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Office-df Research and
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Washington, DC 20460
January 1992
Ground-Water
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Research
Research Description
Third Edition
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Ground-Water Research
Research Description
Third Edition
Prepared for the
Office of Research and Development
Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460 .
Peter W. Preuss, Director
Amy Mills, Work Assignment Manager
EPA/600/R-92/004
January 1992
Prepared under Contract #68-DO-0171
by
Environmental Management Support'"0
1010 Wayne Ave., Suite 200
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
(301) 589-5318
Printed on Recycled Paper
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PREFACE
This document describes the ground-water research program conducted by EPA's Office of
Research and Development (ORD). It updates the earlier Research Program Description, Ground-
Water Research (EPA/600/9-89/088, October 1989). The research program is carried out by the
Offices of Environmental Processes and Effects Research (OEPER), Modeling, Monitoring Systems,
and Quality Assurance (OMMSQA), Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
(OEETD), and Exploratory Research (OER). Of ORD's 12 laboratories and four research groups,
four laboratories have lead responsibilities and base budgets in ground water: OEPER's Robert s!
Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma (RSKERL-Ada); OEPER's Environ-
mental Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia (ERL-Athens); OMMSQA's Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada (EMSL-LV); and OEETD''s Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio (RREL-Cin). ORD's Center for Environmental Research
Information (CERI) conducts educational seminars and prints and disseminates publications in
support of the ground-water research program. The overall program is coordinated by the ORD
Matrix Manager for Ground-Water Research. The current matrix manager is Peter Preuss, Director
of ORD's Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support, Further information may be
obtained by contacting the ORD laboratories, offices, and technical experts listed in the Ground-
Water Research Technical Assistance Directory (EPA/600/9-91/006, March 1991), which is available
from CERI at FTS-684-7391 or 513-569-7391.
Further information may be obtained by contacting the directors of the following ORD
facilities:
Director
Calvin Lawrence
Gareth J. Pearson
Rosemarie Russo
E. Timothy Oppelt
Clinton W. Hall
Facility
CERI
EMSL-LV
ERL-Athens
RREL-Cin
RSKERL-Ada
FTS Phone
684-7391
545-2203^
250-3134
684-7418
743-2224
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
CONTENTS
Introduction . 1
Background * \ i
EPA Program Office Responsibilities 2
RCRA Hazardous Waste 2
Superfund 3
Drinking Water _ 4
Pesticides ' ] 4
Research Program Overview 5
Ground-Water Research Areas 5
Site Characterization and Monitoring 5
Transport and Transformation 5
In Situ Aquifer Remediation . 5
Underground Source Control ~\ '' ' [ 5
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance 6
Related Research Areas . !!! 6
Health Effects 6
On-Site Treatment Technology '.'.'.'.'. 6
Surface Source Control ; g
Current Research Program . g
Site Characterization and Monitoring Research 7
Well and Sampling Methods .!.,!..! 7
Geophysical Methods 7
Wellhead Protection g
Underground Storage Tank Methods '....'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 8
Advanced Field Technologies ' g
Demonstrations g
Models p , 9
Transport and Transformation Research '. 9
Hydrologic Transport Processes t 10
Estimation of Transformation and Transport Constants 10
Abiotic Processes H
Biotic Processes . 12
Hazardous Waste Exposure Assessment ; i..... 13
Wellhead Protection Methods 14
Pesticides Exposure Assessment Methods 14
Midwest Agrichemical Surface/Subsurface Transport and Effects Research .............. 16
National Center for Ground-Water Research '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 16
Hazardous Substance Research Center Program 17
Office of Exploratory Research Grants Program " .17
In Situ Aquifer Remediation Research ] ' ig
Delivery and Recovery Techniques !.....!. 18
Optimizing Pump-and-Treat Technologies 18
Vapor Phase Extraction Techniques '.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'." 19
Bioremediation '.'.'.'.'.'. 20
Underground Storage Tank Remediation Research 21
Underground Injection Control Research .....'.'.'.'. 22
Hazardous Waste Injection Methods for Class I Wells ...........].. 22
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Class V Well Injection Methods 22
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance .. . 23
Geophysical Technical Support 23
Transport and Transformation Technical Support 23
Aquifer Remediation Technical Support 24
Training and Model Evaluation 25
Superfund Technical Assistance Response Team 25
Forum Issue Papers • • • 26
Relationship of ORD Research to Other Ground-Water Research in EPA 26
Coordination Among Federal Agencies • 27
External Research Reviews 28
Internal Research Reviews • • 29
Research Results :....:-. • 29
Future Program , 30
Appendix A. ORD Ground-Water Research Budget 33
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs from Ground-Water Research Projects . . 35
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications 49
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
Ground-water quality has a major impact on
human health and the environment The impor-
tance of ground water for consumption and agri-
cultural and industrial uses, as well as the role of
ground water as part of the hydrologic cycle and
consequent interaction with the environment, has
become increasingly apparent in a number of EPA
programs. Research is needed to support EPA
programs that require increasingly sophisticated
knowledge and greater technical assistance to ^
develop and implement human health and environ-
mental protection programs. While significant
strides have been made in understanding various
aspects of ground-water science and technology,
the scope of ground-water research needs has been
broadened by greater concern for ground-water
quality, new legislation and regulations, better
problem identification, and a tendency for inves-
tigations to uncover ever greater variability in the
chemistry, physics, and biology of the subsurface.
Background
While EPA has no single authority under
which it is charged to protect ground water, most
statutes that govern the Agency's mission address
the need to protect ground water. Some of the
most significant include: the Resource Conser-
vation and Recovery Act (RCRA); Comprehensive
Environmental Response; Compensation, and Lia-
bility Act (CERCLA or Superfund); Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA); Clean Water Act (CWA); and
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA). This broad spectrum of statutory
authority within the Agency has contributed to a
variety of ground-water issues, priorities, regu-
lations, and research needs.
EPA ground-water research reflects the
diverse priorities among seven program office
clients: Office of Ground Water and Drinking
Water (OGWDW); Office of Solid Waste (OSW);
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
(OERR); Office of Waste Programs Enforcement
(OWPE); Office of Underground Storage Tanks
(OUST); Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP); and
Office of Radiation Programs. The research
program also supports EPA's ten Regions and a
number of cross-media offices and task forces.
Because States and EPA policy delegate many
ground-water protection responsibilities to the
states and regional variations in hydrogeology,
EPA is increasing its emphasis on providing in-
formation and direct technical assistance to state
and local agencies that must apply new knowledge
and technologies to local problems.
The overall research and technology transfer
program is guided by three EPA research commit-
tees and four Office of Research and Development
(ORD) offices. The research committees—Water,
Hazardous Waste/Superfund:, and Pesticides—are
joint ORD/program office/Regional committees
responsible for reviewing research programs,
ranking research needs, and recommending allo-
cations of research funds to ORD's Assistant
Administrator. ORD's research offices—Model-
ing, Monitoring Systems, and Quality Assurance
(OMMSQA), Environmental Processes and Effects
Research (OEPER), Environmental Engineering
and Technology Demonstration (OEETD), and
Exploratory Research (OER)—are responsible for
coordinating ground-water research programs and
overseeing the operations of the research lab-
oratories within their program areas.
Responding in part to a recommendation by
the Science Advisory Board, in 1986 ORD's Assis-
tant Administrator created a matrix manager for
ground-water research to be responsible for cross-
office, cross-research-committee coordination
among competing priorities. Program office and
ORD technical specialists and managers participate
in periodic reviews, led by the matrix manager, of
ground-water research priorities and outputs. The
reviews serve to refine research priorities based on
the evolving knowledge of ground-water science
and needs of the program offices. They form the
basis for defining and communicating ORD's di-
rection in ground-water research.
In 1989, EPA's Administrator established a
Ground-Water Task Force to review the Agency's
ground-water protection program and to develop
concrete principles and objectives to ensure effec-
tive and consistent decision-making in all Agency
decisions affecting ground water. The outcome of
this effort is policy and implementation principles
that are intended to set forth an aggressive ap-
proach to protecting the Nation's ground-water re-
sources and direct the course of the Agengy's
ground-water program.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
EPA's responsibilities in ground water include
providing technical and financial assistance to
guide state and local governments in the devel-
opment of their ground-water protection and man-
agement programs, and developing policies to
ensure integration and consistency of approach for
federal programs focused on ground-water pro-
tection. To support EPA responsibilities, ORD
offices and laboratories conduct their own research
as well as fund research at other institutions,
including universities and colleges, state and other
federal laboratories, associations, and consulting
and engineering firms. ORD research provides
tools for decision-making at all government levels
to improve the protection of ground-water re-
sources from man-made contamination. In ad-
dition to designing a research program to satisfy
multiple needs, ORD coordinates with other federal
agencies concerned with ground-water problems.
The objectives of ORD's ground-water
research programs are the development of methods,
data, and guidance for detecting and monitoring
various point and nonpoint sources of contam-
ination, predicting subsurface transport and fate
processes to better assess human and environ-
mental exposure to ground-water contamination,
controlling contamination from numerous possible
sources, and restoring contaminated aquifers to a
point where human health and the environment are
no longer at risk. Research into predicting the
distribution, movement, and fate of man-made
contaminants in ground water is basic to ground-
water protection and sets the pace for progress in
controlling contamination sources and remedial
action. To ensure that the latest science and
technology advances are applied to ground-water
problems by government and private sector de-
cision makers, ORD has implemented technology
transfer and technical assistance programs.
EPA Program Office Responsibilities
This section summarizes the responsibilities of
EPA Program Offices, Regional Offices, and the
states and the resulting information needs to which
ORD's ground-water research program responds.
Although research results have broad applicability,
in practice, research activities are supported by,
and performed in support of, individual EPA
programs.
RCRA Hazardous Waste
The management of regulatory programs
under RCRA and the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 (HSWA) is the responsibility
of OSW, OUST, and OWPE. RCRA and its
amendments allow states to take over responsibility
for program implementation and enforcement and
provides for oversight by EPA's Regions. Because
the hazardous waste program is what most people
think of when RCRA is mentioned, the terms
"hazardous waste" and "RCRA" are used inter-
changeably to refer to research in support of
hazardous waste (RCRA Subtitle C), municipal
waste (RCRA subtitle D), and underground storage
tanks (RCRA Subtitle I) regulatory programs.
Subtitle' C of RCRA established a program to
manage hazardous wastes from "cradle to grave,"
including the generation, transportation, treatment,
storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes, Facil-
ities regulated by OSW under RCRA include con-
tainers, tanks, surface impoundments, waste piles,
land treatment units, landfills, incinerators,
underground injection wells, and chemical, phys-
ical, and biological treatment processes. RCRA
also authorizes corrective action cleanups at
facilities from which hazardous wastes have been
released into the subsurface. Regional and state
permitters and enforcement personnel f£need me-
thods to establish ground-water monitoring
programs to detect pollutants migrating from
facilities and to monitor compliance with permit
conditions. Information on the transport and
transformation of contaminants in ground water is
needed to assess potential health and environ-
mental impacts of various regulatory options and
to clean up ground water contaminated by impro-
per hazardous waste disposal.
Subtitle D of RCRA established a program to
assist states who voluntarily develop and imple-
ment municipal waste management plans. It also
required OSW to issue minimum technical stan-
dards to which all municipal waste disposal
facilities must comply before accepting solid
wastes. These minimum standards are outside the
voluntary state program and cover ground-water
monitoring, siting of facilities, and corrective
actions. EPA municipal waste activities declined
in the early 1980s, but now are on the increase
because of many reported instances of ground-
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
water contamination from municipal waste dumps.
The 1984 amendments to RCRA required EPA to
revise, if necessary, the criteria for municipal waste
facilities, incinerator ash monofills, and land
application units. To support environmentally safe
municipal waste management, the states need
information on suitable monitoring strategies,
methods to predict the transport and transformation
of contaminants in ground water, and remediation
methods for cleaning up contaminated soils and
ground water. The revised Subtitle D Solid Waste
Disposal Facility Criteria were published in the
Federal Register in October, 1991, and will
become effective in October, 1993.
Subtitle I of RCRA established a program to
regulate over 1.5 million underground storage
tanks (USTs), hundreds of thousands of which are
suspected to be leaking petroleum products.
OUST has developed performance standards for
new tanks and regulations for leak detection,
prevention, and corrective action at all under-
ground tank sites. Because of the number of
tanks, OUST has designed a program in which the
states have responsibility, after approval of their
programs by EPA, for controlling leakage from
underground tanks. The 1986 amendments to
CERCLA provided for a Leaking Underground
Storage Tank Trust Fund to finance corrective
actions necessitated by leaking underground tanks.
OUST and the states need information on methods
to monitor the subsurface around USTs and clean
up contaminated aquifers and soils.
Superfund
OERR is responsible for mitigating threats
from abandoned, high-priority, hazardous waste
sites under CERCLA and its amendments. The
Hazardous Substance Response Trust Fund (Super-
fund) was established to finance EPA-lead
remedial actions at CERCLA sites, short-term
removal actions to lessen imminent threats,
emergency responses to accidental spills, and
research. EPA policies and procedures for
implementing Superfund responses are contained in
the National Contingency Plan (NCP), which
delineates criteria for when—and to what
extent—a removal or remedial response should be
undertaken.
Preliminary assessments must be conducted at
sites reported as possible sources of contamination
or illegal dumping (now over 31,00.0 sites). If the
preliminary assessment shows that there is an
immediate need for action, a removal action may
be initiated to stabilize or eliminate the release.
EPA on-scene coordinators (OSCs) in the Regions
direct Superfund-flnanced removal activities.
-When a preliminary assessment shows that the site
may threaten human health or the environment, the
site is inspected to collect sufficient information to
rank its hazard potential, including risks to ground
water. If a long-term remedial response is
required, a lead organization is determined, which
may be OERR, the state, or the responsible party;
the latter under supervision of OWPE. The Site
remedial response is managed by a Regional re-
medial project manager (1RPM) when OERR has
the lead.
Sites are subjected to a remedial investigation
to gather data necessary to determine the type and
extent of soil, ground water, and other contam-
ination at each site and a feasibility study to
analyze cleanup needs and alternative approaches.
After completing these studies, a remedial design
is developed, including detailed engineering plans,
drawings, and specifications. "'-' ' '"-: -r ~-
OSCs, RPMs, and their state counterparts
need monitoring procedures and analytical
protocols to quickly and effectively assess the
degree of hazard posed at waste sites. They need
methods to determine the transport and trans-
formation of contaminants in the subsurface and
innovative remedial technologies to clean up
contaminated sites. Although microbial degra-
dation of contaminants in the subsurface has great
potential to cost-effectively clean up some Super-
fund sites, a great deal of research is required to
determine which contaminants are amenable to in
situ microbial remediation and how to evaluate
controlling processes, design criteria, costs, by-
products, and site-specific effects.
Enforcement powers have been granted to
EPA to gain the compliance of recalcitrant RCRA
facility and underground storage tank owners,
oversee Superfund site cleanups, and recover the
costs of site cleanups financed by Superfund.
These enforcement powers are employed by
OWPE and its counterparts in the Regions and
states. Enforcement personnel need ground-water
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
information similar to that needed by RCRA,
Superfund, and UST regulatory, permitting, and
response personnel in order to defend the scientific
and technical merit underlying decisions in these
programs.
Drinking Water
Under the authority of SDWA, OGWDW
publishes maximum contaminant level goals and
promulgates national primary drinking water
regulations for all contaminants that may have an
adverse effect on human health and are known or
anticipated to occur in public water systems. The
list of potential contaminants must be updated
every three years. OGWDW will propose regu-
lations in 1993 requiring the disinfection of ground
water not under the influence of surface water,
which is used as source water for public supply
systems. These regulations are planned to be
promulgated in 1995. Variances may be granted if
it can be shown that the source water is likely to
be free from pathogen contamination and other
distribution system requirements. The Clean Water
Act also contains provisions affecting ground-water
quality, including provisions for area-wide waste
treatment management plans and protection of
ground water quality from nonpoint sources of
pollution.
Approximately 40% of the chemical waste
generated in the United States is disposed by
injection into the subsurface. Both SDWA and
HSWA contain provisions to protect ground water
quality from the injection of waste into the
subsurface by means of deep wells. Regulations
for underground injection control have been based
on ensuring that the use of injection wells for the
disposal of waste will not endanger human health
or the environment.
OGWDW is also responsible for the wellhead
protection program mandated by SDWA. SDWA
requires each state to develop an EPA-approved
wellhead protection program to protect public
water wells from contaminants. Most states
already have an EPA-approved program in place or
are actively developing such a program. EPA-
approval requires consideration of a number of
technical elements, which include: the hydro-
geologic setting, delineation of protection areas,
and assessment of potential contaminant sources.
To carry out their ground-water protection
responsibilities, OGWDW and the States must de-
velop methods to assess the risk to human health
from various categories of potential contamination
sources, determine the likelihood that a chemical
will persist in the subsurface, and develop well-
head protection strategies. To support these activ-
ities, research is needed to improve methods for
detecting and monitoring ground water contam-
ination, predict the transport and transformation of
pollutants in ground water, and use in situ tech-
nologies to remediate ground-water contamination.
Pesticides
FIFRA established a program that bans all
pesticides unless they are registered with OPP.
OPP has set forth guidelines specifying the kinds
of information required to support the registration
of a pesticide, including data on the anticipated
extent of use, pattern of use, and level and degree
of potential exposure to humans and the environ-
ment. When used in accordance with commonly
recognized practice, pesticides must not cause
unreasonable adverse effects to the environment.
Although the extent of exposure to human popu-
lations through drinking water is not certain, EPA
recently completed a National Pesticide Survey
(NPS) to help evaluate the degree of nitrate and
pesticide contamination in drinking water wells.
The focus of the survey was on drinking water
quality in wells and results showed an abundance
of nitrate contamination in many community water
system wells and rural drinking water wells.
Results also showed that many community water
system wells and rural drinking water wells
contain at least one pesticide or pesticide degradate
that exceed national Health Advisory Levels and
Maximum Contaminant Levels. The Agency's
Pesticides and Ground-Water Strategy stresses a
localized approach for protecting ground water
from pesticide contamination by building Regional
and state capabilities and encouraging the states to
develop pesticide management plans.
Techniques are needed to predict the fate of
pesticides in the subsurface on a site-specific basis
and measure environmental exposures of pesticides
that threaten human health, impair important en-
vironmental functions, and endanger untargeted
biota.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
RESEARCH PROGRAM OVERVIEW
Three laboratories have lead responsibilities
for ground-water research: the Robert S. Kerr En-
vironmental Research Laboratory in Ada, Okla-
homa (RSKERL-Ada), Environmental Research
Laboratory in Athens, Georgia (ERL-Athens), and
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in
Las Vegas, Nevada (EMSL-LV). The Risk Reduc-
tion Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio
(RREL-Cin), also conducts ground-water research,
but concentrates primarily on water and soil
treatment technologies.
ORD's ground-water research program can be
organized into five areas: site characterization and
monitoring; transport and transformation; in situ
aquifer remediation; underground source control;
and technology transfer and technical assistance.
Ground-Water Research Areas
Site Characterization and Monitoring
The placement and spacing of monitoring
wells, procedures for sample collection and
preservation, and quality assurance and quality
control (QA/QC) are fundamental requirements for
the collection of credible data to support ground-
water protection decisions. ORD's monitoring
research program is developing, evaluating, and
adapting geochemical and geophysical monitoring
techniques to meet the needs of EPA and the
regulated community, evaluating site character-
ization methods to improve monitoring well net-
work design, and refining procedures for data
reduction and interpretation. The lead laboratory
for monitoring research is EMSL-LV.
Transport and Transformation
Predicting contaminant behavior in the
subsurface is one of the most difficult tasks for
ground-water protection programs. Transport
research considers the physical movement of water
and contaminants in the subsurface. Trans-
formation research considers biotic and abiotic
processes in the saturated and unsaturated zones
that change the form, species (for example, of
metals and ionizable organics), or composition of
ground water contaminants. The knowledge
gained about transport, transformation, and
speciation phenomena is Incorporated into pre-
dictive models to enable the prediction estimation
of contaminant behavior in the subsurface and
potential exposures to humans and the environ-
ment. The lead laboratories involved in fate and
transport research are RSKERL-Ada and ERL-
Athens.
In Situ Aquifer Remediation
Cleaning up a polluted aquifer is a technically
difficult process, if it can be done at all. Effective
cleanup methods are needed to remove contam-
inants from many different hydrogeologic settings.
