vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/600/R-99/060
July 1999
Sociodemographic Data
Used for Identifying
Potentially Highly Exposed
Populations
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EPA/600/R-99/060
July 1999
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC DATA USED FOR IDENTIFYING
POTENTIALLY HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATIONS
National Center for Environmental Assessment-W
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) has prepared this document
to assist scientists and concerned communities in identifying subsets of the general population
who might experience more frequent contact with and greater exposures to environmental
contaminants. Furthermore, this document provides demographic data to help users determine
the number of people in these potentially highly exposed subsets of the general population.
The 1994 Executive Order on Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in
Minority Population and Low-Income Populations emphasized the importance of protecting
minority and low-income communities from disproportionate environmental hazards and effects.
In addition to low-income and minority populations, other populations categorized by age,
gender, and location, to name a few, are candidates for potentially increased exposures depending
on the given scenario. This document was initiated because previous efforts focused
predominantly on factors, data, and scenarios based on national averages for the general
population. To provide protection to highly exposed populations, risk and exposure assessments
must consider relevant and more accurate data that pertain to these populations.
The current document results from revisions and narrowing of content scope from several
NCEA draft documents, including Exposure Factors for Specific Demographic and Ethnic
Subgroups (March 1995), which presented exposure data that were found to correlate
significantly with ethnicity. Significant portions of that document were incorporated into the
revised Exposure Factors Handbook that was published in the Fall of 1997. Remaining
materials became the basis for the draft document Identifying Susceptible Populations (March
1996), which provided information to help assessors identify and enumerate populations
potentially at risk for increased exposures and at risk due to heightened biological sensitivities to
environmental contaminants. The above draft documents were reviewed by staff members from
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency who offered comments that have led to the current
document, Sociodemographic Data Used for Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed
Populations. The major difference between this draft and previous drafts is that biologically
IV
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FOREWORD
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development (ORD) has five main functions: (1)
providing risk assessment research, methods, and guidelines; (2) performing health and
ecological assessments; (3) developing, maintaining, and transferring risk assessment
information and training; (4) helping ORD set research priorities; and (5) developing and
maintaining resource support systems for NCEA. The activities under each of these functions are
supported by and respond to the needs of the various program offices. In relation to the first
function, NCEA sponsors projects aimed at developing or refining techniques used in exposure
assessments.
This document is being published as a companion to the Exposure Factors Handbook.
Due to unique activity patterns, preferences, practices, and biological differences, various
segments of the population may experience exposures different from those of the general
population, and these exposures, in many cases, may be greater. It is necessary for risk or
exposure assessors characterizing a diverse population to identify and enumerate certain groups
within the general population who are at risk for greater contaminant exposures or exhibit a
heightened sensitivity to particular chemicals. This document provides information, where
possible, for addressing these populations.
Michael A. Callahan, Director
National Center for Environmental Assessment
Washington Office
in
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sensitive data are not addressed and the scope has been expanded to include additional categories
of highly exposed populations in addition to ethnicity.
The data and population subsets presented are not intended to be comprehensive or
prescriptive. This document does not include all possible populations and does not include
guidance for identifying and enumerating all populations under every circumstance. The
inclusion of a specific population in this document is not intended to imply that the specific
population addressed is more likely than the general population to experience potentially high
exposures to a given contaminant. Likewise, the reader should not conclude that all members of
a population included in the text will necessarily experience greater exposures to a given
contaminant.
This document addresses potential exposure to a single contaminant, source, or stressor.
To address the areas, multiple and cumulative risks is not within the scope of this document. The
guidelines on EPA's risk assessment approach are shifting towards greater consideration for
multiple endpoints, sources, pathway and routes of exposure, and all the environmental media,
etc. EPA's Science Policy Council has developed a document entitled, "Guidance on
Cumulative Risk Assessment, Part 1. Planning and Scoping." This document is available on
EPA's web site at the following address: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/spc/cumrisk2.htm. The
document can be downloaded using Adobe Acrobat software, which is available at no cost from
Adobe. The Adobe Internet address is: http://www.adobe.com.
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AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) was responsible for the
preparation of this handbook. The original document was prepared by Versar, Inc., under EPA
Contract No. 68-D3-0013, Work Assignment No. 2-31. Revisions, updates, and additional
preparation were provided by Versar, Inc., under EPA Contract No. 68-D5-0051, Work
Assignment Nos. 3-24 and 97V-9. Amy Amina Wilkins, NCEA-Washington Office, served as
the EPA work assignment manager for each effort, providing overall direction and coordination
of the production effort as well as technical assistance and guidance and as a contributing author.
AUTHORS
Patricia Wood
Maggie Wilson
Aderonke Adenuga
Susan Anderson
Linda Phillips
Versar, Inc.
Springfield, VA
CONTRIBUTERS
A. Amina Wilkins
Exposure Analysis and Characterization Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment,
U.S. EPA
John Schaum
Exposure Analysis and Characterization Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment,
U.S. EPA
INTERNAL REVIEWERS
Jerry Blondell
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT), Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. EPA
VI
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Mark Dow
OPPT, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. EPA
Loren Hall
OPPT, Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U.S. EPA
Marty Halper
Office of Environmental Equity, U.S. EPA
Karen Hammerstrom
NCEA, Intermediate Office, U.S. EPA
Ed Ohanian
Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. EPA
Susan Perlin
NCEA, Exposure Analysis and Risk Characterization Group, U.S. EPA
James Walker
NCEA, Effects Identification and Characterization Group, U.S. EPA
Chieh Wu
NCEA, Exposure Analysis and Risk Characterization Group, U.S. EPA
EXTERNAL REVIEWERS
Mary English
University of Tennessee
Jean Grassman
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
Cynthia Harris
College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University
Brian Kaplan
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Laura Montgomery
Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, Center for Disease Control (CDC)
VII
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Andrew McBride
Connecticut Department of Health
Olivia Carter-Pokras
Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Human and Health Services (DHHS)
Ken Sexton
School of Public Health, University of Minnesota
Vlll
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1. TERMINOLOGY USED TO DEFINE CONCEPTS RELATING TO
EXPOSURE 1-3
1.1.1. Exposure 1-3
1.1.2. High End, Upper End, Exposure Distribution 1-3
1.1.3. Susceptibility, Highly Exposed, Biologically Sensitive 1-4
1.2. IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIALLY HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATION 1-5
1.2.1. Chemical(s) of Concern 1-6
1.2.2. Age 1-6
1.2.3. Gender 1-7
1.2.4. Lifestyle, Behavior, and Social Structure 1-8
1.2.5. Personal Health 1-9
1.3. ENUMERATION OF VARIOUS HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATIONS 1-10
1.3.1. Framework of Methods 1-11
1.3.2. Contact With Chemicals in the Ambient Environment (All Media) 1-12
1.3.3. Chemical Contact Resulting From Disposal Activities 1-12
1.3.4. Chemical Contact in Occupational Setting 1-12
1.3.5. Ingestion of Chemicals in Foods 1-12
1.3.6. Contact With Contaminants in Consumer Products 1-13
1.3.7. Ingestion of Chemicals in Drinking Water 1-13
1.4. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT . 1-13
1.4.1. Examples of Exposure Scenarios 1-14
1.4.2. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of
Exposure Pathway 1-14
1.4.3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of
Chemical/Contaminant 1-14
1.5. DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION 1-15
1.6. REFERENCES 1-18
2. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL U.S.
POPULATION 2-1
2.1. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GENDER AND AGE 2-2
2.2. RESIDENT POPULATION BY RACE 2-2
2.3. RESIDENT POPULATION BY AGE, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN 2-3
2.4. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION 2-3
2.5 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL
U.S. POPULATION 2-4
2.6. RESIDENT POPULATION BY HOUSEHOLD 2-5
IX
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CONTENTS (continued)
2.7. URBAN AND RURAL U.S. POPULATION BY REGION, DIVISION, AND
STATE 2-5
2.8. RESIDENT POPULATION WITH WORK DISABILITIES 2-6
2.9. NATIVE AND FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENT POPULATIONS 2-6
2.10. RESIDENT POPULATION ON ACTIVE DUTY IN THE MILITARY 2-6
2.11. RESIDENT INSTITUTIONALIZED POPULATIONS AND THOSE LIVING IN
GROUP QUARTERS 2-6
2.12. TRENDS IN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
GENERAL U.S. POPULATION 2-7
2.12,1. Trends in Gender and Age Characteristics of the General U.S. Population 2-7
2,12.2. Trends in Demographics of Race and Ethnic Characteristics of the
General U.S. Population 2-7
2.12.3. Trends in Regional Distribution of the General U.S. Population 2-8
2.12.4. Trends in Demographics of Social and Economic Characteristics of the
General U.S. Population 2-8
2.12.5. Trends in Demographics of Distribution by Households of the General U.S.
Population 2-9
2.12.6. Trends in Demographics of Urban and Rural U.S. Population 2-10
2.12.7. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population With Disabilities 2-10
2.12.8. Trends in Demographics of Native and Foreign-Born Resident
Populations 2-10
2.12.9. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population on Active Duty in the
Military 2-10
2.12.10. Trends in Demographics of Resident Populations Living in Institutions
and Group Quarters 2-11
2.13. REFERENCES 2-12
3. LOCATION OF RESIDENCE AS A FACTOR LEADING TO HIGHLY EXPOSED
POPULATIONS 3-1
3.1. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES ...... 3-1
3.1.1. ATSDR Biennial Report to Congress 1991 and 1992 (ATSDR, 1996) 3-3
3.1.2. Distribution of Industrial Air Emissions by Income and Race in the
United States: An Approach Using the Toxics Release Inventory
(Perlin et al., 1995) 3-3
3.2. POPULATIONS LIVING IN THE INNER CITIES OF LARGE METROPOLITAN
AREAS 3-4
3.3. POPULATIONS LIVING IN URBAN AREAS 3-5
3.4. POPULATIONS LIVING IN COASTAL AREAS 3-5
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CONTENTS (continued)
3.5. POPULATIONS LIVING ON NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATIONS OR
TRUST LANDS 3-6
3.6. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR MAJOR HIGHWAYS 3-6
3.7. REFERENCES 3-8
4. RESIDENTIAL FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE 4-1
4.1. POPULATIONS IN HOMES WITH DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS 4-1
4.1.1. American Housing Survey for the United States in 1993 (U.S. Bureau
of the Census, 1993); Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Bureau
of the Census, 1997) 4-1
4.1.2. Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1997) 4-2
4,1.3. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and
Klepeis, 1996) 4-2
4.2. POPULATIONS WHO USE PESTICIDES AND CHEMICALS FOR LAWN/
GARDEN AND POOL/SPA MAINTENANCE 4-3
4.2.1. National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey (Whitmore et al.,
1992) 4-4
4.2.2. 1993 Pool and Spa Market Study (National Spa and Pool Institute,
1993) 4-5
4.3. REFERENCES , 4-6
5. BUILDINGS OTHER THAN RESIDENCES 5-1
5.1. POPULATIONS IN SCHOOLS/COLLEGES 5-1
5.2. POPULATIONS IN DAY CARE CENTERS 5-3
5.3. POPULATIONS IN HOSPITALS 5-3
5.4. POPULATIONS IN NURSING HOMES 5-3
5.5. REFERENCES 5-5
6. OTHER ACTIVITIES INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE, FISHING, RECREATION, AND
HOBBIES 6-1
6.1. FISHING AND HUNTING 6-1
6.2. HOME GARDENING 6-3
6.3. DO-IT-YOURSELFERS 6-4
6.4. HOBBYISTS 6-5
6.5. EXERCISE/SPORT ACTIVITIES 6-5
6.6. REFERENCES 6-6
XI
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CONTENTS (continued)
7. ACTIVITIES (OCCUPATIONAL) 7-1
7.1. POPULATION EMPLOYED 7-1
7,2. POPULATIONS EMPLOYED IN DETAILED INDUSTRIAL AND
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES 7-3
7.3. POPULATIONS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS 7-3
7.4. OCCUPATIONAL STUDIES ADDRESSING MINORITY POPULATIONS 7-3
7.5. REFERENCES ... 7-6
8. BEHAVIORAL AND/OR CULTURAL PRACTICES 8-1
8.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS ; 8-1
8.1.1. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis,
1996) 8-1
8.1.2. Time Spent in Activities, Locations, and Microenvironments: A
California-National Comparison (Robinson and Thomas, 1991) 8-2
8.2. PICA STUDIES 8-2
8.2.1. Reported Incidence of Pica Among Migrant Families (Bruhn and
Pangborn, 1971) 8-3
8.2.2. Geophagia in Rural Mississippi: Environmental and Cultural Contexts
and Nutritional Implications (Vermeer and Frate, 1979) 8-4
8.3. SMOKING, DRUG USE, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 8-5
8.3.1. Results From the National School-Based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior
Survey and Progress Toward Achieving Related Health Objectives for
the Nation (Kann et al, 1993) 8-5
8.3.2. Cigarette Smoking and Cessation Behaviors Among Urban Blacks and
Whites (Hahn et al., 1990) 8-6
8.3.3. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Cigarette Smoking Initiation in the
United States (Escobedo et al., 1990) 8-7
8.3.4. Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census,
1995) ! 8-8
8.3.5. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
1993) 8-9
8.4. CULTURAL USE OF MERCURY 8-9
8.5. REFERENCES 8-11
xn
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CONTENTS (continued)
9. DRINKING WATER AND FOOD 9-1
9.1. POPULATION CONSUMING DRINKING WATER BY SOURCE OF WATER
SUPPLY 9-1
9.2, POPULATION USING BOTTLED WATER 9-1
9.3. POPULATION BREASTFEEDING 9-2
9.4. POPULATION CONSUMING SELECTED FOODS/FOOD GROUPS 9-3
9.5. REFERENCES 9-5
10. SOCIOECONOMICS 10-1
10.1. POVERTY THRESHOLD ESTIMATES 10-1
10.2. INCOME LEVEL 10-1
10.2.1. Digest of Education Statistics (U.S. Department of Education, 1995) .. . 10-1
10.2.2. March Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995b) .. 10-2
10.2.3. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 1993) 10-2
10.2.4. Inner-City Asthma— The Epidemiology of an Emerging U.S. Public
Health Concern (Weiss et al, 1992) 10-2
10.2.5. Nutrition Intakes of Individuals from Food-Insufficient Households in the
United States (Rose and Oliveira, 1997) 10-3
10.3. HOMELESS POPULATION 10-3
10.4. REFERENCES 10-5
11. ELECTRONIC AND OTHER DATA SOURCES 11-1
11.1. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 11-1
11.2. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 11-2
11.2.1. U.S. Bureau of the Census 11-2
11.3. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 11-3
11.3.1. Bureau of Labor Statistics 11-3
11.3.2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration 11-3
11.4. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 11-3
11.4.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 11-4
11.4.2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 11-4
11.4.3. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 11-4
11.4.4. National Institutes of Health (NIH) 11-4
11.4.5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA) '..... 11-5
11.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND (EOF) 11-5
11.6. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCIES 11-5
11.7. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASSOCIATIONS 11-5
Xlll
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APPENDIX I. U.S. Census Bureau Internet Information 1-1
APPENDIX II. U.S. Department of Labor Internet Information II-l
APPENDIX III. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ATSDR Internet
Information III-l
xiv
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1. Populations Potentially at Risk of Exposure to Specific Chemical(s) of
Concern 1-24
Table 1-2, Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of
Exposure Pathway 1-27
Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of
Hazardous Substance 1-28
Table 2-1. Resident Population by Gender and Age: 1994 2-13
Table 2-2. Resident Population by Race, Hispanic Origin Status, and Percent
Distribution: 1980 to 1994 2-15
Table 2-3. Resident U.S. Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin:
1980 to 1994 .
2-16
Table 2-4. Resident U.S. Population by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990 2-17
Table 2-5. Social and Economic Characteristics of the White and Black Populations:
1980 to 1994 2-18
Table 2-6. Social and Economic Characteristics of the American Indian Population:
1990 2-19
Table 2-7. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Asian and Pacific Islander
Population: 1990 and 1994 2-21
Table 2-8. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Hispanic Population: 1993 .... 2-22
Table 2-9. Resident Population by Households and by State: 1980 to 1994 2-23
Table 2-10. Family and Nonfamily Households by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Type:
1970 to 1994 2-24
Table 2-11. Urban and Rural Population, 1960 to 1990, and by State, 1990 2-25
xv
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 2-12, Disability Status of Persons 21-64 Years Old: 1991-1994 2-26
Table 2-13. Native and Foreign-Born Population by Place of Birth: 1920 to 1990 2-27
Table 2-14. Active Duty Personnel by Service and Year: 1950 to 1993 2-28
Table 2-15. Populations in Institutions and Other Group Quarters by Type of Group
Quarters and State: 1990 2-29
Table 2-16. Populations in Jail by Race and Detention Status: 1978 to 1994 2-30
Table 2-17. Populations in Federal and State Prisons: 1970 to 1993 2-31
Table 2-18. Trends in Ratio of Males to Females by Age Group, 1950 to 1994, and
Projections, 2000 and 2025 2-32
Table 2-19. Trends in Resident Population by Race, 1980 to 1995, and Projections to
2050 2-33
Table 2-20. Trends in Resident Population by Region and Division: 1960 to 1994 2-34
Table 2-21. Trends in Percent Distribution of Total U.S. Population Residing in
Urban and Rural Areas: 1960 to 1990 2-35
Table 2-22. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients and Average Monthly Cash
Payments Under Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Public
Assistance: 1980 to 1993 2-36
Table 2-23. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients as Percent of Total
U.S. Population by State: 1990 to 1993 2-37
Table 2-24. Trends in Immigration Rates: 1901 to 1993 2-38
Table 2-25. Trends in Percent Distribution of Active Duty Personnel by Year:
1950 to 1993 2-39
Table 3-1. Hazardous Waste Sites on the National Priority List by State: 1994 3-10
Table 3-2. Sources of Data Used in Major Studies Concerning Populations Living
Near Hazardous Waste Sites 3-11
xvi
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 3-3. Distribution of TRI Facilities and Racial/Ethnic Populations Among
EPA Regions in 1990 3-13
Table 3-4. Number and Population of Metropolitan Areas by Population Size-Class
in 1990: 1980 to 1990 3-14
Table 3-5. Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Population by States: 1980 to 1992 ... 3-15
Table 3-6. Resident Urban and Rural U.S. Population, 1960 to 1990, and by State 3-16
Table 3-7. U.S. Population Living in Coastal Counties: 1960 to 1994 3-17
Table 3-8. Populations Living on Selected Reservations and Trust Lands
and American Indian Tribes with 10,000 or More Persons: 1990 3-18
Table 3-9. Highway Mileage—Functional Systems and Urban/Rural: 1993 3-20
Table 3-10. Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1990 to 1993, Vehicle Miles of Travel,
1993, and Drivers Licenses, 1993, by State , 3-21
Table 4-1. Household Composition—Occupied Units 4-7
Table 4-2. Income Characteristics—Occupied Units 4-11
Table 4-3. Introductory Characteristics—All Housing Units 4-14
Table 4-4. Fuels-All Housing Units 4-15
Table 4-5. Housing Units - Characteristics, by Tenure and Region 4-16
Table 4-6. Percentage of U.S. Housing Built Before 1950 and from 1970-1979
by State 4-19
Table 4-7. Percentage of Respondents with Attached Garages or Carports 4-20
Table 4-8. Selected Characteristics of Households in the Target Population 4-21
Table 4-9. Number of Households That Used Pest Control Services
and Received Written Precautions in the Previous Year , 4-22
xvii
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 4-10. Households Reporting Major Pest Problems or Problems Treated by
a Household Member
4-23
Table 4-11.
Table 4-12.
Table 4-13.
Table 4-14.
Table 4-15.
Table 5-1.
Table 5-2.
Table 5-3.
Table 5-4.
Table 5-5.
Table 5-6.
Table 5-7.
Number of Households with at Least One Pesticide Product Stored
Insecurely by Type of Pesticide for Households with Children Under
5 Years of Age 4-24
Estimated Thousands of Households Using Pesticides by Type of
Pesticide and Site of Application 4-25
Estimated Percentage of Households Using Pesticides by Type of
Pesticide and Site of Application 4-26
Residential Pool Ownership in the Continental United States 4-27
Residential Spa Ownership in the Continental United States 4-28
Estimated Number of Participants in Elementary and Secondary
Education and in Higher Education: Fall 1995 5-6
Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution:
Fall 1980 to Fall 2000 5-7
Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution:
1869-70 to Fall 2005 5-8
Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by Race or
Ethnicity and State: Fall 1986 and Fall 1993 5-10
Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Children in Preprimary Programs
by Level and Control of Program and by Attendance Status:
October 1965 to October 1994 5-12
Students That Attend Schools with Unsatisfactory Environmental
Conditions 5-14
Students That Attended Schools with Less-Than-Adequate Physical
Conditions
5-15
xvin
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 5-8. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending
Schools with Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by
Community Type 5-16
Table 5-9. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending
Schools with Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by
Geographic Region 5-17
Table 5-10. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending
Schools with Inadequate Building Features by Community Type 5-18
Table 5-11. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending
Schools with Inadequate Building Features by Geographic Region 5-19
Table 5-12. Percentage of Preschool Children Attending Center-Based Programs
by Child and Family Characteristic: 1991 5-20
Table 5-13. Hospital Utilization Rates: 1970 to 1993 5-21
Table 5-14. Community Hospitals: 1993 5-22
Table 5-15. Persons Receiving Care in Nursing Homes: 1980 and 1990 5-24
Table 5-16. Nursing Home Population by Region, Division, and State:
1980 and 1990 5-25
Table 6-1. Anglers, Hunters, and Trips, by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 1991 6-7
Table 6-2. Anglers, Trips, and Days of Fishing by Type of Fishing: 1991 6-8
Table 6-3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 1991 6-9
Table 6-4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 1991 6-10
Table 6-5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing by Type of Fish: 1991 6-11
Table 6-6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting by Type of Hunting: 1991 6-12
Table 6-7. Big Game Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991 6-13
xix
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 6-8, Small Game Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991 6-14
Table 6-9. Migratory Bird Hunters and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991 .... 6-15
Table 6-10. Hunters of Other Animals and Days of Hunting by Type of Game: 1991 .. 6-16
Table 6-11. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6-17
Table 6-12. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing 6-19
Table 6-13. Demographic Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting 6-21
Table 6-14. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old:
1990 6-23
Table 6-15. Demographic Estimates for Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old
by State of Residence in 1990 6-24
Table 6-16. Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors: 1986 6-26
Table 6-17. Characteristics of Households With a Vegetable Garden: 1976 to 1986 ... 6-27
Table 6-18. Percentage of Gardening Households Growing Different Vegetables:
1986 6-28
Table 6-19. U.S. Household Participation in Lawn and Garden Activities:
1989 to 1993 6-29
Table 6-20. Participation in Gardening: 1992 6-30
Table 6-21. DIY Home Improvement and Repair Projects Undertaken Within the
Past 12 Months 6-31
Table 6-22. Participation in Various Home Improvement/Repair: 1992 6-32
Table 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in Various Hobbies 6-33
Table 6-24. Participation in Selected Sports Activities: 1993 6-37
xx
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 7-1. Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population
by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin 7-7
Table 7-2. Employment Status of the Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and
Cuban Origin by Sex and Age 7-9
Table 7-3. Employed White, Black, and Hispanic-Origin Workers by Sex,
Occupation, Class of Worker, and Full- or Part-Time Status 7-10
Table 7-4. Employed Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Origin
by Selected Social and Economic Categories 7-11
Table 7-5. Employed Persons in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries
by Age, Sex, and Class of Worker 7-12
Table 7-6. Employed Persons by Industry, Sex, Race, and Occupation: 1994 7-13
Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic
Origin: 1994 7-15
Table 7-8. Inventory of Commercial Office Space for the Largest Metropolitan
Areas: 1994 7-20
Table 7-9. Commercial Office Buildings-Selected Characteristics: 1992 7-21
Table 8-1. Percentage of Respondents Participating in Various Activities and
Spending Time in Various Locations and Microenvironments
During the 24-hour Day Included in the Diary 8-13
Table 8-2. Incidence of Pica Reported by Wives of Migrant Workers of Mexican
' and "Anglo" Heritage 8-15
Table 8-3. Incidence of Geophagia Practice by Surveyed Population in Holmes
County, Mississippi 8-16
Table 8-4. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents
Reporting High Health Risk Behavior by Ethnic Group 8-17
Table 8-5. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents
Reporting High Health Risk Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity
by Sex, Grade, and Ethnic Group 8-18
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 8-6. Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Black and
White Men and Women Aged 35 to 74 Years by Percents
(Minnesota Heart Survey) 8-19
Table 8-7. Age- and Education-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking
Among Black and White Men and Women (Minnesota Heart Survey) 8-20
Table 8-8. Current Smokers' Smoking Cessation Behaviors in Percents
(Minnesota Heart Survey) 8-21
Table 8-9. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Sex, Age at Smoking Onset, and
Race/Ethnicity 8-22
Table 8-10. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Age at Smoking Onset, Race/Ethnicity,
and Educational Attainment 8-23
Table 8-11. Use of Selected Drugs by Age of User: 1993 8-24
Table 8-12. Alcoholism Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives
by Age and Sex 8-26
Table 8-13. Drug-Related Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives
by Age and Sex 8-27
Table 9-1. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States:
1994 9-6
Table 9-2. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States:
1993 9-7
Table 9-3. Number of Respondents Who Obtained Water From Public and Private
Water Sources for General Household Use 9-8
Table 9-4. Number of Respondents Who Use Bottled Water for Drinking Water
in the Home 9-10
Table 9-5. Percentage of Mothers Breastfeeding Newborn Infants in the Hospital
and Infants at 5 or 6 Months of Age in the United States in 1989 by
Ethnic Background and Selected Demographic Variables
9-12
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table 10-1. Preliminary Estimate of Poverty Threshold (Yearly Income of
Household in Dollars): 1995 10-6
Table 10-2. Household Income and Poverty Rates by State: 1990 and 1993 10-7
Table 10-3. Poverty Status of Persons, Families, and Children Under 18 by
Race/Ethnicity: 1959 to 1993 10-8
Table 10-4. Persons Living in Poverty by Sex: 1966 to 1994 10-9
Table 10-5. Selected Economic Profiles for the United States, 1990 Census 10-10
Table 10-6. Characteristics of Individuals from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient
Household: Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII),
1989 Through 1991 10-11
Table 10-7. Mean Nutrient Intakes Expressed as a Percentage of the Recommended
Daily Allowances of Individual from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient
Household: Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII),
1989 Through 1991 10-12
Table 10-8. Composition of the Homeless Population (Percentage) 10-13
Table 10-9. Population, Poverty, and Unemployment Data for Survey Cities 10-14
Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies 11-6
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1. Risk Assessment Paradigm 1-22
Figure 1-2, Methodological Approach for Identification and Evaluation of
Populations Potentially at Greater Risk 1 -23
Figure 1-3. The Three-stage Framework for Identifying, Enumerating, and
Characterizing Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances 1-26
Figure 2-1. Projected Age Distribution of the U.S. Population: 1987,2000,2010,
and 2030 2-14
Figure 2-2. Native American Populations Residing in EPA Regions by State: 1995 ... 2-20
Figure 3-1. Indian Health Service Population: Area Offices and Populations
Administered by Each Office 3-19
Figure 4-1. Percentage of Occupied and Vacant Housing Units 4-17
Figure 4-2. Selected Features of Occupied Homes: 1993 4-18
Figure 6-1. Participation in the 10 Most Popular Sports Activities by Sex: 1993 6-39
Figure 6-2. Participation in Various Activities by Percentage of the Population
18 Years Old and Older: 1992 6-40
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1. INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with protecting human
health from adverse effects resulting from exposure to contaminants in the environment. EPA
estimates risk to human health by conducting risk assessments, as illustrated in Figure 1-1. An
important step in risk assessment is exposure assessment (U.S. EPA, 1992a). The process of
exposure assessment involves (1) identification of potential exposure pathways, (2)
quantification of chemical intakes/potential doses, and (3) identification/estimation of the
exposed population (U.S. EPA, 1992a). This document addresses the third component of an
exposure assessment, estimation of the magnitude of the exposed population. It does not address
the duration or degree to which a population is exposed to a contaminant(s) of concern. Duration
and degree of exposure and other aspects of exposure assessment are presented in Exposure
Factors Handbook (1997).
A primary goal of risk assessment is to develop a distribution of the range of
exposures/risks occurring in the exposed population. In the past, some risk assessments did not
characterize the subsets of the exposed population with higher than average exposures/risks.
Individual populations can experience greater risk than the general population through higher
than average exposure and/or higher than average biological sensitivity. An important limitation
in the scope of this document is that it addresses populations who are potentially at greater risk
due to high exposure, but not populations with greater risks due to biological sensitivity.
The data and population subsets presented are not intended to be comprehensive or
prescriptive. This document does not include all possible populations and does not include
guidance for identifying and enumerating all populations under every circumstance. The
inclusion of a specific population in this document is not intended to imply that all members of a
specific population addressed are more likely than the general population to experience
potentially high exposures to a given contaminant.
The specific goals of this document are to (1) help assessors identify potentially highly
exposed populations and (2) help assessors estimate the size of these populations. It provides
information on the number of individuals or the percent of the general population associated with
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dietary preferences, cultural practices, geographic location and setting (i.e., urban vs. rural), and
other activities that target populations and individuals as possibly highly exposed candidates.
The literature summaries provided are not all-inclusive, but are meant to provide the reader with
a general overview of population data reported in recent literature. In most cases, data are from
government publications, peer-reviewed literature, and trade associations. Data are presented as
they appear in the original studies/reports. No attempt was made to verify or assess the quality of
the data beyond what is described in the published reports. Within the constraint of presenting
the original material as accurately as possible, terminologies used to describe areas such as racial
populations and study results are those presented by the study authors.
The Exposure Factors Handbook was first published in 1989 (U.S. EPA, 1989a). The
revised handbook was published In 1997. This document is intended to be used in conjunction
with the revised Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997). The handbook provides
statistical data on human characteristics and behaviors used in assessing exposure (e.g., ingestion
rates of foods, activity duration and frequency, soil ingestion rates, body weight, skin surface
area), addressing the second component of the exposure assessment process mentioned above. It
focuses primarily on exposure factors pertaining to the general population but also presents,
where possible, data specific to various age, gender, racial or ethnic, and occupational subgroups.
The procedure for using these two documents in combination is as follows:
* An assessor will use this document to help determine if potentially highly exposed
populations may exist in the area of interest and to estimate the size of such groups.
• Once the suspected potentially highly exposed populations are identified, the assessor
can then use the Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997) to select intake and
other exposure factor values specific to the groups identified above. These exposure
factor values would be combined with site-specific information on environmental
concentrations of contaminants to estimate exposure levels.
Other related documents that assessors may find helpful for identifying and evaluating highly
exposed populations include, but are not limited to, the following: Methods for Enumerating and
Characterizing Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances (U.S. EPA, 1985); Populations of
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Potential Concern in Chemical Exposure and Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1989b); and Risk
Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1 (U.S. EPA, 1989c).
Although multitudes of anecdotal and circumstantial evidence suggest that a particular
subgroup may be more susceptible than other members within the general population, very little
direct evidence exists of what the actual exposures and risk levels are for specific chemicals or
physical agents in the environment. Therefore, the data presented in this document for various
subgroupings do not imply or necessitate that all or any members of a given group are highly
exposed. The data contained in this document should be used as a tool to alert the assessor to
subgroups that may potentially experience greater exposures than the general population. The
data also should be used to help the assessor determine the number of individuals who potentially
may be subjected to increased exposures. When possible, assessors are encouraged to collect
site-specific data to help confirm if any groups are experiencing high exposures.
1.1. TERMINOLOGY USED TO DEFINE CONCEPTS RELATING TO EXPOSURE
1.1.1. Exposure
The Guidelines for Exposure Assessment define exposure as "the contact of an organism
with a chemical or physical agent" (U.S. EPA, 1992a). The document further defines exposure
as "contact of a chemical, physical, or biological agent with the outer boundary of an organism."
Exposure is quantified as the concentration of the agent in the medium in contact integrated over
the time duration of that contact (U.S. EPA, 1992a).
1.1.2. High End, Upper End, Exposure Distribution
A goal of many exposure assessments is to estimate the complete range of exposures
occurring in the exposed population and number of people at each exposure level. This concept
can be illustrated graphically by a distribution curve showing numbers of people exposed at
various levels. Note: persons in the high end of the health risk distribution are not necessarily
the same individuals as those in the high end of the exposure distribution (U.S. EPA, 1992a).
Individuals represented within what is known as the "upper end" or "high-end" of an exposure
distribution are referred to as highly exposed individuals. A high-end exposure estimate is
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defined in the Guidelines for Exposure Assessment as "a plausible estimate of individual
exposure or dose for those persons at the upper end of an exposure or dose distribution,
conceptually above the 90th percentile, but not higher than the individual in the population who
has the highest exposure" (U.S. EPA, 1992a).
1.1.3. Susceptibility, Highly Exposed, Biologically Sensitive
Definitions for "susceptibility," "highly exposed," and "sensitivity" vary according to
various professions. For example, lexicologists refer to individuals who respond to the lowest
concentrations of a given toxicant as "susceptible" (Hattis et al., 1987). Genetic epidemiologists
define susceptible individuals as those who become ill (Khoury et al., 1989). EPA has used the
term "susceptible" to refer to both highly exposed and biologically sensitive individuals. An
informal survey conducted within EPA showed that many investigators considered susceptible
populations to be either sensitive or highly exposed (Grassman, 1995). However, the terms
"highly exposed" and "sensitive" are quite different and are not used interchangeably in this
document. For example, if a population showing heightened sensitivities towards a particular
toxic agent experiences little contact with that agent, the overall risk in this instance could be
very low. Conversely, a population with sensitivities similar to those of the general population
can be at greater risk if it experiences greater contact with toxic agents.
Individuals are "highly exposed" on the basis of their activities, preferences, and behavior
patterns that differ from those established for the general population. For example, high exposure
could relate to food choices, frequency of foods consumed, cultural practices, geographic
location, residential setting (urban vs. rural), occupation, education, socioeconomic status,
proximity to hazardous facilities, and activity patterns. These parameters may vary according to
seasonal aspects, age, and other factors.
A "sensitive" individual is one who shows an adverse effect to a toxic agent at lower
doses than the general population or who shows more severe or more frequent adverse effects
after exposure to similar amounts of a toxic agent as the general population. For example, the
fetus is more sensitive to many chemicals than older individuals. Biological sensitivity may
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result from age (Calabrese, 1986), gender (Calabrese, 1985), genetics (Omenn, 1984),
deficiencies relating to diet and health, or other factors (Rios et al., 1993; Calabrese, 1986).
Figure 1-2 presents the Methodological Approach for Identification and Evaluation of
Populations Potentially at Greater Risk. The figure illustrates that populations are potentially at
greater risk when they are "more exposed" or "more susceptible" (Sexton et al., 1993). The
scope of this document, however, does not include identifying biologically sensitive populations
or determining one's susceptibility (or sensitivity) to a chemical. Rather, it examines how
activities or behaviors can subject particular segments of the population to greater exposures and
more frequent contact with environmental contaminants.
1.2. IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIALLY HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATION
As discussed previously, one objective of this document is to help assessors identify
potentially highly exposed populations. This section summarizes the types of information
presented that address this issue. Although the topic is beyond the scope of this document, some
discussion is included on how these factors relate to biological sensitivity. These discussions are
included as important related issues that assessors can pursue from other sources. Assessors are
reminded that if an individual (or population) is exposed to environmental compounds, it does
not necessarily result in that individual (or population) being highly exposed relative to the
general population.
The fact that data for a particular subgroup are presented does not mean that all members
within that subgroup are highly exposed or that such exposure constitutes a high risk. Also, this
document does not include all possible groupings of susceptible populations. Direct cause-and-
effect relationships are not being claimed; rather, information is presented that has the potential
for demonstration of correlations between exposure and the incidence and severity of
symptomatic effects. Some of the important factors for identifying potentially highly exposed
populations are chemicals of concern, age, gender, and lifestyle. Therefore, these areas are
addressed in the following sections of this document.
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1.2.1. Cheraical(s) of Concern
Identification and characterization of specific chemicals of concern are necessary steps in
identifying and enumerating populations with high-end exposures. For example, a chemical
classified as a pesticide would prompt assessors to consider populations working in an
agriculturally related occupation or people who participate in gardening as possible candidates
for receiving higher exposures to pesticides (further discussed in Sections 1.2,3 and 7.4).
Because of its prevalence in the environment, lead is another chemical of concern that can be
associated with various conditions and groups. For example, older houses often have lead-based
paints (Sutton et al., 1995; Barltrop, 1965) (Section 4.1 and Table 4-3). Soils near roadways
(Romieu et al., 1995) (Section 3.6) tend to have elevated lead levels from the previous use of
lead in gasoline. Not only is lead a chemical to which children are biologically more sensitive
than adults, but it is also a chemical that children are more likely to be exposed to because of the
prevalence of certain activities in children (ILSI, 1992) such as pica. Pica is defined as the
intentional ingestion of nonfood items (Bruhn and Pangborn, 1971; Vermeer and Frate, 1979;
NRC, 1993), Children exhibiting pica may experience exposures to lead from ingestion of paint
chips and lead-contaminated soils. Thus, children are a population who should be recognized as
having possibly higher exposures to lead and other chemicals from ingestion, Additional
examples of populations potentially more exposed to specific environmental agents than the
general population are presented in Table 1-1. This table is not intended to be comprehensive.
Rather, it is presented to show possible examples of chemical-specific population exposures.
1.2.2. Age
The age of the population should be considered when estimating exposure. For example,
nursing infants could potentially have more exposure (per unit body weight) to some lipophilic
contaminants than the general population through ingestion of breastmilk containing these
contaminants. Lipophilic compounds such as pesticides and dioxins have commonly been
identified in human milk (MAS, 1991; NRC, 1993). The levels of these compounds in human
milk vary with duration of lactation, number of children nursed, and the weight of the nursing
mother (NAS51991),
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Young children may have an increased potential for exposure to soil contaminants as a
result of pica and mouthing behaviors. The relatively higher ratio of surface area to body weight
of fetuses, neonates, and children, as compared to adults, may result in children being exposed to
higher concentrations of chemical per unit body weight than adults (Wester and Maibach, 1982).
Age also can be used to identify biologically sensitive individuals. The effect of age
sensitivity to contaminant exposure will vary with the substance (Calabrese, 1986). For example,
although sensitivity to skin irritants generally decreases with age, renal function also decreases
with age, thereby increasing sensitivity to chemicals that affect kidneys (Calabrese, 1986). Thus,
children tend to be more resistant than adults to the harmful effects of renal toxicants (Calabrese,
1986). In addition, adults more than 50 years old generally have a decreased capacity to detoxify
and/or excrete some chemical substances, and also exhibit a functional decline in the immune
system (Calabrese, 1986). The fetus, in comparison to older individuals, is more sensitive to
many chemicals. For example, the developing nervous system of the fetus or neonate has
increased susceptibility to the neurotoxic effects of lead (ATSDR, 1992). In addition, children at
various stages of development are also more sensitive to exposure to chemicals because of the
immaturity of their enzyme detoxification and immune systems (Calabrese, 1986; Lorenz and
Kleinman, 1988; NRC, 1993; Gladkte and Heimann, 1975).
Age demographics for the general U.S. population are presented in Section 2. Age-
related activities are discussed in Sections 8 and 9.
1.2.3. Gender
Gender-related behavior and activity patterns also can increase an individual's exposure
to toxic agents (Behrman et al., 1987). For example, during pregnancy some women may have
increased food consumption because of increased nutritional need and thus can have increased
exposure to any toxic contaminant present on or in a food sources. Additionally, pica is
practiced by some women during pregnancy and most often involves the consumption of dirt or
clay (Neuhauser, 1994). These substances may be contaminated with chemical/toxic compounds.
Gender-related economic factors, specifically those related to living in low-income
households, can increase an individual's potential exposure to toxic agents (NRC, 1993;
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Starfield, 1982; Mitchell and Dawson, 1973; Starfield and Budetti, 1985; CDHS, 1991). Data
presented in Table 10-4 of this document show that for each year studied (1966-1994), a greater
percentage of women than men live in poverty (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995).
Participation in certain occupations can also increase an individual's exposure to toxic
agents. For example, men comprise between 75% and 80% of workers in the farming industry
(U.S. DOL, 1994); therefore, they may be exposed more frequently than women to agricultural
pesticides. Women comprise more than 90% of workers in the cleaning industry (U.S. DOL,
1994); therefore, women have the potential for more frequent exposure than men to chemicals
contained in cleaning products. Occupational data by gender are presented in Section 7 of this
document.
Although sex-linked differences in sensitivities to toxic chemicals have not been
investigated extensively, the gender differences observed for several toxic substances have been
attributed to such factors as differential gastrointestinal absorption (Adrian et al., 1986), plasma
protein binding (Rane et al., 1971; Morselli et al., 1980; Morselli, 1989), biliary excretion
(Lorenzand Kleinman, 1988; NRC, 1993), tissue distribution (NRC, 1993; Morselli, 1980), and
enzymatic bioactivation/detoxification activities (NRC, 1993; Greengard, 1977). With regard to
a sensitive population, neither sex universally can be labeled more sensitive or less sensitive to
all substances. However, because of the physiological changes (e.g., a marked increase in the
requirement for calcium and iron, hormonal alterations, respiratory disease susceptibility) that
occur during pregnancy, pregnant women may be predisposed to the toxic effects of such
chemicals as beryllium, lead, manganese, and organophosphate insecticides (Romero et al., 1989;
Neuhauser, 1994).
1.2.4. Lifestyle, Behavior, and Social Structure
The fact that exposure to a pollutant may be determined, in part, by the behavior of the
receptor (i.e., human) is a basic principle of exposure assessment. The risk potential is increased
by a behavior that may not place a person in direct contact with a particular pollutant, but
nevertheless makes them more susceptible to the pollutant's effects when exposure to that
pollutant does occurs. For example, smoking enhances the toxicity of other chemicals by
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restricting airway conductance or making it more difficult to clear volatiles from the lungs
(Klaassen et al., 1996). Excessive consumption of alcohol appears to interfere with the
detoxification enzyme system of the liver (Klaassen et al., 1996).
Another example of increased risk due to behavioral practices is the use of metallic
mercury for medicinal and religious practices in Caribbean and Hispanic populations. Mercury
sprinkled on the floor or carpet could result in potentially increased exposure (dermal, inhalation,
and ingestion) to mercury for these specific populations (Wendroff, 1990).
Other activities that may lead to individuals having potentially greater than average
exposure to pollutants include breastfeeding, normal outdoor play for children, gardening and the
consumption of homegrown foods, dirt biking, fishing, and hunting. The potentially highly
exposed populations may include groups defined by ethnic origin, race, geographic region of
residence, income level, or other demographic factors. Exposure/risk among these populations
may differ from that of the general population as a result of behavioral or cultural factors (i.e.,
ethnic-related activities/traditions, geographic/regional behaviors, or social activities that may
contribute to higher risk such as smoking or alcohol or drug use).
1.2.5. Personal Health
An individual's personal health can affect the extent to which they experience adverse
effects upon exposure to environmental pollutants. Elements of personal health such as
nutritional status, disease history, body weight, body fat, preexisting medical conditions, or
genetic predispositions can exacerbate health consequences for individuals exposed to any
environmental contaminant. For example, a person with asthma may experience respiratory
problems after exposure to a respiratory irritant. This exposure could lead to a potentially life-
threatening asthma attack, while a person not afflicted with asthma could experience only minor
reactions (Calabrese, 1978). The authors note that issues related to personal health are of
potential concern for the exposure/risk assessor; however, addressing potentially susceptible or
highly exposed populations based on health concerns is beyond the scope of this document. The
reader is referred to the following reference sources for information available on this subject:
Calabrese, 1978; Kuczmarski, 1994; CDC, 1994; Montgomery and Carter-Pokras, 1993; Otten et
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al., 1990; Rios et al., 1993; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; and Weiss et al, 1992, Full
citations are presented in Section 1.6. It should be noted that the references mentioned above are
not intended to be all-inclusive, but are presented as examples of available sources addressing
health concerns.
1.3. ENUMERATION OF VARIOUS HIGHLY EXPOSED POPULATIONS
A major difficulty encountered in the preparation of exposure assessments is the
enumeration and characterization of specific populations exposed to chemical substances. The
EPA Office of Toxic Substances 1985 document Methods for Enumerating and Characterizing
Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances (U.S. EPA, 1985) presents methods and supporting
information for enumerating and characterizing populations exposed to chemical substances in
each of several exposure categories. Risk assessors should refer to this document for guidance in
enumerating populations where site-specific data are not available. The categories of exposed
populations addressed are as follows:
• Populations exposed to chemical substances in the ambient environment (all media);
* Populations exposed to chemical substances in the occupational environment;
« Populations exposed to chemical substances via the ingestion of foods;
» Populations exposed to chemical substances via the use of consumer products; and
• Populations exposed to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking water.
All printed census information is available for purchase through the Government Printing
Office (GPO). Other forms of information such as computer tapes, microfiches, maps, and
technical documentation can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census.
The Census of Population is the major source for the size, distribution, and demographic
characteristics of a geographically defined population. These include detailed characteristics
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such as age, sex, enumeration of various ethnic groups, and characterization of socioeconomic
data.
Not all the population data required to assess highly exposed populations can be obtained
from census data. For example, enumeration of populations who are potentially sensitive to
contaminant exposure on the basis of personal health factors (preexisting diseases, allergies, or
genetic predispositions) cannot be ascertained from census data. These data can sometimes be
obtained from local government sources, health agencies, or references from medical journals.
(See Table 11-1 for sources of local data.) Likewise, for enumeration of populations with high-
risk behavior patterns, such as subsistence fishers, assessors may turn to surveys, State
government agencies, or ethnographic field techniques (interviews, oral histories, etc.).
1.3.1. Framework of Methods
The framework for enumerating and characterizing exposed populations is the same for
each population of interest and is comprised of three stages (U.S. EPA, 1985):
1. The identification of the exposed population.
2. The enumeration of the exposed population.
3. The characterization of the exposed population according to age, sex, and other
demographics.
Figure 1-3 is a flow diagram of the three-stage framework. The first stage involves determining
the site locations of the chemical/pollutant of concern from various sources in the environment.
The people living at or near these locations can be identified via mapping techniques, site visits,
aerial photographs, etc. These tools also can be used to estimate the number of people exposed
to various chemicals in the environment. As an example, contaminant concentration isopleths
can be plotted on a population density map, and the number of people within a given area of
equal chemical concentration can be determined. The final step is to examine the exposed
populations to determine the highly exposed populations. The application of this process to
specific exposure scenarios is discussed as follows.
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1.3.2. Contact With Chemicals in the Ambient Environment (All Media)
Populations potentially exposed to a chemical substance in the ambient environment can
be identified through an evaluation of the substance's sources, its behavior in the environment,
location of the source, and applicable monitoring data. Populations may be further defined by
their participation in specific activities (i.e., occupation, exercise, hobbies, etc.) leading to
exposure, and by demographics (age and gender).
1.3.3. Chemical Contact Resulting From Disposal Activities
Exposures resulting from disposal and transportation-related spills of chemical substances
are types of exposures occurring in the ambient environment (all media). Populations exposed to
chemical substances in these categories are identified either by geographic location or by
occupation if site-specific data are not available.
1.3.4. Chemical Contact in Occupational Setting
The enumeration of occupationally exposed populations relies on the direct utilization
and combination of numerous databases. This information is largely the result of efforts by the
Federal Government (e.g., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH] and
Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]) to monitor employment and worker
practices. The age and sex of a worker can affect physiological parameters that determine
exposure (e.g., breathing rate, skin surface area) in the work environment. In addition, detailed
exposure assessments may require that populations be described by age and sex distributions.
1.3.5. Ingestion of Chemicals in Foods
Foods and food products have geographic distributions and processing patterns that
fluctuate depending on seasonal demand, availability, and personal preference. The population
exposed to contaminants found in various foods and other products can be enumerated using
information on the size of the consuming population in conjunction with information on the
amount of food contamination. One approach for determining the size of the consuming
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population is to divide the total amount of food consumed (for a particular food category or
subset that is contaminated) by the average per-person or per-household ingestion rate.
1.3.6. Contact With Contaminants in Consumer Products
The identification and enumeration of populations exposed to chemical substances via the
use of consumer products necessitates a listing of all products containing the chemical in
question. The data needed to compile such a list can be derived from the materials balance for
the chemical of concern and through literature searches. Other data sources are governmental
agencies (e.g., Consumer Product Safety Commission [CPSC], industry fact sheets, and product
labels). The potentially exposed population may be estimated using sources such as consumer
product use surveys, which indicate what fraction of the total population uses a particular product
or the characteristics of the population that uses the product (i.e., gender or age). Also, exposed
population estimates may be made by using total number of products sold divided by the average
number of products used per household. The age and sex of the exposed consumers affect the
physiological parameters that determine exposure; they also identify sensitive populations.
Detailed exposure assessments may require that populations be described by age and sex
distribution.
1.3.7. Ingestion of Chemicals in Drinking Water
Identification of populations exposed to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking
water involves examining the sources of the chemical substance. Enumeration involves the use
of local information or various computerized databases that contain information on drinking
water, such as the sources of the raw water supply, intake locations, treatment methods, and
populations served.
1.4. HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT
This document was prepared to assist risk assessors and other scientists in identifying
subsets of the general population who might experience more frequent contact with, and greater
exposures to, environmental contaminants than the general population. The first example
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presents a theoretical description of how to use this document. The two scenarios presented at
the end of this section illustrate how the tables and figures in this document can be used in
conjunction with the Exposure Factors Handbook to characterize potentially highly exposed
populations. These examples are not intended to be a complete analysis, but are for illustrative
purposes only. Reference tables other than ones provided in the example scenarios may be
appropriate, as determined by the assessor.
1.4.1. Examples of Exposure Scenarios
The information presented in this section explains how to use this document. The second
example is less detailed and only refers the reader to specific tables for analysis.
1.4.2. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of Exposure
Pathway
Table 1-2 presents examples of identifying potentially highly exposed population based
on exposure pathway. The sample exposure pathways presented are included as examples only,
and are not presented as being the most likely pathways by which populations may be exposed.
1.4.3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Population on the Basis of
Chemical/Contaminant
Table 1-3 presents examples of identifying potentially highly exposed population based
on chemical or contaminant of concern. The 15 contaminants listed in the table are taken from
the 1997 Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)/EPA's Priority List of
Hazardous Substances: 1997. The information is from the ATSDR web site, available at the
following Internet address: http://atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:808Q/cxcx3,html. The contaminants
presented are included as examples only, and are not presented as being the most hazardous
chemicals to which populations may be exposed.
1-14
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1.5. DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION
This document presents a summary of various factors influencing risk for highly exposed
populations. In addition, data sources are explored that can assist exposure/risk assessors in
enumerating these highly exposed or susceptible populations.
• Section 2 presents characteristics of the general U.S. population, including
sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and health-based factors.
• Section 3 provides population data based on the effects of location of residence.
• Section 4 provides population data based on residential factors.
• Section 5 provides population data based on time in nonresidential buildings.
• Section 6 presents population data for selected recreational activities.
• Section 7 presents occupational population data.
• Section 8 examines cultural and behavioral factors.
• Section 9 provides population data for drinking water and certain food groups.
• Section 10 evaluates population data associated with socioeconomic factors, such as
living in poverty.
• Section 11 provides information on accessing information on the Internet useful for
identifying potentially highly exposed populations, as well as providing a listing of
State environmental protection agencies and a reference source for trade
organizations.
1-15
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Example 1 - Tetrachloroethylene Contamination at a Superfund Site
The Problem:
A Superfund site has caused tetrachloroethylene (also known as perchloroethene) to enter
groundwater used as a drinking water source for a community of 10,000 people in Ohio. The risk
assessor is interested in knowing if anyone in the affected area may be highly exposed to this chemical.
Identifying the Highly Exposed Populations:
The assessor determines that elevated exposures could occur in two ways:
• High ingestion rates of contaminated water, and
• High background exposures due to activities other than drinking water,
High Ingestion Rate of Contaminated Water:
Using the exposure pathway paradigm in Table 1-2, the assessor identifies three potentially highly
exposed populations associated with water consumption: athletes, residents of hot climates, and outdoor
workers in hot climates. The groups associated with hot climates will not be of concern, because Ohio
has a moderate climate. Athletes may be a concern; using Chapter 6 and Figures 6-1 and 6-2, the
assessor learns that approximately 50% of the adult population on a national basis are involved in some
form of exercise. Table 1-2 also references the assessor to Table 3-30 in the Exposure Factors
Handbook, which recommends assuming 6 liters per day (L/day) water consumption for active adults
in temperate climates. Clearly, not all of these people exercise aerobically on a regular basis. However,
this high percentage suggests that it is reasonable to assume that at least some members of a population
of 10,000 will engage in such activities. Therefore, the assessor concludes that some members of the
exposed population could have elevated exposures as a result of high water consumption and uses the
6 L/day value to estimate this level of exposure. The nationwide statistics in this document are not
adequate for making quantitative estimates of how many people are exposed at this level. Additional
sources of information, however, are referenced in Section 11.
High Background Exposures:
The possibility of high background exposures is investigated using Table 1-3. The assessor looks
up tetrachloroethylene in this table and sees that a number of people may have elevated background
exposures to this chemical (e.g., home repairers or remodelers, house cleaners, painters, and workers at
dry cleaning establishments). The assessor then refers tp Tables 6-22 through 6-24, 7-7, and Appendix
7B in this document to establish the potentially high background exposed population. Table 6-22
indicates that 48% of people were involved in home improvement/repair during the last 12 months.
Table 6-23 indicates that 13 million people paint as a hobby (or X% of population), etc. Accordingly,
a high percentage of this population could have elevated background exposures. Tables 5-23
(recommended inhalation rates - select rate based on specific activity level) and 16-13 through 16-18,
16-22, and 16-23 (duration and frequency data of exposure or product use for some categories) from the
Exposure Factors Handbook can be used. For example, from Table 5-23, one can assume a mean
inhalation rate of 1.0 cubic meters per hour (nrVhr) for a house cleaner who cleans spots on walls or
doors based on short-term, light activities. The total exposed time for using specific house cleaning
products (all-purpose cleaners) is 64 hours/year (Table 16-16). The duration of performing a specific
task (clean spots on walls or doors) is 50 minutes/event (Table 16-15), and the mean frequency for
performing this task is 6 times/month. Other tables may be appropriate as determined by the assessor.
1-16
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Example 2 - Unspecified Soil Contamination in a Residential Community
The Problem:
A residential community is under development in Virginia. For the past 100 years, the land to be
developed has been agricultural. Heavy use of pesticides in the past has led to concerns of soil
contamination. The risk assessor is interested in knowing whether any subset of the future residents may
have high exposures to the soil contaminants.
Identifying the Highly Exposed Populations by Exposure Pathway:
The assessor postulates that elevated exposures to soil contaminants could occur in three ways:
• Inhalation of particulates;
• Dermal contact with soil; and
• Ingestionof soil.
Increased Dermal Contact and Inhalation of Particulates:
Using Table 1-2, the assessor identifies four potentially highly exposed populations associated with
dermal contact with soil: children playing outdoors, gardeners, people engaged in sporting activities
(e.g., baseball, Softball, golf, football, and soccer), and outdoor workers who may have increased contact
with soil (e.g., termite inspectors, highway repairmen, cable repairmen, construction workers, farmers,
and nursery workers). These same populations would have elevated exposures via inhalation of
suspended soil particles. To characterize the potentially highly exposed groups, the assessor can then
use Table 7-7, Appendix 7B, Tables 6-16 and 6-24, and Figure 6-1 in this document. Relevant
information in Exposure Factors Handbook can be found in Tables 6-2 through 6-8, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16
(exposed skin surface area), and 6-12 (soil adherence value). Duration and/or frequency values for some
categories may be obtained from Tables 15-92, 15-93, 15-107, 15-108, and 15-176.
Ingest ion of Soil: . ' ......
Using Table 1-2, the assessor identifies children playing outdoors, pregnant women, migrant
workers, and participants in outdoor activities (e.g., gardening, golf, baseball, football, hiking, and
camping) as populations who may be highly exposed as a result of soil ingestion. Turning again to Table
1 -2, the assessor can use Tables 2-1, 8-2, 8-3, 6-16, 6-19, and 6-24 in this document and Tables 4-11,
4-15, 4-16,4-22, 15-85, and 4-23 and Section 4.5 for soil ingestion in Exposure Factors Handbook as
tools to characterize the potentially highly exposed groups. Other tables may be appropriate as
determined by the assessor.
1-17
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1.6. REFERENCES
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peptide YY in human neonates and infants. Pediatr Res 20:1225-1227.
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1-18
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1-19
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minorities. Toxicol Ind Health 9(5):797-820.
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VR; Smith, MK; Worth, D., eds. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
1-21
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Steps of Risk Assessment
Hazard
Identification
Dose-Response
Assessment
Exposure
Assessment
Risk
Characterization
Figure 1-1. Risk Assessment Paradigm
Source: U.S. EPA, 1992.
1-22
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Environmental
Health
Paradigm
Risk Assessment
Process
Identification and Evaluation of
Individuals and Groups at Greater
Risk than the General Population
Emission Source(s)
• Pollutant Type
• Amount Released
• Geographic Location
/ «.:/K .V.
Environmental
Concentrations
• Air " Soil/Dust
• Water * Food
*,f~ » 1 •»„-„.
" 5 * -'?-
Human Exposures
* Route
* Magnitude
• Duration
!
>
i
->i -''
{
fi
A ".
ii
Frequency
Internal Doses
• Absorbed
• Dose to Target
• Biomarkers
Adverse Effect(s)
• Cancer
•Noncancer
— Damage/Disease
- Signs/Symptoms
Exposure
Assessment
Distribution
Population/Individual
1 Dose to Target
Effects
Assessment
• Hazard Identification
• Dose-Response
Potentially Greater Risk
More Exposed
• Exposed Above Benchmark
More Susceptible
•Age
• Gender
• Genetic Predisposition
• Nutritional Status
• Preexisting Conditions
Figure 1-2. Methodological Approach for Identification and Evaluation of Subpopulations
Potentially at Greater Risk
Source: Sexton et a!., 1993
1-23
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Table 1-1. Populations Potentially at Risk of Exposure to Specific Chemical(s) of Concern
Population/Activities
Chemical(s) of Potential Concern
Infant and Child Activities
Infant breastfeeding
Normal outdoor play
Dirt biking
Adult Activities
Household activities:
Gardening
Auto care
Home repair/remodeling
Sports:
Hunting {deer and waterfowl)
Fishing
Target shooting
Hobbies:
Arts and crafts
Film developing
Furniture refinishing
BHC-beta, BHC-gamma (lindane), cadmium, carbon disulfide, chlordane,
ODD, DDE, DDT, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, dichloromethane, dieldrin, dioxin,
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, lead, mercury,
tetrachloroethene, PCBs
Highly to moderately adsorptive substances (e.g., asbestos, beryllium,
copper, lead, mercury, silver, thallium, zinc)
Highly to moderately adsorptive substances (e.g., asbestos, beryllium,
copper, lead, mercury, silver, thallium, zinc)
Arsenic, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene,
cadmium, chrysene, coal tars, creosote, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, dieldrin,
dioxin, heptachlor, lead, selenium
Ammonia, benzene, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichloromethane,
nitrobenzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichlorofluoromethane, zinc
Ammonia, arsenic, bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, bis(chlorometh!y)ether, coal
tars, cresol, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichloromethane, diethyl phthalate,
dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, lead, mercury, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, pentachlorophenol, tetrachloroethene,
toluene, xylene, zinc
Deer: pesticides
Waterfowl: substances with high to moderate bioaccumulation potential
Any substance with high to moderate bioaccumulation potential
Lead
Ammonia, benzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, chloroethene, creosote,
dichloromethane, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl
phthalate, lead, mercury, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyi ketone,
phenol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, toluene, zinc
Ammonia, cyanide, dichlorodifluoromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
triehloroethene, trichlorofluoromethane, toluene, xylene
Benzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, dichloromethane, diethyl phthalate,
dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl
isobutyl ketone, toluene, xylene
(continued)
1-24
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Table 1-1. Populations Potentially at Risk of Exposure to Specific Chemical(s) of Concern
(continued)
Population/Activities
Chemicai(s) of Potential Concern
Occupations
Agricultural workers
Blacksmiths
Chimney sweeps
Commuters
Domestics/housecleaning
Electrical equipment repair
Exterminators
Firefighters
Jewelers
Laboratory technicians
Painters/paint store employees
Road pavers and roofers
Service station attendants
Welders
Adult Risk-associated Behavior
Alcohol consumption
Smoking/environmental tobacco
smoke
Substance abuse
Residential (housing characteristics)
Basements
Kerosene heat
Inner city location
Private wells
Pesticides
Cyanide, PAHs
Coal tars
Particulates, carbon monoxide, benzene, formaldehyde, criteria pollutants
Ammonia, anthracene, bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, di-n-butyl phthalate, 1,4-
dioxane, ethylene oxide, mercury, phenol, styrene, tetrahydrofuran,
tetrachloroethene, toluene, trichloroethane, xylene, zinc
PCBs
Pesticides
Cyanide
Lead, nickel
Acrolein, arsenic, asbestos, bis{chloromethyl)ether, benzidine, benzoic
acid, chloroethene, chloromethane, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 1,4-dioxane,
mercury, pyrene, silver, trichloroethene, trichloromethane
Benzene, dichloromethane, nickel, tetrachloroethene, toluene,
trichloromethane
Coal tars, PAHs
Benzene, lead
Chromium, nickel
Lead, trichloroethene, trichloromethane, pesticides, PCBs
Asbestos, benzene, beryllium, cadmium, chrysene, cyanide, lead, nickel,
trichloroethene, PAHs
Pesticides, PCBs
Radon
Carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide
Lead, cockroach antigen, benzene, criteria pollutants
Pesticides, metals, solvents, mocrobials
Source: U.S. EPA, 1989c; U.S. EPA, 1992.
1-25
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1 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPOSED POPULATIONS
• Evaluate chemical/physical properties
• Identify sources & releases
• Evaluate transport and transformation
* Gather monitoring data
in order to identify
• Media and exposure route
Exposure scenarios (i.e., ambient, occupational, consumer,
food, drinking water)
• Microenvironments and activities
ENUMERATION OF EXPOSED POPULATIONS
Data sources and enumeration methods are used to determine
numbers of populations exposed to chemical substances in:
* The ambient environment
* The occupational environment
• Food
• Drinking water
• Consumer products
3 CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPOSED POPULATIONS
Data sources are used to obtain demographic characteristics of
exposed populations, e.g., age, sex). Data sources include:
Geographic or activity-specific data
Generic data
Figure 1-3. The Three-Stage Framework for Identifying, Enumerating, and
Characterizing Populations Exposed to Chemical Substances
Source: U.S. EPA, 1992b.
1-26
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Table 1-2. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Exposure Pathway
Exposure
Pathway
Potentially Highly Exposed Population
Tables on
Sociodemographics
from this Document
Tables on Factor Values
from EFH
Water Ingestion
Soil Ingestion
Inhalation
Dermal Contact
with Soil
Fish Ingestion
Dermal Contact
with Water
Athletes
Residents of Hot Climates
Outdoor Activities in Hot Climates
Recreational Participants in Hot
Climates/Weather
Children
Pregnant Women
Migrant Workers
Outdoor Activities (e.g., sports,
work, gardening)
Athletes
Children
Outdoor Sports Participants (e.g.,
baseball, Softball, football, soccer)
High Activity Level Workers (e.g.,
farmers)
Children
Home Gardeners
Outdoor Sports Participants (e.g., golf,
baseball, football, soccer, hiking,
camping, running/jogging, softball)
Outdoor Occupations (e.g., pesticide
applicators, landscapers, highway
repairers, farmers, construction
workers)
Fishers
Eskimos
Native Americans
Fishers, occupational and recreational
Aquatic Sportsmen (e.g., swimmers,
boaters, water skiers, jet skiers)
6-24
2-4
6-24
2-1
8-2
8-3
6-24
6-16,6-19
6-24
2-1
6-24
7-1, 7-3, 7-6, 7-7,
Appendix 7B, 7C
2-1
6-16
6-24
Figure 1
7-5, 7-6, 7-7,
Appendix 7B
6-1,6-3
2-4, 2-10
2-4,2-10
7-6, 7-7
6-24
3-30
3-27, 3-30
3-27, 3-28
4-23
4-15,4-22
Section 4.5
4-11,4-15,4-16, 15-85
5-23
5-25
5-26,5-27, 15-85
6-14, 6-16
6-12, 15-108
15-92
6-2,6-8, 15-85,15-93
15-107
10-81 thru 10-85
6-14,6-16
6-2 thru 6-8, 10-83, 10-84
6-14,6-16, 15-176
1-27
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Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Hazardous Substance
(Hazardous Substances from 1997 EPA/ATSDR Priority List of Hazardous Substances)
Hazardous Substance
Potentially Highly Exposed Population'
Relevant Tables in Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors
this Document Handbook
Arsenic
Lead
Mercury, Metallic
Vinyl Chloride
(Other names:
chloroethytene,
chtorethane.
monochloroethylene.
ethylena monochloride,
monochloroethane, VCM,
vinyl chloride monomer)
Activities:
Children playing outdoors (esp. on wood treated 2-1
structures or near contaminated soil)
Drinking well water contaminated by natural sources 9-3
Gardeners 6-16
Living near metal smelters
Occupations:
Metal smelters, semiconductor manufacturers, pesticide 7-5, 7-6, 7-7,
manufacturers, farm workers, refinery workers Appendix 7B, 7C
Activities:
Children playing outdoors (esp. near roads or freeways) 2-1
Dirt bikers
Gardeners 6-16
Home repairers/remodelers 6-23
Target shooters 6-23
Arts and crafts hobbyists 6-23
Occupations:
House cleaners, service station workers 7-5, 7-6, 7-7,
Appendix 7B, 7C
Behavior Patterns:
Pica
8-2, 8-3
Activities:
Children playing indoors (as a result of cultural/religious 2-1
practices)
Occupations:
Chlorine and caustic soda production workers, cosmetic 7-3, 7-4, 7-7
producers, dental personnel, electroplators, explosives Appendix 7B, 7C
manufacturers, felt makers and leather tanners, grinding
machine operators, hazardous waste site personnel, ink
manufacturers, laboratory personnel, manufacturers of
batteries, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps,
switches, rectifiers, metallurgists, miners and processors
of cinnabar, gold, silver, copper, zinc, paint and pigment
manufacturers, painters, paper millers, pesticide/fungicide
production and application workers, pharmaceutical
producers, plumbers
Behavior Patterns:
Cultural practices (Hispanic population) 2-1
Occupations:
Plastics manufacturers, vinyl chloride and PVC 7-7, Appendix 7B,
manufacturers, especially autoclave cleaners in PVC 7C
production plants
5-25,6-14,15-59,15-60
3-30
4-15,4-16,6-16, 15-61
5-23
5-25,6-14, 15-59, 15-60
4-23, 5-22, 6-2 thru 6-5, 6-14
4-15,4-16, 15-61,6-16
16-2 thru 16-5, 16-23, 16-28
4-23
15-79
16-26
16-26
1-28
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Table 1-3, Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Hazardous Substance
(Hazardous Substances from 1997 EPA/ATSDR Priority List of Hazardous Substances) (continued)
Hazardous Substance
Potentially Highly Exposed Population"
Relevant Tables in
this Document
Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors
Handbook
Benzene
(Other names:
benzol, carbon oil, coal tar
naphtha, cyclohexatriene,
phenyl hydride,
pyrobenzole)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs), including Arochlor
1254 and 1260
Cadmium
Activities:
Arts and crafts hobbyists 6-23
Occupations:
Gasoline storage personnel, shipment and retail 7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
operations workers, chemical manufacturers, plastics and Appendix 7B, 7C
rubber manufacturers, shoe manufacturers, printers,
petroleum refinery personnel, workers in recovery plants
for coke oven by-products, artists, house cleaners,
gasoline workers
Behavior Patterns:
Smokers 8-6,8-7
Activities:
Hunters 6-6,6-7
Fishers 6-2
Occupations or Hobbies:
Electricians, electric cable repairpersons, electroplators, 7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
emergency response workers, firefighters, hazardous Appendix 7B, 7C
waste haulers or site repair workers, maintenance
cleaners, metal finishers, pavers and roofers,
pipefitters/plumbers, timber products manufacturers,
transformer/capacitor repairers, and personnel involved in
waste oil processing
Activities:
Jewelery hobbyists 6-23
Occupations:
Alloy makers, aluminum solder makers, ammunition 7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
makers, auto mechanics, battery makers, bearing Appendix 78, 7C
makers, braziers and solderers, cable and trolley wire
makers, cadmium platers, cadmium vapor lamp makers,
pottery makers, copper-cadmium alloy makers, electrical
condenser makers, electroplaters, engravers, farm
workers, glass makers, incandescent lamp makers,
jewelers, lithographers, lithopone makers, mining and
refining workers, paint makers, paint sprayers, pesticide
makers, pharmaceutical workers, photoelectric cell
makers, pigment makers, plastic products makers, metal
sculptors, solder makers, textile printers and cadmium
alloy and cadmium-plate welders
Behavioral Patterns: 8-6, 8-7
Smokers
16-26
16-23, 16-28
15-141
11-6
10-83, 10-84, 10-85
15-141
1-29
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Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Hazardous Substance
(Hazardous Substances from 1997 EPA/ATSDR Priority List of Hazardous Substances) (continued)
Hazardous Substance
Potentially Highly Exposed Population"
Relevant Tables in
this Document
Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors
Handbook
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)
compounds
(Other names:
Aeenaphthaiw,
aoeniphthyleno,
anthracene,
benz(a)anthracene,
boreo(«}pyren8, banzo(b)
fluoranthena,
benzo{gni)peryfeno,
bartzo(k)fluoranthena,
chryiena,
dibenz(a,n)anthracene,
fluofanthene, fluorene,
Indeno(1,2,2-cd3pyren8,
phonanthrene. pyrene
Dibeflz(a,h]anthracene)
Activities:
Charcoal grillers
Fishers
Furniture refinishing hobbyists
Occupations:
Aluminum workers, asphalt workers, carbon black
workers, chimney sweeps, coal tar production plant
workers, coal-gas workers, coke oven workers, fishermen,
graphite electrode workers, machinists, auto and diesel
engine mechanics, municipal trash incinerators, printers,
road workers, roofers, smoke houses, steel foundry
workers, tire and rubber manufacturing workers, workers
exposed to creosote such as carpenters, farmers, railroad
workers, tunnel construction workers, and utility workers.
workers using high-temperature food fryers and broilers
6-2
6-23
7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
Appendix 7B, 7C
15-34
10-83, 10-84, 10-85
Chloroform
(Other names:
trlchloromethane,
methenyl chlorldo,
methane trichloride,
methyl trichloride, formyl
trichloride)
DDT, P'P'
(olhftr name;
dtehlorodiphenyttrichloroet
harta)
Trichforaalhyfene
(other names:
TCE, trichloroelhene,
athytena trichloride, 1-
ehtof c-2,2-
dtehloroethytene, 1,1-
dtehtoro-2-chloroelhylene,
1,1,2-trichloroethylene,
TRI)
Activities:
Swimmers 6-24
Drinking chlorinated water
Showering in enclosed stalls
Occupations:
Chloroform manufacturers, fiuorocarbon-22 and ethylene 7-3, 7-4,7-7,
dichloride manufacturers, internal combustion engine Appendix 7B, 7C
industries, pesticide manufacturers, pulp and paper
millers, food processing industry and paint store workers,
pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, sewage treatment
plants personnel
Banned in the U.S. in 1972, however residues can still be
detected on agricultural products and other food products
Occupations:
Farmers, nursery personnel may be exposed to residues 7-3, 7-4,7-7,
still found in soil Appendix 7B, 7C
Activities:
Arts and crafts hobbyists 6-23
Bathing, laundering or cooking with contaminated water 9-3
Occupations:
Metal degreasing operators, municipal and hazardous 7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
waste incinerator workers, manufacturers of adhesive Appendix 7B, 7C
glues, disinfectants, Pharmaceuticals, dyes, perfumes,
soaps, paints, and coatings, workers in chemical
industries that manufacture polyvinyl chloride,
pentachoroethane, and other polychlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbons, flame retardant chemicals and insecticides,
mechanics, oil processors, printers, resin workers, rubber
cementers, shoe makers, textile and fabric cleaners,
tobacco denicotinizers, varnish workers, and some dry
cleaners
15-18, 15-65, 15-66, 15-67
15-19, 15-20, 15-21, 15-22, 15-23
6-26
15-18, 15-19 to 15-21, 15-24, 15-89
15-99
1-30
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Table 1-3. Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations on the Basis of Hazardous Substance
(Hazardous Substances from 1997 EPA/ATSDR Priority List of Hazardous Substances) (continued)
Hazardous Substance
Potentially Highly Exposed Population'
Relevant Tables in
this Document
Relevant Tables in Exposure Factors
Handbook
Chromium (hexavalent)
Hexachlorobutadiene
(Other names: HCBD,
perehlorobutadiene,
Dolen-Pur)
Chlordane, including
aldrin, dieldrin, and
hepaehlor
(Trade names:
Velsicol-1068, Octachlor,
Chlorkil, Ortho-chlor,
Dowchlor, Gold Crest C-
100, Topidor 20)
Tetrachloroethylene
(Other names:
tetrachloroethene)
Activities:
Living on landfill derived from chromium-containing soil 2-1
Children playing outdoors (esp. near roadways or
contaminated landfill)
Occupations:
Welding of alloys and steel, chrome electroplating, paints ' 7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
and pigments manufacture, chemical manufacture, Appendix 7B, 7C
industrial cooling towers using chromate chemicals as
rust inhibitors , chrome alloy production, textile
manufacturing, photoengraving, copier servicing, leather
tanning, and airborne emissions from incineration facilities
15-25, 15-59, 15-60,6-14
Occupations:
Manufacturers of rubber compounds and lubricants, and
manufacturers of chemicals such as tetrachloroethylene,
trichloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride.
7-7
Activities:
Living in homes previously treated for termite infestation
Eating food prepared from plants grown on chlordane-
treated fields and the fat of meat or milk from animals that
eat grass from ehlordane-treated fields
Occupations:
Chlordane pesticide manufacture for export, or chlordane 7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
cleanup workers (Chlordane has been banned from Appendix 7B, 7C
commercial use in the U.S)
Activities:
House repairers or remodelers 6-23
Use of spot removers, or exposure to recently dry-cleaned
fabrics
Possible well water contamination
Auto repair 6-23
Hobbyists using paint removers and wood cleaners 6-23
Occupations:
Dry-cleaning workers, machinists, plastic extruders, and 7-3, 7-4, 7-7,
electronic assemblers, or workers manufacturing Appendix 7B, 7C
consumer products containing tetrachlorethylene, house
cleaners, painters
16-31, 16-32
5-23, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5
a Potential highly exposed populations may include these groups, but are not limited to these groupings.
Source: Adapted from Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (1990-1993).
1-31
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2. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
GENERAL U.S. POPULATION
This section presents sociodemographic characteristics of the U.S. population that may be
useful when assessing highly exposed populations. Characteristics included are gender, age,
race, ethnicity, geographic location, economic factors, and institutionalized populations. Some
data are included in more than one section because these data may be useful for more than one
type of assessment. Relevant terms (e.g., race) are defined when available in the sections where
they are presented. Definitions of relevant terms are presented as they appear in the cited
reference to avoid misrepresentations.
Much of the data in this section are adapted or derived from the 1995 U.S. Bureau of the
Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States. It is a standard summary of statistics on the
social, political, and economic organizations of the United States. Sources of the information
presented include Federal statistical bureaus and other organizations that collect and provide
statistics as a principal activity, government regulatory agencies, private research, trade
associations, health associations, etc. (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; 1997). Statistics
presented were obtained and tabulated by various means: (1) complete enumeration or census,
(2) samples, (3) extraction from records kept for administrative or regulatory purposes, and (4)
through interviews or mail explicitly for statistical purposes (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995;
1997). The following statistical abstract data presented are based on census data collected from
the decennial Census of the Population, a monthly population survey, a program of population
estimates and projections, and a number of other periodic characteristics. The U.S. Constitution
requires that the U.S. Bureau of the Census collect data every 10 years (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1995). These decennial censuses provide data for many socioeconomic reports on the
status of the general U.S. population.
U.S. Census Bureau data are accessible on the World Wide Web via the Internet. The
Bureau's home page (Internet address: www.census.gov) contains information on the kinds of
data available and instructions on how to conduct data searches, extract data, and download data
files. Information available includes summaries from the most recent census in database format
and search tools such as Map Stats and US Gazetteer, which generate census data profiles of
specific U.S. locations. Another option available is the Tiger Mapping Service, which allows the
generation of national-scale, street-level maps from publicly available data. Questions on the
U.S. Census Bureau's home page can be sent to webmaster@census.gov (U.S. Census Bureau
2-1
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Home Page, Dec. 23,1996). Section 11 contains information on how to access U.S.
Government data on the Internet.
2.1. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GENDER AND AGE
The gender and age distribution of the population in question should be determined to
identify populations with potentially high exposures. Table 2-1 presents the U.S. general
population by gender and age for the year 1994 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Figure 2-1
illustrates the population distribution of the U.S. general population by age and gender for the
years 1987,2000,2010, and 2030 (Spencer, 1989). Gender- and age-related factors resulting
from varying behavior and activity patterns are discussed in Sections 1.2.2 and 1.2.3 of this
document.
Gender- and age-related factors can increase exposure to toxic agents. For example,
children often exhibit behavior and activity patterns that are different from adults, which may
potentially increase their exposure to environmental agents. Infants have a greater surface area to
body weight ratio than adults (Calabrese, 1986); thus, infants potentially may be at greater risk
from environmental contaminants via dermal exposure. Also, children spend time in outdoor
play or structured activities. As a result, they can have higher exposure to contaminants found in
the soils on playgrounds, parks and other outdoor recreational areas, and residential yards. In
addition, children and infants tend to put objects into their mouths; these objects may contain
chemical components or include soil particles containing chemical contaminants, which might
increase their risk of exposure to contaminants by ingestion. Infants have faster respiratory rates
than adults, resulting in potentially increased risk from contaminants via inhalation. Also,
individuals who spend most of their time in an indoor environment (e.g., elderly residents of
nursing homes) may experience higher exposures to indoor air contaminants.
2.2. RESIDENT POPULATION BY RACE
The racial composition of a population in question should be determined to ascertain if
exposure to certain environmental contaminants may be different for that group based on race or
ethnicity. For example, certain cultural practices (e.g., use of mercury for spiritual purposes) are
more common in some ethnic groups than in others. The Bureau of the Census is directed by the
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, under Statistical Policy Directive No. 15, to collect and
publish statistics of the general population by race (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Common
racial classifications include American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, black,
2-2
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and white. The concept of race that the U.S. Bureau of the Census uses reflects self-
identification by survey respondents and is not intended to reflect any biological or
anthropological definitions. Respondents who do not identify (themselves) with a specific racial
group on the questionnaire are included in the "other race" category. Hispanic is defined, by
directive, as an ethnicity, not a race (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). A self-identification
question is used in the census questionnaire to identify Hispanic origin, and Hispanic persons
may be of any race (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Persons classified as Hispanic include
those who reported their race as Mexican-American, Chicano, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban,
Central or South American (Spanish countries), or other Hispanic origin (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1995), Table 2-2 presents total numbers and percent distribution of the general
population by racial categories not of Hispanic origin (white; black; American Indian, Eskimo,
Aleutian; and Asian and Pacific Islander) and persons of Hispanic origin for years 1980,1985,
1990, and 1994.
2.3. RESIDENT POPULATION BY AGE, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
Table 2-3 presents the resident general U.S. population by age, race, and Hispanic origin
from 1980 to 1994. Race and Hispanic origin are defined in Section 2.2.
2.4. RESIDENT POPULATION BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION
The risk assessor may be concerned with the geographic location of the population of
concern. Examples of geographic factors that may be relevant for determining exposure of
populations include amount of time spent outdoors and length of growing season (potentially
greater in areas of warmer climates), and amount of time spent indoors exposed to indoor air
contaminants (potentially greater in colder climate areas). The Bureau of the Census subdivides
the United States into four geographic regions of Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. These
regions are further divided into divisions containing different States. The regions, divisions, and
their corresponding States (using standard U.S. Postal Service abbreviations for States) are
shown below. Table 2-4 presents the resident general population by these geographic regions,
race, and Hispanic origin, for the year 1990.
2-3
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Ecgion Division and Abbreviation States
Northeast New England (ME) CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT
Middle Atlantic (MA) NJ, NY, PA
Midwest East North Central (ENC) !L, IN, MI, OH, WI
West North Central (WNC) !A, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, SD
South South Atlantic (SA) DE, DC, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV
East South Central (ESC) AL, KY, MS, TN
West South Central (WSC) AR, LA, OK, TX
West Mountain (M) AZ, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, UT, WY
Pacific (P) AK, CA, HI, OR, WA
2.5. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL U.S.
POPULATION
Socioeconomic characteristics of a population may affect exposure to certain
environmental contaminants. Living in poverty could potentially contribute to increased
exposure. For example, populations living in older housing units, and especially those with
limited funds available for regular repairs and maintenance, may have lead-based paint and
inadequate ventilation systems; both may contribute to increased risk for exposure to
environmental contaminants. Various socioeconomic data were available from the U.S. Bureau
of the Census (1995) describing the general population. For convenience and consistency, these
data are presented by racial categories as provided in the reference cited. Table 2-5 presents
socioeconomic data for U.S. white and black populations, and Table 2-6 presents socioeconomic
data for the American Indian population. Figure 2-2 presents the Native American populations
in thousands residing in the 10 EPA regions by State for 1995. Table 2-7 presents
socioeconomic data for the Asian and Pacific Islander population, and Table 2-8 presents
socioeconomic data for the Hispanic population.
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2.6. RESIDENT POPULATION BY HOUSEHOLD
Many risk assessments are based on exposure to individuals or groups of individuals
living in a household or residence. For example, an assessor may wish to determine the
percentage of households in a given area with young children who spend time outdoors playing.
These children may subsequently be exposed to soil contaminants resulting from deposition of
airborne particulates.
A household is described by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as composed of all persons
who occupy a housing unit (a house, apartment, etc.) that constitutes separate living quarters
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). A household includes related family members and all the
unrelated persons (lodgers, foster children, employees, etc.) who share a housing unit. A family
is defined by the Census Bureau as a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or
adoption and residing together in a household (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Table 2-9
presents the numbers (in thousands) of household units in regions, divisions, and States from
1980 to 1994. Table 2-10 presents the numbers (in thousands) of family and nonfamily
households by race, Hispanic origin, and type.
2.7. URBAN AND RURAL U.S. POPULATION BY REGION, DIVISION, AND
STATE
A risk assessor may wish to enumerate the population residing specifically in urban or
rural areas of a State or in a metropolitan area. For example, a risk assessor considering the
population exposed to a pesticide as a result of application for agricultural use would choose an
appropriate percentage of the nearby rural population. Likewise, living in a rural area that is
known to have certain contaminants in its water supply (i.e., groundwater) also can increase risk.
Living in urban areas with increased vehicle traffic and the resulting increase in air pollution
from auto exhaust can increase risk to certain air contaminants, such as benzene.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census defines urban populations as persons living in
incorporated or unincorporated cities or towns of 2,500 or more inhabitants or in urbanized areas
defined as adjacent densely settled surrounding areas with a minimum of 50,000 persons (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1995). Populations not classified as urban are classified as rural (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1995). Table 2-11 presents the total populations of each region, division,
and State, as well as the numbers and percent distribution of urban and rural populations by
region, division, and State. The composition of the regions and divisions is provided in
Section 2.4.
2-5
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2.8. RESIDENT POPULATION WITH WORK DISABILITIES
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) considers a disability to be reduced ability to
perform tasks one would normally do at a certain stage in life. Table 2-12 presents numbers of
disabled persons, ages 21-64 years old, for the total population and by percent employed for
1991,1993, and 1994.
2.9. NATIVE AND FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENT POPULATIONS
Table 2-13 presents the numbers of persons in the general population who were born in
the United States and those born in foreign countries. Data are presented for years 1920 to 1990.
These data are presented as an additional population characterization.
2.10. RESIDENT POPULATION ON ACTIVE DUTY IN THE MILITARY
Table 2-14 presents the numbers of individuals serving on active duty in the armed
forces, by service, for the years 1950 to 1993. Services included are Army, Navy, Marine Corps,
Air Force, and Coast Guard. This population is included not necessarily because they are
potentially highly exposed, but as another characterization breakdown of the general population.
If an exposure is related to the population of a specific military organization due to some job-
related activity, the population potentially exposed can be enumerated. For example, if a
contaminant in the insulation (such as asbestos) of a ship is a potential problem, Navy and Coast
Guard personnel could potentially have greater exposures than the general population.
