United States
                   Environmental Protection
                   Agency
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
                   Research and Development
EPA/600/SR-95/120   August 1995
&EPA         Project Summary
                    Demonstration  of  Alternative
                    Cleaning  Systems
                   Dean M. Menke, Gary A. Davis, Lori E. Kincaid, and Rupy Sawhney
                     This report represents the first dem-
                   onstration  of cleaner technologies to
                   support the goals of the 33/50 Program
                   under the EPA Cooperative Agreement
                   No. CR821848. It focuses  on  substi-
                   tutes for solvent degreasing processes
                   that eliminate the  use of chlorinated
                   organic solvents. The substitute tech-
                   nologies were 1) an aqueous wash sys-
                   tem; 2) a no-clean technology; and 3) a
                   hot water wash system. Technical, en-
                   vironmental, and economic evaluations
                   were performed to  determine the mer-
                   its of the substitutes as  they were
                   implemented by Calsonic  Manufactur-
                   ing Corporation, the project's  industry
                   partner. A national environmental im-
                   pact evaluation was also performed to
                   estimate the potential impacts on the
                   nation's  environment if entire  indus-
                   trial sectors were to implement the sub-
                   stitutes.
                     The demonstration strongly supports
                   the implementation of the alternative
                   technologies. The implementation of the
                   cleaning  process  alternatives  either
                   improved or did not affect the perfor-
                   mance of subsequent process steps or
                   the quality of the products. The aque-
                   ous wash system reduced cleaning
                   cycle times by 50% and part reject rates
                   by nearly 77% with improved cleaning
                   characteristics. The no-clean alterna-
                   tive had  no effect on either production
                   or part reject rates. The substitutes sig-
                   nificantly reduced the quantity of toxic
                   chemicals used and released. The tra-
                   ditional  processes  released  1,1,1-
                   trichloroethane (TCA) to the air, as well
                   as generated a TCA hazardous waste
stream; the substitutes generate either
a non-hazardous wastewater discharge
(aqueous and hot water wash systems),
or a volatile organic compound air
emission (no-clean technologies). Each
alternative offered significant financial
advantages as compared to the tradi-
tional solvent degreasing systems when
the economics  were evaluated using
activity-based cost accounting.
  The national  environmental  impact
evaluation compared the life-cycle en-
vironmental impacts of traditional chlo-
rinated  solvent  systems  to   the
alternatives.  The evaluation suggests
that significant reductions in life-cycle
chemical emissions will occur with the
implementation  of alternative cleaning
systems. Generally, for the aqueous
wash systems,  the  shift would mean
increased wastewater  loads and  oily
pollutant discharges to POTWs.  The
nation's  POTW infrastructure, in aggre-
gate, can handle these increased loads.
The shift in waste stream composition,
however, must be evaluated on a case-
by-case  basis.
  This Project Summary was developed
by EPA's National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH to
announce key findings of the research
project that is fully documented in a
separate report of the same title (see
Project Report ordering information at
back).

Introduction
  The  "Cleaner Technology  Demonstra-
tions for the 33/50 Chemicals" project is a
cooperative agreement between the U.S.

-------
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
National Risk  Management  Research
Laboratory  (NRMRL,  formerly Risk  Re-
duction  Engineering Laboratory)  and the
Center for Clean Products and Clean Tech-
nologies (Center) of The University of Ten-
nessee.  The  research of this  project
supports the  voluntary pollution  preven-
tion initiatives of the 33/50 Program, while
having applications within a broad range
of industries.  This report represents the
first demonstration project to be completed
under the EPA NRMRL project.

Objectives
  The overall objective of this  project was
to evaluate substitutes for the 33/50 chemi-
cals  in order  to encourage  reductions in
their use and  release. This report focuses
on substitutes for solvent degreasing pro-
cesses that eliminate the use of the 33/50
chlorinated organic chemicals.  In this study
the Center worked directly with an indus-
try partner, Calsonic Manufacturing Cor-
poration (CMC) of Shelbyville,  TN, to
demonstrate substitute feasibility.
  To meet the project objective, technical,
environmental, and economic  evaluations
of solvent  degreasing substitutes were
evaluated. A fourth evaluation, a national
environmental impact evaluation, was per-
formed  to estimate the impacts to the
nation's  environment  if entire  industrial
sectors were to implement similar alterna-
tives to solvent degreasing. Within  each
evaluation, the following objectives were
established:

  1. Technical Evaluation
    • evaluate the effect of a  substitute
      on process and  product perfor-
      mance as compared to  the 33/50
      chemicals
  2. Environmental Evaluation
    • evaluate the potential for reduction
      in releases  and  off-site  transfers of
      the 33/50 chemicals in the produc-
      tion process or product  stage
    • compare the overall life-cycle en-
      vironmental attributes of the substi-
      tute as compared to the 33/50
      chemicals
  3. Economic Evaluation
    • evaluate the total cost of the sub-
      stitute as compared to the 33/50
      chemicals
  4. National Impact Evaluation
    • evaluate the national environmen-
      tal impact of replacing the 33/50
      chemicals with the substitute

Methodology
  Data  required to perform the technical,
environmental, and economic  evaluations
were collected through  data request tables,
site visits, and interviews with CMC em-
ployees.  Data request tables, completed
by CMC and during site visits, allowed for
the collection of process information in-
cluding capital costs,  operating and main-
tenance costs, utilities consumption, and
production  data.  Similar data were re-
quested for both the solvent degreasing
systems (historic data) and alternative sys-
tems  (current data).  Questions concern-
ing generation rates and disposal costs of
waste (hazardous and non-hazardous) and
waste water  accompanied  the data re-
quest tables, as well as questions con-
cerning permitting requirements and costs.
These questions were also directed at op-
erations both  before and after the process
changes.
  Site visits and interviews  allowed Cen-
ter staff to  become familiar with the op-
erations of CMC, ask specific questions to
complete and clarify the  data  request
tables, and  to maintain  a working contact
with CMC. An extended site visit near the
completion  of this project was conducted
to observe  the  day-to-day  operations of
the process lines  under investigation in
order to  extend the traditional economic
evaluation  by using  activity-based cost
accounting.
  The national impact evaluation  utilized
the knowledge of CMC's process changes
to identify and evaluate potential changes
on a national scale if entire industrial sec-
tors  were  to implement similar solvent
degreasing  alternatives,  to  CMC's. Toxic
Release  Inventory (TRI) data and infor-
mation from various literature sources were
used to  develop a  life-cycle evaluation of
chlorinated  solvent degreasing and its al-
ternatives.

CMC'S Chlorinated Solvent
Substitutes Program
  CMC  is located in Shelbyville, TN, with
several  sister companies throughout the
U.S.  and the world.  CMC  employs  ap-
proximately 800 persons, and has more
than  430,00 ft2 of manufacturing  area di-
vided between two sites, three buildings.
CMC  manufactures automotive parts, in-
cluding  heaters, blowers,  cooling  units,
motor fans, radiators, auxiliary oil coolers
and exhaust systems.
  To  meet  internal protocols to eliminate
1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) from its manu-
facturing processes, CMC initiated a num-
ber  of  changes  to eliminate  solvent
degreasing  applications. These changes
included an aqueous wash system, a no-
clean process which employs an evapora-
tive lubricant to eliminate  the need for
solvent degreasing, and the application of
a hot water wash to remove forming oils.
Technical,  environmental, and economic
evaluations were performed for the aque-
ous wash and no-clean alternatives to de-
termine their merits. The merits of the hot
water wash system were presented  as
supplemental information to the aqueous
wash alternative. An introduction to these
process changes, and the manufacturing
lines which utilize them, is presented be-
low.

The Radiator Line and Aqueous
Wash System
  Radiators are designed to hold a large
volume of water and antifreeze in proxim-
ity to a large volume of air to allow effi-
cient heat transfer from the fluid to the air.
CMC manufactures the tube-and-fin type
of radiator core,  consisting of a series of
long tubes extending between a top tank
and  bottom tank  of the radiator.  In this
type of configuration, fins are placed be-
tween the tubes; air passes between the
fins and around the outside of the tubes,
absorbing heat from the fluid in the tubes.
  CMC manufactures the tubes and fins
of the radiator core from aluminum  stock.
Tubes are formed from aluminum rolls at
a tube-forming station with the assistance
of a forming/cooling fluid, cut to  length,
and  sent to assembly. To form the fins,
rolls of aluminum  are lubricated  with a
forming (napthenic)  oil, fed through  fin
corrugators,  cut  to length,  and  sent to
assembly. The tubes, fins,  and prefabri-
cated endplates are assembled in a jig to
complete the radiator core.
  Following  assembly,  the  cores  are
cleaned by a conveyor aqueous wash sys-
tem  to remove the forming  oils,  cutting
oils,  coolant,  and other soils.  The  aque-
ous  wash process begins with  a  water
wash, intended to remove the majority of
the contaminants,  followed  by a heated
detergent bath,  and completed  by a hot
water  rinse.  Effluent  from  the  aqueous
wash process is sent to a wastewater
treatment plant at the facility for pretreat-
ment prior to discharge to the  local  sewer
system. After the aqueous wash, the  ra-
diator cores continue on the conveyor for
flux application, drying, and brazing. Final
assembly includes nylon fluid tanks and
leak testing.
  The current aqueous wash system was
adapted  in 1991.  Previously, five  batch
vapor degreasers were used to clean the
assembled  radiator core, one located at
each  fin  corrugation and assembly sta-
tion. Under this scheme the radiator core
was  an assembly of corrugated fins (pro-
cess above) and prefabricated tubes and
endplates supplied  by another company.
These assemblies were then  cleaned in
one  of the  five vapor degreasers,  using
1,1,1-trichloroethane as the  degreasing