ORD's aquifer remediation research is developing
methods to recover contaminants from aquifers for
on-site treatment, making in situ remediation tech-
niques more effective and less expensive, and
identifying factors that contribute to the success or
failure of existing cleanup techniques. Advances
in aquifer remediation methods are highly depen-
dent on advances in the understanding of sub-
surface processes affecting the behavior of contam-
inants in the subsurface. Aquifer remediation re-
search projects are often conducted in conjunction
with transport and transformation research.
RSKERL-Ada is the lead laboratory in subsurface
remedial processes. RREL-Cin operates a remedial
technology program which concentrates on above-
ground and in situ soil clean-up technologies
Underground Source Control
A major source of ground-water contam-
ination is the improper injection of hazardous
wastes into the subsurface. Leaking well casings,
abandoned and improperly sealed wells, injection
of agricultural, industrial, and urban drainage waste
waters into shallow aquifers, and upward migration
of hazardous wastes from deep injection into
drinking water supplies all need to be evaluated to
determine safe underground injection practices.
ORD maintains a small research program in under-
ground source control which develops protocols for
injection well practices, evaluates well casing test
methods, and studies the interaction of injected
material with subsurface materials. The lead lab-
oratory for underground source control research is
RSKERL-Ada.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Technology Transfer and Technical Assistance
Field personnel in EPA Regions, states, and
local governments must deal with an extremely
broad and complex range of technical information.
They benefit from close support from scientists
and engineers in ORD laboratories. Ground-water
issues are a major category of technical requests
from client offices. To be effective, research
results must be disseminated to targeted oper-
ational personnel, program managers, and decision
makers in a timely manner and effective format.
ORD's lead in technology transfer is the Center for
Environmental Research Information (CERI). In
addition, all laboratories routinely conduct
technology transfer and offer technical assistance.
Related Research Areas
ORD also conducts research in the areas of
health effects, above-ground treatment tech-
nologies, and surface source control. Although
closely related to ground-water research, they are
not considered components of the ground-water
research program in this research description.
Health Effects
The major route of human exposure to
ground-water contaminants is through drinking
water. Illnesses attributed to ground-water
contamination account for a significant amount of
all reported waterbome diseases. Research on the
health effects of particular pollutants is used to
establish credible safe drinking water standards,
demonstrate to the public that the standards are
based on sound data, and design health-based
cleanups of hazardous substances in the environ-
ment. ORD's Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment (OHEA) conducts a research program
to develop methods for predicting human exposure
risks from hazardous materials, including the
estimation of exposure to contaminants found in
drinking-water supplies. Since adverse health
effects are the same regardless of whether exposure
is through ground water or surface water, research
on health effects is not considered part of the
ground-water research program.
On-Site Treatment Technology
EPA has a major research, development, and
demonstration program investigating technologies
for treating hazardous substances on site (above
ground) to reduce or eliminate their volume,
toxicity, or mobility. This program provides
performance and cost data on available
technologies for treating volatile and non-volatile
organics, inorganics, metals, and microbes. Infor-
mation on treatment technologies is being devel-
oped for the drinking water, Superfund, hazardous
waste, and pesticides programs. On-site treatment
technologies are often used for treating ground-
water contaminants after they are pumped to the
surface. However, on-site treatment technologies
are not included in this description because they
are not specific to ground water. Technologies for
bringing contaminants to the surface for on-site
treatment are being developed for corrective
action/remediation of contaminated soil. These
technologies are discussed under the section on in
situ aquifer remediation because they may also be
used for that purpose. RREL-Cin has expertise in
this area for research on in situ on-site treatment of
contaminated soils.
Surface Source Control
The surface source control research program
develops technologies to prevent soil and ground-
water contamination in and around Superfund sites,
RCRA facilities, and underground storage tanks.
Engineering research activities include: 1) im-
proving land-disposal containment systems, such as
slurry cut-off walls, landfill < covers; and 2) de-
veloping methods for treating hazardous wastes
and soils by leachate repirculation, soil washing, in
situ flushing, and chemical stabilization/
solidification. ORD also develops guidance and
procedures for siting, designing, maintaining, and
closing hazardous and municipal facilities, under-
ground storage tanks, and other waste management
facilities. The objective of this research is to
reduce the health risks from soil contamination or
contaminant migration to ground water. RREL-
Cin is active in this research.
CURRENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
The FY91 ground-water research program had
a budget of approximately $25 million and 105
FTEs. The FY92 ground-water research budget is
proposed to be increased to approximately $30
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
million and 106 FTEs (see Appendix A), ORD
deliverables, outputs, and other accomplishments
expected to be completed in FY91, FY92, and
beyond are listed in Appendix B.
Site Characterization and Monitoring
Research
The goal of ground-water monitoring research
is to develop techniques for detecting and quan-
tifying changes in hydrogeology and subsurface
water quality. Techniques that are being devel-
oped to monitor the subsurface more effectively
include well and sampling methods, geophysical
methods, wellhead protection methods, under-
ground storage tank methods, and advanced field
technologies. Demonstrations of these methods are
being conducted to test their effectiveness, and
modeling techniques are being developed to opti-
mize use of monitoring data.
Well and Sampling Methods
Conventional monitoring of ground water
involves drilling monitoring wells, using various
devices for collecting samples (bailing, pumping,
in situ samplers), and sending the samples to a
laboratory for analysis. A great deal of research in
the past few years has provided monitoring well
constructionimethods and sampling techniques that
produce samples more representative of the source.
EMSL-LV is continuing its effort to improve
ground-water monitoring methods through the
development of guidance on sampling frequency,
well casing materials, and monitoring well network
design. Investigations are being conducted to
provide an understanding of the temporal varia-
bility of ground-water quality in an arid environ-
ment and validate elements of ground-water
sampling protocols.
Among the sources of ground-water contam-
ination are the leachates from Superfund and
RCRA sites. In recognizing that the target ana-
lytes identified by EPA monitoring methods ac-
count for a small percentage of the potentially
hazardous organic contaminants present in these
leachates, EPA instructs its contract laboratories to
identify other chemicals that are present at high
concentrations. Similar identifications are needed
in characterizing ground water. EMSL-LV is coor-
dinating research at Las Vegas and ERL-Athens to
expand the number of compounds that can be iden-
tified reliably and cost effectively in hazardous
waste disposal site leachates and ground water.
knowledge of chemicals present in these ground-
water sources will provide a basis for significantly
improved assessments.
Geophysical Methods
Advanced geophysical methods for the
detection, mapping, and monitoring of contam-
inants in ground water and the vadose (unsat-
urated) zone of show great promise in saving the
Regions and states time and expense in character-
izing the subsurface. EMSL-LV is developing a
number of new geophysical (remote sensing) meth-
ods to delineate subsurface characteristics and
contaminant locations.
Geophysical research for RCRA hazardous
waste sites concentrates on adapting borehole
technologies to lower the cost of hazardous waste
facility monitoring. A number of new instruments
and techniques have recently been developed and
are being evaluated for hazardous waste site inves-
tigations. These new technologies include the
development of radar tomography techniques and a
new transient electromagnetic sounding (TEM)
instrument. Field evaluations of these new tech-
nologies will be conducted and results compared to
standard surface, borehole, and surface-to-borehole
geophysical techniques along with coring of the
wells.
To support the implementation of SDWA
provisions concerning underground injection
control (UIC) and wellhead protection, EMSL-LV
is testing cost effective monitoring technologies for
protecting ground-water sources of drinking water.
EMSL-LV is examining the resolution and detec-
tion limits of surface-to-borehole electrical
resistivity methods for mapping and monitoring of
fluid movement from underground injection wells.
If successful, this geophysical method would
provide the only method for monitoring the deep
injected contaminants. Other geophysical methods
are also being investigated for detecting near-
surface contamination caused by upward move-
ment of contaminants through abandoned wells and
fracture zones.
Seismic techniques have proven effective for
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8
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
characterizing the subsurface at many locations. In
particular, seismic shear-wave methods in com-
bination with compression-wave (p) surveys have
been very successful. An improved shear-wave
source for shallow seismic studies has been devel-
oped by EMSL-LV for characterizing the sub-
surface in urban areas. EMSL-LV is also exam-
ining the effects of the interaction between organic
chemicals and clay minerals on the response of
resistivity surveys. In addition, new electro-
magnetic systems are being developed for haz-
ardous waste site investigations.
New modifications in ground penetrating radar
(GPR) equipment, field procedures, and field
investigations are being evaluated by EMSL-LV.
This technology makes use of the fact that radar
pulses directed into the ground are reflected back
toward the surface at points where a contrast exists
in the electrical properties of subsurface materials.
GPR surveys can provide high-resolution data for
delineating subsurface properties at hazardous
waste sites.
Wellhead Protection
In contrast to RCRA and Superfund moni-
toring needs, where contaminants are monitored to
detect migration from a site, wellhead protection
monitoring designs must provide warning of con-
taminants migrating toward a water supply well or
well field. In addition, wellhead protection areas
can be very large, requiring many wells or moni-
toring points. EMSL-LV is developing guidance
on cost-effective monitoring strategies for wellhead
protection areas to warn of contaminants nearing
drinking water wells.
Underground Storage Tank Methods
To support the implementation of under-
ground storage tank regulations, EMSL-LV is
emphasizing the development of protocols for
installing external leak detection systems, site
characterization procedures for determining the
boundaries of active leaks, and methods to monitor
cleanups and remediation as well as technology
transfer.
Installers of underground storage tank
monitoring systems need guidance on the design
and performance characteristics • of external
monitoring systems. To provide' this guidance,
EMSL-LV is .evaluating external vapor monitoring
methods for petroleum hydrocarbons. Standard
operating procedures for external vapor monitoring
devices are being developed to help installers
select and install effective systems. EMSL-LV is
also conducting a study to monitor a permeable
peat barrier designed to remove petroleum contam-
inants from the ground water. This study will
include the monitoring of dissolved hydrocarbons
in the ground-water up-gradient, on the sides, and
the down-gradient of permeable barriers that
contain peat, carbon, and time-released fertilizer.
Methods are also being developed to monitor ben-
zene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX),
major carcinogenic components in petroleum, by
analyzing soil, soil gas, and ground water. BTEX
is the most water-soluble fraction of petroleum,
and is therefore the most threatening to ground-
water supplies.
Natural biodegradation processes can be
expected to reduce contaminant migration and
eventually result in complete contaminant degra-
dation after removal of the contamination source.
Field methods are being developed to monitor
vapor and ground-water movement around USTs
and devise practical biodegradation solutions for
state regulators and consultants. Passing this
valuable information to consumers through pub-
lishing UST issue papers.
Advanced Field Technologies
New technologies capable of rapid data
generation in the field are greatly reducing the
amount of time required to assess contaminants at
Superfund sites. EMSL-LV has established an ad-
vanced field monitoring methods research program
to identify, evaluate, and accelerate the devel-
opment of promising on-site monitoring technol-
ogies.. These technologies enable rapid screening
for contaminants at a site but are not intended to
be substitutes for traditional sampling and analysis.
Technologies currently being emphasized in the
program are fiber optic-based sensing, immuno-
assay detection methods, and portable X-ray fluor-
escence (XRF) systems.
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry methods are
being developed for detecting metal contaminants
and fiber optic technologies for in situ monitoring
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
of organic contaminants in ground water. The
application of these technologies will provide site
investigators and operators of hazardous waste
facilities with a field technology to rapidly screen
for hazardous constituents migrating from a site.
EMSL-LV has developed a portable, ultraviolet
field spectrofluorometer (Luminoscope) for detec-
ting aromatic hydrocarbons in ground water, soil,
and waste material.
The temporal and spatial behavior of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and characterization of
VOC-contaminated sites are important consid-
erations when designing a monitoring system as
well as evaluating and interpreting data. EMSL-
LV is conducting studies to improve site character-
izations and contamination assessments at
Superfund sites. These studies will provide prac-
tical, field tested methods for site characterization
that will allow consistent collection, analysis, and
interpretation of site data.
Demonstrations
Establishment of the Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) program was re-
quired by the Superfund amendments 6f 1986 to
speed up commercialization and application of
promising new technologies. Under the SITE
program, the performance of monitoring tech-
nologies are demonstrated at Superfund sites by
their developers, while EPA provides quality
assurance oversight and analysis of the demon-
stration results. The SITE program currently
consists of ten demonstration projects for soils and
ground-water research.
SITE demonstrations emphasize simple, rapid,
and inexpensive field-deployable monitoring instru-
ments that utilize fiber-optic, immunoassay, XRF
and other innovative technologies. Procedures for
proper operation of these technologies are being
developed as systems are demonstrated. Field
demonstrations concentrate on carefully selected
technologies because the expense of field work
limits the number of technology demonstrations.
EMSL-LV is currently adapting a prototype of the
Ultrasonic Ranging and Data System (USRADS)
to the XRF. This adaptation will greatly enhance
field screening methods and further optimize data
presentation during the initial Superfund site
investigation and throughout the remediation
process. This will save time and expense arid
enable Superfund site managers to make better and
more timely decisions in the field.
Legislation is pending in Congress that would
exempt municipal waste gombustion (MWC) ash
from RCRA and require EPA to develop special
regulations for MWC ash disposal under Subtitle
D. To support development of these regulations,
EMSL-LV is conducting monitoring studies for
MWC ash. The objectives of the research are to
characterize the behavior of MWC ash in standard-
ized laboratory test procedures and evaluate the
sensitivity of leaching results to controllable testing
factors. The results will provide the technical
basis for guidance on cost-effective ground-water
monitoring strategies appropriate for RCRA Sub-
title D MWC ash monofills.
Models
In support of EPA's monitoring research,
models are being developed to optimize prediction
of the migration of contaminants, characterize
subsurface heterogeneities, and optimize ground-
water monitoring network design. EMSL-LV is
developing new geostatistical methods to improve
monitoring network designs for contaminated
hazardous waste sites. In addition, mathematical
models for evaluating data requirements are being
developed. The main focus of this research is on
development of models to guide the practitioner in
analyzing and testing data, developing reasonable
models to describe spatial variability, testing
various modeling assumptions, and statistically
testing boundary value solutions.
Transport and Transformation Research
Lack of understanding the movement of con-
taminants in the subsurface and their transfor-
mation by natural environmental processes severely
restricts the Agency's ability to protect ground-
water quality and to design effective systems for
cleaning up contaminated ground water. The im-
pacts of regulatory options can be evaluated based
on predictions of contaminated concentrations at
some point of .exposure. Such predictions are
dependent on a qualitative and quantitative
understanding,of subsurface processes. Research
into the transport and transformation of
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10
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
contaminants in the subsurface is fundamental to
advances in monitoring, aquifer remediation, and
underground source control research.
Research to gain a better understanding of
contaminant transport and transformation involves
hydraulic processes, abiotic processes, biotic pro-
cesses, hazardous waste exposure assessment
methods, wellhead protection methods, and
pesticides exposure assessment methods. EPA
established the National Center for Ground-Water
Research (NCGWR) in September, 1979, as a
consortium of Rice University, the University of
Oklahoma, and Oklahoma State University, for
developing and conducting a .long-range ex-
ploratory research program to help anticipate and
solve emerging ground-water problems. The
Hazardous Substance Research Center ,(HSRC)
program was also established to support research
for hazardous substance management.
Hydrologlc Transport Processes
RSKERL-Ada's highest priority research is
the investigation of complex subsurface properties
and processes that enhance or retard the transport
of organic contaminants. Although the flow of
water through uncontaminated, homogeneous aqui-
fers is reasonably well understood, the processes
affecting the transport of contaminants by ground
water, particularly in heterogeneous aquifers, is
poorly understood. This RSKERL-Ada research
concentrates on developing an understanding of
processes that either retard or facilitate the move-
ment of contaminants in the subsurface and using
this information to improve the capability of pre-
dicting contaminant concentrations.
"Facilitated transport" encompasses processes
that increase contaminant mobility, which can re-
sult in ground-water contaminants moving faster
than expected. Because contaminants leaking from
hazardous waste facilities are commonly complex
mixtures of organic compounds, RSKERL-Ada is
investigating the effects of solvents within these
mixtures on the mobilization of other contam-
inants. Data from experiments are used to develop
and evaluate mathematical descriptions of the
phenomenon.
Laboratory tests have shown that significant
amounts of immiscible contaminants, such as gas-
oline, can be trapped in soil pore spaces, making
them difficult to remove from the subsurface.
RSKERL-Ada is studying how these contaminant
residuals are released from pore spaces, the effect
of trapped contaminants on transport of dissolved
contaminants, and the use of solvents to enhance
contaminant release from pore spaces.
The movement of contaminants through soil
macropores and fractured bedrock is one of the
most difficult conditions to predict. The pre-
dominant flow, which can be very rapid, is through
macropore cracks and fracture zones in the bed-
rock. Movement also can occur through the rock
matrix, depending on its porosity. Laboratory and
field studies are providing data on the processes of
porosity, diffusion, sorption, and ion-exchange that
control transport in fractured systems. These data
are being used to develop and test models that pre-
dict the transport of contaminants in fractured
bedrock.
Estimation of Transformation and Transport
Constants
To apply the results of mechanistic process
studies to the prediction of transport and trans-
formation, it is necessary to know appropriate
physical properties and equilibrium and rate
constants for the many potentially ^hazardous
organic chemicals that are found in ground water.
Measurement of such properties and constants is
prohibitively expensive for large numbers of
chemicals and the accuracy of measurements is
usually poor, for hydrophobic chemicals in
particular. ERL-Athens is developing computa-
tional methods that will permit the rapid, accurate,
and inexpensive estimation of such constants.
"Spare Performs Automated Reasoning in Chem-
istry" (SPARC) has the capability of crossing
chemical boundaries to cover all organic chemicals
and uses algorithms based on fundamental chem-
ical structure theory. The system quantifies
reactivity by combining principles of quantitative
structure-activity relationships, linear free energy
theory, and perturbed molecular orbital theory.
CRAMS (Correlations of Reactivity and Molecular
Spectra) correlates the vast amount of information
contained in molecular spectroscopic properties
with chemical reactivity and applies the corre-
lations to the estimation of properties of chemicals
found in ground water. The two systems are
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
11
complementary.
Abiotic Processes
RSKERL--Ada transport and transformation re-
search emphasizes investigations of organic con-
taminant transport. RSKERL-Ada's research into
transport phenomena for the drinking water pro-
gram concentrates on sorption processes affecting
organic contaminants. Past research with organic
contaminants has indicated a number of important
sorption processes that need study. While sorption
can retard the spread of contaminants in ground
water, it can also make contaminant removal very
difficult and time consuming. RSKERL-Ada also
conducts research on the spatial variability of sub-
surface properties, transport of metals attached to
colloids, viability of hazardous waste land treat-
ment and fate of residual hazardous wastes after
closure of RCRA facilities.
A series of RSKERL-Ada research projects
are investigating the processes that control the
sorption of miscible and immiscible organic con-
taminants to subsurface materials. The compara-
tive sorption of organic cations to clay minerals,
soils containing low levels of organic material, and
soilis containing high levels of organic material is
being studied. In addition, the effects of dissolved
natural organic carbons on the partitioning of im-
miscible organic contaminants between water, dis-
solved organic carbons, and soils is being inves-
tigatedi Algorithms that can describe these sub-
surface processes quantitatively are being de-
veloped, validated through laboratory and field
experiments, and included in predictive models.
Vapor-phase transport in the unsaturated zone
is an important transport route for organic contami-
nants, such as gasoline and many solvents. This
transport is influenced by soil moisture content*
distribution of organic vapors between the con-
densed and vapor phases, and amount of organic
vapor present in soil pore spaces. RSKERL-Ada is
conducting laboratory research to quantify the
influence of soil moisture content on the sorption
and transport of a number of selected organic
vapors. The collected data will be used to test
existing models for soil vapor transport.
RSKERL-Ada is studying whether the sorp-
tion of pollutants to organic materials in soils and
aquifers is influenced not only by the equilibrium
capacity of sorption but also the strength, or
energy, of sorption. The strength of the sorption
process is one factor potentially influencing bio-
availability and degradation of pollutants in the
subsurface. Methods for defining this factor are
being studied.
RSKERL-Ada is also investigating an abiotic
process that can significantly affect organic con^
taminants in certain subsurface environments. The
role of subsurface soils containing iron and sulfur
minerals in the transformation of halogenated or-
ganic compounds is being studied. The surface
area, elemental composition; sorption, and other
parameters expected to affect reactivity are being
studied to determine the properties that control
these reactions. Reaction rates are being measured
to enable the development of a mathematical
model describing this process.
ERL-Athens conducts research on sorption
processes to complement that of RSKERL-Ada.
