OffiCG of Research and
Development
Washington, DC 20460
EPA/600/R-92/041
February 1992
&EPA
Detecting Water Flow
Behind Pipe in
Injection Wells
-------
-------
EPA/600/R-92/041
February 1992
DETECTING WATER FLOW BEHIND PIPE IN INJECTION WELLS
by
Jerry T. Thornhill
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Bobby G. Benefield
East Central University
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Cooperative Agreement No. CR-815283
Project Officer
Jerry T. Thornhill
Extramural Activities and Assistance Division
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
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DISCLAIMER
Although the information in this document has been funded wholly or
in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under CR-
815283 to East Central University, it does not necessarily reflect the
views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.
All research projects making conclusions or recommendations based
on environmentally related measurements and funded by the Environmental
Protection Agency are required to participate in the Agency Quality
Assurance Program. This project was conducted under an approved Quality
Assurance Project Plan. The procedures specified in this plan were used
without exception. Information on the plan and documentation of the
quality assurance activities and results are available from the Principal
Investigator.
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FOREWORD
EPA is charged by Congress to protect the Nation's land, air and
water systems. Under a mandate of national environmental laws
focused on air and water quality, solid waste management and the
control of toxic substances, pesticides, noise and radiation, the
Agency strives to formulate and implement actions which lead to a
compatible balance between human activities and the ability of
natural systems to support and nurture life.
The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory is the
Agency's center of expertise for investigation of the soil and
subsurface environment. Personnel at the laboratory are responsible
for management of research programs to: (a) determine the fate,
transport and transformation rates of pollutants in the soil, the
unsaturated and saturated zones of the subsurface environment; (b)
define the processes to be used in characterizing the soil and
subsurface environment as a receptor of pollutants; (c) develop
techniques for predicting the effect of pollutants on ground water,
soil, and indigenous organisms; and, (d) define and demonstrate the
applicability and limitations of using natural processes, indigenous
to the soil and subsurface environment, for the protection of this
resource.
This report presents one technique for detecting flow behind
pipe in injection wells. This modification of an existing technique
provides, in many instances, a more accurate and precise method for
detecting both flow behind pipe related to injection and not related
to injection. This capability will help to assure that use of
injection wells for disposal of waste will not endanger underground
sources of drinking water or the environment.
'Clinton W. Hall
Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
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ABSTRACT
Regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency require that an
injection well exhibit both internal and external mechanical integrity.
The external mechanical integrity consideration is that there is no
significant fluid movement into an underground source of drinking water
through vertical channels adjacent to the injection well bore.
The oxygen activation method for detecting flow behind pipe
employs a measurement technique in which a stable isotope of oxygen is
temporarily converted to an unstable nitrogen isotope. Unstable nitrogen-
16 decays with a half-life of 7.13 seconds and acts as a radioactive
tracer to enable measurement of flow of water-bearing fluid past a series
of detectors.
Thirteen tests have been conducted at the Mechanical Integrity
Testing and Training Facility to determine the accuracy and reliability of
this method. This technique has also been applied commercially in almost
two hundred privately owned wells.
The oxygen activation technique, which is a modification of an
existing technique, provides, in many instances, a more accurate and
precise method for detecting flow behind casing both related to injection
and not related to injection (interformational flow).
IV
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CONTENTS
Disclaimer i i
Foreword i i i
Abstract i v
Figures v i
Introduction 1
Research Facility 1
Nuclear Logging Technique. 3
Testing Equipment and Procedure 4
Atlas Wireline Services 6
Schlumberger Well Services 12
Pennwood 15
Conclusions 15
Selected References 17
Appendix 19
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RGURES
Number Page
1, Mechanical Integrity Test Facility 2
2. Leak Test Well 5
3. Surface Schematic of Leak Test Well 7
4. Hydrolog Data Presentation 10
5. Flow Log Data Presentation , .14
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DETECTING WATER FLOW BEHIND PIPE
IN INJECTION WELLS
Introduction
One of the responsibilities of the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) is to insure that drinking water supplies are not
endangered as a result of injection of fluids into the subsurface through
injection wells. The Safe Drinking Water Act, as amended, and the RCRA
amendments of 1987 contain the guidelines for protection of underground
sources of drinking water through the regulation of "underground
injection."
Regulations of the USEPA require that injection wells demonstrate
mechanical integrity prior to operation and at least every 5 years
thereafter. The regulations stipulate that a well has mechanical integrity
if:
(1) There is no significant leak in the casing, tubing or
packer; and
(2) There is no significant fluid movement into an
underground source of drinking water through vertical
channels adjacent to the injection well bore.
Investigating the part 1 (internal) and part 2 (external) mechanical
integrity stipulations has been the focus of this research over the past
three years. The purpose of this report is to relate the results of research
conducted on a nuclear logging technique for detecting flow behind pipe in
injection wells (external mechanical integrity).
Research Facility
A Mechanical Integrity Testing and Training Facility has been
developed to evaluate various tools and techniques used to determine
mechanical integrity of injection wells. The test facility, which is
located 10 miles west of Ada, Oklahoma, includes three "logging wells", a
"calibration well", a "leak test we!!", and three "monitorinn wells" (Figure
1).
Research conducted at the Facility has contributed to improved
methods for evaluating cement behind pipe in injection wells to assure
isolation of the injection zone and protection, of underground sources of
drinking water, Wells at the site have also been used to develop and
refine pressure tests for "internal" mechanical integrity determinations
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Mechanical Integrity Test Facility
County
Road 346
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10 miles
Fiberglass calibration well
Leak test well
Logging wells
Monitoring well
-------
The results of this research have been documented in reports
EPA/625/9-87/007 and EPA/625/9-89/007.
In addition to EPA sponsored research conducted at the facility,
logging companies and exploration and production companies have tested
new tools at their own expense. For example, some of the major logging
companies in the United States (Schlumberger Well Services, Atlas
Wireline Services, Halliburton Logging Service, and Wedge Wireline, Inc.)
have used the facility on a number of occasions to test specific tools.
Personnel from Sunburst Perforating Services, Ltd., a wireline company
from Canada, spent two weeks at the facility testing various tools. They
indicated that this was the only facility of its kind where a variety of
tests could be performed. After using the Facility, a representative of the
company stated, "We were very pleased with the data aquired, which
enabled us to expand our data base to the point where we feel very
confident in interpreting and identifying problem areas in most of the
wells we are asked to service".
The Facility is also a center for mechanical integrity training
activities. Courses are offered twice each year relating to methods for
evaluating cement behind casing and methods for detecting flow behind
pipe. The classes are limited to thirty students, and include consultants
as well as state and federal regulators.
Nuclear Logging Technique
Wichmann et al. (1967) discussed a miniaturized Neutron Lifetime
Logging instrument that was capable of detecting water flowing outside
casing by activating the oxygen in the water with 14 million electron volt
(MeV) neutrons and by detecting this oxygen activation as the water moved
past a gamma ray detector. The authors concluded that the ability to "tag"
any fluid containing oxygen by making it radioactive, even when it is not
in close contact with the logging tool, is unique and probably the only way
to possibly detect flow of water outside casing when the water cannot be
tagged by conventional tracer techniques.
In 1977 Arnold. Paap and Peelman used this principle in the
development of an "oxygen activation" system for detecting flow behind
pipe. Arnold and Paap (1979), cited the work of Wichmann et a! and noted
that Texaco, Inc. had developed a water-flow monitoring system that
measures the direction, linear flow velocity, volume flow rate, and radia
3
-------
position of water flowing vertically behind or in wellbore casing. The
Texaco system is based on a nuclear activation technique in which flowing
water is irradiated with neutrons emitted by a logging sonde. These
neutrons interact with oxygen nuclei in the water to produce the
radioactive isotope nitrogen-16 through the oxygen-16 (n,p) nitrogen-16
reaction. Nitrogen-16 decays with a half-life of 7.13 seconds emitting
6.13 and 7.12 MeV gamma radiation. They concluded that the utility of the
water-flow monitoring system could be improved greatly if a slim-hole
sonde was available for through-tubing operations.
Williams (1987) reported on the Texaco Behind Casing Water Flow
(BCWF) measuring system which is capable of measuring vertical water
flow in or behind multiple casings. He described the laboratory apparatus
used to calibrate a BCWF sonde and gave four field examples of successful
use of the tool for detecting flow behind casing. He noted that, "....the
water velocity and volume flow rates can be determined from gamma ray
spectra measured by the BCWF sonde without knowledge of the location
and cross-sectional area of the flow channel and the intervening
material".
The pulsed neutron technology was brought to the attention of the
mechanical integrity project personnel in late 1986. At that time,
contact was made with service companies to determine their capability
for making such measurements for detecting flow behind pipe.
Testing Equipment and Procedure
Equipment used in the research into detecting flow behind pipe
includes the Leak Test Well, injection pump, pressure gauges, flow meters
and a pulsed neutron logging device.
In many ways, the design of the Leak Test Well corresponds to a
typical salt water disposal well used in the oil and gas industry. That is,
it includes surface casing, long string, tubing and packer. The deviation
from the norm in this well is that there is a sliding sleeve on the
injection tubing and a 2-3/8 inch tubing string is attached to the outside
of the long string from a depth of 1,070 feet to the surface (Figure 2).
Details on the drilling and completion of this well are found in the report
"Injection Well Mechanical Integrity" (Thornhill and Benefield, 1987).
The flow into the injection well can be controlled by a pressure
relief valve on the flow line and is metered using a Halliburton Services
-------
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LEAK TEST WELL
FIGURE 2
-------
Model MC-II Flow Analyzer, a Brooks in-line flow meter and a calibrated
bucket and stopwatch. Flow into the well can be controlled so that the
injected fluids are directed into the injection tubing, the tubing/long
string annulus or the "outside" tubing. Flow out of the well is possible
through the injection tubing/long string annulus , the "outside" 2-3/8 inch
tubing or the long string/surface casing annulus and is measured using a
calibrated bucket and stopwatch (Figure 3).
The procedure for running each test was to place the tool in the well
at a predetermined depth in either the up or down-flow mode and take a
reading under a no-flow condition. Injection would then start at a flow
rate unknown to the service company personnel. After completing a series
of flow rates at this depth the tool was moved to a different depth and the
process repeated. In all instances very low flow rates were included in
the tests so that one could determine the lowest flow the tool being
tested could detect in the test well.
Upon completion of this series of tests, the tool was removed from
the well, "turned over" and the tests repeated to detect flow in the
opposite direction. Details of each test are included in the appendix of
this report.
Atlas Wireline Services
Atlas Wireline (then Dresser Atlas) has been licensed by Texaco to
offer a BCWF system and they had developed a 3-5/8 inch diameter "Cyclic
Activation Tool" which was modeled after the Texaco system. They also
had a 1.72 inch diameter pulsed neutron tool called the PDK-100 Tool
(Pulse-and-decay, 100 channels).
Randall et al. (April 1986 & June 1986) described the PDK-100
pulsed neutron capture logging system as a new generation pulsed neutron
logging instrument designed to measure the macroscopic cross section for
thermal neutron absorption. The tool could identify the type of
hydrocarbons present in the formation and identify and locate fluid
changes in the borehole.
On January 23 and 24, 1987, the Cyclic Activation and PDK-100
tools were tested at the Mechanical Integrity Testing and Training
Facility. The conclusions were that the Cyclic Activation Tool was able to
detect 7.8, 6.1 and .79 gallons per minute (gpm) flows in the outside 2-
3/8 inch tubing. With the PDK-100 Tool located in the injection tubing,
-------
Surface Schematic of Leak Test Well
!*
I
Water supply line
I
Injection pump
Leak Test Well
X1X'
100 bbl tanks
Drain valve
Control valve
Injection flow line
Flow return line
-------
flows of 8, 4 and 1 gpm were detected when the flow was up or down the
injection tubing/long string annulus. The tool was not able to detect flows
up or down the outside 2-3/8 inch tubing (Test No. 2).
On April 8, 1987, Atlas Wireline (then Dresser Atlas) tested a
modified PDK-100 Tool at the Mechanical Integrity Testing and Training
Facility. In this test, five flow rates were initiated and the tool detected
four of the five. Flows of 8, 6, 4 and 2 gpm were detected but a flow of
0.105 gpm was not. (See Test No. 5 in Appendix).
The results of the second test of the small diameter tool were so
encouraging that seven other tests of the Atlas Wireline oxygen activation
tool were conducted at the test facility. One test was conducted in an
abandoned gas well in the Shell Little Creek Field near McComb,
Mississippi. (See Tests No. 7, 14, 15, 20, 23, 26, 28, and 29 in Appendix
for details). The lowest flow rate detected during these tests was .25
gpm.
