.52
_
1.7
_
3.5
0.53
1.33
Average Frequency of Use
(per day)
CTFA
0.18
0.0061
0.0061
0.4
0.25
0.064
0.82
0.073
0.003
1.62
0.42
0.052
0.052
0.040
0.070
0.003
0.16
0.088
0.049
1.53
1.01
0.013
0.021
0.63
0.0061
0.65
0.061
0.012
0.98
0.18
Survey Type
Cosmetic
Co.
0.39
0.034
0.40
0.55
0.18
0.59
0.021
0.040
0.67
0.62
0.43
0.13
0.10
0.14
0.013
0.20
0.19
0.12
0.95
0.80
0.089
0.084
0.80
0.051
0.079
0.028
0.88
0.50
Market6
Research
Bureau
-
0.27
0.32
-
0.48
2.12
0.58
0.46
--
-
—
0.07
-
~
-
1.10
0.085
0.05
0.54
0.009
1.12
0.63
-
Upper 90th
CTFA
1.0
0.14e
0.29E
1.0
1.0
0.29
1.0
0.29
_h
2.6
1.86
0.14
0.29
0.14
0.29
0.1 4S
0.71
0.29
0.14
3.0
1.29
0.1 4C
1.0=
1.71
0.016
2.0
0.576
0.57e
2.0
1.0
Percentile Frequency of Use
(per day)
Survey Type
Cosmetic
Co.
1.0
0.1 46
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.146
0.14
2.0
1.14
1.0
0.29
0.29
0.43
0.1 4e
0.43
0.43
0,29
1.43
1.29
0.29
0.29
2.0
0.14
0.29
0.14e
1.71
1.0
Market
Research
Bureau
„
0.86
1.0
„
1.0
4.0
1.5
0.57
..
-
—
1.0
-
--
--
2.0
0.29
0.14
1.5
0.033
2.14
1.5
„
Page
16-38
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 16 - Consumer Products
Table 16-34. Amount and Frequency of Use of Various Cosmetic and Baby Products (continued)
Product Type
Amount of
Product Peij
Application
(g)
Average Frequency of Use
(perday)
Upper 90th Percentile Frequency of Use
(perday)
Survey Type
Survey Type
CTFA
Cosmetic
Co,
Market
Research
Bureau
CTFA
Cosmetic
Co.
Market
Research
Bureau
Paste Masks (mud packs) 3.7 0.027
Skin Lighteners
Skin Fresheners & Astringents 2.0 0,33
Wrinkle Smoothers 0.38 0.021
(removers)
Facial Cream 0,55 0.0061
Permanent Wave 101 0,003
Hair Straighteners 0.156 0.0007
Hair Dye - 0.001
Hair Lighteners - 0.0003
Hair Bleaches -- 0.0005
Hair Tints - 0.0001
Hair Rinse (coloring) -- 0.0004
Shampoo (coloring) -- 0,0005
Hair Color Spray
Shave Cream 1.73
0.20
0.024
0,56
0.15
0.001
0.005
0.14
__d
1,0
1.0"
0.0061
0.0082
0.005"
0.004d
0.005d
0.02d
0.005d
0.02d
0.02"
0.43
0.14d
1.43
1.0
0.005
0.014
0.082
0.36
Values reported are the averages of the responses reported by the twenty companies interviewed.
(—'s) indicate no data available,
The averages shown for the Market Research Bureau are not true averages - this is due to the fact that in many cases the class of most
frequent users were indicated by " 1 or more" also ranges were used in many cases, i.e.," 10-12." The average, therefore, is underestimated
slightly. The " 1 or more" designation also skew the 90th percentile figures in many instances. The 90th percentile values may, in actuality,
be somewhat higher for many products.
Average usage among users only for baby products. .
Usage data reflected "entire household" use for both baby lotion and baby oil. :
Fewer than 10% of individuals surveyed used these products. Value listed is lowest frequency among individuals reporting usage. In the
case of wave sets, skin tighteners, and hair color spray, none of the individuals surveyed by the CTFA used this product during the period of
the study.
Usage data reflected "entire household" use.
Usage data reflected total bath product usage.
None of the individuals surveyed reported using this product.
Source: CTFA, 1983.
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
16-39
-------
Page Exposure Factors Handbook
16-40 August 1997
Table 16-35. Summary of Consumer Products Use Studies
Study Study Size Approach Relevant Population Comments
KEY STUDIES
Abt, 1992 4,997 product interviews; Direct - interviews and Adults Random digit dialing method used to select sample.
527 mailed questionnaires questionnaires Information on use of 3 products containing methyl
chloride was requested.
Westat, 1987a 4,920 individuals Direct - questionnaire 18+ yrs selected to be Waksberg Method {random digit dialing) used to select
representative of US sample. Respondents asked to recall use in past 2 months
population of 32 catagories of household products containing methyl
chloride.
Westat, 1987b 193 households Direct - telephone survey; 2 Adult household members Waksberg Method (random digit dialing) used to select
post-survey validation efforts: who do cleaning tasks in sample. Household use of cleaning products requested.
30 reinterviewed, then another household Phone survey during end of year holidays may reflect
50 reeinterviewed biased usage data. Two validation resurveys conducted 3
months after survey.
Westat, 1987c 777 households Direct - telephone survey; 1 Household members who Waksberg Method (random digit dialing) used to select
post-survey validation effort do painting tasks in sample. Painting product use information in past 12
conducted with 30 household months was requested. One validation resurvey
reinterviewed conducted 3 months after survey.
Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 9,386 individuals Direct - interviews and Representative of U.S. National Human Activity Patterns Survey (NHAPS).
questionnaires general population Participants selected using random Dial Digit (ROD) and
Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI). 24-
hour diary data, and follow-up questions; nationally
representative; represent all seasons, age groups, and
genders.
RELEVANT STUDY
CTFA, 1983 Survey 1: 47 women Survey 1: Direct- 1 wk Survey 1: 16-61 yr old Interviewees asked to recall their use of cosmetics and
employees and relatives or prospective survey females some baby products during a specific past time period.
employees Survey 2; Direct - prospective Survey 2: Customers of Surveys 1 and 2 had small populations, but Survey 3 had
Survey 2: 1,129 cosmetics survey cosmetic manufacturer large population selected to be representative of U.S.
purchasers Survey 3: Direct - 9.5 months. Survey 3: Market research population
Survey 3: 19,035 females prospective survey company sampled female
consumers nationwide
'
s
1
Ov
i
a
a
|
5.
I
3
«1
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u»
I
&
I
%
-------
Volume 111 - Activity Factors
Appendix 16A
APPENDIX 16A
SIMMONS MARKET RESEARCH DATA
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 UA-1
-------
-------
Volume 111 • Activity Factors
Appendix 16A
Table 16A-1. Volumes Included in 1992 Simmons Study
The volumes included in the Media series are as follows:
Ml Publications: Total Audiences
M2 Publications: Qualitative Measurements And In-Home Audiences
M3 Publications: Duplication Of Audiences
M4 Multi-Media Audiences: Adults
M5 Multi-Media Audiences: Males
M6 Multi-Media Audiences: Females and Mothers
M7 Business To Business
M8 Multi-Media Reach and Frequency and Television Attentiveness & Special Events
The following volumes are included in the Product series:
PI Automobiles, cycles, Trucks & Vans
P2 - Automotive Products & Services
P3 Travel
P4 Banking, Investments, Insurance, Credit Cards & Contributions, Memberships & Public Activities
P5 Games & Toys, Children's & Babies' Apparel & Specialty Products
P6 Computers, Books, Discs, Records, Tapes, Stereo, Telephones, TV & Video
P7 Appliances, Garden Care, Sewing & Photography
P8 Home Furnishings & Home Improvements
P9 Sports & Leisure
P10 Restaurants, Stores & Grocery Shopping
PI 1 Direct Mail & Other In-Home Shopping, Yellow Pages, Florist, Telegrams, Faxes & Greeting Cards
P12 Jewelry, Watches, Luggage, Writing Tools & Men's Apparel
P13 Women's Apparel
P14 Distilled Spirits, Mixed Drinks, Malt Beverages, Wine & Tobacco Products
P15 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, Milk, Soft Drinks, Juices & Bottled Water
P16 Dairy Products, Desserts, Baking & Bread Products
P17 Cereals & Spreads, Rice, Pasta, Pizza, Mexican Foods, Fruits & Vegetables
P18 Soup, Meat, Fish, Poultry, Condiments & Dressings
P19 Chewing Gum, Candy, Cookies & Snacks
P20 Soap, Laundry, Paper Products & Kitchen Wraps
P21 Household Cleaners, Room Deodorizers, Pest Controls & Pet Foods
P22 Health Care Products & Remedies
P23 Oral Hygiene Products, Skin Care, Deodorants & Drug Stores
P24 Hair Care, Shaving Products & Fragrances
P25 Women's Beauty Aids, Cosmetics & Personal Products
P26 Relative Volume of Consumption
Exposure Factors Handbook Page
August 1997 , , • 16A-3
-------
-------
Volume 111 - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
17. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
CHARACTERISTICS
17.1. INTRODUCTION
Unlike previous chapters in this handbook which
focus on human behavior or characteristics that affect
exposure, this chapter focuses on residence
characteristics. Assessment of exposure in residential
settings requires information on the availability of the
chemical(s) of concern at the point of exposure,
characteristics of the structure and microenvironment that
affect exposure, and human presence within the residence.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide data that are
available on residence characteristics that affect exposure
in an indoor environment. Source-receptor relationships
in residential exposure scenarios can be complex due to
interactions among sources, and transport/transformation
processes that result from chemical-specific and building-
specific factors. Figure 17-1 illustrates the complex
factors that must be considered when conducting exposure
assessments in a residential setting. In addition to sources
within the building, chemicals of concern may enter the
indoor environment from outdoor air, soil, gas, water
supply, tracked-in soil, and industrial work clothes worn
by the residents. Indoor concentrations are affected by
loss mechanisms, also illustrated in Figure 17-1, involving
chemical reactions, deposition to and re-emission from
surfaces, and transport out of the building. Particle-bound
chemicals can enter indoor air through resuspension.
Indoor air concentrations of gas-phase organic chemicals
are affected by the presence of reversible sinks formed by
a wide range of indoor materials. In addition, the activity
of human receptors greatly affects their exposure as they
move from room to room, entering and leaving the
exposure scene.
' Inhalation exposure assessments in residential and
other indoor settings are modeled by considering the
building as an assemblage of one or more well-mixed
zones. A zone is defined as one room, a group of
interconnected rooms, or an entire building. This
macroscopic level, well-mixed perspective forms the basis
for interpretation of measurement data as well as
simulation of hypothetical scenarios. Exposure assessment
models on a macroscopic level incorporate important
physical factors and processes. These well-mixed,
macroscopic models have been used to perform indoor air
quality simulations (Axley, 1989), as well as indoor air
exposure assessments (McKone, 1989; Ryan, 1991).
Nazzaroff and Cass (1986) and Wilkes et al. (1992) have
used code-intensive computer programs featuring finite
difference or finite element numerical techniques to model
mass balance. A simplified approach using desk top
spreadsheet programs has been used by Jennings et al.
(1985).
Exposure, E for Occupant(s)
Concentration, C
Source ,•"-. ;' '.•
Resuspension ; y) ';
Decay
Removal
Reversible
Sinks
Out
Figure 17-1. Elements of Residential Exposure
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
Page
17-1
-------
Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
In order to model mass balance of indoor
contaminants, the indoor air volume is represented as a
network of interconnected zones. Because conditions in
a given zone are determined by interactions with other
connecting zones, the multizone model is stated as a
system of simultaneous equations. The mathematical
framework for modeling indoor air has been reviewed by
Sinden (1978) and Sandberg (1984).
Indoor air quality models typically are not software
products that can be purchased as "off-the-shelf items.
Most existing software models are research tools that have
been developed for specific purposes and are being
continuously refined by researchers. Leading examples of
indoor air models implemented as software products are
as follows:
* CONTAM - developed at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
with support from U.S. EPA and the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) (Axley, 1988;
Grot, 1991; Walton, 1993);
» EXPOSURE - developed at the Indoor Air
Branch of U.S. EPA Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory
(EPA/AEERL) (Sparks, 1988, 1991);
• MCCEM -- the Multi-Chamber Consumer
Exposure Model developed for U.S EPA
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
(EPA/OPPT) (GEOMET, 1989; Koontzand
Nagda, 1991); and
• THERdbASE - the Total Human Exposure
Relational Data Base and Advanced
Simulation Environment software developed
by researchers at the Harry Reid Center for
Environmental Studies at University Nevada,
Las Vegas (UNLV) (Pandian et al., 1993).
Section 17.2 of this chapter summarizes existing
data on building characteristics (volumes, surface areas,
mechanical systems, and types of foundations). Section
17.3 summarizes transport phenomena that affect
chemical transport (airflow, chemical-specific deposition
and filtration, and effects of water supply and soil
tracking). Section 17.4 provides information on various
types of indoor sources associated with airborne exposure,
waterborne sources, and soil/house dust sources. Section
17.5 summarizes advanced concepts.
