EPA/600/R-92/219
December 1992
Measurement and Analysis of Adsistor and Figaro Gas
Sensors Used for Underground Storage
Tank Leak Detection
by
Marc A. Portnoff, Richard Grace,
Alberto M. Guzman and Jeff Hibner
Carnegie Mellon Research Institute
A division of Carnegie Mellon University
4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213
PO #OV-1255-NAEX
August 1991
Project Officer
Katrina E. Varner
Advanced Monitoring Systems Division
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY ,
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89193-3478
^2> Printed on Recycled Paper
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NOTICE
The information in this document .has been wholly funded by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency under PO #OV-1255-NA£X to Carnegie
Mellon Research Institute. It has been subjected to Agency review and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
n -
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ABSTRACT
Gas sensor properties were measured with the purpose of comparing two
sensor technologies used for underground storage tank leak detection.
Figaro™ gas sensors and the Adsistor™ gas sensor were tested in simulated
underground storage tank environments using the Carnegie Mellon Research
Institute (CMRI) automated gas testing facilities. This automated system
monitored the sensors' responses while dynamically exposing them to various
mixtures of methane, butane and xylene. The sensors were also tested to
determine the effects of humidity on their responses. Sensor responses were
characterized by sensitivity, selectivity, and speed of response and recovery to
selected test concentrations of methane, butane, and xylene. The test results
are presented as a list of sensor specifications to allow the potential end user a
direct comparison of these two different types of sensors.
- in -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Vj
ABSTRACT. [[[ ................................... ................... H
List of Figures [[[ . [[[ v
List of Tables
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................. . ........... . ............ , ......... . ...... . .......... ......... ^
2.0 EXPERIMENTAL..... [[[ 3
3.0 SENSOR CONSTRUCTION AND MODEL EQUATIONS ................ 6
3.1 Adsistor Sensor. [[[ 6
3.2 Figaro Sensor. [[[ 8
4.0 TEST DESCRIPTIONS [[[ . ............ „ ............ ;....-| 1
4.1 Gas Concentration Ramp Test [[[ 1 1
4.2 Target Gas Excursion Test [[[ 1 1
4.3 Water Vapor Excursion Test ............ , [[[ 1 1
4.4 Response and Recovery Time Test [[[ ........ 1 1
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............. . ....................... . .......................... 12
5.1 Reproducibility [[[ ....20
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1
CMRI Gas Sensor Characterization Facility 4
FIGURE 3.1
Adsistor Sensor Construction 7
FIGURE 3.2
Adsistor Measured and Fitted Response To
Xylene @ 15 K ppm H2O 7
FIGURE 3.3
Figaro Sensor 10
FIGURE 3.4
Figaro 823 Measured and Fitted Response To
Xylene @ 15 K ppm H2O ...10
FIGURE 5.1
Adsistor Response To Methane, Butane, and Xylene
Concentration Ramps @ 15 K ppm H20 22
FIGURE 5.2
Figaro 823 Response To Methane, Butane, and Xylene
Concentration Ramps @ 15 K ppm H20 22
FIGURE 5.3
Adsistor Response To Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H2O and 0 K H2O 24
FIGURE 5.4
Figaro 823 Response To Xylene Concentration Ramps
<§> 15 K ppm H2O and 0 K ppm H2O 24
FIGURE 5.5
Figaro 823 Sensor Response To Xylene Concentration
Ramps @ 15 K ppm and 0 ppm H2O 25
FIGURE 5.6
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor Response To Changes
in Humidity in A Mixture of Methane, Butane, and
Xylene 25
FIGURE 5.7
Figaro 823 Sensor Response To Methane, Butane,
and Xylene Concentration Ramps @ 15 K ppm H2O... 26
FIGURE 5.8
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor Response To Mixtures
of Methane, Butane, and Xylene 28
FIGURE 5.9
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Response To Changes in Xylene
Concentration <§> 15 K ppm H2O.... 29
FIGURE 5.10
Figaro 823 Sensor Responses To Changes in Xylene
Concentration @ 15 K ppm H2O 30
FIGURE 5.11
Adsistor Sensor Responses To Changes in Xylene
Concentration @ 15 K ppm H2O 30
-v-
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.1
Gasoline Components , 2
TABLE 5.1
Adsistor Sensor Specifications 13
TABLE 5.2
Figaro 823 Sensor Specifications 14
TABLE 5.3
Figaro 822 Sensor Specifications 15
TABLE 5.4
Figaro 812 Sensor Specifications 1 Q
TABLE 5.5
Figaro 813 Sensor Specifications 17
TABLE 5.6
Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor Response To Multiple
Gas Excursion Test and Water Excursion Test 13
TABLE 5.7
Figaro 813 Sensor Response To Multiple Gas Excursion
Test and Water Excursion Test _.;-| 9
- vi -
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Over two million underground storage tanks (UST) are currently being
regulated by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). By 1993, the
vast majority of these tanks are required to be equipped with leak detection
monitors to alert tank owners of any problems. Vapor monitoring equipment,
housed in monitoring wells surrounding the UST, is a common choice for
monitoring the environment for gasoline or product spills from a leaky tank.
The concept behind vapor monitoring is that a small liquid leak will generate a
large increase in product vapor concentration. By proper placement of the
monitoring wells, the product vapor will readily migrate to these wells. There,
the vapor sensors will detect the increased contaminant vapor concentrations
and initiate an alarm.
This study was initiated by the EPA Office of Underground Storage Tanks to
help the regulators of UST vapor-phase product leak detectors to better
understand the capabilities and limitations of commercial vapor sensors used in
continuous vapor phase product leak detectors. The study was limited to
characterizing two types of commercial vapor sensors: The Figaro Gas [1]
Sensor and the Adsistor Vapor [2] Sensor. Appendix A contains product
literature for these commercially available sensor types.
Four types of Figaro gas sensors, model numbers 812, 813, 822, 823, and the
Adsistor gas sensor were tested in simulated UST environments using the
Carnegie Mellon Research Institute (CMRI) automated gas testing facilities. The
characterization of these sensors resulted in a set of specifications that allows
comparison between the different sensor types. The Figaro sensors are metal
oxide semiconductor devices that operate at elevated temperature [1]. The
Adsistor sensor operates at ambient temperature, using the principle of gas
adsorption [2] in a polymeric material.
The selection of test gases was based upon a study performed by Geoscience
Consultants, Ltd., in 1988 [3]. This study detailed the hydrocarbon vapor
concentration at 27 gasoline service stations from three diverse geographic
regions of the United States.
Their findings indicated that:
• all the surveyed locations had some evidence of underground
methane and gasoline vapor products.
• methane existed in high concentrations at many locations.
• tracking butane concentrations would be useful in detecting recent
gasoline leaks or spills.
• m-xylene was a large component of gasoline product s(Tab!e 1.1).
-1 -
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Table 1.1: Gasoline Components
Compound
2-Methylbutane
m-Xylene
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Toluene
2-Methylpentane
n-Butane
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
n-Pentane
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
3-Metylpentane
o-Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Benzene
p-Xylene
2,3-Dimethylbutane
n-Hexane
1-Methyl, 3-Ethylbenzene
1-Methyl, 4-Ethylbenzene
3-Methylhexane
Percent Weight
8.72
5.66
5.22
4.73
3.93
3.83
3.26
3.11
2.99
2.85
2.36
2.27
2.00
1.94
1.72
1.66
1.58
1.54
1.54
1.30
Based on this study, methane was chosen as a potential interference that may
cause false alarms for UST monitors. Also iso-butane and m-xylene were
chosen as tag compounds because they represent major chemical constituents
in gasoline.
The sensors were tested to determine their sensitivity and cross sensitivities to
methane, butane, xylene, and humidity. These tests would help the UST leak
detector manufacturers to better understand how to recommend the use of
these sensors. For example, 1) If a sensor responds to methane, but the
instrument's user is unaware of this sensitivity, then this instrument placed in the
field could produce false alarms due to methane interference. 2) The humidity
level underground at UST sites is considered to be near saturation [4].
Therefore, if a monitor is calibrated with a dry gas, and the sensor is placed in
the damp underground environment, this also could lead to false alarms, or
worse, no alarm will be initiated when a real leak is occurring.
Response time is not a critical sensor parameter for this application as leaks in
USTs generally occur slowly, and site monitoring is done on time scales of days
and not minutes. However, recovery time can be important in situations where
an accidental spill occurs. In this case, if a sensor takes too long to recover from
the spill, the detection of a true leak could be masked.
The reproducibility of sensor properties is also essential in maintaining
instrument quality control. For example, when a sensor fails and is replaced, if
the replacement sensor behaves differently, errors in monitoring a site are very
-2-
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likely. By knowing the limitations of the reproducibility of various sensor types,
steps can be taken to properly check the perfomance of replacement sensors to
assure the monitoring equipments' performance is known.
Sensor responses were characterized by sensitivity, selectivity, and speed of
response and recovery to selected test concentrations of methane, butane, and
xylene. The test results are presented as tables of sensor specifications to
show the potential end user the advantages and disadvantages of using
various sensor types for monitoring underground storage tanks.
2.0 EXPERIMENTAL
The data presented were collected using the CMRI automated gas sensor
characterization facility. The facility has been designed to study the behavior of
gas sensors and characterize their response in terms of sensitivity, selectivity,
speed of response and recovery, and stability. A computer-controlled gas
delivery and data acquisition system (GDS), Figure 2.1, creates the test
atmosphere in the sensor test chamber and records the corresponding sensor
responses. The GDS controls and sets proper levels of oxygen, nitrogen, and
water vapor to create a clean baseline environment through a network of mass
flow dilution modules. This clean air can then be contaminated with up to five
different vapor compounds. For this study, the facility was modified to
independently set concentrations for methane, (CH4), butane (C4H8), and m-
xylene (CaH-io). The GDS was set to maintain a constant flow rate of 1
liter/minute.
A second gas system, delivering clean humidified air, was used to maintain the
sensor atmosphere when the sensor chambers were not connected to the GDS.
An on-line gas chromatograph was used to verify the concentration delivered to
the test chamber both during and between tests.
Three test chambers were built to house the sensors. One chamber was built to
test nine Adsistor Sensors and two chambers to house 12 Figaro Sensors, 6 of
each type. All the materials used in the construction of the chambers were
chosen to minimize undesirable out-gassing that might contaminate the test
atmosphere. The chambers also had the capabilities to power the sensors and
monitor their responses in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations
The volume of each test chamber was 1.2 liters.
The Adsistor chamber consisted of an aluminum plate and a glass-epoxy based
printed circuit board, mounted on standoffs. Standard clamp pins were inserted
into the circuit board for connecting to the data acquisition unit, and mounting
the Adsistors. Adsistors were soldered onto clamp pins and their resistance
measured with the GDS multi-meter. Precautions were taken to ensure that the
solder flux did not interfere with the Adsistors, following the manufacturer's
recommendations. A glass lid was used to complete the chamber construction
Gas flowed- into the chamber through a feed-through in the bottom of the
aluminum plate.
-3-
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Hewlett-Packard
Acquisition
System
Laboratory Computer
Gas Cylinders
f I. u ^V
f Methane J
(Carbon A
Monoxide J
( Ethane )
V J
C 1 -Butane }
Solvent Vapor
Bubbler
^ ^
t
.w
4^
Hewlett-Packard
Gas
Chromatograph
i
Sensor Electrical
Response Measurement
Background
Gas System
Maintains chamber
environment to set
levels i.e.
oxygen/humidity/
contaminant
level
Network of mass
flow controllers
and valves for
mixing gases
from
cylinders and
bubblers
t
+
Gas Cylinders
C"^v
Oxygen j
C Nitrogen )
3 J
Water Vapor
Bubbler
fen
febl
P*i
ftt
6 #822 sensors
6 #823 sensors
6 #812 sensors
6 #813 sensors
Figure 2.1: CM/?/ Gas Sensor Characterization Facility
4.