Investigations of the sorption of ionizable organic
pollutants, particularly carboxylic acids, have led;
to the development of process models that accu-
rately predict the partitioning of such compounds
between water and solids in sediments and aquifer
materials. Studies are now underway on the parti-
tioning of organic cations, particularly aromatic
amines at low pHs, which bind to solids by mech-
anisms different from those for organic anions.
Research indicates that these compounds bind to.
humic materials by'strong covalent binding that is
irreversible. , ,
ERL-Athens also conducts research on abiotic
fate of metals in aquatic systems, including aqui-
fers. For example, partition coefficients were
measured for 13 metals and metalloids of particu-
lar interest to the Office of Solid Waste because of
potential leaching and transport into ground water.
Profiles of joH versus concentration in the aqueous
phase were generated that showed a strong
tendency for metal cations to be solubilized as the
pH decreases, and gave credibility to the use of the
model MINTEQ to predict speciation (and trans-
port) of metals at various pHs.
An understanding of the transformation pro-
cess is essential to predicting the fate of organics
in aquifer systems. ERL-Athens research has fo-
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12
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
cused on two important processes—hydrolysis and
redox reactions. Hydrolysis is a commonly occur-
ring process that may completely transform a pol-
lutant to an innocuous product in a few minutes.
However, recent studies have shown that even rela-
tively stable halogenated hydrocarbons, such as
TCE and other commonly used solvents, can react
with water with half-lives of a few years, a
timeframe of a concern to ground water.
Redox reactions are interesting processes in
ground water because of the facility with which
reduction or oxidation occurs in anaerobic or
aerobic systems, respectively, and because the
products are harder to predict and may be toxic.
Halogenated aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons
have also been shown at ERL-Athens to reduce to
lower order halogenated species with half-lives of
minutes to years. A knowledge of the mechanisms
of these processes may lead to technology for
chemical remediation of contaminated ground wa-
ter. The chemical reduction process, for example,
is being adapted to treatment of nitroaromatics in
wastes from munitions manufacturers.
Blotlc Processes
Other high-priority transport and trans-
formation research includes the transformation of
organic compounds by indigenous microorganisms.
RSKERL-Ada conducts smaller research projects
to study the transport of viruses and bacteria
through the subsurface.
Subsurface biological processes have a
significant impact on transformations of ground-
water contaminants. RSKERL-Ada is conducting
laboratory microcosm experiments to develop an
information base on the aerobic degradation of
classes of organic contaminants and pesticides by
microorganisms native to different subsurface
environments. The research is evaluating impor-
tant physical and chemical subsurface soil char-
acteristics, microbial activity in different soils,
enzymes involved in the degradation processes,
and predominant chemical reactions. Correlations
between microbial type, sediment type, and bio-
degradation potential are being sought to determine
processes that limit or stimulate biodegradation.
Since the discovery of abundant microbial
activity in anaerobic subsurface environments,
studies of anaerobic biodegradation of organic
contaminants are being emphasized to find ways to
improve biodegradation potential in anaerobic en-
vironments. Models for predicting the anaerobic
biodegradation of contaminants in the subsurface
are being developed and their performance
evaluated using field and laboratory data.
Although the natural microbial degradation of
organic contaminants in the subsurface is being
used to clean up contaminated sites, the movement
of microorganisms in the subsurface and their
colonization in areas of contamination are not well
understood. Remediation techniques presume that
contaminated aquifers already harbor organisms
that are capable of degrading the contaminant.
Site-specific information is needed that can be
used to evaluate the prospects for colonization of a
contaminated aquifer or the unsaturated zone by
microorganisms. RSKERL-Ada is developing an
understanding of the properties of microorganisms
and subsurface materials that determine the trans-
portability of bacterial strains through geologic
material and whether a particular site will be
colonized by microorganisms capable of degrading
wastes.
In addition to protecting drinking water from
organic, pesticide, metal, and other hazardous con-
taminants, public water supplies need to be protec-
ted from disease-causing viral contaminants. Im-
proved models are needed to refine the transport of
viruses through both saturated and unsaturated
zones and to examine the influence of pumping
wells on their movement. An improved model
will have more accurate capability of delineating
zones around drinking water wells, within which
potential sources of viral contamination should not
be placed if contamination by viruses is to be
avoided. A model has been developed by
RSKERL-Ada for personal computers.
ERL-Athens conducts research on the biotic
processes to complement that of RSKERL-Ada.
Fundamental research focuses primarily on investi-
gations of the microbial physiology of anaerobic
microorganisms, microbial ecology of reductive
dehalogenation processes, identification of specific
electron donors and key environmental factors that
influence the rate and extent of dehalogenation
under anaerobic conditions, and development of
model(s) describing the anaerobic degradation
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
13
process. Applied research is aimed at developing,
testing, and evaluating anaerobic assays, and deter-
mining key pathways for the degradation of single
and mixtures of organic chemicals often observed
in ground-water environments and hazardous waste
sites. This work leads directly to the development
of tested protocols, which will be used in the de-
velopment of appropriate remediation and migra-
tion strategies to ensure effective and consistent
decisions-making that will affect the Nation's
ground water.
Hazardous Waste Exposure Assessment
Methods
The data and mathematical descriptions de-
veloped through research for the RCRA program
are being used by RSKERL-Ada and ERL-Athens
to develop and test models for predicting the
concentrations of hazardous wastes released from
RCRA facilities. A goal of RSKERL-Ada's
ground-water modeling research is to provide field-
evaluated models to predict the concentrations of
contaminants in the subsurface at some point of
discharge or use. RSKERL-Ada is also developing
and testing in the laboratory a numerical model to
predict two-dimensional, multi-phase, multi-
component flow. RSKERL-Ada develops and ap-
plies model testing and evaluation methodologies
to improve access to quality assured models.
Two large physical models that simulate
ground-water flow and subsurface conditions have
been constructed at RSKERL-Ada. The model
aquifers are instrumented to track the transport and
fate of introduced contaminants. The aquifers are
artificially contaminated and then monitored to
assess contaminant movement and the results of in
situ cleanup methods. Although these physical
model tests are conducted under simplified condi-
tions, they provide a cost-effective transition from
bench-scale verification of model predictions to
expensive, full-scale field testing.
Most subsurface formations are hetero-
geneous, but the impact of variability in subsurface
properties that control pollutant transport and fate
is not well understood. RSKERL^Ada is develop-
ing methods for characterizing the variability of
subsurface properties on a site-specific basis and
evaluating the impact of spatial variability on
transport processes and chemical and biological
reactions at selected sites. Statistically valid and
field-tested methods are being developed for use
by field personnel for cost-effectively character-
izing the spatial variability of subsurface properties
at waste sites.
ERL-Athens' transport and transformation
research objective is to develop and refine expo-
sure assessment models for use by OSW in eval-
uating land disposal and facility closure options.
The development of data on metal and organic
contaminant reaction rates for use in these models
is an important aspect of EJRL-Athens research.
ERL-Athens is refining "MHMTEQA2", a
metals fate model being used by OSW to deter-
mine the potential human health and environmental
impacts of RCRA regulatory options. The current
research supporting MINTEQA2 includes incor-
porating non-linear sorption algorithms and a built-
in thermodynamic database for metals sorption into
the model, evaluating lead pathways, and testing
MINTEQA2 at sites in Globe, Arizona and Lead-
ville, Colorado. A new interactive preprocessor
has been developed to facilitate automatic assem-
bly of MINTEQA2 input files, and a new conver-
gence algorithm has been developed for the model.
A lanthanide ion probe spectroscopic method
for efficiently measuring metal complexation con-
stants with complex natural humic materials was
developed and applied. The new method has thus
far been used to generate new thermodynamic data
for use in the MINTEQA2 code and has enabled
the evaluation of metal/humic interactions in a
number of soil and sediment systems. Results
were specifically applied in evaluating leachate
transport from waste disposal sites.
ERL-Athens conducts; research to estimate
reaction rates that control the transport and trans-
formation of organics in trie unsaturated zone and
ground water. This data is needed to improve
input data for the EPA Composite Model for Land-
fills (EPACML), a ground-water model for esti-
mating organic contaminant attenuation and trans-
port through the unsaturated zone and ground
water. ERL-Athens has developed an approach for
estimating microbial and abiotic rate-constants
based on mathematical modeling of molecular
structure. Detailed laboratory studies are being
conducted to describe hydrolysis and redox trans-
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14
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
formation reactions as a function of key environ-
mental parameters (pH and redox potential) and
molecular structure. Molecular structure is deter-
mined by spectroscopic analysis (which is much
less expensive than laboratory rate constant mea-
surements) and correlated to the transformation
rates of similarly structured compounds determined
in the laboratory.
A range of organic contaminants has been
subjected to laboratory assays to examine how
their chemical structure and key environmental
parameters influence microbial degradation.
Models that describe the rate and extent of
microbial degradation of benchmark chemicals are
being refined. Degradation rates for additional or-
ganic contaminants are then estimated in a model
by relating their structure to the benchmark
chemical degradation rates. Laboratory exper-
iments are conducted to determine the effects of
important environmental variables and to verify
selected estimated biodegradation rate constants.
Wellhead Protection Methods
ORD and OGWDW have prepared a five-year
research plan and established a State and Local
Review Group (SLRG) to help ensure that well-
head protection research meets the needs of antici-
pated users. RSKERL-Ada is conducting research
on wellhead protection area (WHPA) delineation
methods, point-source assimilative capacity, multi-
ple source assessment, and technology transfer and
technical assistance.
Wellhead Protection Area delineation research
includes: joint work with the state of Utah, U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS), and Region VII to
develop a method for protecting springs; evaluation
of a WHPA delineation model developed by
OGWDW; and evaluation of regional ground-water
flow models. In addition, projects to evaluate
WHPA delineation uncertainty, delineate WHPAs
in fractured rock systems, consider viruses in
WHPA delineation methods, and improve simple
delineation methods are being completed. In the
longer-term, a draft research plan has been pre-
pared for developing methods to account for the
capacity of the subsurface to assimilate point sour-
ces of contaminants and existing information on
assimilative capacity is being compiled.
Existing ground-water quality data is being
collected to create a database for the development
of models relating multiple sources of contami-
nants within WHPAs to shallow ground-water
quality. The study includes statistical evaluations
to determine the significance of hydrogeologic fac-
tors, such as depth to ground water, surface geo-
logy, ground-water flow direction, and recharge.
Statistical relationships between human activities
and ground-water quality and subsurface character-
istics will be used to determine areas where there
is high potential for ground-water contamination.
A geographical information system will be devel-
oped to allow easy management and interpretation
of Regional information.
A risk-management strategy for wellhead
protection is being developed for formulating land-
use controls within a protection area. The project
will be conducted in three phases: development
and verification of the theoretical framework for
determining risk distribution within a wellfield;
development and verification of particle tracking
algorithm to calculate the risk distribution; and
application of the proposed strategy within an
existing WHPA to demonstrate its usefulness. •
ERL-Athens is developing a model for the
drinking water program, called Computer Assisted
Simulations for Chemical and Demographic Evalu-
ations (CASCADE) to estimate subsurface assim-
ilative capacity in agricultural areas. Climate and
soils databases that have been developed speci-
fically to support model application and parameter
estimation will be fully integrated into CASCADE,
complete with graphical display features and ease
of manipulation. A ground water database is
necessary to support CASCADE and will be devel-
oped during the course of this research project. A
site will be chosen where data availability is con-
sistent with the model application and typical of
the situation faced by expected users to field
demonstrate CASCADE for typical users.
Pesticides Exposure Assessment Methods
ERL-Athens transport and transformation
research for the pesticides program has two major
components—the development of modeling pack-
ages to predict the fate and transport of pesticides
in the subsurface, and major field projects to test
the models and collect data on subsurface proces-
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
15
ses that control pesticide fate. Limited laboratory
research is also conducted to fill gaps in parame-
ters necessary for pesticide exposure modeling.
A final report on the results of the Dougherty
Plains project, which evaluated ERL-Athens Pesti-
cide Root Zone Model (PRZM) and provided in-
formation on pesticide leaching potential, has been
released. ERL-Athens has also completed the third
growing season's data collection effort at a
cooperative field site near Plains, Georgia and
developed an interim report on the performance of
the PRZM and RUSTIC Pesticide transport mod-
els. This research effort is being conducted in
cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture (USDA), USGS, and the University of
Georgia. Data produced .have also been used to
test and refine a new transport code called the
Aggregate model that accounts for intra-particle
diffusion processes. ERL-Athens is also working
to improve the soils and meteorological databases
in a Database and Parameter Estimator (DBAPE)
modeling support package.
A new input data collector called PIC (PRZM
Input Collator) has been developed for use with
PRZM. The PIC system draws on databases from
DBAPE and greatly facilitates user application of
PRZM. Mapping capabilities are included.
ERL-Athens is developing a multimedia
model for determining pesticide exposures to birds,
animals, soil insects, and terrestrial ecosystems.
The Terrestrial Ecosystem Exposure Assessment
Model (TEEAM) includes PRZM and components
for spray application, runoff, plant transport, and
wildlife. Other components to be added include
surface ponding and volatilization. A test version
has been developed. The model is not inherently
limited to pesticide exposure and may be adapted
for use in estimating exposures from hazardous
wastes.
Laboratory studies are also being conducted to
relate pesticide molecular structure to the sorption
of pesticides to solids in anaerobic aquifers and to
determine the key parameters that influence sorp-
tion processes. This information is being used to
estimate pesticide reaction rates and equilibrium
constants to improve pesticide exposure models.
RSKERL-Ada conducts research of a more
applied nature under the RCRA program. By
statute, the land treatment of hazardous wastes (in-
cluding residual wastes at closed RCRA facilities)
must be limited to those wastes that either can be
treated to performance standards or that have been
demonstrated to show no migration from the soil
treatment zone for as long as the waste remains
hazardous. RSKERL-Ada is conducting land treat-
ability studies at wood preserving, food processing,
paint stripping, and oil refinery industry sites.
This involves collecting waste and soil samples
from specific sites and conducting laboratory eval-
uations of the movement and natural degradation
of the wastes.
EPA's Pollution Prevention Initiative, a plan
to provide scientific tools to states for imple-
menting EPA's Pesticides and Ground Water Stra-
tegy, will provide guidance, software, and field
tests to assist States in delineating and monitoring
areas vulnerable to ground-water contamination
from pesticides. Under this initiative, ERL-Athens
is currently conducting work on a pesticide vulner-
ability assessment method called Pesticide Assess-
ment Tool for Rating Investigations of Transport
(PATRIOT). This system will utilize DBAPE for
analyzing soils databases and providing State and
local agencies a useful screening mechanism for
identifying areas of potential pesticides to ground
water. The product will be a simplified screening
procedure that makes use of ORD's most current
data sources and software capabilities. It will
consist of a combined flow and transport model,
pesticide chemodynamic and use databases, soils
databases management, soil water retention
parameter generator, and ranking procedures.
PATRIOT will be applicable at county and
subcounty if digitized surveys are available.
ERL-Athens will coordinate with EMSL-LV
on integration of PATRIOT with Geographic Infor-
mation Systems (GIS) and application of the inte-
grated system at the Yuma, AZ and DelMarVa
field sites. Data on pesticide occurrence is
currently being collected on the DelMarVa. This
information will be used to determine patterns of
land use and will be related back to monitoring
strategies. PATRIOT will lead to the creation of a
document describing GIS database design for pesti-
cides management that addresses the acquisition,
processing, use, and maintenance of data in GIS
format. Region III is coordinating with the United
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16
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
States Geological Survey (USGS) National Water
Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program and util-
izing National Pesticide Survey data on the Del-
MarVa peninsula. This plan involves leveraging
and building upon USGS' field work in progress
on the DelMarVa.
OPP plans an expansion of the existing
Pesticide Information Network (PIN), which
currently is a collection of three OPP-generated
databases on a computer bulletin board system
accessible and free to the public. These three
databases include: the pesticide monitoring
inventory; the restricted use products field; and the
chemical index. As of FY93, the following
databases will be added: the pesticides in ground
water database; environmental fate one-liner
database; canceled and suspended use products;
and certification and training bibliography. This
expansion of the system and revisions of some of
the software will make more information
accessible to State users. A final summary report
will be completed in FY93.
Midwest Agrlchemlcal Surface/Subsurface
Transport and Effects Research
The USGS and the USDA are implementing a
joint research program to determine the effects of
agricultural practices on ground-water and surface
water quality as part of the President's Initiative on
Enhancing Water Quality. A significant compo-
nent of this initiative, the Management Systems
Evaluation Areas (MSEA) project, is evaluating the
effects of alternative farming practices on surface
and subsurface water quality at five primary re-
search, and a number of satellite sites in the mid-
west EPA will be joining this inter-agency re-
search program in FY92 through implementation
of its Midwest Agrichemical Surface/Subsurface
Transport and Effects Research (MASTER) pro-
gram. Five ORD laboratories are involved in re-
search for the MASTER program: ERL-Athens,
ERL-Corvallis, EMSL-LV, RSKERL-Ada, and
ERL-Duluth.
Goals for MASTER include: determining the
environmental benefits (ground water, surface wa-
ter, and related ecosystems) of midwestem agricul-
tural management systems proposed for best
management practices; identifying measures for
preventing ecological and hydrologic degradation
and restoring ecosystem functions at the watershed
level; and providing diagnostic and predictive tools
to the states for implementing cross-media water-
quality management programs based on sound
ecological and hydrological practices. This will be
done at site-specific, watershed, and regional
scales. Developing guidelines for minimizing hy-
drologic and ecological impacts of agrichemicals
requires an understanding of the rate and pathways
of chemical movement through the landscape, the
degree of agrichemical exposures to biological
components, and the effects of this exposure.
One of the primary research efforts under
MASTER will be the development and testing of
watershed and regional scale methodologies for
assessing the ecological impacts of various
agricultural production practices. A cooperative
research/modeling effort is being implemented in
FY92 at the Walnut Creek Site, near Ames, Iowa,
tp develop the necessary processes data, geo-
graphic information systems, and modeling tools
for addressing the watershed and regional scale-up
questions. Results from this first year pilot assess*
ment will be used as a platform for building
assessment methodologies applicable to the 12
state midwestern corn belt area in future years.
The ultimate products will be aimed at the de-
velopment of modeling tools and databases for
evaluating the effectiveness of vaiipus^agricultural
production scenarios in sustaining/improving the
quality of the agroecosystem.
National Center for Ground-Water Research
OER provides base funding for the National
Center for Ground-Water Research (NCGWR),
which is supplemented through agreements with
RSKERL-Ada, universities, the private sector, and
other governmental units. The Center works with
RSKERL-Ada and other EPA laboratories to
ensure that the exploratory research program is
cooperatively planned and linked to the Agency's
mission. In the last five years, the Center has
developed the quantitative data needed for
designing in situ biorestoration processes.
Coordination of laboratory studies has helped basic
science for ground-water problems. '
The objective of the NCGWR is to improve
understanding of the subsurface environment and
its interaction with synthetic organic compounds in
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
17
the subsurface, especially in ground water asso-
ciated with hazardous waste sites. The four major
areas of responsibility for the Center's research are
methods for ground-water quality investigations;
transport and fate of pollutants in the subsurface;
characterization of the subsurface environment; and
information transfer. The NCGWR conducts five
research projects under cooperative agreements
with RSKERL-Ada, including research into land
treatment, anaerobic microbial degradation, unsat-
urated zone transport modeling, isolation of a
bacteria for degrading trichloroethylene (TCE), and
case studies of Superfund site remedial activities.
OER is supporting projects to study transport and
transformation processes and to apply new infor-
mation to in situ aquifer remediation methods.
Studies at Rice University have shown that
exposure to contaminants results in the preferential
growth of microbes that produce agents that may
enhance the bioavailability (and degradation) of
contaminants in aquifers. Other research at Rice
University has included the development of a
conceptual understanding of source effects from
residual oil residing above the water table as well
as experimentation in. the laboratory and field to
investigate this release mechanism. A multi-phase
unsaturated zone contaminant transport (MUCT)
model was developed to describe the fate of an
oily waste and the simultaneous vertical flow of
water and a second immiscible phase fluid through
porous media.
A study at the University of Oklahoma used
microcosms to probe the anaerobic biodegradation
of several aromatic compounds and pesticides
known to contaminate aquifers. An automated
data-acquisition device has been invented and is
now in practical use to measure the production or
consumption of gaseous end-products of anaerobic
metabolism. Research at Oklahoma State Univer-
sity has explored the co-metabolism of the ground-
water pollutant TCE. To understand the process
involved in this research, Oklahoma State Univer-
sity is attempting to engineer, through recombinant
DNA techniques, organisms capable of aerobic
TCE degradation in the absence of inducing sub-
strates. The bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophes
JMP134 has been identified to remove TCE from
growth media when aromatic catabolic pathways
are activated by the presence of 2,4-D or phenol.
