United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment
Washington, DC 20460
Research and Development
EPA/600/S8-88/072 July 1988
SEPA Project Summary
Health and Environmental
Effects Profiles: Fiscal Year
1984
In 1984 a total of 96 Health and
Environmental Effects Profiles were
prepared by the Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office,
Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Solid
Waste, Washington, D.C. These
profiles are utilized to support
listings of hazardous constituents of
a wide range of waste streams under
Section 3001 of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). Both published literature and
information obtained from Agency
program office files were evaluated
as they pertained to potential human
health, aquatic life and environmental
effects of hazardous waste
constituents.
This Project Summary was
developed by EPA's Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office,
Cincinnati, OH, to announce key
findings of the research project that
is fully documented in 96 separate
reports (see Project Report ordering
information at back).
The Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH of the
Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, Office of Research and
Development prepared 96 Health and
Environmental Effects Profiles (HEEPs)
for the Office of Solid Waste in fiscal
year 1984. These profiles provide a
comprehensive review of all available
information on the toxicological effects of
specific chemicals or compounds, or
chemical groups. Computerized literature
searches were performed on a variety of
scientific data bases, all pertinent Agen-
cy files examined and hand searches of
more recent literature performed. All
information was compiled and evaluated
pertaining to potential human health,
aquatic life and environmental effects of
hazardous waste constituents.
The introductory material for each
HEEP provides information on the
molecular structure, CAS and NIOSH/
RTECS numbers, physical and chemical
properties, and production and use data
for each chemical. Environmental fate
and transport processes in air, water and
soil are also examined and related to
potential and actual exposure of human
and other biological systems to each
toxic substance. The pharmacokinetic
profile (absorption, distribution, metab-
olism, and excretion data) of each
chemical is also discussed.
Subsequent sections of each HEEP
discuss the health and environmental
effects of exposure to the chemical(s).
Experimental end points critically
examined in each HEEP include
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, terato-
genicity and other reproductive effects,
and chronic and subchronic toxicity.
Other effects relevant to risk estimation
may also be noted. Acute and chronic
effects in aquatic environments (e.,g.,
effects on plankton, macroinvertebrates
and fish) may be discussed if data are
avaiable.
Acute, subchronic (i.e., exposure for
an interval that does not constitute a
significant portion of the lifespan) and
chronic exposure data for any route of
exposure are identified. In general, data
that yield a more developed dose-
response curve are more likely to be
included in the HEEP literature summary.
Although human epidemiological studies
may also be described in the HEEP,
most of the studies described utilize
animal models.
The final chapter of each HEEP
presents a health risk assessment.
Existing standards for aquatic
environments and for human exposure
are cited. Quantitative estimates are
presented, provided sufficient data were
available. For systemic toxicants (that is,
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systemic refers to an effect other than
carcinogenicity or mutagenicity induced
by a toxic chemical), Acceptable Daily
Intakes (ADIs) for chronic exposure are
determined. An ADI is defined as the
amount of a chemical to which humans
can be exposed on a daily basis over an
extended period of time (usually a
lifetime) without suffering a deleterious
effect. In the case of suspected
carcinogens, ADIs are not estimated in
this document series. Instead, a
carcinogenic potency factor, or q-i", is
provided. These potency estimates are
derived for both oral and inhalation
exposures where possible. In addition,
unit risk estimates for air and drinking
water are presented based on inhalation
and oral data, respectively.
Calculation of the ADI is based on a
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
(NOAEL) or a No-Observed-Effect
Level (NOEL) for chronic exposure. The
NOAEL or NOEL is determined from an
appropriate human or animal study. The
chosen NOAEL (or NOEL) is divided by
an uncertainty factors), which reduces
the NOAEL by a factor of ten for each of
several confounding factors. These
factors include the protection of
especially sensitive individuals in the
population, extrapolation of animal data
to human exposure, extrapolation of
subchronic data to chronic exposure, and
extrapolation of a Lowest-Observed-
Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL) to a
NOAEL, When existing studies are not
sufficient for risk assessment, the best of
the available studies are summarized.
deficiencies in study design are noted,
and areas requiring additional research
are identified. In some cases Confidential
Business Information (CBl) files have
been summarized as they pertain to risk
assessment.