Hill et al. (1989) described the Atlas Wireline Services Pulsed
Neutron logging system, which is marketed as "Hydrolog." The tool is
designed to allow quantitative measurement of water-flow velocity, and
incorporates several modifications to the existing pulsed neutron capture
(PNC) logging systems. Hill et al. (1989) outlined significant
modifications to the existing PNC logging instrument design and operation
as follows:
1. Stationary measurements are made to eliminate variable
logging speed from the velocity determination and improve the
statistical accuracy.
2. The HYDROLOG instrument is calibrated to detect only those
gamma rays associated with oxygen activation by setting a
discrimination level of 3 MeV. Gamma rays with energies below 3
MeV are not recorded since they are due either to naturally occurring
radioisotopes (e.g., potassium, uranium, thorium) or those produced
by activation of other elements (e.g., silicon and iron).
3. The source-firing sequence has been modified from the
"conventional" method used by PNC instruments to increase the
background-measurement cyde during which oxygen activation-
related gamma radiation is detected. The neutron source pulses at a
1 kHz repetition rate for 28 milliseconds and is turned off for a
8
-------
period of 8 milliseconds to allow the oxygen activation background
measurement. Note that the oxygen activation measurement is made
in the latter part of the 8 millisecond time window, well after the
neutron source has been turned off. The pulse-background cycle is
repeated continuously for the duration of the stationary
measurement.
4. The source-to-detector spacing has been optimized to
detect maximum count rate over a wide range of water-flow
velocities.
5. The instrument can operate in an. inverted mode, to allow
water-flow detection in the downward, as well as upward,
direction.
An example of the data presentation from the tool is shown in Figure
4. The nomenclature for the presentation is as follows:
Oxygen SS (cts) The count-rate (counts per second) of gamma
rays measured by the Short Space (SS) detector,
the detector closest to the neutron generator.
Oxygen LS (cts) The count-rate of gamma rays measured by the
Long Space (LS) detector, the detector farthest
from the neutron generator.
BKG SS (cts) The count-rate of the Short Spaced detector. This
count-rate is representative of a "no-flow"
condition.
BKG LS (cts) The count-rate of the Long Spaced detector. It is
representative of a no-flow condition.
Flow Ind. SS Oxygen Short Space count-rate minus the
(cts) Background Short Space count-rate equals Flow
Indicator SS.
Flow !nd. LS Oxygen Long Space count-rate minus the
(cts) Background Long Space count-rate equals Flow
Indicator LS.
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OXYGEN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICES
Date :03-NOV-87 Time 14:58:20
Company Name :EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY EPA
Weil Name :LEAK TEST WELL NO. 1
Field Name WILDCAT
County Name :PONTOTOC
State Name OKLAHOMA
Service Name :OCT.ACT. LOG
Bkg. File Name :INELASTIC CORRELATION
Disk File Name :ST6E.DAT
Tool Position :1UP
Real Time :300.0
Depth :800.0
Station Number :46
Spectrum Number :1
Comment :1.5 GAL/MIN INJ.
******************************************************
OXYGEN SS (cts) BKG SS (cts) FLOW IND SS (cts)
15.374 +/- .535 8.771 +/- .404 6.604
OXYGEN LS (cts) BKG LS (cts) FLOW IND LS (cts)
3.272 +/- .247 .253 +/- .069 3.019
VELOCITY (ft/min) LODR ISS (cts) ILS (cts) GR (cts) BGR (cts)
9.779+/- 1.652 30.45 4407 125 32.5 463.5
#CYCLES SYNCS/ #BKG GATES BKG WIDTH us SPACING SS LLD LS LLD
CYCLE
8405 28 16 400.0 1.31 240 240
******************************************************
HYDROLOG DATA PRESENTATION
FIGURE 4
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Velocity
(ft/min)
LODR
ISS (cts)
ILS (cts)
QR (cts)
# Cycles
SYNCS/CYCLE
# BKG GATES
BKG WIDTH
SPACING ft.
SSLLD
&
LSLLD
The calculated linear flow velocity of the
fluid.
Long Spaced Observed Decay Rate scaled as a
long spaced capture thermal neutron cross-
section.
The inelastic gamma ray count rate of the
Short Space Detector.
The inelastic gamma ray count rate of the
Long Space Detector.
Gamma Ray detector can be used to record
correlation log.
The number of cycles completed during the
sample period.
The number of neutron source pulses per
cycle.
Number of background gates.
The background gate width.
Spacing between the LS and SS detectors.
A discriminator setting which corresponds to
the minimum gamma ray energy value that will be
measured
Since the N-16 half-life and detector spacing are known, velocity
can be calculated based on the ratio of the two detector count rates (Hill
et ai. 1989). The following criteria must be met for a valid velocity
calculation: (1) the Oxygen Short Space (SS) Flow Indicator value must be
at least 3 times the error bar, (2) the Oxygen Long Space (LS) Flow
Indicator value must be at least 2 times the error bar, (3) the LS Flow
Indicator value must be less than the SS Flow indicator value, and (4)
neither the LS nor SS Flow Indicator values can be zero.
1 1
-------
At this point in the research, the velocity of flow is not the primary
concern in the use of this tool for flow determinations. The primary
concern is the capability to accurately and precisely detect flow behind
pipe. The velocities of interest are the minimum and maximum that can be
detected by the tool.
Schlumberger Well Services
Intermittent contact was maintained with personnel with
Schlumberger Well Services during 1986 and 1987 regarding the
capability of tools they market to detect flow behind pipe. On January 20,
1988, personnel from Schlumberger tested their 1-11/16 inch diameter
Dual Burst TDT-P Tool at the Mechanical Integrity Testing and Training
Facility. Basically, the tool was not able to adequately detect water
movement behind the casing in these experiments (Test 19 in Appendix).
Schlumberger personnel returned to the test facility on October 4
and 5, 1989, to test a modified Dual Burst TDT-P tool which would be
marketed as the "Water Flow Log." The tool successfully detected flows
down to 0.22 gpm. The tool was retested on March 1, 1990 and March 11,
1991, with excellent results. (See Tests 25, & 27 in Appendix).
McKeon et al. (1990) described the Water Flow Log measurement as
using the Impulse Activation technique. The presence of water can be
determined by detecting gamma rays that are emitted following the fast
activation of oxygen nuclei in and around the borehole by high-energy
neutrons. Activated oxygen moving up or down can be traced sequentially
by three detectors spaced along the tool (WFL Water Flow Log Service).
This oxygen activation technique is based on a very short activation period
(2-10 sec) followed by a longer acquisition period (typically 60 sec).
Theoretically, because of the short activation period, it is possible to
detect the signature of the flowing activated water as it passes the
detector. Flow is detected by comparing the measured count-rate time
profile with the characteristic oxygen activation decay profile. Water
flow is detected when the measured oxygen activation profile does not
decay exponentially. If a zero-flow condition exists, the total measured
gamma ray count rate resulting from oxygen activation will decrease
exponentially (McKeon et al. 1990).
Oxygen activated in stationary water, mud, or cement decays at a
predictable, characteristic exponential rate. Thus, background, stationary
oxygen, and flowing oxygen signals are determined from the total count
12
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rate profile using an iterative linear regression technique (WFL Water
Flow Log Service).
The WFL tool includes a near, far and gamma detector that are
spaced 1, 2 and 15 feet, respectively, from the source. The output of the
WFL (Figure 5) includes the actual recorded decay rate curve and a fitted
exponential decay rate curve. The area between the two curves is a
qualitative indication of flow. A flowing signal curve is included when
flow is detected (WFL Water Flow Log Service).
Experiments at the Mechanical Integrity Testing and Training
Facility and Schlumberger test facilities indicate the following
characteristics of the tool:
The near detector is capable of measuring channel flow of less than
2 feet/minute. The near detector results should be used for flow
identification only when the logging conditions are stable and well
understood.
The far detector is capable of detecting channel flow from about 2
feet/minute to 50-90 feet/minute. The far detector sensitivity peaks at
abut 10 feet/minute.
The Gamma Ray detector is capable of detecting channel flow from
about 20-30 feet/minute to 200 feet/minute. The GR detector sensitivity
peaks at about 75 feet/minute.
From 2 feet/minute to about 38 feet/minute the far detector is
more sensitive to flow than the GR detector. Above 38 feet/minute, the
GR detector is more sensitive to flow (McKeon et al. 1991).
Schlumberger scientists predict that the tool will reliably detect
flows ranging from 1.4 feet per minute to 120 feet per minute. As casing
size increases, this capability is reduced. For example, in 9-5/8 inch
casing the range would be 3.0 feet per minute to 30 feet per minute and in
13-3/8 inch casing the range is 4.5 feet per minute to 30 feet per minute,
The WFL measurement is not capable of distinguishing between flow
inside and outside casing The velocity of flow can also be determined, as
with the Hydroiog. However, as stated earlier, this is not a primary
concern at this point in the research.
1 3
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400.000
320.000
240.000
CPS/CYCLE
160.000
80 .0000
0.0
0.0
TIMECSEC)
12.0000
£4.0000
36.0000
48.0000
60.0000
DETECTOR
FAR TDT-P
CASING SIZE 7.737 IN
HEAR TCHK 47085.0 CPS
hEUTRDN Oii TIHE 10.0 S
FLOW DETECTED
FLDW VELDCITV
FLOW RATE
DEPTH
983.5 F
SFT TYPE
FAR TCHK
NUMBER DF CYCLES SUMMED
178
£1091.0 CPS
17.4 FT ^ MINUTE
-1.0 BWPD
PEAK BACKGROUND SIGNAL 134.4
PEAK STATIONARY SIGNAL 105.7
TOTAL FLOWING SIGNAL « 258.8
+/- .8 CPS S CYCLE
+>- 5.4 CPS / CYCLE
+/- 30.£ COUNTS / CYCLE
FLOW LOG DATA PRESENTATION
FIGURE 5
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Pennwood
On April 7, 1988, personnel from Pennwood tested their 1-11/16
inch neutron activation tool at the test facility. The tool was unable to
detect any of the flow rates, and the test was aborted. (Test No. 18).
Conclusions
Presently, there are only two service companies with the capability
of accurately detecting flow behind pipe using the oxygen activation
technique.
Both the Hydrolog and the Flow Log successfully detected flows
behind casing in the Leak Test Well in the upflow and downflow modes.
The tools are capable of detecting low flows on the order of 2 feet per
minute and high flows on the order of 120 feet per minute. Table 1
provides a summary of the test results at the Mechanical Integrity Testing
and Training Facility for the Hydrolog and Flow Log.
The tool diameter restricts its use in small diameter wells to those
with casing with an inside diameter or restriction that is greater than 1-
11/16". On the other end of the scale, the tool may not produce reliable
data in casing with a diameter greater than 13-3/8 ".
Atlas Wireline personnel indicate that a positive number for the
Flow Indicator SS that is greater than 3-4 times the standard deviation
indicates fluid flow. A statistical analysis, conducted at the Robert S.
Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL), of data from a number
of wells indicates that a Flow Indicator LS reading of one or greater is a
positive indicator of flow.
In addition to the research conducted at the Mechanical Integrity
Testing and Training Facility, both Atlas Wireline and Schlumberger have
conducted tests of their tools in other test facilities. Also, between
October 1, 1988, and February 28, 1991, approximately 186 oxygen
activation logs have been run in commercial weiis throughout the country.
Twelve of these logs have been reviewed by the authors, at the request of
either the operator, regional or state personnel. A review of these logs
has supported the conclusion that this is an excellent logging technique
for detecting flow in or behind pipe.
-------
TABLE 1
FLOW BEHIND PIPE
(X) - ATLAS WIRELINE
X - SCHLUMBERGER
FLOW(GPM)
20
15
10
8
7.8
6.1
6
4
3
2.4
2
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.79
0.75
0.53
0.5
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.22
0.105
0.0023
*VELOCITY('/M!N)
122
92
61
49
47
37
36
24
18
14
12
10
9
8
6
5.5
4.8
4.5
3.2
3
2
1.5
1.4
1.3
0.6
0.0001
FLOW DETECTED
YES NO
(X)X
(X)
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)X
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
X
(X)X
(X)
(X)
(X)
X
(X)X
X
(X)
X
X
(X)
X
*Velocity calculated for 2-3/8 inch tubing
16
-------
References
>ld, D.M.and Paap, H.J., Quantitative Monitoring of Water Flow Behind
in Wellbore Casing, Journal of Petroleum Technology, January 1979,
-130.
s Wireline Services, Oxygen-Activation Logging: Hydrolog Service
inical Manual, March 1988.
