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                                                               EPA/600/R-93/16"
EVALUATION OF SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION TREATMENT

PROCESSES FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTION RESIDUES
                         David S. Kosson
              Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
           Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
                    Piscataway, New Jersey 08855

                         Teresa T. Kosson
                    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                    Waterways Experiment Station
                    Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180

                         Hans van der Sloot
             Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN)
                  Petten, The Netherlands 17 55 ZG
             Cooperative Agreement No: CR 818178-01-0

                          Project Officer:

                         Carlton C. Wiles                 I
      Waste Minimization, Destruction and Disposal Research Division
                Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                       Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
            RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
             OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
             U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                     CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268

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                                    DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded Wholly or in part by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement No: CR 818178 - 01 - 0 to
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. It has been subjected to the Agency's  peerand
administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document.  Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                                      FOREWORD

       Today's rapidly developing and changing technologies and industrial products and practices
frequently carry with them the increased generation of solid and hazardous wastes. These
materials, if improperly dealt with, can threaten both public health and the environment.
Abandoned waste sites and accidental  releases of toxic and hazardous substances to the
environment also have important environmental and public health implications. The Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory assists in providing an authoritative  and defensible engineering basis for
assessing and solving these problems. Its products support (i) policies, programs, and
regulations of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  (ii) the permitting and other
responsibilities of the State and focal governments,  and (iii) the needs of both large and small
businesses in handling their wastes responsibly and economically.

       This document provides results of evaluations conducted to determine the effectiveness of
several solidification/stabilization (S/S)  processes to treat air pollution control (ARC) residues,
contained ash and bottom ash from the combustion of municipal solid waste.  Five different S/S
technologies were evaluated. The untreated and treated residues, sampled from a modern state-
of-art waste-to-energy plant, were subjected to a series of physical durability and chemical leaching
tests.  Results were used to provide a side-by-side comparison of the treatment processes and
of the treated residue with untreated residues.  The  S/S processes as formulated and tested,
generally did not physically decrease the potential for release of contaminants. One process,
however, did significantly reduce the potential for Pb release as a result of chemical treatment.
This report provides information useful in designing and evaluating S/S processes for treating
municipal waste  combustion (MWC)  residue.

       This document is intended for use by organizations and individuals concerned with the
treatment and management of MWC residues.

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                                        ABSTRACT

 The investigations described in this report, were carried out to provide a side-by-side comparison
 and evaluation of the effectiveness of solidification/stabilization (S/S) processes as treatment
 technologies for residues from municipal waste combustion (MWC). The experimental design of
 this program was a full factorial design for the evaluation of five S/S processes. The two
 experimental factors were the residue type to be treated and the S/S process. The
 experimental levels within the residue type factor were (i) bottom ash, (ii) air pollution control
 residue, and (Hi) combined ash.  The six experimental levels within the S/S process factors were
 (i) the untreated residue, (ii) a portland cement only control S/S process, and (iii - vi) four selected
                                                i
 vendor S/S processes.  Thus, two experimental factors at three and six experimental levels
 respectively, resulted in the evaluation of eighteen experimental cases.

 Evaluation of each experimental case included analysis of chemical composition, physical
 properties, durability, and leaching characteristics. The testing included:  moisture content, loss on
 ignition, bulk density, modified Proctor density, particle size density, permeability, specific surface
 area, porosity, cone penetrometer, unconfined compressive strength, pozzolanic activity,
 unconfined compressive strength after immersion, wet/dry, freeze/thaw, TCLP, availability leach
 test, distilled water leach test, acid neutralization capacity, and the monolithic leach test.
                                                i
This report was submitted in  partial fulfillment of CR 818 178-01-0 by Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey (Dr. David S. Kosson, Principal Investigator), CR 813 198-01-0 by the New Jersey
Institute of Technology (Dr. John Liskowitz, Principal Investigator) and an interagency agreement
between the USEPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station.under
the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from
January, 1990 to January, 1993.                     '
                                            IV

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TABLE OF CONTENTS











1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1,4
1.5
2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
2.2.6
2.2.7
2.2.8
2.2.9

Cover Page
Disclaimer
Foreword
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Acronyms and Definitions
Acknowledgements
Peer Reviewers
Introduction
Background on Ash Management .
Program Goals
Program Experimental Design
Vendor and Process Selection
Program Organization
Selection of Testing Methods and Protocols
Chemical Composition of Untreated Residues
Sample Analysis by Digestion and Extraction Techniques
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
Physical Properties Analysis
Moisture Content
Loss on Ignition (LOI)
Bulk Density
Modified Proctor Density
Particle Size Distribution
Permeability
Specific Surface Area and Porosity
Cone Penetrometer
Unconfined Compressive Strength (DCS)
page
I
II
III
IV
V
X
XIII
XVI
XVII
XVIII
1
1
1
3
5
6
10
10
10
10
11
12
13
13
13
14
14
14\
15
15

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

  2.2.10    Pozzolanic Activity                                                  .       15
  2.2.11    Unconfined Compressive Strength After Immersion                           16
  2.2.12    Freeze/Thaw Weathering             j                                      16
  2.2.13    Wet/Dry Weathering                 I                                      17
  2.3       Leaching Tests Selected             :                                      18
  25.1     Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)                              18
  2.3.2     Availability Leach Test (ALT)          |                                      18
  2.3.3     Distilled Water Leach Test (DWLT)     ;                                      18
  25.4     Acid Neutralization Capacity (ANC)                                          19
  2.3.5     Monolith Leach Test                 :                                      19
  2.4       Data Presentation                   |                                      2°
  2.5       Sample Preparation for Physical. Chemical and Leaching Analysis                20
3          Residue Sampling and preparation                                          35
  3.1       Residue Sampling and Preparation    :                                      35
  3.2       Untreated Residue Homogeneity                                           37
4          Process Descriptions and Economics   :                                      45
  4.1       Process Descriptions                i                                      45
   42.     Process Economics for Solidification/Stabilization of MWC residues              46
5          Physical Properties of Untreated and Treated Residues                        55
   5.1      Moisture Content                   ;                                      55
   52.     Loss on Ignition                     ;                                      56
   53     Bulk Density                        i                                      &
   5.4     Modified Proctor Density                                                   53
   55     Particle Size Distribution             |                                      53
   5.6     Permeability                        :                                      ®
   5.7     Pore Diameter and Surface Area      ;                                      60
   5B     Cone Penetrometer                 i                                      6°
   53     Unconfined Compressive Strength    \                                      60
   5.10    Pozzolanic Activity                   '.                                      61
   5.11    UCS  After Immersion               |                        ,              62
   5.12    Freeze/Thaw Weathering and Wet/Dry Weathering                             62
                                           VI

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

6          Results of Chemical Analysis of Untreated and Treated Residues               88
   6.1      Composition of Untreated Residues                                        88
   6.11     Elements, Anions and Indicator Parameters                                   88
   6.12     PCDDs and PCDFs                                                       89
   G2      Composition of Treated Residues and Vendor Additives                      90
   6.2.1     Composition of Vendor Additives                                          90
   6.2.2    Composition of Treated Residues                                          90
   6.2.3    Comparison of SW-846 and Neutron Activation Analyses                       91
   6.2.4    Analysis of Corrections for Process Dilution Effects                            91
7          Leaching of Untreated and Treated Residues - Release Potential              117
   7.1      Data Reduction, Analysis and Presentation                                  117
   72      TCLP                                                                  119
   7'.2.1     TCLP Extract pHs and Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc                     119
           Concentrations
   7'.2.2    Species Release for TCLP                                               122
   7.3      Distilled Water Leach Test                                                125
   7.4      Availability Leach Test                                                    129
   75      Acid Neutralization Capacity Leach Test                                    133
   7.6      Comparison of Magnitude and Consistency of Results from Tests for          136
           Leaching Potential
   7'.6.1     Treated APC Residue                                                    136
   7.6.2    Treated Bottom Ash                                                     137
   7'.6.3    Treated Combined Ash                                                  137
   7.6.4    Release Potential Compared to Total Concentrations                        138
   7.6.5    Summary of Leaching Potential Results by Treatment Process                 139
8          Experimental Results and Modeled Leaching of Untreated and                196
           Treated Residues - Release Rate
   3.1      Data evaluation                                                          196
   8.1.1     Mechanisms and intrinsic properties from monolith leach test                  196
   8.1.2    Definition of Leaching Parameters                                         197
   8.1.3    Transport models for parameter estimation                                  200
   8.1.4    Determination of leaching mechanism from the cumulative release data.          202
                                          VII

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
8.1.5 Diffusion Modelling Limitations
82. Leaching Results and Discussion
8.2.1 Data handling
8.2.2 Monolith leach test release data
8.2.3 Tortuosity
8.2.4 Chemical Retention
8.2.5 Effective Diffusion Coefficients
83 Three dimensional diffusion model for
Field Application
9 Summary and Conclusions
9.1 Overall Conclusions
92 Treatment Process Effectiveness
92.1 Physical Properties
9.2.2 Leaching Potential
92.3 Leaching Release Rate




!
|
i
Estimation of Release during
i
I
|
1
j

9.3 Physical Properties and Durability Test Methods
9.4 Leaching Tests
95 Chemical Analysis


11 Appendices
Table of Contents
Explanation of Appendices
'
j
\
1


i
f
l
A Results of Chemical Analysis of Untreated MWC Residues
A-1 Results of chemical analysis of untreated APC residue
A-2 Results of chemical analysis of untreated bottom ash
A-3 Results of chemical analysis of untreated combined ash
B Summary Results of TCLP. DWLT arid ALT for untreated and
treated APC residues
B-1 Summary results of TCLP, DWLT and
APC residues.

ALT for untreated and treated

; 205
205
205
206
206
I 209
210
212
262
264
266
267
268
271
273
: 273
274
, 275

278
278
i 279
280 .
232
290
302
314

315

             VIII

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  B-2  Summary results of TCLP, DWLT and ALT for untreated and treated           341
       bottom ash.
  B-3  Summary results of TCLP, DWLT and ALT for untreated and treated           368
       combined ash
C      Summary of Monolith Leach Test Extract Concentrations and            394
       Data Analysis for Untreated and Treated MWC Residues
  C-1  Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and data analysis        397
       for untreated bottom ash and combined ash.
  C-2  Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and data analysis        418
       for ARC residue, bottom ash and combined ash treated by Process 1.
  G-3  Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and data analysis        448
       for APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash treated by Process 2.
  C-4  Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and data analysis        478
       for APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash treated by Process 3
  C-5  Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and data analysis        508
       for APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash treated by Process 4.
  C-6  Summary of  monolith leach test extract concentrations and data               529
       analysis for APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash treated by
       WES Control Process.

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LIST OF TABLES


1.1
2.1
22
23
2.4
25
2.6
4.1
42
43 '
4.4
45
5.1
52
53
5.4
55
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.1
62
63
6.4
65
6.6
6.7
7.1
72
73
7.4
75




I
i
Technical Advisory Panel Members
Analysis of residues and additives i
Elements analyzed by NAA and analysis detection limits
Comparison of NAA values with NIST Certified Standard Reference Material
Physical testing of untreated and treated MWC residues
Analysis of extracts from leaching tests
Particle size reductions required for chemical analysis and leaching tests
Quantities of process additives and water added per 100 Ibs ash
Process dilution factors for each treatment process
Capital Improvement Costs for CREF Treatment Facility
Annual Operating Cost Details for CREF Treatment Facility
Annual Operating Cost Summary for CREF Treatment Facility
Comparison of physical properties, cure rate and durability
Comparison of physical properties, cure rate and durability
Comparison of physical properties, cure rate and durability
Moisture content and liquid added during the treatment process
Relative increases in residue specific volume resulting from treatment
Swelling and shrinkage % of untreated and treated residues
Percent finer material from sieve analysis
Relative weight loss of freeze/thaw and wet/dry test specimens
Comparison of chloride, sulfate and TDS results for untreated MWC residues
PCDD/PCDF assay results for untreated APb residue
PCDD/PCDF assay results for untreated bottom ash
PCDD/PCDF assay results for combined asri
Relative quantities of MWC residues and process additives in treated residues
Principal components in calcium-based process additives
Significant contributions from process additives to total treated residue composition
Leaching Test Liquid to Solid Ratios and Treatment Process Dilution Factors
Comparison of Selected Metal Concentration in Extraction Fluids 1 and 2
Relative categories of treatment effects '
Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release TCLP
Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release by DWLT
i
j
x ;
i
i
i
i
i
i
i —
page

8
23
25
28
27
28
30
49
50
51
52
53
65
67
63
71
72
72
73
74
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
141
142
142
143
144





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                                 LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

7.6    Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release by DWLT             145
7.7    Comparison of total dissolved solids released for the distilled water leach test             146
7.8    Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release                       147
73    Comparison of leaching test results for treated APC residue                             148
7.10   Comparison of leaching test results for treated bottom ash                               149
7.11   Comparison of leaching test results for treated combined ash                             150
7-12   Fraction of total element present in treated residues released during availability leach
       test                                                                   :              151
8.1    Effective diffusion coefficients based on individual extract cycling time-intervals              213
8.2    Cumulative elemental and species release after 64 days leaching                          214
8.3    Cumulative elemental and species release after 64 days leaching                          215
8.4    Cumulative elemental and species release after 64 days leaching                          216
85    Effective diffusion coefficients for several salts used to estimate tortuosity .                 217
8.6    Physical retardation (tortuosities) in products produced from waste materials                218
8.7    Estimated chemical retention values for untreated and treated MWC residues               219
8£    Estimated chemical retention values for untreated and treated MWC residues               220
8.9    Estimated chemical retention values for untreated and treated MWC residues               221
8.10   Estimated effective diffusion coefficients for untreated and treated residues                 222
8.11   Estimated effective diffusion coefficients for untreated and treated residues                 223
8.12   Estimated effective diffusion coefficients for untreated and treated residues                 224

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                                       LIST OF FIGURES

                                                  :                                     page
1.1     organization of USEPA Program for Utilization Of Municipal Waste Combustor               g
       Residues                                  •
2.1     Configuration of monolith extraction test for compacted granular materials                   31
22.    Sample preparation for leaching tests and analysis                                      ;32
2J5    Effects of particle size reduction for analysis on total concentrations                        33
2.4    Effects of particle size reduction for analysis on total concentrations                        34
3.1     Typical mass bum municipal waste combustion facility schematic                           38
35    Bottom ash collection and preparation         '                                         ^
3.3    combined ash collection and preparation     |                                         ^
3.4    APC residue collection and preparation       ;                                         41
3.5    Box plot neutron activation analysis results for homogenized, untreated APC residue        42
3.6    Box plot of neutron activation analysis results for homogenized, untreated bottom ash      43
3.7    Box plot of neutron activation analysis results for homogenized, untreated combined'       44
4.1    Schematic process flow diagram for the Commerce Refuse to Energy MWC Facility         54
5.1     Modified proctor density compaction curves   !                                         ^
5.2a    Particle size distribution of bottom ash prior to residue drying and crushing                 76
5.2b   Particle size distribution of bottom ash after preparation                                 77
5.3a    Particle size distribution of combined ash prior to residue drying and crushing               78
5.3b   Particle size distribution of combined ash after preparation                               79
5.4a    Particle size distribution of untreated APC residue                                      80
5.4b   Particle size distribution of APC residue treated by Process 4                            81
5.5     BET cumulative pore surface area plot for untreated APC residue                        82
5.6     BET cumulative pore surface area plot for untreated bottom ash                          83
5.7     BET cumulative pore surface area plot for untreated combined ash                       84
5.8     Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) as a function of cure time                       85
 5.9     UCS and UCS after immersion                                                      ^
 5.10   Cumulative weight loss (percent eroded)     j                                         87
 6.1     Comparison of box plots of neutron activation analysis results                           ''00
 6.2     Comparison of box plots of neutron activation analysis results                           '101
 6.3     Untreated total composition by SW-846      '                                         102
 6.4     Untreated total composition (page 2)  by SW-846                                       103
 6.5     Total Aluminum concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis methods               104

                                                XI

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                                 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

6.6    Total Cadmium concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis methods               105
6.7    Total Chromium concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis methods              106
6.8    Total Copper concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis methods       .         107
6.9    Total Chloride concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis methods                108
6.10   Total Zinc concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis methods                    109
6.11   Calcium Total analysis by NAA                                                       110
6.12   Potassium and Sodium Total analysis by Neutron Activation Analysis                      111
6.13   Lead Total analysis by SW-846                                                       112
6.14   A comparison of SW-846 and NAA results for Al  and Cd                                113
6.15   A comparison of SW-846 and NAA results for Cl  and Cr                                114
6.16   A comparison of SW-846 and NAA results for Cu and Zn                                115
6.17   NAA corrected for process dilution (Chloride & Zinc)                                    116
7.1    TCLP  extract pHs                                                                  152
7.2    Cadmium and copper concentrations in TCLP extracts                                  153
7.3    Lead and zinc concentrations in TCLP extracts                                          154
7.4    Aluminum and calcium release during TCLP extraction, corrected for process dilution        155
7.5    Cadmium and copper release during TCLP extraction, corrected for process dilution       156
7.6    Potassium and sodium release during TCLP extraction                                  157
7.7    Lead and zinc release during TCLP extraction, corrected of process dilution               158
7.8    Chloride and sulfate release during TCLP extraction, corrected for process dilution         159
7.9    Distilled water leach test extract pHs                                                 160
7.10   Aluminum release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution           161
7.11   Cadmium release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution           162
7.12   Calcium release during distilled water leach test,  corrected for process dilution             163
7.13   Copper release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution            164
7.14   Lead release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution               165
7.15   Potassium release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution          166
7.16   Sodium release during distilled water leach test,  corrected for process dilution             167
7.17   Zinc release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution                168
7.18   Chloride release  during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution            169
7.19   Sulfate release during the distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution          170
7.20   Total dissolved solids release during the distilled water leach test                        171

                                              XIII

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                                  LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

721    Total organic carbon release during the distilled water leach test                           172
722.   Aluminum and Calcium release during availability;teach test                                173
723   Cadmium and copper release during availability leach test                                174
72.4   Potassium and sodium release during availability leach test                                175
725   Lead and zinc release during availability leach test                                        176
72$   Chtoride and sulfate release during availability leach test                                  177
727   Untreated and treated ARC residue pH titratfon curves from the acid neutralization          178
728   Untreated  and treated bottom ash pH titration curves                                    179
729   Untreated  and treated combined ash pH titration curves                                  180
7.30   Cadmium concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH           181
7.31   Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts                        182
7.32   Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts                        183
7.33   Chromium concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH          184
7.34   Chromium (Cr) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts                        185
7.35   Chromium (Cr) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts                        186
7.36   Copper (Cu) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts                         187
7.37   Copper (Cu) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts                         188
7.38   Copper (Cu) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts                         189
7.39    Lead (Pb)  concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH          190
7.40    Lead (Pb)  concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH         191
7.41    Lead (Pb)  concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH          192
7.42   Zinc (Zn) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH            193
7.43    Zinc (Zn) concentration in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH             194
7.44    Zinc (Zn) concentration in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function f pH              195
8.1     A schematic example of monolith species release data illustrating diffusion                 225
•82     The effects of porewater pH on release of magnesium - APC/Process 1                   226
83     Contaminant release during the monolith leach test - APC/Process 2                       227
8.4     Contaminant release during the monolith leach test - APC/Process 3                       228
8.5     Contaminant release during the monolith leach test - APC/WES Control                    229
8.6     Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                       230
8.7     Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                       231
8.8     Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                       232
                                                    i
                                                XIV

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                                  LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

8.9     Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     233
8.10    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     234
8.11    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     235
8.12    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     236
8.13    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     237
                                             ••*                                              OOQ
8.14    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     238
8.15    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     239
8.16    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     240
8.17    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     241
8.18    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     242
8.19    Contaminant release during the monolith leach test                                     243
8.20    Comparison of tortuosities estimated from the monolith leaching test                    244
8.21    Mechanisms of sodium release from bottom ash treated by Process 2                   245
8.22    Standard deviation as a function of pDe for all estimated pDe                           246
8.23    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               247
8.24    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               248
8.25    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               249
8.26    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               250
8.27    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               251
8.28    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               252
8.29    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               253
8.30    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               254
8.31    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               255
8.32    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               256
8.33    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               257
8.34    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               258
8.35    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               259
8.36    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation               260
 8.37    Cumulative contaminant release  as a function of time and pDe for typical construction     261
                                                XV

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                            ACRONYMS AND | DEFINITIONS
                                             [
                                             I
ALT           Availability Leach Test, also AVLT   i
ANS          American Nuclear Society          i
APC Residue  Air Pollution Control Residue       j
                                             i
ASTM         American Society of Testings Materials
BET          Brunauer Emmett-Teller
BJH          Barrett, Joyner and Halenda
COD         Chemical Oxygen Demand
CREF         Commerce Refuse to Energy Facility
Dl            Defonized Water                 ]
ds            dry solid
DWLT         Distilled Water Leach Test
ECN          Netherlands Energy Research Center
GFAA        Graphite Furnace Atomic Adsorption
ICP           Inductively Coupled Plasma       i
IHTWM       Institute for Hazardous and Toxic Waste Management
LOI          Loss on Ignition
MLT          Monolithic Leach Test             !
NAA     •    Neutron Activation Analysis        :
NIST         National Institute of Standards (Bureau of Standards)
ORD         Office of Research and Development
PCDD        Polychlorinated dibeno-dioxin      ;
PCDF         Polychlorinated dibenzo-furan      ;
PSR          Particle Size Reduction           ;
RO          Reverse Osmosis               j
RREL        Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Lab
S/S          Solidification/Stabilization
TCLP         Toxtoity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TDS          Total Dissolved Solids or Total Dissolvable Solids
                                             i
TOC         Total Organic Carbon             |
UCS         Unconfined Compressive Strength
USEPA       United States Environmental Protection Agency
WES         Waterways Experiment Station     !
                                         XVI

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                                ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      The completion of this study was accomplished through the efforts of many individuals who
deserve acknowledgement for their contributions. Mark Bricka (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Waterways Experiment Station) and Dr. Taylor Eighmy (University of New Hampshire) contributed
extensively to the preliminary experimental design.  Christopher Allard, Frederick Ragan Jr.,
Debbie Fowler, Mike Channel, Tim Golden, Mark Bricka and Julie Greenman (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station) assisted in ash sampling and preparation, vendor
demonstrations, physical testing, leaching test extractions and data management.
      Dr. Haia Roffman (AWD Technologies, Pittsburgh, PA), Gregg Zimmerman (NUS Corp.,
Pittsburgh, PA) and Janet Jaufman (Versar, Inc., Springfield, VA) were responsible for
coordination of analytical laboratory services. Dr. Sheldon Landsberger (University of Illinois at
Champaign-Urbana) was responsible for neutron activation and BET analysis. Ben Stuart
(Rutgers University) carried out metals and anion analyses for the acid neutralization capacity
extracts.
       Dr. William Strawderman (Rutgers University) assisted with statistical data review and data
presentation methods. Louis Turner and Paul Taylor (Rutgers University) assisted with data
management and graphics. Gerard De Groot and Dirk Hoede assisted with mathematical
modeling, data management and presentation of monolith leach test results.
       Ursula Wolf (Rutgers University) slaved away for many long hours carrying out data
management and report preparation. Wendy White and Dr. John Liskowttz (New Jersey Institute
of Technology) facilitated the formation and meetings of the Technical Advisory Board. Special
thanks go to Trish Erickson (US EPA) for her comprehensive review of the entire report.
                                          NOTE

       This report is organized by chapter with the text of each chapter presented first, followed
 by the tables and finally the figures for the particular chapter.  This format was used to improve
 clarity of presentation.
                                          XVII

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   EVALUATION OF SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR

                    MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTION RESIDUES

                                           , i
                                  Peer Reviewers:
Kenneth Afferton
Assistant Commissioner of Design and
Right of Way

Richard Denlson
Senior Scientist
Toxic Chemicals and Toxic Waste

Patricia Erlckson
Physical Scientist

Taytor EJghmy, Ph.D.
Research Associate and Director of
Environmental Research Group

Keith Forrester
Engineering Manager

Raymond Hultrlc
Research and Monitoring  Section Head

Judy Korn
Civil Engineer

Parker Mathusa
Program Director

Clay Ormsby
Supv. Research Chemist
Research Development and Technology

Hala K. Roffman, Ph.D.
Director of Chemistry, Toxicology, and Risk
Assessment

BUI Strawclerman, Ph.D.
Statistician, Professor
 David Sussman
 Vice President of Environmental Affairs
NJ Department of Transportation
Trenton, N.J.
Environmental Defense Fund
Washington, DC
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

University of New Hampshire
Durham, NH
Wheelabrator Environmental Systems, Inc.
Hampton, NH

Solid Waste Management Department
County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County

Solid Waste Management Department
County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County

NYSERDA
Albany, N.Y.
   i
Federal Highway Administration
U.S. Department of Transportation
McLean, VA
   i
AWD Technology Inc.
Pittsburgh, PA
 Department of Statistics
 Rutgers University
 Piscataway, N.J.

 Ogden Martin Systems, Inc.
 Arlington, VA
 The EPA's Science Advisory Board (SAB) Committee conducted a review of the program design,
 "Review of the ORD Municipal Waste Combustion Ash Solidification/Stabilcation Research
 Program",Report of the Municipal Waste Combustion Ash Subcommittee, EPA-SAB-EEC-90-010,
 March 1990.                                 I
                                       XVIII

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                                   1.  INTRODUCTION
1.1   BACKGROUND ON ASH MANAGEMENT

       The proper management of Municipal Waste Combustion (MWC) residues is necessary to
ensure that the use of combustion as a solid waste management method is protective of human
health and the environment.  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has developed an
extensive array of regulations dealing with air emissions from MWC's. Although recent Federal
regulations for Municipal Solid Waste landfills (Oct. 9,1991) address the disposal of MWC residues,
regulations specific to ash disposal generally remain the responsibility of individual states. Recently,
the U.S. Congress has considered legislation that would require the USEPA to develop
comprehensive national ash disposal, treatment, and utilization standards. In order to have the
scientific data available to support possible future regulatory choices, the USEPA has;initiated a
number of studies on MWC ash, ash disposal facilities, and ash management practices. This study
will add to that data base.
       Municipal waste combustors generate two principal types of residues: (i) bottom ash,
including ash or slag retained on the combustion grates and grate sittings collected from the primary
combustion chamber, and (ii) air pollution control (APC) residues, including fly ash and acid gas
scrubber residue, collected from air pollution control devices. Relatively small quantities of residues
produced by the  periodic cleaning of boiler and economizer tubes may be mixed either with the
APC residues or the bottom ash depending on specific facility design. Bottom ash and APC
residues typically are generated at nominal mass ratios of 9:1, respectively.  APC residues typically
contain higher concentrations of soluble salts and specific metals, such as cadmium, lead, mercury
and zinc, than bottom ash.  In addition, the physical properties of bottom ash and APC residues are
significantly different. Currently, most MWC facilities in the United States mix bottom ash with APC
residues for collection and disposal. This mixed residue stream is referred to as "combined ash."
Separate management of bottom ash and APC residues is under consideration in many jurisdictions.
This is most frequently considered to examine the potential for utilization or reduced disposal
requirements for bottom ash which constitutes the majority of the residue stream but contains
substantially lower concentrations of regulated metals and soluble salts.  Separate management of
bottom ash may  result in the requirement of revising or developing new management strategies for
the APC residues.
1.2  PROGRAM GOALS

       The  overall goal of this program is to provide credible data that can be used to plan and
implement MWC residue management strategies. Because of various options available for the
                                              1

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management of MWC residues. USEPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) is investigating
the treatment and utilization of the residues in several phases.  The investigation described in this report
was carried out to provide a side-by-side comparison and evaluation of the effectiveness of S/S
technologies as treatment processes for bottom ash. ARC residues and combined ash. The program
was designed to emphasize evaluation of treatment technologies, rather than determine how ash
characteristics are affected by municipal waste combustor designs, operating conditions, and waste
input. Therefore, the residues included in this study were obtained from only one source. Furthermore.
residue processing focused primarily on treatment for disposal, potentially with reduced disposal facility
design constraints, with a secondary emphasis on treatment for utilization.
                                              i
        In addition to S/S, evaluation of vitrification is being carried out in follow up studies.  Results of
these evaluations will be presented in subsequent,reports. The specific objectives of this investigation
were:                                         |
        1.   To define residue sampling, preparation and characterization protocols to permit bench and
            pilot-scale demonstrations of S/S treatment processes with representative residues;
        2.   To carry out MWC residue S/S treatment process demonstrations under carefully controlled
            and monitored conditions;           ;
        3.   To compare the effects of S/S treatment processes on fundamental physical and chemical
            properties of MWC residues;       |
        4.   To compare the effects of S/S treatment processes on leaching properties of MWC
            residues through laboratory procedures which include both Toxicity Characteristics Leaching
            Procedure (TCLP) [US EPA, 1986] and tests that permit estimation of contaminant releases
            from these materials over a prolongeci period of time under diverse environmental
            conditions; and,                    :
        S.  To evaluate the physical durability of S/S treated MWC products during aggressive
            environmental cycling.               '

  Supplemental issues which were investigated during this investigation included:

         1.  What are the limitations of analytical procedures described in "USEPA Test Methods for
             Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846, Srdjeditton" when applied to untreated and treated MWC
             residues?                        i
         2.   What are effects of size reduction and subsample size on the chemical compositiori of MWC
             residues?

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       Dependent upon available resources, future studies will investigate additional treatment options
and will emphasize the environmental effects of utilization alternatives such as road construction material,
building blocks, marine construction applications, and other commercial products. The resulting
information will assist USEPA in providing technical guidance on the application of treatment and
utilization technologies for MWC residue management, including as alternatives to landfilling and if
residue treatment is prudent prior to landfilling or utilization.

1.3 PROGRAM EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

       The experimental design of this program was a full factorial design for the evaluation of five
solidification/stabilization processes for MWC residues. The two experimental factors were the  residue
type to be treated and the S/S process.  The experimental levels within the residue type factor were (i)
bottom ash, (ii) APC residue, and (iii) combined ash.  The six experimental levels within the S/S process
factors were (i) the untreated residue, (ii) the WES Control S/S process, and (iii - vi) the four selected
vendor S/S  processes. Thus, two experimental factors at three and six experimental levels
respectively, resulted in the evaluation of eighteen experimental cases. Each experimental case was
evaluated in triplicate.
        The three residue types used in this study were obtained during a single composite sampling
event from a typical state-of-the-art mass bum municipal waste combustor incorporating a lime slurry
spray drier (wet-dry) acid gas scrubber and a fabric fitter paniculate removal system. Each bulk residue
sample was dried, size reduced, screened and homogenized prior to use in this program.  Thus all
process demonstrations, testing and evaluations were carried out on pre-processed residues to facilitate
laboratory scale testing and direct treatment effect comparisons.
        Five S/S processes were evaluated. Four of five of the processes were proprietary vendor
applications of four different generic S/S  process categories. The generic S/S process categories
represented by the selected vendors were:
    •   S/S wfth Portland cement and polymeric additives or other proprietary additives (Process 1);

    •   S/S with Portland cement. soluble silicates and dry carbonaceous material (Process 2);
    •   S/S with cement kiln dust and proprietary additives (Process 3),

    •   S/S through addition of soluble phosphates (Process 4).

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                                              I
The fifth process used Type 1 Portland cement only |(WES Contro. Process) The Type 1 Portland cements
only (WES Control Process) was selected to provide a baseline comparison of the treatment effects of
Portland cement without vendor additives.
        Each experiment was evaluated in triplicate.; Each experimental case was analyzed for chemical
composition and tested for physical properties and durability, and leaching characteristics using a series
of testing procedures (e.g., bulk density, wet/dry, freeze/thaw, TCLP. availability leach test, monotthc
leach test, etc.). Details of the testing procedures are provided in the Section 2.2 of this report.

        Prior to the process demonstration, each yendor received approximately 50 Ib samples of each
 residue type to facilitate preliminary process testing and formula optimization.  The vendors were
 provided a list of test and program objectives that were to be used to evaluate their process. The
 vendors were not provided specific performance criteria to which they should treat the residues. This was
 left to their discretion. Vendor process optimization may have focused on minimizing contam.nants
 release based on TCLP, concurrently with minimization of cost, and not on maximizing the phys,cal
 properties of the treated residue. This was probably because the primary focus of the demonstrates
 was treatment for disposal with  secondary focus on residue utilization.

         Treatment of each residue type using S/s| processes were carried out by each selected vendor
 at the Army Corp of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station (WES) Vicksburg. MS. Mixing of
 residues with process additives was accomplished using a paddle mixer (Hobart Model K 455S).  Each
 process demonstration replicate consisted of the vendor carrying out the specified process to produce
 approximately 100 Ib of treated residue while EPA representatives and US Army Corp of Eng,neer
 personnel observed.  Test specimens of the resuming treated residue for subsequent testing were
  prepare WES personnel.
  Additional components of the experimental design of this program included:
        1   Parallel analysis of untreated and treated residues for elemental composition using procedures
            currently recommended under USEPA protocols (Test Methods for Evaluation Solid Waste,
            SW-846,3rd Ed.) and neutron activation analysis (NAA) to investigate the limitations of the
            recommended protocols when applied to MWC residues;
        2   Chemical analysis of the bottom ash and combined ash during size reduction and screenmg to
            indicate potential bias in the evaluations resulting from the residue preparation and
            homogenization procedures;
        3.  Multiple chemical ana.ysis of all three residue types to test for residue homogeneity fol.ow.ng
            residue preparation and homogenization procedures;

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     4.   Analysis of all three types of untreated residues in triplicate for poiychtorinated dibenzo-dioxins
         and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) subsequent to residue preparation and homogenization
         procedures; and,
     5.   Testing of untreated residues for pozzolanic activity using standardized test methods.

1.4 VENDOR AND  PROCESS SELECTION
       A general "Invitation for Participation" in this program was issued during Spring 1989.  This
solicitation included a description of the program, including the program objectives and the testing
methods to be employed during process evaluations. The solicitation also detailed information to be
included in vendor responses. Twenty one responses which were categorized as S/S. vitrification and
other technologies were received. The technical advisory panel met during July 1989 to evaluate the
responses.  Responses were ranked on the following basis:

        1. Vendor experience - 25%;
        2. Technical details of the proposed process - 25%;
        3. Potential for process commercialization - 25%;
        4. Process innovativeness-10%;
        5. Projected process economics -10%; and,
        6. The residue quantity required for process demonstration - 5%

        The initial focus of the program was decided to be on S/S because of deficiencies in the
 proposals based on other technologies.  Subsequently, vendors with vitrification technologies have
 responded to the TAP comments and are participating in the program. Within the general S/S category,
 responses included the following technologies:
         1. S/S with portland cement and polymeric or other proprietary additives;
         2. S/S with portland cement, soluble silicates and dry carbonaceous material;
         3. S/S with cement kiln dust and proprietary additives; and,
         4.  S/S through addition of soluble phosphates.
         The top ranked vendor within each of the above S/S categories was selected for participation in
 the program.   Vendors not selected through this  selection procedure were provided the option of
 participating if  they were willing to pay all evaluation costs.
         At the completion of the project, the selected commercial vendors reviewed the draft report.
 After reviewing the report, the commercial vendors were given the option of identifying their company

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name or remaining anonymous.  Those selecting to identify their company name and the associated
process evaluated in this study are listed below.   |
                      Enreco         Process 1 j
                      Chemfix       Process 2 j
                      Wheelabrator  Process 4
                                             i
       The remaining commercial vendor elected to remain anonymous.

1.5.  PROGRAM ORGANIZATION            j
       This project was carried out as part of the USEPA Municipal Waste Innovative Technology
Evaluation (MITE) Program. The basis of vendor participation as part of the MITE program, is that the
process development costs and the costs associated with demonstration of a process are paid for by
the vendor. Costs associated with evaluation of the technology are paid for by USEPA. In this
program, process demonstration costs were paid for by each vendors carrying out its  process while
costs associated with MWC residue sampling and preparation and evaluation of treated residues was
paid for by USEPA.                          :
        The activities in this program were carried out through the cooperation of numerous individuals
 and organizations (Figure 1.1). The USEPA project officer was Mr. Cartton Wiles, Chief, Municipal
 Waste Technology Section, Office of Research and Development, Risk Reduction Engineering
 Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohfo (USEPA-RREL). USEPA-RREL developed the initial program design and
 objectives and was responsible for overall program oversight.  An important component of the program
 was the Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) formed as a peer review body to provide technical input and
 evaluation of the program design and results. The TAP was comprised of a wide spectrum of
 representatives having a direct interest in MWC management in orderto have as broad input and
 consensus as practical (Table 1.1). TAP members included representatives from (i) state and federal
 regulatory agencies, (ii) Environmental Defense Fund, (iii) MWC facility designers and operators, (.v)
 highway and construction development authorities, (v) academic faculty with expertise in residue
 management, and (vi) foreign research and development/regulatory agencies with experience m MWC
  residue management. The TAP was coordinated by Dr. John Liskowitz, Professor and Director of the
  institute for Hazardous and Toxic Waste Management (IHTWM)  at New Jersey Institute of Technology
  (NJIT). This program also was reviewed during the design phase by the USEPA Science Advisory
  Board [US EPA-SAB-EEC-90-010,1990].       j
          Program Technical coordinator was Dr. David S. Kosson, Associate Professor, Depeitment of
  Chemical and Biochemical Engineering at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Technical
  coordination included responsibility for detailed project management such as protocol development,
  vendor coordination, analytical laboratory coordinatton, data management, etc. The Project Engineer was

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Ms. Teresa T. Kosson, Civil Engineer. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station
(WE-S), Vicksburg, MS. WES was the site for residue preparation, vendor demonstrations (except
vitrification demonstrations), physical testing of untreated and treated residues, leaching test extractions
and protocol development.
       Mathematical modelling and estimation of diffusion parameters during leaching of untreated and
treated residues was carried out under the direction of Dr. Hans van der Sloot at the Netherlands
Energy Research Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands. Neutron activation analysis and BET surface
area and pore structure analysis were carried out under the direction of Dr. Sheldon Landsberger,
Associate Professor, Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana.
Chemical analysis of untreated and treated residues, and leaching test extracts (except acid
neutralization capacity extracts) was carried out by NUS Corporation (under the direction of Dr.  Haia
Hoffman and Mr. Greg Zimmerman) and Versar Laboratories (under the direction of Ms. Janet
Jaufman). Chemical analysis of acid neutralization capacity extracts was carried out at Rutgers University,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, by Mr. Ben Stuart.

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Table 1.1. Technical Advisory Panel Members
Name
Mr. Ken Afterton
Mr. John Cullinane

Mr. Jesse Connor
Dr. Richard A. Denison
Dr. T. Taylor Eighmy


 Mr. Keith Forrester, P.E.

 Ms. Judy L. Kom, P.E.
 Dr. John W. Uskowttz

 Dr. Parker D. Mathusa

 Ms. Jocelyn Mullen
 Dr. W. Clayton Ormsby

 Dr. Haia K. Roffman

 Mr. Steve Sawell

 Mr. David B. Sussman

  Dr. Hans van der Stoot
  Mr. Michael Winka
Title              	
Assistant Commissioner of
Design and Right of Way
Engineer              j
Senior Research Scientist
Stabilization
Senior Scientist
Research Assistant
Professor and
Director, Environmental
Research Group
WES-PHix Engineering
Manager
Civil Engineer
 Distinguished Professor
 and Executive Director
 Program Director
 Consultant
 Supv. Research Chemist
 Research Development
 and Technology
 Director of Risk
 Assessment and
 Toxicology
 Consultant
  Vice President,       ,
  Environmental Affairs  '
  Research Engineer    ;
  Environmental Specialist
Affiliation             	
NJ Department of Transportation
U.S. Army Corp of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.

Environmental Defense Fund
University of New Hampshire

Wheelabrator Environmental Systems Inc.
 Los Angeles County
 Solid Waste Management Department
 NJIT, Institute for Hazardous and Toxic Waste
 Management
 New York State Energy Research and
 Development Authority
 Denver, Colorado
 Federal Highway Administration
 (U.S. Department of Transportation)
 AWD Technologies. Inc.
 Compass Environmental Inc., Canada
 Ogden Martin Systems, Inc.
 Netherlands Energy Research Foundation
 State of New Jersey Department of
 Environmental Protection, Division of Solid
 Waste Management
                                                 8

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                  ORGANIZATION OF USEPA PROGRAM
 FOR UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTOR RESIDUES
                              USEPA - RREL
                                   Carlton Wiles
Program Technical Coordinator
         David S. Kosson
        Rutgers University

     • Technical Management
     • Ash Sampling
     • Coordination of Vendors
       and Process Demonstrations
     • Laboratory Coordination
     • Data Review and Verification
     • Report Preparation
    Project Engineer
      Teresa Kosson
     U.S. Army - WES

  Ash Preparation
  Site of Vendor Demonstrations
  Physical Testing of Untreated
  and Treated Ash
  Laboratory Extractions for
  Leaching Tests
  Report Preparation
Contaminant Release Modelling
         Hans van der Sloot
Netherlands Energy Research Center
              (ECN)
 Technical Advisory Panel
  John Liskowitz, Coordinator
         NJIT-IHTWM
 (See Table 1.1 for Membership)
    Utilization Task Force
   John Liskowitz, Coordinator
         NJIT-IHTWM
  (See Appendix B for Membership)
 Analytical Laboratories
 (Commercial Laboratories)
 • Chemical Analysis of Untreated/
  Treated Ash and Laboratory Extracts

 Sheldon Landsberger
 U. ofI115nois@Champaign-Urbana:
 • Neutron Activation Analysis of
  Untreated/Treated Ash
 • Surface Area Analysis
key to abbreviations:
NJTT: NewJeneylnainnaofTechnoloty
IHTWM: Institute of Hmrtoui 4 To*icWMteM«nigemett
US.Anny-WES: ttS.Anny.Witerwtyi&peinieniStiuon
   (Viekjburj,MS)
USEPA-RREL: U.S. Environmental Pnxectioa Agency.
   Ride Reduction Engineinni laboratory

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                  2.  SELECTION OF TESTING METHODS AND PROTOCOLS
                                            i
2.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF UNTREATED RESIDUES

Process Additives and Treated Residues        |
       All untreated residues, process additives and treated residues were analyzed for metals, anions
and other parameters using traditional extraction/digestion techniques followed by either inductively
coupled plasma (ICP), graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAA) or ton chromatography analytical
techniques, as appropriate. Wet chemical analyses were employed as appropriate.  Metals and halogen
analyses were also carried out using neutron activation analysis (NAA). NAA techniques were used where
possible because of suspected limitations of the digestion/extraction techniques. Redundant analyses
using both approaches were carried out for a limited number of species (e.g., Al, Cd. Cu, Cr. Zn, Cl. Br)
to discern the suspected limitations. Each analysis was carried out once on each of three replicate
samples from all untreated and treated residues. Additional analyses of untreated residues were carried
out to determine the effects of particle size reduction on experimental results (see Chapter 3.3). S.ngle
 analyses also were carried out on process additives. Analyses of process additives were limited
 because of assumed homogeneity of commercially prepared additives.
     ft.1,1  fiample Analysis bv Digestion ancf f ^fraction Techniques
         Untreated residues, process additives and treated residues were analyzed for chemical
 composition using methods recommended by USEPA testing protocols (Test Methods for Evaluating
 Solid Wastes,'  SW-846,3rd Ed., and "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," EPA-600-
 79-020) and Standard Methods forthe Examination of Water and Wastewater.  Table 2.1 provides a
 summary of the analyses carried out and the analytical protocol employed.
                                            i
      3,1 ,ft Neutron Arih/ation Analysis (NAA)    \
         NAA was carried out on samples to assay for metals and halogens. NAA is a non-destructive
  analytical technique which permits direct analysis of true total concentrations. Table 2.2 presents the
  elements analyzed and the respective detection limits. Samples were prepared in triplicate and
  packaged in 1.5 ml polyethylene vials which were filled to the top to keep the same geometry  cons,stent
  for counting procedures. All samples were analyzed using the 1.5 MW RE.GA reactor aUhe University
  of Illinois. For short-lived NAA, a 10 second irradiation at a neutron flux of 4  x 12   n cm  sec  (500
   KW) followed by ten minute decay and aten minute counting time was used to determine aluminum,
   cateium, chtorine, manganese, sodium and titanium. Silicon and indium were determined using short-hved
                                               10

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ep-rthermalNAAWrthafluxof 2.1 X1011 ncm-2sec-1 at 500 KW for neutrons between 0.5 eV and 0.5
MeV and a flux of 4.5 x 1011 n cm"2 sec'1 at 500 KW for neutrons greater than 2.8 MeV. An irrad.at.on
time of 30 seconds followed by a decay time of eight minutes and a counting time of fifteen minutes was
used Cadmium, gold and molybdenum were determined employing medium-lived  epithermal NAA and
Compton suppression techniques. An irradiation of one hour at 1.5MW followed by a decay time of 6 - 8
days and a counting time of 3 hours was used. For antimony, arsenic, bromine, lanthanum, and samanum.
mennalNAAwasemployedwithanirradiationtimeoflhouratafluxofS.SxIO   ncm   sec  atl.5
MW a decay time of 5 -10 days and a counting time of one hour. The increased decay time was
necessary to reduce the high activity levels from 82Br and 24 Na radioisotopes. A further 3 - 4 week
delay was used to determine cerium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, iron, mercury, rubidium, setenum,
scandium, silver, tantalum, thorium and zinc.
        An ORTEC high purity germanium detector was used for counting the gamma-ray spectra of the
 samples and standards. The detector, which has a 18% relative efficiency with an energy resolution of 1.9
 kev for ^Co photopeak at 1332 keV, is connected to an ORTEC ADCAM multichannel analyzer system.
 Th« Compton suppression system is comprised of a large Nal(T.) detector surrounding the mam
 germanium detector. The usual comparative method was used in the data evaluatton employing ,n-house
 PC-based program codes. All deadtime «30%) and pile-up corrections were done using a pulser.

         Calibration and Quality Control was accomplished as follows:
 Short-lived thermal and epithermal NAA calibration of the germanium detector was done using NIST
  I632a trace elements in coal. Medium-lived and long-lived NAA calibration was performed us.ng atom.c
  absorption standard soluttons. Quality control was assured by analyzing N.ST 1633 fly ash.  Results
  (Table 2.3) were in good agreement with the published N.ST values or compilation values. All vanattons
  in flux were closely monitored wrth solid sulphur for short-lived NAA and NIST cobalt wire for medium and
  long-lived NAA.
  2.2  PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS
          Physical properties of the untreated and treated residues were analyzed to determine basic
  physical properties of the materials, curing rates and strength development, and the durability of the
  materials under simulated weathering conditions. The specific objectives of these analyses were to:
             1.  Obtain information to aid in the interpretation of chemical and leaching assays;
             2.  Estimate properties which affect waste disposal characteristics; or,
                                               11

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           3.   Provide preliminary information on treated residue stability during environmental
               exposure scenarios which may be Rencountered during disposal or utilization.

Performance criteria for evaluation of treated residues have not been established. The intent of gathering
physical properties data was for comparison between untreated residues and the treatment processes.
Specific performance goals were not provided to the Vendors for optimization of processes for
demonstration. Table 2.4 summarizes the physical tests carried out, the objective of each test, and
designates the physical forms of the treated residue for which the test was used.  For classification
purposes, untreated and treated residues were designated either as granular (e.g., "soil-like" or readily
friable) or "monolithic- (e.g., formed a consolidated^ stable mass).  A material was classified as monolithic
if after either vibratory or modified proctor compaction in unconfined compressive strength molds (2x2x2
in cubes) and  subsequent curing, the material achieved a cone penetrometer index of greater than 100
psi.  Samples  which did not remain consolidated after curing or did not attain a cone penetrometer index
of 100 psi were classified as granular. All untreated residues and one of the treated residues (Vendor 4,
APC residue)  were unconsolidated and classified as soil-like, while all other treated residues were
monolithic. The subsequent paragraphs briefly describe the objective and method for each physical
property analysis carried out.

                  Content                   i
        Moisture content of untreated and treated residues were carried out to determine initial and
 remaining free water in MWC residues before and after treatment and curing. All moisture reported
 moisture determinations were carried out on residue samples prepared specifically for use in this study
 and therefore are not representative of the "as disposed' characteristic of the residues. Moisture
 contents of residues as sampled from the MWC facility can best be estimated by the weight losses
 observed during the drying stage of residue preparation (see Section 3.1).  Moisture content analyses
 were carried out at both 60°C and 105°C to differentiate loosely bound pore water within samples. The
 moisture content at 105°C of analytical samples was used to correct results of chemical analyses and
 leaching tests to a dry weight basis of the initial sample tested. Thus, moisture content was assayed on
 samples of each particle size (<9.5mm, <2mrn anfl <300mm) employed for testing in this study. Moisture
 reported for bulk material is based on a particle size of less than 2 mm.  Analyses were carried out
 according to the American Society of Testing and iMaterials (ASTM) Standard Method of Water (Moisture)
 Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures (D 2261-80) [ASTM D2216, 1980)].  This method was
 conducted by drying ten grams of material at 60°C in a convection oven to constant weight. The same
                                               12

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sample is then dried to constant weight at 1 QS°C. The moisture content of the sample was then
calculated as the initial sample weight minus the dried sample weight divided by the initial sample weight.
    fl ft p I oss on Ignition fLOH
       LOI at 550°C of untreated and treated residues was carried out as an indicator of remaining
uncombusted components within the residues and water of hydration. Although this is a standard analysis
lor MWC residues, data interpretation must be approached with caution. The change in mass of the
sample may be the result of a combination of combustion of previously uncombusted components wrthm
the residues, loss of water of hydration or calcining (toss of carbonates). In general, the principal
component of LOI on untreated bottom ash and combined ash is uncombusted components withm the
ash The principal components of LOI in the untreated APC residue are uncombusted materials and to a
lesser degree carbonates. A significant component of the LOI for treated residues may be either water
of Ihydratton or losses attributed to process additives. LO. analyses were carried out using a modif.cat.on
of APHA 16th Edition of Standard Methods, Method 209 D [Standard Methods. 1985]. This method was
 conducted on samples size reduced to less than 300 mm. Thirty grams were dried at 105°C to constant
 weight The residue then was ignited at 550°C in a muffle furnace for 2 hours and the we,ght toss
 determined  Heating at 550°C was repeated until the weight toss was less than 4% of the previous
 weight toss. LO. is reported as the difference between the dry weight at 105°C and the residue weight
 after ignition at 550°C divided by the dry weight at 105°G.
     £.2.3 Bulk Density
         Bulk density was measured for monolithic treated residues to facilitate determination of volume
 changes resulting from treatment. Information on volume changes is useful for disposal or utilizafon
 calculations. Measurements for treated MWC residues were conducted by weighing a specimen of
 known voiume. Two inch cubic test specimens were prepared and cured for 28 days in an environmental
 chamber at 98 percent  relative humidKy and 23°C. After 28 days of curing, the dimensions of the cube
 were measured and the weights of the test specimens obtained. Bulk density was calculated as the
  sample mass divided by the sample volume.  Gross bu.k density measurements of the untreated MWC
  residues were made to facilitate shipping estimates. Gross bulk density was determined by weighing
  the 55-ga.ton storage drums of the MWC residues, measuring the volume of the material in each drum and
  calculating the density by dividing the drum weight by the volume of the drum contents.
      p«>4  Mnriifiefl pp^tnr Density
         Modified Proctor Density was conducted to determine the density of granular untreated and
   treated residues after applying standard compaction conditions. This test also is useful for determin.ng
   the option moisture  content for maximum sample compaction and  a resulting ^O^^
   utotton calculations. Modiffcd Proctor Density tests were carried out in accordance wth ASTM Standard
                                               13

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Test Methods lor Moisture-Density Relations of Soijs and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 10-lb  Rammer
and 18-in Drop (D 1557) [ASTM D155,1978]. A series of at least six test specimens are prepared by
adding water to yield moisture contents that vary by'approximately 5-15 percent. The samples are
compacted in a cylindrical mokd (h = 4 in, d « 4 in) using a ten pound rammer with a vertical drop of 18
inches. Five equal layers are compacted with 25 blows per layer. Density determinations and moisture
content determinations were made for each test specimen. The moisture content with the maximum
density is the optimum moisture content.          |
    g.g.5 Particle Size Distribution                j
        Particle size distributions were determined on untreated residues after drying and screening to
less than 2 inches and drying but prior to further particle size reduction. Particle size distributions also
were determined on untreated residues after particle size reduction (less than 0.5 in) and homogenization,
and on treated granular residues. Analyses were carried out using a modified version of ASTM Standard
Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination for Soil
Constants Dry Preparation (D 421) [ASTM D421,1985]. Washing of samples during preparation was
omitted because the residue had significant quantities of soluble salts which would have dissolved if
washed as directed. A quantitative determination of the distribution of particle sizes larger than 75
micrometers was carried out by sieving samples and weighing the fractions retained on each sieve.
    g.2.6 Permeability                          i
                                               i
         Permeability was evaluated on treated residues to determine the relative contributions of
 convective contaminant transport, via percolation of water through the treated MWC residue, and diffusive
 transport of contaminants through the sample pore structure. Permeability was assayed using the "Falling
 Head Permeability Test' described in the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Laboratory Soils Testing Manual
 EM 1110-1-1906.IU.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Engineer Manual, 1970].  A four inch cylindrical test
 specimen surrounded by a thin flexible rubber  membrane was placed in a triaxial cell.  Water flow at a
 pressure of 230 kPa was forced through the test specimen. The amount of water flowing through the test
 specimen was recorded periodically and hydraulic conductivity was calculated. Permeability then was
 calculated from the hydraulic conductivity.         I
     •> 97 SnecHic airfare* Area and Porosity      j
         Specific surface areas and pore-size distributions were estimated based on nitrogen gas
 adsorption isotherms. These properties were  analyzed to aid in the interpretation of leaching release
 rate data through knowledge of untreated and treated residue pore structures. Nitrogen gas adsorption
 isotherms were determined for ail materials with a volumetric vacuum apparatus (ASAP 2400,
 Micrometrics, Norcross, GA). All measurements were performed at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen
 (-77K) and utilized a molecular cross-sectional area of 0.162nm2. The saturated equilibrium vapor
                                               114

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pressure of nitrogen 
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properties of combined ash [US EPA Draft, 1989].  Results of this testing were intended as an aid in
interpretation of the treatment effects.  These results may differ significantly from field observations of "as
disposed" residues because of residue aging during shipping and preparation and the residue
preparation and homogenization procedures.      •
       Pozzolanic activity indices were determined using portland cement and lime. Pozzolanic Activity
was determined using ASTM  Pozzblanic Activity Index Determination (C 311) [ASTM C 311,1980].  The
pozzolanic activity index with portland cement procedure required preparation of a control mix of 26
percent type I portland cement and 73 percent sand. A test mix was prepared using  17 percent cement,
9 percent untreated MWC residue, and 73 percent sand. Water addition to the mixes varied as specified
in the test method. Two inch cubic test specimens were prepared and cured for 1 day in a moist room at
23°C. The test specimens then were cured in a sealed mold at 55°C for six days. After curing, test
specimens were cooled to room temperature and UCS was measured.  The average UCS is reported
as pozzolanic strength. The cubes were cured an additional 27 days in an air tight container.  UCS
determinations were made at the conclusion of the cure period. The pozzolanic activity index with
Portland cement was calculated by dividing the average compressive strength of the test mix cubes by
the average compressive strength of the control mix cubes.
        The pozzolanic activity index with lime procedure required preparation of a mix of approximately
75 percent sand, 8 percent lime, and 16 percent residue. Water addition was as specified in the test
method.
    9.2.11 Unconfined Compressive Strength After Immersion
        The UCS after immersion assesses the effects of exposure to constant total immersion on the
strength of a monolith. UCS after immersion measurements were carried out in accordance with a
combination of ASTM Compressive Strength for Hydraulic Cement Mortars procedure (C109) [ASTM
C109,1980] and ASTM Standard Specification for Moisture Cabinets and Moist Rooms and Storage
Cabinets of Testing Hydraulic Cements (C511) [ASTM C511,1978]. Two inch cubic molds were prepared
and cured for 28 days at 98 percent relative humidity and 23°C in an environmental chamber. Two test
specimens were completely submerged in a dilute ilime solution (0.1 Og lime /L distilled water) designed
to mimic the natural pore water of wetted cement.  After 24 hours of immersion, one test specimen was
 removed and the UCS was measured. The remaining test specimen was removed following 28 days of
 immersion and tested for UCS.                 j
     9.2.12 Freeze/Thaw Weathering             I
         The Freeze/Thaw weathering test was selected to  evaluate the effect of thermal cycling on the
 physical integrity and erosion of monolithic treated residues.  The freeze/thaw weathering test was carried
 out in accordance with the draft ASTM C-666 and A$TM D560 [ASTM C666,1980, ASTM D560,1989]].

-------
Resistance to rapid freeze/thaw.  Cylindrical test specimens 4.5 cm diameter by 7.4 cm were subjected to
twelve successive cycles of being submerged in water for 24 hours and then frozen at -20°C for 24 hours.
Specimens serving as test controls were subjected to 24 hour cycles of being submerged in water
followed by placement in an environmental chamber maintained at 20°C and 98 percent relative humidity.
Common specimens served as test controls for both the freeze/thaw weathering test and the wet/dry
weathering test.  Results are reported as the cumulative percent weight loss, or percent eroded, of each
test specimen.
   2.2.13 Wet/Drv Weathering
       The Wet/Dry weathering test was selected to evaluate the effect of varying moisture conditions on
the physical integrity and erosion of monolithic treated residues.  The Wet/Dry weathering test was carried
out in accordance with the draft ASTM Wet/Dry Weathering Test [ASTM D559,1989]. Cylindrical test
specimens 4.5 cm diameter by 7.4 cm were subjected to twelve successive cycles of being submerged in
water for twenty-four hours followed by drying in a nitrogen-purged oven for twenty-four hours at 60°C.
Results are reported as the cumulative percent weight loss, or percent eroded, of each test specimen.

