&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington, DC 20460
EPA/625/11-91/004
January 1992
Technology Transfer
USER'S GUIDE:
Strategic WAste
Minimization Initiative
(SWAMI) Version 2.0
A Software Tool to Aid in
Process Analysis for
Pollution Prevention
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USER'S GUIDE FOR
SWAMI
/
Strategic WAste Minimization Initiative
Version 2.0
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH
U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-03-3490
Work Assignment 3-12
Prepared by:
PEER Consultants, P.C.
4130 Linden Avenue, Suite 302
Dayton, OH 45432
and
University of Dayton Research Institute
300 College Park
Dayton, OH 45469-0120
EPA/625/11-91/004
January 1992
January 1992
Printed on Recycled Paper
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NOTICE
This user's guide describes software which was developed as a tool for
demonstrating concepts of process analysis following a waste minimization audit.
The software and this guide have been field tested, peer reviewed, and approved
for publication by the U.S. EPA. 'Information obtained through the use of this
software system should not be presumed to represent U.S. EPA policy and official
endorsement should not be inferred. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
n
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FOREWORD
The Strategic WAste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) Software, Version 2.0 is a tool for
using process analysis for identifying waste minimization opportunities within an industrial setting.
The software requires user-supplied information for process definition, as well as material inputs and
products for each unit operation and outputs associated with waste streams. SWAMI provides a
scheme for identifying and prioritizing (on a cost or volume basis) waste reduction opportunities in
process units and treatment operations, performs mass balance calculations, draws process flow
diagrams, and directs the selection of candidate waste minimization strategies. This software system
was developed in conjunction with the U.S. EPA publication "Waste Minimization Opportunity
Assessment Manual" (EPA/625/7-88/003). The use of that manual can provide the information
necessary for input to this software.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Notice ii
Foreword iii
Acknowledgments vii
1.0 INTRODUCTION . . ... . 1-1
2.0 CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS ............... 2-1
2.1 PROCESS ANALYSIS 2-1
2.2 PRIORITIZATION 2-2
2.3 USING SWAMI TO DEVELOP POLLUTION
PREVENTION STRATEGIES . 2-4
2.4 MASS BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS . 2-6
3.0 USING THE SWAMI SOFTWARE 3-1
3.1 INSTALLING SWAMI 3-1
3.2 GETTING STARTED WITH SWAMI . 3-4
4.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SWAMI CAPABILITIES 4-1
4.1 USING SWAMI FOR PROCESS DEFINITION . 4-1
4.1.1 Unit Operations . . 4-1
4.1.2 Waste Streams . 4-2
4.1.3 Input Materials . . . . ...... 4-5
4.1.4 Products 4-5
4.1.5 Chemical Formula Rules 4-6
4.1.6 Treatments/Blends 4-7
4.2 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS . . . . 4-8
4.2.1 Page Numbering 4-8
4.2.2 Screens . 4.9
4.2.3 Printers 4-9
4.2.4 Print Files . 4-10
4.2.5 Symbol and Color Legend 4-10
4.3 MASS BALANCE 4-10
4.3.1 Mass Balance - Total Mass 4-11
4.3.2 Mass Balance - of an Element ......... 4-13
4.3.3 Mass Balance - of a Compound ......... 4-13
V
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Section
5.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
4.4 PRIORITIZATION WITH;SWAMI
Page
4-13
4.4.1 Assign Responsibility 4-13
4.4.2 Priorltlzatlon Reports 4-16
4.5 STRATEGIZING WITH SWAMI • 4-16
SAMPLE SESSION WITH SWAMI ............ 5-1
. . A-l
APPENDIX A - SOME COMMON PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS .
APPENDIX B - MODIFICATIONS MADE AT,THE TIME OF RELEASE
OF VERSION 1.2 .. i. B-l
APPENDIX C - VERSION 2.0 MODIFICATIONS C-l
APPENDIX D - USING EDLIN TO CHANGE1 CONFIG.SYS AND
AUTOEXEC.BAT . . . ! D-l
VI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This software and user's guide were prepared under Contract No. 68-03-3490
by PEER Consultants, P.C., and the University of Dayton under the sponsorship of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. H. Douglas Williams of the U.S. EPA,
Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Research
Information was the project officer responsible for the preparation of this
software. Participating in the development of the engineering aspects of the
software for PEER Consultants, P.C., were Joseph T. Swartzbaugh, Donovan
Duvall, and Andrew W. Weisman. The software development was principally the
work of Clarence W. Cross, Jr., of the University of Dayton Research Institute.
