EPA/600/R-93/029
February 1993
ERL-DULUTH
SPOTLIGHT ON
RESEARCH
1992
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DIRECTOR'S PERSPECTIVE
As we continue into the 90's, our laboratory, like the
rest of the EPA, is in a period of change. Our mission to
develop the science needed by EPA in creating environmental
policies for use of freshwater resources continues.. However,
there are new areas of emphasis and some past research is
coming to a close. As the vision for EPA and the role of ORD
evolves, we expect that additional changes will occur.
ERL-Duluth and its Large Lakes Research Station in Grosse
lie, MI continue to lead EPA's research effort on the Great
Lakes. The mass balance modeling framework for lakewide
management planning was successfully demonstrated in the
multi-agency Green Bay study. Research to develop the science
necessary to improve and apply these models to whole lakes is
a major focus for the laboratory. Research on understanding
how exotic species impact freshwater ecosystems is a
significant new area of study. The Ecological Monitoring and
Assessment Program (EMAP) research conducted by ERL-Duluth is
providing exciting challenges requiring a fundamental
understanding of how the -Great Lakes ecosystems function. In
all the Great Lakes research, research partnerships with other
agencies and academic institutions provide a solid foundation
for meeting these challenges.
Our goal of developing the knowledge, methods and models
to predict the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic life forms the
framework for much of the laboratory's research. The
laboratory continues to provide a substantial scientific
effort in understanding the effects of contaminated sediments
on freshwater life. Within our predictive toxicology program,
reactive and bioaccumulatable chemicals are being emphasized.
Research contributing to the reassessment of the risk of
dioxin to aquatic life and wildlife is one of the laboratory^
highest priorities for thfe next few years. We look upon this
as one of the most intensive integrative projects that we have
attempted. At the same time, our effluent toxicity program
completed its mission to develop methods for identifying
chemicals of concern in municipal and industrial discharges.
Much of this knowledge has been successfully transferred to
the user community.
Our ecology program also continues to change. Research
to develop methods such!as littoral enclosures has evolved to
the development of models of ecological interactions leading
to predictions of ecological risk due to chemical stresses.
Our wetlands research is directed towards understanding
relationships between wetlands and water quality. Additional
research on Great Lakes coastal wetlands is now: included as
part of this mission. Finally, we continue to develop new
approaches to protect aquatic ecosystems through research on
watershed properties and non-point sources of stress that will
lead to improved ecologically based criteria.
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CONTENTS
'age
RESEARCH AREAS
Biotechnology 1
Contaminated Sediments Research
Quality criteria 2
Databases
ASTER 3
AQUIRE 4
QSAR 5
Ecosystem Response 5
Environmental Monitoring & Assessment Program (EMAP) 7
Global Climate 8
Introduced Species 9
Nonpoint Source Characterization 10
Point-Source Discharges/Effluent Characterization 11
Risk Assessment
Predictive toxicology „ 12
Wildlife criteria 13
Sediment TIE Document 14
Water Quality Criteria 15
Watersheds 16
Wetlands.. 17
RELATED ACTIVITIES
American Indian Program 18
Environmental Education Outreach 19
International Exchange 20
Research Seminars 21
Organizational Structure 22
Recent Publications 23
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Biotechnology
One of our goals is to develop and evaluate laboratory test
systems that portray how microorganisms may affect natural systems.
These systems, called microcosms, are needed to evaluate new microbial pest
control agents and new forms of microorganisms used in bioremediation
or by industry.
We have developed and continue to test several types of microcosms.
TEMPOCORE is the name of one of the new systems. It is based on soil
cores collected from a dried,, temporary pool of water. The cores contain
resting or inactive stages of algae, zooplankton, protozoa and other fauna.
When a core is placed in ajar and water is added, soon natural populations and
natural nutrient concentrations will develop. After stabilizing, the populations
provide all the functions, including predation, found in natural systems.
Measuring effects of new microorganisms in such a system can
produce an authentic measure of direct or indirect effects.