Chemicals under study may also be
evaluated for carcinogenic potential
basod upon carcinogenesis studies of
males and females of one or more
species of animals. Chemicals are
considered carcinogenic in animals if
data from animal studies demonstrate a
clear dose-response relationship be-
tween exposure and tumorigenesis, or if
highly suggestive evidence of tumor-
igenesis in animals is supported by
positive results in human exposure
studios and/or mutagenesis assays.
The cancer unit risk, q-i", is usually
derived from a linearized multistage
model with 95% upper confidence limits
providing a low-dose estimate of cancer
risk. It represents an increment of risk
per milligram of chemical per kilogram of
body weight per day. The cancer risk is
characterized as being an upper limit
estimate, that is, the true risk to humans,
while not identifiable, is not likely to
exceed the upper limit estimate and in
fact may be lower.
The carcinogenicity of a chemical or
compound may also be classified
according to the scheme developed by
EPA's Carcinogen Assessment Group
based on the weight of evidence of
carcinogenicity in human and animal
data. This classification consists of five
groups:
Group A: Human Carcinogen
This group is used only when there is
sufficient evidence from epidemiologic
studies to support a causal association
between exposure to the agents and
cancer.
Group B: Probable Human Carcinogen
This group includes agents for which the
weight of evidence of human
carcinogenicity based on epidemiologic
studies is "limited" and also includes
agents for which the weight of evidence
of carcinogenicity based on animal
studies is "sufficient".
Group C: Possible Human Carcinogen
This group is used for agents with limited
evidence of carcinogenicity in animals in
the absence of human data.
Group D: Not Classifiable as to Human
Carcinogenicity
This group is generally used for agents
with inadequate human and animal
evidence of carcinogenicity or for which
no data are available.
Group E: Evidence of Non-
Carcinogenicity for Humans
This group is used for agents that show
no evidence for carcinogenicity in at
least two adequate animal tests in
different species or in both adequate
epidemiologic and animals studies. This
designation should.not be interpreted,as
a definitive conclusion that the agent will
not be a carcinogen under any
circumstances.
Each HEEP document concludes
with a list of primary and secondary
references and a tabular summary of the
study or studies used for risk assess-
ment.
The quantitative risk assessment
conclusions are presented in Table 1 for
carcinogens and Table 2 for noncarcin-
ogens. In the 96 documents, 111 specific
chemicals, compounds and isomers are
evaluated. Of these 33 are human or
animal carcinogens and 78 are either
noncarcinogens, or are of unknown car-
cinogenic potential. Acceptable Daily
Intake values are determined for 51 of
the 78.