2.3 LEACHING TESTS SELECTED

       The leaching  properties tests were selected to provide a broad understanding of contaminant
release under a variety of potential environmental conditions.  Leaching tests were selected primarily to
evaluate fundamental leaching properties rather than simulate specific environmental exposure scenarios.
This approach permits the application of the leaching data obtained to the estimation of contaminant
release over a wide variety of environmental conditions instead of only the particular exposure scenario
tested. TCLP also was carried out on prepared untreated and treated residues for comparison purposes.
Table 2.5  indicates the chemical analyses carried out on extracts obtained from each leaph test. The
leaching tests selected and the basis for selection of each test are discussed briefly in the following
paragraphs.
       Testing of untreated residues was carried out on samples after completion  of the residue
preparation and homogenization procedures (see Section 3.1) to permit comparison with the
results obtained from treated residues. Therefore, results from testing of the untreated residues
may not be indicative of the behavior of "as disposed" residues, which have not been
mechanically processed. For example, removal of the non-crushable residue fractions greater
than 9.5 mm may have resulted in increased concentrations of specific elements (e.g., lead and
cadmium) in the processed residues used in this study.
       Each vendor carried out its specific process one time  on each of three aliquots of each type of
preprocessed residue.  All leach tests were carried out one time on prepared samples from each

                                                  17

-------
process demonstration.  Extracts were analyzed for the same list of metals and anions presented in
Table 2 2  in addition, distilled-water leach test (DWLT) extracts were analyzed fortotal dissolved solids
(TDS)  total organic carbon (TOG) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Contaminant release results
from all leach tests were back-calculated to mass released per mass of ash initially treated on a dry we,ght
basis (e g  mg/kg ash dry solid (ds)). This calculation corrects for variations in moisture content and
dilution during processing and treatment.  In addition!, results of testing are presented in tabular form on
the following bases:                             i

        1. Brtract concentrations (mg/l or ug/l);     ;
        2. Release per unit mass of treated residue (mg/kg): and.
        3. Release from treated residue per unit mass of untreated residue (mg/kg ash. ds).
         The TCLP was selected to be carried out to altow a comparison with a broad database of results
 obtained from testing of other materials. The TCLP was carried out in accordance with the method
 outlined in the 7 Nov 1986 Federal Register. Volume 40. Part 261 [US EPA. 1986]. This test is carried out
 on a sample crushed to less than 9.5 mm. Extracttoh is carried out at a 20:1 liquid to sold ratio using
 dilute acetic acid.  The extraction solution is either buffered or unbuffered depending on the alkal.mty of
 the material to be tested. Only a fixed quantity of acid is added for the extraction, and therefore the f.nal
 PH of the extract is widely variable.  Thus, metals concentrations observed in the extract often reflect the
 pH dependent solubility constraints of the specific element. The contaminant concentrations in the test
  leachate are compared with a published list of limits.
      p,fl ? Availability 1 oaf* Test 'Am           \
         The Availability Leach Test was selected to assess the maximum amount of specific elements or
  species which could be released under an assumed "worst case" environmental scenario.  This test was
  originally developed by the Netherlands Energy Research Center (ECN) [van der Stoot. HA. « a.
  1984]  The test is carried out  on a sample crushedland size  reduced to less than 300 um. Two senal
  extractions are carried out. each  at a 100:1 lk,uid to solid ratio, using distilled water. The PH is control
  to PH 7 during the first extraction and to pH 4 during the second extraction, using an automate pH
  controller which delivers dilute nitric acid. Thus, the final extraction pH is controlled not the amour* of aad
  used  The first and second extracts are combinedlor analysis. The very large liquid to solid ratio insures
  that the contaminant release  is not constrained by its solubility at the final pH and the  amount of
   contaminant extracted is the maximum amount which would be available at that pH. This test general*
                                                 18

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extracts all species which are not tightly bound in a mineral or glassy matrix. The test does not provfcfe
information on the rate of contaminant release.
    p a 3  Distilled Water 1 each Test (DWLT)            .  ,
       The Distilled Water Leach test (DWLT) was selected to assess the amount of specific elements or
species which could be released under continued exposure to precipitation or nominally clean water
percolation.  Synthetic acid rain solutions were not selected as the extractant because the limited acidity
of these extractants would have minimal impact on the extraction of untreated or treated MWC residues   ;
because of the residues' very high natural alkalinity.  The DWLT was carried out in accordance with the
sequential batch leaching test in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers EL-87-9, US. [Environmental
Laboratory, 1987]. The test is carried out on a sample crushed to less than 2.0 mm. ;Four serial
extractions of the residue sample are carried out. each at a 10:1  liquid to solid ratio using distilled water as
the extractant.  No acid  is added and no pH control is used. Thus, the natural buffering capacity of the
material controls the final extract pH which was typically between pH 10 and 12 for the materials tested.
The first and second extracts were combined for analysis, as were the third and fourth extracts.  This test
estimates the amount of contaminant released over prolonged exposure and provides limited information
on the rate of contaminant release.
     9S.A Acid Neutralisation Capacity fANCl
        The Acid Neutralization Capacity (ANC) test was selected to assess the solubility of specific
 metals over a broad pH range [Test Methods for Solidified Waste Characterization. 1986].  The test was
 carried out on a sample crushed and size reduced to less than 300  urn  Eleven separate extractions are
 earned out using separate size reduced subsamples at a liquid to solid ratio of 5:1. The low liquid to
 solid ratio results in the extraction being solubility constrained for some analytes. Each extraction
 receives  a different amount of dilute nitric acid, varying from 0 to 12 meq/g dry untreated or treated
 residue, resulting in a broad range of final pHs. A titratton curve also is obtained for each material tested.
     2.3.5 Monplith Leach Test
        The Monolith Leach Test was selected to assess the release rate of specific elements and
 species from untreated and treated MWC residues under diffusion controlled conditions. This would be
 thes case under field conditions where the flow of infiltration or contacting water is predominantly around
 monolithic structures (e.g.. blocks, other forms or low permeability compacted fill). The Monolith Leach
 Test was carried out based on a modification of the American Nuclear Society (ANS) American National
 Standard Measurement of the Leachability of Solidified Low-Level Radioactive Wastes by a Short-Term
 Test Procedure.(ANSI-16.1-1986). The test was carried out using a 4 cm diameter by 4 cm cylindrical,
 monolithic sample instead of the specified size test specimen.  Treated residues were either vibrated or
 compacted using modified proctor compactive effort into PVC plastic molds immediately after being
                                               19

-------
treated  Samples were cured at 98% revive humrty and 20»C lor. 28 days prtor to testing. MonoBhc
        wTextracted by contacting with 8.47 iiters dolled water tor up to 64 days. Contact wafcr
        ld w«h fresh d,s,i,,ed water a, ,. 2, 4. 8. 16.32 «d 64 days and an^ed tor metais «d other

       A new test method was developed formation o. compacted granular materials. Release rate
         obtained tor untreated bottom ash and combined ash by compacting each ash     mum
 was replaced with fresh distilled water at 6 hours and 1,2. 4, 8, 16 and 32 days.
        Leiing o, ,he release data in coniunction:w»h the resu»s o, the availably leach tes, was used
 ,o determine JL. «*» coe«i=ien,s. ,ortuos«, and chem'.a, retention .actors ,or estimate Ion,
 term species release rates (see Chapter 8).
 2.4 DATA PRESENTATION                   '.
         The complex senes o. chemical and leaching analyses carried out in this study resulted inthe
  developTn, o, I extremely .arge data set. The »nplex»y o, data se, was tuaher increase because
  o, the L* variably associated «h the MWC| rescues (e.g., .yplca, standard de-na^ o,
              .fl*---^^-'*"^-'"^-"*"1'1"'",^
               extent possible through the use of graphical representations. Standard data
              employe^ihcu-de x-y data and «ne plots, bar graphs ar* box pfcts.  The use o, box
              observation o, da^ vaHab»Ky and skewedhes,  Eaeh box plot typically reflects ,-
                 an observed variable.  The centra, line w»h,n each shaded -box-  represents me med,an
                ihed ,or the partcular element. The bo«om ar, top o,  the shaded box  represe. he
        ot the .ower and upper fourths of the data set Thus, the box encloses one quarter o. the data
         o Led be,w L media* and one Barter o, the data poin* ob,,ned above the
        and upper -whiskers" on each box represent the entire range of the data. exdud,ng
convenience
               prior to the first use of this data presentation format in Chapter 3.2.
                                               20

-------
2.5 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND LEACHING ANALYSIS

       Particle size reduction (PSR) of test specimens was necessary for the leaching tests, several of
the physical property tests, and chemical analysis of the solids. The particle size reductions required
were tess than 9.8 mm. toss than 2mm. and less than 50 mesh (300mm).  Table 2.6 briefly summarizes
the required particle size for solids subjected to the leaching test and chemical analysis and the method
of PSR. A summary of the PSR procedure is provided in Figure 2.2. First, a mortar and pestle was
utilized to reduce the entire sample to <9.5mm. The mortar and pestle then were used to reduce the
particle size to <2mm. The subsequent step employed a parallel plate, mechanical grinder (Bico Model
UA £13) to reduce the material to pass through a 50 mesh (300 um) screen.
       A standardized criteria for particle size reduction was necessary to assure uniform sample
preparation because many samples were not size reducible in entirety. The PSR criteria was as follows:
85% of the initial sample mass (- 3kg) had to be reduced to less than 2mm. The 15% of initial sample
 mass that was non-reducible consisted of mainly ferrous particles and glass.  Greater than 65% of the
 initial sample mass had to be reduced to less than 50 mesh. The materials rejected from the mechanical
 grimier were primarily unbumt paper material and ferrous particles.
        During the PSR procedure, only ceramic surfaces (alumina) were allowed to contact the residue.
 To prevent cross-contamination between samples, the surfaces were cleaned and acid washed between
 uses according to the following sequence:
                (0   scrub with soap and water to remove all apparent residue;
                (fi)  rinse with reverse osmosis (RO) water;
                (fii)  Soak in 2N HMOs for 4 hours;
                (iv)  rinse twice with RO water; and,
                (v)  rinse with distilled deionized water (Dl).
                                                                          r
  A trial PSR procedure was carried out and the final rinse waters generated during cleaning were collected
  to verify that the cleaning procedure  was adequate. The rinse waters were analyzed for lead. zinc, arsenic
  and cadmium. In  all cases, the contaminant levels were below detection limits.                        ;
         Bias resulting from the PSR protocol was evaluated by analyzing the greater than 2mm reject.
  less than 2 mm size reduced material and the less than 300 urn size reduced material from untreated
  bottom ash and combined ash.  Metals were analyzed using SW-846 methods, Triplicate initial grab
  samples of each homogenized residue was size reduced according to the described protocol and the
  resulting fractions analyzed. Results for aluminum, cadmium, chromium copper, lead and zinc are
  presented in Rgures 2.3 and 2.4.  Slight enrichment of cadmium and zinc occurred in the analytical samples
                                               21

-------
as a result Of rejection of the greaterthan 2 mm fraction, recognizing this fraction represented less than 15
percent of the initial residue sample. For example, the mean value for cadmium in the bottom ash less
than 300 urn was 35 mg/kg while the estimate for the total mean, including correction for the reject ftacbon,
was 30 mg/kg or a difference of 17% which was within the range of sampling and analysis variability.
Similarly the mean value for zinc in the bottom ash less than 300 nm fraction was 4730 mg/kg wh,le the
estimate for the total mean, including correction for the reject fraction, was 4120 mg/kg or a difference of
15%. Slight enrichment of copper (bottom ash only)jand zinc also occurred in the analytical samples as a
result of the size reduction to less than 300 um.    j
                                                 22

-------
Table 2.1. Analysis of residues and additives.

                                                                              Detection Limits

    Parameter      Extraction Method   Analytical Method        Source             (mg/Kg)
Arsenic
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
Selenium
Silver
Aluminum
Boron
Barium
Beryllium
Chromium
Copper
Lithium
Nickel
Tfll
Zinc
PH
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
3050
—
7060
7131
7471
7421
7740
6010
6010
6010
6010
6010
6010
6010
6010
6010
6010
6010
9045
(D
(D
(1)
(D
(1)
(D
(D
(1)
(D
0)
(D
(D
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.3
2.1
0.6
0.3
0.1
0.9
0.9
1.3
1.8
5.5
0.5
~~
  Anions by Ion
  Chroimatography           —

                                                _                 _                1.0
  Chloride                   —
                                                _                 _                0.5
  Fluoride                   —
                                                                   _               0.05
  Nitrate                    —
                                                                   _               0.05
  Nitrite                     —
                                                _                 —               0.05
  Qrthophosphate           —
                                                __                 _                1.0
  Suteite                   —
          Not Applicable
                                                   23

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Table 2.1.
(continued)
    Parameter
Ammonia

COD
                   Extraction Method   Analytical Method
                                              Source
            Detection Limits
                (mg/kg)
EPA 350.3
41 0.1 or 41 0.2
(2)
(3)
0.15
50 or 500
TOO
Total Dissolved
Solids
 Dtoxins/Furans
                             415.1
                       EPA CE-81-1 using
                        combustion boat
                                 j

                             160.1
                         High resblution
                              GG
                         High resolution
                              MS
(1)



(2)
                                                                                100
                                                                               1.000
        Not Applicable
 Source:
 1. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes."  SW846.

 2. -Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes." EPA-600-4-79-020.

 3. -Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater."
                                                24

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Table 2.2. Elements analyzed by NAA and analysis detection limits.
plement
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Coba|t
Dysprosium
Gallium
Hafnium
Indium
. Iodine
Iron
Potassium
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Rubidium
Scandium
Selenium
Sodium
Silicon
Silver
Strontium
Thorium
Titanium
Uranium
Vanadium
Zinc
Note: all rare earths = less than 1 ppm
Detection
05
02
OS
20
1
03
300
05
5
1
02
02
5
02
0.1
2
, 150
GOO
0-1
1
2
2
0.1
02
20
1-3
2
50
02
300
1
5
5

Limit fma/koJ
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm


-------
Table 2.3.
Comparison of NAA values with N1ST Certified Standard Reference Material 16Ki Coal
Fly Ash. All concentrations are in mg^kg unless specified otherw.se, followed by the
standard deviation.                j
                  Element

                    "Ag
                    Ai
                    AS
                    Au
                    Ba
                    Br
                    Ca
                    Cd
                     Ce
                     Cl
                     Co
                     Cr
                     Cs
                     Fe
                     Hg
                     In
                     La
                     Mn
                     Mo
                     Na
                     Ni
                     Rb
                     Sb
                      Sc
                      Se
                      Si
                      Sm
                      Sr
                      Ta
                      Th
                      Ti
                      V
                      2n
                                        NAA Value
                                                  NIST Value
                                                       *
0.44 ±0.17
12.5 ±2.0%
57.2 ±0.7
6.4 ±0.4 ng/g
2110±170
6.30 ±0.35
4.28 ±0.27%
1.34 ±0.20
138 ±2
<200
37.3 ±0.5
137 ±2
8.09 + 0.15
5.70 ±0.08
<480ng/g
123 ± 13 ng/g
76±;1
471 ±8
20.6 ±0.3
3100±110
99 ±3
106±2
558 ±0.08
24.0 ±0.3
9.8 ±0.5
25.0|±1.0
14.0±0.2
1230±100
1.62(±0.04
21.9!±0.3
7100 ±500
219 ±6
234±4
(0.30 ±0.050)
(12.6 ±0.6%)
61±4
(5.2 ±2.6 ng/g)
(2665 ±160)
(8.4 ±2.2)
(4.65 ±0.34%)
(1.47 ±0.1 5)
(149 ±10)
(38 ±13)
(38)
131 ±2
(8.6 ±0.6)
(6.1 6 ±0.27%)
140 ±10 ng/g)
(220 ± 80 ng/g)
(79 ±5)
493 ±7
(28 ±5)
(3130 ±200)
98±3
(112)
(6.8 ±0.7)
(26 ±3)
(9.4 ±0.5)
(22.0 ±1.0)
(12.9 ±1.5)
(1380 ±100)
(1.90 ±0.14)
(24)
(71 00 ±500)
214 ±8
210 ±20
      Parentheses denote consensus values from Gladney et ai. [National Bureau of Standards Report
      260-111 U.S. Department of Commerce,
                                              26

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Table 2.4.  Physical testing of untreated and treated MWC residues.
         Analysis

 Baste Properties
    Moisture  Content
    Loss on Ignition



    [3ulk Density
    Particle Size
    Distribution

    Permeability
    Porosity and
    Surface Area
    Modified Proctor
    Density
        Objective


 Free  water and correction
 of chemical analyses to dry
 weight basis

 Residual organic matter,
 carbonate  and  water of
 hydration

 Volume changes and
 transportation  estimates
Gradation and classfication
of granular material

Water percolation rates
through treated  residues
Internal pore structure
and surface area for use
with  contaminant diffusion
estimates

Optimum moisture  content
for compaction and
compacted density
  Product
TVD»  Tested
  Monolithic
      or
   granular

  Monolithic
      or
   granular

  Monolithic
      or
   granular

   granular
     only

  Monolithic
      or
   granular

  Monolithic
      or
   granular
 Reference
                                                                     ASTM
                                                                     D2261-80
Standard
Methods
209D

See description
in text
  granular
    only
ASTM
D421

U.S. Army
Engineering
Manual GM
1110-21906

BET Isotherm
ASTM
D1557-78
Curing Rate and
Strength Development
    Cone  Penetrometer
    Unconfined Compresive
    Strength (UCS)

    Pozzolanic Activity
Durability and
Weathering  Effects
   UCS after Immersion
   Freeze/Thaw
   Weathering

   Wet/Dry Weathering
Initial,  short term strength     Monolithic     U.S. Army
development during curing         or        Manual TMS-
                              granular     530/NAVFAC
                                           NO-330/AFM

Cure rate and long term       Monolithic     ASTM
strength  development            only        C-109

Self-cementing properties       Granular     ASTM
of untreated residues            only        C-311-80
Effect of weathering  under    Monolithic    ASTM
saturated conditions  on           only       C-511-78
strength                                  ASTM C-109

Product erosion during         Monolithic    ASTM
thermal cycling                   only       C-666-80

Product erosion during         Monolithic    ASTM
immersion cycling                 only       D559-89
  See Section 2.6 for Complete References
                                               27

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Table 2.5. Analysis of extracts from leaching tests.

Detection Limits
Parameter Analytical Method Source 0*9*9)
Arsenic 706°
Cadmium 7131
Mercury 747°
Lead 7421
Selenium ^^
Silver a)10
Aluminum a)lO
Boron 6010
Barium a>lO
Beryllium a)10
cnnn
Calcium 601°
Cobalt a)10
Chromium aMO
Copper a>10
Iron a)lO
Potassium ' ®)10
Lithium 601°
Magnesium a)lO
Manganese a)10
Molybdenum a)10
errtfi
Sodium euiu
_-....
Nickel sno

Antimony a)10

-------
Table 2.5.
(continued)
      Parameter
         Analytical Method
                                                 Source
Detection Limits
    (jig/kg)
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
PH
COD*
TSS"
TDS*

TOC*

Anions by Ion
Chromatography
Chloride
Fluoride
Nitrate
Nitrite
Orthophosphate
Sulfate
6010
6010
6010
EPA 150.1
Low -EPA 41 0.2
Medium -EPA 41 0.1
EPA 160.2
EPA 160.1
415.1
EPA 9060 using
combustion boat
EPA 300.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
0)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(1)


(2)
—
— -
—
—
, —
^^^
12
4
; 5
; ~
5mg/L
50 mg/L
10rng/L
ilO mg/L
100


; —
0.2 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
0.01 mg/L
0;01 mg/L
Oi01 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
  Source:
  1.  Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes,"  SW846,3rd Edition.
  2.  "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes."  EPA-600/4-79-020.
  •  Distilled Water Leach Test Only.
  "  Monolith Leach Test Only
                                       29

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Table 2
      .6.  Particle size reductions required for chemical analysis and leaching tests.
Analysis                           j
e>~|j:j gnmpl0 Analysis (untreated and    |
                    treated residues)!
Metals
    SW-846                         |
    Neutron Activation
COD, TOO
pH.TDS.NHs.Anions,
 Dioxins, Furans
          TeStS
                                                             $ize  Requited
 TCLP                              ;
 Distilled Water Leach Test           !
 Availability Leach Test               ,
 Acid Neutralization Capacity Leach Test
                                                           <300 u,m
                                                           <300 nm
                                                           <2mm
                                                           <2mm
                                                           <9.8 mm
                                                            <9.8 mm
                                                            >2mm
                                                            <300 u.m
                                                            <300 u.m
                                     30

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Figure 2.1. Configuration of monolith extraction test for compacted granular materials.
Extraction
Fluid
                                                          3 gallon polyethylene
                                                          pail with lid
                                                          2.2 cm layer glass beads
                                                          10.1 cm sample in
                                                          mold
                                            31

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Figure 2.2. Sample preparation for leaching tests 2nd analysis.
                 <9.8mm
                  TCLP
                   Moisture
          Screening
         (2.0  mm  mesh)  •
               Distilled
               Water  Leach
               Test

               Moisture
           Screening
            (50 mesh)
                                            'UNTREATED OR TREATED
                                                    ASH
                                              (Approx. 3 kg)
final reject (> 2.0 mm)
<15% of initial  mass
                       >65% of
                       Initial  mass
 final reject (> 50 mesh)
                                 	


                	
                Moisture
                                             32

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Figure 2.3.  Effects of particle size reduction for analysis on total concentrations.
                   Figure a.  Bottom Ash, Cu
4.000-
3.000-
2,000

1 000







>2mm
\
Max. Value:
160000
kxxxx^l



< 2mm < SOOum
Figure b. Combined Ash, Cu
3.UUU-
4,000-
o, 3-000
E 2.000
1.000




>2mm

(
'



SS^

< 2mm < 300|jm
                                                                    Figure d.  Combined Ash, Pb
5.000-
4.000-
3,000
2,000
1.000
oJ
4.000-
3.000-
2.000-
1.000-
0








*s.\\\\x
^sSSSS

> 2mm < 2mm < SOOjom
Figure e. Bottom Ash, Zn













s.oou-
4.000-
o. S-000
E 2.000
1.000
5,000-
4,000-
» 3.000-
E 2.000
1,000
n



>2mm <2mm <300|im
Figure f. Combined Ash, Zn

f,,\ S. S.,\.J




I I

*3OOum >2mm • <2mm <3Otvun
                                                  33

-------
Figure 2.4.  Effects of particle size reduction for analysis on total concentrations.


                   Figures.  Bottom Ash, Al         I         	    Figure b. Combined Ash^
        50.000




        40.000-




      o, 30.000-
        20,000
        10.000
            50-




            40-




            30



            20




             10
            500
            400-
            300-
             200
             100
                             <2mm     <300um
                    Figure c.  Bottom Ash, Cd
>2mm




   Figure e.  Bottom Ash, Cr



—
\
Max. Value:
1100


                                         50,000-




                                         40.000-




                                       0,30.000




                                       E 20.000




                                         10.000



                                              0
50-




40








20




 10



  0







500
                                             400-




                                             300




                                             200




                                             100



                                                0
                                                                      Figure d. Combined Ash, Ccl _
                                                                                 <2mm
                                                                       Figure f. Combined Ash, Cr
                                                                         "
                    > 2mm
                               < 2mm
                                                                       >2mm
                                                    34

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                         3.  RESIDUE SAMPLING AND PREPARATION
                                                                          i
3.1  RESIDUE SAMPLING AND PREPARATION
        MWC residue used in this study was collected from a modem mass bum facility with a nominal
capacity rating of 2,100 tons/day. The service area of the facility was primarily household waste with
some commercial and non-hazardous industrial contributions.  The MWC facility has the following process
sequence: (i) primary combustor with movable grates, (ii) boiler and economizer, (Hi) wet/dry scrubber
(spray drier) with lime, and (iv) paniculate recovery using baghouses (fabric filters). A generic flow
diagram for this type of facility is presented in Figure 3.1. Residues from all of the boiler surfaces are
included with the bottom ash stream, which is quenched after exiting from the primary combustor. This
may have resulted in slightly elevated concentrations of cadmium and other volatile heavy metals in the
bottom ash compared to MWC facilities where all of the boiler ash is included with the APC residue.
AF'C residue generated is the  mixed residuals from the acid gas scrubber and the baghouses. The
facility includes three separate combustors and APC trains. APC residue from each process train is
 mixed with the bottom ash from that process train prior to combining the residues from all three process
 trains. Subsequent to combining the APC residue With the bottom ash from each process stream,
 residues from all three process trains are mixed, passed through a grizzly to remove materials larger
 than ten inches and trammelled to pass a 1.5 inch screen in conjunction with iron recovery. Combined
 ash passing the trommel then is accumulated in a bunker prior to disposal.
        Bottom ash, APC residue, and combined ash were sampled in bulk (2-10 tons of each residue
 type) during two days of typical facility operation on September 14-16,1989. Bottom ash and
 combined ash required processing prior to treatment demonstrations in order to facilitate laboratory
 scale testing. Figures 3.2 through 3.4 summarize MWC residue sampling and preparation. Bottom ash
 was sampled after quenching from the vibratory conveyor. Full stream cuts were taken at random
 intervals over approximately a six hour interval. Bottom ash was screened to pass a two inch square
 miesh during collection. Ash components that would not pass through the two inch mesh were weighed
 and discarded. The discarded materials were primarily large chunks of slug and metal, glass and wire
 tangles. A total of approximately 9,000 Ibs (15,55-galton drums) of screened bottom ash was collected.
         APC residue was sampled through ports installed on the underside of the screw conveyor
 transporting the residue from each APC process train to the point of mixing with the bottom ash. The
  entire APC residue stream was collected from the facility's three APC trains at random intervals of
  several hours each during daytime operation over two days. The APC residue was screened during
                                               35

-------
collection to pass a 0.5 inch square mesh. Negligible amounts of material were collected on the screen
and discarded.  Approximately 4000 Ibs (fifteen 55-gallon drums) of ARC residue were collected.
       Combined ash was collected from the storage bunker of material passing through the trommel.
Bulk samples were randomly obtained from the storage pile using a front end loader. All combined ash
sampled had been produced within two hours of sampling. Water appeared to be freely draining from
the combined ash during sampling. Combined ash was screened to pass a two inch square mesh
during collection. This was necessary because, although the combined ash nominally had passed
through the 1.5 inch trommel, some particles had clumped together into larger aggregates. Reject
material was weighed and discarded.  Approximately 8,000 Ibs (15.55-gallon drums) of combined ash
was sampled.                                 ;
        All MWC residues collected were placed in polyethylene lined 55-gallon drums, sealed and
 shipped to WES lor further processing.  After receipt at WES, bottom ash and combined ash had
 moisture contents ranging from 12-18 and 12-37 percent, respectively. Both bottom ash and oombmed
 ash were air dried at WES to a target  of less than 1 Q% moisture to facilitate subsequent part,cle s.ze
 reduction, homogenization and storage for this experimental program.  The MWC residue was spread
 into open  air drying troughs (8 ft X 4 ft X 2 ft) to a depth of 18 inches. The residue in each trough was
 thoroughly mixed daily using heavy duty garden rakes and shovels to enhance air drying. At n,ght and
 during inclement weather, the drying troughs were covered with portable roofs.  During daylight tours.
 the troughs were  left open to the atmosphere. The final moisture content of the bottom ash and
 combined ash was 1U/- 3 wt% and 10+/-2 wt%, respectively. Further reduction in residue moisture
 content-was not possible because of the high humidity climate at WES (Mississippi).  The ARC res,due
 collected had a moisture content of less than 5 perpent and did not require drying.
         Particle size reduction of bottom ash and combined ash to less than 0.5 inch was necessary to
  carry out the laboratory-scale process demonstrations.  The residue was removed from the drying
  troughs and passed through one-half inch mesh screens. The material that passed the screen was
  collected in storage drums. The material retained on the screen was separated and classified as ether
  crushable of non-crushable. The non-crushable materials were primarily metallic objects and were not
  used in this study. A commercial compaction hammer was used to reduce the particle s.ze of the
  material classified as crushable. The material was spread into a one-half inch layer on a concrete surface
  and five  passes with the compaction hammer were made over the surface of the residue. The matena.
  was re-sieved through the one-haH inch screen. The material passing the screen was collected in storage
  drums and the material retained on the screen was recycled through the particle size reduction step.
   Residue not passing the one-half inch  mesh screen after three cycles was classified non-crushable and
   not used in this study.
                                                36

-------
       Homogenization of each residue type after particle size reduction was achieved using a 1.000
gallon baffled tank as a mixing drum. Each residue was placed in the tank and mixed at a speed of 4 - 6
rotations per minute for five hours.  The residue then was removed from the homogenization tank and
placed in 55-galton storage drums until testing.

3.2  UNTREATED RESIDUE HOMOGENEITY
        Each untreated residue drum was sampled to assess the homogeneity of the resulting materials
after residue size reduction to less than 0.5 in. A total of eleven grab samples of approximately 3 kg
each were obtained for each residue type. Bottom ash and combined ash samples were further size
reduced to less than 300 urn using the particle size reduction protocol described in Chapter 2.4.  APC
residue samples did not require further particle size reduction.  Neutron activation analysis was carried
out on random subsamples of the  less than 300 urn size reduced samples to assay for metals and
 halogens.                                                                          .  .
        Figures 3.5 through 3.7 present box plots of the results obtained from the neutron act.vat.on
 analyses The use of box plots permits observation of data variability and skewedness. Each box plot
 presentation reflects all eleven replicates wtthin a residue type. The centra, line within each shaded "box-
 represents the median of the data obtained for the particular element.  The bottom and top of the
 shaded box represent the limits of the lower and upper fourths of the data set. Thus, the box
 encloses one quarter of the data  points obtained below  the median and one quarter of the data po.nts
 obtained above the median. The lower and upper "whiskers" on each box represent the entire range of
 the data, excluding outliers. Data outliers are indicated by open circles. Outliers are defined as those
 data which are greater than or less than 1.5 times the distance between the tower arid upper fourths from
 the median. Elements are ordered within figures according to increasing means and grouped by
 corwentratton orders of magnitude.
          Manganese, copper, titanium, iron, aluminum and silicon in APC residue exhibited greater
  variability than other elements of  similar concentration.' These elements are present in APC  residue
  primarily from physical entrapment of particles from the combustion zone in the combustion gases.  Four
  of the eleven replicates for copper in APC residue were considered outliers.  All halogen concentrat-ons
  in APC  residue had very limited variability. Iodine, cobalt, copper, chloride, iron and silicon in bottom ash
  had greater variability than other  elements within the material of similar concentration.  Those elements .n
  combined ash which have signHicant concentration in APC residue exhibited greater variability in the
  combined ash.  These elements include iodine, cadmium, bromine,  zinc and calcium.  Iron and z,nc also
  exhibited greater variability in combined ash than other elements of similar concentration. This probably
  was the result of elemental metal being present in the municipal solid waste that was combusted.
                                                37

-------
I
1
CO
o
£1
 S

 I
 I

                                           38  i

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Figure 3.2.  Bottom ash preparation.
Bottom  Ash
(as  collected)
                                                          14,500  Ibs
  Screening
 (2 In. mesh)
   reject (> 2 In.)    3,000  Ibs
  Air  Drying
  (to < 10%
   moisture)
         Dry Weight  8,400  Ibs


           3 times      !
   Screening
  (0.5 in.  mesh)
                                            final reject  (>  0.5  In.)
                                                           1,900  Ibs
    Mixing
  (1500  gal.
   baffled  drum)
                                                           Prepared.
                                                           Bottom Ash
                                                           6,400  Ibs
        55  gallon  drums - For  Vendor Demonstrations
                                   39

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Figure 3.3.  Combined ash preparation.
 Screening
 (2 In. mesh)
  Air  Drying
  (to < 10%
   moisture)
   Screening
  (0.5 in.  mesh)
    Mixing
  (1500 gal.
   baffled  drum)
                                     Combined Ash     12,500  ibs
                                     (as  collected)
reject  (>  2 In.)
    Wet Weight   10,500  Ibs
    Dry Weight     8,000  Ibs


       3  times
                                                    Crushing
                                            final  reject  (>  0.5  In.)

                                                          2,400  Ibs

1
4

—
2
<
3
i


4
1
1
                                                     1 0
                                                          Prepared
                                                          Combined Ash
                                                           5,500 Ibs
         55 gallon drums  - For  Vendor Demonstrations
                                    [40

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Figure 3.4.  APC residue preparation.
  Screenina
 (0.5 In.  mesh)
   Mixing
 (1500  gal.
  baffled  drum)
                                      Fly Ash with Scrubber Residue   4,000 ibs
                                e     (as  collected)
                                         reject  (>0.5  in.)
<1.0  Ibs
1
1


1
2
t
i
3
4
r4 ' •
4
• « • |
|
1 0
Prepared
Fly Ash
4,000 Ibs
        55 gallon  drums - For  Vendor Demonstrations
                                       41

-------
Box plot of neutron activation analysis results for homogenized, untreated ARC residue
(SS^
T T -t
02gEgpa
J*
Sm In Ta Th Sc Cs
Figure c.


8
f-V^W
&Mtt I
0
I Ag ' Cd Cr Mn Cu
25-
> 9O




0
E 10
s
I
! 0'
t
8000



i
' '1 4.000
i
2.000
i C
1
f$w3
§g§
T $$^
T 1 $\NXV
T^S^i

^^^ '
U Se Hg Ce Co V
Figure d.
_
"^"N™^™^ t- J'- 	 C — ^ ^
^v\\x -1
_^T
Sb Br Ti Fe
          Figure e.
                                                                Figure f.
30.000-
24.000
Q 18.000
E 12.000
6.000
0
T
^!T^^^^
'////
3.
^ F=r=!


K Zn to Al
300.000-
250,000
200.000
1i 150.000
E
100.000

50.000
0
=====


-• -


o
„
r"'"'"' "
Si Cl Ca
                                      42

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Fiaure 3 6      Box plol o1 neutron activation analysis results for homogenized, untreated bottom ash
        "       (<300u.m, ground; 11 replicates).
       2.0
       1.5
       1.0
       0.5
       0.0
                       Figure 1s.

              In
                      Cs
Sm       Hg
                                                                                Figure 1b.
12.0,
10.0

8.0
•f e.o
£
4.0
2.0
n n
0.0
,
' "T
; T


•

%%/%
%P
mb
'tftft
yW//
0



T __ r \
t
Ta ' Se ' So , Th I U
       120


       100^


        80


      !  6°

        40


        20


          0
                        Figure 1e.
                                                                                Figure 1d.
          222
              Ag   '  Ce   '   Cd     V      Co
2000,
1600


1200-
800




; T
772ZZ3j
^222:2
j_
S>>^
: — 1

ESS - ;
SO ' & ' Cr ' Mn cu
                         Figure 1e.
                                                                                 Figure 1f.
30,000,
OE nno


<; 10,000
H 5.000
110.000
5,000


0 ^
>W<
1
' '-//A 1
_ ^ •>
^^^^^
^^ J_
1 — T! ' .2n ' K Na u
160.000,
120.000
80.000
40.000
0
0
' T T

T t^^1 '///,
\ '
,

,
' — Al ' l-e ;' ca ' s>i
                                                       43

-------
Fraure 3 7 Box plot of neutron activation analysis results for homogenized, untreated combined ash
'* (<300um. ground; 11 replicates).
Figure, _n n **"•*• 	 ,
3.0
o
I2"0
1.0

50,
40.
30
D
E 20
10
0
20.000
16.000
a 12-000
E 8.000
4.00C
(
T
M
//y/,
I
e
J.
In Cs Sm Ta
Figure c.

$', -''• T

• E /f^ 1

Ce Cd V Co
Figure e.
T
^^r/^^j
fflffi,
L
|s^ >^7^
1
' Cu Mn Zn Ti K
16.0.
12.0
o>
E 8.0
4.0
I
0.0
\
I ^ 000-T
800
e» 60°
400
200
0
250000
200,000
0 150'000
E 100.000
! 50,000
r
T
" i ' ^^
y _ 	 	 /^ k*p
IWW^Wj ' ' — / / ' j^
JL
Hg Th Sc Se U I
Figure d.
T
^\SS
T ^^
\ jfe.,.::V. '• !'•'•'•»• ' [| SV^^^
^T^w,™ | I

^^PlS
i
Sb Cr Br
Figure (.
T
T ^§^
r/JJ7s X^^-,
T $/s/ ^w^
I rSssS. \
\ - i
/v>

Na Cl Al Fe Ca Si
44

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                      4. PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS AND ECONOMICS

4.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS                   ''
       Five S/S treatment processes were selected for inclusion in this study. Treatment processes
were selected to be representative of general classes of S/S process chemistries.  Tfie specific process
carried out for demonstration was developed by the vendors selected to participate in this study.  Only
the vendors who requested to be identified are indicated in this report (see Section t.4). The processes
evaluated are summarized as follows:
Process 1 - This process used Portland cement (type I) and polymeric absorbents to carry out S/S.
Vendor supplied information indicated that this process would produce a soil-like product and that
approximately 1.7 tons of product would be produced per ton of ash treated. The vendor supplied
information also indicated that MWC residue treatment costs would be approximately $30-40 per ton of
residue treated.
 Process 2 - This process used a combination of proprietary additives to carry our S/S. The process
 employed is of a general class of S/S processes which employ portland cement, dry carbonaceous
 material and additional soluble silicate reagents to immobilize inorganic contaminants.  Vendor supplied
 information indicated that the treated materials would be soil-like and that a 20-30% volume increase would
 occur as a result of treatment.
 Process 3. This process used a waste pozzolan to carry out S/S. A wastewater (municipal landfill
 leacnate from a landfill with no record of industrial waste disposal) was used in the process instead of
 potable water. This process had previously been carried out at full-scale with MWC residues from a
 different MWC facility than the one used in this study. Projected treatment cost information was
                                                                           i
 proprietary.                                                               :
 process 4 - This  process patented by Wheelabrator Environmental Systems as WES-PHix used
 proprietary additives to react soluble phosphates with the MWC residues.  This process did not include
 the addition of a  traditional pozzolan or Portland cement. Vendor supplied information indicated that this
 process would produce a soil-like product and that minimal increases in residue volume or weight would
 occur. Modifications  of this process have been implemented at full-scale at various MWC facilities.
 WF=S control - This process was used as a positive experimental control. The process employed
  Portland Cement, Type I only as a process additive to produce a monolith. The process was developed
                                               45

-------
based on varying cement and water additions until a nominal cone penetrometer greater than 100 psi and
minimal leaching based on TCLP results was achieved.
       The relative amounts of process additives and water additions were varied by vendor according
to residue type.  Vendors were supplied with test quantities of each residue type prior to process
demonstrations. However, process vendors indicated that their processes were optimized around only
one or a few of the evaluation tests to be carried out.  Therefore, it is unlikely that any of the above
processes were truly optimized for performance based on all of the evaluation parameters.
        A summary of the relative quantities of MWC residue, process additives and water add.t,ons are
provided for each process and residue type in Table 4.1.  AH process additives are lumped together for
reporting purposes to preserve proprietary process information. The resulting process dilution factors.
or the relative increase in MWC residue weight resulting from treatment, is presented in Table 4.2.

 4.2.  PROCESS ECONOMICS FOR  SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION OF MWC RESIDUES

 A cost estimate for implementation of MWC residue treatment must include many factors, severa. of which
 will be based on unique local condittons at individual; MWC facilities.  The following is a summary and bnef
 discussion of factors which ultimately would influence^ treatment costs:
 a Treatment Spedflcatbns - Treatment performance typically will be based on regulatory requirements
     or desired treated residue characteristics in the final disposal or utilization scenario. Such
     considerations will govern treatment process,selection and operation. For example, at the
     Commerce Refuse to Energy Facility (CREF) located in Commerce. CA. treatment process select-on
     was based on meeting leaching test requirements under the California Waste Extraction Test (WET)
     and also on potential for utilization of the treated  residue as a landfill road construction material [ANS
     161  1986]. Thus, treatment decisions at CREF were based on both leaching test performance under
     a local leaching test and structural properties of the treated material. Currently, there are no Federal
      USEPA guidelines for MWC residue treatment; or treatment process performance, but several state
      and local jurisdictions have implemented MWC|residue guidelines which are highly variable from
      jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Where treatment is required, these state and local guidelines will determine
      the degree of treatment which is necessary.
   b Treatment Process Additfces - Non-proprietary and proprietary process additives may contobute
    '  significantly to treatment costs depending on the nature, local availability and process loadings of
      specific treatment additives.  Process additives also may substantially impact treatment costs by
      increasing the  volume or weight of the residue's requiring transportation and disposal.
                                                46

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c.  Treatment Process Design - Different S/S processes may require varied preparation, feed rates,
                                                                           !
    curing and other processing conditions.
d.  Process Licensing Agreements - Use of proprietary treatment processes may include process
    licensing fees.                                                           ,
e.  MWC Facility Improvements - Capital improvements will likely be necessary at any MWC facility
    implementing a residue treatment process.  Capital improvements will mainly involve materials
    handling equipment, such as conveyors, screens, reagent storage tanks, particle size control, drying.
    storage silos, mixing equipment, casting forms, piping, etc.                  ;
f.  Transportation to Disposal or Utilization Location - Where treatment process results in significantly
    increased quantities, an increase in overall treatment costs will occur if long distance transportation of
    the treated residues is required and/or disposal costs are high.  This increase  may heavily influence
    the selection of a treatment process.
 g. Process Operation and Maintenance - Personnel, utilities and maintenance will be required to support
    a residue management process.  The net amount expended for residue management may increase
    or decrease depending on the specific requirements of the treatment process relative to untreated
    residue management.
        The very site specific nature of treatment process implementation and the proprietary nature of
 some of the treatment processes included in this study prevented the incorporation of comparative cost
 estimates in this study. However, as an example only of costs associated with S/S treatment of MWC
 residues, a summary of cost estimates for a treatment process implemented at the CREF is presented
 here [County Sanitation Districts of LA. County, 1991, Kom, J.L. and Huitric, R.L.. 1992].  It should be
 noted that actual costs associated with other processes could be significantly lower or higher and should
 be determined on a case by case basis.
         The CREF is a mass bum MWC facility incorporating ammonia injection for NOx control, a lime
 slurry spray drier  for acid gas scrubbing and fabric filter baghouses for paniculate control.  A schematic
 flow diagram of the CREF is provided in Figure 4.1. CREF operation results in  the generation of
  approximately 35,000 tons per year of combined ash. A pilot study was carried out  at CREF to evaluate
  S/S treatment options for the facility. The process selected for implementation includes the following
  process steps:
         1.  Separate collection of APC residue from bottom ash;               ,
         2.  Separate silo storage of APC residue and Portland cement;
         3.  Screening of bottom ash to less than 1 inch nominal particle size;
         4.  Separation of ferrous materials from oversized (>1 inch) bottom ash fraction;
                                                47

-------
       5.  Mixing of APC residue, bottom ash, Portland cement and water batchwise in a standard
           rotating drum concrete mixing truck;
       6.  Forming of S/S residue blocks in modified 20 cubic yard roll-off containers at the MWC facility;
       7.  Setting of S/S residue blocks at ambient conditions for one to two days; and,
       8.  Transporting of treated residues to a toc*l landfill (approximately 10 miles from the MWC
           facility) where the residues may be used; as a landfill road construction material.

       A self-cleaning vibratory finger screen was Delected for bottom ash screening.  Portland type II
cement is added at between 8 and 12% by weight bf the residue treated and moisture content of the mix
is targeted at 25%. The ratto of APC residue to screened wet bottom ash incorporated in the treatment
mixture is  15:70. Approximately 15% of the total residue stream is greater than 1 inch size and is not
included in the treatment process.  Ferrous scrap is ^covered from the material greater than 1 inch in size
and the remainder of it is landfilled directly.        !
        Summaries of capital costs and annual operating costs along with additional specific assumptions
are provided in Tables 4.3 through 4.5. Including an additional landfill tipping fee for disposal of the
additional treated residue weight and annual debt service, the total treatment costs can be summarized as
follows:                                        I

                       Annual operating cost/ton ash          $16.16
                       Landfill tipping fee/ton treated ash     $14.30
                       Debt service /ton ash
                       Total ash management costAon ash
                       Current ash management cost/ton      121221
                       Additional cost of treatment/ton ash    $1725

 Note that this process does not include any substantial transportation costs or process technology
 licensing fees.        .                        I

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Table 4.1.
APC Residue

Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
 Process 4
 WES Control
        Ash
 Process 1
 Process 2
 Process 3
 Process 4
 WES Control
 Qorphined Ash
 Process 1
 Process 2
 Pro(«ss 3
  Process 4
  WES Control
Quantities of process additives and water added per 100 Ibs ash for each treatment
process. .
                         Additives [Ibs]
                             ••••••••••••^••i^"


                              11
                              25
                              50
                              12
                              30
                              11
                              25
                              50
                               6
                              10

                               11
                               25
                               50
                                7
                               10
 90
100
 85
 25
 90

 10
 32
 28*
 11
 10

  20
  32
  30
  12
  20
    Waste water added.
                                                49

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Table 4.2.      Process dilution factors for each treatment process.

Process
Process

1
2
Process 3
Process 4
WES Control
riUCcSs UIIUUUH raui
Bottom Asn
\2
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.2
A.PC Residue
2.0
22
2.4 .
1.4*
2.2*
C?rnbined Ash
1.3
1.6
1.8
12
1.3*

   Based on Table 4.1.
                                                  50

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Table 4.3.     Capital Improvement Costs for CREF Ash Treatmemt Facility.
Item
                                                                          Pre-Construction
                                                                           Cost Estimate
    Capital Cost of Construction Equipment Costs

    Aggregate Belt Conveyor (25 LF)
    Ash Cranes (2 required)       -              .
    Fly Ash & Cement Silos, Screw Conveyor, Weigh Bin & Supports
    Pneumatic Fly Ash Conveyor System
    Dust Collection System
    Total Equipment Procurement & Delivery

2. Construction Costs

    Pavement Removal, Excavations & Backfill
    Ash Pits
    Load Out Deflector Plate
    Aggregate Weigh Bin
    Crane Monorail Girders
    Building Columns
    Building Foundations
    Fly Ash Silo Foundations
    Cement Silo Foundations
    Vibrating Screen Foundations
    Building  Roofing, Siding Beams & Girts
    Roll-up Doors
    Building  Floor Slab & Drive-Thru Slab
    Tufoe Residue Downcomer Modifies & Screw Conveyors
    Building  Lighting
    Ash Pipe Supports
    Utility Relocations
    Electrical Construction Including MCC
    Paved Area for Storage of Rolf-off Container (15.000 SF)
    Roll-off Bins for Concrete (18 required)
    Equipment Installation
                              SUBTOTAL  CONSTRUCTION

 Equipment Procurement

 Engineering  Design
 Construction Management and Permitting

 Contingency @10%
                              TOTAL
  20,000
 200,000
 200,000
 ! 15,000.
 i 10.000
$445.000
   75,000
 1125,000
 ;   2,000
   20,000
 :  10,000
 i  20,000
 :  26,000
   18,000
 ,  18,000
    6,000
 ; 100,000
 !   8,000
 i  20,000
 i  35,000
   15,000
 1   8,000
   30,000
  145,000-
   70,000
   72,000
  150.000

 $968,000

  445,000

 1152,000

 '  50,000

 | 180.000

$1,795,000
 Note: Actual cost was $2,600,000.
                                                51

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Table 4.4.
Annual Operating Cost Details for CREF Treatment Facility.
 ltem_
••MMMBMMH
 Cement, Tons
 R.MixTrk/Drvr
 Plant Operator
 Additional Maintenance
 Sub-Total
 Hauling Concrete
 Overs Disposal
 Sub-Total (Operating Costs)
 Debt  Service on Capital Cost

         SUBTOTAL
 Landfill Fee (if needed)
         GRAND TOTAL
                               Annual Cost
                                                              Note
                             $180,960
                              104.000
                               54000
                               25JOOO
                              363,960
                              198;120
                                 i
                                 !   °
                              562,080
                              304,000

                               866,080
                               497,640
                              1,363,720
             $58/Ton
               $50/hr
Cost of transportation = revenue
            $15.95/Ton
  Note:  All Capital and operating costs are presented in 1992 dollars.
                                                 52

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Table 4.5.      Annual Operating Cost Summary for CREF Treatment Facility.
 Item
M^M^BM'

 Existing System

 Proposed System
 - Oper. Cost w/o Tipping Fee
 - L..F. Tipping Fee (if needed)
                                    Annual Cost
$685.107
                  Cost Per Ton of    Of Ash1
                  Refuse
$6.23
                                    $2135

$562,080
$497,6402

$5.11
$3.79
$16.16
$116.16
$1431
 1 Based on 34,777 tons of ash generated in 1990.

 2Based on generating 31,200 tons of concrete in the proposed treatment system and a tipping fee of
  $15.95 per ton at the landfill.
                                                                           !
 Note- The above annual operating costs do not include debt service on the capita, cost of implementing
        the proposed system. At a capital cost of $2,600,000 and a 10% interest rate for a 20 year
        payment period the annual debt service is estimated to be $304.000.      :
                       Annual debt service
                       Cost /Ton of Refuse
                       Cost /Ton of Ash
         = $304.000
         = $2.76 (110.000 tons of refuse)
         = $8.74 (34,777 tons of ash)
                                                 53

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            5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF UNTREATED AND TREATED RESIDUES

       Physical testing was carried oul orWhe untreated and treated residue to determine basic physical
properties, curing rate and strength development, and durability under simulated weathering conditions.
Table 1 (Chapter 2.2) outlines the physical testing carried out on the residues. Side-by-side comparisons
of the physical properties for the untreated residue and each of the treated residues were made.

       Tables 5.1,5.2 and 5.3 present the mean physical properties of the untreated and treated
residues.  Complete physical testing data is presented in Volume 2 of this report. The following sections
discuss the results from each of the physical tests separately, including:  moisture content, toss on
ignition, bulk density, modified proctor density, particle size distribution, permeability, porosity and
surface area, unconfined compressive strength, pozzolanic activity. UCS after immersion, freeze/thaw
weathering and wet/dry weathering.

5.1  MOISTURE CONTENT
        Moisture content was determined on untreated and treated residue with a maximum particle size
 of 9.8 mm. The untreated residue was collected from the storage barrels containing the material used
 during the process demonstrations. The test specimens were treated residue that had cured for 28 days
 and were sized reduced using a mortar and pestle only. Moisture content ranged from 0.3 to 33.3
 percent at 60°C and from 0.9 to 35.2 percent at 105°C.
        The liquid added during the treatment processes as a percentage of anhydrous material was
 calculated and compared to the moisture content measured on the treated material. The moisture content
 as a percent of anhydrous material was calculated as follows:

        0/	. .  ra   [Mass (wet) - Mass (dryL 100
        %mo.sture =  [	Mass (dry)     ZJx10°                                (Equation 5.1)

        The moisture content by weight of the treated anhydrous and hydrous material at 105°C. was
  compared to  the liquid added during treatment (as percent anhydrous material).For a well hydrated
  cement the amount of water retained 105OC at is approximately 20 percent by weight of the  anhydrous
  material, and for a completely hydrated cement  about 25 percent [Lea. F.M.. 1971]. This definition was
  expanded and the treated residues were classified using this classification category: (1) completely
  hydrated (>25%). (2) well hydrated (16 - 25%), (3) poorly hydrated (8-16%). and (4) very poorly hydrated
  (<8%).  in addition, the moisture content (anhydrous at 1050Q had to be equal to or greater than the
  percent liquid added during treatment (as percent anhydrous) to be classified as well to completely
  hydrated.  The poorty to very poorly hydrated residues were required to have a moisture content less
                                                55

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than the percent liquid added during treatment.  Table 5.4 presents the anhydrous moisture content, the
liquid added during the treatment process as percent of anhydrous material, and the degree of hydration
for the treated and untreated residues.             !
       According to the above criteria, Process 2 and Process 4 bottom ash and combined ash were well
to completely hydrated.  Moisture contents resulting from these processes exceeded the percent liquid
added during treatment. This excess moisture  indicated that there was adequate moisture to complete
the setting reaction. Process 1 and the WES Contrbl treated bottom ash and combined ash were poorly
to very poorly hydrated. All three residues treated jay Process 3 were poorly to very poorly hydrated
and the percent liquid added during treatment was significantly larger than the moisture content of the
materials.  The deficit in moisture indicated that available water was depleted during the setting reaction
and was chemically bound in the matrix. The APC rpsidue treated by Processes 1,2,4 and the WES
Control exceeded complete hydration; for all Processes but the WES Control, the moisture content
exceeded the percent liquid added during treatment. The excess moisture was acquired during curing
 and illustrates the hydroscopfc nature of the APC residue.
                                               i
 5.2  LOSS  ON IGNITION                      ;
        Loss on Ignition (LOI) for the untreated bottom ash was 4.6 percent and ranged from 4.2 to 6.5
 percent for the treated bottom ash.  LOI for the untreated APC residue was 12 percent and ranged from
 3.2 to 9.6 percent for the treated APC residues. LOI for the untreated combined ash was 6.3 percent
 and ranged from 2.9 to 7.4 percent for the treated combined ash.  All of the treatment processes
 decreased LOIs in the APC residue. The bottom ash Process 4 treatment and combined ash Process 1
 and Process 3 treatment decreased LOI from that 6f the untreated residue. Decreases in LOI can be
 attributed primarily to dilution effects.             j
                                               f
 5.3 BULK  DENSITY                          (
         For the untreated  material, gross bulk densities and compacted bulk  densities were measured.
  Gross bulk densities were measured using dry, granular residue stored in 55-gallon storage drums.
  Untreated, compacted bulk density test specimens were prepared by mixing the residue with water to
  the optimum moisture content and compacted intoimolds using Modified Proctor energy.  The untreated,
  gross bulk densities were compared to the untreated compacted bulk densities. The increase in density
  of the untreated ash was 28 percent for the bottom, 67 percent for the APC residue, and 32 percent for
  the combined.
          Compacted bulk density measurements vyere made on the treated residues.  If the treated
   residue was a ftowable liquid, it was  poured  into the molds and vibrated to remove the air voids.
   Processes 2,3, and 4 generated ftowable products and were  vibrated into the molds.  If the treated
                                                56

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residue was viscous and not a f towable liquid, it was compacted into the molds to remove air voids using
Modified Proctor energy. The Process 1 and WES Control test specimens were compacted into the
molds. The test specimens were cured at 98% relative humidity and 20°C for 28 days prior to testing.
        Compacted bulk densities of the untreated residue were compared to the treated residue bulk
densities.  The untreated residue bulk densities were greater than the treated residue bulk densities for
each ash type with the exception of Process 4. The addition of the binder resulted in a decrease in bulk
density  if the binder was less dense than the residue.  Conversely, as in the case of Process 4, when the
additive was denser than the residue, bulk density increase with addition of the binder.
        Changes in the volume of the residue varied by process and ash type. Increases in the volume
of the residue after treatment will increase disposal costs if a landfill disposal option is selected. Volume
change factors were calculated to quantify the volume changes as follows:
                  Vu     Pt                                                     (Equation 5.2)

 where:
 Vt     "      specif to volume of untreated residue in the treated product [m3/kg ash]
 ^                      •                                                  '
 VU    =      Specific volume of untreated residue [m3/kg ash]                 \

 pu    =      Bulk density of untreated ash

 pt     -      Bulk density of treated ash

                        ... ..   . ,. r  / Kg treated residue \
 DF    ^      Process cHubon factor  (KgBuntreated residue;

        Table 5.5 presents the volume change factors resulting from application of the treatment
 processes.  The residue volume increased by approximately two to three times for all residue types
 treated by Process 2 and 3. Process 1 and the WES Control process had the same volume change
 factors for the bottom ash and combined ash (1.2 and 1.5, respectively). Process 4 had the smallest
 effect on the specific volume.
         The width and height dimensions of the test specimens were measured after 28 days' curing to
  estimate shrinkage or swelling. Volume instability, especially shrinkage, is a major weakness of mortars
  and concretes. The volume changes produce undesirable stresses in the mass that may cause cracking
                                               57

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                                               I
                                               1
 [Popovics, S., 1979]. The volumes of the cured test specimens were compared to the nominal
 dimensions of the 2 inch cubic molds as follows:    ,
                                               1                                 (Equation 5.3)

 S » Shrinkage (<0) or swelling (>0)                ;
 Vf» Final volume of test specimen               ;
 Vj= Volume of 2 inch cubic mold                  ;
 Table 5.6 presents the shrinking and swelling of the!test specimens during the 28 day cure time. Positive
 values indicate swelling and negative values shrinkage. The untreated, Process 4, and Process 1 APC
 residue test specimens had no shrinkage or swelling during curing. For the remaining treatment process,
 shrinkage or swelling varied by process and residue type.  It is most likely that swelling was not
 observed during curing for the untreated residues because of aging of the residues during untreated
 residue preparation. However, it has been noted that untreated residues swell in field settings.

 5.4 MODIFIED PROCTOR DENSITY           |
         Modified Proctor density determinations wete made only on granular materials which included the
  untreated residues  and Process 4 APC residue. Tr^e moisture-density relationship curves are presented
'  in Figure 5.1, wherein the dry density values of the granular materials are plotted as ordinates with
  corresponding moisture contents as abscissas. Trie moisture corresponding to the peak of the curve is
  the optimum moisture and the dry density of the sample at optimum moisture content is the maximum dry
  density. The optimum moistures were approximately 17 percent. 24 percent and 12 percent for the
  bottom ash, APC residue  and combined ash, respectively, and 30 percent for the Process  4 APC
  residue. The maximum dry densities were 2100 kg/rrr3,1400 kg/rr.3, and 2200 kg/m3 for the bottom ash,
  APC residue and combined ash, respectively, and|l400 kg/mS forthe Process 4 APC residue.

  5.5  PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION           |

          Particle size distribution analyses were performed only on granular materials. Particle sjze
   distribution analyses were carried out on the untreated bottom ash and the untreated combined ash
   before and after sample preparation (drying and particle size reduction to < 0.5 inches).  Particle s,ze
   distribution analyses were also carried out on the untreated APC residue and the Process 4 APC res,due.
   Table 5.7 presents the particle size gradation as the percent finer material from sieve analysis.
                                                53

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       The residues were classified into categories to assist in the evaluation of significant properties for
engineering use according to ASTM Standard Method for Soil Classification (D2487).  Prior to sample
preparation, the bottom ash and combined were classified as a poorly graded gravel (GP).  Following
preparation, the bottom ash was classified as a well-graded sand with sitt or as a gravely sand (SW-SM)
and the combined ash was classified as a well graded gravels with silt (GW-GM). The untreated ARC
residues was classified as a silt (ML) and the Process 4 APC residue was classified as a poorly graded
sand (SP).
        Figure 5.2a presents the particle size distribution gradation curve for the bottom ash prior to
sample preparation. Figure 5.2b presents the particle size distribution gradation curve for the bottom
ash following sample preparation.  Priorto  sample preparation, approximately 50 percent of the bottom
ash was less than 12.5 mm. After sample preparation, approximately 50 percent of the bottom ash was
less than 2 mm.
        Figure 5.3a presents the particle size distribution gradation curve for the combined ash prior to
 sample preparation. Figure 5.3b presents the particle size distribution gradation curve for the combined
 ash following sample preparation.  Prior to sample preparation, approximately 50 percent of the
 combined ash was less than 25 mm. After sample preparation, approximately 50 percent of the
 combined ash was less than 3.35 mm. During combined ash processing, the bottom ash was quenched
 by complete water immersion, mixed wrth the APC residue, and then the combined ashes were
 trammeled.  The available moisture and the trammeling resulted in particle cohesion. A comparison of the
 gradation curve of the untreated bottom ash and the combined ash show that between the range of 0.85
 mm and 19.1 mm, 20 - 30 percent of the combined ash was larger than the bottom ash. This is
                                                                          i
 attributable  to particle cohesion.
         Figures 5.4 a and 5.4 b present the particle  size distribution gradation curve for the untreated
 APC residue and the Process 4  APC residue. The  APC residue was stored until use in the study,
  squiring no pre-processing. The untreated APC residue exhibited very little gradation with over 98
  percent of the material finer than 0.425 mm, and 77 percent finer than 0.075 (200 mesh). The Process 4
  treatment increased particle size substantially. Only 42 percent of the treated APp residue passed the
  0.3 mm opening, while 96 percent of the untreated APC residue remained finer.

