, United States
SEnvironmental^rotection
-Agency . ;
Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory '
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S&-88/009D Sept. 1988
4*EPA Project Summary
Indoor Air Quality in Public
Buildings: Volume II
L Sheldon, H. Zelon, J. Sickles, C. Eaton, T. Hartwell, and L. Wallace
This report documents the second of
two studies of indoor air quality in public
buildings carried out by the. U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency in re-
sponse to public and Congressional con-
cern. A total of 10 buildings were studied
in the program. A report on the first four
buildings is being published simultane-
ously with this report, which deals with
the last six buildings investigated.
Thfe Project Summary was developed by
EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems
I nbomtary, Research Triangle Park, NC, to
announce key findings of the research
project that is fully documented in a
separate report of the same title (see Proj-
ect Report ordering information at back).
Introduction
In FY 1982 and again in FY 1983, Con-
gress mandated that the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency (EPA) carry out studies
of indoor air quality. Jhe studies were focus-
ed on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for
several reasons: 1) VOCs include a number
of carcinogenic and mutagenic species
(benzene, chloroform, tetrachlorpethylene,
etc.); 2) little was known at the time about
human exposure to these compounds; and
3),methodology had recently been developed
to measure these compounds at en-
vironmental levels. Because these com-
pounds were being extensively studied in
private, homes in EPA's ongoing Total Ex-
posure Assessment Methodology (TEAM)
Study (Wallace I987; Pellizzari 1987a,b; Han-
dy 1987), the study concentrated on buildings
rather than homes. Buildings where people
spend long periods of time were selected for
study: schools, homes for the elderly,
hospitals, and office buildings. These.
buildings also contain populations (children,
the sick and the elderly) that may be more
sensitive to air pollutants.
Two separate but closely related studies
were carried out. The first included
measurements in four buildings (one school,
one office building, and two homes for the
elderly). The final report of that study, an EPA
Research Report entitled Indoor Air Quality
in Four Buildings, is now available (Sheldon
et al., 1988). A separate Project Summary .
has been written for that report.
The second study included six buildings
(a hospital, two office buildings, two homes
for the elderly, and an institute for govern-
mental studies). The final report for that study
is entitled Indoor Air Quality in Six Buildings.
This Project Summary refers to this second
study only.
Study Design
The goals of the study were the following:
1) Quantify a set of target VOCs, selected
on the basis of their potential health ef-
fects, production volume, and amena-
bility to collection on Tenax, in all
Samples. . - "
2) Determine the effect of aging on the
concentrations of VOCs within three
newly constructed.buildings.-
3) Measure emissions of VOCs from
building material collected from one of
the new buildings.
4) Measure concentrations of other
chemicals or mixtures including radon,
formaldehyde, particles, pesticides,
PCBs. polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), metals, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide, arid asbestos.
Six buildings were selected for study: a
hospital and an associated nursing home in
Martinsburg, WV; a home for the elderly in
Worcester, MA; an office building in
Washington, DC; another office building in
Fairfax, VA; and an institute for governmen-
tal studies in Cambridge, MA. The hospital,
L) Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
ll I I III III I1 ff I " I
the Worcester home for the elderly, and the
Fairfax office building were new buildings,
scheduled Jo,be..rnonitoredimmediately after
completion but before occupancy, and then
again a few months after occupancy. (Unfor-
tunately, the new hospital was not actually
monitored until almost one year after it had
been finished; therefore only two buildings
were rnpnli||ffediiwheniithey were new.) The
remaining" three""" buildings"" 'were existing'
buildings ranging in age from 3-8 years.
These buildings were monitored once only:
Eac^rr^itoYing'Visjt lasted three" days.
Three' 'indoor .sites" we're, selected, an
-------
Table 1. Precision for Volatile Organic Analysis
o/o RSD
Compound
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Benzene
m, p-Xy/ene
o-Xylene
Styrene
Ethylbenzene \ • .
Isopropylbenzene
n-Propylbenzene
m-Ethyltoluene
o-Ethyltoluene
1 ,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
i ,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
1,2.5-Trimethylbenzene.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
a-Pinene
n-Decane •
n-Undecane ;
n-Dodecane
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
1.2-Dichloroethane,'
1.1,1-Trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Carbon tetrachloride
o-Dichlorobenzene
Oxygenated Hydrocarbons
n-Bury/acefate
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate
: ' V
'
233
231
222
226
229
128
104
278
744 .