Table 1 Carcinogens"
Chemical qi" (mg/kg bw/day)-'
Acephate 6.6 x TO'3
Alachlor 7 x 70-'
Bromacil 6.4 x TO"2
Bromoethene 1.1x10-'
1,3-Butadiene ID
Captafol 8.6 x 10-3
Captan 1.Qx1Q-2
Chlorobenzilate 1.7 x 10-'
Chlorothalonil 2.9 x 10~3
Diallate 7.8 x 10-'
Dibenzofurans, tetra-, penta-,
& hexachloro ID
1,2-Dibromoethane ID
1,2-Diethylhydrazine ID
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 8.7
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 1.4 x 10$
Dioxins, tetra-, penta-, ID
& hexachl.or,o-£Hbenzo-p- . .. .-~~±--.~—
Ethylene thiourea 1.8 x 10-'
Folpet 5.0 x 10-3
Hydrazine ID
Hydrazine sulfate 3.0
Unuron 9.8 x TO'3
Methylene, 4-4'-(bis) 2.5 x 10-'
benzeneamine
Methylhydrazine 1.1
Oxirane 7-3
2-Phenylphenol 1.9 x TO-3
Profturalin 2.8 x W2
Propazine 7.8 x TO'2
Sodium diethyl 2.5x10-'
dithiocarbamate
Stirofos 2.4 x 10-2
Toluidines
o-isomer 2.4 x 10-'
m-isomer ID
p-isomer 1.9 x 10-'
Trifluraline 2.9 x 10~2
"As new data are generated, these values
are subject to change
ID = Insufficient data
Table 2 Noncarcinogens"
Chemical = ADI (mg/kg bw/day)
Allidochlor ID
Ametryn 1 x 10'2
Atrazine ID
Benefin 2.5 x 10''
1,1-Biphenyl 5 x 10'2
Brominated diphenyl ethers
Pentabromo- 4.4 x TO"4
Octabromo- 6.2 x TO"4
Decabromo- T x TO"2
Bromobenzenes
Class ND
1,4-Dibromo- 1 x TO"2
1,2,4-Tribromo- 5 x TO"3
Hexabromo- 2 x TO"3
Bromoxynil 6 x TO"2
Bromoxynil octanoate 3 x 10''
Busan 77 ID
~~ ~~ (Continued)
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Table 2 (Continued)
Chemical
Susan 90
Butylate
Butyrolactone, gamma-
Carbaryl
Carbofurans
2-Chloro-1,3-
butadiene
Chloropropenes
3-Chloropropene
1 ,2,3-Trichloro-
propene
Other isomers
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos, methyl
Chrysene
Cyanazine
Cycloate
Dalapon
2,4-DB
DCPA
Diazinon
Dichlorobutenes
Dichloroprop
Dimtehoate
Dimethyl terphthalate
Dinitrophenols
2,4-isomer
Other isomers
Dinoseb
EPTC
Ethoprop
Fluridone
Isopropalin
Mancozeb
Maneb
MCPA
MCPB
MCPP
Mephosfolan
Merphos
Merphos oxide
Methylcyclohexane
Methyl ethyl benzenes
Molinate
Monochlorobutanes
N, N-Dimethylurea
N-Propyl alcohol
Pebutate: -•"••..
Pendimethalln
Phosphorothioic acid,
trimethyl esters
Propachlor
2-Propenoic acid
Ronnel
Selected
toluenediamines
2,5-isomer
2,6-isomer
Other isomers
Simazine
TCMTB
Temephos
ADI (mg/kg
bw/day)
ID
1 X 10"<
ID
9.6 x 10'2
ID
1.9 x W"3
1.6 x 10'3
4.6 x TO'3
ID
1 x 10'2
1 X 70"2
ID
6 x 70"3
ID
8.5 x W'2
' 8 x70"3
4.8 x W'2
9 x 10~4
ID
2.5 x 10~1
2.0 x JO"2
8.8
ID
ID
1 x W'3
5 x TO"2
ID
9 x 10~2
5.6 x 10~2
2.9 x 10~2
5 x 10'3
1 x 10'3
1 x 10~3
3.4 x W'3
9x 70-5
7.8 x 70"3
2.5 x 70"3
ID
ID
6.3 x 10~4
ID
ID
ID
5 x 10'2
5 x 10'3
ID
1.3 x 10'2
ID
5 x W'2
5.6 x 10"1
1.6x 10"!