For more information contact
Dick Anderson (218) 720-5616
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Contaminated Sediments Research -
Quality Criteria
Guidelines for deriving Sediment Quality Criteria (SQC) are
being examined to validate the ability of predictive EPT (Equilibrium
Partitioning Theory) relationships to protect benthic communities.
Tissue residue/toxicity relationships are being studied to establish cause
and effect tissue concentrations to aid in the verification of SQC and the
development of food chain models.
To perform reliable assessments of contaminated sediments for
regulatory/remediation activities it is necessary to have standard methods
such as bioaccumulation protocols and toxicity tests. ERL-D is
developing test methods for contaminated sediments using three species:
the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, the chironomid, Chironomus tentans,
and the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus. Some of the reasons for
choosing these species include: a) ecological relevance, b) ability to
assess acute and chronic toxicity endpoints, and c) ease of
culturing and handling. ERL-D also is developing toxicity
identification evaluation procedures for sediments to
pinpoint contaminants responsible for toxicity in
samples that theoretically, could contain , "'
thousands of different chemicals.
For more information please contact
GaryAnkley (218) 720-5603.
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DatabasesiASTER
Assessment Tools for the Evaluation of Risk
' ASTER was developed by ERL-D to assist regulators in
performing ecological risk assessments. ASTER is an integration of
the AQUIRE (AQUatic toxicity Information REtrieval) toxic effects
database and the QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships)
system, a structure activity-based expert system. ASTER is designed to
provide high quality data for discrete chemicals when available in the
associated databases and QS AR-based estimates when data are lacking.
ASTER is currently available to governmental agencies through the
U.S. EPA National Computing.Center. Training is available
and consists of a brief overview and hands-on computer
access to the ASTER system.
For more information please contact
Christine Russom (218) 720-5709.
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Databases: AQUIRE
AOUatic toxicity Information REtrieval
The AQUIRE database provides quick access to a comprehensive,
systematic, computerized compilation of aquatic toxic effects data
Scientific papers published both nationally and internationally on the
toxic effects of chemicals to aquatic organisms and plants are collected and
reviewed for AQUIRE. Independently compiled laboratory
data files that include AQUIRE parameters and meet the quality
assurance criteria are also included. Acute, sublethal and
bioconcentration effects are recorded for freshwater and marine
organisms. AQUIRE consists of over 99,710 individual test results
on computer file. These tests contain information for 5,500 chemicals
and 2,361 organisms, extracted from over 6,650 publications. All
AQUIIRE data entries have been subjected to established quality
assurance procedures. AQUIRE is a VAX-bassed system located
at the National Computer Center. The database can be accessed
through the EPA network via the VAX system or through
a modem and personal computer.
For more information please contact'
Christine Russom (218) 720-5709.
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Databases: QSAR
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship
\
QS AR is an expert system which provides immediate information
on physical-chemical properties, fate and effects of organic chemicals
to the environment. QSAR utilizes structure-activity relationships:
statistical methods which relate the structure and physiochemical proper-
ties 'of compounds to biological activity. The QSAR system includes a
database of measured physiochemical properties such as melting point,
boiling point, vapor pressure, and water solubility as well as more than
56,000 molecular structures stored as SMILES (Simplified Molecular
Input Line Entry System) strings for specific chemicals. When
empirical data are not available mechanistically-based predictive models
are used to estimate ecotoxicology endpoints, chemical properties,
biodegradation, and environmental partitioning. QSAR is a VAX-
based system located at the National Computer Center. The data
base can be accessed through the EPA network via the VAX
system or through a modem and personal computer.
For more information please contact
Christine Russom (218) 720-5709.
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Ecosystem Response
We continue to develop and refine the
littoral enclosure design and protocol for testing the effects
of pesticides and other toxic compounds in natural aquatic ecosystems.
Littoral enclosures are a mesocosm system designed to provide ecosystem
effects information for use in the pesticide registration process.
