United States
                  Environmental Protection
                  Agency
Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
                  Research and Development
EPA/600/S4-90/012   Sept. 1990
x>EPA         Project  Summary
                  Proximity of Sanitary
                  Landfills to Wetlands and
                  Deepwater Habitats: An
                  Evaluation and Comparison of
                  1,153 Sanitary  Landfills in  11
                  States
                  V. W. Lambou, J. M. Kuperberg, J. E. Moerlins, R. C. Herndon, and R. L.
                  Gebhard
                   Sanitary  landfills can  cause
                 considerable  harm to sensitive
                 ecosystems if they are not properly
                 located, designed, and managed. The
                 purpose of this report is  to evaluate
                 and comparer the proximity of  1,153
                 sanitary  landfills  in  11  states
                 (Connecticut,  Delaware,  Florida,
                 Georgia, Louisiana, New Jersey, New
                 York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,
                 Texas, and Washington) to wetlands
                 and deepwater habitats (i.e., rivers,
                 lakes, streams,  bays,  etc.). The
                 facilities were identified on U.S. Fish
                 and  Wildlife  Service's National
                 Wetlands inventory maps.  The
                 nearness or proximity of the sanitary
                 landfills to wetlands  and deepwater
                 habitats was determined  by drawing
                 three concentric regions  around the
                 point representing the  location  of
                 each  landfill. The  radii of the
                 concentric regions were: 1/4 mile, 1/2
                 mile, and  1  mile. Almost all of the
                 sanitary landfills are located in or are
                 close to either wetlands or deepwater
                 habitats.  Almost all are close  to
                 wetlands while approximately half are
                 close to  deepwater  habitats. The
                 hydrology of wet environments and
                 possible movement of contaminants
                 from waste-disposal sites located in
                 these environments are  discussed.
                 Sanitary landfills have the potential to
                 adversely   affect   sensitive
                 ecosystems,  such as wetlands and
deepwater habitats, either through
habitat alterations or through  the
migration of contaminants. Because
of this, facilities located in or close to
wetlands and/or deepwater habitats
need to be  properly designed  and
monitored.
  This Project  Summary  was
developed by EPA's  Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory,  Las
Vegas, NV, to announce key findings
of the research  project that is fully
documented  in a separate  report of
the same  title (see Project Report
ordering information at back).

Introduction
  Sanitary landfills, as typically defined,
are waste-management  facilities
regulated under  Subtitle  D of  the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). These facilities are commonly
referred to  as municipal waste landfills
and they are primarily used to receive
household  refuse and  nonhazardous
commercial  waste.  However, sanitary
landfills also receive  other types of
Subtitle D waste, such as sewage sludge
and industrial wastes. Sanitary landfills
typically receive some hazardous waste
in the form  of household  hazardous
waste, and hazardous waste from small-
quantity generators as defined in 40 CFR
Part 261.10 (Definitions). Depending upon
the definition of a sanitary landfill used by
the  individual states, there are between

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 6,500 and 9,300  of these facilities
 permitted in the United States.
   Sanitary  landfills  can  cause
 considerable   harm   to  sensitive
 ecosystems if they  are not properly
 located,  designed, and managed. These
 facilities  have  the potential to adversely
 affect sensitive  ecosystems, such as
 wetlands  and  deepwater habitats, either
 through habitat alterations or through the
 migration of contaminants.  In order  to
 evaluate  the seriousness  of this problem,
 information is needed  on  the nearness of
 sanitary  landfills to wetlands and  surface
 water bodies.  The purpose of this study
 is to evaluate and compare the proximity
 of  sanitary  landfills   in  11  states
 (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia,
 Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, North
 Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Texas,  and
 Washington) to wetlands and deepwater
 habitats (i.e., rivers, lakes, streams, bays,
 etc.).