F.L 111, Barnette, J.C., Koenn, L.D, and Chace D.M., New Instrumentation
Interpretive Methods for Identifying Shielded Waterflow Using Pulsed
tron Technology, paper S, Trans., CWLS Twelfth Formation Evaluation
iposiurn, Calgary, September 1983.
eon, D.C., Scott, H.D., Olesen, J..R., Patton, G.L and Mitchell, R.J.,
foved Method for Determining Water Flow Behind Casing Using Oxygen
vation, paper SPE 20586 presented at the 65th Annual Technical
ference and Exhibition, SPE, New Orleans, La,, September 1990.
;eon, D.C., Scott, H.D., and Patton, G.L, Interpretation of Oxygen
vation Logs for Detecting Water Flow in Producing and Injection
Is, SPWLA 32nd Annual Logging Symposium, June 1991.
dall, R.R., Oliver, D.W., and Hopkinson, E.G., PDK-100: A New Generation
ed Neutron Logging System, Proceedings of the Tenth European
nation Evaluation Symposium, Aberdeen, April 1986.
dall, R.R., Oliver, D.W. and Fertl, W.H., The PDK-100 Enhances
rpretation Capabilities for Pulsed Neutron Capture Logs, SPWLA
nty-Seventh Annual Logging Symposium, June 1986.
urnberger Well Services, WFL Water Flow Log Service Brochure. SMP-
7, September 1990.
t, H.D., Pearson, C.M., Renke, S.M., McKeon, D.C. and Meisenhelder, J.P..
tications of Oxygen Activation for Injection and Production Profiling
le Kubaruk River Field, paper SPE 22130 presented at the International
c Technology Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, May 28-31, 1991.
nhill, J.T, and Benefield, B.G., Injection Well Mechanical Integrity,
ort EPA/625/9-87/007
1 7
-------
Thornhill, J.T. and Benefield, B.G., Injection Well Mechanical Integrh
Report EPA/625/9-89/007, February 1990.
Wichmann, P.A., Hopkinson, E.G., and Youmans, A.M., Advances in Nuch
Production Logging, paper T, Trans., SPWLA 8th Logging Symposium,
Denver, Colorado, June 11-14, 1967.
Williams, T.M., Measuring Behind Casing Water Flow, UIPC Internatio
Symposium on Subsurface Injection of Oil Field Brine, New Orleans,
May 5-7, 1987.
18
-------
APPENDIX
1 9
-------
RSKERL-LEAK TEST WELL
Test No. 2
Nuclear Activation Technique
for
Detecting Flow Behind Casing
Introduction
On January 23 and 24, 1987, personnel from the Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL) and Dresser Atlas conducted
a series of tests for determining flow behind pipe using two neutron
activation tools.
The purpose of the tests was to determine if flow of water at
various rates could be detected behind pipe using the data presented by a
pulsed neutron lifetime logging system (PDK-100), and a Cyclic Activation
Tool.
Tools to be Tested
Two tools were tested during the two-day period:
. A 1-11/16 inch diameter PDK-100 Tool; and
. A 3-5/8 inch diameter Cyclic Activation Tool.
The operation of both tools is based on a nuclear activation
technique in which flowing water is irradiated with neutrons emitted by a
logging sonde. These neutrons interact with oxygen nuclei in the water to
produce nitrogen-16. 16N decays with a half-life of 7.13 seconds,
emitting gamma radiation. The flow is then computed from the energy and
intensity response of two gamma ray detectors mounted in the logging
sonde.
Test Well Conditions
The tests were developed in four phases, the first three using the
PDK-100 Tool and the last using the Cyclic Activation Tool.
the attached diagram, Neutron Activation Tool Liquid Flow Test -
Phase I, indicates the configuration of the Leak Test Well for the initial
test. In this configuration, water was pumped down the tubing/casing
annulus into the injection zone with the PDK-100 Tool held stationary in
the injection tubing. This condition represented flow in the free-pipe
20
-------
condition, i.e., with no cement behind the pipe (2-3/8 inch tubing in this
case). A valve at the surface on the outside tubing was closed so that
circulation was not possible up that tubing.
The second diagram, Neutron Activation Tool Liquid Flow Test -
Phase II, indicates the well configuration for the second test, which was
designed to simulate upward flow in a channel in cement. Water, pumped
down the tubing/casing annulus, moves through a 1/4 inch hole in the 5-
1/2 inch casing at 1,070 feet and up the outside tubing. The section of the
well between 1,070 and 950 feet has cement behind the 5-1/2 inch casing
and thus around the outside tubing. The tubing in that area represents, to
some degree, a channel in the cement.
The third diagram, Neutron Activation Tool Liquid Flow Test - Phase
li!, indicates the well configuration for the third test, which was
designed to simulate downward flow in a channel in cement. Water,
pumped down the outside tubing, moves through the 1/4 inch hole in the 5-
1/2 inch casing at 1,070 feet and up the 5-1/2 inch casing to the surface.
The fourth diagram, Neutron Activation Tool Liquid Flow Test -
Phase IV, indicates the well configuration for the final test, which was
designed to simulate downward flow in a channel in cement using the
larger Cyclic Activation Tool. Water, pumped down the outside tubing,
flows into the 5-1/2 inch casing through the 1/4 inch hole and out through
perforations into the injection interval from 1,120 to 1,1230 feet.
Test - Phase I
The PDK-100 Tool was oriented with the two detectors located
below the neutron generator so that downward flow could be detected.
With the tool positioned at 300 feet inside the injection tubing, data was
obtained under conditions of no flow and flow of 8, 4, and 1 gallon per
minute (gpm). Two replications of these flow rates were conducted. Flow
was detected by the tool in all instances.
Test - Phase li
The PDK-100 Tool was oriented with the two detectors located
above the neutron generator to determine if flow up the outside tubing
could be detected. With the tool located at 600 feet inside the injection
tubing, data was obtained under no flow, and 8 gpm flow conditions. Flow
up the outside tubing was not detected.
21
-------
Test - Phase III
The PDK-100 Tool was positioned at 600 feet in the injection tubing
in the upflow mode. Water was pumped down the outside tubing and up the
5-1/2 inch casing at three different rates (8, 4, and 1 gpm.). Upward flow
was detected for all three flow rates.
The tool was repositioned in the injection tubing in the downflow
mode and the tests repeated. Flow down the outside tubing was not
detected.
Test - Phase IV
This test was conducted with the Cyclic Activation Tool. With the
tool positioned for detecting downflow, water was pumped down the
outside tubing, through the 1/4 inch hole in the 5-1/2 inch casing and out
the perforations into the injection zone. Flow rates for this test were
7.8, 7.1, and .79 gpm. All three flow rates were detected by the tool and
flow velocities were calculated from the data collected by the tool.
Conclusions
The PDK-100 Tool detected all three flow rates when flow was
immediately adjacent to the tool. However, the tool did not detect any
flows when the flow was in the outside tubing.
The Cyclic Activation Tool detected all three flow rates in the
outside tubing. In addition, the computed associated with the tool has the
capability to compute the velocity of flow for each flow rate.
Recommendations
Additional work should be done to increase the sensitivity of the
PDK-100 Tool. It should be noted that since the tests were conducted,
Dresser Atlas personnel have made some modifications to the tool and
have been able to detect flow in outside tubing in a test facility
constructed very similarly to the Leak Test Weil. The modified tool will
be retested at the RSKERL Test Facility as soon as it can be arranged. In
the meantime, Dresser Atlas personnel will run the tool in several wells
owned by Mobil, and will make those results available to RSKERL
personnel.
22
-------
The Cyclic Activation Tool should be tested under "real well"
conditions to verify the results seen during the tests on the Leak Test
Well.
The capability of these tools to detect flow behind pipe could be a
significant breakthrough for mechanical integrity testing. Especially the
PDK-100 Tool which can be run in tubing, thus reducing workover costs.
23
-------
680"
710'
905*
935"
10571 Depth of
upper packer
Flow *
-Cement
1070'
1084* Depin of
lower packer
HOD1
1120'
1130'
Injection Zones
NAT LIQUID FLOW TEST - PHftSE I
1. Unseat packers fi & 15
2. Set NAT tool in 2 3/8"
tuoing at variable depths
3. Pusp water down 5 1/2"
casing at 3 different rates
1. &ak« Hotel "C-l" Tarxten Tension Packer
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker nodel 1~ Sliding Sleeve
4. fc«k«r Hod«l -9" Profile Mlpplt
5. Baker Model 'M-r Tension Packer
6. 2 5/8" tubing
7. Baker Hodel "R" Profile Hipplt
8. Raker Hodel T" Profile Hippie
9. 5 1/2" Long suing
LEAK TEST WELL
NEUTRON ACTIVATION TOOL LIQUID FLO! TEST - PHASE I
-------
680'
710'
905'
935'
1057' DepUi of
tpper packer
Flow »
Cement
1070'
1084' oeptn or
lower packer
1100'
1120'
1130'
Injection Zones
NAT LIQUID FLOW TEST - PHASE II
1. Unseat packer *1
2. Plug profile nipple f4
3. Set NAT tOOl in 2 3/8"
tubing at variable depths
4. Pump water ctonn 5 1/2"
casing am 143 2 3/8" tubing
i.
2.
3.
4,
5.
6.
7.
I.
9,
Baker HodeJ "C-l* Tanfefl Ttnsion Padcei
2 3/t" utslng
Mccr nootl 1" Sliding Slww
RA.r Hotel If Pr*fil« Hipplt
i«*wr n«tel "Ad-r Ttraion Packtr
2 5/r tubing
Hofltl *K* Profile Kipplt
Hotel f Profilt «i«>lt
5 1/2" Lor>8 suing
LEAK TEST WELL
NEUTRON ACTIVATION TOOL LIQUID FLOi TEST - PHASE II
-------
::::>:::::::-;:;::::;:;:;:;:;:;:::;:::::::; 710'
905'
935'
1057' Depth of
upper packer
Flow =
Cement
1070'
1084" Deptn of
lower packer
1100'
1120'
1130'
Injection Zones
NAT LIQUID FLOW TEST - PHASE III
1. Unseat packer #1
2. Plug profile nipple *4
3. set NAT tool In 2 3/8"
titoing at variable depths
4. Punp water down 2 3/8"
tuoing ana up 5 1/2" casing
1. Bakti Bodel "C-l" Tanden Tension Packer
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker nodel 1' Sliding Sleeve
4, **0r HKM TT Profile Nipple
5. Bator Hodel "Ad-1" Ttnsion Packer
6. 2 3/8" tubing
?. Bakei nodel *R" Profile Hippie
8, Bator nodel T" Profile Nipple
9. 5 1/2" Lang suing
LEAK TEST WELL
NEUTRON ACTIVATION TOOL LIQUID FLOI TEST - PHASE III
-------
1/2" PI
Injection Zones
NAT LIQUID FLOW TEST-PHASE IV
1. Pull tubing and packers
2. Set plug in 5 1/2" casing at 1010'
3. Pull tuDlng
ft. Set NAT tool in 5 1/2" casing at
variable depths
5. Pump water down 2 3/8" leak
tube at 3 different rates
1. 2 5/t" tubing
2. Biker Bwtel "R" Profile Hippie
5. Mttr H<*il T" Ptofilt
«, S 1/2" Long suing
LEAK TEST WELL
NEUTRON ACTIVATION TOOL LIQUID FLOi TEST PHASE IV
-------
RSKERL LEAK TEST WELL
Test No. 5
Nuclear Activation Technique
for
Detecting Flow Behind Casing
Introduction
On April 8, 1987, personnel from the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory (RSKERL) and Dresser Atlas conducted a series of
tests to determine flow behind pipe using the PDK-100 Flow Tool.
The purpose of the tests was to determine if flow of water at
various rates could be detected behind pipe from data presented by a
pulsed neutron lifetime logging system (PDK-100). The 1-11/16 inch
diameter tool has been tested on January 23 and 24, 1987, and could
detect flow immediately behind the injection tubing but could not detect
flow in the outside tubing in the Leak Test Well. The tool has been
modified for the new series of tests.
Test Well Configuration
Figure 1 indicates the configuration of the Leak Test Well for the
test. Both packers were set, the sliding sleeve was open and injection
was maintained down the outside tubing a varying injection rates.