278
224
779
69
757
757
73
52
229
773
723
77
If
7
• f •
12
73
. 40
Mean
25 '
.17
18
28
17
17
15
.16
16
23
• 17
16
22
20
21
18
18
.21
26
16
'
29
' ••
"
28
23
,
'. 257H
Percentile
11
9
10
12
9
10
,8
,8
7
10
8
7
12 .
77,
77
70
• •
8
77
72
8
5 • •
12
7
4
, 15
12
SOTH
. Percentile
21
15
15
'21
15
15
13
14
14
• 17
14
.13
20
16
78 .-
75
75
78
. 22 •'
74
77
76
. • 74
73
24
22
75TH
• Percentile
34
22
24 ,
37
22
22
21
21
23
27
27 -
22
,28
26
27
22 -
23
25
34
21
18
17
49
. 56
36
31 '
90TH
Percentile
' 47
29
35
57
32
•30
29
29
'37
40
37
32
, 44
35 ,
39
32
37
42
49
30
23
78
706
777
47
39
'Number of samples.
Table 2: Results of Distributed Volume Sampling
Chemical .
n-bury/acetafe
n-dodecane
n-propyibenzenn .
1 ,3.5-trimethylbenzene
p^dichlorobenzene
a-pinene
sthylbenzene ,
tetrachloroethyiene
• tnchloroetnylene
o-xy/ene
i.1.T-trichloroethane •
isopropylbenzene
m-xy/ene
n,-undecane
o-etnyltoluene
1 . 2, 3-1 rimet hylbenzene ,
? .2.4-tnmethylbenzene -
•n-decane . -
m-emyfto/uene
o-cresol
1 ,2-dichloroethane
N
65
63
95
108
67
59
210 •
112
" ~ 94
197
207
. 779 •
276
727
• •• ' ,272
208
200
730
/96
74
43
Mean3
2.25 •
22.84
7.55
2.67
7.77
8.70
2.59
7.74 ,
1.85
2.80 .
4.45
0.76
6.56 .
' 77.25
0.66'
' 0.99 ,
3.00'
70.27
2.58
7.07
2.58
SO6
0.03
0.32
0.02
0.04 ,
0.03
0.29
0.08 ..
0.05
0.05
0.075
0.72
0.03
0.24
. 6.47
0.025
• 0.04
0.77
0.49 ,
0.76
0.06
0.77
RSD(%f
7
7"
7
7
2
3
'3
3
: 3
3
3
4
.4
•4
4
4 '
4
5
6
6
-7
chemicals—a set of 10 aromatic and aliphatic
VOCs—were identical in both of the new
buildings studied, indicating that the findings
may be generally true for many buildings.
The materials emitting these chemicals at the
highest rates were surface coatings such as
adhesives, caulking, and paints; wall and
floor coverings such as molding, linoleum tile,
and carpet; and miscellaneous other mater-
ials such as telephone cables. Structural
materials such as brick and mineral board
had few organic emissions. Surprisingly
-however, some solvent-based materials such
as linoleum tile cement and joint compound
and some other materials such as ceiling tile
and plastic laminates also had no detectable
emissions of the target compounds. These
findings confirm the findings of the earlie
EPA study (Sheldon 1988; Wallace 1985) o
emissions from 19 building materials.
Because building renovations utilize man\
of ,the same materials (adhesives, paints
-------
Tfblt 2, (Continued)
i 1 1 1 ii
Chemical • ,
stynme
chlofQbenzene
ocKchhtobwizane
2-$t!tioxyBthytacetate
benzene
cirbon tetrachronde ;
bromxliChlofomethane
m-cftsol
ii
N
203 .
7
4
50
215
" 19
3
41
Mean3
1.26
7.76
7.77 •
3.53
2.68
0.87 '.'
0.98
5.35
II I I *
SD"
O'.ii '•"
0.12
0.025
0.36
0.35
0.12
0.24
1.66
RSD(%f
9
10
10
10
13
15
24
31
*M«*fj of tfw three geometric moans tor the three sampling volumes.
* Sumdard deviation of tin three geometric means
8 Aftifivt standard deviation
' I
carpets, etc.) that cause elevated VOC con-
centrations in new buildings, it appears possi-
ble that similar elevated concentrations will
occur in buildings that are being renovated
or refurbished.