 Materials and  Methods
   The source  of data used to determine
 the locations of the sanitary landfills  was
 the computer data  file  developed by
 Development  Planning   and  Research
 Associates,  Inc. (DPRA)  for use  by the
 U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency's
 Office of  Solid Waste in its RCRA  Subtitle
 D program. The DPRA data file includes
 information on  7,683  sanitary landfills,
 and 6,849 of these facilities have  latitude
 and  longitude  coordinates in degrees,
 minutes,  and seconds specified  in  the
 data file.
   Wetlands typically form  part of  a
 continuous transition zone  between
 uplands and open water.  Therefore, the
 delineation of the  upper  and  lower
 boundaries in  any wetland definition is
 somewhat arbitrary. There are a number
 of definitions of wetlands  that  have been
 developed for  use in  classifying  natural
 environments or for regulatory purposes.
 While these definitions are not identical,
 they are  very similar. The selection of a
 specific definition  for  use in  this study
 was  determined by  the  availability of
 national wetlands and deepwater habitats
 geographic data.
   The most extensive, consistent  source
 of wetlands and deepwater habitats
 geographic data is the  U.S. Fish  and
 Wildlife  Service's National  Wetlands
 Inventory (NWI). The NWI has developed
 detailed,  large-scale  maps  for  a
 significant portion  of  the  United  States.
Wetlands  and  deepwater habitats  are
delineated  on the   NWI maps.  The
delineation of  wetlands and deepwater
habitats was developed  using remote
 sensing   techniques   and   field
 investigations.  The  NWI  maps  are
 developed  in  accordance  with  the
 National  Map  Accuracy  Standard
 (NMAS). The NWI 1:24,000 scale maps
 used  in  this  study  are  accurate,
 according to the NMAS, to within  40 feet
 of  ground measurements. These maps
 are particularly useful  for  plotting the
 location of  sanitary landfills and for
 determining  the proximity  of   these
 facilities  to  wetlands  and  deepwater
 habitats.
    The NWI maps use the definitions and
 the classification system for wetlands and
 deepwater  habitats developed  by the
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  Wetlands
 are defined as lands transitional between
 terrestrial and aquatic systems where the
 water  table  is usually  at or  near the
 surface, or the land is covered by  shallow
 water  Deepwater habitats are defined as
 permanently  flooded  lands  lying   below
 the deepwater boundary of wetlands.
    The U.S.  Fish  and  Wildlife  Service's
 classification of wetlands and deepwater
 habitats  is  hierarchical  in   nature
 proceeding  from  general to  specific.
 There  are 5  systems,  10 subsystems,
 and 55 classes.  In this  study  only the
 "system",  i.e., the complex of wetlands
 and deepwater habitats  that share  the
 influence  of  similar  hydrologic,
 geomorphologic, chemical, or biological
 factois,  was  used tor  classification
 purposes.  The first  four  systems, i.e.,
 Marine,  Estuarine,   Riverine,  and
 Lacustrine, include both  wetlands and
 deepwater  habitats  whereas  the
 Palustrine  System  includes  only