  5.6  PERMEABILITY
         Tables 5.1,5.2, and 5.3 present the average permeability data for each of the treated and
  untreated ash types. Monolithic test specimens were prepared by mixing the granular,  untreated
  residue with water to optimum moisture content. To remove air voids, the mixtures were then vibrated
                                                59

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into the molds for 30 seconds or compacted into molds using modified proctor energy.  Process 1 and
WES Control were compacted into the molds and Processes 2,3,  and 4 produced flowable by-products
that were vibrated into the molds. In general, permeabilities ranged from 6.8 E- 04 to 1.6 E-06 and
permeabilities of the test specimens of treatment processes were only one order of magnitude less than
the untreated test specimens. The Process 2 bottom ash and combined ash test specimens formed
large fissures while curing and broke into four to six large pieces. A permeability reading was obtained
on one (of three) Process 2 bottom ash test specimen which remained intact. No permeability readings
were made for the combined ash treated by Process 2.  There were no correlations in the permeab.lrt.es
of test specimens that were compacted versus vibrated into the molds. There was no trend in the
permeability data by process or by ash type.    j

5.7 PORE DIAMETER AND SURFACE AREA   |
        The BET pore diameter and surface area data are listed in Tables 5.1,5.2 and 5.3. Comparison
 of the untreated bottom ash with the treated bottorn ash indicated a significant decrease in pore diameter
 and a slgnlflcant increase in surface area as a result of treatment. The APC residue generally exhibrted
 the same changes when treated. A notable exception was APC residue treated by Process 4. 1 h,s
 process resulted in only a minimal increase in surfabe area. A comparison of the untreated combined ash
 wtth the treated residue indicated varying changes in the pore diameter as a result of treatment.
 Treatment consistently increased the surface area tor the combined ash. Figures 5.5,5.6, and 5.7 show
 the cumulative adsorption pore area plot for each of the untreated residues.

 5.8 CONE PENETROMETER                 j
         Five cone index readings were obtained the first day followed by two single daily readings.  The
  highest cone index readings for the untreated bottom and untreated combined ash were reached within
  the first six hours of curing, but then diminished to less than  10 psig by the end of the first day. The
  untreated APC residue acquired a final cone index reading of 285 psig. The treated bottom ash and
  treated combined ash test  specimens reached the maximum obtainable cone index reading (750 ps,g)
  by the second day of curing. The APC residue for Processes 1,2,4 and WES Control had  increasing
  cone index readings as curing progressed. The Process 3 APC residue reached the maximum cone
  index reading obtainable within 3 hours of curing.
  5.9  UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
          Figure 5 8 a compares UCS as a function of time for the untreated and treated bottom ash. The
   untreated bottom ash test specimens acquired negligible strength «10 psi) at the onset and showed no
                                               eo

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increase as cure time progressed.  Bottom ash treated with the WES Control process exhibited the
highest strength formation.  Bottom ash treated using Process 1 acquired slightly less strength than the
WES Control. The remaining process test specimens acquired only twenty percent of the highest
strength of the WES Control test specimens. All treated bottom ash samples asymptotically
approached maximum strength with time, indicating little potential for further strength development.
       Figure 5.8 b compares UCS as a function of cure time for the untreated and treated APC
residue. Process 4 was not tested because the treated residue was granular. The untreated APC
residue test specimens initially acquired low strength (<10 psi) that decreased as cure time progressed.
The APC residue treated with the WES Control process exhibited the highest strength formation.  The
UCS of APC residue treated using Processes 1,2, and 3 were not significantly different from each other
and were approximately one-third the UCS of the WES control test specimens. The UCS for Processes
1,2,3, and the untreated test specimens asymptotically approached a maximum strength with time
indicating little potential for further strength development.  Conversely, the UCS-cure time curve for the
WES Control did not asymptotically approach a maximum strength by the 28th day. indicating a potential
for further strength development.                                             j
        The UCS of the untreated and treated combined ash is presented in Figure 5.8 c. The untreated
combined ash initially acquired tow strength and showed no strength increase with cure time. The WES
Control resulted in the highest strength formation, but the strength decreased by approximately 250 psig
as cure time progressed.  Process 1,2,  and 3 acquired a 28Klay UCS of approximately fifty percent of
that acquired by the WES Control process and Process 4 test specimens acquired only about fifteen
percent of the strength of the WES Control process. The  Process 1,2,3.4 and untreated test
specimens UCS asymptotically approached a maximum strength with cure time, indicating  little potential
for further strength development. The UCS of combined  ash treated using the WES Control Process
only decreased with time indicating that strength toss would continue. This decrease may be attributed to
 increased dryness of the treated material as available water was depleted during th
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pozzolanic activity with cement or lime. This result may have been a consequence of residue aging
during the residue preparation process.           :
5.11  UCS AFTER IMMERSION                j

       Figure 5.9 compares UCS and UCS after Immersion for the treated residues only. All the
untreated residue test specimens acquired minimal OCS after curing 28 days (<10 psi) and deteriorated
from a free standing monolith to a granular or amorphous form after 24 hours of immersion. The Process 2
APC residue and Process 3 test specimens for all tf^ree ash types deteriorated from a free standing
monolith to a granular form after 28 days of immersiojn. Concrete materials that are cured and then
immersed for 24 hours typically exhibit a 20-40 percent decrease in UCS (Lea. F.M., 1971).  Excluding
Process 1 APC residue, after 24 hours of immersion a decrease in  UCS was observed for every
treatment process of all ash types. With the exception of Process 1 bottom ash,  UCS increased with
increasing immersion time for the treatment processes that Withstood 28 days of immersion.  The UCS
after 28 days of immersion was similar to the 28 day! UCS reading with no immersion for products which
maintained physical integrity, and even exceeded trie non-immersion UCS in several processes.
Evaluation of UCS after longer immersion periods should be investigated to see if immersion continues
to enhance or reduce the UCS.
5.12 FREEZE/THAW WEATHERING AND WET/DRY WEATHERING
         Figure 5.10 presents the wet/dry and freeze/thaw weathering test results as the cumulative weight
 percent eroded at the conclusion of twelve successive weathering cycles.  The cumulative weight i^ercent
 eroded was obtained by drying and weighing the residual material which washed off the test specimen at
 the conclusion of a cycle. The same test control was used for both weathering tests and these results
 also are presented. The test control was subjected, only to successive 24 hour wetting cycles and storage
 in moist conditions (98 percent relative humidity and 20°C), with no drying or freezing cycle.  Comparison
 of the control data with the  wet/dry data indicated tne impact from the drying cycle and comparison of the
 control with the freeze/thaw data indicated the impact from the freezing cycle. Comparison of the control
 data and the test data was based on relative weight tosses.  Relative weight tosses were calculated for
 wet/dry and f reeze/thaw test specimens by subtracting the cumulative weight loss of the control  test
 specimens from the cumulative weight toss of the test specimens:
                                              j
         Relative Weight Loss (%) =    [cumulative weight toss of test specimen (%)] -
                                     {cumulative weight toss of the control test specimen (%)].

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Small relative weight loss, compared to the cumulative weight toss, indicated that the material erosion was
primarily the result of the wetting cycle with little impact from the freezing or drying cycle (i.e., similar
performance by control test specimen and; test specimen).  Relative weight loss similar to the cumulative
weight toss indicated that the material eroston was primarily the result of the freezing or drying cycle (i.e.,
the test control maintained high degree of integrity and was not affected by the wetting cycle). Negative
relaitive weight toss indicated that the test control was less durable than the test specimen. In such cases,
freezing or drying actually enhanced the durability of the sample. The mechanism which caused this result
is unclear. Table 5.8 presents the relative weight loss eroded and the number of cycles the test
specimens survived cycling.  Test failure was declared when test specimens had diminished to particle
sizos that could not be removed With the laboratory tongs.                      ,

Bottom Ash: Weathering test results for the treated bottom ash are presented in Figure 5.10.  The
Process 3 test control test specimen failed after five cycles, but the remaining treatment process test
control specimens survived all twelve cycles and had less than 10 percent cumulative erosion,  for the
freeze/thaw test specimens, the relative weight loss was similar to the cumulative weight loss indicating
that the material erosion primarily resulted from the wetting cycle. Process 3 freeze/thaw test specimens
failed after five cycles and the Process 4 freeze/thaw test specimen and an 80 percent cumulative weight.
 Process 1,2, and the WES Control had cumulative weight tosses  of 16,43, and 24 percent respectively.
 Process 1 and the WES control produced the most durable test specimens to f reeze/thaw cycles.

        Process 2 wet/dry test specimens failed after 7 cycles and had a 100 percent cumulative weight
 toss.  Process 4 wet/dry test specimens had a 90 percent relative weight loss and tower relative weight
 toss indicating the process formulations are quite stable to wet/dry cycling. The negative relative weight
 tosts of the WES control test specimen indicates that the wet/dry cycling actually enhanced the durability of
 the test specimens.  The negative relative weight tosses for the Process 3 weUdry test specimens
 indicated the drying cycles enhance the durability of the test specimens but the large cumulative weight
 tosjs (80 percent) indicate that the test specimens are not very durable in wet/dry cycling.
 APC Residue:  Weathering test results for the treated APC residue are presented in Figure 5.10.  The
 Process 2 and Process 3 test control test specimen had less than 38 percent cumulative erosion.

         Process 2 and  Process 3 freezeAhaw test specimens failed after five cycles as did the test control
 test specimens and Process 1 failed by test completion.  The WES control test specimens performed
  better than the other treatment processes with a 53 percent cumulative weight toss. The large difference
  between relative weight loss and cumulative weight toss indicated that the material erosion for this
  piocess test specimen primarily resulted from the freezing cycle.

                                                63

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       The wet/dry test specimens had cumulative weight losses ranging from 17-73 percent. The
negative relative weight losses for Processes 1,2, and 3 (- 5. -27, and - 46 percent respectively) indicate
that the wet/dry cycling actually enhanced the durability of the test specimens. The relative weight toss of
the WES Control was only 0.8 percent indicating that the drying cycle had little effect on the durability of
the test specimens. The cumulative weight losses are large meaning durability of the test specimens to
wet/dry cycling are questionable.
           Ash: Weathering test results for the treated combined ash are presented in Figure 5.10. The
 Process 4 test control specimens failed after two cyples, but the remaining test control specimens had
 less than 8 percent cumulative erosion. Process 4 freeze/thaw also failed after two cycles. Process 2 and
 Process 3 freeze/thaw test specimens performed pborly with cumulative weight losses of 80 percent and
 75 percent, respectively. The Process 1 and WES Control freeze/thaw test specimens had less than 20
 percent cumulative weight toss. The cumulative weight toss for the Processes 1,2,3, and the WES
 Control freezeAhaw test specimens was small when compared with the relative weight toss. These
 results indicated that the material degradation resulted form the freezing cycle. The Process 1 test
 completed specimens performed well and are durable to freeze/thaw cycling.
        Process 4 wet/dry test specimens failed after 2 cycles, but the remaining test specimens
 completed 12 cycles with between 3 and 42 percent cumulative weight toss. The differences in cumulative
 weight losses for the Process 1,2,, and WES Control wet/dry specimens and the relative weight tosses
 were small. These results indicated that the material erosion was primarily from the wetting cycle.  The
 WES Control and Process 1 test specimens performed well and are durable in wet/dry cycling.
                                                64

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 TABLE 5.1.    Comparison of physical properties, cure rate and durability.

 Bottom Ash

 Process	Untreated      1         °         3
"Physical  Properties
 BET Isotherm
    Average Pore
    Diameter (A°)          3421
    Ulclllisiei \r\ i          - •-
    Surface Area (m2/g)     3-2
                                 147
                                  29
Bulk Density (kg/m3)     1950     1900
                      (1400)2
        247
         23

       1200
Modified Proctor
  Optimum Moisture (%)   16.6
  Maximum Dry
  Density (kg/m3)

 Loss on Ignition
    (550°C, wt%)

 Moisture
    (60°C, wt%)
    (105°C,wt%)
                                   nac
                        2111
                          4.6
                           8.9
                           9.4
na
                                    4.8
5.6
6.4
                                              na
                                              na
                                              6.5
21
22
        218
         16

       1600
                                                        na
                                                        na
                   5.1
3.2
3.5
        336


       2100;



          na


          na


         4.2
15
16
                                                                        WES
        176
         23

       1900
                                                                           na
                                                                           na
                                                                           6.2
9.4
 10
                       6.85E-04 6.49E-05  1.29E-04  2.62E-04  1.04E-05   1.61E-5
Cure Rate (psig)
Cone Penetrometer
1 hour cure
2 hour cure
3 hour cure
6 hour cure
1 day cure
2 day cure
3 day cure
50
43
39
35
10
10
10
205
302
523
740
750
750
750
148
449
608
621
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
348
425
406
282
M4
M
M
239
419
406
739
750
750
750
  1 - Reading obtained on one repute «.«,
  2 - Bulk density for granular, non-compacted matenal
  3 - Not applicable                                                 j
  51 ?SS5^^dSSLfl«ted from monolith to unconsolidated form during test.
                                          65

-------
TABLE 5.1. (continued)  Comparison of

Bottom Ash
         physical properties, cure rate and durability.

Untreated 	
1
2
3
4
WES
Durability

UCS (psig)
   7 day cure
   14 day cure
   21 day cure
   28 day cure

 UCS After Immersion
   24 hour immersion
   28 day immersion
05
08
04
06
1051 !
965 !
1069
1081
189
158
69
119
D5
D
824
432
Weathering Tests
(cum. erosion, wt%)
Freeze/Thaw •
Wet/Dry
Test Control


na
na
na
\
i
15 i
2.3
1.6 |
115
149
                                            43
                                           100
                                             8
                           120
                           178
                           225
                           275
138
  D
                            100
                             80
                            100
                              68
                              56
                              57
                               M
 68
197
                              80
                             100
                                2
                             653
                             640
                            1128
                            1152
 686
1075
                              28
                               1
                               1
 1 - Reading obtained on one replicate only
 2 - Bulk density for granular, non-compacted material
 3 - Not applicable
 4 - Reading not obtained                            ,_,-*»
 5 - Test specimens disintegrated from monolith to granular form during test.
                                      66

-------
TABLE 5.2. Comparison of physical
APC Residue
Process
Physical Properties
BET Isotherm
Average Pore
Diameter (A°)
Surface Area (m2/g)
Bulk Density (kg/m3)
Modified Proctor
Optimum Moisture (%)
Maximum Dry
Density (kg/m3)
Loss on Ignition
(550°C. wt%)
Moisture
- (60°C, wt%)
(105°C,wt%)
Permeability (cm2/s)
Process
Cure Rate (psig)
Cone Penetrometer
1 hour cure
2 hour cure
3 hour cure
6 hour cure
1 day cure
2 day cure
3 day cure

Untreated


449
5.5
1550
(540) 1

23.6
1406
12

0.3
0.9
properties.

1


348
14
1400

na
na
6.5

35
49
5.93 E-5 2.92E-05
Untreated


74
158
158
233
269
275
285
1


24
32
44
78
197
218
240
cure rate

2


232
17
1200'

na
na
4.4

34
35
7.67E-06
2


06
19
36
48
96
138
150
and durability.

3


254
13
1400

na
na
3.2

5.5
7.3
4.07E-05
3


204
597
750
750
750
750
750


4


334
6.3
na2 |

30.5 i
14301
9.6

28
31 ;
na
4


na
na
na
na
na
na
na


WES


210
33
1300

na
na
4.0

33
35
1.60E-06
WES


35
45
53
75
447
425
739
1 - Bulk density for granular, non-compacted material
3 - Te°s\?pPedmens disintegrated from monolith to unconsolidated form during test.
                                          67

-------
TABLE 5.2. (continued) Comparison of physic
APC Residue
Process Untreated '1
Durability
UCS (psig)
7 day cure 11 151
14 day cure 04 127
21 day cure 04 1 03
28 day cure 05 136
UCS After Immersion
24 hour immersion D4 1 57
28 day immersion D 224
Weathering Tests
(cum. erosion, wt%)
Freeze/Thaw na 100
Wet/Dry na 21
Test Control na 27
1 - Bulk density for granular, non-compacted r
2 - Not applicable
3 - Reading not obtained
4 - Test specimens disintegrated from monoli
•
;al properties, cure rate and durability.

234 WES
X3 170 na 162
127 141 na 384
172 163 na 502
175 154 na 555
14 55 na 255
D D na 434
100 100 na 53
72 54 na 15
100 100 na 15
naterial
th to granular form during test.
68

-------
TABLE 5.3.    Comparison of physical properties, cure rate and durability.

Combined  Ash

                       Untreated      1          2
                                                  WES
Physical Properties
BET Isotherm
Average Pore
Diameter (A°)
Surface Area (m2/g)
Bulk Density (kg/m3)

Modified Proctor
Ontimum Moisture (%)


185
10
1920
4
(1300)1

12.2


151 259 194 327
24 20 15 12
1700 1300 1500 2000


na2 na na * na


258
12
1500


na
  Maximum Dry
  Density (kg/m3)

 Loss on Ignition
  (550°C, wt%)
2161
  6.3
 na
5.8
                       na
                      7.4
                                 na
                    2.9
                                           na.
                                                     na
                                                     6.6
iviuiaiuic
(60°C, wt%)
(105°C,wt%)
Permeability (cm2/s)
Process
Cure Rate (psig)
Cone Penetrometer
1 hour cure
2 hour cure
3 hour cure
6 hour cure
1 day cure
2 day cure
3 day cure
8.2
8.9
2.19E-4
Untreated


105
118
133
130
10
10
10
7.6
8.9
3.67E-5
1


21
37
46
115
717
750
750
18
19
M3
2


109
465
750
750
750
750
750
2.6
2.9
4.41 E-04
3


361
750
750
750
750
750
750
15,
18
!
2.39 E-4
4


530
602 i
609
750
750
750
750 ;
9.1
10
1.22E-04
WES


59
169
239
277
722
750
750
  2 - Not applicable
  3 - Test specimens cracked during curing                       .
  4 - Test specimens disintegrated from monolith to granular form during test.
                                           69

-------
TABLE 5.3. (continued) Comparison of physical properties, cure rate and durability.

Combined Ash
 Durability
 UCS (psig)
  7 day cure
  14 day cure
  21 day cure
  28 day cure

 UCS After Immersion
   24 hour immersion
   28 day immersion
D4
D
189
291
Weathering Tests
(cum. erosion. wt%)
Freeze/Thaw
Wet/Dry
Test Control


na
na
na

4f\
.2
2.3
2.0
  1 - Bulk density for granular.
  2- Not applicable
    119
    152
;     83
[     40
I     5.9
I
material
138
  D
                                                      76
                                                      49
                                                     5.2
 56
176
                                     100
                                     100
                                     100
409
 51
                                        18
                                       3.4
                                       1.7
                                          •» -consoled form during ,es,
                                        70

-------
Table 5.4
Moisture content and liquid added during the treatment process as percent of anhydrous
material (%) and degree of hydration.
                           MOISTURE                         '
Residue
Tvoe
APC
Residue
Bottom
Combined

(D
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Untreated
1
na
na
10
na
na
11
na
na
Process 1
54
45
C
8
8
VP
10
15
P
Process 2
53
46
C
27
24
C
23
22
W
' Process 3
11
36
P
4
16
VP
4
16
VP
Process 4
39
27
C
20
12
W
28
12
G
WES
Control
40
41
C
12
8
P
11 •
15
P
«^— — — ^— •"
 (1) = Moisture content at 105°C as percent anhydrous material
 (2) = Liquid added during treatment processes as percent anhydrous material
 (3) = Degree of hydration
 na = Mot applicable
 C = Completely hydrated (>25%)
 W « Well hydrated (16 - <25%)
 P = Poorly hydrated (8 -16%)
 VP = Very poorly hydrated (<8%)
                                                71

-------
Table 5.5. Relative increases in residue specific volume [resulting from treatment (volume change factors).
                                 2             3   !	4.	WES

APC
Residue
Bottom
Combined

2.2
1.2 .
1.5

2.8 '
2.6
2.4
I
2.3
2.2 |
2.3

na
1.1
1.2

2.6
1.2
1.5
na = not applicable
 Table 5.6. Swelling and shrinkage % of untreated and treated residues during the 28 day curing period.
                                                                      Process  4     WES
Ash Type I
APC
Residue
Bottom
Combined
Intreated
0
0
0
process i
0
+6.2
+1.5
-1.1 +2.9
+13J +11
+9.2: +9-7
I
0
0
na
+6.4
+4.9
+5.2
 na = not applicable
                                                  72

-------



















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73

-------
Table 5.8. Relative weight loss of freeze/thaw and wet/dry test specimens.

T Cumu-
I lative
1 Weight
1 Loss(%)
. 	 : 	 	
APC Residue
Process 1 100
Process 2 100
Process 3 100
Process 4 na
WES Control S3
Bottom Ash
Process 1 16
Process 2 43
Process 3 100
Process 4 80
WES Control 29
T
Combined Ash
Process 1 4
Process 2 • 80
Process 3 76
Process 4 100
WPS Control 18
Freeze/Thaw
Relative
Weight
Loss (%)

100
100
100
na
37

15
35
100
78
24
_— — — — — —

2
"TT
77
70
100
16
i 	
Number; Cumu-
of lative
Cycles ' Weight
Tested I Loss (%]
i
12 i 22
I §
% ;, 	 !_

12 2
12 i 100
5 £
12 92
— — 	 	

12 40
12 I 42
2 100
12-1 4
                                                               Wet/Dr
                                                               ™^™

                                                               Relative
                                                                Weight
                                                               Loss(%)
                                                                   -5
                                                                  -27
                                                                                      Control
M umber
of
Cycles
Tested
12
12
12
na
12
HI . !'•' •"
12
7
12
12
12
«,^«™i™«— •"
12
12
12
2
12
Number
of
Cycles
Tested
12
5
5
na
12
—
12
12
5
12
12
—•i •
12
12
12
2
12
  na« not applicable
                                                  74

-------
Figure 5.1.  Modified proctor density compaction curves.
       2,500
       2,400
     E

     £:
     t2,200
       2,100
       2,000
                      Untreated
                     Bottom Ash
            10   12   14   16    18   20    22
                       % Moisture
         1,500



         1,400



         11,300
        I

       £1,200
       w
       o>
       Q

          1,100
          1,000
               15
                         Untreated
                       APC  Residue
                                                                20        25
                                                                 % Moisture
30
       2,500
       2,400
rf-
 E
 012,300

  '0

 12,200

 Q

   2,100



   2,000
                       Untreated
                     Combined Ash
                            10
                        % Moisture
15

          1,500


          1,450


          1,400
                                                    1-1,350

                                                      1'300
                                                      1,250
                                                      1,200
                          Vendor 4
                        APC Residue
                                                      24    26     28    30   !32    34
                                                                  % Moisture   '
                                                    75

-------
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 u.
                                                           76

-------
S     3    55
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                   77

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SNSUF
                                                        78

-------
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81

-------
Figure 5.5.     BET cumulative pore surface area plot for untreated APC residue.
                           CUMULPTIVE P.D=d?.P7ION PORE  AREA PLOT



c
t
tr
42-
<
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                                        PORE :E-IAMETER  ,
                                              82

-------
Figure 5.6.     BET cumulative pore surface area plot for untreated bottom ash (prepared for treatment
              process demonstrations).
                             CUMULATIVE  ftDSDRPTIDN  PORE fiREA  PLOT
c. s -j"

e. 7 -
0.S -
5>
^ d. 5 -
cr
42.
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100 1000




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1
1
1
1
1
1

                                         PORE DIAMETER  ,  (A >
                                               83

-------
Figure 5.7.     BET cumulative pore surface area plot for untreated combined ash (prepared for treatment
              process demonstrations).
                          CUMULATIVE ADSORPTION PORE  AREA PLOT
14 -
13 -
IS -
11 -
"Si 1'3 ~
»
{T
5
tr
2 £ -
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PORE DIAMETER , (A* >
84

-------
Figure 5.8.     Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) as a function of cure time.
              (a) Bottom ash, (b) ARC residue, (c) Combined ash.
                                                         Process 1
                                                         Process 2
                                                         Process 3
                 Process 4
                 WES Control
                 Untreated
                                        Cure Time (days)
    1200
                                                                        WES Control
                                                                        Untreated
• Process 1
•*• Process 2
0 Process 3
                                         Cure Time (days)
                                                                         Process 4
                                                                         WES Control
                                                                         Untreated
•  Process 1
-  Process 2
•  Process 3
                                    14    Cure Time (davsl    21


                                            85

-------
Figure 5.9.     UCS and UCS after immersion. (A) Bottom ash, (b) APC residue, (c) Combined ash.
1200 —
1100 -_
1000 -p
900 -i

800 -'
•H 700 -'
a eoo-
u 500 -
400 -
300 -
200 ->
100 ->
i rc= ucs ;;'
r-1, — i ' r— i tins Aft°r lrPmpr51Qn •

.".''.-
. '
•" •: x-3 i
•.. : .' -f "S " — '
. . . . >n i to .'.'.'.
.....* .0 •' • • •
:>>£-:.Sa s * >:;::
:{x v X-ii ' FT1 1 » N:T
* * * *• • *7* ••*• ' * * * ^H C *•"•>* * * ' *
• • /. • . ;7; S f"h ™1 ''^F'^ ' " ^ a "? FT ' ' '
• -x •'.•. . • | g -xfvjr^v: i "3 vif-:-: :• • -x si 3 n-^mcr^^ > v •'
•x p
x;_|
•j-'-pi'l
•• *§
U ' 7 4 21 28 1 28 7 14 21 28 1 28 7 J14 21 28 1 28 7 14 21 28 1 28 7 )W2B?z*
Process 1 _ Process 2 ! Process 3 Process 4 WES Control
1200 -
1100 •
1000 •
_ 900 •
•i1 800
» 700
§ 600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1200 -
1100 -
1000 -
•s 90° "
"§_ 800 -
w 700 -
§ 600 -
500 -
400 -
300 -
200-
100 -
"
i a UCS
ES UCS After Immersion
1
; i .! r
a [ ;
Ills The treated APC ResidueX- •
«» "s « was an unconsolidated 1- •
F^ ^ , i. .1 o rn , ' . o> material and durability rrjv.
_v>r-._rrra:g «F "•'••'•' •§ -XCv-XXl •§ tests were not .--1;.;.
v.f-.-^Jv^j.^ gt-'-'X-X o |v.|.-.".-..-.-|^iu conducted. N-T--
'vl

.'. .'.' — ,":
7142128128 7142128128 7142128128 7142128128
Process! Process 2 - Process 3 Process 4 WES Control
a ucs
O UCS After Immersion
t
n ' r-i 1 ':":':
s[-p pflfl-n ffpfni R-r-JI ;:ii:;:


•X X
7142128128 7142128128 '7142128128 7142128128 7142128128
Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4 WES Control
Cure Time (days)
                                         86

-------
Figure 5.10.   Cumulative weight loss (percent eroded) at the conclusion of wet/dry and freeze/thaw
              testing, (a) Bottom ash. (b) ARC residue, (c) Combined ash.
  •o
   (D
  100
   90  -
   80  -
   70  -
1i 60-
UJ
*:
« 40  -

-------
      6. RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF UNTREATED AND TREATED RESIDUES


6.1 COMPOSITION OF UNTREATED RESIDUES

        Untreated residues were analyzed for specific elements of interest (e.g.. principal components,
trace metals of potential concern, or to expand the current MWC residue data base), anions and indicator
parameters such as total organic carbon and total dissolvable solids.  Several elements were analyzed
both by USEPA recommended methods and by neutron activation analysis. This redundancy in analysis
was carried out to examine the effectiveness of currently recommended methods on the complex MWC
residue matrix. A complete list of chemical analyses and methods is presented in Chapter 2.1.
    fi,1 1 F1ftfPants- Ani°nff anri lnriicator Parameters
         NAA results tor untreated residues, subsequent to residue preparation for this study, are initially
 presented in Figures 3.5 through 3.7 for discussion jof residue homogeneity resulting from residue
 preparation procedures. Mean concentrations and coefficients of variation for these results are provided
 in Appendix A.1 through A.3. Elements analyzed are presented in order of increasing means and are
 grouped by relative concentrations for each residub type. A discussion of the box plot presentation
 format is provided in Chapter 2.4. These results indicate that the major elements, i.e., at concentrates
 greater than 1 wt %. present in the residues include potassium, zinc, sodium, aluminum, silicon, chlonde
 and calcium for APC residue; potassium, chloride, aluminum, iron, calcium and silicon for bottom ash; and,
 potassium, sodium, chloride, aluminum, iron, calcium and silicon for combined ash.

         Selected elements from the results preserved in Figures 3.5 through 3.7 are regrouped to
 facilitate direct comparison of the composition of the different residue types and presented in Figures 6.1
 and 6.2. These results are augmented in Figures 6.3 and 6.4 with the presentation of results from SW-
 846 analyses for selected elements and parameters not assayed for by NAA. Bromine, chloride,
 cadmium, potassium, zinc, arsenic, and tin were present in greater concentrations in the APC residue than
  either the bottom ash or combined ash.  Aluminum^ chromium, copper, iron, silicon, and nickel were
  present in lesser concentrations in APC residue than either the bottom ash or combined ash. These
  results are consistent with the metallic species exhibiting the greatest volatility during the combustion
  process being enriched in the APC residue. Sulfate. chloride, calcium and total dissolvable solids (IDS)
  were present in greater concentration in the APC residue than in the bottom or combined residue, wrth
  the exception of one outlier assay for sulfate in the bottom  ash. These results are consistent with the
  functioning of the  APC devices which recover acidjgases from the combustion gases through neutralization
  with lime (calcium oxide) to form cataium sulfate and calcium chloride salts. No explanation is apparent for

-------
 TOC and COD to be the greatest in the combined ash.  Significantly, the effect  of APC residue on the
 chemical composition of combined ash is masked by the intrinsic heterogeneity of the residues and
 dilution effects.  Thus, the mean values formost elements were not statistically differentiated between the
 bottom ash and combined ash used in this study. However, for most elements the variability associated
 with the combined ash composition was greater than that associated with either the bottom ash or APC
 residue. The APC residue had the greatest degree of homogeneity for most elements. This most likely
 results from the APC residue having the most uniform and finest particle size distribution (see Chapter
 5.5).  Combined ash most likely  has the greatest degree of variability because of imperfect mixing
 during the blending of bottom ash with APC residue by the MWC facility.
         Analysis of the total concentration of chloride, sutfate and total dissolvable solids (TDS) in the
 solid matrices of the untreated and treated residues was extremely difficult.  Table 6.1 presents the
 origiinally  assumed total assay (see Chapter 2.1), neutron activation, distilled water leach test and
 availability leach test results for the untreated residues. Chloride concentration was underestimated by
 the assumed total assay. The highest concentration results were obtained by the availability leach test for
  bottom ash and combined ash. and by the distilled water leach test for the APC residue.  The APC
  residue results were most likely a reflection of  the greater degree of solubility of the total matrix and the
  need for  multiple extractions for complete release to the solution phase.  The bottom ash and combined
  ash results are a consequence of the more aggressive nature of the availability leach test extractant (dilute
  nitric acid) and the more stable solid matrix of these residues.
         Sulfate results varied by greater than one order of magnitude. The total assay and distilled water
  leach test results reflected the limited solubility of sutfate in alkaline aqueous solution at low liquid to solid
  ratios This was because both the total assay and the distilled water leach test employed distilled water
  as the extractant for the alkaline residues. The liquid to solid ratio was 10 to 1 for the total assay and four
  serial extractions at 10 to leach, for the distilled water leach test.                ',
          The TDS results also were variable. It would be expected that the distilled water leach test
   rente would be greater than or equal to the total assay.  This was the case for the bottom ash and
   combined ash. The results for the APC residue were not statistically significantly different (.80 level)
   because of the high degree of variability associated with the distilled water leach test results.

       ft 1  •>  PCDDs and PCDFs                                               ;
           APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash were assayed for PCDDs and PCDFs after residue
   preparation. These assays were carried out to address concerns over the potential for MWC residues to
'   contain  concentrations of these organic species which would be great enough to cause human health or
   environmental impacts. Each residue type was assayed in  triplicate. Results of these assays and
   calculation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxicity equivalents (ug/g) are presented in Table 6.2 through 6.4. 2,3,7.8-

-------
TCDD toxicity equivalents were calculated by the USEPA method [US EPA. 1987].  2.3,7.8-TCDD
equivalents ranged between 0.54 and 0.62, 0.01 and p.06, and, 0.06 and 0.07 ng/g for ARC residue.
bottom ash and combined ash, respectively. These Jesuits were all below the currently recommended
action limits for dfoxins in resident soils. Nessel a|so has reported that PCDDs bind extremely
tenaciously to incinerator APC residues making them;not btoavailable (Nessel. 1992).

6.2  COMPOSITION OF TREATED RESIDUES AND VENDOR ADDITIVES
    fift.f  Composition of Vendor Additives       ;
        Processes evaluated during this study included the blending of proprietary and non-proprietary
 S/S additives wrth the MWC residues.  Each process additive was sampled and analyzed for primary
 constituents and trace species of concern. These analyses were carried out to determine whether
 compositional changes and negative treatment effects (e.g., increased leaching) when observed were a
 consequence of process additives. Detailed analysis of vendor additives is not presented here ,n order
 to preserve the proprietary nature of the processes.  A summary of the relative proportions of process
 additives for each process type and residue application is presented in Table 6.5. All processes,
 except Process 4 applied to APC residue and combined ash, included an additive which contained
 calcium as a principal constituent. These additives are Hsted as "Additive 1 .- Principal elements.
 components of each of these calcium  based additives is presented in Tabie 6.6. In additton to the mapr
 elements which contribute to pozzolan formation (aluminum, calcium and Moon), iron, potassium, sod.um
 and sulfate are present in some of these additives in significant proportions. The quantities added were
 considered great enough to potentially effect the gr0ss composition and  release characteristics of the
 treated products. This was considered the case when greater than 10% of the element in the treated
  residue resulted from addition of a process additive. The contribution of each of these elements to the
 total composition of the treated residue  is summarized in Table 6.7. All processes except Process 4
  applied to APC residue resulted in substantial additions of calcium relative to calcium content of the
  untreated residue.  Greater than 50% of the sodiurjr, in all residue types treated by Process 2 resulted
  from addition of the process additives.  Between 38 and 50% of the potassium in all residue types
  treated by Process 3 resulted from process additivbs. Furthermore, 12  and 13% of the suKate in the
  treated bottom ash and combined ash (Process 3), respectively, resulted from the process additives.
  These contributions from process additives were reflected in the results from the teaching tests carried
  out on treated residues (refer to Chapter 7).     |
                     inn of Treated Residues     i
          Results of NAA and SW-846 analyses of treated residues for aluminum, cadmium, chromium,
   copper, chloride and zinc are presented in Figures 6.5 through 6.10. Results from both analytical
                                                90

-------
methods as well as for untreated residues are presented side by side for comparison (Refer to Chapter
2 for an explanation of the analytical methods employed). Results of NAA for calcium, potassium and
sodium are presented in Figures 6.1 1 and 6.12 (SW-846 methods were not carried out on solid samples
for these elements).  Results of SW-846 analysis for lead are presented in Figure 6.13 (NAA can not be
used for lead analysis). Results for aluminum, cadmium, chromium and copper indicate few discernable
concentration differences between the untreated and treated residues.  This is because of either the
relatively similar elemental content of the process additives relative to the residues (aluminum), the
relaltively tow total concentration of the element in both untreated and treated residues (cadmium.
chromium, copper) and, or, the high degree of variability associated with the residue composition
(bottom ash and combined ash: copper, chromium.). The specific exception to this was for aluminum in
the ARC residue treated by the WES Control (NAA), which indicated an unreasonably low concentration.
The reason for this is unclear.
        Chloride and zinc results most clearly reflected the dilution effects of the treatment processes on
 elements principally contained in the residues because of their relatively high concentrations and tow
 variability in the residues (refer to Chapter 3.2). Calcium and potassium results clearly indicate the
 substantial quantity of these elements contributed by additives for Process 3 applied to bottom ash and
 combined ash (see Table 6.7).  Sodium results for all three residue types show the substantial
 corrtributton of this element by Process 2 additives to the total composition.       ;
     ft ? 3 nnmosip^" of SW-EHP anri Neutron Activation Analyses
        /fhe ratio of SW-846 divided by NAA results multiplied by 100 are presented for each analysis of
  untreated and treated residue (aluminum, cadmium, chloride, chromium, copper and zinc) in Figures 6.14
  through 6.16. SW-846 analyses generally underestimated the total elemental composition relative to NAA
  for aluminum, chromium and zinc. These results reflect the extent to which the listed elements are
  sequestered in the silicate matrix of the residue which is recalcitrant to nitric acid digestion. This effect ,s
  most severe for chromium where less than 40% recovery was achieved during the SW-846 digestion. Th,s
  effect also most likely is occurring for lead because of its potential for incorporation in silicate matrices but
  could not be verified by NAA.  Cadmium results reflect that it was not incorporated in a matrix recatortrant
  to the nitric acid digestion. Chloride results reflect the difficulties associated with the total assay discussed
  in Chapter 6.2.1 .  Copper results most likely reflect both the high degree of  copper content variably
  (Chapter 3.2) and incorporation into the silicate matrix.

      •ft 9 4 Analvsjff nf Correction? tnr Process Dilution Effects
          Chloride and zinc concentrations from analysis of treated residues by NAA were used to estimate
  the accuracy of using calculated process dilution factors for correction of treated residue results (total and
                                                 91

-------
leaching potential; typicaliy tmg/kg ash]). This was apcomplished by multiplying the measured
concentration in the treated residue by the process dilution factor (Chapter 4) for the specific treatment
process employed. Chloride and zinc were selected for this estimation because of their relatively low
variably and significant concentration in untreated residues (see Chapter 3.2) and insignrficant
concentrations in the process additives.  Results of.the calcu.ated concentrations for treated residues are
presented in Figure 6.17.  Untreated residue concentrations are presented for comparison.  Ideal results
would indicate that there was no difference between; the corrected treated residue concentrations and the
measured untreated  residue concentrations. This was true for bottom ash and combined ash.  ARC
residue treated by Process 1.2,3 and WES Control indicated that application of process dilution factors
for these cases may result in overcompensation by Approximately 30%. This effect was a consequence
of the hydroscopic nature and high free moisture content of these treated residues.
                                                  92

-------
Table 6 1     Comparison of chloride, sulfate and TDS results for untreated MWC residues
             based on total analysis, neutron activation analysis, distilled water leach test,
             and availability leach test.                                :
APC  Residue

    Chloride
    Siulfate
    TDS
                    "Total"1
184,000
   6,340
349,000
                NAA2
168,000
     NA5
      NA
                DWLT3
217,000
 41,0.00
289,000
                 ALT'
146,000
 88,000
     NA
 Bottom  Ash
Chloride
Sulfate
TDS
C o ni bined Ash
Chloride
Sulfate
TDS
20,400
2,500
34,700

14,100
1,430
48,300
24,300
NA
NA

28,900
NA
NA
26,900
1,160
63,300 ;
!
j
30,400 |
2,300
63,900
32,600
29,300
NA

35,100
37,200
NA
 1 Total    - USEPA method, see Chapter 2.1
 2NAA     - Neutron activation analysis
 3DWLT   - Distilled water leach test, extracts (1+2) +
 4AL,T     - Availability leach test
 5NA      - Not analyzed
                             (3+4)
                                           93

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                                          96

-------
Table 6.5.     Relative quantities of MWQ; residues and process additives  in treated residues
              (% of treated residue as prepared).

Process
APC
Residue
1
2
3
4
WES
Bottom Ash
1
2
3
4
WES
Combined
Ash
1
2
3
4
WES

Ash 1


49.8 5<1)
44.4 6.6(1)
42.6 21.(4)
75.8 9(2)
45.4 13.6

76 8(1)
63.6 9.3<1)
56.2 28<4)
85.1 4(2)
83 8.3


76 8(1)
63.6 9.3(1)
55.5 28(4)
85.1 4(2)
77.8 7.8
Additive
2


o.s(1)
2.3(2)
36(2'3)
-
-

0.8(2)
3.4(2)
16(2-3)
l(2.V
-


0.8(2)
3.4(2)
1 7(2,3)
!(1)
-

3 H20

:
44.7
2.2(2.3) 44 4
i _
; 16.4
40.9
|
15.2
3.2(2.3) 20.5
:
9.6
8;3
i

15.2
3.2(2.3) 20.5
».
9.6
15.5
 ("^Portland Cement, Type  1
 (^Proprietary  Additive
 (3>Liquid Additive
 (4)y/aste  Pozzolan
                                               97

-------
Table 6.6     Principal components in calcium-based process additives (wt% ds).
MMH^^HMMMMH
Al
Ca
Fe
K
S
Na
SO*

, KD
2.4
47.8
1.8
0.3
7.0
0.8

2(2)
3.0
49.8
2.1
0.4
7.0
0.1
-
Process
| 3(2)
2.0
33.1
1.2
i 2.0
I
4.4
1 0.4
I
; 1.0

4(2) WES('<
2.4
56 48.9
1.8
0.4
6.8
0.8
 (l)Portland cement, type  1
 (2) Proprietary additive
                                               96

-------
TahiP 6 7
Table 6.7.
              contributions from process additives  to total treated  residue
              "  ds Qf elementTn treated residue contributed by process additives).
    Contributions greater than 10% of the total treated  residue composition are
    indicated.
                          %  of  Product from  Additives

                                                3   Process  4
                                                                         WES
process i
APC
Residue
Al 15
Ca 14
Fe 25
K
S 14
Na
SC>4
Bottom Ash
Al
Ca 30
Fe
K
a
Na
SO*
Combined
AsJb
Al
Ca 28
Fe
K
S
Na
22
20
33
-
20
55

1 1
40
-
.
56
.

12
38
-
_ •
54
42
36
i
25 - ;
38 -
35
—

24 -
59 20 ;
50
16 -
0 j
13 !

26
57
43 - !
14 -
~
34
34
47

33
.

32
-
•

n

28
-
-

SO4
                                            12
                                        99

-------
Fiaure  6 1      Comparison of box plots of neutron! activation analysis results for homogenized,
         " "     untreated ash (<300 um, ground; 11  replicates,  mg/kg ds).
     100.000


     80,000


    t 60.000

    il

    : 40.000


     20.000
                         Figure a.
               Al(Bot)     Al(Comb)     AI(APC)
                                                              5.000
I
4.000


3,000


2.000


1.000
                                                                                 Figure b.
                                                                       Br(Bo()     Br(Comb)     Br(APC)
        200-
         160


         120


          80


          40
                         Figure c.
                                                                                 Figure d.
               Cd(B«)     Cd(Comb)    Cd(APC)
300,000
250.000
200,000
•f 150,000
E
100,000
50.000
0
M I 1 L S3


^

~^-L T~ »"
~~ •*•

Ca(Bot) Ca(Comb) Ca(APC)
        1^00-


        1^00


          900


          600


          300
                          Figure e.
                                                                                  Figure f.
                Cr(Bot)     Cr(Comb)     Cr(APC)
  |
200,000'
160,000
120,000
80,000
40.000
0

*****



__^_____ IIIIMIIIIIIIJ'"^
- I
a(Brt) Cl (Comb) CI(APC)
                                                      100

-------
figure 6.2.    Comparison of box plots of neutron activation analysis results fpr homogenized,
                untreated  ash  (<300 um, ground;  11 replicates).               ;
      !>,5oo
      ;>.ooo
      1.500
       1,000
        500
                         Figure g.
                            1
              Cu(Bot)     Cu(Comb)     Cu(APC)
                                                             150.000
 120.000



t 00.000

b

:  60,000



  30,000
                    Figure h.
          Fe(Bot)   '  Fe(Comb)     Fe(APC)
                         Figure 1.
                     Figure J.

16.000
12,000

8,000
4.000


_ T _

E*"**^****^. . ^,:
tll^sL'-^rs;
^. j_


K(Bot) ' K(Corrib) K(AFC)
30,000-
40,000
30,000
20.000
10,000

,
!
i
•^"T^ j-
BffiSfflflffiffiffiffiffiffi Ti^rfnii

Na(Bot) Na(Cdmb) Na(APC)
                         Figure k.
                     Figure 1.
2X),WO-
200.000-

tt1!»,000
E 100,000

!50,000



T

BBWWWJWffltifflj "- "• f "•_ ^
^^^^ i



Si(Bol) ' Si (Comb)





o
-r1

Si(APC)
                                                              16,000



                                                              1ZOOO



                                                               8.000



                                                               4,000
                                                                      Zn(Bot)     Zn(Comb)    Zn(APC)
                                                     101

-------
Figure 6.3.    Untreated  total composition  by SW-846.
           100
            80
      *     60
      CD
            40
             20
                           Figure ».
                  As (Bot)    As (Comb)   As (APC)
1.000



  800



  600



  403



  200
                   Ni (Bot)    Ni (Comb)    Ni (APC)
                                                1,000



                                                 800



                                                 600



                                                 400



                                                 200
                                                                           Figure b.
                                                           1.000



                                                             800



                                                             600
                                                             200
                                                                  Ba(Bot)    Ba(Comb)   Ba(APC)
                                                                           Figure d.
                                                                   Sn (Bot)    Sn (Comb)   Sn (APC)

-------
Figure 6.4.    Untreated total composition (page 2) by SW-846.
        50.000
        40,000
     •01 30,000
     1
      E: 20,000
   10.000


       0




  500.000


  400.000


•8 300,000

?
E 200,000


  100.000


        0
                           Figure a.
                 SO4 (Bot)  SO4 (Comb)  SO4 (ARC)
                           Figure e.
                 TOC (Bot)   TOC(Comb)  TOO (APC)
                                                         500.000
                                                         400,000
•0300.000

I
E 200.000
  100.000


        0




   50.000


   40.000


•8 30,000
                                                           20.000


                                                           10,000


                                                               0
                                                                            Figure b.
TDS(Bot)  TDS(Comb) TDS(APC)
                                                                            Figure d.
                                                                  COD (Bot)  COD (Comb)  COD (APC)
                                                    103

-------
i.5. A comparison of total aluminum concentrations
analysis methods. ,
i
1
NAA ' 1
Figure «. APC Residue, NAA, Al m ^ _
50,000 —
40.000
30.000 |
20.000
10.000
04-
100.000
80.000
3 60,000
|
= 40.000
20.000
0
100.000
80,000
3 60.000
i>
E 40,000
20,000
(
__.»_• f J**~^^
loMJCTa _^^^^^ "^""•^^™ »1-
JUIJAU CilSj K^V-y-3
*T" J
V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, NAA, Al

w*
V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure e. Combined Ash, NAA, Al
._^_ •• • - ^W>
s ^A*
5 V1 V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
I 40,000
•8 30.000
= 20.000 i
I
10,000
I
i rt .
i inn nrto »
80,000
I ,
| -8 60.000
= 40,000
I
20,000
I
1 KYI oon
80.000
I
•8 60,000
1 f
! ^ 40.000
20.000
c
between NAA and SW-846
Figure b. APC Residue, SW, Al

— /J j-sa^^223
L\\J

V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, SW, Al

(
— ^_— ^m
V1 ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure f. Combined Ash, SW, Al
{'' <• \ f, v- ^.i
-< ! V1 V2 V3 V4 wes uni
1104
I
i
i

-------
Figure 6.6.    A comparison of total cadmium concentrations between NAA and SW-846
               analysis methods.
         500
         400
                         NAA

              Figure a.  APC Residue, NAA, Cd
    *    300
    S
         200
         100
                                                   500


                                                   400


                                                   300


                                                   200


                                                   100
                                                                 SW-846
                                                                         i

                                                        Figure b. APC Residue, SW, Cd
              V\  '  V2   V3   V4  WES  Unt
               Fiaure c.  Bottom Ash, NAA, Cd
                                                             V1 '  V2   V3   V4   WES   Unt
                                                              Figure d-  Bottom Ash, SW, Cd
500
400
« 300
1s>
'= 200
100
0


•

i
'//t

BSa
if* ' tf«i \m \IA U/CC 1 ln»
500
400
•8 300
O)
E 200
100
0
|

'
— 	 . 	 1 	 —
V1 V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
     500


     400


*    300


     200


     100
               VI   V2   V3   V4   WES  Unt
              Fiaure e. Combined Ash, NAA, Cd
     If
                                   ES3
               V1    V2   V3   V4
                                                        500
                                                        400
•S    300

I
E    200
                                                         100
                                                         Fig"« »•  Combined Ash, SW, Cd
                                         Unt
                                                              V1  '  V2 '  V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                105

-------
                                                   I


Figure  6.7.    A comparison of total chromium concentrations between NAA and SW-846


               analysis methods.                  j
        i.ooo
          800




     •S    eoo
     en



     E    400
          200
                          NAA



               Figure a. ARC Residue. NAA, Cr
         2.000
                V1 '  V2  '  V3   V4   WES   Unt
                 Figure e.  Bottom Ash, NAA. Cr
      •S3
          1.500
          1.000
           500
          1.000
            800
      •8    600
       en
            400




            200




              0
                 V1   V2    V3   V4  WES   Unt
                 Figure e.  Combined Ash, NAA, Cr
                  V1 '  V2  '  V3   V4  WES  Unt
    1.000





     800





I   600


en

E   400





     200
                    $ W - 8 4 6



           Figure b.  ARC Residue. SW, Cr
                                                         2.000
                                                          1,500
                                                          1,000
                                                           500
                                                                V1  ' V2  '  V3   V4  WES  Unt
                                                                 Figure d. Bottom Ash, SW, Cr
     1,000




       800




       600




       400




       200




         0
                                                                 VI '  V2  ' V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                                 Figure f.  Combined Ash, SW, Cr
                  V2  ' V3  '  V4  WES  Unt
                                                   106

-------
Figure 6.8.   A comparison
             methods.
of total copper concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis
                       NAA
                                     S W - 8 4 6


                             Figure b. APC Residue. SW, Cu

5,000
4.000
•8 3.000
1
e 2.000
1.000

0
5.000
4,000
•8 3.000
*
I
e 2.000


0
5,000
4,000
•8 3.000
£
E 2,000


1,000
c
Figure a. AKV; nesiuue, «««, \*u

- y/^ -8-
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure e. Bottom Ash, NAA, Cu


"V\.' T S S\
\N/ }{t"n LvTk'i
p^^J 0

V1 ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure e. Combined Ash, NAA, Cu
•
ISffiS dZ] —, ^fe

K^22a 1
MOM [x.v.'j

cnoo »-
4.000
•8 3.000
E aooo
1.000

e /W) .
4,000
•8 3.000
t
2,000

1.000
Q
5000
4.000
•8 3.000
6 aooo
3
1.000
{


I
i
	 L-J = - *-
V1 V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure d. Bottom Ash, SW, Cu
j
!
'ffiffi K^Sl
• ¥^M
<
K=B :
V1 ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure J. Combined Ash, SW, Cu
I
^

W/,
W — :
1 V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
                                             107

-------
Figure 6.9.    A comparison of total chloride concentrations between NAA and SW-846
              __**Uf«»iet mothr*Hc                 !
analysis methods.
NAA |
Rgure m. APC Residue, NAA, Cl orvi nnn —
200.000 —
160.000
•^120.000 E
e 80,000
40.000
oi
50.000
40.000
•8 30.000
e 20.000
10.000
0
250.000
200.000
•8 150.000
01
e 100.00C
50.00C
^=
= E38
•
~V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, NAA, Cl
..— »
V1 ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Fiaure e. Combined Ash, NAA, Cl
' * 1 1 1
___ KVy?
'< 160.000
•8 120.000
1
e 80.000
i 40.000
i
0 •
50000 T
40.000
•8 30.000
E 20.000
10.000
' 0
j
250000
200.000
•8 150.000
Cl
en
E 100.000
j
50.00C
t
5 W - 8 4 6
Figure b. APC Residue, SW, Cl
^77\
'<$%,
• _.. ' r*^r"
^

V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, SW, Cl
_-_-•
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Fiaure f. Combined Ash, SW, Ct

,,
0+-rr—' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt V1 v<:
^
106
i

-------
Figure  6.10.  A comparison of total zinc concentrations between NAA and SW-846 analysis
             methods.                                                !
                                                             SW-846

(50.000 •
40.000
^ 30.000
cp
E 20.000
10,000

0
10,000
8.000

«
•o 6,000
I"
s 4.000
2.000
0
10.000
8.000

•8 6.000


e 4.000
2.000
0
it/nr-i
Figure a. APC Residue, NAA, Zn

plE^^^ESa*2323
jj
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, NAA, Zn

JxJ-iCSJ
%%£ ^$$&
'f/ffr I
CSS /// T'/*™ •"•
Liassj [.,:.v;;S:3 \v

V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure e. Combined Ash, NAA, Zn

T
^\jsX\
^^
fww? ~jf /> _ ^ ^ -_^» SS\*^^
^^ ^1^ E&wj j
ts
%i
-------
Figure 6.11.  Calcium Total analysis by NAA.

                                    Figure a.  ARC Residue, Ca
                         400.000
                          300.000

                       -8
                       * 200.000
                          100.000
                          400.000


                          300.000

                         I
                         1200.000


                           100.000
                                   V1   V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt

                                      Figure b. Bottom Ash, Ca
                                °   V1  ' V2r  V3    V4  WES   Unt
                           400.000
                                      Figure e.  Combined Ash, Ca
                            300,000
                         •8
                            200.000
                            100.000
                                     V1
                                          V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                               110

-------
Figure 6.12.  Potassium and sodium total analysis by  neutron  activation analysis.
        30.000
                    Figure a.  APC Residue, K
         20.000
         10,000
         30.000
         20,000
         10,000
                 V1   V2    V3   V4   WES   Unt
                     Figure c.  Bottom Ash, K
         30.000
          20.000
          10,000
                 V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                    Figure e.  Combined Ash, K
                                                           80.000
          Figure b.  APC Residue, Na
                                                           60.000
                                                           40,000
                                                           20,000
                                                           80,000
                                                                   V1    V2   V3    V4   WES   Unt
           Figure d. Bottom Ash, Na
60.000






40.000-







20.000
                                                            80.000
        V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
          Figure f. Combined Ash, Na
60.000






40.000-







20,000
                  V1    V2    V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                                    V1   V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                                                    111

-------
Figure 6.13.   Lead total analysis by  SW-846.
                                   5.000


                                   4.000


                               •8  3,000

                               1
                                E   2.000


                                    1.000


                                       0
                                            Figure a.  APC Residue. Pb
               EZ2
         G53
                                     5.000


                                     4.000


                                  •8  3.000

                                  I
                                  E 2,000


                                      1.000
V1  '  V2   V3  '  V4  WbS   Unt
             I


    Figure b.  Bottom Ash. Pb
                                      5.000
                                             V1  ' V2 '  V3  '  V4  WES  Unt


                                               Figure e.  Combined Ash. Pb
                                      4.000


                                   •8  3.000


                                  'E   2.000


                                       1.000
                                              V1    V2
                                                          V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                         112

-------
   Figure 6.14.  A comparison of SW-846 and NAA results for Al and Cd.
100-




 80





 eo





 40





 2B





  0
             Figur* «. APC RMidu*. Al
         V1  '  V2   V3    V4   WES  Unt
                                                           330
                                                           150
                                                           100
                                                            50
                                                                    Figure b.  APC RMkbM, Cd
                                                                V1    V2    V3   V*   WES   U«
              Flgur* e. Bottom A*h, Al


f
2l
3»
1



BO
eo

40

20


mtmm __
85*SS2 rWfa
t=4a±=l ^%
_^


VI V2 V3 V4 WES Unl
                                                           200
                                                           ISO.
                                                           100
                                                            50
                                                                     Flgura d.  Bottom Ash, Cd
                                                                VI  '  V2   V3    V4   WES  Urt
to
 100-





  80.





  80





  40






  20





   0
             Figure •.  Comblmd Art. Al
          V1  '  V2   V3    V4   WES  Unt
                                                            300-




                                                            250-




                                                            200
                                                             so
                                                                    Flgura I. CombiMd A*h. Cd
                                                             VI  '  V2
                                                                                 V4 ;  WES   Unt
                                                  113

-------
Figure 6.15.  A comparison of SW-846 and NAA results  for Cl  and  Cr.
            Flgun «. APC R»«ldu«. d
   200
   180


   1a
    K

   • 40
                                                                Flour* b. APC RwldtM. Cr
                                                                                  -
                                                        160
                     130
                 i




i
Lfc.£.



              V2 '  V3   V4
              Flgtm e. Bottom A»h, d
g   100
i
                                                                  Flgurad. Bottom Mh. Cr
                      100.


                      80


                      60


                      40


                      20
                                                             •vi •  «   «J"'
     200

      193

 E
 <   133



 I    "
       40
              Bgura •- CemblMd Aoh, a
m
           -7T
                                                                  Hgw. f. ComWnrt A»h, Cr
                                                                                    -
                       100


                        80
                   I    -
40


20


 0
                                                               'Vl '  VZ '  VJ
                                                                              ~V4 ' Vl££
                                                 114

-------
Figure 6.16.  A comparison of SW-846 and NAA results for Cu and Zn.
    120-



    100.



E   80




1   "


•E   40



     20



      0
           Rflur. «. APC RMldu*. Cu
                                                             Hgm b. APC RMkkM. Zn
           _^^_^___ SA
        VI  '  V2  '  V3   V4 ' WES  Un»
                                                     200-
                                                 i
VI    V2
                                                                     ••«•"*"
   200.