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The two Figaro chambers contained six 822 and six 823 sensors and six 812
and six 813 sensors, respectively. Both consisted of an aluminum plate
mounted with 12 Figaro sockets. These 12 sockets were mounted to form a
5.75 inch diameter*circle. Thermocouples were also installed to monitor
chamber temperature. As with the Adsistor chamber, a feed-through was
tapped into the center of the aluminum plate for the gases to enter into the
chamber, and a glass lid was used to complete the chamber housing.
The sensors were powered and calibrated according to Figaro manufacturer
instructions. Sensor heaters were all powered using a 5-volt power supply.
The sensor bias voltage was maintained at 10 volts. Precision load resistors
(R|=3920 ohm ±1%) were installed in series with the sensor leads. Sensor
signals were measured by reading the voltage across the load resistor
according to Figaro instructions. All wiring was done on the outside of the
chamber to prevent interference with sensor responses.
Test chamber temperatures were monitored during testing. The Adsistor test
chamber temperature operated at room temperature, 22°C + 1°C. The Figaro
test chambers ran hotter, at 33°C ± 1°C, due to the local heating induced by the
Figaro sensors' operating power requirements.
-5-
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3.0 SENSOR CONSTRUCTION AND MODEL EQUATIONS
To simplify direct comparison of these sensors, mathematical models were used
to convert sensor resistance (ohms) into gas concentration (ppm). The model
chosen for the Adsistor is the one suggested by the manufacturer [2]. The
model selected for the Figaro sensors is commonly used according to the
literature [5].
3.1 The Adsistor Sensor
The Adsistor sensor looks like a small resistor, Figure 3.1. It is specially coated
to make it sensitive to gas vapors. The Adsistor sensor requires no power to
operate and is monitored by measuring its resistance like a common resistor.
The base of the coating is a non-conductive, resilient polymer which holds in
place conductive particles. The phenomena of adsorption is the basis for the
sensor's sensitivity. In an ambient air environment, the particles, each
independently anchored to the polymer surface, are in contact with each other
forming an electrical path. When a contaminant vapor comes in contact with the
particle surface, a mono-layer of contaminant molecules is adsorbed onto the
particle surfaces. Van der Waal's adsorption forces (adhesion of gas molecules
to the surface of a solid) cause separation between each of the particles
increasing the electrical path's resistance. The electrical resistance measured
across an Adsistor is determined by the amount and type of gas molecule
adsorbed to its surface [6].
Adsistor sensor data was collected by measuring the sensor's electrical
resistance. The resistance is related to concentration for most gas vapor
concentrations by equation 1.
Eqn. 1 R = Rb10c/k
where R = Measured resistance
Rb = Resistance in clean air,
k = Gas constant at ambient temperature
c = Gas concentration (ppm)
The Adsistor sensor resistance versus concentration is reported to be a straight
line when plotted oh a semi-log graph [2].
The model was tested for xylene by exposing the sensors to a xylene
concentration ramp of 100 ppm to 1000 ppm in 100 ppm steps. The resistance
versus xylene concentration curve is plotted in Figure 3.2. This curve is not a
straight line. This may indicate that the sensor is not sufficiently sensitive to the
lower xylene concentration range.
Because the sensors did not respond to the lower test concentration, a two point
fit between the 100 and 1000 ppm xylene was used to determine Rb and k in
equation 1. Solving equation 1 for c yields equation 2 which is used to translate
the measured Adsistor resistance into a measured gas concentration.
Eqn. 2
= klog10(R/Rb)
-6-
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Figure 3.1: Adsistor Sensor Construction
Conductive Polymer
for Electrical Contact
Metal Leads
Conductive Particles
embedded in Polymer Coating
for Vapor Sensing
Figure 3.2: Adsistor Measured and Fitted
Response to Xylene at 15 K ppm H2O
1000 -i
w
£
0)
u
c
(0
.2
'55
0)
cr
100
200
400
600
800
Xylene Concentration (ppm)
-7-
Adsistor #8
Two Point Model Rt
1000
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3.2 The Figaro Sensor
The construction of a Figaro sensor is shown in Figure 3.3a. The sensor is
primarily composed of tin oxide sintered on a small ceramic tube. Noble metal
wires are used to provide electrical contact between the sintered tin oxide and
the electronics used to measure its resistance. The noble metal wires also
provide mechanical support. Through the center of the ceramic tube, a coiled
wire is positioned to serve as the sensor heater.
The Figaro sensors require a small amount of power to operate the sensor
element at elevated temperatures between 200°C to 400°C. By varying the
composition of the sensor element and/or the operating temperature, Figaro has
been able to alter the sensor's response to various combustible gases.
For this project, the sensors were powered and measured according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Sensor heaters were all powered using a 5-volt
power supply. The sensor bias voltage was maintained at 10 volts. Precision
load resistors (R|=3920 ohm ±1 %) were installed in series with the sensor leads
(Figure 3.3b). Sensor signals were measured by reading the voltage across the
load resistor.
The Figaro sensors respond to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen. At a
set oxygen level, oxygen is adsorbed on the surface of the gas sensing Metal
Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensor. This adsorption of oxygen on the
semiconductor is strong enough to promote electron transport from the
semiconductor to the adsorbed oxygen. In the presence of a fixed oxygen
environment such as ambient air, an equilibrium state is achieved and the
sensor electrical resistance (baseline) is established. If the environment is then
contaminated with a combustible gas, a surface catalyzed combustion reaction
occurs. This reaction causes the surface adsorbed and negatively charged
oxygen to be reduced, returning the shared electron to the semiconductor, and
decreasing the semiconductor's electrical resistance. The relationship between
the amount of change in resistance to the concentration of a combustible gas is
non-linear and can be expressed by a power law equation.
Figaro sensor data was collected and converted to sensor resistance using
equation 3.
Eqn.3 R = R| (Ve - VR)/VR
where R = Resistance (ohms)
R| = Load resistor (3920 ohms)
VB = Voltage bias (10 volts)
VR = (1 O-VB) = Sensor voltage
The resistance concentration curve was observed to be approximately linear on
a log - log plot. Therefore, a power law model was adopted for these sensors
as seen in equation 4.
-8-
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Eqn. 4 (a) Log(R) - log(Ro) = Blog(c)
(b) R/Ro = cB
where R = Sensor resistance
c = Gas concentration (ppm)
13 = Power law slope
R0 = Sensor resistance when c=1
The two parameters Ro and B are determined by considering measurements
taken at c =100, and c =1000 ppm for the gas in question. Once the parameters
are determined, the sensor resistance is translated into concentration by
inverting equation 4 and shown in equation 5.
Eqn. 5
Rl
c= FT3
RO
A plot showing how the model fits the sensor response for a Figaro 823 is
shown in Figure 3.4.
-9-
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Figure 3.3: Figaro Sensor
+10 Volts
SUS316
.sairtess steei gauze (double)
Noble meia* wire
Sensor element
Heaier cod
•Ni olaied brass nng
Ceramic base
Kovarpn
FIGARO
SENSOR
Load Resistor
(R! = 3.92 KQ)
Volt
Meter
a) Sensor Construction
reprinted from Figaro Literature
b) Measurement Circuit
tn
E
0)
o
c
OS
CO
o
DC
Figure 3.4: Figaro 823 Measured and Fitted
Response to Xylene at 15 K ppm H2O
100000 -i
10000-
1000
P 823 #4
Two Point Model R
10 100 1000
Xyiene Concentration (ppm)
-10-
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4.0 TEST DESCRIPTIONS
Four specific kinds of tests were performed to characterize sensor response.
Each of the following tests were designed to measure one or more specific
sensor properties:
4.1 Gas Concentration Ramp Test
The Gas Concentration Ramp Test measures a sensor's sensitivity and
selectivity to individual test gases. The test exposes the sensors to individual
test gases at five different concentrations. The test concentration ranges were
0, 50, 150, 500, 1500, 5000 ppm for methane and butane and 0, 10, 30, 100,
300, 1000 ppm for xylene. Each concentration was held for thirty minutes
before proceeding to the next level. The sensors were exposed to clean air for
two hours between each ramp.
Ramp tests were performed at two humidity levels. The first set was conducted
at 15,000 ppm of water vapor. This level was chosen to represent the humidity
present at underground storage sites (97% Relative Humidity at 55°F). The
second set was done in dry air (less than 50 ppm water vapor) to simulate
sensor response when exposed to dry calibration gases.
4.2 Target Gas Excursion Test
The Target Gas Excursion Test determines how the presence of multiple test
gases affect a sensor's sensitivity and selectivity. The test creates a
background test atmosphere composed of 500 ppm methane, 500 ppm butane,
and 100 ppm xylene in air containing 15,000 ppm of water vapor. During the
test, each gas is then individually increased to 10 times its background level for
thirty minutes.
4.3 Water Vapor Excursion Test
The Water Vapor Excursion Test measures sensor response to the changes in
humidity in the presence of multiple test gases. The tests create the same
background test atmosphere used in the target gas excursion test. The water
vapor concentration is then changed in thirty minute steps from 15,000 ppm, to
5000 ppm, to 1667 ppm, to 0 ppm water vapor, and then set back to 15,000
ppm.
4.4 Response and Recovery Time Test
The Response and Recovery Time Test determines how fast a sensor responds
to changes in gas concentration. The tests were performed in air humidified to
15,000 ppm water vapor. The sensors were measured at one minute intervals
during the test. The xylene concentration was changed in thirty minute steps
from 0 ppm, to 1000 ppm, to 100 ppm, to 1000 ppm and back to 0 ppm.
The response time is defined as the interval from when the new gas
concentration is first introduced into the chamber until the sensor reaches 95%
of its reading at thirty minutes. The recovery time is defined as the time from
when the new gas concentration is first introduced into the chamber until the
sensor reaches 95% of the total change in the sensor reading.
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5.0 RESULTS and DISCUSSION
The set of tests, described in section 4.0, bracket a range of conditions that
vapor sensors are likely to be exposed to at UST sites. Tables 5.1 - 5.7
summarize the performance results of the Adsistor and Figaro sensors for the
test conducted.
The measured sensor responses were converted from resistance to ppm units
using the model equations described in sections 3.1 and 3.2. Each sensor was
fitted individually with a two point calibration. Tables 5.1 - 5.5 report the results
of individual test gases with regard to the sensor:
• model parameters
• sensitivity
• humidity affects on sensitivity/vapor response
• cross sensitivity, also called selectivity
• response time
• recovery time
Tables 5.6 and 5.7 list the results of multiple test gases with respect to the
affects of humidity and cross sensitivities on sensor response.
The tabulated data are the average of nine Adsistor sensors, and six of each
Figaro sensor type. The data are reported as the average measured sensor
response along with the standard deviation and percent standard deviation.
The response for all the individual sensors tested is tabulated in Appendix B.
Examples in sections 5.1 - 5.5. focus on the Adsistor sensor and the Figaro 823
sensor. The discussion of tabulated data and the presentation of.graphical
examples show how the data were analyzed and are related to sensor
properties.
