United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S9-91/037 Dec. 1991
vxEPA Project Summary
Proceedings: The 1991
International Symposium on
Radon and Radon Reduction
Technology
Timothy M. Dyess, Compiler
The proceedings of the 1991 Interna-
tional Symposium on Radon and Radon
Reduction Technology are contained in
four volumes. Volume 1 contains three
opening session papers and 31 oral pa-
pers from Sessions I through V. Volume
2 contains 31 oral papers from Sessions
VI through X. Volume 3 contains 14 panel
session papers and 19 poster papers
from Sessions I through V. Volume 4
contains 21 poster papers from Ses-
sions VI through X. The presentation of
these papers provided an opportunity
for and stimulated the exchange of infor-
mation among participants on a variety
of topics relating to indoor radon and its
control.
The symposium was jointly sponsored
by the EPA's Air and Energy Engineer-
Ing Research Laboratory (AEERL), the
EPA Off ice of Radiation Programs (ORP),
and the Conference of Radiation Control
Program Directors (CRCPD), Inc. The
meeting was held in Philadelphia, PA,
April 2-5,1991. Participants included over
400 individuals representing federal,
state, and local governments, radon mea-
surement companies, radon mitigation
companies, research organizations,
academia, construction companies, real
estate and relocation companies, and
school facilities.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to highlight key findings of the
symposium. The results of recent re-
search are fully documented In the four
volumes of the proceedings by the same
title. (Information for ordering the full
proceedings is at the back of this Sum-
mary.)
Introduction
The co-chairpersons of the symposium
were Timothy M. Dyess of EPA-AEERL,
Susan M. Conrath of EPA-ORP, and Charles
M. Hardin of CRCPD. The Opening Ad-
dress was given by Charles M. Hardin,
Executive Director of CRCPD, who briefed
the audience on the history and objectives
of that organization. The Welcome Address
was given by Edwin B. Erickson, Adminis-
trator of EPA Region 3. The Lead Address,
entitled "Comparative Dosrmetry of Radon
in Mines and Homes: and Overview of the
MAS Report," was presented by Jonathan
M. Samet of the New Mexico Tumor Regis-
try at the University of New Mexico. This
paper addressed the results of recent risk
estimate calculations by the National Acad-
emy of Sciences. The Keynote Address,
given by John R. Garrison, Managing Direc-
tor of the American Lung Association, fo-
cused on ways to promote public respect for
the health hazard which indoor radon pre-
sents.
In all, 65 oral papers, 14 panel session
papers, and 40 poster papers were pre-
sented. The papers addressed awide range
of radon topics: government programs and
policies, health studies, health risk commu-
nication, measurement methods, radon re-
duction methods in existing houses, radon
transport and entry dynamics, survey re-
sults, geological data, radon-resistant new
construction methods, and radon measure-
ment and mitigation in schools and large
buildings.
The symposium speakers included EPA
personnel, representatives from federal and
state environmental/health agencies, re-
search and development groups, academic
and medical personnel, manufacturers of
testing equipment, and those in the con-
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Research and Development
EPA/600/S9-91/037 Dec. 1991
Project Summary
Proceedings: The 1991
International Symposium on
Radon and Radon Reduction
Technology
Timothy M. Dyess, Compiler
The proceedings of the 1991 Interna-
tional Symposium on Radon and Radon
Reduction Technology are contained in
four volumes. Volume 1 contains three
opening session papers and 31 oral pa-
pers from Sessions I through V. Volume
2 contains 31 oral papers from Sessions
VI through X. Volume 3 contains 14 panel
session papers and 19 poster papers
from Sessions I through V. Volume 4
contains 21 poster papers from Ses-
sions VI through X. The presentation of
these papers provided an opportunity
for and stimulated the exchange of infor-
mation among participants on a variety
of topics relating to indoor radon and its
control.
The symposium was Jointly sponsored
by the EPA's Air and Energy Engineer-
Ing Research Laboratory (AEERL), the
EPA Off ice of Radiation Programs (ORP),
and the Conference of Radiation Control
Program Directors (CRCPD), Inc. The
meeting was held in Philadelphia, PA,
April 2-5,1991. Participants included over
400 Individuals representing federal,
state, and local governments, radon mea-
surement companies, radon mitigation
companies, research organizations,
academia, construction companies, real
estate and relocation companies, and
school facilities.
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to highlight key findings of the
symposium. The results of recent re-
search are fully documented In the four
volumes of the proceedings by the same
title. (Information for ordering the full
proceedings is at the back of this Sum-
mary.)
Introduction
The co-chairpersons of the symposium
were Timothy M. Dyess of EPA-AEERL,
Susan M. Conrath of EPA-ORP, and Charles
M. Hardin of CRCPD. The Opening Ad-
dress was given by Charles M. Hardin,
Executive Director of CRCPD, who briefed
the audience on the history and objectives
of that organization. The Welcome Address
was given by Edwin B. Erickson, Adminis-
trator of EPA Region 3. The Lead Address,
entitled "Comparative Dosrmetry of Radon
in Mines and Homes: and Overview of the
MAS Report," was presented by Jonathan
M. Samet of the New Mexico Tumor Regis-
try at the University of New Mexico. This
paper addressed the results of recent risk
estimate calculations by the National Acad-
emy of Sciences. The Keynote Address,
given by John R. Garrison, Managing Direc-
tor of the American Lung Association, fo-
cused on ways to promote public respect for
the health hazard which indoor radon pre-
sents.