   180-



   120



    80



    40



      0
                                                       120


                                                       100


                                                   E   80


                                                   |   80



                                                   i   *•

                                                        20
         V1  ' V2   V3   V4  WES   Urt
                                                            VI '  ' VJ '  VJ '  M  ' ^fcb ' U^
    120


    100


E   80
     20
                                                        180
                                                       120

                                                                       202
                                                                    ES
                                                           vi   V2   V3 ,  V4
                                                                                   um
                                              115

-------
   Figure 6.17.  NAA corrected for process dilution (Chloride and Zinc).
  400.000
   300.000

•3
« 200.000
   100.000
               FIn,,rft
                             B..IH,,.. C.
    50.000
            VI  '  V2  '  V3   V4   WES  Unt
                Figure c. Bottom Ash, CI
    40.000


    30.000


    20.000


    10.000


         0




     50,000
           V1  '  V2  '  V3    V4   WES  Unt
              Figure e. Combined Ash, CI
   40,000


•8 30.000


6 20.000


    10.000


         0
                        ESI
                                         T
              V1  '  V2  ' V3   V4  WES   Unt
                                                      50.000
                                                                 Figure b.  APC Residue, Zn
                                                             V1  ' V2 '  V3    V4  WES  Unt


                                                                Figure d.  Bottom Ash, Zn •
                                                     16,000


                                                   •8 12,000


                                                   E  8.000


                                                    •  4.000

                                                          0
                         E5!
                                                              V1  '  V2  '  V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                                 Figure d.  Bottom Ash, Zn
  16,000


•8 12.000

I
E  8,000


   4.000


       0
EZ3
                                                                V1    V2  ' V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                  116

-------
        7. LEACHING OF UNTREATED AND TREATED RESIDUES - RELEASE POTENTIAL

7.1  DATA REDUCTION, ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION                     I
                                                                             i
        Chemical analysis of extracts from laboratory leach tests generally results directly in the
determination of an aqueous phase contaminant concentration.  However, transformation of concentration
data into element or species release, e.g., the mass of a particular element or species emitted from the
solid matrix into the extract per unit mass of solid extracted, permits normalization and comparison of
data obtained from several different teach tests. Comparison of treated residues to untreated residues
is based on test results for the preprocessed untreated residues (refer to Chapter 3.1).  The TCLP.
distilled water leach test and the availability leach test are all intended to assess the potential for (or the
maximum extent of) species release under different extremes of leaching conditions. However, each
test employs different liquid to solid ratios and extraction conditions. Only the TCLP has a defined
concentration basis for interpretation of resulting extract concentrations. Thus, data interpretation on an
 extract concentration basis is of limned usefulness. Use of additives for each treatment process and
 varying treated residue moisture contents also may result in dilution effects, further confounding direct
 comparison of extract concentration data.  In order to provide more uniform data interpretation from these
 leaching tests, extract concentration data has been transformed to a basis of release per mass of MWC
 residue extracted. This has been accomplished through application of the following calculations:

         Rproduct - l(Cextract)(L:S ratk»]/(l-Mproduct)                               
-------
Tabulated results from leaching tests are provided in Appendix B.1 - B.3.  Mean values of replicate data
are presented on (i) an extract concentration basis, (ii) product (treated residue) release basis, and (iii)
untreated residue release basis (corrected for process dilution), coefficients of variation for each analysis
also are presented with each data set. Complete data sets including reporting of each replicate value,
are provided in Volume 2 of this report.           j
       The TCLP, DWLT and the ALT leaching data are interpreted on a release basis because these
test results most frequently are viewed as the potential for release under the extreme conditions
represented by the testing procedures. The ANC leach test and results are interpreted on concentration
basis. The ANC data is presented on a concentration basis because the objective of the test was to
determine the solubility of a variety of elements as a function of pH. The TCLP data for cadmium,
copper, lead, and zinc also are presented on a concentration basis to allow a direct comparison between
the untreated and treated ash, between the treatment processes, and where applicable, compare to the
 USEPA regulatory limits.
        The acid neutralization capacity leach test is the principal exception to leaching data interpretation
 on a release basis. The ANC test was carried out at a tow liquid to solid ratio (5:1) to facilitate
 determination of pH trtratton curves and saturated solution concentrations of a variety of elements  as a
 function of pH.   Therefore, it is most useful to present ANC data on a concentration basis. In addition,
 extract data also has been presented on a concentration basis for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc from
 TCLP extractions.                              |
         Detailed analysis of leaching data has been restricted to approximately 15 key elements and
 species considered to be indicative of the leaching behavior of  the various groups of elements and
 species present. The following elements and speCies have been the focus of leaching data analysis:

         Aluminum, calcium r"taggi"m anH sodium!- principal cattonic components of ash;
         Chloride and sulfate - principal entente components of ash;
                          lead, zinc, potentially toxic metals present in significant teachable
                                    concentrations;
                                               I
             l dissolved sol'ds - indicative of overall leaching of salts; and,
         To.tal organic; ff*rhon CTOC) • indicative of organic species leaching.
                                               !
         The most meaningful way to present and interpret the leaching data on a comparative basis is
  through graphical presentation. For TCLP, DWLT and the Availability leach test(ALT), this was
  accomplished through generation of box plots.  Wftthin each box plot, all three replicate data points for
  the untreated and each treated residue are presented. The extremes (bottom and top) of each "box-
  represent the minimum and maximum of the three; replicate analyses. The  intermediate horizontal line
                                               118

-------
represents the third replicate. Thus, both the relative release between untreated and treated residues
as well as the variability within the data is presented. Release data for untreated and treated APC
residue, bottom ash and combined ash were grouped on the same page for each element to permit
comparison of release between MWC residue types. Whenever practical, the ranges for the y-axis were
maintained constant within element groups to further facilitate comparison.          i
       The liquid-to-solid ratios and process dilution factors are presented in Table 7.1 .  Summary tables
are used to highlight differences between the untreated and treated residues.  Residue treatment effects
are grouped according to the categories described in Table 7.2. These categories were chosen to
indicate important effects of the treatment processes in the presence of highly variable testing results are
terms for release relative to the untreated residue and the treated residues. The 0.80 confidence interval
was selected to accentuate treatment effects with a limited number of replicates. Thus, statistically,
significant treatment effects at the 0.80 level represent effects that may warrant further investigation with
more replication.  Furthermore, results were grouped based on (i) increased or decreased release
greater than a factor of 2 compared to the untreated residue and (ii) release compared to other treatment
processes. The relative categories of treatment effects are defined as follows: "Decreased" release
indicates a treatment effect significant at the 0.80 confidence level compared to the untreated residue.
"Increased" release indicates a treatment effect significant at the 0.80 confidence level compared to the
untreated residue. "Greatly decreased" release indicates release less than one half that of the  untreated
residue. "Greatly increased" release indicates release of more than twice that of the untreated  residue.
"Decreased release compared to other processes" indicates decreased release compared to other
processes in addition to less than one-half of the untreated residue.  "Increased release compared to
other processes" indicates increased release compared to other processes in addition to greater than
twice that of the untreated residue.  When relative release is discussed in the text, the terminology will be
italized.
        Results of the ANC  leaching test are presented graphically as titration curves (pH as a function of
acid addition) and concentration as a function of pH curves. All replicate data is presented in each figure.
Curves drawn on data plots are simple data interpolations provided to indicate general trends and are
not regressed models.  Figures are generally grouped by MWC residue type and frtration curve or
element to facilitate comparison of treatment effects.
                                                                            i
7.2! TCLP
     7.2.1 TCLP FYtrant pHs anrl Cadmium, ftnnngr Lead and Zinc Concentrations
        The TCLP protocol requires that a pretest be performed to select the appropriate extraction
 fluid (Extraction Fluid 1 or Extraction Fluid 2) for the sample to be tested.  This selection is based on the
                                              119

-------
acid neutralization capacity of the material to be tested.  A iixed quantity of acetic acid is used in
preparation of both extraction fluids. Extraction Fluid 1 is buffered with NaOH while Extraction fluid 2 ,s
not buffered. Even following the extraction fluid selection procedure, the final extract pHs were widely
variable from process to process and between MWC residue types, ranging between 5 and 12.

        Extraction Fluid 2 was required for all cases except, (i) untreated bottom ash, (ii) Process 1
bottom ash, and (Hi) Process 1 combined ash. TCLP extractions were carried out on the untreated MWC
residues using both extraction fluids for comparison purposes.  TCLP extractions on the treated residues
employed only the required extraction fluid. Table;7.2 compares untreated residue extraction results for
TCLP Extraction Fluid 1 and Extraction Fluid 2. Extract concentrations for chromium, cadmium, copper,
lead, zinc, and the corresponding extract pH for each case.
        The APC residue exhibited a large buffering capacity. The final pHs for Extraction Fluid 1 and
 Extraction Fluid 2 were 11.91 and 11.88. respectively. According to the ANC data (See Section 7.5), the
 APC residue metals addressed, except lead, are rpt mobile at pH greater than 8.  Hence, the TCLP
 metal extract concentrations for both extraction fluids are several orders of magnitude tower than the total
 quantity detected in the APC residue. The endpoiht pHs were similar for both Extraction Fluid 1  and
 Extraction Fluid 2 and consequently the metal concentrations were very similar.
         For the bottom ash, the final extract pH for Extraction Fluid 1 and Extraction Fluid 2 were 7.79 and
 5 24 respectively. According to the ANC data (See Section 7.5). cadmium, lead, copper and zinc
 become very mobile at a PH of 6 or .ess, and chromium at a pH of 7 or less. Extraction Fluid 2 results in
 a PH environment where the metals are very mobile, hence concentrations are much higher ,n the
 Extraction  Fluid 2 extracts than in Extraction Fluid i extracts. Extractton Flukl 1 was the required extractton
 f lukl according to the pretest criteria, indicating the metals were not very mobile.
         The combined ash TCLP final extract pHs^were 6.3 for Extraction Fluid 1 and 5.2 for Extraction
  Fluid 2. According to the ANC data for the combined ash (See Section 7.5). cadmium and zinc become
  very mobile at a pH of 6 or less: chromium and lead become very mobile at a pH of 5 or less.  The
  mobility of copper is unclear from the ANC data.  Extraction Flukl 2 results in a PH environment in wh^h
  the metals were very mobile, hence concentrations were much higher in the Extraction Fluid 2 extracts than
  In Extraction Fluid 1  extracts.
          From this data, it is apparent that the metal concentrations in the TCLP extracts strongly are
   function of the final extract pH. When comparing the effectiveness of treatment based on TCLP, the
   metal concentrations of the untreated material arfe compared to the treated material. However, these
   comparisons can be misleading because of the Variable final extract pH.
                                               ! 120

-------
       TCLP extract pHs and extract cadmium and copper, and lead and zinc concentrations are
presented in Figures 7.1,7.2 and 7.3, respectively. The selected metal concentrations were generated
during TCLP extraction using the required extratton fluid. Note that TCLP results for untreated residues
are for residues prior to processing and may not necessarily reflect the results which IwoukJ be obtained
on residues as sampled from the MWC facility (see Chapter 3.1). These results are for comparison with
treated residue results. All untreated and treated bottom ash and combined ash samples passed all of
the TCLP extract concentration criteria. The untreated APC residue failed the TCLP criteria for lead and
mercury, but the treated APC residues passed TCLP criteria. Mercury most likely was tost from the APC
residues either during treatment or sample preparation. Special sampling and preservation protocols for
mercury containing samples were not followed.
Cadmium (Figure 7.2): Cadmium concentration results indicated that the untreated and all treated APC
residues, except Process 4, were two orders of magnitude below the regulatory limit of 1000 ug/l. The
 retain** high cadmium concentration  for Process 4 appears to be primarily a consequence of the
 equilibrium PH of the TCLP extract being approximately 7. At this pH, cadmium was appreciably
 soluble for residues treated by Process 4 (see ANC results. Chapter 7.5). Cadmium concentration
 results for bottom ash and combined ash were similar, indicating one to three orders of  magnrtude
 reduction for Processes 1 and 2.  Process 3 resulted in a substantial decrease in cadmium concentrate for
 both bottom ash and combined ash, but was much greater in the bottom ash. The WES Control process
 did not indicate any significant change in teachable cadmium concentration for either the treated bottom
 ash or combined ash.
 Copper (Figure 7.2): Copper concentrations were similar for APC residues treated with Processes 2. 3.4
 and the WES Control and somewhat lower than the untreated residue.  Process 1 applied to the APC
 residue resulted in tower copper concentrations than the other processes. Processes 2,3 and 4 applied.
 to the bottom ash  and combined ash resulted in tower copper concentrations than the untreated resdue
  as well as decreased data variability.  Process 1 resulted in lower copper concentrations than the other
  processes for bottom ash but similar concentrations for the combined ash. The WES Control process
  resulted in copper concentrations somewhat tower than the untreated residue for the bottom ash, but not
  for the combined ash.
  Load (Figure 7.3): The lead concentration for the untreated APC residue was greater than six times the
  regulatory limit. Lead concentrations were similar for APC residues treated  by Processes 1.2 and the
  WES Control and less than five percent of the untreated APC residue concentration- Process 3 displayed
  a high degree of variability when applied to the APC residue. Process 4 resulted in the lowest lead
  concentrations as compared to the untreated APC residues and the  other process results.  Lead
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concentrations for bottom ash and combined ash treated by Processes 1,2,3 and 4 were sim,lar and
were much tower than greatly decreased compared to the untreated residues.  These bottom ash and
combined ash lead concentrations also were much tower than the treated APC residue concentrations for
Processes 1,2 and 3. The WES Control process resulted in increased lead concentrations for the bottom
ash as compared to the untreated residue, but not for the combined ash.
Zinc (Figure 7.3): Zinc concentrations were similar for APC residues treated by Processes 1,2.3 and the
WES Control and less than half of the untreated APC residue. APC residue treated by Process 4
resulted in a increased zinc concentration.  Bottom ash and combined ash treated by Processes 1 and 2
resulted in decreased zinc concentrations by over tWo orders of magnitude as compared to the untreated
residues  Processes 3 and 4 also resulted in greatly decreased zinc concentrations for bottom ash and
combined ash, but not to the same extent as Processes 1 and 2. The WES Contro. did not result in a
 significant change for either bottom ash or combined ash compared to the untreated residues.

     7 .ftp Specie^ pp'pase for TCLP
        Figures 7.4 through 7.8 present release daia on an untreated ash basis (corrected for process
 dilution) for aluminum and calcium, cadmium and copper, potassium and sodium, lead and zinc, and
 chloride and sulfate. Discussion is provided for each element in the following paragraphs.
 Aluminum (Rgure 7.4):  Aluminum release was increased for APC  residue and bottom ash by Processes
 1  2 and the WES Control as compared to the respective untreated residues. Processes 3 and 4 resulted
 in greatly decreased aluminum release for combined ash compared to the untreated residue. Aluminum
 release was similar within each process for both bottom and combined ash. Increasing aluminum release
 from APC residue to bottom ash to combined ash! for untreated residues appears to be predom,nantly a
  response to extract pH. as pH decreases from almost 12 to 8 to  6.5. respectively.
  Calcium (Figure 7.4):  All processes appear to haye increased calcium release for treated APC residue
  as compared to the untreated residue, although  Processes 3 and  4 were not statistics.* different because
  of the high degree of data variability.  The WES Control process resulted in over twice the calcium
  release as compared to the untreated APC residue.  Also note that the release potential varied from
  100 000 to over 300.000 mg/kg, representing up to the equivalent of 30 wt % of the untreated residue.
  Calcium release from bottom ash was decreased* Process 1, increased by Process 4. and greatly
  increased* Process 3. Calcium release from combined ash was changed only by Process 3. where rt
  was greatly increased.
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Cadmium (Figure 7.5): Cadmium release from untreated and all treated ARC residues, except Process
4, was very tow and approaching detection limits.  APC residue treated by Process 4 resulted in release
of more than 25 mg/kg ash treated, which was two orders of magnitude greater than the untreated
residue. Processes 4 and the WES Control resulted in greatly increased cadmium release from bottom
ash compared to the untreated residue.  Processes 3 and 4 resulted in decreased, and Processes 1 and 2
greatly decreased, cadmium release compared to the untreated combined ash.

Copper (Figure 7.5): Copper release was approximately 2 mg/kg from both the untreated APC residue
and the bottom ash, but approximately 70 mg/kg from the untreated combined ash. Process 1 applied
to APC residue decreased release.  The WES Control process applied to bottom ash increased release
and exhibited a high degree of data variability.  All other processes applied to APC residue and
bottom ash did not have a significant treatment effect.  Processes 1,2,3 and 4 all decreased release from
combined ash compared to the untreated residue. The WES Control process applied to combined ash
exhibited a high degree of data variability and a mean only slightly lower than that of the untreated
material.
Potassium (Figure 7.6): Potassium release was increased^ Processes 1 and 3 for APC residue
compared to the untreated residue. All other treated APC residues were not significantly different from
the untreated APC residue. Potassium release for the untreated residue was approximately 15,000
mg/kg, representing greater than 1 wt % of the untreated material.  Potassium release was different for
the treated bottom ash and combined ash, compared to the untreated residues, only for Process 3 where
 its release was greatly increased.  Increased potassium release by Process 3, for all three residue types.
 was a reflection of the potassium content of one of the process additives. Potassium release was very
 similar for both bottom ash and combined ash. which was approximately one third the release from the
 APC residue, except for Process 3 and APC residue treated by Process  1.

 Sodium (Figure 7.6): Sodium release from APC residue was increased by Process 1 and the WES
 Corrtrol,compared to the untreated residue.  Processes 3,4 and the WES Control had similar sodium
 release to the bottom ash. as did the untreated residue. Release from the untreated bottom ash, and
 bottom and combined ash treated by Process 1 must be corrected for the presence of sodium in the
 TCLP Extraction Fluid 1, which would result in an equivalent release of 30,000 mg/kg and 38,000 mg/kg for
 untreated and Process 1. respectively.  Process 2 greatly increased release from the APC residue.
  bottom ash and the combined ash, as compared to the untreated residues.  High sodium  release reflects
 the presence of sodium in process additives for Process 2. Processes 1  and 2 resulted in greatly
  increased release from the combined ash.

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Lead (Figure 7.7):  Lead release from APC residue was greatly decreased by all treatment processes.
Process 4 resulted in substantially decreased lead release from APC residue in comparison to the other
treatment processes as well. Lead release from untreated and treated bottom ash was very tow, except
for the WES Control process, which resulted in increased lead release.  Lead release from all of the
treatment processes applied to combined ash was greatly decreased compared to the untreated
residue except for the WES Control, which resulted in no change from the untreated material.  Lead
release'also was much greater from the untreated combined residue compared to the  untreated bottom
ash. which may be a result of either extract PH effects, the requirement of Extraction Fluid 1  for the
untreated bottom ash, or the presence of APC residue in the combined ash.

Zinc (Figure 7.7): Zinc release from the APC residue was greatly decreased by all of the treatment
processes except Process 4, which resulted in greyly increased*™ release. Zinc release from the
bottom ash was very tow for the untreated residue and residue treated using Processes 1,2 and 3.
 Process 4 and the WES Control both resulted in greatly increased release from the bottom ash.
 Processes 3 and 4 resulted in decreased release of zinc from the combined ash, while  Processes 1  and 2
 resulted in greatly decreased release. The WES Control resulted in no change from the untreated
 combined ash.
 Chloride (Figure 7.8):  Chloride release from APC residue was increased* Processes 1 and 2. Note
 that chloride release ranged from 100,000 to over 2^0,000 mg/kg ash treated, which represented up to 25
 wt % of the initial APC residue. Chloride release from the bottom ash  and the combined ash was not
 changed significantly by any of the treatment processes. Chloride re.ease for untreated and treated
 bottom ash and combined ash ranged from 0.6 to 2.8 wt % of the  initia. residues. Chloride re.ease was
 not determined for the WES Control process.    [

 Sulfate (Figure 7.8):  Sulfate re.ease from the APC| residue was increased* Process 1 and greatly
  increased* Processes 3 and 4. Sulfate release from bottom ash was increased* Process 2 and
  greatly increased* Process 3. Sulfate re.ease from bottom ash also was greatly decreased* Process
  1  Sulfate release from combined ash was decreased* Process 1 and greatly increased* Process 3.
  Sulfate release for a., three untreated residues ranged between 15,000 and 20,000 mg/kg or up to 2 wt %.

          Conclustons from the TCLP release results are summarized in Table 7.4. Comparisons of results
  for treated residues to untreated residues are based on the TCLP extraction fluid indicated by the TCLP
  screening Test. Most treated residues required Extraction Fluid 2 while the bottom ash, Process 1 and 2
  and the combined ash Process 1 required Extraction Fluid 1..n summary, the treatment processes apphed
  to APC residue resulted in decreased or greatly decreased release of only .ead and zinc, except for
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Process 4. which resulted in greatly decreased release of lead but increased release of cadmium and zinc.
Treatment processes applied to APC residue also resulted in increased or greatly increased release of
salts including calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride and. or, sulfate. Treatment processes applied to
bottom ash did not result in a significant decrease in the release potential of any of the heavy metals.
However, release  of heavy metals from untreated bottom ash was very limited. Processes 4 and the
WES Control resulted in greatly increased release of cadmium and zinc when applied to bottom ash. The
WES control process also resulted in increased release of copper and lead. Release of sodium was
greatly decreased by Processes 3,4 and the WES Control. Release of sulfate from bottom ash was
greatly decreased by Process 1, increased by Process 2, and greatly increased by Process 3. Treatment
of combined ash resulted in decreased or greatly decreased release of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc
for all of the treatment processes except the WES Control. The WES Control did not have a significant
effect on any of the species release when applied to combined ash. Processes 1 and 2 resulted in
greatly increased release of sodium, while Process 3 resulted in greatly increased release of calcium,
 potassium and zinc. Please note these comparisons were made using untreated data generated from the
 required extraction fluid.

 7.3 DISTILLED WATER LEACH TEST
        Figures 7.9 through 7.21 present pH and release data from DWLT extracts 1 and 2, and extracts
 3 and 4 on an untreated ash basis (corrected for process dilution) for aluminum, cadmium, calcium, copper,
 lead, potassium,  sodium, lead, zinc, chloride, sulfate, TDS and TOC. Discussion is provided for each
 parameter or element in the following paragraphs:
 pH (Figure 7.9):  Extract pHs for all extracts from untreated and treated APC residue were alkaline with
 pH between 11.8 and 12.2, except for Process 4, which had a mean pH of approximately 11.5 for the
 first two extracts and 11.2 for the  second two extracts. Extract pHs for untreated and treated bottom ash
 and combined ash were between 10.5 and 12.2.  In general, the pH decreased slightly for the second
 two extracts within treatment processes for bottom and combined ashes, but not for APC residue. This
 was primarily a result of the much greater alkalinity of the  APC residue.
  Aluminum (Figure 7.10):  Aluminum release from APC residue was increased by all treatment processes
  although it was at a very tow level of less than 5 mg/kg ash treated. Release also increased from the
  second two extracts for Processes 2 and 4, although the level was still small.  Aluminum release from
  bottom ash and combined ash followed similar trends within each process type. Release from untreated
  bottom ash and  combined ash was approximately 800 and 1,400 mg/kg, respectively, which was several
  orders of magnitude greater than for the APC residue. Release was increased compared to untreated
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residue for Process 2 applied to bottom ash but not for combined ash even though both release levels
were similar.  Release was greatly decreased by Processes 1,3 and the WES Control. Release by
Process 3 also was substantially less than by bottom lash and combined ash treated with the other
processes  Generally, within treatment processes, aluminum release was at similar levels for both sets
of extracts, except for Process 2, which resulted in decreased release during the second set of extracts
as compared to the first set. Release levels observed from the DWLT for bottom ash and comb.ned
ash frequently were substantially higher than those observed from the TCLP.
Cadmium (Rgure 7.11): Cadmium release for all untreated and treated residues for residue types and
processes was near or below detection limits at 0.01 mg/kg ash treated. This is a direct result of the
extract PHs being alkaline (pH>10) where cadmium is relatively insoluble (see ANC results. Chapter 7.5).

 Calcium (Figure 7.12):  Calcium release generally was substantially less during the second set of
 extractions as compared to the first set. Release from untreated and treated APC residue  ranged
 between 40,000 and 150,000 mg/kg ash treated, or Up to 15 wt % of the untreated material.  Process 1
 applied to APC residue resulted in an increase in release compared to the untreated residue, white.
 Process 4 and the WES Control resulted in decreased release.  Release from untreated and treated
 bottom ash and combined ash was similar, within each treatment process.  Release from untreated
 bottom ash and combined ash was less than 10% of the amount released from untreated APC res,due.
 Process 3 resulted in increased release during the fi^st set of extracts whi.e Process 2 resulted in a greatly
  decreased release during the first set of extracts,  .h general, the releases observed for calcium from the
  DWLT were less than that observed from the TCLP.
  Copper (Rgure 7.13):  Copper release from all residue types and treatment processes was very tow at
  .ess than 5 mg/kg ash treated, except for Process 2 applied to bottom ash and combined ash, where rt
  was approximately  10 and 60 mg/kg ash treated, respective*. Processes 2,3 and the WES Control
  decreased release, and Processes 1 and 4 greatly decreased release from APC rescue. Process 2
  greatly increased release from the bottom ash and|the  combined ash, compared to the untreated
   residues, for the first set of extracts, .n genera,, copper release observed from the DWLT was less than
   or equal to release observed from the TCLP.     |
   Lead (Figure 7.14): Lead retease was approximately  700 mo/Kg .or the untreated APC residue.but less
   tham n^gfortheuntreatedrxmomashandcombinedash. Treatment processes 1.2 and WES
   Contro! applied to  the APC residue gre^y *»f* >ead reiease compared to me untreated rescue.
   Process 4 subs.an.iaUy decreased reiease compared ».hese processes. Release from untreated and
   waled APC residues were somewhat less during.he second set o. extracts, compared «o the firs, set.
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Processes 2 and WES Control, applied to bottom ash, increased lead release. Process 3 greatly
increased lead release compared to the untreated residue. Processes 1 and WES Control, applied to
the .combined ash, increased lead release, and Processes 2 and 3 greatly increased release as compared
to the untreated residue. Releases observed from the DWLT were frequently substantially greater than
releases observed by the TCLP. This is most likely the result of the more alkaline extract pH and
increased lead solubility from the amphoteric nature of lead (refer to Section 7.5).

Potassium (Figure 7.15):  Potassium  release was substantially greater from the first set of extracts
compared to the second set (note the change in scales in Figure 7.15 b, d, f). Release from APC
residue was increased by Process 2 and the WES Control and greatly increased by Processes 1 and 3.
compared to the untreated residue. Release from APC residue was decreased by Process 4.  Release
from bottom ash and combined ash was similar and changed only by Process 3. by which it was greatly
increased. The greatly increased release by Process 3 was likely the result of potassium in one of the
process additives.  Potassium releases from the DWLT were similar to those observed from the TCLP.

Sodium (Figure 7.16):  Sodium release was much greater in the first set of extracts compared to the
se<»nd set for all residue types and processes (note the change in scales in Figure 7-16). Release from
untreated and treated APC residues ranged from approximately 10,000 to 55,000 mg/kg ash treated, or
up to 5.5 wt % of the untreated residue. Sodium release from APC residue was decreasedby Process 4
 and greatly increased by Process 2. compared to the untreated residue. Sodium releases were similar
 for untreated and treated bottom ash and combined ash, except for Process 2.  Release from bottom
 ash and combined ash was greatly increasedby Process 2 in both sets of extracts, compared to the
 untreated residues, and ranged up to 8 wt % of the untreated residue. This was most likely the result of
 the sodium content of one of the process additives. Sodium release observed from the DWLT was
 similar to that observed from the TCLP except for those cases where TCLP extraction fluid 1 was
 required, which contains sodium hydroxide as a component of the extraction fluid.

 Zinc (Figure 7.17):  Zinc release from untreated APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash, was
 approximately 80,1 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Zinc release from the APC residue was greatly
 decreasedby Processes 1,2,4 and the WES Control, compared to the untreated residue.  Zinc release
 from bottom ash, treated by Process 2, was increased during the first set of extracts and exhibited a high
 degree of variability compared to the untreated residue. Zinc release also was by Process 2, applied to
  combined ash,  during the first set of extracts. Zinc release observed from the DWLT was similar to
  release observed from the TCLP.
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Chtoride (Figure 7.18):  Chloride release was much greater during the first set of extracts than the second
set for all untreated and treated residues, except Process 1 applied to combined ash.  Chloride release
from untreated and treated APC residue ranged from; 100.000 to 300.000 mg/kg ash treated, or up to 30
wt % of the untreated residue. Process 4 greatly debased the chloride release, and the WES Control
process increased release as compared to the untreated residue.  Significant chloride release occurred
during the second set of extractions for the APC residue. This was primarily a reflection of the extremely
high initial chloride contents.  Chloride release was similar for the bottom ash and combined ash wrth,n
processes  Processes 1 and 4 decreased chloride release from bottom ash. and only Process 4
decreased chloride release from the combined ash. | Chtoride releases observed from the DWLT were
similar to releases observed from the TCLP.
Sulfate (Figure 7.19):  Sulfate release from treated APC residue was somewhat less during the second
 set of extracts as compared with the first set. Release from untreated APC residue was similar, at
 approximately 20.000 mg/kg, lor both extract sets. Process 4 decreased sulfate release, and Processes
 1 2 and the WES Control greatly decreased release from APC residue during both sets of extractor*
 Process 3 increased sulfate release in the first set of extracts, but decreased release in the second set of
 extracts compared with the untreated APC residue; Release from untreated bottom ash and combmed
 ash was similar, ranging between approximate* 700 to 1.500 mg/kg. with release increasing somewhat
 from the first to the second set of extracts. Processes 1.4 and the WES Control greatly decreased
 sulfate release in the first set of extracts.  Process 2 greatly increased release in the first set of extracts.
 compared to the untreated residues, and Process 3 substantially increased sulfate release beyond that of
  Process 2.  Sulfate  release was decreased greatly in the second set of extracts by Processes 4 and
  WES Control, applied to bottom ash. Sulfate release was decreased either significantly or greatly ,n the
  second set of extracts by all processes applied tolcombined ash. except Process 3. In general.
  releases observed from the DWLT were less than releases  observed from the TCLP.

  TDS (Figure 7.20): TDS release was very high forlal. residue types and treatment processes and reflects
  total soluble salt release. Release from treated APC residue ranged up to almost 700.000 m^kg ash
  treated, or up to the equivalent of 70 wt % of the untreated residue. Processes 1.2.3 and WES Control
   increased^ release from.APC rescue in the first set of extracts compared to the untreated rescue.
   TDS release from untreated and treated APC  rescues also was substantial during the second set of
   extracts, ranging up to 140.000 mg/kg treated residue. Release from untreated bottom ash and
   combined ash was approximately 50.000 mg/kg. or the equivalent of 5 wt % of the untreated rescue.
   Processes 2 and 3 applied to bottom  ash and combined ash both greatly increased release, rang.ng up
   to 190 000 and 120.000 mg/kg treated residue. respecth,e.y. Process 4 resulted in decreased release
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from bottom ash, compared to the untreated residue. TDS releases from DWLT cannot be compared to
releases from TCLP because of extractant matrix interference with TCLP.

TOC (Figure 7.21): TOC release was greatest from the combined ash at approximately 500 mg/kg ash
and was approximately 200 and 20 mg/kg ash from the bottom ash and ARC residue, respectively.  No
identification of the nature of the TOC release was carried out.  Processes 1,2.3. and WES Control
increased JOC release compared to the untreated residue.  Process 2 increasedTOC release from
bottom ash in the first set of extracts, and Process 3 greatly increased release in the second set of
extracts. Results  from Process 4 applied to bottom ash were very scattered  but suggested increased
TOC release. Process 2 greatly increasedTOC release from the combined ash. compared to the
untreated residue. TOC releases were substantially less in the second set of extracts for bottom ash
and combined ash but were still at significant levels.
Collusions from  the DWLT results are summarized in Tables 7.5 and 7.6.  Processes 1,2,4 and the WES
Control decreased or greatly decreased, copper, lead and zinc release from APC residue. Much greater
 lead releases were observed from the APC residue than from either the bottom  ash or the combined
 ash. Lead release from bottom ash was increased or greatly increased^ Processes 2.3 and the WES
 Control compared to the untreated residue. Lead release from combined ash was increased or greatly
 increasedby Processes 1,2,3 and the WES Control. Lead release observed from the DWLT was much
 greater than release observed from TCLP results. The DWLT indicated increased release for many cases
 which TCLP indicated decreased release compared to the untreated residues. Very high levels of TDS
 were released from all untreated and treated residues. A direct comparison of mean TDS releases from
 ail of the untreated and treated residues is provided in Table 7.7.  Between 15 and 32 % by weight of the
 untreated  and treated APC residue was released as TDS.  Between 4 and 13%  by weight of the
 untreated  and treated bottom ash and combined ash was released as TDS. Treatment processes
 applied to all three residue types, except Process 4 applied to APC residue, either did not change or
 increased TDS release as compared to the untreated residues. Process 4, applied-to APC residue,
 resulted in decreased TDS release.                                          l
 7.4 AVAILABILITY LEACH TEST
         Figure 7.22 through 7.26 present the release from the availability leach test on an untreated
  residue basis (corrected for process dilution) for aluminum and calcium, cadmium and copper, potassium
  and sodium, lead and zinc, and chloride and sulfate.  Discussion is provided for each parameter or
  element in the following paragraphs.                                         ,
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Aluminum (Figure 7.22):  Aluminum release from all three residue types was similar wHhin treatment
                  « om a« three untreated residues1 was approximately 5.000 mg*g ash.  Release
         reue was
         to the untreated rescue. Release trom the bottom ash was aHected on, by Process 4
                . Release from combined ash was orearr/oeo^by Process 4 and «»a»:Ca,c,um release was much greater trom the APCresMue than tromthe bottom ash
 or coined ash. Releases .rom untreated AFC resUue. bonom ash and combined a,h were
 approximately 200.000, 75.000 and 75.000 mo*8 ash. respec^y. Reiease Mr .treated *PC **.
 Zed up to a.mos, 8M.OOO n^Kg untreated ash or the equlvaiem o, 80 wt% o. the untreated ,e .*._
           1 3 4 and the WES Control inched refease from APC rescue, eompareu to the untreated
                                                                             ,
    a, and a an MMWf release trom combined ash. compared to     nreated residue. Re ease
          fcm,^«
     untreated and treated APC residues, and approximately an order ot magnnude greater tor the
           altrT^ bottom ash and combined ash.  Cafcium release dunm, ft. avaiiabiiHy tes, *,**
  was approximately two-thirds of the total calcium content ol each residue.

           (Figure 7^3):  Cadmium release was approximately four times greater for the untreated APC
              ar ed to both the untreated bottom ash and combined ash. Release from untreated APC
             approximately ,40 rr^, wh»e releasi from untreated bonom ash and -«^£^




   content of each res*e and was mu* greater than release observed from e.her the TCLP or DWtT.

   ooooer (Figure 7 23)- Copper release was highly! variable and was similar for al, three rescues types.




                    . ash compared to the untreated rescue. A» other treatment effects were no,
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significant (.80 level). Copper release from the availability leach test was approximately ten times
greater than release observed from the TCLP and 100 times greater than release observed from the
DWL.T. Copper release from the availability leach test represented less than 35% of;the total content in
ARC residue, and less than 25% of the total content in bottom ash and combined ash;.

Potassium (Figure 7.24): Potassium release was approximately 14,000,4.000 and 6.000 mo/kg ash from
untreated APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash, respectively.  Potassium release from APC
residue was increased by Process 1 and the WES Control, compared to untreated residue. Release was
greatly increased by Process 3 for all residue types, compared to the respective untreated residues,
most likely because of the high potassium content of one of the process additives. No other treatment
effects were significant.  Potassium release from the availability leach test was similar to that observed by
the DWLT and slightly greater than that observed from the TCLP.  Potassium release from the availability
leach test was almost the entire potassium content of the APC residue, but less than half of the total
                                                                          i
content of the bottom ash and combined ash.                                  \
 Sodium (Figure 7.24): Sodium release was approximately 18,000,5,000 and 7.000 mg/kg from untreated
 APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash, respectively. Sodium release from APC residue was
 increased by Process 1, compared to the untreated residue.  Process 2 increased sodium release from
 the APC residue and greatly increased release from the bottom ash and combined ash, most likely
 because of high sodium content in one of the process additives.  Sodium release from residues treated
 by Process 2 also was highly variable, with release from each residue type ranging by greater than 20.000
 mg/kg ash treated. No other treatment effects were  significant (.80 level) for all three residue types.
 Sodium release from the availability leach test was similar to that observed from thei DWLT and TCLP.
 Sodium release from the availability test was approximately 70 % of the total content of the APC residue,
 but only between 25 and 30% of the total content for the bottom ash and the combined ash.

 Lead (Figure 7.25): Lead release was approximately 1.000.500 and 500 mg/kg ash for untreated APC
 residue, bottom ash and combined ash. respectively.  Lead release from APC residue was increasedby
 Processes 2 and 3 and greatly increased by the WES Control process, compared to the untreated
 residue. Lead release may have been increased by these processes because of the highly alkaline
 nature of the S/S matrix. Lead release from APC residue was greatly decreased (by several orders of
  magnitude) by Process 4.  Lead release from bottom ash was not changed by any ;of the treatment
  processes.  High variability in release from the untreated bottom ash most  likely masked any treatment
  effects  Release from the combined ash was oreafiy decreased by Process 4. compared to the
  untreated residue. All other treatment effects were not significant (.80 level). Lead release observed by
  the availability leach test was substantially greater than release observed by both TCLP and DWLT.
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Lead release from the availability leach test was up to 35% of the total content for ARC residue and
approximately 50% of the total content for bottom ash and combined ash.
Zinc (Figure 7 25): Zinc release was approximately 8,000.3,000 and 3.000 mg/kg ash for untreated APC
residue bottom ash and combined ash. respectively. Release from APC residue was increased by
Process 3 and the WES Control. Release from bottom ash was decreased by Process 1. and release
from combined ash was not changed signiffcantly (.80 level) by any of the treatments. Zinc release from
the availability leach test was several orders of magnitude greater than release observed by both the
TCLP and DWLT. Zinc release by the availability leach test was less than 50% of the total content for all
three residue types.
 Chloride (Rgure 7.26): Chtoride release was approximately 150.000.32.000 and 32.000 mg/kg ash from
 APC residue, bottom ash and combined ash. respectively. Re.ease from APC residue was increased*
 the WES Control process compared to the untreated residue.  Release from bottom ash was decreased
 by Processes 1 and 4. Re.ease from the combined residue was not changed significantly (.80 level) by
 any of the treatment processes. Process 4 applied to combined ash, however, resu.ted in a high degree
 of scatter in the chloride release data, where two of the data replicated closely, and suggests decreased
 release. The third data point may be an outlier. Chtoride releases from the availability leach test was
 similar to releases observed from the TCLP and substantially lower than releases observed from the
 DWLT  Releases observed by the availability leach test were approximately the total chloride content as
 determined by NAA, further substantiating analytical difficulties with the extraction method of total
                                             I
  analysts.
  SuKate (Rgure 7.26): Sulfate release was approximately 100.000 ma/kg ash irom the APC residue and
  30 000 n^kg ash .rom both the bottom ash and the combined ash. Reiease trom the APC rescue was
  gnUr tncwoed by Process 3 and the WES Controt process compared to the untreated rescue.
  Release also was greatly /ncreasedby Process 3. applied to bottom ash and combined ash. Tte was
  probabV the resu« of the significant sulfate content In one of the process additives. Release from
  bottom ash also was decreased by Process 1.  Releases observed by the ava«abi,«y leach tes, were
  approximately one order o, magnitude greater than tha, observed from the DWLT and substantially
  greater than observed by the TCLP. Sulfate release from the availab«y leach tes, was much greater
  L the content measured by totai analysis. MM* substanBa, M*» of the total analysis used.

   Conclusions from me availably leach test are summanzed ,n Tabie 7.8. Only Process 4 rested in
   decreased re,ease from APC residue, which resumed in orea^cma^ release o, aU,m,num and e£
   Lcesses 1 and 3 resulted .n increased cadrrtum release from APC reside. Processes 1 and 3 resulted
                                               132

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in increased lead release, and the WES Control resulted in greatly increased lead release from the ARC
residue. All processes applied to ARC residue resulted in increased or greatly increased release of
salts.  Process 1, applied to bottom ash, resulted in decreased release of cadmium, zinc, copper,
chloride and sulfate.  Process 4. applied to bottom ash, resulted in decreased release of aluminum and
chloride. Processes 2 and 3, applied to bottom ash, resulted in increased and greatly increased,
respectively, release of salts. Process 4, applied to combined ash, resulted in greatly decreased
release of aluminum and lead.  Processes 1.2 and 3 all resulted in increasedor greatly increased release
of salts from combined ash.  The WES Control process had no effect on release from either bottom ash
or combined ash. These results suggest that under constant pH conditions, only Process 4, applied to
ARC residue and combined  ash, and Process 1, applied to bottom ash. had positive treatment effects.
The remaining process applications had either no effect or a negative treatment effect.

7.5  ACID NEUTRALIZATION CAPACITY LEACH TEST                       !

Figures 7.27 through 7.44 present pH Mration curves and cadmium, chromium, copper.  lead and zinc
extract concentration as a function of pH for  untreated and treated MWC residues. Extract concentrations
are indicative of solubility for metals as a function of pH except when extract concentrations increase to
and maintain a constant concentration at acidic pH.  This phenomena is indicative of complete
solubilizatton of the available fraction of the metal. Horizontal lines on each of the figures are used to
 indicate detection limits.  Discussion is provided for  the titratton curves and each of the  metals
 concentrations curves are provided in the following paragraphs.
 pH titratfon curves (Figures 7.27 - 7.29):  A principal change between the untreated  and treated residues
 which effects leaching properties  is the matrix alkalinity and acid buffering capacity. Untreated APC
 residue required approximately 7  meq/g of acid to titrate to pH 7 while bottom ash and combined ash
 each required approximately 2 meo/g. This is in contrast to the addition of 1.98 meq/g of acetic acid
 added for the TCLP. Thus, the very high buffering capacity of the MWC residues clearly overwhelm the
 acid addition for many leach tests where the amount of acid, not the extraction pH. is the controlled
 variable. The greater amount of acid required to titrate the APC residue is a direct consequence of lime
 utilization during the acid gas scrubbing of combustion gases. Furthermore, the buffering capacity of
 APC residue and combined ash can be substantially influenced by the acid gas scrubber operation on
 the municipal waste combustor. Metals solubility, and hence release, is strongly affected by aqueous
 solution  pH and therefore by residue buffering capacity.
 Treatment of APC residue by Processes 1 and the WES Control did not significantly alter the buffering
 capacity of the residue.  Processes 2 and 3 slightly increased the buffering capacity to 7.5 meq/g treated
                                               133                         i

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residue  Process 4 decreased the buffering capacity of APC residue to 3 meq/g.  All treatment
processes increased the buffering capacity of bottom ash and combined ash. Titration curves for bottom
ash and combined ash were similar within processes. Processes 1,2,3.4 and WES Control increased
buffering capacity (to PH 7) to 3,9, 6. 2.5. and 4 meo/g treated residue. respective.y. These changes ,n
buffering capacity are directly responsible for the extract pHs observed from the TCLP and DWLT.

Cadmium  (Figures 7.30 - 7.32): Cadmium extract concentration was a strong function of pH for all
untreated  and treated residues. Extract concentration from all untreated rescues was below detects
limits at PH greater than 10. As PH decreased froln 10 to 6 for untreated APC residue. cadm,um
concentration increased from 0.03 mgrt to 30 mg/.. Extract concentratton from untreated combined ash
increased from 0.03 mg/l to approximately 4 mg/. as pH decreased from 9 to 6.  Similarly, extract
 concentration from bottom ash increased from 0.03 mg/1 to approximately 5 mg/. as pH decreased from 8
 to 6  The dHf erence in pH below which the extract concentrations began to increase for APC rescue.
 combined ash and bottom ash was principally a result of chloride concentration in the extracts. H,gh
 chloride concentrations tend to increase cadmiumlso.ubi.ity through complexation. APC residue had the
 greatest chtoride concentration while bottom ash had the towest. Treatment of APC residue resulted ,n a
 Lnge in the pH - concentratton curve on,y for Processes 1.4 and the WES ^/^^
 WES Contro, shitted to pH 9 ft. PH be.ow which extract concentrations increased Process 4 sh-tted the
 PH at which the maximum cadmium concentration was attained from pH 6 to 4 but did not shrft the PH
 below which the concentratton begins to increase!
  Chromium (Rgure 7.33 - 7.35): Chromium extract concentration as a function of pH followed severa.
  characterise patterns for untreated and treated residues. The differences in extracts behavor most
  likely can be attributed to different speciatton of the chromium in the different untreated and treated
  resLs. The first characterise pattern was that indicated by the untreated and treated APC rescue.
  except for treatment by Process 4.  .n this characteristic pattern, chromium concentratton was less than the
  detection Ml at pH 12.  At PH ,ess than 12 and greater than 10. chromium concentratton gradually
  ^easedfromO, n*/,to0.4n^. The extract toncentratton remained fairiy constant at approximately
  4 mg/l at pH between 4 and 10. At PH less than 4. the extract concentration increased to a max-mum of
   4n^atapProximate.yPH  2. This characteristic pattern a,so was observed for bottom ash treaedby
   P™Ta.dWEScontro,.an,combinedashtreatedby Processesl. 3 and the WES c*ntro,. The
   second characterise pattern was typ«ied by APC residue treated by Process 4.  ,n this pattern
   chrorniumconcentration increased toamaximum of approximately 5 mg/l with decreas.ng pH. The
   s.oPeoftheconcentrationCurvedecreasedsubstantia..yatpH.essthan4. This pattern also was
   observed for bottom ash treated  by Process 1, The third pattern observed  is typified by untreated
                                               134

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bottom ash.  In this case, the extract concentration remained below the detection limit until the pH was
less than a certain value. At pH less than that value, the extract concentration increased rapidly with
decreasing pH. This pH was 6 for untreated bottom ash.  This pattern also was observed  for Bottom
ash treated by Process 4 (at pH 6-8). untreated combined ash (at pH 4) and for combined ash treated by
Process 4 (at pH 6-8). Process 2 applied to both bottom ash  and combined ash resulted in considerable
data scatter and may reflect a somewhat amphoteric behavior at pH greater than 11. In summary.
treatment of APC residue resulted in a slight reduction in chromium solubility only for Process 4.
Treatment of bottom ash and combined ash resulted in increased chromium solubility at neutral to slightly
acidic pH for all treatment processes.
Copper (Figures 7.36  - 7.38): Copper extract concentrations  for untreated and treated APC residue
indicated concentrations increasing from below the detection limit (0.1 mg/l) to between 10 and 100 mg/l
wrth decreasing pH. The characteristic pH below which this concentration increase was observed was 6
lor untreated APC residue. 5 for Processes 1 and 2, and. 7 for Process 4  and the WES control.
 Untreated and treated bottom ash resulted in low extract concentrations at pH greater than 6-8 and highly
 scattered concentrations at pH less than 8. Generally the highest extract concentrations (up to 4 mg/l) at
 neutral to slightly acidic pH were observed for untreated and  treated combined ash. Maximum extract
 concentrations were approximately 100 mg/l. No significant reductions in  copper solubility were
 observed as a result  of treatment of bottom ash or combined ash.               ;
 Lead (Figures 7.39 - 7.41): Lead extract concentrations for untreated APC residue exhibited a classic
 amphoteric behavior and were at a minimum of approximately 1 mg/l between pH 6 and 10. At pH
 decreasing betow or increasing above this range, the extract concentration increased rapidly to up to 100
 mg/l  All treatment processes decreased the extract concentration to at or below the detection limit (0.5
 mg/l)  between pH 5.5 and 10. Processes 2.4 and the WES Control were most effective within this pH
 range and  may have extended this reduction to slightly more acidic pHs.   Process 4 also decreased the
  amphoteric behavior by reducing the extract solution pH to less than 12 when no acid was added.
  Untreated  and treated  bottom ash and combined ash did not exhibit amphoteric behavior because the
  most alkali pH observed was less than 11.5. All untreated and treated bottom ash;and combined ash
  extracts attained a maximum concentration of approximately 200 mg/l at a pH of 2.  The prinapal
  difference among responses was the pH betow which lead concentration  increased rapidly wrth
  decreasing PH. This PH typically was pH 6 for untreated APC residue and bottom ash and pH 5 for
  untreated  ar>d combined ash and treated residues. All extract concentrations for bottom ash and
  combined ash were at or betow the detection limit at pHs greater than 6.
                                               135

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Zinc (Figures 7 42 - 7.44): Zinc extract concentrations exhibited similar behavior for all untreated and
treated residues. At pH greater than 8 the extract concentrates were wide.y scattered between 0.1
mo/l and 10 mg/l  for APC residue and between the detection limit (0.02 mg/l) and 0.1 mg/l for  bottom
ash and combined ash. This scatter extended to 1.0 mg/l for bottom ash and combined ash treated by
Process 2  At pH less than 8, all extract concentrations increased rapidly with decreasing pH unt.l a
maximum concentrate of approximately 1000 mg/j was attained at PH between 4 and 6, depending on
treatment process. The  only effects resulting from treatment were a decrease in the pH below whK*
the extract concentrates increased and a change in the slope of the concentration curve. Thes*  effects
were indicated only for Process 4 applied to APC residues.
 76 COMPARISON OF MAGNITUDE AND CONSISTENCY  OF RESULTS FROM TESTS FOR
 LEACHING POTENTIAL
        Tables 7  9 through 7.1 1 provide summary comparisons of the results form the TCLP, DWLT and
 ALT  Most of the resu.ts from the dKferent tests indicated similar trends in the treatment effects, however
 several important excepttons existed. In these cases, one or more .eaching test indicated a decrease or
 increase in a particular species release while the remaining leaching tests indicated contrary results.
 Contrary results from the different leaching tests are discussed by residue type and element or spec.es
 in the sections that follow.

     7ft-! Treated APC Residue

  AJuminum:  For Process 4, me ALT indicated **» ——* —» "» •" dtetilted water "* ""
  Wfcated to^o-release m TCLP indeed no signitican, change. This result is a reflect™ of the the
  increased solubilHy a,uminum species a. tower pHs. Process 4 resulted in an end poM pH beMeen 11
  and 1 1 .8 .or the DWLT, while the untreated residue and ail other treated reskiues resutted „ DWLT end
  point pHs o. approximate* 12 or greater. Thus, by comparison with the untreated APC res,due, DWLT
  release increased. Result o. the ALT indicated a substantial reduction in release most likely because o.
  .he formation ot insoluble aluminum-phosphate mineral phases. DiBerences In end point pH were not a
  factor because the ALT was carried out at constant pH.
   Catoium:  For Process 4, the DWLT indicated a o^o in caicium release wl* the ALT
   tereas9 in cawum release. The explain ,or mis resu.is undea, The WES control process
             release .or me DWLTwMe indicating gr^to™** release tor the TCLP and .n
             me ALT.  Decreased re,ase ,or me DWLT most *e,y relteas Sreater sta^Hy o, the
         r^rt^nd cement matnx .han in .he untreated material a, aKaline pH. increased release a, tower
                                              136

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pHs (ALT and TCLP) reflects the increase amount of calcium present in the treated matrix and the
dissolution of the portland cement in acidic conditions.
Copper: For the WES control process, decreased release was indicated by the DVVLT while greatly
increased release was indicated by the ALT. This result most likely reflect increasing copper solubility
with decreasing pH.
Lead:  Processes 2. 3 and the WES Control indicated either greatly decreased release for the TCLP while
indicating increasedor greatly increased release for the ALT.  These results generally reflect the
amphoteric nature of lead (Figure 7.39). Lead solubility greatly decreased at pHs less than 12 until
greatly increasing again at pHs less than 5. Treatment by Processes 2, 3 and the WES Control resulted in
TCLP end point pHs less than 11 .8 while untreated residue had a TCLP end point pH of approximately
 12. Processes 2 and WES Control also indicated greatly decreased release forthe;DWLT.  This is most
 likely indicative of respeciation of the lead within the treated matrix. Respeciation also may be indicated
 by the increased release at pH 4 by the ALT.
 Zinc:  ProcessSindicatedgreaWydecreasedreleaseiorTCLPwhile/ncreasedreleaseforALT. The
 decreased release for TCLP is a result of decreased*™ solubility at high pH.  For this case, the TCLP
 end point pH was greater than 11.
 Sulf ate: Process 1 indicated increased release for the TCLP and greatly decreased release for the
 DWLT. Process4irxJicatedflreaf/y/ncreasedreleaseforTCLPanddecreasedreleaseforDWLT. The
 WES Control indicated greatly decreased release for DWLT and greatly increased release for ALT. The
 reasons lor these conflicting results are not clear.
                                                                         i
     7,6.2 Treated Bottom Ash                        ,                    j

 /auminum-  Process 1 and WES Control indicated greatly decreased release for DWLT and greatly
  Creased release for TCLP. Decreased release for the DWLT most likely is indicative of respeciation of
  the aluminum and incorporation into the cement matrix. Increased release for the TCLP most likely
  reflects increasing solubility with decreasing PH. The TCLP end-point PH for the untreated and treated
  l»ttom ash was approximately 8 and 5.5, respectively.

      yfiS  Treated r°mhined Asn
  ralcium- For Process 2 the DWLT indicated greatly decreased calcium release while the ALT indicated an
  increase in calcium release. Decreased release forthe DWLT most likely reflects decreased matrix
                                              137

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solubility at greater pHs. The endpoint DWLT pH for the residue treated by Process 2 and the
untreated residue were approximately 12 and 10.8, Respectively.

Copper- Process 2 indicated decreased release for TCLP and greatly increased release for DWLT.
ProTss 2 showed slightly amphoteric behavior for copper (Fig. 7.38) and had a greater end point PH
(ca. 12) than for the untreated residue (ca. 10.8).
Lead-  Processes 1,2,and 3 Indicated great* decreased release for the TCLP while indicating gnat*
/ncreas*/release forthe DWLT. These results generally reflect the amphoteric nature of lead as
described above for APC residue.
                   ntential ComDS
        Table 7 12 presents lor several elements a comparison of me fraction of that element present, n
 the untreated residue that was released Mowing treatment during the AVT.  This comparison is
 presented to provide an indication of the extent of tong term Immobilization of these elements as a
                                                                                 -""
*. o, the treatment processes evaluated. T»e AVT was selected for this
                                                                       onstant f,nal PH)
  provwes for the most uniform extraction conditionsiof me leach tests earned out (e.g., constant
  and represents the most aggressive potential exposure scenario or -worst case."  ChemKa
  tan****, varied considerably by specif* eiernent. process applied and residue type treated^
         Resutts to, APO residue indicate that cadmium, calcium, chloride, sodium and potass,um were not
  irreverswy chemicaliy bound to an appreciable exient. This also was the case for copper lead and z,nc
  TAPC rldue treated by Processes 2, 3 and me WHS CM* A^minum. copper, lea  and „, were
  chemical.ybc.nd.osfcnr.amextentbyProcesseslarKU. Furthers. almost complete chen,ca,
  immobifeatton of lead occurred for APC residue treated by Process 4.
         Resu«s for bottom ash MM. that calcium and chloride were not irreversibly chermcally bound it.
  an appreciable extent. This also was me case for sodfcm ar* zinc fcr bo«om ash treated by Process 2
  « Tpotass^m treated by Process 3. Greater than approximately 80% o, me aluminum. «pper «d lead
  waslm^y immobii^ed by al, o, the processes in me treated bottom ash. Results for cad™n,
  ^,ass.um arx, zinc varied by process type between 49 and 91% retention for those processes w»h
                    a
        appreciable extent. This also was the case for sodfcm in combined ash treated by Process 2 and
        Tm treated by Processes 1 . 2 and 3. Greater man 70% chemtea, immobilize o, alunvnum and
              achieved by an processes appHed to combined ash. ResuKs for iead varied cons,derab,
                                              138

-------
by process between no appreciable chemical retention ( Process 3) to 96% retention (Process 4).
Limited to no appreciable chemical retention of cadmium was achieved except by Process 1.
    7 ft * s,,mmary of teaching Potential Results hv Treatment Process          >

       Table 7.8 through 7.10 provide a comparison of release results by Process type and element for
each residue type.
APC residue:
       • Process 1 resulted in no change to greatly increased release for aluminum, calcium,
cadmium,potassium, sodium and chloride. No change to greatly decreased release was indicated for
copper, lead and zinc.
        • Process 2 resulted in no change to greatly increased release for aluminum, calcium, potassium,
sodium and chloride.  No change to greatly decreased release was indicated for copper, zinc and sulfate.
        • Process 3 resulted in no change to greatly increased release for aluminum, calcium, cadmium,
potassium and sulfate. No change to greatly decreased release was observed for copper only. Lead
arid zinc results were confounded by changes in end point extract pHs.
        • Process 4 resulted in no change to greatly increased release for cadmium. No change to
greatly decreased release was indicated for potassium, copper, sodium, and chloride. Substantial
 reductions in lead release was observed compared to all other processes tested.  Aluminum, calcium,
 zinc and suffate results were confounded.                                    ;
        • The WES Control resulted in no change to greatly increased release for aluminum, calcium.
 potassium, sodium and chloride. Copper, lead, zinc and sulfate results were confounded.
* Bottom Ash:
        • Process 1  resulted in no change to decreased release for calcium, cadmium, copper, chloride
 and zinc.  Release was decreased^ greatly decreased for sulfate. Aluminum had confounded results.
 There was no change in the release of potassium, sodium and lead.
         -  Process 2 resulted in no change to greatly increased release of aluminum, copper, lead, zinc
 and sulfate.  Sodium release was greatly increased which was attributed to a process additive.
         -  Process3resunedinnochangetogreaf/y/ncreasedreleaseforcalcium,potassium,copper
 and lead.  Potassium and suffate release were greatly increased which was attributed to a process
 additive. No change in release was observed for aluminum, cadmium, sodium, chloride and zinc. No
 decreases in release were observed.
         .  Process 4 resutted in r» change to preafV/^^^                                    No
  change in release was observed for potassium, copper, sodium and lead.  No change to greatly
  decreased release was observed for aluminum, chloride and sulfate.
                                              139

-------
      .  The WES Control resulted in no change ti or**,// ha*** release .or cadmium, copper, lead
   zinc  No change In release was observed tor ca,cium, potassium, sodium and chtonde. No change to
                -lease was observed to, suHate;.  Oontounded results were observed tor alum™,,
                                      inm^ed,aeKe lor calcium.  No charge to
                               aluminum.cadmlum.copper.zinc.andsul.ate. Nochange,n
       . Process 2 resulted in no change to increased, etease forcadmium and sulrate.
tereas«- release was observed to, sodium m was anrtbuted to a process additive. No change was
Trved tor aluminum, po.ass.um, and chtor,d, Contounded results were observed tor copper, lead
                was observed tor potassium and sultate which we,e aMntuted ,0 a process
          in release was observed tor sodium aHd ch«. No change to
 —
        * pfOGSss *T rtjsuiw*** ii 11 ^* *** *fc*1 *o    **   *             -                       ,
 copper, iead. chloride, zinc and suifate. No increases in release were observed. No change „
 was observed for potassium and sodium.                                           ••„«.«
        .The WES^onm,! resulted in no change to increased re/ease tor lead. No change ,n release
 was observed lo, cadmium, potassium, copper, sodium, chlonde and zinc. No change to —-
 decreased release was observed for aluminum, calcium and sultate.

-------
Table 7.1. Leaching Test Liquid to Solid Ratios and Treatment Process Dilution Factors.
Leach Test	Liquid to Solid Ratio (ml extractant/g extracted)

TCLP                                              20.1
DWLT       '                                       4 serial extractions at 10:1 each
Availability leach test                                 200:1
ANC                                                5:1                      ,
Process Dilution Factors (kg treated residue/kg untreated residue)
••-
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
Process 4
WES Control
Bottom Ash
1.2
1.6
1.8
1-2
1.2
APC Residue
2.0
2.2
2.4
1.3
2.2
i
Combined Ash
1.3
; 1.6
I 1-8
! 1.2
1.2
                                              141

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Table 7.2.     Comparison of selected metal concentrations in Extraction Fluid 1 and Extraction Fluid 2.
mg/l
Cr
Cd
Cu
Pb
Zn
pH (S.U.)
APC Residue
E.F.1 * E.F.2"
27
5
74
37033
3987
11.91
21
5
74
32633
4330
11.88
Bottom Ash
E.F.1 E.F.2
5
7
95
41
527
7.79
79
161
6437
1995
61300
5.24
Combined Ash
E.F.1 E.F.2
5
1 0
373
41
270
6.3
67
508
2850
2127
39133
5.2
*  E.F.1 = Extraction Fluid 1
" E.F.2 « Extraction Fluid 2
 Table 7.3.