2.1L RESIDENT INSTITUTIONALIZED POPULATIONS AND THOSE LIVING IN
GROUP QUARTERS
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) classifies a person as living in group quarters if
that person is not living in a household. Household is defined in Section 2.6. Persons living in
group quarters include those who are institutionalized (e.g., under care or custody in juvenile
facilities, jails, correctional centers, or hospitals, or residents in college dormitories, rooming
houses, military barracks, etc.). Data pertaining to these specific populations may be useful
when a potential exposure is limited to a selected microenvironment. For example, patients in a
hospital potentially could be exposed through the dermal or inhalation pathways to chemicals
used for sterilization procedures, such as antiseptics in hospital rooms or as sterilization agents
for bed linens. Table 2-15 presents numbers for the general population living in institutions by
type of group quarters (nursing homes, college dormitories), region, and State. Note: because
2-6
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group quarters include military barracks, there may be some overlap with data presented in
Section 2.10. Table 2-16 presents numbers of the general population living in jails by race and
detention status for the years 1978 to 1994. Table 2-17 presents numbers of the general
population living in Federal and State prisons for the years 1970 to 1993.
2.12. TRENDS IN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL
U.S. POPULATION
Population trends are useful if an assessor is estimating an exposed population across
time. For example, if the risk for increased exposure is specific to a specific population (e.g.,
race, gender) the estimated exposed population may be determined in some instances up to 1995
and projected for the years from 2000 to 2050, in increments of 10 years.
2.12.1. Trends in Gender and Age Characteristics of the General U.S. Population
Table 2-18 shows trends in the ratio of males to females for all age groups from 1950,
with projections for 2025 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Data indicate that there are slightly
more males than females under the age of 14 years. Between ages 14 to 24 years, the numbers of
males to females are nearly equal; however, after the age of 24 years, the ratio of males to
females shows a fairly consistent decrease. The ratio of males to females is lowest at age 65
years and over. The average male-to-female ratio (for all ages) has dropped slightly from 98.6 in
1950 to 95.4 in 1994, and is projected to increase slightly to 96.3 by 2025.
2.12.2. Trends in Demographics of Race and Ethnic Characteristics of the General
U.S. Population
Trends in demographics of race/ethnicity are presented in Table 2-19. The percent
distribution is provided for the resident population by race from 1980 to 1995, with projections
to 2050. Data in this table are adapted from Table 19 in Statistical Abstract of the United States,
1995 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). These data indicate an increase in the general
population for persons of Hispanic origin since 1980. The percent distribution (of the total
distribution of 100 percent) for the Hispanic origin population was 6.54 percent in 1980 and
increased to a projected distribution of 22.46 percent for the year 2050.
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2.123. Trends in Regional Distribution of the General U.S. Population
Table 2-20 presents changes in location of primary residence of the general population.
Data in this table are adapted from Table 30 in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1995
(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Census data indicate that percentage increases in population
from 1960 to 1994 were highest in the West and South regions. The greatest population
decreases occurred in the Midwest and Northeast regions.
2.12.4. Trends in Demographics of Social and Economic Characteristics of the General
U.S. Population
Tables 2-5 through 2-8, discussed previously in Section 2.5, indicate changes in the
socioeconomic characteristics of the general population. The trends from these tables are
summarized as follows:
• White population in 1994, relative to 1980 (Table 2-5):
- Total population increased by 12.5%;
- Number of high school graduates dropped by 3%;
- Number of college graduates increased by 5%;
- Number employed increased by 3.5%;
- Relative to 1980, the median income rose by $2,000 in 1990, then dropped to $600
below the 1980 value by 1994;
- Number of persons below the poverty level increased by 3.2%; and
- Consistent family types and housing tenure.
• Black population in 1994, relative to 1980 (Table 2-5):
- Total population increased by 27%;
- Number of high school graduates increased by 5.4%;
- Number of college graduates increased by 11.3%;
- Number employed increased by 3.9%;
- Number of families headed by women increased by 7.6%;
- Relative to 1980, the median income rose by $949 in 1990, then dropped to $ 1,053
below the 1980 value by 1994; and
- Number of persons below the poverty level increased by 2%.
• American Indian population (Table 2-6): Data from past years were not readily available;
therefore, trends could not be evaluated. Data on socioeconomic status of the American
Indian population should be available from the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington,
DC.
2-8
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Asian and Pacific Islander population in 1994, relative to 1990 (Table 2-7):
Total population increased by 11,5%;
- Number of high school graduates decreased by 1.7%;
Number of college graduates decreased by 1.3%;
- Number employed decreased by 2.6%;
- Relative to 1990, the median income dropped by $2565;
Number of persons below the poverty level increased by 1.2%; and
- Consistent family types and housing tenure.
Hispanic population data trend summary (Note: All tables by number listed for the
Hispanic population as data sources are the table numbers presented in the Statistical
Abstract of the United States [U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995]):
- Total population increased by 83% from 1980 to 1995 (data from Table 19);
- Number of high school graduates increased by 9.3% from 1980 to 1994 (data from
Table 238);
- Number of college graduates increased by 1.5% from 1980 to 1994 (data from Table
238);
- Number employed increased by 2.1 % from 1980 to 1994 (data from Table 627);
Relative to 1980, the median income dropped by $1,082 by 1993 (data from Table
723);
Percentage of persons below the poverty level increased by 8.8% from 1979 to 1993
(data from Table 744); and
Homeowner-occupied housing increased by 46% from 1980 to 1990 (data from Table
1226).
2.12.5. Trends in Demographics of Distribution by Households of the General U.S.
Population
Table 2-9, shown in Section 2.6, presents percent change in numbers of households by
State. Trends generally parallel those of regional distribution of the general population, in that
the greatest increases occurred in the West and South regions, with slight increases in the North
and Midwest regions. Table 2-9 also indicates that the number of persons per household
nationwide has dropped slightly, from 2.75 persons in 1980 to 2.64 persons in 1994.
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2.12.6. Trends in Demographics of Urban and Rural U.S. Population
Table 2-21 indicates that, since 1960, the percent of the general U.S. population residing
in urban areas has increased. The population percentage residing in rural areas has decreased.
2.12.7. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population With Disabilities
Trends for persons with disabilities may be inferred from economic data containing the
number of persons receiving public assistance. The assumption is that persons with disabilities
often are not able to work to fully support themselves. Table 2-22 presents numbers of persons
receiving public assistance in the United States from 1980 to 1993. Table 2-23 in this document
is a summary of data presented in table number 611 in the 1995 U.S. Bureau of the Census
Statistical Abstract of the United States, and it indicates that the percentage of persons receiving
public assistance increased from 6.5% in 1990 to 7.7% in 1993.
2.12.8. Trends in Demographics of Native and Foreign-Born Resident Populations
Table 2-13, Section 2.9, indicates that the percentage of the general U.S. population
born in foreign countries has decreased over the past 70 years from 13.2% in 1920 to 7.9% in
1990. Immigration rates from 1901 to 1993 are presented in Table 2-24 (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1995). These data show that the rate of immigration was 10.4% between 1901 and 1910,
dropped to 0.7% between 1941 and 1950, and since that time has risen to a current rate of 4.8%.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census defines immigrants as aliens admitted for legal permanent
residence in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). The category "immigrant"
includes persons who may have entered the United States as nonimmigrants or refugees but who
subsequently changed status to permanent resident.
2.12.9. Trends in Demographics of Resident Population on Active Duty in the Military
Table 2-25 presents the numbers and percent distribution of the general U.S. population
on active duty in the military. Data for this table were adapted from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1995. These data indicate that the percent of the general population serving in the
military was approximately 0.9% in 1950, increased to about 1.6% between 1955 and 1970, then
dropped to approximately 0.8% from 1975 to 1993.
2-10
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2.12.10. Trends in Demographics of Resident Populations Living in Institutions
and Group Quarters
Trends for persons residing in group quarters (college dormitories, rooming houses, etc.)
could not be evaluated because data from past years are not readily available. Trends in numbers
of persons living in institutions (e.g., under care or custody in juvenile facilities, jails,
correctional centers, or hospitals) are summarized as follows (note: numbers of total U.S.
population are from Table 2 in the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995):
• The number of persons in jails has increased since 1978 (Table 348, U.S. Bureau
of the Census, 1995), from 158,394 persons (0.07% of total population) in 1978 to
490,442 persons (0.19% of total population) in 1994.
• The rate (per 100,000 persons of the general population) of persons in Federal and
State prisons (Table 2-17) has increased from 96.7 in 1970 to 352.9 in 1993.
2-11
-------
2.13. REFERENCES
Calabrese, E.J. (1986) Age and susceptibility to toxic substances. New York: John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.
Day, JC. (1996) Population projections of the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic
origin: 1995 to 2050. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, series P-25, no. 1130, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Spencer, G. (1989) Projections of the population of the United States, by age, sex, and race:
1988 to 2080. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population
Reports, series P-29, no. 1018. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997) Statistical abstract of the United States: 117th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
2-12
-------
Table 2-1, Resident Population by Gender and Age: 1994
[In thousands, except as indicated. As of July 1.]
Age
Total
Median age
Under 5 yrs
<1 yr
1 yrs
2 yrs
3 yrs
4 yrs
5-9 yrs
5 yrs
6 yrs
7 yrs
8 yrs
9 yrs
10-1 4 yrs
10 yrs
11 yrs
12 yrs
13 yrs
14 yrs
15-1 9 yrs
18 yrs
16 yrs
17 yrs
18 yrs
19 yrs
20-24 yrs
20 yrs
21 yrs
22 yrs
23 yrs
24 yrs
25-29 yrs
25 yrs
26 yrs
27 yrs
28 yrs
29 yrs
30-34 yrs
30 yrs
31 yrs
32 yrs
33 yrs
34 yrs
35-39 yrs
35 yrs
36 yrs
37 yrs
38 yrs
39 yrs
40-44 yrs
40 yrs
41 yrs
42 yrs
Total
260,341
34.0
19,727
3,870
3,878
3,956
3,990
4,032
18,859
3,884
3,792
3,747
3,595
3,841
18,753
3,744
3,770
3,768
3,722
3,748
17,616
3,602
3,515
3,562
3,349
3,588
18,326
3,480
3,492
3,605
3,839
3,910
19,177
3,756
3,680
3,778
3,674
4,289
22,177
4,354
4,332
4,431
4,433
4,626
21,961
4,523
4,439
4,472
4,055
4,472
19,699
4,223
4,013
3,922
Male
1 27,076
32.9
10,094
1,981
1,985
2,023
2,041
2,O64
9,657
1,989
1,940
1,917
1,841
1,969
9,602
1,920
1,931
1,927
1,903
1,921
9,036
1,848
1,808
1,836
1,714
1,831
9,311
1,776
1,782
1,835
1,943
1,976
9,619
1,894
1,846
1,894
1,837
2,147
11,058
2,173
2,160
2,209
2,201
2,315
10,920
2,253
2,208
2,223
2,007
2,229
9,728
2,090
1,979
1,936
Female
133,265
35,2
9,633
1,889
1,893
1,933
1,949
1.968
9,201
1,894
1,852
1,830
1,754
1,872
9,150
1,824
1,840
1,841
1,818
1,828
8,580
1,754
1,707
1.727
1,635
1,757
9,015
1,704
1,710
1,770
1,897
1,934
9,558
1,862
1,834
1,884
1,837
2,142
11,119
2,181
2,172
2,222
2,232
2,311
1 1 ,040
2,270
2,231
2,248
2,048
2,243
9,970
2,133
2,033
1,986
Age
43 yrs
44 yrs
45-49 yrs
45 yrs
46 yrs
47 yrs
48 yrs
49 yrs
50-54 yrs
50 yrs
51 yrs
52 yrs
53 yrs
54 yrs
55-59 yrs
55 yrs
56 yrs
57 yrs
58 yrs
59 yrs
60-64 yrs
60 yrs
61 yrs
62 yrs
63 yrs
64 yrs
65-69 yrs
65 yrs
66 yrs
67 yrs
68 yrs
69 yrs
70-74 yrs
70 yrs
71 yrs
72 yrs
73 yrs
74 yrs
75-79 yrs
75 yrs
76 yrs
77 yrs
78 yrs
79 yrs
80-84 yrs
80 yrs
81 yrs
82 yrs
83 yrs
84 yrs
85-89 yrs
90-94 yrs
95-99 yrs
> 1 00 vrs
Total
3,716
3,825
16,679
3,659
3,550
3,843
2,652
2,974
13,191
2,890
2,931
2,549
2,440
2,381
10,936
2,283
2,281
2,178
2,021
2,173
10,082
1,981
1,953
1,965
2,065
2,118
9,970
2,059
2,071
2,003
1,897
1,940
8,741
1,875
1,801
1,811
1,695
1,559
6,574
1,473
1,369
1,294
1,254
1,184
4,351
1,048
966
855
784
699
2,274
948
249
50
Male
1,825
1,897
8,181
1,801
1,743
1,886
1,292
1,458
6,410
1,409
1,430
1,238
1,182
1,152
5,244
1,099
1,095
1,043
966
1,041
4,740
934
923
921
971
990
4,500
948
948
905
845
854
3,790
824
786
791
729
659
2,655
614
563
524
496
459
1,550
393
352
306
268
232
686
235
50
9
Female
1,891
1,927
8,498
1,858
1,807
1,957
1,360
1,517
6,781
1,481
1,502
1,312
1,258
1,229
5,692
1,184
1,185
1,134
1,055
1,132
5,342
1.046
1,030
1,044
1,094
1,128
5,471
1,111
1,124
1,098
1,052
1,086
4,951
1,051
1,015
1,020
966
899
3,919
859
806
770
758
725
2,801
655
614
549
816
467
1,588
713
199
41
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-13
-------
19
100*
95-99
90-94 I
S M3le J-
75-79 r~^
iii-14 | ^~
65-8S |
50-54
40-44 1 ~~
35-39
30-34 I
25-29 |
20-24 1
15-19 I
10-14
S-9 I
Under S
87
j Female
„ j
«„;,- I
***,.> /-V-- -
*W *P - - - f"
' nl
v , •„, i
' ' ; \
„; „,; ;,l
. ' . . , .. 1
- 1
1
I I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1
54321012345
Percent
20
100*
95-99 I
90-94 t
f™ Male Ju
80-84 J-**
IMU r_"
10-14 | ^~~"
BO-4J4 ^~"~"~
50-54 | "—'—""•»"
4044 |
35-39 |
30-34 |
25-2S
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9 |
Under 5 I
10
~~1 Female
|
4
w-nnmT , ' I
_ _ ,, ' I
I
, I
I
' ' ' , ,|
I
111 i I I I I I
54321012345
Percent
20!
100*
95-99
90-94 [
S! M3le jf
75.79 f^""
70-74 I
65-69 I """ ""
60-84 |
55-59 I "•"""•
S0-i4 I "
45-49 |
40-44 I
35-39 I
30-34 I
25-29
20-24
15-19 I
10-14 I
S-9 I
Under 5
90
i^jl Female
• ,,|
",' "" i
i
; I
*
II II 1 | II
54321012345
Percent
2030
100* I
95-99 A
90-94 fp]
85'88 Male L "^ Female
8044 f~^
75-79 [~
70-74 | "
65-69
60-64 I "
5S-59 I
50-54 |
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34 I
25-29
20-24
1S-19
10-14
5-9
Under 5 |
,„..,;,,.. J
« -
J
II II II II
54321012345
Percent
Figure 2-1. Projected Age Distribution of the U.S. Population: 1987, 2000, 2010, and 2030
Source: Spencer, 1989.
2-14
-------
Table 2-2. Resident Population by Race, Hispanic Origin Status, and Percent Distribution: 1980 to 1994
. [In thousands]
Ni
in
Year
1980
1985
1990
1994
Total
227,225
237,924
249,402
260,341
Percent
Distri-
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Not of Hispanic Origin
White
181,140
1 84,945
188,601
192,727
Percent
Distri-
bution
79.7
77.7
75.6
74.0
Black
26,215
27,738
29,374
31,192
Percent
Distri-
bution
11.5
11.7
11.8
12.0
American
Indian,
Eskimo, Aleut
1,336
1,558
1,802
1,907
Percent
Distri-
bution
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
Asian,
Pacific
Islander
3,665
5,315
7,076
8,438
Percent
Distri-
bution
1.6
2.2
2.9
3.2
Hispanic Percent
Origin* Distri-
bution
14,869 6.6
18,368 7.7
22,549 9.0
26,077 10.1
* Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Table 2-3. Resident Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1980 to 1994
[In thousands, axoopt percent. As of April, axeapt 1994 as of July. HtipsnJo pariont may be of any race.]
Year and aax
Hrtpanlc origin
1980
1990'
1994
Mile
Female
Non-Hispanic whits
198O
1990'
1994
Mate
Female
Black
1980
1990«
1994
Mala
Female
Am. Indian, Eskimo, Aleut
1980
1990«
1994
Mala
Female
Asian, Pacific islander
1980
1990"
1994
Mate
Female
1994, Percent
Hispanic origin
Non-Hispanic
White
Slick
Am, Indian, Eskimo, Ateut
Asian, Pacific Islander
Total,
14,809
22,354
28,077
13,219
12,857
180,900
188,306
192,727
94,091
98,638
28,142
29,275
31,192
14,748
16,444
1,328
1,798
1,907
938
969
3,583
6,988
8,438
4,080
4,358
100.0
100,0
100.0
100,0
100.0
<5y«
1,883
2,487
3,098
1,583
1,613
11,842
12,721
12,784
0,549
6,215
2,399
2,798
2,945
1,492
1,453
138
185
179
91
89
308
588
743
380
363
11.9
6.6
9.4
9.4
8.8
5 -9 yrt
1,537
2,178
2,527
1,292
1,235
12,282
12,516
12,707
8,525
6,183
2,455
2,596
2,791
1,415
1,376
135
179
188
98
92
311
568
848
330
316
9.7
6.6
8.9
9.8
7.7
10-1 4 yrt
1,475
1,989
2,355
1,202
1,163
13,703
11,854
12,783
6,589
6,214
2,835
2,525
2,733
1,385
1,348
145
170
195
99
96
285
522
689
347
339
9.0
6,6
8.8
10.2
8.1
15-19 yr»
1,608
2,085
2,188
1,128
1,070
16,188
12,450
12,033
6,193
5,840
2,944
2,805
2,610
1,322
1,289
. 158
185
188
84
82
294
581
809
309
300
8.4
8.2
8.4
8.7
7.2
20-24
y*«
1,586
2,320
2,338
1,245
1,093
18,574
13,524
12,592
8,390
8,202
2,889
. 2.528
2,539
1,248
1,293
138
151
159
81
78
332
612
697
348
349
9.0
8.5
8.1
8.4
8.3
25-29
yra
1,378
2,337
2,483
1,334
1,149
15,358
15,608
13,338
6,880
8,857
2,292
2,850
2,475
1,175
1,301
118
180
149
75
74
378
873
731
354
377
9.5
8.9
7.9
7 8
8.7
30-34
yr»
1,129
2,046
2,460
1,231
1,188
14,091
18,331
18,056
8,042
8,014
1,865
2,801
2,693
1,255
1,438
100
156
159
78
81
378
700
809
391
418
9.4
8,3
8.8
8.3
9.8
35-39
yr§
854
1,842
2,080
1,058
1,002
11,315
15,182
16,371
8,208
8,165
1,438
2,285
2,608
1,215
1,393
79
138
150
73
77
279
640
772
368
404
7.9
8.5
8.4
7.9
9.1
40-44
yra
712
1,276
1,632
818
814
9,437
13,839
15,038
7,508
7,529
1,233
1,811
2,210
1,020
1,190
86
117
133
84
89
221
545
887
318
389
8.3
7.8
7.1
8,9
8.1
45-49
yra
622
936
1,230
603
827
9,104
10,871
13,130
6,514
8,815
1,127
1,362
1,669
759
910
55
90
107
51
55
182
384
544
253
292
4.7
8.8
5.4
5.8
8.5
50-64
yra
684
750
913
438
475
9,824
9,057
10,522
6,172
5,350
1,114
1,138
1,287
577
710
49
72
82
39
43
158
297
387
184
204
3.5
5.5
4.1
4.3
4.8
55-69
yra
454
833
738
348
390
9,963
8,548
8,760
4,254
4,507
1,024
1,008
1,089
468
801
43
58
84
30
34
131
240
304
143
161
2.8
4.5
3.4
3.4
3.6
60-84
yra
321
550
616
285
332
8,775
8,872
8,208
3,910
4,298
881
945
950
409
541
32
48
51
24
27
98
210
257
112
145
2,4
4,3
3.0
2.7
3.0
85-74
ym
457
715
904
398
506
13,614
15,511
15,797
7,049.
8,748
'1,327
1,465
1,554
646
908
48
68
75
34
42
138
287
381
163
218
3.5
8.2
5.0
2,9
4.5
75-B4
yra
203
340
405
156
250
8,863
8,787
9,534
3,682
5,852
682
768
797
288
509
20
31
37
16
22
60
118
152
68
88
1.8
4.9
2.8
2.0
1.8
86y»a
and
okter
49
91
122
40
82
2,014
2,675
3,094
847
2,247
157
219
260
75
185
8
9
13
4
9
14
27
32
13
20
0.5
1.8
0.8
0.7
0.4
* Tha April 1, 1990, census count (248,718,291) includes count resolution corrections processed through March 1994 and does not Include adjustments for census coverage errors.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Table 2-4. Resident U.S. Population by Region, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1990
[As of ApriH. For composition of regions, see text section 2.4.]
to
Race and . , „ . ^
Hispanic Origin United States
Total
White
Black
Am. Indian,
Eskimo, Aleut
American
Indian
Eskimo
Aleut
Asian or Pacific
Islander
Chinese
Filipino
Japanese
Asian Indian
Korean
Vietnamese
Laotian
Cambodian
Thai
Hmong
Pakistani
Hawaiian
Samoan
Guamanian
Other A/P
Islander
Other Races
Hispanic Origin
a
Mexican
Puerto
Rican
Cuban
Other
Hispanic
Not of Hispanic
Origin
248,710
199,686
29,986
1,959
1,878
57
24
7,274
1,645
1,407
848
815
799
615
149
147
91
90
81
211
63
49
263
9,805
22,354
13,496
2,728
1,044
5,086
226,356
Population (1,000)
North- Mid-west
east
50,809
42,069
5,613
125
122
2
2
1,335
445
143
74
285
182
61
16
30
12
2
28
4
2
4
49
1,667
3,754
175
1,872
184
1,524
47,055
59,669
52,018
5,716
338
334
2
2
768
133
113
63
146
109
52
28
13
13
37
15
6
2
3
34
829
1,727
1,153
258
37
279
57,942
South
85,446
65,582
15,829
563
557
3
3
1,122
204
159
67
196
153
169
29
19
24
2
22
12
4
8
54
2,350
6,767
4,344
406
735
1,282
78,679
United States
West
52,786
40,017
2,828
933
866
51
17
4,048
863
991
643
189
355
334
76
85
43
50
17
189
55
34
126
4,960
10,106
7,824
192
88
2,002
42,680
100.0
100.0
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Percent Distribution
North- Mid-west
east
20.4
21.1
18.7
6.4
6.5
2.9
8.1
18.4
27.0
10.2
8.8
35.0
22.8
9.8
10.7
20.5
12.9
1.9
34.3
2.0
2.4
7,3
18.6
17.0
16.8
1.3
68.6
17.6
30.0
20.8
24,0
26.0
19.1
17.2
17.8
3.5
8.1
10.6
8.1
8.1
7.5
17.9
13.7
8.5
18.6
8.8
14.2
41.3
18.9
2.6
3.6
6,4
12.9
8.5
7.7
8.5
9.4
3.5
5,5
25.6
South
34.4
32.8
52.8
28.7
29.7
4.9
11.5
15.4
12.4
11,3
7.9
24.0
19.2
27.4
19.6
13.1
26.0
1.8
26.5
5.8
6.4
16.8
20.5
24.0
30.3
32.2
14.9
70.5
25.2
34.8
West
21.2
20.0
9.4
47.6
46.1
88.8
72.3
55.7
52.4
70.5
75.9
23.1
44.4
54.3
51.0
57.7
46.8
55.0
20.4
89.6
87,6
69.5
48.0
50.6
45.2
58.0
7.0
8.5
39.4
18.9
a Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Table 2-5. Social and Economic Characteristics of the White and Black Populations: 1980 to 1994
(Aa of March. Excluda* members of Armed Forces except those living off post or with their families on post. Data for 1980 are based on 1980
census population controls; 1994 data are based on 1930 census population controls. Basod on Current Population Survey.!
Characteristic
Total person*
Under 5 yra old
S-14vraoW
1S-44yr§oW
45 - 64 yr» sM
85 yra old and older
Educational attainment
Parsons 25 yrs old and
oWer
Elementary: 0 - 8 yr*
High ichool: 1 - 3 yr»
4yrt
College; 1 - 3 yrt
4 yr« or moro
Labor force status*
Civilian* 16 ym old and
older
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate'
Not In labor force
Family type
Total families
With own children*
Married couple
With own children0
Female head of household,
no epouta present
With own children"
Male head of household, no
tpouso present
With own children0
PamBy Income in praviou*
year in constant (1993)
doNtrs
Total farrURec
Us* than 15,000
$5,000 - $0,999
$10,000- $14,999
$1E,OOO- $24,999
125,000 • 134,999
*35,000 - *49,999
$SO.OOO or more
Median Income (do),)
Families below poverty
lsvilh
Periona bolow poverty
level*1
Housing tenure
Tola! occupied units
Owner-occupied
Rontar-occupind
No cash rent
1980
-liases "
13,307
28,828
88.570
39,302
21,898
114,763
18,739
15,064
43,149
17,350
20,460
146,122
93,600
87,715
5,884
6.3
52,523
52,243
26,474
44,751
22,415
6,052
3,558
1,441
500
52,243
SOS
2,110
3,097
7,906
7,963
12,244
18,015
39,911
3,581
17.214
70,766
49,913
19,581
1.272
White
1990
SoSTSWS'
15,161
28,405
96,656
40,282
26,479
134,687
14,131
14,080
52,449
24,350
29,677
160,415
107,177
102,087
5,091
4.7
53,237
56,590
26,718
46,081
21,579
7,306
4,199
2,303
339
56,590
1,188
2,264
3,339
7,923
8,262
11,318
22,296
41 ,922
4,409
20,785
80,163
54.094
24,685
1,384
Number (1 ,OOO)
1994 1980
i1 5,221
16,055
30,391
97,917
43,278
27,580
139,760
11,796
13,340-
48,236"
34,331'
32,057''
165,555
111,082
105,190
5,892
5.3
54,473
57,870
2,624
47,443
21.874
8,130
4,742
2,297
1,008
57,870
1,432
2,765
3.818
8,756
8,719
10,865
21,515
39,308
5,452
26.226
82,387
55,879
24,955
1,553
'56:033
2,444
5,190
12,247
4,112
2,040
12,927
3,559
2,748
3,980
1,618
1,024
17,824
10,865
9,313
1,553
14.3
6,959
6,184
3,810
3,433
1,927
2,495
1,793
256
99
6,184
405
872
787
1,326
871
972
952
22,601
1,722
8,050
8,586
4,173
4,257
156
Black
1990
36.332
2,932
5,546
14,660
4,766
2,487
16,751
2,701
2,969
6,239
2,952
1,890
21 ,300
13,493
11,966
1,527
11.3
7,808
7,470
4,378
3,750
1,972
3,275
2,232
446
173
7,470
665
964
896
1,389
1,031
1,091
1,434
23,550
2,077
9,302
10,486
4.445
5,862
178
1994
33,646
3,357
6,183
15,907
5,082
2,510
18,103
1,860
3,048*
6,549b
4,310"
2,337"
22,879
14,502
12,835
1,666
11.5
8,377
7,989
4,794
3,714
1,925
3,825
2.63O
450
238
7,989
856
1,205
911
1,485
1,093
1,035
1,404
21,548
2,499
10,877
11,281
4,791
6,268
222
Percent Distribution
White Black
1980 1394 1980 1994
100.0
6.9
15.0
46.2
20.5
11.4
100.0
16.3
13.1
37.6
15,1
17.8
100,0
64.1
60.0
4.0
X
3i,3
100.0
50.7
85.7
42.9
11.6
6.8
2.8
1.0
100.0
1.7
4.0
S.9
1i.1
15.2
23.4
34.5
X
6.9
9.0
100.0
70.5
27.7
1.8
100.O
7.5
14.1
45.5
20.1
12.8
100.0
8.4
9.5'
34.5"
24.6C
22.9d
1OO.O
67.1
63.5
3.6
X
32.9
100.0
47.7
82.0
37.8
14.0
8.2
4.0
1.7
100.0
2.5
4.8
6.6
15.1
15.1
18.8
37.2
X
9.4
12.2
100.0
67.8
30.3
1.9
100.0
9.4
19.9
47.0
15.8
7.8
100.0
27.5
21.3
30.8
12.5
7.9
100.0
61.0
52.2
8.7
X
39.0
100.0
61.8
55.5
31.2
40.3
29.0
4.1
1.6
100.0
6.5
14.1
12.7
21.4
14.1
15.7
15.3'
X
27.8
31.0
100.0
48.6
49.6
1.8
KJQ.O
10.2
18.7
48.1
15.4
7.6
100.0
10.3
16.8'
36.2b
23.8"
12.9"
100.0
63.4
56.1
7.3
X
36.6
100.0
60.0
46.5
24.1
47,9
32.9
5.6
3.0
100.0
10.7
15.1
11.4
18.6
13.7
13.0
17.6
X
31.3
33.1
100.0
42.5
55.6
2.0
NA - Not available,
X » Not applicable.
* Represent* those who completed ninth to twelfth grade, but have no high school diploma.
* High school graduate.
* Some collage or associate degree.
* Bachelor's or advanced degree.
* Dita beginning 1994 not directly comparable with earlier years.
' Total unemployment as percent of civilian labor force.
* Children under 18 years old,
k Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level using the poverty index originated at the Social Security
Administration in 1964 and revised by Federal Interagency Committees in 19SS and 1980.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-18
-------
Table 2-6. Social and Economic Characteristics of the American Indian Population: 1990
(As of April 1. Based on a sample and subject to sampling variability.)
Characteristic
American
Indian,
total"
Cherokee
Navajo
Sioux"
Chippowa Choctaw Pueblo
Apache
Iroquois0
Lumbee
Total ponont
Percent under 5 yrs old
Percent 18 yrs old and older
Percent 65 yrs old and older
Educational attainment
Persons 25 yrs old and older
Percent high school
graduates or higher
Percent bachelor's degree or
higher
Family type
Total families
Percent distribution
Married couple
Female head of household,
no spouse present
Male head of household, no
spouse present
1,937,391 36S,O35 225,288 107,321
9.7
66.8
5.8
6.3
73.3
7.2
1,040,955 229,231
65.6 68.2
9.4
449,281
65.8
26.2
8.0
11.1
13.0
57.7
4.6
100,594
51.0
4.5
12.3
6O.O
4.4
51,014
69.7
8.9
105,988
10.3
64.0
4.7
54,804
69.7
8.2
86,231 55,330
8.2 10.3
68.8 64.2
8.0 5.8
49,128 28,597
70.3 71.5
53,330 52,557 50,888
10.2 8.1 8.3
64.7 71.1 66,2
3.4 6.7 5.8
27,717 30,882 27,343
63.8 71.9 51.6
13.3
7.3
6.9
11.3
9.4
98,610 44,845 22,669 25,077
21,856 11,825
12,314 12,988 12,650
73.1
20.8
6.1
61.1
28.6
10.3
54.2
36.0
9.8
58.4
33.1
8.5
75.2
20.0
4.8
61.2
29.2
9.6
66.9
24,7
8.4
67.5
25.5
7.0
68.5
23.9
7.6
Income hi 1989
Median income (dot.)
Median household (dot,)
Per capita (dot.)
Families below poverty lever4
Percent below poverty level
Persons below poverty leveld
Percent below poverty leva!
21,619
19.9OO
8.284
122,237
27.2
585,273
31.2
24,9O7
21,922
10,469
19,100
19.4
79,271
22.0
1 3,940
12,817
4,788
21,204
47.3
107,528
48.8
16,525
15.611
6,508
8,939
39.4
45,668
44.4
20,249
18,801
7,777
7,814
31.2
35,231
34.3
24,467
21,640
9,463
4,347
19.9
19,453
23.O
19,845
18,097
6,679
3,691
31.2
17,981
33.2
19,690
18,484
7,271
3,913
31.8
19,246
37.5
27,025
23,480
10,568
2,249
17.3
1O.253
2O.1
23,934
21,708
8,625
2,554
20.2
10,966
22.1
* Includes other American Indian tribes not shown separately.
b Any entry with the spelling "Siouan" was miscoded to Sioux in North Carolina.
° Reporting and/or processing problems have affected data for this tribe.
d Families and unrelated individuals are classified as being above or below the poverty level using the poverty index originated at the Social Security
Administration in 1364 and revised by Federal Intarogency Committees in 1969 and 1980.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-19
-------
to
to
o
Population Totals by EPA Region
I [32] III [50] V [223] VII [69] IX [562]
II [71] IV [194] VI [536] VIH [224] X [268]
1 DC 3 DE
13 MD
Figure 2-2. Native American Populations Residing in EPA Regions by State: 1995 [In thousands].
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Table 2-7. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Asian and Pacific Islander Population:
1990 and 1994
lAs of March, Excludes members of Armed Forces except those living off post or with their families on post. Data for 1990 are based on 1980
census population controls; 1994 data are based on 1990 census population controls.}
Characteristic
Total persons
Under 5 yrs old
5-14 yrs old
1 5 . 44 yrs old
45 - 64 yrs old
65 yrs old and older
Educational attainment
Persons 25 yrs old and older
Elementary: 0-8 yrs
High school: 1-3 yrs
4 yrs
College: 1 - 3 yrs
4 yrs or more
Labor force status'
Civilians 16 yrs old and older
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Family type
Total families
Married couple
Female head of household, no spouse present
Male head of household, no spouse present
Family Income in previous year in constant
(1993) dollars
Total families
Less than 55,000
$5,000 - $9,999
$10,000- $14,999
$15,000- §24,999
$25,000 - $34,999
$35,000 - $49,999
$50,000 or more
Median income
Families below poverty level
Persons below poverty level
Housing tenure
Total occupied units
Owner-occupied
Renter-occupied
No cash rant
NA = Not available.
X = Not applicable.
Number
1990
6,679
602
1,112
3,345
1,158
465
3,961
543
234
1,038
568
1,578
4,849
3,216
3,079
136
4.2
1,634
1,531
1,256
188
86
1,531
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
47,021
182
939
1,988
977
982
30
n ,0001
1994
7,444
584
1,165
3,838
1,355
503
4,545
444
248a
1,115*
866C
1,872"
5,562
3,540
3,310
230
6.5
2,022
1,737
1,426
232
79
1,737
72
107
114
220
195
243
784
44,456
235
1,134
2,233
1,154
1,055
25
Percent
1990
100.0
9.0
16.6
50.1
17.3
7.0
100.0
13.7
5.9
26.2
14.3
39.9
100.0
66.3
63.5
2.8
X
33.7
100.0
82.1
12.3
5.6
100.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
X
11.9
14.1
100.0
49.1
49.4
1.5
Distribution
1994
100.0
7.8
15.7
51.6
18.2
6.8
100.0
9.8
5.5a
24.5b
19.1C
41 .2"
100.0
63.7
59.5
4,1
X
36.3
100.0
82.1
13.1
4.6
100.0
4.2
6.1
6,6
12.7
11.3
14.0
45.2
X
13.5
15.3
100.0
51.7
47.2
1.1
" Represents those who completed 9 to 12 grade, but have no high school diploma.
b High school graduate.
c Some college or associate degree,
d Bachelor's or advanced degree.
e Data beginning 1994 not directly comparable with earlier years.
Total unemployment as percent of civilian labor force.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-21
-------
Table 2-8. Social and Economic Characteristics of the Hispanic Population: 1993
[Ai of March, excapt labor force status, annual average. Excludes Armad Forces members except those living off post or with families on post.)
f ' ' • • ' "•
Hamber (1,000)
Percent Distribution
Characterlatic
Total poisons
Uf>d«5yr»old
6- 14ywoW
16«44y«oW
45 • 64 yri oW
OS yrt oW and okJtr
His-
panic,
total
22,762
2,523
4,207
11,529
3,271
1,222
Mexican
14,628
1,787
2,939
7,447
1,844
612
Puer-
to
FUcan
2,402
261
496
1,162
356
138
Central/
Cuban South
American
1,071
49
86
429
291
218
3,052
304
461
1,732
438
119
Other
His-
panic
1,598
133
22i
759
344
135
His-
panic,
total
100.0
11.1
18.5
50.7
14.4
5.4
Mexican
100.0
12.2
20.1
B0.9
12.6
4.2
Puar-
to
Rican
100.0
10.4
20.6
48.4
14,8
5.7
Central/
Cuban South
American
100.0
4.6
7.9
40.1
27.2
20.3
100.0
10,0
15,1
56,7
14.3
3,9
Other
His-
panic
100.0
8.3
14.1
47.5
21.5
8.4
Educational atttlmtMnt
Persona 26 yr» old
•ndohttr
Klflh school gradual!
orWsbw
Bachelor's degte* or
Nfllw
Labor fore* status*
Clvffisn* IB yrs old
and older
CtvKin labor forca
Employed
Un*ntp!cyed
Unemployment
rate*
Not In tabor fore*
FemSy type
Tata) famRts
MatMd coup!*
F*mit* head o<
bout aho!d, no
spoui* present
Mild head at
housshold, no
IfXHMt presant
Family Income In
Total famWu
Ltf s than *5,OOO
< 5,000 • $9,999
110,000- 114,999
*J 6,000- $24,999
128,000 • 934,999
135,000 • $49,993
150,000 or morn
Median Income (dot.)
FamiUct below
poverty level*
Persona bolow
poverty level*
Housing ttmiia
Total occupied unltt
Owner-occupied
B«ni««-occup!od
12,100
6,424
1,090
15,753
10,377
9,272
1,104
10.6
6,377
5,318
3,674
1.238
407
1992
5,318
320
820
671
1,152
866
802
889
23,912
1,395
8,665
6,626
2,654
3,973
7,198
3,324
428
9,693
6,499
5,805
693
10.7
3,194
3,210
2,320
622
269
3,210
178
338
423
740
550
SOS
478
23,714
847
4,404
3,869
1,708
2,160
1,280
766
103
1,676
950
828
122
12.8
725
6B3
349
284
40
653
60
123
70
140
89
77
96
20,301
212
874
841
197
644
818
508
13i
927
554
511
43
7.8
373
309
235
56
18
309
14
23
29
61
47
60
85
31,015
47 '
194
405
215
191
1,776
1,117
269
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
751
510
186
56
751
45
85
116
142
124
104
133
23,649
203
815
937
239
697
1,029
709
155
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3i5
261
110
25
395
23
50
32
71
53
66
98
28,562
86
368
574
294
280
100.0
53.1
9.0
100.0
65.9
58.9
7.0
X
34.1
100.0
69.1
23.3
7.7
100.0
6.0
11.7
12.6
21.7
16.3
15.1
16.7
X
26.2
29.3
100.0
40.0
6O.O
100.0
46.2
5.9
100,0
67.0
59.9
7.1
X
33.0
100.0
72.3
19.4
8.4
100.0
S.5
10.5
13.2
23.1
17.1
15.7
14,9
X
26,4
30.1
100.0
44.2
55.8
100.0
59.8
8.0
100.0
56.7
49.4
7.3
X
43.3
100.0
63.4
40.5
6.2
100.0
9.2
18,8
10.7
21.4
13.6
11,8
14.7
X
32.5
36.5
100.0
23.4
76.6
100.0
62.1
16.5
100.0
59.8
55.1
4.6
X
40.2
100.O
76.1
18.2
5.7
100.O
4.6
7.4
9.4
19,7
15.2
16,2
27.5
X
15.4
18.1
100.0
53.O
47.2
100.0
62.9
15.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
100.0
67.9
24.7
7.4
100.0
6.0
11.3
15.4
18.9
16.5
13.8
17.7
X
27,0
26.7
100.0
25.6
74.4
100.0
68.9
15.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
100.0
66.0
27.7
6.3
100
5.8
12.7
. 8.1
18,0
13.4
16.7
24.8
X
21.7
23.1
100.0
51.2
48.8
HA - Not (vaitablt.
X - Not eppficabta.
* Source U.S. Butaau of labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, Jan. 1994.
TouM unemployment as percent oi civilian tabor force.
* FamHitt and unrelated Individuals aro classified as being above or below the poverty level using tha poverty index originated at the Social Security
Adminlltration in 1964 and ravisad by Federal Interagency Committees in 1969 and 198O.
Not*: M«ctan tocoma is median of yearly total income.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-22
-------
Tabfe 2-9. Resident Population by Households and by State: 1980 to 1994
IPrior to 1931, as of April 1; attnr 1991, as of July 1, Minus sign (-) indicates decrease. Division names presented in text section 2.4.1
REGION,
DIVISION,
AND STATE
U.S
Northeast . .
N.i .....
ME
NH . . . .
VT
MA
Rl
CT
M.A .....
NY
NJ
PA
Midwest . . .
E.N.C
OH
IN
IL
Ml
Wl
W.N.C . . .
MN
IA
MO
ND
SD
NE
KS
South
S Jk . .
DE...
MD. . .
DC. . .
VA . . .
WV. . .
NC.. .
sc. . .
GA. . .
FT
E.S.C. . .
KY...
TN. . .
Al
MS. . .
W.S.C . .
AH. . .
LA.. .
OK. . .
TX . . .
West
Mountain
MT. . .
ID ...
WY. . ,
CO.. .
NM. . .
AZ. . .
UT. . .
NV. . .
Pacific . .
WA. . .
OR. . .
CA. . .
AK. . .
HI ...
NUMBER (1,000)
1980
80,390
17,471
4,362
395
323
178
2,033
339
1,094
13,109
6,340
2,549
4,220
20,859
14,654
3,834
1,927
4,045
3.195
1,652
6,205
1,445
1,053
1,793
228
243
571
872
26,486
13,160
207
1,461
253
1,863
686
2,043
1,030
1,872
3,744
5,051
1,263
1,619
1,342
827
8,276
816
1,412
1,119
4,929
15,574
3,986
284
324
166
1.061
441
957
449
304
11,587
1,541
992
8.630
131
294
1990
91,946
18,873
4943
465
411
211
2,247
378
1.230
13,930
6,639
2,795
4.496
22,317
15,597
4,088
2,065
4,202
3,419
1,822
6,720
1,648
1,064
1,961
241
259
602
945
31321
16,502
247
1,749
250
2.292
689
2,517
1.258
2.366
5,135
5,652
1.380
1.854
1,507
911
9,667
891
1.499
1,206
6.071
18,935
5,033
306
361
169
1.282
543
1,369
537
466
13,902
1,872
1,103
10.381
189
356
1991
93,183
18,964
4,961
471
413
214
2,250
379
1,234
14,003
6,662
2,812
4,529
22,543
15,776
4,135
2,102
4,243
3,454
1,842
6,707
1,667
1,059
1,976
240
260
606
948
32,376
16,826
253
1,778
247
2,333
696
2.566
1,292
2,425
5,236
5,743
1,398
1,887
1,533
925
9407
899
1,514
1,211
6.183
19,301
5,151
309
372
170
1,306
553
1,390
553
496
14,149
1,922
1,130
10.536
194
367
1992
94,652
19,092
4,987
474
417
217
2,263
380
1,235
14,106
6,703
2,839
4,564
22,818
15,970
4,181
2,133
4,291
3,496
1,869
6,848
1,689
1,083
1,996
242
263
614
961
32,976
17,149
258
1,807
245
2,384
703
2,608
1,313
2,488
5,341
5,832
1,418
1,921
1,558
934
9,996
910
1,534
1.229
6,322
19,765
5,303
315
384
174
1,348
568
1,429
571
516
14,462
1,977
.1,156
10,752
202
375
1993
95,335
19,067
4,580
475
419
219
2,262
377
1,228
14,087
6,689
2,839
4,559
22,893
16,021
4,189
2,149
4,301
3,498
1,883
6,872
1,702
1 084
2,002
242
264
614
964
33,342
17,331
262
1,818
242
2,413
705
2,641
1,325
2,531
5,393
5,886
1,431
1.942
1,573
941
10,124
919
1,538
1,234
6,433
20,03:
5,433
321
395
176
1,386
577
1,461
585
532
14,600
2,018
1,178
10,821
206
378
1994
Total
95,946
19,045
4,980
474
424
220
2.265
374
1,222
14,065
6,669
2,845
4,551
22,937
16,051
4,190
2,161
4 308
3,502
1,890
6,886
1,711
1 082
2,008
241
265
614
966
33,713
17,530
264
1,831
237
2,439
705
2,679
1,337
2,581
5,456
5,938
1,440
1,966
1,583
949
10,245
927
1,543
1,236
6,539
20,25"
5,574
325
405
178
1,417
587
1,503
599
560
14,677
2,042
1,195
10,850
208
381
Un n
"lOUSE-
holder
65yrs.
and
over
20,876
4,505
1,142
108
83
44
528
96
283
3,364
1.494
659
1,211
5,156
3,539
949
470
936
754
430
1,617
362
277
478
60
68
147
225
7,325
3,970
56
344
51
453
188
566
280
45
1,58
1,32
32
424
363
22
2,027
23
32
28
1,184
388!
•*F**w
1,09
7
B4
34
234
11
34
10
10
2,79
39
267
2,042
1
8
PERCENT
CHANGE
1980-
on
HU
14.4
8.0
13 3
17.7
27.1
18.1
10.5
11.6
12.5
6.3
4.7
9.7
6.5
7.0
6.4
6.6
7.2
3.9
7.0
10.3
8.2
14.0
1.1
9.4
5.8
6.8
5,4
8.3
20.1
25.4
19.5
19.7
-1.4
23.0
0.3
23.2
22.1
26.4
37.1
11.9
9.2
14.5
12.3
10.2
16.8
9.2
6.2
7.8
23.2
21.6
26.3
7.9
11.3
1.9
20.8
22.9
43.0
19.8
53.2
20.0
21.5
11.3
20.3
43.7
21.2
1990-
OA
y*»
4.4
0.9
0.8
2.0
3.0
4.6
0.8
-1,1
-0.7
1.0
0.4
1.8
1.2
2.8
2.9
Z5
4.6
2.5
2.4
3.7
2.5
3.8
1.8
2.4
0.2
2.1
2.0
2.2
S.9
6.2
6.8
4.7
-5.2
6.4
2.4
6.4
6.3
9.1
6,3
5.
4.3
6.0
5.
4.
6.0
4.
2.9
2.
7.
6.
10.7
6.
12.2
5.
10.
8.
9.
11.
20.
5.
9.
8.3
4.5
10.
7.
PERSONS PER
HOUSEHOLD
1980
2.75
2.74
2.74
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.72
2.70
2.76
2.74
2.70
2.84
2.74
2.75
2.78
2.76
2.77
2.76
2.84
2.77
2.68
2.74
2.68
2.67
2.75
2.74
2.66
2.62
2.77
2.73
2.79
2.82
2.40
2.77
2.79
2.78
2.93
2.84
2.55
2.83
2.82
2.77
2.84
2.97
2.80
2.74
2.91
2.62
2.82
2.71
2.79
2.70
2.85
2.78
2.65
2.90
2.79
3.20
2,59
2.68
2.61
2.60
2.68
2.93
3.15
1990
2.63
2.61
2.S8
2.56
2.62
2.57
2.58
2.55
2.59
2.62
2.63
2.70
2.57
2,60
2.63
2.59
2.61
2.65
2.66
2.61
2.S5
2.58
2.52
2.53
2.55
2.59
2.54
2.53
2.61
2.56
2.61
2.67
2.26
2.61
2.55
2,54
2.68
2.66
2.46
2.62
2.60
2.56
2.62
2,75
2.69
2.57
2.74
2.53
2.73
2.72
2.65
2.53
2.73
2.63
2.5
2.74
2.62
3.15
2.53
2.74
2.53
2.52
2.79
2.80
3.0
1994
2.64
2.62
2,58
2.54
2.61
2.54
2.57
2JS7
2.60
2.64
2.64
2.72
2.57
2.61
2.62
2.59
2.59
2.66
2.65
2.62
2.57
2.60
2.52
256
2.54
2.63
2.56
2.56
2.62
2.58
2.59
2.67
2.24
2.60
2.53
2.55
2.66
2.67
2.50
2.61
2.59
2.57
2.61
2,74
2.71
2.58
2.72
2.56
2.75
2.74
2.68
2.56
2.75
2.62
2.52
2.77
2.66
3.13
2.56
2.77
2.56
2.53
2,83
2.81
2.99
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-23
-------
Table 2-10. Family and Nonfamily Households by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Type:
1970 to 1994
[As of March, except as noted]
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN,
AND TYPE
TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS
TOW *
Whita
Black
Hispanic z
FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS
Whfte, total .
Married couple ....
Mate householder
Fernale householder a
Stack, total
Married couple
Mate householder
Female householder ....
Asian or Pacific Islander, total 4.
Married couple
Mate householder
Famala householder
Hispanic, total 2
Married couple
Male householder . . . . . .
.Female householder . . . ,
NONFAMILY HOUSEHOLDS
White, total
Male householder
Fomale householder
Black, total
Mate householder
Fwnale householder
Hispanic, total 2 ......
Male householder
Female householder
NUMBER (1,000)
1970
63,401
56,602
6,283
2,303
46,166
41,029
1,038
4,099
4,856
3,317
181
1,358
(NA
(NA
(NA
(NA
2,004
1,615
82
307
10,436
3,406
7,030
1,367
564
803
299
150
148
1980
80,776
70,766
8,586
3,684
52,243
44,751
1,441
6,052
6,184
3,433
256
2,495
818
691
39
88
3,029
2,282
138
610
18,522
7,499
11,023
2,402
1,146
1,256
654
365
289
1985
86,789
75,328
9,480
4,883
54,400
45,643
1,816
6,941
6,778
3,469
344
2,964
(NA
(NA
(NA
(NA
3,939
2,824
210
905
20,928
8,608
12,320
2,703
1,244
1,459
944
509
435
1S90
93,347
80,163
10,486
5,933
56,590
46,981
2,303
7,306
7,470
3,750
446
3,275
1,531
1,256
86
188
4,840
3,395
329
1,116
23,573
9,951
13,622
3,015
1,313
1,702
1,093
587
506
1994
S7,107
82,387
11,281
7,362
57,870
47,443
2,297
8,130
7,989
3,714
450
3,825
1,737
1,426
79
232
5,940
4,033
410
1,498
24,518
10,602
13,916
3,292
1,452
1,840
1,423
747
676
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
1970
100
89
10
4
100
89
2
9
100
68
4
28
(NA
(NA
(NA
(NA
100
81
4
15
100
33
67
100
41
59
100
50
49
1980
100
88
11
5
100
86
3
12
100
56
4
40
100
84
5
11
100
75
5
20
100
40
60
100
48
52
100
56
44
1985
100
87
11
6
100
84
3
13
100
51
5
44
(NA
NA
(NA
(NA
100
72
5
23
100
41
59
100
46
54
100
54
46
1990
100
86
11
6
100
83
4
13
100
50
6
44
100
82
6
12
100
70
7
23
100
42
58
100
44
56
100
54
46
1994
100
85
12
8
100
82
4
14
100
46
6
48
100
82
5
13
100
68
7
25
100
43
57
100
44
56
100
52
48
NA=*Not available.
1 Includes other races not shown separately.
* Hispanic persons may be of any race. 1970 data as of April.
1 No spouse present.
* 1980 data as of April and are from 1980 Census of Population.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-24
-------
Table 2-11. Urban and Rural Population, 1960 to 1990, and by State, 1990
Un thousands, except percent. As of April 1. Resident population.]
REGION,
DIVISION.
AND STATE
1960
1970
1980 .
1990, total.
Northeast. ....
N.E
ME ...
NH
VT
MA
R|
CT
M.A
NY
NJ
PA
Midwest
E.N.C
OH ......
IN ...
IL .
Ml. ......
Wl . . . .
W.N.C
MN ......
!A .......
MO
ND
SD
NE ...
KS ....
South
S.A
DE
Total
179,323
'203,212
2226,546
248,710
50,809
13,207
1,228
1,109
563
6,016
1,003
3,287
37,602
17,990
7,730
11,882
59,669
42,009
10,847
5,544
11,431
9,295
4,892
17,660
4,375
2,777
5,117
639
696
1,578
2,478
85,446
43,567
666
URBAN
Number
125.269
149,647
167,051
187,053
40,092
9,829
548
566
181
5,070
863
2,602
30,263
15,164
6,910
8.188
42,774
31,074
8,039
3,598
9,669
6,556
3,212
11,700
3,056
1,683
3.516
340
348
1,044
1,713
58,656
30,231
487
Percent
69.9
73.6
73.7
75.2
78.9
74.4
44.6
51.0
32.2
84.3
86.0
79.1
80.5
84.3
89.4
68.9
71.7
74.0
74.1
64.9
84.6
70.5
65.7
66.3
69.9
60.6
68.7
53.3
50.0
66.1
69.1
68.6
69.4
73.0
Rural
54,054
53.565
59,495
61,686
10,717
3,378
680
544
382
947
140
686
7,340
2,826
820
• 3,693
16,894
10,935
2.808
1,946
1,762
2,739
1,680
5,959
1,319
1,094
1,601
298
348
534
765
26,790
13,336
180
REGION,
DIVISION,
AND STATE
MD
DC
VA
WV
NC
SC
GA
F|_
E.S.C . .
KY
TN
AI-
MS
w.sc
AR
LA
OK
TX
West
Mountain . . .
MT
ID
WY
CO
NM
A2
UT
NV
Pacific
WA
OR
CA
AK
HI
Total
4,781
607
6,187
1,793
6,629
3,487
6,478
12,938
15,176
3,685
4.877
4,041
2.573
26,703
2,351
4.220
3.146
16.987
52,786
13,659
799
1,007
454
3,294
1,515
3,665
1,723
1.202
39,127
4.867
2,842
29,760
550
1.108
URBAN
Number
3.888
607
4,293
648
3.338
1,905
4,097
10,967
8,531
1,910
2,970
2,440
1,211
19,894
1,258
2,872
2,130
13,635
45,531
10,881
420
578
295
2,716
1,106
3,207
1,499
1,061
34,650
3,718
2,003
27,571
371
986
Percent
81.3
100.0
69.4
36.1
50.4
54.6
63.2
84.8
56.2
51.8
60.9
60.4
47.1
74.5
53.5
68.1
67.7
80.3
86.3
7S.7
52.5
57.4
65.0
82.4
73.0
87.5
87.0
88.3
88.6
76.4
70.5
92.6
67.5
89.0
Rural
893
1,894
1,145
3,291
1.581
2,381
1,971
6,646
1,775
1,907
1,601
1,362
6,808
1,093
1,348
1,015
3.352
7,255
2,777
379
429
159
579
409
458
224
140
4,477
1,149
839
2,189
179
122
~ Represents zero.
a The revised 1970 resident population count is 2O3,3O2,O31, which incorporates changes due to errors
found after tabulations were completed.
Total population count has been revised since the 1980 census publications to 226,542,203.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-25
-------
Table 2-12. Disability Status of Persons 21-64 Years Old: 1991 to 1994
Disability Status
Pwsons 21 to 64 years old, total
With no disability
With a disability
Sevora
Not SOVOfB
With a functional limitation
» | , » i. ' "
Savcre
With difficulty--
Seeing words and letters
Hearing normal conversation
Lifting and carrying
Climbing stairs
Walking throe chy blocks
With an AOL' limitation
With an IADL2 limitation
Needs personal assistanc with and ADL or IADL
Uses a wheelchair
Does not usa a wheelchair but uses a cane, crutches,
or a walker
1991
Number Percent
(1,000) Employed
144,075
116,641
27,434
1 2,494
14,940
18,012
6,352
4,567
5,222
7,548
7,803
7,672
3,313
4,811
3,704
495
1,484
75.1
80.5
52.0
23.3
76.0
48.6
27.6
45.5
63.7
32.1
30.1
31.5
25.3
22.9
21.2
18.4
25.2
1993
Number Percent
(1,000) Employed
148,244
119,414
28,830
13,819
15,011
1 9,400
7,232
5,155
5,650
8,149
8,584
8,600
3,820
5,375
4,021
582
1,841
75.1
80.6
52.4
25.0
77.7
49.7
29.7
45.5
65.4
34.5
31.6
31.9
26.8
25.4
23.1
20.9
29.2
1994
Number Percent
(1,000) Employed
149,369
119,960
29,409
14,219
15,190
17,797
6,841
4,002
4,489
8,026
8,517
8,697
3,640
5,434
4,065
685
1,609
76.2
82.1
52.3
26.1
76.9
48.6
32.2
43.7
64.4
34.8
33.9
33.5
27.2
27.1
24,6
22,0
27.5
1 ADL's are activities of daily living and include getting around inside the home, getting in or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or
shower, dressing, eating, and using the toilet.
* lADL's aro instrumental activities of daily living and include going outside the home, keepingtrack of money and bills, preparing
moals, doing light housework, and using the telephone.
Noto: For period September through December of year shown. Covers civilian noninstitutional population and members of the
Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post.
Sourco: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1997.
2-26
-------
Table 2-13. Native and Foreign-Born Population by Place of Birth: 1920 to 1990
[In thousands, except percent. Beginning 1950, data are based on a sample from the census.]
YEAR
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990 .
Total
popula-
tion
105,711
122,775
131,669
150,216
178,467
203,194
226,546
248,710
NATIVE POPULATION
Total
91,790
108,571
120,074
139,869
168,806
193,454
212.466
228,943
Bom in
State of
resi-
dence
71,071
82,678
92,610
102,788
118,802
131,296
144.871
153,685
Bom in
other
States
20,274
25,388
26,906
35,284
44,264
51,659
65,452
72,011
State of
birth not
reported
314
238
280
1,370
4,526
8,882
(NA)
(NA
Bom in
outlying
areas ~
38
136
157
330
817
873
1.088
1,382
Bom
abroad
or at sea
of
American
parents
93
131
122
96
397
744
1,055
1,864
FOREIGN BORN
Number
13,921
14,204
11,595
10,347
9,661
9,740
14,080
19,767
Percent ol
total
population
13.2
11.6
8.8
6.9
5.4
4.8
6.2
7.9
NA = Not available.
1 1920 to 1950, includes Alaska and Hawaii. Includes Puerto Rico.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-27
-------
Table 2-14. Active Duty Ptrsonoet by Service and Year: 1950 to 1993
{In thousands. As of end of fiscal year; includes National Guard, Resarve, and Retired regular personnel on
extended or continuous active duty. Other officer candidates are included under enlisted personnel,]
Y«r
1950
1955
1960
1865
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1993
ToW**
1,459
2,935
2,475
2,654
3,065
2,128
2,051
2,151
2,044
1,705
ARMY
Tq«* OINcMi
593
1,103
873
969
1,323
784
777
781
732
572
73
122
101
112
167
103
99
110
104
88
infcJtW
519
ass
770
855
1,153
878
874
667
624
480
NAVY'
Tout* orik«« Cnidim
331
«81
617
670
691
535
527
571
579
510
45
75
70
78
81
66
63
71
72
66
333
583
54S
S88
606
466
460
495
503
439
MARINE CORPS
Total * Olflctn EfltsMd
74
205
171
190
260
196
188
198
197
178
7
IB
16
17
25
19
18
20
20
18
67
187
154
173
235
177
170
178
177
160
AIR FORCE
Toul * OHwtra
411
960
81 S
825
781
613
ESS
602
535
444
S7
137
130
132
130
105
98
108
100
84
EnlotM
354
823
683
680
657
503
456
489
431
356
COAST GUARD
Tout * ONkM
NO
ND
NO
NO
38,3
37,8
40.2
39.3
37.8
40.1
NO
NO
ND
NO
5.5
5.6
6.4
6,7
6.8
7.6
ENcKKt
NO
ND
NO
NO
31. S
29.9
32.0
31.0
29.1
30.6
to
tb
oo
ND = No data listed.
* Beginning 1980, excludes Navy Reserve personnel on active duty for Training and Administration of Reserves STARS). From 1969, the full-time Guard and Reserve.
b Includes cadets.
c Prior to 1980, includes Navy Reserve personnel on active duty for TARS.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Table 2-15. Populations in Institutions and Other Group Quarters by Type of
Group Quarters and State: 1990
[As of April 1]
REGION,
DIVISION.
AND STATE
U.S. . .
Northeast. .
N.E
ME. . .
NH . . .
VT . . .
MA. . .
Rl . . . .
CT . . .
M.A
NY ...
NJ . . .
PA ...
Midwest. . .
E.N.C . . .
OH ...
IN
II
Ml. ...
Wl . . .
W.N.C. . .
MN. . .
IA
MO. . .
ND . . .
SD . . .
NE . . .
KS . . .
South
S.A
DE . . .
MD. . .
Group
quarters
popula-
tion,
total '
6,697,744
1,510,088
445,031
37,169
32,151
21,642
214,307
38,595
101,167
1,065,057
545,265
171,368
348,424
1,598,620
1,055,689
261,451
161 992
286.956
211.692
133,598
542,931
117,621
99.520
145,397
24,234
25.841
47.553
82,765
2,294,420
1,243,962
20.071
113.856
INSTITUTIONALIZED
PERSONS
Total 2
3,334,018
713,335
179,333
14,136
11,466
6,161
84,345
14,801
48,424
534,002
267.122
92,670
174.210
852,419
568,050
152,331
81 686
149,842
112.903
71,288
284,369
63,279
47,841
80,854
10,574
13,305
25,620
42,896
1,145,986
577,690
8,662
62,760
Nursing
homes
1,772,032
399,329
119,646
9,855
8,202
4,809
55,662
10,156
30.962
279,683
126,175
47,054
106,454
544,650
346,243
93,769
50845
93i662
57,622
50,345
198,407
47,051
36,455
52,060
8,159
9,356
19,171
26,155
558,382
270,930
4,596
26,884
College
dormito-
ries
1,953,558
540,689
198,866
14,118
17,025
13,435
100,487
18,898
34,903
341,823
165,925
43,711
132,187
557,270
369,009
88,785
70873
86!777
73.093
49,481
188,261
39,280
43,093
44,033
10,377
9,306
16.692
25,480
' 61 5,791
3224299
8,806
30,892
REGION,
DIVISION,
AND STATE
DC . .
VA . .
WV . .
NC . .
SC . .
GA . .
FL . .
E.S.C . .
KY . .
TN . .
AL . .
MS . .
W.S.C . .
AR . .
LA . .
OK . .
TX . .
West ....
Mountain
MT . .
ID. . .
WY. .
CO. .
NM. .
AZ . .
UT . .
NV . .
Pacific .
WA. .
OR. .
CA . .
AK . .
HI. . .
Group
quarters
popula-
tion,
total 1
41,717
209,300
36,911
224.470
116,543
173,633
307,461
392,424
101,176
129,129
92,402
69,717
658,034
58.332
112,578
93,677
393,447
1,294,616
297,687
23,747
21,490
10,240
79,472
28,807
80,683
29,048
24,200
996,929
120,531
66,205
751.860
20.701
37,632
INSTITUTIONALIZED
PERSONS
Total 2
14,070
84.292
19.469
83,400
44,134
87,266
173.637
194,314
47,609
65,389
51.583
29,733
373,982
34,223
67,276
51,211
221.272
622,278
144,834
11.125
10.478
5.434
35.976
14,024
41.508
12,739
13,550
477,444
55.313
33.378
376.374
4.574
7.805
Nursing
homes
7,008
37,762
12,591
47,014
18,228
36,549
80,298
102,900
27,874
35,192
24,031
15,803
184,552
21.809
32,072
29.666
101,005
'269,671
65,842
7,764
6,318
2,679
18,506
6,276
14.472
6.222
3.605
203,829
32.840
18,200
148,362
1,202
3,225
College
dormito-
ries
16,126
61,943
15,083
71,266
35,488
39,723
42,972
131,846
30,600
43,683
28,859
28,704
161,646
16,775
27,990
24.924
91,957
239,808
77,782
6,195
6,676
3,414
22,749
8,333
18,459
10,156
1,800
162,026
27,908
18.970
108,880
1.310
4.958
2 Includes persons in other types of group quarters not shown separately.
Includes other institutionalized persons not shown separately.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-29
-------
Table 2-16. Populations in Jail by Race and Detention Status; 1978 to 1994
[Excludei Federal and State prisons or other correctional Institutions; institutions exclusively foe juveniles; State-operated jails in Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware,
Htwili, Rhode Wand, and Votmpnt; and other facilities that retain persons for less than 48 hours. As of June 30. For 1978 and 1988, data based on National
Ja< Csosut; for othM yours, based on sample survey and subjact to sampling variability.)
CHARACTERISTIC
1978
198S
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Total kxnatai*
Total U.S. population (in thousands)11
Percent of total U.S. population
Mito
Female
White6
8fackc
Other raceic
rUfpantc11
Non-Hiapanic
Adult*
Awaiting arraignment or trial
Convicted
Juvenile'
158,394
222,585
0.070
148,839
9,655
89,418
65,104
3,872
1 6,349
142,045
156,783
77,453
75,438
1,611
256,615
238,466
0.100
235,909
19,077
1 51 ,403
102,646
2,566
35,926
220,689
254,986
127,059
1 23,409
1,629
343,569
245,021
0.140
313,158
30,411
166,302
141,979
3,932
51,455
292,114
341,893
1 75,669
166,224
1,676
395,553
247,342
0.145
356,050
37,253
201,732
185,910
7,911
55,377
340,176
393,303
204,291
1 89,01 2
2,250
405,320
249,91 1
0.162
368,002
37,318
1 86,889
174,335
5,321
57,449
347,871
403,019
207,358
195,661
2,301
426,479
252,643
0.169
386,865
39,614
190,333
187,618
5,391
60,129
368,350
424,129
217,671
206,458
2,350
444.584
255,407
0.174
403,768
40,816
191,362
195,166
5,831
62,961
381,623
441,781
223,840
217,940
2,804
459,804
258,120
0.178
415,700
44,100
239,500
214,100
6,200
69,200
390,600
455.500
228,900
226,600
4,300
490,442
260,651
0.188
441,219
49,223
255,800
227,000
7,600
75,500
414,942
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Not available.
* For 1985, 19B9-1994, includes Juveniles not shown separately by sex, and for 1988 and 1990-1994 includes 31,306; 38,675; 43,138; 52,235; 60,249; and 90,058
ponora, respectively, of unknown race not shown separately.
Sourc*: Tab!* 2, U.S. Bureau ol the Census, 1995.
For 1993 and 1994, data ata estimated and rounded to nearest 100.
H>lp»n*c parsons may be of any race. Data for 1993 and 1994 are estimated and rounded to nearest 100.
Include* Inmatvt not classified by conviction status.
Juvonifci arc parxon* wht»« ago makes them Initially subject to Juvenile court authority although they are sometimes tried as adults in criminal court. In 1993, included
juvenile* who were triod at adultt. in 1994, Includes all parsons under age 18.
Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1985.
2-30
-------
Table 2-17. Populations in Federal and State Prisons: 1970 to 1993
YEAR
1970 . .
1975 . .
1980 . .
1985 . .
1986 . .
1987 . .
1988 . .
1989 . .
1990 . .
1991 . .
1992 . .
1993 . .
PRESENT AT END OF YEAR
All institutions
Number
196,429
240,593
315,974
480.568
522,084
560,812
603,732
680,907
739,980
789,610
846.277
910,080
Rate1
96.7
113.3
139.2
216.5
230.4
229.0
244.0
274.3
295.0
309.6
331.8
352.9
Federal
Number
20,038
24,131
20,611
32,695
36,531
39,523
42,738
47,168
50,403
56.696
65,706
74,399
Rate1
9.8
11.4
9.1
13.6
15.0
16.0
17.0
19.0
20.1
22.2
25.8
28.8
State
Number
176,391
216,462
295,363
447,873
485.553
521,289
560,994
633,739
689,577
732,914
780,571
835,681
Rate1
86.8
102.0
130.1
187.6
201.4
214.2
227.0
255.3
274.9
287.3
306.0
324.0
RECEIVED FROM COURTS
Ail institutions
Number
79,351
129,573
142,122
198.499
219,382
241,887
261,242
316,215
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
341.722
Rate1
39.1
61.0
62.7
82.7
91.0
99.0
106.0
127.4
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
132.5
Federal
Number
12,047
16,770
10,907
15,368
16,067
16,260
15,932
18,388
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
23,653
Rate 1
5.9
7.9
4.8
6.4
7.0
7.0
6.4
7.4
(NA)
M
(NA)
9.2
State
Number
67,304
112,803
131,215
183,131
203.315
225,627
245,310
297,827
323,069
317,237
334.301
318,069
Rate1
33.1
53.1
57.9
76.3
84.0
92.0
99.3
120.0
128.8
124.4
130.3
123.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-31
-------
Table 2-18. Trends in Ratio of Mates to Femalw by Age Group, 1950 to 1934, and Projections,
2000 and 2025
(Number of males per 100 females. Total resident population.]
Ag*
Tn yaifs)
AJIiges
Under 14yrs
14 to 24 yr»
25 to 44 yrs
45 to 64 yrs
65 yrs and older
1950
(Apr. 1)
98.6
103.7
98.2
96.4
100.1
83.6
1S60
(*!». 11
97.1
103.4
98.7
95.7
95.7
82.8
1870
(Apr. 1)
34.8
103.9
98.7
95.6
31.6
72.1
1880
[Apr.1l
94.5
104.3
101.9
97.4
90.7
67.6
1990*
(Apr. 11
95.1
104.9
104.6
98.9
92.6
67.2
1834
(JutyH
35.4
104.9
104,4
99.1
93.4
aa.5
Projection*
2000
(JulYU
95.7
105.2
104.4
99.1
34.1
70.5
2025
(JulVl)
96.3
105.4
104.7
98,6
94.2
82.0
* The April 1, 1990, census count (248,718,291) includes count resolution corrections processed through March 1994 and does not include adjustments for census coverage errors.
Note: Ratios presented in this table are the value out of 100.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
to
-------
Table 2-1 i. Trends in Resident Population by Race, 1980 to 1995, and Projections to 2050
(In thousands, except as indicated. These data are consistent with the 1980 and 1990 decennial enumerations and have been modified from the official census counts.
Middle series a projections are included.!
Totil
Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Population
227,225
237,924
249,402
263,434
276,241
288,286
300,431
325,942
349,993
371,505
392,031
Percent
Distribu-
tion
100.0
100.0
100.0
100,0
100,0
100,0
100.0
100.0
100,0
100.0
100.0
White
Population
195,183
202,031
209,180
218,334
226,267
233,343
240,297
254,791
267,457
277,232
285,591
Percent
Distribu-
tion
85.89
84.91
83,87
82.90
81,90
80.90
80.00
78,20
76,40
74.60
72.80
Black
Population
26,771
28,569
30,599
33,117
35,469
37,793
40,224
45,409
50,598
55,917
61,586
Percent
Distribu-
tion
11.78
12.00
12.27
12,60
12.80
13.10
13.40
13.90
14.50
15.10
15.70
Hispanic
Population
14,869
18,368
22,549
26,798
31,166
35,702
40,525
51,217
62,810
75,130
88,071
Percent
Distribu-
tion.
6.54
7.72
9,04
10.17
11,28
12.38
13.48
15,71
17.94
20.22
22.46
American Indian
Population
1,433
1,718
2,073
2,228
2,390
2,569
2,773
3,223
3,729
4,336
5,039
, Eskimo, Aleut
Percent
Distribu-
tion
0.63
0.72
0.83
0.80
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
1.00
1.10
Asian, Pacific Islander
Population
3,837
5,606
7,550
10,002
13,140
16,541
20,200
28,212
37,271
47,516
58,930
Percent
Distribution
1,68
2.3S
3.03
3.70
4,40
5.10
5,70
7.00
8.10
9.30
10.30
3 Middle series refers to projections using the middle range of fertility and mortality rates, e.g.,
lifetime births per 1,000 women = 1,800; life expectancy at birth = 81.2 years (Day, 1996).
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; Day, 1996.
-------
Table 2-20. Trends in Resident Population by Region and Division: 1960 to 1994[For composition of divisions, see text section
2.4.1
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Division
Now England
Middla Atlantic
Eost North Central
West North Contra!
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
1960
5.9
19.1
20.2
8.6
14.5
6.7
9.5
3.8
11.8
1970
5.8
18.3
19.8
8.0
15.1
6.3
9.5
4.1
13.1
Percent Distribution
1980 1985
5.5
16.2
18.4
7.6
16.3
6.5
10.5
5.0
14.0
5.4
15.6
17.4
7.3
16.9
6.3
11.0
5.4
14.7
1990
5.3
15.1
16.9
7.1
17.5
6.1
10.7
5.5
15.7
1994
5.1
14.6
16.6
7.0
17.8
6.1
10.9
5.8
16.0
Change in %
Distribution
-0.8
-4.5
-3.6
-1.6
+ 3.3
-0.6
+ 1.4
+ 2.0
+ 4.2
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-34
-------
Table 2-21. Trends in Percent Distribution of Total U.S. Population Residing in Urban and Rural Areas: 1960 to 1990
Place of Percent Distribution of Total U.S. Population
Residence 1960 1970 1980 1990
Urban" 69.9 73.6 73.7 75.2
Rural " 3O.1 27.4 27.3 24.8
a Definitions of urban and rural are provided in section 2.6.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-35
-------
Table 2-22. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients and Average Monthly Cash Payments Under Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
and Public Assistance: 1980 to 1993
lAs of December, except as noted. Public assistance data for all years include Puerto Rico, Guam, and Virgin Islands; SSI data are for
federally administered payments. Excludes payments made to suppliers of medical care.]
Recipients (1,000)
Prooram
SSI. total
Ajxd
BSod
Dbabtad
04d-*a« atilatanca1
AM to tho btind*
Aid to parmanontly, totaUy
dfsabfed*
AFDC:b FamWei
R«clpto(vtac
Chlldi on
C«oaraJ aitlitanca casot
NA - Not ivaKabta.
Z •« Fewer than 600.
1980
4,142
1,808
78
2,256
19
Z
21
3,843
11,101
7,599
796
1990
4,817
1,454
84
3,279
17
Z
26
4,218
12,159
8,208
1,060
1991
5,118
1,465
85
3,569
17
Z
27
4,708
1 3,489
9,104
1,078
1992
5,566
1,471
85
4,010
17
Z
28
4,936
14,035
9,471
979
1993
5,984
1,475
85
4,424
16
Z
28
5,050
14,257
9,598
971
1980
168
128
213
198
39
36
35
288
100
NA
161
Avfl. Monthly Payments (dol.)
1990
299
213
342
337
45
42
40
392
136
NA
NA
1991
321
221
351
361
55
56
58
388
135
NA
NA
1992
358
227
362
407
41
37
40
382
134
NA
NA
1993
345
237
359
381
45
40
41
377
133
NA
NA
* Average monthly recipients and paymonts for the year.
* Aid to Famifiti with Dependent Children program.
Includei tha chitdtan and ono or both parents, or one caretaker relative other than a parent, in families where the needs of such adults were considered in determining the
amount of auUtanco.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-36
-------
Table 2-23. Trends in Numbers of Public Aid Recipients as Percent of Total U.S. Population
by State: 1990 to 1993
[Total recipients as of June of Aid to Families with Dependent Children and Federal Supplemental Security Income as percent
resident population. Based on resident population as of April 1 for 1990 and as of July 1 for 1993.)
Division and State
Total in US
New England
ME
NH
VT
MA
Rl
CT
Middle Atlantic
NY
NJ
PA
East North Central
OH
IN
IL
Ml
Wl
West North Central
MN
IA
MO
ND
SD
NE
KS
South Atlantic
DE
MD
DC
VA
1990
6.5
5.6
6.6
2.2
5.7
6.4
6.4
4.7
6.7
7.7
5.3
6.0
7.0
7.3
3.9
7.1
8.6
6.6
4.8
4.9
4.7
5.8
3.6
4.2
3.7
4.1
5.4
4.4
5.1
1O.9
3.9
1993
7.7
6.9
7.6
3.4
7.0
7.7
8.3
6.2
8.0
9.6
6.1
7.0
7.8
8.3
5.1
7.9
9.3
6.7
5.5
5.5
4,9
6.9
4.2
4.5
4.2
4.7
7.0
5.3
5.9
15.0
4.8
Division and State
WV
NC
sc
GA
FL
East South Central
KY
TN
AL
MS
West South Central
AR
LA
OK
TX
Mountain
MT
ID
WY
CO
NM
AZ
UT
NV
Pacific
WA
OR
CA
AK
H!
1990
8.9
5.6
5.8
7.1
4.6
7.9
7.9
7.2
6.5
11.4
6.2
6.3
9.8
5.6
5.4
4.2
4.9
2.7
3.8
4.3
5.8
4.7
3.3
2.9
8.4
6.0
4.3
9.4
4.6
5.2
1993
9.6
7.3
6.8
8.4
7.0
9.1
9.5
9.4
7.0
11.3
6.9
6.6
9.9
6.2
6.3
5.3
5.6
3.2
5.0
4.8
8.3
6.5
3.7
3.7
10.0
7.1
5.3
11.2
7.2
6.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-37
-------
Table 2-24. Trends in Immigration Rates: 1901 to 1993
lln thousands, except rato. For fiscal years ending in year shown. For definition of immigrants sea text section 2,9, Data represent immigrants
admitted. Rates bssed on U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates as of July 1 for resident population through 1929, and for total population
thereafter (excluding Alaska and Hawaii prior to 1959).]
Period
19O1 to 1910
1911 to 1920
1821 to 1930
1931 to 1940
1941 to 1950
1951 to 1960
1961 to 1970
1971 to 1980
1981 to 199O
1991 to 1393
Number of Immigrants
(1 ,000)
8,795
5,736
4,107
528
1,035
2,515
3,322
4,493
7,338
3,705
Rate8
10.4
5.7
3.5
0.4
0.7
1.5
1.7
2.1
3.1
4.8
Annud rato per 1,000 U.S. population. Rate computed by dividing sum of annual immigration totals for same number of years,
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-38
-------
Table 2-25. Trends in Percent Distribution of Active Duty Personnel by Year: 1950 to 1993
lln thousands)
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1993
Total U.S. Population
152,271
165,931
180,671
194,303
205,052
215,973
227,726
238,466
249,911
258,120
U.S. Population on Active Duty
1.459
2,935
2,475
2,664
3,065
2,128
2,051
2,151
2,044
1,705
Percent Distribution
0.958
1.769
1.370
1.366
1.495
0.985
0.900
0.902
0.818
0.661
Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
2-39
-------
-------
3. LOCATION OF RESIDENCE AS A FACTOR LEADING TO HIGHLY
EXPOSED POPULATIONS
Some populations may experience greater potential exposures due to either the location or
condition of their residence, or the ambient environment surrounding their residence. This
chapter presents the issues that may effect populations living in or near:
» Waste management facilities,
• Inner cities,
• Urban areas,
• Coastal areas,
• Native American reservations or trust areas, and
• Major highways.
3.1. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES
Populations residing or working near a variety of waste management facilities may
experience exposures higher than those of the general population. Types of waste management
facilities include solid waste disposal landfills, municipal waste incinerators, medical waste
incinerators, and Superfund or Brownfields sites.
Exposure assessors are reminded that factors such as age, cumulative number of years an
individual has lived in his or her residence, hours per day spent at one's residence, daily
activities, and proximity to waste management facilities can influence the type, duration, and
degree of contact with hazardous chemicals (ATSDR, 1996). Data quantifying populations
living near waste management facilities may not be readily available; however, data can be
generated on a case-by-case or site-specific basis. Information on solid waste landfills,
municipal waste incinerators, medical waste incinerators, and other types of waste management
facilities can be obtained from Envirofacts. (See Section 11 for a description.)
Information on hazardous waste sites may be obtained from EPA information gathered
under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
and its 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). Especially useful is the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Information System
(CERCLIS) database that lists the approximately 40,000 hazardous waste sites to be screened by
EPA for possible placement on the National Priorities List (NPL). The NPL lists inactive
34
-------
hazardous waste sites eligible for federally funded cleanup. Data on the number of NPL sites per
State in 1994 have been reported by the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) and are presented in
Table 3-1, Information on locations of major industrial facilities (e.g., manufacturers/processors
of steel, chemicals, concrete) is most readily available from trade associations concerned with the
specific type of product. Estimates of emissions/releases of many hazardous pollutants to water,
> ! .$ *
air, etc., are available from EPA-maintained databases, such as the Toxics Release Inventory
t • *
(TRI). The Chemical Information System (CIS) contains information on specific chemical
substances, including lexicological, carcinogenic, and environmental data. It also includes other
EPA databases, such as ACQUIRE, CERCLIS, and RCRIS.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census is a major population database on size, distribution, and
demographic characteristics of the Nation's population. These data can be used to help
characterize populations near waste management facilities and other facilities that release
chemicals into the environment. Population characteristics, such as sex, race, ethnicity, and
household income can be determined from the census data. Population density within a selected
proximity to a specific waste management facility can be estimated using the 1990 census data
and tools such as a Geographic Information System (GIS), GIS maps can be produced that
indicate the proximity of waste management facilities to nearby populations. Another source of
demographic/economic information that can be used to characterize population groups are
commercial marketing companies, which usually require a fee to provide information. For
additional information sources in electronic format or on the Internet, please refer to information
on accessing U.S. Bureau of the Census data in Section 11.
The following studies offer data that characterize the populations living near hazardous
waste sites according to race/ethnicity and/or income. Some of the studies support the theory
that hazardous waste sites are located in predominantly minority or low-income communities,
while some do not. Table 3-2 provides a list of studies that evaluate populations living near
hazardous waste sites. This table does not provide a complete listing of all sources available, but
is presented to provide data sources with examples of various methodologies used to identify or
quantify populations around hazardous waste sites. Most of the studies were developed or
conducted to address issues of environmental justice. However, an assessor may find that the
methodologies used may be useful for addressing population issues other than those related to
environmental justice. It should be noted that studies that have been used to examine the
residential proximity to a limited number of environmental hazards by race/ethnicity and
socioeconomic status should be used with caution. The reader is directed to local, regional,
3-2
-------
State, and/or Federal agencies maintaining the types of data needed for a site-specific study. No
overall conclusion is presented in this document. Two key studies on this issue are described
below in terms of their methodology, data source, conclusions, and limitations. The others are
summarized in Table 3-2.
3.1.1. ATSDR Biennial Report to Congress 1991 and 1992 (ATSDR, 1996)
The National Research Council (NRC), using data from EPA, has estimated that
approximately 41 million people live less than 4 miles from one or more of the Nation's 1,134
NPL sites. NRC also estimated that an average of 3,325 persons live within 1 mile of any given
NPL site. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) conducted public
health assessments in 1991 and 1992, and results showed that the number of people who are
actually or potentially exposed to hazardous waste at a site can range from 0 to 735,000 people.
The exposure of people living near hazardous waste sites can be affected by certain activities.
For instance, activities such as children playing near the site and people eating fish and game
animals exposed to site contaminants have been associated with an increased potential for
exposure to certain contaminants. People living near hazardous waste sites are potentially
exposed to multiple substances.
ATSDR, an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS),
provides information on effects of public health of hazardous substances in the environment.
ATSDR data, documents, and toxicity information are accessible on the World Wide Web via the
Internet. (See Section 11.)
3.1.2. Distribution of Industrial Air Emissions by Income and Race in the United States:
An Approach Using the Toxics Release Inventory (Perlin et al., 1995)
This study examines several methodological approaches important in the planning and
decision-making process relevant to facility emissions and their impact on health and risk to
populations in the surrounding communities.
Perlin et al. (1995) conducted a national and regional comparison study to investigate the
differences by ethnicity/race and household income using county-level air emissions of
chemicals from certain industrial operations in the United States. This study made national and
regional comparisons using emission estimates from the 1990 TRI, demographic data from the
1990 census, and 1990 income data from the Donnelley Marketing Information Services (DMIS),
The 1990 census data (Public Law 94-171) were employed to enumerate the populations of all
3-3
-------
U.S. counties by race and ethnicity. The races were categorized as white, black, Native
American, Asian or Pacific Islander (A/P), and "other" races, while Hispanic was categorized as
an ethnic group. The 1990 DMIS estimates were based on projections from the 1980 Census,
adjusting the values whenever necessary using income data from the Internal Revenue Service
and inflation data from the Consumer Price Index.
Table 3-3 presents the distribution of TRI facilities and racial/ethnic populations among
EPA regions in 1990. Region 5 had the highest percentage of the Nation's white population
(20%); Region 4 had the highest percentage of the black population (30%); Region 6 had the
highest percentage of Native Americans (25%); and Region 9 had the highest percentage of
Asian and Pacific Islanders (50%) and other races (44%), as well as the highest percentage of the
Hispanic population (38%).
Perlin et al. (1995) stressed that residing in a county, Zip Code, or census tract with one
or more potential sources of pollution (e.g., hazardous waste site, chemical plant) or with above-
average pollutant emissions does not necessarily imply that residents are exposed to higher than
average ambient concentrations of environmental agents. The study further states there may, in
fact, be no direct relationship within a particular geographic unit of analysis between (1) the
presence of potential sources and/or estimated contaminant releases to the environment and (2)
actual ambient levels of pollution encountered by people living there (Perlin et al., 1995).
3.2. POPULATIONS LIVING IN THE INNER CITIES OF LARGE
METROPOLITAN AREAS
The inner city is defined by researchers as the most densely populated, often older areas
of a large metropolitan area, usually geographically located in the central part of the city.