Tool Testing
For each flow rate the PDK-100 was held stationary at a depth of
300 feet in the injection tubing. After taking two background checks,
flow was initiated down the outside tubing at a rate of 8 gallons per
minute (gpm), 6 gpm, 4 gpm, 2 gpm, and .105 gpm. The results of the tests
for detecting flow:
Flow Rate Flow Detected
8 gpm yes
6 gpm yes
4 gpm yes
2 gpm yes
.105 gpm no
28
-------
Readings were taken three (3) times at each flow rate. An example
of the printout for the tool is attached.
Conclusion
The PDK-100 was able to detect four of the five flow rates with no
problem. Movement was detected for the .105 gpm flow but it was
probably the column of water in the injection tubing moving toward static
conditions since at this extremely low flow the fluid level in the tubing
could not be maintained.
The capability of this tool to detect flow behind casing looks very
promising. The next phase should be field testing under "real we!!"
conditions.
29
-------
uoisuei
,oeu
,02U
,00 u
J9>|OBd J3MO|
jo i|}daa ,f80L
J8>jOBd
Buuis 6uoi uzi\. s '6
,d» I9P°1/M JS^Bg '8
..a.. i9poi/\i je>jBe /
,,8/C 2 "9
!
..g/e
(, i./g) 6uiSBO
' I.
i. aanoid
maM isai
-------
OXYGEN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICES
COMPANY NAME: EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY
WELL NAME: LEAK TEST WELL NO. 1
DATE: 08-APR 87
COMMENTS: INJECTING AT .105, 2, 4, 6, & 8 GPM.
RECORDED BY: KOENN WITNESSED BY: THORNHILL, BENEFIELD
DEPTH
: FILE: FLOW IND.
: # SS, LS
COMMENTS:
(VEL ETC.)
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
: ST1A .000
:ST1B -.837
: ST2A 7.781
: ST2B 9.351
: ST2C 6.133
. CTg^ g 75*3
: ST3B 8.784
: ST3C 8.775
:ST4A 9.515
: ST4B 10.485
:ST4C 10.801
:ST5A 127.572
:ST5B 80.951
:ST5C 42.351
:ST6A 9,444
:ST6B 5.856
:ST6C 1 .486
.000
.000
6.578
5.596
4.684
6.057
6.342
5.875
6.280
7.808 :
6.600
45.562
21 .844
10.373
.613
.539
.093
BACKGROUND IN 2 3/8 INCH
FLOW DOWN 2 3/8 INCH 8 GPM
FLOW DOWN 2 3/8 6 GPM
FLOW DOWN 2 3/8 4 GPM
FLOW DOWN 2 3/8 2 GPM
FLOW DOWN 2 3/8 .105 GPM
-------
RSKERL LEAK TEST WELL
Test No. 7
Nuclear Activation Technique
for
Detecting Flow Behind Casing
Introduction
On August 28 and 29, 1987, personnel from the Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL), East Central University, EPA
Region IV, Atlas Wireline and Shell Western E & P, conducted a series of
tests to determine flow behind pipe using the PDK-100 Pulsed Neutron
Logging System.
The purpose of the tests was to determine if flow of water at two
different rates could be detected behind pipe in a "real world" well. Shell
personnel had agreed to the use of an abandoned 10,600 foot gas well in
which a 100+ foot channel had been identified using a radioactive tracer
survey.
Test Well Conditions
The well, Little Creek 2-6A, has 5-1/2 inch long string which had
been cleaned out to perforations at 4,162 feet. The test was conducted in
two stages; with a packer set at 4,000 feet and the PDK-100 located
below the packer in the long string, and with the packer set at 4,125 feet
and the PDK-100 located with the tubing.
Test Procedure
The first objective was to determine if the previously identified
channel was still present behind the casing. This was done with a
radioactive tracer survey as follows:
A. Tracer Flolog
1. Rig up Atlas Wireline Services and go into the hole with 1-11/16
inch O.D. dual detector Tracer instrument. Place instrument 5 feet
above perforations.
32
-------
2. With the instrument stationary, start water injection into the
perforations at 4,162 feet with the pump truck operating at a rate
of 1/2 barrels per minute (BPM).3
3. When the injection rate stabilizes, eject a slug of radioactive
iodine-131 into the flow and verify its mode of travel. The material
should travel downward past the two radiation detectors and into
the perforations. If upward channeling exists, the material should
travel up behind the casing within the channel, passing the
detectors again, but in reverse order.
4. After channeling has been detected and the radioactive material
has moved past the instrument, move the instrument upward rapidly,
catching and recording the travel path of the radioactive material.
(The instrument is moved up and down past the slug repeatedly to
accomplish this).
5. Reposition the FloLog instrument 5 to 10 feet above the
perforations and repeat steps 2 through 4 to verify all previous
measurements.
6. Stop water injection and remove the Tracer Flolog Instrument
from the well.
This procedure established that a channel existed behind the casing
from 4,162 feet to about 4,020 feet. Having established this fact, the
following procedure was used to test the PDK-100:
1. Configure the tool with the pulsed neutron source beneath the
detectors so that upward flow may be identified.
2. Go into the hole and position the tool 5 to 10 feet above the
perforations but below the tubing and packer.
3. Turn the PDK-100 on and record the no-flow response.
4. Start the water injection at a rate of 1/2 BPM.
5. Turn the PDK-100 on and record the results. Adjust the flow to
1/4 BPM and record the results.
6. Move the PDK-100 to the mid-range of the channel.
33
-------
7. Turn on and record the results at both 1/2 and 1/4 BPM.
8. Move to the top of the channel and record the results at both flow
rates.
9. Move out of the channel area and record the results. If no
movement is present, stop the water injection and remove tool from the
well.
10. Reset packer at 4,125 feet and rerun surveys with the PDK-100
within the tubing.
11. Rig the wireline unit down and review results of both surveys.
Conclusions
The first series of tests, with the tool below the tubing and packer,
included stations at 4,180, 4,150, 4,100 and 4,050 feet. The second
series, with the tool located within the tubing, included tests at 4,100,
4,050, 4,000, 3,990, and 3,950 feet.
The PDK-100 detected both flow rates with the tool either in the
casing or within the tubing. The top of the channel was determined to be
between 4,000 and 4,050 feet. Data summaries from each station are
attached.
The PDK-100 has the potential for providing an excellent method for
detecting flow behind pipe. However, additional work needs to be done to
determine specific applications for the tool.
34
-------
PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING CHANNEL INFORMATION
Atlas Wireline Services will run a Tracer FloLog, and PDK-100
(nuclear activation log) in the Little Creek 2-6A well as soon as possible.
The Tracer FloLog will be run first. This sequence should display two
things:
1) That a channel does exist, and
2} That the PDK-100 is unaffected by the "common" Tracer
materials.
It should take approximately 7 hours to conclude both surveys.
The procedures for running these surveys are as follows:
A) Tracer FloLog
This instrument is configured with an Ejector (radioactive 1-131
reservoir), CCL and two Gamma ray detectors. The Ejector is positioned
above both Gamma ray detectors.
1. Rig up Atlas Wireline Services and go into hole with 1-11/16
inch dual detector Tracer instrument to 5 feet above the
perforations.
2. With the instrument stationary, start water injection into the
perforations at 4162 ft. with the pump truck at a rate of 1/2 Bbl.
per minute. (Adjust the rate if needed).
3. Once the injection rate has stabilized, eject a slug of Radioactive
lodine-131 into the flow stream and verify its mode of travel. (The
material should travel downward past the two radiation detectors
and into the perforations. If upward channeling exists, the material
should also travel up behind the casing within the channel passing
the detectors again, but in reverse order)
4. After channeling has been detected and the radioactive (R/A)
material has moved past the instrument, move the instrument
upwards rapidly, catching and recording its travel path. (The
instrument is moved up and down past the R/A slug repeatedly to
accomplish this).
-------
5. Reposition the FloLog instrument 5 to 10 feet above the
perforations and repeat steps 2 through 4 to verify all previous
measurements.
6. Stop water injection and remove the Tracer FloLog instrument
from the well concluding this portion of the survey.
B) PDK-100 Log
The PDK-100 is configured with a pulsed neutron source and two
radiation detectors. The source is positioned beneath the detectors.
1. Go into the hole approximately 5 to 10 feet above the
perforations.
2. Turn the PDK-100 instrument on and record the no flow response.
3. Start the water injection at the rate which manifested the
channel with the Tracer FloLog survey (1/2 BPM).
4. Turn the PDK-100 on and record the results. Adjust flow to 1/4
BPM and record results.
5. Move the PDK-100 to the mid-range of the channel measured by
the FloLog.
6. Turn on and record the results at both 1/2 and 1/4 BPM.
7. Move to the top of the channel region and record the results.
8. Move out of the channel region and record the results. If no
movement is present, stop the water injection and remove the PDK-
100 instrument from the well.
9. Rig the Wireline unit down and review the results of both
surveys.
10. The above tests were run below the tubing and packer. The
packer was reset at 4125 and test were run with the PDK-100 in the
tubing.
36
-------
OXYGEN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICES
COMPANY NAME: SHELL WESTERN E & P
WELL NAME: LC 2-6A
DATE: 29-AUG-87
COMMENTS: TOOL BELOW TUBING AND PACKER INJ 1/4 AND 1/2 BPM
RECORDED BY: KOENN WITNESSED BY: THORNHILL, BENEFIELD
DEPTH
4180
4180
4150
4150
4150
4150
4150
4150
4100
4100
4100
4100
4050
4050
4050
4050
4050
: FILE: FLOW IND.
: # S3
:ST1A .000
:ST1B .000
: ST2A 47,520
: ST2B 73.425
: ST3A 60.006
: ST3B 57.458
: ST4A 41 .499
: ST4B 47.310
:ST5A 21.686
:ST5B 22.469
:ST6A 1 1 .568
:ST6B 9.240
:ST7A 72.848
:ST7B 70.042
:ST8A 68.157
:ST8B 56.128
:ST8C 52.874
: COMMENTS: (VEL ETC.)
LS :
.000 : BACKGROUND TOOL BELOW PERFS
.000
3.928 : NO INPUT AT SURFACE
3.208 :
21.372: INPUT
21.694:
20.992: INPUT
24.951:
27.430: INPUT
28.837:
18.420: INPUT
16.883:
35.987: INPUT
38.733:
44.486: INPUT
44.832:
40.887:
OF 1/4 BPM
OF 1/2 BPM :
OF 1/4 BPM
OF 1/2 BPM
OF 1/4 BPM
OF 1/2 BPM
LOGGED WELL WITH TOOL BELOW TUBING AND PACKER WHILE 1/4 AND 1/2 BARREL OF
WATER WAS BEING INJECTED. FLOW WAS OBSERVED IN A CHANNEL ABOVE
PERFORATIONS AT 4162-6163. TOP OF CHANNEL WAS NOT LOGGED
-------
OXYGEN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICES
COMPANY NAME: SHELL WESTERN E & P
WELL NAME; LC 2-6A
DATE: 30-AUG-87
COMMENTS: TUBING LOWERED TO 4125'.
RECORDED BY: KOENN WITNESSED BY: THORNHILL, BENEFIELD
DEPTH : FILE: FLOW IND, : COMMENTS: (VEL ETC.)
: # S3 LS :
1000 :ST1A .000 .000: DEFAULT HEADER
4100 :ST2A .000 .000: NO FLOW
4100 :ST3A 6.202 14.861: INPUT OF 1/4 BPM
4100 : ST3B 3.565 13.934:
4100 :ST4A 3.718 13.269: INPUT OF 1/2 BPM
4100 : ST4B 2.300 10.826:
4050 :ST5A 21.403 13.604: INPUT OF 1/4 BPM
4050 :ST5B 19.470 13.943:
4050 :ST6A 14.894 17.141: INPUT OF 1/2 BPM
4050 :ST6B 17.490 17.603: INPUT OF 1/4 BPM
3950 :ST7A 1.024 -.196: INPUT OF 1/4 BPM ABOVE CHANNEL
3950 :ST7B 27.053 3J96: INPUT OF 1/4 BPM ABOVE CHANNEL
3950 :ST7C-11.720 -1.155: INPUT OF 1/4 BPM ABOVE CHANNEL
3950 :ST7D -6.366 -.596: INPUT OF 1/4 BPM ABOVE CHANNEL
3950 :ST8A 8.720 1.646: NO INPUT
3950 :ST8B 47.808 8.062:
3950 :ST8C 29.717 5.169:
4000 ST9A 3.266 .107: INPUT OF 1/2 BPM ABOVE CHANNEL
4000 ST9B 17.889 1.930:
3990 ST10A -9.671 -.969: INPUT OF 1/2 BPM ABOVE CHANNEL
3990 STfOB-12,266 -.965
TUBING WAS LOWERED TO 4125. STATIONS WERE TAKEN IN CHANNEL AND ABOVE
CHANNEL TOP OF CHANNEL WAS DETERMINED TO BE JUST BELOW 3990'. DATA TAKEN
WITH THE WELL SHUT IN SHOWS A SMALL FLOW DUE TO FLUID MOVEMENT IN THE
TUBING AS THE WELL LOADS UP.