The Center's experimental and modeling
studies are being integrated into a conceptual
framework of the bioremediation process. If this
effort is successful, it will result in an engineering
process design manual for microbially enhanced
restoration of contaminated ground water.
The Center's information transfer activities
include numerous presentations on subsurface
chemical transport and aquifer remediation re-
search results at local, national, and international
meetings. Another highlight of the Center's tech-
nology transfer program was the start of training
activities for the Superfund University Training
Institute (SUIT) in cooperation with RSKERL-Ada.
Hazardous Substance Research Center Program
The EPA established the Hazardous Substance
Research Center (HSRC) program in response to
provisions in the 1986 amendments to CERCLA
and the Agency's 1988 Appropriation Act. The
fundamental mission of all centers is to provide the
philosophical framework, organizational structure,
and resources required to foster and support
integrated, multidisciplinary, and collaborative
research that advanced the science and technology
of hazardous substance management. The HSRCs
form an integrated national program of basic and
applied research, technology transfer, and training.
The attention of the five cooperative multi-
disciplinary and multi-university centers is on the
problems of managing hazardous substances.
Drawing financial support from academia, industry,
state and federal government, the centers are able
to leverage the research resources provided by
EPA. The centers also bring together a critical
mass of researchers to conduct complementary and
integrated research projects. Industry, regulatory,
academic, and other representatives come together,
through the advisory committee process, to help
shape the center's research agenda.
Office of Exploratory Research Grants Program
OER established and manages a program that
awards grants to qualified investigators who will
conduct research in environmental chemistry,
physics, engineering, biology, and health science.
Topics supported include the identification and
characterization of hazardous substances,
intermedia transport, and fate of pollutants, human
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18
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
and ecological risk assessment, incineration,
emission reduction, and wastewater treatment.
Projects are currently being conducted in response
to a request for applications on innovative restor-
ation technologies for treatment of heavy metals at
Superfund sites. This research is an effort to
further extend the application of existing tech-
nologies to other types of soil or mixtures of heavy
metals where a technology has previously been
successfully demonstrated with single contaminants
in sandy soils. Applications are being accepted in
FY92 for research on pump-and-treat technologies.
In Situ Aquifer Remediation Research
In situ aquifer remediation methods show
great potential as an alternative remedial action
when a site has large volumes of soils with low
levels of contamination or when contaminants are
too deep or inaccessible for surface removal. In
this case, the cost of excavation for off-site
disposal or on-site (above ground) treatment are
high in relation to the risk. In situ aquifer reme-
diation research is often conducted in coordinated
projects with fate and transport research because of
the necessity for determining the location and
movement of contaminants prior to remediation.
The goal is to evaluate and develop cost-effective
methods for in situ aquifer cleanup. Aquifer
remediation research is conducted for the RCRA
hazardous waste, Superfund, and drinking water
programs.
In situ aquifer remediation research empha-
sizes the development of in situ microbial degra-
dation technologies, field demonstrations of these
technologies, and modeling to help analyze reme-
dial options. Another research area is the develop-
ment of contaminant recovery techniques to more
efficiently extract contaminants from the sub-
surface so that on-site treatment technologies can
be applied.
Delivery and Recovery Techniques
Efficient recovery of contaminants without
excavation of soils is essential to on-site treatment
processes and remedial actions. Processes for de-
livering and mixing materials in subsurface soils
are also essential for effective chemical and bio-
logical treatment of contaminated soils. RREL-Cin
develops delivery and recovery technologies and
evaluates their effectiveness, cost, and cross-media'
impacts. Technologies showing potential for
commercial success are tested through the ORD
SITE program conducted by RREL-Cin.
Hydrofracturing and shallow directional drilling are
two promising delivery/recovery techniques.
Since 1987, EPA has funded a coordinated
program at RREL-Cin's Hill Facility on theo-
retical, laboratory, and field investigations of
hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling for
improving remediation. The combination of direc-
tional drilling and hydraulic fracturing uses water
pressure to create precisely located horizontal
cracks in soils; these cracks are held open by
injecting a mixture of sand and an organic binder,
These long, sand filled lenses can then be used to
enhance vapor phase recovery of organic contam-
inants, extraction of ground water, or injection of
steam and hot air for in situ heating. The process
is also being adapted for delivery of materials
(nutrients, organisms, solid oxygen sources) to
enhance bioremediation and to control movement
of liquids during leachate recirculation treatment of
MSW landfills on EPA's National Priorities List.
The cost and performance of this technology is
being evaluated by RREL-Cin at a soil vapor
extraction (SVE) site and a bioremediation site to
provide guidance on its effective use and bring it
to commercial technology stage in FY92-93.
RREL-Cin is also conducting laboratory and
pilot-scale research on optimizing the design of
trenches for recovering leachates and ground water.
This design effort includes the development of an
interactive* computer program that will simulta-
neously optimize cost and performance for combi-
nations of recovery trenches and vertical wells.
Optimizing Pump-and-Treat Technologies
A common means to recover contaminants
from ground water is pumping the water to the
surface where a variety of treatment technologies
can be applied. A problem commonly encountered
with this pump-and-treat technique is that, after an
initial rapid decrease in the concentration of ex-
tracted contaminants, the last fraction of the con-
taminants takes a very long time to extract. Pulsed
pumping—the intermittent operation of a pump-
and-treat system—is a technique that can lower the
expense of pumping and treating large volumes of
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
19
water to remove low concentrations of contami-
nants. During periods when pumps are shut off,
contaminants trapped in pore spaces or sorted-to
subsurface materials can diffuse into more mobile
ground-water zones. When the pumps are turned
back on, contaminated ground water can be re-
moved at the maximum concentration. RSKERL-
Ada initially conducted research in this area, and
RREL-Cin is now continuing research to improve
understanding of the site-specific conditions that
affect the performance of this extraction process.
This information will be used to optimize pulsed-
pumping systems and ensure uniform recovery.
Pump-and-treat systems in operation at Super-
fund sites have been failing to reach clean-up level
goals in projected timeframes for several reasons
that include inadequate knowledge of site charac-
teristics, the presence of non-aqueous phase liquids
(NAPLs), and incomplete understanding of con-
taminant related processes. RSKERL-Ada's Sub-
surface Cleanup and Mobilization Processes
(SCAMP) was initiated to address these knowledge
gaps for optimizing pump-and-treat technologies.
SCAMP research is designed to enhance me effec-
tiveness of pump-and-treat remediation. It is a
five-year effort with funding at one million per
year beginning in 1991. The major long-range
output from this initiative will be a guidance docu-
ment for planning and implementing pump-and-
treat remediation at contaminated sites.
The overall objective of the research is to
acquire process and characterization information
that will allow development of a decision-making
framework for predicting the appropriateness and
potential efficacy of pump-and-treat for site reme-
diation. SCAMP research will initially concentrate
on dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs),
which have created major policy and technical
implications to OSW and Superfund. DNAPLS
move slowly in the subsurface but can move
through fractures into lower aquifers and diffuse
into the matrix of rocks. They can travel in the
opposite direction of the ground-water flow, and
are difficult to detect in the subsurface. Research
projects will include improving methods for
characterizing complex sites and using surfactants
and solvents to accelerate the removal of DNAPLs.
In the longer term, RSKERL-Ada plans to conduct
field tests of site characterization methods and
accelerated pump-and-treat technologies and eval-
uate other removal technologies, such as horizontal
wells.
The effort will consist of: a guidance docu-
ment for characterizing a DNAPL site; site charac-
terization of ground-water flow and transport in
fractured rock systems; supercomputer simulation
of pump-and-treat remediation; evaluation of tech-
nologies for cleanup of contaminated sites; investi-
gation of surfactant enhanced remediation; surfac-
tant-enhanced remediation of subsurface DNAPL
contamination; surfactant solubilization of non-
aqueous phase chemicals; evaluation of an enhan-
ced pump-and-treat system using RSKERL's large
physical models; and analytical chemistry support
for in-house pump-and-treat research.
Vapor Phase Extraction Techniques
Most contaminant recovery processes involve
removal of contaminants through the water phase.
However, particular classes of contaminants may
be extracted more effectively through their vapor
phase. RREL-Cin is examining data generated on
major contaminant groupings to determine which
contaminants can be recovered effectively from
unsaturated zones in the vapor phase. Promising
vapor-phase recovery technologies being evaluated
include soil vacuum extraction for recovering
VOCs and techniques that can be combined with
vacuum extraction to increase recovery of VOCs,
such as radio frequency heating and steam injec-
tion.
RSKERL-Ada is investigating the movement
of VOCs during forced-air ventilation of the unsat-
urated zone. Physical properties of the soil, such
as porosity, pore size distribution, and water con-
tent, are the primary limits to the transport of
vapor-phase VOCs in the unsaturated zone. The
impacts of these properties on vapor-phase move-
ment of contaminants will be determined in lab-
oratory studies and the results will be used in
models for designing remediation systems.
SVE is in wide use for removing VOCs from
soil. RREL-Cin has developed a new procedure to
determine the extent of hydrocarbon removal .from
soil by SVE and the reduction of aqueous solute
teachability of residual hydrocarbons: following
SVE. This procedure uses aqueous leaching and
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
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20
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
methods to determine the concentration and com-
position of solutes. Remediation experiments are
being conducted in two large experimental aquifers
at the Oregon Graduate Institute to examine an
integrated SVE system for removing VOCs from
sand and gravel media. SVE has also received
attention at RSKERL-Ada, particularly with respect
to geochemical controls on SVE processes and to
the combination of the technology with subsurface
biodegradation.
Bloremedlatlon
Microbial degradation treatment systems (bio-
systems) use microorganisms to break down haz-
ardous wastes to non-hazardous compounds. Bio-
systems offer the capability of using the broad
versatility of microorganisms for degrading mixed
wastes; the ability to tailor treatment processes
toward specific compounds or groups of com-
pounds at specific sites; the potential to eliminate
soil excavation and transportation costs; and the
minimization of air emissions caused by the move-
ment of contaminants.
ORD's biosystems research program for
Superfund includes the development of systems for
in situ aquifer remediation and on-site treatment
applications. Only in situ biosystem applications
are included in this ground-water research descrip-
tion. Biosystems research is a centrally coor-
dinated, multi-laboratory program combining the
capabilities of RREL-Cin, RSKERL-Ada, and
ERL-Athens.
RREL-Cin conducts two projects to develop
innovative in situ biosystem applications. In the
first, laboratory and field testing is being con-
ducted to determine the potential for the bacteria
EM4100, genetically engineered by General Elec-
tric, to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
in Superfund soils. The comparison of this
organism to the performance of Pseudomonas
putida will enable the first analysis of a native-
versus a recombinant-DNA organism for degrading
PCBs on soils. RREL-Cin's other project involves
the design of an in situ soil contamination treat-
ment technology using the white rot fungus,
Phanerochaeta chrysosporium. Bench-scale
studies will be designed to determine its ability to
degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP) and selected
major constituents of creosote through the use of
carbon-labeled substrates and measurements of
resulting carbon dioxide concentrations.
RSKERL-Ada, in cooperation with the U.S.
Coast Guard at the Traverse City, Michigan, Coast
Guard Station, is completing combined laboratory,
field, and modeling studies on the effect of enhan-
cing natural microbial aerobic degradation pro-
cesses to remediate fuel spills. Research on en-
hanced natural microbial degradation of a gasoline
spill by the addition of hydrogen peroxide and a
jet fuel spill by addition of nitrate to the ground
water is being studied. Recovery wells have
demonstrated reclamation of any existing nitrate
not consumed by subsurface bacteria. Laboratory
test results and data from characterization of the
site were used to identify and evaluate the hydro-
logical, chemical, and biological parameters that
control in situ microbial remediation. The field
studies were used to evaluate BIOPLUME II, a
mathematical model of in situ microbial remedi-
ation used to estimate the time and cost of re-
turning a site to a specific level of restoration. A
final report on in situ remediation of the gasoline
spill has been completed and a final report is being
prepared on results of the jet fuel spill cleanup.
The progress of the field demonstrations were
followed and the results compared with model
projections. The model can be used to design
biorestoration projects at other sites. RSKERL-
Ada has begun additional bioremediation field
demonstrations at the Park City, Kansas site to
evaluate denitrification techniques for bioreme-
diation of a refinery spill. The site has been cored
to estimate the quantity of hydrocarbon to be re-
mediated, and twelve monitoring wells have been
installed.
Research is being conducted to develop an
understanding of the properties of microorganisms
and subsurface materials that determine whether a
particular site will be colonized by contaminant
degrading microorganisms. Related research is de-
fining the environmental factors affecting the sur-
vival and transfer of the genetic elements from
genetically engineered microorganisms in the sub-
surface environment. This information is used to
develop methods for predicting the transport of
microorganisms and their genetic elements for use
with bioremediation techniques.
The discovery of extensive anaerobic bacteria
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
21
in the subsurface has led to increased interest into
their use in remediation of contaminated sites.
RSKERL-Ada recently completed a project to de-
termine the capacity of microorganisms in aquifers
to transform monoaromatic (single benzene ring)
hydrocarbons in the absence of oxygen. This in-
formation will be used to predict the influence of
the geochemical environment, particularly the pre-
sence of iron phases, on biotransformations of
hazardous organic compounds in subsurface
materials.
ERL-Athens is conducting experiments to de-
termine the extent to which sorption processes
affect the degradation of specific classes of hazar-
dous organic chemicals and to determine if the ad-
dition of emulsifying agents can enhance bioreme-
diation. The degradation rate of sorbed or highly
insoluble substrates can be increased by making
the substrates more available to the micro-
organisms. ERL-Athens is examining the effects
of emulsifiers on the degradation of insoluble com-
pounds, including 4-chlorophenol, chlorobenzenes,
and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and en-
hancing the degradation of PCB mixtures. The
results of these experiments will be used to devel-
op mathematical models to predict the effects of
emulsifying agents.
The Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response (OSWER) and ORD have jointly
instituted a Bioremediation Field Initiative to
provide assistance to the Regions in conducting
field tests and evaluating bioremediation site
cleanups in Superfund, RCRA, Underground
Storage Tank (UST), and state non-NPL sites. The
initiative is designed to fully document
performance of full-scale field applications of
bioremediation, provide technical assistance to sites
in a feasibility or design stage, and regularly
provide the Regions with information on
treatability studies, design, and full-scale opera-
tions of bioremediation projects in the Regions.
Over 140 sites have been identified nationally
where bioremediation is being planned or where
full-scale systems have been put in place.
Presently, eight sites are undergoing performance
evaluations under the initiative, providing an in-
depth analysis of process efficiency. The waste
types include petroleum products, creosote,
solvents, and PAHs.
, One of the most difficult ground-water
remediation problems is contamination by
DNAPLs. Common DNAPLs that are hazardous
constituents include solvents, wood preservatives,
coal tars, and certain pesticides. RSKERL-Ada is
currently studying the feasibility of DNAPL
removal by air-sparging from the bottom of the
water table. Once experimental data have been
collected, the data will be integrated into
conceptual models for larger scale studies.
Underground Storage Tank Remediation
Research
Several hundred thousands of USTs contain-
ing petroleum products and hazardous materials are
leaking, posing a serious threat to the nation's
ground-water supplies, and to public health and
welfare. The 1984 Hazardous & Solid Waste
Amendments to RCRA mandated that EPA regu-
late these UST systems, and develop guidelines to
administer the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
(LUST) Trust Fund established under CERCLA to
finance corrective actions at LUST sites. EPA's
Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) was
established to develop regulations and implement a
national program to prevent and clean up contami-
nation from leaking USTs. RREL's UST program,
which is located at the Edison Laboratory in New
Jersey, was established to provide technical support
to OUST, specifically in rulemaking under RCRA
Subtitle I and in implementing the provisions of
the LUST Trust Fund under CERCLA. The overall
approach has been to evaluate prevention, detec-
tion, and corrective action technologies to identify
cost-effective and reliable techniques and equip-
ment for LUSTs and to provide technical assis-
tance on site assessment decision tools and clean-
up technologies for LUST Trust Fund program
guidance and implementation.
Research and demonstration activities will be
conducted at the Edison Laboratory on techniques
and equipment to: improve determination of site
conditions in preparation for site remediation; more
quickly design and install UST remediation hard-
ware; achieve complete site remediation more
quickly by improving contaminant removal both in
situ and above ground; provide cheaper treatment
alternatives for UST remediation side-waste
streams; and confirm the progress and completion
of UST remediations. Cleanup technologies devel-
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22
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
oped for petroleum and hazardous chemical
releases under RCRA and CERCLA will be eval-
uated and optimized. Outputs will provide
information and assistance to EPA, state, and local
agencies, and practicing professionals concerning
cost-effective, site-specific decisions about the
need, degree and type of cleanup required, and will
transfer corrective action technologies to the user
communities.
Pilot scale experiments are being conducted
for optimizing and enhancing soil vapor extraction
system design and operation, including air sparging
and aquifer heating techniques. Other pilot scale
research includes in situ bio-venting and ex situ
bio-oxidation processes for treating petroleum
contaminated soil. The Edison Laboratory is also
conducting research on pulsed pumping techniques,
water table manipulation, and thermal desorption
to treat petroleum contaminated soils at LUST sites
and initiate assessment for chemicals found at
LUST sites.
Underground Injection Control
Research
In addition to the geophysical research work
conducted at EMSL-LV for the UIC program,
additional underground injection control research
focuses on the evaluation of methods to prevent
toxic substances from entering aquifers that supply
drinking water. This research is conducted by
RSKERL-Ada and emphasizes techniques to pro-
tect ground water from underground injection of
wastes through Class I and Class V injection wells.
Class I injection wells are those where municipal
and industrial wastes, including hazardous wastes,
are injected deeply into the subsurface below aqui-
fers that can potentially be used to supply drinking
water. Class V wells include a wide variety of
injection wells where waste waters are often
injected into ground-water containing aquifers.
Class V wells include agricultural, storm-water,
and industrial drainage wells; septic systems;
wastewater treatment plant effluent disposal wells;
industrial process water wells; automobile service
station disposal wells; aquifer recharge wells; and
abandoned drinking water wells.
Hazardous Waste Injection Methods for Class I
Wells
There are a number of unresolved scientific
questions regarding the risks involved with dispo-
sal of wastes through Class I underground injection
wells. RSKERL-Ada has completed a research
project to determine the movement of injected
fluids and the integrity of confining layers of sub-
surface rocks. Research is being conducted on
methods for determining the mechanical integrity
of injection wells and the effectiveness of methods
for plugging abandoned wells.
The mechanical integrity of injection wells
constructed of various materials are being tested to
develop methods for determining if wells are leak-
ing into underground sources of drinking water.
Two research wells have been constructed to pro-
vide a means for conducting field tests of specific
mechanical integrity equipment. Tests are being
conducted on each well to evaluate the ability of
various down-hole tools to determine the quality of
the cement bond between the cement and the
casing, detect the movement of fluid behind the
casing, and test the integrity of the tubing, casing,
and packers. A third well, installed using fiber
glass casing and intentional imperfections, will be
used to determine the sensitivity of logging tools ,
to detect these imperfections. ;.-.;/ •;,...
RSKERL-Ada is studying the effectiveness of
plugging abandoned wells with drilling mud to
prevent the migration of injected hazardous wastes
upward through the wells to potable ground-water
supplies. An instrumented test well is being used
to determine the effect pf temperature, time,
pressure, and composition pn the strength pf mud
plugs and to evaluate techniques to enter previqus-
ly plugged abandoned wells to determine the effec-
tiveness of plugging materials used.
Class V Well Injection Methods
There are an estimated 170,000 Class V wells
in the United States. Many of these are un-
regulated. RSKERL-Ada is conducting research to
determine the impact of Class V wells on the envi-
ronment and methods for improving Class V injec-
tion well practices. Background information on
the impact of current Class V well design, use, and
effects on ground-water quality is being compiled.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
23
Information is also being developed on the trans-
port and fate of contaminants introduced into the
subsurface via Class V injection wells, focusing on
those well classes presenting high potential for
ground-water contamination. Methods and criteria
for regulating Class V wells will be developed
from this information^
Technology Transfer and Technical
Assistance
Technology transfer and technical assistance
are key elements of ORD's research program and
are integral parts of all laboratory activities.