Tables 3-4 and 3-5 provide population data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) for large
metropolitan areas nationwide. The population data are also available from the U.S. Bureau of
the Census on the Internet. (See Section 11.) If more specific local data are needed, readers are
referred to their State, local, and regional governmental agencies or to the U.S. Bureau of the
Census population data for the specific study/assessment area. (See Section 11, Table 11-1.)
Residing in the densely populated centers of metropolitan areas potentially may increase an
individual's exposure to certain toxic agents. Residents of inner cities may have higher
exposures to certain air pollutants that are more commonly found in large metropolitan areas.
These problem air pollutants may include, for example, carbon monoxide and lead from
automobile exhaust, ozone, particulates, and volatile organic compounds.
3-4
-------
In addition, for economic reasons, the inner cities of large metropolitan areas may have a
higher percentage of housing that generally is older and less well maintained. Individuals living
in older homes (especially those in poor repair) may be more exposed to peeling paint, older and
less efficient heating systems, lead water pipes, etc.
Inner cities, along with coastal, urban, rural, and Native American reservation or trust
land areas, may each experience unique exposures related to the culture, resources, land use
practices, or activities associated with that setting.
3.3. POPULATIONS LIVING IN URBAN AREAS
An urban area is defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as a place (city, town, village,
borough, etc.) having more than 2,500 inhabitants, and an urbanized area is one or more places
and the adjacent densely populated surrounding territory that together have a minimum
population of 50,000 persons (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Any area not classified as
urban is considered rural. If a specific contaminant is known to occur at higher levels in an urban
environment (e.g., dioxins in air), these data can be used to obtain an estimation of the size of the
urban population that potentially may be exposed. Table 3-6 presents the urban and rural
population of the United States from 1960 to 1990 by region, division, and State. Full
descriptions of divisions and regions are provided in Section 2.4 of this report.
3.4. POPULATIONS LIVING IN COASTAL AREAS
Populations living in coastal areas are defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as
persons living in counties or equivalent areas with at least 15% of their total land in a coastal
drainage area (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995). Information on coastal drainage areas is
obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Total coastal
land area in the United States is more than 3.5 million square miles (U.S. Bureau of the Census,
1995), with major coastal areas existing in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, and Pacific
regions. Populations living very near or in coastal areas may experience higher exposures to
contaminants in air and water resulting from industries typically located there, such as petroleum
refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, and import/export facilities. Table 3-7 presents the
population living in the coastal counties of the United States from 1960 to 1994, along with the
total land area of the coastal regions.
3-5
-------
3.5. POPULATIONS LIVING ON NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATIONS OR
TRUST LANDS
Based on 1990 census data, the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) reports that a total of
more than 800,000 persons either live on reservations and trust lands with 5,000 or more
residents, or identify themselves as members of a Native American Tribe with 10,000 or more
members. Table 3-8 presents these data by Tribe. The total Native American population
numbers include those not living on reservations or trust lands.
The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), through the Indian Health
Service (IHS) of the Public Health Service, provides federally funded health services to Native
| . • i , , , : -
Americans and Alaska Natives (U.S. DHHS, 1993). IHS estimates its service population by
counting those individuals who have identified themselves in the previous official U.S. census as
American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut and reside on or near reservations or trust lands. IHS's
estimates of current and projected service population numbers by area are provided in Figure 3-1.
The IHS population, estimated at 1.33 million for 1994, increases at a rate of about 2.35% per
year (U.S. DHHS, 1993).
As cited by IHS (U.S. DHHS, 1993), numerous factors contribute to increased risk for
individuals living on Native American reservations or trust lands. Some factors increasing risk
for this population are as follows:
• Lower median household income;
• High percentage living below the poverty level;
• Higher birth rate; and
• High mortality rate from tuberculosis, alcoholism, diabetes, accidents, homicide,
suicide, and pneumonia and influenza.
3.6. POPULATIONS LIVING NEAR MAJOR HIGHWAYS
Data are not readily available on the numbers of individuals living near major (interstate)
highways. The most likely sources of data are State and/or local transportation offices or
regional/local governmental organizations. For instance, in the Washington, DC, metropolitan
area, the Council of Governments (COG) suggested that population numbers of persons living in
the DC area near major highways could be determined from information available at its
information office. COG uses census data to determine population numbers of small geographic
units (subdivisions of counties) within its jurisdiction, maps produced from these data, and maps
indicating locations of major highways to determine the numbers of persons living in the DC
3-6
-------
area near major highways. An assessor could use the same approach as COG to estimate the
specific population of concern.
Data are available from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) on highway mileage for
interstates and other roadways by State. These data are presented in Table 3-9. Information is
also available for motor vehicle registrations and vehicle miles of travel by State as shown in
Table 3-10. If an average population per highway mile or vehicle mile can be estimated or
assumed, a potential highly exposed population could be determined. Readers are again referred
to their State, local, and regional governmental agencies.
3-7
-------
3.7. REFERENCES
Anderton, DL; Anderson, AB; Oakes, JM; Fraser, MR. (1994) Environmental equity: the
demographics of dumping. Demography 31(2) :229-248. [Note: A partial summary version of
these results appeared as Anderson et al., 1994, April. Evaluation review 18(2):123-140,
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), (1996) Biennial report to
Congress (1991 and 1992). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry.
(Internet address: www.dhhs.gov),
Geschwind, SA; Stohvijk, JAJ; Bracken, M; Fitzgerald, E; Stark, A; Olsen, C; Melius, J. (1992)
Risk of congenital malformations associated with proximity with hazardous waste sites. Am J
Epidemiol 13*5(11):! 197-1207.
Gliekman, TS; Golding, D; Hersh, R. (1994) GIS-based environmental equity analysis. A case
study of TRl facilities in the Pittsburgh area. Center for Risk Management, Resources for the
Future. Washington, DC. [to be published in Wallace, WA; Beroggi, EG, eds. Computer
supported risk management]
Nieves, AL; Nieves, LA. (1992) Race, ethnicity, and noxious facilities: environmental racism
re-examined. Authors from Argonne National Lab., Argonne, IL. Draft copy of submittal to
Social Problems provided to Dr. C. DeRosa, ATSDR (cc: S. Perlin, EPA) in letter dated
Oct. 2, 1992, from authors to DeRosa.
Perlin, SA; Setzer, RW; Creason, J; Sexton, K. (1995) Distribution of industrial air emissions
by income and race in the United States: an approach using the Toxics Release Inventory.
Environ Sci Technol 28(1);69-80.
Sosniak, WA; Kaye, WE; Gomez, TM. (1994) Data linkage to explore the risk of low
birthweight associated with maternal proximity to hazardous waste sites from the national
priorities list. Arch Environ Health 49(4):251-255.
Stockwell, JR; Sorensen, JW; Eckert, JW, Jr.; Carreras, EM. (1993) The U.S. EPA geographic
information system for mapping environmental releases of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
Chemicals. Risk Anal 13(2): 155-164.
United Church of Christ, Commission for Racial Justice, (1987) Toxic wastes and race in the
United States: a national report on the racial and socioeconomic characteristics of communities
with hazardous waste sites. New York; United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice
and Public Data Access, Inc.
3-8
-------
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Energy. (1991) Environmental restoration and waste management five year
plan, fiscal years 1992-1996, June 1990. (DOE/S-0078P).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993) Trends in Indian health. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services Indian Health Service, Washington, DC.
U.S. General Accounting Office. (1983) Siting of hazardous waste landfills and their correlation
with racial and economic status of surrounding communities. GAO/RCED-83-168.
June 1, 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.
Zimmerman, R. (1993) Social equity and environmental risk. Risk Anal 13(6): 649-666.
3-9
-------
Table 3-1. Hazardous Waste Sites on the National Priority List by State: 1994
State Total Sites Rank _..t
Total
United States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other areas
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
1,296
1,283
13
8
10
12
96
18
16
19
0
58
13
4
10
37
33
19
10
20
14
10
13
30
77
41
5
23
9
10
1
17
108
11
85
23
2
38
11
13
102
12
26
4
18
30
16
8
25
56
6
40
3
2
9
2
NA
NA
28
42
36
32
3
22
25
20
NA
6
28
46
37
11
12
20
37
19
27
37
28
13
5
8
45
17
41
37
50
24
1
34
4
17
49
10
35
28
2
32
15
46
22
13
25
42
16
7
44
9
48
NA
NA
NA
'ercent ... . . Non-
.. . Federal c .
NA
100.0
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.9
7.5
1.4
1.2
1.5
NA
4.5
1.0
0.3
0.8
2.9
2.6
1.5
0.8
1.6
1.1
0.8
1.0
2.3
6.0
3.2
0.4
1.8
0.7
0.8
0.1
1.3
8.4
0.9
6.6
1.8
0.2
3.0
0.9
1.0
8.0
0.9
2.0
0.3
1.4
2.3
1.2
0.6
1.9
4.4
0.5
3.1
0.2
NA
NA
NA
160
158
3
6
3
0
23
3
1
1
0
5
2
3
2
4
0
1
1
1
1
3
4
8
1
3
0
3
0
1
0
1
6
2
4
2
0
5
1
2
6
2
2
1
4
4
4
0
6
20
2
0
1
1
1
0
1,136
1,125
10
2
7
12
73
15
15
18
0
53
11
1
8
33
33
18
9
19
13
7
9
22
76
38
5
20
9
9
1
16
102
9
81
21
2
33
10
11
96
10
24
3
14
26
12
8
19
36
4
40
2
1
8
2
NA = Not applicable.
Source: Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
3-10
-------
Table 3-2. Sources of Data Used in Major Studies Concerning Populations Living Near Hazardous Waste Sites
Study'
Study Focus
Hazardous Waste Site
Data Source
Population Data Source
Anderton et al., 1994
(study conducted at
Univ. of Mass.,
sponsored by grant
from Waste
Management Institute)
Census tracts nationwide
454 privately owned/operated
TSDFs in 48 contiguous States
that opened before 1990, were
operating in census tract during
1980, and still in operation at time
of study. "Surrounding area" =
2.5 mile radius from center of
tract.
Environmental Institute's 1992
"Environmental Services
Directory"
Census data; census tract level
(authors define tract as ~ 4,000
persons)
U.S. General
Accounting Office,
1983
U.S. Congress requested local
study of four hazardous waste
facilities in EPA Region 4.
Four off-site landfills (not
industrial facilities) in AL, NC, SC
Census data
Geschwind et al., 1992
Authors evaluated possible
correlations between congenital
malformations in newborns with
mother's proximity to hazardous
waste sites in NY State.
New York State's Hazardous
Waste Site Inspection Program -
917 waste sites in 62 counties of
NY State
New York State Dept. of Health's
Congenital Malformations
Registry for 1983 and 1984,
which listed 34,411 cases of
congenital malformations
Glickman et al., 1994
Evaluates relationship between
location of manufacturing
facilities releasing air toxins with
soeioecon. char, of communities
for both communities with and
without these facilities in
Allegheny Co., PA (including
Pittsburgh).
U.S. EPA's Toxic Release
Inventory (TRI), 1990 emissions
data
Socioeconomic and demographic
data: 1990 census
Nieves and Nieves,
1992 (Authors from
Argonne National Lab.,
Argonne, IL)
Facility types include:
manufacturers of chemicals,
petroleum products, plastics,
rubber; pulp mills; smelters;
incinerators; chemical weapons;
radioactive waste disposal.
Potential air pollutants - 1985
National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program Inventory
Commercial haz, waste - EPA's
NPL list. Chemical weapon site
data - Rouse, 1988. Radioactive
waste sites - DOE 1991 Annual
Report
1980 U.S. census data - 1983
County and City Data Book
(county-level data; 3,109
counties in contiguous U.S.)
Perlinetal., 1995
(Authors with U.S.
EPA)
Concerns environmental justice
studies, discusses issues to
address to strengthen scientific
foundation of data. Evaluates
nationwide TRI releases, Census
data, income data
U.S. EPA's TRI, 1990 emissions
estimates
Demographic data: 1990 Census
Economic data: Donnelley
Marketing Information
Services c
Sosniak et al., 1994
(Authors from ATSDR
and CDC, Atlanta, GA)
Evaluates possible correlation
between low birth weight and
mother's proximity to NPL sites.
Mothers residing <1 mi of NPL
were considered "exposed."
Authors concluded merging large
population data bases with
environmental data is not an
efficient method of evaluating
low birth weight risks.
U.S. EPA's NPL list, 1990
Lai/Long of NPL site determined
using EPA's 1987 Geographic Data
File
Nationwide survey - 1988
National Maternal and Infant
Health Survey (funded by
ATSDR, National Center for
Health Statistics)
Postal Zip Codes determined for
17,407 mothers
3-11
-------
Table 3-2. Sources of Data Used in Major Studies Concerning
Populations Living Near Hazardous Waste Sites (continued)
Study *
Study Focus
Hazardous Waste Site
Data Source
Population Data Source
Stock-well el nl., 1993
Characterizes releases of toxic
chemicals using TRI data in
southeastern U.S., by using
geographic information system
(GIS) mapping.
U.S. EPA'sTRI, 1987 emissions
data
Demographic data: 1980 census
data
United Church of
Christ, 1987
(Sponsored by United
Church of Christ
Commission for Racial
Justice)
Nationwide study of 530 facilities
and Zip Code areas. Facility site
(vs. business address) identified
with U.S. EPA's online Right to
Know Network Facility Index
Data System (FINDS).
U.S. EPA data compiled in "1992
Environmental Information
Services Directory" by
Environmental Information Ltd.
1990 census data updated to
1993 by marketing firm
(Claritas, Inc.); 5-digit Zip code-
level population data
Zimmerman, 1993
Distribution of NPL sites and
socioeconomie characteristics of
areas surrounding NPL sites are
compared with national
distribution/soeioeconomic
characteristics.
More than 800 inactive waste
disposal sites on NPL
1990 census data; census iracts
nationwide
* Complete citations are provided in the reference listing for this section.
Facilities for treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes.
0 Donnelley Marketing Information Services used 1980 census data, adjusting values using income data from the Internal Revenue
Service and inflation data from the Consumer Price Index.
3-12
-------
Table 3-3. Distribution of TRI Facilities and Racial/Ethnic Populations Among EPA Regions in 1990
TRI Facilities » Popula-tion
EPA
Region Number Percent c Percent0
1 1,528
II 1,671
HI 2,033
IV 4,286
V 5,843
VI 2,072
VII 1,356
VIII 444
IX 1,981
X 650
Total 21,864
M/W
7.0
7.6
9.3
19.6
26.7
9.5
6.2
1.0
9.1
3.0
13,208
25,721
25,917
44,708
46,384
28,218
11,950
7,604
35,734
9,264
248,708
White
Number '
Cxi ,000)
12,033
19,516
21,146
34,814
39,894
21,288
10,881
6,931
24,869
8,311
199,683
Percent e
6.0
9,8
10.6
17.4
10.0
10.7
5.5
3.5
12.5
4.2
Black
Number '
1x1,000!
628
3,896
4,011
8,979
4,912
3,959
797
157
2,425
221
29,985
0.15
Percent c
2.1
13.0
13.4
30.0
16.4
13.2
2.7
0.5
8.1
0.7
Native
American "
Number ' „ c
1x1,000) WCBra
33
78
49
179
200
484
62
186
470
219
1,960
0.01
1.7
4.0
2.5
9.1
10.2
24.7
3.1
9.5
24.0
11.2
A/P Islander *
Number ' - c
1x1,000! Percent
232
966
464
389
651
421
111
107
3,624
309
7,274
0.04
3,2
13.3
6.4
5.4
8.9
5.8
1.5
1.5
49.8
4.3
Other Races '
Number ' _ =
1x1,000! Pecent
282
1,265
247
347
727
2,066
99
223
4,346
204
9,806
0.05
2.9
12.9
2.5
3.5
7.4
21.1
1.0
2.3
44.3
2.1
Hispanic
Number '
(x1,OOQ!
568
1,954
575
1,886
1,492
5,118
225
557
8,582
398
22,355
0.11
g
Percent *
2.5
13.2
2.6
8.4
6.7
22.9
1.0
2.5
38.4
1.8
* Racial/ethnic subpopulation category definitions and counts are from the 1990 census, Public Law 94-171.
6 Total number of TRI facilities in the region and as a percent of the total number of U.S. TR! facilities. Total number of TRIs in the United States is 21,864,
c Percent of the U.S. population of each racial/ethnic group that resides in the specified region.
0 Native American includes Inuits and Aleuts,
° A/P Islander is Asian and Pacific Islanders.
' Other races include the remaining races that constitute the nonwhite population. On a racial basis, the Census Bureau divides the total U.S. population Into whites, blacks, American Indians,
Asian or Pacific Islanders, and other races. On an ethnic basis, the Census Bureau divides the total United States population into people of Hispanic or non-Hispanic origin. Population counts
by race do not distinguish between individuals of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. For example, a person identified as a white Hispanic would be counted as both white and Hispanic.
9 Hispanics are counted separately as they are considered to be an ethnic population, not a race, and they are counted separately by the Census Bureau.
" For each region, the total U.S. population of all races (white, black, Native American, Asian and Pacific Islander, and other races).
' Total number of each racial/ethnic group residing in the specified region.
1 Ratio of minority to white population for the United States.
Source: Perlinet al., 1995.
-------
Table 3-4. Number and Population of Metropolitan Areas by Population Size-Class in 1990: 1980 to 1990
Level and Population
Size-Class of Metropolitan
Area in 1990
Total, all metropolitan areas
Level A (1,000,000 or more)
2,500,000 or more
1,000,000102,499,999
Level B (250,000 to 999,999)
500,000 to 999,999
250,000 to 499,999
Level C (100,000 to 249,999)
Level D (less than 100,000)
CMSAsandMSAs*
Number in
1990
269
40
15
25
96
33
63
110
23
Population in 1980
(mil.)
177.0
118.7
84.3
34.4
41.2
21.4
19.8
15.2
1.9
Pooulaiion in 1990
Total
(mil.)
197.8
132.9
94.1
38.8
46.4
24.3
22.0
16.6
2.0
Percent in each
class
100
67
48
20
23
12
11
8
1
MSAsandPMSAs"
Number in
1990
324
51
13
38
119
41
78
130
24
Pooulaiion 5n 1990
Total
(mil.)
197.8
118.7
582
60.5
56.9
29.4
27.5
20.1
2.1
Percent in each
class
100
60
29
31
29
15
14
10
1
" [As of April 1. Data exclude Puerto Rico. CMS A = consolidated metropolitan statistical area. MSA = metropolitan statistical area. PMSA = primary metropolitan statistical area. Areas
are as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, July 1,1994.]
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Table 3-5. Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Population by States: 1980 to 1992
[As of April 1, except 1992, as of July. Metropolitan refers to 251 MSAs (metropolitan statistical areas) and 18 CMSAs
(consolidated metropolitan statistical areas) as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, July 1, 1994.
Nonmetropolitan is the area outside metropolitan areas. Minus sign (-) indicates decrease.]
REGION.
DIVISION,
AND
STATE
U.S
Northeast . .
N.E
ME
NH . . . .
VT
MA
Rl
CT
M.A
NY
NJ
PA
Midwest . . .
E.N.C
OH
IN
IL
Ml ....
Wl . . . .
W.N.C . . .
MN
IA
MO
ND
SD
NE
KS
South
S.A
DE
MD
DC ....
VA . . . .
WV. . . .
NC
SC
GA
FL
E.S.C
KY . . . .
TN
Al
MS. ...
W.S.C . . .
AR . . . .
LA ....
OK ....
TX
West
Mountain .
MT . . . .
ID ....
WY
CO
NM. . . .
AZ
UT
NV . . . .
Pacific . . .
WA. . . .
OR
CA . . . .
AK . . . .
HI ....
METROPOLITAN POPULATION
Total
(1.000)
1980
176,983
44,047
10,470
405
535
133
5.530
886
2.982
33,576
16,144
7.365
10,067
42,557
33,031
8,791
3.885
9,461
7,719
3,176
9,526
2.674
1 198
3,314
234
194
728
1,184
53,724
28,226
496
3,920
638
3,966
796
3.749
2,114
3.507
9.039
8,147
1.735
3.045
2,560
806
17,351
963
3,125
1,724
11,539
36,655
7,645
189
257
141
2,326
675
2,264
1,128
666
29,010
3,366
1,799
22,907
174
763
1990
197,824
45,455
11 127
443
659
152
5,788
938
3,148
34,328
16,515
7.730
10,083
43,691
33,391
8.826
3,962
9.574
7.698
3,331
10.300
3,011
1,200
3J491
257
221
787
1.333
63,190
34294
553
4.439
607
4,773
748
4.376
2.423
4,352
12,023
8,662
1,780
3.298
2,710
874
20,235
1,040
3.160
1,870
14,166
45,487
9,605
191
296
134
2.686
842
3,106
1,336
1,014
35,882
4,036
1,985
28,799
226
836
1992
203,273
45,698
11,095
441
662
154
5,763
937
3,138
34,603
16,613
7,820
10,170
44,522
33,976
8,966
4,052
9,757
7,799
3,402
10,546
3,096
1,228
3,543
263
231
809
1.374
65,564
35 599
571
4,563
585
4,954
756
4,535
2.514
4.587
12.532
8,916
1,820
3,404
2,788
904
21,048
1,071
3.210
1.927
14,840
47,490
10,155
197
320
138
2,832
886
3.244
1,403
1,134
37,335
4,270
2.081
29.875
246
863
Percent
change,
1980-92
14.9
3.7
6.0
9.0
23.8
15.9
4.2
5.8
5.2
3.1
2.9
6.2
1.0
4.6
2.9
2.0
4.3
3 1
1.0
7.1
10.7
15.8
25
6.9
12.4
19.1
11.1
16.1
22.0
26 1
is!i
16.4
-8.3
24.9
-5.0
21.0
18.9
30.8
38.7
9.4
4.9
11.8
8.9
12.2
21.3
11.2
2.7
11.7
28.6
29.6
32.8
4.6
24.4
-1.8
21.7
31.3
43.3
24.4
70.3
28.7
26.8
15.7
30.4
41.0
13.2
Percent of
State
1980
78.1
89.6
84.8
36.0
58.1
26.0
96.4
93.5
96.0
91.3
91.9
100.0
84.8
72.3
79.2
81.4
70.8
828
83.3
67.5
55.4
65.6
41 1
67.4
35.9
28.0
46.4
50.1
71.3
764
83.5
93.0
100.0
74.2
40.8
63.8
67.8
64.2
92.7
55.5
47.4
66.3
65.7
32.0
73.1
42.1
74.3
57.0
81.1
84.9
67.2
24.0
27.2
29.9
80.5
51.8
83.3
77.2
83.2
91.2
81.5
68.3
96.8
43.4
79.0
1992
79.7
89.4
84 1
35.7
59.4
27.0
96.2
93.6
95.7
91.2
91.7
100.0
84.8
73.4
79.5
81.3
71.6
840
82.7
68.1
58.8
69.3
438
68^3
41.6
32.6
50.6
54.6
74.3
78.9
82.7
92.8
100.0
77.5
41.8
66.3
69.8
67.7
93.0
57.4
48.5
67.7
67.4
34.6
76.4
44.7
75.0
60.1
83.9
86 1
70.6
24.0
30.0
29.7
81.8
56.0
84.7
77.5
84.8
91.6
83.0
70.0
96.7
41.8
74.7
NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION
Total
(1.000)
1980
49,560
5,090
1,878
721
386
378
207
61
126
3,212
1,414
(X)
1.798
16,310
8,652
2,007
1,605
1 967
1,543
1,530
7,658
1,402
1,716
l]603
418
497
842
1,180
21,643
8732
98
297
(X)
1,381
1,155
2,131
1,006
1.956
708
6,519
1.925
1,546
1.334
1.715
6,392
1.323
1,082
1,301
2.686
6,516
3,726
598
687
329
563
628
453
333
135
2,790
766
834
760
227
202
1990
50,886
5,354
2,080
785
450
411
229
65
140
3,274
1,475
(X)
1,799
15,978
8,618
2,021
1,582
1,857
1.598
1,561
7,360
1,364
1 577
l!626
381
475
791
1,145
22,256
9 273
113
343
(X)
1,414
1,045
2.253
1.064
2,127
915
6,515
1.906
1.579
1.331
1.699
6,468
1.311
1.060
1,276
2.821
7,299
4,054
608
711
319
608
673
559
387
188
3,245
830
858
961
324
272
1992
51,804
5,423
2,101
795
453
417
230
64
141
3,322
1,497
(X)
1,825
16,117
8,743
2,056
1,606
1.856
1,635
1,591
7,374
1.372
1,575
1^647
371
478
791
1,141
22,621
9,493
120
354
(X)
1,440
1.053
2,301
1,089
2.186
950
6,615
1,934
1.621
1,349
1,711
6,513
1,323
1,069
1.278
2.842
7,643
4,225
625
746
327
632
696
588
408
203
3,418
873
890
1,021
342
293
Percent
change,
1980-92
4.5
6.5
11.8
10.4
17.4
10.2
11.2
5.1
12.1
3.4
5.9
(X)
1.5
-1.2
1.1
2.4
(Z)
-5.6
5.9
4.0
-3.7
-2.2
-82
2^8
-11.4
-3.9
-6.0
-3.3
4.5
8.7
22.3
19.1
(X)
4.3
-8.8
8.0
8.2
11.8
34.2
1.5
0.5
4.9
1.1
-0.2
1.9
(Z)
-1.2
-1.8
5.8
17.3
13.4
4.5
8.6
-0.7
12.3
10.7
29.9
22.6
50.5
22.5
14.0
6.7
34.3
50.3
44.8
Percent of
State
1980
21.9
10.4
15.2
64.0
41.9
74.0
3.6
6.5
4.0
8.7
8.1
(X)
15.2
27.7
20.8
18.6
29.2
17.2
16.7
32.5
44.6
34.4
58 9
32.6
64.1
72.0
53.6
49.9
28.7
236
16.5
7.0
(X)
25.8
59.2
36.2
32.2
35.8
7.3
44.5
52.6
33.7
34.3
68.0
. 26.9
57.9
25.7
43.0
18.9
15 1
32.8
76.0
72.8
70.1
19.5
48.2
16.7
22.8
16.8
8.8
18.5
31.7
3.2
56.6
21.0
1992
20.3
10.6
15.9
64.3
40.6
73.0
3.8
6.4
4.3
8.8
8.3
(X)
15.2
26.6
20.5
18.7
28.4
16.0
17.3
31.9
41.2
30.7
562
31.7
58.4
67.4
49.4
45.4
25.7
21.1
17.3
7.2
(X)
22.5
58.2
33.7
30.2
32.3
7.0
42.6
51.5
32.3
32.6
65.4
23.6
55-3
25.0
39.9
16.1
13.9
29.4
76.0
70.0
70.3
18.2
44.0
15.3
22.5
15.2
8.4
17.0
30.0
3.3
58.2
25.3
X Not applicable. Z Less than 0.05 percent.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
3-15
-------
Table 3-6. Resident Urban and Rural U.S. Population, 1960 to 1990, and by State
[In thousands, except percent. As of April 1.]
Region, Division, and
State
1960
1970
1980
1990, Total
Northeast
New England
ME
NH
VT
MA
Rl
CT
Middle Atlantic
NY
NJ
PA
Midwest
East North Central
OH
IN
IL
Ml
Wi
West North Central
MN
IA
MO
ND
SD
NE
KS
South
South Atlantic
DE
-- Represents zero.
k The revised 1970 resident
Total
179.323
203,212 •
228,546"
248,710
50,809
13,207
1,228
1,109
563
6,016
1,003
3,287
37,602
17,990
7,730
11,882
59,669
42,009
10,847
5,544
11,431
9,295
4,892
17,660
4,375
2,777
5,117
639
696
1,578
2,478
85,446
43,567
666
population
Urban
Number Percent
125.269
149.647
167,051
187,053
40,092
9,829
548
566
181
5,070
863
2,602
30,263
15,164
6,910
8,188
42,774
31,074
8,039
3,598
9,669
6,556
3,212
11,700
3,056
1,683
3,516
340
348
1,044
1,713
58,656
30,231
487
count is 203,
69-9
73.6
73.7
75.2
78.9
74.4
44.6
51.0
32.2
84.3
86.0
79.1
80.5
84.3
89.4
68.9
71.7
74.0
74.1
64.9
84.6
70.5
65.7
66.3
69.9
60.6
68.7
53.3
50.0
66.1
69.1
68.6
69.4
73.0
302,031; which
Rural
54.054
53,565
59,495
61,656
10.717
3,378
680
544
382
947
140
686
7,340
2,826
820
3,693
16,894
10,935
2,808
1,i46
1,762
2,739
1,680
5,959
1,319
1,094
1,601
298
348
534
765
26,790
13,336
180
incorporates changes
Region, Division, and
State
MD
DC
VA
WV
NC
SC
GA
FL
East South Central
KY
TN
AI-
MS
West South Central
AR
LA
OK
TX
West
Mountain
MT
ID
WY
CO
NM
AZ
UT
NV
Pacific
WA
OR
CA
AK
HI
Total
4.781
607
6,187
1,793
6,629
3,487
6,478
12,938
15,176
3,685
4,877
4,041
2,573
26,703
2,351
4,220
3,146
16,987
52,786
13,659
799
1,007
454
3,294
1,515
3,665
1,723
1,202
39,127
4,867
2,842
29,780
550
1,108
due to errors found after tabulations
}fV3
Urban
Number
3.888
607
4,293
648
3,338
1,905
4,097
10,967
8,531
1,910
2,970
2,440
1,211
19,894
1,258
2,872
2,130
13,635
45,531
10,881
420
578
295
2,716
1,106
3,207
1,499
1,061
34,650
3,718
2,003
27,571
371
986
were completed.
Percwit
81.3
100.0
6i.4
63.1
50.4
54.6
63.2
84,8
56.2
51.8
60.9
60.4
47.1
74.5
53.5
68.1
67.7
80.3
86.3
79.7
52,5
57.4
65.0
82.4
73.0
87,5
87.0
88.3
88.6
76.4
70.5
92.6
67.5
89.0
Rural
893
-
1,894
1,145
3,291
1,581
2,381
1,971
6,646
1,775
1,907
1,601
1,362
6,808
1,093
1,348
1,015
3,352
7,255
2,777
379
429
159
579
409
458
224
140
4,477
1,149
839
2,189
179
122
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Table 3-7. U.S. Population Living in Coastal Counties: 1960 to 1994
Year
Land area in 1990
Unit= 1, 000 sq. mi.
1960
1970
1980
1990
1994 (July)
Total Land
Area
3,536
179.3
203,3
226.5
248.7
260.3
Total
888
94.5
110.0
119.8
133.4
138.5
Coastal Regions Populations (Millions)
... .. Gulfof Great
Atlantic ,, . , .
Mexico Lakes
148
44.5
51.1
- 53.7
59.0
60.7
114
8.4
10.0
13.1
15.2
16.3
115
23.7
26.0
26.0
25.9
26.4
Pacific
510
17.9
22.8
27.0
33.2
35.1
Remainder of
U.S.
2,649
84.8
93.3
106.7
115.3
121.8
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
3-17
-------
Table 3-8. Populations Living on Selected Reservations and Trust Lands and American Indian Tribes with 10,000 or More Persons:
[In thousands, except percent. As of April 1.]
1990
oo
Reservation and Trust Lands With 5.000 or
More American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts
A!l reservation and
trust lands
Navajo and Trust Lands, AZ-NM-UT
Pine Ridge and Trust Lands, NE-SD
Fort Apache, AZ
Gila River, AZ
Papago, AZ
Rosebud and Trust Lands, SO
San Carlos, AZ
Zuni Pueblo, AZ-NM
Hopi and Trust Lands, AZ
Blackfeet, MT
Turtle Mtn. and Trust Lands, ND-SD
Yakima and Trust Lands, WA
Osage, OK a
Fort Peck, MT
Wind River, WY
Eastern Cherokee, NC
Flathead, MT
Cheyenne River, SD
Total population
808,163
148,451
12,215
10,394
9,540
8,730
9,696
7,294
7,412
7,360
8,549
7,106
27,668
41,645
10,595
21,851
6,527
21,259
7,743
American Indians,
Number
437,431
143,405
11,182
9,825
9,116
8,480
8,043
7,110
7,073
7,061
7,025
6,772
6,307
6,161
5,782
5,676
5,388
5,130
5,100
Eskimos, and Aleuts
Percent of total
54.1
96.6
91.5
94.5
95.6
97.1
83,0
97.5
95.4
95.9
82.2
95.3
22.8
14.8
54.6
26.0
82.5
24.1
65.9
American Indian Tribe
American Indian..
population, total
Cherokee
Navajo
Chippewa
Sioux c
Choctaw
Pueblo
Apache
Iroquois
Lumbee
Creek
Blackfoot
Canadian and Latin American
Chickasaw
Potawatomi
Tohono O'Odham
Pima
Tlingit
Seminole
Alaskan Athabaskans
Cheyenne
Comanche
Paiute
Puget Sound Salish
Number
1,878,285
308,132
219,198
103,826
103,255
82,299
52,939
50,051
49,038
48,444
43,550
32,234
22,379
20,631
16,763
16,041
14,431
13,925
13,797
13,738
11,456
11,322
11,142
10,246
Percent
distribution
100.0
16.4
11.7
5.5
5.5
4.4
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.3
1.7
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
a The Osage Reservation is coextensive with Osage County. Data shown for the reservation are for the entire reservation.
Includes other American Indian Tribes, not shown separately.
c Any entry with the spelling "Siouan" was miscoded to Sioux in North Carolina.
d Reporting and/or processing problems have affected the data for this Tribe.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
-------
Portland
Pop: 139,338
Billings
Pop: 52,406
Aberdeen
Pop: 139,338
California
Pop: 118,588
Alaska
Pop: 96,967
Bemidji
Pop: 67,364
Albuquerque
Pop: 139,338
Figure 3-1. Indian Health Service Population: Area Offices and Populations
Administered by Each Office.
Source: U.S. DHHS, 1993.
LEGEND
IHS Area Office
NOTE: Texas is administered by the Nashville,
Oklahoma City, and Albuquerque Area Offices
3-19
-------
Table 3-9. Highway Mileage-Functional Systems and Urban/Rural: 1993
[As of Dec. 31. For definition of urban, rural, see text section 2.4.]
STATE
U.S
AL. .. .
AK
A2
AR
CA.
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
QA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MO
MA
Ml
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE.
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY. ..::.:::.:
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
Rl
SC
SO
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
- FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS
Total
3,904,721
92,209
13.849
55.763
77,192
169,201
78.721
20,357
5.544
1,107
112,808
110,879
4,106
58.835
136.965
92.374
112,708
133.256
72,632
59.599
22.510
29.313
30.563
117.659
129.959
72.834
121.787
69.768
92.702
45.778
14.938
35.097
60,812
111,882
96,028
86.727
113.823
112.467
96.036
117,038
6,057
64,158
83.305
85,037
294,142
40,508
14.166
68.429
79.428
35,045
110,978
37.642
Interstate
45,530
899
1,087
1,189
543
2,423
954
343
41
14
1,443
1,243
44
611
2,051
1.138
783
871
761
871
366
482
565
1.240
914
685
1,178
1,190
481
545
224
413
998
1,500
970
571
1,573
929
727
1.588
70
810
678
1,062
3,234
937
320
1.106
763
550
638
914
Other
arterial
381,643
8.721
1,516
4,813
6,821
28.157
8,286
2.969
620
280
11,028
13,109
666
3,539
13.967
8,059
9,396
9,282
5,412
5,331
2,285
3,778
5,821
12,250
12,408
7,007
9,514
6,014
7,888
2,784
1,596
5,452
4.524
14.207
9.125
5.872
10,323
7,995
6.820
13,708
929
6,877
6,084
8.636
28.883
3,337
1,320
7.895
7.574
3.173
11.925
3,667
Collector
800,414
20,317
2.487
8,974
20.202
32,531
16,286
3,145
938
157
14,988
23,084
749
9.695
21,220
22,605
31,513
33.006
17.619
12,524
5.987
4,980
5.452
26.033
29.321
15,519
25,099
16,459
20,737
4,899
2,702
4,736
6,758
20,820
17.905
18.784
23.062
25.357
18,385
19,646
864
13,393
19,482
17,756
61,741
7,689
3,111
14,008
16,778
8,849
21,458
10,604
Local
2,677,134
62.272
8,759
40,787
49,626
106.090
53,195
13,900
3.945
656
85.349
73,443
2.647
44,990
99.727
60,572
71,016
90,097
48,840
40,873
13.872
20.073
18.725
78,136
87,316
49,623
85.993
46.105
63.596
37.550
10.416
24.496
48.532
75,355
68.023
61,500
78.865
78,186
70,104
82.096
4,194
43.078
57.061
57.583
200,284
28.545
9.415
45.420
54.313
22.473
76.957
22.457
Urban
803,078
19,381
1,742
16,340
7,595
81,061
12,903
11,543
1.869
1,107
49,178
26,274
1,799
3,416
35,181
19,262
9,218
9,580
10.139
13.766
2,583
13,671
19.636
28.174
14.886
7,904
16,150
2,380
5,054
4.597
2.869
24.029
5,851
39,293
21,723
1,818
31,568
12.794
10.028
32,616
4,723
10,521
1,860
16.521
79.132
6,106
1.324
15.581
17,218
3.137
15,591
2.386
Rural
3,101,643
72.828
12,107
39,423
69,597
88,140
65,818
8,814
3,675
63,630
84,605
2.307
55,419
101.784
73,112
103.490
123,676
62.493
45.833
19,927
15,642
10,927
89,485
115.073
64.930
105.637
67.388
87.648
41,181
12.069
11.068
54.961
72.589
74,305
84,909
82,255
99,673
86,008
84.422
1,334
53.637
81,445
68,516
215,010
34,402
12,842
52,848
62,210
31,908
95.387
35.256
• Represents zero.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
3-20
-------
Table 3-10. Motor Vehicle Registrations, 1990 to 1993, Vehicle Miles of Travel, 1993, and Drivers
Licenses, 1993, by State
{In thousands, except as indicated. Motor vehicle registrations cover publicly, privately, and commercially owned vehicles.
For uniformity, data have been adjusted to a calendar-year basis as registration years in States differ; figures represent net
numbers where possible, excluding re-ragistrations and nonresident registrations.]
STATE
U.S
AL
AK.
AZ.
AR
CA.
CO
CT
DE.
DC . . .
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY.
LA
ME
MD
MA
Ml
MN
MS ......
MO .
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
R|
SC
SD
TN
TX.
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
AUTOMOBILES, TRUCKS. AND BUSES '
1990
188,798
3.744
477
2.825
1,448
21.926
3.155
2,623
526
262
10,950
5,489
771
1,054
7,873
4,366
2,632
2.012
2.909
2,995
977
3,607
3,726
7,209
3,508
1,875
3,905
783
1,384
853
946
5,652
1,301
10.196
5,162
630
8,410
2,649
2.445
7,971
672
2,521
704
4,444
12.800
1,206
462
4,938
4,257
1,225
3.815
528
1991
188,136
3.484
471
2,849
1.480
22,253
3,045
2,589
534
246
9,980
5,714
785
1,055
8.193
4,414
2,668
1,879
2.942
3,046
979
3,630
3,664
7,245
3,273
1,887
3,950
766
1,404
881
906
5,519
1,320
9,771
5,216
629
8,685
2.669
2.507
8,038
628
2,471
702
4,542
12.697
1,230
447
5.022
4,404
1,273
3,685
469
1992
190,362
3,304
486
2,801
1,501
22,202
2,915
2,569
545
256
10,232
5,899
774
1,034
7,982
4,516
2,706
1,921
2,983
3,094
978
3,689
3,663
7,311
3,484
1,954
4,004
907
1,355
921
894
5*591
1,352
9,780
5,307
655
9,030
2,737
2,583
8,179
622
2.601
720
4,645
12.767
1,252
465
5,239
4,466
1,273
3,735
483
1993
Total
194,063
3,390
489
2.892
1.528
22,824
3,032
2.594
555
264
10,170
5.632
763
1,023
8.070
4,670
2,738
1,922
2,629
3,166
1,028
3,560
3,837
7,399
3,716
2.000
4,066
939
1.439
937
959
5,641
1,421
10,163
5,365
662
9.279
2,771
2,624
8,282
695
2,684
808
4,964
13,118
1,335
483
5,408
4,413
1,345
3,815
558
Auto
mobiles
(incl.
taxis)
146,314
2,136
310
2.068
987
17,301
2,254
2,456
429
250
8,072
3.960
659
636
6,650
3,414
1,948
1,264
1,713
2,010
793
2,957
3,327
5,731
2.906
1.526
2,858
555
942
632
743
5,180
856
8,747
3,841
397
7,483
1.759
2.001
6,599
589
1,997
485
3.989
8.881
840
362
4,126
3.123
829
2,460
283
1993
Motor-
cycle '
regis-
tration
(incl.
official)
3,978
40
12
73
14
587
88
37
10
2
189
55
24
32
201
96
149
53
32
35
31
41
68
137
126
28
57
22
19
20
36
89
31
195
64
18
233
56
61
172
20
34
26
84
144
23
17
62
109
19
197
12
Public
road and
street
mileage
(1,000
mi.)
3,905
92
14
56
77
169
79
20
6
1
113
111
4
59
137
92
113
133
73
60
23
29
31
118
130
73
122
70
93
46
15
35
61
112
96
87
114
112
96
117
6
64
83
85
294
41
14
68
79
35
111
38
Vehicle miles of
travel
Total
(bil. mi.)
2,297
47.3
3.9
39.2
24.0
266.4
32.7
27.0
6.9
3.5
120.5
78.4
8.1
11.5
89.7
60.5
25.1
24.1
39.6
36.4
12.2
43.3
46.7
85.7
42.2
26.9
54.8
8.7
14.8
11.6
10.3
59.7
18.9
112.2
69.5
6.2
97.0
35.5
28.4
90.7
7.2
36.1
7.4
52.1
167.6
17.1
6.0
64.2
46.1
16.8
49.2
6.8
Per mile
of road
(1,000)
588
513
283
702
311
1,575
416
1,326
1,244
3,148
1,068
707
1,966
195
655
655
223
181
545
610
541
1.478
1,527
728
325
369
450
125
159
254
692
1,702
312
1,003
724
71
852
316
295
775
1,193
563
89
613
570
421
422
938
581
479
443
180
Drivers
licenses
173,149
3,009
438
2,624
1,751
20,123
2,591
2,180
506
361
10.762
4,613
734
770
7,462
3,791
1.899
1,774
2,469
2,577
906
3.274
4,161
6,527
2,637
1,640
3,472
531
1.141
976
869
5,459
1,148
10,327
4,725
438
7,635
2,336
2,373
8,055
675
2,431
507
3,543
11,876
1,190
431
4,580
3,699
1,302
3.502
350
1 Excludes vehicles owned by military services.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
3-21
-------
-------
4. RESIDENTIAL FACTORS AFFECTING EXPOSURE
Many characteristics of a person's primary residence can contribute to increased
exposures to environmental contaminants. This section presents population data for persons
residing in homes that have varying characteristics, including the following: age of home;
resident's tenure (renter, owner, etc.); housing type (public housing, multiple unit, single-family,
mobile home, etc.); type of heating and cooking fuel used; presence of attached garage; use of
chemicals for pest control, lawn care, etc.; and presence of recreational pools or spas. Data on
these housing characteristics are useful for conducting indoor air risk assessments. For example,
in areas with high levels of radon in the soils, build-up of radon gas may become a problem in
homes with basements. For homes with attached garages, carbon monoxide from automobile
exhaust may be an exposure concern. In addition, chemicals used for pest prevention can pose
an indoor air exposure risk to persons living in the homes. Persons living in dilapidated, older
housing (built prior to the 1978 lead-based paint ban) or persons renovating such a home may be
at increased risk of exposure to lead by deteriorating lead-based paint and the dust it generates.
The housing characteristics addressed in this section are presented as useful supplemental data
for conducting many types of indoor air quality risk assessments. Other useful data may be
found in U.S. EPA (1997), the Exposure Factors Handbook, Chapter 11.
4.1. POPULATIONS IN HOMES WITH DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS
This section presents population data on persons residing in homes with the varying
characteristics listed above.
4.1.1. American Housing Survey for the United States in 1993 (U.S. Bureau of the Census,
1993); Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997)
The U.S. Bureau of the Census conducted the American Housing Survey from July
through December 1993. About 55,000 personal interviews were conducted nationally.
Household information was obtained from occupants of the homes; landlords, rental agents, or
knowledgeable neighbors provided information on vacant homes. Results obtained from this
4-1
-------
national survey are presented in Tables 4-1 through 4-4. Table 4-1 presents the household
I " • :
composition of occupied housing units. Table 4-2 presents the income characteristics of
occupied units. Table 4-3 presents data on construction of housing units and location of units.
Table 4-4 presents the number of housing units that use various types of fuels for cooking and
heating, which may affect indoor air. Table 4-5 presents housing characteristics (e.g., basements,
year built, heating equipment) by tenure and region. Figure 4-1 illustrates the percentage of
housing units that are occupied and vacant. Figure 4-2 presents a variety of selected features of
occupied housing units.
4.1.2. Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1997)
The guidance on childhood lead screening was developed by CDC in consultation with
the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention. Lead-based paint in homes
is the most important remaining source of lead exposure for U.S. children. Of all homes built in
the United States before 1978, a large amount (83%) still contain some lead-based paint (CDC,
1997). The older the house, the more likely it is to contain lead-based paint and to have a higher
concentration of lead in the paint. Housing built before 1950 poses the greatest risk of exposure
to children (CDC, 1997). Such housing is present in every State as shown in Table 4-6. The
following Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) calculation is used to
determine the number of affordable housing units that are likely to contain lead-based paint
(HUD, 1990):
[(# units <1940 * 0.88) + (# units 1940-1960 * 0.92) + (# units 1961-1980 * 0.76)].
4.1.3. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996)
The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), conducted by EPA, is the largest
and most current human activity pattern survey available (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Data for
9,386 respondents in the 48 contiguous States were collected via minute-by-minute 24-hour
diaries between October 1992 and September 1994. The survey collected information on
duration and frequency of selected activities. Demographic information was collected for each
respondent to allow for statistical summaries to be generated according to specific subgroups of
4-2
-------
the U.S. population (e.g., by gender, age, race, employment status, census region, season). The
participants' responses were weighted according to geographic, socioeconomic, time/season, and
other demographic factors to ensure that results were representative of the U.S. population. The
weighted sample matches the 1990 census population for each gender, age group, and census
region. In addition, the day-of-week and seasonal responses are distributed equally.
NHAPS data on the time spent in selected activities and the corresponding population
participating in these activities are presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 14,
Tables 14-19 through 14-92. For example, data are included on the number of persons who
spend time either running, walking, standing, or in a vehicle; time spent in indoor and outdoor
parking lots and garages; and number of persons working in circumstances where one may come
in contact with soil, such as gardening. The reader is referred to the Handbook for further
information obtained from NHAPS. Advantages of the NHAPS data set are that it is
representative of the U.S. population for all ages, genders, and races, and it has been adjusted to
be balanced geographically, seasonally, and for day/time. Table 4-7 presents the percentage of
the general population living in homes with attached garages. The advantage of NHAPS is that
the data were collected for a large number of individuals and are representative of the U.S.
general population.
4.2. POPULATIONS WHO USE PESTICIDES AND CHEMICALS FOR
LAWN/GARDEN AND POOL/SPA MAINTENANCE
Section 4.2.1 presents the available information on populations using home and garden
pesticides and chemicals for lawn/garden and pool/spa maintenance. This information is useful
in estimating number of people receiving residential exposure to certain household chemicals,
such as insecticides, rodenticides, and fungicides. Section 4.2.2 presents data that can be used to
estimate the number of people who might have residential exposure to chlorinated compounds
used to treat and disinfect household pools and spas.
4-3
-------
4.2.1. National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey (Whitmore et al., 1992)
, > 1, Y " '• •• • •'. i . '..•'.". •; ;
The National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey (NHGPUS) was conducted for
EPA during August and September 1990. The purpose was to collect data on the use of
pesticides in and around homes in the United States. The study was designed as a national
probability-based sample of households, with personal interviews conducted at the participants'
residence. The target population in the survey was housing units in the conterminous United
States occupied as primary residences (home where a person lives for half the year or more),
excluding institutions, group quarters, military reservations, and Native American reservations
(Whitmore et al., 1992). NHGPUS used the U.S. Bureau of the Census definition of a housing
Unit as a room or groups of rooms occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters
in which the occupants (1) live and eat separately from any other persons in the building and (2)
have direct access from the outside of the building or through a common hall. A sample of 2,674
housing units was selected, and 2,447 housing units were eligible for the survey. Individuals
representing a total of 2,078 housing units participated in the survey (a response rate of 84.9
percent) and provided information on frequency and types of pesticide use and where and how
they were used. Because of the high response rate, the potential for nonresponse bias is low
(Whitmore, et al., 1992). NHGPUS is based on a sample of 29 States and 60 counties. Tables 4-
8,4-9, and 4-10 present data collected in NHGPUS. An assessor can develop numerical
estimates of potential exposed populations by multiplying the number of households presented
in Tables 4-8 thru 4-12 by 2.65 persons/household as provided in the Bureau of Census (1997).
Table 4-8 presents the selected characteristics of households in the target population, including
urbanization, type of housing, private lawn and swimming pool present, and hot tub present.
Table 4-9 presents the number of households that used pest control services and received written
precautions in the year preceding the survey. Table 4-10 presents the number of households
reporting major pest problems or experiencing pest problems that were treated by a household
member in the previous year. Table 4-11 also presents number of households where pesticides
were not stored securely and had children <5 years old living there. Table 4-12 provides
information on the number of households using pesticides by type of pesticide and site of
4-4
-------
application. Table 4-13 presents estimated percentage of households using pesticides by type of
pesticide and site of application.
4.2.2. 1993 Pool and Spa Market Study (National Spa and Pool Institute, 1993)
The National Spa and Pool Institute (NSPI) is a trade association that provides market
data to its members. The statistical information provided by NSPI in Tables 4-14 and 4-15 is an
overview and was extrapolated from the National Spa and Pool Institute Pool and Spa Market
Study. This publication is available from NSPI Publications (703) 838-0083 for $250.
The overview data are based on a household consumer survey. NSPI maintains a data
base of households in selected U.S. geographic regions. Households were randomly selected,
and the data were collected through mail surveys. From a total of 90,000 surveys mailed, 65,000
individuals responded: a response rate of 72%. Table 4-14 presents data for owners of
residential pools, and Table 4-15 presents data for owners of residential spas. These data are
presented by pool ownership. However, populations using pools/spas may be estimated
conservatively by assuming one pool/spa per household and multiplying by the average number
of persons per household using the U.S. Bureau of the Census data (2.65 persons/household in
1996) or by multiplying by number of persons per State, presented in Table 2-9.
4-5
-------
4.3. REFERENCES
CDC. (1997) Screening young children for lead poisoning: Guidance for state and local health
officials. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
HUD. (1990) U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive work plan
fgr the abatement of lead-based paint in privately-owned housing: a Report to Congress,
Washington, D.C. December?, 1990,
National Spa and Pool Institute. (1993) 1993 Pool and spa market study. National Spa and Pool
Institute, Alexandria, VA. (703) 838-0083.
Tsang, AM; Klepeis, NE. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human
Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) response. Prepared by Lockhead Martin, for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, under EPA Contract no. 68-W6-001
dgliyery order no. 13. Draft report.
f 1
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993) American Housing Survey for the United States in 1993. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. Doc. no. HI 50/93.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997) Statistical abstracts of the United States. 117th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. (1997) Exposure factors handbook. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Rational Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development,
Washington, DC. EPA/600/P-95/002Fa,b,c.
Whitmore, RW; Kelly, JE; Reading, PL. (1992) National Home and Garden Pesticide Use
Survey. Final report, volume 1. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, by Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Contract no. 68-WO-0032. Doc. no. RTI/5100/17-01F.
4-6
-------
54 1993
Table 4-1. Household Composition - Occupied Units
(Numbers In thousands. Consistent with the 1990 Census.... means not applicable or sample too small. - means zero or rounds to zero.]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
61
52
53
54
55
56
57
SB
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
Characteristics
Population in housing units
Total , -
Persons
Median —
Number of Single Children Under 18
Years Old
1 __....— ».„»«,.»—«—»—„—» -_-..
2
3 „«„„
4 „ ____„_„_ ...»...„»..__«._.„_„
5 -™.™»— - „
Persons 65 Years Old and Over
Age of Householder
25 to 29 .......—„-„.—»—»»,——»-»».„—, ~
3D to 34 — - -
35 to 44 .____..»....—,.«
45 to 54 ______...»^-™— -*—,»»-.—««-.— —^
55 to 64 ..
65 to 74 ................. ..__
Median .. *
Household Composition by Age of
Householder
Married-couple families, no nonrelaifves,-™— ™
Adults and Single Children Under 18
Years Old
One under 6, one or more 6 to 17 _„»,
Two or more under 6, one or more 6 to 1 7,.
Other households with two or more adults
One under 6, one or more 6 to 17
Two or more under 6, one or more 6 to 17,
One under 6, one or more 6 to 17
Two or more under 6, one or more 6 to 17-
Oihar households with two or more aduits
Households with one adult
Tola!
occupied
units
246 395
94 724
22 989
31 304
16 306
14 396
6 272
2 176
1 280
2.3
59 295
14 780
13 194
5 210
1 578
454
212
.5-
72 395
14 924
7 406
4 789
8 215
10 984
21 797
16 376
12 125
11 456
8 981
46
71 735
49 683
1 327
3 835
5 969
12 717
17 142
8 692
7 765
5 078
1 826
661
14 287
8 654
3 732
1 901
22 989
9 421
5 009
2 470
1 941
13 569
3 195
3 331
7 043
35 429
24 155
3 665
4 161
2 497
1 296
12 535
5 050
971
774
371
296
2 638
6 224
887
911
459
336
3 630
59 295
25 930
10 374
22 991
Tenure
Owner
166 725
61 252
11 353
21 954
10 851
10 583
4 432
1 481
798
2.4
38 448
9 357
8 SOS
3 344
876
230
95
.5-
43 976
10 680
6 598
605
2 863
5 658
14 224
12 368
9 768
9 264
6 503
51
49 899
39 731
355
1 969
4 099
10 215
15224
7 868
3 856
1 869
1 297
690
6 312
2 455
2 358
1 500
11 353
3 873
1 501
1 183
1 190
7 480
888
2 072
4 520
22 804
18 270
2 333
3 051
1 681
827
10 379
2 552
392
352
155
138
1 515
1 982
191
201
51
30
1 510
38 448
21 720
5 377
11 351
Renter
79 670
33 472
11 636
9 351
5 655
3 813
1 840
695
482
2.0
20 848
5 423
4 291
1 865
703
225
118
.5-
28 419
4 244
809
4 184
5 351
5 326
7 573
4 008
2 359
2 193
2 478
37
21 836
• 9 952
972
1 866
1 869
2 502
1 918
824
3 910
3 209
528
171
7 974
6 199
1 374
402
11 636
5 548
3 509
1 288
751
6 089
2 308
1 259
2 583
12 625
5 385
1 333
1 110
816
470
2 156
2 498
579
422
216
158
1 123
4 242
696
710
408
306
2 121
20 848
4 210
4 997
11 841
Housing unit characteristics
New
con-
struction
4 yrs
14 099
4 990
759
1 677
1 023
990
381
118
42
2,6
2 651
933
959
341
90
11
5
.5-
4 333
394
263
234
695
844
1 437
759
447
350
224
40
4 231
3330
104
489
571
1 040
822
305
411
290
92
29
489
337
116
37
759
346
234
73
39
413
145
103
165
2 339
1 90S
380
336
261
88
841
237
40
44
20
17
115
197
23
23
9
2
140
2 651
1 445
447
759
Mobile
homes
14 142
5 655
1 403
1 980
995
796
327
118
36
2£
3 462
1 007
758
323
91
16
.5-
4 290
922
442
385
667
693
1 147
837
660
689
578
44
4 252
2 936
2O5
434
380
655
748
513
495
334
128
33
822
507
228
87
1 403
610
268
175
167
793
108
218
467
2 193
1 476
298
257
193
68
660
338
85
38
18
33
165
379
80
57
28
13
203
3 462
1 471
587
1 403
Physical problems
Severe
E 058
1 SOI
590
515
266
272
139
55
64
2.2
1 200
237
255
115
54
23
18
.5-
1 430
315
155
101
182
215
415
285
272
223
206
46
1 311
784
25
51
102
187
261
158
161
115
23
23
366
228
83
55
590
330
141
136
54
260
66
55
139
701
404
59
94
46
33
173
156
33
38
8
7
70
141
18
34
14
15
59
1 200
390
220
S90
Moderate
11 604
4 225
1 145
1 148
701
596
367
139
129
2.3
2 404
674
587
341
136
50
33
,S-
3 373
648
204
343
414
531
1 047
641
464
452
333
43
3 080
1 607
86
163
233
442
454
229
476
329
102
45
998
657
214
127
1 145
587
284
175
128
557
142
160
256
1 821
958
146
167
101
91
453
400
55
65
44
36
200
462
41
72
30
55
264
2 404
673
587
1 145
Household chsrac eristics
alack
29 884
11 128
3 024
2 832
2 242
1 685
801
320
244
2.4
5 861
2 273
1 759
777
279
119
60
,S-
9 076
1 637
415
738
1 100
1 398
2 767
1 844
1 459
1 071
754
43
8 104
3 300
' 81
227
438
927
1 194
433
925
583
213
130
3 878
2 520
941
417
3 024
1 461
748
449
263
1 563
476
SOS
582
5 267
1 963
276
394
130
120
1 044
1 282
212
191
92
105
683
2 021
266
330
215
176
1 034
S 861
1 376
1 459
3 027
Hispanic
22 117
6 614
985
1 496
1 357
1 166
863
416
331
3.1
Z 833
1 356
1 226
747
305
99
46
.8
S 720
679
215
521
901
984
1 733
1 016
764
411
285
40
5 629
3 360
181
472
567
903
959
278
792
600
156
37
1 477
1 013
365
99
985
471
265
141
65
514
138
158
218
3 781
2 343
384
477
283
238
960
770
127
149
60
60
376
668
5?
101
64
72
373
2 833
1 111
738
985
Elderly
(65.)
35 396
20 438
8 9S4
9 340
1 368
395
202
76
73
1.6
19 558
558
206
78
19
14
6
.5-
13 164
7 274
11 456
8 981
74
11 454
8 692
8 692
861
861
1 901
1 901
8 984
1 941
1 941
7 043
r 043
880
334
45
39
20
16
215
351
63
44
21
14
209
195
48
8
139
19 558
8 379
2 196
8 984
Moved in
past year
40 482
16 102
4 165
5 310
3 007
2 240
884
319
176
2.2
9 400
2 931
2 396
937
316
88
33
.5-
15 052
782
268
2 997
3 252
2 779
3 596
1 778
817
529
355
. 33
11 937
6 370
769
1 356
1 237
1 579
1 122
306
2 139
1 896
198
45
3 427
2 927
438
62
4 165
2 222
1 731
380
110
1 943
1 126
456
360
6 701
3 721
976
647
545
261
1 292
1 083
316
157
136
57
417
1 897
374
323
209
123
868
9 400
2 717
2 517
4 166
Below
poverty
level
36 899
13 787
4 550
3 074
2 291
1 810
1 093
520
448
2.3
7 302
2 168
2 118
1 305
564
212
116
S-
10 214
3 022
551
1 418
1 341
1 446
2 718
1 729
1 805
1 566
1 764
45
9 236
3 869
227
351
445
950
1 287
603
879
589
191
98
4 489
3 295
803
391
4 550
1 340
553
439
347
3 210
512
813
1 885
6 484
2 331
306
433
294
307
991
1 254
182
241
128
159
545
2 899
423
529
388
292
1 290
7 302
1 572
1 180
4 5SO
(continued on next page)
4-7
-------
Table 4-1. Household Composition-Occupied Units (continued)
;
TOUI
occuo*d
unrts
24i 31$
14 724
a M*
31 304
18 300
14 398
8 272
£ 178
1 2«0
9L3
i
58 2«S
14 7BO
13 184
, ... S 210
1 S79
4S4
212
! •*•
i
*1{PWSA»
Ccntiil
otm
74 413
» 13*
1 MO
9 2*1
5 000
3 843
1 «00
703
Ml
2.7
19 287
4 535
3 814
1 80S
523
IK
Suburbs
111 716
44 060
9 231
14 820
7 874
7 532
3 197
1 045
543
2.4
26 834
7 10*
6 871
2 492
Oudida
(P)MSAs
S3 196
20 826
4 898
7403
3 433
3 202
1 275
428
1»7
2-2
13 194
3 137
2 906
1 113
699 355
188 77
104 , 68 1 41
.t-
.5-
72 395 1 23 1» i 34 235
.5-
14 956
14 924 i 4 74B . 6 355 3 821
7 40S
4 780
» 21S
10 M4
21 787
1ft 378
11 125
11 459
a 981
4t
71 73S
49 683
! 327
3 835
5 B69
12 717
17 142
< 892
, 7 78S
S 078
1 828
•81
14 287
8 8S4
3 732
1 001
22 t89
9 421
S 009
2 470
t 941
13 $89
3 195
• 3 331
7 043
31 429
24 ISS
3 ees
4 181
2 497
1 299
12 S3S
9 030
971
77<
371
298
7 638
fl 224
M7
911
458
330
3 630
, 59 235
i 25 930
10 374
77 941
1 890
2 139
3 li«
3 858
8 841
4 490
3 511
3 300
2 739
44
20 977
12 100
412
1 M5
3 465
1 694
3 372
5 267
10 004
8 3O4
5 774
5 149
3 CS7
«
34 830
25 693
S3?
1 906
1 57S 1 3 148
2 049
956
1 487
2 061
4 352
3 577
2 840
3 007
2 546
49
15 927
11 869
378
843
1 24B
3 OM 1 8 849 i 2 750
J 878 | 9 143 1 4 123
2 OSS
2 (21
1 969
510
301
8 OM
3 874
1 4«0
772
8 880
4 091 i 2 548
3 387
2 164
836
367
5 750
3 282
1 647
621
9 231
3 877 | 3 786
2 220
959
898
4 943
1 SS8
1 181
2 284
10 571
5933
1 025
t 097
844
415
2 7S1
1 974
37S
1 993
1 016
778
5 445
1 219
1 436
2 7SO
17 228
12 851
1 943
2 196
1 386
S21
6 705
2 134
412
327 302
145 162
128
949
2 863
108
1 558
925
44O
193
2 480
1 497
625
358
4 898
1 75B
796
496
465
3 141
419
733
1 989
7 632
5 371
697
868
467
260
3 079
942
183
145
64
61
1 ISO i 469
2 242 ! 1 318
367 1 329 I 190
395 305
278 1 106
191
1 432
94
1 400
19 7S7 ' 26 834
6 31 1 1 13 039
4 096 4 562
8 660 i 9 232
212
75
51
7SO
13 194
6 560
1 715
4 898
Urban
Total
177356
GS 090
18 248
22 025
11 752
9 919
4 508
1 600
1 037
2.2
43 706
10 731
9 172
3 781
1 169
362
167
Jt-
52 980
11 054
S 056
3 955
6 419
8 246
15 817
11 427
8 517
6 114
6 595
45
50 642
33 276
943
2 662
4 164
6 512
11 221
5 775
S 885
3 976
1 246
864
11 681
7 162
2 996
1 503
1B 248
7 51O
4 207
1 905
1 398
10 738
2 792
2 577
5 370
25 382
16 418
2 677
2 833
1 762
956
8 190
3 938
787
605
279
230
2 038
5 027
737
737
404
295
2 854
43 708
17 159
S 301
18 248
Outside
(P)MSAs
18,966
7 741
2 197
2 592
1 231
1 053
449
144
75
2,1
4 989
1 173
988
399
148
30
13
.5-
5 464
1 553
724
SOS
595
838
1 530
1 152
940
1 066
1 096
49
S 544
3 734
171
2C6
429
836
1 106
845
621
394
130
06
1 1S9
755
288
148
2 187
734
389
191
154
1 463
226
298
939
2 752
1 724
280
248
165
99
932
410
83
68
27
25
207
618
102
1O7
45
21
343
4 989
2 028
765
2 197
Rural
Total
69 03}
25 633
4 741
9 280
4 554
4 477
1 764
S7S
242
2.4
15 587
4 049
4 022
1 428
409
93
45
.5-
19 414
3 870
2 349
835
t 796
2 738
5 980
4 949
3 60S
3 343
2 386
4«
20 883
16 407
385
1 173
1 805
4 206
5 921
2 817
1 880
1 102
561
197
2 606
1 47H
735
399
4 741
1 911
802
565
543
2 830
404
754
1 673
10 046
7 737
989
1 327
735
341
4 345
1 113
184
170
92
66
600
I 197
150
174
55
42
776
15 587
8 771
2 073
4 743
Suburbs
34 322
12 368
2 010
4 402
2 313
2 305
923
285
131
1.4
7 270
Oulside
(P)MSAs Farm
34 290 4 080
13 DBS 1 423
2 702 1BO
4 811 578
Z 202 250
2 149 218
827 1 136
2B4 46
112 IB
2.3 2.4
8 205 877
2 058 1 963 219
2 074
705
199
45
17
.5-
i 770
1 S93
1 920 l 173
714 1 113
208 30
47 ! 4
28 I 7
.5- .S-
9 492 937
2 267 218
1 005 1 1 326 21B
380 1 450 : 20
Regions
Northeast
48 676
13 906
4 817
6 029
3 315
2 867
1 213
453
213
2.3
12 265
2 747
2 568
938
286
69
33
.5-
13 905
3 437
1 564
743
885 1 892 : 78 1 473
1 474
3 129
2 485
1 681
1 402
932
46
10 358
a 140
178
583
970
2 273
2 940
1 195
924
5S6
267
101
1 295
722
387
186
2 010
864
379
256
229
1 146
207
316
623
S 099
4 038
569
698
419
176
2 176
573
84
92
56
30
311
488
61
70
25
12
321
1 225 • 97
2 822 ' 293
2 425 i 263
1 900 ! 282
1 921 • 261
1 4SO . 148
50 . S3
10 383 I 243
8 155 . 1 093
207. 11
576 59
819 ' 69
1 913 • 244
2 937 438
1 703 • 274
937 ' 82
531 i 39
310 24
96 i 20
1 291 68
742 19
338 28
210 1 22
2 702 i 180
1 024 ! 81
408 1 43
305 12
311 26
1 678 99
192 ! 5
435 26
1 OSO 69
4 880 i 547
3 646 48S
417 I 40
G20 68
302 32
161 25
2 147 322
532 26
100 4
77 2
37 4
36 2
282 14
701 33
89 7
104 3
31 3
30
447 19
7 270 i 6 205 877
4 160 1 4 553 610
\ 098 1 951 87
2 149
4 185
3 297
2 520
2 593
1 947
48
14 089
9 6SS
183
677
1 163
2 435
3 417
1 797
1 371
824
Midwest
59 413
23 031
S 774
7 646
3 661
3 588
1 614
491
261
2.3
14 453
3 417
3 239
1
Soulh
84 284
32 936
7 888
11 121
6 006
4 961
2 017
617
326
2.3
20 448
Wosl
54 022
19 ISO
4 510
6 509
3 325
2 9B3
'1 428
616
481
2.3
12 130
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1D
tl
5 667 i 2 949] 12
4 512
1 360 1 690
410
101
51
.S-
17 719
441
132
46
.5-
25 249
3 538 5 092
1 774
1 301
2 039
2 780
5 216
3 839
2 879
2 665
2 310
45
17 257
12 265
316
2 595
1 698
' 2 936
3 703
7 516
5 695
4 340
4 000
3 048
46
25 048
2 874
1 222
441
152
83
.5-
15 522
2 857
1 471
1 047
1 767
2 352
4 879
3 545
2 386
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
2 198 26
t 676 29
45
IS 340
30
31
17 409 10 353 ; 32
557 292 33
948 1 414 797 ! 34
1 572
3 148
4 190
2 091
1 758
1 198
340 i 397
207
3 063
1 693
862
SOB
4 817
2 019
95B
541
519
2 798
632
657
1 509
6 641
4 531
698
748
478
240
2 3SB
877
166
115
70
35
492
t 233
178
176
105
59
163
3 234
2 103
782
349
5 774
2 295
1 239
569
487
3 479
813
780
1 885
8 578
5 882
787
1 005
663
32B
3 099
t 097
230
173
B5
76
533
1 599
253
206
137
80
716 922
12 265
5 196
2 250
2 01? 2 702 180 4 819
14 4S3
6 450
2 230
5 774
1 956 1 277 35
4 379 2 752 i 36
6 019 i 3 516 1 37
3 084 I 1 716 1 3S
2 589 2 047 ' 39
1 691 ', 1 365
622 467
276 | 215
5 050 i 2 940
4Q
41
42
43
3 056 1 802 | 44
1 325 763' I 45
669 375
7 888
3 134
1 712
818
604
4 755
1 089
1 250
2 416
4 510
1 973
1 100
542
331
46
47
- 48
49
50
51
2 537 i 52
661 1 53
643 ! 54
1 233
12 48B i 7 721
8 380
1 410
t 390
734
369
4 477
1 828
342
251
135
S 362
770
1 019
622
360
2 591
1 249
233
236
80
100 ! 85
1 000
2 2B1
314
'3S5
168
124
1 319
20 448
9 121
614
1 110
14!
174
49
73
673
12 130
5 164
3 439 i 2 456
7 888 I 4 510
S5
56
57
58
' 59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
(continued on next page)
4-8
-------
Table 4-1. Household Composition—Occupied Units (continued)
(NumBors in IhnuMnda. Comluunt mUti the USD Cwuui. ... maun* nol unolirjihto nr umple loo small. - means lero or rounds ID zero.] ^
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
B
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
4B
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
SB
59
60
61
62
63
64
Characteristics
Own Never Married Children Under IB
Years Old
Under 6 years only .__-. ,
2
3 or more.—.
6 to 1 7 years only .
2 „
3 or more
2
Persons Other Than Spouse or
Children'
Wilh other relatives
Single adult offspring 18 to 29 --_.,
Single adult offspring 3D years of age or over .«
Households with 1 subfamily™ „
Subfamily householder age under 30 ,.
30 to 64 „
65 and over _„_.
Households with 2 or more subfamilies
2-pflrson Households, none related to each
other . ..
3-3 person Households, none related to each
Yaars of School Completed by
Householder
No school years completed ,
Elementary;
High School:
1 to 3 years . > ,
College:
Median . .
Year Householder Moved Into Unit
1990 to 1994 .
1985 to 1989 . „
1980 to 1984 .. „ . „
1975 to 1979
1970 to 1974
1B60 to 1969
1950 to 1959 .
1940 to 1949
1939 or earlier .
Median
Household Moves and Formation In
Last Year
Total with a move in last year „,.
Household 811 moved here from one unit
Householder of previous unit did not move
here , . , , „„
' Householder of previous unit moved here
Householder ot previous unit not reported
Household moved here from two or more units -
No previous householder moved here „
1 previous householder moved here ,.
2 or more previous householders moved
1 or more previous householders moved
Number of previous urois not reported
Total
occupied
units
62 445
32 278
7 833
4 753
2 608
472
17 710
6 538
6 557
2 B15
6 736
3 169
3 567
20 893
11 452
3 266
2 189
2 313
1 233
974
106
102
7 156
7 000
2 73i
4 385
959
1 748
606
3 957
676
328
4 170
3 759
9 849
33 7S1
18 955
23 812
12.9
38 106
19 897
8 933
8 385
5 739
7 244
4 173
1 510
737
19S8
19 490
13 118
2 729
10 029
360
2 348
617
447
1 052
232
3 990
1 413
2 032
545
33
Tenure
Owner
v
40 455
20 797
4 163
2 422
1 528
214
12 582
5 951
4 857
1 774
4 051
1 951
2 100
15 559
8 926
2 735
1 505
1 506
706
714
86
66
4 780
2 497
513
1 201
491
942
257
1 342
129
140
2 358
2 565
5 601
21 828
12 020
16 740
12.9
15 026
14 130
6 920
7 326
5 144
6 661
3 964
1 406
674
1914
6 684
3 929
462
3 374
93
436
81
58
247
50
2' 310
750
1 241
319
9
Renter
21 990
11 482
3 670
2 332
1 080
258
5 128
2 587
1 701
840
2 685
1 218
1 467
5 339
2 526
531
684
806
527
260
19
35
2 376
4 503
2 226
3 184
469
806
349
2 616
547
188
1 812
1 194
4 348
11 923
6 935
7 072
12.8
23 079
S 767
2 013
1 059
595
583
209
104
63
1890 +
12 806
9 190
2 268
6 655
267
1 913
536
389
806
1B2
1 680
663
781
226
23
Housing unit characteristics
New
con-
struction
4yrs
2 734
2 256
704
427
231
46
1 OS4
460
445
148
499
265
234
828
412
63
71
59
29
21
9
374
318
503
223
25
87
30
198
30
7
108
90
250
1 62S
1 097
1 812
14.1
4 658
257
25
17
21
6
5
19BD +
1 916
1 506
159
1 307
40
171
47
21
89
14
239
49
161
30
Mobile
homes
3 649
2 008
634
403
198
33
957
500
321
136
414
202
213
982
SOB
122
10B
123
99
21
2
9
372
441
105
231
77
143
57
253
11
21
341
329
1 029
2 623
880
433
12.*
2 509
1 .454
671
509
335
139
25
6
7
1919
1 310
898
149
710
37
131
61
28
32
10
283
106
149
29
Physical problems
Severe
1 277
624
147
88
45
14
297
110
127
, 59
181
81
100
470
224
69
60
B4
53
32
7
198
146
38
88
19
39
B
73
11
24
190
118
279
60S
356
329
12.6
731
411
195
150
106
141
93
36
37
1987
337
225
69
147
9
26
2
14
9
87
38
43
6
Moderate
2 626
1 599
354
199
139
16
838
384
267
187
407
125
282
995
505
174
149
161
108
50
3
2
406
480
160
308
55
134
45
236
56
46
459
217
760
1 420
720
603
12.4
1 923
757
397
293
286
297
139
90
43
1918
1 046
657
164
463
29
120
26
15
56
22
267
129
86
52
3
Household cnaiacu
Black
6 717
4 412
950
572
287
91
2 462
1 338
770
354
999
446
554
3 394
1 738
620
811
561
332
225
5
25
1 439
799
253
435
138
237
67
352
'56
46
884
444
1 816
4 121
2 175
1 642
12.6
5 227
2 079
890
914
717
782
353
117
49
1989
2 634
1 841
551
1 222
67
216
46
48
77
44
565
240
224
100
13
Hispanic
3 243
3 371
862
490
290
82
1 619
707
573
339
890
230
610
2 117
1 046
242
326
401
244
142
14
41
934
684
237
428
104
193
87
230
67
169
1 224
313
1 041
2 024
1 019
825
12.3
3 632
• t 324.
525
423
258
259
136
39
18
1990 +
1 975
1 324
276
1 016
32
231
55
29
124
23
419
214
147
SB
2
Elderly
(65 +5
20 305
133
16
13
2
110
78
18
13
7
5
2
3 600
478
1 912
309
495
120
368
B
17
1 375
440
83
158
128
164
25
327
28
134
2 037
2 348
3 341
6 895
2 696
2 9B7
12.3
2 927
2 812
1 906
1 989
1 835
3 629
3 299
1 375
665
1973
t 272
ass
66
765
24
25
4
5
14
2
390
105
234
51
2
ristics
Moved in
past year
9 876
6 226
2 405
1 560
690
155
2 437
1 138
917
383
1 384
700
684
2 031
827
101
233
291
168
108
15
14
1 036
2 631
1 440
1 887
242
440
213
1 599
311
58
539
311
1 710
5 622
3 729
4 133
13.0
16 102
1990 +
16 102
13 118
2 729
10 029
360
2 348
617
447
1 052
232
602
159
431
12
33
Below
poverty
level
s ou
5 773
1 535
818
541
176
2 667
1 153
908
605
1 571
494
1 077
2 992
1 506
454
486
549
372
165
13
37
1 207
887
302
419
223
296
94
356
120
177
1 546
987
2 897
4 763
2 068
1 348
12.3
6 SB1
2 503
1 105
1 061
693
951
505
242
146
1869
3 715
2 704
784
1 836
85
355
100
54
142
60
64B
261
259
128
7
'Figures may not add to total because more then one category may apply.
(continued on next page)
4-9
-------
Table 4-1. Household Composition-Occupied Units (continued)
ToUl
oocupwd
ucMa
82 44S
32 276
7 833
4 753
2 DM
472
17 710
8 KM
357
2 BIS
8 730
3 189
3 587
20 699
11 4S2
3 2M
2 1(9
2 313
1 233
974
100
102
7 180
7 000
2 739
4 365
9S9
1 744
MO
3 937
070
320
4 170
3 759
S 949
33 7S1
18 9S5
23 81?
12.9
36 108
19 697
• 933
• 385
S 739
7 244
4 173
1 510
737
1968
19 490
13 110
2 729
10 029
3*0
2 346
817
447
1 Oil
232
3 990
1 413
2 032
. 545
it
Jj
kl(P)MSA«
Ctnnl
c*w
20 457
9 361
2 4M
1 466
•02
178
4 613
2 507
1 609
897
2 102
668
1 210
6886
3 341
1 083
616
882
484
360
38
36
2 849
2 831
1 202
1 868
338
840
206
1 885
343
132
1 526
1 041
3 434
9 612
6254
7639
12.9
13 612
5 8)3
2443
2 283
1 484
2 172
1 262
412
175
m»
7 336
4 922
1 157
3 642
123
H8
284
202
428
105
1 334
553
84?
200
99 I
Suburb!
28 244
15 816
3 877
2 346
1 MS
226
6 706
4 074
3 357
1 275
3 234
1 603
1 831
10 083
5 783
1 534
1 O42
1 054
532
470
52
51
3 209
3 OSS
1 182
1 943
440
761
287
1 726
263
103
1 470
1 326
3 854
15 590
9 189
12 526
13.0
17 047
9 801
4 389
3 994
2 754
3 322
1 896
572
285
1917
8 457
S 629
1 063
4 399
148
974
232
183
487
91
1 850
035
979
235
"l
Outside
(P)MSAs
13 743
7 083
1 490
920
500
70
4 191
1 957
1 592
643
1 401
661
720
4 126
2 32B
649
330
376
216
144
16
13
1 298
1 074
355
574
184
346
110
566
70
94
1 174
1 390
2 661
8 548
3 512
3 447
12.6
7 246
4 262
2 101
2 128
1 522
1 750
1 015
525
277
1M«
3 696
2 567
490
1 988
89
376
121
62
157
36
746
225
<10
111
7
UttMUl
Total
46 196
22 894
5 830
3 579
1 871
380
12-235
5 941
4 456
1 638
4 829
2 197
2 632
15 471
8 306
2 451
1 734
1 848
977
792
80
79
5 453
5 663
2 345
3 697
732
1 295
457
3 261
609
259
2 888
2 330
6 915
23 360
14 410
18 929
12.9
29 649
14 145
6 048
5 611
3 844
S 318
3 079
988
409
1988
15 404
10 421
2 298
7 834
288
1 935
502
372
879
182
3 021
1 147
1 457
417
26
Outside
(P)MSAs
5 227
2 514
621
402
189
30
1 409
650
519
239
485
223
262
1 487
798
225
138
161
108
49
4
8
491
495
204
320
83
125
56
285
45
52
372
455
898
3 046
1 400
1 518
12.7
3 209
1 492
639
637
493
687
334
178
72
19(8
1 682
1 220
271
905
44
192
67
32
77
15
267
110
123
34
2
Rural
Total
16 249
9 385
2 003
1 174
737
92
5 476
2 597
2 102
777
1 907
972
935
5 428
3 146
815
455
464
256
183
25
23
1 703
1 337
394
687
227
453
149
697
67
69
1 283
1 429
3 034
10 391
4 544
4 683
12.7
8 457
S 752
2 885
2 774
1 895
1 926
1 094
521
328
1986
4 086
2 698
431
2 196
71
413
114
75
173
51
969
266
575
126
7
Suburbs
7 614
4 754
1 117
651
417
49
2 659
1 269
1 019
371
979
509
470
2 746
1 588
386
260
246
145
88
14
16
BBS
733
233
418
120
9g?
89
401
40
27
481
487
1 264
4 820
2 399
2 891
12.6
4 318
2 937
1 406
1 279
B59
863
406
175
124
1987
2 012
1 315
204
1 08B
25
219
56
45
BB
30
475
146
277
52
2
Outsklo
(P)MSAs
8 516
4 568
870
517
312
41
2 783
1 306
1 072
404
916
458
458
2 641
1 531
424
193
215
109
95
12
5
808
579
151
254
101
221
54
282
• 24
42
B02
935
1 763
5 502
2 112
1 929
12J
4 038
2 771
1 462
1 490
1 029
1 063
682
347
204
1985
2 014
1 347
219
1 084
45
184
53
30
80
21
479
115
28B
76
4
Farm
900
523
82
45
25
12
342
154
123
65
9B
23
75
331
196
64
B
10
6
4
_
93
35
16
4
15
23
2
2
62
146
152
566
272
225
12.6
195
236
174
208
151
190
130
71
68
1977
94
49
8
36
5
8
«
37
c
16
12
-
Regions
Northeast
12 BOO
6 106
1 529
907
538
84
3 364
1 577
1 310
476
1 214
568
646
4 589
2 656
793
411
409
174
208
27
11
1 395
1 299
565
778
158
32B
69
731
153
40
644
745
2 083
7 065
3 155
5 174
12.8
6 268
3 829
2 113
1 748
1 274
1 804
1 145
469
257
1916
3 019
1 997
470
1 495
32
327
109
70
121
27
688
283
339
66
7
Midwest
15 081
7 951
1 946
1 105
726
115
4 366
2 028
1 596
'742
1 639
768
870
4 548
2 736
637
401
402
241
152
10
16
1 370
1 630
633
990
237
433
154
967
127
27
546
1 119
2 414
9 243
4 569
5 114
12.8
8 852
4 896
2 167
2 131
1 439
1 881
1 072
396
198
1987
4 494
3 047
656
2 299
91
558
139
126
242
51
880
298
444
137
10
South
21 677
11 259
2 698
1 755
799
144
6 339
3 278
2 277
784
2 222
1 118
1 104
7 372
3 B31
1 201
825
906
520
356
30
. 37
2 716
1 974
697
1 214
272
497
175
1 132
180
163
2 136
1 398
3 910
11 333
6 252
7 745
12.6
13 793
6 811
3 006
2 846
2 031
2 434
1 320
482
213
1988
7 181
4 960
997
3 811
151
802
214
134
342
112
1 404
424
745
235
15
West
12 887
6 963
1 660
986
545
129
3 641
1 654
1 375
612
1 661
715
946
4 389
2 229
635
552
595
297
259
39
37
1 676
2 097
844
1 403
293
490
208
1 128
216
97
844
497
1 543
6 110
4 980
5 779
lie
9 193
4 361
1 647
1 66
996
1 125
637
163
68
1989
4 796
3 115
605
2 424
85
661
154
117
348
43
1 018
408
503
107
2
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
4-10
-------
Table 4-2. Income Charactristics - Occupied Units
(Numbers in thousands. Consistent wtm ttw 19M> Census.... means not apolicable or sampia loo small. - mains tern or rounds to zmo.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
s
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
M
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Characteristics
Tottl
Household Income
Let 8 man $5 000 „„ . ...
$5,000 to $9,999
$1 0,000 to $14 999 ... — ..
S15.0OO to $19,998
$20,000 to $24 999 .. ... .
S25 000 to $28 998 ,. . .
$30,000 to S34.999 . . ... .....
J35 000 to $39 989. , ....
$40,000 to $49,999 ,
$50 000 to $59 888 ,
$80,000 to $99.999
$100,000 to $119,999. „ ,. ....... ,
$120.000 of more . ..
Median .
M percent of poverty level:
SO to 89 ..
ISO to 199 . . i.-
Income of Families and Primary
Individual*
510,000 to $14,999 .
$1 5,000 to $19,999 .... .
$20,000 to $24,999 . .
$25000 to $28999 . .. ..
$30,000 to $34999 ,
$35 000 to $39999..... .
$40.000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $59,899 ...
$80 OOO to $79 99B ....
$80 000 to $99 999 . . .
income Sources of Families and
Primary Individual*
Wages and salaries warn majority o1 income .
2 of more people each earned over 20% o!
Stock dJvidand(s) . . .. .
With iodger(«) —
Total
occupwd
units
94 724
5 497
9 368
8 842
7 627
7 837
8 883
6 398
5 521
9 507
7 158
8 740
4 114
2 231
3222
29 734
S 604
8 183
10033
9009
81 895
5 890
9 670
9 104
7 821
8 011
8 953
6 326
5 403
9 104
6 780
8 216
3 916
2 147
3 082
28 6«7
69 091
61 755
23 284
11 548
28 164
42 332
16 81!