The Figaro 823 was chosen for illustrating the behavior of Figaro sensors for
several reasons: first, the test results document that the Figaro 812, 822, and
823 sensors all have comparable responses, considering the statistical spread
in their respective responses. Second, the Figaro 812 sensor has been
discontinued, being replaced by the 822 model. The 822 and 823 sensors are
described by Figaro as being the same sensor but packaged differently. Finally,
the Figaro 813 sensors is very sensitive to methane and is of limited use for
monitoring UST product leaks.
-12-
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Table 5.1: Adsistor Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Parar
@15KppmH2O
K
Rb
neters
Average
2987.72
3.5E+02
Std. Dev.
308.26
3.5E+01
%Dev.
10.3%
10.0%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H2O
Calibrated at 100 and 1000 ppm Xyiene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Average
61.5
67.9
100.0
233.3
1000.0
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 0 K p
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Cross Sensitivity (p
@15KppmH2O
5000 ppm Methane
5000 ppm Butane
95% Response Time
@15KppmH2O
0 to 1000 ppm
100 to 1000 ppm
95% Recovery Time
@15KppmH2O
1000 to 100 ppm
1000 to 0 ppm
Average
118.9
126.4
139.0
251 .3
997.6
pm Xylene
Average
62.9
61.8
Std. Dev.
2.8
2.3
0.0
3.7
0.0
%Dev.
4.6%
3.4%
0.0%
1 .6%
0.0%
pm H2O
Std. Dev.
13.1
12.5
12.1
10.7
9.7
% Dev.
11.1%
9.9%
8.7%
4.3%
1 .0%
Std. Dev.
4.0
3.2
% Dev.
6.3%
5.2%
(Minutes)
Average
7.29
7.86
Std. Dev.
1.5
1.8
% Dev.
18.6%
20.5%
(Minutes)
Average
>30
>30
Std. Dev.
0.0
0.0
%Dev.
0.0%
0.0%
.c.
-13-
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Table 5.2: Figaro 823 Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Parameters
@15KppmH2O
B
Ro
Average
0.56
9.1E+04
Std. Dev.
0.12
3.6E+04
% Dev.
21.4%
39.6%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H2O
Calibrated at 100 and 1000 pom Xylene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Average
10.7
43.5
100.0
239.9
1000.0
Xvlene Readinqs (ppm) @ 0 K p
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Cross Sensitivity (p
@15KppmH2O
5000 ppm Methane
5000 ppm Butane
95% Response Time
@ 15KppmH2O
0 to 1 000 ppm
100 to 1000 ppm
95% Recovery Time
<3>15KppmH2O
1000 to 100 ppm
1000 to 0 ppm
Average
0.2
1.4
5.9
38.8
437.8
Std. Dev.
5.8
10.0
0.0
36.1
0.0
% Dev.
53.8%
23.0%
0.0%
15.0%
0.0%
pm H2O
Std. Dev.
0.3
1.4
4.5
21.5
136.7
%Dev.
141.3%
100.0%
75.0%
55.4%
31 .2%
pm Xylene)
Average
23.5
793.4
Std. Dev.
8.6
792.9
% Dev.
36.6%
99.9%
(Minutes)
Average
15.30
10.18
Std. Dev.
6.7
7.4
%Dev.
42.3%
68.7%
(Minutes)
Average
3.33
4.08
Std. Dev.
1.0
0.9
% Dev.
31.0%
23.1%
-14-
-------
Table 5.3: Figaro 822 Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Paran
@15KppmH2O
B
Ro
neters
Average
0.74
5.1E+05
Std. Dev.
0.28
6.4E+05
% Dev.
37.2%
, 124.9%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H2O
Calibrated at 100 and 1000 ppm Xylene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Average
15.5
46.9
100.0
230.0
1000.0
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 0 K p
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Cross Sensitivity (p
@15KppmH2O
5000 ppm Methane
5000 ppm Butane
95% Response Time
@15KppmH2O
0 to 1000 ppm
100 to 1000 ppm
Average
1.4
4.6
13.2
55.6
502.0
Std. Dev.
9.2
. 10.2
0.0
35.4
0.0
%Dev.
59.3%
21 .7%
0.0%
15.4%
0.0%
pm H2O
Std. Dev.
1.9
5.3
12.8
38.3
184.0
% Dev.
135.3%
115.0%
96.9%
68.9%
36.7%
pm Xylene)
Average
42.2
802.2
Std. Dev.
16.1
688.2
% Dev.
38.2%
85.8%
(Minutes)
Average
16.80
10.00
Std. Dev.
4.7
4.6
% Dev.
27.3%
43.2%
95% Recovery Time (Minutes)
@15KppmH2O
1 000 to 1 00 ppm
1000 to 0 ppm
Average
4.70
5.39
Std. Dev.
2.0
4.0
% Dev.
43.2%
62.4%
.c.;
-15-
-------
Table 5.4: Figaro 812 Sensor Specifications
Xylene Model Pararr
@15KppmH2O
B
Ro
leters
Average
0.91
2.6E+05
Std. Dev.
0.14
1.6E+05
% Dev.
15.3%
62.6%
Xylene Readings (ppm) @ 15 K ppm H2O
Calibrated at 100 and 1000 ppm Xylene
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Average
15.7
42.3
100.0
351.3
1000.0
Xylene Readings (ppm) <3> 0 K p
Xylene Delivered (ppm)
10
30
100
300
1000
Cross Sensitivity (p
@15KppmH2O
5000 ppm Methane
5000 ppm Butane
95% Response Time
@15KppmH2O
0 to 1000 ppm
100 to 1000 ppm
95% Recovery Time
@15KppmH2O
1000 to 100 ppm
1000 to 0 ppm
Average
2.2
8.7
28.4
126.8
430.3
Std. Dev.
4.4
6.2
0.0
103.0
0.0
%Dev.
28.2%
14.6%
0.0%
29.3%
0.0%
pm H2O
Std. Dev.
1.0
2.7
4.5
25.2
111.3
%Dev.
46.3%
30.6%
16.0%
19.8%
25.9%
pm Xylene)
Average
30.1
207.1
Std. Dev.
14.6
75.6
% Dev.
48.4%
36.5%
(Minutes)
Average
10.18
6.51
Std. Dev.
4.8
4.1
% Dev.
44.4%
55.3%
(Minutes)
Average
13.20
12.45
Std. Dev.
7.3
5.4
% Dev.
53.6%
41 .6%
.c.
-16-
-------
Table 5.5: Figaro 813 Sensor Specifications
Methane Model Pan
@15KppmH2O
B
Ro
imeters
Average
0.47
1.7E+05
Std. Dev.
0.03
2.1E+04
% Dev.
6.7%
12.3%
Methane Readings (ppm) <§> 15 K ppm H2O
Calibrated at 500 and 5000 ppm Methane
Methane Delivered (ppm)
50
150
500
1500
5000
Average
121.8
208.3
500.0
1330.4
5000.0
Std. Dev.
18.2
20.7
0.0
42.8
0.0
%Dev. '
14.9%
10.0%
0.0%
3.2%
0.0%
Methane Readings (ppm) @ 0 K ppm H2O
Methane Delivered (ppm)
50
150
500
1500
5000
Cross Sensitivity (p
@15KppmH2O
5000 ppm Butane
1000 ppm Xylene
95% Response Time
@15KppmH2O
0 to 5000 ppm
500 to 5000 ppm
95% Recovery Time
@15KppmH2O
5000 to 500 ppm
5000 to 0 ppm
Average
16.6
47.1
199.6
731.2
3657.5
Std. Dev.
2.8
10.3
47.6
112.3
319.1
%Dev.
16.9%
21 .8%
23.9%
15.4%
8.7%
pm Methane)
Average
4228.1
363.0
Std. Dev.
1 264.9
61.8
% Dev.
29.9%
17.0%
(Minutes)
Average
18.62
4.18
Std. Dev.
3.1
4.4
% Dev.
16.2%
79.8%
(Minutes)
Average
1.47
2.39
Std. Dev.
0.0
0.0
% Dev.
0.0%
0.0%
.c.;
-17-
-------
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-18-
-------
Table 5.7: Figaro 813 Sensor Response to Multiple
Gas Excursion Test and Water Excursion Test
Calibrated for Methane @ 15 K ppm H2O
Time period for changes in concentrations is 30 minutes.
Actual
H2O
(ppm)
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
4999
1 667
0
15002
Actual
Methan
(ppm)
500
500
500
500
4999
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
Actual
Butane
(ppm)
500
500
500
500
500
500
4999
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
Actual
Xylene
(ppm)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1 000
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Average
(ppm)
1218.9
1142.5
1098.9
1055.1
6410.8
997.7
6082.6
863.4
1675.4
913.3
893.6
887.7
484.5
347.1
271.9
906.4
Figaro 81 C
Std. Dev.
1 22 9
127 2
135.7
150.2
435.1
145.9
1411.9
126.9
280.2
131.4
134.4
154.5
95.2
77.1
67.1
159.4
J
% Dev.
10.1%
11.1%
12.4%
14.2%
6.8%
14.6%
23 2.°/
14.7%
16,7%
14.4%
15.0%
17.4%
19.6%
p p P O/
24 ~7°/
17.6%
-19-
-------
5.1 Reproducibility
The Adsistor sensors tested had model parameters and sensor responses
within 11% of each other, Table 5.1.
All the Figaro sensors tested in this study showed wide variations in the sensor
model parameters and measured responses.
For the Figaro 823 sensors, the spread in percent standard deviation ranged
from 15% to 141%, Table 5.2. Similar variations in sensor behavior were
observed for the Figaro 822 and 812 sensors, Tables 5.3, and 5.4 respectively.
The Figaro 813 sensors showed a more reproducible response with the spread
in percent standard deviation ranging from 3% to 30% when analyzed with
methane. Table 5.5.
5.2 Sensitivity
Gas concentration ramp tests were used to determine the test gas to which the
sensors were most sensitive. The sensors were then modeled for this target
gas.
The Adsistor sensor's measured response to xylene, butane, and methane
concentration ramps is plotted in Figure 5.1. The sensor clearly responded to
xylene at concentrations over 100 ppm as shown by its increased resistance.
The sensor's resistance did not change when exposed to methane and butane
at concentrations up to 5000 ppm. Thus, the Adsistor sensors were modeled
and calibrated for xylene, and their responses reported in terms of xylene
concentration (ppm), Table 5.1.
The Adsistor model does not exactly fit the data indicating that the sensor was
not sufficiently sensitive to the lower xylene concentration range. Readings of
62 and 68 ppm xylene, Table 5.1, in the presence of 10 and 30 ppm xylene,
respectively, reveal the baseline or zero reading for these sensors. Also, the
reading of 233 ppm xylene in the presence of 300 ppm indicate the model is-
insufficient to-truly characterize this sensor. However, the small spread of 3.7
ppm among the 9 Adsistor sensors indicates that the sensors are responding
similarly.
A Figaro 823 sensor is plotted with respect to the same xylene, butane, and
methane concentration ramps as shown in Figure 5.2. For this sensor, the
resistance decreased with respect to all the test gases. However, it is was most
sensitive to xylene as seen by the larger changes in resistance at a given
concentration level. The Figaro 823 sensors are sensitive enough to measure
10 ppm xylene, Table 5.2, and were therefore modeled and calibrated for
xylene.
This sensitivity to xylene was also observed for the Figaro 812 and 822 sensors.
Thus, the Figaro 812, 822, and 823 sensors were all modeled and calibrated for
xylene.