In all, 65 oral papers, 14 panel session
papers, and 40 poster papers were pre-
sented. The papers addressed awide range
of radon topics: government programs and
policies, health studies, health risk commu-
nication, measurement methods, radon re-
duction methods in existing houses, radon
transport and entry dynamics, survey re-
sults, geological data, radon-resistant new
construction methods, and radon measure-
ment and mitigation in schools and large
buildings.
The symposium speakers included EPA
personnel, representatives from federal and
state environmental/health agencies, re-
search and development groups, academic
and medical personnel, manufacturers of
testing equipment, and those in the con-
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
struction and real estate industries. Attend-
ees represented 14 countries otherthan the
U.S.: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland,
Greece, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the United
Kingdom, and Yugoslavia. The international
papers updated government policies, re-
sults of surveys, and technological develop-
ments in radon and radon reduction tech-
nology issues.
The session on government programs
and policies gave the audience a view of
how various government organizations, in
both the U.S. and Europe, assess the radon
problem. A paper by a representative of the
Commission of European Communities
summarized efforts that are being made
collectively by the European countries. A
representative of the International Atomic
Energy Agency called for a global effort to
unify the approach to understanding the
issues of radon in the indoor environment.
Two programs in the U.S. were described
and compared, those of the Department of
Energy (DOE) and the EPA. The DOE pro-
gram on indoor air described its objective as
one of developing information to enable an
improved health risk estimate for radon
exposure so that sound public policy may
be developed. In somewhat of a contrast,
the EPA summarized its mission as public
protection, citing that sufficient studies link
radon to lung cancer, and that immediate
action is required in order to reduce the
health threat that radon poses to the public.
In the health effects session, two papers
by the New Mexico Tumor Registry sug-
gested that ecological studies cannot cur-
rently address the gaps in the scientific
understanding of indoor radon and lung
cancer risk; however, further follow-up of
miner data, animal experiments, and well-
designed epidemiological studies should
reduce the uncertainty. Results of current
animal studies were presented by Pacific
Northwest Laboratory, indicating that lung
tumors were the principal biological effects
observed in male Wistar rats and that the
risk of lung tumors in the animals was simi-
lar to that predicted in humans by the BEIR
IV study. The results of studies using glass
as a retrospective radon measurement de-
vice were presented in two papers, one
from Europe and the other from the U.S.
These papers indicated continued advance-
ment in the technology of measurement of
absorbed Pb-214 and Pb-210 in the surface
of glass to determine long-term radon expo-
sure.
Risk communication was a key topic of
the symposium. In the health effects ses-
sion, one paper compared the health risks
associated with radon to other more readily
recognized risks, including exposure to poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), asbestos, and
drunk drivers. A panel session was con-
ducted to address current risk communica-
tion activities by various organizations. A
paper from Rutgers University delineated
the sciences of risk communication as it
relates to the indoor radon issue. The Ameri-
can Lung Association presented informa-
tion describing their activities in communi-
cating the radon health risk to the public and
some initial results of this program. The
EPA described their work with the Advertis-
ing Council to devebp the first wave of a
nationwide radon advertising campaign, with
the goal of motivating people to test their
houses for radon and to fix houses where
elevated levels are detected. The State of
Kentucky described their efforts in risk com-
munication through a network enlisting com-
munity support in promoting radon testing
and follow-up actions to reduce elevated
levels.
The measurement methods session dealt
with current and developing technologies in
the measurement of radon and radon prog-
eny. The papers in this session included the
use of personal radon monitors to measure
the exposure of occupants to radon, a de-
vice that measures ion concentrations in
the air, and the use of a Graded Screen
Array for measurement of radon decay prod-
uct activity size distributions. A comparison
of measured radon levels in basements in
New Jersey to radon levels measured in the
living areas of 983 residences suggested
that the measurement of radon in base-
ments increasingly overestimates actual
exposures as radon concentrations rise,
resulting in a high proportion of false posi-
tives. A Finnish paper presented methods
to predict radon availability in future con-
struction sites from the use of indoor radon
measurements.
Two panel sessions regarding measure-
ment of radon were also held at the sympo-
sium. A session on determining radon mea-
surement tampering was of particular inter-
est to those in the radon measurement and
real estate transaction businesses. A pre-
sentation of the status of current efforts to
develop guidance to assist consumers in
real estate transactions was presented by
the EPA. An overview was given of the
Indiana Responsible Property Transfer Law,
which requires disclosure of the presence
of radon gas in many commercial real es-
tate transactions in that state. The Ameri-
can Association of Radon Scientists and
Technologists (AARST) presented their re-
cently developed guidelines for radon and
radon decay product testing in real estate
transactions of residential dwellings. A re-
port by the state of New Jersey described a
method to determine the accuracy of radon
measurements through statistical analysis
using a test-difference curve. A presenta-
tion was made on recently developed soft-
ware that can be used to ensure quality
assurance in radon measurements. A pa-
per demonstrated how grab sampling, as a
secondary measurement strategy, can be
used to provide improved quality assur-
ance. The other panel session on radon
measurement concerned the use of short-
term measurements to determine long-
term radon concentrations in houses. A
paper by Princeton University evaluated
temperature correction as a method to
estimate long-term average concentra-
tions. Another paper addressed the devel-
opment of a protocol for post-construction
indoor radon measurement in Florida
houses using short-term measurements.