11 493
4 385
5 963
4 381
13 112
Tenure
Owner
81 252
2 346
3 970
4 503
4 085
4 352
5 565
4 096
3 608
6136
5 628
7 310
3 625
2027
3 001
37 244
2200
3 186
S 219
5301
45 346
2 450
4 043
4 650
4 138
4 438
5 618
4 149
3 837
6 887
5 525
7 110
3 518
1 973
2 904
36 48S
44 342
38 915
17 422
8 627
21 719
34 138
14 276
7 614
1 201
1 533
Z 410
8 226
Renter
33 472
3 151
5 398
4 138
3 543
3485
3 298
2 302
1 713
2 571
1 530
1 430
489
203
221
20 735
3 404
4 997
4 814
3 709
16 549
3 540
5 827
4 454
3683
3 572
3 335
2 178
1 586
2 207
1 255
1 106
397
174
178
18 »S7
24 749
22 770
S 842
1 921
6 464
8 194
2 343
3 879
3 184
4 430
1 951
4 886
Housing unit characteristics
New
con-
struction
4yrs
4 990
93
222
202
333
276
382
376
360
630
475
753
358
204
325
43 969
87
205
318
409
3 970
113
232
224
330
278
405
399
363
604
472
731
343
193
303
42 488
4 206
3 879
1 734
624
962
2 560
1 167
587
223
133
271
660
Mobile
homes
5 856
357
815
820
829
648
506
482
365
407
202
164
49
2
11
20 048
358
730
988
821
2 748
381
887
660
827
654
487
471
343
382
181
148
44
11
19 347
3 999
3 608
1 278
49S
1 828
1 565
384
367
231
414
3!2
986
Physical problBitis
Severe
1 901
249
323
230
187
168
154
112
73
121
as
98
53
12
33
18 960
269
266
304
164
857
273
34O
223
191
159
154
111
73
110
78
90
S3
12
33
17 986
1 165
1 044
359
209
608
597
222
185
88
278
85
305
Moderate
4 225
512
766
633
438
386
333
209
178
282
171
198
60
29
51
17 303
551
829
637
SOS
1 703
553
832
631
460
398
328
181
150
23'
1S9
177
49
3
49
16 043
2 964
2 644
783
368
1 08
88
32
503
30
659
21
726
HousanoW cnaracterisHCfl
Black
It 128
1 491
1 899
1 308
1 187
964
896
598
528
778
513
582
196
69
121
18649
1 661
1 894
1 474
1 203
4896
1 556
1 956
1 328
1 221
966
884
583
500
750
475
510
194
87
117
17 963
7 721
7 055
2258
433
2 846
1 601
541
851
435
2 027
689
1 573
Hispanic
6 B14
543
892
770
708
709
589
418
386
565
371
371
162
64
86
22 776
654
1 139
1 044
802
2 975
603
85E
618
709
707
590
396
338
541
342
326
142
SB
84
21 SS2
5 141
. 4 744
1 867
409
1 155
1 335
343
762
428
'7!
273
1 022
EMerty
(65+)
X 438
1 154
4 491
3 547
2 318
1 964
2 215
1 152
788
937
604
588
252
167
264
17 218
707
2 624
3 813
2 861
10 433
1 183
4 539
3 544
2307
1 956
2 215
1 142
789
914
595
578
250
167
259
17 065
4 965
2 520
692
1 686
19 571
12 819
4 670
1 974
158
115
I 1 621
1
Moved (n
paMyear
18 102
1 223
758
668
577
603
544
160
921
1 484
981
1 138
449
253
347
25 724
1 354
1 048
1 879
1 5S2
9 468
1 458
2 023
847
685
607
541
082
852
1 307
824
918
423
230
303
23 227
13 S3S
12 S74
3 885
1 216
1 74
4 516
1 688
2 584
1 887
1 834
1 021
2 289
"tS
13 7«7
5497
6 135
1 628
427
75
25
$ 1M
5604
8 183
5 718
6 026
1 540
408
68
25
5 978
S 070
4 107
579
817
4 404
2 283
602
81
419
3 922
963
1 917
{continued on next page)
4-11
-------
62 1993
Table4-2. Income Characteristics - Occupied Units
[Mur&ftft In ttMuMnd*. Cont*tt*nt vrtlh th« 1990 Census. „. moans not applicable or sample too smart. - means zero or rounds to zero.]
1
1
I
4
ft
'•
1
11
i
11
17
te
i»
ao
21
n
»
«
29
H
rr
|
s
M
3
M
40
41
43
43
44
48
4«
47
4*
8
SI
n
n
34
§
M
W
90
• t
W
S
M
M
•7
ca
m
Ch*r*ct*ri«lk*
Total _. .._._._
Household Income
Lm than $6.000 . .
M 000 to $9 999 _........._
$10,000 to $14,999 __..__ .. .
$1} 000 to $19,999 .. .„_.
$20 000 10 $24 099
$23.000 10 $29,999
$30000 to S34 999
ns ooo to $39.999 ........
$4OiOOO 10 $49,999
140,000 to $59.999.... _...
$40.000 10 (79,999
$M 000 M $99,999
(100000 K> $119,999 . ...
$120 000 Of more .........
Median
Ai perctot at poverty level:
LMI BWO 50 perctnt ......
50 loW.. .
100 to 149. ...
ISO 10 199 ...... .. . . _._-
Income of Families and Primary
IndtvWuali
Ujs (hen $3.000
K.OOO M $9,999 -
$10,000 to $14,999
$15,000 K> Sl>,999 .. ._
$20.000 10 $24,999..... .
$25,000 10 $29,999
$30.000 M £34,999 ..
$35.000 to $39,999 .
$40.000 to $49,999
$30.000 to $69.999
$40.000 (0 $79,999 .
$10.000 to $99.999. .. „ .
$100.000 IO $119 999..
$110,000 Of men
maun
Income Source* of Families and
Primary Individuals
Wuet and wlirtot
weg«f and ulutct wore mnonty at ncomo .
2 Of moro p*oplt each eim«3 over 20% of
SoeUI security Of pentione _„
Intereet.
Slock dvidwicKi) - ...
Rental income .
W» tede«t»)
Wt.1»ft«S».
Ahnony Of chid tupport
O*Mf .... .... „
Amount of Savings and Investments
Income d $25.000 ot kit.
No uvttc* of lnvejtiT,tnj»
$25,000 Of leil . ..
M«e rtiaii $24.000
Pood Stamps
Income ol $25.000 or fe*i
Famcy rnerrtx.i feeet. w tood stamp*
O«< not receive lood ttarnpi
Not reported .
Rtnl Reductions
Rent control . . ..„._;
No (tot control
Reduced by owner
Not reduced by owner
Qftner reduction not reported
Rent control not reported..... .
O*o*3 by puMc housing authority ...
OAor. Femoral tubikjy
0*«r, Sun Of local aubskiy . .
Ottief, income venfcattan ... .
SueMy of income verification not reported
Total
occupied
units
94 724
5 497
9 368
8 642
7 627
7 837
8 863
6 398
5 521
9 507
7 158
8 740
4 114
2 231
3 222
29 734
5 604
8 183
10 033
9 009
61 895
5 990
9 870
9 104
7 821
6 011
8 953
6 328
5 403
9 104
6 780
8 216
3 916
2 147
3 082
28 667
69 091
61 755
23 264
11 548
28 184
42 332
16 619
11 493
4 385
5 963
4 361
13 112
42 644
23 377
11 713
3 154
4 400
42 644
7 360
32 718
2 565
28 141
941
27 183
1 786
25344
53
17
2 235
1 667
568
555
306
Tenure
Owner
61 252
2 346
3 970
4 503
4 085
4 352
5 565
4 098
3 808
6 936
5 628
7 310
3 625
2 027
3 001
37 244
2 200
3 188
5 219
5 301
45 346
2 450
4 043
4 650
4 138
4 438
5 618
4 149
3 837
6 897
5 525
7 110
3 518
1 973
2 904
36 485
44 342
38 985
17 422
9 627
21 719
34 138
14 276
7 614
1 201
1 533
2 410
8 226
20 916
8 517
6 996
2 574
2 829
20 916
1 646
17 729
1 541
...
Renter
33 472
3 151
5 398
4 138
3 543
3 485
3 298
2 302
1 713
2 571
1 530
1 430
489
203
221
20 725
3 404
4 997
4 814
3 709
16 549
3 540
5 827
4 454
3 683
3 572
3 335
2 178
1 566
2 207
1 255
1 106
397
174
178
18 957
24 749
22 770
5 842
1 921
6 464
8 194
2 343
3 879
3 184
4 430
1 951
4 886
21 729
14 860
4 717
581
1 571
21 729
5 714
14 990
1 025
28 141
941
27 183
1 786
25 344
53
17
2 235
1 667
568
555
306
Housing unit characteristics
New
con-
struction
4yrs
4 990
93
222
202
333
276
382
376
360
630
475
753
358
204
325
43 989
87
205
318
409
3 970
113
232
224
330
278
405
399
363
604
472
731
343
193
303
42 438
4 206
3 879
1 734
624
962
2 560
1 167
587
223
133
271
660
1 238
641
329
73
196
1 238
150
950
139
812
2
805
39
766
5
41
60
7
11
3
Mobile
homes
5 655
357
815
820
829
646
506
482
365
407
202
164
49
2
11
20 048
368
730
988
821
2 748
381
867
860
827
654
487
471
343
382
181
148
44
11
19 347
3 999
3 608
1 278
499
1 828
1 565
384
367
231
414
312
986
3 672
2 261
925
178
307
3 672
687
2 818
167
t 088
3
1 084
145
934
5
33
19
8
26
Physical problems
Severe
1 901
249
323
230
187
168
154
112
73
121
88
98
53
12
33
18 960
269
286
304
184
857
273
340
223
191
159
154
111
73
110
78
90
53
12
33
17 986
1 165
1 044
359
209
608
597
222
• 185
88
278
85
305
1 230
831
241
67
90
1 230
357
828
45
769
56
712
51
659
3
70
34
16
16
4
Moderate
4 225
512
766
633
438
386
333
209
176
262
171
199
60
29
51
17 303
551
829
637
506
1 703
553
832
631
460
398
328
181
150
231
159
177
49
26
49
16 043
2 964
2 644
783
368
1 092
887
321
503
308
659
215
726
2 921
2 244
474
54
149
2 921
892
1 945
83
1 962
103
1 856
128
1 718
10
2
125
82
40
31
14
Household characteristics
Black
11 128
1 491
1 899
1 308
1 187
964
896
598
528
776
513
562
196
89
121
18 649
1 661
1 894
1 474
1 203
4 896
1 556
1 956
1 328
1 221
966
884
583
500
750
475
510
194
87
117
17 963
7 721
7 055
2 258
433
2 846
1 801
541
851
435
2 027
689
1 573
7 217
5 533
1 122
89
473
7 217
2 551
4 354
313
4 398
120
4 276
210
4 060
5
3
939
609
186
127
80
Hispanic
6 614
543
892
770
708
709
589
418
366
565
371
371
162
64
86
22 775
654
1 139
1 044
802
2 975
603
959
816
709
707
590
396
338
541
342
326
142
59
84
21 552
5 141
4 744
1 867
409
1 155
1 335
343
762
428
873
279
1 022
3 916
3 005
580
73
279
3 916
1 180
2 553
184
3 166
179
2 985
156
2 818
11
2
253
192
104
74
37
Elderly
(65.)
20 438
1 154
4 491
3 547
2 318
1 964
2 215
1 152
786
937
604
588
252
167
264
17 216
707
2 624
3 813
2 861
10 433
1 183
4 539
3 544
2 307
1 956
2 215
1 142
789
914
595
578
250
167
259
17 065
4 955
2 529
692
1 686
19 571
12 819
4 670
1 974
158
953
115
1 621
14 251
5 257
5 365
2 112
1 517
14 251
991
12 668
593
3 245
203
3 038
300
2 733
6
4
692
388
75
195
76
Moved rn
past year
16 102
1 223
758
668
577
603
544
160
921
1 484
981
1 136
449
253
347
25 724
1 354
1 848
1 879
1 552
9 468
1 458
2 023
1 847
1 685
1 607
1 541
1 082
852
1 307
824
918
423
230
303
23 227
13 535
12 574
3 685
1 216
1 741
4 516
1 688
2 584
1 887
1 834
1 028
2 283
8 926
6 225
1 790
189
723
8 926
2 143
6 250
533
10 243
173
10 064
325
9 720
19
6
467
458
213
93
49
Below
poverty
lovel
13 787
5 497
6 135
1 628
427
75
25
6 138
5 604
8 183
5 716
6 028
1 540
409
68
25
5 978
5 070
4 107
579
817
4 404
2 293
602
810
419
3 922
963
1 917
13 771
9 483
2 293
444
1 550
13 771
5 517
7 307
946
5 244
135
5 102
458
4 635
8
8
1 378
1 053
398
217
110
(continued on next page)
4-J2
-------
Table 4-2, Continued
1993 63
Tola!
occupied
units
94 724
5497
9368
8 642
7627
7 837
8 863
6 398
5 521
9 507
7 158
8 740
4 114
2 231
3 222
29 734
5 604
8 183
10 033
9 009
61 895
5 990
9 870
9 104
7 821
8 011
8 953
6 328
5 403
9 104
6 780
8 216
3 916
2 147
3 082
28 667
69 091
61 755
23 264
11 548
28 184
42 332
16 619
11 493
4 385
5 963
4 361
13 112
42 644
23 377
11 713
3 154
4 400
42 644
7 360
32 71B
2 565
28 141
941
27 183
1 786
25344
53
17
2 235
1 667
568
555
306
In (PJMSAs
Central
allies
29 030
2 259
3 662
3 009
2 664
2 529
2 726
1 963
1 599
2 743
1 945
2 296
955
599
see
26 459
2 451
3 285
3 363
2 797
17 942
2 457
3 931
3 202
2 730
2 559
2 764
1 920
1 549
2 527
1 810
2 088
911
SS2
B39
25 073
21 402
19 329
6 248
2 423
8 140
11 387
4 400
3 900
1 868
2 803
1 299
4 007
15 431
9 435
3 715
829
1 452
15 431
3 476
11 092
863
12 473
786
11 676
560
11 102
14
11
1 283
791
294
235
117
Suburbs
44 060
1 920
3 007
3 239
2 929
3 236
4 084
2 907
2 718
4 854
3 945
5 140
2 710
1 399
1- 972
36 302
1 897
2 589
3 761
3 744
32 06i
2 123
3 156
3 439
3 025
3 357
4 194
2 941
2 703
4 702
3 738
4 865
2 564
1 358
1 896
34 651
33 506
30 188
12 234
5 430
12 532
22 141
9 263
5 315
1 943
1 636
2 045
6 365
15 946
7 832
4 634
1 493
1 988
15 846
2 045
12 760
1 141
11 104
155
10 943
761
10 152
30
E
520
547
152
184
116
Outside
(P)MSAs
20 826
1 319
2 699
2 393
2 034
2 071
2 053
1 527
1 204
1 910
1 268
1 304
448
232
362
24 750
1 256
2 309
2 908
2 469
11 884
1 411
2 782
2 464
2 066
2 095
1 994
1 467
1 151
1 876
1 232
1 263
441
238
346
24 035
14 184
12 240
4 782
3 695
7 512
8 B04
2 956
2 278
574
1 525
1 017
2 740
11 267
6 110
3 365
832
960
11 267
1 840
B B66
561
4 564
—
4 564
464
4 091
9
-
432
329
122
138
73
Urban
Tola!
69 090
4 185
6 943
6 266
5 503
5 627
6460
4 666
3 828
6 B11
5 164
6 425
3 065
1 693
2 454
29 661
4 384
5 975
7 175
6 349
45208
4 603
7 363
6 652
5 656
5 733
6 572
4 590
3 744
6 482
4 848
5 969
2 919
1 609
2 351
28 453
50 406
45 354
16 216
6 608
20 046
30 464
12 153
8 646
3 697
4 709
3 229
9 516
31 312
17 508
8 316
2 197
3 292
31 312
5 784
23 630
1 898
23 665
932
22 720
1 193
21 492
34
13
2 022
1 522
510
472
232
Outside
(P)MSAs
7 741
557
1 128
9S4
735
792
821
539
368
629
417
460
151
88
102
23 140
549
913
1 102
923
4 255
610
1 165
1 006
742
791
787
505
342
613
399
449
146
86
100
22 200
5 229
4 563
1 574
855
2 B36
3 165
1 046
890
320
681
469
981
4 462
Z 542
1 292
269
359
4 462
816
3 462
184
2 233
—
2 233
116
2 117
—
.-
277
233
79
89
29
Rural
Total
25 633
1 313
2 425
2 376
2 125
2 209
2 403
1 732
1 692
2 696
1 994
2 314
1 049
538
768
29 929
1 220
2 208
2 858
2 660
16 687
1 387
2 507
2 452
2 165
2 278
2 381
1 738
1 659
2 622
1 932
2 247
987
538
731
29 258
18 684
16 400
7 048
4 940
8 138
11 868
4 468
S 847
687
1 254
1 132
3 596
11 332
5 868
3 §98
958
1 108
11 332
1 576
9 089
867
4 477
9
4 463
592
3 852
19
4
212
144
58
84
74
Suburbs
12 368
546
843
930
809
923
1 154
729
845
1 394
1 113
1 459
742
391
491
36 484
511
797
1 040
I 100
8 920
582
880
984
825
967
1 152
761
838
1 345
1 071
1 420
691
386
46B
3S 209
9 570
8 577
3 794
2 088
3 426
6 146
2 510
1 427
418
408
570
1 806
4 475
2 277
1 306
395
498
4 475
550
3 643
283
2 090
9
2 077
242
1 825
9
4
57
45
15
37
31
Outside
(PJMSAs
13 OSS
762
1 571
1 439
1 299
1 279
1 232
988
837
1 281
851
843
297
144
260
25 776
707
1 396
1 807
1 546
7 629
801
617
458
324
304
207
963
808
1 263
832
815
295
152
246
25 160
8 955
7 677
3 208
2 840
4 675
5 639
1 910
1 387
254
843
549
1 758
6 805
3 568
2 073
563
601
6 805
1 024
5 404
377
2 331
—
2 331
348
1 974
9
-
155
96
43
47
43
Farm
1 423
77
102
126
125
105
1BB
97
133
127
81
110
56
41
56
29 713
83
92
170
163
916
79
103
126
127
105
188
97
136
122
81
113
59
38
51
2B 668
915
671
253
1 074
519
804
289
240
18
16
31
123
587
167
178
162
80
587
13
516
SB
190
—
190
74
117
—
-
_
2
~
~
7
Regions
Northeast
18 906
1 116
1 793
1 636
1 316
1 345
1 832
1 140
1 055
1 822
1 517
2 004
1 024
563
742
31 815
1 112
1 457
1 724
1 707
12 906
1 196
1 834
1 705
1 398
1 410
1 882
1 127
1 043
1 779
1 441
1 867
965
55Z
707
30 127
13 365
11 963
4 545
1 853
5 997
9 243
3 603
2 173
778
1 120
740
2 626
7 890
4 094
2 §25
640
831
7 B90
1 380
6 042
468
5 690
628
5 080
421
4 624
15
4
668
383
211
149
74
Midwest
23 031
1 311
2 261
2 094
1 981
1 972
2 130
1 567
1 419
2 432
1 860
2 071
862
433
638
29 452
1 389
1 868
2 409
2 177
15 189
1 422
2 413
2 192
2 029
2 000
2 164
1 566
1 386
2 301
1 736
1 947
842
411
622
28 372
16 744
14 777
5 590
3 117
6 858
11 199
4 268
2 664
990
1 464
1 188
2 952
10 462
4 986
3 386
956
1 133
10 462
1 791
8 065
606
6 093
—
6 086
403
5 674
9
6
538
409
128
178
67
South
32 936
2 232
3 625
3 205
2 755
2 929
3 091
2 347
1 866
' 3 215
2 236
2 616
1 211
673
937
27 787
2 190
3 361
3 773
3 340
20 272
2 395
3 774
3 347
2 804
2 931
3 092
2 319
1 825
3 066
2 159
2 497
1 160
652
912
26 966
24 180
21 841
8 445
3 884
9 979
12 852
5 115
3 448
1 214
2 187
1 673
4 297
16 009
9 944
3 733
843
1 490
16 009
2 984
12 094
931
9 473
47
9 424
574
8 835
15
3
748
534
131
109
101
West
19 BSD
838
1 689
1 707
1 575
1 591
1 809
1 343
1 181
2 038
1 545
2 049
1 017
563
906
32 664
913
1 497
2 127
1 786
13 528
978
1 848
1 860
1 590
1 670
1 814
1 316
1 148
1 956
1 444
1 90S
S48
532
840
30 628
14 803
13 173
4 6BS
2 694
5 350
9 038
3 633
3 208
1 403
1 192
761
3 237
8282
4 352
2 269
716
945
8 282
1 205
6 517
560
B 888
268
6 614
388
6 212
13
4
261
360
98
119
64
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
4-13
-------
1993 1
Table 4-3. Introductory Characteristics - All Housing Units
n 9*&U£an*ic C0n*Ii!«rrt with lh» 1990 Census. ... mesns not applicable or sample too small, - means zero or rounds to zero.]
CtamcMriitlc*
Total ..».*«»_* .
Unit* In Structun
s'to 4 .__iniiri~inmiiiziiiii
5 (o » ......... _„ „ .. .
10 to 19.... ... ..
20 W 48 .„*.»».* .......
Cooporallvai and Condominiums
Yaar Structure Built1
I99blo 1994 . ' ....*., ™
i8to to i9M ii ~™ ™iim™ii~~iii
1978 IO 1871 ...._... _
1870 to 1974 .~™,,™*.... ._...
1980 10 1969 .....
19SOM1839 ,
$840 10 1948 .... - : ,
193O to 1939 .._ „
1*20 IO 1929 .. , ..„. ...
1919 or tfiMr ...... „...„
itt&tn, .... ....... .
Sirt1ib,'U'!y (of Yaar-Bound Usa:
Qj» and htattd tof ytuToond ma _._— .
fint rMOflf^
Tim* Sharing
Vacant. Including UR6
Duration of Vacancy
Vacant «**» « ..... — -
L*n &WJ i month vacant...™
S month* tip io 1 ytar ... . .
Dent tesr* ». ....
lltt Ua*d aa • P»rmincnt RosWencs
- VKW* tevsnal and UHE unit
Ult Itan 1 rmntn line* occucwd a* permanent
homo ..„,„... ... . . .. „
2 tnontta MI to S nxmtha . -»
e tnonthi up lo 1 ytar ...
Oool know .„,, .:._
M«tropo:it«rVNonm«Iropolitan Areas
fcatd* matrnpoKan Maiisfcaf anai
In ctnlral cftc* , ......
Suourt* .._, „..._ ...i.
Raglona
MiO**l« ..„.._.........
South ._,
Urbtntzad Anal
In c«*!*l cfc>t» o* (PJMSA't
U&an fffeigt . ... „_
CH*r orfcan. ..... «. -..
Total
housing
units
106 611
84 283
8 079
10 732
5 521
S 02S
3 S26
4 072
7 072
872
4 806
5 134
8 981
8 143
11 915
11 559
18 070
13 633
8 529
6 747
5 677
10 252
1965
105 550
373
87
11 887
75
11 612
10 597
2 684
621
1 924
890
677
, 1 89.1
572
1 158
3 922
65
20
60
51
759
2 197
530
135
81 293
33 140
48 153
25 318
21 157
25 480
37 886
22 086
63 355
32 465
30 890
43 256
12 672
30585
Sea-
sonal
3 088
1 BOB
114
127
76
102
107
93
663
33
388
100
237
195
373
486
538
406
252
222
98
182
19S7
2 023
973
87
3 088
15
3 073
2 632
896
93
398
204
103
332
218
387
3 088
30
10
33
19
60
556
1 958
313
108
1 036
165
871
2 052
811
1 092
491
163
2 597
284
2313
Total
103 522
62 47S
5865
10 SOB
5 445
4 923
3 720
3 i7S
8 409
839
4 420
5 034
8 714
7 348
11 542
11 073
IS 532
13 227
8 276
6 525
5 S79
10 071
1985
103 522
8 799
60
8 738
7 965
1 968
527
1 328
886
574
1 559
353
772
833
35
10
28
32
45
203
239
217
27
80 257
32 975
47 282
23 266
20 346
24 755
36 794
62 863
32 302
40 659
28 272
Tolat
94 724
SB 918
5375
9 279
4 724
4 190
3 154
3 429
5 655
729
3 621
4 576
7 969
7 171
10 708
10 110
14 405
12 360
7 539
S 853
5 047
8 966
1965
-
**
73 898
29 838
20 828
18 906
32 936
57 837
29 232
36 887
25 633
Occupied
Owner
61 252
50 490
2 824
1 774
409
359
335
579
4 482
419
2 532
3 720
5 324
4 593
7 161
6 129
9 482
8 855
4 696
3 293
2 819
^5 178
" 1966
-
"
'
46 081
14 644
IS 170
11 751
33 534
14 292
27 718
20 585
Renter
33 472
8 428
2 550
? 505
4 315
3 831
2 819
2 850
1 173
311
1 069
855
2 645
2 S?9
3 547
3 981
4 923
3 SOS
2 843
2 S60
2 228
3 MS
1S04
-
...
«
...
27 81?
S 656
14 939
5 049
¥(
ToEal
8 799
3 5S7
591
1 327
721
733
586
551
7S4
1Q9
799
453
745
776
834
963
1 127
867
737
673
532
1 085
1984
8 799
6 799
60
8 738
7 965
1 968
527
636
S?4
1 5S9
353
833
35
32
2?
8 359
2440
3 070
2 638
sir-round
For
rent
2 651
388
195
638
388
432
285
217
107
18
104
96
214
226
221
331
371
289
209
184
17S
353
1964
2 651
10
2 651
980
272
199
145
229
"
2 248
403
1 309
305
Rental
vacan-
cy rate
7.3
4,4
7.1
7,7
8,1
100
90
7.0
8.3
50
88
100
7.4
7.9
58
7,6
69
7 1
6.8
6.6
7.2
84
7.3
06.5
100.0
884
7.4
8.8
8,0
5.6
Vacant
For
sale
only
689
624
70
59
21
16
11
18
69
20
92
114
56
55
89
89
122
92
62
73
49
87
1967
889
889
4
885
889
98
54
125
90
149
78
666
223
236
272
Rent-
ed or
sold
882
396
56
134
80
79
56
"42
50
12
79
89
103
88
61
89
110
72
64
52
49
85
1971
882
882
882
882
239
84
59
72
71
71
53
718
164
539
312
207
Occa-
sions)
use/
URE
2 SOB
1 114
160
229
156
146
181
218
302
54
453
291
298
331
325
297
216
165
156
92
214
2 508
2 506
40
446
4?
123
80
27
1 463
1 043
575
1 154
Other
vacant
1 870
1 035
108
277
yy
80
32
55
226
7
71
39
78
1tO
112
129
227
218
23?
208
167
346
1949
1 870
7
154
70
180
188
??8
.,,
1 263
607
638
701
New
con-
struc-
tion
4ytB
5 605
3 405
414
221
221
267
189
133
778
12
407
5 134
471
5 592
- 14
616
4
612
552
149
29
15
11
21
196
161
9
3
4 204
1 401
840
2 579
Mobile
homes
7 072
...
7 072
57
18
746
879
919
1 425
1 663
1 169
2(4
32
25
_
1977
6 948
124
1 416
2
1 414
1 314
320
54
J43
73
225
37
172
708
8
4
16
8
29
99
436
6
3 559
38j9
3 512
3 603
1 427
380
4 992
Ipor mobile home, oldest category is 1939 or earlier,
2lf occupied year-round, assumed to be suitable for year-round use.
Source: U.S.' Bureau of Census, 1993. 4-14
-------
6 1993
Table ,4-4. Fuels - All Housing Units
[Numbers in thousands. Consistent with the 1998 Census.... means not applicable or sample too small. • means zero or rounds to zero,]
Characteristics
Total .- .„« .
Main House Heating Fuel
Fuel oil
Wood - — -- ..
Other House Heating Fuels
Fuel oil
Wood
Other
Cooking Fuel
Gas
Wood
Water Heating Fuel
Electricity
Fuel oil « -
Wood
Solar energy
Other
Central Air Conditioning Fuel
Gas . ....
Other
Clothes Dryer Fuel
Wfth clothes dryer .« .
Gas..,. ,_ ,_..»_-_.. ,
Units Using Each Fuel1
Gas
Fuel oil
Other
Total
housing
units
106 611
104 967
29 176
51 564
4 809
12 311
1 200
318
4 945
30
614
17 428
5 718
898
580
588
1 165
157
8 586
101
386
605
104 702
62 225
41 781
423
14
76
184
105 826
40 801
57 S90
6 090
414
47
64
281
539
46 277
43 161
2 920
196
70 572
54 160
16 281
130
Sea-
sonal
3 088
2 727
1 124
355
387
261
83
6
487
21
79
19
8
5
46
7
2 888
1 818
970
52
40
7
2 724
1 851
753
68
22
4
27
762
753
10
922
824
90
8
Year-round
Total
103 522
102 240
28 052
51 208
4 422
12 049
1 117
310
4 458
30
593
17 350
S 699
888
572
588
1 159
157
8 540
101
386
597
101 815
60 406
40 811
371
14
36
177
103 102
38 950
56 837
6 022
392
47
BO
281
512
45 515
42 408
2 911
196
69 650
53 336
16 191
123
Occupied
Total
94 724
93 813
25 107
47 669
3 982
11 168
1 021
297
4 104
30
496
17 272
5 685
898
S72
588
1 159
158
8 485
100
378
S94
94 363
55 887
37 997
303
14
17
145
94 517
35 242
' 52 551
S 594
318
44
45
281
442
42 183
39 234
2 777
172
67 464
51 487
15 861
116
94 691
19 667
65 624
13 475
2 360
456
12 589
383
1 19S
Owner
61 252
60 886
14 204
32 049
3 107
7 072
751
227
3 195
23
257
14 OS7
4 289
691
503
472
876
131
7 395
88
277
423
61 179
37 318
23 478
241
9
15
119
61 162
22 406
34 696
3 328
262
38
36
230
166
30 S60
28 140
2 296
124
S4 334
40 479
13 757
97
61 228
11 430
42 853
8 520
1 774
358
10 590
317
657
Renter
33 472
32 928
10 903
15 620
815
4 096
270
70
909
7
238
3 216
1 397
207
69
116
283
25
1 090
12
101
172
33 184
18 569
14 519
63
5
2
26
33 355
12 836
17 855
2 266
57
6
9
50
276
11 622
11 094
480
48
13 130
11 007
2 104
19
33 463
8 237
22 772
4 956
586
97
1 999
67
539
Vacant
Total
8 799
8 427
2 945
3 540
501
881
97
13
354
97
77
13
1
1
55
1
8
3
7 452
4 520
2 814
68
19
32
8 585
3 708
4 287
428
74
3
14
70
3 332
3 174
134
24
2 188
1 850
330
6
For
rent
2651
2 599
929
1 296
46
264
3
1
33
26
2 289
1 283
1 001
3
2
2 632
983
1 499
127
5
1
16
967
944
23
280
251
27
2
2 649
671
1 888
437
5
2
33
37
Rental
vacan-
cy rate
7.3
7.2
7.8
7.6
5.3
6.0
1.2
1.3
3.5
9.7
6.4
6.4
6.4
4.9
S.9
7.2
7.0
7.7
5.3
7.3
19.1
5.5
7.6
7.7
4.5
2.1
2.2
1.3
7.9
-.
-
For
sale
only
889
849
251
426
36
102
10
20
6
713
430
265
9
2
7
872
333
479
47
7
5
410
386
22
2
196
138
57
Rent-
ed or
sold
882
876
298
423
37
82
10
21
5
766
491
257
14
3
881
326
487
43
16
10
399
379
18
2
172
123
49
Occa-
sional
use/
URE
2 506
2 462
1 076
691
237
231
46
161
22
77
13
1
1
55
1
8
3
2 426
1 648
730
34
7
8
2 457
1 363
919
122
32
4
17
1 124
1 062
54
9
1 161
1 039
122
Other
vacant
1 870
1 640
391
704
146
203
27
12
119
39
1 258
667
561
8
10
12
1 742
703
903
89
14
2
10
22
433
404
18
11
378
298
75
5
New
con-
struc-
tion
4 yrs
5 605
5 549
2 431
2 309
398
198
69
5
119
20
867
143
56
31
8
66
5
554
31
23
5 555
3 773
1 722
44
3
12
5 591
2 739
2 669
101
54
3
3
21
4 116
3 893
216
6
4 730
3 847
879
4
MoMe
homes
7 072
8 927
2 422
1 753
1 363
387
460
8
453
2
79
1 024
350
23
87
30
213
9
330
33
27
6 999
3 299
3 803
133
62
8 990
4 553
2 212
46
124
4
' 5
46
2 863
2 767
88
7
4 651
4 237
410
4
1 Figures may nol add to total because more lhan one category may apply to a unit
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
4-15
-------
Table 4-5. Housing Units—Characteristics, by Tenure and Region
[In thousands of units, except as indicated.
As of Oct. 1, Based on the American Housing Survey]
YEAR-ROUND UNITS
Total
CHARACTERISTIC housing units
Tot*! units
Percent disU ibution
Units In structure,'
Single family detached
Single family attached
2-4 units
5-9 units
10-19 units
20-49 units
SO or more units
Mobile home or trailer
Stories in stnictufe;\l
One story
2 stories
3 stories
4-6 stories
7 or more stories
Foundation; \2
Putt or partial basement
Crawlspace
- Concrete slab
Other
Year structure built:
1939 and earlier
1940 to 1949
1950 K> 1959
I960 to 1969
1970 to 1979
* . 19SO or later
Median year
Main heating equipment;
Warm-air furnace
Electric heat pump
Steam or hot water system
Floor, wall, or plpelcss furnace
Built-in electric units
Room heaters with flue
Room heaters without flue
Stoves
Fireplaces
None
Portable elee heaters
Otto
Kitchen equipment:
Lacking complete facilities
With complete facilities
Kitchen sink
Refrigerator
Burners and oven
Burners only
Oven only
Dishwasher
Washing machine
Clothes dryer
Disposal tn kitchen sink
Air conditioning:
Percent of total units
One or more room units
Source of water;
Public system or private company
Percent of total units
Well serving 1 to 5 units
Other
Means of sewage disposal:
Public sewer
Percenter total units
Septic tank, cesspool, chemical
toilet
Other
109,457
100.0
66,169
6,213
10,700
5,594
5,092
3,901
4,140
7,647
3,065
10,828
8,268
4,652
2,627
' 32,423
18,891
19,255
1,813
22,116
8,400
13,569
15,806
23,717
25,849
1967
57,840
10,614
14,895
5,674
8,344
2,083
1,886
2,877
1,066
1,795
950
1,432
3,629
105,827
108,395
106,872
107,394
151
119
56,635
79,403
74,165
46,353
50,824
46.4
29,141
94,108
86.0
14,265
1,083
83,308
76.1
25,635
513
Occupied
Seasonal
3,054
2.8
1,804
41
124
102
93
74
55
761
35
149
152
79
32
367
762
358
358
544
228
371
472
784
654
1968
838
311
87
128
422
178
49
339
141
359
78
124
391
2,662
2,903
2,739
2,795
21
4
818
1,129
1,062
717
780
25.5
530
1,767
57.9
955
332
1,222
40.0
1,521
311
Total
97,693
89,3
60,826
5,545
9,299
4,803
4,342
3,244
3,470
6,164
2,678
9,318
7,056
3,904
2,213
30,635
16,727
17,722
1,287
19,308
7,487
12,398
14,267
21,033
23,201
1967
53,165
9,406
13,669
4,963
7,035
1,620
1,642
2,320
850
1,044
809
1,171
1,075
96,618
97,034
97,433
97,207
105
' 99
52,508
75,745
70,756
42,451
46,577
47.7
27,181
84,818
86.8
12,270
606
75,282
77.1
22,296
116
Owner
63,544
58.1
52,257
2,936
1,734
520
368
342
550
4,837
279
1,055
1,179
591
415
27,080
13,155
13,988
970
11,068
4,671
8,798
9,349
13,347
16,311
1968
38,301
7,027
7,323
2,148
2,870
869
964
1,735
661
463
413
768
461
63,083
63,231
63,469
63,443
31
32
40,236
60,034
57,184
28,793
34,161
53.8
16,126
52,643
82.8
10,463
438
44,527
70.1
18,937
80
Renter Northeas
- " t
34,150
31.2
8,569
2,609
7,565
4,283
3,974
2,903
2,920
1,328
2,399
8,263
5,877
3,312
1,799
3,554
3,572
3,734
317
8,239
2,817
3,600
4,918
7,685
6,890
1965
14,863
2,379
6,345
2,815
4,166
752
678
585
187
581
395
403
614
33,536
33,803
33,964
33,764
74
68
12,272
15,711
13,571
13,659
12,415
36.4
11,054
32,175
94.2
1,807
167
30,755
90.1
3,359
36
19,200
17.5
9,818
1,571
3,126
970
791
896
1,470
557
158
1,065
2,363
2,287
1,382
9,859
573
855
101
7,162
1,680
2,546
2,415
2,716
2,679
1953
6,881
433
9,503
234
1,303
187
43
360
37
38
19
162
241
18,959
19,033
19,133
19,093
28
14
9,084
13,526
12,150
4,159
3,856
20.1
8,732
16,307
84.9
2,783
110
14,859
77.4
4,335
6
Midwcs
't
23,662
21.6
16,175
1,053
2,168
1,023
880
559
668
1,136
374
1,321
2,451
793
359
13,077
2,413
1,556
181
6,228
1,750
3,245
3,266
4,872
4,301
1962
17,711
692
2,587
389
1,342
245
31
379
81
31
18
156
281
23,382
23,484
23,597
23,528
17
44
11,160
18,804
18,341
10,301
11,694
49.4
7,107
19,749
83.5
3,778
136
18,618
78.7
5,029
15
South
34,236
31.3
22,406
1,867
2,083
1,592
1,575
856
641
3,216
1,204
3,594
1,249
395
312
4,894
9,007
9,610
762
3,574
2,500
3,936
5,286
8,358
10,582
1972
17,212
7,003
834
1,534
2,286
864
1,500
962
385
457
576
623
302
33,934
34,065
34,180
34,113
40
19
19,210
28,015
25,694
14,086
23,772
69.4
8,361
29,445
86.0
4,498
293
24,111
70.4
10,041
83
West
20,596
18.8
12,427
1,055
1,922
1,218
1,096
933
691
1,254
942
3,338
992
429
160
2,803
4,735
5,702
243
2,345
1,558
2,670
3,300
5,086
5,639
1971
11,361
1,278
745
2,806
2,104
324
69
619
347
518
195
231
252
20,344
20,452
20,523
20,473
20
22
13,054
15,399
14,571
13,906
7,255
35.2
2,982
19,318
93.8
1,211
67
17,694
85.9
2,891
11
Vacant
8,710
8.0
3,539
627
1,277
690
657
583
615
722
352
1,361
1,060
670
381
1,420
1,402
1,175
168
2,263
685
800
1,068
1,899
1,994
1966
3,837
897
1,139
583
887
285
194
218
75
393
63
137
2,163
6,546
8,458
6,701
7,392
25
16
3,309
2,530
2,347
3,185
3,467
39.8
1,431
7,523
86.4
1,041
146
6,804
78.1
1,819
87
\1 Limited to multiunit structures. Includes some multi-unit mobile homes.
\2 Limited to single-family units.
Source, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Housing Reports, series, HI 50/93,
4-16
and HI 50/95 American Housing Survey in the United States.
-------
Occupied Housing Units
Owners,* 1unit
54%
Renters, 2+
units 20%
Owners, 2+
units 3% Vacant unjts
11%
Renters, 1 unit
11%
Vacant Housing Units
Occasional use -
usual residence
elsewhere 21%
Other vacant
16%
Rented or sold
7%
For sale only
7%
Seasonal 26%
For rent 22%
* Includes mobile homes.
Figure 4-1. Percentage of occupied and vacant housing units.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
4-17
-------
Two or more unrelated families sharing a home
Ipcomplete kitchen
Lacking some or ail plumbing facilities
Renter units with monthly housing costs of $1,000*
Three generations
Moved in before 1950
Seven or more stories in structure
More than one person per room
Two or more related families sharing home
Condominiums and cooperatives
Home built in last 4 years
| Mobile homes
Inadequate heating
One adult with children
With Hispanic householders
With crime in neighborhood
With traffic problems
Owner-occupied units valued at $200,000+
Homes built before 1920
No cars, trucks, or vans
With black householders
Below poverty
Moved In past year
With elderly people
One-person households
Usable fireplace
1 Renter occupied
Households with children
Separate dining room
Dishwasher
Married couples
Garage or carport
Owner occupied
Air conditioning
Single-family structures
Public sewer
Washing machine
Phone available
93.4
Figure 4-2. Selected Features of Occupied Homes: 1993 (Percent of Occupied Units)
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
4-18
-------
Table 4-6, Percentage of U.S. Housing Built Before 1950 and from 1970-1979b, by State
State
United States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total Housing Units
102,263,678
1,670,379
232,608
1,659,430
1,000,667
11,182,882
1,477,349
1,320,850
289,919
278,489
6,100,262
2,638,418
389,810
413,327
4,506,275
2,246,046
1,143,669
1,044,112
1,506,845
1,716,241
587,045
1,891,917
2,472,711
3,847,926
1,848,45
1,010,423
2,199,129
361,155
660,621
518,858
503,904
3,075,310
632,058
7,226,891
2,818,193
276,340
4,371,945
1,406,499
1,193,567
4,938,140
414,572
1,424,155
292,436
2,026,067
7,008,999
598,388
271,214
2,496,334
2,032,378
781,295
2,055,774
203,411
Built Before3 1950
(%)
26.9
17.9
7.0
6.7
17.7
19.8
18.3
35.0
22.3
55.7
7.7
14.5
13.4
24.4
36.9
33.7
42.9
33.1
24.2
19.5
41.1
25.1
46.8
31.9
31.7
16.6
28.6
30.1
37.8
6.0
32.2
35.2
15.5
47.1
17.6
30.8
35.7
21.2
26.5
44.8
43.7
15.4
36.7
18.8
14.4
21.3
40.5
19.3
24.6
34.6
36.8
23.7
Builtb 1970 to 1979
(%)
21.8
25.5
32.7
30.7
27.8
21.7
28.9
15.7
20.2
8.4
29.3
24.5
30.5
32.4
18.4
20.2
20.2
20.3
25.0
25.3
19.8
19.6
14.1
20.4
22.1
27.5
21.5
26.6
22.1
30.5
20.5
14.9
26.5
11.9
24.3
26.6
18.6
25.4
28.7
15.8
14.7
26.3
24.6
24.8
25.9
28.1
19.6
23.6
24.6
22.8
21.1
31.1
Sources: (a) CDC, 1997; (b) U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997.
4-19
-------
Table 4-7. Percentage of Respondents With Attached Garages or Carports
Overall
Gender
Male
Female
Ago
1-4
5-11
12-17
' 18-64
> 64 .
Raco
White
Black
Asian
Some Other
, Hispanic
"• Hispanic
No
Yes
DK
Employment
. Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Education
< High School
High School Grad.
< College
Coltege Grad.
Post Grad.
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
Soiilh
West
Day ofWook
Weekday
Weekend
r Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK,,
ALL
rN
9386
1 •' 4
4294
5088
I 187
49tf
703
589
6059
"1349
126
7591
945
157
182
385
103
8531
705
47
1844
4096
802
2644
1 1968
834
2612
1801
1247
924
2075
2102
3243
1966
6316
3070
2524
2438
2536
1888
8629
694
63
9061
250
75
ND
Respondents
N %
1933
ND
861
1072
35
99
91
51
1399
258
17
1381
320
47
52
116
10
1725
187
11
249
933
181
570
256
165
541
438
321
212
590
372
530
441
1290
643
504
487
533
409
1765
161
7
1862
61
10
20.6
ND
20.1
21.1
18.7
19.8
12.9
8.7
23.1
19.1
13.5
18.2
33.9
29.9
28.6
30.1
9.7
20.2
26.5
23.4
13.5
22.8
22.6
21.6
13.0
19.8
20.7
24.3
25.7
22.9
28.4
17.7
16.3
22.4
20.4
20.9
20.0
20,0
21.0
21.7
20.5
23.2
11.1
20.5
24,4
13.3
NO YES DK
Respondants Respondants Respondants
N % N % N %
3693
4
1871
2018
76
193
308
257
2300
559
47 '
3014
392
36
67
137
33
3383
258
19
770
1528
320
1075
827
449
1159
596
386
276
863
865
1376
589
2490
1203
986
977
1004
726
3416
266
11
3566
109
18
39.3
100.0
38.9
39.7
40.6
38.7
43.8
43.6
38.0
41.4
37.3
39.7
41.5
22.9
36.8
35.6
32.0
39.7
36.6
40.4
41.8
37.3
39.9
40.7
42.0
53.8
44.4
33.1
31.0
29.9
41.6
41.2
42.4
30.0
39.4
39.2
39.1
40.1
39.6
38.5
39.6
38.3
17.5
39.4
43.6
24.0
3669
ND
1724
1945
46
204
303
281
2322
513
18
3162
224
73
60
132
14
3382
256
17
792
1613
295
969
829
213
896
760
536
435
603
846
1303
917
2476
1193
1003
953
973
740
3399
265
5
3584
79
6
39.1
ND
40.1
38.2
24.6
40.9
43.1
47.7
38.3
38.0
14.3
41.7
23.7
46,5
33.0
34.3
13.6
39.6
36.3
36.2
43.0
39.4
36.8
36.6
42.1
25.5
34.3
42.2
43.0
47.1
29.1
40.2
40.2
46.6
39.2
38.9
39.7
39.1
38.4
39.2
39.4
38.2
7.9
39.6
31.6
8.0
91
ND
38
53
30
3
1
ND
38
19
44
34
9
1
3
ND
46
41
4
ND
33
22
6
30
56
7
16
7
4
1
19
19
34
19
60
31
31
21
26
13
49
2
40
49
1
41
1.0
ND
0.9
1.0
16.0
0.6
0.1
ND
0.6
1.4
34.9
0.4
1.0
0.6
1.6
ND
44.7
0.5
0.6
ND
1.8
0.5
0.7
1.1
2,8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.2
0,9
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.3
63.5
0.5
0.4
54.7
Bronchitis / emphysema
No
Yes
DK
8882
433
71
1807
118
8
20.3
27.3
11.3
3516
162
15
39.6
37.4
21.1
3510
153
6
39.5
35.3
8.5
49
Nd
42
0.6
nd
59.2
Note: ND = Missing data; DK = Don't know; % = Row percentage; N = Sample size
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
4-20
-------
Table 4-8. Selected Characteristics of Households in the Target Population
Population Characteristic Estimated Thousands of Estimated Percentage of All
Households Households
AH households 84,573 100.00
Urbanization3
Urban 70,468 83.32
Rural 14,105 16.68
Type of dwelling
Single- 63,335 74.89
family 21,237 25.11
Multi-family
Have private lawn
Yes 66,828 79.02
No 17,744 20.98
Have private swimming pool
Yes 5,978 7.07
No 78,595 92.93
Have hot tub
Yes 2,500 2.96
No 82,073 97.04
Grew edible fruit/nut trees or grape
vines 18,421 21.78
Yes 66,151 78.22
No
Grew tomatoes, vegetables,
berries, or melons in past yearb
Yes
No 23,180 27.41
61,392 72.59
Grew roses in the past yearb
Yes 27,150 32.10
No 57,423 67.90
a The interviewers were instructed to classify each residence as located in either an urban area or
a rural area in their best judgment so that homes in suburban neighborhoods located adjacent to
rural farmland would be coded as urban, while farm homes would be coded as rural.
b Excluding any grown for sale.
Source: Whitmore et al., 1992.
4-21
-------
Table 4-9. Number of Households That Used Pest Control Services and Received
Written Precautions in the Previous Year
Type of Service/
Utilization/
Written Precautions
Commercial Lawn-Care Company Utilized3
Informed^of Chemicals Used0
Informed of Safety Precautions0
Treatment for Fleas, Roaches, Ants Utilized15
Informed of Chemicals Used0
Informed of Safety Precautions0
* The inference population for lawn care services
b The inference population for treatment of fleas,
c Conditional percentages, given that the service
Estimated
Thousands of
Households
8,003
3,626
3,746
16,557
3,637
3,216
is the population of all households
roaches, or ants is the population
was used.
Estimated
Percentage of
Households
12.07
59.51
50.42
19.58
23.46
20.67
with a private lawn.
of all private households
Source: Whitmore et al., 1992.
4-22
-------
Table 4-1O. Households Reporting Major Pest Problems
or Problems Treated by a Household Member
Households Reporting
Pest Problem Major Problem
Estimated Estimated
Thousands Percentage of
of HH All HH
Households Reporting
Treated Problem
Estimated Estimated
Thousands Percentage of
of HH All HH
Most Frequently Treated Sites*
(in order of treatment frequency)
Microorganisms
Mildew, mold, bacteria, virus 2,486
Plant diseases 1,826
Insects and Related Pests
2.94
2,16
40,361
8,356
47.72 Bathroom; kitchen; living area;
fabric
9,88 Roses; ornamentals"; lawn; garden*
Ants"
Mosquitoes
Cockroaches
Fleas
Flies, gnats, midges
Bees, hornets, wasps
Spiders, crickets, pillbugs,
milli/centipedes
Plant-chewing insects
Plant-sucking insects and mites
Ticks, chiggers
Fire ants
Mice, rats
Slugs, snails
Plants
Broadieaf weeds
Grass-like weeds
10,830
6,884
8,320
6,482
4,961
4,995
5,105
3,468
2,994
1,659
4,966
2,571
2,076
3,692
3,158
12.81
8.14
9.84
7.66
5.87
5.91
6.04
4.10
3.54
1.96
5.87
3.04
2.45
4.37
3.73
30,443
24,056
20,687
20,107
1 7,448
15,611
13,177
11,858
11,730
9,542
7,907
7,388
5,100
12,345
11,707
36.00
28.44
24.46
23.77
20.63
18,46
15.58
14.02
13,87
11.28
9.35
8.74
6.03
14.60
13.84
Kitchen; OOA; bathroom; OIA
Person; OOA; living area; kitchen
Kitchen; bathroom; living area; OIA
Cat, dog or kennel; living area;
kitchen; bathroom
Person; kitchen; OOA; living area
OOA; OIA; detached structures;
living area
OOA; OIA; kitchen; living area
Ornamentals'1; garden"; roses; lawn
Ornamentals'; roses; garden'; lawn
Cat, dog or kennel; person; lawn;
OOA
Lawn; OOA; kitchen; OIA
Kitchen; OIA; bathroom; living area
Ornamentals'"; lawn; OOAb; garden'
Lawn; OOA; ornamentals'1; garden'
Lawn; OOA; ornamentals"; roses
Abbreviations: HH = households; OOA = other outside area (such as walls, driveway, patio, deck, fences, or roof, including air treated by
fogging);
OIA = other inside area (such as attached garage, attic, basement, crawlspace, attached utility room or workshop).
' "Treated" or "not treated" refers to treatment by a household member; thus, pests treated only by a pest control service are reported as "not
treated" in this table.
* Roses are the only ornamental identified separately,
c Food crops such as tomatoes and vegetables (excluding fruit or nut trees and grapes).
" Excluding fire ants, carpenter ants, and termites.
Source: Whitmore et al., 1992.
4-23
-------
Table 4-11. Number of Households with at Least One Pesticide Product
Stored Insecurely by Type of Pesticide for Households with
Children under 5 Years of Age*
Type of Pesticide
All Types of Pesticides
Disinfectant
Fungicide
Insecticide
Molluscicide
Rodenticide
Herbicide
Repellent
At Least One
Estimated
Thousands of
HH
6,078°
3,481
2,831
3,740
43d
319"
617
!
1,261
Stored Insecurely
Estimated
Percentage" of
HH
46.88
41,61
38.12
36.04
6.45"
40.65
21.18
24.30
Estimated
Thousands
HH
12,965°
8,366
7,425
10,404
660
786
2,912
5,189
TOTAL
Estimated
of Percent" of HH
100.00
100.00
100.00
1 00.00
1 00.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Abbreviations: HH = Households.
* For pesticide products (excluding those used exclusively for agricultural production, plant growth
regulators, pool chemicals, and anti-fouling paints) in storage at residences in the target population at
the time of the survey (Aug-Sept 1990).
" Conditional percentage, given that at least one product of the designated type was in storage.
6 An individual pesticide product can be of more than one type (e.g., insecticide and fungicide).
Therefore, the estimates for the individual types of pesticides sum to more than the total for all types
of pesticides.
" Estimate has poor precision because of the small number of observations in this cell.
Sourco: Whltmora at al., 1992.
4-24
-------
Table 4-12, Estimated Thousands of Households Using Pesticides by Type of Pesticide
and Site of Application3
Type of
Pesticide
Fungicide
Insecticide
Molluscicide
Rodenticide
Herbicide
All the Above
Disinfectant
Repellent
All Types of
Pesticides
Indoors
31,952"
(2,642)
41,597
(1,943)
Oc
(0)
2,936
(488)
1,1 99e
(311)
57,245
(2,538)
40,039
(2,819)
15,183
(1,087)
63,716
(2,599)
Site of Application
Lawn Food Crops Ornamental Others
s
Estimated Thousands of Households
(Standard Error in Parentheses)
980
(270)
11,951
(1,067)
1,098
(388)
461
(147)
9,598
(1,083)
17,882
(1,472)
44d
(44)
1,181
(250)
18,432
(1,461)
2,203
(296)
7,084
(734)
969
(197)
76"
(55)
691
(167)
8,048
(722)
Oc
(0)
77d
(56)
8,086
(716)
4,361
(613)
1 1 ,908
(1,033)
2,373
(365)
81"
(57)
1,719
(324)
1 3,464
(1,113)
150d
(116)
514
(153)
13,662
(1,1 04)
1,703
(309)
20,800
(1,488)
936
(208)
454
(136)
5,607
(598)
24,054
(1,600)
1,236
(268)
2,132
(389)
24,647
(1,651)
All Sites
35,5O1
(2,606)
52,367
(2,383)
3,591
(438)
3,488
(448)
14,032
(1,265)
64,250
(2,661)
40,291
(2,853)
17,066
(1,179)
69,018
(2,732)
For pesticide products (excluding those used exclusively for agricultural production, plant growth
regulators, pool chemicals, and anti-fouling paints) in storage at residences in the target population at
the time of the survey (Aug-Sept 1990).
Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as fungicides in EPA's Master Product
Label File.
None reported in the survey.
Estimate has poor precision (RSE > 50%).
Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as algaecides in EPA's Master Product
Lael File.
Source: Whitmore et al., 1992.
4-25
-------
Table 4-13. Estimated Percentage of Households Using Pesticides by Type of Pesticide
and Site of Application8
Type of Pesticide
Site of Application
Indoors
Lawn
Food Crops
Ornamental
s
Others
Estimated Percentage of Households
(Standard Error in Parentheses)
All Sites
Fungicide
Insecticide
MoIIusclcide
Rodenticide
Herbicide
All the Above
Disinfectant
Repellent
All Types of
Pesticides
'*,.
37.78"
(2.97)
49.19
(1.74)
0.00C
tO.OO)
3.47
(0.52)
1.42"
(0.38)
67.69
(1.87)
47.34
(3.11)
17.95
(1.30)
75.34
(1.72)
1.16
(0.30)
14.13
(1.15)
1.30
(0.44)
0.54
(0.18)
11.35
(1.26)
21.14
(1.63)
0.05d
(0.05)
1.40
(0.31)
21.79
(1.65)
2.61
(0.35)
8.38
(0.79)
1.15
(0.23)
0.09d
(0.07)
0.82
(0.20)
9.52
(0.77)
0.00C
(0.00)
0.09"
(0.07)
9.56
(0.77)
5.16
(0.74)
14.08
(1.25)
2.81
(0.47)
0.1 Od
(0.07)
2.03
(0.41)
15.92
(1.37)
0.18"
(0.14)
0.61
(0.18)
16.15
(1.35)
2.01
(0.39)
24.59
(1.71)
1.11
(0.26)
0.54
(0.16)
6.63
(0.75)
28.44
(1.90)
1.46
(0.33)
2.52
(0.47)
29.14
(1.98)
41.98
(2.84)
61.92
(1.90)
4.25
(0.53)
4.12
(0.51)
16.59
(1.51)
75.97
(1.51)
47.64
(3.16)
20.18
(1.43)
81,61
(1.48)
For pesticide products (excluding those used exclusively for agricultural production, plant growth
regulators, poof chemicals, and anti-fouling paints) in storage at residences in the target population at
the time of the survey {Aug-Sept 1990).
Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as fungicides in EPA's Master Product
Uabel File.
None reported in the survey.
Estimate has poor precision (RSE > 50%).
Bleach, cleaning products, and humidifier products classified as algaecides in EPA's Master Product Lael
File.
Source: Whitmore et al., 1992
4-26
-------
Table 4-14. Residential Pool Ownership in the Continental United States
In-ground
Above-ground Total Owned
Pool Ownership, Continental U.S. 3,4 million
In-ground Pool Ownership, Top 10 States
California 818,000
Florida 640,000
Texas 228,000
Arizona 183,000
New York 170,000
New Jersey 134,000
Pennsylvania 103,000
Massachusetts 82,000
Ohio 76,000
Georgia 71,000
Above-ground Pool Ownership
3.2 million
6.6 million
New York
Pennsylvania
California
New Jersey
Illinois
Michigan
Florida
Massachusetts
Ohio
Texas
Demographics
Average Yearly Household Income
Average Age: Male Head of Household
Average Age: Female Head of
Household
Average Length of Ownership
468,000
288,000
229,000
199,000
151,000
146,000
145,000
1 39,000
133,000
1 1 6,000
$67,000 $46,000
49 years 44 years
48 years 42 years
10.4 years 7.0 years
Source: National Spa and Pool Institute, 1993.
4-27
-------
Table 4-15. Residential Spa Ownership in the Continental United States
Spa Ownership, Continental U.S.
Spa Ownership, Top 10 States
California
Florida
Texas
Washington
Oregon
Arizona
Michigan
Pennsylvania
New York
Nevada
Demographics
Average Yearly Household Income
Average Age: Male Head of Household
Average Age: Female Head of
Household
44% have children at home
40% are families/couples without
children
$67,000
47 years
45 years
Total Owned
3.3 million
1,127,000
293,000
270,000
150,000
91,000
88,000
85,000
77,000
65,000
63,000
Source: National Spa and Pool Institute, 1993.
4-28
-------
5. BUILDINGS OTHER THAN RESIDENCES
Contaminants present inside buildings other than residences can pose a risk of exposure
to persons occupying these buildings even for short periods of time. "Most people spend 90% or
more of their time indoors (e.g., home, work, public, and commercial buildings), and some
potentially suseptible subgroups, such as infants, the elderly, and the infirm, are inside virtually
all the time" (Sexton et al., 1993). Examples of nonresidential buildings that potentially contain
environmental pollutants are schools, colleges, day care centers, hospitals, and nursing homes.
Populations in these types of buildings may be exposed to environmental pollutants from
multiple sources. Contaminants found in these buildings may be the result of construction,
operation, or the use of chemicals for regular maintenance or specific activities (e.g., laboratory
work, sterilization) or the use of consumer products, combustion appliances, or from individuals
smoking tobacco products. This section presents data enumerating populations found in
nonresidential buildings who could potentially be exposed to environmental contaminants
associated with these buildings. These data can be useful for conducting human health risk
assessments for populations in these types of buildings.
5.1. POPULATIONS IN SCHOOLS/COLLEGES
The U.S. Department of Education regularly compiles statistics on numbers of persons in
all types of educational situations, from kindergarten through graduate school (U.S. Department
of Education, 1995). Data are collected by surveys and research conducted by both the Federal
Government and the private sector. The most relevant data are presented in this section.
Table 5-1 presents the estimated number of individuals participating in elementary, secondary,
and higher education for the fall of 1995. Table 5-1 also presents the numbers of teachers*,
faculty, administrative, and support staff in these educational institutions. Table 5-2 presents the
enrollment in all types of educational institutions from 1980, with projections to 2000.
Enrollment in public and private schools by decade from 1869 to 1950, and by year from 1964 to
the present, with projections to 2005 is displayed in Table 5-3. Enrollment in public elementary
and secondary schools by race/ethnicity and by State for 1986 and 1993 is presented in Table 5-4,
5-1
-------
Table 5-5 presents the enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in preprimary programs
yearly from 1965 to 1994.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Agency for Toxic Substance and
Disease Registry (ATSDR) published a National Alert warning of the "increasing numbers of
metallic mercury spills and contamination involving schoolchildren " (ATSDR, 1997). The
ATSDR National Alert (1997) listed six instances since 1994 in which metallic mercury
contamination and possible exposure to school children occurred. The instances, which required
decontamination of students and school facilities, occurred when children from elementary to
college age found metallic mercury and shared it with other students (ATSDR, 1997).
The U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) conducted a national survey of public
schools and associated districts to determine the extent to which America's 80,000 schools have
the physical capacity to support 21st century technology and education reform for all students
(GAO, 1996). Questions in the survey addressed areas such as the physical condition of
buildings arid major building features, such as roofs, framing, floors, and foundations, and the
status of environmental conditions, such as lighting, heating, and ventilation. These data are
important because the physical and environmental conditions of buildings may contribute to
higher exposures to pollutants. For example, inadequate ventilation could contribute to indoor
•' * * i • ?,
air pollution, and chipped or peeling paint may potentially create exposures to lead in older, less
• V ; . I > . . /
maintained buildings. Questionnaires were sent to 9,956 sample schools in 5,459 associated
districts in 50 States and the District of Columbia in May 1994. Of the 9,956 schools in the
original sample, 393 were ineligible for the survey. The number of completed, usable school
questionnaires returned was 7,478, yielding a school response rate of 78 percent (GAO, 1996).
The results of the survey are presented in Tables 5-6 through 5-11. Table 5-6 and 5-7
provide the number of students who attend schools with unsatisfactory environmental and
"""-' *, • '.•
physical conditions, respectively. Tables 5-8 and 5-9 provide data for the percent of schools and
"•| * ,...»•* - ; 1 , : • , " , it1'- j ,M • i;
number of students attending schools with unsatisfactory environmental conditions by
community type (central city, urban fringe/large town and rural/small town) and geographic
region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West). Tables 5-10 and 5-11 present the same type
information for schools with inadequate building features.
5-2
-------
5.2. POPULATIONS IN DAY CARE CENTERS
Young children may be at increased potential risk of exposure to contaminants present in
nonresidential buildings due to behavioral factors common to young children. Young children
are much more likely than older children or adults to put objects into their mouths, resulting in
increased occurrence and/or duration of oral contact with objects in their environment. In
addition, children, unlike adults, often will sit or lie on the floor, thus increasing their potential
exposure to contaminants associated with floor coverings. This section presents data useful for
estimating exposure to children in day care, nursery schools, and other prekindergarten programs.
The U.S. Department of Education's 1995 Digest for Education Statistics provides data on
numbers of children in day care, nursery schools, and other prekindergarten programs (U.S.
Department of Education, 1995). The percentage of preschool children attending center-based
programs (including nursery school, prekindergarten, and Head Start programs) in 1992 is
presented in Table 5-12.
5.3. POPULATIONS IN HOSPITALS
Populations receiving care in hospitals may have an increased risk of exposure to certain
chemicals commonly used for hospital care. In addition, these individuals have greater exposure
to other individuals who potentially may contribute to airborne infections agents, such as
tuberculosis. The U.S. Bureau of the Census collects data quantifying frequency and length of
hospital stays in the United States. Table 5-13 presents data on hospital utilization rates by the
age of patient and by region from 1970 to 1993. Table 5-14 presents summary data by State on
community hospitals, including number of facilities, beds, patients admitted, occupancy rates,
personnel, and outpatient visits.
5.4. POPULATIONS IN NURSING HOMES
Individuals in nursing homes could potentially have an increased risk of exposure to
contaminants in their environment resulting from their compromised health status and from the
likely presence of chemicals commonly found in medical institutions, such as sterilization
chemicals and/or antiseptics. The U.S. Bureau of the Census collects data enumerating
5-3
-------
populations in nursing homes. This section presents data useful for estimating the human health
risk of exposures to contaminants for individuals in nursing homes. Table 5-15 presents the
numbers of persons receiving care in nursing homes for 1980 and 1990, and Table 5-16 presents
the nursing home population by region, division, and State for 1980 and 1990. The U.S. Bureau
*/'":. i* % <. "' * '\ if$$ • 41 • , i
of the Census subdivides the united States into four regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and
West) and further subdivides each region into divisions. The composition by State of the regions
and divisions is presented in Section 2.4 of this report.
5-4
-------
5.5. REFERENCES
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1997) National Alert: A Warning
About Continuing Patterns of Metallic Mercury Exposure. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic
Substance and Disease Registry. ATSDR Internet address:
http://atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080/alerts/970626.html (Feb. 17, 1998).
Sexton, K.; Gong, H.; Bailar, J.C.; Ford, J.G.; Gold, D.R.; Lambert, W.E.; Utell, M.J. (1993)
Air pollution health risks: do class and race matter? Toxicology and Industrial Health. Vol. 9,
No. 5, p. 843.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1990) 1990 Census of the population Prepared from the Census
Analysis System. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997) Statistical abstract of the United States. 117th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Education. (1995) Digest of education statistics 1995. U.S. Department of
Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC. Doc. no. NCES 95-029.
U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). (1996) Report to congressional requesters. School
facilities condition of America's schools. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.
GAO/HEHS-95-61.
5-5
-------
Table 5-1. Estimated Number of Participants in Elementary and Secondary Education and in
; Higher Education: Fall 1995
[In millions]
Participants
1
I
Total
Enrollment*
Teachers and Faeilty
Other Professional, Administrative,
and Support Staff
All Levels
(Elementary,
Secondary, and
Higher
Education)
73.3
65,1
3.8
4.3
Elementary
and Secondary
Institutions of Hi|
Schools
Total
56.3
50.7
3.0
2.6
Public
50.0
45.0
2.6
2.4
Private
6.3
5.7
0.4
0.2
Total
17.0
14.4
0.8b
1.7
Education
jher
Pubic Private
13.1
11.3
0.6b
1.2
3.9
3.1
0.3b
0.5
* Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in most private schools (religiously affiliated and nonsectarian). Excludes subcollegiatc
departments of institutions of higher education, residential schools for exceptional children, and Federal schools. Elementary and secondary include
most kindergarten and some nursery school enrollment. Excludes preprimary enrollment in schools that do not offer first grade or above. Higher
education comprises full-time and part-time students enrolled in degree-credit and nondegree-credit programs in universities, other 4-year colleges,
ind 2-year colleges.
Includes full-time and part-time facility with the rank of instructor or above.
v)' r" i | • -
Notc^Thc enrollment figures include all students in elementary and secondary schools and colleges and universities. However, the data for teacher and
oCheTsUff in public and private elementary and secondary schools are reported in terms of full-time equivalents. The staff data for institutions of higher
education include all full-time and part-time professional, administrative, and support personnel. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
5-6
-------
Table 5-2. Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution: Fall 1980 to Fall 2000
[In thousands]
Level of instruction
and type of control
All levels
Public
Private
Elementary and
secondary education0
Public
Private
Grades K-8e
Public
Private
Grades 9-1 2
Public
Private
Higher education*
Public
Undergraduate8
First-professional
Graduate"
Private
Undergraduate9
First-professional
Graduate11
Fall 1980
58,305
50,335
7,971
46,208
40,877
5,331
31,639
27,647
3,992
14,570
13,231
1,339
12,097
9,457
8,442
114
901
2,640
2,033
163
443
Fall 1985
57,226
48,901
8,325
44,979
39,422
5,557
31,229
27,034
4,195
13,750
12,388
1,362
12,247
9,479
8,477
112
890
2,768
2,120
162
486
Fall 1986
57,709
49,467
8,242
45,205
39,753
5,452°
31,536
27,420
4,116
13,669
1 2,333
1,336"
12,504
9,714
8,661
112
941
1,790
2,137
158
494
Fall 1987
58,254
49,981
8,273
45,488
40,008
5,479
32,165
27,933
4,232
13,323
12,076
1,247
12,767
9,973
8,919
110
945
2,793
2,128
158
507
Fall 1988
58,485
50,350
8,135
45,430
40,189
5,241
32,537
28,501
4,036"
12,893
11,687
1,206"
13,055
10,161
9,103
109
949
2,894
2,213
158
522
Fall 1.989
59,436
51,121
8,316
45,898
40,543
5,355
33,314
29,152
4,162"
12,583
11,390
1,193"
13,539
10,578
9,488
113
978
2,961
2,255
162
544
Fall 1990
60,267
52,061
8,206
46,448
41,217
5,232
33,973
29,878
4,095
1 2,475
11,338
1,137
13,819
10,845
9,710
112
1,023
2,974
2,250
162
563
Fall 1991
61,605
53,356
8,248
47,246
42,047
5,199
34,580
30,506
4,074"
12,666
11,541
1,125"
14,359
11,310
10,148
111
1,050
3,049
2,291
169
589
Fall 1992
62,677
54,200
8,477
48,190
42,816
5,375
35,292
31,081
4,212"
12,898
11,735
1,163d
14,486
11,385
10,216
111
1,058
3,102
2,320
170
611
Fall 1993*
63,253
54,665
8,588
48,947
43,476
5,471
35,795
31,515
4,280"
13,152
11,961
1,191"
14,306
1.1,189
10,012
114
1,064
3,117
2,312
179
626
Fall 1994b
63,939
55,266
8,673
49,610
44,034
5,576
36,048
31,703
4,345
13,563
12,331
1,232
14,329
11,232
10,005
118
1,109
3,097
2,296
175
626
Projected
fall 1995
65,148
56,348
8,800
50,709
45,037
5,672
36,698
32,293
4,405
14,011
12,744
1,267
14,439
11,311
10,089
117
1,105
3,128
2,330
174
624
Projected
fall 2000
69,924
60,510
9,414
54,402
48,323
6,079
39,152
34,452
4,700
15,250
13,871
1,379
15,522
12,187
10,907
117
1,163
3,335
2,504
177
654
a Preliminary.
b Based on "Early Estimates" surveys for public elementary and secondary schools.
0 Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in most private schools (religiously affiliated and nonsectarian), but generally excludes pupils in subcollegiate
departments of institutions of higher education, residential schools for exceptional children, and Federal schools. Excludes preprimary pupils in schools that do not offer
first grade or above.
a Estimated.
* Includes kindergarten and some nursery school pupils.
' Includes full-time and part-time students enrolled in degree-credit and nondegree-credit programs in universities and 2-year and 4-year colleges.
8 Includes unclassified students below the baccalaureate level.
h Includes unclassified postbaccalaureate students.
Note: Higher education enrollment projections are based on the low and middle alternative projections published by the National Center for Education Statistics. Some data
have not been revised from previously published figures.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995,
-------
Table 5-3, Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution: 1 &69-70 to Fall 2005
(In thousands]
00
Yeir
1869-70
1879-80
1889-90
1899-1900
1909-10
1919-20
1929-30
1939-40
1949-SO
Fall 1959
Fall 1964
Falf 1 965
Fall 1966
Fall 1967
Fall 1968
Fall 1969
Fall 1970
Fall 1971
Fall 1972
Fall 1973
Fail 1974
Fall 1975
Fall 1976
Fall 1977
Fall 1978
Fall 1979
Fall 1980
Fall 1981
Fall 1982
Fall 1983
Fall 1984
Fall 1985
Total
enrollment,
all levels
_
_
14,491
17,092
19,728
23,876
29,430
29,539
31,151
44,497
52,996
54,394
55,629
56,803
58,257
59,055
59,838
60,220
59,941
60,047
60,297
61,004
60,490
60,003
58,897
58,221
58,305
57,916
57,591
57,432
57,150
57,226
Elementary and
secondary,
total
_
_
14,334
16,855
19,372
23,278
28,329
28,045
28,492
40,857
47,716
48,473
49,239
49,891
50.744
51,050
51,257
51,271 .
50,726
50,445
50,073
49,819
49,478
48,717
47,637
46,651
46,208
45,544
45,166
44,967
44,908
44,979
Public ttemantary and secondary schools
Kindergarten Grades 9
Total through through 12
grade 8
6,872
9,868
12,723
15,503
17,814
21,578
25,678
25,434
25,111
35,182
41,416
42,173
43,039
43,891
44,944
45,550
45,894
46,071
45,726
45,445
45,073
44,819
44,311
43,577
42,551
41,651
40,877
40,044
39,566
39,252
39,208
39,422
6,792
9,757
12,520
14,984
16,899
19,378
21,279
18,832
19,387
26,911
30,025
30,563
31,145
31,641
32,226
32,513
32,558
32,318
31,879
31,401
30,971
30,515
29,997
29,375
28,463
28,034
27,647
27,280
27,161
26,981
26,905
27,034
80
110
203
519
915
2,200
4,399
6,601
5,725
8,271
11,391
11,610
11,894
12,250
12,718
13,037
13,336
13,753
13,848
14,044
14,103
14,304
14,314
14,203
14,088
13,616
13,231
12,764
12,405
12,271
12,304
12,388
Pfivats elementary and secondary schools*
Kindergarten Grades 9
Total through through 12
grade 8
_
_
1,611
1,352
1,558
1,699
2,651
2,611
3,380
5,678
6,300°
6,300
6,200°
6,000°
5,800
5,500°
5,363
5,200°
5,000°
5,000°
5,000°
5,000°
5,167
5,140
5,086
5,000°
5,331
5,500C
5,600°
5,715
5,700°
5,557
—
„
1,516
1,241
1,441
1,486
2,310
2,153
2,708
4,640
5,000C
4,900
4,800°
4,600°
4,400
4,200°
4,082
3,900°
3,700°
3,700°
3,700°
3,700°
3,825
3,797
3,732
3,700C
3,992
4,100°
4,200°
4,315
4,300°
4,195
_
—
95
111
117
214
341
458
672
1,035
1,300
1,400
1,400°
1,400°
1,400
1,300°
1,311
1,300C
1,300°
1,300°
1,300°
1,300°
1,342
1,343
1,353
1,300°
1,339
1,400°
1,400°
1,400
1,400°
1,362
Higher education"
Total Public
52
116
157
238
355
598
1,101
1,494
2,659
3,640
5,280
5,921
6,390
6,912
7,513
8,005
8,581
8,949
9,215
9,602
10,224
11,185
11,012
11,286
11,260
11,570
12,097
12,372
12,426
12,465
12,242
1 2,247
_
_
—
_
—
_
—
797
1,355
2,181
3,468
3,970
4,349
4,816
5,431
5,897
6,428
6,804
7,071
7,420
7,989
8,835
8,653
8,847
8,786
9,037
9,457
9,647
9,696
9,683
9,477
9,479
Private
_
_
_
...
_.
_
_
698
1,304
1,459
1,812
1,951
2,041
2,096
2,082
2,108
2,153
2,144
2,144
2,183
2,235
2,350
2,359
2,439
2,474
2,533
2,640
2,725
2,730
2,782
2,765
2,768
(continued on next page)
-------
Table 5-3. Enrollment in Educational Institutions by Level and Control of Institution: 1869-70 to Fall 2005
[in thousands] (continued)
Year
Fall 1986
Fall 1987
Fall 1 988
Fall 1989
Fall 1990
Fall 1991
Fait 1992
Fall 1993"
Fall 1994"
Fall 1995*
Fall1996f
Fall 199?'
Fall 1998(
Fall! 999f
Fall 2000'
Fall 2001*
Fall 2002*
Fall 2003f
Fall 20041
Fall 2005*
Total
enrollment,
all levels
57,709
58,254
58,485
59,436
60,267
61,605
62,677
63,253
63,939
65,148
66,371
67,776
68,559
69,289
69,924
70,472
70,951
71,261
71,657
71,948
Elementary and
secondary,
total
45,206
45,488
45,430
45,898
46,448
47,246
48,190
48,947
49,610
50,709
51,745
52,686
53,367
53,937
54,402
54,807
55,155
55,413
55,681
55,871
Public elementary and secondary schools
Kindergarten Grades 9
Total through through 1 2
grade 8
39,753
40,008
40,189
40,543
41,217
42,047
42,816
43,476
44,034
45,037
45,960
46,797
47,403
47,911
48,323
48,684
48,994
49,225
49,470
49,651
27,420
27,933
28,501
29,152
29,878
30,506
31,081
31,515
31,703
32,293
32,863
33,420
33,825
34,133
34,452
34,681
34,856
34,963
34,931
34,703
12,333
12,076
11,687
11,390
11,338
11,541
11,735
11,961
12,331
12,744
13,097
13,377
- 13,578
13,778
13,871
14,003
14,138
14,262
14,539
14,948
Private elementary and secondary schools3
Kindergarten Grades 9
Total through through 12
grade 8
5,452C
5,479
5,241
5,355
5,232
5,199
5,375
5,471
5,576
5,672
5,785
5,889
5,964
6,026
6,079
6,123
6,161
6,188
6,211
6,220
4,1 16C
4,232
4,036°
4,162C
4,095C
4,074°
4,212°
4,280°
4,345
4,405
4,483
4,559
4,614
4,656
4,700
4,731
4,755
4,770
4,765
4,734
1,336°
1,247
1,206C
1,193°
1,137°
1,125°
1,1 63C
1,191°
1,232
1,267
1,302
1,330
1350
1,370
1,379
1,392
1,406
1,418
1,446
1486
Higher education11
Total Public
12,504
12,767
13,055
13,539
13,819
14,359
14,486
14,306
14,329
14,439
14,626
15,090
15,192
15,352
15,522
15,665
15,796
15,848
15,976
16,077
9,714
9,973
10,161
10,578
10,845
11,310
11,385
11,189
11,232
11,311
11,476
11,850
11,931
12,055
12,187
12,296
12,396
12,435
12,529
12,607
Private
2,790
2,793
2,894
2,961
2,974
3,049
3,102
3,117
3,097
3,128
3,151
3,240
3,261
3,297
3,335
3,369
3,400
3,413
3,447
3,470
" Beginning in fall 1980, data include estimates for an expanded universe of private schools. Therefore, these totals may differ from figures shown in other tables, and direct
comparisons with earlier years should be avoided.
' Data for 1869-70 through 1949-50 include resident degree-credit students enrolled at any time during the academic year. Beginning in 1959, data include all resident and extension
students enrolled at the beginning of the fall term.
c Estimated.
d Preliminary data,
° Public elementary and secondary data are based on "Early Estimates" surveys. Other data are projected.
' Projected,
Note: Elementary and secondary enrollment includes pupils in local public school systems and in most private schools (religiously affiliated and nonsectarian), but generally excludes
pupils in subcoilegiate departments of institutions of higher education, residential schools for exceptional children, and Federal schools. Elementary enrollment includes some nursery
school pupils. Higher education enrollment includes students in colleges, universities, professional schools, teachers colleges, and 2-year colleges. Higher education enrollment
projections are based on the low and middle alternative projections published by the National Center for Education Statistics. Some data have not been revised from previously
published figures. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
-------
Table 5-4. Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by Race or Ethnicity and State: Fall 1986 and Fall 1993
State or erst
1 United StstBj
Alabama
* Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
: Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
!owa
Kansas
Si
L. Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
P«re«nt distribution, fall 1986
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
White*
70.4
62.0
65.7
62.2
74.7
53.7
78.7
77.2
68.3
4.0
65.4
60.7
23.5
92.6
69.8
88.7
94.6
85.6
89.2
56.S
98.3
59.7
83.7
76.4
93.9
43.9
83.4
82.7
91.4
77.4
98.0
69.1
43.1
Black"
16.1
37.0
4.3
4.0
24.2
9.0
4.5
12.1
27.7
91.1
23.7
37.9
2.3
0.3
18.7
9.0
3.0
7.6
10.2
41.3
0.5
35.3
7.4
19.8
2.1
55.5
14.9
0.3
4.4
9.6
0.7
17.4
2.3
Hispanic
9.9
0.1
1.7
26.4
0.4
27.5
13.7
8.9
2.5
3.9
9.5
0.6
2.2
4.9
9.2
1.7
0.9
4.4
0.1
0.8
0.2
1.7
6.0
1,8
0.9
0.1
0.7
0.9
2.4
7.5
' 0.5
10.7
45.1
Asian or
Pacific
Island*/
2.8
0.4
3.3
1.3
0.6
9.1
2.0
1.5
1.4
0.9
1.2
0.8
71.7
0.8
2.3
0.5
1.2
1.9
0.5
1.1
0.8
3.1
2.8
1.2
1.7
0.4
0.8
0.5
0.8
3.2
0.8
2.7
0.8
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
0,8
0.5
25.1
6.1
0.2
0.7
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
PI
0.3
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.6
f!
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.8
1.5
0.1
0.2
5.5
1.0
2.3
0.1
0.1
8.7
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
-_
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
P«rc*nt distribution, fall 1993
White*
66.1'
62.4
65.3
59.7
74.1
42.3
74.1
73.3
66.2
4.0
59.6
59.9
23.7
92.6
64.8
85.9
93.4
83.4
89.3
51.7
_.
58.9
79.3
78.1
88.8
47.9
82.3
87.8
88.3
70.5
96.9
63.4
40.5
Back"
16.6*
35.8
4.9
4.2
24.1
8.7
5.4
13.0
28.5
88.5
24.7
37.0
2.6
0.3
21.0
11.1
3.1
8.4
9.8
45.4
...
34.2
8.1
17.1
4.2
50.9
15.7
0.5
5.7
9.2
0.8
18.6
2.3
Hispanic
12.7*
0.4
2.4
27.6
0.9
37.0
17.1
11.1
3.4
6.1
13.8
1.5
5.0
4.9
11.1
2.1
1.6
5.3
0.3
1.1
._
2.9
8.8
2.4
1.7
0.3
0.9
1.4
3.6
14.3
1.0
12.8
46.0
Asian or
Pacific
Islander
3.6»
0.6
4.1
1.6
0.7
11.2
2.4
2.4
1.7
1.3
1.7
1.4
68.4
0.8
2.9
0.8
1.5
1.8
0.5
1.3
—
3.7
3.7
1.4
3.5
0.5
0.9
0.8
1.2
4.0
1.0
5.1
0.9
American
Indfan/Alajka
Native
1.1'
0.8
23.3
e.i
0.3
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.2
n
0.2
0.2
0.3
1.3
0.1
0.2
0.4
1.0
(c)
0.5
_.
0.3
0.2
1.0
1.9
0.4
0.2
9.6
1.3
2.0
0.2
0.1
10.2
(continued on next page)
-------
Table 5-4. Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools by Race or Ethnicity and State: Fall 1986 and Fall 1993 (continued)
State or area
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other areas
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Marianas
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Percent distribution, fail 1 986
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
...
-
...
White"
83.1
79.0
89.8
84.4
87.9
54.6
90,6
76.5
51.0
93.7
98.4
72.6
84.5
95.9
86.6
90.7
...
._
...
._
._
Black'
15.0
7.8
2.2
12.6
5.6
44.5
0.5
22.6
14.4
0.4
0.3
23.7
4.2
3.7
8.9
0.9
—
...
...
...
...
Hispanic
1.0
1.6
3.9
1.8
3.7
0.2
0.6
0.2
32.5
3.0
0.2
1.0
3.8
0.1
1.9
5.9
_
...
...
_
_. •
Asian or
Pacific
Islander
0.7
1.0
2.4
1.2
2.4
0.6
0.7
0.6
2.0
1.5
0.6
2.6
5.1
0.3
1.7
0.6
„.
_.
_.
_
_.
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
0.1
10.6
1.7
0.1
0,3
0.1
7,6
O
0.2
1.5
0,6
0.1
2.3
O
1.0
1.9
_
_.
_
...
...
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
...
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Percent distribution, fall 1 993
White*
82.7
71.6
86.6
81.1
81.1
57.2
84.9
75,6
47.7
91.5
97.5
67.9
79.9
95.3
84.3
89.4
...
9.1
1.1
O
1.0
Black*
14.9
10.3
2.4
13.8
6.8
41.4
0.7
22,9
14,3
0.6
0.7
25.8
4.4
4.0
9.1
1.0
...
1.9
n
o
85.4
Hispanic
1.3
3.3
5.8
3.3
8.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
35.5
4.5
0.3
2,8
6.9
0.2
2.9
6.2 '
...
0.6
«
100.0
13.2
Asian or
Pacific
Islander
1.0
1.2
3.1
1.7
3.1
0.7
0.7
0.9
2,2
2.0
0.9
3.3
6.2
0.4
2.4
0.7
...
88.4
98.9
(c)
0.5
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
0.1
13.7
2.0
0.1
0.4
0.2
13.0
0.1
0.2
1.4
0,6
0.2
2.6
0.1
1.3
2.7
_.
0,1
O
O
O
— Data not available.
8 Excludes persons of Hispanic origin.
" Includes estimate for nonresponding State.
c Less than 0.05%.
Note: Tha 1986-87 data were derived from tha 1986 Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights sample survey of public school districts. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.
Source; U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
-------
Table 5-5. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-OW Children In PreprJmary Programs by Level and Control of Program and by Attendance Status: October
1965 to October 1994
Jtn thousands!