-20-
-------
In the case of the Figaro 813 sensors, they were more sensitive to methane and
therefore calibrated as methane sensors with the data tabulated in Tables 5.5
and 5.7.
-21 -
-------
1000 -i
Figure 5.1: Adsistor Response to Methane,
Butane, and Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H2O
m
E
.n
o
0
u
c
cu
0}
<1>
DC
100
10
100 1000
Concentration (ppm)
Adsistor #8
Sensor Response to
CH4
C4H8
C8H10
10000
Figure 5.2: Figaro 823 Response to Methane,
Butane, and Xylene Concentration Ramps
<3> 15 K ppm H2O
100000 -i
0)
E
.n
O^
o
u
c
a
5
"m
10000-
1000
Figaro 823 #6
Sensor Response to
CH4
C4H8
C8H10
10
1000
Concentration (ppm)
10000
-22-
-------
5.3 Water Vapor Response: Humidity Affects on Sensitivity
Adsistor sensor sensitivity to xylene was not affected by the changes in the level
of humidity. This was indicated in Figure 5.3 by the overlapping data points for
xylene. These points were taken at the wet (15,000 ppm water vapor) and dry
(0 ppm water vapor) conditions and quantified in Table 5.1.
For the Figaro 823 sensor, changes in readings of more than 50% were
observed when the humidity varied from the wet to dry conditions. This is
shown in Figure 5.4, a resistance versus concentration plot and again in Figure
5.5, a concentration versus time plot. The plotted lines in Figure 5.5 show when
the test gases are introduced and to what concentration levels. The sensor
response was plotted as in ppm of xylene, both for the dry and wet conditions.
Figure 5.6 plots the response of a Figaro 823 sensor and an Adsistor sensor,
computed as ppm xylene, during a water vapor excursion test. For the Figaro
823 sensor, changes in reading of more than 50% were observed when the
humidity varied from wet to dry conditions. The Adsistor sensors showed little
effect due to short term changes in humidity. These results are quantified in
Table 5.2.
5.4 Cross Sensitivity: Selectivity
The selectivity of a sensor relates to how the sensor responds to gases, other
than the one it is calibrated for, both individually and in mixtures. If a sensor is
perfectly selective, it will respond to only its target gas. If the sensor is not
perfectly selective, its cross sensitivity is an indication of how a particular gas
could cause a false reading.
The average cross sensitivity response of the Figaro 823 sensors to 5000 ppm
methane and 5000 ppm butane, is 24 ppm and 793 ppm respectively, Table
5.2
Figure 5.7 plots a Figaro 823 sensor's response to the Gas Concentration Ramp
Test. The sensor's response is computed in ppm of xylene and plotted versus
time as the sensor is exposed to the individual test gases. The plotted data
shows that when the sensor was exposed to 5000 ppm methane, it measured
13.4 ppm xylene, indicating a very small cross sensitivity to methane. When
exposed to 5000 ppm butane, it measured approximately 500 ppm xyiene,
indicating a cross sensitivity to butane of about 1 to 10. ,
The Adsistor's cross sensitivity response to 5000 ppm methane and 5000 ppm
butane, is 63 ppm and 62 ppm respectively, Table 5.1. As mentioned
previously, these values indicate a zero response showing the Adsistor sensors
to be insensitive at the concentration tested both to methane and butane.
The sensor cross sensitivity in multiple gases for the Adsistor and Figaro
sensors are tabulated in Table 5.6. The Adsistor sensors are selective to xylene
even in the presence of a mixture of methane and butane. This was apparent in
that the Adsistor's xylene response did not vary even when the concentrations
of methane and .butane were increased to 5000 ppm.
-23-
-------
1000 n
Figure 5.3: Adsistor Response to
Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H2O and 0 K ppm H2O
m
E
OJ
o
c
CO
CO
0>
DC
100
Adsistor #8
G8H10@15KppmH2O
C8H10@ OKppmH2O
100
1000
Concentration (ppm)
Figure 5.4: Figaro 823 Response to
Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm H2O and O K ppm H2O
1000000-3
Figaro 823 #6
C8H10 @ 15 K ppm H2O
C8H10@ OKppmH2O
1000
100
Concentration (ppm)
- 24 -
1000
-------
10000
Figure 5.5: Figaro 823 Sensor Response
to Xylene Concentration Ramps
@ 15 K ppm arid O ppm H2O
Figaro 823 #4
calibrated for Xylene
at 15 Kppm H2O
•— Actual C8H10
Delivered (ppm)
Sensor Response
@ 15K ppm H2O
@ OppmH2O
540
570
750
Time (min.)
1000 n
Figure 5.6: Figaro 823 and Adsistor Sensor
Response to Changes in Humidity in a
Mixture of Methane, Butane, and Xylene
O.
Q.
500 ppm Methane, 500 ppm Butane, and
100 ppm Xylene are maintained constant
throughout this test.
fygiiiiBiiigq
:fs**X^^
Concentre
5 S
15,000 ,
ppmH2O
5000
ppmH2O
0 30 60- 90
1667
ppmH2O
120 150
^noncma
OppmH2O
15,000
ppmH2O
a
an
180 210 240 270 300
Actual C8H10
Sensor Response
n 823 34
+ ADS #8
Time (min.)
-25-
-------
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-26-
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The Figaro 823 sensor cross sensitivity to butane was larger in a mixture than
would be expected from the tests performed with individual gas ramps. At the
background level (500 ppm methane, 500 ppm butane, 1.00-ppm xylene), the
Figaro 823 sensor reads over 300 ppm xylene. This error can be attributed
mainly to the presence of the 500 ppm butane. The Figaro 823 sensor was
shown to be insensitive to methane by the slight increase in the xylene level as
the methane is increased to 5000 ppm. When the butane level was raised to
5000 ppm, the xylene reading increased to over 1000 ppm, and when the
xylene level was raised to 1000 ppm, the xylene reading was increased to 1700
ppm.
Figure 5.8 displays these results showing the response of a Figaro 823 sensor
and an Adsistor sensor, computed as ppm xylene, during an excursion test.
5.5 Speed of Response and Recovery
Figures 5.9 - 5.11 show the responses of a Figaro 823 and Adsistor sensors to
changes in xylene concentration.
The Figaro 823 sensor's 95% response times are higher when changing from 0
ppm to 1000 ppm xylene, 15 minutes, than from when changing from 100 ppm
to 1000 ppm, 10 minutes. The recovery time from either 1000 ppm to 0 ppm or
1000 to 100 ppm are about the same at 4 and 3 minutes, respectively.
The Adsistor sensor's 95% response times for the above tests were similar at
7.3 and 7.8 minutes, respectively. The recovery time for the Adsistor sensor
was over 30 minutes.
-27-
-------
E E
p- CL CL
-S: •£:
O W CL 0 0
CM F; IT "^ ~r~
IO rd- —r- -T-
co -^ -?- -1- -1-
r- CO CO +: X
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5* c
.2 o
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oc
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(tudd)
-29-
-------
10000
E
0.
.£: 1000
CO
*-»
c
ffi
o
c
o
O
Figure 5.10: Figaro 823 Sensor
Responses to Changes In Xylene
Concentration at 15 K ppm H2O
100:
m
a
A
Xytene
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88
Time (mln.)
10000 -x
E
Q.
S: 1000
c
o
«-•
CO
Figure 5.11: Adsistor Sensor
Responses to Changes in Xylene
Concentration at 15 K ppm H2O
c
o
o
c
o
O
100:
10
h
m
a
A
A
Xylene
ADS*1
ADS*2
ADS«3
ADS #4
ADS«5
AOS«6
ADS*7
ADS«8
ADS 19
24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88
Time (mln.)
. -30-
-------
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
Sensor data for two different sensor types, the Figaro MOS sensor and the
Adsistor adsorption sensor, have been presented.
Both sensor types appear to have sufficient properties to be used for UST leak
detection. Both respond well to xylene, with the Figaro sensor being more
sensitive to lower concentrations than the Adsistor. Both sensor types are
relatively insensitive to methane, which is the primary interfering compound
underground. The observed butane response for the Figaro sensor was not a
serious problem since butane is also a component of gasoline. The Adsistor
sensors as a group were more reproducible and had a much smaller humidity
interference in comparison to the Figaro sensors. These two properties make
the Adsistor easier to deal with from an instrumentation and calibration
standpoint. However, the Adsistor sensors were observed to have longer
xylene recovery times than the Figaro sensor.
Stability is a major sensor specification not yet studied. It plays an important
role in determining how a sensor is employed in UST .monitoring. If a sensor
changes with time, independent of the actual conditions, it could lead to false
alarms and/or not being able to detect a leak. It is recommended that a stability
test be undertaken to determine the calibration periods of the sensors and how
their characteristics change with time. '
7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
This report demonstrates that the properties of different gas sensor technologies
can be evaluated for the UST environment. However, more work is needed to
thoroughly examine the sensing properties of these two sensor technologies.
It is recommended that:
1) Sensor stability should be characterized.
2) Sensors should be tested to determine their response to variations in
oxygen concentration to simulate bio-degradation occurring at the
UST sites [4].
3) Sensors should be tested to determine their response to variations in
concentration of UTS product or synthetic fuels to improve the
simulation of the UST environment.
4) Additional gas sensor technologies should be evaluated and their
responses analyzed for the UST environment.
-31-
-------
REFERENCES
1) Figaro Taguchi sensors are a product of Figaro Engineering of Japan
represented by Figaro USA, Inc., P. O. Box 357, Wilmette, IL 60091.
2) Adsistor Vapor Sensors are products of Adsistor Technology, P. O. Box
51160, Seattle, WA 98115.
3) Schlez, C., "Background Hydrocarbon Vapor Concentration Study for
Underground Fuel Storage Tanks," Draft Final Report for U.S. EPA,
Contract No. 68-03-3409, February 29, 1988.
4) Personal communication with Philip B. Durgin, Ph.D., U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las
Vegas, NV, November 1990. Presently at Vender-Root Company.
5) Grace, R., Guzman, M., Portnoff, M., Runco, P., Yannopoulos,
"Computational Enhancement of MOS Gas Sensor Selectivity," P-33,
Proceedings of the Third International Meeting on Chemical Sensors,
Cleveland, OH, September,1990.
6) Dolan, J., Jordan, W., "Detection Device", U. S. Patent # 3,045,198, July 17,
1962.
-32-
-------
APPENDIX A
Adsistor and Figaro Sensor
Product Literature
-33-
-------
•- --^ADSISf OR™^"^^^^^
-'-• VAPOR
--•• •»-*•.•">••;.£? •fi*?*'S^53Ki>''"V»'.av.. •-
\IQOR 3&$$%3@i*&!ii^
NO UK. -.-^^^?fTS?^
. • ._• : ••;.'-^T:-^'--^-:iS>?i5JJ7fJ'^^'rS?.:{i'v.
- *
-34-
-------
Adsorption Sensitive Resistor (Ad
Unlike other solid state sensors, the Adsistor does not use a hot element and has excellent repeatability and stability. This combined
with extremely low power requirements make the Adsistor well suited tor use a gas concentration transducer in conjunction with
computers, data loggers, medical gas analyzers. Ireon and halogenated hydrocarbon detectors, portable organopnospnate detectors.
and explosive mixture detectors.
The Adsistor sensor is sensitive to hundreds o( gases and vaporized liquids which allows (or a wide variety of applications. Some
current applications include fuel cell rupture alarms on airborne military vehicles, marine vessels, and in service stations. The
Adsistor's rugged construction and insensitivity to water vapor make it ideal for use in outdoor and other high humidity environments.