Thanks is given to the thousands of attendees of the Waste Minimization
Workshops who tested the software for their own applications. Special
acknowledgment is given to those who specifically tested earlier versions of the
software and made suggestions for its improvement, specifically
Chuck Beckerdite of Gates Rubber Company, Reuben A. McDavid of the
University of Southern California, Robert Pojasek of Geraghty and Miller,
Incorporated, Thomas Blewett of Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Myles E. Morse of The U.S. EPA, Donald L. Brosky of 3M, and Christopher
Messner of SAIC.
Vll
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USER'S GUIDE FOR SWAMI
SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the SWAMI software is to help the
user identify waste minimization opportunities, set up a
procedure to prioritize those opportunities, and devise a
strategy to take advantage of those opportunities that have
the highest priority.
The Strategic WAste Minimization Initiative software
package known as SWAMI (including program, source code,
and documentation) was developed by PEER Consultants,
P.C., and the University of Dayton Research Institute
(UDRI).
This version of SWAMI has been developed to supply
the capability of performing mass balance calculations and
of generating graphic process flow diagrams. These
capabilities were added to SWAMI as a result of
suggestions and requests from users of earlier versions of
the software.
1-1
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SECTION 2.0
CONCEPTS ON WHICH SWAMI IS BASED
Before describing the mechanics of SWAMI, it is
necessary to explain the conceptual basis from which
SWAMI was developed. This section explains four such
topics: process analysis, opportunity prioritization,
preliminary strategy identification, and mass balance
considerations.
2.1 PROCESS ANALYSIS
The software is based on standard systems analysis
concepts in which the entire process is looked upon as a
system of interacting unit operations (unit ops) or
components. Commonly a process flow diagram is used to
show the relation of unit operations, (their functions, and
their inputs, outputs and wastes) to the overall functioning
of the process. In fact, an entire production line can be
considered an integrated process or system and this can
include such operations as material purchase, inventory
control, production, maintenance, waste collection and
mixing, waste treatment, and storage. If you use the
process flow diagram approach for an entire production
line, the software can lead you to specific opportunity
points within the plant. The software can help you
generate a complete and realistic process flow diagram for
your plant (if one does not already exist). The software
will produce and print a process flow diagram based upon
the information you enter. Thus, it is imperative that you
enter realistic data into the system or the output may be
meaningless to you.
Once the process flow diagram is completed, the
opportunity points can be readily identified. For example,
every waste stream emanating from a unit op defines a
point where opportunities exist to affect that waste
stream. Pollution Prevention Strategies include process
modifications at that and preceding unit ops to change the
quantity or characteristics of that stream. Other examples
include:
(1) every material input stream identifies
opportunities for material substitution (and for
possible changes in inventory control method-
ologies);
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every connection point between unit ops (in
fact, every flow line) is an occasion for
j spillage to occur (and thus, an opportunity to
I control spillage); and
(3) ! every point at which waste streams are joined
| is an opportunity for waste segregation in
' order to enhance recyclability of waste
i streams.
i
2.2 PRIORITIZATION
It is jnot reasonable to assume that a plant can
immediately deal with every pollution prevention
opportunity point. Therefore, once the realistic
opportunity! points are identified, the next step is to
prioritize the opportunity points—i.e., identifying the unit
op from which the highest priority waste emanated.
Criteria to j be used in setting up a priority rating scheme
can be chosen from any combination of four criteria:
volume of waste, hazardous nature of the waste, cost to
manage the waste, and the percentage of wastes being
recycled within the process. Further, you can evaluate
each unit operation directly from its inputs and outputs if
you have the information needed for prioritization. SWAMI
allows you to start at the final waste streams leaving the
plant, and Iwork backward (keeping track of which waste
streams cause certain costs and volume changes through
any treatment steps, blend points, etc.) until you arrive at
the unit op at which the waste originates. Then you can
properly assess the "contribution" of that unit op to the
final volume of (waste streams leaving the plant as well as
the "contribution" of that unit op to the cost of treating,
storing, and disposing of the final waste streams leaving
the plant.