38
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test No. 14
Nuclear Activation Technique for Detecting Flow Behind Casing
Introduction
On November 3, 1987, personnel from the Robert 5. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory (RSKERL) and Atlas Wireline Service conducted a
series of tests to determine flow behind pipe using an Oxygen Activation
Tool
The purpose of the tests was to determine if flow could be detected
behind pipe in the Leak Test Well and, if possible, the detection limit of
the tool.
Test Well Conditions
Figure 1 indicates the configuration of the Leak Test well. A packer
was set at 1084 and a profile nipple was open at 700'. Injection was
maintained down the injection tubing/long string annulus, out the 1/4"
hole in the long string and up the outside tubing.
Tool Test
The test was conducted with the Atlas Wireline 1 11/16 inch diameter
oxygen activation tool (Serial No. 24334) located in the 2 3/8 inch
injection tubing. Stationary "no flow" background gamma ray count rates
were taken for both the long spaced (L5) and short spaced (55) detectors
at depths of 300', 800' and 1,000'.
A background count rate was computed for each depth of investigation
by determining the inelastic gamma ray and oxygen count rates for three
no-flow measurements at each station. For each no-flow measurement,
the ratio of the oxygen count rate to the inelastic count rate was
computed, and the average of these ratios was determined The results of
this activity gives a long-space factor and short-space factor that Is then
multiplied times the measured inelastic long space and inelastic short
space count rate, respectively, to compute the proper background
After determining the background factors for each depth investigated,
the tool was moved down the well at speeds of 15 feet per minute and 30
feet per minute to check the velocity calculations The final part of the
test involved injecting water down the tubing/long string annulus at
-------
different flow rates and determining what flow could be detected coming
up the outside tubing. Flow measurements were taken at depths of 1,000,
800 and 660 feet and the data from these tests are included in the Oxygen
Activation Analysis sheets attached to this summary.
Table 1 is a summary of specific data taken at a depth of 1,000 feet, d
The determination of interest during this investigation was a flow or
no-flow indication. The velocity data are of interest, although not critical
to this series of tests.
The criterion for flow indication is that the long space count rate must
be greater than 1.0 counts/second after subtracting the background
reading. Thus, from Table 1 flows were indicated at stations 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, and 37.
As previously stated, the velocity measurements are interesting but
are not significant in the use of the tool for determining flow behind pipe
at this point in the development of the tool, with one exception, one must
determine the sensitivity of the tool, i.e. the slowest velocity the tool can
identify as flow. The criteria for a valid velocity measurement are that:
(1) The flow indication signal for the 55 must be at least 3 times the
error bar;
(2) The flow indication for the LS must be at least 2 times the error
bar;
(3) The LS signal must be less than the 55 signal; and,
(4) Neither signal can be zero.
If any of these criteria are not met, the velocity should be shown as
zero in the data listing. A review of the data sheets from this test
indicates that the velocity measurements meet this criteria.
Conclusions
The 1 11/16" Oxygen Activation tool was successful in detecting flow
up the outside tubing in each of the tests while injecting at 6/7, 4, 1.5,
and .75 gallons per minute. The tool did not detect flow at the .46 or the
.32 gpm rates.
The minimum velocity the tool was able to detect during the tests was
3 ft/min. The results of this and other test indicate that the velocity
range of the tool in its present configuration is approximately 3 to 100
ft/min.
40
-------
680'
710"
Injection Zones
!. Surface Casing (571*)
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker Model "L" Sliding
4. Baker Model -R- Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1 ~ Tension
Packer
6. 2 3/8" tubing
7. Baker Modal "if Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model "F" Profile
Nipple
9. S 1/2" Long string
1084* Depth of
lower packer
110O'
1120'
1 130*
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
DEPTH STATION
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000"
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
1000'
11
12
13
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Table 1
Oxygen Activation Log Data
Leak Test Well
November 3, 1987
VELOCITY
None
None
None
14ft/min
155.88ft/min
21,88ft/mfn
0
39,43ft/min
14.69ft/min
54.65ft/min
11.97ft/min
10.94ft/min
9.98ft/min
0
0
5.67ft/min
0
0
0
0
6.09ft/m1n
8.18ft/min
7.78ft/min
0
0
0
FLOW
SS
.35
-01
.05
5.18
3.52
3.68
3.17
5.24
6.29
4.50
5.46
6.36
5.59
.26
.80
1.99
.95
1.33
.02
-.49
3.47
3.02
2.82
.60
-.11
.05
IND.
LS
.19
.16
.11
3.02
3.35
2.60
3.36
4.32
3.73
3.91
2.88
3.16
2.60
.43
.24
.51
.32
.17
.04
.004
.99
1.19
1.05
.45
.12
.29
COMMENTS
Not injecting
Not injecting
Not injecting
Injecting 6/7 gpm
Injecting 6/7 gpm
Injecting 6/7 gpm
Injecting 6/7 gpm
Injecting 4 gpm
Injecting 4 gpm
Injecting 4 gpm
Injecting 1.5 gpm
Injecting 1.5 gpm
Injecting 1.5 gpm
Injecting ,46 gpm
Injecting .46 gpm
Injecting .46 gpm
Injecting .46 gpm
Injecting .32 gpm
Injecting ,32 gpm
Injecting .32 gpm
Injecting .75 gpm
Injecting .75 gpm
Injecting .75 gpm
No injection
No injection
No Injection
42
-------
OXYGEN ACTIVATION LOG
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICE
COMPANY : EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY/EPA
WELL : LEAK TEST WELL NO. 1
FIELD : WILDCAT
COUNTY : PONTOTOC
STATE : OKLAHOMA
LOCATION : NW OTHER SERVICES
SEC 25 TWP 4N RGE 4E NONE
PERMANENT DATUM GL ELEV. 1049.5 KB 1054.5
LOGGING MEASURED FROM KB 5 FT. ABOVE P.D.
DRILLING MEASURED FROM KB GL 1049,5
DATE : 11-3-87
RUN : ONE
SERVICED ORDER :
DEPTH-DRILLER : 1084'
DEPTH-LOGGER : 1000'
BOTTOM LOGGED INTERVAL : 1000'
TOP LOGGED INTERVAL : 300'
TYPE FLUID IN HOLE : FRESH WATER
SALINITY PPM CL : NA
DENSITY LB/GAL. : NA
LEVEL : FULL
MAX. REC. TEMP. DEG. F : NA
OPR. RIG TIME : 7.0 HRS.
EQUIP. NO./LOC. : HL 6340 HOUSTON
RECORDED BY : KOENN'HARVEY
WITNESSED BY : BENEFIELD/THORNHILL
BIT SIZE : NA
CASING RECORD : TUBING RECORD
SIZE WGT. FROM TO : SIZE WGT FROM TO
13-3/8 SURF 568' : 2-3/8 6.5 SURF 1,080
5-1/2 SURF TD : 2-3/8 6.5 SURF 1,070
-------
EQUIPMENT DATA
RUN TRIP TOOL SERIAL NO, SERIES NO. POSITION
1 1 OCT-ACT 24334 2725 FREE
1 1 OR 24334 2725 FREE
COMMENTS:
STATIONARY NO FLOW BACKGROUND LEVELS TAKEN AT 300, 800 AND
1000'. INJECTION RATES TAKEN AT 1000 TO DETERMINE THE LOW
FLOW LIMIT OF THE INSTRUMENTATION. MEASUREMENT AT 660 IS IN
LIMESTONE FORMATION. INELASTIC DATA FROM 300', 800' AND 1000'
WAS AVERAGED AND USED TO BACKGROND CORRECT THE DATA.
44
-------
PAGE NO 1
COMPANY NAME
WELL NAME
DATE
COMMENTS
OXYGEN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICE
EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY E.P.A.
LEAK TEST WELL NO. 1
11-3-1987
TUBING FLOW
DEPTH:FILE:
#
300 :ST1
300 :ST1A
300 :ST1B
300+ :ST2
300+ :ST2A
300+ :ST2B
300+ :ST2C
800 :ST3
800 :ST3A
800 :ST3B
1000:ST4
1000:ST4A
1000:ST4B
1000:ST5B
1000:ST5C
1000:ST5D
1000:ST5E
1000:ST5F
1000:ST5G
1000:ST5H
FLOW
.38
.39
.04 -
1113
1177
949
905
1.0
-.73
.27
.35
-.006
.05
5.2
3.5
3.7
3.2
5.2
6.3
4.5
IND.
SS.
.06
.07
.005:
697
701
733
709
.06
-.08
.13
.19
.16
.11
3.0
3.3
2.9
3.4
4.3
3.7
39
: COMMENTS (VEL ETC.)
LS
BACKGROUND NO INJ
BACKGROUND NO INJ
BACKGROUND NO INJ
:LOGGING DOWN AT 15 FT/MIN VEL 16.4
LOGGING DOWN AT 15 FT/MIN VEL 15.0
LOGGING DOWN AT 30 FT/MIN VEL 30.6
LOGGING DOWN AT 30 FT/MIN VEL 31 .4
BACKGROUND NO INJ.
BACKGROUND NO INJ
BACKGROUND NO INJ
BACKGROUND NO INJ
BACKGROUND NO INJ
BACKGROUND NO INJ
:INJ 6-7 GAL/MIN VEL 14.2
:INJ 6-7 GAL/MIN VEL 156
:INJ 6-7 GAL/MIN VEL 21.9
:INJ 67 GAL/MIN VEL 0
.INJ 4 GAL/MIN VEL. 39.4
:INJ 4 GAL/MIN VEL 14.7
INJ A GAL/MIN VR 54.6
-------
PAGE NO 2
1000:ST5I
1000:ST5J
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
800
800
800
800
800
800
660
660
:ST5K
:ST5M
:ST5N
:ST5O
:ST5P
:ST5Q
:ST5R
:ST5S
:ST5T
:ST5U
:ST5V
:ST5W
:ST5X
:ST5Y
:ST6
:ST6A
:ST6B
:ST6C
:ST6D
:ST6E
:ST7
:ST7A
3.
3.
2.
5.5
6.4
5.6
.26
.80
1.99
.95
1.33
.02
-.5
5
,0
8
.60
0.11
0.05
3
2
2
6
6
.2
.7
,9
.0
.1
6.6
008
886
2.9
3.2
2.6
.43
.24
.51
.32
.17
.04
.004
1.0
1.9
1.1
.45
.13
.29
1.3
1.4
1.4
3.1
3.3
3.0
.18
.24
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:NO
:NO
:NO
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
:INJ
1.5
1.5
1.5
.46
.46
.46
.46
.32
.32
.32
.75
.75
.75
INJ
INJ
INJ
.75
.75
.75
1.5
1.5
1.5
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUM IN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUM IN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
VELO
VELO
VELO
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
GAUMIN
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
VEL
12.0
10.9
10.0
0
0
5.
0
0
0
0
,7
6.1
8.2
7
8
1
1
1
1
6
IIMESTONE NO INJ VEL
1IMESTONENOINJVEL
.8
.3
1.
0.
1.
2.
.8
0
0
5
9
4
4
46
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test No. 18
Nuclear Activation Technique
for
Detecting Flow Behind Pipe
Introduction
On April 7, 1988, personnel from the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory (RSKERL) and Penwood conducted a series of tests to
determine flow behind pipe using a 1-11/16 inch neutron activation tool
from Penwood.
The purpose of the tests was to determine if flow of water at
various rates could be detected behind pipe from data presented by a
pulsed neutron logging system.
Test Well Configuration
Figure 1 indicates the configuration of the Leak Test Well for the
test.
