United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Research and Development
EPA/600/SC-93/002 July 1993
& EPA Project Summary
Updated User-Friendly
Computer Programs for
Solving Sampling and
Statistical Problems
Philip C. L. Lin
User-friendly computer programs for A.
solving sampling and related statistical
problems have been updated. Many Q.
more programs are included in the up-
dated version. Specific, detailed writ-
ten instructions and examples built into A.
the programs are provided so that the Q.
user can review them before using the
programs. The programs are designed
so that people without an in-depth un-
derstanding of statistics can easily use
them. A.
This Summary was developed by
EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Q.
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, to announce
updating of computer programs for
solving sampling and statistical prob-
lems (see ordering information at back). A.
Introduction
To help you select and use the com-
puter programs, a series of questions and Q.
answers has been developed. These ques;-
tions, which may aid in designing field
sampling programs and laboratory analy-
ses, are answered by directing you to the A.
proper program.
Q. Which program will determine how
many samples must be taken to
reduce the anticipated error to some Q.
reasonably fixed value?
A. Program 9, "Calculation of Sample
Number Based on the Accuracy of
the Sample Variance," or program
10, "Calculation of Sample Number
Based on the Accuracy of the A.
Sample Mean."
Q. How can I find the probability of an Q.
emission exceeding a standard? >
By using program 11, "Probability
of Exceeding a Standard."
Which program will test whether a
sample belongs in a particular
population?
Program 12, "Hypothesis Testing."
Which program should be used to
find the sampling frequency
required to capture a significant
event in a long-term monitoring
program?
Program 13, "Power Spectrum
Analysis."
To determine the sample mean,
standard deviation, and confidence
intervals for the mean and variance,
which program should be used?
Program 8, "Calculation of Sample
Mean, Standard Deviation, and
Confidence Intervals for Population
Mean and Variance."
Which program should be used to
correlate observed data in a linear
manner for one or two independent
variables?
Program 2, "Linear Regression," for
one independent variable and
program 25, "Multiple Regression,"
for two independent variables.
A material is treated by two different
processes. Would there be any
justification for saying that a
difference existed between the two
processes? Which program should
be used to answer this question?
Program 16, "Comparing Two
Means."
New equipment is used to measure
a compound and it is expected that
the measurement uniformity would
Printed on Recycled Paper
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improve. The questions to ask are:
does the improvement really exist?
has it occurred by chance? Which
program should be used to test for
the significant difference between
variances of the two samples?
A. Program 19, 'Test for Significant
Difference between Variability of
Two Samples."
Q. Materials may be treated differently.
Which program should be used to
separate the treatment effects from
the random errors in determining
whether the treatment effects do
statistically exist?
A. Program 22, "Analysis of Variance
for Samples with Random Errors
and Treatment Effects."
Q. Materials may be treated differently
and are analyzed by using different
laboratory instruments. Which
program should be used to separate
the treatment effects from the
random errors and the instrument
effects (block effects) in determining
whether the treatment effects do
statistically exist?
A. Program 23, "Analysis of Variance
for Samples with Random Errors,
Treatment Effects, and One Block
Variable."
Q. Materials may be treated differently
and are analyzed by using different
laboratory instruments under
different conditions (such as
different days or temperatures).
Which program should be used to
separate the treatment effects from
the random errors, the instrument
effects (a block variable), and the
different conditions (another block
variable) in determining whether the
treatment effects do statistically
exist?
A. Program 24, "Analysis of Variance
and Latin Square Design for
Samples with Random Errors,
Treatment Effects, and Two Block
Variables."
Instructions for Using Sampling
Programs on the IBM PC
To load and use these programs on the
IBM PC or compatible computer:
Place the program disc in the selected
drive and type RRELSTAT and press EN-
TER. The program menu will appear on
the screen of the monitor. (Note: the pro-
grams can also be copied to the hard
disk.)
* PROGRAM MENU PAGE 1 ...*
1. Introduction
2. Linear Regression
3. Calculation of Normal Deviate Z
4. Calculation of the Percentage Area
of Normal Distribution for One or
Two Tailed Test
5. Calculation of Student T
6. Calculation of the Percentage Area
of Student T Distribution for One or
Two Tailed Test
7. Calculation of Chi Square
8. Calculation of Sample Mean,
Standard Deviation, and Confidence
Intervals for the Population Mean
and Variance
9. Calculation of Sample Number
Based on the Accuracy of the
Variance
10. Calculation of Sample Number
Based on the Accuracy of the
Sample Mean
11. Calculation of the Probability of
Exceeding a Standard
12. Hypothesis Testing
13. Power Spectrum Analysis
14. Proceed to Next Page
15. Quit
Type the desired option number and
press ENTER.
Type the option number and press
ENTER. The desired program will appear
on the screen of the monitor. If option
number 14, is selected, then program
menu 2 will appear as follows:
***************************************************
* PROGRAM MENU PAGE 2 *
* ***************************************************
16. Comparing Two Means
17. Calculation of the Percentage Area
in F-Distribution
18. Calculation of the F Value in F-
Distribution
19. Test for Significant Difference
between Variabilities of Two
Samples
20. Test 'for Significant. Difference.
between the Population Variance
and the Sample Variance
21. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for
Samples with Random Errors
22. Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) for
Samples with Random Errors and
Treatment Effects
23. Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) for
Samples with Random Errors,
Treatment Effects and Block Effects
24. Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) and
Latin Square Design for Samples
with Random Errors, Treatment
Effects and Two Block Variables
25. Multiple Regression
26. Return to Previous Page
Type the desired option number and
press ENTER.
After the desired program is run, one of
several choices can be selected:
(a) go back to program menu,
(b) do another calculation, or
(c) quit
by typing the requested number and press-
ing ENTER.
The diskette was submitted by Philip C.
L. Lin under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1993 - 750-071/80022
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Philip C. L Lin (also the EPA Project Officer) is with the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 45268.
The diskette, entitled "Updated User-Friendly Computer Programs for Solving
Sampling and Statistical Problems," (Order No. PB93-505907AS; Cost:
$90.00, subject to change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
EPA/600/SC-93/002
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