Results were also presented on a study to
determine the relationship between 2-day,
wintertime, closed-house measurements
and annual living area averages in base-
ment and nonbasement houses in the U.S.
In the radon reduction session, various
methods of reducing radon levels in existing
houses were presented. An EPA follow-up
study of 40 houses with high premitigated
radon levels found that a significant number
of the systems were not achieving the EPA
guideline of 4 pCi L1 due to various factors
such as exhaust re-entrainment and radon
from water sources. Various methods to
decrease levels were also presented, in-
cluding natural ventilation and a method to
increase pressure field extension for active
soil depressurization using a pressure
washer.
The session on radon entry dynamics
focused on current work in modeling and
measurement of radon transport through
soil, radon entry into structures, and interior
house dynamics. Results were presented
from models developed by Lawrence Ber-
keley Laboratories to determine entry of
radon into slab-on-grade houses typical of
Florida housing stock, and by Pacific North-
west Laboratory to determine the effect of
wind on the driving forces for radon entry.
A study of radon entry into Swedish dwell-
ings compared factors affecting entry into
these structures with similar factors in the
New Jersey Piedmont research houses. A
technique to quantify the potential for pres-
sure-driven entry of soil gas was presented;
it found, in six New Mexico houses, that
locations along the perimeter of slab floors
had soil gas entry potentials approximately
18 times greater and radon entry potential
approximately 10 times greater than loca-
tions more central to the slab. A paper
presented by Rogers and Associates Engi-
neering gave results of recent measure-
ments of radon diffusion through a sample
-------
of typical Florida concretes, and identified
diffusion as a significant contributor to ra-
don entry. A presentation by the U.S. De-
partment of Energy reported that pressure-
driven flow accounted for only a small frac-
tion of the total radon entering three base-
ment houses studied in Colorado, thus indi-
cating that diffusion of radon through the
concrete was significant.
The radon surveys session presented
results from current studies of large samples
of radon measurements in various locali-
ties. Results of the radon survey in U.S.
federal buildings were presented, indicat-
ing that office buildings are not immune to
radon problems and that radon may be
transported throughout a building by the
ventilation system, resulting in a larger ex-
posure potential for workers in buildings
with elevated levels of radon. A study of
radon measurements in 1,600 Swiss homes
estimates that the average indoor radon
concentration for the Swiss population is 2
pCi L1 and that 5% of them are exposed to
concentrations exceeding 5 pCi L1. A sur-
vey of 966 housing units in Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada, found wintertime radon
concentrations approximately twice as high
as those of summertime. Results from a
survey of public school buildings in the state
of Maine found that there was at least one
room above 4 pCi L1 in 32% of the school
buildings measured, and that 8.7% of all
rooms tested had a radon level equal to or
greater than 4 pCi L1. A study conducted in
Greek spas found that thermal spring wa-
ters used in water-physiotherapy are rich in
Radium-226 and Radon-222 and that work-
ers in the spas receive doses between 10%
and 30% more than the effective dose
equivalents limit. A session was also con-
ducted regarding the geologic occurrence
of radon in the environment. The U.S. Geo-
logical Survey presented a preliminary ra-
don potential of the U.S. broken into 55
geologic provinces. A paper reported the
results of measurements of ambient levels
in and near coal-fired power plants and
phosphate fertilizer plants in the Croatian
region of Yugoslavia. Two papers found
correlations between soil radon measure-
ments and indoor radon measurements in
houses in Minnesota and southern Califor-
nia.
The state programs and policies session
provided information about current activi-
ties in U.S. state governments pertaining to
programs dealing with radon. The states of
Washington, Kentucky, and New Jersey
presented status reports on their programs
funded by the EPA Innovative Grants Pro-
gram. A paper was delivered on the devel-
opment of the Connecticut laws that com-
bine requirements for successful comple-
tion of both state registration and federal
proficiency programs inorderfor radon miti-
gation contractors to perform mitigation work
in that state. The New Jersey paper also
detailed the history of its program and cur-
rent efforts to adopt a certification program
for testers and mitigators.
Radon prevention in new construction
provided the latest technology and experi-
ences in constructing radon-resistant hous-
ing. A paper by the University of Colorado
concluded that there was a significant dif-
ference in post-mitigation indoor radon con-
centrations between preconstruction and
post-construction mitigated houses and that
preconstruction mitigated houses exhibited
the lower radon average. A double-barrier
approach to prevent soil gas entry into struc-
tures was presented as an innovative
strategy to construct a radon-resistant struc-
ture. A paper by the Washington State En-
ergy Office described a research house
constructed to demonstrate that energy ef-
ficiency and adequate indoor air quality
could be achieved using a two-cell barrier-
enhanced pressure-difference control sys-
tem. Another innovative mitigation system
was presented, involving the use of a mini-
fan for active soil depressurization. Results
of a demonstration involving mitigation of a
new multi-housing unit with an inaccessible
crawlspace were presented by the EPA. A
report by Princeton University on the effect
of subslab aggregate size on active soil
depressurization pressure field extension
found that the permeability of soil around
the foundation walls and periphery of the
residence is a more crucial parameter af-
fecting the pressure field extension than the
permeability of the gravel bed.