Littoral enclosures are also being used to provide statistically valid
ecosystem effects data to use to develop and test the Littoral Enclosure
Risk Assessment Model (LERAM). The LERAM, developed from the
Comprehensive Aquatic System Model (CASM), has predicted the effects
observed in studies of littoral ecosystems exposed to different pesticide
concentrations, and has provided risk assessments for each exposure level.
In addition, LERAM provides information which can be used to design
and evaluate field studies.
For more information please contact
Richard Siefert (218) 720-5552 or
Frank Stay (218) 720-5542
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Environmental Monitoring & Assessment Program
(EMAP)
The EMAP-Great Lakes Program is an interagency,
inter-disciplinary program whose goals are to estimate the current
status, trends and changes in selected indicators of the condition of the
Great Lakes with known confidence. Associations between selected
indicators of natural and anthropogenic stresses, and indicators of condition
are being examined. Statistical summaries and periodic assessments
of the Great Lakes will be provided annuallly. Each of the five lakes
has been established as the regional scale of resolution and within
each lake, four resource classes have been established for
monitoring activities.
For more information please contact
Stephen Lozano, (218) 720-5594.
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Our long- term objective is to predict the nature,
degree, and significance of global climate change effects on
freshwater ecosystems. Initial research activities are focused on
developing models for translating meteorological conditions associated
with a doubling of CO2 levels in the atmosphere into changed water
quality conditions and fisheries resources. A procedure for estimating
regional effects of climate change on water temperature, thermal structure,
dissolved oxygen, and fishes has been developed and reported in the
literature. !
Future research will extend these impact analyses to other regions
and integrate this model with those being developed to predict
trophic dynamic responses and terrestrial effects.
For more information please contact
John Eaton (218) 720-5557.
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Introduced Species
The U.S. EPA research program on aquatic nuisance species is
managed and conducted by research scientists at ERL-D. The objectives;
are to develop an integrated, coordinated research program on aquatic
nuisance species throughout the continental United States, focusing intitally
on the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River basin. The program is in
response to the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of
1990, and is coordinated with other agencies through the Aquatic Nuisance
Species Task Force and it's committees.
The approach has been to consider the problem of introduced species
from three aspects; as an interaction of (1) a species population with (2) a
vulnerable ecosystem to (3) produce effects. Under this framework ERL-D
is focusing intitally on several species which have demonstrated their ability
to successfully invade lake and river ecosystems, including the zebra mussel,
the ruffe (a fish) and the rusty crayfish. The role of natural disturbances in
rivers and streams, caused by flow extremes, on vulnerability to invasion
is being considered, as well as landscape factors in the surrounding
watershed. Finally, projects are underway or planned on the
accumulation and trophic transfer of organic chemicals by zebra
mussels and their effect on nutrient and energy dynamics;
metabolism and toxicokinetic of contaminants in zebra
mussels; and the potential influence of zebra mussels
on native benthic communities in the upper '
Mississippi river and it's major tributaries. /,'s
For more information please contact
J. David Yount (218) 720-5752.
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Nonpoint Source Characterization
We have continued to determine the impact
of agrichemicals on aquatic life. This project is fulfilling certain
objectives of EPA's Midwest Agrichemical Surface/Subsurface
Transport and Effects Research (MASTER) Plan that outlines research
needs for the Walnut Creek Watershed located near Ames, Iowa and
the western corn belt ecoregion.
The U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of Agriculture
Management Systems Evaluation Areas (MESA) Program has emphasized
research on the transport and fate of selected agrichemicals and effects on
water. However, the ecotoxicological effects associated with varying
farming systems and agrichemical loadings have not been addressed to
date. The goals of the research at ERL-D are to develop fate and
ecotoxicological cause-and-effect information for typical classes of
agriculture chemicals found in the surface waters of the midwest
corn belt. This information will assist in developing
diagnostic procedures and predictive techniques to describe their
impacts on the well-being of aquatic life and to assess the
environmental benefits of different ecosystem restorative
techniques or alternate farm management systems.