17.2. BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
17.2.1. Key Volumes of Residence Studies
Versar (1990) - Database on Perfluorocarbon
Tracer (PFT) Ventilation Measurements - A database of
time-averaged air exchange and interzonal airflow
measurements in more than 4,000 residences has been
compiled by Versar (1990) to allow researchers to access
these data (see Section 17.3.2). These data were collected
between 1982 and 1987. The residences that appear in
this database are not a random sample of U.S. homes;
however, they do represent a compilation of homes visited
in about 100 different field studies, some of which
involved random sampling. In each study, the house
volumes were directly measured or estimated. The
collective homes visited in these field projects are not
geographically balanced; a large fraction of these homes
are located in southern California. Statistical weighting
techniques were applied in developing estimates of
nationwide distributions (see Section 17.3.2) to
compensate for the geographic imbalance.
U.S. DOE (1995) - Housing Characteristics 1993,
Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) -
Measurement surveys have not been conducted to directly
characterize the range and distribution of volumes for a
random sample of U.S. residences. Related data,
however, are regularly collected through the U.S. DOE's
RECS (U.S. DOE, 1995). In addition to collecting
information on energy use, this triennial survey collects
data on housing characteristics including direct
measurements of total and heated floor space for buildings
visited by survey specialists. For the most recent survey
(1993), a multistage probability sample of over 7,000
residences was surveyed, representing 96 million
residences nationwide. The survey response rate was 81.2
percent. Volumes were estimated from the RECS
measurements by multiplying the heated floor space area
by an assumed ceiling height of 8 feet, recognizing that
this assumed height may not apply universally to all
homes.
Results for residential volume distributions from
the RECS (Thompson, 1995) are presented in Table 17-1.
Estimated parameters of residential volume distributions
(in cubic meters) from the PFT database (Versar, 1990)
are also summarized in Table 17-1, for comparison to the
RECS data. The arithmetic means from the two sources
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are identical (369 cubic meters). The medians (50th
percentiles) are very similar: 310 cubic meters for the
RECS data, and 321 cubic meters for the PFT database.
Cumulative frequency distributions from the two sources
(Figure 17-2) also are quite similar, especially between
the 50th and 75th percentiles.
Table 17-1. Summary of Residential Volume Distributions
in Cubic Meters3
Parameter
Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation
I Oth Percent! le
25th Percentile
50th Percentile
75th Percentile
90th Percentile
RECSD«a(l)
369
258
147
209
310
476
672
PFT Database (2)
369
209
167
225
321
473
575
a In cubic meters
Sources: (1) Thompson, 1995; (2) Versar, 1990
The RECS also provides relationships between
average residential floor areas and factors such as housing
type, ownership, household size and structure age. The
predominant housing type—single-family detached homes-
-also has the largest average volume (Table 17-2).
Multifamily units and mobile homes have volumes
averaging about half that of single-family detached homes,
with single-family attached homes about halfway between
these extremes. Within each category of housing type,
owner-occupied residences average about 50 percent
greater volume than rental units. The relationship of
residential volume to household size (Table 17-3) is of
particular interest for purposes of exposure assessment.
For example, one-person households would not include
children, and the data in the table indicate that multi-
person households occupy residences averaging about 50
percent greater volume than residences occupied by one-
person households.
100 200 300 400 500 600
Volune, citoic meters
700
800
900
1000
Figure 17-2. Cumulative Frequency Distributions for Residential Volumes
from the PFT Data Base and the U.S. DOE's RECs.
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Table 17-2. Average Estimated Volumes of U.S. Residences, by Housing Type and Ownership
Ownership
Owner-Occupied
Housing Type
Single-Family
(Detached)
Single-Family
(Attached)
Multifamily
(2-4 units)
Multifamily
(5+ Units)
Mobile Home
All Types
Volume0
(m3)
471
406
362
241
221
441
Percent
of Total
53.1
4.6
1.6
1.7
4.6
65.4
* Volumes calculated from floor areas assuming
Source: Adapted from U.S. DOE, 1995.
Rental
Volume"
(m3)
323
291
216
183
170
233
a ceiling height of 8
Percent
of Total
8.5
2.9
6.7
15.2
1.2
34.6
feet.
All Units
Volume"
(m3)
451
362
243
190
210
369
Percent
of Total
61.7
7.5
8.3
16.8
5.8
100.0
Table 17-3. Residential Volumes in Relation to Household
Size and Year of Construction
Volume8
(m3)
Percent of Total
Household Size
1 Person
2 Persons
3 Persons
4 Persons
5 Persons
6 or More Persons
All Sizes
Year of Construction
1939 or before
1940 to 1949
1950 to 1959
1960 to 1969
1970 to 1979
1980 to 1984
1985 to 1987
1988 to 1990
1991 to 1993
All Years
269
386
387
431
433
408
369
385
338
365
358
350
344
387
419
438
369
24.3
32.8
17.2
15.1
7.0
3.6
100.0
21.1
7.1
13.5
15.5
18.7
8.8
5.7
4.9
4.7
100.0
* Volumes calculated from floor areas assuming a ceiling height
of 8 feet.
Source: U.S. DOE. 1995.
Data on year of construction indicate a slight
decrease in residential volumes between 1950 and 1984,
followed by an increasing trend over the next decade. A
ceiling height of 8 feet was assumed in estimating the
average volumes, whereas there may have been some
time-related trends in ceiling height.
Murray (1996) - Analysis of RECS and PFT
Databases. Using a database from the 1993 RECS and an
assumed ceiling height of 8 feet, Murray (1996) estimated
a mean residential volume of 382 m3 using RECS
estimates of heated floor space. This estimate is slightly
different from the mean of 369 m3 given in Table 17-1.
Murray's (1996) sensitivity analysis indicated that when
a fixed ceiling height of 8 feet was replaced with a
randomly varying height with a mean of 8 feet, there was
little effect on the standard deviation of the estimated
distribution. From a separate analysis of the PFT
database, based on 1,751 individual household measure-
ments, Murray (1996) estimated an average volume of
369 m3, the same as previously given in Table 17-1. In
performing this analysis, the author carefully reviewed the
PFT database in an effort to use each residence only once,
for those residences thought to have multiple PFT
measurements.
17.2.2. Volumes and Surface Areas of Rooms
Room Volumes - Volumes of individual rooms are
dependent on the building size and configuration, but
summary data are not readily available. The exposure
assessor is advised to define specific rooms, or assemblies
of rooms, that best fit the scenario of interest. Most
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models for predicting indoor-air concentrations specify
airflows in cubic meters per hour and, correspondingly,
express volumes in cubic meters. A measurement in cubic
feet can be converted to cubic meters by multiplying the
value in cubic feet by 0.0283 m3/ft3. For example, a
bedroom that is 9 feet wide by 12 feet long by 8 feet high
has a volume of 864 cubic feet or 24.5 cubic meters.
Similarly, a living room with dimensions of 12 feet wide
by 20 feet long by 8 feet high has a volume of 1920 cubic
feet or 54.3 cubic meters, and a bathroom with dimensions
of 5 feet by 12 feet by 8 feet has a volume of 480 cubic
feet or 13.6 cubic meters.
Murray (1996) analyzed the distribution of selected
residential zones (i.e., a series of connected rooms) using
the PFT database. The author analyzed the "kitchen
zone" and the "bedroom zone" for houses in the Los
Angeles area that were labeled in this manner by field
researchers, and "basement," "first floor," and "second
floor" zones for houses outside of Los Angeles for which
the researchers labeled individual floors as zones. The
Surface Areas - The surface areas of floors are
commonly considered in relation to the room or house
volume, and their relative loadings are expressed as a
surface area-to-volume, or loading ratio. Table 17-4
provides the basis for calculating loading ratios for
typical-sized rooms. Constant features in the examples
are: a room width of 12 feet and a ceiling height of 8 feet
(typical for residential buildings), or a ceiling height 12
feet (typical for commercial buildings). The loading
ratios for the 8-foot ceiling height range from 0.98 m2m"3
to 2.18 m2m"3 for wall area and from 0.36 m2m"3 to 0.44
m2m"3 for floor area. In comparison, ASTM Standard E
1333 (ASTM, 1990), for large-chamber testing of
formaldehyde levels from wood products, specifies the
following loading ratios: (1) 0.95 m2m"3 for testing
plywood (assumes plywood or paneling on all four walls
of a typical size room); and (2) 0.43 m2m"3 for testing
particleboard (assumes that particleboard decking or
underlayment would be used as a substrate for the entire
floor of a structure).
Table 17-4. Dimensional Quantities for Residential Rooms
Nominal Dimensions
Eight Foot Ceiling
12'xl5'
12'.xl2'
10'xl2'
9'xl2'
6'xl2'
4'xl2'
Twelve Foot Ceiling
12'xl5'
12'xl2'
10'xl2'
9'xl2'
6'xl2'
4'xl2'
Length
(m)
4.6
3.7
3.0
2.7
1.8
.1.2
4.6
3.7
3.0
2.7
1.8
1.2
Width
(m)
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
Height
(m)
" 2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
Volume
(m3)
41
33
27
24
16
11
61
49
41
37
24
16
Wall Area
(m2)
40
36
33
31
27
24
60
54
49
47
40
36
Floor Area
(m2)
17
13
11
10.
7
4
17
13
11
10
7
4
Total Area
(m2)
74
62
55
51
40
32
94
80
71
67
54
44
kitchen zone contained the kitchen in addition to any of
the following associated spaces: utility room, dining
room, living room and family room. The bedroom zone
contained all the bedrooms plus any bathrooms and
hallways associated with the bedrooms. The following
summary statistics (mean ± standard deviation) were
reported by Murray (1996) for the volumes of the zones
described above: 199 ± 115 m3 for the kitchen zone, 128
± 67 m3 for the bedroom zone, 205 ± 64 m3 for the
basement, 233 ± 72 m3 for the first floor, and 233 ± 111
m3 for the second floor.
Products and Materials - Table 17-5 presents
examples of assumed amounts of selected products and
materials used in constructing or finishing residential
surfaces (Tucker, 1991). Products used for floor surfaces
include adhesive, varnish and wood stain; and materials
used for walls include paneling, painted gypsum board,
and wallpaper. Particleboard and chipboard are
commonly used for interior furnishings such as shelves or
cabinets, but could also be used for decking or
underlayment. It should be noted that numbers presented
in Table 17-5 for surface area are based on typical values
for residences, and they are presented as examples. In
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Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
contrast to the concept of loading ratios presented above
(as a surface area), the numbers in Table 17-5 also are not
scaled to any particular residential volume. In some
cases, it may be preferable for the exposure assessor to
use professional judgment in combination with the loading
ratios given above. For example, if the exposure scenario
involves residential carpeting, either as an indoor source
or as an indoor sink, then the ASTM loading ratio of 0.43
m2m*3 for floor materials could be multiplied by an
assumed residential volume and assumed fractional
coverage of carpeting to derive an estimate of the surface
area. More specifically, a residence with a volume of 300
m3, a loading ratio of 0.43 mzm~3 and coverage of 80%
would have 103 m2 of carpeting. The estimates discussed
here relate to macroscopic surfaces; the true surface area
for carpeting, for example, would be considerably larger
because of the nature of its fibrous material.
Table 17-5. Examples of Products and Materials Associated with
Floor and Wai! Surfaces in Residences
Material Sources
Siliconc caulk
Floor adhesive
Floor wax
Wood Slain
Polyurethane wood finish
Floor varnish or lacquer
Plywood paneling
Chipboard
Gypsum board
Wallpaper
Assumed Amount of
Surface Covered"
0.2m2
10.0 m2
50.0 m1
10.0m2
10.0m2
50.0 m2
100.0 m2
100.0 m2
100.0 m2
100.0 m2
* Based on typical values for a residence.
Source: Adapted from Tucker, 1991.
Furnishings - Information on the relative
abundance of specific types of indoor furnishings, such as
draperies or upholstered furniture, was not readily
available. The exposure assessor is advised to rely on
common sense and professional judgment. For example,
the number of beds in a residence is usually related to
household size, and information has been provided (Table
17-3) on average house volume in relation to household
size.
17.2.3. Mechanical System Configurations
Mechanical systems for air movement in residences
can affect the migration and mixing of pollutants released
indoors and the rate of pollutant removal. Three types of
mechanical systems are: (1) systems associated with
heating and air conditioning (HAC); (2) systems whose
primary function is providing localized exhaust; and (3)
systems intended to increase the overall air exchange rate
of the residence.
Portable space heaters intended to serve a single
room, or a series of adjacent rooms, may or may not be
equipped with blowers that promote air movement and
mixing. Without a blower, these heaters still have the
ability to induce mixing through convective heat transfer.
If the heater is a source of combustion pollutants, as with
unvented gas or kerosene space heaters, then the
combination of convective heat transfer and thermal
buoyancy of combustion products will result in fairly
rapid dispersal of such pollutants. The pollutants will
disperse throughout the floor where the heater is located
and to floors above the heater, but will not disperse to
floors below.
Central forced-air HAC systems are common in
many residences. Such systems, through a network of
supply/return ducts and registers, can achieve fairly
complete mixing within 20 to 30 minutes (Koontz et al.,
1988). The air handler for such systems is commonly
equipped with a filter (see Figure 17-3) that can remove
particle-phase contaminants. Further removal of particles,
via deposition on various room surfaces (see Section
17.3.2), is accomplished through increased air movement
when the air handler is operating.
Figure 17-3 also distinguishes forced-air HAC
systems by the return layout in relation to supply registers.
The return layout shown in the upper portion of the figure
is the type most commonly found in residential settings.