(SI
Year and aga
Total, 3 to 5 years old
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994a
3 years old
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994a
4 years old
1965
1970
1975
Total
population, 3
to 5 years old
12,549
10,949
10,185
9,284
9,873
10,254
10,612
10,733
10,866
10,872
10,993
1 1 ,039
1 1 ,207
11,370
11,545
11,954
12,328
4,149
3,516
3,177
3,143
3,387
3,574
3,609
3,594
3,607
3,569
3,719
3,713
3,692
3,811
3,905
4,053
4,081
4,238
3,620
3,4i9
Total
3,407
4,104
4,955
4,878
5,105
5,384
5,480
5,865
1,971
5,931
5,978
6,026
6,659
6,334
6,402
6,581
7,514
203
454
683
857
928
1,004
1,004
1,035
1,041
1,022
1,027
1,005
1,205
1,074
1,081
1,097
1,385
683
1,007
1,418
Enrollment by level and control
Percent Nursery school Kindergarten
enrolled Public Private Public Private
27.1
37,5
48.7
52.5
51.7
52.5
51.6
54.6
55.0
54.6
54.4
54.6
59.4
55.7
55.5
55.1
61.0
4.9
12.9
21.5
27.3
27.4
28.1
27.8
28.8
28.9
28.6
27.6
27.1
32.6
28.2
27.7
27,1
33.9
16.1
27.8
40.5
127
332
570
628
729
809
742
846
829
819
851
930
1,199
996
1,073
1,205
1,848
41
110
179
221
312
314
295
278
257
264
298
277
347
313
336
369
469
68
176
332
393
762
1,174
1,353
1,423
1,538
1,593
1,631
1,715
1,736
1,770
1,894
2,180
1,828
1,783
1,779
2,314
153
322
474
604
578
631
658
679
737
703
678
707
840
702
685
687
887
213
395
644
2,291
2,498
2,682
2,438
2,459
2,416
2,668
2,847
2,859
2,842
2,875
2,704
2,773
2,967
2,995
3,020
2,819
5
12
11
16
27
21
30
52
26
24
24
3
11
38
26
20
19
284
318
313
S96
511
528
459
494
623
476
541
567
534
481
497
509
543
550
577
534
4
10
18
17
10
39
22
26
21
31
26
18
7
22
34
20
9
118
117
129
Enrollment by attendance
Percent
Full-day Pirt-day full-day
—
698
1,295
1,551
1,574
1,686
1,929
2,144
2,241
2,090
2,044
2,238
2,577
2,408
2,410
2,642
3,468
...
142
259
321
280
357
401
350
399
378
369
390
447
388
371
426
670
—
230
411
-_
3,405
3,659
3,327
3,531
3,700
3,550
3,722
3,730
3,841
3,935
3,789
4,082
3926
3,992
3,939
4,046
_.
312
423
536
648
648
603
685
642
644
658
615
758
687
711
670
715
—
776
1,008
—
17.0
26.1
31.8
30.8
31.3
35.2
36.6
37.5
35.2
34.2
37.1
38.7
38.0
37.6
40.1
46.2
—
31.3
37.9
37.5
30.2
35.5
39.9
33.8
38.3
37.0
35.9
38.8
37.1
36.1
34.3
38.9
48.4
—
22.8
29.0
(continued on next page)
-------
Table 5-5. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-OId Children in Preprimary Programs by Level and Control of Program and by Attendance
Status; October 1965 to October 1994 (continued)
[In thousands]
Year and age
. 1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994a
5 years old
1965
1970
1975
1980
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
19943
Total
population, 3
to 5 years old
3,072
3,271
3,414
3,579
3,598
3,616
3,597
3,598
3,692
3,723
3,763
3,807
4,044
4,202
4,162
3,814
3,509
3,069
3,215
3,266
3,423
3,542
3,643
3,706
3,676
3.633
3,792
3,796
3,832
3,857
4,044
Total
1,423
1,496
1,619
1,603
1,766
1,772
1,717
1,768
1,882
2,087
1,994
1,982
2,178
2,532
2,521
2,643
2,854
2598
2,681
2,761
2,872
3,065
3,157
3,192
3,184
3,139
3,367
3,267
3,339
3,306
3,597
Enrollment by level and control
Percent Nursery school Kindergarten
enrolled Public Private Public Private
46,3
45.7
47.4
44.8
49.1
49.0
47.7
49.1
51.0
56.1
53.0
52.1
53.9
60.3
60.6
69.3
81.3
84.7
83.4
84.5
83.9
86.5
86.7
86.1
86.6
86.4
88.8
86,0
87,1
85,7
88.9
363
377
402
376
496
498
431
481
524
695
584
602
719
1,020
18
45
59
44
40
93
72
73
75
124
72
129
157
100
135
116
359
701
781
813
860
859
903
881
922
1,055
1,144
982
971
957
1,232
27
45
57
48
64
94
76
94
75
152
170
132
196
143
127
136
194
239
225
231
257
276
257
280
261
202
157
287
282
349
198
2,002
2,168
2,358
2,183
2,207
2,164
2,381
2,519
2576
2,538
2,590
2,499
2,604
2,642
2,688
2,651
2,601
120
113
173
110
135
115
125
104
100
91
140
126
154
82
474
384
381
322
370
410
344
379
432
378
351
378
411
382
390
403
442
Enrollment by attendance
Percent
Full-day Pan-day full-day
467
442
442
521
643
622
548
519
592
716
667
632
765
1,095
—
326
625
763
852
887
1,007
1,151
1,220
1,163
1,155
1,255
1,414
1,354
1,408
1,451
1,704
956
1,054
1,177
1,082
1,123
1,150
1,169
1,249
1,290
1,371
1,326
1,350
1,413
1,438
...
2,317
2,228
1,835
1,829
1,875
1,865
1,914
1,937
2,028
2,028
1,883
1,953
1,913
1,931
1,856
1,893
32.8
29.5
27.3
32.5
36.4
35.1
31.9
29.4
31.4
34.3
33.5
31.9
35.1
43.2
...
12.3
21.9
29.4
31.8
32.1
35.1
37.6
38.6
36.4
36.3
40.0
42.0
41.4
42.2
43.9
47.4
— Data not available.
" Data collected using revised procedures. May not be comparable with figures for earlier years.
Note: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutional population. Although cells with fewer than 75,000 children are subject to wide sampling variation, they are included in
the table to permit various types of aggregations. Enrollment data for 5-year-olds include only those students in preprimary programs. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
-------
Table 5-6. Students That Attend Schools With Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions*
Environmental Condition
Lighting
Heating
Ventilation
Indoor Air Quality
Acoustics for Noise Control
Physical Security
Number of Schools
12,200
1 5,000
21,100
1 5,000
21,900
18,900
Number of
Students Affected
6,682,000
7,888,000
11,559,000
8,353,000
1 1 ,044,000
10,638,000
Percent of Students
Affected"
13
15
22
16
22
21
Ranges for building feature condition were excellent, good, adequate, fair, poor, or replace. A building or building feature
was considered in less-than-adequate condition if fair, poor, or replace was indicated.
Percent calculated based on a total of 42-million students.
Source: GAO, 1996
5-14
-------
Table 5-7. Students That Attend Schools With Less-Than-Adequate Physical Conditions0
Building Feature
Roofs
Framing, floors, foundations
Exterior walls, finishes, windows,
doors
Interior finishes, trims
Plumbing
Heating, ventilation air conditioning
Electrical power
Electrical lighting
Life safety codes
Number of Schools
21,100
13,900
20,500
1 8,600
23,100
28,100
20,500
19,500
14,500
Estimate of
Students Affected
11,916,000
7,247,000
11,524,000
10,408,000
12,254,000
15,456,000
1 1 ,034,000
10,837,000
7,630,000
Percent of Students
Affected1"
28
17
22
20
24
30
21
21
15
3 Ranges for building feature condition were excellent, good, adequate, fair, poor, or replace. A building or building feature
was considered in less-than-adequate condition if fair, poor, or replace was indicated.
8 Percent calculated based on a total of 42-million students.
Source: GAO, 1996
5-15
-------
Table 5-8, Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With
Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by Community Type"
Environmental Condition
Lighting
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Heating
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Vontilation
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Indoor Air Quality
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
"1" ' •'..":' ;;f
Acoustics for Noise Control
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Energy Efficiency
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
PhysIcal'Securlty
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
At Least One Unsatisfactory
Environmental Condition
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Central City
20,4
2,980'
22.8
3,185°
31.5
4,663
22.5
3,441"
31.6
4,250C
46.1
6,412
26.5
4,023C
65.1
9,400
Urban Fringe/Large Town
17.3
2,072"
19.0
2,249"
28.2
3,502C
19.0
2,241"
26.3
3,024a
40.3
4,944
22.8
3,038"
58.5
7,322
Rural/Small Town
11.4
1,621°
17.0
2,440C
23.6
3,380
17.2
2,482
26.8
3,755
38.6
5,531
23.5
3,562°
53.9
8,007
* Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for
estimates based on number of students are less than ±11 percentage in most cases.
* A large central city (a central city of a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA}) with population greater than or equal
to 400,000 or a population density greater than or equal to 6,000 per square mile) or a mid-size central city (a central city
of an SMSA but not designated a large central city).
* * i ~f i
Urban fringe of a large or mid-size central city (a place within an SMSA of a large or mid-size central city and defined as
urban by the Bureau of the Census) or a large town (a place not within an SMSA but with a population greater than or equal
to 25,000 and defined as urban by the Bureau of the Census).
Rural area (a place with a population of less than 2,500 and defined as rural by the Bureau of the Census) or a small town (a
place not within an SMSA, with a population of less than 25,000, but greater than or equal to 2,500, and defined as urban
by th"e Bureau of the Census).
Source: GAO, 1996.
5-16
-------
Table 5-9. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With
Unsatisfactory Environmental Conditions by Geographic Region3
Environmental Condition
Lighting
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Heating
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Ventilation
Percent of schools
Number of students (000s)
Indoor Air Quality
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Acoustics for Noise Control
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Energy Efficiency
Percent of schools
Number of students (000s)
Physical Security
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
At Least One Unsatisfactory
Environmental Condition
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Northeast
13.8
20.3
1,327b
31.4
2,204°
19.9
1,351"
29.6
1,859C
37.0
2,342°
21.1
1,519"
56.8
4,038
Midwest
12.8
1 ,456"
18.2
1,878°
27.8
3,025
18.4
2,057C
29.3
2,893
38.7
3,854
21.2
2,216"
57.3
5,924
South
13.7
1,992C
16.3
2,360"
20.9
3,059
16.8
2,486"
24.4
3,315
40.3
5,940
23.9
3,524d
54.2
8,050
West
23.8
2,502C
24.3
2,322C
32.3
3,270C
23.5
2,458=
30.9
2,977C
49.5
4,769
31.4
3,378d
67.5
6,743
" Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for
estimates based on number of students are less than ±11 percentage in most cases.
B Northeast Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania
Midwest Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
and Kansas
Missouri North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas
South Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
West Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California,
Alaska, and Hawaii
Source: GAO, 1996.
5-17
-------
Table 5-10. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With
Inadequate Building Features by Community Type"
Building Feature Central City
Roofs
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Framing, Floors, and Foundations
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Exterior Walls, Finishes,
Windows, and Doors
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Interior Finishes
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Plumbing
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
HVAC
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
m ' r ^ ™ ? « !
Electrical Power
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Electrical Lighting
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Life Safety Codes
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
At Least One Inadequate Building
Feature
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
32.8
4,907
22.2
3,207"
34.3
5,148
29.8
4,604a
34.2
5,014
41.7
6,022
31.8
4,626
29.4
4,379'
21.9
3,032"
66.6
9,653
Urban Fringe/Large Rural/Small Town
Town
26.9
3,421 a
15.1
1 ,868°
24.8
3,116°
23.4
2,959"
27.0
3,274s
36.0
4.516
26.7
3,234s
26.3
3,320"
20.0
2,361"
56.8
7,137
23.9
3,575
16.7
2,160"
22.4
3,246°
20.8
2,833"
28.6
3,952
¥
33.1
4,900
22.7
3,166
21.7
3,125"
16.4
2,221a
51.7
7,790
* Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for
estimates based on number of students are less than ±_11 percentage in most cases.
»•>•.. i^"« .,*.,,.,-• . - h«' *** •• •' ~'~ > •> •• • > . -., ,.•,.: .•.•.•."(' -. ,. , ./» j; •
" A large central city (a central city of a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area {SMSA)) with population greater than or equal
to 4Q9,QOO or a population density greater than or equal to 6,000 per square mile) or a mid-size central city (a central city
of an SMSA but not designated a large central city).
Urban fringe of a large or mid-size central city (a place within an SMSA of a large or mid-size central city and defined as
urban by the Bureau of the Census) or a large town (a place not within an SMSA but with a population greater than or equal
to 25,000 and defined as urban by the Bureau of the Census).
Rural area (a place with a population of less than 2,500 and defined as rural by the Bureau of the Census) or a small town (a
place not within anJ»M§A, with a population of less than 25,000, but greater than or equal to 2,500, and defined as urban
by the Bureau of the Census). "
Source: GAO, 1996.
5-18
-------
Table 5-11. Estimated Percent of Schools and Number of Students Attending Schools With
Inadequate Building Features by Geographic Region'
Building Feature
Roofs
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Framing, Floors, and Foundations
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Interior Finishes
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Plumbing
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
HVAC
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Electrical Power
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Electrical Lighting
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Life Safety Codes
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
At Least One Unsatisfactory
Environmental Condition
Percent of schools
Number of students (OOOs)
Northeast
28,3
2,125*
14.8
1,038°
21,7
1 ,584"
25.5
1,731d
35.6
2,403"
22,2
1,379d
18.6
1,1 28d
15.6
988°
58.6
4,216
Midwest
23.3
2,449"
16.4
1,531"
21.5
2,153b
30.3
3,015
38.0
3,999
28,9
3,106
24.6
2,61 7b
19.8
2,012°
56.9
5,991
South
26.2
3,889
17.9
2,352"
22.1
3,126
27.B
3,890
32.7
4,984
22.9
3,397
22.9
3,393b
18.2
2,456b
53.0
7,919
West
33.8
3,453"
22.6
2,327"
32.7
3,544"
36.4
3,618"
40.7
4,070
31.8
3,151"
35.0
3,699"
21.7
2,174d
64.0
6,476
" Sampling errors for estimates based on percent of schools are less than ±4 percentage points. Sampling errors for
estimates based on number of students are less than ±11 percentage in most cases.
8 Northeast Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania
Midwest Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
and Kansas
Missouri North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas
South Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
West Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California,
Alaska, and Hawaii
Source: GAO, 1996.
5-19
-------
Table 5-12. Percentage of Preschool Children Attending Center-Based Programs by Child and
Family Characteristic: 1991
^ ' ' «%• * i ' . L ' • „ .
"! ' f *' \ . ' , Number of
Child and family characteristic preschool-
, ., ' ! .' . T eligible
children (in
thousands)8
Total
Child's agoc
3-year-olds
4-yaar»olds
6-year-olds
6-year-olds and older
Child's race / ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other
Household income
$10,000 or less
910.001 to $20,000
$20,001 to $30,000
»30,001 to $40,000
140,001 to $50,000
':••:¥• t ', •
$50.001 to $75,000
Mora than $75,000
Parent's highest education4
Loss than high school
High school graduate or equivalent
Vocational/technical or some
college
Collage graduate
Graduato or professional school
Mother's employment status
Working 35 hours por week or
more
Working less than 35 hours per
week
Looking for work
Not in labor force™
8,442
3,749
3,636
1,044
14
5,880
1,241
1.002
319
1,495
1,439
1,717
1,325
936
975
556
789
2,744
2,554
1,281
1,020
2,795
1,908
518
3,014
Percent
attending
any center-
based
program1*
63
42
60
64
—
54
58
39
53
45
44
45
53
60
68
80
30
57
56
65
73
60
58
43
45
Type of center-based program15
Day care Nursery
center, nol school, not Both
nursery day care
school center
14
15
13
11
—
13
21
10
10
11
13
13
14
18
15
15
7
12
16
16
15
25
12
9
5
35
24
43
46
-
36
35
27
36
31
28
28
34
38
47
57
23
29
34
44
51
28
40
32
39
4
4
5
6
—
5
3
3
6
3
4
3
6
4
7
9
1
3
5
5
8
7
6
2
2
— Estimate suppressed because there were fewer than 30 respondents.
Number of children 3 to 6 years of age not enrolled in kindergarten or higher level programs.
Includes children enrolled in nursery school, prekindergarten, and Head Start.
* Calculated as of January 1, 1991.
Highest level of schooling completed by either parent or guardian in the household or, the only parent or guardian in the household.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
5-20
I;;,,* . "Si, .. „,
-------
Table 5-13. Hospital Utilization Rates: 1970 to 1993
[Represents estimates of inpatients discharged from noninstitutional, short-stay hospitals, exclusive of Federal hospitals. Excludes newborn
infants. Based on sample data collected from the National Hospital Discharge Survey, a sample survey of hospital records of patients
discharged in year shown; subject to sampling variability. For composition of regions, see text section 2.4.J
Selected
Characteristic
Year
1970
1980
1985
1986
1987
1988b
1989"
1990"
1991"
1992"
1993b
1 994blC
Age (in years)
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 14
15 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 64
65 to 74
75 and older
Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Patients
dis-
charged
(1,000)
29,127
37,832
35,056
34,256
33,387
31,146
30,947
30,788
31,098
30,961
30,825
30,843
710
654
777
3,088
4,655
3,457
6,283
4,890
6,310
6,965
7,097
11,580
5,183
Patients discharged per
1 ,000 persons8
Total Male Female
144
168
148
143
138
128
126
124
124
122
120
119
181
41
21
87
113
85
127
262
446
136
116
131
93
118
139
124
121
116
107
105
102
103
101
98
98
206
46
22
37
53
72
132
284
476
119
98
104
72
169
194
171
164
159
147
145
144
144
142
141
139
156
37
20
138
171
99
123
245
430
152
134
156
114
Days of care per '
persons
Total Male
1,122
1,217
954
913
889
834
815
792
795
751
720
684
1,155
163
108
309
446
431
785
1,927
3,665
952
706
749
473
982
1,068
849
817
806
757
741
704
715
680
644
619
1,265
169
110
204
313
424
831
2,033
3,764
876
638
658
419
1,000
Female
1,251
1,356
1,053
1,003
968
907
884
875
869
818
792
755
1,041
157
105
416
575
438
742
1,844
3,609
1,023
771
834
527
Average stay
(days)
Total Male Female
8.0
7.3
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.7
6.4
3.9
5.1
3.5
4.0
5.1
6.2
7.4
8.2
7.0
6.1
5.7
5.1
8.7
7.7
6.9
6.8
6.9
7,1
7,0
6.9
7.0
6.7
6.5
6.2
6.1
3.7
5.1
5,5
5.9
5.9
6,3
7,2
7,9
7.4
6.5
6.3
5.8
7.6
7.0
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
6.7
4.3
5.2
3.0
3.4
4.4
6.1
7.5
8.4
6.7
5,8
5.4
4.6
a Based on U.S. Bureau of the Census estimated civilian population as of July 1. Estimates for 1980-1990 do not reflect revisions based
on the 1990 Census of the Population.
6 Comparisons beginning in 1988 with data for earlier years should be made with caution as estimates of change may reflect improvements
in the design rather than true changes in hospital use.
° 1994 data based on Bureau of Census, 1997,
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995; 1997.
5-21
-------
Table 5-14. Community Hospitals8: 1993
Region, Division, and State
UNrTED STATES
NORTHEAST
New England
Maine
New Hampshire
Vcnnont
Massachusetts
Rhode island
Connecticut
Middle Atlantic
HP York '
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
MIDWEST
Hast North Central
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
West North Central
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
SOUTH
South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
East South Central
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
West South Central
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
Number of Beds
Hospitals (1,000)
5,261
788
227
39
15
28
99
11
35
561
231
97
233
1,523
809
192
115
208
"167
127
714
145
! 119
130
" 45
51
90
134
1,982
790
8
50
11
96
58
117
68
159
223
449
106
130
116
97
743
87
132
110
414
916.2
204.8
43.1
4.4
1.9
3.4
21.1
3.0
9.2
161.8
77.4
31.1
53.4
238.8
155.1
41.1
21.3
44.1
30.9
17.7
83.7
18.4
13.4
23.6
' 4.4
4.3
'8.4
11.3
329.1
159.1
2.2
13.0
4.2
19.5
8.3
22.7
11.4
26.5
51.3
69.8
15.9
22.8
18.5
12.5
100.3
11.0
19.1
11.7
58.5
Patients Average Daily Occupancy Ratec Personnel*1 Outpatient
Admitted Census (l,000)b Visits (mil.)
(1,000)
30,748.1
6,896.6
1,602.7
145.1
57.5
109.7
817.3
126.8
346.3
5,293.9
2,359.9
1,103.2
1,830.7
7,421.8
5,221.6
1,413.7
712.3
1,467.8
l',05*9.4
568.4
2,200.3
496.1
348.4
705.1
90.8
94.9
175.1
289.8
11,025.3
5,502.6
79.3
559.3
156.4
690.7
278.3
785.5
394.2
853.1
1,705.6
2,255.5
532.6
747.3
604.9
370.8
1 3,267.1
342.1
598.0
363.2
1,963.9
591.7
157.3
30.6
3.0
1.2
2.1
15.1
2.2
6.9
126.7
64.1
23.9
38.7
146.5
96.6
24.9
12.5
28.0
20.0"
11.2
49.9
12.1
7.7
13.9
2.8
2.6
4.6
6.1
201.9
103.3
1.5
9.8
3.1
12.5
5.2
"15,8
7.7
16.8
31.0
42.4
9.9
13.9
11.3
7.4
56.1
6.4
10.9
6.4
32.5
64.6
76.8
71.0
68.0
64.2
63.7
71.5
73.3
74.4
78.3
82,8
77.0
72.6
61.4
62.3
60.5
58.7
63.5
64.7
63.4
59.6
66.0
57.9
58.9
64.2
60.6
55.2
54.2
61.3
64.9
70.9
75.3
73.2
64.2
61.9
69.6
67.3
63.4
60.4
60.8
62.2
60.8
60.7
59.3
56.0
58.3
57.0
54.5
55.5
3,676.6
886.5
206.5
18.5
7.0
13.8
107.8
14.7
44.8
680.0
328.7
121.0
230.3
933.8
653.3
176.2
90.6
180.0
140.9
65.5
280.5
55.0
44.)
95.9
12.2
11.4
25.7
36.3
1,265.1
632.8
10.9
60.9
20.1
76.4
30.4
97.0
45.9
977
193.6
248.9
58.5
861
66.0
38.3
383.4
37.5
73.0
44.4
228.5
366.9
92.9
23.4
2.2
0.9
1.8
12.4
1.4
4.8
69.5
33.7
11.2
24.6
99.9
73.8
19.4
10.8
19.6
16.4
7.5
26.1
5.3
5.1
8.2
0,8
0.9
2.1
3.6
. 104.9
52.7
1.2
4.5
1.3
6.6
3.5
7.7
3.9
8.8
15,2
21,4
6.0
7.4
5.2
2.8
30.8
3.0
7.1
2.9
17.8
5-22
(continued on next page)
-------
Table 5-14. Community Hospitals": 1993 (continued)
Region, Division, and Slate
UNITED STATES
WEST
Mountain
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Pacific
Washington
Oregon
Caiifomia
Alaska
Hawaii
Number of Beds
Hospitals (1,000)
5,261
968
350
52
41
25
72
37
60
42
21
618
90
63
429
16
20
916,2
143.5
42.1
4.2
3.4
2.2
10.3
4.1
9.9
4.4
3.7
101.4
12.0
7,4
77.7
1.3
2.9
Patients Average Daily Occupancy Rate0 Personnel'1 Outpatient
Admitted Census (l,000)b Visits (mil.)
(1,000)
30,748.1
5,404.4
1,430.7
97.5
99.0
42.8
340.0
151.1
403.6
173.5
123.0
3,973.7
494.2
293.2
3,052.2
37.3
96.9
591.7
86.0
24.4
2.7
1.9
1.1
6.0
2.2
5.6
2.3
2.5
61.7
6.9
4.1
47.6
0.7
2.4
64.6
60.0
57.9
64.2
55.4
48.4
58.6
54.0
57.1
53.4
67.8
60.8
S7.6
54.7
61.2
52.9
83.1
3,676.6
591.2
166.1
11.9
11.4
8.7
42.2
18.5
39.8
20.7
12.8
425.1
53.2
33.1
320.5
4.5
13.9
366.9
69.2
18.3
1.2
1.6
0.7
4.7
2.5
3.4
3.0
1.2
50.9
7.1
4.6
36.7
0.6
2.0
° Community hospitals are defined as non-Federal facilities providing short term (average stay length less than 30 days) general and special care, including
obstetrics and gynecology; eye, ear, nose and throat; rehabilitation; etc., except psychiatric, tuberculosis, alcoholism, and chemical dependency. Excludes
hospital units of institutions.
b Inpatients receiving treatment each day; excludes newborn.
c Ratio of average daily census to every 100 beds.
d Includes full-time equivalents of part-time personnel.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990.
5-23
-------
Table 5-15. Persons Receiving Care in Nursing Homes; 1980 and 1990
Age (in years)
Toljil
Under 35
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75-79
80-84
85 - 89
90-94
95 and older
Under 25
Under 55
Under 65
65 years and older
8S years and older
Percentage of age groups
Under 65
65-74
75-84
85-89
90-94
,t
95 years and older
65 years and older
85 years and older
90 years and older
1980
Number
1,426,371
29,418
20,764
42,857
238,962
219,571
286,679
276,251
158,807
52,688
12,902
93,039
193,413
1,232,958
487,746
_
_
-
-
—
-
-
-
Percent
100.0 "
2.1
1.5
3.0
16.8
15.4
20.1
19.4
11.1
3.7
0.9
6.5
13.6
86.4
34.2
0.1
1.5
6.6
17.6
29.1
41.0
4.8
21.8
31.4
1990
Number
1,772,032
19,362
27,303
40,903
244,676
245,972
361,330
378,612
247,648
112,525
4,231
87,568
181,269
1,590763
738,785
-
_
--
-
—
-
-
—
Percent
100.0
1.1
1,5
2.3
13.8
13.9
20.4
21.4
14.0
6.4
0.2
4.9
10.2
89.8
41.7
O.I
1,4
6.1
18.6
33.1
47.1
5.1
24.5
36.5
Percent change,
1980 to 1990,
24.2
-34.2
31,5
-4.6
2.4
12.0
26.0
37.1
55.9
113.6
-67.2
-5.9
-6.3
29.0
51.5
-
--
-
—
-
-
—
1990
Male
493,609
1 1,880
16,178
21,662
97,873
75,542
88,362
135,268
NA
NA
2,399
49,720
96,564
397,045
135,268
0.1
1,2
4.4
16.1
NA
NA
3.2
16.1
NA
Female
1,278,423
7,482
11,125
19,241
146,803
170,430
272,968
603,51?
NA
NA
1,832
37,848""
84,705
1,193,7 18
603,517
0.1
1.4
7*1
27,7
NA
NA
6.4
27.7
NA
— Not applicable, included in previous age group.
NA Nut available
Note In Uic 1990 decennial census, "nursing homes" include skilled-nursing facilities, intermediate-care facilities, long-term care rooms in wards or buildings on the
grounds of hospitals, or long-term care rooms/nursing wings in congregate housing facilities. Also included are nursing, convalescent, and rest homes, such as
tolditrs1, sailors', veterans', and fraternal or religious homes for the aged, with or without nursing care.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990.
5-24
-------
Table 5-16. Nursing Home Population by Region, Division, and State: 1980 and 1990
Nursing Homes
Region, Divison, and State
UNITED STATES
NORTHEAST
New England
Maine
Vermont
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Middle Atlantic
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
MIDWEST
East North Central
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
West North Central
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
SOUTH
South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
1980
1,426,371
327,319
106,344
9,570
4,354
6,673
49,728
8,146
127,873
220,975
114,276
34,414
72,285
472,568
296,088
71,479
40,112
80,410
55,805
48,282
176,480
44,553
36,217
37,942
7,486
8,087
17,650
24,545
396,554
163,080
2,771
19,821
2,866
24,323
6,355
29,596
11,666
29,376
36,306
1990 1990 Percent of
Population
1,772,032
399,329
119,646
9,855
4,809
8,202
55,662
10,156
30,962
279,683
126,175
47,054
106,454
544,650
346,243
93,769
50,845
93,662
57,622
50,345
198,407
47,051
36,455
52,060
8,159
9,356
19,171
26,155
558,382
270,930
4,596
26,884
7,008
37,762
12,591
47,014
18,228
36,549
80,298
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.6
1.0
.1
.1
.3
.0
.3
.3
.2
.1
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
1.2
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.6
Change 1980 to Percent change,
1990 1980 to 1990
345,661
72,010
13,302
285
455
1,529
5,934
2,010
3,089
58,708
11,899
12,640
34,169
72,082
50,155
22,290
10,733
13,252
1,817
2,063
21,927
2,498
238
14,118
673
1,269
1,521
1,610
161,828
107,850
1,825
7,063
4,142
13,439
6,236
17,418
6,562
7,173
43,992
24.2
22.0
12.5
3.0
10.5
22.9
11.9
24.7
11.1
26.6
10.4
36.7
47.3
15.3
16.9
31.2
26.8
16.5
3.3
4.3
12.4
5.6
0.7
37.2
9.0
15.7
8.6
6.6
40.8
66.1
65.9
35.6
144.5
55.3
98.1
58.9
56.2
24.4
121.2
5-25
(continued on next page)
-------
Table 5-16. Nursing Home Population by Region, Division, and State: 1980 and 1990 (continued)
? : Nursing Homes
Region, Divison, and State
East South Central
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
West South Central
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
WEST
Mountain
*„' Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
r Nevada
Pacific
Washington
Oregon
California
Alaska
Hawaii
1980
77,060
23,591
22,014
18,702
12,753
156,414
18,631
22,776
25,732
89,275
229,930
47,139"
5,479
5,084
2,198
16,109
2,585
8,424
4,921
2,339
182,791"
27,970
16,052
134,756
854
3,159
1990 1990 Percent of Change 1980 to Percent change,
Population " 1990 1980 to 1990
102,900
27,874
35,192
24,031
15,803
184,552
21,809
32,072
29,666
101,005
269,671
65,842
7,764
6,318
2,679
18,506
6,276
14,472
6,222
3,605
230,829
32,840
18,200
148,362
1,202
3,225
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.3
25,840
4,283
13,178
5,329
3,050
28,138
3,178
9,296
3,934
11,730
39,741
18,703
22,85
1,234
481
2,397
3,691
6,048
l,30i
1,266
21,038
4,870
2,148
13,606
348
66
33.5
18.2
59.9
28.5
23.9
18.0
17.1
40.8
15.3
13.1
17.3
39.7
41.7
24.3
21.9
14.9
142.8
71.8
26.4
54.1
11.5
17.4
13.4
10,1
40.7
2.1
Source: UJS. Bureau of the Census, 1990,
5-26
-------
6. OTHER ACTIVITIES INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE, FISHING,
RECREATION, AND HOBBIES
Participation in certain types of activities can increase an individual's risk of exposure to
environmental contaminants. Examples of these activities are subsistence fishing, hunting,
gardening, recreation, or hobbies. Persons who fish and/or hunt for subsistence, cultural reasons,
or recreation and then consume the animals caught could potentially be exposed to contaminants
originally ingested by the animals. The habitat in which the animals lived is also important to
consider when assessing contaminant exposure. Bottom-feeding fish (e.g., catfish) have greater
exposure and higher body burdens of those contaminants found in sediments. Other common
recreational activities, such as gardening, home maintenance/ repair, hobbies, and crafts, also can
result in increased exposure to environmental contaminants. Gardeners may have greater
exposure to pesticides and other chemicals due to dermal contact with soil and treated plants.
Depending on the task involved, persons active in home maintenance/repair, hobbies, and crafts
can be exposed to many chemicals, including paints, varnishes, solvents, and adhesives. This
section presents estimates of the general U.S. population participating in various recreational
activities that may increase exposure to environmental contaminants.
It should be noted that participation in an activity in which food items can be obtained,
such as hunting, fishing, or gardening, does not necessarily mean that the individual participating
is consuming the food items. Intake rates are presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook for
the following food groups: fruits and vegetables (Section 9); fish (Section 10); meat and dairy
products (Section 11); grain products (Section 12); home produced foods (Section 13); and breast
milk (Section 14).
6.1. FISHING AND HUNTING
The National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (U.S. DOI
and U.S. DOC, 1993) was designed to provide estimates of the numbers of U.S. residents who
participated in recreational hunting and fishing and other forms of wildlife-related activities
known as nonconsumptive use in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. The survey was
6-1
-------
conducted in two phases by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the Fish and Wildlife Service. In
the first phase, a nationwide sample of 129,500 households was interviewed over the telephone
between January and February 1991. Information on household members 6 years old and older
who had fished, hunted, or engaged in a nonconsumptive wildlife-related activity in 1990 and
who planned to engage in these activities hi 1991 were obtained from the interviews. A national
response rate of 95.2% was achieved from eligible households. The second phase of the survey
consisted of three detailed interviews conducted quarterly from May 1991 to March 1992 with
subsamples of anglers, hunters, and nonconsumptive use participants identified in the first phase.
Respondents in this phase of the survey were 16 years old and older. The survey was designed to
provide State-level fishing, hunting, and nonconsumptive activities for 23,179 anglers and
hunters and 22,723 nonconsumptive use participants. Sportsmen were defined in the survey as
* /' r • I
those who fish and hunt, fish only, or hunt only. Anglers were defined as licensed or unlicensed
" T* • ' • • • >, , .
sportsmen who fish only or fish and hunt Hunters were defined as licensed and unlicensed
sportsmen who hunt only or hunt and fish. Assessors should be aware that the possibility of
undersampling exists with telephone surveys (e.g., households without a telephone will not be
' K . ' \: >
sampled). The survey revealed that 108.7-million U.S. residents, 16 years old and older
participated in some form of wildlife-related recreation activity in 1991. During that year, 35.6-
million people in the United States fished, 14.1 million hunted, and 76.1-million had at least one
type of nonconsumptive recreation activity involving wildlife as the primary purpose.
Results of the survey for persons 16 years and older are summarized in Tables 6-1
through 6-13. Table 6-1 shows the population estimates of anglers and hunters who participated
in the survey, grouped by fishing and hunting activity and days of participation. Table 6-2
presents the angler population, grouped by fishing waterbody and days of fishing. Tables 6-3, 6-
4, and 6-5 present freshwater angler, Great Lakes angler, and saltwater angler populations,
grouped by types offish caught and number of days fishing. Table 6-6 presents population
11 iii ' I,1; !j • ,
estimates fqr_hunters, grouped by type of hunting (i.e., big game, small game, migratory bird,
other animals) and by State of residence. Tables 6-7, 6-8, 6-9, and 6-10 present population
estimates for hunters of big game, small game, migratory birds, and other animals, respectively,
grouped by lype of game. Table 6-11 presents demographic characteristics of anglers and
6-2
-------
hunters, grouped by total population, sportsmen, those who fished only, those who hunted only,
and those who fished and hunted. Table 6-12 presents demographic characteristics of anglers 16
years and older by type of fishing. Table 6-13 presents demographic characteristics of hunters 16
years old and older by type of hunting. Table 6-14 presents demographic characteristics (i.e.,
age, sex, race, household income, and geographic location) of anglers and hunters 6 to 15 years
old, grouped by total population, sportsmen, and those who fished only, hunted only, and fished
and hunted in 1990. Table 6-15 presents population estimates of anglers and hunters ages 6 to 15
years old by sportsman's State of residence in 1990. Readers are reminded that the data in these
tables present participation rates, not actual consumption rates. Consumption rates can be found
in the Exposure Factors Handbook for the following: fish (Section 10) and meats (Section 11).
It is possible to further estimate populations involved in these activities by combining
demographic census data from Section 2 in this document with the information provided in the
handbook tables. As an example, Table 6-12 (U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993) does not include
the number of freshwater anglers residing in New England who are black; however, this can be
estimated from the data presented. Table 6-12 indicates that 1,188,000 freshwater anglers are in
the New England Census geographic division. If that number is multiplied by the percentage of
the population in that area who are black (5 percent) the resulting value of 59,400 provides an
estimate of black freshwater anglers in New England.
6.2. HOME GARDENING
Ingestion of contaminated food is a potential pathway of human exposure to toxic
chemicals. Local site contamination may lead consumers of home-produced food products to be
at greater exposure risk. In addition, incomplete cleaning/preparation of produce may leave a
residue of pesticides and other chemicals on the fruits and vegetables grown and prepared m
private homes.
According to the Home and Garden Survey conducted by the National Gardening
Association (1987), a total of 34-million (38%) U.S. households participated in vegetable
gardening in 1986. Table 6-16 contains demographic data on vegetable gardening in 1986 by
region/section, community size, and household size. Table 6-17 presents characteristics of
6-3
-------
households that had a vegetable garden. Table 6-18 contains information on the types of
vegetables grown by home gardeners in 1986. Tomatoes, peppers, onions, cucumbers, lettuce,
beans, carrots, and corn are among the vegetables grown by the largest percentage of gardeners.
As previously stated, readers are reminded that the data in these tables present participation rates,
and not actual consumption rates. Consumption rates for home-produced foods can be found in
the Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 13.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) collects data on various recreational and leisure
time activities based on sample surveys from several sources. Statistics on U.S. household
participation in lawn and garden activities from 1989 to 1993 are presented in Table 6-19. In
1990, 80% of U.S. households engaged in lawn and garden activities, compared with 71% in
1993. Table 6-20 presents the percentage of the U.S. population who participated in gardening in
1992 grouped by gender, race, age, and education. As shown in Table 6-20,55% of the
population participated in gardening in 1992. This represents an increase of 17% over the 1986
figures previously referenced.
6.3. D04T-YOURSELFERS
The Do-It- Yqurselfers Research Institute (1983) conducted a study of the home
improvement and repair do-it-yourselfers (DIY) market in September 1982. The study design
11 f • •*
provided a comprehensive profile of DIY consumers with particular emphasis on their shopping
orientation, buying habits, and lifestyles. Telephone interviews were conducted with 2,000
consumers who were randomly selected throughout the United States. The survey determined
that for 1982,73,5% of all U.S. households could be considered "do-it-yourselfers." DIY
households were defined as households with the household members involved with home
improvement and repair activities. The population data obtained were based on estimated 1982
census figures. Table 6-21 presents the population estimates of DIY home improvement and
repair projects undertaken between September 1981 and September 1982.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) presents the percentage of the U.S. population who
participated in home improvement/repair in 1992. Table 6-22, which presents the percentage of
the population grouped by gender, age, race, and education, indicates that 48% of the population
-------
participated in home improvement/repair during 1992. This represents a decrease of 25.5% over
the 1982 figures previously referenced.
6.4. HOBBYISTS
Individuals participating in certain hobbies and crafts (e.g., model building) may have an
increased risk of exposure to certain chemicals in the products they use. Typically, these
products, which include solvents, adhesives, paints, and varnishes, may be used in greater
volumes and frequencies by specific populations resulting in higher levels of exposure to
chemicals found in the products (U.S. EPA, 1985). Table 6-23 lists the hobbies that could
potentially increase an individual's exposure to chemicals and the population estimates associated
with these hobbies.
•*••"
6.5. EXERCISE/SPORT ACTIVITIES
Participation in exercise and sporting activities can influence one's exposure to
environmental contaminants. People engaging in outdoor exercise may experience greater than
expected exposures to air pollutants due to increased respiration rates. These athletes are also
likely to have increased water consumption rates, thereby increasing exposure to drinking water
contaminants. Also, participation in water sports such as swimming may lead to increased
exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) from the chlorination of swimming pools.
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) gathered data from the National Sporting Goods
Association on participation of the U.S. population in various recreational sports activities.
Table 6-24 presents the total numbers of the U.S. population who participated in selected sports
activities in 1993 grouped by gender, age, and household income. Figure 6-1 shows the percent
of population 7 years old and older who participated in the 10 most popular sports activities
grouped by gender in 1993. Figure 6-2 shows the percentage of the population 18 years and
older participating in various activities in 1992 including exercise, playing sports, various
outdoor activities, home improvement, and gardening.
6-5
-------
6.6. REFERENCES
V <"•* ! -
Do-It-Yourselfers Research Institute. (1983) The DIY consumer outlook—a psychographic
segmentation. Indianapolis, IN: Do-It-Yourseifers Research Institute.
National Gardening Association. (1987) National gardening survey: 1986 - 1987. Burlington,
VT: The National Gardening Association.
Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. (SMRB). (1983) 1983 Study of media and markets.
• ;. .-..ft -Hiar .11! " .'i.. I- . .•. \- i ..'...V. -:• '- . , - X. . • -• - -.
Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. 420 Lexington Ave. New York, NY (212) 916-8900.
Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. (SMRB). (1992) 1992 Study of media and markets.
Simmons Market Research Bureau, Inc. 420 Lexington Ave. New York, NY (212) 916-8900.
U.S. Bureau of tile Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: USthed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of the Interior (U.S. DOI) and U.S. Department of Commerce (U.S. DOC).
(1993). 1991 National survey of fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1985) Hobbyist exposure. Draft Report. Office of
Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Writers Market. (1985) Writers digest: boats. Cincinnati, OH pp. 1044.
6-6
-------
Table 6-1. Anglers, Hunters, Days of Participation, and Trips, by Type of Fishing and Hunting: 1991
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Participants
Type of Game
Total Sportsmen
Fishing
Total, all fishing
Total, all freshwater
Freshwater, except Great
Lakes
Great Lakes
Saltwater
Hunting
Total, all hunting
Big game
Small game
Migratory birds
Other animals
Number
39,979
35,578
31,041
30,186
2,552
8,885
14,063
10,745
7,642
3,009
1,411
Percent
100
100
87
85
7
25
100
76
54
21
10
Days of Participation
Number
747,135
511,329
439,536
430,922
25,335
74,696
235,806
128,411
77,132
22,235
1 9,340
Percent
100
100
86
84
5
15
100
54
33
9
8
Trips
Number
668,327
453,951
389,843
369,344
20,499
64,108
214,375
104,224
72,487
19,537
18,127
Percent
100
100
'86
81
5
14
100
49
34
9
8
Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates can
be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, Sections 10 and 11.
Source: U.S. DOi and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-7
-------
Table 6-2, Angiers, Trips, ai>d Days of Fishing,, by Type of ;Flshing: 1991
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Type of Rshing
Anglers, Trips, and Days of
..-.-.: Rshing
i™,. .
Anglers
Total in U.S.
In state of residence
In other states
Trips
Total in U.S.
1 day trips
0s
oo 2 or more day trips
Days of fishing
\ Total days in U.S.
Days in state of residence
Days in other states
Average days per angler
Total, AH
Number
35,578
32.281
8,442
453,951
398,081
55,870
511,329
451,418
59,870
14
Hshinjj
Percent
100
91
24
100
88
12
100
88
12
X
Total, All
Number
31,041
28,471
6,426
389,843
342,438
47,404
439,536
391,332
48,199
14
Freshwater
Parcent
100
92
21
100
88
12
100
89
11
X
Freshwater, Except
Great Lakes
Number
30,186
27,655
6,038
389,344
324,870
44,473
430,922
380,563
50,352
14
Percent
100
92
20
100
88
12
100
88
12
X
Great Lakes,
Freshwater
Number
2,552
2,121
585
20,499
17,568
2,931
25,335
21,477
3,852
10
Percent
100
76
29
100
87
13
100
83
17
X
Saltwater
Number
8,885
6,757
2,618
64,108
55,643
8,466
74,696
62,298
12,362
8
Percent
i
100
83
23
100
86
14
100
85 .
15
X
Note: Detail for participants does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent shown for anglers, trips and days of fishing are based on the respective "Total in U.S."
rows. X = Not applicable. These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates can be found in Exposure Factors
Handbook, Section 10.
Source: U.S. DOi and U.S. DOC, 1993.
-------
Table 6-3. Freshwater Anglers and Days of Fishing, by Type of Fish: 1991
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands. Excludes Great Lakes fishing.)
Anglers Days of Fishing Average Days
Type of Fish
Number Percent Number Percent Per Angler
Total, all types of fish 30,186 100 430,922 100
Black bass (largemouth, 1 2,857 43 1 58,226 37
14
12
smallmouth, etc.)
White bass, striped
bass and striped bass
hybrids
Panfish
Crappie
Catfish and bullheads
Walleye and sauger
Northern pike, pickerel,
muskie and muskie
hybrids
6,408
21 63,181
315
10
10,149
8,327
9,195
3,278
2,693
34
28
30
11
9
102,184
90,940
96,451
37,302
29,327
24
21
22
9
7
10
11
10
11
11
Trout
Salmon
Steelhead
Anything3
Other freshwater fish
9,107
989
493
4,984
2,550
30
3
2
17
8
81,366
8,548
4,025
37,744
21,452
19
2
1
9
5
9
9
8
8
8
Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
* Respondent identified "Anything" from a list of categories of fish.
These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some specie
can be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 10.
Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-9
-------
Table 6-4. Great Lakes Anglers and Days of Fishing, by Type of Fish: 1991
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.!
Type of Fish
Total, all types of fish
1 i "• . inn , ;
Black bass (largemouth,
smallmouth, etc.)
Walleye and sauger
Northern pike, pickerel,
muskie, muskie hybrids
Perch
Salmon
,'• •• . |
Steelhead
,„..,.
Lake trout
Other trout
Anytning*
Other Great Lakes fish
Anglers
Number Percent
2,552
526
1,028
213
983
721
289
482
276
371
314
100
21
40
8
39
28
11
I. .
19
1 1
15
12
Days of Fishing Average Days
Number Percent Per Angler
25,335
4,369
9,489
2,318
8,170
4,622
2,444
2,980
2,280
2,814
2,086
100
17""""
37
9
32
18
10
12
9
11
8
10
8
9
11
8
6
8
6
8
, ,'' •. If I » ' .,,,i'
8
7
Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
* Respondent identified "Anything" from a list of categories of fish. These data represent activity patterns, which do
not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some specie can be found in Exposure Factors Handbook,
Section 10.
Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-10
-------
Table 6-5. Saltwater Anglers and Days of Fishing, by Type of Fish: 1991
{Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Type of Fish
Total, all types of fish
Salmon
Striped bass
Flatfish, flounder.
halibut
Bluefish
Lingcod, rockcod
Seatrout
Sturgeon
Mackerel
Billfish (marlin,
swordfish, sailfish.
spearfish)
Anything6
Other saltwater fish
Anglers
Number Percent
8,885
783
1,117
2,302
1,915
683
1,314
75"
881
322
2,831
4,279
100
9
13
26
22
8
15
1"
10
4
32
48
Days of Fishing Average Days
Number Percent per Anglers
74,696
4,590
7,639
16,170
12,147
3,220
12,618
531"
5,488
2,052
17,861
32,368
100
6
10
22'
16
4
17 •
1a
7
; 3
/
24
43
8
6
7
7
6
5
10
7"
6
6
6
8
Notes; Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
a Estimate based on small sample size.
b Respondent identified "Anything" from a list of categories of fish.
These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some specie
can be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 10.
Source: U.S. DO! and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-11
-------
Table 6-6. Hunters, Trips, and Days of Hunting, by Type of Hunting: 1991
(Population 16 years old and older, lumbers in thousands.]
Hunters, trips, and
Days of Hunting
Hunters
Total in U.S.
In state of rasldance
In other states
Trips
Total in U.S.
1 Day trips
2 Day trips
Days o! hunting
Total days in U.S.
Days in state of
residanco
Days in other states
Average days per
hunter
Total, All
Hunting _. _
Big Game
Number Per- Number Per-
cent cent
14,063 100 10,745 100
13,370 95 10,167 95
1,826 13 1,241 12
214,375 100 104,224 100
191,466 89 88,504 85
22,909 11 15,720 15
235,806 100 128,411 100
220,125 93 118,338 92
15,681 7 10,072 8
17 X 12 X
Type of Hunting
Small Game Migratory Bird
Number Per- Number Per-
cent - cent
7,642 100
7,215 94
746 10
72,487 100
67,728 93
4,759 7
77,132 100
72,824 94
4,308 6
10 X
3,009 100
2,861 96
256 9
1 9,537 1 00
18,006 92
1,531 8
22,235 100
20,908 94
1,327 6
7 X
Other Animals
Number Per-
cent
1,411 100
1,321 94
131 9
18,127 100
1 7,228 95
899 5
19,340 100
18,102 94
1,237 6
14 X
Notos: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses, Percents shown for hunters, trips, and days of hunting are based on the
representative "Total In U.S." rows.
(X) Not applicable.
fheso data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates can be found in Exposure
Factors Handbook, Sections 10 and 11.
Source: U.S. DOl and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-12
-------
Table 6-7. Big Game Hunters and Days of Hunting, by Type of Game: 1991
(Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Type of Game
Total, all big game
Deer
Elk
Bear
Wild turkey
Other
Hunters
Number Percent
10,745
10,277
682
368
1,720
404
100
96
6
3
16
4
Days of Hunting Average Days
Number Percent Per Hunter
128,411
112,853
5,048
2,882
13,483
3,235
100
88
4
2
10
3
12
11
7
8
8
8
Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found
in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11.
Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-13
-------
Table 6-8. Small Game Hunters and Days of Hunting, by Type of Game: 1991
; [Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Type of Game
Total, all small game
Rabbits, hares
Quail
Grouse/prairie
chicken
Squirrels
Pheasant
Other
Hunters
Number Percent
7,642
3,980
1,694
1,375
3,569
2,285
823
100
52
22
18
47
30
'"' "11"
Days of Hunting
Number Percent
77,132
35,624
13,511
10,629
29,602
16,136
""6,824
100
46
18
14
38
21
9
Average
Days per
Hunter
10
9
8
8
8
7
8
Notes: DotaH does not add to total because of multiple responses.
These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found
In Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11.
4 ' ' !
Source: U.S. DOi and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-14
-------
Table 6-9. Migratory Bird Hunters and Days of Hunting, by Type of Game: 1991
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Type of Game
Total, all migratory birds
Geese
Ducks
Doves
Other
Hunters
Number Percent
3,009
882
1,164
1,8B1
. 259
100
29
39
61
9
Days of Hunting Average Days
Number Percent Per Hunter
22,235
6,584
8,800
9,480
1,667
100
30
40
43
7
7
7
8
5
6
Notes: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found
in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11.
Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-15
-------
Table 6-10. Hunters Of Other Animals and Days of Hunting, by type of Game: 1991
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Type of Game
Total, all other animals
Groundhog (woodchuck)
Raccoon
Fox
Coyote
Other
Hunters
Number Percent
1,411
471
!. ' '"I
408
204
427
312
•ioo
33
29
14
30
22
Days of Hunting Average bays
Number Percent per Hunter
19,340
4,851
7,196
2,157
4,482
3,238
100
25
37
11
23
17
14
10
-mi i
18
11
16
10
Notos: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses.
Those data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates for some game can be found
in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 11.
Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-16
-------
Table 6-11. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters
[Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Characteristic
Total persons
Population density of residence
Urban
Rural
Population size of residence
MSA *
1 ,000,000 or more
250,000 - 999,999
50,000 - 249,999
Outside MSA
Census geographic division **
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Age
Total
16 to 17 yrs
18 to 24 yrs
25 to 34 yrs
35 to 44 yrs
45 to 54 yrs
55 to 64 yrs
65 yrs and older •
Sex
Male, total
16to17yrs
18 to 24 yrs
2S to 34 yrs
35 to 44 yrs
45 to 54 yrs
55 to 64 yrs
65 yrs and older
Female, total
U.S. Population
Number Percent
189,964
138,191
51,773
147,339
81,346
45,601
20,392
42,625
10,180
29,216
32,188
13,504
33,682
11,667
19,926
10,092
29,508
189,964
6,530
23,023
42,931
38,341
27,021
21,085
31,032
90,369
3,385
11,365
20,791
18,590
13,289
9,933
13,017
99,595
100
73
27
78
43
24
11
22
5
15
17
7
18
6
10
5
16
100
3
12
23
20
14
11
16
48
2
6
11
10
7
5
7
52
Sportsmen
IFished or Hunted!
Number Percent
who
partici-
pated
39,979
24,378
15,602
27,372
12,515
9,667
5,146
12,652
1,658
4,508
7,202
4,143
6,996
2,984
5,125
2,488
4,875
39,979
1,569
5,245
11,046
9,553
5,658
3,682
3,127
29,705
1,348
3,865
8,023
7,050
4,222
2,834
2,365
10,274
21
18
30
19
15
21
25
30
16
15
22
31
21
26
26
25
17
21
26
23
26
25
21
17
10
33
40
34
39
38
32
29
18
10
Percent
100
61
39
68
31
24
13
32
4
11
18
10
17
7
13
6
12
100
4
13
28
24
14
9
8
74
3
10
20
18
11
7
6
26
Fished Only
Number Percent Percent
who
partici-
pated
25,916
17,747
8,169
19,460
9,444
6,755
3,261
6,456
1,214
2,763
4,412
2,434
4,913
1,705
3,281
1,419
3,774
25,916
1,007
3,229
7,115
6,185
3,585
2,505
2,290
16,710
715
2,023
4,413
3,938
2,297
1,732
1,592
9,206
14
13
16
13
12
15
16
15
12
9
14
18
15
15
16
14
13
14
15
14
17
16
13
12
7
18
21
18
21
21
17
17
12
9
100
68
32
75
36
26
13
25
5
11
17
9
19
7
13
5
15
100
4
12
27
24
14
10
9
64
3
8
17
15
9
7
6
36
Hunted Only
Number Percent Percent
who
partici-
pated
4,402
2,010
2,392
2,451
988
863
601
1,951
114
638
937
496
555
349
533
409
370
4,402
188
652
1,117
969
764
411
300
3,995
175
587
990
877
708
382
274
407
2
1
5
2
1
2
3
5
1
2
3
4
2
3
3
4
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
2
ra
100
46
54
56
22
20
14
44
3
14
21
11
13
8
12
9
8
100
4
15
25
22
17
9
7
81
4
13
22
20
16
9
6
9
Fished and Hunted
Number Percent Percent
who
partici-
pated
9,662
4,621
5,040
5,417
2,084
2,048
1,285
4,245
330
1,108
1,852
1,213
1,528
930
1,311
660
730
9,662
474
1,364
2,813
2,399
1,309
765
537
9,000
457
1,255
2,620
2,234
1,216
720
498
661
5
3
10
4
3
4
6
10
3
4
6
9
5
8
7
7
2
5
7
6
7
6
5
4
2
10
13
11
13
12
9
7
4
1
100
48
52
56
22
21
13
44
3
11
19
13
16
10
14
7
8
100
5
14
29
25
14
8
6
93
5
13
24
23
13
7
5
7
(continued on next page)
-------
Table 6-11. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers aid Hunters (continued)
[Population 16 years old and olcfer. Numbers In thouModt.l
00
Characteristic
1 6 to 1 7 yrs
18 to 24 yrs
25 to 34 yrs
35 to 44 yrs
45 to 54 yrs
55 to 64 yrs
65 yrs and older
Race
White
Black
All others
Annual household income
Under $10,000
$10,000to $19,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$30,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $74,999
$75,000 or more
Not reported
Education
8 yrs or less
9-11 yrs
12 yrs
1 - 3 yrs college
4 yrs college
5 or more yrs college
U.S. Population
Number Percent
3,145
11,659
22,140
19,751
13,732
11,153
18,015
162,367
18,395
9,202
18,585
29,864
15,188
18,727
42,689
24,448
13,579
26,884
14,311
21,595
77,293
36,725
22,920
17,120
2
6
12
10
7
6
9
85
10
5
10
16
8
10
22
13
7
14
8
11
41
19
12
9
Sportsmen
(Fished or Hunted)
Number Percent
who
partid-
321
1,380
3,023
2,503
1,436
849
762
37,026
1,883
1,071
2,228
5,296
3,302
4,229
11,626
6,473
3,121
3,705
1,786
4,730
16,140
8,638
5,132
3,554
pated
10
12
14
13
10
8
4
23
10
12
12
18
22
23
27
26
23
14
12
22
21
24
22
21
Percent
1
3
8
6
4
2
2
93
5
3
6
13
8
11
29
16
8
9'
4
12
40
22
13
9
Fished Only
Number Percent Percent
who
particl-
291
1,206
2,703
2,246
1,288
774
698
23,454
1,589
874
1,555
3,466
1,980
2,627
7,336
4,414
2,174
2,364
1,190
2,995
9,890
5,742
3,565
2,533
pated
9
10
12
11
9
7
4
14
9
9
8
12
13
14
17
18
16
9
8
14
13
16
16
15
1
5
10
9
5
3
3
90
6
3
6
13
8
10
28
17
8
9
5
12
38
22
14
10
Hunted Only
Number Percent Percent
who
partlci-
_
65
127
92
56
30
—
4,250
73
79
247
619
409
472
1,278
605
284
488
269
554
1,924
937
413
314
pated
—
1
1
(Z)
(Z)
(Z)
—
3
(Z)
1
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
—
1
3
2
1
1
—
97
2
2
6
14
9
11
29
14
6
11
6
12
44
21
9
7
Fished end Hunted
Number Percent Percent
who
partici-
••* 17
109
193
165
93
45
•••39
9,323
221
118
426
1,210
913
1,130
3,012
1,455
663
853
326
1,190
4,325
1,958
1,155
707
pated
••* 1
1
1
1
1
(Z)
***(Z)
6
1
1
2
4
6
6
7
6
5
3
2
6
6
5
5
4
*"«Z)
1 i
2
2
1
(Z)
***(Z)
96
2
1
,
4
13
9
12
31
15
7:
9
3
12
45
20
12
7
Notes: Percent who participated shows the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those living in urban areas who fished only, etc.). Percent
columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the row heading (the percent of those who fished only , who lived in urban areas, etc.).
* Metropolitan Statistical Area
* * States within each U.S. Census geographic region are listed in Section 2.4 of this document.
* * * Estimate based on a small sample size.
— Sample size too small to report data reliably.
(Z) Less than 0.5 percent.
These data represent activity patterns, which do not represent consumption rates. Consumption rates can be found in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section XX.
Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993.
-------
Table 6-12. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing
[Population 16 years old and oldar. Numbers in thousands.]
Characteristic
U.S.
population
Number
Percent
Total,
all fishing
Number i
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Freshwater
Total
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Total persons 189,964
Population density of residence
Urban 138,191
Rural 51,773
Population size of residence
MSA 147,339
1.000,000 or more 81,346
250,000 to 999.999 45,601
50,000 to 249.999 20,392
Outside MSA 42.625
Census geographic division
New England 10.180
Middle Atlantic 29.216
East North Central 32,188
West North Central 13,504
South Atlantic 33,682
East South Central 11.667
West South Central 19.926
Mountain 10,092
Pacific 29,508
Age
Total 189.964
16 to 17 years 6.530
18 to 24 years 23.023
25 to 34 years 42.931
35 to 44 years 38,341
45 to 54 years 27.021
55 to 64 years 21,085
65 years and older 31,032
Sex
Male 90.369
Female 99.595
Race
White 162.367
Black 18.395
All others 9.202
Annual household income
Under 510,000 18.585
S10.000 to S19.999 29.864
S20.000 to S24.999 15,188
S25.000 to 529,999 18,727
530,000 to 549.999 ' 42,689
550,000 to 574,999 24.448
575,000 or more 13,579
Not reported 26.884
Education
8 years or less 14,311
9- 11 years 21.595
12 years 77,293
1 - 3 years college 36,725
4 years college 22.920
5 or more years college 17,120
100
73
27
78
43
24
11
22
5
15
17
7
18
6
10
5
16
100
3
12
23
20
14
11
16
48
5;
85
10
10
16
8
10
22
13
8
11
41
19
1
9
35,578
22,368 i
13.210 j
i
24,877 j
11.527J
8.804 I
4.546 i
10.701
1,545i
3,871
6,264 i
3.647'
6.441
2.635
4.592 i
2.079 I
4.505!
i
35.578 i
1.481 •
4.593 I
9.929 i
8.584 i
4,894
3.271
2.827 i
25,711
9,867
32,776 j
1.810J
992!
1.981 i
4.677 |
2,893 |
3.757 I
10,348!
5,868 |
2,837 I
3,217 |
!
1,517!
4,1861
14,216 i
7,700 |
4,720 i
3,240 i
19
16
26
17
14
19
22
25
15
13
19
27
19
23
23
21
15
19
23
20
23
22
18
16
9
28
10
20
10
11
11
16
19
20
24
24
21
1
11
19
18
21
21
19
100
63
37
70
32
25
13
30
4
11
18
10
18
7
13
6
13
100
4
13
28
24
14
9
8
• 7;
28
92
6
13
8
11
29
16
8
1
40
22
13
31,041
18.890
12.151
20.966
9.551
7,530
3.886
10,075
1,188
3.008
6.191
3,633
4.887
2,509
4,039
2,030
3.556
31,041
1.346
4,110
8.707
7,459
4,215
2.845
2,360
22,670
8,371
28,727
1,583
732
1.839
4,286
2,636
3,309
9.07;
4,87.
2,274
2,751
1.391
3,789
12,559
6.75
3,88
2,665
16
14
23
14
12
17
19
24
12
10
19
27
15
22
20
20
12
16
21
18
20
19
16
13
8
25
8
18
9
8
10
14
17
18
21
20
1
10
10
18
16
18
1
16
100
61
39
68
31
24
13
32
4
10
20
12
16
8
13
7
11
100
4
13
28
24
14
9
8
73
27
93
5
2
6
14
a
29
16
7
9
4
12
40
22
13
9
6-19
-------
Table 6-12. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers by Type of Fishing (continued)
* ^ • - • [Population 16 yaarn old and older. Numbers in thouaando.l
Characteristic
,.„ " ,|. r, ' ' ,' „ ,. ' '", jiirijlir ili'S
Total persons, < * . .... ,. .
Population density of residence
Urban, , . , ,
Rural , ..... .
Population six* of residence
MSA , . .
1 000 000 or more ,
250.000 to 989,999
50 000 to 249,999, .........
Oulsid* MSA .
Census geographic division
New Enotano* , , .
Middle Atlantic ,
East North Contral
West North Central, . .
Sooth Atlantic , .
Hast South Central
West South Contra) ... .
Mountain , ........... .
AS*
Total
18 to 17 years, , , . , .
I8to24ysars
25 to 34 years .
35 to 44 years ...... .
45 to 54 years. ... . . . . .
55 to 64 years ,,..,., ....
65 yews and older
Sex
Male
pefnala
Race
, white . ,
Black .,",... ,
AN others
Annual household Income
Under StO 000, ,
S10.000 to S19.999 ... ,
S20 000 10 524,999 . .
S25 000 to S29.999 . . .
S30 000 to S49.999 ....
550 000 to 574,999
S75 000 or more ,
- Not reported . , .
Ec|ucatlor£. ,
8 yo&rs or loss
9*11 years . .
1 2 years ,,
" • 1 • 3 yeaii coHfifl*
4 year s cblleos
5 or mote yean college
Freshwater
Freshwater, except
Great Lakes
Number
30,186
18,21i
11,967
20,248
9,113
7,340
3,794
9.938
1,186
2,820
5.553
3.626
4,882
2,503
4,039
2.025
3,552
30.186
1,285
3.989
8,521
7.303
4.067
2.778
2,243
22,041
8,145
27,922
1,550
714
1.795
4.198
2,573
3,250
8,793
4,744
2,195
2,638
1.351
3,691
12,218
6,507
3.797
2,622
Percent
who
partici-
pated
16
13
23
14
11
16
19
23
12
10
17
27
14
21
20
20
12
16
20
17
20
19
15
13
7
24
8
17
8
S
10
14
17
17
21
19
16
10
9
17
16
18
17
15
Percent
100
60
40
67
30
24
13
33
4
9
18
12
16
a
13
7
12
100
4
13
28
24
13
9
7
73
27
93
5
2
6
14
9
11
29
16
7
9
4
12
40
22
13
9
Great Lakes
Number
- 2,552
1,804
747
2,086
1,086
738
263
465
30
523
1,833
79
45
•16
*13
2,552
110
311
689
623
406
199
216
2,085
467
2,396
109
*47
98
275
178
193
790
494
235
288
103
260
1,033
640
313
204
Percent
who
partici-
pated
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
(Z)
2
6
1
(Z)
'(Z)
*
-------
Table 6-13. Demographic Characteristics of Hunters by Type of Hunting
[Population 16 years old end older. Numbers in thousands.]
Characteristic
U.S. population
Number
Percent
Total, all hunting
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Type of hunting
Big game
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Total persons , 189,964
Population density of residence
Urban 138,191
Ryral 51,773
Population size of residence
MSA 147,339
1,000,000 or more , 81,346
250,000 - ii9,999. 45,601
50,000 - 249,999 20,392
Outside MSA 42,625
Census geographic division
New England 10,180
Middle Atlantic 29,216
East North Central , 32,188
West North Central 13,504
South Atlantic 33,682
East South Central 11,667
West South Central 19,926
Mountain 10,092
Pacific 29,508
Age
Total , 189,964
16 to 17 years 6,530
18 to 24 years 23,023
25 to 34 years 42,931
35 to 44 years 38,341
45 to 54 years 27,021
55 to 64 years 21,085
65 years and older 31,032
Sex
Male 90,369
Female 99,595
Race
White 162.367
Black 18.395
All others 9,202
Annual household income
Under 810,000 18,585
510,000 to 819,999 29,864
520,000 to 824,999 15,188
S25.000 to $29,999 18,727
•530,000 to 849,999 42.689
850,000 to 874,999 24,448
575,000 or more - 13,579
Not reported 26,884
Education
8 years or less 14,311
9-11 years 21,595
12 years 77,293
1 - 3 years college 36,725
4 years college 22,920
5 or more years college 17,120
100
73
27
78
43
24
11
22
5
15
17
7
18
6
10
5
16
100
3
12
23
20
14
11
16
48
52
85
10
5
10
16
8
10
22
13
7
14
8
11
41
19
12
9
14,063
6,631
7,432
7,868
3.071
2,911
1,865
6,195
444
1,746
2.789
1,709
2,083
1,279
1,843
1,069
1,101
14,063
662
2,016
3,930
3,369
2.073
1.177
837
12,995
1,068
13,572
294
197
673
1,830
1,322
1,602
4,289
2,059
947
1,341
595
1,735
6.250
2,896
1,567
1.020
5
14
5
4
6
9
15
4
6
9
13
6
11
9
11
4
7
10
9
9
9
8
6
3
14
1
4
6
9
9
10
8
7
5
«i
100
47
S3
56
22
21
13
44
3
12
20
12
15
9
13
8
8
100
5
14
28
24
15
8
6
92
8
97
2
1
13
9
11
31
15
7
10
4
12
44
21
11
7
10,745
4,777
5,969
5.809
2.230
2,105
1,473
4.937
391
1.587
2.198
1,139
1,676
886
1.297
843
729
10.745
434
1,517
3,105
2.616
1.606
893
574
9,920
825
10,441
170
134
484
1.443
1,064
1,306
3.301
1,541
621
985
436
1.346
5.010
2.174
1.064
716
3
12
4
3
5
7
12
11
1
100
44
56
54
21
20
14
46
4
15
20
11
16
8
12
8
7
100
4
14
29
24
15
8
5
92
8
97
2
1
5
13
10
12
31
14
6
9
4
13
47
20
10
7
(Continued)
6-21
-------
Table 6-13. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters ^continued)
! '.." [Population 16 years old and older. Numbers in thousands.]
Characteristic
1
Type of hunting
Small game
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Migratory bird
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Other animals
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Total persons. 7,642
Population density of residence
, .Urban..,,... 3,531
, Rural ,_. 4.111
Population sixt of residence
MSA .' 4.161
, 1.000,000 Of more 1,533
".' 250,000 -899,999...._ 1,653
" = 50.0CJO - 249,899 975
Outside MSA 3,480
Census geographic division
New England 234
Middle AtlanlJC 964
East North Central 1.599
WesiNorth Central 1,154
South Atlantic 1,098
East South Central .,„. 803
West South Central 887
Mountain 431
Pacific 472
Ag«
Total 7,642
I8tol7y«ars,, 452
ieto24y*ars ,, 1,245
' » 2Sto34years ,. 2,158
35to44year$ 1,775
45to54yoars 1.010
fi5to64ytars 555
65 years and older 447
Sex
Male 7,241
.. Female 401
Race
White 7,306
Black 235
All others 101
Annual household Income
Under Sib.OOO. 438
S10.00Q to 519,999 957
S20.000 lo S24.999 674
S25.000 to S29.B99 877
S30.000 10 S49.999 '...,; 2,283
550,000 to S74.999 1,161
575,000 or more 513
No« reported — 739
Education
8 yews or less, 325
9-11 years, 950
12 years 3.340
1 • 3 years college 1.583
4 years college 867
5 or more years collage 577
100
46
54
54
20
22
13
46
3
13
21
15
14
11
12
6
6
100
6
16
28
23
13
7
6
95
5
96
3
1
6
13
9
11
30
15
7
10
4
12
44
21
11
8
3.009
1,600
1,410
1,883
757
666
461
1,126
53
195
372
339
451
313
722
212
353
3,009
154
528
867
752
412
182
115
2,854
155
"2.920
40
49
91
224
258
291
945
562
376
26,
57
261
1,094
74;
53;
32;
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
(Z)
3
(Z)
(Z)
(Z)
(Z)
100
53
47
63
25
22
15
37
2
6
12
11
15
10
24
7
12
100
5
18
29
25
14
6
4
95
97
9
10
31
19
1
9
36
25
18
11
1,411
456
955
619
187
271
160
792
50
231
299
175
208
153
120
90
85
1,411
77
289
385
338
192
85
47
1,313
99
1,372
•31
*8
70
211
146
178
442
184
79
10
59
163
649
31;
15;
76
1
(Z)
2
(Z)
(Z)
1
1
2
(Z)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(Z)
1
1
1
1
1
1
(Z)
(Z)
1
(Z)
1
'(Z)
'(Z)
(Z)
1
1
1
1
1
1
(Z)
m
1
1
1
1
(Z)
100
32
68
44
13
19
11
56
4
16
21
12
15
11
8
6
6
100
c
20
27
24
14
6
3
93
7
97
•2
•1
5
15
10
13
31
13
6
7
4
12
46
22
11
5
Note: Parcont who participated shows the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column (the percent of those
living tn urban areas who hunted big game, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the
row heading (the percent of big game hunters who lived in urban areas, etc.).
(Z) Loss than .5 percent.
* Estimate based on a small sample size
Source: U.S. DO! and U.S. DOC, 1993,
6-22
-------
Table 6-14. Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 1990
[Numbers in thousands.]
Characteristic
U.S. population
Number
Percent
Sportsmen
(fished or hunted)
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Fished only
Number
Percent
who
partici-
pated
Percent
Total persons 35,530
Population density of residence
Urban 24.720
Rural 10,810
Population size of residence
MSA 26,817
1,000,000 or more 14,355
250,000 - 999,999 8.642
50,000 - 249,999 3,819
Outside MSA 8.713
Census geographic division
New England 1,645
Middle Atlantic 4,893
East North Central 6,088
West North Central 2,611
South Atlantic 5,906
East South Central 2.307
West South Central 4,258
Mountain 2,196
Pacific 5,626
Age
6 to 8 years 11.194
9 to 11 years 10.824
12 to 15 years 13.512
Sex
Male, total 18.185
6 to 8 years 5,692
9 to 11 years 5,582
12 to 15 years 6.911
Female, total 17,345
6 to 8 years 5,501
9 to 11 years 5,242
12 to 15 years 6,601
Race
White 28.936
Black 4,453
All others 2.141
Annual household income
Under 310,000 3.623
S10.000 to S19.999 5,401
S20.000 to 524,999 2,828
S25.000 to 529,999 3,706
530,000 to 549,999 9,186
550.000 to 574.999 4,869
575.000 or more 2,539
Not reported 3,379
100
70
30
75
40
24
11
25
5
14
17
7
17
6
12
6
16
32
30
38
51
16
16
19
49
15
15
19
81
13
6
10
15
8
10
26
1
10
14,011
8,441
5.570
9.681
4.482
3.409
1,790
4,330
650
1.571
2.645
1.470
2,125
993
1,690
977
1.891
4,045
4.471
5,496
8.836
2.416
2.601
3.619
5,175
1,629
1.669
1,877
12,856
629
52
837
1,753
1,013
1.52;
4.323
2.376
1.199
988
39
34
52
36
31
39
47
50
39
32
43
56
36
43
40
45
34
36
41
41
49
42
50
5;
30
30
32
28
44
14
25
23
32
36
41
47
49
4'
29
100
60
40
69
32
24
13
31
5
11
19
10
15
7
1
7
13
29
32
39
63
1
20
26
37
12
12
13
92
12,281
7.731
4.550
B.845
4.196
3,094
1.555
3,436
605
1,463
2.328
1.231
1,867
779
1,385
844
1,781
3,879
4,09:
4,309
7,29;
2,279
2,469
2.545
4.989
1.600
1.625
1,764
11,186
593
502
76
1,533
86!
1,312
3.80
2.111
1,05
83
35
31
42
33
29
36
41
39
37
30
38
47
32
34
33
38
3;
35
38
3;
40
40
44
3
29
29
31
27
39
1
23
2
28
3
35
4
4:
4
2
100
63
37
72
34
25
13
28
5
12
19
10
15
6
11
7
15
32
33
35
59
19
20
21
41
13
13
14
91
5
4
6
12
7
11
31
17
9
7
(continued)
6-23
-------
Table 6-14, Demographic Characteristics of Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old: 1990 (continued)
;_ [Numbars in thousands.1
Characteristic
Hunted only
Number
Percent
who
participated
Percent
Fished and hunted
Number
Percent
who
participated
Percent
Total person*
Population density of residence
urban. ,", 77—:'."..,,
.Rural ..,,,. .
Population site of residence
MSA.,.,
" I.OOO.OOfior more
250.000 - 989,909. ". .*.".'
60.000 - 249.993
Outside MSA
Census geographic division
New England
Middla Atlantic
East North Central
Wist Norm Central'.
South Atlantic,
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
*9« ' ' "
8 to B years
9 to 11 years ,
12 to 15 years
Sex
Male, total
6 to 8 years ,
9 to 11 years
12 to 15 years
Female, total ."..'.—
6 to 8 years ,
9 to 11 jews .... ,
,;• 12 to 15 years ."."....'.;
,4 W ^. ;
Race
White
' si«ek,,n',' .;., i..,.',
AM ottwi .7,
Annual household Income
Under 510,000
S10.000 to S19.999,
S20.000 to 824,999, .,...*.....,
S25.000 to S29.999
S3~0,000 to S49.999
550.000 to S74.999
575,000 jx "more .'
Plot reported." .V..
221
84
137
•102
25
28
48
120
•5
•18
•33
29
43
25
'29
25
•15
•13
35
174
188
•9
30
149
34
'5
24
210
*4
•16
29
•13
37
63
•20
•20
•24
1
(2)
1
*{Z)
(Z)
(Z)
1
1
*(Z)
• "rtwn areas who fished only, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the row
J|9**"fl WB POfeent ol those who fished only who lived in urban areas, etc.), Data reported are from screening interviews in which one adult
• " household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. Tne screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months
worth of activity.
~; * EshmaSe based on a small sample size,
„ Sample size too small to report data reliably.
(Z) Less than ,5 percent.
Source; U.S. DO! and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-24
-------
6-1S. Demographic Estimates for Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old by State of Residence in 1990
{Numbers In thousands.)
Sportsman's state of residence
U.S., total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana ......
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi ,
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire. ..........
New Jersey
New Mexico ....
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio .
Oklahoma
Oregon '.
Pennsylvania ...
Rhode Island
South Carolina . .
South Dakota ,
Tennessee ... . . . . -
Texas
Utah .
Vermont
Virginia . . . , . . .
Washington . . . ...
West Virginia ,
Wisconsin
Wyoming.
Popula-
tion
35,530
621
85
543
369
4,274
475
409
95
1,591
1,013
157
181
1,619
824
411
377
545
704
171
630
706
1.354
644
433
725
125
242
162
155
981
257
2,341
903
101
1,577
477
406
1,572
125
536
111
708
2,708
376
79
804
704
262
714
77
Fished or hunted
Number
14,011
274
61
188
185
1,252
252
147
35
595
335
50
105
620
390
225
195
264
266
90
169
249
587
394
177
388
73
140
53
73
295
92
649
330
64
632
231
190
628
44
206
63
279
1,008
165
47
328
337
119
416
49
Percent
of
popula-
tion
39
44
72
35
50
29
53
36
37
37
33
32
58
36
47
55
52
48
38
53
27
35
43
61
41
54
59
56
33
47
30
36
28
37
63
40
48
47
40
35
38
57
39
37
44
59
41
48
45
58
64
Fished only
Number
12,281
220
52
171
125
1.211
227
140
33
556
288
48
84
575
328
186
162
207
202
77
154
238
514
•334
123
325
54
119
47
69
285
77
624
273
51
570
206
169
554
43
178
53
229
852
142
38
299
302
76
341
40
Percent
of
popula-
tion
35
35
61
31
34
28
48
34
34
35
28
30
47
36
40
45
43
38
29
45
24
34
38
52
28
45
43
49
29
44
29
30
27
30
50
36
43
42
35
34
33
48
32
31
38
48
37
43
29
48
52
Hunted only
Number
221
•5
*8
*14
•7
•3
%
»*•
e
**
*8
Percent
of
popula-
tion
1
*3
*2
*2
*2
*3
*2
*2
*>
Fished and hunted
Number
1.509
SO
8
•13
58
*37
•20
•6
*2
'29
39
*2
16
42
60
35
28
48
50
12
•11
•11
59
54
46
58
16
18
*^
*11
*23
47
11
58
24
*15
59
27
*'
46
144
20
•24
3
35
66
Percent
of
popula-
tion
4
8
10
*2
16
•1
*4
•2
"2
•2
4
•1
9
3
7
8
7
9
7
7
"2
•2
4
8
11
8
13
8
*3
•2
*4
•1
5
11
4
5
•4
4
5
•6
6
5
6
9
•3
4
13
9
11
Note: U.S. totals include responses from participants residing "in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical" reliability appendix. Data
reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old.
The screening interviews required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity.
' Estimate based on a small sample size.
... Sample size too small to report data reliably.
Source: U.S. DOI and U.S. DOC, 1993.
6-25
-------
Table 6-16. Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors: 1986
Demographic Factor
Total
': IP ,,L , .. dip i" '
Sex of gardener
Male
Female
Age of gardener (in years)
18-29
30-49
50 and older
Household composition
Single, separated, divorced, or
widowed
Married, no children
Married, with children
Region/section"
East Region
New England
Mid-Atlantic
Midwest Region
East Central
West Central
South Region
Deep South
Rest of South
West Region
Rocky Mountain
Pacific
Size of Community
City
Suburb
Small town
Rural
Percentage of total households that
have gardens (%)
38
39
37
31
39
43
54
45
44
33
37
32
50
50
50
33
44
29
37
53
32
26
33
32
61
Number of households
(in millions)
34
16.6
17.0
7.7
12.4
13.7
8.5
11.9
13.2
7.3
1.9
5.4
11.0
6.6
4.5
9.0
3.1
5.9
6.2
2.3
4.2
6.2
10.2
3.4
14.0
* Composition of regions/sections was not provided by the NGA.
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987.
6-26
-------
Table 6-17. Characteristics of Households With a Vegetable Garden: 1976 to 1986
[Percentage]
OS
N>
Percent of US households
with a vegetable garden
Number of households
with a vegetable garden
(in millions)
Garden size (square feet)"
Characteristic
Age (in years)
18-29
30-49
50 and older
Sex
Male
Female
Race
White
Nonwhite
Yearly income
$1 5,000 and over
$10,000-14,999
$7,000 - 9,999
$4,000 - 6,999
Under $4,000
1i76
44
32
560
40
46
45
52
48
46
32
48
43
42
43
32
1977
43
32
770
38
45
46
44
41
45
39
48
43
41
39
35
1978
41
31
620
34
42
46
42
41
41
40
49
37
32
37
34
1979
42
33
595
36
43
46
43
42
44
30
48
41
38
30
25
1980
43
34
663
33
45
48
44
41
45
28
48
40
37
37
31
1981
47
38
547
41
48
51
48
47
50
32
52
44
49
37
28
1982
46
38
600
39
46
50
49
43
47
37
50
41
41
39
36
1983
42
35
505
36
42
46
44
40
40
28
45
43
43
28
34
1984
40
34
440
33
40
46
40
40
42
31
42
46
33
35
27
1985
37
33
300
29
36
44
38
37
40
20
40
37
30
25
28
1986
38
34
325
31
39
43
39
37
40
27
40
35
38
34
42
a Median value; mean value for 1986 = 1,690 square feet.
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987.
-------
Table 6-18, Percentage of Gardening Households Growing Different Vegetables:
1986
§i i. . ;M Vegetable
1 Artichokes
Asparagus
Beans
Beets
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
- Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Chard
Com
Cucumbers
Dried peas
Dry beans
Eggplant
HerSs
• Kale
5 Kohlrabi
Leeks
Lettuce
Melons
Okra
Onions
Oriental vegetables
Parsnips
Peanuts
Peas
Peppers
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Radishes
Rhubarb
Spinach
. Summer squash
Sunflowers
Sweet potatoes
• Tomato
Turnips
Winter squash
Percent
0.8
8.2
43.4
20.6
19.6
5.7
29.6
34.9
14.0
5.4
3.5
34.4
49.9
2.5
8-9
13.0
!~9J
3.1
3.0
1,2
41.7
21.9
13.6
50.3
2.1
2.2
1.9
29.0
57.7
25.5
,10.2
30.7
12.2
10.2
25.7
8.2
5.7
85.4
™<7
11.1
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987.
6-28
-------
Table 6-19. U.S. Household Participation in Lawn and Garden Activities: 1989 to 1i93a
Activity
Total
Lawn care
Indoor houseplants
Flower gardening
Insect control
Shrub care
Vegetable gardening
Tree care
Landscaping
Flower bulbs
Fruit trees
Container gardening
Raising transplants6
Herb gardening
Growing berries
Ornamental
gardening
Percent Households Engaged in Activity
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
75
57
37
41
29
29
32
23
22
23
14
11
11
7
7
5
80
66
43
48
39
38
37
31
31
31
19
15
15
9
9
7
78
62
42
41
35
32
31
27
26
26
15
13
12
9
7
7
75
54
34
39
27
27
31
20
22
23
13
9
8
7
6
5
71
54
31
39
24
28
26
21
24
22
13
11
10
8
6
6
a Based on national household sample survey conducted by the Gallup Organization. Subject to sampling variability.
b Starting plants in advance of planting in ground.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
6-29
-------
Table 6-20. Participation in Gardening: 1992a
, . , . . , , • . . • • ...
Item Adult Population Percentage
(mil.)
Total 185.8 55
Sex:
Male
Female
Race:
White
Black
Other
Age:
1 8 to 24 years old
25 to 34 years old
35 to 44 years old
45 to 54 years old
55 to 64 years old
65 to 74 years old
75 to 96 years old
Education:
Grade school
Some high school
High school
graduate
Some college
College graduate
Graduate school
89.0
96.8
158.8
21.1
5.9
24.1
42.4
39.8
27.7
21.2
18.3
1 2.3
14.3
18.6
69.4
39.2
26.2
18.1
46
62
57
39
42
31
51
57
64
63
63
55
44
50
53
55
61
15
* In percent, except as indicated. Covers activities engaged in at least once in the prior 12 months.
_,[ , _ J I-. ;,;•;, .. , ! , . , ' ' i-. , ..- '";./ , , •
Source^ U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
6-30
-------
Table 6-21. DIY Home Improvement and Repair Projects Undertaken Within the Past 12 Months3
Project
Painted the interior of the home
Applied weatherstripping or caulking
Painted the exterior of the home
Varnished or stained
woodwork/furniture
Repaired electrical wiring or outlets
Replaced bathroom faucets
Hung wallpaper
Repaired or replaced toilet
Replaced kitchen faucets
Added insulation
Repaired dry wall
Installed carpeting
Installed vinyl floor covering
Repaired or replaced roof
Installed a ceiling fan
Installed paneling
Did brick or masonry work
Installed a bathroom vanity
Installed ceiling tile
Installed a water heater
Installed ceramic tile
Installed a kitchen sink
Replaced kitchen cabinets
Installed exterior siding
Millions of
Households
37,5
26.4
20.3
19.8
14.7
14.2
14.1
12.8
12.7
12.0
10.5
10.2
9.3
8.2
8.2
7.6
5.9
5.0
4.7
4.2
3.1
2.9
2.3
2.3
Percent of
DIY
Households
60,9
43.0
32.9
32.2
23.9
23.1
22.9
20.8
20.6
19.5
17.0
16.6
15.1
13,4
13.4
1 2.3
9.6
8.2
7.6 .
6.9
5.0
4.7
3.8
3.7
a Between September 1981 and September 1982.
Source: DIYRl, 1983.
6-31
-------
I •
« 1
Table 6-22. Participation in Various Home Improvement/Repair: 1992B
, .. „ Item Adult Population Home
(mil.) Improvement/Repair
Total 185.8 48
Sex:
Male
Female
Race:
:? " White
, Black
Other
Age;
1 8 to 24 years old
25 to 34 years old
35 to 44 years old
45 to 54 years old
* ' 55 to 64 years old
- 65 to 74 years old
75 to 96 years old
Education:
* : Grade school
Some high school
High school
graduate
Some college
College graduate
Graduate school
89.0 .
