United States
              Environmental Protection
              Agency
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
              Research and Development
 EPA/600/SR-95/091
August 1995
EPA     Project Summary
              User's  Guide  to  the  Personal
              Computer  Version  of the
              Biogenic  Emissions  Inventory
              System  (PC-BEIS2)
              Terri L. Birth
                The document is a user's guide for
              an updated Personal Computer version
              of the Biogenic Emissions  Inventory
              System (PC-BEIS2) allowing users to
              estimate hourly emissions of biogenic
              volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)
              and soil nitrogen  oxide emissions for
              any county in the contiguous United
              States. Emission rates depend on land
              use, emission factors, temperature and
              solar radiation. A simple canopy model
              is used to adjust photosynthetically ac-
              tive solar radiation at five vertical lev-
              els in the forest canopy. Leaf tempera-
              ture and photosynthetically active so-
              lar radiation derived from ambient con-
              ditions above the forest canopy  are
              then used to drive empirical equations
              to estimate genus level emission rates
              of BVOCs vertically through  canopies.
              Emission rates from vegetation other
              than forests are expressed  as BVOC
              carbon mass per unit land area, with a
              constant peak growing  season biom-
              ass  assumed. Light and temperature
              corrections are applied, but no canopy
              model is used for  non-forested areas.
                This Project Summary was developed
              by the National Risk Management Re-
              search Laboratory's Air Pollution Pre-
              vention and Control Division, Research
              Triangle Park, NC, to announce key
              findings of the research project that is
              fully documented  in a separate report
              of the same title  (see Project Report
              ordering information at back).

              Introduction
               The Personal Computer version of the
              Biogenic Emissions  Inventory System (PC-
              BEIS2) is an updated program that allows
 users to estimate hourly emissions of bio-
 genic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)
 and soil nitrogen oxide emissions for any
 county  in the contiguous United States.
 PC-BEIS2 has been compiled  using
 Microsoft FORTRAN and tested on IBM-
 compatible  personal  computers. The
 source code is written in ANSI FORTRAN
 77 and should be transportable to most
 other computers. Emission rates depend
 on land use,  emission factors, tempera-
 ture, and solar radiation. A simple canopy
 model is used to adjust photosynthetically
 active solar radiation at five vertical  levels
 in the forest canopy.  Leaf temperature
 and photosynthetically active solar  radia-
 tion derived from ambient conditions above
 the forest canopy are then used to drive
 empirical equations to estimate genus level
 emission rates of BVOCs vertically through
 canopies. Emission rates from vegetation
 other than forests are expressed as BVOC
 carbon  mass  per unit land area, with a
 constant peak growing season biomass
 assumed.  Light and temperature correc-
 tions are applied, but no canopy model is
 us
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    FIPS codes can be retrieved from the
    same directory as the PC-BEIS2 sys-
    tem
  - Latitude, longitude (decimal degrees,
    tenths) - centered in the county, used
    for solar radiation calculations
  - Time zone (5=EST, 6=CST, etc.)
  - Month, day, year, hour(s)
Meteorological data (hourly):
  - Ambient air temperature (°C)
  -  Photosynthetically Active  Radiation
    (PAR) - not  required  if using  cloud
    cover data
  - Opaque sky cover (fraction) - not re-
    quired if providing PAR data

Computer Aspects
  Computer aspects  include installation
procedures, machine  requirements,  soft-
ware design, and data structures associ- '
ated with PC-BEIS2.

Installation Procedures
  The executable file, source code, and
necessary data files are available on EPA's
CHIEF (Clearinghouse for Inventories and
Emission Factors) electronic bulletin board
or via ftp at "ttnbbs.rtpnc.epa.gov." The
access  number for CHIEF is 919/541-
5742. To install the program, simply fol-
low the  procedures given on the bulletin
board.

Model Requirements
  PC-BEIS2 is written to conform with the
FORTRAN 77 standard and  has  been
compiled on the PC with Microsoft  FOR-
TRAN version 5.0. The source code, how-
ever, should be  easily adapted  to most
FORTRAN compilers. PC-BEIS2 has been
compiled to allow its use on IBM-compat-
ible personal computers. The current ex-
ecutable version does not require the use
of a m&th co-processor.
  The executable, source code, and nec-
essary data files needed to run  PC-BEIS2
will  take up approximately 3.16 MB of
memory. In order  for the menu interface
to function  properly, ANSI.SYS must be
installed on the PC. ANSI.SYS is avail-
able with MS-DOS. The  DOS reference
book  contains instructions. It  is recom-
mended, but not required, that  PC-BEIS2
users have a math co-processor.

Software Design
  PC-BEIS2 has been written in a modu-
lar fashion and, to the extent possible,
conforms to the ANSI FORTRAN 77 stan-
dard. ,lt  consists of a main program and
six subroutines or functions.
    TerriL Birth is with Computer Sciences Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
    Chris D. Geron is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
    The complete report, entitled "User's Guide to the Personal Computer Version of the
      Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (PC-BEIS2)," (Order No. PB95-243184;
      Cost: $17.50, subject to change) will be available only from:
            National Technical Information Service
            5285 Port Royal Road
            Springfield, VA 22161
            Telephone: 703-487-4650
    The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
            Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
            National Risk Management Research Laboratory
            U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
            Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
 United States
 Environmental Protection Agency
 National Risk Management Research Laboratory (G-72)
 Cincinnati, OH 45268

 Official Business
 Penalty for Private Use $300
                                                      BULK RATE
                                                 POSTAGE & FEES PAID
                                                          EPA
                                                    PERMIT No. G-35
 EPA/600/SR-95/091