Two 'similar algorithms are used to compute the
volume and cost contributions of waste emanating from a
unit op. The "volume" of waste is traced from a final
waste back! to its primary waste (a waste emanating from a
unit op) keeping a running product of responsibilities (as
decimal fractions) times the volume of the final waste.
When all such "paths in the process have been traced, the
computed products of like primary wastes are combined
(summed). \ The result is the total amount of waste
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attributed to a particular unit op. The
formulation for the volume contribution is:
mathematical
V (unit op]
n
= £
[ if r(i,j)]y
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(3) jLet Cj = RDi(k)Cj + RTi(k)Fi
; where:
| RDj(k) is the share of the output waste
; cost borne by the ktn input waste at the
| jtn treatment or blend point,
RT. (k) is the share of the operating
: cost borne by the k* input waste at the
' j * treatment,
th
and FJ is the operating cost of the i
treatment or blend point.
(4) ! Repeat step 3 for each treatment or blend
'point encountered.
JNote that for any treatment operation, there
;may be more than one output waste stream
[and so the subsequent costs of managing and
! disposing of those wastes must be included in
[ the volume responsibility assignments and cost
I tracking.
i
Once these values have been calculated for each of
the individual streams emanating from process unit ops, it
is a simple matter to list the results on. a basis of
decreasing volume "responsibility" and by decreasing cost
responsibilitjy.
2.3 USING SWAMI TO DEVELOP POLLUTION
PREVENTION STRATEGIES
i
The next step in the logic process—once a unit op has
been picked as a prime candidate for waste minimization
activities—is to devise a strategy for alternatives to the
present operation. Such alternative strategies can be as
simple as resetting one control in a process, to as complex
as making [major equipment modifications, or making a
complete change in the type of unit op used in a process.
At this stage, the software package can prove helpful in
identifying strategies to be considered. The program,
through a sequence of questions and answers, will aid in
identifying generic waste minimization strategy concepts.
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The output from this exercise is a statement of relevant
facts and a list of keywords. This statement and keyword
list will guide you to sources of more specific information
for developing alternatives. For example, with these
keywords, you can access existing literature and case study
data bases to find specific information about strategies
used in your (and similar) industry.
Certain types of information must be gathered in
order to proceed with the evaluation and selection of these
waste minimization opportunities. Most such information
is specific to the strategies to be evaluated. For example,
specific strategies under consideration for implementation
at a particular unit operation point in a process must be
sized to meet the demands of the process and unit op at
your plant. Furthermore, many process modifications will
require installation of several pieces of equipment.
Obviously, the capital cost for implementing such a
strategy will then depend upon the equipment list, and the
specific size of equipment necessary (to match the existing
process at that point and time), while operating costs will
depend on the labor, maintenance, supplies, and utilities
requirements to operate and maintain the equipment. All
these are cost factors about which information must be
garnered for your specific application and the specific size
range necessary for the proposed strategy. No software
nor any computer data base will give you specific new cost
data specifically applicable to your process. It is
imperative, then, that when you search any data base using
the keywords that SWAMI generates, you should look for
information about factors such as equipment size, capital
cost factors, operating cost factors, equipment lifetime,
reduced production costs, reduced waste disposal costs, and
intangibles such as reduction of potential liability, ease of
operation, and other factors to which it is difficult to
assign a dollar value. This information will help you assess
the costs and benefits of such changes, when applied in
your specific situation.
Note that SWAMI's usefulness does not end here.
When an alternative has been designed, you can, with the
aid of the program, evaluate the effects of waste
minimization in light of the proposed alternative by
entering the proposed modifications to your process as a
new process to be analyzed with SWAMI.
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2.4 MASS STANCE CONSIDERATIONS
In order to further enhance the identification of
waste minimization opportunity points, mass balance
calculations ban be used to ensure that material flow rates
through the process are correct. Mass balance calculations
can be used!to identify areas where excess materials are
being consumed and also to identify unaccounted waste
release points.
The standard practice for mass balance calculations
is based on the law of conservation of matter, which states
that the total mass of material entering a system must
equal the mass of material exiting the system, plus any
accumulation occurring in the system. In its simplest form
mass balance calculations are defined by the formula that
states:
Input = Output + Accumulation.