Two types of health effects may be
associated with the elevated concentrations
of organic gases and particles reported here.
First, chronic health effects, including cancer.
may be caused by long-term exposure to
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, carbon
tetrachloride, and p-dichlorobenzene are
animal carcinogens and therefore possible
human carcinogens. The elevated particle
t*W» 3. Mean Indoor Concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds for all Monitoring Trips
if*
Mean Indoor Concentration (ng/L)
Martlnsburg,
Coumpound
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Bonzeno
nvXyfene
b-Xytene
*
Styrene
Ethytbenzene
Isopropytbenzene
tn-EthyttokmrrB
o-Etnyttoiuene
1,2,3-Trimethytbeftzene
1,2,4'Trimethfybenzene
1,3,5-Trrmeijylbenzefie
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Cffin^)e " '
n-Decana
n-Un, 1-Tnchloroethane
Trichtomathykne
Tairachtoroethylane
p&chtorobenzene
i i in i i
Oxygenated Hydrocarbons
1 III
n-Butylacetate
2~£thoxyethyl acetate
WV
Fairfax, VA
Washington.
Worcester, MA DC
Nursing0
Hospital (Newf
Tnp 1
(7/84)
7.55
6.88
3.05
7.00
7.94
0.37
WD
7.77
WD
0.63
1.48
ND
ND
3.65
3.31
ND
Hill i
2.06
498
105
WD
WD
||
III 1
WD
7.37
Tnp 2
(10/84)
2.73
3.73
0.92
7.07
7.07
NDd
ND
0.86
ND
0.43
0.98
ND
ND
2.73
7.96
WD
i
7.49
4.50
WD
WD
ND
ND
ND
Tnp 3
(8/85)
2.88
9.91
3.07
1.33
2.88
0.33
ND
1.48
0.66
0.76
1.82
0.75
ND
2.71
2.34
ND
I
22Y
75,54
ND
1.79
6.61
ND
ND
Office (NewjP
Trip 1
(1/85)
2.74
41.53
78.40
2.52
57.26
3.94
5.00
27.47
8.89
75.70
73.57
76.97
74.73
436.38
270.80
752.69
J
WD
72.54
WD
WD
ND
ND
ND
Trip 2
(4/85)
- 4.95
15.05
3.67
2.87
5.37
0.67
"7.73
5.57
2.08
2.97
7.27
2.75
24.64
75.24
33.93
23.74
(ihl I'ii1:, '
4.57
38,85
7.93
7.64
2.64
'
6.34'
2.76
Home (New)
Trip 1
(4/85)
1.70
23.80
8.92
2.99
7.90
2.27
2.99
12.38
4.01
5.32
73.95
6.83'
' 5.79
68.27
68.57
37.42
:,, <;il ; , '!'!!,|i'ii|;'||, ': "!'
WD
4,03
2.58
7.73
2.77
*
WD
9.58
Top 2
(8/85)
2.44
5.33
2.07
1.27
2.15
0.33
0.70
2.62
0.73
0.72
-2.52
0.92
WD
3.87
3.48
WD
•,; ',, i', , , • li'ij'iiiii.
WD
7,76
0.57
0.96
0.62
7.22
ND
Office
(Old)
Trip 1
(8/84)
5.61
27.11
9.28
2.36
10.15
0.79
1.22
6.07
1.60 '
1.80
6.28
1.83
ND
2.26
2.85-
ND
„ '"" '„,'.»" ' ,||l , »'
ND
40.98
0.61
3.97
0.60
• '''it
2.63
7.67
Cambridge,
MA
Office/
School
(Old)
Trip 1
(2/85)
4.50
8.72
3.43
1.32
2.69
0.36
0.56
2.62
0.74
7.06
2.80
7.74
2.65
5.98
6.77
2.23
WD
70.69
70.89
4.77
ND
1.48
, ND
Martinsburg, WV
Nursing
Home (Old)
Trip 1
(7/84)
3 13
2.95
0.99
1.19
0.97
ND
ND
0.90
ND
0.79
0.98
ND
ND
1.87
ND
ND
•I. , .
WD
3.09 •
; WD
0.99 ,
WD
Wo
WD
"Buttdmg compkttd -34 weeks before first monitoring trip.