Technology transfer is a cyclical process that
incorporates the assessment of specific user needs,
development of research results in a format tar-
geted to specific audience needs, timely dissem-
ination of the technical information, and
evaluations of whether, or not the technical
information satisfied user needs. ORD ground-
water technology transfer audiences include EPA
headquarters; EPA Regional, state, and local
regulatory, .enforcement, and permitting staff;
academia; independent consultants; regulated
industries; trade associations; and the general
public. Technology transfer mechanisms include
manuals, research symposia, conferences, and
handbooks on the use of state-of-the-art tech-
nologies, journal articles, fact sheets on topics of
special interest, modeling packages with manuals
for their proper use, training courses, seminars,
video tapes, electronic bulletin boards, and techni-
cal information clearinghouses. The transfer of
research results is considered an integral part of
each ORD research project. Technology transfer is
coordinated through CERI in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Technical assistance is the direct, person-to
person transmission of scientific and engineering
information to help specific users apply state-of-
the-art technologies and procedures to specific
problems in the field. Technical assistance is pro-
vided upon request to EPA headquarters and Re-
gional staff. Each of the four ORD laboratories in-
volved in ground-water research have staff de-
dicated to providing technical assistance or direc-
ting requests to appropriate experts. Many re-
searchers are contacted directly based on their pub-
lications and through the ORD Ground-Water Re-
search Technical Assistance Directory (see
appendix B).
Technology transfer and technical assistance
ensure that RCRA, Superfund, drinking water, and
pesticide .regulatory approaches to .protecting
ground-water quality incorporate the latest scien-
tific information on. subsurface processes,
remediation monitoring methods and equipment, It
also ensures that permitting, remedial, and enforce-
ment actions are scientifically credible and
defensible. , Technology transfer and technical
assistance projects are conducted under the Super-
fund and drinking water programs. Technical
assistance ,is also provided for the RCRA and
pesticides programs as integral parts of research
projects.
ORD and OSWER have jointly established
Technical Support Centers (TSCs) at the four ORD
laboratories involved in ground-water research: the
Ground Water Fate and Transport TSC at
RSKERL-Ada; Monitoring and Site Charac-
terization TSC at EMSL-LV; Exposure Monitoring
and Ecological Risk Assessment TSC at ERL-
Athens; and Engineering and Treatment TSC at
RREL-Cin. The TSCs, in response to Regional
Superfund staff requests for assistance, provide di-
rect technical expertise in the field, review site
technical reports, conduct workshops on emerging
issues, and maintain technical information clearing-
houses. A parallel program for RCRA corrective
action staff began in FY91.
Geophysical Technical Support
EMSL-LV provides technical assistance and
training on the use of geophysical techniques to
characterize Superfund sites, conduct field investi-
gations, and review reports and workplans. Geo-
physical support encompasses the use of seismic,
electromagnetic induction, resistivity, magneto-
meters, groundpenetrating radar, and borehole
electromagnetic induction techniques. Technical
support on the use of additional methods can also
be provided through cooperative agreements with
the USGS and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Transport and Transformation Technical
Support
RSKERL-Ada has developed an interdis-
ciplinary team of ground-water contamination
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24
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
experts who provide site- and case-specific
technical assistance to Superfund Regional staff on
a when-and-where-requested basis. Through the
Ground-Water Fate and Transport TSC, RSKERL-
Ada helps field staff assess the extent of ground-
water contamination, predict the transformations
and movements of contaminants in the subsurface,
and evaluate in situ aquifer remediation options.
The team also develops training and seminar ma-
terial in cooperation with CERI and serves as an
Interface between the ground-water research com-
munity and EPA, state, and local staff actively
involved in dealing with contaminated sites.
In addition to direct technical support,
RSKERL-Ada's technical assistance team partici-
pates in relevant research projects in order to pre-
sent existing state-of-the-art technical information
in a user-friendly format. RSKERL-Ada has com-
pleted consolidation of materials on the use of a
USGS solute transport model (MOC) and is
working on the development of a user-friendly
software package to allow easy use and interpreta-
tion of an unsaturated zone organic phase contam-
inant transport model (ContPro). A report inten-
ded to provide new Superfund field staff with
introductory information on ground-water modeling
needs, responsibilities, and guidance has been
completed. Another manual is under development
to provide guidance to field staff on site-specific
field techniques for quantifying the physical and
chemical properties of contaminated heterogeneous
aquifers, including data needed for modeling
contaminant behavior. The RSKERL-Ada team is
also modifying existing geostatistical computer
programs now being used by researchers so that
they are useful to field staff who do not have
extensive training in geostatistical methods.
Finally, a manual that consolidates existing
information on the use of pump-and-treat methods
is under development, with particular emphasis on
estimating the length of time required for a pump-
and-treat system to remediate a contaminated site.
ERL-Athens established the Center for Expo-
sure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) in 1987 to
facilitate the use of models that can estimate con-
taminant exposure through ground water and other
sources. The Exposure Modeling and Ecological
Risk Assessment is a part of CEAM and provides
exposure assessment assistance to Superfund and
RCRA staff. CEAM also provides technical assis-
tance to all EPA programs and will perform about
40 assessment projects during FY92,
Direct technical support is provided by ERL-
Athens at specific sites, with emphasis on multi
media assessments and the uncertainties associated
with model estimations. The results of the more
intensive site support projects are developed into
case studies for use as training aids and as tech-
nology transfer documents.
ERL-Athens also provides rate and
equilibrium constants necessary for predicting the
fate and transport of organic chemicals in ground
water. Values judged to be the best are available
for parameters such as hydrolysis rate, octanol/
water partition coefficient, and solubility are
provided upon request. Data are extracted from
the literature and carefully screened for validity,
computed by ERL-Athens, or measured in the
Athens Laboratory. Data considered to be of
adequate reliability are entered into the FATE
database, which is being developed by the Labora-
tory.
RSKERL and ERL-Athens are also working
directly with OSWER on two projects involving
the application of subsurface fate and transport
models. In one, ORD has been asked to advise the
Superfund program on the use of unsaturated zone
models for setting soil clean-up levels at Superfund
sites based on potential leaching of soil contami-
nants to ground water. In a second project, ORD
has been asked by OSW to assist in the Regulatory
Impact Analysis for new corrective action rules for
solid waste management units. This involves
selecting and applying a multi-media model, which
includes the ground-water transport pathway, to
estimate the human health and environmental im-
pact of corrective action regulatory alternatives.
Aquifer Remediation Technical Support
RSKERL-Ada has established the Subsurface
Remediation Information Clearinghouse (SRIC) to
help transfer information on technologies for clean-
ing up contaminated ground water and soils to
Superfund remediation field staff. The emphasis
of the clearinghouse is on in situ technologies such
as microbial remediation and specialized pumping
techniques. The clearinghouse includes informa-
tion on transport and transformation processes,
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
25
remedial technology evaluations, guidance on the
use of remedial technologies, case histories, and
related research publications. Information to be
included in the clearinghouse is evaluated by
RSKERL-Ada staff and experts in other agencies
and universities for its benefit to users. A protocol
for evaluating the performance of ground-water
remediation activities at Superfund sites is being
developed for inclusion in the SRIC. Case studies
of selected Superfund sites are being conducted to
investigate the effectiveness of modeling and mon-
itoring approaches. SRIC staff disseminates infor-
mation in the clearinghouse, conducts literature
reviews, and provides information services to EPA,
other federal and state agencies, and researchers.
OHEA provides technical support at Superfund
sites through site assessments and remedial investi-
gations,
OHEA also sponsors remedial work related to
karst aquifers, which are aquifers where flow is
appreciable through fractures, other joints, and
bedrock—any or all of which have been enlarged
by solution of bedrock. One of the biggest chal-
lenges faced in karst aquifer remediation is finding
ways to cleanup contaminated karsts, and there is a
need for the development of karst aquifer protec-
tion methods, and ground-water monitoring within
karst aquifers.
Training and Model Evaluation
RSKERL-Ada provides technical support and
evaluations of models for the investigation,
management, and protection of ground-water sour-
ces of drinking water. A series of narrated slide
presentations have been developed for use as self-
training aids to help field staff keep abreast with
new research findings and technologies. Modules
that have been completed include basic geology,
fundamental hydrogeology, monitoring well
installation, ground-water models, ground-water
contamination, and ground-water sampling.
Training courses are also provided periodically
upon request.
RSKERL-Ada has developed a close relation-
ship with the International Ground-Water Modeling
Center (IGWMC) at me Colorado School of
Mines. The school operates a clearinghouse for
technical information on the use of mathematical
transport and transformation models and software.
The two major tasks of the clearinghouse are the
dissemination of ground-water models and infor-
mation on their application and the distribution and
support of modeling software. The Center regu-
larly offers short courses and seminars on the use
of models and carries out a research program to
evaluate the quality of the confusing array of
existing ground-water transport and transformation
models.
Superfund Technical Assistance Response
Team
The Technical Support Branch in RREL-Cin
provides the Regional Superfund Offices with en-
gineering technical assistance to Remedial Project
Managers on problems arising during the reme-
diation of individual sites. In terms of site specific
assistance, RREL-Cin organized the Superfund
Technical Assistance Response team (START).
The START program provides site specific, long-
term technical assistance to a limited number of
Superfund sites that have been selected by the
Regional Offices in conjunction with ORD. Sites
selected for the START program receive compre-
hensive engineering assistance on multiple phases
of the remedial investigation and feasibility
(RI/FS) process. The Engineering Technical Sup-
port Center (ETSC) also provides similar site-
specific assistance, but the focus of this center is
on quick response and short term assistance.
The START program deals primarily with
complex sites that have high regional priority rela-
tive to the selection of technologies available to
the program, but in FY91, the program will be
limited to handling 45 sites per year. START has
first priority on available technical support capaci-
ty. .' . , . - :
The START program has been using the
Computer Assisted Site Evaluation (CASE) system,
developed by RREL-Cin, to provide technical sup-
port to Regional Projects Managers in the assessr
ment and remediation of contaminated sites.
CASE is a computer system that has been devel-
oped to improve and expedite the process of
hazardous waste site assessment. The system,
based at EPA's Center Hill Facility, is available as
a service to the Regions. Capabilities of the
system include; 3-D spatial modeling of the site
geology, hydrogeologic cross-sectioning, con-
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26
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
taminant concentration mapping, contaminant
volume calculation, ground-water modeling, and
modeling of various remedial actions. The system
has been applied to four Superfund sites in
Pennsylvania, Florida, Washington, and Ohio, and
is ready to be applied in the Regions.
RSKERL-Ada provides technical assistance
through their Center for Subsurface Modeling Sup-
port (CSMoS). This Center is for model technical
assistance. They distribute and service all models
and databases developed by RSKERL-Ada and
also provide general support on model application
to vadose zone and ground-water contaminant
transport problems.
Forum Issue Papers
OSWER and ORD established the Superfund
Technical Support Project (TSP) in 1987 to
provide technical assistance to RPMs and OSCs.
The Forums, TSCs, and OSWER's Technology
Innovation Office frequently discuss Superfund site
problems and successes, useful technologies and
procedures, technical needs, and current ORD
research, development, and demonstration projects.
TSP efforts are communicated to the Regions
through the Ground water and Engineering
Forums, which are comprised of one or more
professionals from the Superfund, and RCRA
Corrective Action programs in each of EPA's ten
Regions. These Forums exchange up-to-date
information related to remedial activities at
hazardous waste sites and are committed to the
identification and resolution of engineering and
ground-water issues impacting remediation. The
Forums propose topics and set priorities for poten-
tial issue papers and work with the Centers in
developing issue papers and conducting workshops
on emerging technical topics. The TSP improves
communication of technical information and the
consistency of Superfund 'site remedial actions.
Forum Issue Papers were initiated as a means
of addressing a number of technical issues identi-
fied by the Forums as critical to remediation deci-
sions. These documents are intended to be brief,
readable summaries of the current state-of-the-
science of particular technical issues. For a listing
of current ground water related issue papers, see
Appendix C.
Relationship of ORD Research to Other
Ground-Water Research In EPA
In addition to ground-water research conduc-
ted by ORD and coordinated by EPA's research
committees, EPA program offices sponsor a signi-
ficant amount of research at ORD's laboratories,
conduct research through program office contrac-
tors for short-term data needs, and synthesize cur-
rent knowledge into technical guidance documents.
A major example of program offices co-sponsoring
ORD research is the support of OSW and OPP for
exposure assessment modeling at ERL-Athens. In
addition, ORD laboratory directors and staff fre-
quently contact program office clients to better
understand program and research needs. The pro-
gram offices, particularly OGWDW and OSWER,
also have increased activities to provide direct
technical assistance to Regional and state staff.
OGWDW develops and transfers existing
knowledge and methods to state and local agencies
for protecting ground-rwater sources of drinking
water. Because the states develop and implement
their own ground-water protection programs under
EPA leadership, OGWDW has concentrated on
providing policy, program management, and tech-
nical guidance to the states. Much of this work
involves the collection of existing technical infor-
mation on hydrogeologic assessment and; pollutant
source management tools that have already proven
effective in other roles and putting this information
into a format appropriate for various state and
local audiences. In addition, OGWDW conducts
pilot studies, workshops, and.training programs
with states and local governments.
The Office of Policy, Planning, and Evalua-
tion (OPPE) has been involved with ERL-Athens
in the development of a linked economic and
ground, surface, and air modeling system called
the Comprehensive Economic Environmental Poli-
cy Evaluation System (CEEPES). CEEPES is
being developed under a cooperative agreement
with the Center for Agricultural Research Develop-
ment at Iowa State University. USDA is contri-
buting staff resources to the effort and USGS is
conducting monitoring to help verify the system.
The system will be used to evaluate alternative
agricultural policy and management systems.
OHEA has designed the Integrated Monitoring
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
27
Evaluation System (IMES) for assisting users in
choosing appropriate ground-water models. Each
user defines his criteria and the system will search
for models that fit user-defined needs. Version
one of IMES was developed in FY91 and is cur-
rently being reviewed. The system includes
models for four media: ground water, surface
water, non point source, and air, and all models
included in the system have been used by EPA.
Coordination Among Federal Agencies
The Federal Coordinating Committee for Sci-
ence, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET) of
the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the
Executive Office of the President has drafted its
final report on federal ground-water research—
Federal Ground-Water Science and Technology
Programs: The Role of Science and Technology in
Addressing Four Key National Ground-Water Is-
sues (May, 1991). The report is intended to help
government officials understand federal research
efforts that address Congressionally mandated pro-
grams involving ground-water assessment,
management, and protection.
This report relates the ground-water research
and engineering described in the earlier Subcom-
mittee report, Federal Ground-Water Science and
Technology Programs: The Role of Science and
Technology in the Management of the Nation's
Ground-Water Resources, to four ground-water
issues thought by the Subcommittee to be most
critical to the Nation: ensuring long-term ground-
water supplies; remediating contaminated ground
water; minimizing agricultural contamination of
ground water; and disposing of nuclear waste.
Recent ground-water development trends sug-
gest the critical need to manage existing ground-
water supplies and to protect ground-water quality.
Ensuring that ample ground water is available for
use where it is needed both now and in the future,
and taking into account the physical limitations of
the natural system is an important policy objective
of the FCCSET report. Other objectives include
ensuring that ground water is of suitable quality
for current and future uses, and developing a better
scientific base for the management of water quality
and quantity. Priority research goals in support of
these policy objectives include improved: manage-
ment strategies to control the sources of contami-
nation; understanding of the impacts of various
land uses on ground-water quality; models to pre-
dict the transport and fate of various pollutants,
coupled reaction-flows, and the flow of water
through fractured rock and karst terranes; data on
the kinetics of mineral-water reactions; data on the
kinetics of the interactions of toxic substances with
geologic materials; inductive methods to eliminate
or reduce the need for expensive observation
wells; and sampling and data analysis techniques.
EPA and other federal agencies involved in
ground-water research employ a number of mech-
anisms to coordinate their research and technology
transfer programs, including:
* Specific interagency delegations of authority
to provide lead agency coordination;
* Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) that
set forth specific responsibilities and areas of
cooperation;
* Standing and ad hoc committees and technical
workshops to monitor agreements and share
information;
* Jointly conducted projects or programs that
employ the combined expertise of several
agencies;
* Cooperative research that is jointly funded by
federal and state governments;
* Interagency coordination that occurs at the
scientific planning level; and
* Interagency cooperation to validate models.
EPA and USGS signed a MOU in August,
1981, providing an umbrella under which each
agency's programs are coordinated. A second
MOU was signed in June, 1985, to coordinate
ground-water data collection and technical assis-
tance. EPA and USGS regularly exchange visiting
scientists and participate in each other's technical
meetings on ground water. In addition, the two
agencies have established a bilateral committee to
coordinate their respective research programs and
prevent duplication of effort.
EPA and USDA signed an interim MOU in
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28
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
October, 1988, providing an umbrella agreement
for coordination in surface and ground-water qual-
ity improvement and maintenance. Through the
MOU, the Office of Water (OW) uses the expertise
of USDA's Soil Conservation Service to increase
technical assistance to states in the development
and implementation of state-wide water quality
programs and projects. EPA also participates on
an interagency committee to guide the water
quality research of USDA's Cooperative State
Research Service.
During FY90, USDA disseminated Requests
for Proposals that were prepared by Project Inves-
tigators to identify areas for experimentations and
monitoring. The first full year of project operation
was devoted to preparing project sites and charac-
terizing area conditions. The committee, coordi-
nating mechanisms, and management systems will
implemented. The Water Quality Working Group,
which is chaired by the USDA, is responsible for
the monitoring and directing of the President's
Water Quality Initiative in its entirety. The MSEA
project is under the purview of this working
group's research Task Group. The responsibilities
of this task group include interpreting goals and
objectives and ensuring continued cooperation of
participating agencies; supporting the MSEA pro-
ject in achieving its objectives; ensuring coordina-
tion of MSEA project participants, and developing
recommendations and modifications to the MSEA
workplan as needed to achieve the broad goals of
the MSEA program.
USDA and EPA are also working together on
an FY93 initiative, Environmental Quality in Agro-
ecosystems, for reducing ecological impacts of
agricultural practices and making food consump-
tion safer. USDA is increasing its efforts on re-
ducing the environmental impacts from agricultural
production, and EPA needs to play an active role
in incorporating environmental quality objectives
into agricultural production practices. This agro-
ecosystem initiative builds on the MASTER pro-
gram, and expands joint work between EPA and
USDA to ensure that changes to agricultural pro-
duction practices over the next decade result in
meaningful, cost-effective improvements in envi-
ronmental quality. USDA expertise on agricultural
production and EPA expertise on environmental
protection need to be blended toward this common
goal.
Interagency coordination between the
Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Energy
Research, USGS, EPA, and other agencies is
predominantly at the scientific planning level.
Since 1983, DOE has sponsored over 20 meetings
to assist in setting scientific direction for its
fundamental research programs. All federal
agencies have participated in Office of Energy
Research reviews, providing program coordination
and information exchange. Also, EPA and DOE
signed an MOU in January 1990 for joint research
on radioactive or mixed-waste sites. This MOU
provides new opportunities for cooperative re-
search on contaminant treatment systems as well as
subsurface research projects.
In addition to coordinating research with other
federal agencies through interagency agreements
and coordinating committees, EPA conducts joint
ground-water research projects with the USDA,
USGS, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Coast
Guard, U.S. Navy, DOE, National Research Coun-
cil, and the Tennessee Valley Authority.
External Research Reviews
Several major documents have been written
with recommendations for research needed to im-
plement the Agency's multiple mandates for pro-
tecting ground-water resources. The Science Ad-
visory Board distributed its Review of the EPA
Ground-Water Research Program in July, 1985.
The Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task Force
distributed an Evaluation of the RCRA Subpart F
Ground-Water Monitoring Program in February,
1986, and its final report Hazardous Waste
Ground-Water Task Force: 1987 Status Report in
October, 1988. Two other reports contained rec-
ommendations on the development and use of
ground-water models: the Science Advisory
Board's Resolution on Use of Mathematical
Models by EPA for Regulatory Assessment and
Decision Making (January, 1989) and the National
Research Council's Ground-Water Models: Scien-
tific and Regulatory Applications (November,
1989).
The Science Advisory Board's 1985 review of
EPA's ground-water research program recommen-
ded the creation of a strong central direction for
the research program, increased resources for train-
ing and technology transfer, proactive research on
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
29
ground water contamination sources not addressed
by specific mandates, and development of faster
methods for ground-water sampling and analysis
that maintain data quality. Funding increases were
also recommended in specific ground-water re-
search areas: monitoring; basic transport and fate;
remedial methods for fractured geologic forma-
tions; and identification of suitable geologic envi-
ronments for isolating hazardous wastes by means
of deep injection wells.