The software incorporates this simple check into the
process based on the user input material usage rates and
waste generated for each unit op. This algorithm is a
simple summation of the mass of material entering a given
unit op compared to the mass of material exiting the unit
op. (Including the flow of materials from previous unit ops
and material flowing into subsequent unit ops.)
i
[
The software also allows for calculation of mass
balances for individual chemical elements or compounds
over the eniire process. This is accomplished by defining
an active ingredient and its average concentration in all
materials input to the process and in the wastes exiting the
process. The software then searches for all input and
output entries with identical active ingredients and
compares those quantities.
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SECTION 3.0
USING THE SWAMI SOFTWARE
SWAMI is an acronym for "Strategic WAste
Minimization Initiative." The following paragraphs explain
procedures for installing and using SWAMI on your personal
computer.
3.1 INSTALLING SWAMI
SWAMI was designed to operate on IBM personal computers
(or compatibles) with 640K memory (at least 580K bytes must be
free), a 286 or higher processor, a hard disk, and MS-DOS Version
2.0 or higher. (If your system does not meet all these requirements,
you should still try to install it; it may work.) Perform the following
steps to install SWAMI.
(1) Insert your floppy diskette into drive "A:" (or "B:", as
appropriate). Then, type "a:install" (or "brinstall") as
shown below:
C:V>a:install
or
C:\>b:install
The instaU procedure unpacks the SWAMI files and puts
them in your new SWAMI directory.
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(3)
the install program creates a SWAMI directory and adds
your new SWAMI directory to the PATH command in your
C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT file. The following examples show
how you would add SWAMI to an existing PATH
instruction. (These are examples only; the exact contents of
your PATH instruction will probably vary.)
i
Example 1:
BEFORE
PATH=C:\DOS;\BATCH
AFTER
; PATH=C:\DOS;\BATCH;\SWAMI
i
Example 2:
BEFORE
PATH=C:\DOS;\TEXT;\BATCH
AFTER
PATH=C:\DOS;\SWAMI;\TEXT;\BATCH
The install program modifies the FILES command in the
IQCONFIG.SYS file to read "FILES=50".
; (Note: If the existing FILES command is greater than,
ior equal to 50, no change is made.)
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(4) Run the CONFIGP program if your printer is a
dot matrix printer OR if you wish to generate
dot matrix print files of your process flow
diagrams. To do this, first establish your new
SWAMI directory as the default directory
(e.g., CD C:\SWAMI and press ).
Next, type CONFIGP and press .
Select a printer from the list (see: Table 3.1)
by typing its number and pressing . If
yours is not compatible with one in the list,
use option 99 and your printer manual to
customize SWAMI for your printer.
TABLE 3.1. CONFIGP - FOR SELECTING OR CONFIGURING DOT MATRIX
PRINTERS TO DISPLAY PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS
1 - EPSON FX series
2 - EPSON MX,LX series
3 - EPSON SQ.LQ 24-pin
4 - IBM GRAPHICS
5 - IBM PROPRINTER
6 - GEMINI lOx and 15x
7 - AT&T 475
8 - PROWRITER I & II
9 - MANNESMANN 80,85, and 86
10 - CANON PW-1156A
11 - CITIZEN MSP 20
12 - TI 850 and 855
13 - DATAPRODUCTS 8052C
14 - STAR MICRONIX DELTA
15 - DIABLO P series
16 - MT SPIRIT 80
17 - NEC P2
18 - NEC P2200 24-pin
19 - OKI Microline
20 - FACIT 4512
21 - MANNESMANN MT 180
22 - ACT WRITER
(5) Reboot your system. Do this by holding down the
and keys and pressing .
(6) Make sure the new SWAMI directory is in the
PATH definition. Type "SET" and press .
If \SWAMI does not appear in the path
definition, consult Appendix D and try again.