 wetlands
   In order to link the location of sanitary
 landfills in the DPRA  data file  to  the
 appropriate  NWI  maps,  we  used  the
 information on  the T-70  computer  tape
 obtained  from the  U.S.  Geological
 Survey. The NWI large-scale maps were
 developed  using  U.S.  Geological
 Survey's  quadrangle  maps  as  base
 maps.  The T-70 computer tape contains
 67  fields of information including latitude
 and longitude that  can  be  used  for
 identifying the 1:24,000 scale maps,  the
 map  names,  and  the  state   codes
 assigned to the maps.  Sanitary  landfill
 location data  on the DPRA computer file
 tape  were  matched by a  computer
 program against location  data on the U.S.
 Geological Survey T-70 computer tape in
 order  to  identify the specific maps that
 contain sanitary landfills and/or that would
 be  needed  to evaluate the wetlands and
deepwater habitats that are within  1  mile
of each sanitary landfill. The map names
obtained  from the computer matching
 were sorted by  state and compared with
 inventories of available NWI maps.
    Each sanitary landfill included in this
 study was  located  on  NWI  large-scale
 maps  using  standard  cartographic
 techniques.  Nearness  or proximity of
 sanitary  landfills  to  wetlands   and
 deepwater habitats  was determined  by
 drawing three concentric regions around
 the point  representing  the  location of
 each landfill. The radii  of the concentric
 regions  were: 1/4 mile,  1/2 mile, and 1
 mile. The  occurrence  or nonoccurrence
 of  the  wetland  and  deepwater  habitat
 systems in each  concentric  region  was
 then recorded.
    Due  to  the  size  and  significant
 variation in environmental settings across
 Texas,  as well as the availability of NWI
 maps, the state was divided  into  four
 regions: Region 1 -  Coastal,  Region 2 -
 Northeastern, Region 3  - Panhandle, and
 Region 4 - Central. Figure 1 identifies the
 four regions  of  Texas as delineated  for
 this report.
    There are 2,191 sanitary landfills in the
 DPRA  data base  for  the  11  states
 (Connecticut, Delaware,  Florida, Georgia,
 Louisiana, New Jersey,  New  York, North
 Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Texas,  and
 Washington) and we  were able to classify
 1,153 (or 53 percent) of these facilities as
 to  their  proximity  to  wetlands  and
 deepwater habitats. However, if the  463
 sanitary landfills in Region  4  (Central) of
 Texas  (where  we  were  not  able  to
 classify any of the facilities) and the  124
 in the state of North Carolina (where we
 were able  to classify only  5  percent of
 the  facilities) are  subtracted from  the
 totals,  72 percent of the facilities were
 classified  as  to their proximity  to
 wetlands and deepwater  habitats.
    In order to make comparisons relative
 to regional differences in the proximity of
 sanitary  landfills  to  wetlands  and
 deepwater  habitats,  the data were
 subdivided into  13 groups, i.e., 10 states
 (Connecticut,  Delaware,  Florida, Georgia,
 Louisiana, New  Jersey, New York, North
 Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Washington)
 and the 3 regions of Texas (Regions  1, 2,
 and 3).