   Symbol
Relative  categories of treatment jeffects.
     (-3)
     (+3)
                            Category
    Decreased release compared to other processes in addition to
    less than 1/2 that of the untreated residue;

    Greatly decreased release (release of less than 1/2 that of the
    untreated residue);

    Decreased  release  (significant at  the 0.80  confidence
    level  as  compared to  the untreated  residue);

    Increased  release  (significant at  the 0.80  confidence
    level  as  compared to  the untreated  residue);
                                j
    Greatly increased release (release of greater than twice that
    of the untreated  residue); and.

    Increased release compared to other processes in addition to
    twice that of the untreated  residue.
                                              142

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Table 7 4      Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release by TCLP
              (refer to table 7.3 for key).                                       I
APC Residue Bottom Ash
Process 1
•*
Process 2
. **
Process 3
~
Process 4
~
WES Control
1
Pb, Zn
Cu
Al, Ca. Cl, K, Na, S04
Pb.Zn
Al, Cl
Ca, Na
Pb, Zn
K
S04
Pb (-3)*
Cd, Zn, S04
Pb.Zn
Na
Al, Ca
S04
Ca
Al

S04
Al, Na

Ca, K, S04

Ca
Cd, Zn

Cu, Pb
Al, Cd, Zn
Combined Ash
Cd, Pb, Zn
Cu, S04
i
Cd, Pb, Zn
Cu !
Na
Pb
Cd, Cu, Zn
Ca, K, S04
Pb ;
Cd, Cu, Zn
i
!
'<
                                               143

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Table 7 5      Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release by DWLT
              Extracts 1 and 2 (refer to Table 7.3 for key).
APC Residue Bottom Ash
Process 1

.
+
++
Process 2

.
+
+*
Process 3
„
+
•M-
Process 4

•
~
WES Control
• *
.
~

Cu, Pb, Zn, SO4

Al, Ca, Na, TDS, TOC
K

Pb, Zn, SO4
Cu
Al, K, TDS, TOC
Na

Cu
Al, SO4, TDS, TOC
K,

Cu, Pb(-3r, Zn, Cl
Ca, K, Na, SO4
Al
Pb. Zn, SO4
Ca, Cu
Al, K, Cl, TDS. TOC

Al. SO4
Cl




Ca
Al. Pb, Zn, TOC
Cu, Na, S04(+3), TDS


Ca,TDS
K, Pb, SO4

SO4
C«, TDS

Al. S04

Pb
Combined Ash

Al, SO4
Cu
Pb


Ca

Zn
Cu, Na, SO4(+3)*, Pb,

Cu
Ca
K. Pb(+3)*. SO4, TDS

SO4
Ca, Cl

Al, SO4
Ca
Pb
                                               144

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Table 7.6.     Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release by DWLT
              Extracts 3 and 4 (refer to Table 7.3 for key).
APC Residue Bottom Ash ' Combined Ash
Process 1

•
+
•M-
Process 2
.
+
**
Process 3
•
+
•M-
Process 4

-
•*•+
NES Control
• •
•M-

Pb, Zn, SO4
Cu
Cl, TOC

Pb, Zn, SO4
Na
Al, TOC


Cl, SO4
TOC


Pb
Ca, Cu, Zn, Cl, SO4
Al
Pb , Zn, SO4

Al, Cl, TOC

Al
Cu
Ca

Al

Ca, K
Na


Ca, K, Pb
TOC


S04
Ca
Al
SO4
Ca

Al, SO4
cu ;
Ca
Cl
Al, SO4
Cu
K
Na
" i
Cu
K



SO4
Al !
i
Al, SO4

.
                                              145

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Table 7.7.
Comparison of total dissolved solids released for the distilled water leach test (g
released/kg ash, dry solid), and iri parenthesis, the weight % of the  material
              released.

Untreated
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
Process 4
WES Control
Bottom
Ash
58 (6%)
S3 (4%)
187 (12%)
126 (7%)
47 (4%)
59 (5%)
APC
Residue
289 (29%)
640 (32%)
*, ,
565 (26%)
!
578 (24%)
194 (15%)
671 (30%)
Combined
Ash
60 (6%)
54 (4%)
208 (13%)
144 (8%)
56 (5%)
79 (6%)
                                               146

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Table 7 8   Summary of conclusions on treatment effects on contaminant release by availability
           teach test (refer to Table 7.3 for key).
APC R<"?Wi"» Bottom Ash Combined Ash
Process 1
•M-
Process 2
++
Process 3
1+
Process 4
•M-
WES Control
++

Ca. Cd. K. Na
•
Na, Pb

Al, Ca, Cd, Pb, Zn,
K, SC-4
Al, Pb
Ca

Ca, K,Zn
Al, Cl, Cu, Pb, SC-4

Cd, Cu. Cl, SC-4, Zn

Na

Ca, Cu
K, SC-4
Al, Cl



Ca
•
Ca
Na
i
Al, Ca
K, 564
Al, Pb

i
i
                                                 147

-------
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           0!
           0!
            «
            0)
            0)
(O
(0
•g

I
o
u

I
73
2
      5
                                                                                          O
                                                                                          CO
 CO
 
-------
Table 7.12.    Fraction of total element present in treated residues released during the
              availability leach test.



APC Residue
Aluminum
cadmium
pateium
Chloride
popper
Lead
{Sodium
Potassium
IB ot torn Ash
[Aluminum
(Cadmium
pateium
(Chloride
popper
Lead
(Sodium
Potassium
Combined As!
Aluminum
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
popper
Lead
Sodium
Potassium
(Zinc
Total *
(mg/kg
ash)

25,586
137
290,725
90,325
515
2,969
20,467
15,598
17.453

51,749
35
113,087
24,301
1,477
1,563
19,777
9,510
6,793
I
56,083
32
123,357
28,922
1,734
1,054
21,678
13,245
6,172
Process
1



16
2:1 OOt
2:1 OOt
2:1 OOt
30
40
>100f
38

5
23
53
61
5
9
17
21
10

1 1
2:1 OOt
2:1 001"
55
14
24
32
52
27
Process
2



31
95
stioot
55
72
2»100t
62

10
29
2:1 OOt
2:1 OOt
18
10
48
3:100t

27
63
2:1 OOt
2:1 OOt
23
47
2:100f
57
41
Process Pr
3



33
2t1 OO'f
2:1 00^
2:1 OO'f
76
76
2:1 OOf
>100f
69

1 1
46
2:1 OOt
13
20
38
24

21
63
2:1 OOt
22
34
32
ocess
4

I /w /

1
87
85
25
0.1
94
>100t
38

1
49
78
71
15
3
17
24
27

1
81
8c
5
14
4
24
36
35
WES
Control
o


9
i 2:1 OOf
2:1 OOt
2:100t
>100t
>100t
2:1 OOt
90

51
92
S»100t
10
21
23
i 47
31

i 7!
i nnl
1 9
32
< 24
i 43
• 34
  *   All total element concentrations are based on NAA results except lead, which is based on
     SW-846 results.
  t  Values nominally greater than 100% were calculated because of either ^contributions from
     process additives or correction  for process dilution.
                                              151

-------
Figure 7.1.  TCLP extract  pHs.
                                   Figure a.  APC Residua

11-
lo-
g-
s'
7-
6-

. • ' •-'
E3




pq








u=


                           12
                           11
                           10
                            9
                            8-
                            7-
                            6-
                            5
                               V1   V2    V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                    Figure b.  Bottom Ash
                           12
                               VI   V2    V3   V4   WES   Unt
                                   Figure e. Combined Ash
                           ID-
                            S'
                            8
                            7-
                            6-
                            5
>4.94
                               V1   V2    V3   V4   WES   Unt
                                          152

-------
Figure 7 2. Cadmium and copper concentrations in TCLP extracts. Regulatory limit for cadmium
           concentration in TCLP extracts is  1000 u.g/1.                    i
 1,000-


  800-


  600


  400


  200


    0





 1.000-


  800


.  600
b

  400


   200
 Figure a.  ARC Residue, Cd
              <6.6
               J_L
                                 <64
               V1    V2  ' V3   V4  WES  Unt
  Figure c. Bottom Ash, Cd
          1.000-


           800-


           600


           400


           200


             0
               V1  ' V2  ' V3   V4  WES  Unt
                 Rgure e. Combined Ash, Cd
LJ
                V1 '  V2   V3    V4   WES  Unt
                                                  1
                                      100-


                                       80


                                       60


                                       40-


                                       20
                                                            Figure b. APC Residue, Cu
                                                     5.000-


                                                     4.000-


                                                     3,000


                                                     2,000


                                                     1.000
                                                          VI   V2 '  V3   V4  WES  Unt
                                                             Figure d. Bottom Ash, Cu
                                          <53.0
                                           V1 '  V2 '  V3   V4   WES ' Unt
                                             Figure f.  Combined Ash, Cu
5.000
4,000
3,000
2.000
1.000
0
/
Max. Value:
6100
-_ IT"'./ J\
~ —^ \jf_ f -*

s s
NxV
X X *
f S
XxV
i
X X *


.*_•;. ••.*•*
JVV^i
^ft

V1 V2 ' V3 V* WES Unt

  TCLP extraction fluid 2 was the required fluid for all cases ej^ untreated bottom ash  and
  Process 1 applied to bottom ash and combined ash for which TCLP extraction fluid 1  was
  required.                                                               •
                                              153

-------
Figure 7.3. Lead and zinc concentrations in TCLP extracts. Regulatory limit for lead
            concentration in TCLP  extracts  is 5000 u.g/1.
   40.000
             Figure a.  APC Residue, Pb
  30.000



H20.000



  10.000



      0
                                TCLP Limit
      400
      300
  H  200
       100
           V1   V2   V3    V4   WES   Unt
              Figure c.  Bottom Ash, Pb
                     <3.0
          I    I i
            VI    V2   V3   V4  WES  Unt
4.000-


3,000
2.000
1.000

Figure e.





<31.0
' \
° V1 ' V2 '
Combined Ash, Pb
.?
Max. Value:
4460


<79.6
I
•N "^ •
>x
>%'V
'*/*>'

"j"".."""1'
$&•
'.*"•*.*"•*<
*V*Vr-V
II
:•:•:•:•:

V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure b. APC Residue, Zn
10.000*
! 8.000
i
6.000
O)
i
4.000
2.000
•

%
..
' R T/ "U
•VI ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
                                                 100.000
                                                           Figure d. Bottom Ash, Zn
                                               1
80.000-


60.000
I

40.000


20.000


     0

                                                                            *3
                                                          V1    V2    V3   V4  WES  Unt
                                                            Figure f.  Combined Ash, Zn
100.000
80.000
60,000
^"
3.
40,000

20.000






,

<257 <100
I I
I I [s^]E3
'&&'
%Z?

m


^g










vi V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt Note:
            VI   VZ   Vo    V*  WCB   uni                        -                       	
 TCLP extraction fluid 2 was the required fluid for all cases except untreated bottom ash, and
 Process 1 applied to bottom ash and combined ash for which TCLP extraction fluid 1  was
 required.
                                                 154

-------
  Figure 7.4. Aluminum and calcium release during TCLP extraction, corrected for process dilution.
               Figure «.  APC Residue, Al
                                                             Figure b. APC Residue, Ca
50:
40-
73
11 30
f
(» nn
£ *
10

mg/kg ash treated mg/kg ash treated
S ft 8 S 8 £ $ ?
« 8 8 8 08 ?,?.,..?


X X
X X
^ s
V,
r*>".»




V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure c. Bottom Ash, Al
. . <3.8 <7.4 <6.
i 1 *
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure e. Combined Ash, Al
Max.: 3883 &£
Mid.: 2265 ••££
1
^N N y ••.- .,*
v^ S
L™^ «?is <7.7 'X'N '•''•'••'•-'•
LJ-.^...
•400,000-
•g 300.000-
ra
g 200,000
01
E 100.000
1CA nno.»
120,000
1 90,000
1
4? 60,000
en
30,000
icnnoo
120,000
1
£ 90,000
1
^ 60,000
Ol
30,000
C

^ s
<-'.-

a^ra
[.•.y/.yv

V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, Ca

I
^ /
wm^t^ \ x ^
__^__ ' x
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure f. Combined Ash, Ca
.
= ,
SS* v'vX\
X^T^

i/- \t~> v/0 V/4 1A/CC I Int
Note:
      Extraction Fluid 2 was the required extraction fluid for all cases £xjcfipl untreated Bottom Ash. and
     ^rn"«"  Aohln^rnmhinfid Ash for which TCLP Extraction Fluid 1 was required.
Process 1 Bottom Ash and Combined Ash for which TCLP
                                              155

-------
Rgure 7.5
        . Cadmium and copper release during TGLP extraction, corrected for process dilution.
     30




     25-


"g

g    20:




1    1*



f   10



      5
             Figure «.  APC Residue, Cd
                     <.03



                      1

  I
  en

       30
       20-
        10
           VI   V2    V3   V4  WES  Unt
               Figure c. Bottom Ash, Cd
           T 'T  t
                                     <0.3
        30
        20-
        10
            V1   V2    V3    V4  WES  Unt
              Rgure •.  Combined Ash, Cd
              1     1
             "1   V2   V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                 as

                                                 £
                                                           Figure b. APC Residue, Cu
                                                       4
                                                                         VV A
                                                       40
                                                         V1    V2   V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                              Figure d.  Bottom Ash, Cu










=>=,
1
rfjt
X X >
S f
X X *
f f
X X >
J S
XX*
X X >
X X *
x'x''
XX*
M^^BM*











                                                           V1    V2   V3   V4  WES  Unt
                                                              Rgure f.  Combined Ash, Cu
                                                  I
                                                  1
                                                  t
200-
150-
100
50
0


y s
\
XX*


*•*???'
yjg

V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt


                                                156

-------
 Figure 7.6.  Potassium and sodium release during TCLP extraction, corrected for process dilution.


               Figure a. APC Residue, K    r            ,...„     Figure b.  APC Residue, Na
40,000
T? 30.000
1
1 20.000
I
e 10.000
0

_
X V
1
is

.^^r, ,,mi
«


V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
                 Figure c. Bottom Ash, K
20.000:
16,000-
!•
jl 12.000
j=
s
'.? 8.000
I"
4,000
0





NX
t\N
^.v
l^Vv






=*= _S —
V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
      20,000
                 Figure «.  Combined Ash, K

 16.000-



 12,000



'  8.000
I


  4.000



      0
               V1   V2    V3   V4   WES  Unt
Notes:

1. 1i
and
                                                      80,000-




                                                      60,000-



                                                      40.000



                                                      20,000
                                                       80,000



                                                       60,000



                                                       40,000
                                                        20,000
                                                               V1    V2  '  V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                                  Figure d. Bottom Ash, Na
  80.000-




•g 60.000
B


I 40,000



t
   20,000
                                                               V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                                                                  Figure t. Combined Ash, Na
                                                                V1  '  V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                                                       . all cases except untreated Bottom Ash,
                                                       Extraction Fluid 1 was required.
                                                  157

-------
   Figure 7.7. Lead and zinc release during TCLP extraction, corrected for process dilution.
                Figure *.  APC Residue, Pb
                                               Figure b.  APC Residue, Zn
BOO-
•§ 600-
mg/kg ash trea
Afj-


r>.





• "•




sSX
f\.\N
k\\




<1 95


T ^^^mm»

££





•9JJ-
250-
1 ^
8 20°
1 150-
|" 100

50

O

%


I I N!^.'


             V1    V2   V3    V4   WES  Unt
Figure c.  Bottom Ash, Pb
                                                                Figure d.  Bottom Ash, Zn
120-
•g 90-
73
£
1 60-

Jc
1"
SO-
ft.







<0.9
<1.6 <0.8 -.QO I
Mi -I
2.UOO-
1 ^s00

is
f 1,000.
en
^
f

0









<4.6 <4.3 <7.7
I i I sa

\\l

%'s ^
\ \ ^

\ \ >
V'
s^\ >









«• 1RR
^ IO*V
              V1 '  V2   V3  '  V4  WES  Unt
                                            V1    V2   V3   V4  WES  Unt
                Figure •.  Combined Ash, Pb
                                               Rgure f.  Combined Ash, Zn
120-
1 *
g
1 so-
o
"if
E 30-
ft.





<2.0 <12 <1-8 <2-3
I i I 1



\ \

\ \
;^

ft
ii
-"Vv'Vv1
*• •.*• *.*
/}.;.-}.;.

2,000
! 1 w"0
1 1.000

*s
E 500






<'






r.s
<4.0
I













\fr<









yjfr
Y/sk
^fy^y
m




^^^
•»VVM>1


              V1   V2    V3   V4  WES  Unt
Note:
TCLP Extraction Fluid 2 was the required extraction fluid for all cases fiscspl untreated Bottom Ash, and
Process 1 Bottom Ash and Combined Ash for which TCLP Extraction Fluid 1 was required.
                                                158

-------
 Figure 7.8. Chloride and sulfate release during TCLP extraction, corrected for process dilution.
            Figure a.  ARC Residue, Cl
                                                               Figure b. APC Residue, SO4
300,000 T

250000

<§
« 200,000
.to
"| 150.000
f 100,000
50,000
0


,
fiitfffi6&&


\M






\]V




ES

\« •





///
Ul






Unt
60,000 T



1
« 40,000
1
en
|" 20,000

,

\sS\
V^x\.
n^'T'^y^
KtMM
VI V2 V* V4 Unt
     30,000


     24,000


     18,000


     12.000


      6,000
   30,000


   24.000

1
I  18.000

I
^ 12.000
                Figure c. Bottom Ash, Cl
              V1    V2     V3    V4     Unt
                Figure e. Combined Ash, Cl
   en
       6,000
               V1
                  V2     V3    V4     Unt
                                                     60.000
                                                Ta  40,000
                                                £
                                                   20,000
                                                      60.000
                                                      45.000
                                                      30.000
                                                       15.000
                                                             Figure d. Bottom Ash, SC*4
                                                              V1     V2
                                                                                  V4    Unt
                                                               Figure f.  Combined Ash, SO4
                                                               V1    V2
                                                                                  V4     Unt
Note:
                     ^^^^^^^^&^^B^Ash'and
                      ^
                                                159

-------
Figure 7.9.      Distilled water leach test extract pHs.
  u.
        13.
         12-
         11
                Extracts 1  &  2




                 Figure a.  APC Residue
         10
         13
             V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                  Figure e.  Bottom Ash
         12
          11
          10
          13
              VI    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                  Figure e.  Combined Ash
          12
           11
           10
               V1   V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                           13
   Extracts 3  & 4



   Figure b.  APC Residue
                                                           12
                                                           11
                                                           10
V1   V2   V3   V4  WES  Unt
                                                                    Figure d. Bottom Ash
                                                           12
                                                            11
                                                            10
                                                            13
                                                                V1   V2    V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                                    Figure f. Combined Ash
                                                            12
                                                            11
                                                             10
                       xx if1-:-.•.*•]
                      S \ 1 I  I  I I
 V1    V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                 160

-------
Figure 7.10. Aluminum release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.




                 Extracts  1  &  2                                 Extracts  3 &  4

16
1 12
£
3
f.
4

0
2,500-
2,000
T)
|i
II 1.500
!j|

^P 1,000
en
500

2.500-
13
il 1,500
1 -
!? 1,000
i
500
0
Figure a. APC Residue, Al



<0.4
~y~y I
caCDtssS-" I
V1 ' V2 ' V3 ' V4 WES ' Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, Al






P"*?**"?^l
.3.8 E^ ES3
B==1 | 	
V1 V2 V3 ' V4 WES Unt
Figure e. Combined Ash, Al



'// fci^

<4.5
^ I 	
20-
•g 15
* m
*
* s


4
9 CrtA*
2,000
^3
1 1.500


• |? 1,000.
500
0
9 «W1.
2000-

£ 1,500-
\
f 1,000
500
0
Figure b. APC Residue, Al
I
r-i i
^
/V,
ss< :«•
k X S
V1 ' V2 V3 ' V4 WES ' Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, Al
•


777 Illl
//.
^^^^
< 2S.O
VI ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure \. Combined Ash, Al


=
c=a

•~^ | 	 1 <44.8 :
|
            V1    V2    V3   V4  WES  Unt
                                             161

-------
Figure 7.11. Cadmium release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.
     1.00
                Extracts 1 & 2

            Figure n. APC Residue, Cd
I
1
     0.80
     0.60-
     0.40
     0.20
     0.00
"l   T  T  T11
     1.00

     0.80-

     0.60

     0.40-

     0.20
          V1    V2   V3   V4   WES   Unt
              Rgure c. Bottom Ash, Cd
     0.00
           I   7  T  T  *L1
           VI    V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
             Rgure e. Combined Ash, Cd
1.0U-
0.80-
0.60
0.40
0^0



T T T T T T
VI ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
                                                    1.00
                                                      Extracts 3 &  4

                                                  Figure b. APC Residue, Cd
                                           0.80

                                      JS   0.60
                                      1
                                      §   0.40

                                           0.20
                                                    0.00
                                                               .    <-   <.    <.Q1  <.Q1
                                                               II    _L_
                                           1.00

                                           0.80
                                       1
                                       I '  0.60-1
                                       1
                                       |?   0.40.
                                       E
                                           0.20

                                           0.00
                                                          V1    V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                   Figure d.  Bottom Ash, Cd
T  77TTt

                                                1
                                                     1.00
                                                     0.80
                                                     0.60
                                                     0.40
                                                     020
                                                     0.00
                                                          V1   V2   V3   V4   WES   Unt
                                                   Figure f. Combined Ash, Cd
                                                 T  T  T  T  T  T
                                                          V1   V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                             162

-------
Figure 7.12. Calcium release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.
                                                                       Extracts 3 & 4
200,000,
•g 150,000-
I
"1 100.000
E 50.000
0
CAiificia i ex i.
Figure ». APC Residue, Ca
r__]








« —
[ZZJ^23
. ... ' »wk ' t« \M \AJCC 1 hit
200.000,
•o 150.000
£
•§100.000
E 50.000
0
Figure b. APC Residue, Ca

I
— = Ea_E3 —
V1 V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
    20,000
 is 15,000-
  
-------
Figure 7.13. Copper release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.
                 Extracts 1 & 2
Extracts  3 &  4


I
f
S3

%





I
3
Jn
I
f





T5
2
1



Figure a. APC Residue, Cu Figure b. APC Residue, Cu
10-
8-
6


4-

2







<0.2 <0-1 f. ••.-'. t

1 W
8
I 6
•«
a
t 4
f
2
i n






<0.2 <01
I I

° V1 ' V2 ' V3 ' V4 'WES Unt V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Fiaure e. Bottom Ash, Cu Figure d. Bottom Ash, Cu
100-
80

60
40

20-






<0.8 <14 <1Q <2£
I c=3 i *i i i
8
75
1 6

f
2'
n





*|

° V1 ' V2 ' V3 ' V4 WES ' Unt VI V2 V3 V4 WbS Unt
Fiaure «. Combined Ash, Cu Flg"» «• Combined Ash, Cu
100
80

60

40
20
0


p*^^



8
•5
• 6
43 0
1
I *
2
n




i.' • . -*^
^___^ i' .' '.'i
' „. ' tm ' »« ' »M 'w/cc ' lint * V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
            V1    V2   V3
                                              164

-------
Figure 7.14. Lead release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.
                 Extracts 1 & 2
Extracts 3 & 4
Figure a. APC Residue, Pb Figure b. APC Residue, Pb
800-
13
15
£ 600-
1
,!? 400.
O>


200-


c
0>
E &1

•

^-.'...-.'...i
f^R




j — -i <22.6
c= J
V1 ! V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure c. Bottom Ash, Pb
ESS



E
i/ y* "v* trrm
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
800
I
5
& 600-
1
5" 400.
O)
E

200
15-,
i 10
1
o
1 5
E






kS\l f""^*l
1 ^-^

<2.0
MMMM \
V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, Pb
•


' <0.2

VI ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure •. Combined Ash, Pb Figure f. Combined Ash, Pb

1
'

1 1 <0.2 «=0.2
1 	 J j

kg ash treated
o i
E 5



0
i


-------
Figure 7.15. Potassium release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.
                                                                    Extracts  3 &  4
30.000-
25.000-
"8
|i 20.000-
t3
"I 15.000-

10.000

5.000
0
30.000-
25.000-
•g
g 20,000-
| 15.000

g 10.000

5.000
0
30.000
25.000
TS 20.000
3,
1 15.000

|> 10.000

5.000
C
ti J^. fc 1 t» V» **J • *^"- •"
Figure n. APC Residue, K
fxVI
""•"q
1 	 1 Pf=^
LJ ^
,_^^.


^c^

V1 ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, K



rS




	 t== =t= 	
V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure e. Combined Ash, K


^s\
\N.


	
C=3 ^=3-—^
>« ' i»o ' \n ' MA WPS Unt
5.000-r-
4,000
1
I 3,000
is
f 2,000

1.000
0
Figure b. APC Residue, K









VI ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
5.000-
4.000-
1
I 3.000
1
^ 2.000
E
1.000
o

5.000
4.000
1
£ 3.000
jC
s
f 2.000

1,000
o
Figure d. Bottom Ash, K








	 SS 	 .
V1 ' V2 ' V3 ' V4 WES Unt
Figure f. Combined Ash, K








V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
                                                166

-------
Figure 7.16. Sodium release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.
                 Extracts 1  & 2
Extracts 3 &  4
100,000-
80,000-
•g

g 60,000-
1
|? 40,000
r
20,000
100,000-
80,000
IS
11 60.000
11

20.000
0
100,000
80,000
§
CO
£ 60,000
, -5
n
^ 40,000
E
. 20.000

c
Figure a. APC Residue, Na





pig

i •. •, i — —
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, Na







V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure e. Combined Ash, Na










5.000-
4.000

s
£ 3,000
1
^> 2.000
1.000
0
5,000-j
4.000
s
1 3.000
1
•1 2l00°
1,000
5,000
4,000
S
IS
£ 3,000
eo
^ 2,000

1.000

C
Figure b. APC Residue, Na







— C==:3 = — — —
V1 ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, Na






<57.4 <51.1
V1 ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure !. Combined Ash, Na







<56.4 < 78.7 < 81.1
II


             V1
                                              167

-------
Figure 7.17. Zinc release during distilled water lejjch test, corrected for process dilution.
     200
                 FY^racts 1  & 2

            Figure m. Combined Ash, Zn
I
     150-

 IS
       50
           V1   V2    V3    V4  WES  Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, Zn
15
10
5
0


V1




Max.
Value - 62.8
r^__ 	 „
V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
        20
              Figure f.  Combined Ash, Zn
            V1  '  V2  '  V3   V4   WES  Unt
/kg
                                                       200
     Extracts  3 &  4

Figure b. Combined Ash, Zn
ash treated


8 8
                                                   n
                                                   §
                                               168
8
                                                        20
                                                            V1    V2    V3   V4  WES   Unt
                                                               Figure d.  Bottom Ash, Zn
                                                         15
                                                         20
                                                             V1    V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                               Figure f.  Combined Ash, Zn
                                                         1S
                                                         10
                                                             V1    V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt

-------
Figure 7.18.  Chloride release during distilled water leach test, corrected (or process dilution.
                 Extracts  1 &  2




             Figure a.  APC  Residue, Cl
    Extracts 3 & 4




Figure b. APC Residue, Cl
400.000,
•p 300.000-
to
£
g 200,000
t
E 100,000
0


Kvvl
~~ — I [ I
1 RTTuT1
v^r
X\"

—

zu.uuu-
•g 15,000
to
*>
a 10.000
E 5,000
0




t\ •» ^
	 ; p^
H'
B=B
           V1    V2   V3    V4   WES  Dot
                                                                 Figure d.  Bottom Ash, Cl
40,000,
•ci 30.000-
$
I

«{j 20.OOO '
IP
en
10,000.
0





dl
L I













g=q











. . .j
'//t














f*s*
\ \
ss,


JL/CC


£&






4O.CXXJ-,
•g 30,000
1
"a 20.000

^
E 10000
o






i

<^_g— , , , 	 „ „
ui \» V3 V4 WES Unt
            V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                                                                Figure f.  Combined Ash, Cl
40.000,
ID 30,000-
1
| 20.000
•i1
E
10,000
0

—



KS

—

\-;-
X N
\'N'


>S?;

40.00U-
•p 30.000
I
f 20.000
E 10.000
0

m
t*^ ' tin t/<* \/>4 \A/CC 1 Int
             V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                                               168

-------
Figure 7.19. Suliate release during distilled water leach test, corrected for process dilution.
50.000-
40.000-
"&
1 30.000.
1
|? 20.000.
t
10.000
0
50.000-
^.COO-
'S
•a
£ 30.000-
1
f 20.000-

E
10.000
0
50.000
40,000
Jj
2 30.000
3
j? 20.000
10.000
0
Figure a. APC Residue, SO4

rc-^3



e=a
Vj/A
«m^MM
V1 ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, SO4









<152 =3= < 1,67 <9£4 663
I I I
VI V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure e. Combined Ash, SO4







<210 <233<191 1108
I sss I I I
\« ' tfn ' \n MA U/P.Q lint
25,000 -j-
20.000-
I
£ 15,000-
1
|f 10,000
E
5,000
o
2.500-
2.000
: I
1 1.500
1
f 1.000

I
500
0
2.500
2.000
"8
1
£ 1.500
"1000
E
500
0

Figure b. APC Residue, SO4

E2Z3



xy.
i « t i //.
&^~2aJ

' L.. , _
VI V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, SO<


^ .
F^-1
!-;.^.;.;V
':•!>:•;>']
1 «V *•*.•
*• **»****•

^— — i
r~
r. * ,__

VI ' V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Rgure f. Combined Ash, SO4




rv \N r-T^T


= = =-==
V1 V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
             VI    V2    V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                170

-------
Figure 7.20.    Total dissolved solids release during the distilled water" leach test, corrected for

                process dilution.
   600,000
                EJXtrac*s 1  &  2



                Figure m.  APC Residue
   500,000-


 "8
 a 400,000



 8300,000
  |> 200,000




   100,000




         0
    200.000
             V1   V2   V3    V4   WES   Unt
                  Figure e.  Bottom Ash
•D 150,000-

S
to




|j 100,000






E:  50,000
     200.000
   ID 150,000-
   &
   se

   s

   •| 100.000
      50.000
             V1    V2    V3    V4   WES  Unt
                 Figure e.  Combined Ash
                                                       150,000
                                                    ra 100,000

                                                    £
                                                        50.000
                                                                  Extracts  3 & 4



                                                                  Figure b. APC Residue
                                                        200.000
                                                                 V1    V2   V3    V4   WES  Unt
                                                                      Figure d. Bottom Ash
                                                      •o 150,000


                                                      1

                                                      •§100,000




                                                       E  50.000
                                                         200.000
                                                         150.000
                                                     •§100.000



                                                     I

                                                     E 50.000
                                                                 V1    V2    V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                                     Figure f.  Combined Ash
              V1    V2    V3    V4   WES  Unt
                                                                  V1    V2    V3   V4  WES   Unt
                                                   171

-------
Figure 7.21.    Total organic carbon release during the distilled water leach test, corrected for
               process dilution.                 I
                                                               Extfacts 3 & 4
p^iracia i at e. """'"
«n 	 	 APCB..WU. ,m Figure b. APC Residue
400 -r-
*§
i
^
1 200-
en

100.
f"
_M»«J HB^^BUM ^^—^^^«
l^^^^^l ^^^^^^1
V1 ' V2 V3 V4
Figure c. Bottom
mgrt > 1
'WES' Unt VI V2 V3 V4 Wts uni
1
Ash • Figure d. Bottom Ash

	 — •
WES Unt
mg/kg ash treated
8 § §
0

s^
1

— E3 — — —
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Ffn 	 n-mwn«l A,h Figure f. Combined Ash
2.000
•o 1.500

£

a 1.000
%
E 500
(
a






> — ' s







r/Tv^ p^-rr-



? ^^
a
£
a 200

100

c






ESS E-s-s 	 ,rfrmC2S:i
^ ^^
\ii ' v/o ui W4 WPS Unt
              V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                                                172

-------
    Figure 7.22.    Aluminum and calcium release during availability leach test, corrected for

                   process dilution.       '                                        '
   25,000
  20.000


1
S 15,000-
Ji1 10,000-




    5.000
             Figure a.  APC Residue, Al
                          <225
          V1    V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
  800,000






,,600,000

£
a

I

•5 400,000-
(0
en
                                                   200,000-
                                                              Figure b. APC Residue, Ca
                                                                                  V
                                                                                  X \
                                                           VI    V2    V3   V4   WES   Unt
   25,000
             Figure c. Bottom Ash, Al
   20.000
£  15,000



I

S? 10,000.
    5.000.
          VI    V2  ' V3  '  V4  'WES' Unt
'
,, 225.000-
i
•§ 150,000-
a
|
75,000-

0-





•**•:*•



















1









^ \ \
^ X \



                                                           V1    V2    V3   V4  WES   Unt
            Figure e. Combined Ash, Al
                                                             Figure f. Combined Ash, Ca
la.uuu-
20,000-
CD
S 15,000-
S
I1 10,000-

e; ftArt
0







r~ '















\ss











c* '«'"'' i |.'..-.y.i


^225,000-

•§ 150 COO-
S'
&
E 75.000-
0-




'':'.'*:;..
«li
••::,;.•:•;














_^_
\\
//, V X
ffS •'*'*
c=a

          V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
                                                           V1    V2   V3    V4  WES   Unt
Note:                                                                           !


Bottom Ash, Process  3, replicate C data was not included  because of apparent analysis error.
                                                  173

-------
 Figure 7.23.    Cadmium and copper release during availability leach test, corrected for
               process dilution.
       250
              Figure a. APC Residue, Cd
       200-
    n
       150

    1
    51  100
        50
            V1    V2   V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                    "8
                                        600


                                        500


                                        400
                                     I  300
                                     f
o 8 8
                                               Figure b.  APC Residue, Cu
                                                            VI  ' V2  '  V3 '  V4  WES  Unt
8
8
    1
    £
    |   40-
    §
8
               Figure c. Bottom Ash, Cd
             V1   V2    V3   V4  WES  Unt
                                        600


                                        500

                                     1
                                      a 400
                                     S

                                     I 300
                                      e>
                                        200


                                        100
g/k
                                                Figure d. Bottom Ash, Cu
                                                            V1    V2   V3   V4   WES   Unt
         80.
8
g ash
8
Figure e.  Combined Ash, Cd
                   V2
                                  WES  Unt
                                                              Figure f.  Combined Ash, Cu
                                                             V1   V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
Note:
Bottom Ash, Process 3, replicate C data was not included because of apparent ana.ysis error.
                                               174

-------
  Figure 7.24.    Potassium and sodium release during availability leach test, corrected for
                 process dilution.
                Figure a. ARC Residue, K
                                                            Figure b. APC Residue, Na
50.000:
40,000-
1

30,000-
1
^ 20,000-
E
10,000
0












r
XV

',\\,
£44 ' '





CZ3

•^ fin nno

0
"1 40,000
J?
H,
0
s

;

— — ^ JS

             V1    V2 '  V3   V4   WES  Unt
                 Figure c. Bottom Ash, K
                                                                 Figure d. Bottom Ash, Na
50,000:
40,000-
1
£ 30,000-
1

^' 20.000.
10,000
0





^•M^^BI




\\N
^
_






C3=saea=a

80,000 -,
•o 60.000
<3
1
"1 40,000
CD
E
20.000
o



•


_ E3_===3
ui \n vs. \J& WES Unt
      50.000
   40,000-

1
Ji  30,000

II
J? 20.000
       10.000


           0
                 Figure a. Combined Ash, K
                          m
               V1  '  V2  ' V3    V4  WES  Unt
                                                       80,000
                                                                 Figure f. Combined Ash, Na
                                                       60.000
                                                     f 40.000
                                                        20.000
                                                            VI    V2   V3    V4  Wbb  Unt
Note;:

Bottom
     Ash, Process 3, replicate  C data was  not included because of apparent analysis error.


                                             175

-------
  Fiqure 7.25.    Lead and zinc release during availability leach test, corrected for
                  process dilution.
      4.000
                Figure a. APC Residue, Pb
  •g   3.000.


  "1   2.000
       1,000.
                              <4.6
       4.000
        3.000.
        2,000
        1.000
              V1  '  V2   V3  "  V4  WES
                  Figure c. Bottom Ash, Pb
                                    WES  Unt
        4,0001


     •g  3.000-


      a   2.000
      en

      £   1,000
                          V3
                 F1fjtlrw ff --- WM- Aah Pb
1
                V1    V2   V3    V4  WES  Unt
Note:
                             20.000-,


                             16,000-
                           |
                           I 12.000

                           1
                           J"  8,000


                               4.000


                                  0
                                                                  Figure b. APC Residue, Zn
                                                                V1   V2    V3   V4   WES  Unt
                                                                   Figure d. Bottom Ash, Zn
20.000-
16.000-
1 12,000
Si
^ 8,000
4,000
0





VI '





V2



	 	 	 fvvjpj?

• V3 V4 'WES Unt
                                                                         «. Combined Ash, Zn
    5,000-


    4,000


1   3.000

1
g  2.000
 E
    1,000
ES
                                                                  VI    V2  ' V3    V4  WES   Unt
Bottom Ash, Process 3, replicate C data was not included because  of apparent analysis  error.
                                                176

-------
 Figure 7.26.    Chloride and suKate release during availability leach test, corrected tor
                process dilution.
                                                            Figure b. APC Residue,
400,000 -r-

320000-
S '

-&,24Q,OOO
1
SM60.000.
80,000


80,000-
64,000-
eg
f, 48,000
1
i? 32,000
131
16,000
0
80,000
64,000
13
Ji 48,000
1

§32,000

1600C

C
	 	 	 	 	 r—
'XX


Sy'V
H3 ^
I I ' /f/ ['•''•'•'.'•'j
%
/&
M\ V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure c. Bottom Ash, Cl

= ED =B
V1 V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure «. Combined Ash, Cl

I
, 	 . fyVS //j r*^"1 F525
i — — i rvxi '/s 	 ess
X£
r-rr-i

... ' tm ' \ra ' WA U/PR Lint
250,000-

200,000
I
BJ
£ 150,000
1
JMoo.ooo
E
50,000
o
icn OOO-.
120.000
1
1 90.000
1
^ 60,000
E
30.000
0
icnnoo

120,000
1
I 90.000

50.0OO
E


c

rvq
X*\ , S N >
xs: «*


C=2 /%
1 **/y [.•'vyvyj
^

V1 V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure d. Bottom Ash, SO,
C=S3
i
V1 V2 ' V3 V4 WES Unt
Figure i. Combined Ash, SO,

^
/./.
B %-g



VI ' V2 V3 V4 WES Unt
Note:
Bottom Ash, Process 3, replicate C data was not included because of apparent analysis error.
                                             177

-------
Figure 7 27.     Untreated and treated ARC residue pH titration curves from the acid neutralization leach
                test.
              Figure a. Untreated
  Figure b. Vendor 1
             2   4    6   8   10   12  14
                 Acid Added (meq/g)
2   4   6   8   10  12  14
   Acid Added (meq/g)
               Figure c.  Vendor 2
  Figure d. Vendor 3
          0   2   4   6   8   10  12  14
                 Acid Added (meq/g)
2   4   6    8   10  12  14
    Acid Added (meq/g)
       14

       12

       10

        8

        6

        4

        2
               Figure e.  Vendor 4
 Figure f.  WES Control
              2   4    6   8   10   12   14
                 Acid Added (meq/g)
 2   4   .6   8   10   12   14
    Acid Added (meq/g)
                                                   .178

-------
Piaure 7 28     Untreated and treated bottom ash pH titration curves tram the acid neutralization leach
    1           test.
              Figure a.  Untreated
                                                                 Figure b.  Vendor 1
             2   4   6   8   10  12  14
                Acid Added (meo/g)
2   4   6   8   10  12  14
   Acid Added (meq/g)
               Figure e. Vendor 2
              2   4   6   8   10  12  14
                 Acid Added (meq/g)
                                                         14
                                                                  Figure d.  Vendor 3
 2   4   6   8   10   12   14
    Acid Added (meq/g)
                Figure e. Vendor 4
                                                                 Figure f.  WES Control
               2   4   6   8   10   12  14
                  Acid Added (meq/g)
 2   4   6   8   10  12  14
     Acid Added (meo/g)
                                                  179

-------
Rqure 7 29     Untreated and treated combined ash pH titration curves from the acid neutralization leach
                test.
      14

      12

      10

       8

       6

       4

       2

       0
              Figure  a.  Untreated
 Figure b.  Vendor 1
             2   4   6   8   10  12  14
                Acid Added (meq/g)
24   6   8   10  12  14
   Acid Added (meq/g)
               Figure c. Vendor 2
  Figure d.  Vendor 3
              2   4   6   8   10  12  14
                 Acid Added (meq/g)
2   4   6    8   10  12  14
    Acid Added (meq/g)
               Figure e.  Vendor 4
                                                                 Figure f.  WES Control
              2   4   6   8   10  12  14
                 Acid Added (meq/g)
 2   4   6   8   10   12  14
    Acid Added (meq/g)
                                                   180

-------
Rgure 7.30.     Cadmium concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
                untreated and treated APC residues.
       100
                Figure a.  Untreated
        10 -

        0.1 •
       0.01
                           o
                           o
             Cd
           0   24   6   8   10  12  14
                         PH
                                                          100
                                                                Figure b. Vendor 1
                                                           10-

                                                           0.1
                                                          0.01
                                                                  o «6
                                                                Cd
                                                          0   24   6   8   10   12  14
                                                                       pH
        100
                 Figure c. Vendor 2
         10 •
          1 •
        0.1 -
       0.01
              Cd
           0    24    6   8  10   12   14
                         pH
                                                          100
                                                                Figure d. Vendor 3
                                                           10-
                                                           0.1
                                                          0.01
                                                                           0%
                                                                 Cd
                                                                                     "
                                                          0    2   4   6    8   10  12  14
                                                                        pH
        100
                  Figure e.  Vendor 4
     10 •


I    1-
S
     0.1 A
              Cd
            0   24   6   8   10  12  14
                          PH
                                                           100
                                                               Figure i.  WES Control
                                                            10 -
                                                             1 -
                                                           0.1
                                                           0.01
                                                                eo
                                                                 Cd
                                                           0   24   6   8   10   12  14
                                                                        pH
                                                  181

-------
Fioure 7 31     Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a lunction of pH
r-igure /.<».    ^ untreated and treated bottom ash.
                Figure a.  Untreated
                                                                  Figure b. Vendor 1
1 00-
10-


1


0.1 •

[o Cd j

**>°2 %
Oo
O

0 _
O

Cd o • a'

               24   6   8   10   12  14
                         pH
1
10 -

1 •

0.1 •

[o Cd ]

0 ^QO

o
o
Cd tu mcnno--

                                            0    24   6   8   10   12   14
                                                          PH
                                                                         ««-  Vendor 3
00 .[ 	 • — 1

10-
1 •

0.1

).01
[o Cd ]

p O &
8 o o-








1
S
. .

100 -T

10-
1 •

0.1 •

I 0.01 -

[cTcd]






24 6 8 10 12 1-
24   6   8  10  12  14
         pH
                                                                           PH
                  Figure e. Vendor 4
                                                                  Figure f. WES Control
100 -T

10-

1-
0.1

[o Cd ]

o
3
o
o
.
                 24    6   8  10  12  14
                          pH
00 -T
10 -
1 -

0.1 -i

[o Cd J
°°tb0

Cb

-------
Figure 7 32.     Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH
                for untreated and treated combined ash.
                 Figure a. Untreated
0   24   6    8  10  12
              pH
                                                        Figure b. Vendor 1
100 -r
10 •

1 •


0.1 •


[o Cd j

°g> 0»
0 O
               Cd
             0   2   4   6   8   10  12  14
                           pH
                                                           100
                                                                   Figure!.  WES Control
                                                            10-
                                                            0.1 -
                                                           0.01
                                                                 Cd
                                                    0   24    6   8  10  12  14
                                                                 pH
                                                  183

-------
Route 7 33     Chromium concentrations in acid .neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
        '   '     untreated and treated ARC residues.
        10
                Figure a.  Untreated
         1 •
        0.1
°8
°-01	2~~4    6   8^ 10  12  14
                  pH

          Figure c.  Vendor 2
10 -T
1



1 •

im

[o Cr J

o
CD
O
*- •'„

 a-01  	2  4    6   810  12   14
                   pH
          10
                   Figure e. Vendor 4
              00
              «0
            1 •
          0.1
                 o
                 o
                Cr
         0.01"	2~~4   6   8~10   12  14
                           P"
                                                           10
                                                                   Figure b. Vendor 1
                                                            1-
                                                          0.1
                                                          °-01
                                                            o
                                                             o
                                                                                  "cm
                                                                Cr
                                                                      4   6
                                                                                     12  14
                                                                           pH
                                                           10
                                                                    Figure d. Vendor 3
                                                       5
                                                           0.1
                                                                 Or
                                                           °-01 - 2   4   6   8~~10  12  14
                                                                            pH
                                                            10
                                                                   Figure f. WES Control
                                                       1 -
                                                        JE.
                                                        O
                                                            0.1
                                                                  Cr
                                                     0-01 	2	4    6  '8   10  12  14
                                                                     . P"
                                                   184

-------
figure 7.34.     Chromium (Cr) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH
                1or untreated and treated bottom ash.
                 Figure a. Untreated
    O>
T


1 •
0.1 •

n^n
«8
e
Cr <%n-, 0 n

            0   24   6   8   10   12
                          pH
                                                           10
                                                                   Figure b.  Vendor 1
                                                            1 •
                                                          0.01
                                                                   a
                                                                    00
                                                                                o
                                                                                n
0   24   6   8   10   12  14
             pH
         10
                  Figure c. Vendor 2
           1 •
    •a
         0.1
         0.01
                                   O 0
                   00
             0   24   6   8   10   12   14
                          pH
                                                                    Figure d. Vendor 3

10 -r

1 •

0.1 •

fo Cf ]

« '.


 0   2   4   6 ,  8  10   12   14
          10
                   Figure e. Vendor 4
            1 •
     "
          0.1
                   o
                a
         °-01 	2~~4   6   8~~10  12   14
                           pH
                                                            10
                                                                   Figure f. WES Control
                                                              1 -
                                                        D)
                                                            0.1
                                                            0.01
                                                                       0990
      24    6   8  10  12  14
                                                   185

-------
  7 35     Chromium (Cr) concentrations in acid neutralization capacrty extracts as a function of pH
   .  .    ^^ untreated and treated combined ash.
                                                             Figure b.  Vendor 1
o

10 -p
1 •
0.1 •
U.01
10-
1 •
0.1
0.01

[o Cr ]
°*
o

24 6 8 10 12 1
pH
Figure c. Vendor 2
[o Cr j
o
° 0 „ '
o o ° o
° 0 ** "8 %0°


10 f
1 -
!
S 01-
001 •
* i °
10 -
1 •
1
* 0.1
001
+ A

[o Cr j
0
\^ w-

24 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Figure d. Vendor 3
[o Cr J
Cr 0°° r,™, —

0 24 6 8 10 12 1
      10
       2   4   6   8  10  12  14
                pH



         Figure e.  Vendor 4
       1 •
      0.1
°-01 "	2	4   6   8~«  12  14
                 pH
                                                      10
                                                                      pH
                                                             Figure f.  WES Control
                                                        1 •
                                                      0.1
                                                      °-01	2  4   6   8   10   12   14
                                                                       PH
                                              186

-------
FrauK» 736     Copper (Cu) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
               untreated and treated ARC residues.
               Figure m. Untreated
Figure b.  Vendor 1
1,000 -r-
100-
,=• 10 •
E.
3 1-
0.1 •
0.01 •
0
1,000,
100-
— 10-
E,'
3 1 •
0 '
0.1 n
0.01 •
1,000-
100-
€: 10
en
:> 1
O '
0.1
0.01
[o Cu ]

O
Tfa Q ^D


24 6 8 10 12 1'
pH
Figure c. Vendor 2.
[o Cu ]
o
o
$X>ff> *
Cu 0 r 	 ^

100-
e- 10-
E
3 1'
0.1 -
0.01 -
I 0
1,000 -,
100-
- 10-
E.
5 1'
n rn _
ris .
0 [
(P 0
cu efl e iriff^ 	
'>
24 6 8 10 12 14
pH-
Figure d. Vendor 3
[o Cu)

Cu ^-fl m n B

24 6 8 10 12 14 ""'O 24 6 8 10 12 14
pH PH
Figure e. Vendor 4
[o Cu ]
o
00*
Cu tn PIT o

n 0^ K R 1O 12
r 1.000-
100-
3 1
0.1
0.01
A
Figure f. WES Control
['o Cu j
8°
o ff
oo 0
Cu

0 24 6 8 10 12 V
                                                                       oH
                                               187

-------
Fiaure 7 37     Copper (Cu) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
figure /.j/.              and treated bottom ash.
                Figure «. Untreated
                                                                 Figure b. Vendor 1







3


1.000-

100-


10-

1 •
0.1 •

o o f° Cu I
003 0 ' 	 '
o
o

0 ° 0
°0
0 0
Qj O*
Cu „ r & p

0-01 n A c n m 12 1.
                         pH
     3
                                                    o
1.000 -,

100 -

10 •
1 •

0.1
0.01

[o Cu ]
o
o

0
o
Cu &£ ^ V«*e

n 1 c O m 19 1.
                                                                         pH
                                                                  Figure d. Vendor 3
i-iguro c. »DHU-I *• ., j^^j
,000-r-
100-

10-


1-

0.1 •

o 0 [o Cu J
0

O 0
£

Cu

*
100-

§ 10
,6,
= 1 •
0
01 .
. 1
rim .

	
[o Cu J




O Oo O o
»«ii o *tfe«9on c>5










«"»' 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 —0 2 « • « '» « ".
pH ^
Figure a. Vendor 4 1 ^^
1.000-|
100-


10-

1


0.1
0.01
	
[o Cu I
Go » 	 '
0


cf
0 Oo
o
B O Oo O
° O

o J c B 1O 12

100-

— ID-

S'
3 1

0 1
001
Figure f. WES Control
To Cu 1


§Q



OO *+f* 	
Cu 	 ^^^^1^^












4 0 24 6 B 10 iz i*
                                                                           pH
                                                  188

-------
Figure 7.38.    Copper (Cu) concentrations in acid.neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
               untreated and treated combined ash.
                 Figure ».  Untreated
                                                                  Figure b.  Vendor 1
1.000 y

100-

S? 10-
i
3 1>
0.1 •
0.01
1,000-,
100-


-. 10 •
E

3 1-1
O

0.1 -
0.01

f o Cu I



o
o 6^&o
°° Ss ° °°

I,UUU -

100 -

s=- 10-
E
3 1'
0.1 -
r»m -

[o Cu j
o :
o o
o
o

8 * ° :**
Cu ^ ° °°oo

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 "" 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH pH
Figure c. Vendor 2 1 ^ Figured. Vendors

[o Cu ]
o
0
0 s&
o & ^d75,,



Cu

*
100-


s 1°-
1.
3 1 •


01 ,
. I
n m .

iCHD .


.
-OVJB-.


oo
Cu

1 	 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 b B HU W U
pH PH .
Figure.. Vendor 4 Figure f. WES Control
1,000
100


— 10
1
= 1
o

0.1
0.01
fo Cu I
OJ o * 	 '
o
o
o
00o0o°0o0o
o ° o8 o
00
CU r*-.®


100


=- 10
1°
3 1

O 1
> w. 1
nm
; [o Cu ]
"%

o
o
0 0
O O O OQ ®^Ofln.

Cu

; 	 o— 3 	 A fl 10 12' 14 "-0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1-
                          PH
                                                 189

-------
    39     Lead (Pb) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function oi pH for
   -».    untreated' and treated APC residues.
                                                            Figure b. Vendor 1
.000-



100-


10 •

1 •

f~|UUl O • • won*"™*""™
f ' h
[o Pb J


A
o o

°° o e
0 0 00 
-------
Fiaure 7 40     lead (Pb) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
 ^     "        untreated and treated bottom ash.
       1.000
                  Figure «. Untreated
        100-
         10 •
    XI
    a.
         0.1
               Pb
             0    24   6   8   10   12  14
                           pH
                                                          1,000
                                                                     Figure b. Vendor 1
                                                            100-
                                                            0,
                                                                   0 0
                                                                  Pb
                                                  o
                                                     0
                                                   0   O
                                                  0 00
                                             0   2   4   6   8   10   12
                                                          PH
        1.000
                   Figure e. Vendor 2
         100-
     1    10
 o
&,
 e
                Pb
           °-1     2   4   6   8   10   12  14
                           pH
                                                           1.0
                                                                      Figure d.  Vendor 3
                                                        £
ouo-
100-
10-
1
0.1
[o Pb J




2 4 6 8 i 10 12 1«
         1,000
                    Figure «. Vendor 4
          100-
      e.
      £
           0.1
                 Pb
                                oocs—o-
                   24   6   8  10   12  14
                            pH
                                                            1.000
                                                                     Figure I.  WES Control
                                                             100 -
                                                              10 -
                                      £
                                                              0.1
o
0
                                                                    Pb
                                                   2  4    6   8  10  12  14
                                                            pH  ;
                                                    191

-------
Figure 7.41.     Lead (Pb) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
                untreated and treated combined ash.
                Figure «. Untreated
Figure b. Vendor 1
1.000 -T-
100-
10 •
1 •
Mo
1.000 -,
100-
10-

1-
0.1 j
1.000-
100
! 10
1
ft 1
[o Pb ]
•
o
«65
pb *$& 	

24 6 8 10 12 V
pH
Figure c. Vendor 2
[o Pb j
o
o
o

Pb ^rrv. 	 	

) 24 6 8 10 12 1
Figure e. Vendor 4
[o Pb ]
o
00
o
0°
o
Pb » _ n m

1,000-
100-
I ,o.
£
1 •
i °'1 I
1.000 -.
100-
^ ,n
£ 10-
Q-
1 •
0.1-
4 «
1.000-
100
1 10
£
i
0.1
[o Pb J
o
0 0
0 0
o
Pb Sb-n-^ Trrnr n

24 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Figure d. Vendor 3
[o Pb j

•

pw p 	 Q JQ

) 24 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Figure f. WES Control
[o Pb j
\
o
o
Pb ....qyp^nnn nr.nMrt.nn 	
t\ n A e a m 19 1<
            0   24   6   8   10   12  14
                         pH
         PH
                                                 192

-------
fiaure 7 42     Zinc (Zn) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
       "  "    untreated and treated ARC residues.
                                                                Figure b. Vendor 1
0.000 •-
1.000-
100 •
10 •

1 •

0.1 •
0.01 1
10,000 -
1.000-
100-


" 10 •
*

0.1
0.01
- -w -
«o

o o
0*
0
eP 0 0
o
Zn
10.000 -
1,000-
100-
1 1°-
15 1-

0.1 -

^ 	 L nm -^
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0
pH
Figure c. Vendor 2

o
o




° o &b
6
24 6 8 10 12 1
10.000 -T
1.000-
100-
t*^.
10 •

s 1-

0.1

o oo Of, [° Zn J .
cP
0
I
0 o
o* ojft
0 ^o'cr
e
Zn
24 6 8 10 12 14
pH :
Figure d. Vendor 3
	
[o Zn J .

o ;
Q
O (
°o:g * '
0 » O
0
Zn
t UAM 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH r" ;
10.000
1,000
100

I 10

N 1

0.1
0.01
Figure e. Vendor 4

«»^ (TaT)
^o
^p
•^
OQ
" o R
QO
Zn 0

T 10,000
1,000
100
s-
| 1°
N 1


0.1
I . 0.01
IJt
Figure f. WES Cpntrol
( 	 \
0
o

I
.
o
o o aA
°'V
2 4 6 8 10 12 1
                 24   6   8  10  12  14
                          PH
                                                 193

-------
Figure 7 43.    Zinc (Zn) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
               untreated and treated bottom ash.
                                                                 Figure b. Vendor 1
figure «. «•...»=.»- innnn —
10.000 - -
1.000- (
100-
«<.
L
? 10 •
;.
5 1-

0.1 •
0.01 1
10.000 •

1.000-
100-
^>
I1 10-
°J^
lvl 1 •
0.1
0.01
10.000

1.000

100
1 10
c
r*j *


0.1
O.O1

[o Zn ]

00



0

Zn ° 0
|W,VW
1.000-
100-

10 •

c
1'
0.1 •

: : : ~ o.m —
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 °
PH
Figure c. Vendor 2

^^^^"^"^^^
[o Zn J
off a 0
8 o

o

o
2" t°a °o
24 6 8 10 12 1
pH
Figure e. Vendor 4

f i
[o Zn J
T3
•
s
o
o

o

O O Q
2" °n«

10.000 -T

1.000-
100-
^" 10 •

N .
1
0.1

	
[o Zn J .
\


o
.

o
o«f.
24 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Figure d. Vendor 3
t 	 *
[ o Zn J


0
3?
.
e
,
\ °-01 6 24 6 8 10 12 v»
pH.
... 10.000

1.000
100

I "
C
'

0.1

0.01
Figure f. WES Control
, 	 ^
[o Zn J

.

•
CO

o
o ft
Zn ®r«n«Si
24 6 8 10 12 1-
             0   2   4   6   8  10  12  14
                          pH
pH
                                                  194

-------
Fkjure 7 44     Zinc (Zn) concentrations in acid neutralization capacity extracts as a function of pH for
        '        untreated and treated combined ash.                               !
                Figure «.  Untreated
                                                                   Figure b.  Vendor 1
10,000 -r




^
£,!
c
M





1.000-

100

10
1 •
0.1


To Zn I
°***r, 	
o
°0
O

So
°o'^»
2n 0
°'01 24 6 -8 10 12 1
pH
                  Figure c. Vendor 2
      10,000

       1.000-

         100 •

    1    10 -l
         0.1
        0.01
o
o

                            oo
               7n
                 24   6   8   10   12  14
                          PH
                   Figure e. Vendor 4
10,000 -r




1
<^-*
Ci







1,000-

100-
10 •


1 •

0.1


fo Zn ]
o o i I
0
Oo
o
0
o
0
o
a 8 o
Zn 8












°-01 24 6 8 10 12 14
PH
10,000 -r




^
1
^






1.000-

100-

10 -
1 .