On any floor of the residence, it is typical to find one or
more supply registers to individual rooms, with one or two
centralized return registers. With this layout,
supply/return imbalances can often occur in individual
rooms, particularly if the interior doors to rooms are
closed. In comparison, the supply/return layout shown in
the lower portion of the figure by design tends to achieve
a balance in individual rooms or zones. Airflow
imbalances can also be caused by inadvertent duct leakage
to unconditioned spaces such as attics, basements, and
crawl spaces. Such imbalances usually depressurize the
house, thereby increasing the likelihood of contaminant
entry via soil-gas transport or through spillage of
combustion products from vented fossil-fuel appliances
such as fireplaces and gas/oil furnaces.
Mechanical devices such as kitchen fans, bathroom
fans, and clothes dryers are intended primarily to provide
localized removal of unwanted heat, moisture, or odors.
Operation of these devices tends to increase the air
exchange rate between the indoors and outdoors. Because
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COMMON RETURN LAYOUT
Figure 17-3. Configuration for Residential Forced-air Systems
local exhaust devices are designed to be near certain
indoor sources, their effective removal rate for locally
generated pollutants is greater than would be expected
from the dilution effect of increased air exchange.
Operation of these devices also tends to depressurize the
house, because replacement air usually is not provided to
balance the exhausted air.
An alternative approach to pollutant removal is one
which relies on an increase in air exchange to dilute
pollutants generated indoors. This approach can be
accomplished using heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) or
energy recovery ventilators (ERVs). Both types of
ventilators are designed to provide balanced supply and
exhaust airflows and are intended to recover most of the
energy that normally is lost when additional outdoor air is
introduced. Although ventilators can provide for more
rapid dilution of internally generated pollutants, they also
increase the rate at which outdoor pollutants are brought
into the house. A distinguishing feature of the two types
is that ERVs provide for recovery of latent heat (moisture)
in addition to sensible heat. Moreover, ERVs typically
recover latent heat using a moisture-transfer device such
as a desiccant wheel. It has been observed in some
studies that the transfer of moisture between outbound and
inbound air streams can result in some re-entrainment of
indoor pollutants that otherwise would have been
exhausted from the house (Andersson et al., 1993).
Inadvertent air communication between the supply and
exhaust air streams can have a similar effect.
Studies quantifying the effect of mechanical
devices on air exchange using tracer-gas measurements
are uncommon and typically provide only anecdotal data.
The common approach is for the expected increment in
the air exchange rate to be estimated from the rated
airflow capacity of the device(s). For example, if a device
with a rated capacity of 100 cubic feet per minute (cfm),
or 170 cubic meters per hour, is operated continuously in
a house with a volume of 400 cubic meters, then the
expected increment in the air exchange rate of the house
would be 170 m3 h"1 / 400 m3, or approximately 0.4 air
changes per hour.
17.2.4. Type of Foundation
The type of foundation of a residence is of interest
in residential exposure assessment. It provides some
indication of the number of stories and house
configuration, and provides an indication of the relative
potential for soil-gas transport. For example, such
transport can occur readily in homes with enclosed crawl
spaces. Homes with basements provide some resistance,
but still have numerous pathways for soil-gas entry. By
comparison, homes with crawl spaces open to the outside
have significant opportunities for dilution of soil gases
prior to transport into the house.
Lucas et al. (1992) - National Residential Radon
Survey - The National Resdental Radon Survey,
sponsored by the U.S. EPA, was conducted by Lucas et al.
(1992) in about 5,700 households nationwide. In addition
to radon measurements, information on a number of
housing characteristics was collected, including whether
each house had a basement. The estimated percentage
(45.2 percent) of homes in the U.S. having basements
(Table 17-6) from this survey is the same as found by the
RECS (Table 17-7).
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Table 17-6. Percent of Residences
with Basement, by
Census Region and EPA Region
EPA
Census Reeion Region
Northeast 1
Northeast 2
Northeast 3
South 4
Midwest 5
South 6
Midwest 7
West 8
West 9
West 10
All Regions
Percent of Residences
with Basements
93.4
55.9
67.9
19.3
73.5
4.1
75.3
68.5
10.3
11.5
45.2
Source: Lucas et al,, 1992.
The National Residential Radon Survey provides
data for more refined geographical areas, with a
breakdown by the 10 EPA Regions. The New England
region (i.e., EPA Region 1), which includes Connecticut,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
and Vermont, had the highest prevalence of basements (93
percent). The lowest prevalence (4 percent) was for the
South Central region (i.e., EPA Region 6), which includes
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Table 17-8 presents the States associated with each
Census Region and EPA Region.
U.S. DOE (1995) - Housing Characteristics 1993 -
Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) - The
most recent RECS (described in Section 17.2.1) was
administered in 1993 to over 7,000 households (U.S.
DOE, 1995). The type of information requested by the
survey questionnaire included the type of foundation for
the residence (i.e., basement, enclosed crawl space, crawl
space open to outside or concrete slab). This information
was not obtained for muitifamily structures with five or
more dwelling units or for mobile homes. Table 17-7
presents estimates from the survey of the percentage of
residences with each foundation type, by census region,
and for the entire U.S. The percentages can add to more
than 100 percent because some residences have more than
one type of foundation; for example, most split-level
structures have a partial basement combined with some
crawlspace that typically is enclosed.
The data in Table 17-7 indicate that close to half
(45 percent) of residences nationwide have a basement,
and that fewer than 10 percent have a crawl space that is
open to outside. It also shows that a large fraction of
homes have concrete slabs (31 percent). There are also
variations by census region. For example, nearly 80
percent of the residences in the Northeast and Midwest
regions have basements. In the South and West regions,
the predominant foundation types are concrete slabs and
enclosed crawl spaces. Table 17-8 illustrates the four
Census Regions.
17.3. TRANSPORT RATES
17.3.1, Background
Major air transport pathways for airborne
substances in residences include the following:
• Air exchange - Air leakage through windows,
doorways, intakes and exhausts, and
"adventitious openings" (i.e., cracks and
seams) that combine to form the leakage
configuration of the building envelope plus
natural and mechanical ventilation;
* Interzonal airflows - Transport through
doorways, ductwork, and service chaseways
that interconnect rooms or zones within a
building; and
* Local circulation - Convective and advective
air circulation and mixing within a room or
within a zone.
The distribution of airflows across the building
envelope that contribute to air exchange and the interzonal
airflows along interior flowpaths is determined by the
interior pressure distribution. The forces causing the
airflows are temperature differences, the actions of wind,
and mechanical ventilation systems. Basic concepts have
been reviewed by ASHRAE (1993). Indoor-outdoor and
room-to-room temperature differences create density
differences that help determine basic patterns of air
motion. During the heating season, warmer indoor air
tends to rise to exit the building at upper levels by stack
action. Exiting air is replaced at lower levels by an influx
of colder outdoor air. During the cooling season, this
pattern is reversed: stack forces during the cooling season
are generally not as strong as in the heating season
because the indoor-outdoor temperature differences are
not pronounced.
In examining a data base of air leakage
measurements, Sherman and Dickerhoff (1996) observed
that houses built prior to 1980 showed a clear increase in
leakage with increasing age and were leakier, on average,
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Table
17-7. Percent of Residences with Certain Foundation Types by Census Region
Percent of Residences"
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
All Regions
3 Percentage may add to more than
Source: U.S. DOE, 1995.
With
Basement
78,0
78.1
18.6
19.4
45.2
With
Enclosed Crawlspace
12.6
19.5
31.8
36.7
26.0
With Crawlspace
Open to Outside
2.8
5.6
11.0
8.1
7.5
With
Concrete Slab
15.8
14.7
44.6
43.5
31.3
100 percent because more than one foundation type may apply to a given residence.
Table 17-8. States Associated with EPA Regions and Census Regions
US EPA Regions
Region 1
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
Region 2
New Jersey
New York
Reflion 3
Delaware
District of Columbia
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
US Bureau of Census Regions
Northeast Region
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Rhode island
Vermont
Region 4
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Region 5
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Ohio
Wisconsin
Midwest Region
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
Ohio
South Dakota
Wisconsin
Region 6
Arkansas
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
ReEJon 7
Iowa
Kansas
Missouri
Nebraska
I?*»fri/\r* 2
Colorado
Montana
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
South Region
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
West Virginia
Region 9
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Region 10
Alaska
Idaho
Oregon
Washington
West Region
Alaska
Arizona
California
Colorado
Hawaii
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Oregon
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
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than newer houses. They further observed that the post-
1980 houses did not show any trend in leakiness with age.
The position of the neutral pressure level (i.e., the
point where indoor-outdoor pressures are equal) depends
on the leakage configuration of the building envelope.
The stack effect arising from indoor-outdoor temperature
differences is also influenced by the partitioning of the
building interior. When there is free communication
between floors or stories, the building behaves as a single
volume affected by a generally rising current during the
heating season and a generally falling current during the
cooling season. When vertical communication is
restricted, each level essentially becomes an independent
zone. As the wind flows past a building, regions of
positive and negative pressure (relative to indoors) are
created within the building; positive pressures induce an
influx of air, whereas negative pressures induce an
outflow. Wind effects and stack effects combine to
determine a net inflow or outflow.
The final element of indoor transport involves the
actions of mechanical ventilation systems that circulate
indoor air through the use of fans. Mechanical ventilation
systems may be connected to heating/cooling systems that,
depending on the type of building, recirculate thermally
treated indoor air or a mixture of fresh air and recirculated
air. Mechanical systems also may be solely dedicated to
exhausting air from a designated area, as with some
kitchen range hoods and bath exhausts, or to recirculating
air in designated areas as with a room fan. Local air
circulation also is influenced by the movement of people
and the operation of local heat sources.
17.3.2. Air Exchange Rates
Air exchange is the balanced flow into and out of
a building, and is composed of three processes: (1)
infiltration - air leakage through random cracks,
interstices, and other unintentional openings in the
building envelope; (2) natural ventilation - airflows
through open windows, doors, and other designed
openings in the building envelope; and (3) forced or
mechanical ventilation - controlled air movement driven
by fans. For nearly all indoor exposure scenarios, air
exchange is treated as the principal means of diluting
indoor concentrations. The air exchange rate is generally
expressed in terms of air changes per hour (ACH, with
units of h"1 ), the ratio of the airflow (m3 h "*) to the
volume (m3).
No measurement surveys have been conducted to
directly evaluate the range and distribution of residential
air exchange rates. Although a significant number of air
exchange measurements have been carried out over the
years, there has been a diversity of protocols and study
objectives. Since the early 1980s, however, an
inexpensive perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) technique has
been used to measure time-averaged air exchange and
interzonal airflows in thousands of occupied residences
using essentially similar protocols (Dietz et al., 1986).
The PFT technique utilizes miniature permeation tubes as
tracer emitters and passive samplers to collect the tracers.
The passive samplers are returned to the laboratory for
analysis by gas chromatography. These measurement
results have been compiled to allow various researchers to
access the data (Versar, 1990).
Nazaroff et al. (1988) - Prior to the Koontz and
Rector (1995) study, Nazaroff et al. (1988) aggregated the
data from two studies conducted earlier using tracer-gas
decay. At the time these studies were conducted, they
were the largest U.S. studies to include air exchange
measurements. The first (Grot and Clark, 1981) was
conducted in 255 dwellings occupied by low-income
families in 14 different cities. The geometric mean ±
standard deviation for the air exchange measurements in
these homes, with a median house age of 45 years, was
0.90 ± 2.13 ACH. The second study (Grimsrud et al.,
1983) involved 312 newer residences, with a median age
of less than 10 years. Based on measurements taken
during the heating season, the geometric mean ± standard
deviation for these homes was 0.53 ±1.71 ACH. Based
on an aggregation of the two distributions with
proportional weighting by the respective number of
houses studied, Nazaroff et al. (1988) developed an
overall distribution with a geometric mean of 0.68 ACH
and a geometric standard deviation of 2.01.
Versar (1990) - Database of PFT Ventilation
Measurements - The residences included in the PFT
database do not constitute a random sample across the
United States. They represent a compilation of homes
visited in the course of about 100 separate field-research
projects by various organizations, some of which involved
random sampling and some of which involved judgmental
or fortuitous sampling. The larger projects in the PFT
database are summarized in Table 17-9, in terms of the
number of measurements (samples), states where, and
months when, samples were taken, and summary statistics
for their respective distributions of measured air exchange
rates. For selected projects (LBL, RTI, SOCAL),
multiple measurements were taken for the saine house,
usually during different seasons. A large majority of the
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 -Residential Building Characteristics
Table 17-9. Summary of Major Projects Providing Air Exchange
in the PFT Database
Project Code
ADM
BSG
GSS
FLEMING
GEOMET1
GEOMET2
GEOMET3
LAMBERT!