Tool Testing
For each flow rate the tool was held stationary at depths of 850,
935 and 1,065 feet in the injection tubing. Injection was maintained
down the injection tubing/casing annulus and up the outside tubing at
rates of 5, 4, 3 and 2 gallons per minute (gpm). The results of the tests
for detecting flow:
Flow Rate Flow Detected
5 gpm No
4 gpm No
3 gpm No
2 gpm No
The results indicate that the tool could not detect flow coming up
the outside tubing. The test was terminated at 12:28 p.m.
-------
i
9
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905' Ir
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«*«;
ijection Zones
1. Surface Casing (571')
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker Model "L" Sliding
Sleeve
4, Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension
Packer
Cement 6- 2 3/r *
7. Baker M<
Nipple
8. Baker M<
Nipple
1 070' 9. S 1/2"
1084' Depth of
lower packer
1100'
i -i on
1 I JU
ubing
Kiel "R" Profile
xlel "F" Profile
.ong string
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
R5KERL Leak Test Well
Test No. 15
Nuclear Activation Technique for Detecting Flow Behind Casing
Introduction
On September 14, 1988, personnel from the Robert 5. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL) and Atlas Wireline Service
conducted a series of tests to determine flow behind pipe using an Oxygen
Activation Tool.
The purpose of the tests was to determine if flow could be detected
behind pipe in the Leak Test Well, both in 2 3/8 inch tubing and in a
channel In the mud system, and, If possible, the detection limit of the tool.
Test Well Conditions
Figure I indicates the configuration of the Leak Test well. A packer
was set at 1084' and a profile nipple was open at 700'. Injection was
maintained down the injection tubing/long string annulus, out the 1/4"
hole in the long string, up the outside tubing, out the tubing through the
profile nipple at 700', through a channel in the mud to the surface of the
ground.
Tool Test
The test was conducted with the Atlas Wireline 1 11/16 inch diameter
oxygen activation tool located in the 2 3/8 inch injection tubing.
Stationary "no flow" background gamma ray count rates were taken for
both the long spaced (LS) and short spaced (55) detectors at a depth of
1,075', which was below the injection activity. Readings were taken
during injection at depths of 300', 600', and 1,000' to determine both
flow/no-flow and velocity.
A background count rate was computed for the i ,075* depth by
determining the Inelastic gamma ray and oxygen count rates for three
no-flow measurements at this station For each no-flow measurement,
the ratio of the oxygen count rate to the inelastic count rate was
computed, and the average of these ratios was determined The results of
this activity gives a long-space factor and short-space factor that Is then
multiplied times the measured Inelastic long space and Inelastic short
space count rate, respectively, to compute the proper background
-------
After determining the background factor, the final part of the test
involved injecting water down the tubing/long string annulus at
different flow rates and determining what flow could be detected coming
up the outside tubing, and through the channel in the mud from 700' to the
surface of the ground.
Table 1 is a summary of specific data taken during the test The
determination of interest during this investigation was a flow or no-flow
indication within both the outside tubing and the channel in the mud. The
velocity data are of interest, although not critical to this series of tests.
The criterion for flow indication is that the long space count rate must
be greater than 1.0 counts/second after subtracting the background
reading. Thus, from Table 1 flows were indicated at stations 2 (1,000'), 4,
5,6, 7,8 and 9.
The tests began with a flow of approximately 20 gpm coming from the
pump. Stations 2,4,6, and 7 were taken at that flow rate with the
stations opposite the 2 3/8 inch outside tubing (Stations 2 & 4) and the
channel in the mud (Stations 5,6 and 7). Although flow was detected at
each station, a much higher flow indication was seen at stations 5,6, and
7. Stations 8 and 9 were taken opposite the channel but at a flow rate of
about 10 gpm. A reduced flow indication is evident for these stations.
Conclusions
The 1 11/16" Oxygen Activation tool was successful in detecting flow
at all stations, although the flow indication was much lower at the
stations opposite the 2 3/8 inch outside tubing than those stations
opposite the channel in the mud system. This was probably due to the
larger size of the mud channel.
Additonal tests should be run with this tool in "real" wells to provide data
for evaluating the total capability of the tool for detecting flow behind
pipe.
50
-------
©
680'
7 H Q '
90S'
935'
Injection Zones
I
I
Cement
1070'
1. Surface Casing (571')
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker Model "L" Sliding
Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension
Packer
6. 2 3/8" tubing
7. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model "F" Profile
Nipple
9. 5 1/2" Long string
1084' Depth of
lower packer
-1100'
1120'
1130'
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
DEPTH STATION
Table 1
Oxygen Activation Log Data
Leak Test Well
September 14, 1988
FLOW IND.
SS LS
VELOCITY
COMMENTS
1075'
1075"
1075'
1000'
1000'
600"
600'
300'
300'
300'
0
1
2
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
-.61
.16
.5!
1.24
.89
71.70
71.17
93.87
57.0!
62.19
.03
-.01
-.02
1.72
1.68
29.10
26.19
23.76
10.05
10.07
None
None
None
0
0
8.49ft/min
7.66ft/min
5.57ft/min
4.41ft/min
4.20ft/min
Below injection
Below injection
Below injection
Tubing flow
Tubing flow
ChanneVflow
Channel flow
Channel flow
Channel flow
Channel flow
52
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test No. 19
Nuclear Activation Technique
for
Detecting Flow Behind Pipe
Introduction
On January 20, 1988, personnel from Schlumberger and the Robert S.
Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory conducted a test to detect flow
behind pipe using the Schlumberger Dual Burst TDT-P Tool.
The purpose of the test was to determine if flow of water at various
rates could be detected behind pipe using the data presented by the TDT-P
tool.
Test V^ell Configuration
Figure 1 indicates the configuration of the well for the test. Flow
could be initiated up or down the outside tubing at varying rates.
Tool Test
The tool was tested with the well flowing approximately 1/2 gallon
per minute (gpm) up the outside tubing. A log was prepared indicating
background measurement, results of logging up while upward flow was
occurring in the outside tubing, results of logging down while upward flow
was occurring in the outside tubing and while downward flow was
occurring down the outside tubing.
Conclusions
The tool was not able to detect flows under the conditions as given.
Schlumberger engineers will reevaluate the problem and return for further
tests after too! modifications.
-------
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A A A
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80
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9. 5
10. Ba
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1100'
w,, ,,. 1120'
liSiftllllliijs^. -i -I on'
Injection Zones
1. Surface Casing (571')
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3. Baker Model "L" Sliding Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension Packer
6. 2 3/8" tubing
7. Baker Model "R" Profile Nipple
8. Baker Model "F" Profile Nipple
9. 5 1/2" Long string
10. Baker Model "C-1" Tandem Tension
Packer
54
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test No. 20
Introduction
On May 19, 1989 personnel from RSKERL and ECU began
preparation for a test at the Mechanical Integrity Test Facility
that would involve the Leak Test Well and two of the monitoring
wells. The plan was to inject water at varying pressures into the
Leak Test Well with the profile nipple open at 700 feet and
determine the horizontal and vertical movement of water through
the use of pressure transducers installed in the 700' and the 900'
monitoring wells and the Hydrolog Tool.
Water levels were measured in monitoring wells 1 and 2 and
transducers were placed in the wells. The taking of background
data was begun on May 20, 1989.
On May 22, 1989 personnel from RSKERL, ECU and Atlas
Wireline began the test which would result in data to determine
the horizontal and vertical movement of injected water in the
immediate area of the Leak Test Well.
Test Configuration
The Leak Test Well was configured as shown in Figure 1. The
profile nipple was open to the 680-710 foot zone so that water
injected down the tubing/long string annulus would move through
the hole in the long string at 1070 feet, up the 2 3/8 inch tubing
and out the profile nipple at 700 feet. Pressure transducers were
placed in monitoring wells 1 and 2 (Figure 2) to detect any
horizontal movement of fluid in those zones.
The Hydrolog Tool was placed in the injection tubing at various
depths with the detectors set to detect upward flow.
Test
A background count rate was computed at a depth of 750 feet
by determining the inelastic gamma ray and oxygen count rate for
three no-flow measurements at this depth. For each no-flow
measurement, the ratio of the oxygen count rate to the inelastic
count rate was computed, and the average of those ratios was
-------
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.;:::::- -....-.-..-..-( I i ^LV
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Injection Zones
I. Surface Casing (571")
2. 2 3/8' tubing
3. BaKer Model "L" Sliding
Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad- 1" Tension
Packer
6. 2 3/8" tubing
7. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model "F" Profile
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
MONITORING WELL
NO.1
O
O
MONITORING WELL
NO. 2
O
LEAK TEST WELL
NORTH
O
MONITORING WELL
NO. 3
MONITORING WELL MONITORING WELL MONITORING WELL
REMOVABLE
WELL
CAP
680'
710'
A .
f
V t
»"*,
A!
*. A
ft> t*
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157'
^CEMENT
905'
935'
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195"
CASING
1 130'
FIGURE 2 MONITORING WELLS
-------
determined. The results of this activity gave a long-space factor
and short-space factor that was then multiplied times the
measured inelastic long space and inelastic short space count rate,
respectively, to compute the proper background.
Vertical Movement
Table 1 indicates the time of each measurement, the depth of
the tool detectors, the injection pressure and whether or not
upward flow was detected at that depth.
Injection into the Leak Test Well was maintained between 2.5
and 3.7 gallons per minute during the test.
Flow was detected in the 2 3/8 inch outside tubing at both the
50, 100 and 200 psig injection pressure. However, no flow was
detected at 660 feet, which is above the zone open to the profile
nipple. Thus , it appeared that the water being injected at 50, 100
and 200 psig was going into the zone opposite the profile nipple.
When the injection pressure was increased to 400 psig, with
the detectors at 660 feet, flow was detected. The tool was then
moved up the well to determine the upper limit of the flow. No
flow was found at 580, 450, 430 or 380 feet. However, flow was
indicated at 550 feet. The tool was then located at 620, 650 and
660 feet and no flow was detected.
These results may indicate that at the initial change from 200
to 400 psig injection pressure the injected water began moving up
the well bore adjacent to the casing, hence the indication of flow
at the 660 foot zone.
Horizontal Movement
Figure 3 is a graph of the pressure transducer data from the
700 and 900 foot zones. The 900 foot zone was not affected by the
injection. The 700 foot zone showed a significant effect,
especially at the 400 psig injection pressure.
Injection at 50 psig was begun at an elapsed time of 2555
minutes, 100 psig at 2585 minutes, 200 psig at 2635 minutes and
400 psig at 2675 psig. Injection was shut down at 2820 minutes.
A rise in pressure, and water level, began in the 700 foot zone
58
-------
TABLE 1
VERTICAL FLOW DETERMINATIONS
Time Depth Injection Flow
Pressure
(hr/min) (feet) (psig) Yes/No
10:39 750 50 yes
10:45 750 50 yes
10:53 660 50 no
11:00 660 50 no
11:13 660 100 no
11:19 660 100 no
11:36 750 100 yes
11:49 750 200 yes
11:58 660 200 no
12:04 660 200 no
12:27 660 400 yes
12:33 660 400 yes
12:46 580 400 no
12:52 580 400 no
13:00 550 400 yes
13:07 550 400 yes
13:15 450 400 no
13:28 430 400 no
13:39 380 400 no
13:49 620 400 no
13:57 650 400 no
14:04 650 400 no
14:12 660 400 no
14:17 660 400 no
-------
-------
around the 2700 minute elapsed time period and continued to
increase until the pump was shut down.
Conclusions
The Hydrolog very effectively allowed the investigators to
trace the movement of water vertically adjacent to the Leak Test
Well.
-------
OXYGEN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICE
COMPANY NAME: EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY
WELL NAME: LEAK TEST WELL NO. 1
DATE: 22-MAY-89
COMMENTS: INJECTING AT 50, 100, 200, AND 400 PSI.
RECORDED BY: KOENN WITNESSED BY: THORNHILL,BENEFIELD
DEPTH
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
660
660
660
660
750
750
660
660
660
660
580
580
550
550
450
430
'.FILE: FLOW IND.
: # ss, LS
1 _ __
iSTlA 6.785 .335
1ST1B 6.376 .335
IST1C 6.776 .242
I
!ST1A .088 .034
IST1B -.309 .029
1ST1C .183 -.066
IST2A 4.854/2.769^
1ST2B 6.433\2.993/
1ST3A 4.287 .556
1ST3B 4.392 .287
. t _. _ _ _
IST4A 3.626 .274
IST4B 3.563 . 195
!ST5A 5.227(3.406)
i . . _>rr<
i ~ /* ^ i
!ST6A 4.496/3.580
: S~>
i
JST7A 2.362 .416
JST7B 1.932 .225
| ^^~~"Z,
!ST8A 13.704/6.104
!ST8B 12.349\6.201
i ___________ ..:»_. _ -*
\ ST9A . 273 . 382
!ST9B .454 .304
i _ _ _____ _^
SST10A 7.24Z/5.058\
IST10B 7.456 3.748J
( . . . _ . _ _ "^ "-' " '*r
!ST11A .202 .545
1ST12A .211 .586
COMMENTS:
BACKGROUND
II
II
BACKGROUND
It
II
INJ 50 PSI.