The Hazardous Waste Ground-Water Task
Force of 1986 considered technical problems in
ground-water monitoring technology as a compo-
nent of their overall evaluation of the RCRA
Ground-Water Monitoring Program. Six techno-
logical needs were identified: (1) improved under-
standing of the behavior of individual contaminants
and contaminant classes and sampling strategies
for each class; (2) investigation of the use of
plume dispersion as a basis for monitoring well
horizontal spacing, screen depth, and length; (3)
identification of sampling equipment and tech-
niques best suited for specific hydrologic settings
or monitoring needs; (4) estimation of the effect of
sampling equipment on monitoring data; (5) selec-
tion of key indicators for contaminant classes
according to geological setting; and (6) estab-
lishment of analytic methods for certain hazardous
constituents;
The Science Advisory Board's review of the
use of mathematical models in EPA regulatory de-
cision-making contained recommendations relevant
to ORD development and testing of ground-water
transport, transformation, and exposure assessment
models. The report recommends an increase in
validation of models by laboratory and field
studies, increased communication of the sensitivity
and uncertainty of environmental model predic-
tions, and more stringent peer review of models
and expert systems. The National Research
Council's report discussed the scientific bases on
which existing models are founded, approaches and
philosophies routinely used in the application of
models to regulatory decision making, and
guidelines on the development and use of models
intended for application to the regulatory process.
In addition to these broad ground-water research
program reviews, EPA laboratories frequently
conduct peer reviews of specific elements of the
research program to ensure the scientific credibility
of research directions and projects.
ORD is addressing these recommendations to
the extent practicable within its available funding.
Internal EPA reviews by the research committee
are conducted to determine which of the competing
research needs should be addressed.
Internal Research Reviews
In addition to external reviews of the ground-
water research program, ORD's ground water ma-
trix manager conducts research program reviews
each year in concert with the budget development
cycle. The objectives of the reviews are to eval-
uate research progress and results, determine whe-
ther planned research projects and their resources
are sufficient to meet the needs of Program and
Regional Offices, decide whether additional pro-
jects are necessary, and determine whether the
timing and substance of planned deliverables are
suitable.
The FY91 ground-water research program
review was attended by rejpresentatives from the
Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory
Support (OTTRS), OEPER, OEETD, OMMSQA,
NCGWR, program offices, and the Regions.
Research needs identified at the review included
work on expert systems for site characterization,
application of GIS to siting decisions, and the
combining of ground-water databases with
statistical expert systems for better management of
ground-water monitoring data. A number of other
research needs were raised in the areas of nitrates,
RCRA corrective action, statistical applications for
underground injection control, and demonstrations
of subsurface treatment trains in the field.
Many of the research needs expressed in these
ground-water research program reviews are being
addressed by established research programs. Other
needs have not yet been fully addressed due to
funding constraints and competing priorities.
Research Results
ORD has developed many innovative proce-
dures, methods, and equipment for advancing re-
search capabilities and the scientific basis of Pro-
gram and Regional office regulatory, permitting,
and enforcement programs. Numerous technical
-------
30
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
articles, handbooks, and technical resource docu-
ments have been published describing these
accomplishments. Appendix C lists major reports
recently produced by ORD's ground-water research
program.
EPA uses information systems to disseminate
information to the Regions and States. EPA's
Cleanup Information Bulletin Board system (CLU-
IN), formally named the OSWER Bulletin Board,
is designed for use by hazardous waste cleanup
professionals to find current events information
regarding innovative technologies, to consult with
others who are on-line, and to access hazardous
waste databases. The Alternative Treatment Tech-
nology Information Center (ATTIC) system is
designed to provide technical information on alter-
native methods of hazardous waste treatment.
ATTIC is designed for use by site remediation
managers in the federal, state, and private sectors
to obtain technical information hi the form of
abstracts or report summaries. The ORD bulletin
board is operated by CERI, and contains a data-
base of over 17,000 searchable abstracts of all
ORD publications, including publications on
ground-water research.
Within recent years, major research programs
have been initiated in the areas of advanced site
characterization and contaminant detection equip-
ment, monitoring methods, controlled field studies
of microbial degradation techniques, facilitated
transport processes that enhance contaminant mobi-
lity, methods for incorporating uncertainty analyses
within modeling packages, pump-and-treat techno-
logies, and wellhead protection methods. In addi-
tion, ORD has significantly expanded its efforts to
transfer technical information and provide direct,
site-specific, technical assistance to personnel in
the field. Reports planned to be completed in
FY91 and FY92 under these and other important
research programs are listed in Appendix B.
Despite recent advances in understanding of
fundamental subsurface processes and ground-
water monitoring and remediation technologies,
many difficult questions are just beginning to be
answered. ORD's future ground-water research
program will address the highest priority of these
questions.
Future Program
The two themes that ORD's future ground-
water research program will emphasize are the pre-
vention and remediation of ground-water contam-
ination.
The prevention research program will encom-
pass identification of threats to ground water from
point and nonpoint sources and mitigation of those
threats through improved management of the con-
taminant sources. OW's wellhead protection pro-
gram offers an opportunity to integrate advances in
ground-water research into a comprehensive pro-
gram to protect drinking water aquifers. Improved
site-specific methods will be needed to characterize
local point and non-point sources of contamination
and define vulnerable ground-water resources in
order for state and local governments to develop
plans for protecting wellheads. The delineation of
wellhead protection areas will require improved
predictive models to account for the effects of sub-
surface biological, chemical, and physical proces-
ses on the transport and transformations of contam-
inants in the subsurface. The correct use of these
models will depend, in part, on the quality of input
data that is used. ORD's research into rate
constants and physical properties such as disper-
sivity, hydraulic conductivity, and effective
porosity can therefore be expected to continue.
Cost-effective monitoring methods will also be
needed for early detection of contamination from a
multitude of possible sources before they can per-
colate into ground-water resources.
The success of ground-water remediation de-
pends largely upon understanding subsurface pro-
cesses. Some of the more important processes for
which research is needed include contaminant
multiphase behavior partitioning among solid and
liquid media, biotic and abiotic transformations,
and transport in fractured media. Predictive tools,
such as; models, will be needed to better account
for these processes. Cost-effective monitoring
methods are also needed for detecting contami-
nants, characterizing site-specific subsurface condi-
tions, and tracking changes in ground-water quality
during remediation of contaminated ground water.
Improved knowledge of subsurface conditions will
also lead the way for improvements in the design
of technologies for remediation, such as innovative
ground-water pumping systems. ORD efforts to
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
31
meet these prevention and remediation objectives
in the future will continue to be approached
through focused research projects in support of
EPA's programs, with attention to coordination,
technology transfer, and technical assistance.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
33
APPENDIX A. ORD GROUND-WATER RESEARCH BUDGET
The following is a generalized table showing the distribution of ORD resources into major categories of
subsurface research.
ORD Ground-Water Budget History
ORD Activity
Subsurface
Modeling, Moni-
toring and Qual-
ity Assurance
Subsurface Pro-
cesses and
Effects
Subsurface
Engineering and
Technology
TOTALS
FY1990
FTE
22
79
5
106
S&E
1742
5789
409
7940
R&D
5744
8033
2114
15891
FY 1991
FTE
22
78
5
105
S&E
1757
6065
415
8237
R&D
4913
8474
1558
14945
FY 1992 (est.)
FTE
22
79
6
107
S&E
1667
6278
545
8490
R&D
5302
12585
1831
19718
KEY:
FTE
S&E
R&D
"Full-time equivalents" (one person per year)
"Salary and Equipment" monies (est. dollars in thousands)
"Research and Development" monies for contracts and grants
(est. dollars in thousands)
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-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
35
APPENDIX B.
SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS FROM GROUND-WATER RESEARCH PROJECTS
Appendix B presents the outputs of ORD's ground-water research program that are planned to be
completed as a result of ground-water research conducted in FY91 and FY92. Some outputs are
planned to be completed in FY93 and beyond (outyears) as a result of longer-term research projects.
SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Develop and evaluate ground-water monitoring methods and strate-
gies for RCRA hazardous waste facilities. (PPA 115)
Ground-Water Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Project Report on Field Comparison of Ground-Water Sampling
Methods
Internal Report on Protocol for Testing Ground-Water Samplers
Report on Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Sampling and
Surveillance Methods
Guidance Document for Comparing Well Casing Material
Complete Guidance Document Summarizing Screening Rules for
Monitoring Wells
Final Project Report on Quantitative Methods for Monitoring Net-
work Design
Project Report on Toolbox for Environmental Monitoring Using
Ground-Water Models
Final Guidance Document for Site Characterization and Contamina-
tion Assessment
Draft Guidance Document for Site Characterization and Contamina-
tion Assessment
Project Report on Temporal Variability (Arid) and Sampling Proce-
dures for Ground water
Ground-Water Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Final Report on Bioremediation Monitoring ofBTEX
Journal Article on the Dielectric Tool for Laboratory Porosity Mea-
surements
10/90
11/90
4/91
8/91
8/92
8/92
9/92
4/93
10/93
12/93
5/92
12/92
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36
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outyear
Project Report on Surface/Surface to Borehole Geophysical Methods
Develop Field Methods for Subsurface Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Project Report on Application of Borehole Geophysics to Waste Site 10/90
Monitoring
Molecular Fluorescence and Fiber-Optics Screening Methods (EMSL-
LV)
Development of Synchronous Luminescence Field Methods
Report on In Situ Fiber-Optic Field Spectrometer (Luminoscope)
Project Report on Portable Ultraviolet Fiber-Optic
Spectrofluorometerfor In Situ Screening of Aromatic Compounds in
Ground water
Quality Assurance and Methods Standardization for Ground-Water
Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Project Report on Technology Transfer and Hands-On Demonstra-
tion
Develop methods for external leak detection at underground storage
tank sites. (PPA R62)
Characterization and Monitoring of Cleanup Around Storage Tanks
(EMSL-LV)
Report on In Situ Diffusion Coefficient Measurement Barrier Tests
Report on Field Test of Peat for Adsorption of Hydrocarbon Con-
taminants from Underground Storage Tanks
Final Report on the BTEX Project for Analyzing Soil, Soil Gas
(vapors), and Ground water
Assessment Manual for In Situ Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydro-
carbons in Soil and Ground water
Evaluation of External Vapor Monitoring Sensors
Provide monitoring techniques and procedures for Superfund site
and situation assessments. (PPA A04)
Geophysical Methods (EMSL-LV)
Project Report on the Evaluation of Selected Borehole Geophysical 10/90
Methods for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations and Monitoring
Published Peer Reviewed Paper on Effect of Pipes on Transient 10/90
Electromagnetic Soundings Used to Map Oil-Field Brine Contamina-
tion
6/93
10/92
10/92
12/92
6/92
1/91
8/91
9/91
9/92
9/92
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
37
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outyear
Conference Paper on A New Instrument and Inversion Program for 10/90
Near-Surface Mapping: High Frequency EM Sounding and Profiling
ion the Frequency Range 300 KHz to 30 MHz
PhD Thesis The Electrical Resistivity Method in Cased Boreholes, 5/91
The University of California, Berkeley, CA
Project Report on a Geophysics Expert System, Version 2.0 6/91
Conference Paper on Seasonal Variations and Ground Penetrating 11/91
Radar Repeatability
Conference Paper on Novel Antenna Systems for Ground Penetrating 11/91
Radar
Conference Paper on Results of Integrated Surface Geophysical 11/91
Studies for Shallow Subsurface Fracture Detection at Three New
Hampshire Sites
Journal Article on Field Survey for Seismic Shear-Wave Source 6/92
Development
Project Report on Field Case Studies of an Improved Ground Pene-
trating Radar
Journal Article on Ground Penetrating Radar Detection of Chlori-
nated Solvents
Develop and evaluate new field-monitoring techniques and systems
that are rapid, inexpensive, and more sensitive. (PPA H03)
Advanced Field Monitoring Methods (EMSL-LV)
Internal Report on a Geostatistical Report for Contouring and Spa- 11/90
tial Interpolation of Hazardous Waste Data - A Case Study
Internal Report on Field-Portable XRF Multi-Analyte Case Study 12/90
Final Report on the Design of Chemical Coatings for Microsensors 12/90
in the'Detection and Analysis of Hazardous Materials
Publication/Presentation of Extraction Disks and, Microporous Films 2/91
for Spectroscopic Field Screening Applications
Internal Report on a Comparison in In Situ Analysis Versus Sample 6/91
Preparation and Homogenization Techniques for Laboratory XRF
Analysis
Internal Report on a Study of Fundamental Parameters as a Stan- 9/91
dardless Calibration Technique
Adaptation of a Prototype Data Telemetry/Locator System to Porta- 1Q./91
ble X-Ray Analyzer •
10/92
4/93
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38
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Vadose Zone Methods (EMSL-LV)
Report on a Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Sampling 10/92
and Surveillance Methods
Draft Guidance Document for Site Characterization and Contamina- 10/93
tion Assessment
Develop and evaluate advanced field monitoring methods for Super-
fund sites. (PPA SOI)
Advanced Field Monitoring Methods (EMSL-LV)
Presentation on Spectroscopic Field Screening Application 2/91
Presentation on Extraction Disks and Microporous Films for Spec- 2/91
troscopic Field Screening Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic
Chemicals
Internal Report on Adaptation of Prototype Data Telemetry/Locator 10/91
Systems to Portable X-Ray Analyzer
Internal Report on Cone Penetrometer Evaluation 10/92
Vadose Zone Field Methods for Site Screening and Assessment
(EMSL-LV)
Report on a Comparison of Volatile Organic Compound Sampling 10/92
and Surveillance Methods
Draft Guidance Document for Site Characterization and Contamina- 10/93
tion Assessment
Provide the scientific database and methods for the protection of
ground-water resources. (PPA F81)
Ground-Water Monitoring (EMSL-LV)
Journal Article on Dupont Experiment Conducted to make Surface- 2/9 J
to-Borehole Measurements in Test Well Near a Class I Injection
Facility in Tennessee
Progress Report on Airborne Geophysical Surveys 5/91
Monitoring Strategies for Wellhead Protection Areas 3/92
Journal Article: Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys for Underground 3/92
Injection Control
Project Report on Seismic Noise Studies to Detect Contaminant 7/92
Migration
Journal Paper on Seismic Methods for Fracture Delineation 10/92
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
39
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION
Provide field-evaluated methods and data to predict the concentra-
tions of wastes released from RCRA hazardous waste facilities.
(PPA C25)
Field Evaluation of Ground-Water Contamination Risks from Hazardous
Waste Disposal (Ada)
Journal Article on an Eulerian-Lagrangian Localized Adjoint 12/90
Method for the Advection-Diffusion Equation
Paper on Hydrocarbon Spill Exposure Assessment Modeling 1/91
Report on Nitrate Contamination Studies 3/91
Supply Manual for Multiphase Flow Code
Report on Comparing Results of Artificial Aquifer with Model Pre-
diction
Report on Multiphase Chemical Transport in Porous Media
Journal Article on Transport of Inorganic Solutes in Structured
Media
Report on QAIQC in Development and Evaluation of Ground-Water
Models
Research Brief on Numerical Model for Multiphase Chemical Trans-
port Porous Media
Journal Article on Transport of Organic Solutes in Structured Media
Prediction of Contaminant Behavior in the Subsurface (Ada)
Journal Article on Cosolvent Effects on Sorption and Mobility of 11/90
Organic Contaminants in Soils , • ,
Internal Report on Solute Transport in a Leaky Aquifer by Cubic 2/91
Spline Collocation
Report on Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Multi- 2/91
Solvent Systems
Report on Approximate Multiphase Flow Modeling by Characters- 3/91
tics Methods
Course on Use of Multiphase Chemical Transport Model 4/91
User's Manual-MOFAT: A Two-Dimensional Finite Element Pro- 4/91
gram for Multiphase Flow and Multicomponeht Transport
10/91
11/91
11/91
12/91
1/92
2/92
7/92
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40
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Journal Article on the Influence of Organic Cosolvents on the Sorp- 5/91
tlon Kinetics of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals
Internal Report on the Development of a New Technique for Deter- 6/91
mining Total Organic Carbon in Contaminated Aquifer Materials
Report on Comparisons of Two Dimensional Model Projections and 7/91
Experimental Measurements of Multiphase Chemical Transport in
Porous Media
Paper entitled "Toward a Better Understanding of the Complex 7/91
Geochemical Processes Governing Subsurface Contaminant Trans-
port"
Report on Field Evaluation of Treatability Potential ofPCP and 8/91
Creosote Wastes in Soil .
Journal Article on Comparing Simulated and Experimental Hyster- 8/91
etic Two-Phase Transient Fluid Flow Phenomena
Journal Article on Evaluation ofSorption Models in the Simulation 9/91
of Naphthalene through Saturated Soils
Journal Article on Effect of Ionic Strength on the Transport ofBac- 9/91
teria in a Saturated Aquifer Material
Internal Data Report on the Prediction of Contaminant Behavior in 9/91
the Subsurface
Journal Article on Transport in Time-Variant Mobile Phases
Final Project Report on Laboratory and Modeling Study of Multi-
phase Flow
Computer Code for the Multiphase Flow Model (DNAPL)
User's Guide for Dual Energy Gamma Ray Adsorption System
Report on Investigation of Multiphase Wetting Behavior Using
Capillary Pressure Data
Research Brief on Spatial Heterogeneity of Biochemical and
Hydrologic Parameters Affecting Metal Transport in Ground water
Report on Three Dimensional Modeling of Subsurface Flow and
Fate and Transport of Microbes and Chemicals
Spatial Variability of Subsurface Properties and Processes (Ada)
Research Brief on Methods for Handling Spatial Variability on 12/90
Subsurface Environments
Report on Techniques to Determine Spatial Variations in Hydraulic 2/91
Conductivity of Sand and Gravel
11/91
5/92
12/92
1/93
7/93
9/93
12/94
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
41
F.Y91 FY92 Outvear
Journal Article on Large-Scale Natural-Gradient Tracer Test in 5/91
Sand and Gravel, Cape Cod, Mass; 1. Experimental Design
Observed Tracer Movement
Book Chapter—Aseptic Sampling of Unconsolidated Heaving Soils in 7/91
Saturated Zones
User Friendly Computer Program for Estimating Hydraulic Proper- 9/91
ties of Unsaturated Soils for Contaminant Transport Modeling
Final Report on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow 9/92
Report on Electromagnetic Properties of Contaminated Soils
Corrective Action Technologies (Ada)
Report on Properties Influencing Microbial Colonization of 2/91
Hazardous Waste Sites
Report on Forced Air Ventilation for Remediation of Unsaturated 3/91
Soils Contaminated by Volatile Organic Contaminants
User's Guide for the Mathematical Model LT3VS1 Denitriflcation on 3/91
Nonhomogeneous Laboratory Scale 'Aquifers
Internal Report on Full-Scale Treatment for TCE and Ground-Water 5/91
Design Criteria and Economics
Report on the Biotransformation of Monoaromatic Compounds Un- 8/91
der Various Anaerobic Conditions
Internal Report on Biodegradation ofPCBs in Complex Oily Wastes 12/91
Final Report on a Recombinant Approach to the Isolation and Char- 1/92
acterization of a Primary TCE Degrader
Internal Report on Chlorobenzene Bioreactor Pilot Study 3/92
Journal Article on Experimental Procedures and Initial Results of 6/92
Solvent Enhanced Desorption ofPCBs
International Conference on SS Remediation 6/92
Report on Chlorobenzene Bioreactor Pilot Study 7/92
Report on Feasibility Study for Bioremediation of 7/92
Trichloroethylene—Contaminant Soil
Quantitative Description of TCE in an Aquifer 8/92
Report on Hot Water Recovery of Light Waste Oils 9/92
Internal Report on the Role of Protozoa in Aquifer Biorestoration 9/92
12/92
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42
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Summary Report of Data Analysis for RCRA's Regulatory Impact
Analysis
Journal Article on the Impact of Solvents on the Rate ofPCB
Desorption
Provide integrated, multimedia methods and data to estimate poten-
tial exposures to hazardous wastes from RCRA facilities. (PPA C28)
Multimedia Modeling with Uncertainty Analysis (Athens)
Report on Results ofMINTEQAl Model Performance at Globe,
Arizona Site
Develop methods to predict subsurface contaminant concentrations
to support risk analysis and source control. (PPA F83)
Subsurface Physical/Chemical Processes Affecting Transport (Ada)
Report on Sorption Properties of Soil and Aquifer Organic Matter
Report on Separation and Identification of Aquifer Organic Matter
Journal Article on Transport of Inorganic Colloids in Undisturbed
Subsurface Systems
Report on Facilitated Transport of Metal Contamination in the Sub-
surface
Article on Transport of Organic Cations and Hydrophobic Organic
Compounds in Laboratory Columns
Internal Report on FT-IR Studies of the Sorption Properties of Soils
and Aquifer Organic Matter
Internal Report on Separation and Identification of Aquifer Organic
Matter
Article on Evaluation of Multi-Site Modeling Approach for
Predicting Contaminant Transport in Natural Subsurface Systems
Report on Electromagnetic Properties of Contaminated Soils
Report on Abiotic Reductions Between Haloaliphatic Chemicals and
Environmental Reductants at Mineral Surfaces
Report on Adsorption of Ionic Compounds on Natural
Heterogeneous Materials
Report on Characterization of Organic Matter in Soils and Aquifer
Materials
9/92
12/92
6/91
12/90
12/90
6/91
6/91
12/91
6/92
7/92
9/92
12/92
10/93
10/93
1/95
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
43
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Prediction of Microbial Contaminant Concentrations (Ada)
Report on the Swelling Properties of Soil Organic Matter and their
Relation to Sorption of Non-ionic Organic Compounds
Screening Model to Predict Virus Transport in Ground water
Initiate Transport Modeling for Viruses
Journal Article on Facilitated Transport of Metals in the Subsurface
Prediction of Biotransformation of Subsurface Contaminants (Ada)
Report on Anaerobic Biotransformation of Contaminants in the Sub-
surface
Journal Article on Reductive Dechlorination
Journal Article on Anaerobic Degradation
Research Brief on Biodegradation of Pesticides in Aquifers
Evaluate models and management strategies in support of State
wellhead protection programs mandated by the Safe Drinking
Water Act Amendments of 1986. (PPA F89)
Develop Methods for Wellhead Protection (Ada)
Interim Report for the Application of Capacity Criteria to Wellhead
Protection
Final Report on Evaluation of Wellhead Protection Area Delineation
Methods Including Use of the WHPA Codes in Ellis County, Kansas
Report on Methods for Delineating Wellhead Protection Zones
Around Springs
Report on a Survey of Major Contaminant Impacting Public
Drinking Water Wells
Transport Modeling for Delineation of Wellhead Protection Zones: A
consideration of Virus and Bacteria Transport
Development of a Risk-Management Strategy for Wellhead
Protection
Final Report on Demonstration of the Analytic Element Method for
Wellhead Protection
Report on Development of a Risk-Management Strategy for Wellhead
Protection
Report on Delineation of Wellhead Protection Zones: Consideration
of Virus Transport
6/91
9/91
1/92
9/92
10/90
3/91
12/91
1/92
1/91
9/92
9/92
12/92
8/93
8/93
10/93
10/93
12/93
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44
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Final Report on Validation of Models for Delineating Capture Zones
in Wellhead Protection
Determine how pesticides contaminate ground waters and remedial
actions to alleviate the problem. (PPA D07)
Validation of Predictive Techniques for Environmental Exposure
(Athens)
Report on Results ofMINTEQA2 model performance at Globe,
Arizona Site
Report on Literature-based Testing ofMINTEQA2
12/93
1/92
3/92
IN SITU AQUIFER REMEDIATION
Evaluate Technologies to Manage Uncontrolled Sites. (PPA B01)
In Situ Control Technologies (RREL)
Report on Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve. 8/91
Remedial Actions
Paper on Prospects for In Situ Chemical Treatment of Contaminated 12/91
Soils -,,,.