ID
ID
2.5 x 10'2
5.4 x 70~3
(Continued)
Table 2. (Continued)
Chemical
Terbufos
Terephthalic acid
Triallate
Trichloropropanes
Trinitrophenols
Vernolate
4-Vinyl-l -cyclohexene
Zineb
ADI (mg.'kg
bw/day)
1 x 104
ID
1,5 x W'2
ID
ID
5 x W2
ID
5 x 10~2
"As new data are generated, these values
are subject to change
ID = Insufficient data
ND = Not determined
This Project Summary was prepared
by staff of the Environmental' Criteria
and Assessment Office, USEPA,
Cincinnati, OH 45268. This Project
Summary covers 96 separate reports,
entitled "Health & Environmental
Effects Profile for-,"
Acephate (Order No. PB 88-162
466/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Alachlor (Order No. PB 88-137
864/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Allidochlor (Order No. PB 88-161
971/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Ametryn (Order No. PB 88-162
359/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Atrazine (Order No. PB 88-161
948/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Benefin (Order No. PB 88-161
625/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Benzenamine 4,4'-Methylenebis
(Order No. PB 88-129 598/AS;
Cost: 12.95)
1,l'-Biphenyl (Order No. PB 88-
137 831/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Bromacil (Order No. PB 88-120
506/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Brominated Diphenyl Ethers (Order
No. PB 88-131 529/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Bromobenzenes (Order No. PB 88-
137 757/AS; Cost: 14.95)
Bromoethene (Vinyl Bromide) (Order
No. PB 88-130 125/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Bromoxynil (Order No. PB 88-129
622/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Bromoxynil Octanoate (Order No. PB
88-137 906/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Busan 77 (Order No. PB 88-129
606/AS; Cost: 12.95) (Continued)
NTIS Information (Continued)
Busan 90 (Order No. PB 88-161
922/AS; Cost: 12.95)
1,3-Butadiene (Order No. PB 88-
102 7441 AS; Cost: 13.95)
Butylate (Order No. PB 88-137
781/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Captafol (Order No. PB 88-162
003/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Captan (Order No. PB 88-161
930/AS; Cost: 14.95)
Carbaryl (Order No. PB 88-131
131/AS; Cost: 19.95)
Carbofuran (Order No. PB 88-130
117!AS; Cost: 14.95)
Chlorobenzilate (Order No. PB 88-
129 6141 AS; Cost: 12.95)
2-Chloro-1,3-Butadiene (Order
No. PB 88-107 511/AS; Cost'
13.95)
Chloropropenes (Order No. PB 88-
107 8001 AS; Cost: 11.95)
Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos-
Methyl (Order No. PB 88-161
955!AS; Cost: 14.95)
Chlorthalonil (Order No. PB 88-162
300/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Chrysene (Order No. PB 88-131
123/AS; Cost: 14.95)
Cyanazine (Order No. PB 88-162
409/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Cycloate (Order No. PB 88-130
109/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Dalapon (Order No. PB 88-162
4581AS; Cost: 14.95)
2,4-DB (Order No. PB 88-129
564,AS; Cost: 12.95)
DCPA (Order No. PB 88-161
906,AS; Cost: 12.95)
Diallate (Order No. PB 88-111
844.AS; Cost: 12.95)
Diazinon (Order No. PB 88-162
425/AS; Cost: 14.95)
1,2-Dibromoethane (Order No. PB
88-131 107/AS; Cost: 14.95)
Dichlorobutenes (Order No. PB 88-
104 351/AS; Cost: 11.95)
Dichloroprop (Order No. PB 88-161
633/AS; Cost: 12.95)
1,2-Diethylhydrazine (Order No. PB
88-137 765/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Dimethoate (Order No. PB 88-161
997/AS; Cost: 14.95)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine (Order No.
PB 88-130 083/AS; Cost: 14.95)
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (Order No.