A session on radon in schools and other
large buildings provided the latest informa-
tion regarding this emerging field of study.
An EPA paper described seasonal varia-
tions found for short- and long-term mea-
surements in 21 public schools. Results of
the EPA School Evaluation Team were pre-
sented, recommending a holistic approach
that considers the broader issues of indoor
air quality, comfort, cost, and energy issues
in school buildings. A number of papers
dealt with the effects that operation of heat-
ing, ventilation, and airconditioning (HVAC)
systems have on radon levels in schools.
These papers cited a lack of adequate main-
tenance and energy-reduction techniques
as contributors to high radon levels and
poor indoor air quality in the school build-
ings studied. Mitigation techniques for
crawlspace-foundation schools and a large
commercial office building were also pre-
sented. The EPA presented, as a final pa-
per for this session, a report discussing
features having the greatest effect on radon
levels in school buildings and a recommen-
dation on design parameters to be applied
when constructing new radon-resistant
school buildings.
Volume 1 — Papers
Volume 1 contains 3 papers that were
delivered at the opening session and 31
papers presented orally in the five sessions
listed below. The titles, principal authors,
and affiliations are listed below for each
session.
Opening Session
The Conference of Radiation Control Pro-
gram Directors, Inc. Its Beginning, Role,
and Operation
Charles M. Hardin, Executive Director,
CRCPD
Comparative Dosimetry of Radon in Mines
and Homes: An Overview of the NAS Re-
port
Jonathan M. Samet, New Mexico Tumor
Registry, University of New Mexico
Keynote Address
John R. Garrison, Managing Director,
American Lung Association
Session I: Government
Programs and Policies Relating
to Radon
The Need for a Coordinated International
Assessment of the Radon Problem
Friedrich Steinhausler, International
Atomic Energy Agency, Austria
European Radon Research Sponsored by
the Commission of European Communities
Martial Olast, Jaak Sinnaeve, and
Augustin Janssens, CEC, Belgium
The UK Radon Programme
Michael O'Riordan, National Radiologi-
cal Protection Board, UK
The U.S. DOE Radon Research Program: A
Different Viewpoint
Susan L. Rose, Office of Energy Re-
search, U. S. DOE
Policies and Progress of EPA's Radon Ac-
tion Program (Abstract)
Margo Oge, EPA - Office of Radiation
Programs
Session II: Radon-Related
Health Studies
Residential Radon Exposure and Lung
Cancer in Women (Paper Withdrawn)
Goran Pershagen, Karolinska Institute,
Sweden
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An Evaluation of Ecological Studies of In-
door Radon and Lung Cancer
Christine Stidley and Jonathan M. Samet,
New Mexico Tumor Registry, University of
New Mexico
Review of Radon and Lung Cancer Risk
(Abstract)
Jonathan M. Samet, University of New
Mexico; and Richard Hornung, NIOSH
Lung Cancer in Rats Exposed to Radon/
Radon Progeny (Abstract)
F. T. Cross and G. E. Dagle, Pacific
Northwest Laboratory
Startling Radon Risk Comparisons
JoAnne D. Martin, DMA-RADTECH, Inc.
Estimating Radon Levels from Polonium-
210 in Glass
J. Cornelis, State University of Gent; Hans
Vanmarcke, Nuclear Research Center,
Belgium; and C. Landsheere and A. Poffijn,
State University of Gent, Belgium
Expanded and Upgraded Tests of the Lin-
ear-No Threshold Theory for Radon-Induced
Lung Cancer
Bernard L. Cohen, University of Pitts-
burgh
Session III: Measurement
Methods
Current Status of Glass as a Retrospective
Radon Monitor
Richard Lively, Minnesota Geological
Survey; and Daniel Steck, St. John's Uni-
versity
Soil Gas Measurement Technologies
Harry E. Rector, GEOMETTechnologies,
Inc.
Results from a Pilot Study to Compare
Residential Radon Concentrations with Oc-
cupant Exposures Using Personal Monitor-
ing
B. R. Litt, New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection; J. M. Waldman,
UMDNJ; and N. H. Harley and P. Chittaporn,
New York University Medical Center
Rapid Determination of the Radon Profile in
a Structure by Measuring Ions in the Ambi-
ent Atmosphere
W. G. Buckman and H. B. Steen III,
Western Kentucky University
Intercomparison of Activity Size Distribution
Measurements with Manual and Automated
Diffusion Batteries - Field Test
P. K. Hopke and P. Wasiolek, Clarkson
University; E. O. Knutson, K. W. Tu, and C.
Gogolak, U.S. DOE; A. Cavallo and K.
Gadsby, Princeton University; and D. Van
Cleef, EPA - NAREL
Influence of Radon Concentrations on the
Relationship Among Radon Measurements
Within Dwellings (Abstracts)
Judith B. Klotz, Janet B. Schoenberg,
and Homer B. Wilcox, NJ Department of
Health
The Use of Indoor Radon Measurements
and Geological Data in Assessing the Ra-
don Risk of Soil and Rock in Construction
Sites in Tampere
Anne Voutilainen and Nona Makelainen,
Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear
Safety
Session IV: Radon Reduction
Methods
Causes of Elevated Post-Mitigation Radon
Concentrations in Basement Houses Hav-
ing Extremely High Pre-Mitigation Levels
D. Bruce Henschel, EPA - Office of Re-
search and Development; and Arthur G.