LAMBERT2
LAMBERTS
LAMBERT4
LBL1
LBL2
LBL3
LBL4
LBL5
LBL6
NAHB
NYSDH
PEI
PIERCE
RTI1
RT12
RTI3
SOCAL1
SOCAL2
SOCAL3
UMINN
UWISC
State
CA
CA
AZ
NY
FL
MD
TX
ID
MT
OR
WA
OR
WA
ID
WA
WA
ID
MN
NY
MD
CT
CA
CA
NY
CA
CA
CA
MN
Wl
Month(s)a
5-7
1,8-12
1-3,8-9
1-6,8-12
1,6-8,10-12
1-6
1-3
2-3,10-11
1-3,11
1-3,10-12
1-3,10-12
1-4,10-12
1-4,10-12
1-5,11-12
1-4,11-12
2-4
3-4
1-5,9-12
1-2,4,12
3-4 •
1-3
2
7
1-4
3
7
1
1-4
2-5
Number of
Measurements
29
40
25
56
18
23
42
36
51
83
114
126
71
23 •
29
21
19
28
74
140
25
45
41
397
551
408
330
35
57
Mean Air
Exchange Rate
0.70
0.53
0.39
0.24
0.31
0.59
0.87
0.25
0.23
0.46
0.30
0.56
0,36
1.03
0.39
0.36
0.28
0.22
0.59
0.59
0.80
0.90
2.77
0.55
0.81
1.51
0.76
0.36
0.82
SDb
0.52
0.30
0.21
0.28
0.16
0.34
0.59
0.13
0.15
0.40
0.15
0.37
0.19
0.47
0.27
0.21
0.14
0.1 1
0.37
0.45
1.14
0.73
2.12
0.37
0.66
1.48
J.76
0.32
0.76
Measurements
Percentiles
10th
0.29
0.21
0.16
0.05
0.15
0.12
0.33
0.10
0.10
0.19
0.14
0.28
0.18
0.37
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.28
0.15
0.20
0.38
0.79
0.26
0.29
0.35
0.26
0.17
0.22
25th
0.36
0.30-
0.23
0.12
0.18
0.29
0.51
0.17
0.14
0.26
0.20
0.35
0.25
0.73
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.37
0.26
0.22
0.48
1.18
0.33
0.44
0.59
0.37
0.20
0.33
50th
0.48
0.40
0.33
0.22
0.25
0.65
0.71
0.23
0.19
0.38
0.30
0.45
0,32
0.99
0.36
0.30
0.26
0,20
0.50
0.49
0.38
0.78
2.31
0.44
0.66
1.08
0.48
0.28
0.55
75th
0.81
0.70
0.49
0.29
0.48
0.83
1.09
0.33
0.26
0.56
0.39
0.60
0.42
1.34
0.47
0.47
0.38
0.24
0,68
0.83
0.77
1,08
3.59
0,63
0.94
1.90
0.75
0.40
1.04
90th
1.75
0.90
0.77
0.37
0.60
0.92
i.58
0.49
0.38
0.80
0.50
1.02
0.52
1.76
0.63
0.62
0.55
0.38
1.07
1.20
2.35
1.52
5.89
0.94
1.43
3.11
1.11
0.56
1.87
1 1 = January, 2 = February, etc.
b Standard deviation
Source: Adapted
from Versar, 1990.
measurements are from the SOCAL project that was
conducted in Southern California. The means of the
respective studies generally range from 0.2 to 1.0 ACH,
with the exception of two California projects—RTI2 and
SOCAL2. Both projects involved measurements in
Southern California during a time of year (July) when
windows would likely be opened by many occupants.
Koontz and Rector (1995) - Estimation of
Distributions for Residential Air Exchange Rales - In
analyzing the composite data from various projects (2,971
measurements), Koontz and Rector (1995) assigned
weights to the results from each state to compensate for
the geographic imbalance in locations where PFT
measurements were taken. The results were weighted in
such a way that the resultant number of cases would
represent each state in proportion to its share of occupied
housing units, as determined from the 1990 U.S. Census
of Population and Housing.
Summary statistics from the Koontz and Rector
(1995) analysis are shown in Table 17-10, for the country
as a whole and by census regions. Based on the statistics
for all regions combined, the authors suggested that a 10th
percentile value of 0.18 ACH would be appropriate as a
conservative estimator for air exchange in residential
settings, and that the 50th percentile value of 0.45 ACH
would be appropriate as a typical air exchange rate. In
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
applying conservative or typical values of air exchange
rates, it is important to realize the limitations of the
underlying data base. Although the estimates are based on
thousands of measurements, the residences represented in
the database are not a random sample of the United States
housing stock. The sample population is not balanced in
terms of geography or time of year. Statistical techniques
were applied to compensate for some of these imbalances.
In addition, PFT measurements of air exchange rates
assume uniform mixing of the tracer within the building.
This is not always so easily achieved. Furthermore, the
degree of mixing can vary from day to day and house to
house because of the nature of the factors controlling
mixing (e.g., convective air monitoring driven by weather,
and type and operation of the heating system). The
relative placement of the PFT source and the sampler can
also cause variability and uncertainty. It should be noted
that sampling is typically done in a single location in a
house which may not represent the average from that
house. In addition, very high and very low values of air
exchange rates based on PFT measurements have greater
uncertainties than those in the middle of the distribution.
Despite such limitations, the estimates in Table 17-10 are
believed to represent the best available information on the
distribution of air exchange rates across United States
residences throughout the year.
colder region as 5,500-6,999 degree days, the warmer
region as 2,500-5,499 degree days, and the warmest
region as fewer than 2,500 degree days. The months of
December, January and February were defined as winter,
March, April and May were defined as spring, and so on.
The results of Murray and Burmaster (1995) are
summarized in Table 17-11. Neglecting the summer
results in the colder regions which have only a few
observations, the results indicate that the highest air
exchange rates occur in the warmest climate region during
the summer. As noted earlier (Section 17.3.2), many of
the measurements in the warmer climate region were from
field studies conducted in Southern California during a
time of year (July) when windows would tend to be open
in that area. Data for this region in particular should be
used with caution since other areas within this region tend
to have very hot summers and residences use air
conditioners, resulting in lower air exchange rates. The
lowest rates generally occur in the colder regions during
the fall (Table 17-11).
17.3.3. InCiltration Models
A variety of mathematical models exist for
prediction of air infiltration rates in individual buildings.
A number of these models have been reviewed, for
example, by Liddament and Allen (1983), and by Persily
Table 17-10. Summary Statistics for Air Exchange Rates
(air changes per hour-ACH), by Region
Arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
Geometric Standard Deviation
lOlh Pcrcentile
50th Pcrcentile
90lh Percentile
Maximum
West Region
0.66
0.87
0.47
2.11
0.20
0.43
1.25
23.32
North Central
Region
• 0.57
0.63
0.39
2.36
0.16
0.35
1.49
4.52
Northeast
Region
0.71
0.60
0.54
2.14
0.23
0.49
1.33
5.49
South Region
0.61
0.51
0.46
2.28
0.16
0.49
1.21
3.44
All Regions
0.63
0.65,
0.46
2.25
0.18
0.45
1.26
23.32
Source: Koontz and Rector, 1995.
Murray and Burmaster (1995) - Residential Air
Exchange Rates in the United States: Empirical and
Estimated Parametric Distributions by Season and
Climatic Region - Murray and Burmaster (1995) analyzed
the PFT database using 2,844 measurements (essentially
the same cases as analyzed by Koontz and Rector (1995),
but without the compensating weights). These authors
summarized distributions for subsets of the data defined
by climate region and season. The coldest region was
defined as having 7,000 or more heating degree days, the
and Linteris (1984). Basic principles are concisely
summarized in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals
(ASHRAE, 1993). These models have a similar
theoretical basis; all address indoor-outdoor pressure
differences that are maintained by the actions of wind and
stack (temperature difference) effects. The models
generally incorporate a network of airflows where nodes
representing regions of different pressure are
interconnected by leakage paths. Individual models differ
in details such as the number of nodes they can treat or
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Volume HI - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
Table 17-11. Distributions of Residential Air Exchange Rates" by Climate Region and Season
Climate Region Season
Coldest Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Colder Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Warmer Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Warmest Winier
Spring
Summer
Fall
3 In air changes per hour
Source: Murray and Burmaster,
Sample Size
161
254
5
47
428
43
2
23
96
165
34
37
454
589
488
18
1995.
Arithmetic
Mean
0.36
0.44
0.82
0.25
0.57
0,52
1,31
0.35
0.47
0,59
0.68
0.51
0.63
0.77
1.57
0.72
Standard
Deviation
0.28
0.31
0,69
0.12
0.43
0.91
0,18
0,40
0,43
0.50
0.25
0.52
0.62
1.56
1.43
Percenliles
10th
0.11
0.18
0.27
0.10
0.21
0.13
0.15
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.30
0.24
0.28
0.33
0.22
25th
' 0.18
0.24
0.41
0.15
0,30
0.21
0.22
0.26
0,28
0.36
0.30
0.34
0.42
0.58
0.25
50th
. 0.27
0.36
0.57
0.22
0.42
0.24
0.33
0.39
0.48
0.51
0,44
0.48
0.63
1.10
0,42
75th
0.48
0.53
l.OS
0.34
0.69
0.39
0.41
0.58
0.82
0.83
0.60
0.78
0.92
1.98
0.46
90th
0.71
0.80
2.01
0.42
1.18
0,83
0,59
0,78
1,11
1.30
0.82
1.13
1.42
3.28
0.74
the specifics of leakage paths (e.g., individual components
such as cracks around doors or windows versus a
combination of components such as an entire section of a
building). Such models are not easily applied by exposure
assessors, however, because the required inputs (e.g.,
inferred leakage areas, crack lengths) for the model are
not easy to gather.
Another approach for estimating air infiltration
rates is developing empirical models. Such models
generally rely on collection of infiltration measurements
in a specific building under a variety of weather
conditions. The relationship between the infiltration rate
and weather conditions can then be estimated through
regression analysis, and is usually stated in the following
form:
A = a+b |T, - TJ + cU"
(Eqn. 17-1)
where:
A =
air infiltration rate (h"1)
TJ = indoor temperature (°C)
T0 = outdoor temperature ("C)
U = windspeed Cms"')
n is an exponent with a value typically between 1 and 2
a, b and c are parameters to be estimated
Relatively good predictive accuracy usually can be
obtained for individual buildings through this approach.
However, exposure assessors often do not have the
information resources required to develop parameter
estimates for making such predictions.
A reasonable compromise between the theoretical
and empirical approaches has been developed in the
model specified by Dietz et al. (1986). The model, drawn
from correlation analysis of environmental measurements
and air infiltration data, is formulated as follows:
A = L I 0.0064T * ^i U 's 1 (Eqn. 17-2)
where:
average air changes per hour or infiltration rate, h"'
generalized house leakiness factor (1 < L < 5)
terrain sheltering factor (1 < C < 10)
indoor-outdoor temperature difference (C°)
windspeed (ms"1)
A
L
C
AT
U
The value of L is greater as house leakiness
increases and the value of C is greater as terrain sheltering
(reflects shielding of nearby wind barrier) increases.
Although the above model has not been extensively
validated, it has intuitive appeal and it is possible for the
user to develop reasonable estimates for L and C with
limited guidance. Historical data from various U.S.
airports are available for estimation of the temperature
and windspeed parameters. As an example application,
consider a house that has central values of 3 and 5 for L
and C, respectively. Under conditions where the indoor
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
temperature is 20 °C (68 °F), the outdoor temperature is
0 "C (32 ° F) and the windspeed is 5 ms'1, the predicted
infiltration rate for that house would be 3 (0.006 x 20 +
0.03/5 x 51.5), or 0.56 air changes per hour. This
prediction applies under the condition that exterior doors
and windows are closed, and does not include the
contributions, if any, from mechanical systems (see
Section 17.2.3). Occupant behavior, such as opening
windows, can, of course, overwhelm the idealized effects
of temperature and wind speed.
17.3.4. Deposition and Filtration
Deposition refers to the removal of airborne
substances to available surfaces that occurs as a result of
gravitational settling and diffusion, as well as
elcctrophoresis and thermophoresis. Filtration is driven
by similar processes, but is confined to material through
which air passes. Filtration is usually a matter of design,
whereas deposition is a matter of fact.
17.3.4.1, Deposition
The deposition of paniculate matter and reactive
gas-phase pollutants to indoor surfaces is often stated in
terms of a characteristic deposition velocity (m h"1) allied
to the surface-to-volume ratio (m2 m"3) of the building or
room interior, forming a first order loss rate (h"1) similar
to that of air exchange. Theoretical considerations specific
to indoor environments have been summarized in
comprehensive reviews by Nazaroff and Cass (1989) and
Nazaroffetal. (1993).
For airborne particles, deposition rates depend on
aerosol properties (size, shape, density) as well as room
factors (thermal gradients, turbulence, surface geometry).
The motions of larger particles are dominated by
gravitational settling; the motions of smaller particles are
subject to convection and diffusion. Consequently, larger
particles tend to accumulate more rapidly on floors and
up-facing surfaces while smaller particles may accumulate
on surfaces facing in any direction. Figure 17-4 illustrates
the general trend for particle deposition across the size
range of general concern for inhalation exposure
(<10 /urn). The current thought is that theoretical
calculations of deposition rates are likely to provide
unsatisfactory results due to knowledge gaps relating to
near-surface air motions and other sources of
inhomogeneity (Nazaroff et ah, 1993).
in
£
o
.0
C
o
•S3
vt
o
Q.
O>
0
ID"6 , •
107
0.001
0.01
Particle Diameter (Mm)
Figure 17-4. Idealized Patterns of Particle Deposition Indoors
Source: Adapted from Nazaroff and Cass, 1989.
Page
17-14
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
Wallace (1996) - Indoor Particles: A Review - In
a major review of indoor particles, Wallace (1996) cited
overall particle deposition rates for respirable (PM2 5),
inhalable (PM10), and coarse (difference between PM 10
and PM2 5) size fractions determined from EPA's PTEAM
study. These values, listed in Table 17-12, were derived
from measurements conducted in nearly 200 residences.
Table 17-12. Deposition Rates
Size Fraction
PM2.S •
PM.o
Coarse
for Indoor Panicles
Deposition Rate
0.39 h'1
0.65 h"1
l.Oh'1
Source: Adapted from Wallace, 1996.