Pilot Test on Solid Oxygen Source for In Situ Bioremediation 5/92
Feasibility Study ofLeachate Recirculation for In Situ Treatment of 8/92
MSW Landfills on the NPL
Complete Field Tests of Hydrofracturing for Enhancing In Situ Re-
medial Action
Evaluate abilities of natural and enhanced microorganisms for bio-
degradation of hazardous substances in Superfund remedial actions.
(PPA B02)
Enhanced Biorestoration of Contaminated Ground water (Ada)
Report on Efficacy and Environmental Safety of Using Nitrate to 11/90
Bioremediate Hazardous Wastes
Journal Article on Chemical Relationship Between Soil Gas, Core 6/91
Material, and Water Quality at an Aviation Gasoline Plume Site
Journal Article on Enhanced Biorestoration of Contaminated Ground 7/91
water
Report on Operation of the Pilot Scale Treatment System for TCE 10/91
Biotreatment
9/93
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
45
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Preliminary Report Listing the Computer Code and Documenting the
Results of the Laboratory Studies Used to Calibrate the Model
Article Comparing Results of the Batch Microcosm with the Column
Study
Report on Describing the Performance ofBioventing of Aviation
Gasoline In Situ
Report on Development and Calibration of a Model Describing In
Situ Bioventing of Hydrocarbons from the Subsurface
Internal Report on Evaluation of Denitrification for Biorestoration of
JP-4 Jet Fuel-Contaminated Aquifer
Final Report on Denitrification for Bioremediation of a Refinery
Spill
Biodegradation Applications to Superfund Site Cleanups (Athens)
Report on In Situ Biodegradation of Carbon Tetrachloride Under
Denitrifying Conditions
Report on the Use ofSulfate Reducing Organisms for Bioremedia-
tion of Hazardous Waste Components
Report on Co-Oxidation of PCBs During Metabolism of
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Internal Report on In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Aliphatic
Compounds by Toluene Oxygenase-Containing Bacteria
11/91
12/91
9/92
10/92
12/92
8/93
11/90
11/90
10/92
9/93
UNDERGROUND SOURCE CONTROL
Develop methods to determine the fate of underground injected
wastes and develop safer technologies for underground injection
control. (PPA F88)
Methods of Determining the Mechanical Integrity of Injection Wells
(Ada) .,
Report on Field Tested Methods for Part 2 of Mechanical Integrity
of Injection Wells
Report on Test Methods for Flow Behind Pipe from the Injection
Well Mechanical Integrity Project
Report on Potential for Invasion of Underground Sources of .
Drinking Water Through Mud-Plugged Wells: An Experimental
Appraisal
2/92
10/92
9/94
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46
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
FY91 FY92 Outvear
Impact of Class I Wells on Subsurface Geological Materials (Ada)
Report on Methodologies for Identifying Salinity Involved in Ground- 9/91
Water Contamination
Class V Injection Well Practices (Ada)
Report on Methodology for Prioritizing Aquifer Sensitivity to Class V 9/91
Wells
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Provide technical support on Superfund settlement agreements,
especially to enforcement programs in Regions and states. (PPA
F06)
Geophysical Support (EMSL-LV)
Funding for Geophysical Technical Support
Provide Superfund enforcement and response programs with rapid
access to the best available technical information, evidence, and
testimony. (PPA F22)
Clearinghouse for information on Ground-Water Remedial Action Tech-
nologies (Ada)
Workshop on DNAPL Site Characterization and Remediation
Options
Issue Paper on Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Trichloro-
ethylene
Issue Paper on Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground waters
Issue Paper on Conducting Field Tests for Evaluation of Soil
Vacuum Extraction
Internal Report on GIS Application and Geostatistical Analysis of
Hardema Co. Landfill-
Issue Paper on In Situ Bioremediation of Vadose Zone Soils
Report on Access to Subsurface Remediation Technology Database
(STRD) by On-Line Bulletin Board System
Report on Evaluation of Unsaturated/Vadose Zone Models for Super-
fund Sites
Report on Identification and Compilation of Unsaturated/Vadose
Zone Models Possibly Applicable to Setting Soil Remediation Levels
at Superfund Sites
11/90
1/92
2/92
2/92
4/92
5/92
6/92
9/92
10/92
11/92
-------
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix B. Summary of Outputs From Ground-Water Research Projects (Continued)
47
FY91 FY92 Qutvear
Summary Paper on In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in 11/92
Contaminated Aquifers
Ground-Water Technical Support (Ada)
Protocol for Evaluating Effectiveness of Ground-Water Remediation 1/91
Activities at Superfund Sites
Final Report on Determining Partition Coefficients for TCE on 12/91
Aquifer Material from the Main Street Superfund Site
Report on Status of Available Ground-Water Models 1/92
Issue Paper on Basics of Ground-Water Modeling 4/92
Internal Report on the Characterization of Subsurface Contamination 6/92
and Transport Potential to Ground water and at Chrome Plating
Sites
Report on Demonstration of Electromagnetic Borehole Flowmeter at 7/92
three Superfund Sites
Report on the Superfund Vadose Modeling Evaluation 9/92
Journal Article on Demonstrating Methods for Generating Input 10/92
Data for Modeling Pump-and-Treat Remedial Action
User's Manual for the Application of the Electromagnetic Borehole 10/92
Flowmeter Techniques
Ground-Water Methods, Information Transfer & Applications
Journal Article on Transport of Inorganic Colloids in Undisturbed 6/91
Subsurface Systems
Report on Facilitated Transport of Metal Contaminated in the Sub- 6/91
surface: Part II - Colloidal Transport
Issue Paper on Chemical Enhancements to Pump-and-Treat 1/92
Issue Paper on Behavior of Metals in the Soil Environment 6/92
Issue Paper on Fundamental and Principles of Soil Science as 6/92
Related to Contaminant Mobility in Soils
State of the Art Document on Soil Venting 8/92
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
APPENDIX C. RECENT ORD GROUND-WATER PUBLICATIONS
EPA publications in the 600 and 625 series (ORD) may be obtained by calling EPA's Center for
Environmental Research Information at FTS 684-7562 (513-569-7562). Publications referenced by a
PB number are also available from NTIS. This list encompasses both publications and journal
articles.
49
General
ORD Ground-Water Research Plan: Strategy for 1991 and Beyond. EPA 600/9-90/042, September, 1990.
Ground-Water Research Technical Assistance Directory. EPA-600/9-91/006, March 1991.
Protecting the Nation's Ground Water: EPA's Strategy for the 1990s-The Final Report of the EPA Ground-
Water Task Force. EPA 21Z-1020, July, 1991.
Forum Issue Papers
Ground-Water Sampling for Metals Analyses. EPA 540/4-89/001, March, 1989
Accuracy of Depth to Water Measurements. EPA 540/4-89/002, August, 1989
Soil Sampling and Analysis for Volatile Organic Compounds. EPA 540/4-91/001, February, 1991
Characterizing Soils for Hazardous Waste Site Assessments. EPA 540/4-91/003, March, 1991
Contaminant Transport in Fractured Media: Models for Decisions Makers. EPA/540/4-89/004, August, 1989
Facilitated Transport. EPA 540/4-89/003, August, 1989
Basic Concepts of Contaminant Sorption at Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA 540/4-90/053, October, 1990
Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids. EPA/540/4-91/002, March, 1991
Performance Evaluations of Pump-and-Treat Remediations. EPA 540/4-89/005, October, 1989
Reductive Dehalogenation of Organic Contaminants in Soil and Ground Water. EPA 540/4-90/054, January,
Site Characterization and Monitoring
Sampling Frequency for Ground-Water Quality Monitoring. V.W. Lambou, EPA-600/X-86-081, 1986.
Underground Storage Tank Monitoring: Observation Well Based Systems. R.A. Scheinfeld, J.B. Robertson,
and T.G. Schwendeman, Ground Water Monitoring Review, 6(4):49-55, Fall 1986.
The Effect of Sampling Frequency on Ground-Water Quality Characterization. R. Rajagopal, Ground Water
Monitoring Review, 6(4):65-73, Fall 1986.
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50
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Handbook: Ground Water. EPA-625/6-87-016, March 1987.
Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques—Part I: Conceptualizations. J.F. Keely and
Kwasi Boateng, Ground Water, 25(3):300-313, May-June 1987.
Monitoring Well Installation, Purging, and Sampling Techniques—Part II: Case Histories. J.F. Keely and
Kwasi Boateng, Ground Water, 25(4):427-439, July-August 1987.
Comparison of Complex Resistivity with Electromagnetic Induction. J.J. van Ee, EPA-600/X-03-044, 1987.
Expert System for Evaluating External Leak Detection Method for Underground Storage Tanks. P. Durgin,
EPA-600/X-87-413, November 1987.
In Situ Monitoring at Superfund Sites with Fiber Optics—Part I: Rationale. L.A. Eccles, SJ. Simon, and
S.M. Klainer, EPA-600/X-87-156, June 1987.
In Situ Monitoring at Superfund Sites with Fiber Optics—Part II: Plan for Development. L.A. Eccles and
SJ. Simon, EPA-600/X-87-415, November 1987.
Soil-Gas Measurement for Detection of Subsurface Organic Contamination. H.B. Kerfoot and L.J. Barrows,
EPA-600/2-87-027, PB 87-174884, April 1987.
Soil-Gas Sensing for Detection and Mapping of Volatile Organics. B. Eklund, R. Evans, D. Devitt, W. Jury,
T. Starks, and A. Gholson, EPA-600-8-87-036, August 1987.
Gas Transfer Through Flexible Tubing and its Effects on Ground-Water Sampling Results. T.R. Holm, O.K.
George, and J.J. Barcelona, EPA-600/J-88-145, PB 89-119374, 1988.
, : ' £ -!:": "
Oxygen Transfer Through Flexible Tubing and its Effects on Ground-Water Sampling Results. T.R. Holm,
O.K. George, and M.J. Barcelona, EPA-600/J-88-145, 1988.
Geophysics Advisor Expert System. G.R. Olhoeft, EPA-600/X-88-257, June 1988.
Network Design for External Release Monitoring of Underground Storage Tanks. K. Stetzenbach, EPA-
600/X-88-143, March 1988.
In Situ Monitoring with Fiber Optics, Part III: A Fiber Optic Chemical Sensor for Monitoring Gasoline. S.M.
Klainer, D.K. Dandge, K. Goswami, L.A. Eccles, and S.J. Simon, EPA-600/X-88-259, June 1988.
Special Report on the Distribution of Lead at the Pepcon Site Using X-Ray Fluorescence for On-Site
Screening, Henderson, Nevada. G.A. Raab, EPA-600/X-88-336, September 1988.
Spatial Resolution of Ground-Water Contamination by Soil-Gas Measurement. H.B. Kerfoot and M.J. Miah,
Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 3(l-2):73-78, 1988.
Soil-Gas Surveying Techniques, A New Way to Detect Volatile Organic Contaminants in the Subsurface. H.B.
Kerfoot and D.L. Marrin, Environmental Science and Technology, 22(7):740-745, 1988.
Soil-Gas and Geophysical Techniques for Detection of Subsurface Organic Contamination. A. Pitchford, K.
Scarborough, A. Mazzella, EPA-600/4-88-019, May 1988.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
51
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Practical Guide to Aquifer Test Analysis. M.S. Bedinger and I.E. Reed, EPA-600/X-88-261, June 1988.
Modeling Vapor Phase Movement in Relation to UST Leak Detection—Phase I: Final Report. R. Schreiber
EPA-600/X-88-273, June 1988.
Health and Safety Plan, Field Work and Sampling Plan, and Site Screening Report for the Frontier Hard
Chrome Site. R.K. Grant, EPA-600/X-88-272, June 1988.
Generalized Ground-Water Sampling Device Matrix. K. Pohlman and J.W. Hess, EPA-600/X-88-079,
February 1988.
Field Comparison of Ground-Water Sampling Methods—Interim Report. R.P. Blegen, J.W. Hess, F.L. Mffler,
R.R. Kinnison, and J.E. Denne, EPA-600/X-88-260, June 1988.
Evaluation of a Prototype X-Ray Fluorescence System for Hazardous Waste Screening. G.A. Raab, S.J.
Simon, K.W. Brown, D. Cardenas, and L.A. Eccles, EPA-600/4-87-021, January 1988.
Drilling and Constructing Monitoring Wells with Hollow-Stem Augers—Part 1: Drilling Considerations and
Part 2: Monitoring Well Construction. G. Hackett, Ground-Water Monitoring Review, 7(4) and 8(1), Fall
1987 and Winter 1988. :
Development of a Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence System for On-Site Hazardous Waste Screening. G.A.
Rabb, S.J. Simon, M.L. Faber,.and L.A. Eccles, EPA-600/X-88-262, June 1988.
Comparison of Water Samples from PTFE, PVC, and SS Monitoring Wells. MJ. Barcelona, G K George
and M.R. Shock, EPA-600/X-88-091, February 1988.
Development of a Capillary Wick Unsaturated Zone Pore Water Sampler. K.W. Brown, EPA-600/4-88-001
January 1988.
Survey Assessment of Field Techniques for Volatiles. D.W. Botrell, EPA-600/X-88-038, January 1988.
Proposed Guidance Document for External Monitoring of Underground Storage Tanks. P Durgin EPA-
600/X-89-019, 1989.
Network Design Factors for Assessing Temporal Variability in Ground-Water Quality. M.J. Barcelona, D.P.
Lettenmaier, and M.R. Shock, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 12:149-179, 1989.
Draft Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells. ASTM Task Group D.I8.21.07 on
Ground-Water Sample Collection, Handling, and Field Analysis, EPA-600/X-90-026, 1990.
Evaluation of Selected Borehole Geophysical Methods for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations and
Monitoring. K. Tylor, J. Hess and S. Wheatcraft, EPA-600/4-90-029, 1990.
Field Comparison of Ground-Water Sampling Devices for Hazardous Waste Sites: An Evaluation Using
Volatile Organic Compounds. K.F. Pohlman, R.P. Blegen and J.W. Hess, EPA 600/4-90-298, 1990.
Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence for Characterization of Hazardous Waste Sites: A Two Year Program
Summary. G.A. Raab, (C.A. Kuheric, W.H. Cole III, R.E. Enwall, and J.S. Dugan, EPA-600/4-90-009, 1990.
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52 GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix C. Re.cent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Industry-Specific Ground-Water Contamination. J.K. Rosenfield, EPA-600/X-90-119, 1990.
Littleton, Massachusetts Wellhead Protection and Monitoring Strategy. B. Moore, A. Cathcart and S. Danos,
EPA-600/M-90-009, 1990.
A Manual for Conducting Field Screening for Subsurface Gasoline Contamination. G.A. Robbins, EPA-600-
8-90-067, 1990.
Nature and Hydrologic Significance of Fracture Trace, Lineaments, and Fracture Zones Related to Ground-
Water Monitoring. R. Parizek, P. Lavin, R. Greenfield, R. Weiss, C. Shuman and M. Moran, EPA-600/X-90-
125, 1990.
Standard Guide for Vadose Zone Investigations Using the Downhole Neutron Probe. ASTM Subcommittee
D18.21 on Ground-Water and Vadose Zone Investigations, EPA-600/X-90-017, 1990.
Transport and Transformation
Development of Land Disposal Decisions for Metals Using MINTEQ Sensitivity Analyses. D.S. Brown, R.E.
Carlton and L.A. Mulkey, EPA-600/3-86-030, 1986.
Evolving Concepts of Subsurface Contaminant Transport. J.F. Keely, M.D. Piwoni, and J.T. Wilson, Journal
of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 58(5):349-357, May 1986.
Techniques for Delineating Subsurface Organic Contamination: A Case Study. In, Detection, Control, and
Renovation of Contaminated Ground Water, American Society of Civil Engineers, April 1987.
Protecting Ground Water from Viral Contamination by Soil Modification. R.B. Thurman and C.P. Gerba,
Journal of Environmental Science Health, A22(4):369-388, 1987.
CONTUR: An Algorithm for Two-Dimensional High Quality Contouring. S.R. Yates, EPA-600/J-87-059, PB
87-212957/AS, 1987.
Evaluating the Maintenance and Effects of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms. G.S. Sayler, C. Harris, C.
Pettigrew, et al., EPA-600/J-87-386, 1987.
Macromolecules Facilitate the Transport of Trace Organics. G. Bengtson, C. Enfield, and R. Lindqvist, EPA-
600/J-87-354, PB 88-220108, June 1987.
Maintenance and Stability of Introduced Genotypes in Ground-Water Aquifer Material. R.K. Jain, G.S.
Sayler, J.T. Wilson, et al., EPA-600/J-87-136, PB 88-148192, May 1987.
Modeling Microbial Fate in the Subsurface Environment. M.V. Yates and S.R. Yates, EPA-600/J-88-022, PB
88-219225, December 1987.
DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating Ground-Water Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic
Settings. L. Aller, T. Bennett, J.H. Lehr, et al., EPA-600/2-87-035, PB 87-213914/AS, May 1987.
The Use of Models in Managing Ground-Water Protection Programs. J.F. Keely, EPA-600/8-87-003, PB 87-
166203, January 1987.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
53
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
MINTEQA1, an Equilibrium Metal Speciation Model: User's Manual. D.S. Brown and J.D. Allison, EPA-
600/3-87-012, 1987.
Modeling the Impact of Conservation Tillage Practices on Pesticide Concentrations in Ground and Surface
Waters. A.S. Donigian and R.F. Carsel, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 6(4):241-250, 1987.