"BuMtng competed -1 week before erst monitoring trip.
c8uttoWifl compiled -4 weeks before first monitoring trip.
*B*tow tfw cpjtr\!ifable limit.
-------
Table 4. Concentration Data for Volatile Organ/OS Summarized by Compound 'Class
• ; Concentration (ng/L) '
i
Hospitals
Hospital (New)
Trip 1 (7/84)
Trip 2 (10/84)
Trip 3 (8/85)
Offices
Office (New;
Trip.1 (1/85)
Trip.2(4/85) .
Office (Old)
Trip 1 (8/84)
Office/School (Old)
_ Tnp 7 (2/85)
Completion
(Weeks)
-34
-48
-1.Sy
.-1
14
~iy
~2y :
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Indoor
18
11
' 26
270
54
74
30
Outdoor
5.4
5.1
6.2
16
.' .13
'50.
12
In/Out
Ratio
. 3.3
2.2
4.2
17
4.2
• 1*
2.5
Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons .
.Indoor
7.0
' 4.7
5.1
810
98
5.7
18
Outdoor In/Out'
Ratio
ND3 -"
ND —
ND —
ND —
ND -
ND -
ND —
Chlorinated
• Hydrocarbdns
Indoor
8.7
. 6.0
26
. 13
56
46
26
Outdoor
3.7
5.3
3.2
1.0
3.0
8.1
3.7
In/Out
Ratio
2.2
1.1
8.1
13
19
5.6
7.0
Oxygenated
Hydrocarbons '• •
Indoor
1.3
ND
ND
NO
8.5
4.3
' 1.5
Outdoor In/Out
Ratio
ND —
.• ND -
ND —
/-
NO -
ND —
ND —
ND • —
Indoor
34
21
57
11~00
220
130
75
Total
Outdoor
9.1
.10
9.4
17
16
58
16
In/Out
Ratio
3.7
2.1
6.1
65,
14
2.2
4.6
Hom.es
Nursing Home (New)
Trip 1(4/85)
Trip 2 (8/85)
Nursing Home (Old)
Trip , '7/84;
-4
-23-
- 8 y
93
,22
72
8.5
77 .
7.8
. 77
7.3
7.5
773
7.3
7.9
ND ' ' ,— -
ND —
"ND —
9.9
3.9
4.7
2.8 ,
2.5
7.3
3.5
7.6
3.2
9.6 .
• 7.2
ND
, ND
ND
ND
— 286
— 34
— 78
77
20
26
"Below the quantifiable limit.
"Not calculated
Table 5. Summary of Emission Results
Emmission Rate foglm'h)
Aliphatic and
. Oxygenated
Aliphatic
Sample3 Hydrocarbons
Cove adhesive
Latex caulk
Latex paint (Glidden)
Carpet adhesive
Black rubber molding
Small diameter telephone
cable
Vinyl cove molding
Linoleum tile
Large diameter telephone
cable
Carpet
Vinyl edge molding
Particle board
Polystyrene 'foam
insulation
Tar paper
Primer/adhesive
Latex paint (Bruning)
Water repellant
mineral board
d
252
111 '
136
24
• 33
31 •
6.0
74
27
• 78 . • '.
27
0.79
3.2
1 3.6
-
7.7
Aromatic. .
Hydrocarbons
a
380
52 •
98
78
26
74 • • '. •
QC
OO .- "
-
2U .
9.4
7*
.1
20
.3,1
o c —
2.5
3.2
'
0.43
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
a .
5.2
,86
.0 ,
6.88
.
0.62
4.0
4.3
0.41
• > 0. 74
7.4
••
All
Target
Compounds
>5000
637
- 249
234
103
60
v.v
46
45
38
36
30
'28
-22
6.3
6.7
3.2
7.5
loadings associated with the smoking areas
of these buildings supplements earlier work
(Repace 1980, Spengler 1985) indicating in-
creased exposure to, environmental tobacco
smoke (ETS), a probable human carcinogen,
in these buildings, which house children, the
sick and the elderly. Risk assessments have
been carried out for VOCs (Wallace, 1986;
Tancrede, 1987) and for ETS (Repace and
Lowrey, 1985; NAS, 1986) in the home en-
vironment and have concluded that risks are
considerably greater for these chemicals in
indoor air than in outdoor air or (except for
chloroform) 'in drinking water. The risks
associated with the type of buildings studied
here would be proportional to the amount of
time spent in them. ..-'.-
' The second type of health effect is acute,
consisting of eye, nose and throat irritation,
headaches, neurotoxic symptoms such as
depression, irritability, and forgetfulness, and
general malaise—a group of symptoms often
described as "Sick Building Syndrome"
(SBS). Although the cause or causes of SBS
are unknown, several hypotheses implicate
low-level concentrations of VOCs as a possi-
ble cause (Berglund, 1982; Molhave, 1984).