PB 88-137 773/AS; Cost: 14.95)
(Continued)
-------
TfS fnft
dJL
Dimethyl Terephthalate (Order No. PB 88-137 849/AS;
Cost: 12.95)
N.N-Dimethylurea (Order No. PB 88-131 099/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Dinitrophenols (Order No. PB 88-137 872/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Dinoseb (Order No. PB 88-162 185/AS; Cost: 14.95)
EPTC (Order No. PB 88-112 289 IAS; Cost: 12.95)
Elhoprop (Order No. PB 88-137 856IAS; Cost: (12.95)
Elhylene Thiourea (Order No. PB 88-120 621/AS; Cost:
14.95)
Folpel (Order No. PB 88-162 4331 AS; Cost: 14.95)
Ftuoridorte (Order No. PB 88-161 9141 AS; Cost: 12.95)
Gamma-Butyrolacetone (Order No. PB 88-130 0911 AS;
Cost: 12.95)
HydrazirtQ and Hydrazine So/fate (Order No. PB 88-161
9631AS; Cost: 12.95)
Isopropalin (Order No. PB 88-162 417/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Linuron (Order No. PB 88-120 654/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Mancozeb (Order No. PB 88-120 522/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Afa/i06 (Order No. PB 88-118 930IAS; Cost: 14.95)
MCPA and MCPB (Order No. PB 88-162 391/AS; Cost:
14.95)
MCPP (Order No. PB 88-162 383IAS; Cost: 12.95)
Mephosfolan (Order No. PB 88-162 326/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Merphos (Order No. PB 88-129 5721 AS; Cost: 12.95)
Merphos Oxide (Order No. PB 88-129 580/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Methytoyctohexane (Order No. PB 88-137 898/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Methyl Ethyl Benzenes (Order No. PB 88-131 115/AS;
Cost: 12.95)
Methylhydrazine (Order No. PB 88-131 0651'AS; Cost:
12.95)
Molinate (Order No. PB 88-137 799/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Monochlorobutanes (Order No. PB 88-105 929/AS;
Cost: 11.95)
The above reports will be available only from:
(cost: subfect to change)
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Spring field, VA 22161 -
Telephone: 703-487-4650
Oxirane (Order No. PB 88-162 318/AS; Cost: 14.95)
Pebulate (Order No. PB 88-137 8071 AS; Cost: 12.95)
Pendimethalin (Order No. PB 88-129 630/AS; Cost: 12.95)
2-Phenylphenol (Order No. PB 88-161 989/AS; Cost: 14.95)
Phosphorothioic Acid, Trimethyl Esters (Order No. PB 88-
137 880/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Profluralin (Order No. PB 88-162 3341 AS; Cost: 12.95)
Propachlor (Order No. PB 88-162 177/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Propazine (Order No. PB 88-161 617/AS; Cost: 12.95)
2-Propenoic Acid (Order No. PB 88-137 823/AS; Cost:
12.95)
n-Propyl Alcohol (Order No. PB 88-103 7831 AS; Cost:
11.95)
Ronnel (Order No. PB 88-142 8151 AS; Cost: 12.95)
Selected Toluenediamines (Order No. PB 88-131 073/AS;
Cost: 12.95)
Simazine (Order No. PB 88-162 3671 AS; Cost: 14.95)
Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate (Order-No:-PB 88-120'
720/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Stirofos (Order No. PB 88-162 441/AS; Cost: 12.95)
TCMTB (Order No. PB 88-161 641/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Temephos (Order No. PB 88-162 342/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Terbufos (Order No. PB 88-142 807/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Terephthalic Acid (Order No. PB 88-137 7321 AS; Cost:
12.95)
Tetra-, Penta- and Hexachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxins (Order
No. PB 88-103 833/AS; Cost: (24.95)
Tetra-, Penta-, and Hexachlorodibenzofurans (Order No. PB
88-107 008/AS; Cost: 13.95)
Toluidines (Order No. PB 88-130 0751 AS; Cost: 14.95)
Triallate (Order No. PB 88-119 417/AS; Cost: 12.95)
Trichloropropanes (Order No. PB 88-137 740/AS; Cost:
12.95)
Trifluralin (Order No. PB 88-162 375/AS; Cost: 14.95)
Trinitrophenols (Order No. PB 88-131 0811 AS; Cost: 12.95)
Vernolate (Order No. PB 88-137 815/AS; Cost: 12.95)
4-Vinyl-1-Cyclohexene (Order No. PB 88-105 9371 AS;
Cost: 11.95)
Zineb (Order No. PB 88-120 738/AS; Cost: 12.95)
For information, C.T. DeRosa can be contacted at:
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency _
""' Cincinnati, OH 45268 ""
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental Research
Information
Cincinnati OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/60Q'S8-88/072
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