United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA/600/SR-92/006 Feb. 1992
Project Summary
Identification and
Characterization of Missing or
Unaccounted for Area Source
Categories
S. Kersteter, D. Zimmerman, R. Cawkwell, A. Chadha, B. Henning, M. Henning,
T. Lynch, P. Marsosudiro, W. Tax, D. Winkler, and G. Woodall, Jr.
Area source emissions of participate
matter (TSP), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ox-
ides of nitrogen (NO ), reactive volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon
monoxide (CO) are estimated annually
by the National Air Data Branch (NADB)
of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards. Area sources include all
mobile sources and any stationary
sources that are too small, difficult, or
numerous to be inventoried as point
sources. The NADB defines an area
source as an anthropogenic mobile or
stationary source that emits less than
100tons*peryearof TSP, SO , NOx, VOC,
and CO.TheoriginalNationaf Emissions
Data System (NEDS) area source meth-
odologies and algorithms were devel-
oped in 1973 and 1974, using 1960 cen-
sus data, and identified 64 area source
categories. The National Acid Precipita-
tion Assessment Program (NAPAP) ex-
panded the NEDS area source category
list to 97 categories.
Chapter 4 of Procedures for the Prepa-
ration of Emission Inventories for Pre-
cursors of Ozone, Volume I (EPA-450/4-
88-021, December 1988) lists area sou rce
categoriesto be included in a State Imple-
mentation Plan (SIP) inventory. The list
of area source categories to be invento-
ried and the emissions estimation meth-
odologies given in the SIP guidance dif-
fer noticeably from the NEDS categories
and methodologies. While emissions
sources included in NEDS and SIP in-
ventories cover a large portion of an-
thropogenic emissions, many smaller
source categories are not included in
either inventory. Identification, charac-
*1 ton = 907 kg.
terization, and inclusion of these cat-
egories and their emissions in the inven-
tory program will result in a more thor-
ough and complete emissions inven-
tory.
This report gives results of work com-
pleted under three work assignments
under EPA Contract 68-D9-0173. The
objectives of this work were to identify
and characterize emissions sources not
currently accounted for by either the
existing NEDS or SIP area source meth-
odologies. In all, 70 missing source
categories were characterized, to the
extent possible, in 12 areas:
definition/description of the category
and activity
process breakdown (if applicable)
importance of the category (i.e., rea-
son for considering the category)
pollutants emitted
estimate of the pollutant levels
point/area source cutoff (i.e., does the
category have both a point source and
an area source component?)
level of detail of available information
level of detail required by users
emission factor requirements
regional, seasonal, or temporal char-
acteristics
urban or rural characteristics
potential emissions estimation meth-
odology
This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to announce key findings of
the research project that is fully docu-
mented in a separate report of the same
title (see Project Report ordering infor-
mation at back).
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Introduction
A mJsslngor unaccounted forsource cat-
egory is one that does not explicitly appear
on the NEDS area source category list or
the SIP area source category list as pre-
sented in Chapter 4 of Procedures for the
Preparation of Emission Inventory for Pre-
cursors of Ozone, Volume I (EPA-450/4-
88-021, December 1988). Exceptions to
this generic definition include, for example,
residential liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
consumption, and light-duty diesel passen-
ger cars and trucks. Residential LPG con-
sumption is not explicitly listed as a NEDS
area source category but is accounted for
within the methodology for residential natu-
ral gas consumption. Light-duty diesel pas-
senger cars and trucks are also not explic-
itly accounted for in the NEDS mobile
sources methodology, although diesel ve-
hicle miles traveled (VMT) and diesel fuel
consumption are assigned to the heavy
dutydjeselcategory. Examples of true miss-
ing or unaccounted for source categories
include cooling towers, street sweeping,
street sanding, restaurant charbroiling* op-
erations (wood- or charcoal-fired), and air-
craft cruise (inflight) operations.
Addressing the area of missing or
unaccounted for source categories involves
several steps:
Identifying source categories
data gathering and initial characterization
of categories
priority ranking of characterized catego-
ries
* more detailed. In-depth characterization
of high ranking categories and emissions
estimation methodology development
This project was designed to identify and
characterize the missing or unaccounted
for area sources. The complete effort has
been divided into phases. In all, 70 missing
or unaccounted for source categories were
identified.