0.1 -


To Zn ]
°»cfi 	
O '

O
*0

O i
'of0 *
Zn 	 . 	 i£_e 	
°-01 24 6 8 TO 12 1
PH '.
                                                                    Figure d.  Vendor 3
10.000 j





wr
r5





1.000-
100 •

10 •

1 •
0.1


,[o Zn 1
	 ^
O :
o
o ,
0
\
d»<» Oco
Z" ° 'oo °
°-01 24 6 8 10 12 1-
pH
                                                                    Figure f.  WES Control
10,000 -r






O
0
o
0 00


o
ff
Zn 	 -.ooo^»oB 	
°-01 2 4 6 8 10 12 1
pH ;
                                                   195

-------
    8  EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND MODELED LEACHING OF UNTREATED AND TREATED
                                  RESIDUES - RELEASE RATE

8.1 DATA EVALUATION

    fi.1,1  Mprhanisms and intrinsic properties from monolith leach test

       The leaching behavior and release rates of species incorporated in monolithic stabilized MSW
residues can be described by the following treatment effects:
       •  Availability, or the fraction of each element not tied up in silicate and poorly soluble mineral
          phases. The fraction which is bound in silicate and poorly soluble mineral phase is assumed to
          be environmentally not teachable. Availability defined in this report is the quantity of an
          element extracted during the availability leach test. This quantity often was substantially less
          'than the total concentration of the element in the untreated or treated residue, but often
          substantially higher for treated than untreated residues.(see Chapters 2.3.5 and 7.4);
        •  Physical retention (tortuosity), which is derived from measuring the release rate of an inert
          component (one which does not chemically interact with the product matrix) from the product
          matrix. Physical retention is equivalent to tortuosity for cases where the monolith remains
          physically intact (e.g., no significant cracking or disintegration). In these cases, tortuosity is an
          approximation of the ratio of the actual mean path length a species travels from within the
          monolith to the monolith surface for release to the mean direct geometric path length.  For
          cases where the monolith did not maintain physical integrity, the physical  retention factor is a
          relative reference index for the degree of species retention within the S/S matrix by physical
          encapsulation at the micro-scale.  Sodium was used as the non-interactive component for
          estimation of physical retention in this study; and,
        •  Chemical retention, which is a function of each element's chemical interaction with the product
           matrix. This was derived from the measured release rate of a given component, its free
           mobility in water and the tortuosity as obtained from the inert component release rate.
        Both physical retention and chemical retention were calculated from data obtained during the
 monolith leach test [van der Stoot, 1991, van der Stoot, et al., 1991, van der Stoot. et al.. 1988]. The
 availability leach test provided quantification of the fraction of an element present in  the material that was
 not bound up in low solubility mineral phases and that can potentially be released to the environment.
 Leaching mechanisms can be identified by plotting the release as a function of contact time. The following
 leaching mechanisms can be distinguished: dissolution, surface wash-off, matrix diffusion and depletion.
 An example of dissolution, matrix diffusion and depletion is presented in Figure 8.1. The following
 paragraphs discuss the observed response from each of these mechanisms.

                                              196

-------
Dissolution: The solubility of the product matrix or a large fraction of the matrix can be such that
dissolution of material from the surface proceeds faster than diffusion through the pores of the matrix.
This phenomenon has been observed in products containing very high gypsum loadings [van der Sloot,
1991J. In the case of high gypsum content, calcium sulfate solubility is relatively high, which results in an
initial theoretical stope of +1 in the release-time plot (log-tog). At longer time intervals, the slope
decreases as the extract solution becomes saturated with respect to calcium sulfate.

Surface Wash-off: A material can be covered with a relatively soluble surface coating as a result of
process conditions or condensation processes.  This layer can dissolve rapidly during the initial phase of
the monolith leaching experiment and is indicated by an initial slope of less than 0.35. In many cases, the
subsequent release is diffusion controlled.  This type of release is most common for slag type materials.

        .:  Leaching from most cement-based materials is controlled by diffusion through the solid matrix.
 Intrinsic leach parameters, including tortuosity, chemical retention and effective diffusion coefficients, can
 be derived allowing predictions about release at time scales considerably longer than the duration of the
 experiment.
 Depletion: Depletion may occur in the later stages of leaching when the concentration of the species of
 interest within the center of the test specimen is reduced significantly by the cumulative effect of leaching.
 When this occurs, the initial boundary conditions and experimental assumptions are not met. Depletion
 may occur when the properties of the material being tested are not known in advance. As indicated
 above, a slope less than 0.35 in the early stages of leaching indicates surface wash-off, while a stope less
 than 0.35 after release in accordance with a stope 0.5 is an indication of depletion. This is verified easily
 by comparing the cumulative release data with the maximum release quantity obtained from the
 availability leach test. When more than 50% of the available mass present in the test specimen is
 leached, significant depletion can be expected to have occurred.

     H 1 2 Definition of Leachinn Parameters                                     '
        The ton flux through the geometrical surface area of the product is described by Pick's  second law
 under diffusion controlled conditions:
         81      6x2                                                          i    (Equation 8.1)

 with DL the overall leach constant with dimensions of a diffusion coefficient and C is the species
                            «
 concentration.

                                               197                            I

-------
       In case of one-dimensional diffusion, the property DL can be obtained from:
        DL " RT
-------
observations also have been made in column leaching experiments, indicating the practical significance of
this test method as a screening tool for ultimate release at the very long term. A mofe complete
discussion of release data from the monolith leach test for sodium, chloride, potassium and bromide is
provided in  Chapter 8.2.                  "           !                                    .
        DL equals the effective diffusion coefficient for f = 1 because the 'driving force for drffusran is
determined  by the teachable (available fraction) and not the total amount of each elernent in the material.
By transforming these parameters to log-values by means of pD = - log D. a new relation is obtained
indicating the individual contributions, free mobility, chemical retention and tortuosity, to the release of
components:

        pD, = p3Q + 2pf - pR -ip                                               ;    (Equation 8.3)

        After correction for the teachable fraction, or availability factor, (f) an effective Diffusion coefficient
 (De) is obtained.The available concentration of a particular species is used for estimation of PDe .nstead
 of the total concentration and an availability factor used for estimation of pDL. The effective diffusion
 co€rfffcient, De, will be used in subsequent descriptions of release from waste forms:

         pD « pOQ - pR - V                                                        (Equation 8.4)

         The general equation for the effective diffusion coefficient as a function of the physical retention
  (tortuosity) and chemical interaction is:

                                                                                   (Equation 8.5)
         where:                                                              .    2/
         De     is the effective diffusion coefficient of component x in the product, in m /s;
         DO ,x   "S the diffusion coefficient of component x in water, in m2/s;
         R      is the chemical retention factor of component x in the product (-); and,
         t      is the physical retention in the product (-)

          Fortne calculation of the tortuosity, an ton should be chosen, which does not interact with the
   matrix (R equals 1). In many cases, sodium is an appropriate choice. The tortuosity of the product can be
   calculated with the formula:                                                   ;
                                                 199

-------
                                                                               (Equation 8.6)
      where:
      t       is the tortuosity of the product;
      DNa    «s the diffusion coefficient of Na in vyater (pDNa - 8.88 at 22 °C) in m2/s; and.
      D , Na        is tne effective diffusion coefficient of Na in the product in m2/s


      The chemical retention factor (R) for the component of interest then is calculated from:
                                                                                (Equation 8.7)
       where:
       R      is the chemical retention factor (-);
       Dx    is the diffusion coefficient for component x in water, in
       De, x  is the effective diffusion coefficient for component x in the product, in m /s; and,
       t      is the tortuosity of the product (-).

       .The larger the pDe, the slower the release from the material. Measures to improve the
environmental quality of products containing secondary materials can be targeted at any of the three
release rate factors f, R and t. Changes in processing parameters generally can lead to a denser
product and, consequently, influence the physical retention factor. However, within one category of
materials, the range in tortuosity is relatively small. This implies that changes in chemical properties, wh,ch
influence both R and f, have a greater effect on ultimate release rates.

    p 1 a  Transport mnriete for parflTnfttftr p«timation

A.  Semi-infinite linear diffusion model
        A one dimensional diffusion model can be applied for parameter estimation based on data
obtained from both monolithic specimens and compacted granular material as long as the boundary
conditions for the use of the one-dimensional model are fulfilled. The main conditions are:
        •   no depletion during the duration of the test; and
        .   extractant replacement cycles are frequent enough to ensure that the concentration gradient
            between the solid being leached and the extractant is maximized (e.g., the species
            concentration in the extract is dilute).
                                              200

-------
       .   Monolithic samples maintain physical integrity (e.g., no cracking or disintegration) during
           testing. For cases where the physical integrity of the monolith was not maintained, estimated
           values of physical retention and chemical retention should be regarded as relative indexes
           and not be used for extrapolation and estimation of releases over longer time intervals or
           different physical geometries. Cases where sample physical integrity was not maintained,
           represent a failure of the S/S matrix to retain its initial physical properties.
       The diffusion model used for the interpretation of the monolith  leach test results can be derived
from the equation presented by Crank for the diffusion from a product with semi-infinite dimensions, in
whish the initial concentration is uniformly distributed in the product and the concentration on the surface
between the product and the leachate is constant in time [Crank, J., 1975]:          ;
                                                                                  (Equation 8.8)
        where:
        C = C(x,t) and is the concentration as a function of location within the solid test specimen and
            time;                                                            i
        C-i      is a constant concentration at x=0 (test specimen surface);
        C0     is the initial concentration (at t=0) in the product which must be uniformly distributed;
        De     is the effective diffusion coefficient(m2/s);
        t       is time(s); and,
        x      is the distance from the surface (m, positive values).

         In the monolith leach test, the surface concentration only will be constant as long as no depletion
 occurs and the mean concentration in the solution does not deviate significantly from zero.  These
 requirements are met by using a product for which the smallest dimension is greater than 5 cm,
 preventing depletion within the time frame of the experiment, 64 days in most cases, and by refreshing
 the leachate at regular time intervals.  Laboratory experiments coupled with model iestimations have
 indicated that use of the boundary condition d -0 for t>0 is appropriate for this study. The diffusion
 equation derived from Equation (8.8) for this boundary condition is:               .
          D
                  KB.
                     i_
              4t2                                                          (Equation 8.9)
                                               201

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    where:
       De       is the effective diffusion coefficient for component x in the product, in m2/s;
       Bt       is the cumulative release of the component in mg/m2;
       t         is the contact time in seconds;
       Umax    is the maximum teachable quantity in mg/kg; and,
       d        is the bulk density of the product, in kg/m3
B  Granular compacted material
       The model as described above for a monolithic specimen can be applied to release from
compacted Qranular material contained in a mold and covered with glass beads. The glass bead layer
proles a uniform surface area to which the release is r»rma,*ed (See Chapter 2.3.5). The glass beads
cause a slight time-lag, in the release because of the diffusion path through the beads before actual
release to the overlying solution occurs. A comparison between the release with and without a glass
bead cover was carried out using **Na solution mixed w«h sand.  The re,ease o, *Na was measured as
afunction o. time applying the same liquid renewal intervals as des«ibed in Chapter 2.3.5. ThejesuKs o,
these measurements for the two conditions are provded in Table 8.1. The variabBy in the Na* release
data forthe case without glass beads was fcrger than the case with glass beads.  This MM. better
 experimental control over sampHng the overlying solution * the case with a bufler layer.orrned by me
 gteVs beads.  In the  release data from the experiment with glass beads, oniy the tot extractor, cycle
 Lteates a lag time. A» the subsequent date are on a slope o, 0.5, indicating diHusion con,ro»ed release
 Treasured effective d«,us*n coenteients (pDe) .or .he experiments w»h and without beads were 9.22
 +/- 011 and 9.23 + /- 0.22, respectively. Similar values .or sodium mobility in sand have been measured
 using drriusion tube experiments (van der Sfcot, e, al.,1989.. van der Sloot. e,.al.. 1991. van der Sloot,
 etal  1988  deGroot,et.al.,1990]. In a diffusion tube, the tracer is allowed to diffuse from a labeled
 segment into an unlabeled segment.  **g of the tube contents after a given time I-".*"
 quantification of me effective dflusion coefficient. The diHusion tube method also resulted ,n effete
 drriusion coefficient .or sodium (9.20 */- 0.10) similar to those obtained .rom the compacted granular
  material method.
   R *f ,4 peterrninatiorL
       Forthe determination of the teaching mechanism, the logarithm of the cumulative release has
been plotted versus the logarithm of time. Rearranging Equation 8.9 yields:
                                                                               (Equatton8.10)
                                             202

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       and after transformation to logarithm:

                                                                                (Equation 8.11)
       The release of each component per time interval can be calculated from the
results with the formula:
                                                                           monolith leach test
        R
          ""                                                             (Equation 8.1 2)
       where :
                                                           _               |                   :
       Bj     is the release during period i, expressed in mg/m2;
       c,      is the extract concentration of the component in the Ith period, expressed in mg/l;
                                                                           I
       Vj     is the volume of the contact solution, in liters; and,
       A      is the geometrical surface area of the specimen in m2.

       The measured release from previous periods is summed to obtain the measured cumulative
release. This implies that deviations in a given period accumulate in the subsequent periods, which may
hamper interpretation. The cumulative release until the itn period can be calculated only from the release
in the ith period, assuming diffusion control in the ith and previous time periods. These values can be
us
-------
      Interval 0 (total range)
      Interval 1 (initial teach range)
      Interval 2 (intermediate range)
      Interval 3 (last range)
                                          leaching extracts 1 to 8;
                                          leaching extracts 1 to 3;
                                          leaching extracts 3 to 6; and,
                                          leaching extracts 5 to 8.
       The mechanism of teaching during each Men,* can be derived from the sfcpe of the daB  -cm
       Lve intervai.  Components diving from the surface (siope >->.«. -«. — .----
   acosned component <«a, stagesfcpe<,0.4, anddiKusioncontrol reiease (siope.0*
can be distinguished. The meaningofthe chance inthe siopes a, differenttime-intervais .ssummanied
below:
        Lftrlflhl"" lrrterval
        Initial
        Intermediate
        Last
                    Surface wash-off
                    Depletion
                    Depletion
Lag time/dissolution
Dissolution
Dissolution
                            ,
        el^ coe.nc.en, W «.He conponen, o, interest then is cafcuiated trom each penod us,ng
  oniy those da« points .or whfch the stope is 0.5 *-0., with a deviation o, less man m. by:
Je,i,x'
                                                                                  (Equation 8.14)
         where:
          De,i,x  li the Active diffusion coefficient of component» caicuiated from the reiease in period

                 i, in rr^/s;
          B j     is the release in period i in nrg/m2'
          d      is the bulk density of the product, in kg/m3'-
          Umax is the maximum teachable quantity in mg/kg;
          t-,      is the contact time until period i in  s; and,
          tj.-!     is the contact time until period i-1 in s.
                                                204

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       After expressing the effective diffusion coefficient in the negative logarithm^ pDe,i,x = - tog
(De,i,x). the mean effective diffusion coefficient and standard deviation for component x can be
calculated.

    a 1 S Diffusion MOflft'l1^ ' imitations                                       \
        Data analysis of monolith leach test results based on diffusion modelling has limitations in several
cases for this study.  One data analysis limitation was for the cases where the physical integrity of the
monolithic sample was not maintained. Loss of physical integrity manifested itself iri several ways. Some
samples developed a network of fractures through the samples. Other samples flaked and eroded at
the surface. Diffusion model parameters (e.g., tortuosity, chemical retention and effective diffusion
coefficients) for these cases were determined to provide a first order of magnitude estimate of relative
contaminant retention by the treatment processes. Often for these cases, contaminant release may have
been controlled by the rate of dissolution of the matrix, not pore diffusion processes. Low values for
tortuosity (e.g. less than 5) also are indicative of poor physical performance of the monolith samples. In
these cases, resulting parameter estimates should be used only for comparative purposes and not for
 extrapolation of contaminant release rates.
        The second data analysis limitation resulted from extremely stow contaminant release rates.
 These cases typically are indicated by effective diffusion coefficients greater than pDe of 14. In these
 cases, the slow rate of release may be controlled by limited solubility of  mineral phases in the pore
 water'solution. Results may be further confounded by analytical method errors at or near method
 detection limits.  For these cases, extrapolation of contaminant release rates based on estimated
 parameters should be considered conservative because the extrapolation would result in over estimation
 of anticipated actual release.
                                                                            !
 8.2  LEACHING RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                              i
     p.2.1 Data handling
         The data for estimation of leaching parameters from the monolith leach test were transferred to
  EON for data processing.  A number of inconsistencies were noted during the evaluation,  which will
  ajjpear only in a comparison of interrelated  information as carried out in this study. There are some
  obvious relations between total concentration, availability and actual release that need to be fulfilled.
  Expressed in the same units, the sequence of the concentrations in increasing order should be actual
  release, availability and total. This condition was not fulfilled due to analytical problems in some cases. In
  particular  a number of discrepancies between total  and available concentrations exists for the antons
  (chloride bromide, sulfate and nitrate). Whenever the total was less than the availability, the availability
                                               205

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was used in the calculations. In a few cases, only availability data were available (e.g., IDS). In those
situations, the total has been assumed to be at least equal to the availability.
     •  The relationship between the individual data points of the monolith leach test also is fixed within
certain limits. The choice of the time intervals dictates the concentrations measured in the leachate in case
of diffusion controlled leaching.  Deviations may occur because of measurements close to the detection
limit (large standard deviations), contamination, or because of day to day variation in the analytical
methods. The latter should be minimal, but in practice should  not be overlooked.
        In the series of analyses, one very obvious error was noted in all day 8 data for Process 2. The
data in several elements were at least a factor of 10 out of range as compared to all other intervals
measured. The reason for the discrepancy is not clear, but viewing all the other data points, a consistent
pattern is indicated.  The day 8 data have been omitted from the calculation and an estimated value was
used to obtain meaningful results.
    ft 92 Monolith Ipach test release data

        Knowledge of the physical integrity of the monolith test specimens during leaching is crucial to
 proper interpretation of leaching data and use of estimated physical retention, chemical retention and
 effective diffusion coefficient values.  The following cases did not maintain physical integrity (e.g.,
 exhibited substantial fracturing or erosion of the monolith test specimen) during monolith leach testing:

        Bottom ash - Processes 2,3
        APC residue - Processes 1,2 and 3
        Combined ash - Process 2 and 3
        Summary data and parameter estimation for all test cases is presented in Appendix C. Figures
 8.3 through 8.18 present the mean cumulative release data for sodium, chloride, cadmium, copper, lead
 and zinc as obtained from the monolith leach test applied to untreated and treated residues.  Data is not
 presented for untreated APC residue and APC residue treated by Process 4 because the  method for
 testing compacted granular material was developed specifically for this study and it was decided to verify
 the test method on untreated bottom ash and combined ash  prior to testing the applicable APC residue
 cases. Comparable testing of untreated APC residue and APC residue treated by Process 4 currently is
 in progress and will be presented in a subsequent  report. Results from the monolith leach test on a
 release basis are presented in the units of release per unit surface area leached (e.g., mg/m2). This is
 because  the sample surface area  contacting the leaching fluid, not the total sample mass, is the variable
 which controls the quantity of a species released when diffusing from a solidified monolith.  The total
 concentration and the available concentration (from the availability leach test) were transformed to a
 release per unit area basis and are presented in each figure.  The quantity indicated as the total
                                               206

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concentration is based on the acid digestion (SW-846) results.  The predicted cumulative release based
on the estimated effective diffusion coefficient and a one dimensional model also is presented.
        In general, the data from the monolith leach test are consistent with the data from the total
analysis and the availability leach test. Total concentration was the greatest value, availability was
somewhat less than the total concentration, and the cumulative monolith release did not exceed either the
total concentration or the available concentration.  Several notable exceptions exist. Sodium release
from the treated ARC residues observed by the monolith leach test exceeded the available
concentration but approached the total concentration for Process 2. Sodium release exceeded both the
total and available concentrations for Process 3, and slightly exceeded both  total and available
                                                                             i
concentrations for the WES Control process. This is most likely attributable to analytical errors associated
                                                                             i
with the measurement of sodium in extracts containing very high concentrations of total salts.  Sodium
release also significantly exceeded the available concentration for combined ash treated by Process 3.
Soclium release was reasonable predicted  by  the diffusion model except  after depletion started to
occur (e.g., see sodium release from APC residue treated by  Process 3 where depletion occurred after
day 16 (Figure 8.5)).                                                          <
        Chloride release exceeded both the total and available concentrations for the treated APC
residues. In addition, the available concentration was greater than the total concentration for most cases
(all residue types).  This indicates severe shortcomings of the total analysis method. Releases which
exceeded  the available concentrations were most likely the result of analytical errors associated with
quantifying high chloride concentrations in extracts. Release data from most cases indicated  chloride
depletion.  Some cases indicated very rapid chloride depletion (e.g., see chloride release from APC
residue treated by Process 2 where depletion occurred  after day  4 (Figure  8.4)). Chloride release was
reasonably predicted by the diffusion model except where rapid  depletion  occurred.
        Cadmium release was a small fraction of the available concentration for all cases and depletion
was not observed. Effective diffusion coefficients were very high  (e.g., pDe greater than 14) for all
cases. Several cases existed where cadmium concentrations in the monolith leach test extract were
below detection limits (bottom ash: untreated, Process 4; combined ash: untreated, Process 3, Process
4) indicating effective diffusion coefficients greater than  pDe equal to 16. Cadmium release was
 reasonable predicted by the diffusion model when extract concentrations were above detection limits.
         Copper, lead and zinc release was typical of diffusion controlled release for most cases. A
few cases suggested initial surface wash off followed by  negligible release (bottom ash treated by the
 WIES Control process (copper, lead and zinc), combined  ash treated by Process t (zinc), Process 3
 (lead and  zinc) and the WES Control process (lead and zinc). Very high effective diffusion coefficients
 with pDe greater than 16 was indicated for these cases. The diffusion model reasonable predicted
 release for all other cases.                                                    i
                                               207

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       Tables 8.2 through 8.4 present the cumulative release observed from the monolith leach test
samples after 64 days of leaching. Values for the untreated bottom ash and combined ash are estimated
release after 64 days  based on releases observed after 32 days. All results indicate that the principal
species released were soluble salts including calcium, potassium, sodium, bromine, chloride and sulfate.
Lead and cadmium release was much greater from the APC residue than from the bottom ash or
combined ash.

    p.2.3 Tortuosity
       The physical retention (tortuosity) in the s/s matrix can be derived as indicated in Chapter 8.1
from the mobility of sodium in the various stabilized products. This is valid under the condition that the
release is diffusion controlled. Sodium and several other salts are virtually non-reactive in a stabilized
matrix [van derSloot.et al. 1985].  Table 8.5 provides a comparison of mobility data for sodium,
potassium, lithium, chloride, bromide and nitrate. Figure 8.19 presents typical release curves for these
species from treated APC residue. The tower limit for mobility is 8.88. which is the free mobility for
sodium in water [Li, et al.,1974].  Several general trends among the treated residues are apparent. The
nitrate data were poor because of analytical detection limits, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn
for this component. Apparently, lithium was not a very good indicator for tortuosity, since the lithium
mobilities in bottom ash and combined ash are significantly tower (pDe higher) than the other alkali earth
 elements and the halogens.  No free mobility value was available for TDS because it is a lumped
 parameter. When the sodium value for free mobility was used to approximate the TDS free mobility, the
 agreement between TDS and the alkali elements release generally was good.  The physical retention
 (tortuosity) data are presented graphically in Figure 8.20 for the three residues types.  The standard
 deviations are provided as error bars (approximately .80 confidence  intervals) to aid in the interpretation
 of the data. The tortuosity values for cement stabilized products ranged between 1 and 15.  Strikingly.
 the tortuosity was higher in the untreated material and the material from the phosphate addition process
 (Process 4). This observation is consistent with the behavior other satis. Since the release of the salts is
 mostly diffusion controlled in cement-based products, it appears that the porosity in the stabilized
 matrices was higher than the untreated material or phosphoric acid treated material.  This result was
 directly correlated with the compacted dry density of the materials, for which the untreated and Process 4
 treated residues was the greatest.  In general, the  physical retention achieved by the treatment
 processes was relatively poor.
         A comparison of tortuosities in a variety of matrices is provided in Table 8.6 [Versluijs, et al.. 1990
 and van der Stoot, et al, 1985].  A comparison with data from the Mammoet project [Versluijs. et al..
  1990] and older data on stabilized MSW bottom ash [van der Sloot, et al.,1985] can be made. The high
                                               203

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tortuosity values for asphalt concrete (T = 2000 - 50000} are caused by the hydrophobic nature of
bituminous mixtures, which results in only a partial wetting of the material. Small pores may not be
wetted at all. in contrast, the stabilized coal ash has a relatively tow tortuosity (t=5^20). Within one
category of materials, the tortuosity factor te often correlated with density and strength of the product.
This implies that improvement of technical product quality is associated with an  improvement in
environmental quality.
        In some cases, the mobility values approached or were essentially the  same as the tower limit
theoretical value of 8.88. This was the case for the treated APC residue and Process 3 applied tb all
throe residue types. Substantial depletion of the constituents occurred over the testing period for these
materials. In addition, these products showed significant physical deterioration  during the leaching test.
These materials might have been acceptable based on a short term test (24 hours).' while the long term
testing indicated stability problems. The following mechanism of release was observed from the
 processed APC residues: Diffusion was the predominant mechanism in the initial phase (24-48 hr). The
 porosity of the product increased substantially as more soluble salt was leached (~ 30% of the total  mass
 was soluble), which resulted in a reduction in tortuosity to no physical retention  (T = i), and consequently
 to an increase in the release rate. This was reflected by an increase in the stope of the release-time plot.
 This process continued until the leachable constituent was depleted, which was indicated by a subsequent
 decrease in the slope of the release-time plot until a  negative stope was reached. In Figure 8.21 this
 mechanism is indicated in the sodium data for bottom ash treated by Process 2.  The release data were
 based on the individual time intervals, assuming diffusion controlled release during the preceding period,
 The tortuosity decreased dramatically after 48 hours of contact with water. A material sensitive to these
 types of changes cannot be considered durable and therefore should be tested as a granular waste.
 Clearly, the salts were not retained at all.

     p g.4 Chemical Retention                                                ;
         The chemical retention values are derived from the effective diffusion coefficients as indicated in
  Chapter 8.1.  It is important to reiterate that the chemical retention values reflect the chemical interactions
  ot the fraction of a particular species which is available for leaching. Tables 8.7 through 8.9 present the
  retention values for the different elements in the untreated and treated residues. >At tow mob,Irt,es (pDe
  values greater  than 13) the errors in the retention values, expressed as percentage error or as absolute
  values  can be substantial. However, a deviation by a factor of 2 at a retention value of 1.000.000 st.ll
  indicates quite considerable retention. At high mobilities (low PDe). much smallerideviattons were
  observed (approximately 10 -15 %).  to  Figure 8.22 the standard deviation in the;mobility is presented
                                                209

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as a function of the pDe value. Several data were outside the range of acceptable deviations.  Etther
detection limit problems or depletion of constituents occurred in these situations.
        Chemical retention values indicate that the elements with the greatest extent of chemical
interaction were aluminum, cadmium, magnesium, silicon and zinc for untreated and treated ARC residue;
cadmium, calcium, copper, iron , lead, magnesium, su If ate and zinc for untreated and treated bottom ash
and combined ash. Cadmium chemical retention was several orders of magnitude  greater in treated ARC
residue than in untreated or treated bottom ash and combined ash. Lead chemical retention was much
greater in untreated and treated bottom ash and combined ash than treated ARC residue. As stated
previously, these  results reflect the pH dependent solubility of the metals and the pH of the monolith
pore water.  Chemical retention was limited or negligible for most other species.

     p p 5 Effective n-rffnsion Coefficients
        The effective diffusion coefficients and standard deviations derived from the semi-infinite diffusion
 model are listed in Tables 8.10 through 8.12.  Figures 8.23 through 8.30 provide a comparison, within each
 untreated or treated residue, of the effective diffusion coefficients of  the  most important elements
 analyzed.  Each figure indicates the  relative contribution of free mobility, physical retention and chemical
 retention to the  effective diffusion coefficient.  The effect of species availability  on the effective
 diffusion coefficient also is indicated by presentation of the estimated effective diffusion coefficient
 based on the total concentration of the species.  The effective diffusion coefficient would have been
 substantially underestimated (pDe would be too high)  if it was based on total concentration for many
 species (e.g., aluminum, barium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc). This may lead to
 underestimation of the actual rate of release. These figures also indicate that the effective diffusion
 coefficient is very similarto the free mobility of the particular species unless substantial chemical retent.on
  occurs.
         Figures 8.31 through 8.36 provide a side.by side comparison of the effective diffusion coefficients
  for aluminum, catoium, cadmium, copper, potassium, sodium, lead, zinc, chloride and sulfate. Again, each
  figure indicates the relative contribution of free mobility, physical retention and chemical retent-on to  the
  effective diffusion coefficient.  Significant differences amongst  processes and other specific observations
  are discussed, organized by residue type and element, in the paragraphs that follow.

          ft  Rnttnmash  -   In a comparison of the behavior of the different elements in the untreated
  versus the processed materials the following differences are observed:
  Al •    Process 2 and 4 exhibited high mobility compared to the other processes.  In Process 4, this
          appears to have been caused by a significant decrease  in availability due to the formation of
                                                210

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       alumino phosphates. Verification of this hypothesis is needed. In Process 2. this may have
       been caused by the high concentration of silicates added. In comparison with the untreated.
       aluminum mobilities for all processes are higher.
Ba :    The mobility of barium was reduced (BaSO4 solubility control) due to the high mobility of sulfate
       in Process 2.                                                         '<                '
Ca :    The Ca was affected similarly to Ba by the high mobility of sulfate in Process 2. In comparison
       with the untreated material, there is either no appreciable change in Ca or a  slight decrease in
       Ba.
Cd :   With the exception of Process 4. the mobility of Cd is significantly reduced in all processes.
Cl:    In comparison with the untreated material, Cl mobility was increased in Process 2 and 3. The
       same applies for Na and K.
Cu ::   The mobility of Cu in Process 2 was significantly increased in comparison with the untreated
        residue and the other processes.
Pb :    The mobility of Pb for Process 2 and 3 was approximately one to two orders greater in the
        treated residues compared to the untreated residues.
Sr:    High sulfate affected the mobility of Sr similarly to Ba and Ca in Process 2.
S04--  The mobility of sulfate in Process 2 was significantly increased by the addition of soluble silicates.
        The mechanism is unclear at present. Since ettringtte is an important cemerititious phase in these
        type of stabilized materials, it is conceivable that the formation of ettringite! is suppressed by the
        silicate addition. This needs to be verified, Sulfate was strongly retained in the untreated
        material.
 Zn :     In Processes 4 and 5 the mobility of Zn was decreased by about one order of magnitude.
                                                             •               i
         p  mmhinedash - The same comments for bottom ash apply for Al, Ba; Ca, Sr and sulfate.
 Mg mobility was reduced in the different processes, mainly due to the higher PH irtthe products.  The
 Cd mobility in  Process 3 Combined Ash was increased. The change in Cu mobility in Process 2 was less
 pronounced than in the bottom ash. In Process 4 Combined Ash, the Pb mobility w^s slightly increased,
 bull the availability was substantially reduced. The net emission was therefore considerably reduced.
         r. APC residue - Since data on untreated residues are not available for the APC residue,
 conclusions about positive or negative treatment effects can not be drawn. In general, the differences
 between the processes were small. In comparison With the bottom and combined; ash, the mobility for a
  number of components (Ba, Ca, Li, Sr) was significantly higher.  The mobility of Pb  in the APC products
 was several orders of magnitude greater than in the bottom ash and combined ash products. The Cu
  mobility for APC residue in Process 1  is significantly higher, as compared to the other processes.
                                               211

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83 THREE DIMENSIONAL DIFFUSION MODEL FOR ESTIMATION OF RELEASE DURING FIELD
APPLICATION
       An important advantage of the monolith leach test is the option to use the intrinsic leach
properties derived from the test data for prediction of release under conditions other than those studied
in the laboratory. Many factors effect the translation of laboratory results to prediction of field behavor.
Field environmental conditions that are important include residue aging, contact with infiltration and
precipitation frequency, temperature cycles, direct abrasion or erosion and the  specific application
scenario. Thus, estimates of field releases must be carefully derived. Residue preparation effects, the
limtted number of residues investigated and the idealized treatment scenarios  investigated also must be
considered when using the data developed in this study to predict field behavior.  However, almphHed
 models can be used to indicate relative releases and provide order of magnitude or l,mrt case
 assessments.
        The leach parameters obtained from the monolith leach test can be used to predict the release of
 contaminants during a given time period for a variety of application geometries.  A simple one-
 dimensional diffusion model, assuming a constant source, can be used for a first approximate. Th,s
 approach is valid as long as the concentration in the material has not decreased substantially. avorf.ng
 species depletion. However, long-term predicts have to take into account the limited source strength
 (fraction available for leaching). The simple dimensional model can be extended to correct for the
 available fraction on the long term leaching. Nevertheless, a 3-dimensiona. drtf usion model enables one
 to take actual dimensions into account, so deferences in leaching from a product with a cubic versus a flat
  rectangular shape can be described. With the 3-D model, release from only one side of the matenal also
  can be modeled.
         A 3 -dimensional model is based on the analytical solution of the linear diffusion from a
  parallelepiped, which initially is at a constant concentration, to an infinite region outsfle with an init,al
  concentration of zero. [Cartslow and Jaeger, (1980)].  The diffusion profile is calculated in all three
  dimensions according to the equation:
          c (,y.,,, ic
                                                                                   (Equation 8.1 5)
          (Carslow and Jaeger, 1980. Chapter II. paragraph 2.2. eq.1 0)

          where:
          c(x,y,z,t)    *=  concentration at location x at time t;
          C          •=  initial concentration in parallelepiped;
                                                212

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        a, b, c      =   parallelepiped dimensions;                               ,
        x, y, 2      =   location coordinates;
        D          =   effective diffusion coefficient;
        t           =   time; and,                                              ;
        erf ( )      =   standard error function.

After integration of the profiles, the amount leached out as a function of time can be calculated.

        In all cases, a good definition of the boundary conditions is needed to make a proper judgement.
The cumulative release, expressed as fraction of the total leachable quantity (Rmax). P30 be calculated
using the 3-D model for different product configurations and bulk applications based pn the effective
diffusion coefficient measured under well-defined boundary conditions. The relative release from standard
sizes with dimensions of 10x10x10 cm and 15x15x45 cm were calculated as a function of time for different
effeistive diffusion coefficients ranging from pDe=9 to pDe=15 (pDe = -tog De, De in m2/s). The release-
time! curves are provided in Figure 8.37. Between blocks of increasing size, the difference is largely a
shift of the release-time curves for a given pDe to a longer time-scale. It takes longer to reach the
maximum leachable quantity, but the leachable quantity may ultimately be reached unless the chemistry or
other release controlling factors change. A significant shift in the release-time curve is apparent for the
roacibase simulation. For a base of 15 cm thickness, 50% of the highly mobile components (pDe=9) will
                                                                              i
be leached from the slab in less than about one year, assuming permanent contact wjth water, a 45 cm
thick slab will reach the same level of relative release in about 6 years. Translation of lab data to field
conditions further involves corrections for the ambient temperature and degree of contact with water.

     Table 8.1.  Effective diffusion coefficients based on individual extract cycling tirrje-intervals.

                    Time (hr)	  Without Glass Beads	With Glass Beads
24
48
96
192
384
864
mean:
standard deviation: .
9.26
8.85
9.34
9.37
9.08
9.45
9.23
0.22
11.20 '
\
9.30 ,
9.21
9.13
9.10 ,
9.35 ',
9.22* ;
0.11* ;
        24 hr data omitted
                                               213

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Ta.es.,
                             ^^
          ProceS 4 TsraSSar product). All release values are in units of [mg/m*].
Ash type:  APC RESIDUE
Release
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
 Nickel
 Nitrate
 Potassium
 Silicon
 Sodium
 Strontium
 Sulfate
 Zinc
               Untreated
Process 1
300
WWW
2.500
71.000
0.40
1,400.000
3.500,000
/ W
190
1 w w
1200
230
120
11
1 I
con
WWW
400,000
1,300
380,000
3,900
28,000
170
Process 2
	 420
4,800
170,000
1.5
2,400,000
7,100,000
9.9
69
1,600
660
73
9.6
830
850,000
1,200
1,900.000
16,000
49.000
350
Process 3
1,200
1,900
180,000
5/5
.2
3,600,000
8,400.000
22
150
6,800
630
270
11
730
1,400,000
1100
940,000
10,000
420',000
1,000
                                                                   Process 4
                                                                                     WES
                                                                                      170
                                                                                     6,300
                                                                                   160,000
                                                                                      0.50
                                                                                  2,900,000
                                                                                  7,200,000
                                                                                       8.8
                                                                                        51
                                                                                      340
                                                                                      570
                                                                                      150
                                                                                       9.4
                                                                                      920
                                                                                    960,000
                                                                                      950
                                                                                    900,000
                                                                                     11,000
                                                                                     24,000
                                                                                       110
 Standard Deviation
 Alurrunum
 Barium
 Bromine
 Cadmium
 Calcium
 Chloride
 Copper
 Iron
 Lead
  Lithium
  Magnesium
  Nickel
  Nitrate
  Potassium
  Silicon
  Sodium
  Strontium
  Sulfate
  Znc

  NA « Not Analyzed.
31
W 1
140
4,300
o
83,000
200.000
88
150
260
16
1 W
58
1 9
250
100.000
93
18.000
190
610
85
150
38
16,000
,0.52
180,000
160,000
3.6
11
470
45
38
NA
120
40,000
83
580,000
1,500
15,000
61
700
91
2,300
1.9
88,000
170,000
5.5
~9C
75
210
45
110
1.2
36
35,000
240
30,000
330
8,900
110
                                                                                        19
                                                                                       110
                                                                                      9,100
                                                                                       0.10
                                                                                     110,000
                                                                                    390,000
                                                                                        1.4
                                                                                         20
                                                                                         39
                                                                                         35
                                                                                         78
                                                                                       0.14
                                                                                        160
                                                                                      59,000
                                                                                         76
                                                                                     180,000
                                                                                        550
                                                                                       3,600
                                                                                         34
                                               214

-------
Table 8.3. Cumulative elemental and species release after 64 days leaching using the monohth
          leach test  Values reported for untreated residues are 32 day release values
          transformed to provide estimates of release after 64 days for comparison purposes.
          All release values are in units of [rng/m2].                          ;


Ash type:  BOTTOM Ash                                                :
Heleas* untreated Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4 WES..
Aluminum
EJarium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
(rnn
2,400
500 '
14,000
ND
190,000
960,000
62
64
390
Lead 25
Lithium 49
Magnesium 1,000
Nickel ND
Nitrate 270
Potassium 190,000
Silicon 4,100
Sodium 240,000
Strontium 1,600
Sulfate 3,300
Zinc 150
Standard Deviation
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Znc
560
49
1,400
12,000
27.000
1.4
1.6
110
11
NA
320
NA
87
8,900
26
5,900
68
NA
25
3.900
110
8,600
0.40
60,000
440.000
7.6
8.6
310
6.7
28
300
10
590
120.000
3.500
170,000
510
12,000
23
220
5.5
,1.400
0
9,900
67,000
0.64
0.21
120 ,
4.6
7.4
85
0.99
88
23,000
150
31,000
110
4.200
.0
79,000
12
14,000
0.60
6,800
1.000,000
92
2,200
200
29
140
120 •
15
530
250,000
9,800
2.200,000
83
960.000
99
6,700
1.0
860
0.20
760
87.000
11
, 130
30
6.7
19
39
1
78
7.300
1.400
34,000
8.5
120,000
4A

3,700
270
20,000
0.70
97.000
1.400,000
8.9
53
81
43
360
120
13
180
1.000,000
4,800
340,000
1,200
210,000
27
56
3,100
0.42
34,000
250,000
2.0
29
41
20
27
35
1.7
26
84,000
260
11,000
290
23,000
29

9.UUU
300 '
6.300
NA:
82,000
290,000
9.0;
20;
80
6.6
25,
130
NA
210;
61, 000 ;
1,100,
77,000;
460:
7.300,
32
2,900
64
580,
NA:
9,500
25.000
2.7
3-5
17
2.8
4.6
10
NA
37
14,000
53
17.000
64
2,900
0

370
14,000
0.83 .
110,000
780.000
NA
23
270
10
66
260
10
500
260.000
3,100
260,000
1,300
11,000
85
94
60
820
0.058
6,400
30,000
NA
3.0
150
22
0.71
23
1.1
38
3,900
130
5,700
21
1,200
97

  NA = Not Analyzed.
                                              215

-------
Table a 4. Cumulative elemental and species release after 64 
-------
       Table 8.5.  Effective diffusion coefficients for several salts  used to  estimate tortuosity.
ARC  Residue
pD
-•
Bromine
Chloride
Lithium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
TDS
Untreated

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process 1
10.14
9.64 •
9.76
9.78
9.46
9.56
10.25

Process 2
9.12
9.03
8.90
9.67
9.01
9.15
9.41

Process 3
9.31
8.95
8.96
9.69
8.81
8.77
9.41

Process 4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
^ —— • "••
WES
. I8.62
9.29
8.89
9.37
;8.65
^8.70
;9.59
.— --^^^— ^^— —
i
Bottom ash ;
pDe

Bromine
Chloride
Lithium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
TDS
Combined
pDp
.; v
Bromine
Chloride
Lithium
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
TDS5
Untreated
10.05
10.50
11 .93
11.37
•1012
10.24
NA
ash
Untreated
9 91
10.52
1 1 69
10 36
1018
10.26
NA
Process 1
10.06
10.40
12.00
9.35
9.71
9.96
10.17

Process 1
9.92
10.50
12.07
7.68
9.75
9.87
9.95
Process 2
9.50
9.64
10.64
10.76
9.28
9.73
9.63

Process 2
9.36
9.91
10.67
9.57
9.94
9.71
10.02
Process 3
8.69
8.93
9.61
8.81
9.07
9.27
9.53

Process 3
9.01
9.44
10.22
8.75
9.26
9.43
9.58
Process 4
10.39
10.70
11.42
11.61
10.19
10.39
10.30

Process 4
11.22
10.79
11.64
11.07
10.73
11.08
10.52
WES
'• 9.59
10.45
11.14
10.23
, 9.79
'•• 9.84
i 9.72
^»,^— »— -^•"^—
;
WES
; 9.28
10.35
'10.71
i 9.22
9.56
I 9.40
; 9.71
  NA - Not Analyzed.
                                              217

-------
Table 8.6.  Physical retardation (tortuosities) in products produced from waste materials.
            Material
 Unconsolidated granular waste
 Stabilized coal fly ash
 Stabilized  incinerator bottom ash
 Calcium silicate  block
 Ught weight concrete
 Concrete
 Fly ash concrete
 Bituminous concrete
                                          Physical  retardation   factor

1 0 -

70 -


400 -
2,000 -
2.5
30
40
100
220
340
900
10.000
                                              218

-------
Table 8 7   Estimated chemical retention values for untreated and treated MWC residues based
laoie B./.  «ldj{{usion modeiiing of the monolith leach test results. All values are in

           dimensionless units.



Ash type: APC RESIDUE
Retention Untreated
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
F'otassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Znc
Standard Deviation
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Zinc
Process 1
49,000
2Q
.8
e f\
6.0
34,000,000
O A
8.4
1f\
.9
3300
220
230
1c
.6
3,000,000
1100
i f
2.1
I**
.3
24,000
Irt
.0
4 A
1.2
6,800
980,000

1b,000
ft iff i
0.73
0.52
8,400,000
f\ A*)
U.4Z
0.30
4600
150
140
1.400,000
1600
1 5
0.097
f\
2.800
730,000
Process 2
530,000
1 Q
i ,3
1 9
21,000,000
14
~ it
1 2
2.700,000
39,000
400
0 6
9,000,000
3,000
51
. i
1 3
120,000
1 n
1 .U
1 5
12,000
1,200,000

480,000
t t
l.O
1.9
20,000,000
61
. i
0.44
3,200,000
67,000
1,300
8,800,000
NA
27
**• /
0.77
o
4,400
320,000
Process 3 Procej
15,000,000
30
ww
11
13,000,000
22
25
160,000
2,600
300
1.6
22,000,000
1,200
17
1.8
480,000
1.0
60
w*v/
560
240,000

25,000,000
g
9.8
6,500,000 .
9.4
1.2
120,000
4,000
330
17,000,000
11.00
17
0.24
0
510
110,000
5S 4 Wfeb
' 8.5
.4
; 270,000,000
210
6.2
: 11,000,000
; 11,000,000
180,000
1.6
; 120,000,000
33,000
; 7.4
1.5
19,000,000
1.0
2.8
200,000
; 110,000,000
i
" 61,000,000
6.3
0.77
270,000,000
42
2.4
: 7,700,000
6,500,000
130,000
: 170,000.000
i 33.000
4.2
0.69
0
240,000
65,000,000
  NA = Not Analyzed.
                                             219

-------
Table 8 8  Estimated chemical retention values for untreated and treated MWC residues based
Table 8.8. ««maiean ^^ 0, {he monolitn |eacn test results. All values are in


          dimensionless units.
Ash type: BOTTOM Ash
Retention
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Silicone
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Zinc
Untreated Process 1 Process 2
4,500
95
1.0
NA
200
2.9
140
32,000
6,300
3,100,000
49
29,000
NA
30
12.
10,000
1.0
11
150,000
400,000
210
220
2.0
170,000
1.900
A ~J
4./
240
46,000
20,000
1,000,000
•HA
IlO
70,000
33,000
OMH
.36
0.91
450
1f\
.0
16
4,600
270,000
Standard Deviation
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Zinc
5£00
70
056
NA
120
0.80
240
32,000
5,700
5,000,000
34,000
NA
23
054
0
NA
560,000
300
160
0.38
160,000
850
2.5
190
53,000
31.000
1.100.000
12.000
45.000
0.088
0.16
3,000
280.000
2.9
40,000
, 4 A
200,000
60,000
1 A
i .*»
9.1
18
5,600
21,000
8 1
460,000
1,500
oo
££.
OCA
.60
280
1 0
19,000
2.2
3,400,000
^••^••n^"— ^— •""
2.6
16.000
1.1
280,000
9,300
0.78
2.6
20
4,400
20.000
700.000
1,300
22
0.23
1.1
5,600,000
Pror-ess 3 Process 4
6,800
290
0 55
350,000
17.000
1 1
5,900
75,000
520.000
93.000
22
20,000,000
1,600
0 54
v»*^*
1 1
2,800
1 o
160
5,700
2,300,000

" 9,900
300
0.26
410,000
24,000
1.3
3,600
85.000
700,000
99.000
18,000.000
1,700
0.24
0.59
o
5,100
1,900,000
u.o/
70
1.6
NA
470
3.5
N A
42,000
8,200
320,000
10.7
1.500,000
NA
27
1.0
4,000
1.0
23
6,700
2,300,000
0&*Q
.DO
28
0.67
NA
130
1.7
NA
16,000
4,700
280,000
340,000
NA
15
0.22
0
2,900
700,000
WES
1 ^UU
510
0.90
130,000
27,00
6.4
1,000
73,000
15,000
2,800,000
20
440,000
820
6.9
1.5
14,000
1.0
39
55,000
33,000.000
	 """730"
/ ww
320
0.31
85,000
2,100
1.9
640
57,000
12,000
1,700,000
320,000
410
. 5.8
0.30
0
11,000
1,6000,000
  NA « Not Analyzed.
                                           220

-------
Table 8.9.
Estimated chemical retention values for untreated and treated MWC residues based
on diffusion modelling of the monolith leach test results.  All values arp in
dimensioniess units.
Ash type:  COMBINED Ash
                                                                 Process i4
                                                                                  WES
Retention
"Aluminum
EJarium
EJromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
. Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Zinc
Untreated
870
52
.74
NA
190
3.0
.74
16,000
170,000
1,200,000
25
2,000
25
32
1-3
930
1.0
12
120,000
380,000
process i
710
440
1.8
93,000
4,200
6.6
240
8,800
1,800
2,900.000
160
150,000
300
.024
1.4
6,000
1.0
30
1,300
11,000,000
rrobeaa f.
82
290,000
"7A
.70
1,400,000
9,000
o c
3.6
8.6
2,300
350,000
1.600.000
Q 1
2,700,000
730
4 O
1.2
f\ O
2.8
1,800
< n
1.U
87,000
5.4
3,800,000

"Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Znc
160""
43
.30
NA
75
13
.73
12,000
250,000
940.000
65,000
NA
4.0
.06
0
87,000
140,000
260
210
.73
NA
2100
1.1
A
400
5,300
2,300
3,600,000
170,000
290
f\n &
.036
ffrt
.69
570
850,000
70
230,000
1 1
1,400.000
53,000
AH
*T.U
4.9
2100
580,000
1,000,000
1200,000
99
7fi
./O
Q9
«?&
3.7
6,300,000
2,700
360
GA
.OH
NA
2,300
1 6
14,000
5.300
3,900,000
620,000,000
63
5,500,000
680
C4
•*^T
^ ^
13,000
1 0
1 »W
510
2,800
20,000,0000

1,100
250
35
»ww
NA
1.800
48
5,000
3,500
2,700,000
1,100,000,000
1,100,000
670
.44
.36
o
3,200
310,000,000
.017
16
12
NA
73
16
NA
960
11,000
97,000
3.6
280,000
NA
2.0
87
2^00
1.0
4.5
980
1,400,000
^ "^^ " n^*a
-U1O
13
20
NA
49
13
NA
1.300
7.700
150,000
160,000
NA
2.1
;.ss
0
1200
2,000,000
i
1,400
250
1.2
950.000
2,800
14
1,000
26,000
61,000
40,000,000
20
1,900,000
6,300
1.7
2.4
160,000
1.0
69
48,000
110,000,000
190
150
27
1,400,000
190
1.8
690
12,000
46,000
27,000,000
1,100,000
7,600
2.0
.66
0
32,000
42,000,000
  NA = Not Analyzed.
                                            221

-------
            [- log (m2/s)].
Ash type:  APC RESIDUE
pDe 	Untreated
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Silicon
 Sodium
 Strontium
 Sulfate
 Zinc

 Other
 Assays
 TDS
-TOC
 standard Deviation
  duminum
 Barium
 Bromine
 Cadmium
 Calcium
 Chloride
 Copper
 Iron
 Lead
 Lithium
  Magnesium
  Nitrate
  Potassium
  Silicon
  Sodium
  Strontium
  Sulfate
  Zinc

  Other Assays
  TDS
  TOC
i Processl
T4~66
10.16
10.14
>17.35
10.71
9.64
>12.27
12.10
11.97
9.76
• 1627
12.39
9.78
9.46
14.19
9.56
9.80
13.42
15.67
1025
13.63
.24
.16
10
.37
.09
.09
NA
27
.09
.10
55
.37
09
.17
08
".07
11
!io
.48
.15
Process 2
15.07
9.53
9.12
16.58
10.48
9.03
>15.35
12.81
12.76
8.90
16.23
13.48
9.67
9.01
14.49
9.15
9.47
13.27
15.42
9.41
13.59
.34
.08
51
.42
.45
.58
NA
.44
.54
.48
.86
J31
39
28
.44
.54
.66
35
.62
131
Process 3
14.85
10.24
9.31
16.11
10.30
8.95
>14.09
11.93
1120
8.96
1629
12.00
9.69
8.81
14.70
8.77
9.70
11.45
14.31
9.41
12.42
.67
.34
.49
1.15
.40
.63
.55
.71
.49
.49
1.02
.48
.49
.46
.35
.38
.14
.39
1.36
.68
                                                             Process 4
	WES
 16.89 '
  9:68
  8.62
 11.24
  9.29
>15.80
 15.96
 13.96
  8.89
 16.70
  3.51
  9.37
  8.65
 16.23
  8.70
  9.30
 13.40
 16.87
   9.59
  13.11
   .10
   .12
   .51
   .19
   .11
   NA
   .50
   .27
   .07
   .74
   .21
   .13
   .17
   .07
   .08
    .10
    .53
   122
     37
   NA * Not Analyzed.
                                           222

-------
Table 8 11  Estimated effective diffusion coefficients for untreated and treated residues based
           on diffusion modelling of the monolith leach test results. All values are in units of
           [-log (m2/s)].

Ash type: BOTTOM Ash
pDa 	 	
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Zinc
Other
Assays
TDS
TOC
Standard
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel .
Nitrate
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Zinc
Untreated
14.06
12.30
10.05
NA
12.68
10.50
11.73
>14.76
14.20
16.17
11.93
14.66
NA
11.37
10.12
14.49
10.24
11.50
15.62
15.71

10.50
NA
Deviation
.09
.08
.17
NA
. .06
.16
NA
.19
.09
NA
.72
NA
36
.07
.12
.08
.07
NA
.18
Other Assays
TDS -16
1 ^XW
TOC
NA
Process 1
12.00
12.38
10.06
13.44
10.40
12.55
14.39
14.00
15.21
12.00
15.07
14.26
9.35
9.71
12.86
9.96
11.35
13.61
15.39

10.17
13.96

.16
.09
.15
.10
.16
.13
.43
.36
.15
.85
NA
.60
NA
.14
.16
.10
.09
.10
.16
.16
.33
.22

10.50
14.47
9.50
>14.79
14.72
9.64
10.99
10.85
13.65
13.78
10.64
15.20
12.81
10.76
9.28
12.42
9.73
14.21
10.06
15.40

9.63
11.85

~!so
32.
2S
.93
2.6
.16
2.4
.34
.25
27
.48
1.10
.43
.15
.28
.37
.40
.62
.17
27
.50
.75
Process 3
11.96
11.70
8.69
>14.80
13.29
8.93
13.27
14.10
13.93
12.87
9.61
16.73
12.57
8.81
9.07
12.97
9.27
11.66
12.75
15.48

9.53
13.29

!24~~
37
77
NA
.94
.45
NA
22
.49
.29
1.09
.33
.40
.56
.12
.58
.46
.17
.38
.68
.65
Process 4
10.30
12.38
10.39
NA
13.28
10.70
NA
15.18
14.53
15.34
11.42
16.83
NA
11.61
10.19
14.24
10.39
11.96
14.23
16.93

10.30
13.36

.09
.16
.14
NA
.11
.15
NA
.22
.19
25
27
.70
.65
.26
.12
.17
.13
.14
.19
.29
.30
.38
WES
i 13.27
'12.65
: 9.59
'13.41
10.45
13.09
14.70
13.81
16.34
'< 11.14
; 15.64
13.06
10.23
9.79
14.24
9.84
; 11.63
14.62
17.50

9.72
12.43

!20
, .14
.14
.61
• .11
.13
.58
.99
.25
;' 1.16
.19
.61
NA
; .16
.10
.15
.23
; .08
.12
.32
.44
.67
  NA - Not Analyzed.
                                             223

-------
T w« Q 19 p^timated effective diffusion coefficients for untreated and treated residues based
Table 8.12. JfJ^^SJJJ of tne monolith leach test results.  All values are in units of
          [- log (m2/s)].