The electrical resistance measured across an Adsistor is determined by the
amount arid type of gas molecules adsorbed to its surface. (Adsorption is the
adhesion o( gas molecules to the surface of a solid. The tendency of a gas to be
adsorbed is proportional to the magnitude of hs van der Waals "a" constant)
In normal ambient conditions an Adsistor has a characteristic base resistance
which is determined by its method of construction. When the Adsistor is exposed
to gas or vapor, molecules of material are adsorbed upon the Adsistor's surface. A
dramatic increase in resistance can result depending upon the operating medium.
the van der Waals "a" constant of the intruding gas. its liquefaction temperature.
and .the concentration of the gas.
For most gases the Adsistor conforms to the relation.
R = R,10 c"t. Temp * constant
Where R is the measured resistance: Re Is the base resistance prior to exposure: C
is the concentration of the intruding gas; and K is a constant depending on the gas
and the ambient temperature. In figure 1 are graphed resistance vs. concentrations
for various substances.
Changes in ambient temperature make a difference in the resistance developed
for a given concentration of a gas. In figure 2 are graphed resistances vs.
concentrations for trichloroethane at various temperatures.
Response to an increase in concentration of an Intruding gas is very rapid. The
effect of a decrease in concentration occurs more slowly. Time is required for
the gas molecules to desorfa from the Adsistor's surface.
Base resistance (R) response to changing temperature is linear, provided that the
change is not rapid.
See figure 3.
ADSISTOR™
VAPOR SENSOR
APPLICATIONS:
• LEAK DETECTOR • POLLUTION MONITOR
• RUPTURE ALARM • GAS ANALYZER
• PROCESS CONTROL • SPILL ALARM
ADSISTOR TECHNOLOGY"
U»MneAcKlm»P.O.BoxSM60 • SwOM. Washington Ml 15
-35-
-------
XJ •< \ [
-------
COMBUSTIBLE GAS SENSOR (1QQV CtRckirf VOLTAGE)
Features
• Large output signal to drive an alarm circuit directly.
• Lorx^erm stability. j
Applications j
• Domestic and industrial gas detectors tor propane. K
methane and other combustible gases. ,
TGS 109 Structure
Basic Measuring Circuit
n
LJ
Spectticsuons
i r-TTT-n
! I I M<
s :
Ji ost-
MocW
Occmt oondAiona
Datecboa ran^v
TGSW9
Cireurt voltage (Vt|: 100V AXX or DC.
Hoatervottaga(VK): MN AXX or DjC.
Load resistaroj (R.): 4KQ
H»«of pomw consumodon (Px): Appnxc. 44OmW
SOO-1ODOO pom ot ptopane, meowne
SQOQ 10000
rtfOOr~<
Figaro tor otf^f QH»ctiO*«
COMBOSTBLE GAS SENSOR (24V MAX CtRCUrT VOLTAGE)
TGS 109 S«nsttivtty
Characteristics
(Typical data)
Featurea
• Long-term stability.
• Small influence of noise gases.
• Excellent repeatability.
•Versatile circuit voltage.
Applications
• Domestic and industrial gas
detactors lor propane, methane
and other combustible gases.
Baste Mexuring Circuit
1GS
TGS 813 Structure
-I- ^ -^ «H-«r,SUS31«
Sensor Bamert
TGS 816 Structure
*»««. SUS3W
Specifications
QroA
TOS8T3
T3SOW
(C«r»nc hotaing)
Circuit vonaoa (Vt): 2
-------
HIGH SENSITIVITY TO ORGANIC VAPOURS
Feature
• High soosinvny to organic vapours such as alcohol.
Applications
• Brootfi alcohol detectors, organic vapour monitors and industrial
gas detocors.
Specifications
Mooot
Structure
Circuit condixxtj
Dettcao<* goal
and DM cMMcdon
rang*
TGSS22 |
Samo as TCS813 I
1GS 823 (Cenmc nousingl
Sama as TGS 816
Circuit vonaga (Vc|: 24V max. AC. or DC.
Heater votiaga (V")" SV AC. or DC.
H«ai«r po««r consumrxon (PH): Approx. 6SOmW
Ethanol
n-Pvnne
ivHcxxrw
Benzana
Acetone
Mmfianol
M«myl «riyl katxte
SO -10.000 ppm
SO- S.OOO ppm
50- S.OOO ppm
SO- S.OOO ppm
SO- 5.000 ppm
50- S.000ppm
SO- 5.000 ppm
caraa Fqm tar am* e
HIGH SENSITIVITY TO AMMONIA (NH3)
TGS 822 Sensltrvrty Characteristics
HIGH SENSITIVITY TO HYDROGEN SULRDE (H2S)
Feature
« Hi#> sonsrSvity » ammonia.
Appdcatioos
* Incfctssnal detectors tor ammonia.
• Auomanc control in ventilation systems for poultry sheds and
ttvestocx: terms.
Sp«cfficstions
Feature
• High sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide.
Application
• Industrial detectors tor toxic gases.
MooW
Sauoure
Circuit cut Oicjav
Dmcuaif»np»
"IG5SZ4 (C«arrac nomangj
Sam« as 1GS&16
Circuit vortaga (vb): 24V max. AC. or DC.
He«wvoRaga(VH): SV AC. or DC.
Heaw poffoe cxxnumption (Px): Approx. <2OmW
30-300ppmo(NK,
Specification*
Mod*
SnuctijM
Circuit condibora
TGS82S (Corarruc housng)
Sama u luitnb
Circuit vonag* (vt): 21V max. AC. or DC.
Hmtar voltage (V«): SV AC or D.C.
Haaar poopr comumoton (Pn): Arxxot.6SOmW
S-WOppmof HiS
y
i
i i i 111
• «» SO £«»•%<»•«««-
TGS824 S«n«itrvtty Chaiactedstics
flypeal eJasa)
TGS 825 S«n«Wvtty Ct»ract«dstics
{Typical data)
-38-
-------
-39-
-------
APPENDIX B
Adsistor and Figaro
Sensor Test Data
-40-
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o
ITT
i*-*
to
w'
-
0
r-"
CM
r-.
03"
CM
CD.
CM
OJ
tri
in
cn
01
CO
o
o
o
o
in
o
o
in
o
5?
;r-;
CO
o
o
co
o
CD
ui
0
CD
a
0
co"
Ol
ci
o
CO
n
CD.
CD*
o
!o
•n
°
g
n
CM
n
5?
CM
cri
CO
CO
CO
5
CO
CD'
CD
CO
oi
in
in
d
r-
CD
%
03
5
O
in
iri
00
m
Ol
CO
o
o
o
Ol
o
o
in
-
CO
cn
c
cn
t--
CD
o
Ol
in
r-I
o>
CD
01
ui
Ol
CD
rs!
Ol
•
3
O
0
CM
O
O
in
r--
01
ci
CO
oi
t-.
f-
03
CO
0
$
Is-
CO
oi
in
r-.
o
r-"
CO
Ol
z
r~-
CO
oi
CO
co
o
CO
in
00*
s.
CO
CO'
o
8
0
o
N
1
o'
c:
oi
CM
T—
^
••t
o
co.
oi
Ol
oi
03
5
CD
Tf
CD
oi
CO
CO
iri
CM
o
o
o
CM
o
o
in
-42-
-------
Table i
pp<"
15O02
15002
15002
32: Figs
pp™
0
0
0
150
~0
0
0
0
0
0
500
500
500
500
4999
500
iro 823
PED FOR X
C4H10
1 PPm
0
50
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
fso
500
1500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
0
0
0
500
500
500
500
500
500
Measui
YUENE 10
C8H10
ppm
B
0
6"
" 0
0
0
3Cf
100
300
1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
30
100
300
1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
•ements
0,1000
C8H10
823*1
0£2
7.8E+04
0.3
1.1
2.0
O
16.7
C8H10
823 *2
0.46
7.0E+04
0.1
0.6
1.5
4 3
11.3
31.7
0.1
0.1
0 1
0.1
46.8
170.8
394.5
2380.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
4.3
30.6
100.0
274.8
1OOO.O
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
2^9
10.7
0.0
61)
T4
11.1
296.1
1189.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.0
13.2
280.0
0.0
0.2
6.2
0.2
434.1
0.3
111.3
0.3
670.8
706 5
728.6
747 4
792.7
768.0
3220.1
C8H10
823*3
CM7
1 5JOE+O4
0.1
0.5
1.1
3T
7.7
20,1
0.1
oil
oil
oTTl
22.1
67.4
139.6
311.0
718.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
9.6
45.0
" 244.0
1000.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
O2
i 2.2
7.6
0.0
O6
5.4
27.4
102.2
357.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
2.2
20.5
338.5
0.0
0.2
3.8
0.2
152.6
02
708
0.2
246.3
246.3
245.5
246.3
261.9
245.5
891.0
C8H10
823*4
0.46
8.OE+O4
0.1
0.3
0.8
2.1
5.1
13.4
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
17.6
52.7
108.7
238.7
531 4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
31.6
100.0
290.2
0.2
0.1
1.2
4.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
3.8
19.31
71.3
253.3 1
0.5
3.5
32.5
346.3
o.oj
0.1
2.3
0.11
112.5
0.1
102.01
0 2|
263.51
261.51
259 1|
257.71
2690
254 .4]
744.9
C8H10
823*5
0.77
1.6E+05
1.4
4.0
6.7
12.1
20.4
35.3
1^5
1.4
1.3
1.3
43.1
86.8
131.8
203.6
317.3
1.5
1.2
1.1
M
20.2
54.3
216.5
1000.0
2.3
0.2
0.8
1-5
3.2
6.2
12.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
7.1
18.4
43.6
88.7
183.7
. 0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.9
4.0
12.6
72.2
535.1
0.4
2.0
12.2
1.9
135.4
1.8
83.S
184.5
182.0
180.5
179.3
182.4
177.8
362.1 1
C8H10
823 «£
0.57
1.0E+05
0.3
1.2
5.1
23.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
27.1
72 9
137.8
273.1
511.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
12.7
50.1
100.0
207.5
1000.0
0.7
0.0
0.2
0.4
1.2
3.2
6.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
7.9
-30.7
100.8
312.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.6
7 5
43.6
631.4
0.0
0.5
5.8
0.5
147.5
0.5
101.5
0.6
252.8
247.7
244.9
243.1
253.5
242.1
659.3
Average Sid. Pev.
0.56 0.12
8.1E*04| 3.6E+04
O.X I 0.5
1JI 1.4
2-41 jj
10.6 5.3
23-5 8.6
O.XI 0.5
0.41 0.5
0.4 1 0.5
0.31 0.5
30.01 12.0
84.41 44.1
168.01 112J
362.5 307.1
7S3.4| 782.8
0.4 0.5
"I °-4
0.31 0.4
0.31 0.4
10.7| 5.8
43.5 10.0
100.01 0.0
233.81 36.1
1000.01 0.0
0.7| 0.8
0.01 0.1
0.2 0 3
1.2 1.0
3-0| 1.7
8.4 3.3
0.0 j 0.1
0.01 0.1
2.3 2.4
8.0 SJZ
36.01 18.0
411.81 387.5
0.01 0.1
0.0! 0.1
0.01 0.1
0.2{ OJ
1.4 1.4
5.8 4.5
38.81 21.5
437.8 1 136.7
0.1 OJ2
0.5 0.7
180.2 126.1
0.51 0.6
823 15.1
0.7 0.8
288.7: 186.0
302.3: 201.6
304.2, 211.3
306.7: 21 8.2
321.2; 234.8
308.51 228.3
1042.6 1086.7
%Dev.