 Results and Discussion
   Approximately 72 percent of the 1,153
 sanitary  landfills  surveyed in the  11
 states are located in or within  1/4 mile of
 wetlands, while 91 and  98 percent  are
 located  in or within  1/2  and  1 mile  of
 wetlands, respectively (Figure 2). Most of
the facilities are  located either in or  are
close to  Palustrine  wetlands (i.e.,
approximately 69, 89, and 97 percent  are
located in or within 1/4,  1/2, and 1  mile,

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                                                                                                 Regions

                                                                                           Coastal, Southeastern
                                                                                       1  = 119 landfills
                                                                                           NWI Maps Available

                                                                                           Northeastern
                                                                                       2 = 264 Landfills
                                                                                           NWI Maps Available

                                                                                           Panhandle, Westcentral
                                                                                       3  = 80 Landfills
                                                                                           NWI Maps Available

                                                                                           Central. Westcostal
                                                                                       4  = 463 Landfills
                                                                                           No  NWI Maps Available
                               T
      Figure 1. Four regions of Texas delineated for this report.
 respectively  of  a Palustrine wetland).
 Next  comes  riverine  wetlands  with
 approximately 4,  9, and 15 percent of the
 facilities located in or within 1/4,  1/2, and
 1  mile of them,  respectively. Estuarine
 and Lacustrine wetlands  have very few
 sanitary landfills  located  in  or close  to
 them.  Almost no facilities  are  located in
 or  close to Marine wetlands.  Only  2
 percent of the landfills are  located further
 than a mile from  any type of  wetland
 (Figure 3).  Approximately  18 percent  of
 the sanitary  landfills are 1/4 to 1/2 mile
 from  the   closest  wetland   while
 approximately 7 percent are within  1/2 to
 1 mile.
   Approximately  17  percent  of the
 sanitary  landfills are located  in or  within
 1/4 mile of  deepwater habitats, while 30
 and 48 percent are located  in or  within
 1/2 and 1  mile  of deepwater habitats,
 respectively (Figure  4).  Most  of the
 facilities are in  the  vicinity  of Riverine  or
 Lacustrine  deepwater  habitats.
 Approximately 11,21, and 33 percent are
 located in or within 1/4, 1/2,  and  1 mile,
 respectively,  of  Riverine  deepwater
 habitats  while approximately 5, 10, and
20  percent  are located in  or  within 1/4,
 1/2, and  1  mile,  respectively, of
 Lacustrine deepwater habitats.  Very few
facilities are located  in  or  close to
 Estuarine deepwater habitats and almost
 none  are  located  close  to  Marine
 deepwater  habitats  Approximately  52
 percent of the landfills are located further
 than a mile from  any type of deepwater
 habitat (Figure 5).
   Approximately 76  percent of  the
 sanitary  landfills are  located in  or  within
 1/4 mile of either  wetlands or deepwater
 habitats, while  93 and 98 percent  are
 located in or within  1/2  and 1  mile of
 either  wetlands or deepwater  habitats,
 respectively (Figure  6).  Most of  the
 facilities  are near Palustrine habitats (i.e.,
 Palustrine  wetlands  since  the Palustrine
 system  only  includes  wetlands).
 Approximately 69,  89, and  97 percent are
 located in or within  1/4, 1/2,  and 1 mile,
 respectively,  of  Palustrine habitats.
 Riverine  habitats have  the next highest
 number of sanitary landfills located in or
 close to them (approximately 14, 28, and
 44  percent  in or  within  1/4,  1/2, and  1
 mile,  respectively).  Fewer facilities  are
 located in or close to Lacustrine  habitats
 (6,  11, and 22  percent are located in or
 within 1/4,  1/2,  and 1 mile, respectively).
 Not many facilities are located in or close
 to Estuarine habitats  and almost none are
 located  in  or close  to Marine  habitats.
Approximately 2 percent  of  the  landfills
are   located further  than a  mile  from
 either a  wetland  or deepwater  habitat
 (Figure 7).
   There  are some  differences  among
 the 10 states and 3 regions in the relative
 proximity of sanitary  landfills to wetlands
 (Figure 8).  The percent  of the  facilities
 located in or within  1/4 mile of wetlands
 ranges from 45 percent for Washington to
 96 percent for Connecticut. More than 75
 percent  of the  sanitary landfills  in
 Connecticut, Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,
 New  Jersey, New  York,  North Carolina,
 and  Texas  Region 2 (Northeastern) are
 located in or within 1/4 mile.
   A  comparison of  the proximity  of
 sanitary landfills to wetlands among the
 three  regions  of  Texas  surveyed  is
 especially  interesting. It surprised us to
 find  that  83  percent  of the  sanitary
 landfills in Texas Region 2 (Northeastern)
 are  located in  or within  1/4 mile  of
 wetlands as compared to 64 percent in
 Texas Region 1  (Coastal) with its large
 expanse of coastal  wetlands.  We  also
 found it intriguing  that 51  percent of the
 facilities are located in or within 1/4 mile
 of  wetlands  in  Texas  Region  3
 (Panhandle) which is  in the more inland
 and arid portion of Texas (Figure 1). If the
results  presented  here  for  11  states
relative to proximity of sanitary  landfills to
wetlands  and deepwater habitats are

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      All Systems
          Marine \o
        Estuarine
         Riverine
       Lacustrine
        Palustrine
          In or Within  1 Mile

          In or Within  1/2 Mile

          In or Within  1/4 Mile
                                                                    97
                                    40        60
                                      Percent