-------
Ttblt 5 (Continued)
{EmmissK>ri Rate r
'
Sample*
CftffWM biOCk
PVCppe
Duet insulation
T'®ated mefa* roofing
Unihane sealant
Fioefgtass insulation
Cxfeoor mnsral board
Interior mineral board
Ceiling '*
fletf clay brick
Plastic laminate
PfaslfC outlet povsf
Aliphatic and
Oxygenated
Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons
„
.
073
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
-
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
0.39
Q53
0.75
0.79
0.73
0.08
0.03
"
•
1 , •
Halogenateo
Hydrocarbons
0 15
.
0.06
-
-
-
- "
-
,
. -
All
Target
Compounds
0 54
053
0.2S
0,25
0.13
0.80
0.03
-
-
• -
-
.Jotfit compound
" twroteum trie cement
*£irmston rate tor cov» *dhestves if,a mmimurri, value, sample was_pverjoadedjt is estimated'that cove adhesive'
is one ot the htgriest emitters ctfVo/aMe organics % • ,
'Wo dtlfCMW» emutsmns " .
«llLi It, i •
iili1
UllLl-Zrt
. ,11 n
1
p
ft
U
(.
Hi
Carpet
>
LA
JL
t
iJ
|j
. i
Linoleum
Tile
Ii4- 1
^UlVjiUjL^U.j
i'i ii i1 . !:;«:i', ,,i"-;fiOO ,,,,'000 750O , , 2000
Scanfltumber
Vinyl
Cove
Molding
;,5oo rogohii7i,ii|i;750o • 2000 _,
'Scan Number _ ' , ^
Vinyl
Edge
' . Molding
BOO 7000 7500 2000.
Scan Number
500tOOO7500 2000
Scan Number
ii • • ';,, «" !',::»' ,-i .•• i mi i hi
Figure 1. CC/MS chromatograms of emissions samples collected from interior exposure
building materials during headspace experiments ('designates the external
standard).
Conclusions
The measurement method employee '•./
VOCs (sampling on Tenax sorbem followed
by GC-MS analysis! was shown to have good
precision for nearly all target c.ompounas
Sampling at .three different flow rates
("distributed volume" sampling) detected no
artifact formation or other sampling problems •
Many volatile organic compounds are at
higher concentrations in buildings than out-
doors. The sources of these elevated indoor
air concentrations include surface-coatings.
wall and floor coverings, and other building
materials. Emission rates-, ranged up to
several thousand /ig/m2/h.
Concentrations of individual aromatic and
aliphatic compounds such as xylenes and
decane were elevated over outdoor levels by
factors of 100 or more in the two new
bujjdings studied. The time to reach concen-
trations comparable with outdoor levels was
estimated to be several months.
Concentrations of respirable participates
were elevated in smoking areas of some
buildings. " .' ' •
Recommendations
This study of six buildings and its earlier
companion study of four buildings has in-
dicated that concentrations of certain target
VOCs are elevated in buildings due to emis-
sions from certain building materials. Only
ten buildings were monitored and only 50
building materials were tested for emissions.
Many more buildings of various types
(hospitals, enclosed shopping malls, etc.)
where people spend a considerable fraction
of their time should be monitored before it
will be, possible to estimate the frequency
distribution Of VOC concentrations in such
'buildings. Many more building materials
should be tested to determine their rates of
emission of chemicals of concern before a
trustworthy estimate of the range of emission
rates can be achieved.'
Future studies need not employ
"distributed volume" sampling on all
samples, although limited distributed volume
sampling could be employed to assure that
sampling problems were 'not occurring.