J37.6%
M.8%
142.3%
23.0%
180.BV.
84.0%
58.1%
38.7%
181.7%
187.3%
188.1%
58.3%
52.4%
72J2%
84.1%
174.8%
182.3%
183.3%
184.3%
1413%
100.0%
75.0%
55.4%
31.2%
166.3%
118.3%
120.5%
70.0%
16.4%
113.2%
62.3%
66.7%
69.5%
71.5%
73.1%
74.0%
104.2%
-43-
-------
Table B2: Hgaro 823 Measurements Cont
H20
ppm
150021
15002
15002
15002
15002
1S002
4999
1667
0
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
4999
1667
0
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
CK4
ppm
SOO
500
500
500
0
SOO
500
SOO
500
500
C4H10
ppm
500
500
500
500
0
SOO
500
SOO
500
500
49991 500
500
500
500
500
500
500
0
500
500
500
SOO
SOO
0
4999
500
4999
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
4999
SOO
SOO
500
SOO
0
500
500
500
500
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4999
SOO
4999
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C8H10
Ppm
100
1000
100
100
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1000
100
100
0
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• o
0
0
0
0
0
1000
100
1000
C8H10
823*1
155.6
127 1.'9
148.6
148.3
0.3
151.9
95.0
64.7
39.5
163.0
172.0
166.7
402.1
158.8
1430.2
151.3
151.0
0.2
154.9
94.8
63.4
37.9
166.7
0.4
15.1
3.9
. 15.3
0,4
0.4
0.3
0.3
288.8
83.1
295.0
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
1243.2
62.7
1257.4
Ol 2.6
C8H10
823*2
735.6
309O4
717.8
735.6
0.1
647.1
364.8
219.9
117.4
815.3
576.5
561.2
1887.5
541.2
1822.9
53O.O
541.2
0.3
485.5
299.0
194.8
114.5
59O.3
0.2
30.0
4.9
31.9
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
1883.1
370.8
2351.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
• 0.1
2312.4
96.8
2602.8
1.2
C8H10
823*3
235.2
1579.9
219.6
224.1
0.1
222.8
119.3
71.6
38.7
252.5
2S9.7
243.6
874.5
233.5
1542.9
218.1
??? fi
0.1
221.2
119.2
71.9
39.0
250.5
0.2
18.7
3.1
19.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
631.5
120.0
660.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1302.S
54.4
1329.4
0.9
,
C8H10
823*4
C8H10
823*5
I
238.11 170.0
149351 11983
???.9| 157.8
225.7 1 159.8
0.1
??<; i
117.7
1 5
164 8
114.2
71.8| 84.1-
39.61 56 0
256.41 175.5
238.8I 203.2
227.4I 197.2
585.1 1 456.4
214.51 187.1
1079.0 1 1872.9
202.51 171.3
204 .6 1 173.8
0.2| 0.7
204.21 180.3
115.41 117.0
74.81 81.5
44.31 50.4
229.01 194.2
0.11 1.9
12.0i 31.8
1.9
12.1
11.1
32.C
0.1 1 1.8
0.11 1.7
0.11 1.6
0.1 1 1.6
464.01 306.C
83.3
113.2
469.41 300.1
0.1 1 1.7
0.11 1.4
0.11 1.4
0.1 1 1 .4
1278.8
! 1154.£
73.2! 63>
1288.91 1169.0
0.6
5.1
CSH10
823*6
217.7
1688.9
214.5
214.5
0.4
225.2
133.2
88.4
54.1
245.4
266.6
253.9
729.8
227.0
1966.6
223.5
223.5
0.3
235.2
135.3
87.8
52.4
257.6
0.5
21.9
4.9
22.1
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
488.6
112.4
498.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
1637.1
71.1
1897.3
2.0
I
Xvwft^o (Std. D«v.
282.1
1720.5
280 2.
284.7
0.4
272.8
157.4
100.1
57.6
318.0
286.1
275.0
B22JB
260.4
1619.1
220.0
606.1
216.8
223.5
0.6
186.2
102.4
50.3
30.3
247.0
146.6
143.8
550.0
140.3
334.7
249.5 1 140.2
2S2JI 144.1
OJ
246JS
0.2
120.4
146^1 75.7
85.71 48 3
56.41 29.1
281.41 155.2
0.5 1 0.7
21 .6 1 8.0
5.0
3J2
22.1 1 8.4
Oi| 0.6
Oil 0.6
Oil 0.6
Oi| 0.6
677.0! 604 J
147.1
110.7
762X1 790i
Oil 0.6
0.41 Oi
0.4
0.4
Oi
Oi
148S.2I 436.1
70 .31 14.6
1590.81 559.8
2.11 1.7
%Dev.
75.3%
40i%
77.4%
78.5%
132.1%
68.3%
65.0%
50 .3%
52.7%
77.7%
51.2%
52J}%
66.8%
53.8%
| 20.7%
56.2%
57.0%
68.8%
48.8%
51.6%
51i%
51i%
55.2%
125.8%
36.8%
64.1%
37.8%
128i%
130i%
131i%
131i%
89.3%
75.3%
103.7%
120i%
128.8%
132^%
133.4%
28 .3%
20.8%
35.2%
80.5%
-44-
-------
1551^1
H20
15002
1S002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
33: Figj
CH4
0
50
500
4999
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
150
1500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
0
0
sool
500
4999
Jro 822
C4H10
ppm
(
0
0
(
0
0
50
50C
499S
C
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
150
15OO
0
0
0
0
0
500
0
500
500
500
Measu
C8H10
ppm
B
(
0
(
(
(
(
C
C
C
1C
100
100C
e
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
100
0
0
0
100
1OO
100
100
"ementj
C8H10
822*1
1.18
6.2
14.{
21.8
31."
63.:
6.1
6.0
126.5
177.1
249.C
6.1
28.2
100.0
212.3
1000.0
9.0
26.0
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
15.3
3O.9
63.1
110.8
2.2
2.1
4.7
3O.4
4.7
8.2
34.4
7.8
133.8
97.9
172.4
173.1
178.4
5
C8H10
622*2
0.04
5.4E+05
2.1
5.0
7.7
12.£
19.8
31.X
2.C
2.0
1.9
83.2
124.5
191.9
2 2
2.1
2.1
23.7
55.8
100.0
201.6
1OOO.O
2.5
4.0
6.7
11.2
19.8
0.8
0;7
0.7
0.7
10.1
20.4
39.9
71.8
140.7
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.7
2.8
10.0
27.5
695.9
1.7
3.5
17.3
3.2
959
3.2
1O0.3
1525
153.1
153.5
153.9
157.3
154.3
265.4
C8H10
822*3
0.51
1JH+05
0.2
U5
3.2
8.7
20.6
51.1
0.2
02
0.2
0.1
60.:
1895
376.9
776.3
1611.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
62
35.4
10OC
270.5
1000.0
0.3
O2
0.5
1.7
5.4
18.0
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
1.9
13.3
72.8
.258.3
865 8
OO
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.5
14.2
242.7
0.0
0.2
8.5
0.2
398.1
0.2
85.1
0.3
551.5
541.1
534.3
531.8
555.4
525.5
1933.1
C8H10
822*4
OL52
1J2£^S
0.2
O.G
i.e
4.7
10.6
25.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
33.1
92.4
177.6
367.6
757 7
O2~
0.1
0.1
0.1
8.2
40.1
100.0
237.7
1000.0
0.4
oT
0.4
T3
3.5
11.0
0.0
0.0
0 o
0.0
2.2
11.41
46.9|
145.51
454.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.11
0.71
4.0
32.2
449.4
0.0|
0.31
tsi
0.31
182.8
0.3
107.7
0.3I
325.6 1
319.2"
317.61
316.91
330.1
317.6
979.31
"•' - in-
CBH10
822*5
0.77
1 3.0E+0
1.3
4.9
14.9
27
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.2
72.3
113.5
185.7
311.2
1.5
, M_
1.0
18 '
54.3
100.0
187.5
1000.0
0.8
3.1
13.5
0.2
0.2
6.6
43.4
90.4
196.4
0.2
0.2
0.8
3.7
61.7
632.8
0.5
2.0
1.9
1.9
105.1
2.2
188.7
186.6
184.9
184.6
188.4
184.0
3786
C8H10
822 *6
2.1E+05
0.5
4.9
23.'
0.5
0.4
0.4
167.^
754.1
0.5
0.4
37.7
270.6
0.5
4.3
• 34.0
0.0
3,2
87.8
0.0
0.0
0.7
346.4
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.7
554.6
595.8
619 5
2437.6
C8H10
5.1E+05
1.7
7.4
22.1
1J8
1.7
1.6
111.7
3S7.7
1.9
1.6
46JB
230.0
1.6
5.5
23.4
0.5
0.5
6.6
58.01
0.61
0.5
4.6
502.0
2JS
2J|
i3
. 2.8i
321.3!
326.01
1048,3:
C8H10
6.4E-I-05
2.3
1-
11.5
2.'
2^
9 •)
53J
296.7
2.'
2J2
10.2
35.'
•L2.
5.4
12.8
0.7
0.7
5.3
18.9
o.e
0.8
5.3
184.0
3.1
2.9
2.8
3.4
185.0
184.0
932.3
C8H10
124.9%
132.8%
88.8%
51.S%
133.3%
135.6%
48.3%
74.6%
126^%
139 .2%
•21.7%
15.4%
132.8%
88.4%
55.3%
158^%
159J%
80.8%
32.1%
159.5%
159.0%
115.0%
36.7%
123.7%
124.6%
124.6%
122J%
57.6%
59^%
88.9%
-45-
-------
able B3: Figaro 822 Measurements Conl.
H20
ppm
CH4
ppm
1S002I 500
15002
15002
15002
1S002
15002
4093
1657
0
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
1S002
15002
15002
4992
1667
0
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
1S002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15002
15005
15002
15002
500
500
500
0
500
500
500
500
500
4999
500
500
500
'500
500
50C
C
50C
50<
50C
50<
50<
(
499<
50C
499£
(
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
i
C4H10
ppm
500
500
500
500
0
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
499S
500
500
50C
50C
C
50C
50C
50C
50C
SOC
(
(
(
(
1
1
i
i
499J
SO
499$
C8H10
ppm
100
1000
100
100
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1000
10C
10C
0
IOC
IOC
IOC
10C
10C
(
(
(
(
C
(
I
!
I
I
I
• I
I
100
10
100
C8H10
822*1
165.9
1019.8
164.2
165.1
7.0
163.4
133.3
110.5
87.3
171.8
211.1
203.2
405.2
192.1
2001.8
189.7
191.C
3.2
188.5
144.£
113.£
83.9
201.1
6.E
61.'
28.:
62.5
6.f
6.6
6.5
6.5
244.1
111.J
242.S
7.
6.'
6.2
6.
91 3 J
90>
943.
24.
C8H10
822*2
149.4
1045.8
147.8
149.0
3.0
142.0
109.1
87.1
66.0
151.6
174.7
170.6
332.5
163.9
1796.4
161.7
163.2
1.3
154.C
111.;
84 .'
60.(
166.9
2.9
33.'
13.5
33.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.1
188.1
76.7
192.:
2.i
2,5
2>
.' 2.-
962.:
84.
978.
11.