For more information please contact
A. Ron Carlson (218) 720-5523.
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Point-Source Discharges /
Effluent Characterization
The complex effluent research program has had an active
involvement in the development of the basic science and technological
tools supporting the whole effluent toxicity based approach of EPA's
water quality based effort to control toxics.
Current effluent related research includes a) the development of toxicity
identification evaluation (TIE) procedures for identifying the cause of acute
and chronic toxicity in effluents and ambient waters, b) the
development of procedures for identifying, assessing, and controlling
chemicals which cause chemical residues in fish and shellfish by
bioconcentration and/or bioaccumulation processes, and c) the
performance of field studies investigating the relationships between
point source toxicity and ambient toxicity, and their impacts upon
the biological structure in ambient (receiving) water.
Guidance documents for performing TIE procedures for characterizing,
identifying, and confirming the cause (s) of toxicity for acutely and
\ chronically toxic freshwater effluents are available. The Phase I
\. document is available now. Phase n and in documents are
'"*"- being updated and will be published in March 1993.
For more information please contact
Lawrence Burkhard (218) 720-5554.
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Risk Assessment - Predictive Toxicology
Efforts at ERL-D have been initiated to address a variety of new
research and application issues associated with use of predictive
toxicology models in ecological risk assessments. Research to support the
use of quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs), physiologically-
based toxicokuietic models, and molecular dosimetry techniques in assessing
the hazards of chemical stresssors has been undertaken.
Recent results have led to improved understanding of chemical
reactivity and studies involving xenobiotic metabolism and cellular
intoxication will provide the toxicologic knowledge base to develop
second generation QS AR models for reactive toxicants. In turn,
state-of-the-art analytical techniques are being perfected whereby the
presence of potentially toxic reactive chemicals can be identified in
sediments, leachates, or aquatic organisms. These models help provide
the means to relate environmental exposures to residue accumulation
and adverse effects.
For more information please contact
Steven Bradbury (218) 720-5527.
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Risk Assessment - Wildlife Criteria
In response to an increasing need to assess the impact of chemical
pollutants on wildlife that inhabit freshwater ecosystems, staff at the
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth have been developing
interim approaches to establish wildlife criteria.
Mammalian- and avian- specific interim wildlife values for species
associated with freshwater ecosystems were derived using a method
similar to that employed in the calculation of noncancer human health
criteria. Interim wildlife values for highly bioaccumulatable chemicals
(e.g., 2,3,7,8-TCDD, DDT, mirex, PCB's, toxaphene, mercury and
hexachlorobenze), are generally lower than both aquatic life arid human
health ciriteria. Wildlife and aquatic life values for inorganic metals
are similar. This analysis is consistent with the wildlife criteria
procedure described in the draft Great Lakes Water Quality Initative,
which was developed in collaboration with EPA staff in the Office
of Water as well as scientists in the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources and the U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service.
For more information please contact
Steven Bradbury (218) 720-5527.
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Sediment TIE Document
Contaminated sediments are of great concern because of their
potential to affect water quality and exhibit in situ toxicity. The
identification of specific sediment toxicants can provide a useful
assessment tool for decisions on dredge disposal options, site remedial
activities, as well as point source control efforts. Techniques for the
identification of acute toxicants in complex effluents have been
available for several years. Recent work at ERL-D has focused on
adapting these toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures to
contaminated sediments. Some of the modifications made for TIE work
with sediments were (1) determining an appropriate aqueous fraction for
testing, (2) developing small-volume aqueous phase tests with
benthic species, (3) developing alternative fractionation schemes
for nonpolar organics not elutable in methanol, and (4) dealing
with contaminants such as hydrogen sulfide not frequently found in
effluents. A draft document detailing these modifications is
available to interested parties.