Thatcher and Layton (1995) - Deposition,
Resuspension, and Penetration of Particles Within a
Residence - Thatcher and Layton (1995) evaluated
removal rates for indoor particles in four size ranges (1-5,
5-10, 10-25, and >25 tori) in a study of one house
occupied by a family of four. These values are listed in
Table 17-13. In a subsequent evaluation of data collected
in 100 Dutch residences, Layton and Thatcher (1995)
estimated settling velocities of 2.7 m h"1 for lead-bearing
particles captured in total suspended paniculate matter
(TSP) samples.
Table 17-13. Particle Deposition During Normal Activities
Particle Size Range
Particle Removal Rate
1-5
5-10
10-25
>25
0.5
1.4
2.4
4.1
Source: Adapted from Thatcher and Lavton. 1995.
17.3.4.2. Filtration
A variety of air cleaning techniques have been
applied to residential settings. Basic principles related to
residential-scale air cleaning technologies have been
summarized in conjunction with reporting early test
results (Offerman et al., 1984). General engineering
principles are summarized in ASHRAE (1988), In
addition to fibrous filters integrated into central heating
and air conditioning systems, extended surface filters and
High Efficiency Particle Arrest (HEPA) filters as well as
electrostatic systems are available to increase removal
efficiency. Free-standing air cleaners (portable and/or
console) are also being used. Product-by-product test
results reported by Hanley et al. (1994); Shaughnessy et
al. (1994); and Offerman et al. (1984) exhibit
considerable variability across systems, ranging from
ineffectual (< 1% efficiency) to nearly complete removal.
17.3.5. Interzonal Airflows
Residential structures consist of a number of rooms
that may be connected horizontally, vertically, or both
horizontally and vertically. Before considering residential
structures as a detailed network of rooms, it is convenient
to divide them into one or more zones. At a minimum,
each floor is typically defined as a separate zone. For
indoor air exposure assessments, further divisions are
sometimes made within a floor, depending on (1)
locations of specific contaminant sources and (2) the
presumed degree of air communication among areas with
and without sources.
Defining the airflow balance for a multiple-zone
exposure scenario rapidly increases the information
requirements as rooms or zones are added. As shown in
Figure 17-5, a single-zone system (considering the entire
building as a single well-mixed volume) requires only two
airflows to define air exchange. Further, because air
exchange is balanced flow (air does not "pile up" in the
building, nor is a vacuum formed), only one number (the
air exchange rate) is needed. With two zones, six airflows
are needed to accommodate interzonal airflows plus air
exchange; with three zones, twelve airflows are required.
In some cases, the complexity can be reduced using
judicious (if not convenient) assumptions. Interzonal
airflows connecting nonadjacent rooms can be set to zero,
for example, if flow pathways do not exist. Symmetry
also can be applied to the system by assuming that each
flow pair is balanced.
17.3.6. Water Uses
Among indoor water uses, showering, bathing and
handwashing of dishes or clothes provide the primary
opportunities for dermal exposure. Virtually all indoor
water uses will result in some volatilization of chemicals,
leading to inhalation exposure.
The exposure potential for a given situation will
depend on the source of water, the types and extents of
water uses, and the extent of volatilization of specific
chemicals. According to the results of the 1987 Annual
Housing Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992), 84.7
percent of all U.S. housing units receive water from a
public system or private company (as opposed to a well).
Across the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census
Bureau (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West), the
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
SINGLE-ZONE
SYSTEM
TWO-ZONE
SYSTEM
THREE-ZONE
SYSTEM
N-Zone System Defined by N-(N+1) Airflows
Figure 17-5. Air Flows for Multiple-zone Systems
percentage varies from 82.5 in the Midwest region to 93.2
in the West region (the Northeast and South regions both
arc very close to the national percentage).
The primary types of water use indoors can be
classified as showering/bathing, toilet use, clothes
washing, dishwashing, and faucet use (e.g., for drinking,
cooking, general cleaning, or washing hands). Substantial
information on water use has been collected in California
households by the Metropolitan Water District of
Southern California (MWD, 1991) and by the East Bay
Municipal Utility District (EBMUD, 1992). An earlier
study by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (U.S. DHUD, 1984) monitored water use in
200 households over a 20-rnonth period. The household
selection process for this study was not random; it
involved volunteers from water companies and
engineering organizations, most of which were located in
large metropolitan areas. Nazaroff et al. (1988) also
assembled the results of several smaller surveys, typically
involving between 5 and 50 households each.
A common feature of the various studies cited
above is that the results were all reported in gallons per
capita per day (gcd), or in units that could be easily
converted to gcd. Most studies also provided estimates by
type of use—shower/bath, toilet, laundry, dishwashing, and
other (e.g., faucets). A summary of the various study
results is provided in Table 17-14. There is'generally
about a threefold variation across studies for total
Page
17-16
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Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
Table 17-14.
Total,
Study All Uses
MWD1 93
EBMUD2 67
U.S. DHUD3 40
Nazaroffetal., 1988 52
Study 1
Study 2
- Rural 46
-Urban 43
Study 3 42
Study 4 45
Study 5 70
Study 6 59
Study 7 40
Study 8 52-86
Mean Across Studies5 59
Median Across Studies5 53
In-house Water Use Rates (gcd), by Study and Type of Use
Shower
or Bath
26
20
15
6
11
10
9
9
21
20
10
20-40
17
15
Toilet
30
28
10
17
18
18
20
15
32
24
9
4-6
18
18
Laundry
20
9
13
11
14
11
7
11
7
8
11
20-30
13
11
Dishwashing
5
4
2
18
3
4
4
4
7
4
5
8-10
6
4
Other
12
6
—
—
—
—
2 •
6
3
3
5
—
5
. 5
1 MetropoEtan Water District of Southern California, 1991.
2 East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1992.
3 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1984.
4 Results of eight separate studies.
5 The average value from each range reported
in Study No. 8 was used to calculate the median across studies
"Total, all Uses" column were obtained bv summing across the means and medians
The mean and median for the
for individual tvoes of water use.
in-house water use as well as each type of use. Central
values for total use, were obtained by taking the mean and
median across the studies for each type of water use and
then summing these means/medians across uses. These
central values are shown at the bottom of the table. The
means and medians were summed across types of uses to
obtain the mean for all uses combined because only a
subset of the studies reported values for other uses.
The following sections provide a summary of the
water use characteristics for the primary types of water
uses indoors. To the extent found in the literature, each
water use is described in terms of the frequency of use;
flowrate during the use; quantity of water used during
each occurrence of the water use; and quantity used by an
average person. Table 17-15 summarizes the studies of
U.S. DHUD and the Power Authorities by locations and
number of households.
Table 17-15. Summary of Selected HUD and Power Authority Water Use Studies
Number of Households Location
U.S. DHUD Studies
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Study 4
Study 5
Study 6
Power Authority Studies
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Study 4
TOTAL
Sources:
37
7
40
7
21
19
32
23
15
10
211
Los Angeles, CA
Sacramento, CA
Walnut Creek, CA
Washington, DC
Sacramento, CA
Los Angeles, CA
Seattle, WA
Denver, CO
Aurora, CO
Fairfax, VA
Reference
a,b
a,c
a.c
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
11 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1984.
b Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 199 1 .
c East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1992.
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Caution should be exercised when using the data
collected in these studies and shown here. The
participants in these studies are not a representative
sample of the general population. The participants
consisted of volunteers, mostly from large metropolitan
areas.
Showering and Bathing Water Use Characteristics
- The HUD study (U.S. DHUD, 1984) monitored 162
households for shower duration. The individuals were
also subdivided by people who only shower or only bath.
The results are given in Table 17-16. The flowrates of
various types of shower heads were also evaluated in the
study (Table 17-17).
Toilet Water Use Characteristics - The HUD study
(U.S. DHUD, 1984) reported water volume per flush for
various types of toilets and monitored 162 households for
shower duration. The results of this study are shown in
Table 17-18. Since the HUD study was conducted prior
to 1984, the newer (post 1984) conserving toilets that are
designed to use approximately 1.6 gallons per flush were
not tested.
The frequency of use for toilets in households was
examined in several studies (U.S. DHUD, 1984; Ligrnan,
et al., 1974; Siegrist, 1976). The observed mean
frequencies in these studies are given in Table 17-19.
Tables 17-20 through 17-24 present indoor water use
frequencies for dishwashers and clothes washers.
Table 17-16.
Characteristic
Individuals who Shower only
Individuals who Bath only
Individuals who Shower and Bath
Showering and Bathing Water Use Characteristics
Mean Duration Mean Frequency
10.4 minutes/shower 0.74 showers/day/person
NA 0.41 baths/day/person
NA NA
Source: Adapted from U. S. DHUD, 1984.
Table 17-17. Showering Characteristics for Various
Types of Shower Heads
Shower Head Type
Non-Conserving (> 3 gpm)
Low Flow (s 3 gpm)
Rcstrictor (s 3 gpm)
Zinplos"
Turhojector*
" Types of low flow water fixtures.
Source: Adapted from U.S. DHUD,
Mean Flow Rate (gpm)
3.4
1.9
2.1
1.8
1.3
1984.
Table 17-18. Toilet Water Use Characteristics
Toilet Type
Non-Conserving
Boitles
Bags
Dams
Low-flush
Source: Adapted from U.S.
Average Water Use (gallons/flush)
5.5
5.0
4.8
4.5
3.5
DHUD, 1984.
Table 17-19. Toilet Frequency Use Characteristics
Study
Flush Frequency
(flushes/person/day)
U.S. DHUD, 1984a
Ligman, et al., 1974 Rural, M-F
Ligman, et al., 1974 Rural, Sat-Sun
Ligman, et al., 1974 Urban, M-F
Ligman, et al., 1974 Urban, Sat-Sun
Siegrist, 1976
Unweighted Mean
4.2 flushes/household/day
3.6 flushes/person/day
3.8 flushes/person/day
3.6 flushes/person/day
3.1 flushes/person/day
2.3 flushes/person/day
3.43 fiushes/person/dav
The HUD value may in fact be flushes/household/day
Table 17-20. Dishwasher Frequency Use Characteristics
Study
U.S. DHUD, 1984
Ligman, et al., 1974 Rural
Siegrist, 1976
Unweighted Mean
Use Freauencv
0.47 loads/person/day
. 1 .3 loads/day
0.39 loads/person/day
0.92 loads/day
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17-18
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Table 17-21. Dishwasher Water Use Characteristics
Average Water Use
Brand
Maytag
Frigidaire
General Electric
Sears
Whirlpool
White/Westinghouse
Waste King
Kitchen Aid
Magic Chef
Unweighted Mean
(gallons/regular
cycle)
11.5
12
10.5
10
9.5
12
11.5
9.5
11.5
10.9
Cycle Duration
(minutes)
140°F
75
75
80
75
60
75
65
80
70
72.8
120°F
—
75
95
95
110
75
85
80
--
87.9
Source: Adapted from Consumer Reports, 1987.
Table 17-22. Clothes Washer Frequency Use Characteristics
Study
U.S. DHUD, 1984
Ligman, et al., 1974 Rural
Ligman, et al., 1974 Urban
Siegrist, 1976
Use Frequency
0.3 loads/person/day
0.34 loads/person/d'ay
0.27 loads/person/day
0.31 loads/day
Table 17-23. Clothes Washer Water Use Characteristics
Brand
Maytag
Frigidaire
General Electric
Hotpoint
Sears
Whirlpool
White/Westinghouse
Kelvinator '
Norge
Average Water Use
(gallons/regular cycle)
41
48
51
51
49
53
54
46
55
Cycle Duration
(minutes)
32
40
48
48
40
44
47
52
49
Source: Adapted from Consumer Reports. 1982.
Table 17-24. Range of Water Uses for Clothes Washers
Type of Clothes Washer
Conventional
Low Water
All Clothes Washers
Range of Water Use
27-59 gallons/load
16- 19 gallons/load
16-59 gallons/load
Source: Adapted from Consumer Reports, 1982.
17.3.7. House Dust and Soil
House dust is a complex mixture of biologically-
derived material (animal dander, fungal spores, etc.),
paniculate matter deposited from the indoor aerosol, and
soil particles brought in by foot traffic. House dust may
contain VOCs (see, for example, Wolkoff and Wilkins,
1994; Hirvonen et al., 1995), pesticides from imported
soil particles as well as from direct applications indoors
(see, for example, Roberts et al., 1991), and trace metals
derived from outdoor sources (see, for example, Layton
and Thatcher, 1995). The indoor abundance of house dust
depends on the interplay of deposition from the airborne
state, resuspension due to various activities, direct
accumulation, and infiltration.
In the absence of indoor sources, indoor
concentrations of particulate matter are significantly lower
than outdoor levels. For some time, this observation
supported the idea that a significant fraction of the
outdoor aerosol is filtered out by the building envelope.
More recent data, however, have shown that deposition
(incompletely addressed in earlier studies) accounts for
the indoor-outdoor contrast, and outdoor particles smaller
than 10 /^m aerodynamic diameter penetrate the building
envelope as completely as nonreactive .gases (Wallace,
1996).
Roberts et al. (1991) - Development and Field
Testing of a High Volume Sampler for Pesticides and
Toxics in Dust - Dust loadings, reported by Roberts et al.
(1991) were also measured in conjunction with the Non-
Occupational Pesticide Exposure Study (NOPES). In this
study house dust was sampled from a representative grid
using a specially constructed high-volume surface sampler
(HVS2). The surface sampler collection efficiency was
verified in conformance with ASTM F608 (ASTM, 1989).