Identification of Missing or
Unaccounted for Source
Categories
Missing or unaccounted for source cat-
egories were identified by contacting vari-
ous individuals and groups, conducting lit-
erature searches, reviewing the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) and
Superfund Amendments and Reautho-
rization Act (SARA) Title III, investigating
changing technologies, and reviewing other
information sources (e.g., in-house knowl-
Ctuitmtl b usod as defined In Webster's New World
CHcUonaryoftho American Language, Second College
Ed»ton.Sknon4ScnusIor.lnc..N8wYorfc,NY. 1986.
edge, telephone bookyellowpages). Groups
and individuals contacted include: EPAper-
sonnel, including Regional SIP representa-
tives and other knowledgeable personnel
from the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards (OAQPS), Office of Mobile
Sources (QMS), Office of Toxic Substances
(OTS), Air and Energy Engineering Re-
search Laboratory (AEERL), and Atmo-
spheric Research and Exposure Assess-
ment Laboratory (AREAL); state and local
agencies; NAP AP participants; Environment
Canada; trade and professional organiza-
tions; and environmental groups.
Apartial list of missing or unaccountedfor
categories identified by this process include:
roofing activities; airport, rail yard, and ma-
rine port support activities; charbroiling;
automobile fires; paving or traffic paints;
road and highway construction; and winer-
ies. Some contacts provided information
useful for characterizing the categories or
estimating emissions from the categories.
In addition, several contacts expressedcon-
cern about current methodologies.
The National Technical Information Ser-
vice (NTIS) database, ChemAbstracts (us-
ing the Dialog Information Service), EPA
holdings, and Triangle university collections
were searched for reports or papers identi-
fying emissions sources not included in
NEDS or SIP methodologies. The NTIS
database was searched through the CD-
ROM system for the period 1985 through
April 1990. General keyword identifiers
(e.g., area source, emission inventory) were
used, as well as specific category keyword
identifiers (e.g., cooling tower, pesticide air
emissions). Approximately 135 pages of
bibliographic information with abstracts'were
reviewed. Many of the citations referred to
documentation from the 1980 and 1985
NAPAP inventories. Ten documents were
selected for further review. These NTIS
documents were retrieved on fiche from the
North Carolina State University public docu-
ments collection.
No relevant citations were identified from
the EPA holdings search or an on-line title
and subject search of the Triangle Univer-
sity Bibliographic Information Service (BIS).
An initial search of ChemAbstracts (1967 to
the present) produced 60 citations and bib-
liographic citations, which were reviewed.
Relevant documents were retrieved from
the EPA/ERC Library and Duke University's
Engineering Library.
Other information sources reviewed in-
clude annual Air and Waste Management
Association (AWMA) (formerly Air Pollution
Control Association) proceedings, AWMA
specialty session proceedings, EPRI docu-
ments, Third Party NAPAP review docu-
mentation, and state NAPAP review com-
ments.
Those documents identified during the
literature search and considered useful for
this work assignment were summarized
briefly forthis report. A comment was added
after each document summary to charac-
terize the relevant source types and useful-
ness of information in the document. Docu-
ments summarized include:
Hazardous Waste TSDF (Treatment, Stor-
age, and Disposal Facilities): Fugitive
Particulate Matter Air Emissions Guid-
ance Document, C. Cowherd et al., EPA-
450/3-89-019 (PB90-103250), May 1989.
Area Sources of VOC (Volatile Organic
Compounds) Emissions and Their Contri-
bution to Tropospheric Ozone Concentra-
tions, M. Kosusko and S.L. Nolan, EPA-
600/D-89-075 (PB89-181291), June 1989.
Screening-Level Assessment of Airborne
Carcinogen Risks from Uncontrolled
Waste Sites, T.F. Wolfinger, JAPCA
39:461-468, April 1989.
Ethanol Emissions and Control for Wine
Fermentation Tanks, California Air Re-
sources Board, ARB/ML-88-027 (PB88-
223540), April 1989.
Assessment of Non-Regulated Sources
in the Seattle Area, G.M. Savage and H.
Sharpe, Waste Management and Re-
search 5:1159-171,1989.
PMJO Emission Factors for Specialized
Open Dust Sources, C. Cowherd and M.A.
Grelinger, In Proceedings of the 81st An-
nual Meeting ofAPCA, Dallas, TX, June
19-24,1988(88-718.3).
Evaluation of Emissions from Selected
Uninventoried Sources in the State of
California, Radian Corporation, ARB/R-
88-343 (PB88-215215), April 1988.
Sources and Concentration of Chloroform
Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin,
Science Applications International Cor-
poration, ARB-R-88/344 (PB88-215678),
April 1988.
Updating Nontraditional VOC Source In-
ventories, R.M. Leone, E.W. Davis, and
A.D. Jones, In Proceedings of the 80th
Annual Meeting ofAPCA, New York, NY,
June 21-26, 1987 (87-58.2).
Photochemical!/ Reactive Organic Com-
pound Emissions from Consumer and
Commercial Products, A. Jones et al.,
EPA-902/4-86-001 (PB88-216940), No-
vember 1986.
Determination of Air Toxic Emissions from
Non-Traditional Sources in the Puget
Sound Region, Engineering-Science,
EPA-910/9-86-148 (PB87-123550), April
1986.