For more information please contact
GaryAnkley (218) 720-5603. 'V
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Water Quality Criteria-Metals
Current water quality criteria for metals were developed
on the basis of total concentration of metal in laboratory test
waters. The applicability of these criteria is uncertain because many
natural waters have a higher fraction of total metals bound to suspended
particles than laboratory test water. Metals on particles should be less
bioavailable and the laboratory-derived criteria would therefore
overestimate risk. One option to address these uncertainties is to use
dissolved metals as the basis for criteria. However, some studies have
suggested that paniculate metal might be partially bioavailable and could
therefore contribute significantly to toxicity when the dissolved fraction is
small.
The acute toxicity of copper to fathead minnnows was studied in a
series of tests in which different concentrations of suspended
solids were added to test water, causing dissolved copper to range from
20 to 80 percent. 96hr LCSO's ranged from about 100 to 350 ug/1 on the
basis of total recoverable copper, but on the basis of dissolved copper
the range was 60 to 90 ug/1, which is within the expected measurement
of uncertainty. Tests of 30-day survival and growth of juvenile
fathead minnows and acute mortality of Ceriodaphnia dubia also
showed a better correlation to dissolved copper than to total
copper, suggesting that dissolved copper does provide a
better basis for assessing risk for these
"'--„, organisms and endpoints. ,,;-• '
For more information please contact
RussErickson (218) 720-5534.
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Watersheds
Diagnostic techniques are being developed to
provide a framework for assessing watershed 'health' in terms
of sediment and water quality, land use, habitat, and biological
community structure. Cooperative projects are underway with the
states of Minnesota and Michigan, and the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in
Iowa to test the diagnostic procedures in watersheds dominated by
agricultural activities. The gathered information is being consolidated
with discriminate statistical and geographic information system (GIS)
methodologies to provide an interactive system to discern watershed
stressors and the severity of degradation. Our results so far indicate
that the amounts of woody debris, stream-borne sediments and '•
elevated concentrations of ammonia and nitrates are important
descriptors of basin quality. An additional use of this information
is to provide state regulators a system for defining the watershed
status and provide project goals useful for
remediation activities.
\
For more information please contact '^
John Arthur (218) 720-5565.
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Wetlands
The overall goal of the wetland research project is to provide the
information needed to develop and evaluate management strategies for
protecting the ecological integrity of wetlands. A number of studies in
several types of wetlands are underway, or about to begin, on the effects of
environmental stressors such as chemical pollutants and physical disturbances
on wetlands, and the functions wetlands perform in the landscape.
Field mesocosms are used to determine the response of wetland
processes and biota to controlled ranges of chemical concentrations or
conditions associated with a specific stressor. Empirical field studies are used
to compare "real world" wetland conditions and functions among small groups
of wetlands along a gradient of environmental stressors. Studies to take
place in the next five years include the responses of prairie pothole
wetlands to excess sedimentation, the effects of management practices
and nonpoint source pollution on bottomland hardwood forests, and
the effects of storm water on urban wetlands.
For more information please contact
William Sanville (218) 720-5723.
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American Indian Program
Over the past four years ERL-D's Human
Resources Office, the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, and
the Center of American Indian and Minority Health have
established a positive working relationship. As a result of this
cooperative effort, several programs are in place and planned which
benefit American Indian students. \
Our cooperative education program with the Ojibway School and the Duluth's
Schools Dept. of Indian Education targets kindergarten through senior high school
students. The objective of this program is to expose American Indian elementary
students to science, thereby increasing their interests. Internships for high school
students and K-12 teachers are available to foster interest in science, math, and bio-
medical careers. Students and teachers complete research projects over a four-
weekperiod each summer. ERL-D hosts a program for undergraduate science and-
bio-medical students. This program, through the Fond du Lac Reservation's Ni-Shou
Gabawag grant, allows students to work with research teams for ten hours per week
during the school year and full-time during breaks and summer vacations.
We recently developed a pre-collegiate program with the Fond du
Lac Community College. This community college is one of 27
tribal colleges within the United States. Through continued
participation in these programs, ERL-D anticipates ;
producing a small, steady stream of American
Indian scientists in five years.
For more information please contact
Sherry Linder (218) 720-5543.