References
Berglund. B., Berglund. U.. Johansson. I.
and Lindvall. T. (1984) "Mobile laboratory for-,
sensory air quality studies in non-industrial
environments" in Berglund. B. Lindvall. T.
and Sundell, J. eds. Indoor Air: Sensory and
Hyperreactlvity Reactions to Sick Buildings.
Volume 3, pp. 467-472. Swedish Council for
Building Research, Stockholm. Sweden.
Berglund, B., Berglund.; U. and Engen, T.
(1987) "Do 'Sick Buildings' Affect Human Per-
formance? How Should One Assess Them?"
-------
l-11'r-rnv
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Boura .
• Ceiling
Tile
!
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1 ,
5OG
,000 " 1500 2000
Scan Number
Black ,
Rubber
Molding
500
7000 7500 2000
Scan Number
Particle
Board
500 - 7000' 7500 2000
Scan Number
Plastic
Outlet
Cover
500 1000 1500 2000
Scan Number
!_:.•*-• t'-^r^ -*J-rm
500
7000 7500 2000
Scan Number
Large
-Diameter
Telephone
Cable
l
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,
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ll
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500 7000 7500 2000
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Plastic
Laminate
500 7000 7500 2000
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5OO 7000 7500 2000
Scan Number
figure 1. (Continued)
m Indoor Air '87: Proceedings of the 4th In-
ternational Conference on Indoor Air Quali-
ty and Climate. 'August 17-21. 1987. Vol. 2. pp.
477-481. Institute for Water. Soil, and Air
Hygiene. W. Berlin. ,
Berglund. B.. Berglund. U.. Lindvall. T. and
Nicander-Bredberg. H. (1982) "Dlfactory and
chemical characterization of indoor air—
Towards 'a psychophysical model for air quali-
ty," Environ. Int. 8: 327-332. . '
Handy, R.W.. et a/.. (1987) The Total Ex-
posure Assessment Methodology (TEAM)
Study: Standard Operating Procedures.
Volume IV, US Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA/600/6-87/002d, Washington, DC.
Molhave, L., Bach, B. and Pederson, O.F.
(1984) "Human reactions during controlled '
exposures to low concentrations of organic
gases and vapours known as normal indoor ,
air pollutants" in Berglund, B. Lindvall. T. and
Sundell, J. eds. Indoor Air,: Sensory and
Hyperreactivity Reactions to Sick Buildings;
Volume 3, pp. 431-436. Swedish Council for
Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
National Academy of ^ciences.Kigse) En-
vironmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Ex-
posures and Assessing Health Effects, Na-
tional Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Pellizzari, E;D., Perritt, R., Hartwell, T.D.,
Michael, L.C., Whitmore, R., Handy, R.W.,
Smith, Q, and Zelon, H. (1987) The Total Ex-
posure Assessment Methodology (TEAM)
Studv: Elizabeth and Bayorne, New Jersey; ',-
Devils Lake, North Dakota, and Greensboro,
North Carolina, Volume II, US Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, EPA/600/6-87/002b.
Washington, DC.
Pellizzari, E.D., Perritt, R., Hartwell, T.D.,
Michael, L.C. Whitmore, R., Handy, R.W.,
Smith, D, and Zelon, H. (1987) The Total Ex-
posure Assessment Methodology (TEAM)
Study: Selected Communities in Northern
and Southern California, Volume III, US En-
vironmental Protection Agency, EPA/60D7-
6-87/002C, Washington, DC.
Repace,,J.L. and Lowrey, A.H. (1980) "In-
door air pollution tobaccp smoke, and public
health" Science 208: 895-914.
Repace, J. L. and Lowrey, A.H: (1985) "A
Quantitative Estimate of Nonsmokers' Lung
Cancer Risk from Passive Smoking" Environ.
Int. 11 3-22.
' Sheldon, L.S.. Handy, R. W., Hartwell, T.D.,
Whitmore, R.W., Zelon, H.S., and Pellizzari,,
E.D., (1988) Indoor -Air Quality in Public
Buildings: Volume I, US EPA. Washington,
DC. -
Spengler, J.D., Treitman, R.D., Tosteson,
T.D., Mage, D.T, and Soczak, M.L., (1985)
''Personal Exposures to Respirable Par'
ticulates and Implications for Ambient Air
Quality Standards and Health Effects
Research," Enwron.Sc/. 4:347-353.