96.8
158.8
21.1
5.9
24.1
42.4
39.8
27.7
21.2
18.3
12.3
14.3
18.6
69.4
39.2
26.2
18.1
53
42
50
32
3.1
33
47
58
57
53
42
20
24
34
47
53
52
65
* In percent, except as indicated. Covers activities engaged in at least once in the prior 12 months.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
6-32
-------
Table 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in Various Hobbies
Hobby
Number of People
Remarks
1. Woodworking
A. People involved in a leisure woodworking project
B. People involved in furniture refinishing
Magazine subscribers*
(Writers Market 1985)
• Hands on
• Woodworker's Journal
• Popular Woodwork
• Workbench
Persons who own power tools
(SMRB, 1983)
Electric drill
Electric router
Gas chain saw
Electric chain saw
Portable electric circular saw
Portable jig/sabre saw
Stationary radial/arm saw
Stationary bench/table circular saw
Stationary jig/sabre saw
Electric sander
Portable workbench
13.3 x106
(6.6% of total U.S. population)
12.2 x106
750,000
100,000
10,000
825,000
27.4 x106
5.8 x106
11.3 x 106
3.3x 106
15.1 x106
13.0 x106
3.4 x106
4.7x10s
1.9x106
15.0 x106
4.1 x106
SMRB does not indicate what percentage of
this total are specifically involved in other
specific woodworking projects.
All four magazines are specifically directed at
active amateur woodworkers.
Router is best indicator of number of
hobbyists.
2. Photography
A. People who develop their own photographs (SMRB
1983)
B. People participating in photography
(SMRB, 1992)
C. Magazine subscribers3
• Darkroom Photography Magazine
• Darkroom Techniques
• Popular Photography
D. Kodak Consumer Department
6.2x10"
72.2 x106
(11.5% of total U.S. population)
100,000
40,000
925,000
1 x 106
2x106
Most will be developing black and white film.
Participated in last 12 months.
Subscribers are people interested in darkroom
techniques.
Subscribers are advanced amateurs.
80% of photo hobbyists are estimated to do
black and white developing and 20% color
developing.
-------
Table 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in Various Hobbies (Continued)
Hobby
Number of P&opls
Remarks
3. Lapidary Work
• No population data found
4. Glass/crystal working
A. Magazine subscribers*
• Glass Craft News
, • 5. Tsxtila and fibar dyeing
A. Magazine subscribers"
• Handweaver
• Shuttle Spindle and Dyepot
• Spin-off
6, Painting and drawing
A. People who paint, draw, or sculpt {SMRB, 1983}
B. People participating in painting, drawing,
sculpturing (SMRB, 1992)
C. Magazine subscribers*
• Art and Artists
• Artist's Magazine
7. Metalworking
A. Magazine subscribers
(Writers Market, 1985)
» Home Shop Machinist
• Live Steam
8. Printing
• No population data found
9. Pottery and ceramics
A. People participating in ceramics/pottery
B. Magazine subscribers
• American Ceramics
10. Scale Models
40,000
25,000
16,000
6,000
13.7 x 10"
12.1 x 10*
1,000
110',000
19,000
12,800
4.4 x 108 (1.6% of total U.S. population)
3,200
Subscribers are stained-glass hobbyists.
Practicing weavers and dyers (includes some
professionals).
Practicing weavers and dyers (may include
some professionals).
Practicing spinners and dyers (may include
some professionals).
Subscribers are people interested in oil pastel.
Subscribers are serious amateurs.
Subscribers include hobbyists active in
sheetmetal work, machining, welding, and
foundry.
Subscribers include hobbyists active in
constructing scale locomotives and other
steam engineers.
Subscribers may be collectors as well as
makers; the actual population is probably
much greater.
(continued on next pagep
-------
Table 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in Various Hobbies (Continued)
Hobby
Number of People
Remarks
A. People participating in model building/miniature
projects (SMRB, 1ii2J
B. People participating in model railroading
(SMRB, 1992)
C. Magazine subscribers*
(Writers Market 1 §85)
• Railroad Model Craftsman
• Finescale Modeler
• Mainline Modeler
• Model Railroader
D. People who build model airplanes
11. Hunting and firearms
A. Persons who own guns (SMRB, 1983)
• Hunting rifle
• Shooting rifle
• Target gun
• Factory-loaded ammunition
B. Persons who have engaged in firearms-related
hobby within the past year {SMRB, 1983)
* Hunting
• Target shooting
C. Magazine subscribers*
* American Hunter
• Guns & Ammo
• Shotgun Sports
* American Marksman
* American Shotgunner
• Guns Magazine
12. Leather Work
A. Magazine subscribers
• Make It with Leather
4.9 x 1(r (2.7% of total U.S. population)
2.5x10s
97,000
30,000
14,000
178,000
300,000-400,000
24.4 x 106
22.2 x 106
9.6 x 10s
18.9x10B
12.6
7.4
150,000
475,000
105,000
8,000
120,000
135,000
60,000
Most subscribers to railroad models thought to
be collectors rather than builders.
Model Aircraft; these are functional models.
Subscribers are hobbyists who cut and carve
leather (which has presumably already been
treated and dyed) therefore, potentially
exposed to tanning agents and dye.
(continued on next page)
-------
TaWs 6-23. Estimated Populations Involved in VsriouS'Hobbles (Continued)
Hobby
Number of People
Remarks
13. Needlswork and flbtr aits
A. Persons who sew or do other needlework as a
hobby {SMRB, 1983}
B. Magazine subscribers*
• Needle and Thread
• Needlecraft for Today
14. Boat builders
A. People who build their own boats
IS. Plane builders
A. People who build their own planes
16. Jewelry making
A. People participating in jewelry making
(SMRB, 1992)
29.1 x 10»
750,000
1,200,000
20,000
20,000
2.8 x 108 {1.6% of total U.S. population)
This probably includes only persons exposed to
dyes through handling material or threads
already dyad.
Subscribers are users of already-dyed
materials. However, some dye may potentially
leach from thread.
Devlin Boat Building, Co.; approximately
20,000 people a year are involved in building
their own boats.
Homebuilt Experimental Aircraft Association.
1 Assumed that persons who subscribe to the hobbyist-type magazines are persons involved/interested in that specific hobby. A percentage of this population can be
used to estimate the potentially susceptible or exposed population.
Source: SMRB, 1983; U.S. EPA, 1985; Writers Market, 1985; SMRB, 1992.
-------
Table 6-24. Participation in Selected Sports Activities: 1993a
Activity
Total
Number participated in
Aerobic exercising6
Backpacking*1
Baseball
Basketball
Bicycle riding0
Bowling
Calisthenics6
Camping*
Exercise walking0
7*1 Exercising w. equipment0
Fishing-freshwater
Fishing-saltwater
Football
Golf
Hiking
Hunting w. firearms
Racquetball
Running/jogging6
Skiing-alpine/downhill
Skiing-cross country
All Persons
Number Rank
230,406
24,886
9,229
16,682
29,631
47,918
41,305
10,800
42,698
64,427
34,900
45,333
12,079
14,712
22,633
19,462
18,455
5,407
20,283
10,495
3,727
(X)"
9
24
16
8
3
6
21
5
1
7
4
20
17
10
13
14
25
12
22
26
Sex
Male Female
111,851
3,527
6,196
13,451
21,332
24,562
20,714
4,571
23,165
21,054
16,901
30,449
8,337
12,879
17,212
10,741
16,303
4,161
11,429
6,462
1,738
118,555
21,359
3,033
3,232
8,299
23,357
20,591
6,230
19,533
43,373
17,999
14,885
3,743
1,843
5,421
8,721
2,152
1,246
8,854
4,033
1,989
7-11
yrs
18,561
647
779
5,422
5,751
11,204
3,890
1,132
5,302
1,848
425
4,623
938
2,495
840
1,851
' 540
162
1,727
453
298
12-17
yrs
18-24
yrs
21,304 25,650
1,837
1,280
5,283
9,361
8,794
5,039
2,024
5,336
2,816
3,025
4,945
882
5,227
1,692
2,439
1,695
550
4,008
1,549
469
4,852
1,501
1,834
5,305
4,551
7,222
1,508
4,767
5,690
6,595
4,946
1,358
3,410
3,074
2,224
2,575
1,704
4,088
2,766
273
Age
25-34 35-44
yrs yrs
41,808
7,514
2,477
1,724
4,766
8,808
9,484
1,824
10,000
12,525
9,105
9,913
2,276
2,203
5,192
4,604
4,658
1,590
4,393
2,807
530
40,761
4,996
2,067
1,658
3,257
6,980
7,625
1,712
8,580
14,045
7,065
9,561
2,593
1,032
4,620
4,358
4,282
936
3,489
1,698
1,084
45-54
yrs
28,644
2,610
850
511
857
3,441
3,919
1,099
4,135
10,185
4,257
5,044
1,603
202
3,180
1,873
2,380
380
1,566
921
580
55-64
yrs
20,922
1,181
170
87
146
2,030
1,716
657
2,355
7,782
2,217
3,156
1,251
94
1,956
1,035
1 ,31 1
71
680
230
314
65 yrs
and
over
32,758
1,250
104
164
189
2,111
2,410
844
2,224
9,536
2,210
3,146
1,178
60
2,080
1,078
1,014
15
331
70
179
Under
1 5,000
Yearly
15,00
0-
24,999
45,150 -36,221
3,172
1,424
2,499
4,163
6,897
6,684
2,698
7,182
10,491
3,915
8,891
2,182
2,457
1,439
2,717
3,234
705
2,795
552
291
3,092
1,291
2,001
3,750
6,449
6,207
1,202
7,275
9,802
3,948
7,190
2,002
2,295
1,925
2,964
2,814
597
2,364
734
317
Household Income ($)
25,00 35,00 50,00
0- 0- 0-
34,999 49,999 74,999
33,971
3,692
1,207
2,440
4,935
6,685
6,487
1,422
6,277
9,807
4,639
7,158
1,344
2,263
2,668
2,884
3,555
595
2,506
930
463
43,701
5,012
1,817
3,832
6,254
10,606
8,498
2,319
9,338
12,325
7,305
9,470
2,286
2,813
4,159
3,530
3,939
1,197
4,047
1,763
718
46,189
6,299
2,174
4,070
6,963
10,393
9,084
2,540
8,452
13,593
9,412
9,251
2,833
3,105
7,342
4,314
3,473
1,592
5,104
3,365
1,064
75,000
and
over
25,175
3,618
1,316
1,840
3,566
6,888
4,346
1,619
4,175
8,409
5,681
3,373
1,432
1,790
5,100
3,052
1,40
722
3,468
3,150
874
(continued on next page)
-------
Tabte 6-24. Participation in Selected Sporta Aotivtti&s: 1993* {contimmd}
Activity
Total
Soccer
Softball
Swimming"
Target shooting
Tennis
Volleyball
AH Persons
Number Rank
230,406
-------
Exercise walking
Swimming
Bicycle riding
Camping
Bowling
Freshwater fishing
Exercising with
equipment
Basketball
Aerobics
Golf
10 15 20 25 30 36 40 45
Percentage of the population 7 years old and older
Figure 6-1. Participation in the 10 Most Popular Sports Activities by Sex: 1993
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
6-39
-------
4 lltf. - -
Participation in
Exercise
Playing sports
Outdoor activities
•_ Home improvement
Gardening
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Percentage of the population 18 years old and older
Figure 6-2. Participation in Various Activities by Percentage of the Population
18 Years Old and Older: 1992
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
6-40
-------
7. ACTIVITIES (OCCUPATIONAL)
Working in certain occupations can increase an individual's risk of exposure to
environmental contaminants. Some high-risk occupations are farm worker, factory and foundry
worker, and mine worker. The U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor has documented the
number of persons employed in a variety of occupations. Data presented in this section can be
useful in evaluating an exposed population in a specified occupation or occupational category.
The data also can be used to determine the time duration of exposures in certain categories of
age, race, and sex and for the general population as well.
U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) data are accessible on the World Wide Web via the
Internet. The Department's home page (Internet address: www.dol.gov) contains information on
the kinds of data available and instructions on how to conduct data searches, extract data, and
download data files in table format. Section 11 of this document contains information on how to
locate U.S. Government data on the Internet.
All employment statistics generated by DOL are not accessible on the Internet. Some of
these data are available in hardcopy format only. A copy of the table of contents from the
Department's 1995 Employment and Earnings publication is presented in Appendix 7A at the end
of this section to show examples of other data that are available. The Employment and Earnings
document may be ordered by calling Superintendent of Documents at (202) 512-1800.
7.1. POPULATION EMPLOYED
DOL compiles statistics on the U.S. population by occupational categories. Tables
presented in this section show population information by employment, annual average household
data, and establishment data. Tables shown are presented as samples of the data compiled from
household interviews and reports from employers and aggregated by DOL. More detailed data
are provided in the publication. (See Appendix 7A.) The household interviews are obtained
from the Current Population Survey, a sample survey of the population 16 years old and older,
conducted each month. The household interview information is collected from about 60,000
households in 729 sample areas, which represent all counties and independent cities in the United
7-1
-------
States with coverage in all 50 States, and the District of Columbia (U.S. DOL, 1995). The data
collected are based on the activity or status reported for the calendar week, including the 12th of
the month. A household consists of all persons who occupy a housing unit and have no other
usual address. This includes related family members and all unrelated persons. A housing unit
is regarded as a house, an apartment, a group of rooms, or a single room, when occupied or
intended for occupancy as separate living quarters (U.S. DOL, 1995).
The establishment records are compiled each month from mail questionnaires and
telephone interviews by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in cooperation with State agencies. These
data are for the Nation, States, and metropolitan areas and represent 390,000 establishments
employing more tfian 47-million nonfarm wage and salary workers. The household and
establishment data complement one another, with each providing different information.
Population characteristics are obtained from the household surveyed and detailed industrial
" classifications as best obtained from the establishment reports (U.S. DOL, 1995).
Table 7-1 presents employment status of the total general U.S. population for the civilian
labor force. It also presents information on whether this population is employed in agriculture or
»» , . •—-• ••H.W.TtJs ! • ,:•.'.{•'' I m S .-.i .,',.. . — . , .. ...*..' •
in nonagricultural industries. Table 7-2 presents employment data for persons of Mexican, Puerto
Rican, and Cuban-origin by sex and age. Table 7-3 presents data for employed civilians by
selected occupational categories for black, white, and Hispanic origin for years 1993 and 1994.
Table 7-4 presents the same employment data as hi Table 7-3 but for persons of Mexican, Puerto
Rican, and Cuban origin. In Table 7-5, data are shown for persons employed in agriculture and
nojiagricultural industries by age and sex. Table 7-6 displays percent distribution of persons
employed by six major occupational industry categories by race and sex.
"" •" The terms white, black, and other, used to describe a person's race, were taken directly
from the primary source. Included hi the "other" group are Native Americans (American
Indians), Alaska Natives, and Asian and Pacific Islanders. Because of the relatively small
sample size, data for other races were not published by DOL. Hispanic origin refers to persons
who identify themselves as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of
other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race and thus were
included in both white and black population groups.
'•• • • 7-2
-------
7.2. POPULATIONS EMPLOYED IN DETAILED INDUSTRIAL AND
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES
DOL also has compiled statistics for employment in numerous detailed industrial and
occupational categories. Table 7-7 presents employment data for selected detailed industrial
categories by sex, race, and Hispanic origin. The percent of whites or male categories can be
estimated using the data presented. Annual averages for household data by detailed occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic origin are shown in Appendix 7B at the end of this section. Employment
data by major industry and manufacturing group are presented in Appendix 7C at the end of this
section.
7.3, POPULATIONS IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Populations of persons in public buildings can be estimated based on data collected by
the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) on numbers and characteristics of commercial office space
in the United States. Table 7-8 presents information for the population utilizing commercial
office space in the largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The inventory of square foot
of area used also is shown. Table 7-9 presents information on the characteristics of commercial
buildings (> 1,000 sq ft) in the United States. These characteristics include total number of
buildings, principal activity within the buildings, fuels used, and number of workers.
7.4. OCCUPATIONAL STUDIES ADDRESSING MINORITY POPULATIONS
Numerous researchers, including Rios et al. (1993) and Moses et al. (1993), have
evaluated the effects of certain high-risk occupations on certain minorities. Rios et al. (1993)
summarized the various factors increasing susceptibility to environmental exposure for minority
populations using data from published documents. The factors summarized include genetic,
occupational, developmental, disease, and social inequality. According to the authors, workers
who may have an increased susceptibility to environmental exposures are coke oven workers in
the steel industry, farm workers, and child laborers. The highest exposure to by-products from
coke ovens is to the "topside" worker population on top of the oven (Rios et al., 1993).
7-3
-------
The authors reported that although it has been estimated that there are 1.5- to 2.5-million
farm workers, the actual number may be as high as 4-million persons, including dependents of
hired farm workers and undocumented aliens. In the West, Midwest, and Southwest areas of the
""»*"" il" ' "&&i ' 8°^ ' ™s ?* ffj i ' ^ *'*""*"¥ ^ " s * V ,"**>''' * * ' ' 1 ™I *, „ ^ :; , "3 • **
United States, migrant farm workers are predominantly young Hispanic men with families; on
the East Coast, farm workers often are the inner-city poor and their families or males of Hispanic
descent (Rios et al., 1993).
The prevalence of child labor (children under 18 years of age) has increased, with
children working in farm fields wet with pesticides (Rios et al., 1993). This is cause for concern
because "children are known to be more susceptible than adults to the adverse effects of
environmental pollutants and toxins" (Rios et al., 1993). Another high-risk group is those who
H, i ,1» ""•' , : I-1! * " •>' -•' l,s •'».' • • ,• ",'.'.-" ... » • ". ' , ' , "i
may be secondarily exposed to occupational pollutants brought home on clothing or other articles
by members of their household who work in high-risk occupations. Examples of workers who
bring home occupational pollutants are farm workers with pesticide-laden work clothing,
construction workers with asbestos, and smelter workers with toxic metals. The number of
people can further be defined by ethnicity and gender.
Moses et al. (1993) collected data from scientific literature on human exposure to
pesticides. Exposure data summarized include the number and types of pesticide used, rates of
'• ' - *"*"-' '' " ' J ' * ' ""-• ••••»•••:••• - ,-rr •:-•;--, • , ,.- •»,..„.,
exposure to pesticide, exposure of agricultural workers, and exposure of children.
Minorities comprise most of the farm workers in the United States. In 1990, DOL
surveyed United States farm workers and found that two-thirds of the farm workers not born in
the United States (U.S. DOL, 1995). The ethnic groups comprising the two-thirds of the Nation's
* r ' * ' r ^ p » ** " " ! "• * ^'» • •.,'«' 7 r r a '* , ^5 s: .
farm workers, who were not born in the United States, are as follows: Mexican—92%; other
Latinos~4%; Asian~3%; and Caribbean—1%. Of the remaining one-third of the Nation's farm
workers, who were born in the United States, 40% are minorities: Latinos~34%; African
Americans—5%; and other ethnic groups—1%.
bij „ The authors noted that 25% of the summer-hire farm workers are children. This is a
£" " '*• ".I %;• Jff'^\ .i".!'";:'1 ' ; •'• •7 — V't Tr>f :-~. • :-- y •-; • ••- * v • - '-.
concern, because children are at higher risk from exposure to pesticides than are adults (Moses et
al., 1993). This increased vulnerability is due to rapid growth rates and critically important
sensitive developmental stages. Additional factors increasing a child's risk from exposure to
7-4
-------
pesticides is a higher respiratory rate, greater exposed surface area, and greater fluid intake
(relative to solid foods). Another possible route of exposure to pesticides for children is the
indoor use of pesticides. When the authors calculated pesticide exposure within a child's
breathing zone after the use of home foggers, they found pesticide exposure to the children far
exceeded equivalent workplace standards for adults (Moses et al., 1993).
Friedman-Simenez (1989) noted that there is minority worker (black, Latino/Hispanic,
Asian, Native American, and undocumented workers [most often Latino or Asian] over-
representation in the more hazardous jobs, thereby leading to greater risk for occupational-related
diseases. Included in the high-risk jobs (classified by the author) were (1) operators, fabricators,
and laborers; (2) service occupation; (3) precision production, craft, and repair; and (4) farming,
forestry, and fishing — farm operators and managers, logging, other agricultural operations
(Friedman-Simenez, 1989). The author noted that the evidence supporting his conclusion was
not as rigorous or massive as most scientists would like, but the association between hazardous
exposures and minority population is too consistent to be due to chance. For example, certain
epidemics have been related to jobs such as coke oven workers, where the minority worker
population on the topside (area of largest exposure) of the coke ovens is larger than for non-
whites (Friedman-Simenez, 1989).
7-5
-------
7.5. REFERENCES
Friedman-Simenez, G. (1989) Occupational disease among minority workers. A common and
preventable public health problem. J. AAOHN,Vol. 37, No. 2.
Moses, M; Johnson, ES; Anger, WK; Burse, VW; Horstman, SW; Jackson, RJ; Lewis, RG;
Maddy, KT; KlcConnell, R; Meggs, WJ; Zahm, SH (1993) Environmental equity and pesticide
exposure. Toxlcol Indus Health 9(5):913-959.
Rios, R; Poje, GV; Betels, R. (1993) Susceptibility to environmental pollutants among
minorities. Toxicol Indus Health 9(5):797-820.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). (1995) Employment and earnings, vol. 42 no. 1. U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC.
7-6
-------
Table 7-1. Employment Status of Civilian Noninstitutional Population8 by Sex, Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin
[In thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagriculttirat industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Men, 16 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Men, 20 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of Ihe population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Women, 16 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Total
1993 1994
193,550
128,040
66.2
1 19,306
3,074
1 16,232
8,734
6.8
65,509
• 92,620
69,633
75.2
64,700
2,438
62,263
4,932
7.1
22,987
85,907
66,069
76.9
61,865
2,263
59,602
4,204
6.4
19,838
100,930
58,407
57.9
54,606
636
53,970
3,801
6.5
42,522
196,814
131,056
66.6
123,060
3,409
119,651
7,996
6.1
65,758
94,355
70,817
75.1
66,450
2,554
63,896
4,367
6.2
23,538
87,151
66,921
76.8
63,294
2,351
60,943
3,627
5.4
20,230
102,460
60,239
58.8
56,610
855
55,755
3,629
6.0
42,221
White
1993 1994
163,921
109,359
66.7
102,812
2,864
99,948
6,547
6.0
54,562
79,080
60,150
76.1
56,397
2,254
54,143
3,753
6.2
18,929
73,711
57,115
77.5
53,897
2,091
51,806
3,218
5.6
16,596
84,841
49,208
58.0
46,415
610
45,805
2,793
5.7
35,633
165,555
111,082
67,1
105,190
3,162
102,027
5,892
5.3
54,473
80,059
60,727
75.9
57,452
2,347
55,104
3,275
5.4
19,332
74,311
57,411
77.3
54,676
2,151
52,525
2,735
4.«
16,900
85,496
50,356
58.9
47,738
815
46,923
2,617
5.2
35,141
Black
1993 1994
22,329
13,943
62.4
12,146
142
12,004
1,7%
12.9
8,386
10,078
6,91 1
68.6
5,957
128
5,829
954
13.8
3,167
9,031
6,498
72.0
5,710
120
5,590
789
12.1
2,532
12,251
7,031
57.4
6,189
14
6,175
842
12.0
5,220
22,879
14,502
63,4
12,835
136
12,699
1,666
11.5
8,377
10,258
7,089
69.1
6,241
118
6,122
848
12.0
3,169
9,171
6,646
72.5
5,964
115
5,849
682
10.3
2,525
12,621
7,413
58.7
6,595
IS
6,577
818
11.0
5,208
Hispanic origin
1993 1994
15,753
10,377
65.9
9,272
467
8,805
1,104
10.6
5,377
7,825
6,256
SO.O
5,603
417
5,186
653
10.4
1,569
7,063
5,871
83.1
5,318
394
4,924
553
9.4
1,192
7,928
4,120
52.0
3,669
50
3,619
451
10.9
3,808
18,117
11,975
66.1
10,788
560
10,227
1,187
9.9
6,142
9,104
7,210
79.2
6,530
494
6,036
680
9.4
1,894
8,178
6,747
82.5
6,189
466
5,722
558
8.3
1.431
9,014
4,765
52.9
4,258
66
4,191
508
10.7
4,248
(continued)
7-7
-------
Table 7-1. Employment Status of Civilian Noninstitutional Population3 by Sex, Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin (continued)
[In thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age
Women, 20 year* »nd older
Civilian noninstitutkmal population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
NoiiagricuHural industries
" Unemployed
'.;'"' Unemployment rate
• Not in labor force
Doth sexes, 16 to 19 yean old
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Total
1993 1994
94,388
55,146
"58.4
51,912
599
51,313
3,234
5.9
39,242
13,255
6,826
51,5
5,530
212
5,317
1,296
19.0
6,429
95,467
56,655
"59.3"
53,606
809
52,796
3,049
5.4
38,813
14,196
7,481
52.7
6,161
249
5,912
1,320
17.6
6,715
White
1993 1994
79,631
46,413
' 58.3
44,028
574
43,454
2,385
5.1. "
33,218
10,579
5,831
55.1
4,887
199
4,689
943
16.2
4,748
79,980
47,314
59.2
45,116
772
44,344
2,197
4.6
32,666
11,264
6,357
56.4
5,398
239
5,158
960
15.1
4,907
Black
1993
11,200
6,668 "
59.5
5,962
13
5,949
706
10.6
4,532
2,099
776
37.0
474
9
466
302
38.9
1,323
1994
11,496
7,004
60.9
6,320
17
6,303
685
9.8
4,492
2,211
852
38.5
552
1
547
300
35.2
1,360
Hispanic origin
1993 1994
7,176
3,846
53.61 "
3,467
46
3,422
378
9.8
3,300
1,515
660
43.6
487
28
459
173
26.2
855
8,122
4,421
54.4
3,989
61
3,928
431
9.8
3,701
1,818
807
44.4
609
32
577
198
24,5
1,010
1 Civilian noninstitutional population—persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia
who arc not inmates of institutions (e.g., penal and mental facilities, homes of the aged) and not on active duty in the Armed
Forces.
[ i-i , . , , v j
"Note", Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not
presented and Hispanics arc included in both white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with
data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994"
In &c Fcbninry 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995.
7-8
-------
Table 7-2. Employment Status of Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Origin by Sex and
Age [In thousands]
Employment status, sex,
and age
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Men, 16 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Men, 20 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Women, 16 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Women, 20 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
Both sexes, 18 to 19 years old
Civilian noninstitutional population
Civilian labor force
Percent of the population
Employed
Agriculture
' Nonagricultural Industries
Unemployed
Unemployment rate
Not in labor force
!* Includes persons of Central or South
Total Hispanic
origin
1993 1994
15,753
10,377
65.9
9,272
467
8,805
1,104
10.6
5,377
7,825
6,256
80.0
5,603
417
5,186
653
10.4
1,569
7,063
5,871
83.1
5,318
394
4,924
553
9.4
1,192
7,928
4,120
52.0
3,669
50
3,619
451
10.9
3,808
7,176
3,846
53.6
3,467
46
3,422
378
9.8
3,330
1,515
660
43.6
487
28
459
173
26.2
855
18,117
11,975
66.1
10,788
560
10,227
1,187
9.9
6,142
9,014
7,210
79.2
6,530
494
6,036
680
9.4
1,894
8,178
6,747
82.5
6,189
466
5,722
558
8.3
1,432
9,014
4,765
52.9
4,258
66
4,191
508
10.7
4,248
8,122
4,421
54.4
3,989
61
3,928
431
9.8
3,701
1,818
807
44.4
609
32
577
198
24.5
1,010
American origin and
__ j.1 *-»E» /•*/%«
Mexican origin Puerto Rican
1993
9,693
6,499
67.0
5,805
409
5,396
693
10.7
3,194
4,958
4,043
81.5
3,628
363
3,266
414
10.2
916
4,456
3,774
84.7
3,427
343
3,084
347
9.2
683
4,735
2,456
51.9
2,177
46
2,130
279
11.4
2,279
4,213
2,256
53.5
2,028
43
1,985
228
10.1
1,957
1,024
469
45.8
351
23
327
119
25.3
555
of other
1994
11,174
7,567
67.7
6,800
52
6,298
766
10.1
3,608
5,803
4,728
81.5
4,277
440
3,837
450
9.5
1,075
5,196
4,391
84.5
4,025
415
3,610
366
8.3
805
5,372
2,839
52.9
2,523
62
2,461
316
11.1
2,533
4,784
2,607
54.5
2,344
57
2,286
263
10.1
2,177
1,19S
569
47.6
431
29
402
137
24.1
626
Hispanic
1993
1,676
950
56.7
828
8
820
122
12,8
725
756
534
70.6
457
7
449
77
14.4
223
663
495
74.7
431
6
425
63
12.8
168
919
417
45.3
372
1.
371
45
10.8
503
845
397
47.0
359
1
358
38
9.6
448
169
59
34.9
38
1
37
21
35.1
110
origin, not
origin
1994
1,854
1,026
55.4
907
3
900
119
11.6
828
851
575
67.6
512
2
506
63
11.0
276
744
539
72,4
488
2
482
50
9.4
206
1,003
451
44.9
395
_
394
56
12.4
552
912
425
46.6
376
_
376
49
11.4
487
198
63
31.9
43
„
43
20
32.0
135
Shown
Cuban origin
1993 1994
927 1
554
59.8
511
9
502
43
7.8
373
433
317
73.3
293
7
285
25
7.8
115
415
308
74.2
286
7
279
22
7.1
107
494
237
47.9
218
2
217
18
7.7
257
467
227
48.5
211
1
210
16
6.9
241
44
20
44.3
14
1
13
b6
( )
25
separately,
,002
604
60.3
555
4
551
49
8.1
398
485
341
70.3
314
4
310
27
7.9
144
459
331
72.2
307
4
304
24
7.2
128
517
263
50.9
241
--
241
22
8.4
254
494
255
51.6
235
--
235
19
7.6
239
49
18
36.7
12
--
12
b6
n
31
Note: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information,
see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment
and Earnings.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995.
7-9
-------
Table 7-3, Employed White, Black, and Hispanic-Origin Workers by Sex, Occupation, Class of
" Worker, and Fiiff- or PartTfme Status
1 > . ' •:" :.''.- . i ,». . [In thousands!
Category
SEX
Total (nil civilian workers)
Men
Womon
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty
Executive, administrative, and managerial
Professional specialty
Technical, safes, and administrative support
Technicians and related support
Sales occupations
Administrative support, including clerical
Service occupations
Private household
Protective service
Service, except private household and
protective
Precision production, craft, and repair
Mechanics and repairers
Construction trades
Other precision production, craft, and repair
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Machine operators, assemblers, and Inspectors
Transportation and material moving occupations
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, laborers
Construction laborers
Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers.
laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing
CtASS OF WOHKEH
Agriculture;
Wags end salary workers
Self-amployid workers^
Unpaid family workers
Nonagricultural industries:
WCQO and salary workers
Government
Private industries
Private households
Other Industries
Sell-employed workers
Unpaid family workers
FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS
Fui-tlfiw workers
Part-time workers
Total
1993 1994
119,306
64,700
54,606
32,280
15,376
16,904
36,814
4,014
14,245
18,555
1 6,522
912
2,152
13,457
13,326
4,416
5,004
3,906
17,038
7,415
5,004
4,619
658
3,962
3,326
1,637
1,332
1O5
107,011
18,504
88^507
1,105
87,402
9,003
218
98,439
20,868
123,060
66,450
56,610
33,847
16,312
17,536
37,306
3,869
14,817
f8,620
16,912
817
2,249
13,847
13,489
4,419
5,008
4,062
17,876
7,754
5,136
4,986
740
4,245
3,629
1,715
1,645
49
110,517
18,293
92,224
966
91,258
9,003
131
99,772
23,288
White
1993 1994
102,812
56,397
46,415
28,859
13,888
14,971
32,082
3,437
12,809
15,836
1 2,969
721
1,728
10,521
11,955
3,977
4,576
3,402
13,910
5,992
4,186
3,732
536
3,195
3,037
1,484
".1,275
104
91,545
14,996
76^549
867
75,682
8,211
192
84,530
18,282
105,190
57,452
47,738
30,045
1 4,605
1 5,439
32,232
3,301
13,235
15,696
13,207
643
1,778
10,787
11,974
3,928
4,550
3,496
14,416
6,166
4,227
4,023
614
3,409
3,315
1,521
1,593
48
93,736
14,675
79,061
752
78,309
8,179
112
84,870
20,320
Black
1993 1994
12,146
5,957
6,189
2,140
959
1,181
3,416
387
948
2,081
2,859
156
374
2,329
985
321
327
337
2,535
1,092
699
743
98
646
211
103
39
-
11,570
2,816
8,754
198
8,557
429
" 5
10,290
1,856
12,835
6,241
6,595
2,405
1,103
1,302
3,637
376
1,066
2,205
2,890
136
407
2,346
1,040
351
32?
362
2.677
1167
749
760
92
668
187
109
27
—
12,236
2,870
9,366
171
9,195
458
5
10,740
2,095
Hispanic origin
1 993 1 994
9,272
5,603
3,669
' 1 ,306
694
613
2,305
200
836
1,269
1,848
197
142
1,508
1,226
347
473
405
2,054
1,024
431
598
110
489
534
407
61
„
8,310
1,119
7,191
225
6,966
482
12
7,786
1,487
10,788
6,530
4.258
1,517
807
709
2,639
205
1,010
1,424
2,131
223
167
1,741
1,407
363
569
475
2,474
1,151
511
811
164
647
620
495
65
-
9,681
1,235
8,446
248
8,199
533
13
8,936
1,852
— Data not available.
Note: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are
not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the
Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995.
7-10
-------
Table 7-4. Employed Civilians of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Origin by Selected Social and
Economic Categories
[In thousands]
Category
SEX
Total {all civilian workers)
Men
Women
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty
Executive, administrative, and managerial
Professional specialty
Technical, sales, and administrative support
Technicians and related support
Sales occupations
Administrative support, including clerical
Service occupations
Private household
Protective service
Service, except private household and
protective
Precision production, craft, and repair
Mechanics and repairers
Construction trades
Other precision production, craft, and repair
Operators, fabricators, and laborers
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors
Transportation and material moving
occupations
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,
laborers
Construction laborers
Other handlers, equipment cleaners.
helpers, laborers
Farming, forestry, and fishing
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
Unpaid family workers
Nonagricultural industries
Wage and salary workers
Government
Private industries
Private households
Other industries
Self-employed workers
Unpaid family workers
FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Total Hispanic
origin
1993 1994
9,272
5,603
3,669
1,306
694
613
2,305
200
836
1,269
1,848
197
142
1,508
1,226
347
473
405
2,054
1,024
431
598
110
489
534
407
61
_
8,310
1,119
7,191
225
6,966
482
12
7,786
1,487
10,788
6,530
4,258
1,517
807
709
2,639
205
1,O10
1,424
2,131
223
167
1,741
1,407
363
569
475
2,474
1,151
511
811
164
647
620
495
65
-
9,681
1,235
8,446
248
8,199
533
13
8,936
1,852
Mexican
1993
5,805
3,628
2,177
666
355
311
1,353
109
489
754
1,111
99
79
932
838
220
333
285
1,374
664
274
436
82
354
463
367
42
-
5,129
701
4,428
119
4,309
258
9
4,858
947
origin
1994
6,800
4,277
2,523
787
426
361
1,526
105
574
848
1,300
117
88
1,095
944
225
392
328
1,698
798
314
589
13O
459
544
451
51
„
5,980
772
5,208
13O
5,078
309
9
5,626
1,174
Puerto Rican Cuban origin
origin
1993 1994 1993 1994
828
457
372
158
76
83
266
24
78
165
165
5
28
132
81
30
21
30
148
77
36
35
3
31
10
7
1
-.
789
162
627
6
621
31
1
707
121
907
512
395
177
85
92
281
27
81
173
163
2
32
126
92
32
28
33
183
81
49
52
6
47
12
2
1
--
860
163
698
3
695.
38
1
751
156
511
293
218
128
72
56
168
17
63
88
66
3
8
56
52
17
23
12
87
35
33
19
3
16
11
5
3
-
457
46
411
3
408
45
-
445
66
555
314
241
141
75
67
202
17
83
102
65
4
14
48
59
28
16
14
80
26
33
20
2
17
7
-
3
..
501
54
447
4
443
50
-,
475
80
a Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other Hispanic origin, not shown separately,
— Data not available.
Note: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information,
see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment
and Earnings.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995.
7-11
-------
Table 7-5. Employed Persons in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Industries by Age, Sex, and Class
7 : •— -: of Worker: 1994
"... ! (In'thousands]
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Wage and salary workers
Age and Sex
. . , . , Self-
Wage and employ- Unpaid
salary ed family
workers workers workers
•i: • .
Total, 16 ytor* and old or
>6 to 19 years
rl'6 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
4B to 84 years
65 to 64 years
65 years and oldor
Men, 16 years and older
16 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 34 years
36 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
66 to 64 years
65 years and older
Women, 16 years and older
10 to 19 years
16 to 17 years
18 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
26 to 34 years
36 to 44 yaars
4S to G4 yaars
SS to 64 years
65 yews and older
1,715
164*"*
81
83
262
520
372
223
114
60
1,330
133
63
70
211
412
276
162
SO
45
384
30
17* *
13
50
108
96
61
25
14*
1,645
70
43
26
50
240
382
324
288
291
1,197
57
34
23
45
179
278
213
199
226
448
13
10
3
5
61
104
111
89
65
49
16
8
7
8
5
5
4
7
4
27
12
6
6
6
2
—
-
1
3
23
3
2
—
1
3
4
4
5
--
Total
110,517
5,780
2,310
3,470
12,155
29,726
30,083
20,632
9,488
2,653
58,300
2,888
1,152
1,736
6,340
16,091
15,852
10,741
5,004
1,383
52,217
2,891
1,158
1,733
5,815
13,636
14,231
9,890
4,484
1,270
Private industries
Private Other
house- private
hold Indus-
Total workers tries
92,224
5,486
2,208
3,277
1 1 ,086
25,717
24,345
15,863
7,524
2,203
49,972
2,757
1,105
1,652
S850
14,188
13,358
8,559
4,102
1,158
42,252
2,728
1,103
1,625
5,237
11,529
10,987
7,304
3,422
1,044
996
124
80
44
114
173
196
151
130
78
99
24
17
3
15
20
14
11
12
3
867
100
63
37
99
152
182
140
119
75
91,258
5,362
2,128
3,233
10,972
25,544
24,149
15,712
7,394
2,125
49,873
2,733
1,088
1,645
5,835
14,168
13,343
8,548
4,090
1,155
41,385
2,628
1,040
1,588
5,137
11,377
10,805
7,164
3,303
970
Self-
employ- Unpaid
Govern- ed family
ment workers workers
18,293
294
101
193
1,069
4,009
5,738
4,769
1,963
450
8,327
131
47
84
490
1,903
2,495
2,182
902
225
9,965
163
56
108
579
2,106
3,244
2,586
1,062
226
9,003
123
65
59
272
1,770
2,725
2,136
1,311
665
5,560
59
30
28
162
1,053
1,699
1,319
841
428
3,443
65
34
31
111
717
1,026
816
471
238
131
9
2
5
11
24
32
29
19
8
37
6
1
4
8
4
5
3
7
4
95
1
1
—
1
20
27
26
12
4
- Data not available/
Nojp^ Data for 1j994jjre not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information,
see^fievislons in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment
and Earnings.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995.
7-12
-------
Table 7-6. Employed Persons by Industry, Sex, Race, and Occupation: 1994 lin thousands/
Managerial and
professional
specialty
Industry and sex
TOTAL
Agriculture
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public
utilities
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, real
estate
Services
Private households
Other service industries
Professional services
Public administration
MEN
Agriculture
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public
utilities
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, real
estate
Services
Private households
Other service industries
Professional services
Administration
WOMEN
Agriculture
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public
utilities
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, real
estate
Technical, sales,
administrative support
Execu-
tive,
Total admin- Techni-
employ- istra. Prof8s. cians
ed live, sional and
mana- special- related
gerial ty support
3,409
669
7,493
20,157
11,792
8,365
8,692
25,699
4,713
20,986
8,141
42,986
976
42,009
29,030
5,814
2,554
564
6,775
13,686
8,688
4,998
6,223
13,564
3,350
10,213
3,343
16,425
105
16,320
9,069
3,317
855
105
718
6,471
3,104
3,367
2,469
12,136
1,363
10,773
4,798
97
110
1,055
2,588
1,555
1,033
1,065
2,235
531
1,704
2,198
5,649
4
5,645
3,559
1,315
66
78
877
1,824
1,139
685
690
1,256
351
905
1,071
2,735
2
2,733
1,462
702
30
32
178
764
416
348
375
979
180
799
1,127
88
76
138
1,814
1,170
644
486
490
89
402
272
13,319
8
13,311
11,888
853
52
64
122
1,401
990
411
375
223
61
162
157
5,402
1
5,401
4,563
489
36
12
16
413
180
233
111
267
28
239
115
38
22
60
611
412
200
329
155
37
119
160
2,274
1
2,272
1,968
221
13
17
49
471
334
137
262
60
26
33
69
764
_
764
543
151
25
5
10
140
77
63
67
96
10
85
90
Precis- operators, fabricators, Farmin9'
Service I0n laborers forestry.
^"'Machine Hand- "Sn'ng
craft', opera- _ lers'
Admin- repair tors' Trans" equip-
istrative assem- porta- ment
support, biers, tion clean-
includ- Private and and ers,
ing house- Other a inspec- material helpers.
Sales clerical hold service tors moving laborers
14
10
59
745
310
435
248
10,652
1,880
8,772
2,029
1,032
-
1031
193
28
8
8
50
484
225
259
139
5,229
1,502
3,727
1,169
443
-
443
59
14
6
-
10
261
85
176
108
5,423
378
5,045
860
145
67
429
2,093
1,146
946
2,337
2,330
775
1,555
2,915
6,864
10
6,855
5,083
1,440
4
20
55
678
399
279
967
519
196
323
426
907
3
904
523
347
140
47
373
1,415
747
668
1,370
1,811
579
1,232
2,489
18
9
34
290
152
138
246
- 4,983
34
- 4,948
282
817 8,654
817 69
-- 8,584
- 5,134
- 1,579
10
— 7
26
212
119
94
120
- 2,314
20
- 2,293
190
30 2,652
30 10
- 2,642
- 1,115
- 1,279
8
2
6
78
33
44
126
- 2,669
13
- 2,655
92
42
222
4,263
3,803
2,622
1,181
1,270
1,440
296
1,145
167
2,071
8
2,063
470
211
41
220
4,185
3,158
2,178
980
1,182
1,239
279
959
157
1,867
7
1,859
397
193
-
2
79
645
444
201
87
202
16
185
10
5
21
86
6,298
3,415
2,883
120
347
150
197
18
825
-
825
222
32
4
21
84
3,877
2,409
1,468
99
213
110
103
13
464
—
464
108
25
-
-
2
2,421
1,006
1,415
21
134
40
94
5
45
109
529
744
416
328
2,049
1,012
464
548
17
567
4
464
314
64
42
106
518
699
397
302
1,895
948
451
498
14
373
2
371
141
58
3
~
11
46
19
26
154
64
13
51
2
19
21
818
1,082
514
569
528
1,967
398
1,569
18
493
13
480
94
39
13
21
789
799
420
378
480
1,519
330
1,189
16
411
12
399
65
34
6
~
29
284
93
190
48
448
68
380
1
2,897
1
22
89
80
9
15
87
60
27
66
421
42
380
105
30
2,300
--
21
84
77
7
15
44
24
21
61
377
38
340
94
26
597
-
1
2
1
1
~
43
36
6
5
(continued)
7-13
-------
Table 7-6. Employed Persons by Industry, Sex, Race, and Occupation: 1994 (continued)
[In thousands]
Illlllll
"liiiL _, IJ • 'Tt
1 Industry and >ox
1 •!''!! ' ,, .,,1 I1' i
WOMEN (continued)
Services
Private households
Other service Industries
Professional services
Public administration
WHITE
Agriculture
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public
utilities
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, Insurance, real
estate
Services
Private households
Other service Industries
Professional services
Public administration
BLACK
Agriculture
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Transportation and public
Wholesale and retail trade
Wnolcsjle trade
Retail trade
Finance, Insurance, roal
estate
Services
Private households
Other service Industries
Professional services
Public administration
Managerial and
professional
.." ' ' specialty
Technical, sales,
administrative support
i • . i . •
-, • Execu-
tive,
Total admin- Techni-
employ- istra. profes- cians
ed tlve, sional and
mana- special- related
gerial ty support
26,561
871
25,689
19,961
2,497
3,162
626
6,810
1 7,230
10,253
6,977
7,168
22,370
4,226
18,144
7,100
36,095
761
35,333
24,396
4,629
136
30
482
2,032
1,003
1,029
1.193
2,174
305
1,869
737
5,095
171
4,924
3,498
956
2,912
i
2,91 i
2,097
614
93
106
1,000
2,421
1,463
958
943
1.977
498
1,479
1,953
5,045
4
5,041
3,164
1,067
2
2
36
92
49
43
80
128
12
116
157
415
_
415
294
191
7,916
"" 7
7,910
7,325
364
86
70
123
1,654
1,067
588
429
445
75
370
239
11,687
5
11,682
10,413
706
1
1
4
60
29
30
39
22
8
13
22
1,051
2
1,049
956
102
1,510
1
1,509
1,425
70
35
21
56
523
354
169
290
139
33
107
139
1,910
-
1,910
1,653
188
2
1
2
49
27
22
25
7
1
5
10
255
— .
254
225
25
Service
11 • ' i"
Admin-
istrative
support,
includ- Private
ing house- 6thera
Sales clerical hold service
589
_
588
135
15
14
10
58
695
294
401
212
9,439
1,751
7,688
1,893
890
-
888
164
24
-
-
-
33
10
23
29
802
61
741
88
101
_'
101
23
-
5,958
7
5,951
4,560
1,093
136
61
400
1,845
1,023
822
1,847
2,080
696
1,383
2,428
5,798
9
5,790
4,27^1
1,101
5
2
19
169
75
94
385
159
46
113
365
814
1
813
622
284
787 6,001
787 59
- 5,942
- 4,020
300
16
9
20
237
122
115
181
- 4,149
25
- 4,124
214
643 6,481
643 41
- 6,440
- 3,766
- 1,253
_
..
8
43
26
17
46
-- 531
7
523
55
136 1,786
136 25
- 1,761
-- 1,179
283
Precis-
ion
Operators, fabricators, Farming-
laborers fore.strVl
^'Machine Hand- Ilsnm9
craft', opera- T ters'
repair tors' Trans' equip-
assem- porta- ment
biers, tion clean-
and and era,
inspec- material helpers,
tors moving laborers
204
204
73
19
37
209
3,900
3,302
2,300
1,002
1,089
1,313
271
1,042
139
1,809
6
1,804
397
176
1
10
261
332
.202
130
147
76
14
62
20
165
1
163
52
27
361
—
361
114
8
5
21
79
5,000
2,791
2,209
97
289
122
167
13
639
-
639
169
23
-
-
5
954
448
506
21
40
18
21
1
135
-
135
46
8
194
2
193
172
6
39
99
470
608
342
267
1,665
852
387
465
14
439
4
435
240
42
5
4
43
117
63
53
318
131
67
64
-
108
—
108
68
18
82
81
29
5
17
18
679
867
429
438
404
1,613
321
1,292
16
384
11
373
73
24
--
3
101
173
65
108
102
272
62
210
2
93
—
92
19
12
44
1
40
11
3
2,685
1
19
76
68
8
12
73
47
26
53
370
38
333
86
25
118
-
1
10
9
-
1
7
6
10
35
-
34
15
2
* Includes protective service, not shown separately.
- Data not available.
Note: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information,
see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment
and Earnings.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995.
7-14
-------
Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994
[In thousands]
Industry
TOTAL, 1 6 years and older
Agriculture
Agricultural production, crops
Agricultural production, livestock
Veterinary services
Landscape and horticultural services
Agricultural services, n.e.c.
Mining
Metal mining
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Lumber, wood products, except furniture
Logging
Sawmills, planing mills, millwork
Wood buildings and mobile homes
Miscellaneous wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, glass, concrete products
Glass and glass products
Cement, concrete, gypsum, plaster products
Structural clay, pottery, related products
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products
Metal industries
Primary metal industries
Blast furnaces, steel works, rolling, finishing mills
Iron and steel foundries
Primary aluminum industries
Other primary metal industries
Fabricated metal industries
Cutlery, hand tools, general hardware
Fabricated structural metal products
Screw machine products
Metal forging and stamping
Ordnance
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products (not specified)
Machinery and computing equipment
Engines and turbines
Farm machinery and equipment
Construction and material handling machines
Metal working machinery
Computers and related equipment
Electrical machinery, equipment, supplies
Household appliances
Radio, TV, communication equipment
Electrical machinery, equipment, supplies, n.e.c.3 (not
specified)
Transportation equipment
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment
Aircraft and parts
Ship and boat building and repairing
Total
employed
123,060
3,409
1,011
1,319
164
750
165
669
61
116
387
106
7,493
20,157
11,792
732
145
386
60
141
662
557
189
185
83
100
2,039
760
354
111
143
152
1,279
110
494
55
146
59
416
2,385
66
114
235
295
535
1,815
125
412
1,278
2,256
1,212
437
197
Percent of total
Women Black
46.0
25.1
23.4
27.3
69.6
8.9
47.7
15.7
10.0
5.6
21.3
9.7
9.6
32.1
26.3
15.0
7.4
16.2
6.1
21.3
30.2
22.9
29.0
10.4
30.4
27.9
18.8
14.4
10.9
11.2
16.6
23.0
21.4
30.4
17.2
19.5
27.1
33.1
20.5
22.9
22.9
21.8
13.5
17.5
35.6
40.0
40.0
37.8
40.7
21.2
22.4
19.6
16.3
10.4
4.0
4.2
1.5
3.4
8.4
3.1
4.5
0.9
6.8
3.7
6.1
6.4
10.1
8.5
12.9
17.0
12.7
3.2
11.4
9.1
8.9
7.9
8.8
7.8
11.9
8.3
11.4
16.5
8.0
6.6
6.3
6.4
5.6
6.4
8.0
4.0
5.3
7.3
5.4
11.2
7.7
2.2
3.5
6.1
8.3
13.3
7.5
8.1
11.9
14.1
8.9
17.0
Hispanic
origin
8.8
16.4
25.4
5.5
0.9
25.2
24.0
5.5
10.8
0.1
6.6
4.3
10.5
9.9
8.4
7.0
0.9
7.7
7.8
10.5
12.0
10.5
8.3
10.7
19.3
7.3
10.2
7.3
6.8
3.5
7.9
9.0
12.0
9.4
12.3
8.3
8.1
1.2
14.9
5.3
2.7
1.9
2.2
3.6
7.3
9.7
7.1
7.3
10.7
5.8
5.0
6.2
2.5
7-15
-------
Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994
", ' : (continued) [In thousands!
Industry
TOTAL, 16 y«ar» and older
Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts
Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment
Professional and photographic equipment, watches
Scientific and controlling instruments
Medical, dental, optical instruments and supplies
Photographic equipment and supplies
Toys, amusemonts, sporting goods
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries (not specified)
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
> Meat products
Dairy products
Canned, frozen, preserved fruits and vegetables
Grain mill products
Bakery products
, Sugar and confectionery products
Bevoraga Industries
• Miscellaneous food and kindred products (not specified)
Tobacco manufacture
Taxtila mill products
Knitting mills
Carpets and rugs
Yam, thread, fabric mills
Apparel and other finished textile products
Apparol and accessories, except knits
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products
Papor and allied products
Pulp, paper, paperboard mills
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
> Paperboard containers and boxes
Printing, publishing, and allied products
Newspaper publishing and printing
Printing, publishing, allied industries, except newspapers
Chnmicals and allied products
Plastics, synthetics, resins
Drugs
Soaps and cosmetics
Paints, varnishes, related products
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals
Petroleum and coal products
:-- Petfoloum refining
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products
Tires and inner tubes
i • Other rubber products, plastics footwear, belting
* Miscellaneous plastics products
Leather arid leather products
Footwear, except rubber and plastic
Transportation, communications, and other public utilities
Transportation
Railroads
Bus service and urban transit
Taxicab service
Trucking service
Total
employed
123,060
321
57
690
213
357
111
169
489
8,365
1,749
475
161
220
141
240
104
203
204
50
643
108
67
403
1,009
834
175
703
293
194
217
1 ,848
504
1,344
1,259
154
297
190
70
499
175
151
795
79
158
558
135
71
8,692
5,587
288
560
132
2,184
Percent of total
Women Black
46.0
24.2
17.7
37.8
30.3
44,0
29.9
46.1
39.8
4.02
33.7
3|!8
25.3
43.0
21.5
31.8
44.7
24.6
39.9
30.2
47.1
64.3
37.2
46.0
71.4
73.6
60.8
25.0
17.2
35.8
26,1
42.1
43.3
41.6
33.3
26.3
46.3
47.6
22.4
24.5
23.5
24^0
32,2
12.6
31.3
35.1
51,2
50.8
28.4
26.0
9.3
30.0
8.4
15.2
10.4
5.9
2.3
6.3
4.9
6.4
8,2
4.8
6.4
12.3
14.1
20.8
5.1
9.7
5.4
16.4
16.6
10.7
16.4
23.1
25.1
15.6
35.4
27.4
15.2
14.3
19.3
10.6
9.2
9.2
13.6
6.8
5.9
7.1
11.7
8.7
11.9
20.0
11.9
8.9
9.7
9.0
10.4
5.2
10.9
10.6
6,3
1.9
13.7
14.1
11.3
25.7
26.8
10.8
Hispanic
origin
8.8
10.1
11.6
9.6
6,8
12,7
4,9
16.9
14,0
12.1
18.3
25.0
11.9
24.9
7.7
13.0
16.1
9,7
24,1
4.2
6.6
11.1
6.3
4.7
21.4
23.1
13.3
8.3
3.9
7.4
15,0
7.6
5,8
8,3
8.0
15.5
5.5
12.0
14.2
5.1
10.1
10.8
11,0
0.6
8.8
13.2
16.8
16.0
7.8
8.7
5.9
8.8
12.4
8.2
7-16
-------
Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994
(continued) [In thousands!
Industry
TOTAL, 16 years and older
Warehousing and storage
U.S. Postal Service
Water transportation
Air transportation
Services incidental to transportation
Communications
Radio and TV broadcasting and cable
Telephone communications
Utilities and sanitary services
Electric light and power
Gas and steam supply systems
Electric and gas, and other combinations
Water supply and irrigation
Sanitary services
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Durable goods
Motor vehicles and equipment
Furniture and home furnishings
Lumber and construction materials
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies
Metals and minerals, except petroleum
Electrical goods
Hardware, plumbing, heating supplies
Machinery, equipment, and supplies
Scrap and waste materials
Miscellaneous wholesale trade, durable goods
Nondurable goods
Paper and paper products
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products
Apparel, fabrics, notions
Groceries and related products
Farm products-raw materials
Petroleum products
Alcoholic beverages
Farm supplies
Miscellaneous wholesale trade nondurable goods (not
specified)
Retail trade
Lumber and building material retailing
Hardware stores
Retail nurseries and garden stores
Department stores
Variety stores
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores
Grocery stores
Retail bakeries
Food stores, n.e.c."
Motor vehicle dealers
Auto and home supply stores
Gasoline service stations
Miscellaneous vehicle dealers
Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe
Total
employed
123,060
150
883
187
801
386
1,560
397
1,134
1.54S
636
183
155
233
329
25,699
4,713
2,499
226
106
176
396
74
305
268
614
206
129
2,214
122
194
124
867
89
134
126
151
407
20,986
551
219
110
2,202
134
138
3,071
183
206
1,121
424
374
102
831
Women
46.0
25.3
38.2
15.5
35,7
57.7
45.3
42.0
46.6
20.0
21.7
22.2
25.1
16.8
15.3
47.2
28.9
27,2
26.0
25.4
20.2
36.1
25.8
33.0
26.7
24,9
16,5
33.2
30.8
40.1
37.1
45.0
25.7
24.6
29.3
14.2
29.5
39.2
51.3
26.4
37.0
34.3
69.4
66.8
59.9
50.5
59.5
47.8
19,3
17,1
32.1
23,5
73.1
Percent of total
Black
10.4
11.7
21.0
13.8
11.3
5.7
13.5
9.7
14.9
12.5
8.4
13.2
17.4
12.1
16.9
8.5
6.5
5.0
3.3
11.3
4.5
6.0
5.3.
5.0
4.0
2.2
11.4
5.6
8.1
4.9
7.6
8.9
10,6
1.0
6.3
10.4
5.9
5.8
8.9
6.S
4.7
2.5
11.6
13.8
11.7
9.2
8.4
7.3
5.4
7.0
6.8
0,3
11.1
Hispanic
origin
8.8
16.8
8.0
5.9
8.4
12.7
6.1
6.5
6.0
6.2
4.1
9.3
4.3
7.8
8.2
9.7
9.2
7.7
9.9
18.6
5.5
6.2
7.9
5.1
5.9
5.5
15.3
9.7
10,9
8.1
7,1
17.0
13,5
5.6
7.1
7.8
5.8
11.3
9.9
5.7
3.9
8.3
10.2
9.6
12.2
9.3
11.9
13.1
8.6
8.7
9.3
2,1
12.6
7-17
-------
'"*
Table 7-7. Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994
(continued) [In thousands]
Industry
TOTAL, 1 6 years and older
Shoe stores
Furniture and home furnishings stores
Household appliance stores
Radio, TV, and computer stores
Music stores
Eating and drinking places
Drug stores
Liquor stores
Sporting goods, bicycles, hobby stores
Book and stationery stores
Jewelry stores
Gift, novelty, souvenir shops
Sewing, needlework, piece goods stores
Catalog and mail order houses
Vending machine operators
Direct selling establishments
Fuel dealers
Retail florists
Finance, insurance, real estate
Banking
Savings institutions, including credit unions
Credit agencies, n.o.c.*
Security, commodity brokerage, investment companies
Insurance
Real estate, including roal estate insurance offices
Services
Private households
Other service industries
Business, automobile, repair services
Advertising
Services to dwellings and other buildings
Personnel supply services
Computer and data processing
Detective and protective services
Business services, n.e.c.*
Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers
Automobile parking and carwashes
Automotive repair and related services
Electrical repair shops
Miscellaneous repair services
Personnel services, except private household
Hotels and motels
Lodging places, except hotels and motels [200]
Laundry, cleaning, and garment services
Beauty shops
Barber shops
Funeral service and crematories
Entortainment and recreation services
Theaters and motion pictures
Videotape rental
Bowling centers
Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services
Professional and related services
Total
employed
123,060
154
613
116
388
141
6,333
559
131
402
233
169
193
60
168
85
349
130
186
8,141
1,959
320
545
737
2,472
2,108
42,986
976
42,009
7,304
272
849
804
1,017
477
1,645
165
196
1,185
126
569
3,363
1,328
136
480
863
96
97
2,134
539
141
53
1,402
29,030
Percent of total
Women Black
46.0
61.5
37.2
26.9
30.4
39.1
53.2
64.1
36.6
50.9
5.2.8
59.0
82.2
82.0
69.1
30.9
75.4
27.5
72.7
58.9
70.3
78.1
64.3
38.7
61.2
48.6
61.8
89.3
61-2
36.3
52.6
49.2
61 .3
34.5
17.6
51.5
28.8
16.1
10.9
13.3
15.7
63.2
54.7
56.2
55.7
89.4
22.4
31.7
42.6
39.6
58.0
43.4
42.2
68.8
10.4
20.4
7.2
6.6
7.2
5.5
11.0
6.9
12.2
3.3
8.1
3.5
3.2
7.2
8.0
5.0
4.4
1.6
3.5
9.1
11.8
5.8
10.7
6.7
8.9
7.6
11.9
17.5
11.7
1 1 .2
5.6
16.4
20.5
7.1
24.0
8.2
10.5
22.1
6.5
5.6
5.5
1 2.5
16.1
5.1
13.6
9.8
23.7
5.3
8.4
8.7
4.7
1.7
8.9
12.0
Hispanic
origin
8.8
11.4
6.6
8.1
7.6
8.6
12.8
5.5
6.7
6.8
6.6
9.4
4.2
7.6
5.0
8.5
9.7
2.9
6.3
6.7
7.6
8.2
7.2
3.7
4.6
8.9
7.8
25.4
7.3
10.0
4.2
20.3
6.7
3.8
10.6
7.6
7.6
22.5
12.2
12.5
10.6
12.3
17.8
0.7
15.7
7.4
10.0
5.4
7.9
8.0
8.2
7.6
7.9
6.0
7-18
-------
Table 7-7, Employed Persons by Detailed Industry, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1994
(continued) [In thousands]
Industry
TOTAL, 1 6 years and older
Hospitals
Health services, except hospitals
Offices and clinics of physicians
Offices and clinics of dentists
Offices and clinics of chiropractors
Offices and clinics of optometrists
Offices and clinics of health practitioners, n.e.c,*
Nursing and personal care facilities
Health services, n,e.c.a
Educational services
Elementary and secondary schools
Colleges and universities
Vocational schools
Libraries
Educational services, n.e.c.3
Social services
Job training and vocational rehabilitation services
Child day care services
Family child care homes
Residential care facilities, without nursing
Social services, n.e.c.8
Other professional services
Legal services
Museums, art galleries, zoos
Labor unions
Religious organizations
Membership organizations, n.e.c.3
Engineering, architectural, surveying services
Accounting, auditing, bookkeeping services
Research, development, testing services
Management and public relations services
Miscellaneous professional and related services
Forestry and fisheries
Forestry
Fishing, hunting, trapping
Public administration
Executive and legislative offices
General government, n.e.c.a
Justice, public order, safety
Public finance, taxation, monetary policy
Administration of human resources programs
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs
Administration of economic programs
National security and international affairs
Total
employed
123,060
5,009
5,579
1,404
596
105
71
117
1,692
1,693
9,703
6,447
2,743
102
196
216
3,046
241
902
433
442
1,027
5,694
1,286
99
69
873
363
795
640
639
659
271
177
112
65
5,814
150
574
2,264
420
761
281
613
751
Percent of total
Women Black His?anic
origin
46.0
76.5
78.9
74.9
77.4
59.8
65.0
69.6
84,7
79.5
68.2
74.6
52.3
53.6
84.2
71.6
81.3
51.9
95.8
98.6
73,0
71,7
46.3
55.0
60.1
44.1
45.1
63.3
21.7
64.1
41.3
43.4
53.6
23.5
30.1
12.2
43.0
61.4
51.0
30.9
60.7
67.5
36.0
44.3
36.3
10.4
16.4
13.3
5.3
2.2
0.2
0.6
6,5
23.2
15.9
11,1
11.8
9.7
13.7
12.1
7.0
17.5
15.2
16.8
10.8
18.4
21.2
5.6
5.2
9.0
6.5
8.3
11.3
3.0
4.0
5.5
5,2
1.4
4.9
6.2
2.4
16.4
9.6
19.7
14.7
14.5
23.2
11.4
14.9
18.0
8.8
5.5
6.8
7.8
7.2
4.5
7.4
2,8
5.9
7.3
6.3
7.1
4.7
5.7
3.6
3.6
7.8
4.2
6.1
8.9
9.7
9.0
4.4
5.3
3.3
3.8
5.4
4.1
4.6
3.2
3.1
4.2
2.6
10.8
12.8
5.8
5.8
3.1
5.9
5.9
5.3
6.8
4.4
6.0
6.0
a N.e.c. is an abbreviation for "not elsewhere classified" and designates broad categories of occupations that
cannot be more specifically identified. Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed are
not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown.
Note: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional
information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994
issue of Employment and Earnings.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, 1995.
7-19
-------
Table 7-8. Inventory of Commercial Office Space for the Largest Metropolitan Areas: 1994
(As of December 31, except population as of July 1. Data based on responses from individuals knowledgeable
in the local markets. Represents primarily the metropolitan areas as indicated, but in many cases may exclude
outlying counties beyond the central portion.]
Resident
popula- Inventory
Metropolitan areas tion, (1,000
1992 sq. ft.)
(1.000)
Albany-Schenactady-Troy, NY MSA 872 13,043
Atlanta, GA MSA 3,143 98,145
Austin-Sen Marcos, TX MSA 901 19,999
Baltimore, MO PMSA 2,433 23,701
Birmingham, AL MSA 859 15,360
Boston, MA-NH PMSA 3,21 1 87,822
Bulfalo-Niagra Falls, NY MSA 1,194 7,491
CJiarlotto, NC MSA 1,212 19,593
»!'" — . '"' ,
Chicago, IL PMSA 7,561 147,637
Cincinnati. OH PMSA 1,560 21,887
Cfcveland-Lorain-Elyria, OH PMSA 2,221 35,646
Columbus, OH MSA 1,394 25,155
D«llM. TXPMSA 4,215 116,348
Dayton, OH MSA 962 6,717
Danver, CO PMSA 1,715 55,207
Detroit. Ml PMSA* 4,308 55,651
Fort Laudordals, FL PMSA 1,301 16,035
Fort Worth, TX PMSA 1,419 18,038
Fresno, CA MSA 805 11,875
Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, Ml MSA 964 7,963
Greensboro-Winston Salem-HIgh Point, NC 1,078 21,707
MSA
.Miii Jin ' ,. ullir : . p i,
Grocnvi'la-Spartonburg-Anderson, SC MSA 853 4,064
Hartford. CT MSA 1,156 20,877
Honolulu, HI MSA 863 14,582
Houston, TX PSMA 3,530111,802
Indianapolis, IN MSA 1,424 18,425
Jacksonville, FL MSA 953 1 9,272
Kansas City, MO-KS MSA 1,617 34,226
Las Vogas. NV MSA 971 6,346
Lo* Angeles, CA PMSA 9,054 143,379
Louisville. KY MSA 968 13,730
Memphis, TN MSA 1,034 18,408
Miami, FL PMSA 2,008 21 ,941
Resident
popula- Inventory
Metropolitan areas tion, (1,000
1992 sq. ft.)
(1
Milwaukee-Waukesha, Wl PMSA
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI MSA
Nashville, TN MSA
New Jersey-Central/Northern13
New Orleans, LA MSA
New York City, NY PSMAC
Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA
MSA
Oakland, CA PMSA
Oklahoma City, OK MSA
Orange County, CA PMSA
Orlando, FL MSA
Philadelphia, PA PMSAd
Phoenix, AZ MSA
Pittsburgh, PA MSA
Portland-Vancouver, OR PMSA
Providence, Rl MSA
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC MSA
Richmond-Petersburg, VA MSA
Sacramento-Yolo, CA MSA
St. Louis, MO MSA
Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT MSA
San Antonio, TX MSA
San Diego, CA MSA8
San Francisco, CA PMSA
San Jose, CA PMSA
Seattle, WA PMSA1
Syracuse, NY MSA
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL
MSA9
Tulsa, OK MSA
Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV PMSAh
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, FL MSA
Wichita, KS MSA
MSA = metropolitan statistical area.
PMSA = primary metropolitan statistical area.
Represents only the suburban portion of the metropolitan area.
,000)
1,450 24,724
2,618 46,308
1,023 12,454
3,897 151,094
1,303 21,737
9,705 450,422
2,640 35,872
1,497 16,434
2,148 42,337
984 1 5,460
2,485 54,436
1,305 20,932
4,944 82,888
2,330 22,907
2,406 28,463
1,897 16,430
1,131 6,102
909 16,919
896 19,377
1,563 25,993
2,519 38,842
1,128 10,647
1,379 15,804
2,601 42,506
2,523 90,055
1,528 34,500
2,124 29,562
752 8,195
2,107 19,714
732 12,074
4,630 168,215
901 6,707
501 5,800
Data are for area identified by source as New Jersey-Central/Northern with a market area of Bergen, Essex,
Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Hunterdon, Mercer, Middelsex, Monmouth, Somerset, and Union Counties.
Represents primarily Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Rockland, and Westchester Counties.
Represents only the Pennsylvania portion of the metropolitan area.
, Represents only Bexar County.
Represents only the central business district portion of Seattle.
U Represents only Pinneallas and Hillsborough Counties.
Excludes the Maryland portion of the metropolitan area and some outlying counties in Virginia
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
7-20
-------
Table 7-9. Commercial Office Buildings—Selected Characteristics: 1992
[Excludes buildings 1,000 square feet or smaller. Building type based on predominant activity in which the
occupants were engaged. Based on a sample survey of building representatives conducted between August and
December 1992; therefore, subject to sampling variability.}
Characteristic
All buildings
Year constructed
1899 or before
Number of
buildings
(1,000)
4,806 Region
169
Characteristic
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Number of
buildings
(1,000)
771
1,202
1,963
870
1900 to 1919
1920to 1945
1946to 1959
1960 to 1969
1970 to 1979
1980to 1989
1990to 1992
255
724
880
783
982
884
128
Fuels used alone or in combination
Electricity 4,616
Natural gas 2,665
Fuel oil 559
Propane 337
District heat 95
District chilled water 28
Principal activity within building
Public assembly
Education
Food sales
Food service
Health care
Lodging
Mercantile/services
Office
Parking garage
Public order and safety
Warehouse
Other
Vacant
Government owned
Nongovernment owned
644
301
130
260
63
184
1,272
749
24
60
761
69
319
599
4,206
Any other
Workers
Fewer than 5
5 to 9
10to 19
20 to 49
50 to 99
10010249
250 or more
Weekly operating hours
39 or less
40 to 48
49 to 60
61 to 84
85 to 167
168 (open continuously)
163
2,718
895
661
405
130
64
31
1,039
1,278
1,004
645
478
362
Includes religious worship.
Note: Composition of regions is presented in section 2.4.
Source: U;S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
7-21
-------
-------
APPENDIX 7A
EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-------
-------
Employment and Earnings
Editors: Gloria Peterson Green, Eugene H. Becker
Editors" Note
With this issue, seasonally adjusted unemployment and other labor force series derived from the Current Popula-
tion Survey (household survey) have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. Because of the
survey changes introduced in January 1994, only seasonally adjusted data for 1994 have been revised. Revised
current data appear in summary table A, tables A-l through A-12, and D-l through D-10.
The article appearing on page 10 discusses the effect of the revisions, describes the seasonal adjustment method,
and includes the seasonal adjustment factors to be used to calculate the major labor force series for January-June
1995.
Annual averages for 1994 may differ slightly from the results that would be obtained by averaging the 12 published
monthly estimates, because they reflect the use of a revised set of survey data for January that incorporates correc-
tions to some minor editing problems in the original survey data for that month.
Contents
List of statistical tables
Contents to the explanatory notes and estimates of error
Employment and unemployment developments, December 1994
Revision of seasonally adjusted labor force series
Summary tables and charts
Explanatory notes and estimates of error
Index to statistical tables
Page
2
1
8
10
14
227
264
Statistical tables
Source
Historical Seasonally
adjusted
Not
seasonally
adjusted
Other
features
Household data
Establishment data:
Employment:
National
State
Area
Hours and earnings:
National
State and area
Local area labor force data:
Regional
State
Area
16
50
51
Household data:
Quarterly averages
Annual averages ..
Establishment data:
Annual averages ..
18
54
59
67
129
131
141
27
71
84
84
102
125
136
136
150
162
222
7 A-l
-------
Monthly Household Data
Page
Historical
A-l. Employment status of the civilian uoninstitutional population 16 years and over, 1961 to date 16
A-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1984 to date 17
Seasonally Adjusted Data
Employ mont Status
A-3. Employment sums of the civilian noninstirutional population by sex and age 18
A-4. Employment sums of the civilian noninstitutioaal population by race, sex. age. and Hispanic origin 19
A-5. Employment and unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age 21
Characteristics of the Employed
A-6. Employed persons by marital status, occupation, class of worker, and part-dme status , 22
A-7, Employed persons by age and sex 23
Characteristics of tha Unemployed
A-4S. Unemployed persons by »ge and sex , 23
A-9. Unemployment rates by age and sex 24
A—10. _ Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 25
A—11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment 26
A—12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment 26
Not Seasonally Adjusted Data
Employment Status
A—13. Employment sums of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sax, and race , , —... 27
A—14. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by race, sex, and age 30
A—15. Employment status of the civilian noninstirutional population 16 to 24 years of age by school
enrollment, educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 31
A-16. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race 33
Characteristics of tha Employed
A—17. Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age 34
A-18. Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex 35
A-19. Employed persons by industry and occupation 36
A-20. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagriculniral industries by age, sex, and class of worker 37
A-21. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultuial industries by hours of work 38
A-22. Persons at work I to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working
less than 35 hours and usual full- or part-time status , 38
A-23. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status 39
A-24. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full- or
put-time status 40
A-25. Persons at work to nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status 41
Characteristics of tha Unemployed
A-26. Unemployed persons by marital slants, race, age, and sex 42
A-27. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex 43
A-28, Unemployed persons by industry and sex 44
A—29, Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and race 45
A—30. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment 46
A—31. Unemployed persons, total and full-time workers, by duration of unemployment 46
A-32. Unemployed persons by age, sex, race, marital status, and duration of unemployment 47
A—33. Unemployed persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment 48
Persons Not In the Labor Force
A-34. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex 48
Multiple Jobholders
A—35. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics , 49
Vietnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans
A-36. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age 49
7A-2
-------
Monthly Establishment Data
Page
Historical
B-l. Employees on nonfann payrolls by major industry, 1944 to date 50
B-2. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private noafarra
payrolls by major industry, 1964 to date , 51
Seasonally Adjusted Data
Employment
National
B-3. Employees on nonfann payrolls by major industry and selected component groups 54
B—4. Women employees on nonfann payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 56
B-5. Production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry
and manufacturing group 57
B—6. Diffusion indexes of employment change 58
States
B-7. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by Slate and major industry 59
Hours and Earnings
National
B—8. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls
by major industry and manufacturing group 67
B—9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm
payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group 68
B—10. Hours of wage and salary workers on nonfarm payrolls by major industry 69
B-ll. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls by major industry 70
Not Seasonally Adjusted Data
Employment
National
B-12. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by detailed industry 71
B—13. Women employees on nonfann payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group ,. 83
States and Areas
B-14. Employees on nonfann payrolls in States and selected areas by major industry 84
Hours and Earnings
National
B—15. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfann
payrolls by detailed industry 102
B-15a. Average hourly earnings in aircraft (SIC 3721) and guided missiles and space vehicles
(SIC 3761) manufacturing 122
B—16. Average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, of production workers on manufacturing payrolls 123
B—17. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private
nonfarm payrolls by major industry, in current and constant (1982) dollars 124
States and Areas
B—18. Average hours and earnings of production workers on manufacturing payrolls in
States and selected areas 125
Monthly Regional, State, and Area Labor Force Data
Seasonally Adjusted Data
C-l. Employment status of the civilian population for census regions and divisions 129
C-2. Labor force status by State 131
Not Seasonally Adjusted Data
C-3. Labor force status by State and selected metropolitan areas 136
7A-3
-------
Quarterly Household Data
i , • Page
1 ii'
Seasonally Adjusted Data
Employment Status
0-1. Employment sums of the civilian noniasn'tutioaal population by sex and age , 141
0-2. Employment status of the civilian noninstirutiooal population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin 142
Characteristics of tho Employed
D-3. Employed «nd unemployed full- and part-time workers by sex and age , 144
0-4. Employed persons by marital sums, occupation, class of worker, and part-tune status 145
0-5. Employed persons by age and sex 146
i « • i
Characteristics of the Unemployed
0-6, Unemployed persons by age and sex 146
0-7. Unemployment rates by age and sex 147
0-8. Unemployment rates by occupation, industry, and selected demographic characteristics 148
0-9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment 149
0—10, Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment , 149
Not Seasonally Adjusted Data
.*
Employment Status
0-11. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin 150
0-12. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Ricatt, and Cuban origin population by sex and age 151
Characteristics of the Employed
0-13. Employed white, black, and Hispanic-origin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and
full- and part-time status 152
0-14. Employed Mexican, Puerto Rjcan, and Cuban-origin workers by sex. occupation, class of worker,
and full- and part-time status 133
0—15, Employed persons by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 154
Characteristics of the Unemployed
0-16. Unemployment rates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin , , 154
0-17. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin 155
0—18. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin ,. 155
.. . Weekly Earnings Data
0-19. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage mod salary workers by selected characteristics 156
0-20. Median weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 157
0-21. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex 158
Vietnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans Data
D-22. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age 159
D—23. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin 159
7A-4
-------
Averages — Household Data
Page
Employment Status
1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionaj population, 1931 to dale .._...„_ ---- _._. — ...._„_..„_.._„„_„_. 162
2. Employment status of the civilian nonlnstitutional population 1 6 years and over by sex, 1 962 to date ....„___..„. 163
3. Employment status of the civilian nooinstitutionoi population by age, sex, and race ,._.__™,.._...._™...,mm ...... „... 164
4. Employment status of the Hispanic-origin population by age and sex,....-,.™.-.-...—.. — _._,.„..„_.„._„„„„_.„„_„ 167
5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionaj population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin .. ____ _ ............. 168
6. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-origin population by sex and age ..__,_ _______ _._. ____ 169
7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutkmal population 1 6 to 24 years of age by school enrollment,
educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin .„„„.„„. ----- ...„.....„.__.. -- ____._._„ _____ .___.„_„„_. 170
8. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race.,,.™.-... — _._ — ....„_...„.„.,....___„. 172
Characteristics of the Employed
9. Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age ------ ----------------------------------------- -------------------------- --------- , ----------- 173
10. Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex .......... — . ------ „_....... ------- ..,„...._._„.... — .... — .. — __„....„„_.„ — . 174
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — „ ------ ..™, ---------------- ....... „„..„..,„.... 175
12. Employed white, black, and Hispanic-origin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker,
and full- or part-time status ...„...„_._„_„ — .. ....................... — .... — „......_ — -._.__._._ — „.„ — ,..„„„...„„ — .„„ — . 181
13. Employed Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-origin workers by sex. occupation,
class of worker, and full- or part-time status . ____ „ ..... „ __________ .. --------- . — ~_. — .„___._ ------ . — „_„..„..„„...._.„. 182
14. Employed persons in nonagricultural industries by age. sex, and race ......... — ..._ ----- . — _ — .......,._........._... — _ 183
15. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker ...„. — ,__.___._ 1 84
16. Employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker ..-_„„«..„.__.._.„...„..........„...._„..___. 185
1 7. Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation . — _ ------- ™— — „-.„.., ,„ . . ..... „.„...„......._ — _._„ — ._. 186
18. Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin ................. -.„ — ......... _... — .... — __«._™._ 188
19. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work.. — _._ — _.,„,.., — ..._ ------- __._.__.... 192
20. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than
35 hours and usual full- or part-time status................. _____ . _____ .,„...,..„„.„..._.. — ..„„„... ------ ....„.,.......„...._,„..._..._ 192
2 1 . Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status ...... — ....„___ 193
22. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by sex, age, race, marital status,
and usual full- or part-time status ...... „„._ [[[ -..— ---- —™... — .. — ___ ...... — — _ 194
23. Persons at work in nonfann occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status ...... — _, -------- . — _„. ...... „._._ — . 195
Characteristics of the Unemployed
24. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex .. — _,...„„ ----- „_.„— --- ~ - . — . — __„___.___„.„ 196
25. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex .......... ------------------- ...... — - -------------------------------- 197
26. Unemployed persons by industry and sex _____ .. ________ ..„„„....._ ------- __._ — ._„_.«._—_„.__„...„_„..«.„ — _™~ 198
27. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and age .. — „......._....._„— ._—._.........„..—„.......„...-.._.... 199
28. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin.. — „., ------ _..._..„_....„. ------ „ — . 200
29. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment . — „.„.__..,...„._.„, 20 1
30. Unemployed total and full-time workers by duration of unemployment . — __,_.____...._.„ — ... — „...._„.._„.-„_. 201
31. Unemployed persons by selected demographic characteristics and duration of unemployment ..._....._._...__„„. 202
32. Unemployed persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment ..,..__._._,„_„.„,_..„_ — . — „_ — _ 203
33. Unemployed jobseekers by sex. age, race, and active jobsearch methods used ...,.__.__.,„.„. ...... — ,. — „._.„_ — _ 204
34. Unemployed jobseefcers by sex. reason for unemployment, and active jobsearch methods used ...„„„.„.__„__. 205
Persons Not In the Labor Force
35. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age. and sex ._.« — .... — ..... — ™ — .._.,..„. — _, 206
Multiple Jobholders
36. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics. .............. -...,..„ ............. .......................... 206
Weekly Earnings Data
37. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics ............. „.„... .................... 207
38. Median weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics ........... ._, ..... _.. — _.. ------- . 208
39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupaiion and sex ................................ 209
-------
Annual Averages—Household Data—Continued
Page
Union Affiliation Data
40. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics „ 214
41. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation
ind selected characteristics „_._ ,_._._.... .„....._„.,..„,.. .. —._— - _ 215
f 42. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry 216
43. Median"wcekly earnings of foil-lime wage and salary workers by union affiliation,
occupation, and industry .,„ „........„ „„...._ -...» ~ _.. 217
Employee Absences Data
44. Absences from work of employed full-time wage and salary workers by mge and sex .......„„„,.„„.„..„„.. 218
45. Absences from work of employed full-time wags and salary workers by occupation and industry 219
Vietnam-era Veterans and Nonveterans Data
46. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonvetermns by age......._.....—._ „ 220
47. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin 221
' " *. " j.
Annual Averages—Establishment Data
Employment-National
48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and selected component groups 222
49. Production or nonsupcrvisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by major industry
mnd manufacturing group „..,„„._.„, ..................... .—...........—„...,. „ 224
Hours and Earnings-National
50. Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupcrvisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls by
major industry and manufacturing group -.-, .. .— 225
7A-6
-------
APPENDIX 7B
EMPLOYED PERSONS BY DETAILED OCCUPATION,
SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
-------
-------
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total, 16 years and over .,.......,,.,...,.,... ,...„.....,.. . .. . ..... ,„„.,.......„ ,...,...
Managerial and professional specialty ,„.„,...,.. „ ,„ . , .,.......,.,........,.„.,...,.„....
Esceculive. administrative, and managerial ..,.„.„....„..........., ,..,.,,„ , ...» , ..,..., .... <.
Officials and administrators, public administration ..,...„., , .... , ,
Administrators, protective services ...„„.,.„...,„.....„,......„...„..... „„„.... „.,.,., ..,„.,„„...„.„»........»........,.,--.....,..,.........».,
Financial managers ..„...,.....,..», , . ... .. ... ...... .„.....,. .....
Managers, properties and real estate ...,.,........»....„,.....,...„„,.......„. ....... . .. .. „...„,„ ,,,„,. ................
Other financial officers , ...,.......„,........,.,......».»..........,„.„.,.. .... .. .. .. . ... ,*„„...... .........................
Construction inspectors , . ...... ,......„„...,..,.,
Civil engineers , ..............................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....,„..,........,...„..„....„.. . „.„,... ,. ...... .„....,„ ,«„.„„.......„„........„.....,.,.......,...„...
Natural scientists „...„.,...,„.,.,.............„... ,..,....,.,„....„..., „_.„.„,....,..,.„......,.„...,.,....,........,......................
1994
employed
123,060
33,847
16,312
598
51
608
in
130
564
701
614
52
1,255
479
51
4.269
1.483
aa
715
283
396
233
64
226
1 7.536
2,030
141
1.866
75
56
240
5S6
245
341
1,186
916
222
535
144
57
120
62
932
628
148
61
2.708
1,956
182
86
430
98
j SO
I 106
92
53
838
4.330
496
1.634
1,197
308
237
219
196
106
2BO
Percent ol total:
Women
46.0
48.1
43.0
46.1
27.8
49,!
61 6
37.0
34.3
62.01
79.7
63.6
45.4
50.6
I6.I
53.7
51.8
67.4
48.4
34.1
64.9
55.1
7.3
27.4
52.8
8.9
16.8
8.3
14.5
7.3
8.2
6,7
14,7
5.1
33.6
31.4
41.4
31.0
36.8
13.2
36.5
47,4
21.5
22.3
13.3
34.7
86.2
93.6
38.0
92.C
74.;
57.J
87.5
66.!
94.6
54.;
42.!
74.<
98.
85.
! 55
! 83.
i 68.
81.
84.
1 53.
47.
58.
Black
10.4
7.1
6.8
12.7
4.6
7.0
8.9
1.7
2.6
12.2
5.4
8.5
8.0
6.3
3.7
8.8 j
9.0
3.3
7.4
5.5
12.3
3.4
6.1
15.4
7.4
3.7
1.4
3.7
.9
1.8
2.8
4.2
5.9
3.1
6.5
7.2
3.9
i 3.8
! 4.5
C
«
i 1.1
3.7
4.2
3.7
.5
s.e
9.2
2.6
14.:
a.;
11.1
I 9.
J 3."
I 3.:
il 5.!
j S.(
» S.<
H.<
3 10.
3 7.
? 6.
1 13.
5i 9.
ti 10.
Si 7.
4! 3.
6! 8.