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Environmental Education Outreach
We continue to promote environmental education among area
elementary students and teachers. The lab hosted area teachers at aquati^
education workshops and we visited area schools using traveling displays to*
give children "hands-on" experience in aquatic biology and chemistry. We
were instrumental in the formation of a community-based EE advisory
committee that will serve a seven county area. The group will prepare a resource
guide which will include brief summaries of EE opportunities in this area and
distribute a regular newsletter.
Staff members helped EPA's Region 5 to evaluate the technical
merits of grant proposals submitted under the EE Act of 1990 and volunteered to
serve as project officers for grants having emphasis on science activities. Other
volunteers participated in a program designed to encourage young women (150) to
pursue careers in science. Our portion of the program focused on environmental
sciences. Some of our scientists served as judges, mentors, or as committee
members at science fairs.
We also continue to sponsor in-house tours, especially for high
school and college students, whenever scientists can spare time from
their on-going research.
For more information please contact
Robert Drummond (218) 720-5733.
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International Exchange
In 1992 approximately 10 scientists from many countries of the
world visited ERL-D. These men and women spent days or weeks
interacting with ERL-D scientists. Some of the homelands represented
were Russia, Bulgaria, China, Brazil and Canada.
ERL-D scientists traveled world-wide to share their expertise with
scientists in Findland, Sweden, Canada and Australia.
We at ERL-D are proud to be part of the world-wide scientific
community, and we expect this interaction to continue and to accelerate
in the coming years.
For more information please contact "'
Evelyn Hunt (218) 720-5509.
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Research Seminars
ERL-D scientists and staff members gather regularly to listen to
seminars presented by their colleagues and other scientists from the
United States, Canada, and other countries. Scientists share their
accomplishments in their areas of interest and expertise. Local and area
researchers from other institutions also attend these interesting and
illuminating lectures.
In addition, scientists at ERL-D share their expertise by presenting
poster sessions and giving formal papers at symposia such as the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and the American
Chemical Society.
For more information please contact
Evelyn Hunt (218) 720-5509.
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RECENT PUBLICATIONS*
Amato, J.R., D.I. Mount, E.J. Durhan, M.T. Lukasewycz, G.T.
Ankley, and E. Robert. 1992. An example of the identification
of diazinon as a primary toxicant in an effluent. Environ.
Toxicol. and Chem. 11:209-216.
Ankley, G.T. and L.P. Burkhard. 1992. Identification of
surfactants as toxicants in a primary effluent. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 11:1235-1248.
Ankley, G.T., P.M. Cook, A.R.° Carlson, D.J. Call, J.A. Swenson,
H.F. Corcoran, and R.A. Hoke. 1992. Predicting the acute
toxicity of copper in freshwater sediments: Evaluation of the
role of acid volatile sulfide. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. In
Press.
Ankley, G.T., K. Lodge, D.J. Call, M.D. Balcer, L.T. Brooke, P.M.
Cook, R.G. Kreis, A.R. Carlson, R.D. Johnson, G.J. Niemi, R.A.
Hoke, C.W. West, J.P. Giesy, P.O. Jones and Z.C. Fuying. 1992.
Integrated assessment .of contaminated sediments in the Lower Fox
River and Green Bay, Wisconsin. Ecotoxicol. Env. Saf. 23:46-63.
Ankley, G.T., v.R. Mattson, C.W. West, and J.L. Bennett. 1992.
Bioaccumulation pf PCBs from sediments by oligochaetes and
fisher: Comparison of labortory and field studies. Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. In Press.
Ankley, G.T., M.K.. Schubauer-Berigan and R.A. Hoke. 1992. Use
of toxicity identification evaluation techniques to identify
dredged material disposal options: A proposed approach.
Environ. Manage. 16:1-6.
Auer, M.T. and N.A. Auer. 1990. Chemical stability of
substrates for walleye egg development in the Lower Fox River,
WI. American Fisheries Soc. 119:871-876. EPA-600/J-90/532.