II 11 II
INJ. 50 PSI.
II II II
INJ. 100 PSI
II II II
INJ. 100 PSI
(INJ. 200 PSI
INJ. 200 PSI
H ii ii
\INJ. 400 PSI
I II 11 II
INJ. 400 PSI
ii H ii
INJ. 400 PSI
11 It 11
INJ. 400 PSI
INJ. 400 PSI
CVEL. ETC.)
__TCC Tl C_ _ CC _ __l C ____
i as ii_a ao La
3030 122 .00224 .00275
3025 124 .00211 .00270
2979 125 .00227 .00193
AVE= .00221 .00246
NO FLOW NO INJ.
II II II II
It II II II
APX. 2.5GPM VEL=13.6»/MIN.
VEL=10.O
VEL=3.75
VEL=2.81
VEL=2.96
VEL=LOW
VEL=17.88
VEL=33.63
VEL=4.41
VEL=3.56
VEL=9.47
VEL-11. 12
VEL=0.00
VEL=0.00
VEL=21.32
VEL=11. 13
VEL=0.00
VEL=O.OO
62
-------
OXYGEN ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICE
COMPANY NAME: EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY
WELL NAME: LEAK TEST WELL NO.1
DATE: 22-MAY-89
COMMENTS: INJECTING AT 50, 100, 200, AND 400 PSI.
RECORDED BY: KOENN WITNESSED BY: THORNHILL,BENEFIELD
DEPTH
380
620
650
650
660
660
IFILE:
: #
!ST13A
JST14A
" 1 -
IST15A
IST15B
!ST16A
1ST16B
FLOW
SS,
-.676
.073
1.647
1.575
8.721
8.213
IND.
LS
.013
-.086
. 183
-.057
.645
.593
COMMENTS
INJ.
INJ.
INJ.
II
INJ.
II
400
400
400
II
400
II
: (VEL. ETC.)
PSI.
PSI.
PSI.
II
PSI.
It
VEL=0.
VEL=0.
VEL=3.
VEL=0.
VEL=2.
VEL=2.
00
00
48
00
939
913
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test 23
Evaluating Flow Behind Pipe
Introduction
On September 12-14, 1989, A training course was conducted to
provide a basic knowledge of methods for evaluating flow behind
pipe in injection wells. The course focused on discussions of the
theory of state-of-the-art methods for evaluating flow behind pipe
and demonstrations in the field of oxygen activation, noise,
temperature and radioactive tracer logging techniques for detecting
flow behind pipe.
Forty students participated in the course which was held at
the Mechanical Integrity Testing and Training Facility, Ada,
Oklahoma. Instructors for the course were experts in each logging
technique from Atlas Wireline, Houston, Texas.
Test Well Configuration
Figure 1 indicates the configuration of the Leak Test Well for
each of the tests conducted during the training.
Logging
Logs produced during the training as well as a paper on new
instrumentation and interpretive methods for identifying shielded
water flow using pulsed neutron logging.
Conclusions
The participants seemed to greatly appreciate the teaching
format; lectures and then hands-on logging at the test well to
demonstrate principles and theories just discussed.
64
-------
1
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,.
1. Su
2. 2
3. Ba
Sle
4. Ba
Ni
5, Ba
Pa
Ppmpnt " ^
7. Ba
Ni
8. Ba
Ni
070 9. 5
1084' Depth of
lower packer
1100'
1 1 o n. *
' - j i £ y
> "i on1
""' ' ""- I I oU
Injection Zones
1. Surface Casing (571')
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker Model "L" Sliding
Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension
Packer
2 3/8" tubing
7. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model "F" Profile
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
HYDROLOG ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICE
COMPANY NAME:_E.C.U. EPA _ RECORDED BY: _KOENN_
WELL NAME: _LEAK TEST WELL~N67~1~"I WITNESSED BY:_EPA ~~_
FIELD : ..WILDCAT ~ 3_I TOOL #: _TP 1
STATE & CO. : ""PONTOTOC, ~OKLAHOMA~~_I""I
DATE: 19-13-1989 ~~
COMMENTS: ~TOOL RUN INSIDE 2~37§""TUBING INSIDE 5 1/2" CSG.
FLOW IS OUTSIDE THE 5 1/2" IN A 2 3/8" TUBING TO SURFACE.
DEPTH ! FILE:
METERS!
OXYGEN
SS. LS
COMMENTS:
ISS
ILS
CALCULATED
SS LS
1000 IST1A 6.506 .223
1000 IST1B 5.875 .242
1000 1ST1C 6.544 .167
BACKGROUND 3126
NO INJ. 3097
3051
95 .00208
95 .00190
93 .00214
.00235
.00255
.00180
CALCULATED BACKGROUND CORRECTION FACTOR AVERAGE = .00204 .00223
DEPTH
1- X)
K X>
1OOO
1000
IQOO
1000
_ _ _
1000
1000
1000
1000
FILE
ST1A
ST1B
STIC
ST2A
ST2B
ST3A
ST4A
ST5A
ST6A
ST7A
# FLOW
SS
. 129
-.442
.320
-.018
. 179
537.1
159.2
33.14
26.07
. 142
IND.
LS
.012
.029
-.039
-.018
-.079
299.0
38.4
3. 120
2.543
-. 129
COMMENTS:
BACKGROUND
INJECTING
OPEN ZONE
INJECTING
INJECTING
INJECTING
INJECTING
DOWN FLOW
NO INJECTION
18 GPM DOWN ONLY TO
AT 1120'
16 GPM APX. 1/2 GOING UP
6 GPM 1.7 UP
K3.8 GPM .5 GPM UP
3.7 GPM .25 GPM UP
ONLY
VELOCITY
FT/MIN
00.00
00.00
00.00
00.00
OO.OO
13.07
5.38
3.24
3.29
00.00
66
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test 25
Introduction
On October 4 and 5, 1989, personnel from the Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL), East Central
University and Schlumberger Well Service conducted a series of
tests on their oxygen activation tool to determine its capability to
detect flow behind pipe. The test was designed for two days, with
the first day for calibrating their tool and the second day for testing
their capability to identify specific flows.
Test Well Conditions
The Leak Test Well was configured as indicated in Figure 1. A
packer was set at 1084 feet and injection was maintained down the
tubing/casing annulus, out the 1/4 inch hole in the long string at
1070 feet and up the outside tubing.
Test Dav 1
Schlumberger personnel were on site at 7:00 a.m. to begin the
testing. The well was readied and the tool set up. The plan was for
known flows to be pumped up the outside tubing while Schlumberger
personnel operated the tool the flow they determined to the actual
flow.
The flows involved during the day included:
.5 gallons per minute
.25 gallons per minute
1 gallon per minute
1.3 gallons per minute
10 gallons per minute
.35 gallons per minute
At 11:00 a.m. the well was shut in and the Schlumberger
personnel proceeded to evaluate their data. They did not have the
capability to perform the calculations necessary in the truck so they
set up a satellite dish and transmitted the data to Houston for
processing.
-------
Tesf Dav 2
The procedure for testing on this day was to pump the well at
rates known only to the RSKERL/ECU personnel and Schlumberger
personnel would determine that rate based on the data from their
oxygen activation tool.
The results of the tests are as follows:
Actual Flow
.23 gallons per minute
.53 gpm
No flow
20 gpm
No flow
.22 gpm
2.4 gpm
Schlumberger Flow
Flow detected
.57 gpm
No flow
13 gpm
No flow
Flow detected
Conclusions
The tool detected flows down to .22 gallons per minute. They
also determined velocities, however at this point ouV main interest
was a flow/no-flow determination.
The next step for Schlumberger is to develop the capability to
make the flow determinations from the truck.
68
-------
A A Hjj
9""""
11
>:;-&:
4
Sill
2
A *** *
'.
-12.
-
Ml
J
h
/
|
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S.
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f
K=K
/
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-
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/
Q
f
S,
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\,
f
H
^
.^
F^-
.-..: :J
i
fea 1
, fi ft 0 '
ilii*fliiill
7'"'"'" vw'''"'"-"-"-"-" '''- ' '------- : v ' -1 ft *
llli
,. _ .... Q n c Iniprti)
I'%y8&'&'mxf''''&''~v%88*£:'-
mm**, -i m-Kmm^
%Z~T%. ' %i!^m&
g - ,
an Zones
1. Surface Casing (571')
2, 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker Model "L" Sliding
Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension
Packer
Cement 6- 2 3/8" tubina
~"""""* 7. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model "f" Profile
Nipple
1070' 9. 5 1/2" Long string
1084' Depth of
lower packer
1100'
4 * o n
i i *. w
, , . 1 1 in1
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test No. 26
Nuclear Activation Tool
Introduction
On November 13, 1989, personnel fro the Robert S.Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL), East Central University
(ECU) and Atlas Wireline Services, conducted a series of tests on their
Hydrolog tool to determine its capability to detect flow behind pipe. The
test was designed for detecting flow vertically upward.
Test Well Conditions
The Leak Test Well was configured as indicated in Figure 1. A
packer was set at 1,084 feet and injection was maintained down the
tubing/casing annulus, out the 1/4 inch hole in the long string at 1,070
feet and up the outside tubing.
Test
Background data was taken with the tool at a depth of 950 feet.
With the tool set at that depth the following flows were pumped up the
outside tubing with the results as indicated:
Actual Flow Flow Detected
2 gpm yes
0.3 gpm no
15 gpm yes
no flow no
3 gpm yes
0.9 gpm yes
Conclusions
The Hydrolog detected flows down to 0.9 gpm. The data presentation
is very good, leaving no interpretation problems for the
operator/regulator reviewing the data.
70
-------
fe:
~tU
Z-
I
1070'
Injection Zones
1. Surface Casing (571*)
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3, Baker Model -{.' Sliding
Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension
Packer
6. 2 3/8" tubing
7. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model T' Profile
Nipple
9. 51/2" Long string
1 084 Depth of
lower packer
. J
1 1
1 130"
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
COMPANY NAME:
WELL NAME:
FIELD :
STATE & CO.;
DATE:
COMMENTS:
HYDRQL06 ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICE
.E.C.U. E.P.A.
.LEAK TESTWELL No7!"
.WILDCAT
"PONTOTOC ~"~"
11/13/89
RECORDED BY: KOENN/NEWK.
WITNESSED BYiTHORNHILL
TOOL #: TP-1
MEASURED FLOW IS IN 2 3/8" TUBINB OUTSIDE OF 5 1/2" CASINB
DEPTH ! FILE*
METERS!
. «- <
950
950
950
!ST1A
1ST1B
!ST1C
CALCULATED
6.
6.
6.
OXYGEN
SS. LS
226
005
320
. 260
.242
.204
COMMENTS:
ISS
BACKGROUND
NO
INJECTION
BACKGROUND CORRECTION
3206
3144
3122
ILS
107
111
104
FACTOR AVERAGE =
CALCULATED
SS LS
.00194
.00191
. 00202
.00195
. 00243
.00218
.00196
.002 19
DEPTH
950
95O
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
950
1FILE
I
1
SST1A
ST1B
!ST1C
I
SST2A
IST2B
SST2C
I
SST3A
SST3B
! ST3C
l
!ST4A
1ST4B
SST4C
IST4D
ST5A
I ST5B
1
1
!ST6A
IST6B
IST6C
1ST7A
ST7B
!ST7C
1
1
1
# FLOW IND.
SS LS
-.025 .025
-.125 -.001
.232 -.023
14.792 5.994
7.273 4.235
7.602 4.386
1.421 .007
.839 .110
. 869 . 073
2.687 2.287
3. 165 2.669
2.422 2.548
3. 128 2.678
. 392 . O06
. 030 . 056
7.883 5. 156
6.984 4.815
8. 168 4. 130
3.871 1.158
4.059 .920
3.254 .943
COMMENTS:
BACKGROUND NO FLOW
II II II
INJECTION RATE @ 2 GAL/MIN.
it n ti 11
II 11 II M
INJECTION RATE @ ^1 SAL/MIN.