-------
solvent. The use of TCA resulted in  re-
leases of TCA to the air from the process,
releases  to water (wastewater) from sol-
vent carry over on  parts to  subsequent
process  units,  and  a hazardous  waste
stream of spent TCA. CMC sent this haz-
ardous waste stream to an off-site recy-
cling  facility. To eliminate these  waste
streams  and improve the cleaning pro-
cess, CMC  implemented the aqueous
wash system.

The Condenser Line and No-
Clean Technology
  CMC manufactures condensers for use
in automobile air conditioning systems. The
condenser consists of a serpentine tube
on which fins have been mounted. Com-
pressed vapor passes through the tube;
air passing around  the fins and between
the tubes removes  heat from the com-
pressed  vapor. The  cooled  vapor con-
denses  and runs into  a receiver-dryer.
CMC manufactures the fins from rolls of
aluminum, and bends and cuts the tubes
from rolled aluminum-tube stock.
  In 1993 CMC converted its fin manufac-
turing process  from a  conveyor solvent
degreasing  process using TCA  to  an
"evaporative" oil, no-clean process. In this
no-clean  system,  rolls  of aluminum are
lubricated with  a low-boiling-point oil and
fed through a fin corrugator. The fin then
passes through fin driers to evaporate the
oils. CMC operates four fin corrugator sta-
tions in the condenser line. In  the current
system the  corrugated  fin  is  conveyed
through the now empty vapor  degreasing
chambers, then cut to  length and sent to
assembly.

The Converter Line and Hot
Water Wash System
  Catalytic converters are automobile ex-
haust units which  consist of  a ceramic
substrate and  wire  mesh  encased in  a
metal shell.  CMC assembles  converters
from shells, flanges, ceramic  substrates,
and  wire mesh  separators supplied  by
other manufacturers. After receiving these
materials, CMC  cleans  the  metal shell
halves and flanges  in a conveyor hot wa-
ter wash system to remove  cutting and
lubricating oils  left  by the manufacturer.
The wash system consists of a hot water
spray zone, followed by a second hot wa-
ter spray (rinse) zone and a drying oven.
After cleaning,  the ceramic substrate and
wire mesh separator are inserted  in the
two shell halves, which  are then welded
together with the flanges, to form the con-
verter unit. Each catalytic converter is leak-
tested using an air-based pressure-decay
system.  The converters then continue
along the process train to be incorporated
into the exhaust system.
  Until December 1993, CMC used a con-
veyor vapor degreaser with TCA as the
degreasing solvent. The current equipment
used in the  hot water wash system was
converted  by CMC from an obsolete muf-
fler washing system and a defunct paint
spray booth  and curing oven.

Results  of the Technical,
Environmental, and Economic
Evaluations
  Over the last four years CMC has imple-
mented a number of changes to eliminate
TCA from  its cleaning processes. Efforts
to accomplish  this  goal included the  in-
stallation of an aqueous wash system (de-
tergent)  which  replaced five solvent
degreasers on a radiator manufacturing
line, the replacement of a petroleum-based
lubricant with an evaporative lubricant that
does not require  cleaning  for subsequent
processing on a condenser manufacturing
line,  and  the installation of a hot water
wash system  to   replace  a  solvent
degreaser on a catalytic converter manu-
facturing line. These changes, along with
similar changes  on  other process lines,
eliminated the  use of TCA as a  cleaning
solvent within CMC's manufacturing facil-
ity. Total elimination of TCA from cleaning
processes was accomplished by Novem-
ber, 1994.
  The technical,  environmental, and eco-
nomic evaluations performed in this study
were  completed using  CMC's  historic
records, information obtained from site vis-
its and interviews with CMC  employees,
the on-line TRI data  base, and literature
searches.  The  radiator  and  condenser
manufacturing  lines were the main focus
of the  research. The merits  of the hot
water wash  system  were  presented  as
supplemental information to the aqueous
wash alternative. The environmental analy-
sis of CMC was expanded to evaluate the
national  environmental impacts  if entire
industry sectors were to implement similar
process changes.