Air Toxics Technical Assistance for the
State of Alaska, R. Dickson, S. Peoples,
and W. Oliver, EPA-910/9-87-159 (PB89-
217897), March 1987.
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Effect of Wind Speed on the Atmospheric
Levels of Particles Produced by Tradi-
tional and Nontraditional Sources on the
Island of Curacao, E. Sanhueza, J.
Romero, and E. Gijsbertha, Chemosphere
14:91-97,1985.
The CAAA were reviewed to identify
source categories not addressed in NEDS
or the SIP inventories, using the House
version H.R.3030 (November 9, 1989;
renumbered to House of Representatives
Bill S.1630) and the Senate version S. 1630
(January 23, 1990). Subsequent to pas-
sage of the final law in October 1990, the
CAM were reviewed for any material
changes to the identification of source cat-
egories. Provisions in the SARA Title III
legislation were also examined for specific
area source categories.
Although little mention of specific area
sources of emissions was made in the CAAA,
several sources were identified, including:
clean fuels; marine vessels; urban fugitive
dust; residential wood combustion; pre-
scribed agricultural burning; prescribed sil-
vicultural burning; rocket engine and motor
firing and cleaning; shipbuilding and repair;
aerospace coatings and solvent; oxygen-
ated fuel; outer continental shelf (OCS) oil
and gas activities; research facilities; and oil
and gas production. Of these sources, resi-
dential wood combustion, prescribed agri-
cultural and silvicultural burning, and ma-
rine vessels are already included in the
NEDS or SIP methodologies.
Title III of SARA (also known as the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-
To-Know Act of 1986) was reviewed for any
mention of area sources not included in
NEDS or SIP inventories; however, no
sources were mentioned.
Using in-house knowledge and experi-
ence, several areasourcecategories (where
changing technologies may result in emis-
sions from source categories not currently
included in NEDS or SIP inventories) were
identified. Some categories identified
through this process include:
ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB)
curable coatings
clean fuels/alternate fuels
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes
artificial wetlands designed to treat do-
mestic sewage
compressed natural gas
pulp bleaching by ozone
recycling activities
drinking water ozonation
coronal discharge
innovative hazardous waste destruction
and remediation techniques
In addition to the activities described ear-
lier, telephone book yellow pages were
searched. These searches not only helped
to directly identify sources not currently in
the area source inventories, but also pro-
vided insight to the identification process.
. Sources identified through this process in-
clude small bakeries; fermentation pro-
cesses found in breweries, distilleries, and
wineries; adhesives and glues application;
commercial pesticide use; photocopiers and
laser printers; and commercial charbroiling
and deep fat frying.
Development of Lists and
Definitions
Categories identified through the search
phase were combined into a master list of
missing/unaccounted for sources. This list
contains all the identified categories, re-
gardless of their emissions potential. The
master list was reviewed, and a preliminary
working list was developed containing those
categories considered most important to
characterize. The working list was submit-
ted to EPA for review and was revised
based on the comments received. Identified
categories were aggregated into major head-
ings and then disaggregated into specific
category listings. Definitions were devel-
oped for each source category.
Characterization of Missing/
Unaccounted for Source
Categories
To facilitate the characterization process
and to ensure consistency, a template was
developed to be used for each category
characterization. The template defined the
types of information to be collected for the
source and provided a common format.
Categories were characterized, to the ex-
tent possible, in 12 areas:
definition/description of the category and
activity
process breakdown (if applicable)
importance of the category (i.e., reason
for considering the category)
pollutants emitted
estimate of the pollutant levels
point/area source cutoff (i.e., does the
category have both a point source and an
area source component?)