Figure 2. Proximity of 1,153 sanitary landfills in 11 states to wetlands.
                                                                  100
            >  1 Mile
          1/2-1 mile
         1/4 - 1/2 mile
            < 1/4 mile
                                        40         60
                                          Percent
                                                                       100
Figure 3  Distance of 1,153 sanitary landfills in 11 stafes to closest wetland.
 somewhat typical of the  rest  of  the
 country, then, there  is a propensity for
 sanitary landfills to be located either in
 or close to wetlands. This study did not
 acquire  data that  would elucidate why
 facilities are located close to wetlands.
 However, we  speculate that  wetlands
 or  areas close to  wetlands are  not
 deliberately sought out  as sites for
 sanitary landfills;  but, are  often used
 for. this purpose because they have low
 market values, are  undeveloped, and
 are relatively close to sources of  solid
 waste.
   Most sanitary landfills in all states
and  regions  are  located  within  1/4
mile of  a  wetland and very few  are
further than 1 mile from  a wetland.
The  percent  of  the  facilities  further
than 1  mile from a  wetland  ranges
from  0 percent  for  Connecticut,
Delaware,  Georgia,  New  Jersey,
Nort;i  Carolina,  Texas  Region  1
(Coastal),  and   Texas   Region  2
(Northeastern)  to 8  percent  for
Washington.
   There are differences  among  the
10  ;tates  and   3  regions   in  the
relative  proximity of sanitary  landfills
to deepwater habitats (Figure  9). The
percent of the  facilities located in  or
within 1/4 mile of deepwater  habitats
ranges from 0  percent for Georgia to
33 percent for Delaware. In five states
(Connecticut,   Delaware,  Louisiana,
New Jersey, and New York) more than
20 percent of the facilities are located
in or within  1/4  mile of  deepwater
habitats. In seven of the 10 states and
3  regions,  more  than  half  of the
sanitary  landfills  are located further
than 1 mile from  a deepwater habitat.
These   are   Texas   Region   3
(Panhandle) (96 percent), Georgia (67
percent),  North Carolina (67 percent),
Pennsylvania  (57  percent),  Texas
Region  2 (Northeastern) (56 percent),
Texas Region  1 (Coastal) (54 percent),
and  Florida (51 percent).  Connecticut,
with 23  percent,  has  relatively the
fewest  facilities further  than  1  mile
from a deepwater habitat.
   Relative  distances of  the  sanitary
landfills to  either  wetlands  or
deepwater habitats  in the  10 states
and  three regions are given in Figure
10.  Since most  facilities are  much
closer to wetlands than  to deepwater
habitats, the  distribution  of  their
relative proximity to either wetlands or
deepwater habitats  reflects  more
closely  the  distribution of   their
proximity to wetlands. The percent of
the  facilities located in  or within 1/4
mile of either  wetlands  or deepwater
habitats  ranges from  49 percent for
Washington   to  99  percent  for
Connecticut. More  than 75 percent of
the  sanitary landfills in  Connecticut,
Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  New
Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and
Texas Region 2  (Northeastern) are
located in or within 1/4  mile of either
wetlands or deepwater habitats.
   In all states  and  regions,   most
sanitary landfills are located within 1/4
mile of either a wetland or deepwater
habitat  and relatively  very   few are
located  further  than  1  mile. The
percent  of the facilitieslocated further
than  1  mile from either a wetland or
deepwater  habitat ranges  from  0
percent  for Connecticut,   Delaware,
Georgia,  New  Jersey, North Carolina,
Texas Region  1  (Coastal), and  Texas
Region 2 (Northeastern)  to 7 percent
for Washington.
   The  data available to us  specifies
only the point  location  of the sanitary
landfills  and, therefore, does not
define either their size  or boundaries.