Technical Evaluation
  The technical evaluation analyzed the
merits of the alternative cleaning systems
(both the aqueous wash and the no-clean,
evaporative  lubricant systems) by  com-
paring the rates of production (i.e.,  cycle
time required to clean one part) and the
part reject rates between the old and new
processes.  Both historic data and  inter-
views with  CMC quality control staff es-
tablished the results shown in Table 1.
  A significant decrease in cycle time was
experienced with  the  implementation of
the aqueous wash system  in the radiator
line; cycle time to clean one radiator unit
was decreased  by 50%.  The process
bottleneck,  which  was  the  solvent
degreasing application, has now shifted
away  from the cleaning operation,  and
employee attentions can be focused upon
other  operations to further optimize the
manufacturing process.
  A significant decrease in the parts  re-
ject rate for  the  radiator  line  was also
experienced after the  implementation of
the aqueous wash system. This decrease,
over 76%,  is predominantly attributed to
the improved cleaning  characteristics of
the aqueous  wash system. The produc-
tion and part reject rates for the condenser
line, though not statistically  evaluated due
to data limitations, were  evaluated through
employee interviews.  These  interviews
established that the implementation of the
no-clean process  alternative had little  ef-
fect on either rate.

Environmental Evaluation
  The changes in chemical releases and
transfers to the environment from CMC's
manufacturing facilities  due to the  imple-
mentation of the alternative processes in-
cluded the following:
  1.  elimination of TRI reporting require-
      ments  of TCA  hazardous  waste
      emissions, from each process line;
  2.  the creation  of  a state-regulated
      VOC air emission for the condenser
      line; and
  3.  the creation of a waste water stream
      for the radiator line.
  These changes are summarized for the
radiator and condenser manufacturing lines
in the following table (Table 2). It is as-
sumed that  air releases and  hazardous
waste transfers are the only TCA emis-
sions  from CMC  processes.  Therefore,
Table 1.  Summary of the Technical Evaluation Results
Line
                Cycle Time
   Part Reject Rate
Radiator         50% decrease was experi-
                enced after aqueous wash
                implementation

Condenser       no significant change
   76% reduction in part reject rate due
   to aqueous wash system
                                                                                     no significant change

-------
Table 2. Summary of Environmental Evaluation Results
Line
                                             Total Waste Generation per Year
                  Solvent Degreasing Operations
                              Alternative Systems Operations
Radiator
171, 500 Ib
114,900 Ib
56,600 Ib
TCA consumed
TCA haz. waste transfers
TCA air releases
(1990)
22,1 00 Ib
2.0 million gal
1 0,800 Ib
64,780 Ib
detergent consumed
wastewater generated
non-haz., oily waste transfers
non-haz. wastewater treatment solids transfers
(1992)
Condenser
121, 500 Ib
14,400lb
1 '5,400 Ib
46, 100 Ib
(1992)
TCA consumed
petroleum lub. consumed
TCA haz. waste transfers
TCA air releases
1 2,200 Ib
1 2,200 Ib
evap. lub. consumed
VOC air releases
(1994)
based on TCA consumption rates and line-
specific hazardous waste generation esti-
mates, the air releases were  estimated.
Other line-specific information was drawn
directly from purchasing records.
  Though eliminating the use and hazard-
ous waste disposal of TCA, the hot water
wash system of the converter line was not
quantitatively evaluated in this analysis.
However,  a qualitative evaluation of this
system is presented throughout the evalu-
ations of the report.
  Though the aqueous wash  system of
the radiator line generates two million gal-
lons of wastewater per year, overall chemi-
cal consumption, when  compared to the
solvent  degreasing system,  has  greatly
decreased. The consumption rate of 2,640
gal/yr of detergent is minimal when com-
pared to the 15,840 gal/yr (171,700 Ib/yr)
of TCA previously consumed. The evapo-
rative lubricant system of the condenser
line  has similar advantages; the release
of 12,200  Ib/yr of VOC-lubricant is an or-
der of magnitude less than the 121,500
Ib/yr of TCA released by the degreasers.
  These data clearly show the trade-off
issues that must  be  considered  when
choosing between alternative cleaning sys-
tems. For the radiator line, releases of the
toxic, ozone-depleting chemical TCA were
eliminated, but a larger volume,  low-toxic-
ity wastewater stream was generated. Al-
though  hazardous  waste management
requirements have been eliminated for this
line, permitted discharge requirements set
by  the  local publicly  owned  treatment
works (POTW) must still be met. For the
condenser line, hazardous waste and TCA
were once again eliminated. Air releases
decreased  substantially,  suggesting less
potential employee exposure;  complete
data on the relative  toxicity of TCA  and
the mineral-spirit-based VOCs emitted by
the evaporative  lube, however,  are  not
available. This is one of the reasons CMC
is now switching to a non-petroleum based
evaporative lube.