level of detail of available information
level of detail required by users
emission factor requirements
regional, seasonal, or temporal charac-
teristics
urban or rural characteristics
potential emissions estimation methodol-
ogy
In all, 70 categories were characterized
for this project:
Adhesives and Sealants - Commercial
Adhesives and Sealants - Consumer
Aircraft Deicing
Aircraft Refueling
Airport Support Vehicles
Automotive Cleaners/Waxes/Polishes
Automotive Fluids and Fluid Leaks
Automotive Rustproofing/Undercoating
Backyard Charcoal Grills
Bakeries
» Barge, Tank, Tank Truck, Rail Car, and
Drum Cleaning
Breweries
Catastrophic/Accidental Releases - Rail
Car, Tank Truck, and Industrial Accidents
Cigarette Smoke
Commercial Charbroiling
Commercial Deep Fat Frying at Restau-
rants
Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles
Cooling Towers
Diesel Fuel - Evaporative Emissions from
Service Station Operations
Distilleries
Drinking Water Treatment with Ozone
Extra High Voltage (EHV) Transmission
Lines
Farming Operations
Fireplaces
Grain Grinding and Feed Preparation
Household Cleaners and Polishes
Inflight Aircraft
Innovative Waste Treatment Technolo-
gies
Kerosene Space Heaters
Laminating
Landfill Activities - TSP
Landfill Methane
Laundry Products - Commercial and Con-
sumer
Lawn Care Products
Mobile Sources Evaporative and Running
Losses
Motor Vehicle Racing
Natural Gas Well Blowouts
Oil and Gas Production - Field Activity
Oil and Gas Production - Well Drilling
Oil Spills
Package Plants (Wastewater Treatment)
Personal Products
Pesticide Application
Petroleum Vessel Loading and Unloading
Losses
Photocopiers and Laser Printers
Pulp Bleaching with Ozone
Recycling Processes
Refinery Sludge Dewatering
Refrigerants - Leaking Coolant
Refrigerated Trucks
Refrigeration/Air Conditioning Equipment
Research and Testing Laboratories
Residential Deep Fat Frying
Road Construction
Road Salting and Sanding
Rocket Launches and Test Firings
Sandblasting
Silage Storage
Small Electric Utility Boilers
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* Street Sweeping and Cleaning
Synthetic Organic Chemical Storage
Tanks
Traffic Painting
Ultraviolet (UV) and Electron Beam (EB)
Curable Coating
Vehicle Lubricating
Vehicle Repair
Waste Incineration - Developing Tech-
nologies for Hazardous Waste
Waste Oil Disposal
* Welding
Wineries
* Wood Stoves
Characterization Activities
Each of the 70 area source categories
was characterized using the template. In-
formation for the characterizations was
derived from a number of sources, many of
which had been identified during the search
phase of this project. The principal sources
of Information were available literature, in-
dustry and trade association publications
and contacts, and knowledgeable federal
and state personnel.
Available literature was identified based
on the original literature search and in-
cluded reference materials related to spe-
cific processes. These documents included
EPA and other government reports, journal
and conference reports, and trade associa-
tion reports and bulletins. AP-42 (Compila-
tion of AirPollutant Emission Factors, Fourth
Edition and Supplements, September 1985
through September 1991) was consulted
for emission factor data.
Where applicable, trade associations
were contacted for information. In some
cases, association contacts were able to
offer unpublished or otherwise unavailable
test reports and clarify process descrip-
tions. If the information could be obtained
quickly, published materials were requested.
Federal and state personnel were identi-
fied through the category identification
phase, guidancef romthe EPAprojectteam,
or experience with Federal Implementation
Plan (FIP), SI P, or NAPAP programs. Agen-
cies contacted included EPA/OAQPS, En-
vironment Canada, state agencies includ-
ing CARB, and regional agencies such as
the South Coast (California) Air Quality
Management District (SCAQMD). These
contacts provided process descriptions,
emission factors and activity data, emis-
sions estimates, and comments on a num-
ber of source categories.
Discussion of Results
Characterization of the 70 source cat-
egories revealed a broad range of source
types and availability of information sources.
Research indicates that the sources may
lack applicable emission factors, current
activity data, or both, for the development of
emissions estimation strategies. In some
cases (e.g., backyard charcoal grilling), state
agencies such as CARB have begun to
study these sources for inclusion in state or
local inventories and can provide their re-
search results. Trade associations may
maintain industry statistics, research and
testing divisions useful to source descrip-
tion, emission factor development, and ac-
tivity data identification. However, most of
the source categories lack a current emis-
sions estimation methodology adequate for
NEDS or SIP applications.
The information presented in these char-
acterizations provides an initial overview of
the process and its emissions, an indication
and/or summary of the data available from
standard reference materials and primary
contacts, alternate methodology develop-
ment strategies, and a basis for ranking
these source categories for methodology
development. Once the source categories
are ranked, research directed at methodol-
ogy development will be able to focus on
each source category individually and pro-
vide a more exhaustive search of available
resources, where warranted.
Additional work on missing and
unaccounted for source categories may in-
volve data gathering and analysis, mea-
surements, and other research activities.
&U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992 - 648-080/40179
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S. Kersieter, D. Zimmerman, R. Cawkwell, A. Chadha, B. Manning. M. Henning, T. Lynch,
P. Marsosudiro, W. Tax, D. Winkler, andG. Woodwall, Jr., are with Alliance Technologies
Corp., Chapel Hill, NC 27514
£ Sue Klmbrough is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
Ths complete report, entitled "Identification and Characterization of Missing or Unaccounted
for Area Source Categories," (Order No. PB92-139 377/AS; Cost: $43.00, subject to
change) will be available only from:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: 703-487-4650
Tho EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Tnangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Center for Environmental
Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
EPA/600/SR-92/006
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