Scott, AMERICAN ATCON, Inc.
A Measurement and Visual Inspection Cri-
tique to Evaluate the Quality of Sub-Slab
Ventilation Systems
Richard W. Tucker, Gemini Research,
Inc.; and Keith S. Fimian, Radonics, Inc.
Pressure Field Extension Using a Pressure
Washer
William P. Brodhead, WPB Enterprises
A Variable and Discontinuous Sub-Slab Ven-
tilation System and Its Impact on Radon
Mitigation
Willy V. Abeele, New Mexico Environ-
mental Improvement Division
Natural Basement Ventilation as a Radon
Mitigation Technique
A. Cavallo, K. Gadsby, and T.A. Reddy,
Princeton University
Session V: Radon Entry
Dynamics
A Modeling Examination of Parameters Af-
fecting Radon and Soil Gas Entry Into
Florida-Style Slab-on-Grade Houses
R. G. Sextro, K. L. Revzan, and W. J.
Fisk, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Effect of Winds in Reducing Sub-Slab Ra-
don Concentrations Under Houses Laid
Over Gravel Beds
P. C. Owczarski, D. J. Holford, K. W.
Burk, H. D. Freeman, and G. W. Gee, Pa-
cific Northwest Laboratory
Radon Entry Into Dwellings Through Con-
crete Floors
K. K. Nielson and V. C. Rogers, Rogers
and Associates Engineering Corporation
Radon Dynamics in Swedish Dwellings: A
Status Report
Lynn M. Hubbard, Nils Hagberg, Anita
Enflo, and Gun Astri Swedjemark, Swedish
Radiation Protection Institute
Soil Gas and Radon Entry Potentials for
Slab-on-Grade Houses
Bradley H. Turk, New Mexico; David
Grumm, Yanxia Li, and Stephen D. Schery,
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech-
nology; and D. Bruce Henschel, EPA -
Office of Research and Development
Direct Measurement of the Dependence of
Radon Flux Through Structure Boundaries
on Differential Pressure
D. T. Kendrick and G. Harold Langner,
Jr., U.S. DOE/Chem-NuclearGeotech, Inc.
Radon Resistance Under Pressure
William F. McKelvey, Versar, Inc.; and
Jay W. Davis, Versar A/E, Inc.
Volume 2 — Papers
Volume 2 contains 31 oral papers that
were presented. The titles, principal au-
thors, and affiliations are listed below for
each session.
Session VI: Radon Surveys
Factors Associated with Home Radon Con-
centrations in Illinois
Thomas J. Bierma and Jennifer O'Neill,
Illinois State University
Radon in Federal Buildings
Michael Boyd, EPA - Office of Radiation
Programs; and Terry Inge, S. Cohen &
Associates
Radon in Switzerland
H. Surbeck and H. Volkle, University
Perolles; and W. Zeller, Federal Office of
Public Health, Switzerland
A Cross-Sectional Survey of Indoor Radon
Concentrations in 966 Housing Units at the
Canadian Forces Base in Winnipeg,
Manitoba
D. A. Figley and J. T. Makohon,
Saskatchewan Research Council
Radon Studies in British Columbia,
Canada
D. R. Morley and B. G. Phillips, Ministry of
Health; M. M. Ghomshei, Orchard Geother-
mal, Inc.; and C. Van Netten, The Univer-
sity of British Columbia
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The State of Maine Schools Radon Project:
Results
Lee Grodzins, NITON Corporation; T.
Bradstreet, Division of Safety and Environ-
mental Services, Maine; and E. Moreau,
Department of Human Services, Maine
Radon in Belgium: The Current Situation
and Plans for the Future
A. Poffijn, State University of Gent; J. M.
Chariot, Polytechnical Faculty; E. Cottons
and S. Hallez, Ministry of Public Health; H.
Vanmarcke, Nuclear Research Center; and
P. Wouters, BBRI, Belgium
A Radiological Study of the Groek Radon
Spas
P. Kritidis, Institute of Nuclear Technol-
ogy - Radiation Protection, Greece
Session VII: State Programs
and Policies Relating to Radon
Washington State's Innovative Grant: Com-
munity Support Radon Action Team for
Schools
Patricia A. McLachlan, Department of
Health, Washington
Kentucky Innovative Grant: Radon in
Schools Telecommunication Project
M. Jeana Phelps, Kentucky Cabinet for
Human Resources; and Carolyn Rude-
Parkins, University of Louisville
Regulation of Radon Professionals by
States: the Connecticut Experience and
Policy Issues
Alan J. Siniscalchi, Zygmunt F. Dembek,
Nicholas Macelletti, Laurie Gokey, and Paul
Schur, Connecticut Department of Health
Services; Susan Nichols, Connecticut De-
partment of Consumer Protection; and
Jessie Stratton, State Representative, Con-
necticut General Assembly
New Jersey's Radon Program -1991
Jill A. Lapoti, New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
Session VIII: Radon Prevention
In New Construction
A Comparison of Indoor Radon Concentra-
tions Between Preconstruction and Post-
Construction Mitigated Single Family Dwell-
ings
James F. Burkhart, University of Colo-
rado at Colorado Springs; and Douglas L.