-------
Cove Adhesive
I
SCO 1000 7500 2000
Scan Number
Latex Caulk
t
1,1
501
I
JlJL_
J
\faifs&l f-iuilC&lvC
i '
•*6l , . I ,
7000 7500 2000
Scan Number
500 ;oOO 7500 2000
Scan Number
Latex Pa/nt (Bruning)
\
I
JL
1
I
1
1
F
Linoleum
Tile Cement
• 8
1
i
1
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500 7000 /50G 2000
Scan Number
' •': "\"' '< >' • L1! '',"'V > '!",.».' 'i'' k '• ",>,h!""'.'i ti,, !J" '': '"".'' ill '•
ll
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500 1000 75OO
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200O
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Latex Paint (Glidden)
500
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Urethane
Sealant
2000
Nil
5OO
7500 20OO
Scan Number
500 7000 7500 2000
, Scan Number
Flgurt 2, GC/MS chromatograms of emissions samples collected from solvent based
bfiilding materials during headspace experiments ("designates the external
' ., standard).
Spicer, C. W., et at (1986) "Intercompanson
of Sampling Techniques for Toxic Organic
Compounds in Indoor Air," Hochheiser, S.
and Jayanti, R.K.M., Eds. in Proceedings of
the 1986 EPA-APCA Symposium on Meas-
urement of Toxic Air Pollutants. USEPA
600/9-86-013; Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Pittsburgh, PA.
Tancrede, M., Wilson, R., Zeise, L.. and
Crouch, E.A.C. (1987) "The Carcinogenic
Risk of Some Organic Vapors Indoors: A
Theoretical Survey" Atmos Environ
21:2187-2205.
Wallace, L. A., Pellizzari. E.D.. Leaderer.
B. R, Zelon, H. and Sheldon. L. (1985) "Emis-,
sions of Volatile Organic Compounds from
Building Materials and Consumer Products"
Atmos Em. 21:385-393.
Wallace, Lance A. (1986) "Cancer Risks
from Organic Chemicals in the Home" in En-
vironmental risk management—Is Analysis
Useful?, Proceedings of an APCA Interna-
tional Specialty Conference, pp. 14-24. Air
Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh. PA.
SP-55.
Wallace, L. (1987a) The Total Exposure
Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study:
Summary and Analysis, Volume I, US En-
vironmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/-
6-87/002a, Washington, DC.
Wallace, L. (1987b) "Emission Rates of
Volatile Organic Compounds from Building
Materials and Surface Coatings" in Pro-
ceedings of the 1987 EPA/APCA Symposium
on Measurement of Toxic and Related Air
Pollutants, pp. 115-122. Air Pollution Control
Association, Pittsburgh, PA.
Wallace, L.. Jungers, R.. Sheldon. L.. and
Pellizzari, E. (1987c) "Volatile Organic
Chemicals in 10 Public-Access Buildings" in
Indoor Air '87: Proceedings of the 4th Inter-
national Conference on Indoor Air Quality
and Climate. Auqust 17-21. 1987. Vol. 2. pp
188-192. Institute ;or Water. Soil, and Air
Hygiene, W. Berlin.
-------
Wall Primer, Adhesive
500 . 1000 : 1500
• Scan Number
2000
Figure 2. (Continued! . - . ' ' ' .
Tab/e6 Average A,r Exchange Measurements for Field Monitoring Trips
Air Exchange Rate (Changes/h) ± S.D.
Location
New Buildings ,
'Office
.Nursing Home
Trip
3 •
1
2
Overall
0.44 ± 0172.'
0.60 ±0.08
0.30 ±0.70
' 0.54 ± 0.74 ,
Day
0.50 ± 0.72
0.58 ± 0.08
0.38 ± 0.07
0.65 ± 0.70
Night
0.95 ± 0.64
0.08 ± 0.08
0.37 ± 0.08
0.67 ± 0.08
0.27 ± 0.03
0.43 + 0.08
we
Old Buildings
Off/ce
-OfficeSScr.00,
.0.44 ±0,79
0.50. ± 1.10;
0.49 ±0.14-.
0.57 ± 0.08
a54±a33
0.39 ± 0.23
0.45 ± 0.08
0.35 ± 0.79
•L-Shrtdon. H. Zelon. J.. Sickles, C Eafon.a^^a^e,, ar£ ^Research
Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park. NC 27709.
be available only from: ;
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield. VA22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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