Processes Affecting Subsurface Transport of Leaking Underground Tank Fluids. S. Tyler, M. Whitbeck, M.
Kirk, J. Hess, L. Everett, and S. Tyler, EPA-600/6-87-005, PB 87-201521, June 1987.
Anaerobic Biotransformations of Pollutant Chemicals in Aquifers. J.M. Suflita, S,A. Gibson, and R.E.
Beeman, EPA-600/J-88-142, PB 89-119341, May 1988.
Decay of Dissolved Substances by Second Order Reaction: Problem Description and Batch Reactor Solutions.
S.R. Yates and C.G. Enfield. EPA 600/J-88-016, PB 88 219787, January 1988
Degradation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons. J.T. Wilson, Biotec, Vol. 2, pp 75-77, 1988
Distribution and Activity of Microorganisms in Subsurface Sediments of a Pristine Study Site in Oklahoma,
R.M. Beloin, J.L. Sinclair, and W.C. Ghiorse, Microbial Ecology, 16(1): 85-97, July, 1988.
Factors Affecting Trace Metal Mobility in Subsurface Soils. J. Kotoby-Amacher and R.P. Gambrell, EPA-
600/2-88-036, PB 88-224829, June 1988.
Influence of Inorganic and Organic Nutrients on Aerobic Biodegradation and on the Adaptation Response of
Subsurface Microbial Communities. CM. Swindell, C.M. Aelion, and F.K. Pfaender, EPA-600/J-88-036, PB
88-225743, January 1988.
Interactive Simulation of the Fate of Hazardous Chemicals During Land Treatment of Oily Waste: RITZ
User's Guide. D. Nofziger, J. Williams, and T. Short, EPA-600/8-88-001, PB 88-195532, January 1988.
Macromolecular Transport of Hydrophobic Contaminants in Aqueous Environments. C. Enfield and G.
Bengtsson, EPA-600/J-88-008, February 1988.
Microbial Ecology of the Terrestrial Subsurface. W.C. Ghiorse and J.T. Wilson, EPA-600/D-88-196, 1988.
Movement of Contaminants from Oily Wastes During Land Treatment. T.E. Short, In: Soils Contaminated by
Petroleum: Environmental and Public Health Effects. E.J. Calabrese and P.T. Kostecki, Eds., New York,
John Wiley and Sons, pp. 317-330, 1988.
Organic Cation Effects on the Sorption of Metals and Neutral Organic Compounds on Aquifer Material. D.C.
Bouchard, R.M. Powell, and D.C. Clark, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A23(6):585-601,
August 1988.
Sorption Nonequittbrium During Solute Transport. D.C. Bouchard, A.L. Wood, J.L. Campbell, et al, Journal
of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 2, pp. 209-223, July 1988.
Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal: Volume 3.
J.J. Ellington, F.E. Stancil, W.D. Payne, and C.D. Trusty, EPA-600/3-88-028, 1988.
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54
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Microbial Ecology of the Subsurface at an Abandoned Creosote Waste Site. J.M. Thomas, M.D. Lee, MJ.
Scott, and C.H. Ward, Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 4(2):109-120, March 1989.
Multiphase Flow and Transport in Porous Media, J.C. Parker, Review of Geophysics, 27(3): 311-328, 8-89.
EPA 600/J-89-548.
Risk of Unsaturated/Saturated Transport and Transformation of Chemical Concentrations (RUSTIC). J.D.
Dean, K.A. Voos, and R.W. Schanz, EPA-600/3-89-048, 1989.
Agricultural Drainage Wells: Impact on Ground Water. R.D. Ludwig, R.L. Drake, and D.A. Sternitzke, EPA-
600/8-90-054, PB 90-252644, 1990.
Assessing the Geochemical Fate of Deep-Well Injected Hazardous Waste: A Reference Guide. J.R. Boulding,
C. Grove, J. Thomhill, EPA-625/6-89-025a, 1990.
Colloidal Considerations in Ground-Water Sampling and Contaminant Transport Predictions. R.W. Puls,
Nuclear Safety, 31(l):58-65, EPA-600/J-90-198, PB 91-116202, January-March, 1990.
Colloidal-Facilitated Transport of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water: Part I. Sampling Considerations,
R.W. Puls, R.M. Powell, and J.H. Eychaner. EPA 600/M-90-023.
Cosolvency of Partially Miscible Organic Solvents on the Solubility of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals, R.
Pinal, P.S.C. Rao, and L.Lee, Environ. Sci. & Tech., 24(5): 639-647, 1990. EPA 600/J-90-201
* =-^%
Cosolvency and Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals. P.S.C. Roa, L.S. Lee, and R. Pinal, Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 24(5):647-654. EPA-600/J-90-201, PB 91-116178, 1990.
Environmental Factors Influencing Methanogenesis in a Shallow Anoxic Aquifer: A Field and Laboratory
Study. R.E. Beeman and J.M. Suflita, Industry and Institute Microbiology 5(l):45-57, EPA-600/J-90-007, PB
90-245515, January, 1990
Fate of PAH Compounds in Two Soil Types: Influence of Volatilization, Abiotic Loss, antf Biological Activity,
K. Park, R. Sims, R. Dupont, W. Douchette, and J. Matthews, Environ. Tox. and Chem., 9(2): 187-195,
February, 1990. EPA 600/2-90-026.
A General Mass-Conservation Numerical Solution for the Unsaturated Flow Equation, M.A. Celia, E.T.
Bouloutas and R.L. Zarva, American Geophysical Union, 26(7): 1482-1496, July 1990. EPA 600/J-90-445.
Ground-Water Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter.
A.T. Kan and M.B. Tomson, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9(3):253-263, EPA-600/J-2-90-017,
PB 90-245291, March, 1990.
Laboratory Investigation of Residual Liquid Organics from Spills, Leaks, and the Disposal of Hazardous
Wastes in Ground Water. J.L. Wilson, S.H. Conrad, W. Mason, W. Peplinski, and E. Hagan, EPA-600/6-90-
004, PB 90-23579, 1990.
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution: A Manual of Practice. F.J. Molz, O. Guven, and J.G.
Melville. EPA-600/8-90-046, 1990.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION 55
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Mobility and Degradation of Residues at Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Sites at Closure. R.C. Loehr, D.C.
Erickson, L.A. Rogers, and D.M. Kelmar. EPA-600/2-90-018, PB 90-212564, 1990.
Modeling Microbial Transport in Soil and Ground Water. M.V. Yates and S.R. Yates, American Society for
Microbiology News 56(6): 324-327, EPA-600/J-90-216, PB 91-116160, 1990.
A New Approach and Methodologies for Characterizing the Hydrogeologic Properties of Aquifers. F.J. Molz,
O. Guven, and J.G. Melville. EPA-600/2-90-002, PB 90-187063, 1990.
Oasis: A Graphical Hypertext Decision Support System for Ground-Water Contaminant Modeling. CJ.
Newell, P.B. Bedient, Ground Water 28(2):224-234, EPA-600/J-90-100, PB 90-245283, March-April, 1990.
Acquisition and Analysis of Ground-Water I Aquifer Samples: Current Technology and the Trade Off Between
Quality Assurance and Practical Considerations. N.T. Loux, A.W. Garrison and C.R. Chafin, International
Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 38(2): 231-253, 1990.
Effects of Cellular Aggregation on the Ecology of Microorganisms. D.L. Lewis and D.K. Gattie, ASM News
56(5): 263-268, 1990.
Solute Transport in Aggregated Media: Aggregate Size Distribution and Mean Radii. F.K. Fong and L.A.
Mulkey. Water Resources Research. 26(6): 1291-1303, 1990a.
Sorption Estimates for Modeling. In: Pesticides in the Soil Environment. R.E. Green and S.W. Karickhoff,
SSSA Book Series No. 2 and H.H. Cheng. (Eds.). Madison WI, Soil Science Society of America, 1990.
In Situ Aquifer Remediation
- v,»-
Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies. EPA-625/6-87-015, January 1987.
A Field Evaluation of In Situ Biodegradation for Aquifer Restoration. L. Semprini, P. Roberts, G. Hopkins,
and D. Mackay, EPA-600/2-87-096, PB 88-130257, November 1987.
In Situ Restoration Techniques for Aquifers Contaminated with Hazardous Wastes. M.D. Lee, J.T Wilson
and C.H. Ward. EPA-600/J-87-032, PB 87-198396, 1987.
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks: Remediation with Emphasis on In Situ Biorestoration. J.M. Thomas,
M.D. Lee, P.B. Bedient, et al., EPA-600/2-87-008, PB 87-168084, January 1987.
Opportunities for Bioreclamation of Aquifers Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons. JT Wilson and
C.H. Ward. EPA-600/J-87-133, PB 88-148150, 1987.
Biorestoration of Aquifers Contaminated with Organic Compounds. M.D. Lee, J.M. Thomas, R C Borden
P.B. Bedient, C.H. Ward, and J.T. Wilson. EPA-600/J-88-078, 1988.
Comparison of Methods to Determine Oxygen Demand for Bioremediation of a Fuel Contaminated Aquifer.
R.M. Powell, R.W. Callaway, J.T. Michaloski, S.A. Vandegrift, M.V. White, D.H. Kampbell, B.E. Bledsoe,
and J.T. Wilson, Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 34, pp. 253-263, 1988.
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56
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Treatment Potential for 56 EPA-Listed Hazardous Chemicals in Soil. R.C. Sims, WJ. Doucette, J.E. McLean,
WJ. Grenney, and R.R. Dupont. EPA-600/6-88-001, PB 88-174446, February 1988.
Adaptation of Aquifer Microbial Communities to the Biodegradation ofXenobiotic Compounds: Influence of
Substrate Concentration and Pre-Exposure. C.M. Aelion, D.C. Dobbins, and F.K. Pfaender, Environmental
Toxicity and Chemistry 8(l):75-86, January 1989.
Applications Analysis: SITE Demonstration Test, Terra Vac, Inc., EPA/540/5-89/003a, 1989
BIOPLUME II—Computer Model of Two-Dimensional Contaminant Transport Under the Influence of
Oxygen-Limited Biodegradation in Ground Water. H. Rifai, P. Bedient, J. Haasbeek, and R, Borden. EPA-
SW/DK-89-015, PB 89-151112, 1989.
In Situ Aquifer Restoration of Chlorinated Aliphatics by Methanotrophic Bacteria, P. Roberts, L. Semprini, G.
Hopkins, D. Grbic-Galic, P. McCarty, M. Reinhard. EPA 600/2-89-033, PB 89-219992. 1989
Technologies of Delivery or Recovery for the Remediation of Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/600/S2-89/066,
1989
Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demonstration Test, Terra Vac, Inc., EPA/540/5-89/003a, 1989
Treatability Potential for EPA-Listed Hazardous Wastes in Soil. R.C. Loehr. EPA-600/2-89-011, PB 89-
166581,1989.
State of Technology Review: Soil Vapor Extraction Systems, EPA/600/S2-89/024, 1989
Soil Vapor Extraction Technology Reference Handbook, EPA/540/2-91/003, 1989
Abiotic Reductive Dechlorination of Carbon Tetrachloride and Hexachloroethane by Environmental Reduc-
tants. M. Reinhard, G.P. Curtis and M.R. Criegman, EPA-600/2-90-040, PB 90-261553, 1990.
Approach to Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil. J.L. Sims, R.C. Sims and J.E. Matthews. Hazardous
Waste and Hazardous Material, 7(2):117-149, EPA-600/J-90-203, PB 91-116152, 1990.
Assessing Detoxification and Degradation of Wood Preserving and Petroleum Wastes in Contaminated Soil.
W. April, R. Sims, and J. Sims. Waste Management and Research, 8(l):45-65, EPA-600/J-90-099, PB 90-
245275, February, 1990.
Assessing Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies: Site Assessment and Selection of
Unsaturated Zone Treatment Technologies, EPA/600/2-90/011, 1990
Assessing Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies: Early Screening of Cleanup Technolo-
gies for the Unsaturated Zone, EPA/600/2-90/027, 1990.
Basics of Pump-and-Treat Ground-Water Remediation Technology. J.N. Mercer, D.C. Skipp, and D. Griffin.
EPA-600/8-90-003, 1990.
Chemical Transport to Ground Water. C.G. Enfield and S.R. Yates. Pesticides in the Soil Environment:
Processes, Impacts, and Modeling, No. 2 in SSSA Book Series, Ed. H.H. Cheng, Soil Society of America, pp.
271-289, EPA-600/D-90-203, PB 91-137059, 1990.
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57
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Conducting Field Studies For Testing Pesticide Leaching Models, C.N. Smith, R.S. Parrisk, and D.S. Brown,
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 39(1), 3-21, 1990
Denitrification of Nonhomogeneous Laboratory Scale Aquifers: 1. Preliminary Model for Transport and Fate
of a Single Compound. F.T. Lindstrom and L. Boersma. EPA-600/2-90-009, PB 90-186305, 1990.
Enhanced Bioremediation Utilizing Hydrogen Peroxide as a Supplemental Source of Oxygen. S Ruling and
B. Bledsoe. EPA-600/2-90-006, PB 90-183435, 1990.
A Field Evaluation of In Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethenes: Part I, Methodology and Field Site
Characterization, P.V. Roberts, G.D. Hopkins, D.M. McKay, and L. Semprini, Ground Water, 28(4): 591-604,
July-August, 1990. EPA 600/J-90-261, PB 91-144857
Geostatistics for Waste Management: A User's Manual for the Geopack (Version 1LO) Geostatistical
Software System. S.R. Yates and M.V. Yates, EPA-600/8-90-004, PB 90-186420, 1990.
Handbook in In Situ Treatment of Hazardous Waste-Contaminated Soils, EPA/540/2-90/002, 1990
Innovative Processes for Reclamation of Contaminated Subsurface Environments. L.W. Canter, L.E. Streebin,
M.C. Arquiaga, F.E. Carranza, and B.H. Wilson, EPA-600/2-90-017, PB 90-199514, 1990.
A Method for Testing Whether Model Predictions Fall Within a Prescribed Factor of True Values, With an
Application to Pesticide Leaching, Ecological Modeling, 51, pp. 59-72. 1990
Oasis: Parameter Estimation System for Aquifer Restoration Models, User's Manual Version 2.0. CJ. Newell,
J.F. Haasbeek, L.P. Hopkins, S.E. Alder-Schaller, H.S. Rifai, and P.B. Bedient, EPA-600/8-90-039 PB 90-
181314, 1990.
Reliability and Applicability of DSTs and Bottomhole Pressure Measurements in Texas Gulf Coast Tertiary
Formations. M.S. Akhter and C.W. Kreitler, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 3(4V287-303
EPA-600/J-90-102 PB 90-245309, January, 1990
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles, EPA/540/5-90/006,
November, 1990
Total Organic Carbon Determinations in Natural and Contaminated Aquifer Materials, Relevance, and
Measurement. R.M. Powell. Ground-Water Management 2:1245-1245. EPA-600/D-90-159 PB 91-129205
1990.
Use of Models for Granting Variances from Mandatory Disinfection of Ground Water used as a Public Water
Supply. M.V. Yates. EPA-600/2-90-010, PB 90-186347, 1990.
Available Models for Estimating Emissions Resulting from Bioremediation: A Review. S. Sharp-Hansen
EPA/600/3-90/031, 1990.
Database Analyzer and Parameter Estimator (DBAPE) Interactive Computer Program User's Manual J C
Imhoff, R.F. Carsel, J.L Kittle, Jr., P.R. Hummel. EPA /600-89/083.
Degradation Kinetics of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds in Saturated Subsurface Environments JE
Rogers, J. Struijs, D.D. Hale and P.O. Bryant. EPA/600/M-90/003, 1990.
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58
GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION
Appendix C. Recent ORD Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Anaerobic Biotransformation of Contaminants in the Subsurface, J.M. Suflita and G.W. Sewell, February
1991. EPA 600/M-90-024. . ,
Approximate Multiphase Flow Modeling by Characteristic Methods, J.W. Weaver. EPA 600/2-91-015.
Bioconcentration Factors and Lipid Solubility. S. Banerjee and G.L. Baughman, Environmental Science and
Technology. 25(3): 536-539, 1991.
Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Aquifer Microorganisms Under Denitrifying Conditions, S.R.
Hutchins, and D.A. Kovacs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(1): 68-76, January 1991. EPA 600/J-91-084.
Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Vapors in the Unsaturated Zone, D.W. Ostendorf and D.H. Kampbell, Water
Resources Research, 17(4): 453-462, April 1991. EPA 600/J-91-084.
Environmental Factors Affecting Toluene Degradation in Ground Water as a Hazardous Waste Site. A.Q.
Armstrong, R.E. Hodson, H-M. Hwang and D.L. Lewis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 10(2): 147-
158, 1991.
Facilitated Transport of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water: Part II. Colloidal Transport, R.W. Puls,
R.M. Powell, D.A. Clark and CJ. Paul, July, 1991. EPA 600/M-91-040.
Feasibility of Hydraulic Fracturing of Soil to Improve Remedial Actions, EPA/600/S2-91/012, 1991.
Forced Air Ventilation for Remediation of Unsaturated of Unsafurated Soils Contaminated by VOC, J.S. Cho.
EPA 600/2-91-016.
MINTEQA2/PRODEFA2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems: Version 3.0 User's
Manual, J.Allison, D.S. Brown, and K.J. Novogradac. EPA 600/3-91-021, March, 1991.
Modeling Multiphase Organic Chemical Transport in Soils and Ground Water, J.C. Parker, A.K. Katyal, J.J.
Kaluarachchi, R.J. Lenhard, T.J. Johnson, K. Jayaraman, K. Unlu, J.L Zhu. EPA 600/2-91-042
Movement of Bacteria Through Soil and Aquifer Sand, M. Alexander, R.J. Wagenet, P.C. Baveye, J.T.
Gannon, U. Mingelgrin, Y. Tan. EPA 600/2-91-010
Remediation of Sites Contaminated with TCE, H.R. Russell, J.E. Matthews, and G. Sewell, Remediation: 167-
183, Winter 1990-91. EPA 600/J-91-030
Solubility, Sorption, and Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Complex Mixtures, P.S.C. Rao, L.S.
Lee, and A.L. Wood. EPA 600/M-91-009
Stimulation of the Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethane in Anaerobic Aquifer Microcosms by the
Addition of Toluene, G.W. Sewell and S.A. Gibson, Environ. Sci. & Tech. 25(5): 982-984, 1991. EPA 600/J-
91-111
The Swelling Properties of Soil Organic Matter and Their Relation to Sorption of Non-Ionic Organic
Compounds, W.G. Lyon and D.E. Rhodes. EPA-600/2-91-033, PB 91-217406
Techniques to Determine Spatial Variations in Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand and Gravel, K.M. Hess and
S.H. Wolf. EPA 600/2-91-006.
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GROUND-WATER RESEARCH DESCRIPTION 59
Appendix C. Recent ORD' Ground-Water Publications (Continued)
Underground Source Control
Injection of Hazardous Waste Into Deep Wells. A. Strycker and A.G. Collins, EPA-600/8-87-013 PB 87-
170551, February 1987. '
Injection Well Mechanical Integrity. J. Thomhill and B. Benefield, EPA-625/9-89-007, September 1989.
Hydrologic-Hydrochemical Characterization of Texas Gulf Coast Saline Formations Used for Deep-Well Injec-
tion of Chemical Wastes. C.W. Kreitter, M.S. Akhter, and C.A. Donnelly, EPA-600/2-88-046, PB 88-242573
1988.
Laboratory Protocol for Determining Fate of Waste Disposed in Deep Wells. A. Collins and M Crocker
EPA-600/8-88-008, February 1988.
Assessing the Geochemical Fate of Deep-Well Injected Hazardous Wastes: Summaries of Recent Research.
J.R. Boulding, C. Grove, J. Thornhill, EPA-625/6-89-025b, 1990.
A Feasibility Study of the Effectiveness of Drilling Mud as a Plugging Agent in Abandoned Well. M.D.
Smith, R.L. Perry, G.F. Stewart, W.A. Holloway, and F.R. Jones, EPA-600/2-90-022, PB 90-227232, 1990.
Surface Source Control
Leak Prevention in Underground Storage Tanks: A State of the Art Survey, EPA/600/2-87/018, 1987
Design, Construction, and Evaluation of Clay Liners for Waste Management Facilities, L J. Goldman et al
EPA/530/SW-86/007F, November 1988
Lining of Waste Containment and Other Impoundment Facilities, Matrecon Inc., EPA/600/2-88/052 Septem-
ber, 1989
Chemicals Stored in Underground Storage Tanks: Characteristics and Leak Detection, EPA/600/2-91/037,
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992-648-003/40718
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