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    All Systems
        Marine
      Estuarine
       Riverine
     Lacustrine
                 In Or Within 1 Mile

                 In or Within 1/2 Mile

                 In or Within 1/4 Mile
                                     40         60
                                        Percent
                                                            80
                                                                       100
Figure 4. Proximity of 1,153 sanitary landfills in 11 states to deepwater habitats.
         > 1 Mile
       1/2-1 mile
      114 - 1/2 mile
        < 114 mile
                                                 52
                              18
                            14
                              17
                            20
40         60
   Percent
                                                            80
                                                                       100
Figure 5   Distance of 1,153 sanitary landfills in 11 states to closest deepwater habitat.
  However, we know from other studies
  that  many  sanitary landfills  are
  typically on the order of 100 acres in
  size.  For example,  in the  state  of
  Florida,  approximately 35  percent  of
  the active  sanitary landfills  are
  between  50 and  150 acres in size,
  with an average size of 110 acres. A
  landfill that  is a 100 acres  in size and
  uniformly distributed around a point
   will have a radius of approximately 1'4
   mile and,  therefore,  will  approximate
   tho boundary  of the  first  concentric
   1/4-rnile radius  region.  Undoubtedly,
   most of the  landfills located in  a 1/4-
   mile radius  region  containing  either
   wetlands or deepwater habitats are
   located  in,  adjacent,  adjoining,
   contiguous,  abutting, or in  very  close
proximity  to  wetlands or deepwater
habitats.  Since   landfills   vary
considerably  in size and shape,  some
of the landfills located in the 1/2-mile
radius  and  1-mile   radius  regions
containing wetlands  or  deepwater
habitats will probably also be located
in wetlands or deepwater habitats.
   We believe that, for the most part,
the wetlands and deepwater habitats
identified in this study as  being  close
to sanitary  landfills  are  not small,
isolated, or unimportant habitats.  Small
wetlands  or  deepwater  habitats
typically do not appear on NWI maps,
because of the  limitations associated
with  the remote  sensing  techniques
and interpretation procedures used by
the NWI. Habitats less than 5 acres in
size  are typically not  included in NWI
map products due to these limitations.
However,  some habitats  between  1
and  5 acres  in size  may  occasionally
appear  on NWI maps. The minimum
size  of a habitat that will appear on
NWI maps depends upon the habitat
type  (i.e.,  some  types are  easier  to
photo  interpret than others), isolation
from  similar  types,  areal extent and
shape, as well as other attributes.
   The  exact geographic  boundary of
the  landfill  is  not  the  critical
consideration for determining adverse
impacts   associated  with  these
facilities.  A  major  consideration  is
whether or  not  the facility  site  is
hydrologically interconnected,  either
by surface or  subsurface flows, with
wetlands, deepwater  habitats,  and/or
habitats with water tables close  to the
surface.    If   hydrologically
interconnected, contaminants can
easily migrate off-site to  the  other
environments.  Also, the  construction
and  operation of a landfill in or close to
sensitive  habitats can cause physical
alterations to the landscape  that may
adversely   affect   these  habitats.
Beyond   the  adverse  physical
alterations  to  the  habitat  from  the
landfill, ingress or egress (i.e., access
roads and transportation of waste) to a
landfill  can cause additional physical
alterations  to the  surrounding
landscape.
   There  are  special  problems
associated  with the  siting,  design,
operation, and  monitoring  of  waste-
disposal  sites in or close  to  either
wetlands  or deepwater habitats.  These
problems  stem from  conditions that
are common and somewhat unique  to
wet  environments.  Conditions  of
concern  that  often  occur  in  these

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     All Systems
         Marine
       Estuarine
        Riverine
      Lacustrine
      Palustrine
                                                       In or Within 1 Mile

                                                       In or Within 1/2 Mile

                                                       In or Within 114 Mile
               0
                        20
                                                    80
                                40        60

                                   Percent
Figures  Proximity of 1,153 sanitary landfills  in  11 states to either wetlands  or
         deepwater habitats.
            > 1 Mile
         1/2-1 mile
        1/4-1/2 mile
            1/4 mile
                                       40        60
                                          Percent
                                                           80
                                                                    100
 environments include:  (1) high-water
 tables;  (2)  hydrological  inter-
 connections of  deepwater  habitats,
 wetlands, and  adjacent areas  with  a
 high-water  table;  (3)  ground-water
 discharges;  (4)  production  of large
 quantities of leachates  as a result of
 water  percolating  through waste-
 disposal piles;  (5) lateral and upward
 components  of ground-water  flows; (6)
 disposal-site waste  piles extending
 below the water table; (7)  complex
 local hydrology; (8) high  hydraulic
 conductivity  of the  substrate because
 of  saturated  conditions;  and  (9)
 increased likelihood  of contaminants
 coming in contact with surface waters,
 soils, plants, and animals.