Broderius, S.J. 1992. Modeling the joint toxicity of
xenobiotics to aquatic organisms: Basic concepts and approaches.
In: Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Fourteenth Volume,
ASTM STP 1124. M.A. Mayes and M.G. Barron, Eds., American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 107-127.
Detenbeck, N.E., C.A. Johnston, and G.J. Niemi. 1992. Wetland
effects on lake water quality in the Minneapolis/St. Paul
metropolitan area. Landscape. Ecol. In Press.
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Doerger, J.U., J.R. Meier, R.A. Dobbs, R.D. Johnson, and G.T.
Ankley. 1992. Toxicity reduction evaluation at a municipal
wastewater treatment plant using mutagenicity as an endpoint.
Arch.'Environ. Contam. Toxicpl. 22:384-388.
Durhan, E., M. Lukasewycz, and S. Baker. 1992. Alternatives to
methanol/water SPE elution for the fractionation of high log KOH
organic compounds in aqueous environment samples. J.
Chromatography. In Press. ; .
Eaton, J.G., W.A. Swenson, T.D. Simonson, and K.M. Jensen. 1992.
A field and laboratory investigation of acid effects on large
mouth bass, rock bass, black crappie, and yellow perch. American
Fisheries Society. In Press.
Glass, G.E., J.A. Sorensen, K.W. Schmidt, J.K. Huber, G.R. Rapp,
Jr., M.E. Brigham, and P.L. Brezonik. 1992. • Mercury in the St.
Louis River, Mississippi River, Crane Lake, and Sand Point Lake:
Cycling, Distribution, and Sources. Report to the Legislative
Commission on Minnesota Resources. Chapter 1., Executive
Summaries, G.E. Glass, J.A. Sorensen, K.W. Schmidt, J,,K. Huber,
G.R. Rapp, Jr., M.E. Brigham and P.L. Brezonid; Chapter 3.,
Mercury Sources and Distribution in Minnesota's Aquatic
Resources: Surface Water, Sediments, Plants, Plankton, Fish,
Remediation, and Methods, Glass, G.E., J.A. Sorensen, K.W.
Schmidt, J.K. Huber, G.R. Rapp, Jr. ; Chapter 4., Mercury Sources
and Distribution in Minnesota's Aquatic Resources: Deposition,
Glass, G.E., J.A. Sorensen, K.W. Schmidt, J.K. Huber, G.R. Rapp,
Jr.
Heinis, L.J. and M.J. Knuth. 1992. The mixing, distribution,
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Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 11:11-25.
Herman, L.J. 1992. In expensive Environmental Control Chamber
for Holding Fish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 54:132.
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(Pimephales promelas) in an ecosystem with elevated selenium
concentrations. Bulletin of Environ. Contam. and Toxicol.
49:290-294.
Hermanutz, R.O. K.N. Allen, T. H. Roush, and S.F. Hedtke. 1992,,
Effects of elevated selenium concentrations on bluegills (Lepomis
inacrochirus) in outdoor experimental streams. Environ. Toxicol,,
and Chem. 11:217-224.
Hoffman, A.D., S.L. Bertelsen, and M.L. Gargas. 1992,, An in
vitro gas equilibration method for determination of chemical
partition coefficients in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 101A:47-
• 51.
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Hoke, R.A., J.P. Giesy, and R.G. Kreis, Jr. 1992. Sediment pore
water toxicity identification in the Lower Fox River and Green
Bay, WI, using the Microtox. assay. Ecotox. Environ. Saf.
23:343-354.
Johnson, R.D. 1992. Absence of liver tumors in bullheads
collected from the Lower Fox River and Green Bay, WI. J. Great
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concentrations following application to littoral enclosures.
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Niemi and M.C. Taylor, editors. September 30-October 3, 1991,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Knuth, M.L. and L.J. Heinis. 1992. Dissipation and persistence
of chlorphyrifos within littoral enclosures. J. Ag. Food Chem.
40:1257-1263.