C8H10
822*3
474.5
1764.9
454.8
462.2
0.2
476.8
257.6
162.7
93.7
531.8
473.4
450.2
1466.7
410.4
1350.5
394.9
4O0.7
0.3
412.2
235.9
155.5
94.3
455.'
0.2
44.6
7.5
45.:
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1531.:
298.
1507.2
0.2
0.2
0.
0.
1114.
52.
1127.
0.
CSH10
822*4
288.0
1622.3
270.4
275.1
C8H10
822*5
174.2
1088.5
165.4
165.7
0.2| 1.4
285.0
166.3
113.9
72.4
332.2
314.6
303.2
893.4
276.0
1450.2
259.8
264.2
0.3
273.2
169.5
116.9
88.1
62.0
184.9
206.8
201.3
460.5
189.1
1546.9
178.1
178.5
0.8
183.2
162.91 119.7
113.31 86.5
73.4
316.6
0.3
22.6
4.2
22.S
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
690.7
140.C
702.C
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
57 .{
202.'
1.6
24.2
8.'
24.1
1.5
1..
1>
\.t
274. 1
95J
284.I
1.1
1.:
1.
1.
1135.41 924.'
66.31 78.
1178.C
1.C
1019.
5.<
C8H10
822 «6
558.9
1894.5
579.8
599.4
0.5
536.8
331.1
228.2
' 149.8
683.7
608.6
583.C
2191.9
527.8
1717.9
546.9
564.7
0.6
. 507.6
318.1
?7?.1
147.8
641.4
0.6
51. 1
11.(
55.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1701.2
291.5
1755.7
0.5
0.-
0.'
0.'
955.
63.
953 >
i.:
C8H10
W»TBfl«
301.8
C8H10
Std. Dcv.
175.6
1 406.0 i 398.5
237.11 180.5
302.7
2.0
285.6
185.7
131.8
88.5
342.7
331.5
318.6
058.4
233.2
1644.3
288.5
187.4
2.7
172.1
80.5
54.7
32^<
220.3
174.3
165.2
738.0
146.2
241.0
152.0
283.7) 150.1
1.11 1.1
286.4 i 143-3
182.1
80.1
123 J I 52^
66.2
330.6
2.1
38.6
33 2.
185.6
2.6
15.5
12JI 8.5
40.7
2.0
1.0
16 J
2-5
2J5
1.9| 2.4
1.91 2.
771.51 680.
169.1
78O.£
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.7
1000.fi
72.6
09.8
687.
2.
2,
2-3
2J
08.
14.
1033J5I 97 J
7.51 9.2
C8H10
X Dev.
50.2%
28JT%
60.T%
61 &Y.
130.1%
58.2%
48^%
41i%
36.6%
64 J%
52.6%
51^%
77.1%
49^%
14.7%
53,0%
54i%
105.0%
5QJDV.
44.0V.
40.4%
38.6%
56.1%
123^%
38.2%
69^%
40.1%
126.1%
127.7%
128.2%
127^%
88i%
50.0%
88.1%
128.5%
132.0%
133^%
133J%
9^%
19.4%
9.4%
123.6%
-46-
-------
1 P hip A ' tinl 3 7E+05' 1 np^n
5| 2.2
6.61 5.2
10.61 8.2
18.51 13.S
29.91 21.S
49. £
•±A
2.1
2.3
. .U
9.3
2b.e
86.4|
533.1
1 4
2.6
20.9
3.2
139.1
2.8|
3.5
2136I
211 2
208.9
207 .9 1
216.41
20561
•11541
>( 35.7
I 2.1
1 2.0
1 1.£
I 1.9
1 32.0
1 63.6
! 91.7
1 1 43.3
I 238.5
I 2.1
1 1.7
I 1.6
1 1.5
I 16.0
1 43.5
1 100.0
1 276.8
1 1000.0
I 4.1
1 0.4
1 1.8
i 3.2
I 6.1
11.0
20.9
I 04
I 0.4
I 0.4
I 0.4
8.6
19.1
39.7
1624
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
2.3
8.9
30.9
L 139.7
506.2
1.2
2.1
14.9
2.5
103.4
2.3
3.0
178.3
' 177.8
176.3
174.7
179.8
173.0
3170
1.
2;
4.
12.4
20.4
1.1
0.9
O.J
0.9
18.J
37.
54.8
91.'
165.6
1.0
0.8
O.t
0.8
14.1
41.3
100.0
322.1
1000.0
2.7
0.2
1.1
2.0
3.7
6.4
11.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
5.4
11.5
23.1
44.7
102.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
1.7
7.9
26.5
113.5
395.2
0.8
1.2
8.9
1.4
64.8
1.2
121.4
1.7
159.6
158.5
155.6
153.4
156.2
149.2
253.8
CSH10 I C8H10
812*16 1 812 «17
1.O4 1 Q.69
2.SE+OSI 3.2E+04
1 ~
2.41 0.2
|
C8H10
812*18
.
1.08
3.4E+0:
?l
1 .
iS«cl. Dev.
0.911 0.14
>l 2.6E+05I 1.6E+05
I
1 Ql 1
6.01 o.sl 67i o
9-OI 0.91 1001 7;
14^4 1.91 15.61 12.C
21.7) 3.6 ?5~q Tn"!
33.3 1 TT
2.4 1 0.2
2.3I 0.1
2.21 0.1
2^1 'oTi
30.01 6.71
55.71 154;
78.01 2491
123.01 4741
218.21 10331
2-81 0.2]
2.31 O.lT
2.11 0.11
2.01 o.li
~T^8l 77l
44.31 30.51
100.01 10001
391.81 52681
1000.01 1000.01
6.81 0.81
oeil o~6T
2.51 0.21
4.11 0.31
7-11 0.71
11.51 ' 1.6J
19.31 3.61
^7i 6~oT
0.6! 001
OjS Q.oi
0.61 OOJ
9.51 T4T
"Taei 3~6T
34.31 B.7J
60.51 2041
124.5! 5761
0.91 0.01
0.71 0.01
_ 0-7! 0.01
0.71 0.01
~2^i osT
9.71 • 4.11
32.11 21.61
152.6! 120.11
432.9; 227.41
2.61 0.21
2-41 0.21
~f^9i OT
3.01 0.31
87.9' 31,21
2.8: 0 21
117.9: 123.91
4.0: 041
1848: 14941
187.8: 14871
187.2. 14581
185.S; 142.3!^
189.0l 14441,
182.6' 13641
309.6 224 6:
34.7
2.7
2.fc
2.6
2.b
30.1
54.b
75.6
116.3
189.0
2.9
2.5
2.3
2.3
20.0
46.8
100.0
357.8
1000.0
6.4
0.8
3.1
49
8.3
13.1
21.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
10.2
19.b
35.1)
- 60.5
121.8
121
0.91
0.9
0.8
3.b
12.1
33.5
148./I
487.0
2.7
2.7
172
33|
85.0
3 1
1166
4.^
1677
168.6!
168.2I
166.41
169.91
163.51
1 2.5
3.
6.
T n~5
30.1 1 14.1
1.81 TO
1-71 1.0
1.71 0.8
1-7 0.9
26.2 11.7
51.21 22.;
1 74.1 1 32^
j 118.91 4S.7
1 207.1 1 75.6
. 1.61 O.S
1.51 O.I
1 1.41 O.f
1 15.71 4.<
1 42.31 6.2
100.01 O.t
1 351.31 103.(
1000.01 O.t
4.2 2:i
0.4 i o.;
2.01 1.2
3.31 1.9
5.91 3.2
10.2 5.5
18.2 9.7
0.5 0.3
0.4 0.3
6~4l 0.3
0.4 0.3
7.7 3.7
16.41 78
62.1
134.3
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
i2.
8.7
28.4 1
126.81
430 J|
1.5
1.9
13.41
2.31
85^1
2.1 1
121.71
2.81
175.6
175.4!
173.71
171.71
175.81
168.41
30.2
60.S
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.0
2.7
4.5
25.2
111.3
1.0
.1.0
6.7
1.2
36.3
4.1
1.5
22 5
22.3
22.7
23.4
25.5
24.6
'/, Dev. •
15.3%
62.6%
53.4%
52.2%
50.4%
48.4%
56.0%
55.9%
55.9%
56.0%
44.4%
44.2%
43.6%
40.8%
36.5%
56.6%
57.5%
57.6%
57.5%
28.2%
14.6%
0.0%
29.3%
0.0%
^53.5%
63.2%
59.1%
57.1 %
55.4%
54.1%
53.4%
62.7%
63.2%
63.2%
63.1%
48.2%
47 3%
4S.6%
45.3%
64.3%
64.4%
64.6%
64.5%
46.3%
30.6%
16.0%
19.8%
25.9%
67.6%
52.2%
50.0%
. 53.2%
42.5%
3.4%
52.1%
12.8%
12.7%
13.0%
13.6%
14.5%
14.6%
-47-
-------
Table 4: Figaro 812 Measurements Con't :
H20 CH4
ppm ppm
C4H10
ppm
isooil sool soo
1S002! 5001 500
15002 5001 500
1S002I 5001 500
C8H10
ppm
100
C8H10
812*13
193.3
1000| 1061.5
100
100
150021 01 0 0
150021 5001 500
49991 5001 500
16671 5001 500
01 SOOI 500
1S002I SOOf 500
150021 01 0
150021 49991 0
150021 500| 0
150021 49991 01
150021 0
150021 0
150021 0
150021 0
150021 0
0
0
0
0
4999
100
194.4
191.8
2.0
182.5
1001 132.8
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0
150021 0| 500| 0
150021 0
4999I 0
150021 01 0| 0
150021 0| 0
150021 0| 0
150021 01 0
150021 01 0
150021 0
150021 0
150021 0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
1000
100
1000
0
104.7
79.5
196.6
2.1
46.6
16.8
47.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
309.4
103.3
308.8
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
950.9
96.0
962.0
11.5
CSH10
812 *14
CSH10
812*15
i
161.01 141 4
1052.71 1048 1
162.4 1 1524
158.71 138.5
161 0.9
151.81 1279
111.41 85.5
87.81 63.2
65.61 43 9
161.7
1.7
132.0
0.8
34.81 20.0
13.01 7.1
35.3I 19.8
1,61 0.8
1.6| 0.7
1.51 0.7
1.51 0.7
229.91 163.7
80.1
50.7
231.61 160.8
1.71 0.8
1.41 0.7
1 3| 0.7
1.3 1 0.6
990.61 1063.4
93.01 106.7
985.9| 1030.8
10.71 11.9
C8H10
812*16
175 1
C8H10
812*17
130.2
1045.91 1064.6
20231 141 7
173.51 1255
2.21 0.2
156.71 111.2
108.81 688
81.81 47.1
58.7I 27.3
162.91 115.1
2.1
0.1
30.5I 6.2
12.81 1.5
30.8I 6.3
2.1
0.1
2.0I 0.1
1.91 0.1
1.91 0.1
204.4 1 93.9
71.61 20.9
204.41 946
2.51 0.1
2.0I 0.1
1.91 . 0.1
1.81 0.1
1045.9 1 1064.6
144.11 100.8
1031.7! 1031.5
30.0I 4 3
C8H10
812*18
1S7.1
i
i
Average |S
-------
Table o: Figarc
H20 CH4
, ppm ppm
) 813 Measure^
i