II M *l M
___ __^.__.~ _«. .--,
^..-. -. -. -. ...»..___
INJECTION RATE @ 15 GAL/MIN.
11 II II M
It M II 11
II »1 If II
NO FLOW
II II
INJECTION RATE @ 3 GAL/MIN.
H M n M
ii n K n
INJECTION RATE ©.
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test 27
Introduction
On March 1, 1990, personnel from the Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL), East Central
University and Schlumberger Well Service conducted a series of
tests on Schlumberger's Flow Log tool to determine its capability to
detect flow behind pipe. The test was designed for detecting flow
vertically upward.
Test Well conditions
The Leak Test Well was configured as indicated in Figure 1. A
packer was set at 1084 feet and injection was maintained down the
tubing/casing annulus, out the 1/4 inch hole in the long string at
1070 feet and up the outside tubing.
Flow Log Tool
The Flow Log is based on the Schlumberger TDT-P tool which
has been slightly modified to respond to this specific use. The
technique for making measurements with the Flow Log does not
require zero flow calibration and the tool can detect up or down
flow by turning the tool upside down. The modifications made have
increased the sensitivity of the tool to slow and fast flow. They
predict that the tool will detect flows ranging from 1.4 feet per
minute to 120 feet per minute. As casing size increases, this
capability is reduced. For example, in 9 5/8 inch casing the range
would bs 3.0 feet per minute to 30 feet per minute and in 13 3/8
inch casing the range is 4.5 feet per minute to 30 feet per minute.
The tool will be centralized in the casing when running in the well.
Detection of water flow depends upon the distance to the flow,
the velocity of the flow and the volumetric flow rate. Detection of
flow is also influenced by the well bore environment, stability of
the tool and natural background radiation.
The reported sensitivity of the instrument:
Near Detector - 1.4-2 feet/minute
Far Detector - 2-60 feet/minute
Gamma Detector - 60120 feet/minute
-------
The proposed logging procedure being considered by
Schlumberger personnel at this time includes a 15 minute station
measurement with 10 second activation and 60 seconds standby. If
flow is detected no more measurements are necessary. If flow is
not detected, then a 30 minute reading is taken with activation for 2
seconds and standby for 60 seconds.
Test
The well was set up so that the tool was attempting to detect
flow coming up the outside tubing. The flows and test results are as
follows:
Actual Flow Flow Detected
0.0023 gpm no
0.5 gpm yes (far detector)
No Flow no
20 gpm yes (far and gamma
detectors)
3 gpm yes (far detector)
10 gpm yes (far detector)
Conclusions
The Flo Log detected flow down to 0.5 gpm. The data
presentation gives information for each detector as well as a
flow/no flow determination. The tool now needs to be used in the
field to gain valuable field experience in detecting flows under
varying conditions.
74
-------
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9
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4
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plsi
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, ,.... 710'
9nc* |r
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1- : :^ ' «m$ff-'*r" -
W^ii^-yiimMW: o i e
;S>^g:::;:;:g;:;:>: ^"-'vS.;.;..;^ -^ '. :
ijection Zones
1. Surface Casing (571')
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3, Baker Model "L" Sliding
Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension
Packer
Cement 6' 2 3/r tublna
7. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model "F" Profile
Nipple
1070' 9. 5 1/2" Long string
1084' Depth Of
lower packer
P_J 1 100'
1150'
1 1 TfV
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
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RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test 28
Evaluating Flow Behind Pipe
Introduction
On July 17, 18, 19 & 20, 1990, a training course was conducted
to provide a basic knowledge of methods for evaluating flow behind
pipe in injection wells. The course focused on discussions of the
theory of state-of-the-art methods for evaluating flow behind pipe
and demonstrations in the field of oxygen activation, noise,
temperature and radioactive tracer logging techniques for detecting
flow behind pipe.
Fifteen students participated in the course which was held at
the Mechanical Integrity Testing and Training Facility, Ada,
Oklahoma. Instructors for the course were experts in each logging
technique from Atlas Wireline Services, Houston, Texas.
Tesf Well Configuration
Figure 1 indicates the configuration of the Leak Test Well for
each of the tests conducted during the training.
Logging
Water was pumped into the well and attempts were made to
detect flow in the 2 3/8 inch outside tubing with noise,
temperature, and oxygen activation logging techniques. A
radioactive tracer survey was also run in the well to monitor flow
of the fluid out of the tubing.
Conclusions
The participants seemed to greatly appreciate the class
format: ie lectures and hands-on at the well site.
76
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Injection Zones
1. Surface Casing (571")
2. 2 3/8" tubing
3. Baker Model "L" Sliding
Sleeve
4. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
5. Baker Model "Ad-1" Tension
Packer
6. 2 3/8" tubing
7. Baker Model "R" Profile
Nipple
8. Baker Model "F" Profile
Nipple
9. 5 1/2" Long string
1084: Depth of
lower packer
FIGURE 1 LEAK TEST WELL
-------
RSKERL Leak Test Well
Test No. 29
Oxygen Activation Technique
for Detecting
Flow Inside Casing
Introduction
A significant question that has arisen regarding oxygen activation
logging for detecting flow behind pipe is whether or not flow inside
casing can interfere with detection of flow behind casing. The specific
question for this study relates to the effect of density inducted flow on
capability of the oxygen activation method to detect flow.
A glass tube was set up in the laboratory to simulate the diameter
and depth of Logging Well No. 2 (5-1/2 inch casing, 1,575 feet deep). The
tube was filled with fresh water and the equivalent of 10 gallons of 25%
brine added to the water column. Dye was added to the brine to aid in
visualizing movement down the well.
The brine moved down the well at a significant pace reaching the
bottom in approximately 5 minutes. "Eddy" currents were plainly visible
as the brine moved down the water column. The experiment was repeated
four times to confirm that the movement was basically the same each
time.
Plans were then made to conduct tests at the Mechanical Integrity
Testing and Training Facility on Logging Well No. 2. (Figure 1). The water
level in the well was to be lowered until 10 gallons (10 feet) of brine
could be added. An oxygen activation tool would be placed in the well in
the upflow mode and ten gallons of brine added to the well. The
experiment would be repeated with the tool in the downflow position.
This series of tests would be performed on both the Schlumberger Flow
Log and the Atlas Wireline Hydrolog.
Sequence of Events
1. Placed the OA tool in the well, in the upflow configuration, at a
specified depth.
2. Run OA measurements with the well in a static condition.
78
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3. Add 10 gallons of 25% brine.
4. Run OA measurements .
5. Move tool deeper in well, repeat measurements.
6. Remove tool, run tubing and swab brine out of well.
7. Fill well with fresh water.
8. Place OA tool in hole in the downflow configuration at a
specified depth.
9. Run OA measurement with well static.
10. Add 10 gallons of 25% brine.
11. Run OA measurements.
12. Move tool downhole. Repeat OA measurements.
13. Remove tool, run tubing and swab water out of well.
14. Fill well with fresh water.
Field Tests
On March 11 and 12, 1991, respectively, Schlumberger and
Atlas Wireline were at the site to test the capability of their oxygen
activation tools to detect density induced flows inside casing.
The Schlumberger engineer placed the WFL tool in the hole at a
depth of 413.4 feet with the tool in the upflow configuration.
Readings taken at 9:11 a.m., under static conditions, indicated no
flow on either of the three detectors.(far, near and gamma). Ten
gallons of brine was added to the column and at 9:35 a.m. the tool
detected upward flow. At 9:58 a.m. a very slight signal was
identified on the near detector, indicating the possibility of a very
low flow. A velocity could not be calculated for the possible flow.
The tool was lowered to 613.6 feet and readings were taken at
10:47 a.m. A slight upward flow was identified on both the near and
far detectors. No velocity calculation could be made for the near
detector. The velocity calculation for the far detector indicated a
flow of 3.7 feet/minute.
Downfiow measurements began at 4:41 p.m. with the tool at
415 feet. No flow was indicated under static conditions i.e. prior to
adding brine to the system. Ten gallons of brine was added to the
column and at 5:13 p.m. a very, very slight signal was indicated on
the near detector. The tool was moved to 615 feet and at 5:50 p.m.
a slight signal on the near detector indicated the possibility of
downward flow.
-------
On March 12, 1991, the Atlas Wireline engineer placed the
Hydrolog tool in the well at a depth of 400 feet with the tool in the
upflow configuration. Background readings taken at noon, 12:10 p.m.
and 12:17 p.m. indicated no flow in the system. Brine was added and
readings taken at 1:46, 2:32 and 3:11 p.m. did not indicate any flow.
A final reading was taken at 3:37 p.m. with no flow detected.
Downflow measurements began at 7:51 p.m. with background
measurements prior to additon of brine to the system. Brine was
added and at 8:03 p.m. (5 minutes after brine was added), downflow
was indicated on the long spaced flow indicator with the tool at 62'
in the well. The tool was moved to a depth of 200 feet and readings
were taken at 8:27, 8:43, 8:58 and 9:09 p.m. with no indication of
flow in the system.
Conclusions
The density induced flow caused by the specific conditions
created in Logging Well No. 2 should not create a problem with
interpreting behind pipe flow data in a well. The flow induced in
this experiment was very slow. It created a very weak response on
the oxygen activation logging devices used, and was a one time
phenomena, that is after the initial flow had passed a certain point,
no more internal flow was induced.
80
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LOGGING WELL #2
5 1/2 inch
Diameter Casing
Cement
Total Depth 1575'
30
degree
channel
25
degree
channel
20
degree
channel
15
degree
channel
10
degree
channel
150ft
Fiberglass Casing
8-3/4 inch Diameter Bore; iole
-------
HYDROLOG ANALYSIS
ATLAS WIRELINE SERVICE
COMPANY NAME:_EAST CENTRAL UNIVERSITY RECORDED BY: KOENN/JOHNSTON
WELL NAME:
FIELD :
STATE & CO.:
DATE:
COMMENTS: 5 1/2 15.51 CSG TO 1575; FLUID LEVEL AT 12' FOR BG.
PIPE THEN FILLED WITH SW FOR FLOWING TESTS. (250 K)
_LOGGING WELL NO.2.
_WILDCAT
_PONTOTOC,OKLAHOMA
3-12-91
WITNESSED BY:_BENEFIELD_
& THORNHILL
TOOL! RB-1
DEPTH
FEET
0400
0400
0400
FILE:
ST1A
ST1B
STIC
OXYGEN
SS. LS
6.599 ./6.7
6.302 ,/£7
COMMENTS
BK
k
»
ISS
3042
3070
2990
ILS
89
90
86
CALCULATED
SS LS
.00217
.00205
.00205
.00187
.00185
.00194
CALCULATED BACKGROUND CORRECTION FACTOR AVERAGE
.00210 .00189
DEPTH
0400
0400
0400
0400
0400
0400
0300
IFILE
1
IST1A
IST1B
IST1C
1
IST2A
IST2B
IST2C
1
IST3A
FLOW IND.
SS LS
.212 -.001
-.144 -.003
-.144 +.005
.107 -.007
-.179 +.192
-.702 +.083
+.227 -.023
COMMENTS :
BACKGROUND
NO SALT WATER
NO SW
10 FEET SW ADDED
DITTO ABOVE
DITTO ABOVE
DITTO ABOVE
VELOCITY
FT/MI N
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TOOL REVERSED TO MEASURE DOWN FLOW AT THIS POINT
0062
0062
0062
0062
0062
0200
0200
0200
0200
ST4A
ST4B
ST4C
ST4D
ST4E
ST5A
ST5B
ST5C
ST5D
+210.7+70.5
+1.152+.015
+7.76 +1.14
-1.47 +.044
-1.135-.085
+.227 +.161
+.058 -.041
+.119 +.093
-.452 +.050
15 MIN.
USED AS
5 MIN.
10 MIN.
20 MIN.
35 MIN.
50 MIN.
70 MIN.
85 MIN.
AFTER HOLE FILLED (FROTH INC
BACKGROUND
AFTER SW ADDED
AFTER SW ADDED
AFTER SW ADDED
AFTER SW ADDED
AFTER SW ADDED
AFTER SW
AFTER SW
QO
3) 6.9?
0.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1*>2 - 64H-O03/40795
-------
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No, G-35
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use, $300
Pteasa make at! necessary changes on trie above label.
detach or copy, and return to the address in trie upper
left-hand comer.
I) you do not wish to receive thesa reports CHECK HERE
detach, or copy this cover, and return to the address in the
upper left-hand comer.
EPA/600/R-92/041
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