Economic Evaluation
  Two economic  evaluations were com-
pleted for the analyses of the alternatives.
The first  evaluation used a  traditional
method focusing on direct costs. The sec-
ond method utilized activity-based costing
to more accurately allocate overhead costs
to the appropriate  products and processes.
Finally, a  hybrid  of these  methods was
used  to  more  accurately   represent  the
costs and  benefits  of the alternatives.
Tables 3 and 4 summarize the results of
traditional  and hybrid economic analyses
for the radiator and condenser manufac-
turing lines, respectively.
  Table 3 shows  that the  hybrid method
identified additional direct  costs  associ-
ated with the solvent degreasing units of
the radiator line  that would  have been
part of an  overhead cost factor in a more
traditional analysis. These results  illustrate
very clearly that traditional  cost analyses
are not adequate to fully estimate the ben-
efits of pollution  prevention projects. By
properly allocating through ABC that would
normally  be part  of  an  overhead factor,
this study demonstrates the costs-benefits
of the aqueous wash system, benefits be-
yond traditional costing techniques are re-
alized.
  The results of the economic analysis for
the condenser  line  did  not change  the
final conclusions since the evaporative lube
system had  clear advantages  even with
traditional cost methods. By using the hy-
brid approach, however, the cost savings
due to the implementation of this alterna-
tive were even greater.

National Environmental Impact
Evaluation
  The environmental evaluation of CMC's
process changes was used to estimate
the potential environmental impacts of the
alternatives to solvent degreasing if entire
industrial sectors were to implement simi-
lar changes. This evaluation utilized the
life-cycle concept to evaluate the potential
environmental impacts which could result
throughout the life cycle of the chemicals
used in the traditional and alternative pro-
cesses. The  elimination of chlorinated sol-
vents from materials and parts degreasing
could significantly impact the national emis-
sions of these chemicals from their produc-
tion, use and disposal. The implementation
of the alternative systems, though having
associated releases and transfers of other
chemicals, could significantly decrease the
environmental impacts now associated with
the life cycle of solvent  degreasers and
the solvents  used.
  Replacing chlorinated solvent degreas-
ers could substantially reduce the use of
approximately 499.9 million Ib of chlori-
nated chemicals in  materials  and  parts
degreasing applications. In addition to the
direct use and  disposal emissions that
would be reduced,  an estimated 460,000
Ib of solvent emissions  from production
facilities  could  also  be reduced.  This
460,000 Ib estimate  is based on the quan-
tity  of the chlorinated solvents currently
produced, the emissions  from these pro-
duction processes, and the distribution of
the chemicals to solvent degreasing appli-
cations.

-------
Table 3. Comparison of Hybrid and Traditonal Analyses-Radiator Manufacturing Line
                                Hybrid Analysis
                                                                Tradition, Direct Cost Analysis
Analysis
Solvent System
Aqueous Wash System
Solvent System
Aqueous Wash System
Payback
NPV (5-yr)
NPV (10-yr)
NPV (15-yr)
$2,584,150
$5,725,530
$9,547,510
2.4 yr
$1,514,260
$3,073,640
$4,762,870
$660,580
$1,464,270
$2,442,090
11.6yr
$808,280
$1,508,720
$2,147,930
Notes:   1.  i = interest rate/period = 4%.
        2.  the capital investment of the aqueous wash system was depreciated (straight-line) over seven yr.
        3.  assumptions: inflation rate of zero and equal costs/yr.
        4.  dollar values represent costs.