C4H10 I C8H10
ppm ppm
1S002J Uj 01 0
150021 SO 01 0
150021 150 00
150021 5001 61 0
15002 15001 6] 0
150021 49991 ~~ bT 0
15002 Ol 0| 0
150021 01
15002 ' 0
15002 0
0) . 0
01 0
0
15002 Ol 50
15002 0
15002 0
5002 0
5002 0
5002 0
ISO
0
0
0
5001 0
15001 0
4999
O
0
n
5002 0| 01 0
5002 01 • 0| 0
5002 01 0
5002 0
5002 01
5002 0
5002 0
5002 0
5002 0
01 0
0
61
0
0
0
0
0
0| 50 0
oj Tsol o
0| 5001 0
0| 1500
0| ^999
01 0
01 0
0 0
0 0
Ol 0
0
0
10
30
100
300
1000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
o| f>
~ 0
0
0
50
01 0 150
0
0
0
0
0
01 01 500 0
or 01 15001 o
01 01 49991 0
01 0
01 0
o: o
01 0
0| 0
01 0
01 • 0
01 0
01 0
01 0
• o
0
0
0
I 0
0
01 0
01 10
0
0
30
100
Ol '300
0
0
15002 0| 0
15002 5001 0
15002 0
15002 0
15002 0
0
1000
0
c
merits
CH4
813 *10
62.4
101.2
183.5
500.0
1388.7
50OO.O
60.6
60.1
60.0
59.7
113.8
257.5
469.4
1196.9
5135.6
57 A
~ 57.3
57.3
57.5
66.4
78.5
102.6
165.3
321.6
58.3
4.3
13.1
37.9
170.5
723.8
3858.2
3 7
3^9
4.1
4.3
10.6
27.8
99.2
416.7
2995.1
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.3
5.3
7.2
12.8
36.6
1 28.4
4.6
41.2
0| 635.7
0
r~ sofi o
0
15002 Ol 0
15002 0| 0
0
100
0
15002 5001 5001 100
15002 500I 500I 100
15002 500
15002 . 500
15002 4999
5001 100
5001 100
500
73.7
613.4
71.7
126.9
70.5
1294.7
1185.5
1110.3
1038.7
1001 6197.1
15002 5001 5001 1001 954.8
15002 5001 J999J 1001 65709
CH4
813*20
OA7
88.6
134.1
220.8
5000
1323.1
5000.0
85.0
82.5
81.4
80.6
156.2
299.3
492.0
1172.7
4542.2
69.2
CH4
8.1 3 «21
0.43 |
1.6E*05
59 2
112.5
1 280 3J
50000
62.3
623
62.3
62 2
1 22.9
24O.4
374.7
931 3
4416.6
49.2
48.1
69. 11 47.3
79.91 53 9
93.9
62.8
121.81 825
188.31 1329
370.31 297.3
69.21 47.5
6.31 4.1
17.31 16.5
47.11 544
186.61 251.7
667.01 850.6
3358.51 41608
C Cl -5-7
5.7 1 4.0
6.0I 4.1
6.2I 4.3
15.61 11.8
41.41 35.1
142.51 135.3
436.71 4899
2609.21 2920.8
5.61 37
CH4
813 r22
•
0.50
1.SE+05
909
133.41
216.11
500 01
1346.51
5000.0
90.1
88.9
88.2
88.1
1 35.2
228.0
322.3
636.5
2016.7
84.2
855
85.9
98.1
113.5
1880
CH4
813«r23
0.52
2.1 £+05 1
67 4
104.4
184.2
500.0
1359.4
50OOO
59.7
59.7
59.7
59.9
121.5
280.6
513.6
1353.9
5585.7
59.1
58.6
58.5
58.5
71.8
903
130.6
202.8
316.81 426.5
87.1| 62.0
6.8| 5.4
14.01 18.6
31.8) 53.4
128.7
210.5
548.4 1 765.8
3333.51 3522.7
6.2| 4.8
6.31 5.0
6.5
13.2
5.2
15.4
28.9I 42.1
81.71 138.0
257.1 1 523.2
1220.31 3224.7
5.91 4.7
5.81 4.01 6 1
601 4.1
6.3I 42
7.5
5.3
9.8I 70
16.81 128
47 21 37.1
170.11 158.5
6.4| 4.5
58.41 450
682.81 697 6
104.31 825
672.91 506.6
95.71 76.2
166.81 135.5
92.8I 75.4
4.9
6.31 5.1
6.51 5.2
8,51 8.1
11. 81 127
20.5I 25.8
49.3I 62.5
150 5
7.0
61.7
204.3
5.8
45.7
750.11 631 2
111.61 79.5
444.21 677 1
106.1 1 75.7
175.91 1687
104.71 73.5
CH4
813 *24
0.47
1.7E+05
101.7
145.3
235.4
1284.41
5000.0
91.7
905
898
89.3
1437
2569
403.7
904.1
3671.9
78.8
78.1
776
Averaa* iS(d. Dev
0.47I o.03
1.7E+05 2.1E+04
80.01 15.8
121.81 18.2
. 208 .31 20.7
500.01 o.O
1330.41 42.8
5000.01 0.0
74.01 15.5
74.01 14.8
73.61. 14.4
73JI 14.2
132^1 15.B
260.41 26.0
429.3! 74 5
1032.61 2583
4228.11 1264.0
66.8 1 13.0
66.3 1 13.6
66.1 1 14.1
66.01 14.3
95.7I 77.6I 172
116.2 92.51 20.4
151.51 121.51 2S.3
214.6J 182.01 292
445.7 363.01 61.8
81.6| 67.61 14.8
7.2 5.7I 1.3
20 5
57.9
16.6 1 2.8
47.11 10.3
249.4 1B0.6I 47.6
831.41 731.21 112.3
3711.1
6.1
6.5
6.7
69
180
47.2
3657.51 318.
4.91 1.
5J2I 1.
5.41 1.
5.61 1.
14.11 2.7
37.1 1 7.8
152.9 1 124.91 27.9
-487.61 435.21 95 5
2291.01 2543.51 725.1
6.1 5.0I 1.1
5.5I 5.2I 1.1
6.8| 5.41 1.2
7.01 5.61 1.2
12.1
20.8
7.8| 2.5
11.51 ' 5.1
44.2 22^1 11.8
107.51 56.71 26.6
338.51 191.71 76.1
8.1| 6.11 1.4
7291 54.21 12.2
781 1| 696.4] 60.3
127.2 96.51 21.1
608.31 603.7! 84.5
116.41 90.31 18.5
236.3 1 168.41 38.7
110.51 87.gi 17.2
L V. Dev.
0.0%
3.2%
0.0%
20.7%
20.0%
19.6%
19.4%
12.0%
10.0%
17.3%
25.0%
29.0%
1 9.5%
20.4%
21.3%
21 .6%
7? 1 *^
22.1%
20.8%
16.0%
17.0%
21.9%
22.8%
16.9%
21.8%
23.9%
15.4%
8.7%
21.7%
I • 21.5%
2i_2y
20.3%
1 9.4%
21 .0%
22.4%
21.9%
28.5%
21.2%
21 5%
21.3%
21.2%
32.6%
44.0%
53.6%
47.0%
39.7%
23.2%
22 6%
8.7%
21.9%
14.0%
20.5%
23.0%
19.6%
119791 1139.11 1045.41 1399.21 123731 1?188i Tn Ol iniV-
114651 9992
1120.81 9284
1091 31 854 6
1006.1
1339.11 1178.51 1142.5! 127.2
977.2| 1312.4
950.91 12966
615181 5768.01 674981 68447
11442 1098.91 135.7
109831 1055.11 150.2
6753.51 6410.81 435.1
1054.11 807.01 893.31 1223.51 105381 9377! 145 a
64.11 7
11.1%
12.4%
14.2%
6.8%
14.6%
5478. 71 3536.2! 777181 572651 60826 141191 232%
-49-
-------
fable 5: Fiqaro 813 Measurements Gon't
H20
ppm
1S002
15002
CH<
ppm
1
C4H10
ppm
C8H10
ppm
5001 5001 100
5001 5001 1000
150021 5001 5001 100
15O02
15002
500
5001 100
01 01 0
CH4
813*18
820.4
1487.9
839.0
813.9
61.9
150021 5001 5001 1001 958.4
49991 5001 500
1667
0
15002
5001 500
5001 500
5001 500
150021 01 0
1S002I 19991 0
15002
15002
5001 0
49991 0
150021 01 0
15002
01 0
150021 01 0
15002
15002
15002
15002
01 C
0| 499S
01 SOC
100
100
100
100
0
' 0
0
0
0
C
01 49991 0
150021 ui u
150021 01 0
150021 0! C
15002
01 C
1S002I 01 C
isooz
01 C
150021 01 C
150021 01 0
1 u
100<
10C
10CH
1
508.4
357.9
274.9
886.3
58.C
CH4
813*20
886.8
1639.7
927.0
914.7
74.7
879.6
478.5
338.S
264.5
909 .£
90.5
5298.71 6348.7
407.4
4238.5
56.4
56.2
55.9
56.0
5352.5
332.4
4616.2
53.7
53.7
53.£
331.3
91.'
323.J
54.7
S39.f
5639.2
89.'
87.5
86.9
86.5
5245.8
422.5
4636.9
787"
78.
77.
427.2
123.(
415.7
77. C
CH4
813*21
CH4
813*22
CH4
813*23
1
707 .0! 787.6I 1079.4
1584.71 1340.01 2111.3
755.21 869.71 1142.6
735.6
46,4
684.8
401.7
302.5
251.1
776.4
64.5
860.31 1133.1
94 2l 64.3
824.7
1145.0
407 4 1 659.9
272.9 1 492.6
199.2I 398.C
853.9I 1214.7
92.5I 66.C
6614.51 7565.01 4800.?
408.1
4957.0
59.9
59.2
617.41 431.5
6209.51 4506.£
90.51 64>
90.31 63.1
59.01 90.11 63.5
59.0
5343.7
301 .£
4534.4
4T2
46.C
45.2
323.£
80.4
330.7
51 .C
89.61 63.3
2290.21 5520.1
283.:
i 379.1
2064.61 5055.9
84.61 62i9
84.71 62.7
84.61 62.1
349.
130.
341.
) 87.
31 455.(
51 136.6
51 467.'
1 1 67 >
CH4
813 «24
899.3
1888.7
946.4
904.1
84.6
833.6
450.6
317.E
243.5
797.2
111.6
7011.:
529.6
5954.4
97.7
96.
. 94.5
94.'
4130.7
337.!
3703.5
84.
84.
84.
519.
156.5
531.
90
! 1
1 1
Werage rStd. Oev. i % Dov.
i 1
863.41 126.81 14.7%
1675.4 1 28O.2I 16.7%
913.3f 131.41 14.4%
803.6 1 134.4 1 15.0%
71.01 17.21 24.2%
887.71 154.51 17.4%
484.5 1 9S.2I 19.6%
347.1 1 77.1 1 22^%
271.91 67.11 24.7%
906.41 159.4) 17.6%
80.6I 21.01 26.0%
6273.21 1044.31 16.6%
489.0I 86.2I 17.6%
5250.81 803.71 15-3V.
76.3I 18.1 1 23.7%
75.61 17.7 1 23.5%
75.0 1 17.41 23.2%
74.81 17.21 23.0%
4647.2! 1259.01 27.1%
342.81 51.11 14.8%
4102.01 1091.51 26.b%
~ 69.21 ' 15.81 22.8%
68.51 16.21 23.6%
68.31 16.51 24.2%
67.01 16.71 24.5%
400.01 78.81 19.6%
119.8. 28.8I 24.0%
401.71 84.81 21.1%
71.3: 16.51 23.1%
•&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 - 750-002/50139
-50-
------- |