Kladder, Residential Service Network, Inc.
Radon Reduction in New Construction:
Double-Barrier Approach
C. Kunz, New York State Department of
Health
Radon Control - Towards a Systems Ap-
proach
R. M. Nuess and R. J. Prill, Washington
State Energy Office
Mini Fan for SSD Radon Mitigation in New
Construction
David W. Saum, INFILTEC
Building Radon Mitigation into Inaccessible
Crawlspace - New Residential Construction
D. Bruce Harris and A. B. Craig, EPA -
Office of Research and Development; Jerry
Haynes, Hunt Building Corporation
The Effect of Subslab Aggregate Size on
Pressure Field Extension
K. J. Gadsby, T. Agami Reddy, D. F.
Anderson, and R. Gafgen, Princeton Uni-
versity; and A. B. Craig, EPA - Office of
Research and Development
Session IX: Radon Occurrence
In the Natural Environment
Combining Mitigation and Geology: Indoor
Radon Reduction by Accessing the Source
Stephen T. Hall, Radon Control Profes-
sionals, Inc.
Preliminary Radon Potential Map of the
United States
L. C. S. Gundersen, R. R. Schumann, J.
K. Otton, R. F. Dubiel, D. E. Owen and K. A.
Dickenson, U. S. Geological Survey; and R.
T. Peake and S. J. Wirth, EPA - Office of
Radiation Programs
Technological Enhancement of Radon
Daughter Exposures Due to Non-nuclear
Energy Activities
Jadranka Kova6\ D. Cesar, and A.
Bauman, University of Zagreb, Yugoslavia
A Site Study of Soil Characteristics and Soil
Gas Radon
Richard Lively, Minnesota Geological
Survey; and Daniel Steck, St. John's Uni-
versity
Geological Parameters in Radon Risk As-
sessment - A Case History of Deliberate
Exploration
Donald Carlisle and Haydar Azzouz, Uni-
versity of California at Los Angeles
Session X: Radon In Schools
and Large Buildings
Seasonal Variation in Short-Term and Long-
Term Radon Measurements in Schools
Anita L. Schmidt, EPA - Office of Radia-
tion Programs; and John T. MacWaters and
Harry Chmelynski, S. Cohen & Associates
Diagnostic Evaluations of Twenty-six U. S.
Schools - EPA's School Evaluation Pro-
gram
Gene Fisher and Bob Thompson, EPA -
Office of Radiation Programs; Terry
Brennan, Camroden Associates; and Wil-
liam Turner, H. L. Turner Group
Extended Heating, Ventilating and Air Con-
ditioning Diagnostics in Schools in Maine
Terry Brennan, Camroden Associates;
Gene Fisher and Robert Thompson, EPA -
Office of Radiation Programs; and William
Turner, H. L. Turner Group
Mitigation Diagnostics: The Need for Un-
derstanding Both HVAC and Geologic Ef-
fects in Schools
Stephen T. Hall, Radon Control Profes-
sionals, Inc.
A Comparison of Radon Mitigation Options
for Crawl Space School Buildings
Bobby E. Pyle, Southern Research Insti-
tute; and Kelly W. Leovic, EPA - Office of
Research and Development
HVAC System Complications and Controls
for Radon Reduction in School Buildings
Kelly W. Leovic, D. Bruce Harris, and
Timothy M. Dyess, EPA - Office of Re-
search and Development; Bobby E. Pyle,
Southern Research Institute; Tom Borak,
Western Radon Regional Training Center;
and David W. Saum, INFILTEC
Radon Diagnosis in a Large Commercial
Office Building
David Saum and Marc Messing,
INFILTEC
Design of Radon-Resistant and Easy-to-
Mitigate New School Buildings
Alfred B. Craig, Kelly W. Leovic, and D.
Bruce Harris, EPA - Office of Research and
Development
Volumes — Papers
This volume contains 14 panel session
papers and 19 poster papers that were
presented. The titles, principal authors, and
affiliations are listed below for each session.
Panel Session I: Risk
Communication
Apathy vs. Hysteria, Science vs. Drama:
What Works in Radon Risk Communication
(Withdrawn)
Peter Sandman, Rutgers University
American Lung Association's Radon Public
Information Program
Leyla Erk McCurdy, American Lung As-
sociation
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Radon Media Campaign
Dennis Wagner and Mark D'ckson, EPA -
Office of Radiation Programs
Developing a Community Radon Outreach
Program: A Model for Statewide Implemen-
tation
M. Jeana Phelps, Kentucky Cabinet for
Human Resources
Panel Session II: Detection of
Radon Measurement Tampering
Policy and Technical Considerations for the
Development of EPA Guidance on Radon
and Real Estate
Lawrence Pratt, EPA - Office of Radiation
Programs
State Property Transfer Laws Now Include
Radon Gas Disclosure
Michael A. Nardi, The Nardi Group
Guidelines for Radon/Radon Decay Prod-
uct Testing in Real Estate Transactions of
Residential Dwellings
William P. Brodhead, AARST
How to Determine if Radon Measurement
Firms are Providing Accurate Readings
Herbert C. Roy and Mohammed Rahman,
New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection
What Happens When You Do 477 Radon
Inspections Preceded by Grab Samples?