I
Hispanic
origin
8.8
4.5
4.9
4.2
5.9
S.7
6.1
4.3
4.3
4.7
4.0
2.0
7.9
8.7
1.7
5.0
4.4
S.I
4.5
6.2
6.1
4.6
.9
8.4
4.0
3.3
3.7
3.3
4.5
1.3
2.9
2.2
3.9
4.9
3.7
3.5
4.9
1.6
1.4
.2
5
4.4
5.2
4,5
-
3.4
2.9
4.1
2.1
4.5
8,2
.5
'| 3.7
)| 1.6
ij 7.8
) 2.9
) 4.3
J| S.4
l\ 4.2
5 4.0
31 3.8
7\ 8.1
51 3.7
5 3.7
0 4.1
81 3.3
31 4.9
See footnotes at end ol table.
7B-1
-------
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employ«d persons by dttalled occupation, ««x, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued
Occupation
Social, lecfeatron, and religious workers „.._ „
• Sooiat workers .„_,_..„,., .,„ , „„ _
Recreation workers „..,__.._ _.. „ .
Ctergv _ „„..„ ___, , „
lawyers tnd judges . .___.._ _...„ _ ....
lawyers «««.. ..._..,...«.,..,....„.-.». «„,.„.........»..... , „
Writers artis l*, entertainers and athletes .. „.. . , ,
Authors »,•..— « .-—». „ ..„„„ „
Technical witters „.«.„„_, ..„_ ,_
Designers -«.««-_.- ,. ,..„ „..„ „ .... „... .... . . . .....
Munctifts and composers ™..~. ............ ,..„., ,
.Actors and director* -»~« . „..„ .. ... . . ......
» Pawters, sculptor s, craft artists, and artist printmakars . . .. . . ........ .... .
'• Photographers _.,...-._„,_._....„
> 6dMon «od reporters „-....._... , .„.._ -„. _ ;.
* Pubfcc Motion* specialists ..„ . „
AlhM!et _,_...._,.. _ _
v , ' * i * > . '
Technical, saSes. and administrative support ~ .- „.,...
Technciani and related support ,„. ... ....,._ ,
fiaitth technologists and technicians ._,.._.. _
Gftrecaf laboratory lechnolofjuts and technicians , . , , . ....... ........ , ..... ..
Dental hygienists ._„ „..__ .._ .,..._ . _
Rsdk)*ogic technicians .„«. ........ ..,„,.,„.. , . „ ,
UowtMd practical nurses ,.„_ _
Engmt«nng and related technologists and technicians
EMctncal and electronic lecfmioant „_.„ „,.,.. „
' Dfilbng oceupatiOfU «™...,^_,»._..m , _
Surveying and mapp*ng technicians . .„..„ ......
Sci*nc» WchnKsanf ..„,__„ „ , _
Biological tochnioans ..-,_.„ . _
Chwrtcal ttcbmeani _..^ „ „....._ .. ... , , _.. ,.,..
Ttchrociani. «xc*pt health, ongineoring, and science _ _
Airptant p4oU and navigators _.. . __._ „ , , ...... . .» „
Cocipwtir pfOO/arrKners ,™...m .,„, . „. .w . .. ,
Legal assistant* _. ,_,.._ _ _
Salts occupations ...™«~.~«.....,w... „
Sup*vi»ors and proprwlors .... „_ „„„, .„_,.„. ..
Sattt ripres
-------
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin— Continued
in thousands)
Occupation
Secretaries .............................. . ,„., ,.,.„..,..,.„.„„,.„„
Stenographers ...... ......,..„.„.,......,„.... ...,...,„...,..,........,.....,...,.,..,....,
Typists,....,.....,..,,,,.,..,...,...,...,,,.,,... „....„„..«„..«. .............
Information clerks «,..... ,..,.... ..„.,.....„.„..., ....,........„...„...,..,.*,„..„.
Interviewers .,.,......„...,,..,_„,.,„„.„.. ,.,„„...„.,..,.„„..„.,
Hotel clerks ...,....,.....„.„...,.,......,„„....
Transportation ticket and reservation agents „.,...,..„,.....,.,,...,.,.„„„..,
Receptionists.,.,,..,,,,,.,,.,..,..,,,,.,.,.^....,..... .....,.,..,.,.,„„..,.,.,...„.„.,..,.,...„
Records processing, except financial ...............................
Order clerks ..,..„,.„....,...,.„„.„...,.„..„, „...,........, ».... ..........
Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping .... .........,— .....
Library clerks ...,.,..„...,„.,„..,. ,...,.....,
File clerks ..,.......,..,
Records clerks ,.,. . ..„........„.,„.,.,
Financial records processing ............ ,.
Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks .... . ........
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ,. .......... „..„,...„,„.,„.,.„.,.„.
Silling clef ks ...... .................................... .... ... „„......„.....„.«..„.««.«.
Silling, posting, and calculating machine operators , „ , ........... ...„........„...„.„..,«.....
Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators „ , .... ,. , ., „.....„. ................................... ............
Communications equipment operators ...„..,.. ... ..,......„.,..»,...„.,..„„
Telephone operators .,..,.**.....„..,.... ....... ... .. ................................
Mail and message distributing .,.....™...,.,... . , ,....,..„,.,.,.,„...„,..
Postal clerks, except mail earners ................. ..... .............................
Mail carriers, postal service ..,..,..„..,..„„.,.,„..... ..... ... ..........................
Mail clerks, except postal service ...„,„„,... ....... .,...,„„
Messengers „.,.„.....„.....„,...„...„.„...„.....,.... „ * „ , „.„ ,..,.
Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks ,..,..,„..,.,..„„...,.,..„........,....,., ...........
Dispatchers „„.„..,.,„.,.,.,„.,.....,.„..„...„..„...„ „ . . „.„.„..,
Production coordinators , . . , . „
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks . , „..„„..„.,„...,„ ....„..„ .............. ...
Stock and Inventory clerks .,.„ , . . .. ............. ..,..,....,...,.
Meter readers ,..,..„.„.,.„,.,...,............,..,».,.,.»„. „... ..... ... . . ,,.,.. .... . . .„,..,..................,..,..,.,„...
Weighers, measurers, and checkers and samplers „...,. ,....,„.......,..„.„„
Expediters ..,.....,......„.......,..,„.,.,...,....,_,..„...... .„ .„„..„« „ „ . ,.«. ,» ... .......
Adjusters and investigators .....-.,......_„....,„....„,„,.„ .„.,...,........,....,...„„..„.,....,„.........«,....„....„,.,.„..,.......
insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ..,....,....,.,..,. ,......,.,. ... ...... .. ..... .........................................
Investigators and adjusters, except insurance ..........a....,........,,,,,,,.., »..,...,.,.,.„..........,„....._....,......,...«.........,..„.....
Eligibility clerks, social weWare ... ............ ............„.„.,„...„..«.....«.......,..,.,..,.,...„,..........................„.„„.......,„..„...
Bill and account collectors ............................................. . .. „ .... . ...... ... . ,....« .,....,.,.,.,...,..,.,.
Miscellaneous administrative support .,.,,.,...,.......,„„,,.,,.„,,„,,,,,..,,,,.,..,.,.,....,...,.,..,,„ ..„..,.. ...... ,...,..-..„..„.,.„.,..,..,..,.„.
General office clerks ........„„„„.,.....,..,.,„.„. .... .. ,. .. ,.„ .., ... .... ........... ... ... ,........,..*.....*.....*..,..
Bank tellers ...„.,.„.„..„..,„.......,.„....,...,.. ...... . ...... ...
Data-entry Neyers .....„.„„„.„.„„...,.... „ . .„., ,...„ ...„ , . . ..,.,..,„„.,....„..„
Statistical clerks , ...,„.,.,..,.,....,
Teachers* aides , .„.. . .., .,„.
Service occupations „„„.„.„,„„„ .,...,„.,.,...„.....,. ................ „..,. ,
Private household ....................
Child care workers ..........,..........,..,„„.„„...„ .. .. . ...... „....,. ...... „...„.,.,„........, ,
Cleaners and servants ..„„,..„,.„.,.,„..,.„,„„..». .. .. .. .... .,.,.... .„ ....... ...... .„..,.„„.,.,„., .... . . ... ... . ,
Protective service „.,.„„.„......,.,.„„„..,„..,.,.....,„, ... .....,...,..„..„.,„ . ...... [[[
Supervisors [[[ ..„..,....„.,..,.,..«.„.«„.«.,.„,«.,..,.„„.,.„................,........,„...,„...,.„.
Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention . .. ...... . ., ., ... ..„. .. ..... ........ .
Police and detectives .... .«..„.».,.,.. .... ........ . , .............. ..
Guards [[[ .,..„..,.,„
Firelightirtg and lire prevention occupations ,...,„..„.,.,..„.»..„,.,.,...,*.,..»......„...........,....
Firelighting occupations .,,.,.,.„,.,..„,..,.,., .. . .„,,...„.,...„.,...., . . ....
Sheriffs bailiffs, and oiher law enforcement officers .......,...,.....,.............„..„.,..,...,.,....,.,. , .. ..... ........................
Correctional institution officers ..,.,..,.,.,..
Service occupations, except private household and protective service........................
Waiters and waitresses ,»....,.».„„..„..„..„„.„„,«„......, ............................................ .... ..
1994
mployed
3397
105
661
1,755
158
107
260
931
890
202
66
147
280
181
2,278
1,829
155
177
70
SB
179
165
982
311
354
170
147
1,798
226
200
571
45S
54
71
196
1,414
364
788
109
153
3,799
696
441
627
75
582
16.912
817
286
500
2,249
219
50
109
60
210
195
968
532
130
305
85
717
13,847
5.9SO
3->3
322
1.44S
2,071
Percent o( total:
Women
98.9
95.7
94.1
88.4
81.7
68.6
72.8
96.4
78.5
75.1
86.6
77.7
78.9
78.0
91.4
91.9
91.7
90.0
90.7
41.5
86.6
88.6
38.9
44.4
34.0
50.5
25.7
43.6
51.4
56.0
28.7
44.1
12.0
50.9
65.S
74.5
74.6
74.5
80.6
69.7
81.6
80.2
90.4
83.8
81.6
90.3
59.6
96.3
97.3
95.8
16.7
12.0
2.5
12.2
i8.a
2.
2.
1S.€
13.
16.
19.
22.
IS.
64,
57.S
66.3
55.
78.C
43.:
Black
8.4
1.0
14.6
10,6
13.1
14.7
6.9
10.1
15.6
18.5
17.3
10.8
16.8
13.4
6.0
4.9
9.5
11.9
8.4
17.2
20.8
21.7
18.5
28.2
11.6
24.2
8.1
12.6
7.6
8.0
14.7
13.5
19.3
15.8
11.4
13.9
13.3
12.3
18.7
20.6
13.9
13.0
10.4
18.
23.
14.
17.
16.
8.
20.
18.
12.
3.
12.
19
9
9
17.
13
12
27
22
24
16
i 12.i
10.'
2.S
5l 5..
! 17.!
Hispanic
origin
6.2
4.4
9.6
9.2
11.9
6.0
6.3
10.2
9.2
6.5
11.9
5.0
12.7
6.4
5.5
5.0
4.7
8.3
8.8
9.5
8.2
8.3
7.9
7.8
8.5
5.9
8.9
9.8
6.6
8.2
12.9
9.9
3.9
5.2
7.5
6.8
4.1
6.0
16.8
9.9
8.4
8.1
9.2
7.2
7.9
14.6
12.6
27.2
20.5
31.0
7.4
4.5
.8
-------
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued
{tamMnv in Uwuundt)
.
Occupation
Food coyr.ter, fountain and related occupations
Kitchen workers, food preparation .
Waiters' and waitresses' assistants
Miscellaneous food preparation ...... .....
Health service occupations ...... , «
Dental assistants „.„«. _ „ _
Health aides, except nursing _
Nursv>g aides orderlies and attendants
• Oesning and building service occupations ..... , .
< Supervisors ..»„.». . ~. , ....
Maids and housemen .,
Janitors and cleaners
Pest control occupations „
Personal service occupations .
Supervisors „ „ _...._
Barbers ... ._ _ __ . .
Hairdressers and cosmetologists .« . ... .
Attendants, amusement and recreation faculties
Public transportation attendants . .....
Weifare service aides
Family chid care providers , _
Early childhood teachers' assistants . ., . ,
Precision production, craft, and repair _
"i4echanics and repairers ._
Supervisors .» ..._.„
Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors
Vehtde irxi moble equipment mechanics and repaire
Automobile mechanics . «... .,._ „
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics ..
Aircraft engine mechanics .„
Small engine repairers .. ._ „
Automobile body and related repairers ,
Heavy equipment mechanics ...„.,..„... ...,...„„..,
Industrial machinery repairers _
Electrical and electronic equipment repajrers .. ....
Electronic repairers, communications and industrial
Dtta processing equipment rapakers _.,
Telephone installers and repairers „ „
Healing, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers
Office machine repairers ._..,..„ ,.
MilHvnohts »......„„ .«._„..,.«.„ ...
Construction trades . _ _
Supervisors ...—.„ „. _....__
Construction trades, except supervisors
Brtckmasons and stonemasons .,„„ „.„„.,.
TBe setters, hard and soft „
Carpet installers _
Carpenters „. ,.„..«,..«. ..«,...„ .
DrywaH installers „ _. _.,..
Electricians ,._.., _ _ _
Bectncal power installers and repairers
Painters, construction and maintenance
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfrtters _
Concrete and terrazzo finishers ...
Insulation workers _.
Rociers _ _._n , ., „_. ..
Extractive occupations ™. ,
Precision production occupations _
Supervisors ..... ..„ „
Precision mouitworlang _ _
Tool and die makers ,.,.,,. ,
Precious stones and melals workers (jewelers)
Sheet^metal workers _.,._ „.
Precision woodworking occupalions ,_,. . .,
Cabmet makers and bench carpenters
Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine wor
Dressmakers ., _ .-.
Upholsterers ,
squipmetit . ....
1994
employed
351
265
433
679
2.157
IBB
333
1,636
2,348
160
680
2,048
50
2.782
127
98
753
201
104
81
428
416
13,489
4,419
236
4,183
1,734
864
306
129
52
186
151
561
666
160
163
191
277
923
61
80
5.008
704
4,304
190
56
114
1,265
154
659
116
543
508
75
64
180
142
3.921
1.254
903
141
492
56
127
132
87
214
82
61
Percent of total;
Women
70.2
73.7
47.6
48.6
87.9
96.6
78.1
86.8
4S.2
40.8
83.3
34.0
5.7
B0.1
69.5
21.8
90.6
39.0
81.1
84.8
98.7
96,4
9.3
4,5
9.9
4.2
1.2
1.0
.4
4.6
.4
1.1
3.2
12.4
7.4
18.0
16.8
S.S
2.1
4.2
2.2
1.4
2.3
.6
3.0
2.4
1.0
1.7
2.1
1.8
63
,7
.3
2.5
1.0
23.9
18.8
6.5
1,5
4.4
23.6
8.3
10.8
4.4
54.5
95.8
24.3
Black
11.2
9.7
12.8
16.9
26.4
2.7
25.6
29.3
22.4
23.8
27.9
20.8
10.2
13,6
7.0
27.6
10.3
10.2
13.9
" 29.6
10.B
14.4
7.7
7,9
S.3
8.1
6.6
6.8
9.1
6.3
2.9
1.6
5.1
9.6
9.8
11.1
7.6
9.9
5.7
9.0
2.4
2.8
6.5
4.8
6.9
15.0
3.6
4,2
4,6
4.6
6.1
13.1
7.5
7.2
19.3
13.0
6.3
5,9
9.0
8.8
8.0
3.3
7.6
.8
6,2
7.1
6.7
8 9
6.5
7.6
Hispanic
origin
B.9
9.8
21.8
19.7
8.9
10.2
7,8
8.9
17.7
16.8
20.2
17.1
5.2
8,3
2.2
10.3
8.0
6.7
5.7
15.2
9.0
7.5
10.4
8.2
6.5
8.3
9.7
11.4
6.6
7.0
8,8
12.5
7.6
7.0
7.0
10.3
3.6
7.5
7.3
7.7
2,0
11.4
4,6
12.5
16,7
11.1
15.1
9.9
24,6
6.3
6.9
17,7
12.4
19.3
15,7
20,7
B.5
11.8
9.8
6.2
.8
6.4
22.2
4.0
6.6
5.2
20.4
12,4
24.6
See loolnoles at end ol table.
7B-4
-------
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued
(Numbers in mousinds)
Occupation
Precision workers, assorted materials .. ••...-
Optical goods workers .
Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians - -
Precision food production occupations . . ...„.,...,....
Butchers and meat cutters
Bakers ... . .,
Food batchmakers
Precision inspectors, testers and related workers
Inspectors, testers, and graders ....
Plant and system operators
Water and sewage treatment plant operators ..-
Stationary engineers
Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors .
Machine operators and tenders, except precisian . ....
Metalworking and plastic working machine operators
Punching and stamping press machine operators ... ... .. .
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators
Metal and plastic processing machine operators '
Molding and casting machine operators . . .
Woodworking machine operators
Sawing machine operators ...
Printing machine operators ....
Printing press operators _ ...
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators . . *.
Winding and twisting machine operators .....
Textile sewing machine operators
Pressing machine operators ..„ . ...
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators ......
Machine operators, assorted materials .... . . ....... ...
Packaging and filling machine operators _
Mixing and blending machine operators ... ...
Separating, (lltering, and clarifying machine operators, ,
Painting and paint spraying machine operators .. ..... . .. ..
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food .. .. ,.
Slicing and cutting machine operators » ....,.,.„.....*..„....
Photographic process machine operators „.,....-.
Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations _ -
Welders and cutters .... . . . .
Assemblers .......... , . ...... ...
Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ,.
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners . . ... .
Production testers _ ,
Graders and sorters, except agricultural ... .....
Motor vehicle operators ,
Supervisors .
Truck drivers „ ......
Drivers-sales workers .„.._
Bus drivers , . ...... .. ,
Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ... . .
Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles
Rail transportation ,, . . . .; ..
Water transportation
Matenal moving equipment operators - ,
Operating engineers ...... . „ . ,
Crane and tower operators , . .:
Excavating and loading machine operators , ....„,.,......„
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators .. ....
Industnal truck and tractor equipment operators ,
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers
Helpers, construction and extractive occupations
Helpers, construction trades ...
Construction laborers , .,,... , .
Production helpers
Freight, stock, and material handlers
Garbage collectors
1994
amployed
i
550
72
61
339
457
266
141
50
137
129
273
SB
124
1 7.876
7,754
5.011
430 ;
126
136
157
91
134
89
436
311
1,139
58
619
127
207
2.693
390
122
64
197
67
196
86
1,994
577
1,202
749
520
58
162
5,136
3,882
94
2,815
164
511
241
176
108
66
1.078
237
66
95
88
483
4,986
113
106
740
67
2.024
50
Percent of total:
Women
55.6
52.3
36.9
6S.3
33.9
22.9
43.1
66.3
27.3
26.6
5.0
3.2
3.5
24.3
38.1
38.5
15.3
25.4
14.0
21.8
30.3
13.7
11.7
24.9
15.9
74.4
73,1
86.0
62.8
59.3
31 .5
58.7
10.2
10.0
16.6
3,3
27.4
57.1
31.5
4.4
41.0
52.9
S3.6
35.4
56.8
9.4
11.0
14.9
4.5
10.5
47.0
10.3
2.1
1.5
1.7
4.7
1.7
1.7
2.0
6.9
18.1
3.6
3.1
3.6
21.3
20.1
1.3
Black
12.7
7.6
4.5
15.5
10.8
12.2
8.2
7.5
11.4
10.1
10.1
16.6
9.5
15.0
15.1
16.0
8.8
8.3
9.2
11.9
9.8
7.9
10.1
10.1
11.3
21.8
40.4
19.4
18.7
24.6
16.3
17.4
19.5
10.1
14.1
21.0
11.5
11.6
12.4
86
15.
16.
15.0
10.
21.
14.
. 14.
9.
12.
7.
25.
22.
12.
12.7
7.0
14.6
5.1
6.8
7.C
4.9
23.3
15.3
14,:
14.7
12,^
11.4
16,<<
28.1
Hispanic
ongin
16.6
9.6
14.9
16.9
24.1
25.2
20.9
27.2
8.4
8.7
6.8
4.6
6.5
138
14.8
15.8
10.8
10.8
16.8
12.8
10.4
10.5
11.4
12.0
13.6
• 20.0
24.1
21.6
19.1
16.0
22.5
17.8
10.5
16.1
2.9
25.0
13.8
13.0
11.7
12.9
13.1
11.1
5.2
21.4
10.0
10.4
11.6
10.7
5.7
8.8
11.7
2.3
3.1
-
9.5
5.6
2.5
5.2
9.2
12.2
16.3
25.2
24.9
22.2
23.6
1 12.9
14.6
See footnotes at end of table.
7B-5
-------
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
rt ~ * of c«t w
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin—Continued
I«thousand*)
-« . Occupation
Stock handlers and baggers „ _ ....." „„.
Machine feeders and orfbenrers „
Strata and service station rotated occupations ,
Vehicle washws and equipment cleaners -
Hani packers and packagers „ „
Laborers, except construction _,. „., „„„
Fanning, forestry, and fishing „„,....
Farm operators and managers
Farmers, except horticultural
Horticultural specialty farmers
Managers, (arms, except horticultural ._ , ,
Olhtr agricultural and related occupations „ , , „
Perm occupations, except managerial
Farm workers ._ -.. -
Related agricultural occupations _„ ' ' ...
Supervisors ..„_„.„ _ _
Graundsktepora and gardeners, except fawn . . .. ..
Animal caretakers, except farm
Grldon artd tortors, agricultural products _ _
Forestry and togging occupations „ _ . .
Timber cutting and logging occupations ....
Fishers, hunters, and trappers „ .„... „...„
1994
Total
employed
1.135
83
184
276
296
1.240
3.629
1,453
1,271
60
110
2.176
821
748
1.172
125
864
118
61
132
86
52
Percent ol total:
Women
25.9
35.7
S.2
11.8
60.9
18.2
19.3
25.4
26.7
9.2
18.8
15.3
17.2
16.6
15.2
4.1
5.9
60.4
73.9
7.0
1.0
6.2
Black
13.4
17.4
12.2
19.0
15.1
15.1
5.1
.2
.2
1.0
8.3
6.7
6.7
9.5
4.5
10.6
5.9
9.6
9.9
13.3
1.9
Hispanic
origin
13.1
11.1
9.3
20.6
23.6
15.4
17.1
2.0
.8
8.9
10.1
27.1
37.5
37.9
22.4
18.0
23.0
3.6
58.5
11.9
4.4
7.4
NOTE; Generally, data for occupations with fewar than 50.000
employed are not published separately bul are included in the totals for
the appropriate categories shown. Data for 1594 are not directly
comparable with data for 1993 and eartier years. For additional
Information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective
January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.
7B-6
-------
APPENDIX 7C
ESTABLISHMENT DATA: ANNUAL AVERAGES BY
MAJOR INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING GROUP (NONFARM)
-------
-------
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
EMPLOYMENT
ANNUAL AVERAGES
48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group
(In thousands)
Industry
Total ,
Total private
Goods-producing ,, ,.,....,.......„ .. ,
Mining .,
Metal mining * ....
Coal mining .........
Oil and gas extraction ..
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
General building contractors ...,,.. .......
Durable goods ...
Lumber and wood products
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary rnetal industries
Blast furnaces and basic steel
products .
Fabricated metal products
Industrial machinery and equipment . , » ......
Electronic and other electrical
equipment
Transportation equipment ,
Motor vehicles and equipment „ .....
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products , ...
Textile mill products . .........
Apparel and other textile products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products ........ .... .....
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and misc plastics products . . ....
Leather and leather products
Transportation and public utilities
Railroad transportation
Local and interurban passenger transit
Water transportation
Transportation by air
Pipelines except natural gas ... ...
Electric, gas. and sanitary services .....
1991
108.256
89.854
23,745
689
55.9
135.5
392.9
104.5
4,650
1,140.4
726.6
2.783.3
18.406
10,569
675.2
474.7
521.5
722.6
282,7
1,355.1
1,999.6
1,591,1
1,890.0
788.8
669.2
974.0
365.5
7,837
1,666.9
49.0
670.0
1,006.0
687.9
1,535.6
1,075.9
160.0
861.9
123.7
84,511
5,762
3,502
262.0
354,1
1.606.0
183.6
.1 732.7
19.0
344.0
2.260
1.298.8
961.2
1992
108.604
89,959
23,231
635
53.2
1269
352.6
101.8
4,492
1,076.8
711.2
2,704.1
18,104
10,277
679.9
477.7
513.3
694.5
250.3
1,329.1
1,928.6
1,528.1
1,829.6
812.5
611.7
928.5
367.6
7.827
1,662.5
47.5
674.1
1,007.2
690.3
1,506.5
1,084,1
157.6
877.6
119.9
85.373
5.721
3.498
254.3
361.4
1.611.2
173.3
i 730. 1
19.2
3484
2,223
1 ,268.9
954.0
1993
110,525
91,708
23,256
611
50.4
109.1
350.8
100.8
4,642
1,110.8
707.5
2,823.3
18,003
10,172
703.1
485.2
515.8
679.3
238.8
1,332.5
1,918.4
1,520.2
1.750.2
832.6
541.8
892.6
374.6
7.831
1,675.6
42.8
674.8
984.6
689.4
1.513.1
1,078.4
151.3
903.8
117.5
87,269
5,787
3,587
249.9
374.1
1,684.8
166.6
736.5
18.4
356.4
2,201
1.257.3
943.0
1994'
113.423
94,382
23,584
604
50.7
113.8
338.8
101.0
4,916
1,166.9
720,8
3,028.2
18,064
10,267
731.2
495.8
529.3
686.5
233.9
1.366.4
1 .944.7
1,551.8
1 ,728.4
885.5
479.0
854.8
378.1
7,797
1.667.2
39.3
672-. 1
954.4
6B4.0
1,528.7
1.053.7
148.2
934.6
114.5
89.839
5.842
3,666
244.9
387.4
1 .748.7
168.3
733.5
17.7
36?. 3
2,176
1 .255.2
920,5
See footnotes at end of table.
7C-1
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ESTABLISHMENT DATA
EMPLOYMENT
ANNUAL AVERAGES
48. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by major industry and manufacturing group—Continued
(In thousands!
Industry
1991
1992
1993
1994"
Wholesale trade _
Durable good*
Nondurable goods ._
RetaU trade I „ ,
• Building maienats and garden supplies
General merchandise notes
Food stores ,.—,~ -
Automotive dealars and service
stations .„.„ _
AppirH and accessory stores
Furniture and home (ucnishings stores
Eitwg »nd drirMhg places _..
kVtctfincoui relaH establishments
Finance, Insurance, and reaC estate
f%n/>c0 ,_,,,,,.,,,,,_,---,-, T ...„..„
Depository iostitulions .— _ —.,
Nondeposltory instilutions _„.„
Security and commodity brokers ...
* Holding and other investment oHices ....
1 Insurance „...,_ .,_ _—.
Insurance carriers .—. _ __
Insurance agents, brokers, and service
Real estate ........... .. ...„
Services' i ,.**~.. ...............................
Agricultural services __.
Hotsis and other lodging places .....
Personal services .~™ , .......
Business services....--—
Personnel supply services „
Auto repair, services, and parking ,
bUsceXaneous repair services
Melon pictures .......
Amusement and recreation services
Health lervices ....____
. ~. Hospitals .
'Legal service* .". '. „.._ _ „
Educational services
Sooal services „_-
Museums and botanical and zoological
gardens „.„,..
Membership organizations
Engineering and management servces .
Services, nee _ ....
Government ...,„...„ „
Federal
Slate
Educatwn _„,
, Olhcr State government
.t Local ..-
Education r
Other local government
6,081
3,531
2.550
19,28*
746.5
2.4S2.B
3,203.7
1.983.8
1,150.6
801,4
6,476.3
2,468.4
6.646
3.187
2,164.2
379.4
419.6
223.6
2,161
1,494.6
666.3
1,299
28,336
486.5
1,589.4
1,111.5
5,086,2
1.484.5
881.8
341.0
410.9
1,122.2
8,182.9
3,655.1
911.9
1,709.7
1,844.8
69.1
1.981.9
2.433.4
39.9
18.402
2,966
4,355
1,767.6
2,587.2
11,081
6,135.7
4.945.1
5,997
3,446
2.552
19,356
757.7
2,451.0
3.179.B
1,966.3
1.130.9
799.8
6,609,3
2,461.4
6,602
3.160
2,095.7
405.5
440.1
21i.O
2,152
1,495.6
656.6
1,290
29,052
489.6
1,576.4
1,116.2
5,315.3
t,629.3
88t.3
347.0
400.9
1,188.1
8,490,0
3,749.9
913.5
1,677.6
1.958.6
72.7
1.873.0
2,470,8
41.3
18,645
2,969
4.408
1,798.6
2.609.6
11,267
6.219.5
5.048.0
5.958
3,410
2,549
19,717
780.8
2,460.6
3,208.4
2,020.7
1.147.4
828.2
6,810.6
2,460.0
6.712
3,217
2,078.6
447.7
467.6
223.0
2,181
1,518.4
662.1
1.314
30.278
514.9
1,590.6
1,135.9
5,784.9
1,924.3
943.9
362.2
415.4
1,245.6
8,766.6
3,786.8
928.2
1,686.1
2,086.2
75.5
2,031.5
2,535.5
40.8
18.817
2.915
4.484
1,829.3
2.654.8
11,417
6,347.7
5,069.5
6,059
3.460
2.598
20,303
837.7
2.468.1
3,243.2
2,147.4
1,149.8
895.6
7.0S5.0
2,506.5
6,789
3,254
2,041.5
476.6
503.0
233.3
2.182
1,517.0
664.5
1.353
31,805
552.4
1.606.9
1.137.2
6,447.8
2,340.5
1,043.4
380.4
482.8
1.268.4
9,031.1
3,789.5
942.5
1.745.5
2,249.3
79.1
2.053.7
2.609.9
40.5
19,041
2.870
4.553
1.862.2
2,691.0
11.618
6.474.2
5.143.5
' Includes other industries, not shown separately.
* m preliminary,
NOTE. Eslabitshmenl survey estimates are currently projected from
Marcn 1993 benchmark levels. When more recent benchmark data are
introduced, all unadjusted data from April 1993 (onward are suoject to
revision.
7C-2
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8. BEHAVIORAL AND/OR CULTURAL PRACTICES
The effects of lifestyle, personal behavioral, and/or cultural practices could be a source of
contaminant exposure or could increase one's exposure to toxic environmental contaminants.
Exposure to these contaminants due to either behavioral (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption,
drug use) or cultural practices may result in adverse health effects. The sections below
summarize studies that provide population estimates of persons engaging in certain behavioral
and/or cultural practices that are known to increase the risk of exposure to environmental
contaminants.
8.1. ACTIVITY PATTERNS
This section presents population estimates on time activity patterns based on type of
activity and presence in specific locations and microenvironments.
8.1.1. National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996)
The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) conducted by EPA, is the largest
and most current human activity pattern survey available (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Data for
9,386 respondents in the 48 contiguous States were collected via minute-by-minute, 24-hour
diaries between October 1992 and September 1994. The survey collected information on
duration and frequency of selected activities. Demographic information was collected for each
respondent to allow for statistical summaries to be generated according to specific subgroups of
the U.S. population (e.g., by gender, age, race, employment status, census region, season). The
participants' responses were weighted according to geographic, socioeconomic, time/season, and
other demographic factors to ensure that results were representative of the U.S. population. The
weighted sample matches the 1990 census population for each gender, age group, and census
region. In addition, the day-of-week and seasonal responses are distributed equally.
NHAPS data on the time spent in selected activities and the corresponding population
participating in these activities are presented in the Exposure Factors Handbook, Section 14,
Tables 14-19 through 14-92. For example, data are included on the number of persons who
8-1
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spend time either running, walking, standing, or in a vehicle; time spent in indoor and outdoor
parking lots and garages; and number of persons working in circumstances where one may come
in contact with soil, such as gardening. The reader is referred to the Handbook for further
information obtained from NHAPS. Advantages of the NHAPS data set are that it is
representative of the U.S. population for all ages, genders, and races, and it has been adjusted to
be balanced geographically, seasonally, and for day/time.
8.1.2. Time Spent in Activities, Locations, and Microenvironments: A California- National
Comparison (Robinson and Thomas, 1991)
Robinson and Thomas (1991) reviewed data from the 1987-88 California Air Resources
Board (CARB) time activity study and compared that data set with data collected by a similar
1985 national study, "Americans' Use of Time." The CARB study sampled residents of the State
of California. One adult 18 years old or older was randomly sampled in each household. In the
1985 national study, single-day diaries were collected from more than 5,000 respondents across
the United States, who were 12 years old and older. To facilitate comparisons, Robinson and
Thomas (1991) recorded data from the national study to be as comparable as possible to the
CARB study, and they restricted comparative analyses to the 18- to 64-year-old age group in the
two studies. The authors compared 10 major activity categories and three major locations from
both the CARB and the 1985 national study and defined a set of 16 microenvironments based on
the activity and location codes employed in both studies.
Table 8-1 shows the percentage of "doers" (i.e., those engaged in the specific activity the
day the diary was compiled) who participated in 10 various activities, were present at 10 various
locations, and were present in 16 various microenvironments.
8.2. PICA STUDIES
Pica is the ingestion of nonfood items (most commonly dirt) and can increase an
individual's exposure to contaminants, especially if the material ingested is contaminated or has
elevated levels of some elements (metals). Numerous articles have reported on the incidence of
pica among various populations. However, most of these articles describe pica as the ingestion
.' - / 8-2
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of substances other than soil, including sand, clay, paint, plaster, hair, string, cloth, glass,
matches, paper, feces, and various other items. These articles indicate that pica occurs in
approximately one-half of all children between the ages of 1 and 3 years (Sayetta, 1986). The
incidence of pica in children has been shown to differ for different populations, and the rate
appears to be higher for black children than for white children. Danford (1982) reports that
approximately 30% of black children aged 1 to 6 years are reported to have deliberate ingestion
behavior, compared with 10 to 18% of white children in the same age group. Sex differences do
not appear to influence the incidence rates (Kaplan and Sadock, 1985). Lourie et al. (1963)
found a 50 to 60% pica rate among children in lower socioeconomic groups and a 30% pica rate
among children from higher income families. Deliberate soil ingestion behavior appears to be
more common in rural areas (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). A higher rate of pica also has been
reported for pregnant women and individuals with poor nutritional status (Danford, 1982). In
general, deliberate ingestion behavior is more frequent and more severe in mentally retarded
children than in children in the general population (Behrman and Vaughan, 1983; Danford, 1982;
Forfar and Arneil, 1984; Illingworth, 1983; Sayetta, 1986). Studies examining pica among
populations are presented in this section.
8.2.1. Reported Incidence of Pica Among Migrant Families (Bruhn and Pangborn, 1971)
A review of literature indicates that pica has been observed among men, women, and
children of all ages and races; however, reports show pica occurs most frequently among African
Americans (Bruhn and Pangborn, 1971). Bruhn and Pangborn (1971) reported that pica was
explained as a cultural trait of African Americans, and they cited other studies that found higher
incidences of pica in pregnant African American women, compared with pregnant Caucasian
women. The authors found that "pregnant women say they eat these substances [clay] because
they simply crave them or because they will make the baby stronger, with a more suitable color,
and without birthmarks" (Bruhn and Pangborn, 1971). To investigate the occurrence of pica in
low-income families, the authors conducted food habit interviews in English and Spanish among
91 families in California from May through August 1969. The families were selected from three
migrant labor camps operated by the Office of Economic Opportunity in Northern California,
8-3
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and they included (1) 65 migrant agricultural families of Mexican descent, born in Texas or
Mexico, and (2) 26 families of "Anglo" heritage, born in Texas, Arkansas, or Oklahoma. The
».. i tt • - -
interviews used questionnaires to ask the family spokesperson (usually the wife) to estimate the
incidence of pica in these families. Table 8-2 presents results of the interviews. In the families
of "Anglo" descent, 14 families (54%) observed pica in children, with 11 cases observed in their
own or a relative's child. Table 8-2 also shows that 19 and 7% of the respondents reported pica
in pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively. The families of Mexican descent reported 32,
38, and 15% of pica incidences in children, pregnant women, and nonpregnant women,
respectively. Pica in men was not reported by either group. The potential causes of pica were
attributed to cultural, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors in the groups studied. The authors
stated that apparently the urge for some women to eat clay and cornstarch represents a cultural
practice passed down from generations and is an accepted behavior in their community (Bruhn
andPangborn, 1971),
8.2.2. Gcophagia in Rural Mississippi: Environmental and Cultural Contexts and
Nutritional Implications (Vermeer and Frate, 1979)
Vermeer and Frate (1979) investigated the environmental and cultural factors surrounding
gcophagia (deliberate consumption of earth/soil) in the black population in a rural county of
Mississippi, Geophagia, the practice of eating earth, also referred to as pica, is known to have
occurred since prehistoric times in all ethnic, social, and economic groups and was reported to
occur most frequently in the rural South in both black and white populations. Early historical
records indicate that geophagia was transferred primarily from Africa via slave trade into the
New World (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). The authors reported that the custom continued when
blacks migrated to the urban North, where laundry starch became a substitute for the clays
commonly consumed.
The study was conducted in Holmes County, Mississippi, which at the time had a
predominantly (71%) black population composed of rural small communities (200-500 people)
where the social life centered on the church. Of the households sampled, females headed 41%.
The survey questionnaires on geophagia were in three parts: the nutrition study, the perinatal
8-4
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study, and the health utilization study. In the nutrition study, 500 black households were
surveyed randomly, but geophagia questionnaires were administered to only 50 households
(10%) of the sampled population. Of these 50 households, 229 individuals (56 women, 33 men,
115 children, and 25 adolescents) were surveyed. In the perinatal study, geophagia information
was obtained from 142 pregnant women. The health utilization survey sampled 200 households,
of which 20 were given the geophagia questionnaires. In all three studies, geophagia was defined
as the consumption of clay on a regular basis over a period of weeks (Vermeer and Frate, 1979).
The nutrition study results presented in Table 8-3 show neither male adults nor
adolescents practiced geophagia, but 57% of the women and 16% of the children (under 13
years) practiced geophagia (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). The perinatal study revealed that 28% of
pregnant and postpartum women practiced geophagia. An additional 19% of respondents in this
population group consumed other materials, mainly commercial products (e.g., laundry starch,
dry powdered milk, and baking soda) (Vermeer and Frate, 1979).
8.3. SMOKING, DRUG USE, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
This section presents summaries of studies on behavioral and social practices, such as
smoking, drug use, and alcohol consumption, which could potentially increase an individual's
exposure to environmental contaminants.
8.3.1. Results From the National School-Based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and
Progress Toward Achieving Related Health Objectives for the Nation (Kann et al.,
1993)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed the Youth Risk
Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) as an ongoing project to evaluate priority high health
risk behaviors among adolescents nationwide, Kann et al, (1993) presented partial results from
that 1991 survey, which employed a three-stage cluster sample design that consisted of students
in public, parochial, and other private schools in grades 9 through 12, in all 50 States and the
District of Columbia. The questionnaires administered to the students collected information on
priority health risk behaviors related to unintentional and intentional injury, tobacco use, alcohol
8-5
-------
and other drag use, sexual behavior (i.e., unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted
diseases, including HIV infection), dietary behavior, and physical activity.
The survey sampled 13,568 students, of which data from 12,272 (90%) of the students
were usable. Of the survey respondents, 14% were blacks, 9% were Hispanic, 70% were white,
and 7% w«re from other ethnic groups. The data obtained from the survey were based on either a
30-day or 12-month recall. The percentages of white, black, and Hispanic youths who reported
engaging in the specific high-risk behaviors during the survey period are presented in Table 8-4.
A higher percentage of whites (15%) frequently smoked cigarettes, compared with Hispanics
(7%) and blacks (3%). Table 8-4 also indicates that 54% of Hispanic, 53% of white, and 42% of
*" • • *- •> ••, - • .
black students consumed at least one drink of alcohol during the 30 days before the survey.
Three percent of Hispanics, 2% of whites, and 1% of blacks used cocaine during the 30 days
preceding the survey. Table 8-5 presents results in percentages of the dietary behavior and
physical activity among the students grouped by gender, grade level, and race. A higher
proportion of male students (15%) consumed five or more servings of fruits and vegetables than
female students (10%).
8.3.2. Cigarette Smoking and Cessation Behaviors Among Urban Blacks and Whites
(Hnhn et al., 1990)
Hahn et al. (1990) studied smoking behavior among blacks and whites in a
population-based sample of 2,626 residents aged 35 to 74 years in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area.
Surveys of the general population conducted in this area were of two parts: the first series was
conducted from 1980 to 1982, and the second series was initiated in December 1985. The
second series of surveys conducted used a two-stage sample design and updated census
information. Individuals in a cluster sample of households in the seven-county area were
randomly selected. Home interviews were conducted in which information on health behaviors,
attitudes, and knowledge were collected. Following the home interviews, survey clinics were
conducted in neighborhood churches in which questionnaires were completed. These
questionnaires provided physiological measurements related to risk factors.
8-6
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Results from the survey are presented in Tables 8-6 through 8-8 (Hahn et aL, 1990).
Ratios in these tables are the presented value out of 100 percent. Table 8-6 shows that more
blacks (aged 35 to 74 years) were current smokers than whites in the same age group. Table 8-6
also shows that the ratio of former smokers to those who had ever smoked was greater for white
men than for black men and greater for white women than for black women. Table 8-7 indicates
that persons with educations beyond high school smoked less, regardless of their race or sex.
Table 8-8 presents data on current smokers' smoking cessation behavior. Whites were more
likely than blacks to attempt to quit smoking. Among men, whites were more likely than blacks
to successfully quit smoking. More black men than white men planned to reduce the number of
cigarettes smoked per day, and more white women than black women tried brands with low
nicotine and tar. Hahn et al. (1990) concluded that important factors preventing smokers from
quitting included the number of cigarettes smoked daily, lack of desire to cease smoking, and the
physiological difficulty of quitting.
8.3.3. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Cigarette Smoking Initiation in the United
States (Escobedo et al., 1990)
Escobedo et al. (1990) estimated the age-specific incidence of cigarette smoking initiation
by race/ethnicity, sex, and educational attainment by analyzing the smoking history data of
young adults, aged 18 to 35 years, in the 1987 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the
1982-1984 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Both NHIS and
HHANES were based on personal interviews of households in the United States. Escobedo et al.
(1990) noted that HHANES was not representative of the Hispanic population in the United
States; however, the geographic areas surveyed included a substantial proportion of Hispanics.
Data from 14,764 out of 44,123 individuals surveyed in NHIS and 3,123 out of 9,643 individuals
surveyed in HHANES were employed in the analysis conducted by Escobedo et al. (1990).
The incidence of smoking initiation at a specific age was determined as being the number
of individuals who had started smoking cigarettes at that age divided by the number of
individuals who had not started smoking regularly before that age (Escobedo et al., 1990). The
authors reported that from both surveys "ever smokers" were considered to be those respondents
8-7
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who answered yes to the question, "Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?"
Among all race/ethnic groups, smoking initiation occurred at ages as young as 9 years of age,
increased rapidly after 11 years of age, peaked at 17 to 19 years of age, and declined substantially
after 19 years of age (Escobedo et ah, 1990).
Escobedo et ah (1990) calculated age-specific smoking initiation rates by gender and
educational attainment. Table 8-9 presents the smoking initiation rates (percent) by gender, age,
and race/ethnicity. Of all men who started smoking at 18 years old or younger, Hispanic men had
the highest smoking initiation rate, and black men had the lowest rate. Table 8-9 also shows that
smoking initiation rates were similar among men who started smoking between the ages of 19
and 35 years, with black men showing the highest rate (22%). Among the females who started
smoking at 18 years or younger, white and Puerto Rican American women had the highest
initiation rate. Compared with men of both age groups, women had lower smoking initiation
rales in all race/ethnic groups. Table 8-10 summarizes the smoking initiation rates by age,
race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. A comparison of respondents with more than a high
school education to those who had less than high school education showed that respondents with
less than high school education had higher smoking initiation rates for all age groups and all
races and ethnic groups. Table 8-10 also shows that among all race/ethnic groups, initiation rates
were highest during adolescence (12 to 18 years old) and lowest during childhood (11 years old
and younger).
'• • . ' : • , , • ii, , • • ; •• . ' . '
'";•. " • > , • .- • - ;,
8.3.4. Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S, Bureau of the Census, 1995)
The U.S. Bureau of the Census provides summary statistics on social, political, and
economic characteristics of the U.S. population. Table 8-11 presents data on persons who used
certain drugs in 1993 grouped by age of user, gender, race/ethnicity, and region. Table 8-11 also
shows the users in 1993 of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, smokeless tobacco, crack
cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, and analgesics.
8-8
-------
8.3.5. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1993)
The U.S. Public Health Service, through the Indian Health Service (IHS), provides health
care to Native Americans and produces annual information on the health status of the people it
serves. IHS population statistics are based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data and include
American Indians, Eskimos, and Alaska Natives residing in or near reservations (U.S. DHHS,
1993). Mortality rates, by age and gender, resulting from alcoholism and drug-related incidents
were collected for the IHS population and are presented in Tables 8-12 and 8-13. It should be
noted that mortality rates cited in this section are indirect estimates of exposure. Mortality (as
compared to incidence or prevalence) is influenced by other factors, such as general health and
nutrition and access to medical care.
Table 8-12 indicates that mortality rates from alcohol consumption are much higher for
Native Americans and Alaska Natives than for all other races in the United States for all age
groups and both genders. Table 8-13 presents data on drug-related deaths and indicates that the
rates are higher for Native Americans than for other races at ages 15 to 24 years. At ages 25 to
34 years, the rate of drug-related deaths for Native Americans is higher than the rate for whites.
At ages 45 to 54 and 55 to 64 years, drug-related death rates are higher for Native Americans
than for all other races in both genders, and at ages 65 to 74 and 75 to 84 years, the rate is lower
for Native Americans than for all other races in both genders.
8.4. CULTURAL USE OF MERCURY
Another example of behavioral or cultural practices that could increase a population's
exposure to toxic environmental contaminants is the cultural use of mercury for religious,
medical, or cosmetic purposes (TDH, 1993). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention's
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR) published a National Alert warning
of the "continued pattern of metallic mercury exposure in persons using certain folk medicines or
participating in certain ethnic or religious practices" (ATSDR, 1997). Mercury exposures may
be potentially greater for populations of Caribbean and Hispanic/Latino descent, who use
mercury for religious and/or medicinal purposes as well as in cosmetics (CDC, 1996). Sales
persons working in botanicas stores that specialize primarily in selling religious items and herbs
8-9
-------
used for preparing folk medicines and also for promoting good health estimated that Puerto
Ricans, Dominicans, and 'other Hispanics' make up about 90% of mercury buyers and that more
than two-thirds of buyers are women (Zayas and Ozuah, 1996).
These practices may present opportunities for increased exposures to a percentage of the
adult Caribbean and Hispanic populations (Hispanic Health Council, 1993). Children may be
subject to greater exposures from the practice of sprinkling mercury on the floor near children's
beds to bring good luck, which could result in increased exposures to children who crawl and
play on the floor (U.S. EPA, 1993).
Zayas and Ozuah (1996) identified 41 botanicas in Hispanic neighborhoods in Bronx,
New York, and in 1995, researchers surveyed botanica workers on the cost, sale, uses, and
purchasers of mercury.
From the Zayas and Ozuah (1996) report, Wendroff (1996) estimates that the 35 New
York botanicas sell a total of 157 mercury capsules per day. Wendroff (1996) estimated that
* ^ «
"annual sales totaling 47,000 [capsules] could result hi 13,800 individual dwellings each having
a dose of some 9 grams of mercury (the mean weight of a mercury capsule) sprinkled on their
respective floors in the course of one year."
8-10
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8.5. REFERENCES
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1997) National alert: A warning
about continuing patterns of metallic mercury exposure. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Toxic
Substance and Disease Registry. ATSDR Internet address:
http://atsdrl.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080/alerts/970626.html(Feb. 17,1998).
Behrman, LE; Vaughan, VC, III. (1983) Textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Company.
Bruhn, CM; Pangborn, RM. (1971) Reported incidence of pica among migrant families. J Am
Dietit Assoc 58:417-420.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1996) Mercury poisoning associated with
beauty cream. May 17, 1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. U.S. Public Health
Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Danford, DC. (1982) Pica and nutrition. AnnRevNutr. 2:303-322.
Escobedo, LG; Anda, RF; Smith, PF; Remington, PL; Mast, EE. (1990) Sociodemographic
characteristics of cigarette smoking initiation in the United States - implications for smoking
prevention policy. JAM A 264(12): 1550-1555.
Forfar, JO; Arneil, GC, eds. (1984) Textbook of pediatrics. 3rd ed. London: Churchill
Livingstone.
Hahn, PL; Folsom, AR; Sprafka, JM; Norsted, SW. (1990) Cigarette smoking and cessation
behaviors among urban blacks and whites. Public Health Rep 105(3):290-295.
Hispanic Health Council. (1993) Metallic mercury (azogue) and your health. Environmental
Health Unit information booklet no. 1. Environmental Health Unit, Hispanic Health Council,
Hartford, CT.
Illingworth, RS. (1983) The normal child. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
Kann, L; Warren, W; Collins, JL; Ross, J; Collins, B; Kolbe, LJ. (1993) Results from the
national school-based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and progress toward achieving related
health objectives for the nation. Publ Health Rep 108 (suppl.l):47-55.
Kaplan, HI; Sadock, BJ. (1985) Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry/I V. Baltimore:
Williams and Wilkins.
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Louric, RS; Layman, EM; Millican, FK. (1963) Why children eat things that are not food.
Children 10:143-146.
Robinson, JP; Thomas, J. (1991) Time spent in activities, locations, and mieroenvironments: a
California-national comparison. Prepared by Environmental Monitoring systems Laboratory,
Las Vegas, NV, for the Exposure Assessment Research Division,, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, under EPA contract no. 68-01-7325.
Sayctta, R.B. (1986) Pica: an overview, American Family Physician. 33(5):181-185.
TDH, (1993) Mercury Poisoning Associated with Beauty Cream: Texas, New Mexico, and
California, 1995-1996. The Texas Department of Health, New Mexico Department of Health
(NMDH), and'San Diego County Health Department (SDCHD). 1996
Tsang, AM; Klepeis, NE. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human
Activity Pattern survey (NHAPS) response. Prepared by Lockheed Martin for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, under contract no. 8-W6-001, delivery
order no. 13, Draft report.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) Statistical abstract of the United States: 115th ed. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993) Trends in Indian health. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1996) Exposure factors handbook. SAB Review Draft.
August, 1996, Washington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of
Research and Development. EPA/600/P-95/002Bc.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1993) RM2 assessment document for cultural uses of
mercury. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC.
Vermcer, DE; Frate, DA. (1979) Geophagia in rural Mississippi: environmental and cultural
contexts and.nutritional implications. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2129-2135.
Wendroff, AP. (1996) June 11,1996, letter to Amina Wilkins, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, from A.P, Wendroff, Mercury Poisoning Project, 544 Eighth St., Brooklyn, NY 11215.
Zayas, L; Ozuah, P. (1996) Letter to the editor. Am J Public Health. 86(1 ):111.
8-12
-------
Table 8-1. Percentage of Respondents Participating in Various Activities and Spending Time
in Various Locations and Microenvironments During the 24-hour Day
Included in the Diary
Percentage of Survey Respondents Participating in Activities or Time in Various Places
the Day the Diary Was Compiled
California
n = 1,762
(%>
National"
n = 5,358
<%>
Relevance to Exposure0
Activity
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Travel
Sleep
Household work - family and
personal care
Cook
Eat
Shopping/errands
Work/study residences
Leisure/communication - indoors
(TV-resting-reading)
Physical activities
Cultural/social
91
100
95
49
95
49
49
92
24
54
91
100
100
61
98
49
52
94
23
71
potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene
potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene
potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene
potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking
potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking
potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking
potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking
potential exposure to smoke and gas from cooking
highly elevated breathing rate
highly elevated breathing rate
Locations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Autoplaces (garage, auto
repair...}
Indoor residence/kitchen
Indoor residence/other rooms
Indoor offices and factories
Indoor restaurant/bar
Indoor other locations (not
residence)
Outdoor/yard, outside of
residence
Outdoor/other, parks
In locations with internal
combustion
Other vehicles
19
77
99
40
35
72
30
47
86
4
5
87
99
47
28
78
41
19
90
1
potential exposure to carbon monoxide and volatile
organic compounds
potential exposure to smoke and gas
potential exposure to smoke and gas
potential exposure to various pollutants based on job
potential exposure to various pollutants based on job
potential exposure to ambient pollutants
potential exposure to ambient pollutants
potential exposure to ambient pollutants
potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene
potential exposure to carbon monoxide and benzene
Microenvironments*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Auto places
Restaurant /bar
In vehicles with internal
combustion
In other vehicles
Physical activity/outdoor
Physical activity/indoor
Work/study-residence
Work/study-other places
Cooking
Other activities/kitchen
19
35
86
4
16
10
10
41
49
67
5
28
90
1
13
11
11
46
61
83
8-13
-------
Table 8-1. Percentage of Respondents Participating in Various Activities and Spending Time
in Various Locations and Microenvironments During the 24-hour Day
Included in the Diary (continued)
11
12
13
14
16
18
Code Description
Chores/child care
Shopping/errands
Other/outdoor
Social/cultural
Leisura-eat/indoor
S!ecp/indoof
Percentage of
California8
n = 1,762
92
45
59
47
95
99
Survey Respondents Participating in Activities or Time in Various Places
the Day the Diary Was Compiled
National"
n = 5,358 Relevance to Exposure0
99
46
47
62
97
100
• California Air Resources Board, 1987-88 study.
Americans' Usa of Time, 1985 national study.
For exposure relevance, see activity and locations section.
Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
8-14
-------
Table 8-2. Incidence of Pica Reported by Wives of Migrant Workers of Mexican and "Anglo" Heritage
Group Exhibiting Pica
Children
Pregnant Women
Nonprcgnant Women
Children
Pregnant Women
Nonpregnant Women
„, . .„, Number Observing Pica in
Observation of Pica _ ._,.,_ ...
Own or in Relative s Families
Mexican Families
21
25
10
"Anglo" Families
14
5
2
32
38
15
54
19
7
12
13
1
11
3
I
Source: Bruhn and Pangbom, 1971.
8-15
-------
Table 8-3. Incidence of Geophagia Practice by Surveyed Population in Holmes Co., Mississippi8
Population
Women
Men
Children
Adolescents
Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Total Number of
Survey Population
56
33
115
25
142
Number of
Geophagia
Practitioners
32
0
18
0
40
Geophagia
Practitioners
Percentage
57
0
16
0
28
Data source: Nutrition and Perinatal Survey, Health Research Project.
Source: Vermeer and Frate, 1979.
8-16
-------
Table 8-4. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents Reporting High Health Risk Behavior by Ethnic Group1
oo
Behavior1"
White
Physical fighting' 4 1 .0 ± 2.6
Weapon carrying11 25.1 ±2.6
Thought seriously about suicide 29.9 ± 1 .9
Made suicide plans 1 9.0 ± 1 .8
Attempted suicide 6.7 ±1.2
Suicide attempt required medical 1 .6 ± 0.5
attention
Frequent cigarette use' 15.4 ±2.5
Smokeless tobacco use' 13.0±2.1
Current alcohol use1 52.9 ± 3.5
Episodic heavy alcohol usek 34 9 ± 3.2
Current marijuana use' 15.2 ±2.8
Current cocaine use' 1.7 ±0.6
Have had four or more sex partners 1 4.7 ± 1 .7
Currently sexually active1 67 9 ± 2.3
* All percentages are reported with the 95% confidence interval.
High health risk behavior exhibited within the 12 months preceding the survey.
Participated in at least one fight.
Carried gun, knife, or club at least 1 day during the 30 days preceding the survey.
Frequent user, smoking cigarettes on 20 or more of the 30 days preceding the survey.
Used chewing tobacco or snuff on 1 or more of the 30 days preceding the survey.
H Consumed at least one drink of alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey.
\\
Consumed five or more drinks of alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey.
Used during the 30 days preceding the survey.
Has had intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey.
Black
50.6 ± 4.5
32.7 ±3.1
22.2 ±2.0
14.8 ±2.4
6.6 ±2.0
1.8 ±0.8
3.1 ±1.1
2.1 ±0.5
42.0 ± 4.8
16.8 ±3.8
13.5 ±3.3
0.6 ± 0.3
43.1 ±3.5
72 9 ±3.1
Ethnic Group
Hispanic
41.3±4.8
25.8 ± 4.6
26.8 ±3.7
15.9 ±2.5
7.9±1.8
1.7 ±0.5
6.8 ± 1.6
5.5 ± 2.8
54.3 ± 5.4
32.2 ± 5.8
14.4 ±4.8
3.1 ±1.7
16.8 ±3.3
69.6 ±3.8
Total
42.5 ± 2.3
26.1 ±2.1
29.0 ±1.6
18.6 ± 1.6
7.3 ± 0.3
1.7 ±0.3
12.7±22
10.5 ± 1.7
50.8 ± 3.4
3I.3±3.3
14.7 ±2.2
1.7 ±0.5
18.7± 1.9
69.3 ±2.1
Source: Kannetal., 1993.
-------
Table 8-5. Percentage of 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Respondents Reporting High Health Risk Dietary
Behavior and Physical Activity by Sex, Grade, and Ethnic Group
Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity
Category
Sex Female
Male
Grade 9
10
11
12
Rnce or Ethnicity White
Black
Hispanic
Total
Ate 5 or more Ate no more than 2 servings Engaged in
servings of fruits of foods typically high in fat moderate physical
and vegetables1" content6 activity0
10.5±1.4C
15.2 ± 1.6
14.7 ±3.3
14.0 ±1.8
12.2 ±1.4
10.3 ± 1.6
13.9 ±1.4
6.8 ±1.4
9.7 ± 2.0
12.9 ± 1.2
72.9 ±1.6
57.2 ±3.3
63.5 ± 2.4
62.1 ±4.3
66.0 ± 2.5
68.1 ±2.7
64.4 ± 2.7
61.3 ±3.5
72.0 ± 2.4
64.9 ± 2.2
41.2 ±4.2
40.7 ±3.3
49.3 ± 3.2
42.9 ±4.8
39.4 ±3.3
32.4 ±3.8
37.6 ±4.2
49.4 ± 5.7
49.6 ±8.1
40.9 ±3.5
• :t> ' ...
* All percentages are reported with 95% confidence intervals.
Consumed during the day preceding the survey.
ln/*1nstfksi \t:m\\sinrr r\t* K!/*^fr>1inr» fe-\r at Iwoc-t 1C\ miniit^c rfnrinn ill** rlav nr*»r»<»rIJr%o tti^ citn;*»t/
Source: Kannetal., 1993.
8-18
-------
Table 8-6. Age-Adjusted Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Black and White Men and
Women Aged 35 to 74 Years by Percents (Minnesota Heart Survey)
Smoker Characteristic
Men"
Black
White
Black-White difference
95% CL
Women"
Black
White
Black-White difference
95% CL
Never Smoked
26
30
-4
-9, 1
49
46
3
-2,8
Former Smoker
30
44
-14
-20, -8
18
29
-11
-16, -6
Current Smoker
43
25
18
13, 23
33
24
9
4, 14
Ratio"
41
64
-23
-30, -16
35
54
-19
-26, -12
* Ratio of former smokers to those who ever smoked (value out of 100%)
b N - 459 Black; N = 76 White
c CL = confidence limits
" N = 593 Black; N = 811 White
NOTE: All values out of 100 percent.
Source: Hahn et al., 1990.
8-19
-------
Table 8-7, Aga- and Education-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Black and
White Men and Women (Minnesota Heart Survey)
Characteristic
Population
High School or Less
Men Women
More Than High School
Men Women
Black
Percent
Number
White
Percent
Number
Black-White Difference
Percent
96 Percent CL
35-54
years
51
138
35
138
16
4,28
55-74
years
43
105
26
119
17
6, 29
35-54
years
41
184
27
205
14
5, 23
55-74
years
29
154
33
166
-4
-14,6
35-54
years
41
147
23
371
18
9, 27
55-74
years
32
69
23
135
9
-4, 22
35-54
years
32
176
23
332
9
1, 17
55-74
years
24
68
12
108
12
1, 23
Note; CL = confidence limits.
Source: Hahn et a!., 1990.
8-20
-------
Table 8-8. Current Smokers' Smoking Cessation Behaviors in Percents (Minnesota Heart Survey)
Behavior
Changes Attempted in Last Year
Men'
Black
White
Women'
Black
White
Tried to reduce
no. of
cigarettes
70
76
73
80
Tried brand with
lower tar or nicotine
29
33
37
37
Tried to quit and able to
Tried to quit stay off cigarettes a week
or more
52 25
63 30
56 27
58 22
Quit completely
36
47
35
38
Try to
quit
14
21
29
17
Changes Anticipated in Next Year
Reduce no. of
cigarettes per
day
17
8
17
18
Switch to
brand with
lower tar or
nicotina
2
0
2
0
No change
anticipated
32
24
26
27
Other
0
0
1
1
* N = 197 Black, N = 195 White
" N-19S Black, N- 199 White
Note: Percents may not add to 100 because of rounding.
Source: Hahn et al., 1990.
oo
-------
Table 8-9. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Sex, Age at Smoking Onset, and FJace/Ethnicity
Initiation Rate (%)*
Males Females
Race/Ethnicity Total
s18 Years 19-35 Years £18 Years 19-35 Years
White
Black
Mexican American
Cuban American
Puerto Rican American
39
30"
47"
43
48"
15
22"
19
17
12
38
24C
21°
28C
38C
14
15
14
15
17
47
40"
45
45
51
* Initiation rate is defined as the percentage of persons who started to smoke in an age interval among persons who
naver smoked in that age interval.
* Initiation rate is significantly different from that among whites of the same sex and age interval.
€ Initiation rate among women is significantly less than that among men of the same race/ethnicity and age interval.
* Initiation rate is significantly less than that among whites.
Source: Escobedo ot at., 1990.
8-22
-------
Table 8-10. Rates of Smoking Initiation by Age at Smoking Onset, Race/Ethnicity,and Educational
Attainment
Race/Ethnicity and Age at
Smoking Onset >Hjgh School Education
Initiation Rate, %
-------
Table 8-11. Use of Selected Drugs by Age of User: 1993
(Percent of Total Population]
Substir.cf and Aga Group Total*
Sex Race/Ethnicity Region
Male Female Whiteb Blackb Hispanic Northeast Midwest South
West
CURRENT USERS
Clgar*ttts: Total
12- 17 year*
18-25 years
28-64 year*
35 years and
Alcohol: Total
12-17ye»n
1 8-26 years
26-34 years
36 yun and
Marijuana: Total
12- 17 years
18-25 years
26*34 years
35 years and
Cocaine: Total
1 2- 17. years
18-25 years
26-34 years
36 years and
oldar
older
older
oldar
Smokeless tobacco: Total
12-17 years
1 8-25 years
26-34 years
35 years and
OVER USED
Crack: Total
12-1 7 years
1 8-25 years
26-34 years
35 years and
Inhalants: Total
12- 17 years
18-25 years
26-34 years
35 years and
older
older
older
Hallucinogens: Total
12-17ye»rt
18-25 yean
28-34 years
35 years and
Stimulants: Total*
12-17 years
18-25 years
26-34 yeir*
36 yews and
Sedatives: Total"
12-17 years
18-25 years
26-34 years
35 vears and
older
older
older
24.2
9.6
29.0
3O.1
23.8
49.8
18.0
59.3
62.8
48.8
4.3
4.9
11.1
6.7
1.9
" 0.6
0.4
1.5
1.0
0.4
2.9
2.0
6.4
4.4
1.9
1.8
0.4
3.5
4.2
0.9
5.3
5.9
9.9
9.4
2.8
8.7
2.9
12.5
15.9
6.6
6.0
2.1
6.4
10.5
5.3
3.4
1.4
2.7
4.8
3.?
26.2
9.3
30.9
31.4
26.7
57.4
18.3
64.5
70.1
59.1
6.0
5.5
16.5
9.0
2.5
0.9
0.4
1.7
1.6
0.6
5.9
3.9
12.7
8.9
3.7
2.6
0.2
4.6
5.9
1.5
7.4
5.5
12.4
12.9
4.7
11.8
3.4
15.2
19.7
10.0
7.4
2.0
7.2
12.1
7.0
4.1
1.2
3.4
5.5
4.4
22.3
10.0
27.2
28,8
21.3
42.5
17.7
54,3
55.7
39.9
2.8
4.3
5.7
4.5
1,4
0.4
0,4
1.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
c
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.1
0.5
2.5
2.5
0.4
3.3
6.3
7.4
6.1
1.1
5.9
2.4
9.9
12.2
3.7
4,8
2.2
5.7
8.9
3.8
2.8
1.6
2,0
4.0
4.4
24.7
11,0
32.7
31.1
23.4
52.7
19.2
65.3
66.3
51.5
4.2
4.5
12.5
6.8
1.7
0.5
0.3
1.6
0.9
0.2
3.5
2.7
8.5
5.9
1.9
1.6
O.2
4.0
3,8
0.7
5.8
6.5
12.4
11.5
2.8
10.1
3.1
15.8
19,6
7.3
6,9
2.5
8.0
12.7
5.7
3.6
1.4
3.1
5.9
3,5
23.4
4.0
16.3
30.5
28.0
37.6
13.1
45.0
54.5
35.5
5.6
5.8
9.2
9.9
2.7
1.3
0.3
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.5
0.2
1.1
0.2
2.5
3.4
0.3
2.1
7.2
3.3
2.9
1.7
2.0
4.0
3.1
3.0
0.2
1.9
5.3
3.1
3.0
0.2
1.3
3.2
4.2
2.2
0.9
1.5
1.8
2.9
21.2
8.4
25.5
24.8
21.5
45,6
17,5
49.9
56.0
47.1
4.7
6.7
7.8
4.1
2.9
1.1
1,0
2,1
1,1
0.7
1,1
0.9
1.9
1.0
0.8
2.0
1.2
3.5
3.2
1.1
4,9
7.7
7.2
5.0
3.0
5.9
4.1
7.8
6.7
5.1
3.9
2.2
4.4
5.8
3.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.1
25.4
10.5
32,9
30.6
24.5
54.1
20.4
61.0
65.0
54.7
4.2
5.0
10.2
5.2
1.5
0.7
0.2
1.9
1.3
0.3
2.2
0.9
4.2
1.6
2.3
1.7
0,2
3.3
3,5
1.1
4.3
5.7
10.4
7.7
1.9
7.6
2.0
10.6
13,7
6.1
6.2
0.9
4.9
7.8
6.8
2.8
1.2
2.2
3,7
3.0
24.3
11.1
26.9
30.7
24.5
48.6
19.5
61.2
64.7
47.0
3.5
5.0
10.2
5.2
1.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.5
3.0
2.2
6.9
4.2
2.0
1.2
0.1
2.4
3.0
0.6
5.1
4.7
11.5
8.9
2.9
7.5
2.0
12.5
14.1
5.8
4.4
2.1
5.3
9.7
3.1
2,0
0.6
1.4
4.2
1.8
24.3
8.4
29.7
31.8
23.3
44.9
15.4
55.6
58.9
42.8
4.3
3.7
11.2
6.1
2.1
0.6
0.4
1.5
0.9
O.3
3.9
2.9
7.7
6.6
2.2
1.7
0.4
3.5
4.4
0,5
4.7
4.6
8.3
10.1
2.1
7.6
2,6
11.2
15.1
5.1
5.2
2.0
4.6
9.0
4.8
3.3
1.5
2.8
5.0
3.1
22.7
9.0
26.7
26.2
22.9
54.2
18.1
62.4
64.6
55.1
5.5
6,7
10.9
8,7
2.7
0.8
0.6
2.3
1.0
0.4
2.0
1.1
5.5
3.8
0.6
3.0
0.7
4.9
5.7
1.9
7.3
9.7
10.4
10.5
4.8
13.2
5.5
16.4
10.8
11.01
9.3
3.1
11.8
16.1
7.4
6.1
2.4
4.3
5.9
7.2
(continued!
8-24
-------
Table 8-11. Use of Selected Drugs, by Age of User: 1993 (continued)
[Percent of Total Population!
Substance and Age Group Total
Sex Race/Ethnicity Region
Male Female Whiteb Blackb Hispanic Northeast Midwest South
West
Tranquilizers: Total
12-17 years
1 8-25 years
26-34 years
35 years and
Analgesics: Total
1 2-1 7 years
18-25 years
26-34 years
35 years and
includes other
Non-Hispanic.
Low precision;
d
older
older
races, not
4.6
1.2
5.4
7.1
4.2
5,8
3.7
8.7
9.0
4.4
5,0
1.0
4S.8
8.0
4.6
6.7
2.8
9.3
11.1
5.4
4.1
1.4
4.9
6.2
3.8
4,9
4.5
8.1
7.0
3.6
5.2
1.4
7.0
8.4
4.5
6.3
4.1
10.6
10.3
4.6
2.3
0.4
1.2
3.0
2.9
3.5
2.7
4.6
3.4
3.5
2.8
1.1
2.4
3.6
3.0
3.9
3.2
4.4
5.9
2.8
3.7
1.0
4.0
5.3
3.6
5.3
3.7
7.6
7.0
4.5
4.3
0.4
4.3
6.9
4,4
4,3
3.0
7.8
7.4
3.0
4.2
1,6
6.2
7.1
3.2
5.3
3.3
7,4
8.0
4.2
6.3
1.9
6.2
8.9
6.3
8.8
5.1
12.5
14.0
6.7
shown separately.
no estimate reported.
Nonmedlcal use; does not include over-the-counter
drugs.
Source: Bureau of the Census, 1995.
8-25
-------
Table 8-12. Alcoholism Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives by Age and Sex"
Age Group
Under 5 years
5- 14 years
15-24 years
25-34 years
3f-44 years
45-54 years
55-64 years
65-74 years
75-84 years
85 years*
Under 5 years
5- 14 years
15-24 years
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-54 years
55-64 years
65-74 years
75-84 years
85 years*
Under 5 years
5- 14 years
15-24 years
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-54 years
55-64 ycats
65-74 years
75-84 years
85 years*
Both Sexes
-
-
4.8
27.6
6.15
95.6
97.3
76.4
34.4
24.5
U.S. ALL RACES
0.0
0.0
0.3
2.7
10.1
18.3
23.7
19.3
10.8
3.8
U.S. WHITE
0.0
0.0
0.3
2.0
7.5
14.7
21.4
18.2
10.1
3.6
Male
-
--
6.5
34.3
84.9
125.7
126.9
123.9
64.0
33.4
0.0
0.0
0.5
3.9
15.6
28.4
37.9
33.4
21.5
10.2
-
0.0
0.5
3.0
11.8
22.9
34.1
31.7
20.3
9.8
Female
-
-
3.1
21.2
39.7
68.0
71.7
38.8
14.4
19.4
0.0
-
O.I
1.6
4.7
8.7
11.2
8.4
4.4
1.3
0.0
--
0.1
1.1
3.3
6.8
10.0
7.9
4.2
I.I
" American Indians and Alaska natives, 1HS service area, 1987-1989, and U.S. all races and white populations, 1988 (rate per 100,000
population).
Note: "-" Represents zero. 0.0 rounds to zero.
Source: U.S. DHHS, 1993.
8-26
-------
Table 8-13. Drug-Related Mortality Rates for American Indians and Alaska Natives by Age and Sex*
Age Group
Under 5 years
5-14 years
1 5-24 years
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-54 years
55-64 years
65-74 years
75-84 years
85 years+
Under 5 years
5-14 years
15-24 years
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-54 years
55-64 years
65-74 years
75-84 years
85 years+
Under 5 years
5-14 years
1 5-24 years
25-34 years
35-44 years
45-54 years
55-64 years
65-74 years
75-84 years
85 years+
Both Sexes
2.2
0.1
4.8
7.2
6.1
4.9
5.4
2.5
1.7
-
U.S. ALL RACES
0.2
0.1
2.4
7.7
8.0
8.0
3.3
2.8
4.1
6.0
U.S. WHITE
0.1
0.1
2.3
6.9
6.5
4.0
3.2
2.8
4.2
6.0
Male
2.2
-
4.9
8.6
5.8
3.9
3.5
1.9
-
-
0.2
0.1
2.7
11.0
11.3
4.9
3.3
2.6
4.3
6.6
0.1
0.1
2.8
9.9
8.9
4.0
2.9
2.5
4.4
6.8
Female
2.2
0.3
4.7
5.8
6.3
5.7
7.1
3.0
2.9
-
0.1
0.1
2.1
4.4
4.8
3.9
3.3
2.9
3.9
5.8
0.1
0.1
1.8
3.9
4.1
4.1
3.4
3.0
4.1
5.7
* American Indians and Alaska natives, IHS service area, 1987-1989, and U.S. all races and white populations, 1988 (rate per 100,000
population).
Note: "-" Represents zero. 0.0 rounds to zero.
Source: U.S. DHHS, 1993.
8-27
-------
-------
9. DRINKING WATER AND FOOD
The ingestion of contaminated food and water is a potential source of human exposure to
toxic compounds. This section focuses on the available data for populations consuming water
from specific sources, populations who breastfeed, and populations who consume certain foods.
9.1. POPULATION CONSUMING DRINKING WATER BY SOURCE OF WATER
SUPPLY
The consumption of contaminated drinking water is a potential source of exposure to
toxic compounds. Contaminants may be present in drinking water before, during, and after
treatment. The majority of public water systems treat their water as necessary to ensure that the
water is safe to drink. Contaminants may differ depending on the source of water supply (i.e.,
surface water or groundwater).
EPA established a National Public Water Systems Supervision Program in 1974 under
the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Table 9-1 presents data for populations served
from public water systems for 1994 (U.S. EPA, 1995). The table presents these data for the
number of systems and the population served by community water systems, nontransient
noncommunity water systems, and transient noncommunity water systems. The data also are
presented by the source of water (i.e., ground or surface). Table 9-2 presents the same type of
data for 1993 (U.S. EPA, 1994).
In 1994, a total of 186,822 water systems in 50 States, on Native American lands, and in
U.S. territories were classified as public water systems. The largest percentage of the population
is served by community water systems (Table 9-1).
9.2. POPULATION USING BOTTLED WATER
Through the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS) (Tsang and Klepeis,
1996), information was collected for the general population on the duration and frequency of
selected activities and the time spent in selected mieroenvironments via 24-hour diaries. More
than 9,000 individuals from 48 contiguous States participated in NHAPS. The survey was
9-1
-------
conducted between October 1992 and September 1994. Participants were selected using a
Random Digit Dial (RDD) method and Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI).
Individuals were interviewed to categorize their 24-hour routines (diaries) and/or answer follow-
up exposure questions related to exposure events. The response rate was 63 percent, overall.
Data were collected for a maximum of 91 different activities based on selected socioeconomic
(gender, age, race, education, etc.) and geographic (census region, State, etc.) factors and
time/season (day of week, month) and weighted to ensure that results were representative of the
U.S. population. The weighted sample matches the 1990 U.S. census population for each gender,
age group, census region, and the day-of-week and seasonal responses are equally distributed
(Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). As part of the survey, data also were collected for the source of
water used in the household and for the population in the survey who used bottled water for
drinking water. These data are presented in Tables 9-3 and 9-4.
9.3. POPULATION BREASTFEEDING
Breast milk is a potential source of exposure to toxic chemicals among nursing infants.
Some chemical compounds accumulate in fatty tissues and may be transferred to breastfed
infants in the lipid portion of breast milk. In many cases, nursing infants obtain most of their
dietary caloric and fluid intakes from breast milk, thus they have high risk of exposure to
contaminants in breast milk. Information on the volume of breast milk consumed over a period
of time is required to estimate the potential breast milk contaminant dose in infants. (See
Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997), Section 14.) In addition, identification of the
population who breastfeeds is needed. The available data for the percentage of the population
who breastfeeds are presented below.
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Institute of Medicine reviewed the published
literature to determine the incidence of breastfeeding in the United States by different
demographic characteristics. Statistics on breastfeeding in the United States were obtained from
a 1989 survey entitled, "Nutrition During Lactation" (NAS, 1991).
9-2
-------
Results from the survey (NAS, 1991) indicated that 52.2% of women who delivered
babies in 1989 breastfed their newborn infants. The NAS report also revealed that 19.6% of
these infants were still breastfed at the age of 5 to 6 months. The data presented in Table 9-5
show the percentage of mothers who breastfeed among whites, blacks, and Hispanics grouped by
marital status, education, maternal age, employment, family income, and U.S. regions. The data
show that of the three racial/ethnic groups, more white mothers breastfed infants (58.5%), while
the lowest percentage were black mothers (23%), followed by Hispanic mothers at 48.4%.
According to the data in Table 9-5, breastfeeding of newborns and at 5 to 6 months is directly
related to family income (i.e., the higher the income, the higher the rate of breastfeeding in all
three ethnic groups). The highest percentage of mothers who breastfeed were found in the
Mountain and Pacific regions for all racial/ethnic groups. A conservative estimate for the
breastfed population could be developed by applying these percentages to the number of live
births in a year, assuming all of the live births will have a lifespan of at least 1 year. This
estimate would capture breast-fed infants up to 12 months. The Bureau of Census provide vital
statistics data by year, race, and location (State, Region) in the yearly statistical abstracts
publications. Breast milk ingestion rates are presented in Exposure Factors Handbook, Section
13.
9.4. POPULATION CONSUMING SELECTED FOODS/FOOD GROUPS
Ingestion of contaminated foods is a pathway of human exposure to toxic chemicals.
Fruits and vegetables and grain products may become contaminated, for example, from
deposition of ambient pollutants in the air, irrigation waters, soil additives, pesticides, and
fertilizers. Fish and shellfish may become contaminated from pollutants in the surface waters
and sediments. Meat, poultry, and dairy products can become contaminated if the animals are
exposed to contaminated media such as soil, water, or feed crops.
EPA analyzed 3 years (1989, 1990, and 1991) of data from the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals to generate distributions of
intake rates for various (1) fruit and vegetable items/groups; (2) grain products; (3) meat, poultry,
and dairy products; and (4) fish and shellfish. As part of this analysis, the percentages of
9-3
-------
populations consuming the various foods were estimated. These populations are presented with
the corresponding intake tables in the Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997). A
discussion of how the analyses were performed and the caveats also are presented in the
handbook in their respective sections. Information on various food groups can be found in the
Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1997) as follows:
• Fruits and vegetables: Section 9, Tables 9-3 to 9-11;
• Fish and shellfish: Section 10, Tables 10-7 to 10-44;
• Meat, poultry, and dairy products: Section 11, Tables 11-1 to 11-4;
• Grain products, Chapter 12, Tables 12-1 to 12-10; and
• Homeproduced food items: Section 13, Tables 13-8 to 13-70.
9-4
-------
9.5. REFERENCES
National Academy of Sciences (NAS). (1991) Nutrition during lactation. National Academy of
Sciences Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Tsang, AM; Kiepeis, NE. (1996) Results tables from a detailed analysis of the National Human
Activity Patterns Survey (NHAPS) response. Prepared by Lockheed Martin, for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, under EPA contract no. 68-W6-001,
delivery order no. 13. Draft report.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1994) The national public water systems supervision
program. The FY 1993 compliance report. The Office of Water, Washington, DC;
EPA8I2-R-94-001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1995) The national public water systems supervision
program. The FY 1994 compliance report. Office of Water, Washington, DC;
EPA812-R-95-001,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1997) Exposure factors handbook. August 1997.
Washington, DC: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and
Development. EPA/600/P-95/OQ2Fabe.
9-5
-------
Table 9-1. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States: 1994
Systems
CWS*
No. of Systoms
Population Served
NTNCWSb
No. of Systems
Population Served
TNCWS c
No. of Systems
Population Served
ALL PWS dl'
No. of Systems
Source
Surface Water Ground Water
10,625
152,491,000
766
596,000
2,099
900,000
1 3,490
(19%)
(63%)
(3%)
(10%)
(2%)
(7%)
(7%)
46,122
90,558,000
22,873
5,645,000
104,337
12,709,000
173,332
(3%)
(37%)
(97%)
(90%)
(98%)
(93%)
(93%)
Total
56,747
243,049,000
23,639
6,241,000
106,436
1 3,609,000
186,822
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
Percent of
Total PWS
30%
NA
13%
NA
57%
NA
1 00%
• CWS"Community water systems - Provides drinking water primarily to residential areas; provides water to the same population year
round.
b NTNCWS-Nonttanslent noncommunity water systems. A PWS that regularly serves at least 25 of the same people at least 6 months
of the year; Includes places such as schools, factories, and hospitals that have their own water supplies.
c TNCWS-Transient noncommunity water systems. For transitory customers in nonresidential areas such as campgrounds, motels, and
gas stations.
d Includes systems that obtain their drinking water from other PWS.
• Because an individual can ba served by more than one category of PWS, the total population served by all PWS is not cumulative and
thwefofa cannot ba determined.
Note: NA = Not applicable.
(%) - Percent of total systems in that specific system category or percent of total population in a system
category (i.e., 10,625 CWS is 19% of 56,747 total systems and 152,491,OOO is 63% of total population
served (243.049.OOO people) by CWS.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1995.
9-6
-------
Table 9-2. Population Served by Public Water Systems (PWS) in the United States; 1993
Systems
cwsa
No. of Systems
Population Served
NTNCWS b
No, of Systems
Population Served
TNCWS G
No. of Systems
Population Served
ALL PWS d'8
No, of Systems
Source
Surface Water Ground Water
10,681
148,686,000
771
625,000
2,228
1,157,000
13,678
(19%)
(61%)
(3%)
(10%)
(29%)
(7%)
(7%)
46,880
93,995,000
23,221
5,690,000
104,488
14,271,000
173,589
(81%)
(39%)
(97%)
190%)
(98%)
(93%)
J93%)
Total
56,561
242,679,000
23,992
6,31 i,000
109,714
1 5,428,000
191,267
(100%)
<100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
(100%)
Percent of
Total PWS
30%
NA
13%
NA
57%-'
NA
100%
a CWS-Community water systems. Provides drinking water primarily to residential areas; provides water to the same population year
round.
b NTNCWS-Nontransient noncommunity water systems. A PWS that regularly serves at least 25 of the same people at least 6 months
of the year; includes places such as schools, factories, and hospitals that have their own water supplies.
c TNCWS-Transiont noncommunity water systems. For transitory customers in nonresidential areas such as campgrounds, motels and
gas stations.
d Includes systems that obtain their drinking water from other PWS.
e Because an Individual can be served by more than ona category of PWS, the total population served by all PWS is not cumulative and
therefore cannot be determined.
Note: NA = Not applicable.
!%) = Percent of total systems in that specific system category or percent of total population in a system
category (i.e., 10,681 CWS is 19% of 56,561 total systems, and 148,686,000 is 61 % of total population
served (242,679,000 people) by CWS.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1994.
9-7
-------
Tablo 9-3, Number of Respondents Who Obtained Water From Public and Private Water Sources
for General Household Use
Total N Public Water Private Well Other Source
Overall
Gander
Male
Fomale
Refused
Age (years)
-
1-4
5-11
12-17
18-64
>64
Race / Ethnicity
White
Black
Asian
Somo other
Hispanic
Refused
Hispanic
No
Yes
OK
Refused
Employment
--
Full time
Part time
Not Employed
Refused
Education
--
High school
High school graduate
-------
Table 9-3. Number of Respondents Who Obtained Water From Public and Private Water Sources
for General Household Use (continued)
Total N Public Water Private Well Other Source
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Falle
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis / Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
1264
1181
1275
343
4287
341
35
4500
125
38
4424
203
36
983
973
1057
764
3477
274
26
3646
100
31
3582
167
28
224
171
174
150
652
59
8
695
18
6
683
30
6
42
26
31
22
117
3
1
115
5
1
115
4
2
DK
15
11
13
7
41
5
-
44
2
--
44
2
--
a Composition of Census Regions is provided in Sec. 2.4.