The data summarized in Table 17-25 were collected from
carpeted areas in volunteer households in Florida
encountered during the course of NOPES. Seven of the
nine sites were single-family detached homes, and two
were mobile homes. The authors noted that the two houses
exhibiting the highest dust loadings were only those
homes where a vacuum cleaner was not used for
housekeeping.
Table 17-25. Total Dust Loading for Carpeted Areas
Household
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Source: Adapted
Total Dust Load
(g-m-2)
10.8
4.2
0.3
2.2; 0.8
1 .4; 4.3
0.8
6.6
33.7
812.7
from Roberts et al., 1991.
Fine Dust (<150 Aim)
Load (g-m"2)
6.6
3.0
0.1
1.2; 0.3
1.0; 1.1
0.3
4.7
23.3
168.9
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Thatcher and Layton (1995) - Deposition,
Resuspension and Penetration of Particles Within a
Residence - Relatively few studies have been conducted
at the level of detail needed to clarify the dynamics of
indoor aerosols. One intensive study of a California
residence (Thatcher and Layton, 1995), however, provides
instructive results. Using a model-based analysis for data
collected under controlled circumstances, the investigators
verified penetration of the outdoor aerosol and estimated
rates for particle deposition and resuspension (Table 17-
26). The investigators stressed that normal household
activities are a significant source of airborne particles
larger than 5 /um. During the study, they observed that
just walking into and out of a room could momentarily
double the concentration. The airborne abundance of
submicrometer particles, on the other hand, was
unaffected by either cleaning or walking.
Table 17-26. Particle Deposition and Resuspension
During Normal Activities
Particle Size Range
tern)
0.3-0.5
0.6-1
1-5
5-10
10-25
>25
Particle Deposition
Rate
ft-1)
(not measured)
(not measured)
0.5
1.4
2.4
4.1
Source: Adapted from Thatcher and Lavton,
Panicle
Resuspension Rate
W)
9.9 x lO'7
4.4 x 10-7
1.8x 10"s
8.3 x I0-s
3.8 x lO"4
3.4 x 10'5
1995.
Mass loading of floor surfaces (Table 17-27) was
measured in the study of Thatcher and Layton (1995) by
thoroughly cleaning the house and sampling accumulated
dust, after one week of normal habitation. Methodology,
validated under ASTM F608 (ASTM, 1989), showed fine
dust recovery efficiencies of 50 percent with new carpet
and 72 percent for linoleum. Tracked areas showed
consistently higher accumulations than untracked areas,
confirming the importance of tracked-in material.
Differences between tracked areas upstairs and downstairs
show that tracked-in material is not readily transported
upstairs. The consistency of untracked carpeted areas
throughout the house, suggests that, in the absence of
tracking, particle transport processes are similar on both
floors.
Table 17-27, Dust Mass Loading After One Week Without Vacuum
Cleaning
Location in Test House
Tracked area of downstairs carpet
Untracked area of downstairs carpet
Tracked area of linoleum
Untracked area of linoleum
Tracked area of upstairs carpet
Untracked area of upstairs carpet
Front doormat
Source: Adapted from Thatcher and Lavton,
Dust Loading (g-m"2)
2.20
0.58
0.08
0.06
1.08
0.60
43.34
1995.
17.4. SOURCES
Product- and chemical-specific mechanisms for
indoor sources can be described using simple emission
factors to represent instantaneous releases, as well as
constant releases over defined time periods; more
complex formulations may be required for time-varying
sources. Guidance documents for characterizing indoor
sources within the context of the exposure assessment
process are limited (see, for example, Jennings et al.,
1987; Wolkoff, 1995). Fairly extensive guidance exists in
the technical literature, however, provided that the
exposure assessor has the means to define (or estimate)
key mechanisms and chemical-specific parameters. Basic
concepts are summarized below for the broad source
categories that relate to airborne contaminants,
waterborne contaminants, and for soil/house dust indoor
sources.
17,4.1. Source Descriptions for Airborne
Contaminants
Table 17-28 summarizes simplified indoor source
descriptions for airborne chemicals for direct discharge
sources (e.g., combustion, pressurized propellant
products), as well as emanation sources (e.g., evaporation
from "wet" films, diffusion from porous media), and
transport-related sources (e.g., infiltration of outdoor air
contaminants, soil gas entry).
Direct-discharge sources can be approximated
using simple formulas that relate pollutant mass released
to characteristic process rates. Combustion sources, for
example, may be stated in terms of an emission factor,
fuel content (or heating value), and fuel consumption (or
carrier delivery) rate. Emission factors for combustion
products of general concern (e.g., CO, NOX) have been
measured for a number of combustion appliances using
room-sized chambers (see, for example, Relwani et al.,
1986). Other direct-discharge sources would include
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Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
volatiles released from water use and from pressurized
consumer products. Resuspension of house dust (see
Section 17.3,7) would take on a similar form by
combining an activity-specific rate constant with an
applicable dust mass.
Table 1 7-28. Simplified Source Descriptions for Airborne Contaminants
Description
Direct Discharge
Combustion
Volume
Discharge
Mass
Discharge
Diffusion Limited
Exponential
*
Transport
Infiltration
Interzonal
Soil Gas
Components
E,HrMr
E,
Hr
M,
Q
oj
<
6
Mp
Mp
wc
£
(D,
D,
6-
c,
A!
A,
Aj
EC
k
c
Qj.
cf
= emission factor
= fuel content
= fuel consumption rate
C e
= volume delivery rate
— concentration in carrier
= transfer efficiency
wce
= mass delivery rate
= weight fraction
« transfer efficiency
6"')(C -Ci)A.
= diffusivity
= boundary layer Ihickness
= vapor pressure of surface
= room concentration
= area
E0e-k<
— area
- initial unit emission rate
— emission decay factor
— time
c,
= air flow from zone j
- air concentration in zone j
Dimensioni
gh-1
gj-i
J mol'1
mol h'1
gh-'
m^ h"1
gm'3
gg4
gh-1
gh-1
gg'1
gg'1
gh-1
m2h-'
m
gm'3
gm"3
m2
gh"1
m2
gh-'m-2
h-'
h
gh"'
rn3h-'
gmj
Diffusion-limited sources (e.g., carpet backing,
furniture, flooring, dried paint) represent probably the
greatest challenge in source characterization for indoor air
quality. Vapor-phase organics dominate this group,
offering great complexity because (1) there is a fairly long
list of chemicals that could be of concern, (2) ubiquitous
consumer products, building materials, coatings, and
furnishings contain varying amounts of different
chemicals, (3) source dynamics may include nonlinear
mechanisms, and (4) for many of the chemicals, emitting
as well as non-emitting materials evident in realistic
settings may promote reversible and irreversible sink
effects. Very detailed descriptions for diffusion-limited
sources can be constructed to link specific properties of
the chemical, the source material, and the receiving
environment to calculate expected behavior (see, for
example, Schwope et al., 1992; Cussler, 1984).
Validation to actual circumstances, however, suffers
practical shortfalls because many parameters simply
cannot be measured directly.
The exponential formulation listed in Table 17-28
was derived based on a series of papers generated during
the development of chamber testing methodology by EPA
(Dunn, 1987; Dunn and Tichenor, 1988; Dunn and Chen,
1993). This framework represents an empirical alternative
that works best when the results of chamber tests are
available. Estimates for the initial emission rate (E0) and
decay factor (ks) can be developed for hypothetical
sources from information on pollutant mass available for
release (M) and supporting assumptions.
Assuming that-a critical time period (tc) coincides
with reduction of the emission rate to a critical level (Ec)
or with the release of a critical fraction of the total mass
(Mc), the decay factor can be estimated by solving either
of these relationships:
L=e-kAor:^=l-e-
M
(Eqn. 17-3)
The critical time period can be derived from
product-specific considerations (e.g., equating drying time
for a paint to 90 percent emissions reduction). Given such
an estimate for ks, the initial emission rate can be
estimated by integrating the emission formula to infinite
time under the assumption that all chemical mass is
released:
(Eqn. 17-4)
The basis for the exponential source algorithm has
also been extended to the description of more complex
diffusion-limited sources. With these sources, diffusive or
evaporative transport at the interface may be much more
rapid than diffusive transport from within the source
material, so that the abundance at the source/air interface
becomes depleted, limiting the transfer rate to the air.
Such effects can prevail with skin formation in "wet"
sources like stains and paints (see, for example, Chang
and Guo, 1992). Similar emission profiles have been
observed with the emanation of formaldehyde from
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particleboard with "rapid" decline as formaldehyde
evaporates from surface sites of the particleboard over the
first few weeks. It is then followed by a much slower
decline over ensuing years as formaldehyde diffuses from
within the matrix to reach the surface (see, for example,
Zinnetal., 1990).
Transport-based sources bring contaminated air
from other areas into the airspace of concern. Examples
include infiltration of outdoor contaminants, and soil gas
entry. Soil gas entry is a particularly complex
phenomenon, and is frequently treated as a separate
modeling issue (Little et al., 1992; Sextro, 1994). Room-
to-room migration of indoor contaminants would also fall
under this category, but this concept is best considered
using the multiple-zone model.
17.4.2. Source Descriptions for Waterborne
Contaminants
Residential water supplies may convey chemicals
to which occupants can be exposed through ingestion,
dermal contact, or inhalation. These chemicals may
appear in the form of contaminants (e.g.,
trichlorocthylene) as well as naturally-occurring
byproducts of water system history (e.g., chloroform,
radon). Among indoor water uses, showering, bathing and
handwashing of dishes or clothes provide the primary
opportunities for dermal exposure. The escape of volatile
chemicals to the gas phase associates water use with
inhalation exposure. The exposure potential for a given
situation will depend on the source of water, the types and
extents of water uses, and the extent of volatilization of
specific chemicals. Primary types of residential water use
(summarized in Section 17.3) include showeringfoathing,
toilet use, clothes washing, dishwashing, and faucet use
(e.g., for drinking, cooking, general cleaning, or washing
hands).
Upper-bounding estimates of chemical release rates
from water use can be formulated as simple emission
factors by combining the concentration in the feed water
(g m"3) with the flow rate for the water use (m3 h"1), and
assuming that the chemical escapes to the gas phase. For
some chemicals, however, not all of the chemical escapes
in realistic situations due to diffusion-limited transport
and solubility factors. For inhalation exposure estimates,
this may not pose a problem because the bounding
estimate would overestimate emissions by no more than
approximately a factor of two. For multiple exposure
pathways, the chemical mass remaining in the water may
be of importance. Refined estimates of volatile emissions
are usually considered under two-resistance theory to
accommodate mass transport aspects of the water-air
system (see, for example, Little, 1992; Andelman, 1990;
McKone, 1987). Release rates are formulated as:
s =
KmFw
Cw - -£ (Eqn. 17-5)
H
where:
S
Kra =
Cw =
H =
chemical release rate (g h"1)
= dimensionless mass-transfer coefficient
= water flow rate (m3 h"1)
= concentration in feed water (g m"3)
= concentration in air (g m"3)
= dimensionless Henry's Law constant
Because the emission rate is dependent on the air
concentration, recursive techniques are required. The
mass transfer coefficient is a function of water use
characteristics (e.g., water droplet size spectrum, fall
distance, water film) and chemical properties (diffusion in
gas and liquid phases). Estimates of practical value are
based on empirical tests to incorporate system
characteristics into a single parameter (see, for example,
Giardino et al., 1990). Once characteristics of one
chemical-water use system are known (reference
chemical, subscript r), the mass transfer coefficient for
another chemical (index chemical, subscript i) delivered
by the same system can be estimated using formulations
identified in the review by Little (1992):
>
4ft
where:
DL
DC
1/2 / _,
1 1 1 Per
" 1? ~F~ "H "FT"
NLr *\> "V UGi
)2/3/ _ S 1/2
D, 1
\ I-r/
n. 17-6)
= liquid difftisivity (m2 s"1)
= gas difftisivity (m2 s"1)
KL = liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient
KG
H
= gas-phase mass transfer coefficient
= dimensionless Henry's
Law constant
17.4.3. Soil and House Dust Sources
The rate process descriptions compiled for soil and
house dust in Section 17.3 provide inputs for estimating
indoor emission rates (Sd, g h"1) in terms of dust mass
loading (Md, g m"2) combined with resuspension rates (Rd,
h"1) and floor area (Af, m2):
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sd = Md
(Eqn. 17-7)
Because house dust is a complex mixture, transfer
of particle-bound constituents to the gas phase may be of
concern for some exposure assessments. For emission
estimates, one would then need to consider particle mass
residing in each reservoir (dust deposit, airborne),
17.5. ADVANCED CONCEPTS
17.5.1. Uniform Mixing Assumption
Many exposure measurements are predicated on the
assumption of uniform mixing within a room or zone of a
house. Mage and Ott (1994) offers an extensive review of
the history of use and misuse of the concept. Experimental
work by Baughman et al. (1994) and Drescher et al.
(1995) indicates that, for an instantaneous release from a
point source in a room, fairly complete mixing is achieved
within 10 minutes when convective flow is induced by
solar radiation. However, up to 100 minutes may be
required for complete mixing under quiescent (nearly
isothermal) conditions. While these experiments were
conducted at extremely low air exchange rates
(< 0.1 ACH), based on the results, attention is focused on
mixing within a room.
The situation changes if a human invokes a point
source for a longer period and remains in the immediate
vicinity of that source. Personal exposure in the near
vicinity'of a source can be much higher than the well-
mixed assumption would suggest. A series of experiments
conducted by GEOMET (1989) for the U.S. EPA
involved controlled point-source releases of carbon
monoxide tracer (CO), each for 30 minutes. "Breathing-
zone" measurements located within 0.4 m of the release
point were ten times higher than for other locations in the
room during early stages of mixing and transport.