(Abstract)
Marvin Goldstein, Building Inspection
Service, Inc.
Exploring Software Device Management
Routines that Ensure the Overall Quality of
Continuous Working Level and Continuous
Radon Monitor Performance in a Field En-
vironment
Richard Tucker, Gemini Research; and
Rick Holland, Radonics, Inc.
Use of Grab Samples as a Quality Assur-
ance Tool to Enhance Overall Radon Mea-
surement Accuracy and Reproducibility
Brian Fimian, Radonics, Inc.; and Rich-
ard Tucker, Gemini Research
Panel Session III: Short-Term/
Long-Term Measurement
Predicting Long-Term Indoor Radon Con-
centrations from Short-Term Measure-
ments: Evaluation of a Method Involving
Temperature Correction
T. Agami Reddy, A. Cavallo, K. Gadsby,
and R. Socolow, Princeton University
Correlation Between Short- and Long-Term
Indoor Radon Concentrations in Florida
Houses
Susan E. McDonough and Ashley
Williamson, Southern Research Institute;
and David C. Sanchez, EPA - Office of
Research and Development
Relationship Between Two-day Screening
Measurements of Radon-222 and Annual
Living Area Averages in Basement and
Nonbasement Houses
S. B. White, N. F. Rodman, and B. V.
Alexander, Research Triangle Institute; and
J. Phillips and F. Marcinowski, EPA - Office
of Radiation Programs
Poster Session I: Government
Programs and Policies Relating
to Radon
The State Indoor Radon Grants Program:
Analysis of Results After the First Year of
Funding (Withdrawn)
Laurie Amaro, EPA - Office of Radiation
Programs
EPA Radon Policy and Its Effects on the
Radon Industry
David Saum, INFILTEC
EPA's National Radon Contractor Profi-
ciency Program
G. Lee Salmon, John MacKinney, John
Hoornbeek, and Jed Harrison, EPA - Office
of Radiation Programs
Draft Guidance to States on Radon Certifi-
cation Programs
John Hoornbeek, EPA - Office of Radia-
tion Programs; and Barbara Zakheim, S.
Cohen & Associates
National Radon Measurement Proficiency
(RMP) Program
Philip P. Jalbert, John Hoornbeek, and
Jed Harrison, EPA - Office of Radiation
Programs
Poster Session II: Radon-
Related Health Studies
Occupational Safety During Radon Mitiga-
tion: Field Experience and Survey Monitor-
ing Results
Jean-Claude F. Dehmel, S. Cohen &
Associates; Peter Nowlan, R. F. Simon
Company; and Eugene Fisher, EPA - Of-
fice of Radiation Programs
Cost Benefit Analysis of Radon Mitigation
Systems in 157 Iowa and Nebraska Homes
Kenneth D. Wiggers and Tom D. Bullers,
American Radon Services, Ltd; and J.
Peter Mattila and Laurent Hodges, Iowa
State University
The Effect of Passive Cigarette Smoke on
Working Level Exposures in Homes
Raymond H. Johnson, Jr. and Randolph
S. Kline, Key Technology, Inc.; and Eric
Geiger and Augustine Rosario, Jr., Radon
QC
Poster Session III:
Measurement Methods
Characterization of Structures Using Simul-
taneous Single Source Continuous Work-
ing Level and Continuous Radon Gas Mea-
surements
Brian Fimian and John E. McGreevy,
Radonics, Inc.
Radon and Water Vapor Co-Adsorption on
Solid Adsorbents
Neguib M. Hassan, Tushar K. Ghosh,
Sudarshan K. Loyalka, and Anthony L
Hines, University of Missouri-Columbia
Calibration of Modified Electret Ion Cham-
ber for Passive Measurement of Radon-
222 (Thoron) in Air
P. Kotrappa and J. C. Dempsey, Rad
Elec, Inc.
Unit Ventilator Operation and Radon Con-
centrations in a Pennsylvania School
Norm Grant, Quoin Partnership; and Wil-
liam P. Brodhead, WPB Enterprises
Poster Session IV: Radon
Reduction Methods
Radon Mitigation Failure Modes
William M. Yeager, Research Triangle
Institute; D. Bruce Harris, EPA - Office of
Research and Development; and Terry
Brennan and Mike Clarkin, Camroden As-
sociates, Inc.
Mitigation by Sub-Slab Depressurization
Under Structures Founded on Relatively
Impermeable Sand
Donald A. Crawshaw and Geoffrey K.
Crawshaw, Pelican Environmental Corpo-
ration
A Laboratory Test of the Effects of Various
Rain Caps on Sub-Slab Depressurization
Systems
Mike Clarkin, Terry Brennan, and David
Fazikas, Camroden Associates, Inc.
Analysis of the Performance of a Radon
Mitigation System Based on Charcoal Beds
P. Wasiolek, N. Montassier, and P. K.
Hopke, Clarkson University; and R. Abrams,
RAd Systems, Inc.