Table 4. Comparison of Hybrid and Traditional Analyses-Condenser Manufacturing Line
                                Hybrid Analysis
                                                                Tradition, Direct Cost Analysis
Analysis
Solvent System
Evaporative Oil System
Solvent System
Evaporative Oil System
Payback
NPV (5-yr)
  $1,089,550
       0.27 yr
      $219,660
  $619,750
       0.45 yr
      $99,930
Notes:   1.  i = interest rate/period = 4%.
        2.  the capital investment of the aqueous wash system was depreciated (straight-line) over 7 yr.
        3.  assumptions: inflation rate of zero and equal costs/yr.
        4.  dollar values represent costs.
  The implementation of an aqueous wash
alternative  has  unique emissions  of  its
own. Detergents, a mixture of surfactants,
builders, chelators, and other ingredients,
have  associated chemical  production re-
leases and transfers. Emissions from pro-
duction of commonly  used ingredients
(e.g.,  ethoxylated alcohols,  alkylbenzene
sulfonates, EDTA, and  tetrapotassium py-
rophosphate) include ethylene,  ethylene
glycol, benzene, glycol ether, and  a vari-
ety of acids. An estimate of the quantity of
detergent ingredients applied to industrial
applications was not available, and there-
fore an estimate of the production releases
which could be allocated to the industrial
use of detergents was  not possible. How-
ever, order-of-magnitude calculations show
that life-cycle releases and transfers could
be significantly  reduced with the  imple-
mentation of the aqueous alternative.
  A second issue to address when  con-
sidering the life-cycle attributes  of aque-
ous   wash  systems  is  the  proper
management of the  water  waste stream.
Pretreatment of the wastewater from aque-
ous  systems  may  be required to  ad-
equately remove oils, greases, biological
                       oxygen demand (BOD), and  suspended
                       solids. The conclusions from the national
                       environmental impact evaluation indicated
                       that the infrastructure of wastewater treat-
                       ment facilities is sufficient to  handle the
                       increased wastewater flow and load if en-
                       tire industry sectors shifted from solvent
                       to aqueous systems.

                       Conclusions
                         The demonstration strongly supports the
                       implementation of the alternative technolo-
                       gies.  The implementation of the cleaning
                       process  alternatives either improved  or
                       did not affect  the performance of subse-
                       quent process steps or the quality of the
                       products.  The aqueous wash  system re-
                       duced cleaning cycle times by 50% and
                       part reject rates by  nearly 77% with im-
                       proved cleaning characteristics. The no-
                       clean alternative had no effect on either
                       production or part reject rates.  The substi-
                       tutes significantly reduced the quantity of
                       toxic  chemicals  used and  released. The
                       traditional processes  released  1,1,1-
                       trichloroethane (TCA) to the air,  as well
                       as  generating  a  TCA  hazardous waste
                       stream; the  substitutes  generate either a
                                         non-hazardous wastewater discharge
                                         (aqueous and hot water wash systems),
                                         or a volatile organic compound  air emis-
                                         sion that  is much less  no-clean technol-
                                         ogy. Each alternative offered significant
                                         financial advantages as compared to the
                                         traditional solvent degreasing  systems
                                         when using activity-based cost  account-
                                         ing and compared to the traditional  sol-
                                         vent degreasing systems.
                                           The  national  environmental impact
                                         evaluation compared the life-cycle envi-
                                         ronmental impacts of traditional chlorinated
                                         solvent  systems versus the  alternatives.
                                         The evaluation suggests  that significant
                                         reductions in life-cycle chemical emissions
                                         will occur with implementation of alterna-
                                         tive  cleaning systems. Generally, for the
                                         aqueous wash systems, the  shift would
                                         mean increased wastewater loads and oily
                                         pollutant  discharges to POTWs.  The
                                         nation's  POTW infrastructure,  in  aggre-
                                         gate, can handle these increased loads,
                                         however,  the shift in waste  stream com-
                                         position must be evaluated on a case-by-
                                         case basis.

-------
 Dean M. Menke, Gary A. Davis, Lori E. Kincaid, and Rupy Sawhney are with
   the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0710
 Diana R. Kirk is the EPA Project Officer (see below).
 The complete report, entitled "Demonstration of Alternative Cleaning Systems,1
    (Order No. PB95-255741; Cost: $27.00, subject to change)  will be
    available only from:
        National Technical Information Service
        5285 Port Royal Road
        Springfield, VA 22161
        Telephone: 703-487-4650
 The EPA Project Officer can be contacted at:
        National Risk Management Research Laboratory
        U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Cincinnati, OH 45268
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Technology Transfer and Support Division (CERI)
Cincinnati, OH 45268

Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
     BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
         EPA
   PERMIT No. G-35
EPA/600/SR-95/120

-------