Similar investigations conducted by Furtaw et al.
(1995) involved a series of experiments in a controlled-
environment room-sized chamber. Furtaw et al. (1995)
studied spatial concentration gradients around a
continuous point source simulated by sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6) tracer with a human moving about the room.
Average breathing-zone concentrations when the subject
was near the source exceeded those several meters away
by a factor that varied inversely with the ventilation
intensity in the room. At typical room ventilation rates,
the ratio of source-proximate to slightly-removed
concentration was on the order of 2:1.
17.5.2. Reversible Sinks
For some chemicals, the actions of reversible sinks
are of concern. For an initially "clean" condition in the
sink material, sorption effects can greatly deplete indoor
concentrations. However, once enough of the chemical
has been adsorbed, the diffusion gradient will reverse,
allowing the chemical to escape. For persistent indoor
sources, such effects can serve to reduce indoor levels
initially but once the system equilibrates, the net effect on
the average concentration of the reversible sink is
negligible. Over suitably short time frames, this can also
affect integrated exposure. For indoor sources whose
emission profile declines with time (or ends abruptly),
reversible sinks can serve to extend the emissions period
as the chemical desorbs long after direct emissions are
finished. Reversible sink effects have been observed for
a number of chemicals in the presence of carpeting, wall
coverings, and other materials commonly found in
residential environments.
Interactive sinks (and models of the processes) are
of a special importance; while sink effects can greatly
reduce indoor air concentrations, re-emission at lower
rates over longer time periods could greatly extend the
exposure period of concern. For completely reversible
sinks, the extended time could bring the cumulative
exposure to levels approaching the sink-free case. Recent
publications (Axley et al., 1993; Tichenor et al., 1991)
show that first principles provide useful guidance in
postulating models and setting assumptions for
reversible/irreversible sink models. Sorption/desorption
can be described in terms of Langmuir (monolayer) as
well as Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET, multilayer)
adsorption.
17.6 RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 17-29 presents a summary of volume of
residence surveys and Table 17-30 presents a summary of
air exchange rates surveys. Table 17-31 presents the
recommended values. Tables 17-32 and 17-33 provide
the confidence in recommendations for house volume and
air exchange rates, respectively. Key studies or analyses
described in this chapter were used in selecting
recommended values for residential volume. The air
exchange rate data presented in the studies are extremely
limited. Therefore, studies have not been classified as key
or relevant studies. However, recommendations have
been provided for air exchange rates and the confidence
recommendation has been assigned a "low" overall rating.
Therefore, these values should be used with caution. Both
Exposure Factors Handbook
August 1997
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17-23
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
central and conservative values are provided. These two
parameters — volume and air exchange rate — can be used
by exposure assessors in modeling indoor-air
concentrations as one of the inputs to exposure estimation.
Other inputs to the modeling effort include rates of indoor
pollutant generation and losses to (and, in some cases, re-
emissions from) indoor sinks. Other things being equal
(i.e., holding constant the pollutant generation rate and
effect of indoor sinks), lower values for either the indoor
volume or the air exchange rate will result in higher
indoor-air concentrations. Thus, values near the lower
end of the distribution (e.g., 10th percentile) for either
parameter are appropriate in developing conservative
estimates of exposure.
For the volume of a residence, both key studies
(U.S. DOE (1995) and Versar (1990) PFT database) have
the same mean value — 369 m3 (see Table 17-1). This
mean value is recommended as a central estimate
residential volume. Intuitively, the 10th percentile of the
distribution from either study — 147 m3 for RECS survey
or 167 m3 for the PFT database -- is too conservative a
value, as both these values are lower than the mean
volume for multifamily dwelling units (see Table 17-2).
Instead, the 25th percentile - 209 m3 for RECS survey or
225 m3 for PFT database, averaging 217 m3 across the
two key studies — is recommended (Table 17-1).
For the residential air exchange rate, the median
value of 0.45 air changes per hour (ACH) from the PFT
database (see Table 17-9) is recommended as a typical
value (Koontz and Rector, 1995). This median value is
very close to the geometric mean of the measurements in
the PFT database analyzed by Koontz and Rector (1995).
The arithmetic mean is not preferred because it is
influenced fairly heavily by extreme values at the upper
tail of the distribution. For a conservative value, the 10th
percentile for the PFT database - 0.18 ACH - is
recommended (Table 17-10).
There are some uncertainties in, or limitations on,
the distribution for volumes and air exchange rates that
are presented in this chapter. For example, the RECS
used to infer volume distributions used a nationwide
probability sample, but measured floor area rather than
total volume. By comparison, field studies contributing to
the PFT data base measured house volumes directly, but
the aggregate sampling frame for these studies is not
statistically representative of the national housing stock.
Although the PFT methodology is relatively simple
to implement, it is subject to errors and uncertainties. The
general performance of the sampling and analytical
aspects of the system are quite good. That is, laboratory
analysis will measure the correct time-weighted-average
tracer concentration to within a few percent (Dietz et al.,
1986). Nonetheless, significant errors can arise when
conditions in the measurement scene greatly deviate from
idealizations calling for constant, well-mixed conditions.
Principal concerns focus on the effects of naturally
varying air exchange and the effects of temperature in the
permeation source.
Sherman (1989) carried out an error analysis of the
PFT methodology using mathematical models combined
with typical weather data to calculate how an ideal
sampling system would perform in a time-varying
environment. He found that for simple single-story
(ranch) and two-story plus basement (colonial) layouts,
seasonal measurements would underpredict seasonal
average air exchange by 20 to 30 percent.
Underprediction can occur because the PFT methodology
is measuring the effective ventilation (the product of
ventilation efficiency and air exchange), and the temporal
efficiency will generally be less than unity over averaging
periods of this length. Sherman (1989) also noted,
however, that while the bias could have an impact on
determining air exchange (absent knowledge of
ventilation efficiency) for calculating energy loads, the
effective air exchange term is directly relevant to
determining average indoor concentrations resulting from
constant sources.
Leaderer et al. (1985) conducted a series of
experiments in a room-sized-environmental chamber to
evaluate the practical impacts of varying air exchange and
the temperature response of the permeation sources. The
negative bias anticipated in the measured (effective)
versus actual air exchange as conditions varied diurnally
between 0.4 and 1.5. ACH was evident but minor (3 to 6
percent), most likely due to the mechanical mixing in the
chamber and the relatively short integration time (72 h).
Similarly, cycling temperature diurnally over an 8°C
range (holding air exchange steady at 0.6 ACH) would
cause concentrations changes of about 20 percent as
emissions fluctuated. The investigators found, however,
that using a time-weighted average temperature to define
the emission rate reduced the temperature bias to
essentially zero.
17.7. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 17
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Page
17-24
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Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
al., eds. Significance and Treatment of Volatile
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Giardino, N.J.; Gummerman, E.; Andelman, J.B.;
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Koontz, M.D.; Nagda, N.L. (1991) A multichamber
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19, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
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DC.
Koontz, M.D.; Rector, H.E.; Fortmann, R.C.; Nagda,
N.L. (1988) Preliminary experiments in a research
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Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic
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Layton, D.W.; Thatcher, T.L. (1995) Movement of
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Evaluation of perfluorocarbon tracer technique for
determining infiltration rates in residences. Environ.
Sci. and Technol. 19(12): 1225-1232.
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McKone, T.E. (1989) Household exposure models.
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' volumes in the United States: Empirical and
Estimated Parametric Distributions. Submitted to
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* I
a
o
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§5
I
Table 17-29. Volume of Residence Surveys
Study
Key Studies
U.S. DOE, 1995
(RECS)
Versar, 1990
(PFT database)
Murray, 1996
Number of
Residences
Over 7,000
Over 2,000
7,041 (RECS)
1,751 (PFT)
Survey Type
Direct measurement of floor
area; estimation of volume
Direct measurement and
estimated
Direct measurements and
estimated
Areas Surveyed
Nationwide (random sample)
Nationwide (not random sample);
a large fraction located in CA
RECS-Nationwide (random
sample); PFT - Nationwide (not
random sample); a large fraction
located in CA
Comments
Volumes were estimated assuming B ft.
ceiling height. Provides relationships
between average residential volumes and
facilities such as housing type, ownership,
household size, and structure age.
Sample was not geographically balanced;
statistical weighting was applied to develop
nationwide distributions
Duplicate measurement were eliminated;
tested the effects of using S ft. assumption
on ceiling height to calculate volume; data
from both databases were analyzed.
Studv
Table 17-30. Air Exchange Rates Surveys
Number of
Residences/Measurements
Survey Type
Areas Surveyed
Comments
Versar, 1990
(PFT database)
Koontz & Rector, 1995
(PFT database)
Murray and Burmaster, 1995
(PFT database)
Nazaroff et al., 1988
Over 2,000 residences
2,971 measurements
2,844 measurements
Measurements using PFT
technique
Measurements using PFT
technique
Nationwide (not random sample);
a large fraction located in CA
Nationwide (not random sample);
a large fraction located in CA
Measurements using PFT Nationwide (not random sample);
technique a large fraction located in CA
255 (Grot and Clark, 1981) Direct measurement
312 (Grimsrud, 1983) Direct measurement
255, low-income families in 14
cities
321, newer residences, median
age <10 years
Multiple measurements on the same
home were included.
Multiple measurements on the same
home were included. Compensated
for geographic imbalances. Data are
presented by region of the country
and season.
Multiple measurements on the same
home were included. Did not
compensate for geographical
imbalances. Data are presented by
climate region and season.
Sample size was small and not
representative of the U.S.
Sample size was small and not
representative of the U.S.
g
•8
I
so
8-
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is
9
o
.3.
B.
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i
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
Table 17-31. Recommendations - Residential Parameters
Volume of Residence
Air Exchange Rale
369 m3 (central estimate)3
0.45 ACH (medianf
: 2:17m£(mean)b ,
X OJ8 ACH(lOUi pereentiie)d
it Same mean value presented in two studies (Table 17-1) - recommended to be;used'ast(ie central estimate.
b Mean of two 25th percentile values (Table 17-1)- recommended to be used as the mean's value.
c Recommended to be used as atypical value (Table 17-10), - -.<•'• ,
d Recommended to be used as a conservative value (Table 17-10). -. .-','.' • .- '.'.".
Table 17-32. Confidence in House Volume Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
* Level of peer review
* Accessibility
* Rcproducibility
« Focus on factor of
interest
» Daia pertinent to U.S.
* Primary data
* Currency
« Adequacy of data
collection period
* Validity of approach
Study size
• Representativeness of the
population
« Characterization of
variability
* Lack of bias in study design
(high rating is desirable)
* Measurement error
Other Elements
• Number of studies
* Agreement between researchers
Overall Rating
All key studies are from peer reviewed literature.
Papers are widely available from peer review journals.
Direct measurements were made.
The focus of the studies was on estimating house volume
as well as other factors.
Residences in the U.S. was the focus of the key studies.
All the studies were based on primary data.
Measurements in the PFT database were taken between
1982-1987. The RECS survey was conducted in 1993.
Not applicable
For the RECS survey, volumes were estimated assuming
an 8 ft. ceiling height. The effect of this assumption has
been tested by Murray (1996) and found to be
insignificant.
The sample sizes used in the key studies were fairly large,
although only 1 study (RECS) was representative of the
whole U.S. Not all samples were selected at random;
however, RECS samples were selected at random.
RECS sample is representative of the U.S.
Distributions are presented by housing type and regions;
although some of the sample sizes for the subcategories
were small.
Selection of residences was random for RECS.
Some measurement error may exist since surface areas
were estimated using the assumption of 8 ft. ceiling
height.
There are 3 key studies; however there are only 2 data
sets.
There is good agreement among researchers.
Results were consistent; I study (RECS) was
representative of residences in the whole U.S.; volumes
were estimated rather than measured in some eases.
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
High
Medium
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Volume III - Activity Factors
Chapter 17 - Residential Building Characteristics
Table 17-33. Confidence in Air Exchange Rate Recommendations
Considerations
Rationale
Rating
Study Elements
• Level of peer review
« Accessibility
• Reproducibility
• Focus on factor of
interest
» Data pertinent to U.S.
• Primary data
• Currency
* Adequacy of data
collection period
• Validity of approach
• Study size
Representativeness of the
population
Characterization of
variability
• Lack of bias in study design
(high rating is desirable)
• Measurement error
Other Elements
* Number of studies
• Agreement between researchers
Overall Bating
The studies appear in peer reviewed literature. Although
there are 3 studies, they are all based on the same
database (PFT database).
Papers are widely available from government reports and
peer review journals.
Precision across repeat analyses has been documented to
be acceptable.
The focus of the studies was on estimating air exchange
rates as well as other factors.
Residences in the U.S. was the focus of the PFT
database.
All the studies were based on primary data.
Measurements in the PFT database were taken between
1982-1987.
Only short term data were collected; some residences
were measured during different seasons; however, long
term air exchange rates are not well characterized.
Although the PFT technology is an EPA standard method
(Method IP-4A), it has some major limitations (e.g.,
uniform mixing assumption).
The sample sizes used in the key studies were fairly large,
although not representative of the whole U.S. Not all
samples were selected at random.
Sample is not representative of the U.S..
Distributions are presented by U.S. regions, seasons, and
climatic regions; although some of the sample sizes for
the subcategories were small and not representative of
U.S. The utility is limited..