Ash type: COMBINED Ash
p Dd
Untreated
Aluminum . 13.63
Barium 12.04
Bromine 9-91
Cadmium NA
Calcium 12.75
Chloride 10.52
Chromium 10.35
Copper 14.57
Iron 15.22
Lead 16.31
Lithium 11-69
Magnesium 15.01
Nickel 1 1 -02
Nitrate 10.36
Potassium 10.18
Silicon 13.48
Sodium 10.26
Strontium 1 1 .45
SuHate 15.27
Zinc 16.01
Other Assays
TDS 10.50
TOC 12.89
Process 1
13;13
12.63
9.92
13^67
10.50
11.88
13.93
12.84
16.13
12.07
15.08
12.32
7.68
9.75
13.65
9.87
11.57
13.02
17.09
9.95
13.32
Process 2
11.71
15.10
9.36
>15.94
14.77
9.91
10.88
13.07
14.23
15.93
10.67
16.40
13.13
9.57
9.94
12.96
9.71
14.75
10.42
15.54
10.02
12.29
Process 3
13.28
12.05
9.01
NA
12.93
9.44
13.88
13.30
16.21
16.08
10.22
16.44
12.38
8.75
9.26
13.55
9.43
12.24
12.74
17.12
9.58
12.12
Process 4
9.66
12.24
11.22
NA
13.05
10.79
NA
13.93
15.22
15.28
11.64
16.73
NA
11.07
10.73
14.52
11.08
11.83
13.87
17.01
10.52
13.43
WES
12.97
11.90
' 9.28
>is!o7
10.35
12.67
13.98
14.28
17.05
10.71
15.89
13.24
9.22
9.56
14.61
9.40
11.34
14.03
17.60
9.71
12.45
  standard  Deviation
Aluminum
Barium
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Nickel
Nitrate
Potassium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfate
Zinc
Other Assays
TDS
TOC
.19
.08
.12
NA
.09
.21
NA
.17
.21
.37
NA
1.06
NA
.60
.08
.06
.09
.09
.17
.35

0.25
NA
                             .10
                             .08
                             .13
                             .21
                             .07
                             .13
                             .71
                             .31
                             .28
                             .33
                             .24
                             .56
                             NA
                             .52
                             .08
                             .16
                             .10
                             .14
                             .20
                             .41
                              24
                              .15
.23
.32
NA
.32
.26
.22
.35
.41
.66
.31
1.15
 75
 .18
 .25
 .42
 .24
 .59
 .30
 .34
 .69
 .46
 is
.48
.30
NA
.58
.29
NA
.18
.46
.13
 13
.76
 NA
 .29
 .32
 .08
 .27
 .62
 .07
 .33
 .43
 .66
.12
.17
NA
.07
.15
NA
.09
.54
.51
NA
.39
NA
.22
.10
.15
.12
.06
.12
.17
 .43
 .16
.09
.19
.15
NA
.11
.12
NA
.16
.15
NA
NA
.70
NA
.20
.20
.15
.15
.15
 NA
 .13
 .82
 .50
   NA-Not Analyzed.
                                             224

-------
O)


U
co
03



.2
15
•o

CO


.2
 O
 tfl
 C/l
T3

 O)



 2
 'co



 re


 I

 03
 CO
 re
 en
 ,a>
 o
 o


 "o
 O)
 re
 X

c
o
~ i
Oi

I "a.
| 0) !
^-


in
•
CO


               •
Q)
W
(0
^

o
o:
                                                          in
                                                              o
                                                          OJ   o
CM
                                                          in
                             in
                               •
                             (D
                                         in
                                                        in
                               (3iu/6uj)  eseeiea
 < IE
 eo
  ?
                                           225

-------
Figure 8.2.  The effects of porewater pH on release of magnesium from a solidified/stabilized matrix.
         b

         u
         (0
          o


         1
          "0
          cc
                                                         pH
                                                       226

-------
Figure 8.3.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
           contaminant content.                                               '
                APC  Residue
PROCESS  1
1O* r
«4
?
"— 1O*.
UI
CO
i
ff
1
10"
10'
10*
101
10°

10"
10»
10-

103
10s'


Na ^•••4
A- '

pO«-9.S6
1O'

10V

10 1OO 1
Cd


a A ... .A ..-*••"*

1 10 1


Pb

....••«•••*""*' *
pO*-11.87
1 10 1
10"
10J
10*

1O'
10«
00
10*
10s
10'
10°
00

- i ' * ' *
A . • I
.-•'

i
10 100

Cu


A .*-•••*'
,A - * *
..-•*'"
1 1O, • 10

Zn
,
. - -A' ' " A V *
	 a ;
A pO»- 16.67
1 10 10
TIME (DAYS)
end: A A Monolith leach test data
             	Availability (transformed from availability leach test)
                        Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                              227

-------
Figure 8.4.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
           contaminant content.
                 APC  Residue
PROCESS  2
M
I10'
1
Ul
t
10*
._ i
1O*
103
10*
10'
10°
10"
10*
10*
103

10*
10'

A . . *
..A"
.*•'"
..-•' pO«-9.16
10 10


Cd

t> .
. ....*• 	
1O'
10*
10*
0 0.
10*
103
10*
1O'
10°
, 10 100

Pb
A ^....A.-A--4-

pO«-12.76
1 10 1
10»
10*
10*
10*
1O1
10°
00
A ••*'
A .•
A
Cl
A. •'
.•'" A
1 10 100

Cu

...>...-•'-*•-"""
pO«-> 1(5.4
1 10 10

Zn
_ . .
	 A.--'4'"
pD«- 16^12
1 10 10
TIME (DAYS)
2nd: A A Monolith leach test data
	 	 Diffusion based leaching model
                         Availability (transformed from availability teach test)
                         Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)

-------
Figure 8.5.
Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
contaminant content.
                                                    PROCESS  3
                  APC  Residue
       ui
       CO
       •3
           10'
                 Na
       A ••
                                pD«-8.77
                            10
in-
to*
10'


10°
10"
to-*

Cd
- A
A A 	
A A A 	
	
PO.-1S.11
,10 «
            1O"
            10s
                  Pb
                                A   *.--'
                              10
                                           100
                                                 10'
                                          --ci
                                                  104
                                                  10'
                                                            pO«-8.96

10'
10*

10'
10°
1C"

cu ;
i
. *v * *
A A*..-*"'*
'— r1"
, 10 1C
                                        10*




                                        10J

                                        10s

                                        10'
                                                         Zn
                                                                         pO«- 14.51
                                                                    10
                                                                                  100
                                                                  TIME  (DAYS)
   Legend:    A  A
               Monolith leach test data
               Diffusion based leaching model
               Availability (transformed from availability leach test)
               Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                              229

-------
Figure 8.6.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
           contaminant content.
                 APC  Residue
          10'
E
o  1O*


K
2J  10'
          10"
                Na
                                pO*-8.70
                                                 10'
                                                 10«
                               Cl
                                                    o.i
                                           WES
                                                                       to
                                                                               100

10s
10*
10'
10°
10"
*n~*


Cd

A ..A..-
.A 	 »••••* 	 pO«-»17.2

IO"
10*
10*
10*
10'
10°
^r>-'


Cu

.A.--*'"6"-'
,..>-'4- P0.->1B^

                                          100
                                                                   10
                                                                                100
1O'

1O"
103
10*
101
10°
^0-«



Pb

A A
•**•"••*

 Legend:
                            10
                                         100
                         10-

                         1O3

                         10a

                         10'
                                                        Zn
                                                                       pO«-16.87
                                           10            100

                                        TIME (DAYS)
Monolith leach test data
Diffusion based teaching model
Availability (transformed from availability teach test)
Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                             230

-------
Figure 8.7.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
           contaminant content.
                  BOTTOM  Ash
                                                     UNTREATED

_. to*
Ol
E
"o
Ul
0)
Uj 10-
UJ
(C
1/-1*
0.
10*

10'
10'
10'
10°
c
4/*^*
1O-
103

10s
1O'
1/10

Na
.A" '
. -A
. -A'
. • A' *
A pO*-10.24
1 1 10 10


Cd

PO.-^
).1 1 10 1
•
Pb


..«•"*'"* *
. • • a' '
1O'
10*

1O
0 0.
1O*

1O-
103
10*
10'
00 0
4
,0-
10-
10J
10a
10'
!
i
Cl
. -4
.A'
.•''*" '
A pO«- 10.50
1 1 10 IOC
i

Cu

..?..--A- •"' H>14J!
.1 1 1O 10
i
Zn
i
1
. j • • *
..-•••""* pO«- 16.71
i
              0.1
                                 10
                                          100
                                                      0.1
                                                                                 100
                                                                 TIME (DAYJS)
Legend:
  A   A     Monolith leach test data
	   Diffusion based leaching model
	  __ __   Availability (transformed from availability teach test)
______   Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                              231

-------
 Figure 8.8.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.
                 BOTTOM  Ash
                                                             PROCESS  1
Legend:

1O*
o
_ 1O*
111
TO
UI 1O*
•JO3
1
10»

10*
• 10'

10°

1O"
10**

10*

103
10»
10'
10e<


Na
.*•••'*" r
. •••" '
. .••*"

pO«-9.t«
10*


10*






.*•
C! .A- '"s
.•i6.a

IU
10*
103

10f

10'
10°



Cu



A .. A •••*"'*'"
....A...-*'-" pO,->14^

1 10 ' 100 1 10 10


Pb ~ ~


A .A....A-"
...A..--4---^""
10*
10*

103
10s
10'


2n



	 -*--"4""*pO«-16.99
•"A
1 10 100 1 -10 100
TIME (DAYS)
d: A A Monolith leach test data

_ __ _ Availability (transformed from availability leach test)

                                           222

-------
Figure 8.9.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
           contaminant content.                                                ;
                 BOTTOM  Ash
                                                               PROCESS 2


CD
•& 10*
-g
III
CO
<
UJ
UJ ,
a.
•to*

1
1O3

10*

10'

10°
10"

10-*

.-A
A
Na A ..-••"
A. • '


. ' A

pO*-9.73


10 10
•

Cd



A A A A ...A.-
	 A 	 pO«->14J



10*



10*





10
o o.
i 10*

1O*
103


10*
1O'

10°

I
	 x-' *
.-*
Cl
..-''A
.-'A :
. •
• * i

pO«-«.64
[

1 < 10 IOC
;
i
Cu 	 ..--A- •A""i'"
	 	 	 A


,
pO«*10.85


                            10
iu-
10-
103
10*
101
10°
^O"


Pb

...^-•••A---A""A" A
pO«-13.78

                            10
Legend:

1O»
104
10*
10*

10'
100
1
i
Zn
i
	 A " ' A A
.. "A 	 *
pD*« 16.40
'
              A  A
                                                                   to
                                                                TIME  (DAYS)
Monolith leach test data
Diffusion based leaching model
Availability (transformed from availability leach test)
Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                             233

-------
Figure 8.10. Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.
                 BOTTOM Ash
                                       PROCESS  3
10*
~
.E
Q
•610-
Ul
CO
§
UJ
a:
i
10
1OJ
10'
1O'
10°
10"
10-*
+ r\t
TO

10*
103
10*
10'
10°

4.'' *
"~Na 7"'
A.- '
. •" *
A
pO*-9.27
10 to


Cd

A A * * '...A-
	 P0«-»14^
1 10 1


Pb


... 	 *-*,D~,«7

10*


10»
0 0.
10*

10s
10»
1O'
10°
00

10*
10*
10s
10s
10'



ci ..*••
pt>«"8.9a
1 10 100
A

Oil
VrfU
• -4- ' ' "A" '
	 A""*
P0.-K.10
1 10 10


Zn

• * * *
. .*. . • -A ' * ' * " ' * pO*-16.43
i tO 1O
                             10
                                                                 TIME (DAYS)
 Legend:
Monolith leach test data
Diffusion based leaching model
Availability (transformed from availability teach test)
Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                              234

-------
Figure 8.11.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.                                               ;
                  BOTTOM  Ash
PROCESS 4
104
J to*
Ul
CO
Ul 1O*
ui
C
..— '
10»
10'
10'
10°
10*
10s
10'
1O'
10°'
10-'


Na
. • •*" "
pO*-10.39
10 10

Cd


PO.-«L

10s
0 0.
10*
10»
10-
10s
10«
10'
10°
}.1 1 10 100

Pb

4 * *..
4 	 pb*-15.34
10"
10'
10a
10'
1 10 100
i
«•'*
CI
.A"
f-" '
pO»- 10.70
1 1 tO 100
i

Cu
>
..a---*---*"'a':'"a'
* pD«-16.18
1 1O 1C

Zn
•
A •-•«•••*'"
...-4--"4"" p°*"i6-"
1 10 101
TIME (DAYS)
nd: A A Monolith leach test data
............ Diffusion based leaching model
             _____  Availability (transformed from availability teach test)
                         Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                               235

-------
Figure 8.12.  Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.
                  BOTTOM  Ash
                                                             WES
          104
Ul  1O4
09

UJ
           10*
                 Na
                                     .^•-_
                 .•A
                                                  10*
                                                   10*
                                                   1O4
                                                  Cl
                                                                       A. •
                                                                    A . • '
                                                                        pD*- 1 0.4.5
                            10
                                                                        10

1O3
10*
10'
10°
10"
in-i

Cd


	 pO»"»16.2

                                          100
10-*
10*
no'
10*


1O1

•»/•>«

Cu

A A A A
A * r ...-••
. •• ••j)D«-14.7O
A 	 • •' '

                                                                    10
                                                                                  100
 Legend:
10»
10*
10a
10*
1O'
10°
1O"


Pb
» A A A A A
	 pO*-16.34

10*
10*
10'
1O1
10'


Zn
A A ..A. .•*•••*"
^,«
I 10 100 1 10 10
TIME (DAYS)
A A Monolith leach test data
	 	 Diffusion based leaching model
                         Availability (transformed from availability teach test)

                         Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                               236

-------
Figure 8.13. Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.
                 COMBINED  Ash
                                        UNTREATED


1
0
J 10'
RELEASE
fc -A
> O
u »
1W
0.
10*

10'
10'
10'
10°
(

10»
10-
10»
10»
10°


Na
A. •"
. • • "A
11 10 10

Cd


PC,-1"!
1.1 1 10 1


Pb

...* 	 "*''^"
10'

10*

0 O.
1O*
1O*
10s
10s
10'
00 G
in«

10*
1O*
10s
101


ci 4.
a '
• A°
. . -A ' !
''" * rJ1« '
1 1 10 ' 10
, , 1
Cu

A A A . * ' ' '
4 ....-••'' pO«- 14.57
.1.1 10 1


Zn
•
_.. A. •••"*" pO«-16.01




0





00





              o.i
                                 10
                                          100
                                                     0.1
                                                                                 100
                                                                  TIME  (DAYS)
 Legend:
Monolith leach test data
Diffusion based leaching model
Availability (transformed from availability teach test)
Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                               237

-------
Fiaure 8 14. Contaminant release during the
hig         contaminant content.
                COMBINED Ash
                              monolith leach test compared to the total and available
I 10'
        ti
           10'
           1OS
                Na
              i,
            10*
             10s
             10s
             10'
             10°
             10
                   Pb
                            10
                                        100

10s
1O'
10"
10"
io-J

Cd

..*•••*"
4 .......-- ^.,,..0
10 1<
                                                     PROCESS  1
                                                10*
                                                10
                              10
                                           too
                                                       Cl
                                                                 10
                                                  10»
                                                  10s
                                                  10-
                                           10*
                                           10*
                                           10s

                                           10'
                                           1O
                                                         Zn
                                                                        100
                                                                  TIME (DAYS)
    Legend:    A  A     Monotthleach test data
                           Diffusion based teaching model
                	   °Sflity (transformed from availability teach test)
                	Total (transformed from total chemical analyse)
                                               238

-------
Figure 8.15. Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.                                              '
                 COMBINED  Ash
PROCESS  2
|10«
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CO 10"
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-------
Figure 8.16. Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.
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I
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                                                           TIME (DAYS)
  Legend:    A   A     Monolith leach test data
              	   Diffusion based leaching model
              	Availability (transformed from availability teach test)

                          Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                              240

-------
Figure 8.17. Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available
            contaminant content.                                                  ;
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[
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              	  Availability (transformed from availability teach test)
                          Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                                 241

-------
Figure 8
     .18. Contaminant release during the monolith leach test compared to the total and available




                                                                 WES
            contaminant content.


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                                                 242

-------
Figure 8.19.  Contaminant release during the monolith teach test compared to the total and 'available
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            _____   Availability (transformed from availability leach test)
                       Total (transformed from total chemical analysis)
                                             243

-------
Figure 8
.20.  Comparison of tortuosities estimated from the monolith leaching test.  Error bars indicate
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-------
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-------
Figure 8.24. Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation to the effective
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-------
Figure 8.25.  Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation
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                                          249

-------
8 26  Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation to the effective
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-------
Figure 8.27.  Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation toithe effective
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-------
Figure 8 28  Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation to the effective
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                                            252

-------
Figure 8.29.  Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation tp the effective
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                                                253

-------
Fiaure 8 30
F«ure 8.3U.
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                                             254
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-------
Fijjure 8.31
31 . Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation to the e
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                                              255

-------
Figure 8.32.
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-------
Figure 8.33.
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-------
Figure 8.34.
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                                       258

-------
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                                          18 K
                                                                     :  so.
                                                           APC
                                                                                     so.
                                                             0    1     2    3    45


                                                                         PROCESS
Leg end :   •+•   pDe if the total concentration was available (pD


                I  Chemical Retention "      j/Xi Tortuosity

                                                    259
                                                  |   |
                                                                     Free Diffusion

-------
Figure 8.36.    Relative contributions of free diffusion, tortuosity, and chemical retardation to the effective
               diffusion coefficient and the effect of availability (comparison of treatment processes
               (0- untreated: 5 - WES)).
        J
        o
        o
        T

        4
        UJ
         u.
         ee
         I
         oc
I

1
O
 Legend:
                 BOTTOM Asn
                                           TDS
                             m
                    0     1    2    3    4    S
                          Asn
                                            TOS
                    0    1    2
                                        *    S
                -
                   APC
                                            TOS
                                                           BOTTOM Asn
                                                                                    TOC
                                                    1
                                                              0    1    2    3
                                                            APC Ftenou*
      0    1     Z     3    «    *



   pDe if the total concentration was available (pD 0


W\ Chemical Retention
                                               | Tortuosity

                                                 260
                                                                   1     23    *


                                                                          PROCESS
                                                             Free Diffusion

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Figure 8.37.    Cumulative contaminant release as a function of time and pDe lor typical construction
              applications. (Note 104 days = 27 yrs.).  .                       !
             Block  lOxlOxlO  cm
                                                      Block  15x15x45  cm
       1.OO
      O.SO
i
V
I
1
          10"   1O'   1O*  1O*   1O"   1O*   1O»
       O.OO
                                                  1.OO
                                                  OBO
                                                  O.6O
                                                  O.4O
                                                  020
                                                  OJOO
                                                  1O*  1O'   10*   1O3   1O*   1O*   1O*
                Roadbase  15  cm
   4)
   "5
       1.OO
       O.BO
       0.60
       O.-4O
                                        • 12
                                                         Roadbase  45 cm
                                                   1.00
                                                  °-BO
                                            |
                                            s
                                            V
                                                   0.4O
                                                   03O
       1O"   1O'   1O*   1O'   10*  1O6   10*

                    T«r» [«»ays]
                                                   CXOO
                                                      1O"   1O1   1O«   1OJ   10'   1O*

                                                                  Time [days]
                                            261

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                             9.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

       The objective of this study was to provide credible data on the effectiveness of the selected S/S
processes for treatment of MWC bottom ash. APC residue, and combined ash. The study was
conducted to provide a side-by-side comparison and evaluation of the effectiveness of MWC S/S
technologies for treating bottom ash, APC residues and combined ash.  The study emphasized
evaluation of the S/S treatment technologies, rather than how ash characteristics are affected by municipal
waste combustor designs, operating conditions, and waste input.  Therefore, the number of different
residues included in the study was limited to bottom ash, APC residue, and combined ash from a single
mass bum MWC facility.

The specific objectives of this study were to:
    1.   Define residue sampling, preparation and characterization protocols to permit bench and pilot-
        scale demonstrations of S/S treatment processes with representative residues.

    2.   Carry out MWC residue S/S treatment process demonstrations under carefully controlled and
        monitored conditions;

    3.   Compare the effects of the S/S treatment processes on the fundamental physical and chemical
        properties of MWC residues;

    4.   Compare the effects of the S/S processes on leaching properties of MWC residues through
        laboratory procedures which included the TCLP and other tests that permit estimation of
        contaminant release potential and release rate over a prolonged period of time and under
        diverse environmental conditions; and,

    5.   Evaluate the physical durability of the treated MWC residues during aggressive environmental
        cycling tests.

        The experimental design of this program was a full factorial design for the evaluation of five
solidification/stabilization processes for MWC residues. The two experimental factors were the residue
type to be treated and the S/S  process. The experimental levels within the  residue type factor were (i)
bottom ash, (ii)  APC residue, and (iii) combined ash. The six experimental levels within the S/S process
factors were (i) the untreated residue,  (ii) the WES Control S/S process, and  (iii - vi) the four selected
                       »
                                             262

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vendor S/S processes.  Thus, two experimental factors at three and six experimental levels
respectively, resulted in the evaluation of eighteen experimental cases. Each experimental case was
evaluated in triplicate.                                                        \
       The three residue types used in this study were obtained during a single composite sampling
event from a typical state-of-the-art mass bum municipal waste combustor incorporating a lime slurry
spray drier (wet-dry) acid gas scrubber and a fabric filter paniculate removal system; Each bulk residue
sample was dried, size reduced, screened and homogenized prior to use in this program.  Thus all
process demonstrations, testing and evaluations were carried out on pre-processed residues to facilitate
latoratory-scale testing and direct treatment effect comparisons.                 ;
        Five S/S processes were evaluated. Four of five of the processes were proprietary vendor
applications of four different generic S/S  process categories. The generic S/S process categories
                                                                           i
represented  by the selected vendors were:                                  ;
    •   S/S with Portland cement and proprietary polymeric additives (Process 1); :

    •   S/S with Portland cement, soluble silicates and dry carbonaceous material (Process 2);

    -   S/S with cement kiln dust and proprietary additives (Process 3),
                                                                           i
                                                                           i
    •   S/S through addition of soluble phosphates (Process 4).                ;

        The fifth process used Type 1 Portland cement only (WES Control Process). The WES Control
 Process was selected to provide a baseline comparison of the treatment effects of j Portland cement
 without vendor additives.  Each experiment was evaluated in triplicate. Each experimental case was
 analyzed for chemical composition and tested for physical properties and durability! and leaching
 characteristics using a series of testing procedures (e.g.. bulk density, wet/dry, freeze/thaw, TCLP,
 availability leach test, monolithic leach test, etc.). Details of the testing procedure^ are provided in
 Section 2.2 of this report.           .                                       |
         Prior to the process demonstration, each vendor received approximately 50 Ib samples of each
 residue type to facilitate preliminary process testing and formula optimization. Th? vendors were
 provided a list of test and program objectives that were to be used to evaluate their process.  The
 vendors were not provided specific performance criteria to which they should treat 'the residues. This was
 loft to their discretion. Vendor process optimization may have focused on minimizing contaminants
 release based on TCLP. concurrently With minimization of cost, and not on maximizing the physical
 properties of the treated  residue.  This was probably because the primary focus of the demonstrations

                                               263                         :

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was treatment for disposal with secondary focus on residue utilization. Each process demonstration
replicate consisted of the vendor carrying out the specified process to produce approximately 100 Ib of
treated residue while EPA representatives and US Army Corp of Engineer personnel observed.

        Conclusions are summarized and discussed in the following sections.  Overall conclusions present
the general inferences deduced from the study. The treatment process effectiveness of each residue
type is discussed and conclusions are made based on the results of the physical properties, durability
testing and the leaching potential and the leaching release rate. Conclusions are made on the physical
and durability test methods, the leaching test methods, and the methods used for chemical analysis.

9.1   OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
        The overall conclusions  are based on all aspects of the study and are as follows:

    •   Based on comparison of untreated residues with treated residues, the S/S processes evaluated
        generally did not decrease the potential for release of target contaminants. The phosphate
        process, however did reduce the potential for Pb to be released.
    •   Whether the MWC residues were treated or not, release potential for metals (lead, cadmium,
        zinc, etc.) typically was significantly less than the total concentration present in the residues.

    •   Release rates of the elements were very low for compacted granular untreated bottom ash and
        combined ash.  Release rates also were very low from bottom ash and combined ash treated by
        processes that produced physically durable specimens.
     •   The S/S processes evaluated did not successfully treat the residues to reduce the potential for
        release of TDS and soluble salts.  Whether the MWC residues were treated or not, the release
        potential and release rates were  high for TDS and the salts of calcium, sodium, potassium,
        chloride, and sulfate. The total amounts of these constituents released typically approached the
        total concentration in the MWC residues. In the case of the APC residues, the treatment
        processes increased the release potential of the salts.
     •  The high concentration and ultimate fate of soluble salts in MWC residues should be carefully
        considered in the design of treatment processes, utilization and disposal of the residues.

     -  Based on results from the program, APC residues have the least potential for utilization in
        applications requiring structurally durable products. The physical retention values for the treated
        APC residues indicated limited or no physical retention.  The major contaminant release from the
                                              264

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ARC residue were salts (Na, K, Ca, Cl, 804).  In excess of 30 percent of the total mass
dissolved due to the release of salts,                                     :
                                                                       i
The use of proprietary additives in the S/S processes evaluated did not enhance the strength of
the treated residues. The WES Control process produced test specimens with unconfined
compressive strengths greater than or equal to those processes with proprietary additives.
                                                                       i
Evaluation of S/S process design, performance, and treatment efficiency should be based on a
matrix of several testing protocols. No single test, such as TCLP, can provide; all the information
required to evaluate contaminant release potential, contaminant release rate, and physical
durability. An appropriate test matrix to evaluate S/S processes should include tests which will
                                        *                              !
address these factors.                                                   ,
                                                                       i
TCLP was not a good indicator of release from untreated and treated residues for several
reasons. Variable end-point pH for the extraction resulted in wide variation in, estimated metals
release because of pH dependent solubility constraints. The low liquid to solid ratio for the
TCLP (20:1) also may have resulted in solubility limitations for many elements of concern. Finally,
TCLP does not provide for determination of the total release of soluble salts and anions.

Most processes evaluated in this study most likely were developed based on a limited number
of testing procedures. Variations in Portland cement based and other S/S technologies will
influence the degree of durability  and chemical leaching potential. Therefore, substantial
improvements in S/S process optimization may be obtainable by optimizing process design
based on results of multiple test  criteria.
                                                                       i
The Portland cement based processes can be formulated to produce S/S test specimens of
MWC bottom and combined  residues with high structural integrity and increased resistance to
weathering.  These type processes, if properly designed, are likely to be successful in producing
monolithic products with physical properties acceptable for various utilization options. This  does
not mean, however, that the chemical characteristics also would be acceptable.; Physical durability
or possessing a monolithic structure does not ensure acceptable performance with respect to
contaminant release.                                                    •
The release  rate of most potentially toxic metals will be very slow  to negligible for S/S treated
MWC residues.
                                                                       I
The unconsolidated, granular nature of the ash material required that a useful method for
estimating diffusion controlled release from compacted granular materials be developed.  Such a
                                      265                              i

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       method was developed for this evaluation. The application of a modified monolith leach test to
       determine intrinsic leaching properties for granular materials has been proven to be very
       consistent, and data are comparable with results from other types of diffusion measurements.
       The tortuosity data obtained in the experimental setup are consistent with diffusion
       measurements using radfotracers.               I
   •   The most durable test specimens to the cyclic weathering tests and the immersion tests were
       those with the highest UCS. Thus DCS may be used as a preliminary indicator of durability.

   •   The monolithic leach test (MLT) for construction materials and stabilized products provides intrinsic
       information on tong term leaching effects and usefulness in relation to product quality.  The MLT
       also provides useful information for product quality improvement. By focusing on the controlling
       parameter requiring adjustment,  initial estimates of release rates and fluxes for varied application
       scenarios can be obtained. The release mechanisms (dissolution, wash-off and diffusion) can be
       distinguished. The distinction between physical retention and chemical retention can be made for
       cases where diffusion is the controlling release mechanism. Existing regulatory tests do not
       provide such useful information.
   •   Physical retention was directly correlated with the compacted dry densities of the material for the
       bottom and combined ashes. The test specimens with the greater densities had more physical
       retention.
    •  The USEPA recommended methods of chemical analysis (SW-846) were not comparable in many
       cases to the neutron activation chemical analysis for total elemental concentrations. The USEPA
       method results indicated significantly lower elemental concentrations than the  NAA methods
       suggesting that only partial analytical recoveries occurred.  This discrepancy warrants further
       investigation into the chemical analysis methods to investigate and develop more applicable
       methods for similar type solid matrices.

9.2 TREATMENT PROCESS EFFECTIVENESS

       The treatment process effectiveness was evaluated based on the physical properties, the
leaching potential and the leaching release rate data. The data generated when testing the treated
residues were compared to each other and to the data generated when the untreated residue was
tested.
                                             266

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    Q 2 1  PTwsV-al Properties                                                 i
       The physical properties were evaluated using a range of testing protocols that resulted in
empirical values for strength parameters and information on the durability of the test 'specimens when
subjected to a range of cyclic environmental conditions.                           !
                                                                           i                   ;
    •   S/S with Portland cement, polymeric additives, and other proprietary additives (Process 1 and the
       WES Control) produced the treated residue with the highest UCS and the t?est performance on
       the UCS after 28 days of immersion in water, wet/dry weathering, and freeze/thaw weathering.
       The treatment processes required compaction during molding of the test specimens using a
       Proctor compaction energy. This indicates that the treated residues can be prepared in such a
       manner that increases strength and durability.                           j

    «   The treated APC residues exhibited poor performance in all of the durability tests including UCS
       after immersion, wet/dry weathering, and freeze/thaw weathering. In several cases, the monolith
       samples degraded to an unconsolidated form. The APC residues contained high levels of
       sulfates and the formulations included large percentages of liquid additives. Thus, APC residues
       treated with the processes tested have the least potential for utilization in application requiring
       structural durability. Process 1 and WES Control combined ash test specimens developed less
       than one-half the UCS developed by the bottom ash test specimens and only slightly more
        UCS than the APC residue test specimens. Hence, it appears that the presence of APC
        residue in the combined ash may adversely affect the strength of the treatejJ residues.

    -   The Process 4 vendor claimed the treatment process was formulated to produce an
        unconsolidated product with little structural integrity and this was reflected injthe performance of
        the test specimens during the strength and durability testing. Process 3 bottom ash and
        combined ash test specimens performed poorly on the strength and durability testing as
        compared to the performance of the Process 1  and WES Control test specimens. These test
        specimens exhibited almost twice the amount of swelling of Process 1 and the WES Control
        bottom ash and combined ash test specimens. This behavior could be attributed to the
        additives used in the formulation that resulted in the swelling and weakening of the structural
       •  integrity of the treated residues.
    •    Process 3 included no Portland cement. The formulation and the test specimens for all three
         residue types performed poorly. All of the APC residue treatment processes (excluding
         Process 4 which was unconsolidated and not tested) and the bottom and combined ash treatment
         Processes 2 and 4, performed poorly during the durability tests.  Process 1 and the WES Control
         bottom and combined ash test specimens  performed better on the durability testing and
                                              267

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       acquired higher UCS's than any of the other treatment process test specimens. These test
       specimens were compacted into the molds during sample preparation and were poorly, to very
       poorly hydrated after 28 days of curing.  The correlation between these parameters and strength
       formation and durability warrant further investigation.
   ft,?,? I ffrlChin? Potential
       The TCLP, AVLT, and the DWLT are all intended to assess the maximum extent of species
release, or the leaching potential, under varying  environmental conditions.
   .    Process additives contributed substantially to the release of calcium, sodium, potassium, and
        sulfate in several of the test specimens for the TCLP. DWLT. and/or the AVLT.  For example.
        Process 3 additives had high concentrations of potassium and sulfate.  Potassium and sulfate
        release potentials in the  TCLP, DWLT, and the AVLT were one to two orders of magnitude
        higher than the release potentials measured in the untreated residues for all three residues
        treated using Process 3 additives.' A similar increase in release is noted for aluminum ,n the WES
        Control test specimens which used Portland cement with high concentrations of aluminum.

    .   The calculated process dilution factors  provided accurate correction for the dilution effects of
        process additives used to treat bottom ash and combined ash. The calculated process dilution
        factors for the APC residue may result in the over estimation of release potential by up to 30
        percent. The APC residue'was very hydroscopic during curing and this absorbed water could not
        be accurately accounted for in the dilution factor calculations.
     -    in designing a S/S treatment process for MWC residues, leaching of total salts and dissolutton of
        the  untreated and treated residue must be considered. In this study, up to 32 weight percent. 12
        weight percent, and 13 weight percent for the treated APC reskJue. bottom ash, and combined
         ash respectively, dissolved in distilled water during serial extractions. The DWLT leachate TDS
         release potential was two to three times higher in the treated residues than the untreated
         leachates.  This indicated that treatment of the residues increased the release potential of the
         total sans.
     .   Leaching tests which define a fixed quantity of acid to be added instead of the extract PH are
         subject to wide variations in test results which primarily reflect the alkalinity of the
         solidified/stabilized matrix being tested.
         The increased and decreased leaching potential according to the TCLP. DWLT. and AVLT were
  used to determine the treatment process efficiency .rorn a leaching potential perspeaiv* The
  concentrations o, afcminum, cadmium, copper, lead. zinc, calcium, potassium. sod«,m. chbnde. and sultate
                                                268

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in the leachates generated from the untreated residues were compared to that of the treated residues.
The results varied widely from ash type to ash type and by leaching test and are presented in the
following sections by ash type.                    ,                         i
     Residue
       Process 1 - For aluminum, calcium, cadmium, potassium, sodium and chloride, the leaching
       potential changes ranged from no change to an increase of two orders of magnitude due to
       treatment. For copper, lead and zinc, leaching potential changes ranged from no change to a
       decrease by one to two orders of magnitude. For sulfate. the leaching potential changes varied
       according to leaching test and ranged from no change to increase or decrease.
        Process 2 - For aluminum, calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride, the leaching potential changes
        ranged from no change to an increase of two orders of magnitude due to treatment.  For copper,
        zinc, and sulfate, the leaching potential changes ranged from no change to a decrease of two
        orders of magnitude.  For lead, the leaching potential changes varied according to leaching test
        and ranged from an increase to a decrease. For cadmium, there was no change in the leaching
        potential due to treatment.
        Process 3 - For aluminum, calcium, cadmium, potassium and sulfate, the leaching potential changes
        ranged from no change to an increase of one order of magnitude due to treatment.  For copper
        only, the leaching potential changes ranged from no change to an increase of two orders of
        magnitude due to treatment.  For lead and zinc, the leaching potential changes varied according to
        leaching test and  ranged from an increase to a decrease. For sodium  and chloride, there was no
        change in the leaching potential due to treatment.                       ;
        Process 4 - For cadmium, the leaching potential changes ranged from no change to an increase of
        two orders of magnitude due to treatment.  For potassium, copper, sodiurn, and chloride, the
         leaching potential changes ranged from no change to a decrease of two orders of magnitude due
         to treatment. For aluminum, calcium, zinc, and sulfate, the leaching potential changes varied
         according to leaching test and ranged from an  increase to a decrease. The leaching potential for
         lead was reduced by two to three orders of magnitude which is a substantial reduction when
         compared to the other treatment processes.

         Portland cement only (WES Control) - For  aluminum, cadmium, potassium, sodium and chloride
         the leaching potential changes ranged from no change to an increase of two orders of magnitude
                                              269

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       due to treatment.  For calcium, copper, lead, zinc and sulfate . the leaching potential changes
       varied according to leaching test and ranged from an increase to a decrease.

pqttom Ash
    .   Process 1 - For calcium, cadmium, copper, chloride and zinc, the leaching potential changes
       ranged from no change to a decrease by one order of magnitude.  For sulfate, the leaching
       potential changes decreased by one to two orders of magnitude.  For aluminum, the leaching
       potential changes varied according to leaching test and ranged from no change to increase or
       decrease. There was no change  in the leaching potential for potassium, sodium and lead.

    .  Process 2 - For aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, sodium, and sulfate, the leaching potential changes
       ranged from no change to an increase  of two orders of magnitude due to treatment. The
        increased sodium release is likely attributable to additives. For calcium, the leaching potential
        changes varied according to leaching test and ranged from no change to a decrease.  For
        cadmium, potassium, and chloride, there was no change in the leaching potential due to
        treatment.
     .   Process 3 - For calcium, copper, lead,  potassium and sulfate, the leaching potential changes
        ranged irom no change to an increase of two orders of magnitude due to treatment.   The
        increased potassium and sulfate release is likely attributable to additives.  For aluminum,
        cadmium, sodium, chloride and zinc, there was no change in the leaching potential due to
        treatment. There were no decreases  in leaching potential observed for  this process.

     .   Process 4 - For calcium, cadmium and zinc, the leaching potential changes ranged from no change
         to an increase of two orders of magnitude due to treatment. For aluminum, chloride, and sulfate,
         the leaching potential changes decreased by one to two orders of magnitude. There were no
         changes in leaching potential observed for potassium, copper, sodium and lead.

     .   WES Control - For cadmium, copper,  lead and zinc, the leaching potential changes ranged from
         no change to an increase of two orders of magnitude due to treatment.  For sulfate, the leaching
         potential changes varied from no change to a reduction of two orders of magnitude.   For
         aluminum, the leaching potential changes varied according to leaching test and ranged from an
         increase to a decrease. For calcium potassium, sodium, and chloride, there was no change in the
         leaching potential due to  treatment.
                                               270

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Combined Ash                                                             ;
       Process 1 - For aluminum, cadmium, copper, sutfate and zinc, the leaching potential changes
                                                                          |.
       ranged from no change to a decrease by one order of magnitude. For calcium, the leaching
       potential changes varied according to leaching test and ranged from no change to an increase of
       an order of magnitude. For lead, the leaching potential changes varied according to leaching test
       and ranged from no change to increase or decrease. There was no change in potential for
       potassium, sodium and chloride.                                      |

       Process 2 - For sodium and sulfate, the leaching potential changes ranged from no change to an
       increase of two orders of magnitude due to treatment.  The increased sodium release is likely
                                                                          i
       attributable to additives.  For cadmium, the leaching potential changes varied according to
       leaching test and ranged from no change to a decrease of two orders of magnitude. For calcium,
       copper, lead, and zinc, the leaching potential changes varied according to leaching test and
       ranged from no change to increase or decrease.  For aluminum, potassium, and chloride, there
       was no change in the leaching potential due to treatment.                 |

    •   Process 3 - For aluminum, calcium, potassium and sulfate, the leaching potential changes  ranged
       from no change to an increase of two orders of magnitude due to treatment. The increased
       potassium and sulfate release is likely attributable to additives. For cadmium, copper and zinc,
       the leaching potential changes ranged from no change to a decrease in leaphing potential by one
       order of magnitude. For lead, the leaching potential changes varied according to leaching test
       and ranged from an increase to a decrease. For sodium and chloride, there was no change in the
       leaching potential due to treatment.
       Process 4 - For aluminum, calcium, cadmium, copper, tead, chloride, zinc and sulfate, the leaching
       potential changes ranged from no change to a decrease in leaching potential by two orders of
       magnitude.  For potassium and chloride, there was no change in the leaching potential due to
       treatment.                                                          ,
    •  WES Control - For aluminum, calcium, and sulfate, the leaching potential changes ranged from no
       change to a decrease in leaching potential by two orders of magnitude.  For lead, the leaching
       potential changes range from no change to an increase of one order of magnitude. For cadmium,
       potassium, copper, sodium, chloride and zinc there was no change in the leeching potential due
       to treatment.                                                       i
                                             271

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       9.2.3 | flafrhinfl Release Rate
       The release rate is a function of availability, physical retention, and chemical retention. The
following conclusions on the leaching release rate have been made on based on these parameters.

    .   The physical retention in the solidified/stabilized APC residues for all of the vendor processes
       and for Process 3. all ash types, was limited or nonexistent.  The physical retention values for
       these materials approached or were essentially the same as the theoretical tower limit of 1. or no
       physical retention. Only minor physical retention was observed for the solidified/stabilized
       bottom ash and combined ashes. The physical retention of the untreated bottom and the
        untreated combined  ash was greater than for the treated ashes.  Process 4 indicated a higher
        physical retention than any of the other treatment processes. Physical retention obtained by the
        treatment processes tested was poor in comparison to physical retention values achieved by
        construction materials, S/S coal ash and S/S incineration bottom ash reported in other stud,es.

    .   The chemical retention in the untreated bottom and combined ash often was greater than in the
        treated material. The retention values for individual elements in the products from the different
        processes are consistent.  This indicates systematic trends dictated by the major element
        chemistry in the product matrices, which does not appear to be greatly different between the
        different vendor processes, except Process 4. A few typical differences were observed.  In
         Process 2, the addition of process additives resulted in increased mobilKy of the aluminum and
         suHate  The mobilities of barium, calcium and strontium were significantly decreased as a
         consequence of the higher sulfate mobility. It appears that in Process 3 the highest pH levels
         are occurring in the porewater. based on the sensitivity of magnesium mobility to pH. The h.gher
         Mg retention in Process 4 also may be attributed to the formation of new mineral phases.  In
         Process 4. an increase in the aluminum release was noted, when  may indicate the mobilizatton and
         subsequent precipitation of alumna phosphates.
      .   The S/S bottom ash and combined ash resulted in less physical retention than the compacted
         untreated residues except for Process 4.  Physical retention was directly correlated with the
         compacted dry densities of the materials, with greater densities resulting in greater phys^l
         retention.
      .  The major contaminants released from APC residue were salts,  .n view of the high salt content in
          APC residue of up to 30 percent of the total mass, the release of salts will proceed rather raprfly
          and leave large voids. This will increase matrix porosity and reduce physical retention. The
          release of salts ultimately will lead to the deterioration of the material. The stabihzed APC
                                                272

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       residue after leaching was highly porous.  The release pattern initially reflects (24 - 28 hr.) diffusion
       control, then the voids open up due to loss of mass by dissolution, and ultimately the release
       levels off through depletion of teachable  salt. Clearly, the stabilized APC residues can not be
       regarded as truly stabilized matrices. All APC products showed either breakdown of product
       matrix or substantial wear during the testing period of 2 months. In view of |the high salt leaching,
       attention should be focused on the release of these apparently constituents.
                                                                           I    —               :
   •   The release rate of most potentially  toxic metals will be very stow to negligible for S/S treated
       MWC residues which maintain physical durability. However, the release of elements such as
       sodium, potassium and chloride will be very rapid even when physical durability is maintained.
9.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY TEST METHODS            i
       The conclusions based on the methods used to determine the physical properties and the
durability of the treated and untreated residues are the following:

    •   The UCS after immersion test with a 28 day immersion period is useful for lassessment of
       structural durability in exposed utilization applications. Processes for which products
       disintegrated or resulted in decreasing strength may not satisfy structural requirements in these
       applications. Processes resulting in stable or increasing strengths should be evaluated further.

    •   The freeze/thaw weathering test was the most aggressive of the durability, tests applied in this
       study.
    •   Permeability could not be correlated to the strength or durability of the test specimens.
                                                                           i
    -   The correlation between degree of hydration. strength formation, and durability warrant further
        investigation                                                        •
                                                                           i
    -   Physical retention was directly correlated with the compacted dry densities of the materials, for the
        bottom and combined ashes. The test specimens with the greater densities had more physical
        retention. The APC residues had little or no physical retention due to the release of salts. The
        large salt release resulted in increased  porosity and led to the deterioration of the samples.

 9.4 LEACHING TESTS
        The conclusions based on the leaching  test methods used to determine the leaching potential and
 the leaching release rate of the treated and untreated residues are:
    •   Results obtained from any single leaching test do not clearly define either the potential for
        contaminant release or the rate of release.
                                              273

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   •   Leaching tests which define a fixed quantity of acid to be added instead of defining the
       extract pH are subject to wide variations in test results which primarily reflect the alkalinity of
       the S/S matrix being tested.
   •   Effective diffusion coefficients estimated based on total species concentration in the solid
       phase instead of available species concentration may result in underestimation of the
       diffusion coefficient by up to two orders of magnitude. This may lead to underestimating the
       actual rate of release.
9.5 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
   •   PCDDs and PCDFs were present in extremely low concentrations in  all untreated residues
       tested and therefore should not be a health risk concern in the treated residues evaluated in
       this study.
    •   Analysis of total chloride, sulfate and dissolvable solids in solid untreated and treated
       residues using the SW-846 methods was not consistent. Improved analytical methods are
       needed for these matrices.
    •   Analysis of total elemental composition of the  untreated and treated  residues for metals
       resulted in underestimation of the concentration of several elements  because of incomplete
       acid digestion techniques. The SW-846 acid digestion was not sufficient for the dissolution of
       elemental species from a silicate matrix.  SW-846 digestion  methods need to be improved
       as applied to these matrices to obtain true total estimates. This is particularly important in
       the determination of elemental mass balances. This effect was most pronounced for
       chromium, aluminum and zinc.  Similar effects may be present for lead, but were not verified.
                                             274

-------
                                     10. REFERENCES                  i


American Nuclear Society Standard Committee Working Group ANS 1 6.1 .  American National
    Standard Measurements of the teachability Of Solidified Low-Levels Radioactive Wastes by a
    Short-Term Procedure, American Nuclear Society La Grange Park, IL (1986).    ,

American Society for Testing and Material.  Standard Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
    (Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil Aggregate Mixtures. D 2216-80. Philadelphia. PA
    (1980).                                                .                |

American Society for Testing and Material.  Standard Method for Moisture-D|nsity Relatfons of Soils
    and a Soil-Aggregate Mixtures Using 10 Ib Rammer and 18-m. Drop. D 1557-78;. Philadelphia.
    PA (1978).                                                            ;

Anwican Society for Testing and Material.  Standard Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for
    Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants. D421-85. Philadelphia, PA (1985).

American Society for Testing and Material. Standard Specification for Moisture c,aa^nets and Moist
    Rooms and Storage Cabinets of Testing Hydraulic Cements.  C 511-78, Philadelphia. PA
    (1978).

American Society for Testing and Material.  Standard Test Method for Compressivd Strength of
    Hydraulic Cement Mortars. C 109-80, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

American Society for Testing and Material. Standard Test Method Sampling and Testing Flyash on
    NaturalPozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement and Concrete. C 31 1 -80,
    Philadelphia, PA (1980).                                                ;

American Society for Testing and Material.  Test for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and
    Thawing. C 666-80, Philadelphia, PA (1980).

American Society for Testing and Material  Test Method for Freezing anc I Thawing Tests for
    Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures.  D 560-89,  Philadelphia, PA (1989).       ;

 American Society for Testing and Material.  Test Method for Wetting and Drying Tests for
    Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures.  D 559-89,  Philadelphia. PA (1989).
 Barrett, E.P.. Joyner, L.S., and Halenda, P.P.,  AmPifcan Chemical Society. Volume 73, p.p. 373-
     380(1951).                                                           !

 Brunauer, S. Emmett, P.H. and Teller, E. J. AmPriran Chemical Society. Volume 60, p. 309 (1 938).

 Carstow, H.S. and Jaeger, J.C. 1980. r-nnrinrtionof Heat in Solids. Second Edition. Oxford University
     Press, New York., Chapter II, paragraph 2.2. eq.10.                      ;

 County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,  -Report of Commerce Refuse-to-Energy Ash
     Treatment Pilot Study,' File No. 31 R-208.10, February 28. 1 991 .

 Crank, J.  1975.  The Mathematirs of Diffusion. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, New
     York.

 d,e Groot  G J  and van der Sloot,H.A.  1990 .  "Determination of leaching characteristics of waste
                         environmental product certification" Prop fry Int. ^P.
                            nf Hazqr*""* R««oae«vft anrl Mixed wastes.  Williamsburg, Virginia. May
     29-June 1,1990.                                                      |

     ironmental Laboratory (1 987).  "Disposal Alternatives for PCB-Contaminated jSediments form
     ^S^Ha^S^Voni' Miscellaneous Paper EL-87-9, US Army Engineer Waterways
     Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.                                    ;
                                              275

-------
Gladney, E.P., O'Malley, B.T., Roelandts, I. and Gills. T.E. Compilation nf F!ftmpntal Concentration
    rtr\\r\ for the National Bureau of Standards Clinical. Biological, and Enyir^nmftPtal Standard
    Reference Materials. National Bureau of Standards Special Report 260-1 1 1 U.S. Department
    of Commerce. 1987.

Hallsey. G. J. Chemical Phvsics. Volume 16, p.p. 931- 937 (1948).

Hardins, W.D. and Jurra, G. J. Ch^"1'1"-31 Phvsics.  Volume 1 1 , p 431 (1943).
Kom, J.L and Huitric, R.L. (1992).  County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County. Personal
    Communication.

Lea, P.M. (1971).  The Chemistry of Cements and Concrete., Chemical Publishing Company, Inc.,
    New York, N.Y., 4th edition, p. 271.

Li, Y.H. and Gregory, S. (1974). "Diffusion of ions in seawater and deep sea sediment". Geochim.
    Cosmochim. Acta. 38, 703-714.

Popovfcs, S. (1979). Concrete-Making Materials,  Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.  New York,
    N.Y., p. 56.

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 1 6th ed. American Public Health
    Association Publication Office,  Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550oC. Method 209 - D,
    Washington, D.C. (1985).

Test Methods for Solidified Waste Characterization, Acid Neutralization Capacity, Method #7,
    Environment Canada and Alberta Environmental Center, (1986).

US Army Corp of  Engineers. Engineer Manual. November 1970. "Engineering and Design
    Laboratory Soils Testing" EM 1 1 10-2-1906, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington,  D.C.

US Army Corp of Engineers. Technical Manual.  March 1989. "Materials Jesting" TM 5-
    530/NAVFAC MO-330/AFM, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C.

US Environmental Protection Agency. December 1989. "Municipal Waste Combustion Ash and
    Leachate Characterization, Monofill-Second Year Study." Draft. Prepared by NUS
    Corporation, Prttsburg, Pennsylvania, for Office of Solid Waste and Emergency  Response,
    Washington, D.C.

US Environmental Protection Agency. March 1987. "Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks
    Associated with Exposures to Mixtures of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p -Dtoxins and -Dibenzofurans
    (CDDs and CDFs)" EPA/625/3-87/012, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.

US Environmental Protection Agency. March 1990. "Report on the Municipal Waste Combustion
    Ash Subcommittee. Review of the ORD municipal Waste Combustion Ash
    Solidification/Stabilization Research Program." EPA-SAB-EEC-90-010, A Science Advisory
    Board  Report, Washington,  DC.

 US Environmental Protection Agency. November 1986. Hazardous Waste Management System;
    Land Disposal Restrictions; Final Rule," Federal Register.  Part II, Vol 40 CFR Part 261  et seq.,
    Washington, DC.

van der Stoot, H.A. , Wijdstra, J. , van Stigt, C. A. and Hoede, D. 1985. Leaching of Trace
    Elements From CoalAsh and Coal Ash Products. Chapter 19.  Wastes, m the. Ocean. Vol 4.
    eds Duedall,  I.W., Kester, D.R. and Park, K.H. J. Wiley and Sons,  New York.

 van der Stoot, H.A. Wijkstra, J. and de Groot, G. J. 1988  "Contaminant Diffusion in Sediments,
    Soil and Waste Materials. Contaminated Soil- eds. K. Wolf, WJ,  van den Bnnk and F. J.
    Colon. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
                                            276

-------
van der S\ooX, H.A., de Groot, G.J., Hoede, d. and Wijkstra, J. 1991.    'Mobility of Trace
    Elements Derived from Combustion Residues and Products Containing These Residues in Soil
    and Groundwater". Final Report. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten.

van der Stoot, H.A., Hjelmar, O. and de Groot. G.J. 1989.  Waste/soil Interaction studies - The
    Leaching of Molybdenum form Pulverized Coal Ash. Flue Gas and Flv Ash, eds. Sens, P.F.
    and Wildinson, J. K.,  Commission of the European Communities, Elsevier Applied Science,
    London.                                                              :

van der Sloot, H.A., Piepers, O. and Kok, A.  "A Standard Leaching Test for Combustion
    Residues". Technical Report Bureau of Energy Research Projects BEIP-31. The Netherlands
    (1984).                                                                ;

van der Sloot, H.A.1991.  ECN. Personal communication.                       |

Veirsluijs, C.W., Anthonissen. I.H., Valentijn, E.A. 1990.  "Integrate Evaluatie van de
    Deelonderzoeken Mommoet 85".  Rapport 738514008.  RIVM, Bilthoven.
                                             277

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                                   11. APPENDICES


                                    Table of Contents


                                                                              Eaaa

APPENDIX A RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF UNTREATED MWC RESIDUES.   280


             APPENDIX A.1     Results of Chemical analysis of untreated APC residue.      282

             APPENDIX A.2     Results of chemical analysis of untreated bottom ash.       290

             APPENDIX A.3     Results of chemical analysis of untreated combined ash.     302
APPENDIX B SUMMARY RESULTS OF TCLP, DWLT AND AVLT FOR UNTREATED
             AND TREATED MWC RESIDUES
                                                                  314
                              Summary results of TCLP. DWLT and AVLT for untreated    315
                              and treated APC residues.

                              Summary results of TCLP, DWLT and AVLT for untreated    341
                              and treated bottom ash.

                              Summary results of TCLP, DWLT and AVLT for untreated   . 368
                              and treated combined ash.

APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF MONOLITH LEACH TEST EXTRACT CONCENTRATIONS   394
             AND DATA ANALYSIS FOR UNTREATED AND TREATED MWC
             RESIDUES.
APPENDIX B.1


APPENDIX B.2


APPENDIX B.3
             APPENDIX C.1


             APPENDIX C.2



             APPENDIX C.3



             APPENDIX C.4



             APPENDIX C.5



             APPENDIX C.6
                Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and    397
                data analysis for untreated bottom ash and combined ash.

                Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and    418
                data analysis for APC residue, bottom ash and combined
                ash treated by Process 1.

                Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and    448
                data analysis for APC residue, bottom ash and combined
                ash treated by Process 2.

                Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and    478
                data analysis for APC residue, bottom ash and combined
                ash treated by Process 3.

                Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and    508
                data analysis for APC residue, bottom ash and combined
                ash treated by Process 4.

                Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and   529
                data analysis for APC residue, bottom ash and combined
                ash treated by WES Control Process.
                                          278

-------
                               EXPLANATION OF APPENDICES                I
                                                 .4-   •'            .         ;


1.     The "ds" notation indicates that  results have been  corrected to a dry weight  basis.
                                                                           I

2.     The coefficient of variation (CV) for replicated data are tabulated.


3.     The footnote notation and the meaning of each are listed as follows:

              u -     Undetected.  The detection limits are indicated in the table
                                                                           I
              A      U(1  of 3)  Indicates that 1 of the 3 replicates analyzed resulted in an
              undetected value.  The Detection  limit value was used for calculation of
              the mean value.                                              |

              B -    U(2 of 3)  Indicates that 2 of the 3 replicates analyzed resulted in an
              undetected value.  The detection  limit value  was used for calculation of
              the mean value.

              NA-   Not Analyzed                                          !


4.     Results from leaching tests are  tabulated on three  separate bases:

       (1)    Concentration in extract  from leaching test, which is reported  with units of
              either ug/l  or mg/l.                                           j

       (2)    Release basis which reports the mass of particular species reported released
              from the mass of sample extracted, either untreated or treated residue.  These
              are reported with units of mg/kg  ds  and have been  corrected toiadry  wieght
              basis.                                                        i

       (3)    Release based on untreated residue. The release is corrected for process
              dilution during treatment.  These  are reported in  units  of mag/kg j ash or mag/kg
              ash treated.                                                 i
                                          279

-------
           Appendix A - Results of chemical analysis of untreated MWC residues.
List of Tables:
    Table
   Number                                  Description
APC Residue (Appendix A.1)
A.1-1       Solids by SW-846, <300um fraction, Set 1 [mg/kg] (see Note 1)
A.1-2       Solids by SW-846, <300um fraction, Set 1, corrected to dry solid basis [mg/kg d.s.]
           (see Note 1)
A.1-3       Solids by SW-846, <300um fraction, Set 2  [mg/kg] (see Note 1)
A.1-4       Solids by SW-846, <300um fraction, Set 2, corrected to dry solid basis [mg/kg d.s.]
           see Note 1)
A.1-5       NAA, <300mm fraction [mg/kg d.s.] (see Note 1)
A.1-6       NAA Summary, <300ujn fraction, [mg/kg] and corrected to dry solid basis [mg/kg d.s.]
           (see Note 2)
Bottom Ash (Appendix A.2)
A.2-1       Reject fraction (>2mm) from particle size reduction, Set 1  (see Note 3)
A.2-2       <2mm fraction from particle size reduction, Set 1 (see Note 3)
A.2-3       <300um fraction from particle size reduction, Set 1 (see Note 3)
A.2-4       <300um fraction from particle size reduction corrected to dry solid basis, Set 1 (see
           Note 3)
A.2-5       Reject fraction (72 mm) from particle size reduction, Set 2 (see Note 3)
A.2-6       <2mm fraction from particle size reduction, Set 2 (see Note 3)
A.2-7       <300um fraction from particle size reduction (see Note 3)
A.2-8       <300um fraction from particle size reduction, corrected to dry solid basis, Set 2 (see
           Note 3)
A.2-9       NAA, <300um fraction [mg/kg] (see Note 2)
A.2-10     NAA summary, <300jam fraction [mg/kg d.s.] (see Note 2)
                                         280

-------
    Table
   Number	Description
 Combined Ash (Appendix A.3)                                               \

 A.3-1      Reject fraction (>2mm) from particle size reduction, Set 1 (see Note 3)  i
                                                                            j
 A.3-2      <2mm fraction from particle size reduction, Set 1 (see Note 3)

 A.3-3      <300|im fraction from particle size reduction, Set 1 (see Note 3)         |

 A.3-4      <300um fraction from particle size reduction corrected to dry solid basis, Set 1
           (see Note 3)                                                     i

 A.3-5      Reject fraction (72 mm) from particle size reduction, Set 2 (see Note 3)  \

 A.3-6      <2mm fraction from particle size reduction, Set 2 (see Note 3)          :

 A.3-7      <300u.m fraction from particle size reduction (see Note 3)               I

 A.3-8      <300u.m fraction from particle size reduction, corrected to dry solid basis, Set 2
           (see Note 3)                                                     !

 A.3-9      NAA, <300|im fraction [mg/kg] (see Note 2)                          |

 A.3-10     NAA summary, <300u.m fraction [mg/kg d.s.] (see Note 2)              i
 Notes:
 1.  All of the untreated APC residue passed through a 300u.m mesh with minimal effort. Analysis was
    carried out on 3 grab samples from randomly selected 55 gallon drums of the APC residue after
    homogenization (See Chapter 3.1) for Set 1. An additional 3 grab samples from randomly
    selected drums was analyzed for Set 2.                                     !
                                                                            i
 2.  NAA was carried out on one grab sample from each of the 55 gallon drums indicated by the
    sample identifier.  All samples were size  reduced to <300u.m prior to NAA.
•                                                                            i

 3.  These analyses were carried out on the residue particle size fractions resulting from the particle
    size reduction procedure described in Chapter 2.5. Analysis was carried out on bottom ash and
    combined ash grab samples from randomly selected 55 gal drums after residue preparation (see
    Chapter 3.1) for Set 1 and an additional 3 grab samples from different drums for Set 2.
                                          281

-------
Appendix A.  1.
Results  of  chemical
analysis of  untreated
APC  residue
  PROCESS: Untreated, Set 1
  ASH TYPE: APC Residue. <300 um
    ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
            A.  1-1

Mettle (mg/kg;
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsanic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Coppar
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potaaiium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc . •
Anlonc (mg/kg
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
A

13500.0
NA
29.8
353.0
U
179.0
192.0
NA
38.3
NA
354.0
NA
2880.0
12.5
NA
NA
41.G
NA
26.0
NA
3.3
NA
42.3
NA
NA
580.0
NA
NA
2820.0
4880.0
18.8
177000.0
6660.0 .
Nitrogen Speciec:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Aeeaye
PH(S.U.)
TDS(Extract)
cm
TCC
TSr»)
0.10
26.2
2.4
2100.0
mg/kg)
319000.0
24600.0
4260.0
99.00
B

13200.0
NA
59.6
348.0
U
180.0
184.0
NA
38.3
NA
337.0
NA
2770.0
12.0
NA
NA
47.9
NA
25.0
NA
ND
NA
40.6
NA
NA
561.0
NA
NA
2680.0
5090.0
18.7
170000.0
6310.0

0.10
28.6
2.1
2200.0

332000.0
31200.0
4320.0
99.40
C

12100.0
NA
34.4
342.0
U
176.0
189.0
NA
39.3
NA
347.0
NA
2830.0
11.6
NA
NA
41.4
NA
24.0
NA
3.0
NA
42.0
NA
NA
582.0
NA
NA
3100.0
5130.0
18.9
180000.0
5120.0

0.11
29.6
2.0
1160.0

347000.0
25400.0
2950.0
99.00
X

12933.3
NA
41.3
347.7
U
178.3
188.3
NA
38.3
NA
346.0
NA
2826.7
12.0
NA
NA
43.6
NA
25.0
NA
3.2
NA
41.3
NA
NA
574.3
NA
NA
2866.7
5033.3
18.3
17S666.7
6030.0

0.10
28.1
2.2
1680.0

332666.7
27066.7
3843.3
99.13
C.V.