Leino, R.L., and J.H. McCormick. 1992. Response of juvenile
largemouth bass to different pH and aluminum levels at
overwintering temperatures: Effects on gill morphology, scale
calcium, liver glycogen, depot fat, and electrolyte balance.
Can. J. Zool. In Press.
0
Leino, R.L., J.H. McCormick, and K.M. Jensen. 1992. Long-term
effects of an acute acid pulse on juvenile black crappie, Pomoxis
nigromaculatus. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Aquatic Toxicity
Workshop: September 30-October 3, 1991. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Lukasewycz, M. and E.J. Durhan. 1992. Strategies for the
identification of non-polar toxicants in aqueous environmental
samples using toxicity-based fractionation and gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Chromatog: Biomedical
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Marchini, S., M.L. Tosato, T.J. Norberg-King, D.E. Hammermeister,
and M.D. Hoglund. 1992. Lethal and sublethal toxicity of
benzene derivatives to the fathead minnow, using a short term
test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:187-195.
McCormick, J.H. and K.M. Jensen. 1992. Osmoregulatory failure
and death of first-year largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
exposed to low pH and elevated aluminum, at low temperature in
soft water. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 49:1189-1197.
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McKim, J.M. and J.W. Nichols. 1992. Use of Physiologically-
based toxicokinetic models in a mechanistic approach, to aquatic
toxicology. Book Chapter. In Press.
Phipps, G.L.., G.T. Ankley, D.A. Benoit, and V.R. Mattson. 1992.
Use of the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus for
assessing the toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated
contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. In Press.
Rossmann, R. 1992. Historical Trends of Chlorides in the Great
Lakes. In - Deicing Chemicals in the Environment, R.M. D'ltri
(Ed.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan. pp. 303-322.
Schmieder, P.K. and L.J. Weber. 1992. Blood and water flow
limitations on gill uptake of organic chemicals in the rainbow
trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) . Aq. Toxicol. 24:103-122,,
Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., J.R. Amato, G.T. Ankley, S.E,, Baker,
L.P. Burkhard, J.R. Dierkes, J.J. Jenson, M.T. Lukasewycz, and
T.J. Norberg-King. 1992. The behavior and identification of
toxic metals in complex mixtures: examples from effluent and
sediment pore water toxicity identification evaluations. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. In Press.
Sierszen, M.E. and T.M. Frost. 1992. Selectivity in suspension
feeders: Food quality and the cost of being selective. Arch.
Hydrobiol. 123:257-273.
Smith, V.E., J.E. Rathburn, and J.C. Filkins. 1992. Sampling,
characterizing and mapping contaminated sediments in river
harbors. Haz. Mat. Contr. In Press.
Spefan, H.G., J.G. Eaton, M.: Hondzo,- B,E= Hoodno, X, Fang, K.E.F.
Hokanson, and J.H. McCormick. 1992. A methodology to estimate
global climate change impacts on lake water and fisheries in
Minnesota. Proceedings, First National Conference on Global
Climate Change and Water Resources Management. In Press.
Stay, F.S. and A.W. Jarvinen. 1992. Selection of treatment
concentrations for field studies using data from MFC microcosms
and fish single species toxicity tests. ERL-Duluth Internal
Report. Deliverable #5657. 74pp. EPA 600/X-92-104.
Tillitt, D.E., G.T. Ankley, J.P. Giesy, J.P. Ludwig, H.K.
Matsuba, D.V. Weseloh, P.S. Ross, C.A. Bishop, L. Sileo, K.L.
Stromborg, J. Larson, and T.J. Kubiak. 1992. Pdlychlorinated
biphenyl residues and egg mortality in double-crested cormorants
from the Great Lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:1281-1288.
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* Many of our products are available in the open literature
and in books. EPA reports may be obtained by writing to:
Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI)
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268,
or purchased from the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5235 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161.
Also available are:
Spotlight on Research - 1991. EPA-600/R-92/026.
Bibliography of Research Products in the Fields of
Freshwater Ecology and Toxicology 1967-1990. NTIS,
EPA-600/3-90/071.
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