Bias may result since the selection of residences was not
random.
Some measurement error may exist.
There are 3 key studies; however there are only I data set.
However, the database contains results of 20 projects of
varying scope.
Not applicable
Sample was not representative of residences in the whole
U.S., but covered the range of occurrence.
PFT methodology has limitations. Uniform mixing
assumption may not be adequate. Results will vary
depending on placement of samples and on whether
windows and doors are closed or opened.
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
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Glossary
GLOSSARY
Absorption fraction (percent absorbed) - The relative
amount of a substance that penetrates through a barrier
into the body, reported as a unitless fraction.
Accuracy - The measure of the correctness of data, as
given by the difference between the measured value and
the true or standard value.
Activity pattern (time use) data - Information on
activities in which various individuals engage, length of
time spent performing various activities, locations in
which individuals spend time and length of time spent by
individuals within those various environments.
Air exchange rate - Rate of air leakage through
windows, doorways, intakes and exhausts, and
"adventitious openings" (i.e., cracks and seams) that
combine to form the leakage configuration of the
building envelope plus natural and mechanical
ventilation.
Ambient - The conditions surrounding a person,
sampling location, etc.
Analytical uncertainty propagation - Examines how
uncertainty in individual parameters affects the overall
uncertainty of the exposure assessment. The
uncertainties associated with various parameters may
propagate through a model very differently, even if they
have approximately the same uncertainty. Since
uncertainty propagation is a function of both the data and
the model structure, this procedure evaluates both input
variances and model sensitivity.
As consumed intake rates - Intake rates that are based on
the weight of the food in the form that it is consumed.
Average daily dose - Dose rate averaged over a pathway-
specific period of exposure expressed as a daily dose on
a per-unit-body-weight basis. The ADD is used for
exposure to chemicals with non-carcinogenic non-chronic
effects. The ADD is usually expressed in terms of
rng/kg-day or other mass/mass-time units.
Best Tracer Method (BTM) - Method for estimating soil
ingestion that allows for the selection of the most
recoverable tracer for a particular subject or group of
subjects. Selection of the best tracer is made on the basis
of the food/soil (F/S) ratio.
Boneless equivalent - Weights of meat (pork, veal, beef)
and poultry, excluding all bones, but including separable
fat sold on retail cuts of red meat.
Carcass weight - Weight of the chilled hanging carcass,
which includes the kidney and attached internal fat
(kidney, pelvic, and heart fat), excludes the skin, head,
feet, and unattached internal organs. The pork carcass
weight includes the skin and feet but excludes the kidney
and attached internal fat.
Chronic intake - The long term period over which a
substance crosses the outer boundary of an organism
without passing an absorption barrier.
Comparability - The ability to describe likenesses and
differences in the quality and relevance of two or more
data sets.
Consumer-only intake rate - The average quantity of
food consumed per person in a population composed only
of individuals who ate the food item of interest during a
specified period.
Contaminant concentration - Contaminant concentration
is the concentration of the contaminant in the medium
(air, food, soil, etc.) contacting the body and has units of
mass/volume or mass/mass.
Creel Census - Approach used by fishery managers to
obtain harvest data collected onsite from single anglers
or from larger-scale commercial type operations.
Deposition - The removal of airborne substances to
available surfaces that occurs as a result of gravitational
settling and diffusion, as well as electrophoresis and
thermophoresis,
Diary study - Survey in which individuals are asked to
record food intake, activities, or other factors in a diary
which is later used to evaluate exposure factors
associated with specific populations.
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Glossary
Distribution - A set of values derived from a specific
population or set of measurements diat represents the
range and array of data for the factor being studied,
Dose - The amount of a substance available for
interaction with metabolic processes or biologically
significant receptors after crossing the outer boundary of
an organism. The potential dose is the amount ingested,
inhaled, or applied to the skin. The applied dose is the
amount of a substance presented to an absorption barrier
and available for absorption (although not necessarily
having yet crossed the outer boundary of the organism).
The absorbed dose is the amount crossing a specific
absorption barrier (e.g., the exchange boundaries of
skin, lung, and digestive tract) through uptake processes.
Internal dose is a more general term denoting the amount
absorbed without respect to specific absorption barriers
or exchange boundaries. The amount of a chemical
available for interaction by any particular organ or cell
is termed the delivered dose for that organ or cell.
Dose-response relations/lip - The resulting biological
responses in an organ or organism expressed as a
function of a series of doses.
Dressed weight - The portion of the harvest brought into
kitchens for use, including bones for particular species.
Dry weight intake rates - Intake rates that are based on
the weight of the food consumed after the moisture
content has been removed.
Employer tenure - The length of time a worker has been
with the same employer.
Exposed foods - Those foods that are grown above
ground and are likely to be contaminated by pollutants
deposited on surfaces that are eaten.
Exposure duration - Total time an individual is exposed
to the chemical being evaluated.
Exposure Assessment - The determination or estimation
(qualitative or quantitative) of the magnitude, frequency,
or duration, and route or exposure.
Exposure concentration - The concentration of a
chemical in its transport or carrier medium at the point
of contact.
Exposure pathway - The physical course a chemical
takes from the source to the organism exposed.
Exposure route - The way a chemical pollutant enters an
organism after contact, e.g., by ingestion, inhalation, or
dermal absorption.
Exposure scenario - A set of facts, assumptions, and
interferences about how exposure takes place that aids
the exposure assessor in evaluating estimating, or
quantifying exposures.
Exposure - Contact of a chemical, physical, or biological
agent with the outer boundary of an organism. Exposure
is quantified as the concentration of the agent in the
medium in contact integrated over the time duration of
the contact.
Exposure duration - Length of time over which contact
with the contaminant lasts.
General population - The total of individuals inhabiting
an area or making up a whole group.
Geometric mean - The nth root of the product of n
values.
Homegrown/home produced foods - Fruits and
vegetables produced by home gardeners, meat and dairy
products derived form consumer-raised livestock, game
meat, and home caught fish.
Inhaled dose - The amount of an inhaled substance that
is available for interaction with metabolic processes or
biologically significant receptors after crossing the outer
boundary of an organism.
Insensible water loss - Evaporative water losses that
occur during breastfeeding. Corrections are made to
account for insensible water loss when estimating breast
milk intake using the test weighing method.
Intake - The process by which a substance crosses the
outer boundary of an organism without passing an
absorption barrier (e.g., through ingestion or inhalation).
Intake rate - Rate of inhalation, ingestion, and dermal
contact depending on the route of exposure. For
ingestion, die intake rate is simply the amount of food
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Glossary
containing the contaminant of interest that an individual
ingests during some specific time period (units of
mass/time). For inhalation, the intake rate is the rate at .
which contaminated air is inhaled. Factors that'affect
dermal exposure are the amount of material that comes
into contact with the skin, and the rate at which the
contaminant is absorbed.
Internal dose - The amount of a substance penetrating
across absorption barriers (the exchange boundaries) of
an organism, via either physical or biological processes
(synonymous with absorbed dose).
Interzonal airflows - Transport of air through doorways,
ductwork, and service chaseways that interconnect rooms
or zones within a building.
Lifetime average daily dose - Dose rate averaged over a
lifetime. The LADD is used for compounds with
carcinogenic or chronic effects. The LADD is usually
expressed in terms of mg/kg-day or other
mass/mass-time units.
Limiting Tracer Method (LTM) - Method for evaluating
soil ingestion that
assumes that the maximum amount of soil ingested
corresponds with the lowest estimate from various tracer
elements.
Local circulation - Convective and adjective air
circulation and mixing within a room or within a zone.
Mass-balance/tracer techniques - Method for evaluating
soil intake that accounts for both inputs and outputs of
tracer elements. Tracers in soil, food, medicine and
other ingested items as well as in feces and urine are
accounted for.
Median value - The value in a measurement data set such
that half the measured values are greater and half are
less.
Microenvironment - The combination of activities and
locations that yield potential exposure.
Moisture content - The portion of foods made up by
water. The percent water is needed for converting food
intake rates and residue concentrations between whole
weight and dry weight values.
Monte Carlo technique - A repeated random sampling
from the distribution of values for each of the parameters
in a generic (exposure or dose) equation to derive an
estimate of the distribution of (exposures or doses in) the
population.
Occupational mobility - An indicator of the frequency at
which workers change from one occupation to another.
Occupational tenure - The cumulative number of years
a person worked in his or her current occupation,
regardless of number of employers, interruptions in
employment, or time spent in other occupations.
Pathway - The physical course a chemical or pollutant
takes from the source to the organism exposed.
Per capita intake rate - The average quantity of food
consumed per person in a population composed of both
individuals who ate the food during a specified time
period and those that did not.
Pica - Deliberate ingestion of non-nutritive substances
such as soil.
Population mobility - An indicator of the frequency at
which individuals move from one residential location to
another.
Potential dose - The amount of a chemical contained in
material ingested, air breathed, or bulk material applied
to the skin. , .
Precision - A measure of the reproducibility of a
measured value under a given set of circumstances.
Preparation losses - Net cooking losses, which include
dripping and volatile losses, post cooking losses, which
involve losses from cutting, bones, excess fat, scraps and
juices, and other preparation losses which include-losses
from paring or coring.
Probabilistic uncertainty analysis - Technique that
assigns a probability density function to each input
parameter, then randomly selects values from each of the
distributions and inserts them into the exposure equation.
Repeated calculations produce a distribution of predicted
values, reflecting the combined impact of variability in
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Glossary
each input to the calculation. Monte Carlo is a common
type of probabilistic Uncertainty analysis.
Protected foods - Those foods that have outer protective
coatings that are typically removed before consumption.
Random samples - Samples selected from a statistical
population such that each sample has an equal probability
of being selected.
Range - The difference between the largest and smallest
values in a measurement data set.
Recreational/sport fishermen - Individuals who catch
fish as part of a sporting or recreational activity and not
for the purpose of providing a primary source of food for
themselves or for their families.
Representativeness - The degree to which a sample is, or
samples are, characteristic of the whole medium,
exposure, or dose for which the samples are being used
to make inferences.
Residential volume - The volume (m3) of the structure in
which an individual resides and may be exposed to
airborne contaminants.
Residential occupancy period - The time (years)
between a person moving into a residence and the time
the person moves out or dies.
Resource utilization - For any quantity Y that is
consumed by individuals in a population, the percentiles
of the "resource utilization distribution" of Y can be
formally defined as follows: Yp (R) is the pth percentile of
the resource utilization distribution if p percent of the
overall consumption of Y in the population is done by
individuals with consumption below Yp (R) and 100-p
percent is done by individuals with consumption above
Yp(R).
Retail weight equivalent - Weight of food as sold
through retail foodstores; therefore, conversion factors
are used to correct carcass weight to retail weight to
account for trimming, shrinkage, or loss of meat and
chicken at retail outlets.
Route - The way a chemical or pollutant enters an
organism after contact, e.g., by ingestion, inhalation, or
dermal absorption.
Sample - A small part of something designed to show the
nature or quality of the whole. Exposure-related
measurements are usually samples of environmental or
ambient media, exposures of a small subset of a
population for a short time, or biological samples, all for
the purpose of inferring the nature and quality of
parameters important to evaluating exposure.
Screening-level assessments - Typically examine
exposures that would fall on or beyond the high end of
the expected exposure distribution.
Sensitivity analysis - Process of changing one variable
while leaving the others constant to determine its effect
on the output. This procedure fixes each uncertain
quantity at its credible lower and upper bounds (holding
all others at their nominal values, such as medians) and
computes the results of each combination of values. The
results help to identify the variables that have the greatest
effect on exposure estimates and help focus further
information-gathering efforts.
Serving sizes - The quantities of individual foods
consumed per eating occasion. These estimates may be
useful for assessing acute exposures.
Soil adherence - The quantity of soil that adheres to the
skin and from which chemical contaminants are available
for uptake at the skin surface.
Subsistence fishermen - Individuals who consume fresh
caught fish as a major source of food,
Test weighing - A method for estimating breast milk
intake over a 24-hour period in which the infant is
weighed before and after each feeding without changing
its clothing. The sum of the difference between the
measured weights over the 24-hour period is assumed to
be equivalent to the amount of breast milk consumed
daily.
Total tapwater - Water consumed directly from the tap
as a beverage or used in the preparation of foods and
beverages (i.e., coffee, tea, frozen juices, soups, etc.).
Total fluid intake - Consumption of all types of fluids
including tapwater, milk, soft drinks, alcoholic
beverages, and water intrinsic to purchased foods.
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Glossary
Tracer-element studies - Soil ingestion studies that use
trace elements found in soil and poorly metabolized in
the human gut as indicators of soil intake.
Uncertainty - Uncertainty represents a lack of knowledge
about factors affecting exposure or risk and can lead to
inaccurate or biased estimates of exposure. The types of
uncertainty include: scenario, parameter, and model.
Upper percentile - Values at the upper end of the
distribution of values for a particular set of data.
Uptake - The process by which a substance crosses an
absorption barrier and is absorbed into the body.
Variability - Variability arises from true heterogeneity
across people, places or time and can affect the precision
of exposure estimates and the degree to which they can
be generalized. The types of variability include: spatial,
temporal, and inter-individual.
Ventilation rate (VR) - Alternative term for inhalation
rate or breathing rate. Usually measured as minute
volume, i.e. volume (liters) of air exhaled per minute.
Volume of exhaled air (Vg) - Product of the number of
respiratory cycles in a minute and the volume of air
respired during each respiratory cycle (tidal volume,
VT).
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