 Conclusions and
 Recommendations

   We conclude that sanitary landfills
 have the  potential to adversely affect
 sensitive  ecosystems,  such  as
 wetlands and  deepwater  habitats,
 either through  habitat  alterations or
 through the migration of contaminants.
 Landfills located in  or close  to these
 environments need  to be  properly
 designed and  monitored.  It is
 recommended that special  monitoring
 and design requirements be developed
for waste disposal sites  located either
 in or  close to wetlands  and/or
deepwater habitats.
Figure 7  Distance of 1,153 sanitary landfills in 11 states to either the closest wetland or
         deepwater habitat.

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                  State (Total #)
                All States (1153)'
                Connecticut (83)
                   Delaware (3)
                   Florida (122)
                   Georgia (24)
                  Louisiana (47)
                New Jersey (68)
                 New York (110)
              North Carolina (6)
              Pennsylvania (131)
         Texas 1 (Coastal)  (119)
      Texas 2 (N. Eastern)  (264)
        Texas 3 (Panhandle) (80)
                Washington (96)
                               0
                                        <  1 4 Mile
                                        1/21 Mile
| 1/4 -  1/2 Mile
[] > i Mile
                                                    40         60
                                                       Percent
                        100
  Figure 8.  Distance of 1,153 sanitary landfills in 11 states to the closest wetland by state or
             region.
               State (Total #)
            All States (1153)
            Connecticut (83)
               Delaware (3)
               Florida (122)
               Georgia (24)
               Louisiana (47)
            New Jersey (68)
             New York (110)
           North Carolina (6)
          Pennsylvania (131)
     Texas 1 (Coastal)  (119)
  Texas 2 (N. Eastern)  (264)
    Texas 3 (Panhandle) (80)
            Washington (96)
                                    < 1/4 Mile
                                    1/2-1 Mile
1/4 - 1/2 Mile
> 1 Mile
                                                40        60
                                                   Percent
                    100
Figure 9  Distance of 1,153 sanitary landfills m  11 states to the closest deepwater habitat by
          state or region.

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                                   State (Total #)

                                 All States (1153)
                                 Connecticut (83)
                                    Delaware (3)
                                    Florida (122)
                                    Georgia (24)
                                   Louisiana (47)
                                 New Jersey (68)
                                  New York (110)
                                North Carolina (6)
                               Pennsylvania (131)
                          Texas 1 (Coastal)  (119)
                                                   B  < 1/4 Mile

                                                   HI  1/2 - 1 Mile
                                            1/4 - 1/2 Mile

                                            > 1 Mile



                                                        20
                                 40        60
                                    Percent
                                                                                     80
                                                                                              100
                     Figure 10. Distance of 1,153 sanitary  landfills in 11 states  to the closest wetland or
                               deepwater habitat by state or region.
     The EPA author, V.  W. Lambou (also the EPA Project Officer, see below), is with
           Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478;
           J. M. Kuperberg,  J. E. Moerlins, and  R. C. Herndon are with Florida State
           University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4016; and R. L. Gebhard is with the U.S.
           Fish and Wildlife Service, St. Petersburg, FL 33702.
     The complete report, entitled "Proximity of Sanitary Landfills to  Wetlands and
           Deepwater Habitats:  An Evaluation and  Comparison of  1,153  Sanitary
           Landfills  in  11 States,"  (Order  No.  PB  90-216  5241 AS; Cost: $17.00,
           subject to change) will be available only from:
               National Technical Information Service
               5285 Port Royal Road
               Springfield, VA22161
               Telephone: 703-487-4650
     The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
               Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
               U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
               Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/S4-90/012

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