0.06

0.39
0.02

0.01
0.02

0.01

0.02

0.02
0.04


0.08

0.04

0.07

0.02


0.02


0.07
0.03
0.01
0.03
0.13

0.06
0.06
0.10
0.34

0.04
0.13
0.20
0.00
                              Film- HnlFtv Sal.*3OOunVSat1  U»undetacted.A«U(1of3),B»U(2ol3),NA«nat analyzed

                                       282

-------
        -. Unueated. Set 1
ASH TYPE: APC Residue. <300 um
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
               A.  1-2

A
Mtuls (mg/kg d«) .
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Sarium
Beryllium
3oron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
.ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
•Urcury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
in
i Ionium
Vanadium
Zinc
14180.7
NA
31.3
370.8
0.0
188.0
201.7
NA
40.2
NA
371.8
NA
302S.2
13.1
NA
NA
43.7
NA
27.3
NA
3.5
NA
44.4
NA
NA
609.2
NA
NA
2962.2
Anlona (mg/kg da)
romide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
5126.1
19.7
185924.4
6995.8
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
'hosphorous
Other Aeeaye (n
pH(&U.)
TDS(Extract)
CCO
TOO
TSP*)
0.11
27.5
2.5
2205.9
ng/kg de)
335084.0
25840.3
4474.8
99.00
fito: UntFly Sol.<300um/Sat1
B

13924.1
NA
62.9
367.1
U u
189.9
194.1
NA
40.4
NA
355.5
NA
2921.9
12.7
NA
NA
50.5
NA
26.4
NA
3.0 U
NA
42.8
NA
NA
591.8
NA
NA
2827.0

5369.2
19.7
179324.9
6656.1

0.11
30.2
2.2
2320.7

350211.0
32911.4
4557.0
99.40
C

12656.9
NA
36.0
357.7
U

197.7
NA
41.1
NA
363.0
	 NA
2960.3
12.1
NA
NA
43.3
	 NA
25.1
NA
3.1
NA
43.9
	 NA
NA
608.8
NA
NA
3242.7

5366.1
19.8
1 88284.5
5355.6

0.12
31.0
2.1
1213.4

362970.7
26569.0
3085.8
99.30
X

13587.2
NA
43.4
365.2

	 187.3
197.8
NA
40.6
NA
; 363.4
; NA
2969.1
12.6
NA
NA
, 45.8
NA
26.3
NA


0.06

0.39
0.02
U
0.02
0.02

0.01

0.02

0.02
0.04


0.09

0.04

3.2 A 0.07
NA
43.7
	 NA
NA
603.3
. NA
NA
3010.6

5287.1
19.7
184511.3
6335.9

0.11
29.6
2.3
1767.0

349421.9
28440.3
4039.2
99.23
U»und«t.ct»d,A.U(1of3),B«U(2of3),NA»not

0.02


0.02


0.07

0.03
0.00
0.03
0.14

0.05
0.06
0.10
0.34

0.04
0.14
0.20
0.00
analyzed
                                             283

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated. Set 2
ASH TYPE: APC Residue, <300 um
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
              A.  1-3

Uetels (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
ron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
>otassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlonc (mg/kg
Bromide
:luoride
Chloride
Sulfate
A

18000.0
0.0
76.0
430.0
1.6
NA
220.0
NA
44.0
NA
380.0
NA
2100.0
12.0
NA
NA
74.0
NA
32.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
16.0
NA
NA
740.0
NA
NA
13000.0

NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
'hosphoraus
Other Assays
pH(S.U.)
TOS(Extract)
COD
TCC
TSfW
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA

B
•
16000.0
0.0
86.0
40.0
1.5
NA
220.0
NA
38.0
NA
370.0
NA
3400.0
• 12.0
NA
NA
60.0
NA
28.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
15.0
NA
NA
710.0
NA
NA
13000.0
•
NA
KA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
KA
NA
NA

C

18000.0
0.0
90.0
440.0
1.8 U
NA
220.0
NA
48.0
NA
470.0
NA
3400.0
14.0
NA
NA
76.0
NA
38.0
NA
5.0
NA
14.0
NA
NA
750.0
NA
NA
13000.0

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA <

X

17333.3
NA
84.0
303.3
U
NA
220.0
NA
43.3
NA
406.7
NA
2966.7
12.7
NA
NA
70.0
NA
32.7
NA
5.0
NA
15.0
NA
NA
733.3
NA
NA
13000.0

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

C.V.

0.07

0.09
0.75


0.00

0.12

0.14

0.25
0.09


0.12

0.15

0.00

0.07


0.03


0.00















                                     C7/.. fh.tr/,,
                                                                                              «n«lvz»d
                                                284

-------
PHOCESS: Untreated, Set 2
AJiH TYPE: ARC Residue. <300 urn
   ASSAY: Solids  by SW-846
             A.  1-4

A
Metals (mg/kg ds)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic ;
iarium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
.ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
1 8907.6
NA
79.8
451.7
1.7 U
NA
231.1
NA
46.2
NA
3S9.2
NA
2205.9
12.6
NA
NA
77.7
NA
33.6
NA
5.3
NA
16.8
NA
NA
777.3
NA
NA
13655.5
Anions (mg/kg ds)
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Assay* <
pH(S.U.)
TDS(Eztract)
CCO
TOO
NA
NA
NA
NA
ng/kg ds)
NA
NA
NA
B

16877.6
NA
90.7
42.2
U
NA
232.1
NA
40.1
NA
390.3
NA
3586.5
12.7
NA
NA
63.3
NA
29.5
NA
3.0 U
NA
15.8
NA
NA
748.9
NA
NA
13713.1

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
C

18828.5
NA
94.1
460.3
U
NA
230.1
NA
50.2
NA
491.6
NA
3556.5
14.6
NA
NA
79.5
NA
39.7
NA
5.2
NA
14.6
NA
NA
784.5
NA
NA
13598.3

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
X
i
18204.6
i NA
' 88.2
; 318.0
; u
'. NA
231.1
NA
' 45.5
' NA
j 427.0
i NA
3116.3
, 13.3
: NA
I NA
73.5
NA
: 34.3
1 NA
'. 4.5 A
NA
1 -15.8
i NA
i NA
, 770.3 .
i NA
! NA
13655.6

; "*
• NA
NA
: NA
'
: NA
i NA
NA
, NA
i
NA
NA
i NA
C.V.

0.06

0.08
0.75


0.00

0.11

0.13

0.25
0.09


0.12

0.15

0.29

0.07


0.02


0.00














                                     Fib: UnLFly Sol.<300um/Sft2/r U»undetected,A«U(1of3),B=U(2ot3),NA.not  analyzed

                                                285                                      \

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: APC Residue
   ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation

    Units: mg/kg
Drum *
Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Maganete
Mercury
Potassium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Tantalum
Thorium
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc

1
28300
1120
3130
139
212000
14.7
2.19
163000
18.
14.3
500 U
1.27
47.1
5940
6.18
436
10.1
15500
0.565
2.82
7.36 U
71000
50.1
21000
1.27O
3.06
6100
17.4
16(00

2
25(20
1040
3610
135
271000
17.4
2.72
160000
165
14.1
520
1.20
45.7
•140
5.93
377
•.43
14100
0.553
2.31
7.07 U
33000
50.3
20000
1.65
2.71
5200
20.5
16200
<300
4
24300
1110
3860
144
288000
11.7
3.47
169000
186
13.7
600 U
1.18
41.1
•450
5.21
42(
(.81
1611)0
0.418
2.38
8.41
37000
55.6
20200
1.31 U
1.33
5300
15.4 U
16100
u m, ground
5
23600
1060
3720
144
287000
13.2
3.78
174000
168
14.3
500 U
1.06
37.2
6260
5.02
453
•.46
15400
0.411
2.41
7.72 U
41000
55.9
21600
1.46U
2.28
5300
11.0
18300

6
22100
1060
3740
140
216000
16.5
3.49
167000
205
16.3
400 U
1.14
40.5
6610
5.16
438
6.24
15400
0.517
2.31
7.98 U
30000 U
55.6
18200
1.37 U
2.07
6400
11.SU
18000

7
28700
10SO
3610
105
277000
16,3
3.74
, 160000
194
15.3
440
1.32
507
6330
6.11
414
10.S.
15300
0.544
2.70
7.78 U
31000
53.1
19900
1.23
2.32
6400
194
17fOO
                                                                   A.  1-5
                       286

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: ARC Residue
  ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation

    Units: mg/kg

Drum *
Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
MaganeM
Mercury
Pota*(iiim
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silve
Sodium
Tantalum
Thorium
Titanium
Vanadium
Zin
8
28600
1040
3830
126
291000
16.2
3.1*
1(7000
207
11.6
510
1.23
40.2
6630
5.65
436
8.51
15300
O.S26
2.52
1.53 U
46000
54.3
20400
2.00
2.45
4*00
24.1
17*00
<300
9
22(00
10*0
37SO
144
2(5000
13.5
2.«*
161000
180
17.2
530
1.07
34.6
62*0
5.03
3*0
•.40
14*00
0.402
2.1*
(.68
35000
52.4
18300
1.54
2.03
3700
22.6
17300
11
10
26600
1070
3780
145
2(8000
8.23
2.(*
164000
1*8
11.0
510
1.0*
41.3
5700
5.2*
44*
(.86
15(00
0.447
2.28
7.63
51000
47.7
20400
1.31
2.30
6000
21.*
15*00
m, ground
12
22300
1100
3870
128
288000
12.1
2.76
167000
173
15.2
500 U
1.20
37.6
5500
4.8*
411
7.86
14600
0.444
1.86
U 6.15 U
30000 U
48.8
20400
1.84
2.1*
6200
1*.8
16300

15
25400
1110
3850
134
2*9000
16.4
2.60
167000
186
14.0
500
1.24
38.1
6480
5.15
3*1
8.2*
1(700
0.488
2.43
12.4
44000
54.3
20200
1.44
2.24
5800
18.1
17400
                                                          A.  1-5
               287

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: APC Residue
  ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Active

    Units: mg/kg
<300 m .ground

Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Maganete
Mereur
Potassium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silieo
Silve
Sodiu
Tantalu
Thoriu
Titaniu
Vanadiu
Zi
X
25202
10SO
3773
135
21536*
14.29
3.13
186000
m.«4
14.91
507.27
1.11
41.44
•211
5.49
418.1t
•.23
1536
0.4*
2.3*
1.22
40S1
i
201 i
1.
2.
55
It.
171
t.a«v/i
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.09
0.02
O.It
0.14
0.02
0.05
0.13
0.11
0.07
0.12
0.06
0.0*
O.O6
0.01
0.05
0.13
0.09
0.1 1
0.30
0.05
0.03
0.1*
'0.17
0.15
0.23
0.05
                                                              A.  1-5
                    288

-------
PBOC1ESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: Fly Ash
   ASSAY: Solids  by Neutron Activation
                 A.  1-6


Mauls
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel '
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlons (mg/l)
Jromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
X
(mg/kg)

25202.0
1080.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
135.0
2S6364.0
192.6
14.9
507.3
6211.0
NA
NA
NA
419.2
9.2
NA
NA
15364.0
8.2
40818.0
53.0
20160.0
NA
NA .
5573.0
18.4
17191.0
3773.0
NA
166000.0
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
twsphorous
Other Assays i
pH(S.U.)
TDS
COD
TOC
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/l)
NA
NA
NA
NA
X
(mg/ko as)

25585.6
1096.4
NA
NA
NA
NA
137.1
290724.9
195.6
15.1
515.0
6305.6
NA
NA
NA
425.6
9.4
NA
NA
15598.0
8.3
41439.6
53.8
20467.0
NA
NA
5657.9
18.7
17452.8
3830.5
NA
168527.9
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

C.V.

0.09
0.03




0.09
0.02
O.OS
0.13
0.11
0.06



0.06
0.08


O.OS
0.18
0.30
0.05
0.03


0.15
0.23
0.05
0.03

0.02










                                    Fil«:UnLFIy/NAAJSummary

                                                   289
	____^^^^^_         |
(^undetected. A=U(1 ef 3). B=U(2 of 3), NA= not analyzed

-------
     Appendix  A.2.

Results  of  chemical
analysis of untreated
bottom ash.
     PROCESS: Untreated. Set 1
    ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash, >2mm

      ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
            A.  2-1

MUUI* (mg/Xfl)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Banum
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Load
.Ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Znc
Anion* (mg/kg
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sullate
A

25400.0
NA
12.2
609.0
NO
142.0
33.7
NA
107.0
NA
1470.0
NA
1080.0
8.8
NA
NA
5.0
NA
250.0
NA
1.0
NA
11.5
NA
NA
135.0
NA
NA
3350.0

NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Aisaya
pH(S.U.)
TDS
CCO
TOC
TS(%)
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.80
B

24400.0
NA
21.2
473.0
fO
138.0
42.4
NA
149.0
NA
1450.0
NA
1490.0
9.4
NA i>
NA
6.4
NA
228.0
NA
1.0
NA
13.2
NA
NA
' 199.0
NA
NA
4530.0

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.90
C X

18900.0 22900.0
NA
9.1 14.2
261.0 447.7
rd
126.0 136.0
27.7 34.6
NA
91.5 115.8
NA
1130.0 1350.0
NA
839.0 1136.3
8.1 8.8 .
NA
NA
5.5 5.6
NA
159.0 212.3
NA
NO 1.0
NA
8.5 11.1
NA
NA
108.0 147.3
NA
NA
4350.0 4076.7

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.90 99.90
C.V.

0.15

0.44
0.39

0.05
0.21

0.26

0.14

0.29
0.07


0.13

0.22

0.01

0.22


0.32


0.16














0.00
                               Fiti: UnLBct.Sol.>2mm/Sel1
                                                  U*und«t«ud.A«U(10l3),B.U<2of3),NA.nat «n«lyz«
-------
 PROCESS: Untreated, Set 1
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash. <2mm
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
                A.   2-2

Metale (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arcanie
Barium
iaryllium
Baron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
ron
Load
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganaca
vtarcury
Molybdenum
Nickal
'otasiium
Salanium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Aniona (mg/kg
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfata
A

24500.0
MA
8.9
3SO.O
ND
1ES.O
33.8
NA
110.0
NA
, 901.0
NA
1430.0
8.9
NA
NA
4.6
NA
211.0
MA
M3
NA
7.7
NA
NA
172.0
NA
NA
3910.0

NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Aaaaya
pH(S.U.)
TDS
CCD
TOC
TS(%)
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.20
B

23600.0
NA
11.8
424.0
NJ
144.0
41.9
NA
150.0
NA
1420.0

1330.0
9.6
NA
NA
6.4

245.0
NA
rO
NA
10.1
NA
NA
167.0
NA
NA
4540.0

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.10
i
C X
;
14300.0 20800.0
NA
15.3 12.0
240.0 :
M> ;
111.0 140.0
27.5 34.4
NA '
86.5 115.5
NA
1720.0 1347.0

1530.0 1430.0
5.9 8.1
NA :
NA
4.0 5.0

674.0 376.7
NA ;
ND !
NA
6.2 . 8.0
NA
NA
88.7 145.9
NA
NA
2850.0 3766.7

NA I
NA
NA I
NA ;

NA
NA ;
NA ;
NA 1
j
1
NA ;
NA ;
NA
NA
99.10 i
C.V.

0.27

0.27


0.19
0.21

0.28

0.31

0.07
0.24


0.25

0.69



0.25


0.28


0.23















                                     File: UntBolSol.<2mmSot1   Usun*«uew
-------
 PROCESS: Untreated. Set 1
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash.   <300um
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
                A.  2-3

Metals (me/kg
Aluminum

Antimony
Arsenic
larium
•ryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Laid
Lithium
Magnatium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdanum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anton* (mg/kg
Jromide
:luoride
Chlorida
Sullate
A

24300.0

NA
8.2
•498.0
U
127.0
30.5
NA
104.0
NA
1000.0
NA
901.0
8.8
NA
NA
5.1
NA
197.0
NA
U
NA
8.5
NA
NA
143.0
NA
NA
3660.0

401.00
0.50 U
23200.00
60.50
Nitrogen Special:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Aeaay*
pH(S.U.)
IDS
CO)
TOO
TSfW
4.15
5.28
6.67
3900.00
rno./*g)
10.54
42700.00
40000.00
14500.00
86.70
a

24900.0

NA
15.5
456.0
U
165.0
24.8
NA
159.0
NA
1770.0
NA
1440.0
8.7
NA
NA
3.8
NA
308.0
NA
U
NA
7.9
NA
NA
152.0
NA
NA
2950.0

285.00
0.50 U
18600.00
49.10

1.87
2.27
9.66
2320.00
10.53
35100.00
3900.00
11700.00
87.20
C

27500.0

NA
17.9
314.0
U
26.6
26.6
NA
17.3
NA
1290.0
NA
1030.0
8.4
NA
NA
3.8
NA
3S6.0
NA
U
NA
6.2
NA
NA
152.0
NA
NA
4070.0

180.00
O.SOU
18233.00
145.00

1.07
1.41
9.11
2470.00
10.32
24400.00
41900.00
10500.00
87.90
X

25566.7
*
NA
13.9
422.7
U
106.2'
27.3
NA
93.4
NA
1353.3
NA
1123.7
9.0
NA
NA
4.2
NA
287.0
NA
U
NA
7.5
NA
NA
149.0
NA
NA
3560.0

288.67
0.50 U
20011.00
84.87

2.38
2.99
8.48
2395.00
10.43
34066.67
28600.00
12233.33
87.27
C.V.

0.07


0.36
0.23

0.67
0.11

0.76

0.29

0.25
.0.07


0.18

0.28



0.16


0.03


0.16

0.38
0.00
0.14
0.62

0.68
0.68
0.19
0.36
0.01
0.27
0.75
0.17
0.01
                                      File: Unt Bat SoL<300umSfH U.undetected,A»U(1o«3),B«U(2ot3),NA.not analyzed
                                                 292

-------
PROCI2SS: Untreated, Set 1
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash.   <300um
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
                A.  2-4
'

A
Metal* (mg/kg di)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Coppar
Iron
Uad
Lithium
Uagnasium
Manganou
Uarcury
Molybdenum
Nickal
3olastium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
24670.1
NA
8.3
505.6
0.0 U
128.9
31.0
NA
105.6
NA
1015.2
NA
814.7
8.8
NA
NA
5.2
NA
200.0
NA
0.0 U
NA
8.6
NA
NA
145.2
NA
NA
3715.7
Anlona (mg/kg da)
Iromide
:luorida
Chloride
Sulfate
407.1
0.51 U
23553.3
61.4
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Assays ,
pH(S.U.)
IDS
OCD
TOC
TSflM
4.3
5.4
6.8
3959.4
ng/kg da)
10.54
43350.3
40609.1
14720.8
86.7
B

25279.2
NA
15.7
462.9
0.0 U
167.5
25.2
NA
161.4
NA
1797.0
NA .
1461.9
9.8
NA
NA
3.9
NA
312.7
NA
0.0 U
NA
8.0
NA
NA
154.3
NA
NA
2994.9

289.3
0.51 U
18883.2
49.8

1.9
2.3
9.8
2355.3
10.53
35634.5
3959.4
11878.2
87.2
C

28205.1
NA
18.4
322.1
0.0 U
27.3
27.3
NA
17.7
NA
1323.1
NA
1056.4
8.6
NA
NA
3.9
NA
. 365.1
NA
0.0 U
NA
6.4
NA
NA
155.9
NA
NA '
4174.4

184.6
0.51 U
18700.5
148.7

1.1
1.4
9.3
2533.3
10.32 ,
25025.6
42974.4
10769.2
87.9
• X
'
, 26051.5
i NA
14.1
i 430.2
0.0 U
107.9
; 27.8
I N*
, 94.9
NA
1378.4
: NA
' 1144.4
9.1
NA
NA
: 4.3
i NA
292.6
NA
! 0.0 U
! NA
i
7.7
• NA
i "*
; 151.8
NA
NA
3628.3
1
|
293.7
; o.si u
20379.0
; 86.7

; 2.4
| 3.0
: 8.6
2444.3
10.43
34670.1
29181.0
,12456.1
i 87.3
C.V.

0.07

0.37
0.22

0.67
0.11

0.76

0.29

0.25
0.07


0.17

0.29



0.15


0.04


0.16

0.38
0.01
0.13
0.62

0.68
0.68
0.19
0.36
0.01
0.27
0.75
0.16
0.01
                                            : UnL Bat. Sd.<300unvSel1  U»undetected,A*U(1a(3),B»U(2ol3),NA»not analyzed
                                                   293

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated Ash, Set 2
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash. >2mm
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
   FIELD SAM>V£.
   A.H127951,  B.HI 27952
   C-H127953
               A.  2-5

Metele (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
3arium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlone (mg/kg
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sullate
A

5100.6
NA
43.0
140.0
45.0
NA
7.1
NA
15.0
NA
160000.0
NA
260.0
4.0
NA
NA
0.5
NA
57.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
3.5
NA
NA
580.0
NA
NA
530.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Aeeaya
PH(S.U.)
TDS
CO)
TOC
TSflM
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.20
a

30000.0
NA
26.0
380.0
29.0
NA
1.4
NA
1100.0
NA
900.0
NA
1100.0
27.0
NA
NA
0.4
NA •
660.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
2.8
NA
NA
33.0
NA
NA
760.0
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.10
C X C.V.

16000.0 17033.3 0.73
NA
33.0 34.0 0.25
490.0 336.7 0.53
1.6 25.2 0.87
NA
3.9 4.1 0.69
NA
70.0 395.0 1.55
NA
700.0 53866.7 1.71
NA
130.0 496.7 1.06
6.0 12.3 1.03
NA
NA
0.5 0.5 0.12
NA
120.0 279.0 1.19
NA
5.0 U 5.0 U 0.00 U
NA
3.3 3.2 0.11
NA
NA
30.0 214.3 1.48
NA
NA
630.0 640.0 0.18
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.10
                                  Fil»: UnLBaLSclidSJ-2mmr2    U«und«tected, A»U(1 of 3), B-U(2 of 3), NA» not analyzed
                                                 294

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated. Set 2
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash. <2mm mesh
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
   FII-U)SAMPl£:
   A.H127995.  B-H127996
   C-H127997
               A.  2-6

Uetala (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt

Copper
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Aniona (mg/kg
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
A

21000.0 i
NA
18.0
380.0
40.0
NA
19.0
NA
190.0
NA

900.0
NA
460.0
8.0
NA
NA
3.0
NA
350.0 ,
NA
5.0 U
NA
4.9
NA
NA
160.0
NA
NA
2700.0

NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Assays
pH (S.U.)
IDS
cm
ICC
TS(%)
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.20
B

26000.0
NA
22.0
400.0
46.0
NA
29.0
NA
180.0
NA

1100.0
NA
800.0
8.0
NA
NA
7.2
NA
360.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
S.7
NA
NA
180.0
NA
NA
4200.0

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.10
l
C X C.V.
I
33000.0 26666.7 0.23
NA
16.0 {18.7 0.16
610.0 463.3 0.27
55.0 47.0 0.16
NA :
34.0 27.3 0.28
NA
240.0 203.3 0.16
NA
I
1500.0 1166.7 0.26
NA :
1300.0 453.3 0.50
10.0 i 8.7 0.13
NA !
NA
7.0 5.7 0.41
NA '
460.0 390.0 0.16
NA i
5.0 U 5.0 U 0.00 U
NA ;
5.1 i 5.2 0.08
NA •
NA ' '
280.0 206.7 0.31
NA '
NA
4200.0 3700.0 0.23
•
NA '
NA :
NA
NA '
I
NA
NA |
NA i
NA
NA
NA !
NA |
NA
99.10 99.10 0.00
                                   Fill: UnlBoLSolids
-------
 PROCESS: Untreated. Set 2
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash.  < 300 (tm
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
    FIELD SAMPUE
    A-H127986. B-H127987
    C.H127888
                A.  2-7

Metals (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
3aron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
-ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Marcury
Molybdenum
Nickal
'otassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlona (mg/kg
Iromida
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
A

31000.0
NA
20.0
560.0
21.0
NA
41.0
NA
180.0
NA
1800.0
NA
1600.0
10.0
NA
NA
6.7
NA
•500.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
2.2
NA
NA
250.0
NA
NA
4800.0
320.00
NA
16000.00
2900.00
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
TKN
'hosphorous
Other Aesaya
pH(S.U.)
IDS
COD
TO
TSWM
NA
39.00
200.00
0.50 U
mg/kg)
9.94
NA
NA
NA
99.50
B

32000.0
NA
7.5
540.0
27.0
NA
29.0
NA
210.0
NA
2300.0
NA
1100.0
8.0
NA
NA
4.8
NA
430.0
NA
5.0
NA
1.6
NA
NA
210.0
NA
NA
4800.0
200.00
NA
13000.00
2200.00

NA
15.00
210.00
0.50
10.26
NA
NA
NA
99.50
C

30000.0
NA
19.0
530.0
24.0
NA
35.0
NA
190.0
NA
2100.0
NA
1900.0
8.0
NA
NA
6.3
NA
340.0
NA
U 5.0 U
NA
8.0
NA
NA
260.0
NA
NA
4600.0
260.00
NA
21000.00
39000.00

NA
31.00
260.00
U 0.50 U
9.77
NA
NA
NA
99.50
X

31000.0
NA
15.5
543.3
24.0
NA
35.0
NA
193.3
NA
2066.7
NA
1533.3
8.7
NA
NA
5.9
NA
423.3
NA
5.0 U
NA
3.9
NA
NA
240.0
NA
NA
4733.3
260.00
NA
16666.67
14700.00

NA
28.33
223.33
0.50 U
10.02
NA
NA
NA
99.50
C.V.

0.03

0.45
0.03
0.13

0.17

0.08

0.12

0.26
0.13


0.17

0.19

0.00 U

0.90


0.11


0.02
0.23

0.24
1.43


0.43
0.14
0.00 U
0.02


0.00
                                     Fil*:UnLBaLSolids<300um/Z   U»undctected, A-U(1 of 3), B.U(2 of 3). NA. not analyzed
                                                  296

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated. Set 2
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash,   <300um
   ASJ5AY: Solids by SW-846
    FIELD SAMPLE
     A.H127986.  B-H127987
     C-H127988
                A.   2-8

A
Metal* (mg/kg ds)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
B«rium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Coppar
Iron
Load
Lithium
Magnasium
Manganese
Marcury
Molybdenum
Niekal
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silvar
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
31472.1
"*S
20.3
56S.5
21.3
MA
41.E
MA
182.7
NA
1827.4
NA
1624.4
10.2
NA
NA
6.8
NA
507.6
NA
5.1 U
NA
22
NA
NA
253.8
NA
NA
4873.1
Anlona (mg/kg ds)
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
324.9
NA
16243.7
2944.2
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
TKN
Phosphorous
Other Assays (
pH(S.U.)
TDS
CCD
TO
TSP4)
NA
39.6
203.0
0.5 U
ng/kg da)
8.94
NA
NA
NA
99.5
B

32487.3
NA
7.6
548.2
27.4
NA
29.4
NA
213.2
NA
2335.0
NA
1116.8
8.1
NA
NA
4.9
NA
436.5
NA
5.1 U
NA
1.6
NA
NA
213.2
NA
NA
4873.1
.
203.0
NA
13198.0
2233.5

NA
15.2
213.2
0.5 U
10.26
NA
NA
NA
99.5
C

30769.2
NA
19.5
543.6
24.6
NA
35.9
NA
194.9
NA
2153.8
NA
1948.7
8.2
NA
NA
6.5
NA
348.7,
NA
5.1 U
NA
8.2
NA
NA
266.7
NA
NA
4717.9

266.7
NA
21538.5
40000.0

NA
31.8
266.7
0.5 U
9.77 .
NA
NA
NA
99.5
i
X
;
31576.2
1 NA
; 15.8
553.4
24.4
NA
35.7 .
: NA
: 196.9
: NA
2105.4
i NA
1563.3
8.8
! NA
NA
I 6.0
\ NA
431.0
; "*
! 5.1 U
NA
• ; 4.0
, NA
: NA
: 244.6
: NA
; NA
, 4821.4
[
264.9
: NA
16993.4
15059.2
1
1
NA
; 28.9
! 227.6
I 0.5 U
10.02
NA
NA
i NA
' 99.5
C.V.

0.03

0.45
0.02


0.17

0.08

0.12

0.27
0.13


0.17

0.18



0.90


0.11


0.02

0.23

0.25
1.43


0.43
0.15
0.01
0.02



0.00
                                        Fil*:Unt.Bot.Solidt<300um/2   U»undet«cUd,A«U(1ol3).B«U(2of3)tNA.not analyzed
                                                    297

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash
   ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation

    Unit*: me/kg

DRUM*
Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Maganese
Mercury
Potassium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silico
Silve
Sodium
Tantalum
Thorium
Titanium
Vanadium
Zin


1
49*00
340
(58
31.4
123000
25.1
O.IOt
21000
(4(
(2.7
1030
0.245
9.1«
51300
(.4(
926
1.(2
7490
1.02
3.(2
4.19
91000
11.6
1(200
3.11
3.11
(400
3S.(

1

2
52700
274
$24
29.9
107000
21.2
1.90
22(00
77(
(0.0
1370
0.311
4.97
7(900
10.3
1020
1.0(
9200.
1.0«
3.9(
3.((
120000
17.5
19(00
2.((
4.03
(000
43.2

2
<300
3
49400
340
411
25.5
99400
31.0
0.9S(
19200
10(0
(3.3
15(0
0.235
5.00
9(500
•.(1
1040
1.12
(700
1.17
3.«3
3.4(
131000
14.2
25400
3.23
4.0(
eooo
43.6
5(40
3
li m, ground
4
53000
2(9
525
33.(
112000
27. »
0.913
22400
(SO
74.7
1490
0.239
4.(1
(4700
10.1
1100
1.42
9(00
1.04
4.1S
3.14 U
120000
1(.(
19900
2.54
4.22
(500
45.3
(5(0
4

5
50600
299
S4»
32.9
113000
303
0.731 U
24200
715
92.7
1570
0.341
(.21
75(00
10.S
1090
1.43
10300
1.10
4.02
4.88
113000
19.1
17700
3.47
3.(0
((00
43.9
(790
5

6
51100
230
377
25.3
91900
29.0
1.27
17300
1000
102
1740
0.232
2.M U
111000
9.((
1240
1.17
(000
1.00
3.(9
4.02
154000
11.5
25400
3.23
4.02
(200
41.7
4900
6
                                                                  A.  2-9
                       298

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash
   ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation
    Units: mg/kg

DRUM*
Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Maganese
Mercury
Potassium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silico
Silve
Sodiu
Tantalu
Thoriu
Titaniu
Vanadiu
Zin

8
51100
285
587
35.6
113000
28.3
1.30
24700
734
70.7
1470
0.375
6.63
71000
9.71
1050
1.SO
9200
1.02
4.11
2.97
117000
18.4
If 900
3.19
4.03
8700
39.0


10
SI 300
335
853
39.2
120000
25.7
1.33
27500
810
74.3
1570
0.391
9.80
58800
10.7
958
1.85
9190
0.988
3.85
3.87 U
112000
21.0
18SOO
3.13
3.97
8800
41.8

<300 n
11
51800
372
K>
to
114000
24.1
1.07
24700
8(5
88.4
1530
0.474
4.83
70100
K>
1150
1.50
9060
to
3.83
3.48 U
108000
24.4
18200
2.51
3.88
7500
38.8
8540
m, ground
12
51300
389
852
42.0
110000
26.2
1.13
24500
612
87.1
1490
0.330
8.67
66700
10.2
1000
1.45
10700
1.76
3.93
4.22
98000
17.7
17300
3.68
3.11
6600
43.4
7210

15
49000
384
716
4S.8
115000
24.4
1.40
28000
70S
65.3
1160
0.400
9.77
56100
10.0
951
1.54
10600
1.56
3.67
4.57
97000
16.8
17300
3.46
4.03
6400
45.4
7770
                                                                  A.  2-9
             10
                                  12
                                             15
                       299

-------
 PROCESS:' Untreated
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash
   ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation

    Units: mg/kg                 '•
<300 m, g

Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Maponese
Mercury
Potassium
Samerium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silve
Sodium
Tantalum
Thorium
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
X
50973
311.55
563.20
34.84
111391
27.35
1.17
23938
785.111
76.29
1455
0.32
f.40
74627
«.ts
1041
1.41
•367
1.18
3.81
3.85
114636
17.6
19480
3.11
3.96
6500
42.81
6891
round
C.V
0.02
0.17
0.20
0.19
0.07
0.08
0.28
0.14
0.20
0.16
0.14
0,25
0.36
0.24
0.06
0.09
0.14
0.10
0.23
0.04
0.14
0.1S
0.19
0.17
0.12
0.04
0.03
o.oa
0.13
                                                                A.  2-9
                     300

-------
PROCESS-. Untreated
ASH TYPE: Bottom
   ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation
                 •A.  2-10


MMalS
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
iarium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cob*lt
Copper
ron
Lead
Lithium
•Ugnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlons (mg/1)
Sromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
X
(mg/kg)

50973.0
311.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
34.6
111391.0
765.9
76.3
1455.0
74627.0
NA
NA
NA
1048.0
1.4
NA
NA
8367.0
3.9
114636.0
17.8
19480.0
NA
NA
6500.0
42.6
6691.0
563.2
NA
23936.0
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Assays
PH(S-U)
IDS
COD
TOC
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/1)
NA
NA
NA
NA
X
(mg/kg ds)

51749.2
316.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
35.2
113087.3
777.6
77.5
1477.2
75763.5
NA
NA
NA
1064.0
1.4
NA
NA
9509.6
3.9
116381.7
18.1
19776.6
NA
NA
6599.0
43.3
6792.9
571. 8
NA
24300.5
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

C.V.

0.02
0.17




0.19
0.07
0.20
0.16
0.14
0.24



0.09
0.14


0.10
0.14
0.15
0.19
0.17


0.06
0.08
0.13
0.20

0.14










                                      File:ilnL Bot/NAA/Summtry

                                                  301
                                                                Ifeundetaclad, A=U<1 ol 3), B=U(2 61 3), NA= not analyzed

-------
     Appendix A.3.

Results  of  chemical
analysis of untrea-
ted combined ash.
  PROCESS: Untreated. Set 1
  ASH TYPE: Combined Ash. >2mm
    ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
            A.  3-1

Metal* (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsonie
Jarium
Beryllium
3oron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
.ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlone (mg/kg
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sullate
A

28500.0
NA
7.7
701.0
ND
133.0
31.5
NA
69.7
NA
1360.0
NA
1080.0
11.0
NA
NA
10.3
NA
60.5
NA
1.2
NA
17.9
NA
NA
151.0
NA
NA
3610.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Aeaay*
pH(S.U.)
IDS
CO)
TOC
TSflW
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.80
B
f
28000.0
: NA
• 18.3
904.0 .
to
154.0
39.1
NA
73.5
NA
1030.0
NA
1580.0
11.7
NA
NA
12.9
NA
87.3
NA
ND
NA
9.7
NA
NA
192.0
NA
NA
4320.0
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.60
C

17100.0
NA
15.9
543.0
ND
165.0
20.5
NA
101.0
NA
3620.0
NA
1230.0
7.4
NA
NA
10.3
NA
251.0
NA
ND
NA
3.9
NA
NA
293.0
NA
NA
24EO.O
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.80
X

24533.3

14.0
716.0

167.3
30.4

81.4

2003.3

1296.7
10.0


11.2

132.9

1.2

10.5


212.0


3463.3
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
C.V.

0.26

0.40
0.25

0.09
0.31

0.21

0.70

0.20
0.23


0.13

0.78



0.67


0.34


0.27
NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
                           »: UnLCotnb.SoL>Zmm/Son

                                     302
                                                                anatyzM.ND.not

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated.  Set 1
ASH TYPE: Combined,  <2mm
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
              A.   3-2

Matals {mg/kg!
uminuni
Antimony
Arignic
arium
•ryllium
oron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Coppar
Iron
Laad
.ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdanum
Nickal
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver

Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Aniona (mg/kg
iromide
Muorida
Chloride
Sulfata
A

25200.0
NA
16.7
675.0
M>
206.0
25.3
NA
68.5
NA
1640.0
NA
1190.0
10.2
NA
NA
10.9
NA
78.0
NA
to
NA
8.0
NA
NA
148.0
NA
NA
3850.0

NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogan Species:
Nitrita
Nitrata
Ammonia
3hosphorous
Othar Aaaaya
pH(S.U.)
TOG
cm
ICC
Tsnu
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA
B

27080.0
NA
11.5
899.0
to
166.0
28.9
NA
95.8
NA
1500.0
NA
1360.0
11.2
NA
NA
12.5
NA
109.0
NA
to
NA
6.4
NA
NA
151.0
NA
NA
4100.0

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
C X

18900.0 23726.7
NA
10.4 12.9
541.0 :
to
128.0 166.7
23.6 25.9
NA
57.1 73.8
NA
915.0 1351.7
NA
876.0 1142.0
9.0 10.1
NA
NA :
7.2 10.2
NA
49.0 7,8.7
NA
to
NA
11.0 8.5
NA '
NA i
109.0 136.0
NA
NA
2900.0 3616.7

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA :
NA :
NA :
C.V.

0.18

0.26


0.23
0.10

0.27

0.28

0.22
0.11


0.27

0.38



0.28


0.17


0.18















                                    Fife: UntComo.So/.<2mm/Sen  u«un«»Mei«M»U
-------
 PROCESS: Untreated. Set 1
ASH TYPE: Combined. <300 urn
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
                A.  3-3

Metals (mg/kg!
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Igryllium

Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper

Lead
Lithium
agnesium
Manganese
Mercury

Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver

trontium ;
Tin
itanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlons (mg/kg
Iromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
A

22700.0
NA
15.4
718.0
U
122.0
26.3
NA
64.6
NA
751.0
NA
956.0
11.3
NA
NA
9.1
NA
13.5
NA
U
NA
5.8
NA
NA
134.0
NA
NA
3150.0

306.00
0.60 U
29600.00
360.00
Nitrogen Species:
Nitriti
Nitrate
Ammonii
Phosphorous
Other Aaaaya
pH(S.U.)
TDS(Extract)
CCD
TOG '
TSDM
0.44 •
0.66
12.20
2060.00
mg/kg)
10.40
55900.00
68200.00
22400.00
90.60
B

25700.0
NA
13.4
889.0
U
157.0
37.5
NA
72.8
NA
1030.0
NA
1660.0
11.1
NA
NA
14.4
NA
93.3
NA
1.2
NA
7.1
NA
NA
170.0
NA
NA
4410.0

345.00
0.60 U
29600.00
386.00

0.48
0.50
13.50
2140.00
10.39
52400.00
62300.00
22600.00
89.10
C

31000.0
NA
13.8
608.0
U
173.0
25.2
NA
68.9
NA
810.0
NA
905.0
9.9
NA
NA
11.6
NA
158.0
NA
U.
NA
4.5
NA
NA
109.0
NA
NA
2650.0

186.00
0.60 U
15300.00
748.00

0.48
0.37
15.70
2930.00
10.32 '
34100.00
63900.00
25600.00
93.60
X

26466.7
NA
14.2
738.3
U
150,7
29.7
NA
68.8
NA
863.7
NA
1173.7
10.8
NA
NA
11.7
NA
88.3
NA
1.2 U
NA
5.8
NA
NA
137.7
NA
NA
3403.3

279.00
0.60 U
24833.33
498.00

0.47
0.51
13.80
2535.00
10.36
47466.67
64800.00
23533.33
91.35
C.V.

0.16

0.07
0.19

0.17
0.23

0.06

0.17

0.36
0.07


0.23

0.82



0.22


0.22


0.27

0.30

0.33
0.44

0.05
0.28
0.13
0.19
0.00
0.25
0.05
o.oa
0.03
                                        File: UnLComb.SaL<300JSen   U«undetee»ed,A«U(1o(3),B«U(2ol3).NA«not analyzed

                                                    304

-------
         t Unseated, Set 1
ASH TYPE: Combined. <300 urn
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
               A.  3-4

A
Metsls (mg/kg d«)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
tarium
leryllium
Baron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Coppar
ron f
Lead
.ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
23139.7
' •• NAj.
15.7
731.9
0.0 U
124.4
26.8
NA
65.9
NA -
765.5
NA
974.5
11.5
NA
NA
9.3
NA
13.8
NA
0.0 U
NA
5.9
NA
NA
136.6
NA
NA
3211.0
Anlona (mg/kg da)
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate
311.93
0.61 U
30173.29
366.97
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Assay* <
pH(S.U.)
TDS(Extract)
CO)
IDC
TSfW
0.45
0.67
12.44
2099.90
ng/kg da)
10.40
56982.67
75275.94
24724.06
90.60
B

26171.1
NA
13.6
905.3
0.0 U
159.9
38.2
NA
74.1
NA
1048.9
NA
1690.4
11.3
NA
NA
14.7
NA
95.0
NA
1.2
NA
7.2
NA
NA
173.1
NA
NA
4490.8

351.32
0.61 U
30142.57
393.08

0.49
0.51
13.75
2179.23
10.39
53360.49
69921.44
25364.76
89.10
C

31440.2
NA
14.0
616.6
0.0 U
175.5
25.6
NA
69.9
NA
821.5
NA
917.8
10.0
NA
NA
11.8
NA
160.2
NA
0.0 U
NA
4.6
NA
NA
110.5
NA
NA
2687.6

188.64
0.61 U
15517.24
758.62

0.49
0.38
15.92
2971.60
10.32
34584.18
68269.23
27350.43
93.60
x ; •
,
26917.0
!
1 NA
14.4
751.3
0.0 U
153.2
30.2
:HA
70.0
i NA
878.6
NA
1194.3
11.0
: NA
'. NA
11.9
: NA
89.7
NA
0.4 B
NA
5.9
NA
NA
140.1
i NA
NA
3463.2
i

283.96
0.61 U
25277.70
506.22

0.47
0.52
14.04
2575.41
i
10.36
48309.11
.71155.54
25813.08
91.35
C.V.

0.16

0.08
0.19

0.17
0.23

0.06

0.17

0.36
0.07


0.23

0.82



0.23


0.22


0.27

0.30

0.33
0.43

0.05
0.29
0.13
0.19
0.00
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.03
                                      Fit: UnlComb.SoI.<30US»t1
                                                   305
U.undetecl«d,A»U(1ol3),B-U(2ol3).NA.nol analyzed

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated Ash. Set 2
ASH TYPE: Bottom Ash. >2mm
   ASSAY: Solids by SW-846
     A-H1 27951.  B-H1 27952
     C-H1 27953
                  A.   3-5

M«taU (mg/kg;
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsanic
>arium
•ryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Coppar
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnacium
.Unganau
Morcury
Molybdenum
Nickol
Potaisium
Selanium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlone (mg/kg
3romida
:luorida
Chloride
Sulfate
A

5100.0
NA
43.0
140.0
45.0
NA
7.1
NA
1S.O
NA
160000.0
NA
260.0
4.0
NA
NA
0.5
NA
57.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
3.5
NA
NA
580.0
NA
NA
530.0

NA
NA
NA
NA
"titrogan Spacias:
Nitrite
Nitrat*
Ammonia
Phosphorous
O1h«r Aaaaya
pH(S.U.)
IDS
cm
IOC
TSfM
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/kg)
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.20
B

30000.0
NA
26.0
380.0
29.0
NA
1.4
NA
1100.0
NA
900.0
NA .
1100.0
27.0
NA
NA
0.4
NA
660.0
NA
5.0 U
NA
2.8
NA
NA
33.0
NA
NA
760.0

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.10
C X C.V.

1EOOO.O 17033.3 0.73
NA
33.0 34.0 0.25
490.0 336.7 0.53
1.6 2S.2 0.87
NA
3.9 4.1 0.69
NA
70.0 395.0 1.55
NA
700.0 53866.7 1.71
NA
130.0 496.7 1.06
6.0 12.3 1.03
NA
NA
0.5 0.5 0.12
NA
120.0 279.0 1.19
NA
5.0 U 5.0 U 0.00 U
NA
3.3 3.2 0.11
NA
NA
30.0 214.3 1.48
NA
NA
630.0 640.0 0.18

NA
NA
NA
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
99.10
                                    FBa: UnLBeLSolids»Zama    Uaiindetactad, A»U{1 of 3), B»U(2 of 3). NA. not analywid
                                                    306

-------
PROCESS-. UrvtteaWKl  - Set 2
ASH TYPE: Combined. <2mm
   ASSAY: Solids  by  SW-846
      FIELD SAMPLE
       A-H127991. B-H127992
       C-H127993
                A.   3-6



Metal* (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arcenic
Barium
Boryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Capper
Iron
Laad
.ithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silvar
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Aniona (mg/kg
Bromide
Fluoride
Chloride
Sulfate

A

26000.0
NA
21.0
1100.0
20.0 '
NA
26.0
NA
97.0
NA
1200.0
NA
1900.0
8.0
NA
NA
6.6
Nft
9.4
NA
5.0 U
NA
3.5
NA
NA
140.0
NA
NA
2700.0

NA
NA
NA
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
'hosphorous
Other Aaaaya
pHundetected, A»U(1 of 3), B»U(2 of 3), NA. not analyzed
                                                  307

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated  - Set 2
ASH TYPE: Combined. <300 um
   ASSAY: Solids  by  SW-846
    F1EU) SAMPLE,
     A.H12S037. B-H127989
     C.H1279SO
                 A.   3-7

Metal* (mg/kg
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
ron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Marcury
Molybdenum
Nickel
'olsssium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anton* (mg/kg
Iromide
:luoride
Chloride
Sulfate
A

27000.0
NA
16.0
920.0
21.0
NA
31.0
NA
S7.0
NA
1500.0
NA
810.0
8.0
NA
NA
11.0
NA
110.0
NA
5.0
NA
6.8
NA
NA
200.0
NA
NA
3700.0

220.00
NA
21000.00
510.00
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
TKN
Phosphorous
Other Aaaay*
pH(S.U.)
70S
OCD
TOC
TSf%1
NA
9.60
270.00
0.05
mg/kg)
10.49
NA
54000.00
12000.00
90.60
B

27000.0
NA
22.0
520.0
15.0
NA
24.0
NA
64.0
NA
2100.0
NA
1200.0
9.0
NA
NA
11.0
NA
99.0
NA
U S.O
NA
4.7
NA
NA
220.0
NA
NA
3400.0

180.00
NA
1600.00
1500.00

NA
10.00
52.00
U 0.05
10.10
NA
44000.00
NA
89.10
C

30000.0
HA
11.0
760.0
22.0
NA
26.0
NA
100.0
NA
1500.0
NA
1100.0
. 9.0
NA
NA
7.2
NA
140.0
NA
U 5.0
NA
6.0
NA
NA
170.0
NA
NA
3500.0

240.00
NA
19000.00
2200.00

NA
4.60
430.00
U 0.05
10.17
NA
57000.00
8500.00
93.60
X

28000.0
NA
16.3
733.3
19.3
NA
27.0
NA
73.7
NA
1700.0
NA
1036.7
8.7
NA
NA
9.7
NA
116.3
NA
U 5.0
NA
5.8
NA
NA
196.7
NA
NA
3533.3

213.33
NA
13866.67
1403.33

NA
8.07
250.67
U 0.05
10.14
NA
51666.67
10250.00
91.35
C.V.

0.06

0.34
0.27
0.20

0.13

0.31

0.20

0.20
0.07


0.23

0.13

0.00

0.13


0.13


0.04

0.14

0.77
0.61


0.37
0.76
0.00
0.02
0.13
0.2«
0.03
                                      Fat:Unt.Comti.Solias<30(US»t2  U«undetected, A»U{1 ol 3). B»U(2 of 3), NA* not analyzed
                                                    308

-------
PROCESS: Untreated, Set 2
ASH TYPE: Combined. <300 urn
   AiaSAY: Solids by SW-846

    FIELD SAMPLE
    A-H128037. B-H127989
    C-H127990
              A.   3-8


A
Metal* (mg/kg d»)
Aluminum
Antimony
Arcanie
iarium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Load
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
27522.9
NA
: ill
837.8
21.4
NA
31.6
NA
58.1
NA
1529.1
NA
825.7
8.2
NA
NA
11.2
NA
112.1
NA
5.1 U
NA
6.0
NA
NA
203.9
NA
NA
3771.7
Anlon* (mg/kg de)
Bromide
:luoride
Chloride
Sulfate
224.26
NA
21406.73
519.88
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
Phosphorous
Other Aeeaye
pH(SU.)
TOS(Ex tract)
COD
TOO
HIE 	
NA
9.79
275.23
0.05 U
ng'kg da)
10.49
NA
59602.65
13245.03
90.60
B

27494.9
NA
22.4
529.5
15.3
NA
24.4
NA
65.2
NA
2138.5
NA
1222.0
9.2
NA
NA
11.2
NA
100.8
NA
5.1 U
NA
4.8
NA
NA
224.0 ,
NA
NA
3462.3

183.30
NA
1629.33
1527.49

NA
10.18
52.95
0.05 U

10.10
NA
49382.72
NA
89.10
C

30426.0
NA
11.2
770.8
22.3
NA
26.4
NA
101.4
NA
1521.3
NA
1115.6
9.1
NA
NA
7.3
NA
142.0
NA
5.1 U
NA
6.1
NA
NA
172.4
NA
NA
3549.7

243.41
NA
19269.78
2231.24

NA
4.67
436.11
0.05 U

10.17
NA
60897.44
9081.20
93.60
X

28481.3
NA
, 16.6
746.0

NA
| 27.5
NA
; 74.9
MA
1729.6
! NA
1054.4
8.8
NA
; NA
9.9
! NA
'. 118.3
i NA
5.1
NA
5.9
: NA
NA
200.1
NA
NA
3594.6

216.99
, NA
14101.94
1426.20

NA
• 8.21
254.76
0.05

10.14
NA
56627.60
11163.11
I 91.35
\
C.V.

0.06
0.34
0.28


0.13

0.31

0.20

0.19
0.06


0.23

0.18



0.18


0.13


0.04

0.14

0.77
0.60


0.37
0.76
0.00

0.02

0.11
0.26
0.03
                                       Fa9:UnLComb.Soiids<30(X$*t2 U«und«tect«d,A»U(1ot3),B-U(2oi3),NA»not  analyzed
                                                  309

-------
 PROCESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: Combined Ash
  ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation

    Units: mg/kg


Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cetiurn
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Uaganeee
Mercury
PoUitium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silico
Silve
Sodium
Tantalum
Tnoriu
Titaniu
Vanadiu
Zin

1
55300
132
267
18.0
91700
30.7
1.17
14400
509
• 40.0
1960
0.214
3.79
119000
9.84
1540
1.12
11500
2.07
3.99
2.09 U
178000
7.22
32100
2.61
3.96
5600
33.8
4200


2
60000
294
733
45.1
137000
25.9
1.50
37400
363
37.5
1820
0.589
14.0
50100
9.62
1740
3.21
14600
2.08
3.93
3.20
108000
12.9
19100
3.41
4.07
6600
32.5
7140
2
<300
3
51500
245
597
35.4
116000
25.3
0.936
28300
382
31.0
1520
0.422
10.3
64200
9.16
2390
2.64
13400
1.76
3.80
4.64
125000
9.95
21200
3.81
3.91
7000
24.7
6420
3
u m. ground
4
55900
301
769
45.0
13SOOO
24.8
0.962
35900
384
33.3
1540
0.64S
14.0
50100
9.44
2730
5.57
14000
1.93
3.79
2.79 U
109000
10.3
17200
2.47
3.93
7100
31.8
7570
4

5
55600
177
401
16.9
121000
25.7
1.18
2S500
450
35.2
2060
0.504
10.5
73300
15.2
2360
2.88
12900
1.94
3.98
2.60
156000
12.6
22900
2.93
4.25
6600
42.7
6350
5
                                                          A.  3-9
                310

-------
   PROCESS: Untreated
  ASH TYPE: Combined Ash
     ASSAY: Solids by Neutron Activation

      Units: mg/kg

Drum *
Aluminum
Antimony
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Maganese
Mercury
Potassium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Tantalum
Thorium
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
6
55800
355
850
45.0
146000
24.3
1.01 U
37300
291
34.3
1160
0.506
15.3
35900
9.28
1730
3.75
15600
1.93
3.47
6.03 U
102000
14.5
16180
3.46
3.05
6600
28.8
6620
<300
7
48800
327
732
32.0
131000
23.4
0.909 U
33200
307
35.1
1340
0.499
12.8
41300
8.54
2600
3.67
12100
1.58
3.29
6.15
89000
13.2
15800
2.05
2.69
5900
31.0
6550
n
9
56400
175
372
17.3
99800
26.0
1.08
21200
416
34.8
1770
0.301
5.27
83400
9.43
2030
2.04
11600
1.82
3.59
4.18
154000
10.6
25200
2.39
3.29
5500
35.2
4920
m, ground
13
59400
351
840
41.6
143000
25.5
1.12
37100
'363
37.7
1790
0.598
12.5
47700
9.68
2680
4.74
14100
2.01
3.79
6.11 U
119000
12.6
18100
1.69
3.47
7600
29.6
7340

15 ;
52600
130
235 ;
16.7
91100 :
29.5
1.17 :
11000 '
i
467
31.9
2090 :
0.147
i
' 3.33 U
107000 [
11.4
1460 ;
1.13
10400
2.04
3.73
3.09 U i
186000 !
9.37
36100 :
3.15
3.39
5400
38.1
3560 i
                                                            A.  3-9
UtlCamb. HAMeapgl
    6          7
13
           IS
                311

-------
  PROCESS: Untreated
 ASH TYPE: Combined Ash
    ASSAY: Solids by Neutron  Activation

     Unit*: mg/kg
<300 m, ground
X
Aluminum
Antrmon
Bromin
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorin
Chromium
Cobal
Copper
Indium
todina
Iron
Lanthanum
Uaaanem
Mercury
Polauium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Tantalum
Thorium
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
5513
248.
579.
31.
12126
26.1
1.1
2843
393.2
35.08
1705
0.44
10.18
67200
10.16
2126
3.08
13020
1.82
3.74
4.08
132600
11200
21309
2.80
3.60
6390
32.82
6067
at d*v/jr
0.06
0.36
0.41
0.41
0.17
0.09
0.16
0.34
0.17
0.08
0.18
0.38
0.44
0.42
0.18
0.23
0.47
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.38
0.25
0.00
0.32
0.24
0.14
0.12
0.15
0.23
                                                            A.   3-9
UnLComb.NAA/300/pg.3
               312

-------
PROCESS: Untreated
ASH TYPE: Combined Ash
   ASSAY: Solids by Neutron  Activation
            A.  3-10


Metals
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Load
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
'otassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anlons (mg/l)
Iromide
:!uoride
Chloride
Sulfate
X
(mo/kg)
i-
55130.0
248.7
NA
NA
NA
NA
31.3
121260.0
393.2
35.1
1705.0
£7200.0
NA
NA
2126.0
NA
3.1
NA
NA
13020.0
4.1
132600.0
NA
21309.0
NA
NA
NA
32.8
6067.0

57S.6
NA
28430.0
NA
Nitrogen Species:
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonia
twsphorous
Other Assay* |
pH(s.u.)
TDS
cm
TOC
NA
NA
NA
NA
mg/l)
NA
NA
NA
NA
X
(mg/kfl dsl

56083.4
253.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
31.8
123357.1
400.0
35.7
1734.5
68362.2
NA
NA
2162.8
NA
3.1
NA
NA
13245.2
4.2
134893.2
NA
21677.5
NA
NA
NA
33.4
6171.9

589.6
NA
28921.7
NA

NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

C.V.

0.06
0.3S




0.41
0.17
0.17
0.08
0.18
0.42



0.23
0.47


0.12
0.38
0.25

0.32


0.12
0.15
0.23

0.41

0.34










                                   UnLCombJNAA/Summtry


                                           313

-------
Appendix B.   Summary results of TCLP, DWLT and AVLT for untreated and treated MWC
              residues.
                                                        Table Number:

APC Residue (Appendix B.1)
Extract Concentration 1
Release 2
Release 3
C.V.4
Bottom Ash (Appendix B.2^
Extract Concentration 1
Release 2
Release 3
C.V.4
Combined Ash (Appendix B.3^
Extract Concentration 1
Release 2
Release 3
C.V.4
TCLP

B.1-1
B.1-2
B.1-3
B.1-4

B.2-1
B.2-2
B.2-3
B.2-4

B.3-1
B.3-2
B.3-3
B.3-4
DWLT
(Ext. 1+2)

-
B.1-5
B.1-6
B.1-7

I
B.2-5
B.2-6
B.2-7

-
B.3-5
B.3-6
B.3-7
DWLT
(Ext. 3+4

-
B.1-8
B.1-9
B.1-10

-
B.2-8
B.2-9
B.2-1 0

-
B.3-8
B.3-9
B.3-1 0
AVLT

-
B.1-11
B.1-1 2
B.1-13

-
B.2-1 1
B.2-1 2
B.2-1 3

-
B.3-1 1
B.3-1 2
B.3-1 3
 1 Extract concentrations - mean values of 3 replicates [ug/l or mg/l]
 2Release on a treated residue basis - mean values of 3 replicates [mg/kgg d.s.]
 3Release on an untreated residue basis (corrected for process dilution) - mean values
  of 3 replicates[mg/kg ash]
 4C.V. - coefficients of variation for replicate assays
                                              314

-------
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Appendix B.2    Summary results of TCLP, DWLT and AVLT for untreated and treated
                bottom ash.
                                                          Table Number;
uai vii tauico*
APC Residue (Appendix B.1)
Extract Concentration 1
Release 2
Release 3
C.V.4
poHom Ash (Appendix B.2)
Extract Concentration 1
Release 2
Release 3
C.V4
Combined Ash (Appendix B.3^
Extract Concentration 1
Release 2
Release 3
C.V.4
TCLP

B.1-1
B.1-2
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(Ext. 1+2)

•
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m
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DWLT
(Ext. 344

-
B.l-8
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B.1-10

-
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B.2-9
B.2-1 0

'
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AVLT

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B.1-12
B.1-13

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B.2-1 3

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B.3-13
   1 Extract concentrations - mean values of 3 replicates [ug/l or mg/l]

   2Release on a treated residue basis - mean values of 3 replicates [mg/kgg d.s.]

   SReiease on an untreated residue basis (corrected for process dilution) - mean values
   of 3 replicates[mg/kg ash]

   4C.V. - coefficients of variation for replicate assays
                                                341

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Appendix C.  Summary of monolith leach test extract concentrations and data analysis for untreated
              and treated MWC residues.
List of Tables:
                         Product Code
Appendix C.1.
Untreated Bottom Ash
gn
-------
Aooendix C.3
Process 2
C.3-11
C.3-2
C.3-3
C.3-4
C.3-5
C.3-6
C.3-7
C.3-8
C.3-9
C.3-10
Appendix C.4
Process 3
C.4-1
C.4-2:
C.4-3
C.4-4
C.4-5
C.4-€i
C.4-7
C.4-8
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V3CC
         Process 2, blank
         Process 2, APC Residue, Replicate A
         Process 2, APC Residue, Replicate B
         Process 2, APC Residue, Replicate C
         Process 2, Bottom Ash, Replicate A
         Process 2, Bottom Ash, Replicate B
         Process 2, Bottom Ash, Replicate C
         Process 2, Combined Ash, Replicate A
         Process 2, Combined Ash, Replicate B
         Process 2, Combined Ash, Replicate C
         Process 3, blank           i
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         Process 3, APC Residue, Replicate B
         Process 3, APC Residue, Replicate C
         Process 3, Bottom Ash, Repjicate A
         Process 3, Bottom Ash, Replicate B
         Process 3, Bottom Ash, Replicate C
         Process 3, Combined Ash, Replicate  A
         Process 3, Combined Ash, Replicate B
         Process 3, Combined Ash, Replicate  C
395

-------
Appendix
Process 4
C.5-1
C.5-2
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C.5-5
C.5-6
C.5-7
V4XL
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V4CC
Process 4, blank
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Process 4, Bottom Ash, Replicate B
Process 4, Bottom Ash, Replicate C
Process 4, Combined Ash, Replicate A
Process 4, Combined Ash, Replicate B
Process 4, Combined Ash, Replicate C
Appendix C.6
WFS Control Process
C.6-1
C.6-2
C.6-3
C.6-4
C.6-5
C.6-6
C.6-7
C.6-8
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C.6-10
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V9CC
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WES, APC Residue, Replicate B
WES, APC Residue, Replicate C
WES, Bottom Ash, Replicate A
WES, Bottom Ash, Replicate B
WES, Bottom Ash, Replicate C
WES, Combined Ash, Replicate A
WES, Combined Ash, Replicate B
WES, Combined Ash, Replicate C
                                       396

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