Note: N = Number of respondents; DK = don't know; Refused = respondent refused to answer; -- = missing
data.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
9-9
-------
Table 9-4. Number of Respondents Who Use Bottled Water for Drinking Water in the Home
Overall
Gender
*
Mala
Female
Age (years)
*
.1-4
6-11
12-17
18-64
> 64
Race / Ethnicity
*
White
Black
Asian
Some other
Hispanic
Hispanic
*
No
Yes
DK
Employment
*
Full Time
Part Time
Not Employed
Education
High School
High School
Graduate
< College
College Graduate
Postgraduate
Census Region
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Day of Week
Weekday
Weekend
Total N
4663
2
2163
2498
84
263
348
326
2972
670
60
3774
463
77
96
193
46
4244
348
26
958
2017
379
1309
1O21
399
1253
895
650
445
1048
1036
1601
978
3156
1507
N
2650
2
1241
1407
46
126
193
185
1588
512
29
2259
186
39
45
92
22
2438
171
19
512
1062
211
865
552
272
741
485
354
246
563
654
916
517
1775
875
Respondents
% N %
56.8
100.0
57.4
56.3
54.8
47.9
55.5
56.7
53.4
76.4'
48.3
59.9
40,2
50.6
46.9
47.7
47.8
57.5
49.1
73.1
53.4
52.7
55.7
66.1
54.1
68.2
59.1
54.2
54.5
55.3
53.7
63.1
57.2
52.9
56.2
58.1
2006
*
918
1088
38
137
155
141
1380
155
31
1508
277
38
51
101
24
1798
177
7
446
952
168
440
469
127
507
409
296
198
483
381
682
460
1375
631
43.0
*
42.4
43.6
45.2
52.1
44.5
43.3
46.4
23.1
51.7
40.0
59.8
49.4
53.1
52.3
52.2
42.4
50.9
26.9
46.6
47.2
44.3
33.6
45.9
31.8
40.5
45.7
45.5
44.5
46.1
36.8
42.6
47.0
43.6
41.9
N
7
*
4
3
*
»
»
*
4
3
*
7
*
*
*
»
*
7
*
*
*
3
*
4
*
*
5
1
*
1
2
1
3
1
6
1
»
0.2
•
*
'
*
*
V
*
0.1
0.4
*
0.2
4
*
*
*
*
0.2
*
*
*
0.1
It
0.3
»
•
0.4
0.1
"
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
(continued)
9-10
-------
Table 9-4. Number of Respondents Who Use Bottled Water for Drinking Water in the Home
(continued)
Overall
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Asthma
No
Yes
DK
Angina
No
Yes
DK
Bronchitis / Emphysema
No
Yes
DK
Total N
4663
1264
1181
1275
943
4287
341
35
4500
125
38
4424
203
36
N
2650
715
671
692
572
2454
180
16
2542
87
21
2518
113
19
Respondents
% N %
56.8
56.6
56.8
54.3
60.7
57.2
52.8
45.7
56.5
69.6
55.3
56.9
55.7
52.8
2006
547
508
582
369
1826
161
19
1952
37
17
1899
90
17
43.0
43.3
43.0
45.6
39.1
42.6
47.2
54.3
43.4
29.6
44.7
42.9
44.3
47.2
N
7
2
2
1
2
7
*
»
6
1
«
7
*
#
%
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
•
*
0.1
0.8
»
0.2
•
•
Note: N = Number of respondents; * = missing data; DK = don't know.
Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996.
9-11
-------
Table 9-5. Percentage of Mothers Breast Feeding Newborn Infants in the Hospital
and Infants at 5 or 6 Months of Age in the U.S. in 1989 a by
Ethnic Background and Selected Demographic Variables b
Category
AH mothers
Parity
Prlmipsrous
Multiparous
Marital status
Married
Unmarried
Maternal aga
<20yr
20-24 yr
25-29 yr
30-34 yr
235yr
Maternal education
No college
College*
Family Income
<»7,000
»7,000-*1 4,999
*16,000-*24,999
2125,000
Maternal employment
Full time
Part time
Not employed
U.S. Census Region*
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Total White Black Hispanic0
Newborns 5-6 Mo Newborns 5-6 Mo Newborns 5-6 Mo Newborns 5-6 Mo
Infants Infants Infants Infants
52.2
52.6
51.7
59.8
30.8
30.2
45.2
58.8
65.5
66.5
42.1
70.7
28.8
44.0
54.7
66.3
50.8
59,4
51.0
52.2
47.4
47.6
55.9
43.8
37.9
46.0
70.2
70.3
19.6
16.6
22.7
24.0
7.7
6.2
12.7
22.9
31.4
36.2
13.4
31.1
7.9
13.5
20.4
27.6
10.2
23.0
23.1
20.3
18.4
18.1
19,9
14.8
12.4
14.7
30.4
28.7
58.6
58.3
58.7
61.9
40.3
36.8
50.8
63.1
70.1
71.9
48.3
74.7
36.7
49.0
57.7
67,8
54.8
63.8
58.7
53.2
52.4
53.2
58.2
53.8
45.1
56.2
74.9
76.7
22.7
18.9
26.8
25.3
9.8
7.2
14.5
25.0
34.8
40.5
15.6
34.1
9.4
15.2
22.3
28.7
10.8
25.5
27.5
21.4
21.8
20.7
20.7
18.7
15.0
18.4
33.0
33.4
23.0
23.1
23.0
35.8
17.2
13.5
19.4
29.9
35.4
35.6
17.6
41.1
14.5
23.5
31.7
42.8
30.6
26.0
19.3
35.6
30.6
21.0
27.7
19.6
14.2
14.5
31.5
43.9
7.0
5.9
7.9
12.3
4.6
3.6
4.7
9.4
13.6
14.3
5.5
12.2
4.3
7.3
8.7
14.5
6.9
6.6
7.2
5.0
9.7
7.2
7.9
5.7
3.7
3.8
11.0
15.0
48.4
49.9
47.2
55,3
37.5
35,3
46.9
56.2
57.6
53.9
42.6
66.5
35.3
47.2
52.6
65.4
50.4
59,4
46.0
47.6
41.4
46.2
50.8
48.0
23.5
39.2
53.9
58,5
15.0
13.2
16.5
18.8
8.6
6.9
12.6
19.5
23.4
24.4
12.2
23.4
10.3
13.0
16.5
23.0
9.5
17.7
16.7
14.9
10.8
12.6
22.8
13.8
5.0
11.4
18.2
19.7
Mothers were surveyed when their infants were 6 months of age. Mothers were asked to recall the method
of feeding the infant when in the hospital, at age 1 week, at months 1 through 5, and on the day preceding
completion of the survey. Numbers in the columns labeled "5-6 Mo Infants" are an average of the 5-month
and previous-day responses.
Based on data from Ross Laboratories.
Hispanic is not exclusive of white or black.
College includes all women who reported completing at least 1 year of college.
States within each census region are listed in text sec. 2.4.
Source: NAS, 1991.
9-12
-------
10. SOCIOECONOMICS
A variety of socioeconomic and demographic factors (such as income and poverty level)
may be associated with increased exposure to environmental contaminants. A growing concern
exists among physicians, researchers, and social scientists that people with low incomes and who
reside in minority neighborhoods are more likely than other Americans to suffer adverse health
effects from pollution and other environmental contaminants (Hearn, 1993). Other areas of
concern for increased risk are hazardous occupations, unsatisfactory diets, and inadequate
education.
10.1. POVERTY THRESHOLD ESTIMATES
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996) has estimated the poverty thresholds for 1995 in its
publication, Preliminary Estimates of Poverty Thresholds in 1995. These data, presented in
Table 10-1, are based on size of family unit and income. The Census Bureau data are accessible
on the World Wide Web via the Internet. The U.S. Census Bureau's home page (Internet
address: www.census.gov) contains information on the kinds of data available and instructions on
how to conduct data searches, extract data, and download data files. Section 11 contains
information on how to access U.S. Government data on the Internet.
10.2. INCOME LEVEL
Low income negatively affects many aspects of an individual's life, including housing,
unemployment, diet, and access to education and medical care. The combined effects of living
on a low income contribute to an increased risk of exposure to environmental pollutants. For a
variety of reasons, often a greater percentage of minorities in the United States are living in
poverty than are whites—the majority population.
U.S. Bureau of the Census data indicate that in 1990 the percentage of persons in the
United States living below the poverty level (defined by the Census Bureau as $13,359 per year
in 1992 for a nonfarm family of four) was 13.5% for all races, 10.7% for whites, 31.9% for
blacks, and 28.1% for Hispanics (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1992).
10.2.1. Digest of Education Statistics (U.S. Department of Education, 1995)
The U.S. Department of Education (1995) presented information on poverty rates and
income by State for 1990 and 1993. These data are based on the U.S. Bureau of the Census
10-1
-------
Current Population Reports. Data for household income and poverty rates by State are presented
'Hi ',„ (if:! I 1 !
in Table 10-2. Poverty status of persons, families, and children under 18, by race/ethnicity are
presented in Table 10-3.
10.2.2. March Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995b)
The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) characterized the poverty status of persons in the
United States by gender. Data are presented for the years 1966 to 1994 in Table 10-4.
10.2.3. Trends in Indian Health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
1993)
A more complete economic profile of ethnic groups in the United States, including level
of education attained, rate of unemployment, household income, and percentage of age groups
living below the poverty level, is presented in Table 10-5. This study was conducted to
•i * ^
specifically evaluate the Native American and Alaska Native populations. However, data for
other population subgroups were evaluated for comparison purposes. The data in Table 10-5
indicate that blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans have a greater percentage of their
populations living below the poverty level than do whites. Most significantly, for blacks,
Hispanics, and Native Americans, approximately one-third to almost one-half of the total
population under the age of 18 are living in poverty (U.S. DHHS, 1993). Table 10-5 also
indicates that the percent of unemployed blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Alaska
Natives are significantly higher than the unemployment levels for whites and higher than for all
races (U.S. DHHS, 1993).
10.2.4. Inner-City Asthma— The Epidemiology of an Emerging U.S. Public Health
Concern (Weiss et al, 1992)
I Weiss et al. (1992) addressed the problems lower income groups often experience in
obtaining consistent medical care. The authors suggest that this factor contributes to the
increased severity of childhood asthma in inner-city children. Lower income inner-city residents
often lack transportation needed to get to medical facilities, and once there, they may experience
communication problems with the medical providers (Weiss et al,, 1992). In addition, language
barriers and lack of education can result in an inability to follow instructions necessary to ensure
recovery from an illness or chronic medical condition (Weiss et al., 1992).
10-2
-------
10.2.5. Nutrition Intakes of Individuals from Food-Insufficient Households in the United
States (Rose and Oliveira, 1997)
Low income can affect the diet by limiting the selection of foods purchased. Recent
efforts by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services have focused on measuring the prevalence of hunger and food insecurity in the
United States (Rose and Oliveira, 1997). The USDA analyzed the diets of preschoolers, adult
women, and the elderly with 24-hour recall data from the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food
Intake by Individuals (CSFII). The study estimated the extent to which individuals in food-
insufficient households were likely to have low intakes of nutrients (Rose and Oliveira, 1997).
Dietary intake is affected by factors that are social, cultural, and economic. The study considered
variables such as race and ethnicity, household size, and the economic status of the household.
Table 10-6 presents descriptive statistics on selected socioeconomic characteristics. It shows that
household income and education level of the household head were lower for individuals from the
food-insufficient households. Table 10-7 presents weighted means nutrient intakes for both
household types expressed as a percentage of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). .
10.3. HOMELESS POPULATION
According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) (1997), poverty and
homelessness are inextricably linked. "Poor people are frequently unable to pay for housing,
food, childcare, health care, and eduction. Often it is housing, which absorbs a high proportion
of income, that must be dropped" (NCH, 1997).
To measure homelessness with 100% accuracy is impossible (NCH, 1997). NCH (1997)
reported the following estimates:
Year Number of People How Estimated
1988 500,000 - 600,000 People found in shelters, soup
kitchens, and congregating in the
street for 1 week
1996 760,000/night Based on a projeted annual increase
1.2 - 2 million/1 -year of 5% using the 1988 estimate
1985-1990 4.95 - 9.32 million 1990 national telephone survey with
former homeless people
10-3
-------
It appears, according to NCH (1997) "that 12 million of adult residents in the U.S. have been
literally homeless at some point in their lives." Survey response rates and estimate errors were
not provided in the fact sheet.
The U.S. Conference of Mayors (U.S. COM) (1997) surveyed 29 cities in the U.S. to
assess the status of hunger and homelessness. The data were collected from November 1996
through October 1997. Percentages reported for survey questions do not include non-responses
(U.S. COM, 1997). Results of the survey showed that substance abuse and lack of needed
services led the list for cause of homelessness in the survey cities. Other causes (in order of
frequency) were lack of affordable housing, mental illness and lack of needed services, low
paying jobs, domestic violence, and changes and cuts in public assistance (U.S. COM, 1997). In
the survey cities, people remain homeless an average of 5 months (U.S. COM, 1997). The
composition of the homeless population in the survey cities is presented in Table 10-8, and the
population, poverty, and unemployment data are presented in Table 10-9. A survey response rate
was not provided.
10-4
-------
10.4. REFERENCES
Hearn, W, (1993) Toxic toll—environmental hazards intensify the public health problems caused
by poverty. Am Med News, February 15, 1993, p. 27.
National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) (1997) How many people experience
homelessness? Fact Sheet #2. Washington, DC: National Coalition for the Homeless.
Rose, D.; Oliveira, V. (1997) Nutrient intakes of individuals from food-insufficient households
in the United States. Am. J. Pub. Health, 87(12): 1956-1961.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1992) Statistical abstract of the United States: 1992. 112thed.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995) March current population survey. Unpublished data. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Poverty Statistics Branch, Washington, DC.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1996) Preliminary estimates of poverty thresholds in 1995.
Unpublished data. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Poverty Statistics
Branch, Washington, DC.
U.S. Conference of Mayors (COM). (1997) A status report on hunger and homelessness in
America's cities: 1997. Washington, DC: U.S. Conference of Mayors.
U.S. Department of Education. (1995) Digest of education statistics. U.S. Department of
Education, Office of Education Research and Improvement, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1993) Trends in Indian health. U.S.
Department of Health an Human Services, Indian Health Service, Washington, DC.
Weiss, KB; Gergen, PJ; Grain, EF. (1992) Inner-city asthma—the epidemiology of an emerging
U.S. public health concern. Chest 101(suppI-6):362S-371S.
10-5
-------
Table 10-1. Preliminary Estimate of Poverty Threshold
(Yearly Income of Household in Dollars}: 1995
Size of Family Unit Estimated Threshold
(in dollars)
1 person 7,761,00
Householder under 65 years 7,929.00
Householder 65 years and older 7,309.00
2 persons 9,935,00
Householder under 65 years 10,259.00
Householder 65 years and older 9,221,00
3 persons 12,156.00
4 persons 15,570.00
5 persons " 18,407.00
6 persons ' 20,808,00
7 persons 23,573.00
i . ' '• • 3' -'t * • • •
8 persons 26,148,00
9 or more persons 31.159.00
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1996.
10-6
-------
Table 10-2. Household Income and Poverty Rates by State: 1990 and 1993
SUM
1
United States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado .
Connecticut
Delaware .
District of Columbia ...
Florida -•
Georgia ........
Hawaii ...... .......
Idaho
Illinois ..
Indians
Iowa •
Kansas
Kentucky ,.,.,......
Louisiana
Mains
Maryland ...........
Massachusetts
Michicjcin
Mississippi .. . ......
Missouri
Montana ... ...........
Nebraska
Nevada .......
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Yortt
North Carolina
Noith Dakota . ..
Ohio
Oklahoma ... ..........
OrefJOfl ..........
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island ..
South Carolina
South Dakota .....
Tennessee .....
Texas . .... .........
Utah
Vermont -•«•
Washington
West Virginia . ...
Wyoming
Median he
cncorr
1990'
2
$35,025
27.498
48.254
32.093
24.643
41.716
35.123
48.618
40.641
35,807
32,027
33.819
45.248
29.433
37.854
33.558
30.565
31.803
26.259
25.578
32.459
45.897
43.061
36.148
36.019
23.465
30.720
26.788
30.317
36,138
42.335
47.693
28.069
38.415
31.052
27.051
33.452
27.475
31,755
33.875
37,501
30.597
26.223
28.908
31.482
34,342
34.717
38.838
36.338
24,233
34,309
31,576
usehold
1993
3
$31,241
25.082
42.931
30.510
23,039
34,073
34.488
39.516
36.064
27.304
28.550
31.663
42.662
31,010
32,857
29,475
28.663
29,770
24,376
26,312
27,438
39,939
37.064
32,662
33.682
22,191
28,682
26.470
31.008
35,814
37,964
40.500
26,758
31.697
28.820
28,118
31.285
26.260
33.138
30.995
33,509
26.053
27.737
25.102
28,727
35.786
31 .065
36.433
35.655
22.421
31.766
29.442
Percent of parsons beto* tha poverty level
1990'
Total
4
13.1
18.3
9.0
15.7
19.1
12.5
11.7
6.8
8.7
16.9
12.7
14.7
8.3
13.3
11.9
10.7
11.5
11.5
19.0
23.6
10.8
8.3
8.9
13.1
10.2
25.2
13.3
16.1
11.1
10.2
6.4
7.6
20.6
13.0
13.0
14.4
12.5
16.7
12.4
11.1
9.6
15.4
15.9
15.7
18.1
11.4
9.9
10.2
10.9
19.7
10.7
11.9
Under
S
years
S
20.1
26.1
13.6
24.9
28.5
19.0
17.9
11.7
13.3
27.0
20.3
22.1
12.6
19.6
18.9
16.8
17.5
16.8
27.9
33.4
15.7
11.9
14.S
22.1
14.8
35.8
20.4
24.3
17.3
15.1
8.5
11.7
30.3
20.6
19.2
19.6
21.1
25.3
19.7
17.5
16.3
22.8
23.6
23.9
25.6
15.8
13.5
14.5
17.0
31.7
17,7
18.3
5
years
6
19.7
25.8
10.6
24.2
26.6
19.3
16.5
11.9
12.7
25.5
20.1
21.3
12.6
18.9
18.7
15.8
15.4
16.5
26.5
33.0
15.9
11.9
14.8
20.4
14.6
35.1
19.2
23.0
15.4
14.4
8.7
12.6
30.6
215
18.5
18.4
19.9
23.4
16.1
17.0
16.1
21.8
22.2
22.5
25.5
14.4
13.7
14.5
16.4
30.3
16.4
16.2
610
11
years
7
18,3
24.3
10.9
21.8
25.2
18.3
15.3
11.2
11.8
25.0
18.8
20.1
11.2
15.9
17.0
14.1
14.1
14.1
24.6
31.1
14.0
11.5
13.8
18.1
12.5
33.5
17.8
20.3
13.4
12.6
7.3
11.7
27.6
19.6
17.2
17.2
17.8
21.7
14.8
15.7
13.8
21.2
20.2
20.8
24.2
12.0
12.5
13.5
14.3
25,9
15.0
14.1
12to
17
'ears
8
16.3
22.3
9.8
19.1
22.7
17.1
12.5
8.9
10.8
24.4
16.8
18.1
10.8
13.3
15.0
11.8
11.7
11.6
22.4
29.7
11.5
10 3.
11.0
15.7
10.6
31.9
15.1
17.1
10.8
11.9
6.2
10.4
25.2
17.0
15.3
14.7
14.6
18.5
13.3
13.8
11.0
19.1
17.3
18.5
23.0
10.0
9.8
11.9
12.2
22.4
11.9
11.2
IB to
64
years
9
11.0
14.6
7.9
14.0
15.3
10.9
10.3
5.3
7.2
14.3
11.0
11.4
6.9
12.0
10.0
9.1
10.3
10.1
16.2
19.6
8.9
6.8
7.3
11.2
8.8
20.0
11.1
14.7
9.7
9.1
5.4
6.0
17.8
11.0
10.1
13.0
10.7
14.2
11.5
9.5
7.6
12.0
13.6
12.5
15.2
11.0
8.5
8.4
9.8
17.7
9.2
10.8
6510
74
years
10
10.4
19.2
6.4
9.3
18.0
6.5
8.5
5.6
8.2
15.5
9.0
16.5
6.7
8.7
8.9
8.7
8.1
8.5
17.5
20.5
11.0
8.8
7.3
8.7
8.4
24.0
11.3
9.9
8.6
8.4
7.7
6.8
13.7
10.0
15.7
10,8
8.7
13.5
8.1
8.7
8,9
17.3
11.1
17.2
14.9
6.4
9.7
11.6
7.0
14.1
6.6
8.4
75
rsars
and
over
11
16.5
31.1
10.6
13.2
29.9
9.5
15.1
9.7
13.5
19.7
13.5
26.7
10.4
15.6
13.4
14.0
15.3
16.8
25.3
30.1
18.3
13.6
12.6
14.3
173
37.1
19.7
16.6
16.8
12.3
13.9
11.3
21.2
14.7
25.9
19.5
13.8
24.1
13.1
13.5
15.6
26.5
21.3
26.7
23.8
12.5
16.3
18.5
12.4
20.8
12.6
14.3
1993
Total
12
15.1
17.4
9.1
15.4
20.0
18.2
9.9
8.5
10.2
26.4
17.8
13.5
8.0
13.1
13.6
12.2
10.3
13.1
20.4
26,4
15,4
9.7
10.7
15.4
11.6
24.7
16.1
14.9
10.3
9.8
9.9
10.9
17.4
16.4
14.4
11,2
13.0
19.9
11.8
13.2
11.2
18.7
14.2
19.6
17.4
10.7
10.0
9.7
12.1
22.2
12,6
13.3
Stand-
ard error
13
0.22
1.94
1.34
1.81
2.04
0.74
1.59
1.65
1.68
2.67
0.94
1.70
1.47
1.57
0.94
1.74
1.54
1.69
2.09
2.37
1.89
1.61
0.86
0,97
1.71
2,12
1.97
1.77
1.48
1.44
1,76
0.84
1.86
0.76
0.92
1.SS
0.89
2.00
1.75
0,90
1.84
1.79
1.61
1.94
0.97
t.48
1.70
1.34
1.63
2.17
1.60
2.02
Poverty status o! S- to
1?-y«ar-olds. 1993
NumDer in
poverty
dumber
m moo-
sands)
14
10,150
156
11
163
117
1.623
70
82
17
44
666
207
26
38
406
123
61
79
177
376
47
100
159
446
95
178
205
25
47
35
28
227
68
773
196
12
420
168
84
390
33
177
27
299
851
75
15
137
121
104
155
12
Stand-
ard error
15
253
34
3
33
22
112
22
25
5
8
61
48
8
8
49
37
17
18
34
54
10
31
22
45
28
27
45
6
11
9
9
30
13
62
25
4
47
30
23
47
c
30
5
4£
82
15
t
35
33
18
35
t
Percent in
poverty
Percent
16
20.8
20.5
9.5
23.1
25.4
25.7
11.3
14.9
13.7
49.3
26.9
17.5
13.4
14.2
18,2
10.8
11.1
16.0
25.7
39.4
17.7
13.4
16.4
24.3
12.3
31.1
20.4
14.5
13.5
13.9
13.8
16.4
18.8
24.6
17,8
9.9
18.8
23.5
14.9
17.8
20.3
26.7
16.6
30.5
22.9
15.1
14.2
11.6
12.3
31.4
15.0
11.4
Stand-
ard error
17
0.20
1.72
1.14
1.76
1.84
0.70
1.40
1.75
1.58
2.52
0.91
1.57
1.54
1.35
0.88
1,37
1.32
1.53
1.89
2.18
1.66
1.53
0.86
0.96
1.46
1.90
1.80
1.45
1.38
1 40
1.69
0.83
1.59
0.73
0.84
1.22
0.66
1.77
1.60
0.85
1.96
1.70
1.42
1.87
0.90
1.43
1.65
1.20
1.36
2.02
1.47
1.58
1 In 1993 tfottars adjusted Dy the Consumer Pnca Index for si) urt>an consumers.
J Based on 1939 tncomes collected m ihe 1990 Census. May ditfer tram data denved
from the Currant Population Survey
Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
10-7
-------
Table 10-3. Poverty Status of Persons, Families, and Children Under 18,
by Race/Ethnicity: 1959 to 1993
y«v and race/
mhncHy
1
AXrtCM
1t» . —
1HO ._™__,,_,_~_~_
IK5 ,,.i.. ,,,.,!„ , ,,•
<**0 ,
1971 -M ,_. .
U?I 11, ^l...,,--m-...-.;
ItTJ _._ ____ ,
1I?4 ...i--i.i-.-v.. i-ii-r. .
t»7* _.— ,u , ,
1976 .iii-v. i.- -,-- i
tI77 _l..l_..,:.-.,. ,...-:....„
1t7» i i i
1171 „____.._____
11*0 VI -1--1-.1 --1I-I-1H. .11
ll*.i . -.-.I. .._-.-
1H2 .„_ ,.,-, ., Lllll-
1M3 '
lf*« _,__
litS ..--I- ....... -.,-.: 1 ........
tfM ...;... ;. ..;. 1
1*_7 , . . . ,
IMS ,-,-„:,:-,-,::::-:-
1W* ..__._..______
1fafl ,1 1, 1 1 1,
IMI ______________
lltl ,. ..I,,... , „ _
'*** - i „ i -
WNI.'
IftO ., -I,. .... n ..,,,,,-1 .
tt«S „_. i ,::..
i»7a -n
117S
•If . , ,
'•W ,. . , ,1 .,
i»tr „
«-f ,.„.,.,„ „, ,, , , ,
1*t* ... ,.l.llll-v:v.,n;;l
1HO __„„____
19*1 .::..: : ::|
ItW .-::... .-..-...I ...I.-,..:..-.,
1t*3 T L--Tr „-,- i
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its* ___..„„„____
!§•• ,- ...,-,._______
IBM ,, 1, i- „.
IfTS _, ... ..,.- i .n
iMO -1...— -I.::.-,.,,:.,
lit] „ 1J.;IJ,.. .,..„...,
1f€7 u-.i.,.uii. H..11...I111
1ft* 1 nii,..i. i.-l .- .
Ittt ___.„_,„___
1MQ
!«•!
ttu »_„
lf»J _..__..__—__..
HtefMnle origin1
IfTI .. , „„„, .,.,,
IttO „ , ,, _
1»«
If»7 , ,
tin __._,
1MI . _._..„__._
mo __,
1MI ,„, .___.„._
!t9J
I*i3 „_,
AH
persons
2
39.490
39.151
33.189
25.420
2S.S5»
24.480
22.973
23.373
2SJ77
24.975
24.720
24.4»7
2S.072
29_72
31 .(22
34.39C
35 JO.
33.700
33.064
32.370
32,221
31,745
31.528
33.5SS
3S.708
38.880
39.265
20.309
22.498
17.484
17.770
18.873
22.880
21.195
20,715
20.715
2Z328
23.747
23799
2«__»
1,927
«*87
74M8
7_545
aj7»
8.928
9420
«,3S«
9JC2
9.837
W_!42
10.827
10.877
2.991
3.491
S3M
S422
SJS7
9.430
9008
84U9
7.592
6.126
Number below the poverty level, in thousands
1
Tatil
3
34.512
34.925
26.351
20.330
20.405
19,577
18299
18.817
20.789
19.632
19,505
19,062
19.964
22.601
24.650
27.349
27,833
26458
25,729
24.7S4
24.725
24.048
24.066
25.232
27,143
27.947
29,92?
34.262
IISOI
13.323
13.799
14.587
17.125
15J93
15.001
15,179
15.916
17.2SS
18,214
18.966
S.1I2
1,090
8.6B3
6_533
7,190
7_S04
7,848
7J50
7,704
8,160
8.504
9,134
9.212
2.755
3.143
4.605
4.751
4.700
4.659
5,011
5.S41
6.455
6.876
n id famines
House-
holder
4
8.320
8.243
6.721
S.260
5.303
5.075
4.828
4.922
5.450
5.311
5.311
5.290
S.461
6,217
6.851
7JI2
• 7.647
7.277
7,223
7.023
7.005
6.878
8.784
7,09t
7.712
7,960
1JS3
8.1 15
4,824
3.708
3,838
4.195
4,983
4.567
4.471
4.4Q9
4.822
5.022
5,160
5.4S2
1.860
1.620
1,481
1.513
1328
1,983
2.117
2,090
2.077
2.193
2.343
2,435
2.499
627
751
1.074
1.168
1,141
1.133
1.244
1.372
1.395
1.625
Related
children
under
18
S
17.208
17.288
14.368
10_J35
10,344
10.082
9.453
9.967
10,882
10.081
10.028
9.722
9.993
11.114
12.068
13.139
13.427
1Z929
12.153
12_S7
12.275
11,935
12.001
1Z71S
13,658
13.876
14,981
11.229
8.S95
6.138
8.748
6317
7,838
7.398
7,095
7,164
7.696
8.316
8,333
9.123
5.022
4.774
3J22
3.8S4
3,906
4.057
4,234
4,148
4.257
4.412
4,637
4.850
5,030
1.619
1.718
2,512
2.6O6
2376
2.496
2.750
2.977
2.946
3.666
In families with female
householder, no
husuana prasenl
Total
6
7.014
7,247
7.524
7.503
7,797
8.114
8.178
8.462
8.846
9,029
9205
9.269
9.400
10,120
11.051
11.701
12,072
11.831
11,600
11.944
12.148
11,972
11,668
12.576
13,824
13.718
14,636
4.296
4,092
3.761
4,577
4,940
5.990
3.SB3
5.950
5,723
6.210
6.606
6.907
7.199
2,416
3.180
3,65i
4.168
4.984
S.342
5.789
5.601
5.530
8,005
8.557
6.799
6.955
1.053
1.319
1,983
2,045
2.052
1.902
2.115
2.2S2
2.474
2.837
Related
children
under 18
7
4.145
4,095
4.562
4.689
4.850
5.094
5.171
5.361
5.597
5.583
5.658
5.687
S.63S
5.866
6.305
6.696
6.747
6.772
6.718
6.943
7.074
6.742
6.803
7.383
8.065
8.032
8.503
2.357
2.321
2.247
2.813
2.813
3.372
3.474
3.365
3.320
3.597
3.941
3.783
4.102
1.47S
1107
2.353
2.724
2.944
3.181
3.394
3,130
3.2S6
3.543
3.853
3.967
4,104
694
809
1.247
1.241
1.206
1.163
1,314
1.398
1.289
1.673
Percent Below the poverty level
M
persons
8
2Z.4
222
17.3
12.6
12.5
11.9
11.1
11.2
12J
11.8
11.6
11,4
11-7
13.0
140
15.0
15-!
144
14.0
13.8
13.4
13.0
1Z.B
13.5
14.2
14.8
IS.l
17.8
13.3
9.9
9.7
10.2
11.4
10.4
10.1
10.0
10.7
11.3
11.9
124!
55,1
41 a
33.5
31.3
32.8
31.3
32.4
31J
30.7
31.9
32.7
33.4
33.1
26.9
25.7
29.0
28,0
26.7
26.2
28 1
28.7
296
306
In Ml families
Total
9
20.8
20.7
15,8
10.9
10.8
103
9.7
9.9
10,9
10.3
10.2
10.0
104!
11,5
125
13.6
13.9
13.1
12.6
12.0
12.0
H.6
11.5
12,0
12.8
13.3
13.6
16.2
11.7
8.1
«J
86
9.9
8.9
8.6
8.6
9.0
».?
10.1
103
549
40.9
324!
30.1
31.1
30,5
31.2
30.0
29.7
31.0
32.0
32,9
32.9
26.3
25.1
283
27.S
26.0
25.2
269
23.2
28,4
29.3
House-
holder
10
18-5
18.1
13.9
10.1
10.0
9.3
e.a
8.8
9.7
94
9.3
9.1
9.2
10.3
112
124!
12.3
11.6
11.4
10.9
10.7
10.4
10.3
10.7
11.5
11.7
123
14.S
11.1
8.0
7.7
80
9.1
8.1
7.9
7J
8,1
8.8
8.9
9.4
4«.1
35.5
29.5
27.1
289
28.7
294
Z8.2
27.8
29.3
30,4
30.9
31,3
25,1
23.2
25.5
25,5
237
234
25.0
26.5
26.2
273
Related
cftBdren
under
18
11
28,9
2S.5
20.7
14.9
15.1
14.9
14.2
1S.1
16.8
15.8
18,0
15.7
18.0
17,9
19.5
21.3
21.8
21 X)
20.1
19.8
19.7
18.0
19.0
19.9
21.1
21.1
22.0
20.0
14.4
10.5
12.5
13.4
15.6
14.7
14.0
14.1
1S.1
18.1
180
17.0
6S.5
508
41.5
41.4
42.1
43-1
44.4
42.8
434>
44.2
45.6
46.3
45-9
33.1
33.0
39.6
38.9
37.3
35.5
37.7
39.8
368
39.9
in families Win female
Householder, no
husband present
Total
12
49.4
48.9
46.0
J3.1
317
TB.2
37-5
38.5
37.5
37.3
36.2
35.6
34.9
36.7
38.7
40-6
40.2
384
37.6
38.3
381
37.2
35.9
37.2
397
39.0
38.7
39.0
35.4
28.4
29.4
28.0
298
29.6
29.2
28.1
29.8
31.5
30-8
31.0
706
«5.3
S8.7
54.3
53.4
53.2
54 1
51.9
494
50J
546
540
53.0
57.2
545
55.7
55-6
55,0
SO 6
53,0
527
51 S
53.2
Rsiawd
cniidren
under 18
13
7J.2
694
64.2
53.0
53.1
53.1
52.1
S1.S
52.7
52.0
50.3
506
486
50.8
52.3
56.0
55.4
540
S3.6
54.4
54.7
50,6
51.1
S3.4
55.5
S4.3
537
599
52.9
43.1
442
41.6
45.2
45.8
43.0
42.6
45.9
47.1
45.3
45.6
81.6
76-8
67 J
663
543
S6.9
68.3
61 S
62.9
64?
68.2
671
55.9
68.4
650
72.4
TO.l
655
65.0
684
686
65?
561
1 InOuOtt persons of Hitoanic otiQMi
'Ptnoc* d MitBwr-e angn mty at el -rty met.
Source: U.S. Department of Education, 1995.
-------
Table 10-4. Persons Living in Poverty by Sex: 1966 to 19948
(In thousands!
Year
1994
1993
1992°
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
Al! Persons
261,616
259,278
256,549
253,969
251,179
248,644
245,992
243,530
240,890
238,554
236,594
233,816
231,612
229,412
227,157
225,027
217,848
215,656
213,867
212,303
210,864
209,343
207,621
206,004
204,554
202,489
199,848
197,618
195,677
193,389
Total
127,838
126,668
125,288
123,873
122,418
121,073
119,704
118,399
117,123
115,915
114,970
113,391
112,280
111,175
110,010
108,990
105,542
104,480
103,629
102,955
102,211
101,523
100,694
99,804
99,232
98,228
96,802
95,681
94,796
93,718
Male
Number
16,316
16,900
16,222
15,700
15,082
14,211
13,366
13,599
14,029
13,721
14,140
14,537
15,182
14,842
13,360
12,207
10,535
10,017
10,340
10,373
10,908
10,313
9,642
10,190
10,708
10,879
10,292
10,793
11,813
12,225
Below Poverty
b Total
Percent
12.8
13.3
12.9
12.7
12.3
11.7
11.2
11.5
12.0
11.8
12.3
12.8
13.5
13.4
12.1
11.2
10.0
9.6
10.0
10.1
10.7
10.2
9.6
10.2
10.8
11.1
10.6
11.3
12.5
13.0
133,778
132,610
131,261
130,096
128,761
127,571
126,188
125,131
123,767
122,640
121,624
120,425
1 1 9,332
118,237
117,147
116,037
112,306
111,175
110,238
109,348
108,652
107,743
106,898
106,168
105,298
104,248
103,037
101,919
100,861
99,637
Female
Number Percent
21,744
22,365
21,792
21,180
20,626
19,373
18,162
18,146
18,518
18,649
18,923
19,163
20,084
19,556
18,462
17,065
14,810
14,480
14,381
1 4,603
14,970
13,881
13,316
14,258
14,841
14,632
13,978
14,578
15,951
16,265
16.3
16.9
16.6
16.3
16.0
15.2
14.4
14.5
15.0
15,2
15.6
15.9
16.8
16.5
15.8
14.7
13,2
13.0
13.0
13.4
13.8
12.9
12.5
13.4
14.1
14.0
13.6
14.3
15.8
16.3
Unpublished historical tables from the March Population Survey.
b Percent of 100.
Revised to reflect changes in weighting and imputation procedures.
Note: Percentages presented in this table are the value out of 100.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995b.
10-9
-------
Table 10-5. Selected Economic Profiles for the United States, 1990 Census
Characteristic
American Indian
All Races and Alaska
Native
White
Black
Hispanic
Asian and
Pacific
Islander
Educational Attainment (Parsons 25 Years and Older):
Pofeant less than 9th grade
Percent 9th to 1 2th grada, no
diploma
Percent high school graduate or
Higher
Pwcont bachelor's degree or higher
Employ mont Status by Sox (Persons 16
Percent unemployed, males
Percent unemployed, females
Median Household Income (1989}
Percent Below the Poverty Level by Age
All ago*
Under 5 years
5 years
8 to 11 years
1 2 to 17 years
1 8 to 64 yoars
65 to 74 years
75 years and older
10.4
14.4
75.2
20.3
Years and Older):
6.4
6.2
$30,056
:
13.1
20.1
19.7
18.3
16.3
11.0
10.4
16.5
14.2
20.6
65.3
8.9
16.2
13.5
$19,865
31.7
43.3
41.7
37.7
33.1
27.8
26.9
33.2
8.9
13.1
77.9
21.5
5.3
5.0
$31,435
9.8
13.8
13.5
12.5
11.0
8.5
8.4
14.6
13.8
23.2
63.1
11.4
13.7
12.2
$19,758
29.5
44.0
42.8
39.8
35.5
23.4
28.6
37.3
30.7
19.5
49.8
9.2
9.8
11.2
$24,156
25.3
33.4
33,9
32.6
30.3
21.3
21.9
27.8
12.9
9.5
77.5
36.6
5,1
5.5
$36,784
14.1
17.5
18.0
17.3
16.3
13.0
11.3
13.5
Noto: Data for Native Americans are for residents of the 33 reservation States.
Source: U.S. DHHS, 1993.
10-10
-------
Table 10-6. Characteristics of Individuals from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient Households:
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 1989 Through 1991
Mean age, y
Mean household per capita income,
$1000
Mean household size, no. persons
Mean education, ya
Single head of household, %
Owns home,8 %
Participates in food assistance
program, %
Race/ethnicity,8 %
Non-Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic Black
Hispanic
Other
Urbanization, %
Central city
Suburb
Nonmetropolitan
Region, %
Northeast
South
West
Midwest
Preschoolers
Food
Sufficient
(n-1257)
3.0
8.9
4.4
12.9
16.8
59.1
25.4
72.3
14.1
9.4
4.3
30.2
48.0
21.7
19.5
34.3
21.5
24.7
(1-5 Years)
Food
Insufficient
(n-123)
2.7
2.3
5.1
10.4
45.3
24.3
83.6
39.4
36.6
13.8
10.3
40.3
37.4
22.3
17.6
27.7
26.1
28.7
Women
(19-50 Years)
Food Food
Sufficient Insufficient
(n-3578) (n = 227)
33.9
14.0
3.4
13.2
25.5
60.7
14.3
76.8
11.7
8.5
3.0
30.5
49.7
19.8
21.0
33.7
19.3
26.1
31.3
4.2
4.2
10.7
46.9
25.4
69.3
49.1
29.0
16.8
5.1
48.4
35.0
16.6
29.4
25.5
19.9
25.2
Elderly (65
Food
Sufficient
(n-2179)
73.5
13.6
2.0
11.5
40.1
84.0
4.5
85.8
9.4
3.4
1.4
33.1
40.2
26.7
20.6
39.1
21.2
19.1
+ Years)
Food
Insufficient
(n-61)
69.9
4,8
2.0
6.3
54.4
40.5
44.3
31.5
50.1
9.9
8.5
33.1
28.5
38.4
20.8
59.5
11.5
8.3
Note: Food insufficiency was indicated by the household respondent's report that there was sometimes or often not
enough to eat. Estimates were calculated with CSFII-1989-1991 weights for the sample of individuals reporting 1
day of dietary intake.
a Refers to head of household.
Source: Rose and Oliveira, 1997.
10-11
-------
Table 10-7. Mean Nutrient Intakes Expressed as a Percentage of the Recommended Dietary
Allowances of Individuals from Food-Sufficient and Food-Insufficient Households:
Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFH), 1989 Through 1991
Preschoolers
Public Health
Priority* Nutrient
Current Food energy
Calcium
Iron
Potential Protein
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Vitamin B6
Folate
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Zinc
Not current Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
(1-5 Years),
Food
Sufficient
(n-1257)
92.1 (1.7)
102.1 (2.5)
104.3 (3.0)
276.7 (5.4)
171.9 (6.7)
72.2(1.9)
202.2 (8.7)
120.3 (2.8)
338.3 (8.7)
123,3 (2.4)
199.4(4.0)
71.4(1.8)
150.4(2.6)
185.4(3.7)
136.9(2.4)
Mean (SE)
Food
Insufficient
(n-123)
80.8 {5,2) »
91.5 (7.9)
86.6 (7.4)«
256.1 (19.6)
142.0(16.5)
70.8(11.2)
166.2(20.6)
98.3(9.1)»
322.0 (32.6)
110.1 (8.1)
172.1 (10.9)'
63.0(4.1)
135.5 (9.9)
169.9(13.6)
118.1 (10.8)
Note: Food insufficiency was indicated by the household respondent's
Estimates were calculated with
CSFII-1 989-1 991
Women
(19-50 Years),
Food
Sufficient
(n-3578)
73.1 (0.9)
75.0(1.3)
78.5 (1,4)
131.0(1.7)
104.1 (3.5)
85.4 (2.3)
137.6(3.5)
85.8(1.2)
115.5 (2.3)
119.1 (1.7)
78,3 (1.1)
74.7 (1.1)
114.9 (1,8)
116.6 (1.9)
121.1 (1,6)
Mean (SE)
Food
Insufficient
(n = 227)
61.3 (3.7) •
56.1 (3.5)*
66.6 (6.3)
113.1 (6.8)*
82.2 (7.6)«
62.5 (5.4) »
95.4(10.7)»
73.3 (5.5) »
102,2 (9.0)
97.2 (5.6)'
64.2 (3.6)'
66.2 (5.1)
100.0(8.7)
96.0 (6.7)«
103.3 (7.4)'
report that there was sometimes
weights for the sample of individuals reporting 1
Elderly
(65+ Years),
Food
Sufficient
(n-2179)
77.0(1.2)
82,9(1.8)
138.7 (3.9)
118.4(1.8)
141.4(6.3)
89.5 (4.1)
178.6 (6.6)
94.9 (2.0)
143.6(4.0)
132.2 (2.2)
81.9 (1.6)
78.4 (4.6)
132.7 (3,0)
134.2(2.9)
139.9(2.7)
or often not enough
Mean (SE)
Food
Insufficient
(n-61)
58,3 (8.2) »
56.8 (10.2)*
102.8 (17.7)
99.2 (19.0)
78.4(17.4)*
43,1 (7.6)'
144.4(40.0)
62.6(11.3)'
93.5 (18.1)'
101.6 (20.2)
61.7 (10.8)
53.9 (8.9)'
100.7 (19.0)
89.8 (14.8)*
99.6 (15.6)*
to eat.
day of dietary intake.
/ iv+Zf**fi o*'******
* P<,05 (for difference in intake between food-sufficient and food-insufficient individuals).
Source: Rose and Oliveira, 1997.
-------
Table 10-8. Composition of the Homeless Population (percentages)
o
City Families
Alexandria
Boston
Charleston
Chicago
Cleveland
Denver
Detroit
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Louisville
Miami
Minneapolis
Nashville
New Orleans
Norfolk
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Portland
Salt Lake City
San Antonio
San Diego
San Francisco
Santa Monica
St. Louis
St. Paul
Seattle
Trenton
a 40% of individuals,
b 60% of individuals.
c 23% of individuals,
d included in families
43
31.1
33
39,3
22
34
26
72
20
27
28.2
NA
5
26
>24
66.4
30
58
28
58.8
26
25
18
52
33
25
77
10% of
20% of
20% of
%
Men
45
56.76
67
42.6
52
48
53
13
50
48
56.1
NA
82
47
64
23.6
60
29
60
23.9
61
55
42
30
50
43
11.5
families
families
families
Women
12
11.25
d
17.9
23
18
17
15
25
15
15.7
NA
12
14
12
10
5
12
10
13,2
8
15
30
18
8
11
11.5
African-
Youth American
0
.9
NA
2
2
4
>1
5
10
NA
NA
1
13
0
NA
5
1
2
4.1
5
5
10
NA
9
4
NA
79
42
57
81.1
78
24
85
58
50
45
60.8
70
43
66
94
88.4
15
26
8
20.7
40
47
43
83
49.1
29
NA
White Hispanic
17
38
37
10
19
49
10
35
NA
49
38,5
15
51
31
5
7.4
61
54
70
23.2
38
31
35
16
33.8
30
NA
3
13
7
8.1
2
16
3
4
33
3
NA
3
5
1
>1
4
26
10
13
55.4
18
13
17
.46
12.4
13
NA
Native
Asian American
0
2
NA
.5
.5
0
1
2
NA
3
.1
2
>1
1
NA
02
1
1
1
.5
1
5
2
.46
.6
2
NA
0
2
NA
.3
.2
5
1
1
NA
NA
.6
10
1
1
NA
-
8
3
8
.2
3
4
3
.08
3.5
5
NA
Mentally Substance
III Abusers Employed Veterans
27
a
35
10.2
25
18
33
NA
50
NA
18.77
10
25
22
NA
9
20-50
2
57
35
33
43
30
24
3.3
35
30
77
b
58
22.7
50
32
75
NA
40
NA
36.2
35
44
42
NA
34.3
21-34
NA
32
28
40
52
64
25
3.3
36
85
24
C
17
8.3
15
15
19
NA
NA
NA
2.3
15
30
15
NA
7.6
23
NA
37
36
40
8
NA
12
5.6
9
>10
15
31
40
.8
10
25
29
NA
25
NA
9.2
25
23
26
NA
6.6
28
1
35
27
35
40
30
4
NA
12
17
Single Family
Parent Members
Families (Children)
86
97
95
96.2
95
80
91
42
80
81
79.9
75
67
85
95
9.1
80
73
67
83
80
73
78
70
46
59
88
59
65
76
68.3
70
40
19
47
71
63
64.5
5S
55
73
73
71.2
60
58
70
73
60
87
15
68
46
18
67
Source: U.S. COM, 1997.
-------
Table 10-9, Population, Poverty, and Unemployment Data for Survey Cities
Crty
* Alexandria
Boston
Charleston
Charlotte
Chicago
Cleveland
Denver
Detroit
Kansas City
Lot Angeles
Louisville
Miami
Minneapolis
Nashvillo
New Orleans
•E
Norfolk
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Portland
• Providence
St. Louis
St. Paul
Salt Lake City
San Antonio
San Diego
San Francisco
Santa Monica
Seattle
Trenton
1 990 Population
111,183
574,283
80,414
395,934
2,783,726
505,616
467,610
1,027,974
435,146
3,485,398
269,063
358,548
368,383
488,374
496,938
:• ' T i
261,229
1,585,577
983,403
437,319
160,728
396,685
272,235
159,936
935,933
1,110,549
723,959
86,905
516,259
88,675
1 990 Poverty Rate
Estimate {%)
7.1
18.7
21.6
10.8
21.6
28.7
17.1
32.4
15.3
18.9
22.6
31.2
18.5
13.4
31.6
19.3
20.3
10.5
14.5
23.0
24.6
16.7
16.4
22.6
13.4
12.7
9.4
12.4
18.1
October 1 996
Unemployment
Rate (%)
3.8
4
5.2
3.2
6.6
9.7
4.4
8.3
8.6
8.7
5.4
10,5
4.2
3.3
7.7
6.6
7.1
4.4
2.7
6.3
7.2
4.3
3.3
4.3
5.1
4.2
5
5.7
12
October 1 997
Unemployment
Rate (%)
2.9
3.7
4.6
2.6
5.7
8.5
3
6.6
6.9
7
4.4
9.8
3.4
3.4
6.5
5.9
6.8
3
2.9
6.6
6.7
3.3
3
4.3
4.4
4.3
4
3.6
9.3
Source: U.S. COM, 1997.
10-14
-------
11. ELECTRONIC AND OTHER DATA SOURCES
This section presents Internet data sources useful for identifying and enumerating
populations who potentially may be at risk of exposure to chemicals/contaminants at a greater
rate than the general population. The sources in this section are Federal Government
departments and agencies; however, many other types of Internet sources are available to the
assessor. Examples include State, local, and regional governments and organizations; trade
associations; and advocacy groups. Readers of this document are encouraged to explore the
Internet using any of the available search engines (e.g., Alta Vista, Yahoo, etc.) to locate
additional Internet data sources.
It is assumed that the reader will have some familiarity with the use of the Internet. The
information in this section is provided to assist the reader in easily and quickly locating data on
the Internet and is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to using the Internet, For this
reason, detailed directions are not provided. Many standard references exist to guide the reader
in use of the Internet.
It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is time sensitive.
Internet information (home pages, etc.) is continually updated by the responsible organization.
The content of information the reader is able to access may differ from the information contained
in this section.
11.1. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
The U.S. EPA's home page (http://www.epa.gov) provides access to many of the
Agency's environmental databases. Examples of databases available include (but are not limited
to) the Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS), containing national air pollution data;
and the Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS),
integrating national watershed data and geographic information system (GIS) mapping
capabilities. ENVIROFACTS (http://www.epa.gov/enviro) is an especially useful tool available
on EPA's home page. ENVIROFACTS allows the user to integrate data from seven of EPA's
major environmental databases with Census data using GIS capabilities to produce site-specific
maps. The user can submit specific queries and reports can be generated. For example, maps
can be produced with population density, percent minority, percent below poverty, and per capita
income. LandView™ III is a CD-ROM publication that provides database abstracts from EPA,
the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
-------
the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA). These databases are presented in a geographic context on maps that contain
jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., census tracts, block group, Indian lands); detailed networks of
roads, rivers, and railroads; census block group and tract polygons; schools; hospitals; churches;
cemeteries; airports; dams; environmental sites; and other landmark features. LandView
software performs display, query, and analysis of maps and data. LandView III is available on
CD-ROM from the Bureau of the Census (301-457-4107) or the Census Webpage:
http://www,cetmis.gov/geo/waw/tiger. The Chemical Information System is one of the world's
largest sources of online chemical information. With more than 30 linked databases, CIS
contains information on specific chemical substances, including toxicological and/or
carcinogenic research data, hazardous materials handling information, regulatory information,
spectroscopic d"ata, pharmaceutical data, and environmental issues. CIS includes popular
databases such as AQUIRE, the TSCA Inventory, CERCLIS, and RCR1S. Accessible worldwide
via intcrnationl communications networks, CIS has subscribers on five continents. For product
information, see http://w\vw.oxmol.com/prods/cis/or E-mail cissupport@oxmol.com.
IP- ! • 'g
11.2. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
The home page of the Commerce Department (http://www.doc.gov) offers STAT-USA,
which is a source of economic data. While data available through STAT-USA (http://www.stat-
nsa.gov) pertain to economic and financial factors, these kinds of data can be useful for
identifying and enumerating populations in certain economic and financial categories.
11.2.1. U.S. Bureau of the Census
The U.S. Bureau of the Census is a subagency of the Department of Commerce. Many of
the data presented in this document were collected by the Bureau of the Census. Its home page
(http://www.ccnstts.gov) provides access to a wide range of demographic data. Data files may be
downloaded directly from the Internet or through the interactive tools provided on the Census
Bureau's Web site, and can be used to generate mapped data for a specific area or region. The
Census Bureau's home page provides a connection to FEDSTATS (http://www.fedstats.gov),
which offers access to more than 70 Federal statistical agencies. Examples of various data that
are contained in FEDSTATS from different Federal agencies are shown below:
11-2
-------
Topic Data Source Agency
Agriculture Crops county data National Agricultural Statistics
Service
Demographic/ County profiles Central Intelligence Agency
Economic Demographic/economic Bureau of the Census
state/county profiles
State data centers Bureau of the Census
Crime Crime and justice Bureau of Justice Statistics
Education Public school student, staff, and National Center for Education
graduate counts by State Statistics
Energy/Environment State energy data Energy Information Administration
Health Atlas of the United States Mortality National Center for Education
Statistics
Labor Regional information Bureau of Labor Statistics
National Accounts Personal income by State Bureau of Economic Analysis
11.3. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
The Department of Labor's (DOL) home page is located at http://www.dol.gov. Its home
page offers connections to DOL subagencies that offer data and statistics, including the Bureau
of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
11.3.1. Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Bureau of Labor Statistics' home page (http://stats.bls.gov) offers data on persons in
the labor force, persons who are on nonfarm payrolls, and local area unemployment statistics. In
addition, safety and health statistics are available organized by Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) codes.
11.3.2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is another DOL subagency.
OSHA's home page (http://www.osha.gov} offers statistics and data searchable by type of
working establishment, SIC code of establishment, workplace inspection, and workplace
injury/illness.
11.4. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
The home page of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
(http://www.dhhs.gov) offers connections to its subagencies, which collect health-related data.
11-3
-------
These include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS),
Indian Health Services (IHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Mental
'•" •«»••«: i - • • . i . j,
Health (NIMH), and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA).
„ : Hi11' ', •
:f a.-.
11.4.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The home page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
(hltp;/Av\wv.cdc.gov) has connections to CDC data and statistics. CDC's home page has a
connection to fie Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, which has health-related data.
11.4.2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
The ATSDR's home page (hUp://atsdrLalsdr.cdc,gov:8Q8Q/atsdrhome,html) presents the
following ATSDR data sets and resources: ATSDR Science Corner, Toxicology and ToxFAQs,
Health Assessments and Consultations, Health Education and Consultations, Urban
Environmental Issues, and Special Initiatives and Projects (Child Health, Great Lakes,
Mississippi Delta, and Minority Health).
11.4.3. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
Another subagency of DHHS is the National Center for Health Statistics, The home page
of the NCHS (htlp://\v\v\v.cdc.gQV/nchsww\v/mdex.htm) offers connections to statistics and data
available through its Data Warehouse and FAST ATS.
i i '
11.4.4. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The NIH home page (http://www.nih.gov) offers health information such as CancerNet,
AIDS information, and the Women's Health Initiative. Scientific resources also are available in
the form of research training information and on-line library journals. NIH's home page offers
connections to the home page of the National Institute of Mental Health
(http://\VM"\v.nimh.nih.gov), which presents information on mental disorders and treatment.
Substance abuse statistics are available on the home page of the Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (http://www.samhsa.gov).
11-4
-------
11.4.5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
Another subagency of DHHS is the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration. The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), a
service of SAMHSA, hosts Prevention Online or PREVLINE (http://www.health.org). This site
contains up-to-date and comprehensive information, facts, and statistics on substance abuse.
11.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND (EOF)
The EDF, an environmental special interest group, has an Internet service that allows
anyone to enter a ZIP Code and see a map highlighting local sources of pollution, as well as
Federal filings and contact information (http://www.scorecard.org).
11.6. STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCIES
The State Environmental Protection Agencies may be a source of information when site-
limited data are not readily available. The addresses and telephone numbers for these agencies
are presented in Table 11-1,
11.7. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASSOCIATIONS
The Encyclopedia of Associations is a guide to over 30,000 national and international
organizations, including trade, business, and commercial; agricultural and commodity; legal,
governmental, public administration, and military; scientific, engineering, and technical;
educational; cultural; social welfare; health and medical; pubilc affairs; fraternal, foreign interest,
nationality, and ethnic; religious; veterans', hereditary, and patriotic; hobby and avocational;
athletic and sports; labor unions, associations, and federations; Chambers of Commerce and trade
and tourism; Greek letter and related organizations; and fan clubs.
A supplemental guide is also available for more than 47,000 regional, State, and local
nonprofit organizations in 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories of Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
This document can be found in the reference section of most libraries. It is published by
Gale Research, New York.
11-5
-------
Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies
Alabama
Conservation and Natural Resources
Department
P.O. Box 30 1450
Montgomery, AL 36130-1450
Phone; (800)262-3151
Fax: (334)242-1880
Environmental Management Department
1751 Cong. W.L. Dickinson Drive
P.O. Box 30 1463
Montgomery, AL 36130-1463
Phone: (334)271-7700
Fax: (334)271-7950
Environmental Conservation Department
410 Willoughby Avenue, Suite 105
Juneau.AK 99801-1795
Phone: (907)465-5010
Fax: (907) 465-5097
TTY: (907)465-5010
Natural Resources Department
3601 C Street, Suite 858
Anchorage, AK 99503
Phone: (907)269-8400
Fax: (907) 269-8901
TTY: (907)269-8411
Agriculture Revolving
Loan Fund: (907) 745-7200
Arizona
Environmental Quality Department
3033 N. Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 850 12
Phone: (602)207-2300
Fax: (602)207-2218
TTY: (602) 207-4829
Arkansas
Pollution Control and Ecology Department
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: (501)682-0744
Fax: (501)682-0798
California
Environmental Protection Agency
555 Capitol Mall, Suite 525
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916)445-3846
Fax: (916)445-6401
Resources Agency
Resources Building, Suite 1311
1416 Ninth Street
Sacramento, C A 95814
Phone: (916)653-5656
Fax: (916)653-8102
Colorado
Natural Resources Department
1313 Sherman Street, Room 718
Denver, CO 80203
Phone: (303)866-3311
Fax: (303)866-2115
Public Health and Environment Department
4300 Cherry Creek Drive, South
Denver, CO 80222
Phone: (303)692-2000
Fax: (303) 782-0095
TTY: (303)691-7700
11-6
-------
Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued)
Connecticut
Environmental Protection Department
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106
Phone: (860)424-3000
Fax: (860) 424-4053
Delaware
Natural Resources and Environmental
Control Department
89 Kings Highway
P.O.Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903-1401
Phone: (302)739-4506
Fax: (302) 739-6242
District of Columbia
Environmental Regulation Administration
2100 Martin L. King Avenue SE
Washington, DC 20020
Phone: (202)645-6617
Fax: (202) 645-6622
Environmental Protection Department
3900 Commonwealth Boulevard
Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000
Phone: (904)488-1073
Fax: (904)921-6227
Georgia
Natural Resources Department
205 Butler Street SE, Suite 1252
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone: (404)656-3500
Fax: (404) 656-0770
Hawaii
Land and Natural Resources Department
Kalanimoku Building
1151 Punchbowl Street
Honolulu, HI 96813
Phone: (808) 587-0406
Fax: (808) 587-0360
Idaho
Environmental Quality Division
450 W. State Street
P.O. Box 83720
Boise, ID 83720
Phone: (208)373-0502
Fax: (208)373-0417
Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794
Phone: (217)782-2829
Fax: (217)782-9039
TTY: (217)782-9143
Natural Resources Department
Lincoln Tower Plaza
524 S. Second Street
Springfield, IL 62701-1787
Phone: (217)782-6302
Fax: (217)785-3150
TTY: (217)782-9175
Indiana
Environmental Management Department
105 S. Meridian Street
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone: (317)233-6894
Fax: (317)232-5539
TTY: (317)233-6087
11-7
-------
Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued)
Natural Resources Department
402 W. Washington Street
Indianapolis, IN 46204
Phone: (317)232-4200
Fax: (317)233-6811
fowa
Natural Resources Department
Wallace Building
DCS Moines, IA 50319-0034
Phone: (515)281-5145
Fax: (515)281-6794
TTY: (515)242-5967
Kansas
Health and Environment Department
Landon State Office Building
900 S.W. Jackson Street
Topcka, KS 66612-1290
Phone: (913)296-1500
Fax: (913)296-6247
KcPtuckv
Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection Cabinet
Capital Plaza Tower, 5th Floor
500 Mero Strect_
Frankfort, KY 4060 f
Phone: (502)564-5525
Fax: (502) 564-3354
Louisiana
Environmental Quality Department
P.O. Box 82231
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2231
Phone: (504) 765-0741
Fax: (504) 765-0045
Natural Resources Department
P.O. Box 94396
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9396
Phone: (504)342-4500
Fax: (504) 342-2707
Maine
Conservation Department
22 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0022
Phone: (207)287-2211
Fax: (207) 287-2400
TTY: (207)287-2213
Environmental Protection Department
17 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0017
Phone: (207)287-7688
Fax: (207)287-2814
Maryland
Natural Resources Department
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
Phone: (410)974-3195
Fax: (410)974-5206
TTY: (410)974-3683
Environment Department
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone: (410)631-3000
Fax: (410)631-3888
TTY: (410)631-3009
Massachusetts
Environmental Affairs Executive Office
100 Cambridge Street, Room 2000
Boston, MA 02202
Phone: (617)727-9800
"Fax: (617)727-2754
ii-8
-------
Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued)
Michigan
Environmental Quality Department
P.O. Box 30473
Lansing, Ml 48909-7973
Phone: (800)662-9278
Fax: (517)241-7401
Pollution Emergency Alerting System:
(800) 292-4706
Natural Resources Department
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: (517)373-1214
Fax: (517)335-4242
TTY: (517)335-4623
Minnesota
Natural Resources Department
500 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MM 55155-4001
Phone: (612)296-6157
Fax: (612)296-3500
TTY: (612)296-5484
Environmental Assistance Office
520 Lafayette Road, 2nd Floor
St. Paul, MN 55155-4100
Phone: (612)296-3417
Fax: (612)297-8709
Mississippi
Environmental Quality Department
P.O. Box 20305
Jackson, MS 39289-1305
Phone: (601)961-5650
Fax: (601)354-6965
Missouri
Natural Resources Department
P.O.Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Phone: (573)751-3443
Fax: (573)751-7627
Montana
Environmental Quality Department
P.O. Box 200901
Helena, MT 59620-0901
Phone: (406)444-2442
Fax: (406)444-1804
Natural Resources and Conservation
Department
1625 Eleventh Avenue
P.O. Box 201601
Helena, MT 59620-1601
Phone: (406)444-2074
Fax: (406) 444-2684
TTY: (406) 444-2074
Nebraska
Environmental Quality Department
1200 N Street, Suite 400
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
Phone: (402)471-2186
Fax: (402)471-2909
Nevada
Conservation and Natural Resources
Department
123 W.Nye Lane
Carson City, NY 89710
Phone: (702)687-4360
Fax: (702)687-6122
11-9
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Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued)
New Hampshire
Environmental Services Department
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
Phone; (603)271-3503
Fax; (603)271-2867
TTY: (800) 735-2964
New Jersey
Environmental Protection Department
401 E. State Street, CN 402
Trenton, NJ 08625-0402
Phone: (609)777-3373
Fax: (609) 292-7695
New Mexico
Environment Department
11 90 St. Francis Drive
P.O. Box 261 1 0
Santa Fe, NM 87502
Phone: (505) 827-2855
Fax: (505) 827-2836
New York
Environmental Conservation Department
SO Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
Phone: (518)457-5400
Fax: (518)457-7744
Carolina
Environment, Health and
Natural Resources Department
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 276 11
Phone: (919)733-4984
Fax: (919)715-3060
North Dakota
Environmental Health Section
1200 Missouri Avenue
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58506-5520
Phone: (701)328-5150
Fax: (701)328-5200
Ohio
Natural Resources Department
Fountain Square
Columbus, OH 43224-1387
Phone: (614)265-6565
Fax: (614)261-9601
Environmental Protection Agency
1800 WaterMark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43216-0149
Phone: (614)644-3020
Fax: (614)644-2329
TTY: (614)644-2110
Oklahoma
Environmental Quality Department
1000 NE Tenth Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone: (405)271-8056
Fax: (405)271-8425
Complaints Hotline: (800) 522-0206
Environmental Quality Department
811 S.W. Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204-1390
Phone: (503)229-5696
Fax: (503)229-6124
TTY: (503) 229-6993
11-10
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Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued)
Pennsylvania
Environmental Protection Department
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17105-2063
Phone: (717)783-2300
Fax: (717)783-8926
TTY: (800) 654-5984
Rhode Island
Environmental Management Department
235 Promenade Street, Suite 425
Providence, RJ 02908
Phone: (401)277-6800
Fax: (401)277-6802
TTY: (401)831-5508
24-Hour Hotline: (401) 277-3070
South Carolina
Health and Environmental Control Department
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: (803) 734-5000
Fax: (803) 734-4777
Natural Resources Department
Rembert C. Dennis Building
P.O. Box 176
Columbia, SC 29202
Phone: (803)734-3888
Fax: (803)734-6310
South Dakota
Environment and Natural Resources
Department
Joe Foss Building
523 E. Capitol Avenue
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Phone: (605)773-3151
Fax: (605) 773-6035
Tennessee
Environmental and Conservation Department
Life & Casualty Tower
401 Church Street, 21st Floor
Nashville, TO 37243-0435
Phone: (615)532-0109
Fax: (615)532-0120
Texas
Natural Resource Conservation Commission
12100 Park 35 Circle
P.O.Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Phone: (512)239-1000
Fax: (512)239-5533
Utah
Environmental Quality Department
168N. 1950 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84116
Phone: (801)536-4400
Fax: (801)536-4480
TTY: (801)536-4414
Natural Resources Department
1594 W North Temple, Suite 3710
Box 145610
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-5610
Phone: (801)538-7200
Fax: (801)538-7315
TTY: (801)538-7458
Vermont
Natural Resources Agency
State Complex
103 S. Main Street
Waterbury,VT 05671
Phone: (802)241-3600
TTY: (800)253-0191
11-11
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Table 11-1. State Environmental Protection Agencies (continued)
Virginia
Natural Resources Secretariat
733 Ninth Street Office Building
Richmond, VA 23219
Phone: (804) 786-0044
Fax: (804)371-8333
TTY: (804)-786-7765
Washington
Ecology Department
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Phone: (360)407-6000
Fax: (360) 407-6989
TTY: (360)407-7155
Natural Resources Department
1111 Washington Street SE
P.O. Box 47000
Olympia, WA 98504-7001
Phone: (360)902-1000
Fax: (360)902-1775
TTY: (360)902-1125
West Virginia
Environment Bureau
10 McJunkin Road
Nitro,\VV 25143-2506
Phone: (304)759-0515
Fax: (304) 759-0526
TTY: (800) 637-5893
Wisconsin
Natural Resources Department
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wl 53704
Phone: (608)266-2621
Fax: (608) 267-3579
TTY: (608) 267-6897
Wyoming
Environmental Quality Department
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 W. Twenty-Fifth Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: (307) 777-7937
Fax: (307) 777-7682
Puerto Rico
Natural and Environmental Resources
Department
P.O. Box 9066600
San Juan, PR 00906-6600
Phone: (787)723-3090
Fax: (787) 723-4255
Environmental Quality Board
P.O. Box 11488
San Juan, PR 00940-1119
Phone: (787) 723-6200
Fax: (787) 724-3270
11-12
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APPENDIX I
U.S. Census Bureau
Internet Information
-------
-------
NOTICE
The following describes examples of the various types of information available on the
Census Bureau's website. It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is
time sensitive. Internet information (home pages, etc.) are continually updated by the responsible
organization, in this case, the federal government's Department of Commerce. The information
in this appendix is provided to assist the reader in easily and quickly obtaining data collected by
the federal government and made available on the Internet. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive guide to using the Internet. Many standard references exist to guide the reader in
use of the Internet.
1-1
-------
U.S. Census Bureau Home Page Description
http://www, census.gov
The Census Bureau Website provides tables, maps, raw data and publications pertaining
to U.S. populations, businesses and geography. Information for various segments of the U.S.
population include, but are limited, the following categories age, household and family types,
income and poverty, travel to work, occupation, and school enrollment. Census statistics for
unemployment, government, and manufacturing are included under the homepage's general
heading of 'business'. Within the site's geographic section, users can access tools to create and
view maps (i.e. Tiger, Gazetteer and LandView). This section also provides links for
geographical information systems (GIS) resources. Also of interest on the Census homepage are
links to minority data, and publication search tools such as FedStats http://www.fedstats.gov/
which locates Census publications as well as documents published by other federal agencies.
1-2
-------
U.S. Census Bureau Home Page http://www.census.gov
insert printed home page graphic
Select hot button marked User Manual http://www. census. gov/main/www/man_main, html
The User Manual presents a brief introduction to help users understand and use the
Census Bureau's web site. It also lists the functioning "hot buttons" that may be selected to go
to additional resources on their web site.
Select hot button marked Census Home http://www.census.gov
Return to the Census Bureau's home page to select another function.
Select hot button marked Search http://www.census.gov/main/www/srchtool.html
The reader may search the Census Bureau information by word, place, geographically,
or search for Census Bureau staff members phone numbers and Email addresses.
Select hot button marked Census Home http://www.census.gov
Return to the Census Bureau's home page to select another function.
1-3
-------
Select hot button marked Access Tools http://www.census.gov/mani/www/access.html
The Census Bureau's web site offers the reader the use of Data Access Tools that can
be used to access Census information. These include; Map Stats; Census Lookup; Tiger Map
Server; US Gazetteer (to search by place name or Zip code); CD-ROM version of Census data;
Ferret Data Extraction and Review Tool; and browsing all public directories and files.
Select hot button marked Census Home http://www.census.gov
Return to the Census Bureau's home page to select another function.
Select hot button marked Subjects A-Z http://www. census. gov/main/ww\\>/subjects. html
Search Census Bureau data by a wide range of subject topics, including: agriculture,
births, children, county profiles, economics, families, etc.
Select hot button marked Census Home http://www.census.gov
Return to the Census Bureau's home page to exit their web site.
1-4
-------
APPENDIX II
U.S. Department of Labor
Internet Information
-------
I II • . ,11
-------
NOTICE
The following information has been printed directly from the Internet. The Home Page
of the organization is presented on the first page, followed by the "hot keys" to be selected in the
order in while they were selected to produce this Appendix. Internet addresses are provided (in
italics) so that the reader may access the same information. The sequence in which information
was accessed for this appendix is offered as a suggestion, and the reader is encouraged to sequence
the information in the way most useful to them.
It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is time sensitive.
Internet information (home pages, etc.) are continually updated by the responsible organization,
in this case, the federal government's Department of Labor. The exact information, content, and
appearance of information the reader is able to access may differ from the pages contained in this
appendix. The information in this appendix is provided to assist the reader in easily and quickly
obtaining data collected by the federal government and made available on the Internet. It is not
intended to be a comprehensive guide to using the Internet. Many standard references exist to
guide the reader in use of the Internet.
0-1
-------
JLS Home Page
http://www.bls.gov/
IText Onlvl
[Scheduled Downtime]
I i! •', ij
Keyword
Search of BLS
Web Pages
Economy
at a glance
Publications
& Research
Papers
Regional
•5HL Information
Mission,
Management
&Jobs
Other
Statistical
Sites
Contact Information
Stn\c\s & Prounims | Publications & Research Papers Regional Information
Mission. Management & Jobs | Other Statistical Sites} What's New) Contact
Information
The Bureau of Labor Statistics is an agency within the U.S. Department of Labor.
freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Requests
BLS Privacy and Security Statement
'K-W
K-12 Educational Resources.
Jo-Ann L Yu
Bureau of Labor Statistics
hi'lpdi'.sk'fi'hlx, go v
Last modified: August 25, 1999
URL : http://stats. bis, gov/blshotne, htm
11-2
-------
Surveys & Programs
http://>www,bls,govr'proghome.h(m
[Accessibility Information]
Employment £
Unemployment
Prices & 9 Compensation &
Living Conditions 1 Working Conditions
Productivity &
Technology
Employment
Projections
International
Programs
Other
Surveys
Employment & Unemployment j Prices & Living Conditions Compensation & Working Conditions
Productivity & Technology I Employment Projections International Programs Other Surveys
Surveys & Programs
Employment & Unemployment
Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey
Nonfarm Payroll Statistics from the Current Employment Statistics (National)
Nonfarm Payroll Statistics from the Current Employment Statistics (State&Area)
Covered Employment and Wages
Occupational Employment Statistics
Local Area Unemployment Statistics
National Longitudinal Surveys
Prices & Living Conditions
• Consumer Price Indexes
* Producer Price Indexes
• International Price Indexes
• Consumer Expenditure Survey
Compensation & Working Conditions
Collective Bargaining Agreements
Employee Benefits Survey
Employment Cost Trends
Occupational Compensation Survey
Safety and Health Statistics
National Compensation Survey (formerly COMP2000)
Productivity & Technology
* Quarterly Labor Productivity
• Multifactor Productivity
• Industry Productivity
II-3
-------
urveys
-------
From the Department of Labor's Home Page http.7/wvvw.bis.gov
Select hot button marked Surveys & Programs http.7/wvvw.bis, gov/proghome. htm
Select hot button marked Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey
httu://www. bis, sov/cpshome. htm
Select hot button marked BLS Home Page http://www.bis, gov
Return to the Department of Labor's home page to exit their web site.
II-5
-------
.ill
i i: "
-------
APPENDIX III
U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
ATSDR
Internet Information
-------
-------
NOTICE
The following information has been printed directly from the Internet. The Home Page
of the organization is presented on the first page, followed by the "hot keys" to be selected in the
order in while they were selected to produce this Appendix. Internet addresses are provided (in
italics) so that the reader may access the same information. The sequence in which information
was accessed for this appendix is offered as a suggestion, and the reader is encouraged to sequence
the information in the way most useful to them.
It should be noted that, like all Internet resources, this information is time sensitive.
Internet information (home pages, etc.) are continually updated by the responsible organization,
in this case, the federal government's Department of Health and Human Services. The exact
information, content, and appearance of information the reader is able to access will differ from
the pages contained in this appendix. The information in this appendix is provided to assist the
reader in easily and quickly obtaining data collected by the federal government and made available
on the Internet. It is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to using the Internet. Many
standard references exist to guide the reader in use of the Internet.
III-l
-------
IOME PAGE : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
http://www.hhs.gov/
Insure Kids
Now
I For
(Kid
Spotlight on
President's Plan to Strengthen Medicare
fTcxt version]
.5 Vh,
About HHS
News &
Public Affairs
What's New
Search
Tlw HHS inittofrve
HHS Agencies
HOT
TOPICS:
OftOUOHT
H6AT
healthfinder '
4
Human Services
Information
Research,
Policy and
Administration
Employee
Information
Gateways
>
NOT
Privacy Notice ~ ~ Y2K Information
Last revised Wednesday, September 01, 1999
Comments/Suggestions to Webmaster
111-2
-------
HHS Agencies on the Internet
.hhs.gov/progoTi/
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES
HHS AGENCIES
Office of the Secretary (OS)
Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
Administration on Aging (AOA>
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR)
Agencv for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA)
(MEDICARE and MEDICAID)
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
Indian Health Service (IHS)
National Institutes of Health (N1H)
Program Support Center (P.SC)
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)
The Social Security Administration (SSA) became an independent agency on March 31, 1995.
[About HHS1 Ihealthfiiider & Human Services Information!
I News & Public Affairs] [Research. Policy & Administration]
IWhat's New] [Employee In formation I
[Search] [Gateways!
[HHS Agencies UM tin* Internet!
Pack to the HHS Home Pane
Last revised Tuesday, February 23, 1999
Comments/Suggestions to Webmaster
III-3
-------
MSDR- Agency for Toxic Substance...Dept. of Health and Human Services
http://w\vw. atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.litml
^National Alerts
: ; •ill • , iJI 1 ;:. I'lllil"" 111 i
^Health Advisories
" •in • •,"IIH » • U| ..I 'n in, iiiiiiiiiinii; in "in
^Announcements
Search Site
Browse Site
About ATSDR
": i.. i '
Communities
. IB • ""' , II1««
Kids. Parents. Teachers
ATSDR Newsletter
ATSDR Ombudsman
ToxFAQs
HazDat Database
Science Comer
Top 20 Hazardous
Substances
Public Health Assessments
Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs)
ATSDR Glossary
Site Usage Statistics
j
t ;! "
„
ATSDR (A
V«J?
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
What's New
The ATSDR Communities Web pages are now available. These new
pages were designed to answer common questions and help you find the
information you are looking for.
The paper Public Health Implications of Exposure to PCBs is now
available on the ATSDR Web site.
The ATSDR Web site is now hosting the Environmental Health in the
U.S. Public Health Service web pages which are sponsored by the
Sanitarian Professional Advisory Committee (SPAC).
ATSDR's Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) of hazardous substances has
been updated.
The recently released ToxFAQ Sheet for Dioxins has been added to
ATSDR's Web server.
Media Advisory: April 19, 1999 - ATSDR Updates its Toxicological
Profile for Mercury.
The Draft Agenda for Public Health Activities for FY 1999 and FY
2000 at U.S. Department of Energy Sites has been released for public
review and comment.
Industrial Chemicals and Terrorism is a paper that presents a 10-step
procedure to analyze, mitigate, and prevent public health hazards
resulting from terrorism involving industrial chemicals.
Chemical Hazards During the Recent War in Croatia summarizes the
many uses of chemicals as weapons in the recent conflict between
Croatia and Yugoslavia.
ATSDR's Toxicological Profile Information Sheet is now available with
current information on all of ATSDR's Toxicological Profile
publications.
Public Health Concerns At Department of Energy Sites: Progress Report
highlights the activities and accomplishments of ATSDR in addressing
public health issues in the communities near Department of Energy
hazardous waste sites. The document is also available as an Adobe
Acrobat PDF File (929K).
You can sign up to receive a copy of ATSDR's Public Health
Assessment for the Hanford nuclear site when it is released for public
comment by filling out the online form.
Dioxin and Dioxin-Like Compounds in Soil. Part I: ATSDR Interim
Policy Guideline has been adopted by ATSDR to assess the public
health implications of dioxin and dioxin-Iike compounds in residential
soils near or on hazardous waste sites.
The Proceedings of the PCB Expert Panel Workshop evaluates all
pertinent information related to the public health implications of human
exposure to PCBs.
The Toxicologic Hazard of Superfund Hazardous Waste Sites is a
III-4
-------
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substance.. .Depf. of Health and Human Services
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrViome.Vitmi
The Toxicologic Hazard orSuperfund Hazardous Waste Sites is a
scientific analysis of the threat posed to public health by uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites.
Contents
ATSDR National Alerts
ATSDR Public Health Advisories
ATSDR Announcements
ATSDR .lob Opportunities
About ATSDR
o Fiscal Year 1999 Performance Plan
o Background and Congressional Mandates
o Organizational Structure
o Goals
o Statement of Values
o ATSDR Glossary of Terms
o EPA Glossary of Terms
. ATSDR/CDC FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) Office
• ATSDR Addresses and Phone Numbers
. ATSDR Contacts
o State Cooperative Agreement Staff
• ATSDR Datasets/Resources
o The HazDat Database
• Query and Search
• Contacts and References
o ATSDR Science Corner
o ATSDR Environmental Health Officer
o Toxicology - the Health Effects of Hazardous Substances
ATSDR's Division of Toxicology
Toxicological Profile Information Sheet
ToxFAOs
The Toxicologic Hazard of Superfund Hazardous Waste Sites
ATSDR/EPA Top 20 Hazardous Substances
Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for Hazardous Substances
1997 CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances
1997 Completed Exposure Pathway (CEP) Site Count Report
Information Center Bookmarks to Web Resources
Public Health Implications of Exposure to PCBs
Hea th Assessments and Consultations
ATSDR Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Environmental Data Needed for Public Health Assessments
Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual
Public Health Assessments (Full Documents)
Proceedings of the PCB Expert Panel Workshop
Hea th Education and Communication
Hazardous Substances & Public Health (Newsletter)
A Primer on Health Risk Communication Principles and Practices
An Evaluation Primer on Health Risk Communication Programs and Outcomes
Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CME/CEU credit)
Methyl Parathion Expert Panel Report
Hea th Studies
Guidance for ATSDR Health Studies
Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) - Annual Report
1995
III-5
-------
iTSDR • Agency for Toxic Substance.,,Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.html
• Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) - Annual Report
1996
• o Urban Environmental Issues
• ATSDR Office of Urban Affairs
o Special Initiatives and Projects
• ATSDR Child Health Initiative
• ATSDR Great Lakes Human Health Effects Research Program
• ATSDR Mississippi Delta Project
• ATSDR Minority Health Program
5 o Reports, Policy, and Congressional Testimony
'jr """" '"'- * ATSDR's Washington D.C. Office and Relevant Legislation
'' • Report to. Congress: 1993-1995 (Executive Summary)
• Biennial Report to Congress: 1991-1992 (Executive Statement)
• Dioxin and Dioxin-LJke Compounds in Soil. Part I: ATSDR Interim Policy
Guideline **•&*
• ATSDR Cancer Policy Framework
• Congressional Testimony
o Software
• CLUSTER version 3.1 (Disease cluster analysis software)
• Related Organizations and Internet Resources (Government)
o U.S, Department of Health and Human Services
* HHS Environmental Health Policy Committee
• Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
• Commissioned Corps / Surgeon General
• Sanitarian Professional Advisory Committee (SPAC)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
; - • National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences fNIEHS)
• NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program
• National Toxicology Program (NTP)
o U.S. nmimnmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• EPA Superfund Information
• F.PA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
• • National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERO
• Other Internet Resources (See Disclaimer)
o ATSDR Information Center Bookmarks to Other Internet Resources
o The Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics (A.O.E.C.)
o CIESIN (Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network)
o The Collegium Ramazzini
o Environmental Defense Fund's Chemical Scorecard for Communities
o International Joint Commission (US & Canada) Health Professionals Task Force
o The Chemical Industry Home Page
o The Sierra Club
o State Public Interest Research Groups (PIRGs) Environmental Campaigns
o Environment and Nature (Yahoo! Web Guide)
o Environmental Health (Yahoo! Web Guide)
• ATSDR WWW Server Usage Statistics
About ATSDR
The mission of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), as an agency of the
U.S.. Department of Health and Human Services, is to prevent exposure and adverse human health
effects and diminished quality of life associated with exposure to hazardous substances from waste sites,
unplanned releases, and other sources of pollution present in the environment.
111-6
-------
ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substance...Dept. of Health and Human Services
http://www .atsdv.cdc.gov/aVsdvhome.feTOl
ATSDR is directed by congressional mandate to perform specific functions concerning the effect on
public health of hazardous substances in the environment. These functions include public health
assessments of waste sites, health consultations concerning specific hazardous substances, health
surveillance and registries, response to emergency releases of hazardous substances, applied research in
support of public health assessments, information development and dissemination, and education and
training concerning hazardous substances.
ATSDR's mission and the
statement of values.
Js of ATSDR are reflected within its organizational structure and its
Definitions of words and phrases used by ATSDR can be found in the ATSDR Glossary of Terms.
ATSDR Addresses and Phone Numbers
Send mail to:
ATSDR
"Group Name"
1600 Clifton Rd., ("Mail Stop")
Atlanta, GA 30333
Group Name
Mail
Stop Telephone
Fax
Office of the Assistant Administrator
Washington, D.C. Office
Board of Scientific Counselors
Office of Federal Programs
Office of Policy and External Affairs
Office of Program Operations and Management
Office of Regional Operations
Office of the Associate Administrator for Science
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Division of Health Education and Promotion
Division of Health Studies
Division of Toxicology
E28
PI 3
E28
E28
E60
E60
E42
E28
E32
E33
E31
E29
(404)639-0700
(202)690-7536
(404)639-0708
(404)639-0730
(404)639-0500
(404)639-0550
(404)639-6090
(404)639-0708
(404)639-0610
(404)639-6204
(404)639-6200
(404)639-6300
(404)639-0744
(202) 690-6985
(404)639-0586
(404) 639-0759
(404)639-0522
(404)639-0568
(404)639-0740
(404)639-0586
(404)639-0654
(404)639-6207
(404)639-6220
(404)639-6315
ATSDR Contacts
• General Information
e The ATSDR Information Center / ATSDRJC@cdc.gov / 1-888-42-ATSDR or
1-888-422-8737
• Senior Management
o Amler. Robert W.. M.D.. Chief Medical Officer
o Bashor. Mark M., Ph.D., Associate Administrator for Federal Programs, Office of Federal
Programs
o DeRosa. Christopher T.. Ph.D.. Director, Division of Toxicology
o Falk, Henry, M.D., M.P.H., Assistant Administrator
o Jones, Georgi A., Director, Office of Policy and External Affairs
o Harris, Barbara W., Director, Office of Program Operations and Management
o Lichtveld, Maureen, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Division of Health Education and Promotion
III-7
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TSDR - Agency for Toxic Subslance,..Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/atsdrhome.html
o kvbarger. Jeffrey A., M.D.. M.S., Director, Division of Health Studies
o McCumiskev. Peter J.. Deputy Assistant Administrator
o Reyes. Juan J.. M.P.A. Director, Office of Regional Operations
o Spengler. Robert, Sc.D.. Associate Administrator for Science
o Touch. Ralph J.. Jr.. Capt.. Chief Environmental Health Officer
o Wargo. Andrea. Ph.D.. Associate Administrator, Washington, D.C. Office
o Warren. Rucben C.. D.D.S.. Dr.P.H.. Associate Administrator, Office of Urban Affairs
o Williams. Robert C.. P.E.. D.E.E.. Director, Division of Health Assessment and
Consultation
. ATSDR Employees
o Search the Department of Health and Human Services Employee Directory
ATSDR Web Site Usage Statistics
)ep;ulnient of Health and Human Services Home Page
For information, contact:
the ATSDR Information Center /ATSDRIC&.cdc,sov/Phone toll-free at J-888-42-ATSDR or
1-888-422-8737
Webmaster: Mike Perry / lmpl(3),cdc.gov
Last Update -August 25, 1999
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From the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Home Page http://www.hhs.gov
Select hot button marked HHS Agencies http://www.hhs.gov/progorg/
Information is available on HHS Agencies, including: Administration on Aging;
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention; Food and Drug Administration; Indian Health Service; National Institutes of
Health; and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Select hot button marked Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
htW://atsdrl. atsdr. cdc. gov/atsdrhome. html
ATSDR data available include: the HazDat Database; Toxicology; Health Assessments
and Consultations; Health Studies; Special Initiatives and Projects; CLUSTER 3.1 (disease
cluster software); and related Internet resources.
Select button marked Health & Human Services' Home Page http://www.hhs.gov/
Return to Health and Human Services Home Page to exit their web site.
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