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Control of Radon Releases in Indoor Com-
mercial Water Treatment
D. Bruce Harris and A. B. Craig, EPA -
Office of Research and Development
Poster Session V: Radon Entry
Dynamics
Model Calculations of the Interaction of a
Soil Depressurization System With the Ra-
don Entry Process
Ronald B. Mosley, EPA - Office of Re-
search and Development
Effects of Humidity and Rainfall on Radon
Levels in a Residential Dwelling
Albert Montague and William E. Belanger,
EPA - Region 3; and Francis J. Haughey,
Rutgers University
Volume 4 — Papers
This volume contains 21 poster papers
that were presented. The titles, principal
authors, and affiliations are listed below for
each session.
Poster Session VI: Radon
Surveys
A Cumulative Examination of the State/
EPA Radon Survey
Jeffrey L Phillips, EPA - Office of
Radiation Programs; and Jane W. Bergsten
and S. B. White, Research Triangle Institute
Seasonal Variation in Two-Day Screening
Measurements of Radon-222
Nat F. Rodman, Barbara V. Alexander,
and S. B. White, Research Triangle Insti-
tute; and Jeffrey Phillips and Frank
Marcinowski, EPA - Office of Radiation
Programs
The State of Maine School Radon Project:
Protocols and Procedures of the Testing
Program
LeeGrodzinsand Ethel G. Romm, NITON
Corporation; and Henry E. Warren, Bureau
of Public Improvement, Maine
Results of the Nationwide Screening for
Radon in DOE Buildings
Mark D. Pearson, D. T. Kendrick, and G.
H. Langner, Jr., DOE/Chem-Nuclear
Geotech, Inc.
Poster Session VII: State
Programs and Policies Relating
to Radon
Quality Assurance - The Key to Successful
Radon Programs in the 1990's
Raymond H. Johnson, Jr., Key Technol-
ogy, Inc.
Radon in Illinois: A Status Report
Richard Allen and Melanie Hamel-
Caspary, Illinois Department of Nuclear
Safety
Poster Session VIII: Radon
Prevention In New Construction
Radon Prevention in Residential New Con-
struction: Passive Designs That Work
C. Martin Grisham, National Radon Con-
sulting Group
Preliminary Results of HVAC System Modi-
fications to Control Indoor Radon Concen-
trations
Terry Brennan and Michael Clarkin,
Camroden Associates; Timothy M. Dyess,
EPA - Office of Research and Develop-
ment; and William Brodhead, Buffalo Homes
Correlation of Soil Radon Availability Num-
ber with Indoor Radon and Geology in Vir-
ginia and Maryland (Visuals only)
Stephen T. Hall, Radon Control Profes-
sionals, Inc.
Poster Session IX: Radon
Occurrence In the Natural
Environment
Geologic Evaluation of Radon Availability in
New Mexico: A Progress Report
Virginia T. McLemore and John W.
Hawley, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and
Mineral Resources; and Ralph A. Manchego,
New Mexico Environmental Improvement
Division
Paleozoic Granites in the Southeastern
United States as Sources of Indoor Radon
(Visuals only)
Stephen T. Hall, Radon Control Profes-
sionals, Inc.
Comparison of Long-Term Radon Detec-
tors and Their Correlations with Bedrock
Sources and Fracturing
Darioush T. Ghahremani, Radon Survey
Systems, Inc
Geologic Assessment of Radon-222 in
McLennan County, Texas
Mary L. Podsednik, Law Engineering,
Inc.
Radon Emanation from Fractal Surfaces
Thomas M. Semkow, Pravin P. Parekh,
and Charles O. Kunz, New York State De-
partment of Health and State University of
New York at Albany; and Charles D.
Schwenker, New York State Department of
Health
National Ambient Radon Study
Richard D. Hopper, Richard A. Levy, and
Rhonda C. Rankin, EPA - Office of Re-
search and Development; and Michael Boyd,
EPA - Office of Radiation Programs
Poster Session X: Radon In
Schools and Large Buildings
Design and Application of Active Soil De-
pressurization (ASD) Systems in School
Buildings
Kelly W. Leovic, A. B. Craig, and D. Bruce
Harris, EPA - Office of Research and Devel-
opment; Bobby E. Pyle, Southern Research
Institute; and Kenneth Webb, Bowling
Green, KY Public Schools
Radon in Large Buildings: Pre-Construc-
tion Soil Radon Surveys
Ralph A. Llewellyn, University of Central
Florida
Radon Measurements in North Dakota
Schools
Thomas H. Morth, Arlen L. Jacobson,
James E. Killingbeck, Terry D. Lindsey, and
Allen L. Johnson, North Dakota State De-
partment of Health and Consolidated Labo-
ratories
Major Renovation of Public Schools that
Includes Radon Prevention: A Case Study
of Approach, System Design and Installa-
tion, and Problems Encountered
Thomas Meehan.TFM/SAF - Air Radon
The State of Maine School Radon Project:
The Design Study
Henry E. Warren, Maine Bureau of Public
Improvement; and Ethel G. Romm, NITON
Corporation
Planning and Implementing the National
School Radon Survey
Lisa Ratcliff, EPA - Office of Radiation
Programs; and Jane W. Bergsten, Ronaldo
lachan, Harvey Zelon, and Lisa Williams,
Research Triangle Institute
.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992 - 648-080/40116
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