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 United States
 Environmental Protection
 Agency
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
 Research and Development
EPA/600/SR-95/089  July 1995
 Project Summary
 Methodologies for Quantifying
 Pollution  Prevention
 Benefits from  Landfill  Gas
 Control  and  Utilization
 S.M. Roe, P.G. Fields, and R. Goad
  This report presents a methodology
and examples for developing air pollut-
ant emission factors and emission es-
timates for comparing  air quality
impacts associated with  landfill gas
(LFG) control and utilization equipment
and other energy sources (e.g., coal,
natural gas) on a common basis. The
methodology also provides the neces-
sary information  to  prepare uncon-
trolled and controlled landfill emission
inventories of carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NO,,), sulfur dioxide,
carbon dioxide, and methane. LFG flar-
ing is the only control option addressed
in this report, while the utilization op-
tions include reciprocating  internal
combustion (RIC)  engines, steam and
gas turbines, and boilers.
  The report includes examples of how
to use the data and methodology pre-
sented. The examples compare the air
pollutant emissions expected from con-
trol or utilization of the LFG  from an
example landfill using a flare, a RIC
engine, a gas turbine, and a boiler. The
example assessment also compares the
LFG  utilization options to emissions
expected from an equivalent amount of
energy input to  a coal-fired steam
power plant, a natural gas turbine plant,
a natural-gas-fired boiler, and a distil-
late-oil-fired boiler. Annual emissions
are summarized from an uncontrolled
landfill and from a landfill following con-
trol or utilization with a flare, RIC en-
gine, gas turbine, or boiler.
  This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, NC, to announce key findings of
the research project that is fully docu-
mented in a separate report of the same
title (see Project Report ordering infor-
mation at back).

Introduction
  Municipal solid waste landfills are re-
quired under the New Source Performance
Standards to install LFG collection and
control  or utilization systems to reduce
emissions of non-methane organic com-
pounds (NMOCs),  hazardous  air pollut-
ants (HAPs), odorous substances, and
compounds with an explosion  potential
(e.g., methane). LFG control systems re-
fer to flares, where there is no recovery of
the associated energy. On the other hand,
LFG utilization refers to the recovery of
LFG energy either as primary heat (e.g.,
industrial boiler or space heater) or as a
fuel source to drive electricity generating
equipment. Currently, these are the most
common utilization options.
  Primary emissions from municipal solid
waste  landfills, such as methane (CH4)
and NMOCs, can be combusted in either
a control or utilization  device.  However,
systems used to control  or utilize LFG
(e.g., flares, internal combustion (1C)  en-
gines, gas turbines, and boilers) produce
emissions of NOX and CO, often referred
to as secondary emissions. Since CO and
NOX  emissions  are of concern   in
nonattainment areas, methods are needed
to comparatively assess emissions result-
ing from LFG control/utilization with other
forms of energy production.  Also, green-
house gas emissions from landfills are of
global concern, and therefore, a compari-
                                                Printedon Recycled Paper

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son of the net benefits associated with
LFG control or utilization and other forms
of energy production is often of interest.
Methods to Develop Emission
Factors and Emission
Inventories
  Methods to develop emission factors
from each control/utilization option are in-
cluded. The emission factors developed
for comparison to other energy sources
are designated EF^, to represent that only
emissions associated with the combustion
of the collected LFG are included. These
emission factors will provide the best com-
parisons  for alternative energy  sources,
since the  emissions associated  with col-
lecting those fuels (e.g., coal mining, pe-
troleum extraction, and refining) are not
represented in published emission factors.
  Methods to  prepare uncontrolled and
controlled emission  inventories are pre-
sented along with the discussion of devel-
oping emission factors for the collected
LFG. The controlled  emission inventories,
however, include emissions from both the
control/utilization  equipment  and uncol-
lected LFG.

Example LFG  Control or
Utilization Assessment
  An example assessment is included that
illustrates the use of the data and meth-
ods  presented. The example provides
emission factors in  pounds  per kilowatt-
hour for 1C engines and gas turbines fired
on LFG-compared to-emissions-from  an.
   equivalent amount  of energy input to a
   coal-fired steam power plant and a natu-
   ral gas turbine power plant. Also in the
   example, emission factors are developed
   for a LFG boiler  and compared to emis-
   sion factors from  an industrial boiler fired
   on either natural  gas or distillate oil. An-
   nual  emission inventories  were prepared
   for each utilization option and comparison
   energy source and presented along with
   an annual inventory of emissions follow-
   ing flare  control.  The annual amount of
   electricity produced for each power-gen-
   erating  utilization/comparison  energy
   source is also presented.
     An  annual  emissions inventory of un-
   controlled versus controlled  landfill emis-
   sions (using a flare, 1C engine, turbine, or
	boiler)ls_a|sQ presenied.^	_„	
   SM Roe, P.G. Fields, and P. Coad are with E.H. Pechan and Associates, Inc.,
     Rancho Cordova, CA 95742.
   Susan A. Thorneloe is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
   The complete report, entitled "Methodologies for Quantifying Pollution Prevention
     Benefits from Landfill Gas Control and Utilization," (Order No. PB95-243176,
     Cost: $17.50, subject to change) will be available only from
          National Technical Information Service
          5285 Port Royal Road
          Springfield, VA 22161
          Telephone: 703-487-4650
   The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at
          National Risk Management Research Laboratory
          (formerly Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory)
          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory (G-72)
Cincinnati, OH 45268

Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
                                                           BULK RATE
                                                     POSTAGE & FEES PAID
                                                              EPA
                                                        PERMIT No. G-35
 EPA/600/SR-95/089

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