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3.2 GETTING STARTED WITH SWAMI
The SWAMI program is started by typing SWAMI at the
DOS prompt!. Since SWAMI is intended to assist you in analyzing
processes iri your plant, each process is stored in its own
subdirectory. Separating the process data files by directories in this
way simplified your backup procedure. For example, type:
i
C::>copy C:\SWAM1M\*.* a:
to copy all of your process #1 data to the floppy diskette in the A:
drive. ;
If you tare entering a process into any of these files for the first
time, the first input screen to appear will be the process description
form (Figure 3-1). You will be asked to name and describe the
process you are interested
Process Description Form
Record wilt be Added
PROCESS
FIRM
PUNT
DEPARTMENT
AREA
STREET
CITY.ST ZIP
PRODUCTS
TIKE UNIT CONVERSION PARAMETERS
HOURS PER DAY : 8.00
DAYS PER MOUTH : 22.00
MOUTHS PER YEAR: 12.00 :
UNITS FOR SWAMI REPORTS
VOLUME: ton ton Ib. kg gram
TIME : year hour day mo. year
for HELP
returns to main menu
Figure 3-1. Process description form.
3-4
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in analyzing. Once this form has been completed, SWAMI
will thereafter begin by displaying a main menu (see
Figure 3-2) consisting of eight options. If at any time
thereafter you wish to change the process in this file, you
must select option 1 from this main menu.
Strategic WAste Minimisation Initiative
Version 2.0 March 7. 1990.
SWAMI MAIN MENU
Select one of the following steps:
1) Name the process
2} Process definition
3) Process flow diagrams
4) Mase balance
5) Prioritise opportunities
7) Feasibility Study HELP
3) Cost Analysis HELP
Developed by:
PEER Consulranta
and
University of Dayton
Sponsored by;
United States
Environmental
Protection1 Agency
AVAILABLE KEYS:
- exit SWAMI
a HELP
& arrows move selector bar
« activate menu Item
Figure 3-2. SWAMI main menu.
The arrow keys move the selector bar up and .down the
menu and the key selects the highlighted option.
The key labeled is the SWAMI help key. Press it any
time you need additional information. Table 3.2 .explains
some terms which you should understand before
continuing. Table 3.3 lists the SWAMI function keys and
explains how they are used.
TABLE 3.2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cursor: a small box or line, sometimes blinking, indicating the screen
position of the next typed character.
(continued)
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TABLE 3.2. (continued)
Data entry form: a screen containing labels and data fields. SWAMI Data
Entry Forms are analogous to traditional paper forms you are familiar with.
Data field: an area of the screen where typed values (data) appear.
Lists: data items organized in ro^jvs or columns which can be selected like
menu items. j
Menu: program options displayed on the screen. These options can be chosen
by positioning the selector bar on trie desired item and pressing the key.
Selector bar: a highlighted rectangle on the screen for choosing items in a
list or marking the maximum number of characters in a data field.
Recycle: the recovery and/or beneficial reuse of a material which otherwise
would be disposed of as a waste.
Waste: material emanating from a unit op or treatment which is classified as
unuseable or unsaleable and therefore must be disposed of or treated and
recycled.
TABLE 3.3. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT KEYS
RECOGNIZED BY SWAMI
& arrows: moves the selector bar up and down
& arrows: moves the cursor left and right within a data field
or : selects anj item from a list or menu. Also used to
complete a data field and advance to the next data field or screen.
: a backup key. Backs up: 1 field or 1 screen. Also used to exit the
HELP screen.
I
: Accepts the form as shown. Also, advances to the next
strategy keyword list.
: A backup key. Exits a form immediately from any field.
: (continued)
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s
TABLE 3.3. (continued)
: when entering data into a field, this key can be used to delete
1 character immediately to the left of the cursor.
: used when a list appears on the screen. This key notifies SWAMI
that you wish to add a data item to the list.
: used when a list appears on the screen. This key notifies SWAMI
that you wish to delete the highlighted data item from the list.
: displays help information relevant to activity in progress.
: a process definition key which activates the treatment list.
: a process definition key which activates the materials list.
: a process definition key which activates the waste list.
: a process definition key for accessing complete lists of materials,
wastes, and products without regard to their source.
: a process definition key which activates the products list.
: a process definition key, available only from the unit op list, which
wipes out an entire process. However, before deleting your process, SWAMI
displays a warning to avoid accidental erasure.
: allows forward movement through a list 1 page at a time. A
page is equal to the number of items that fill the screen.
: jumps ahead to the last item in a list.
: allows reverse paging, 1 screen at a time, through a list.
: jumps back to the first item in a list.
: moves the cursor to 1 position beyond the last character in a text
field.
: moves the cursor to the first position in a text field.
3-7
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SECTION 4.0
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SWAMI CAPABILITIES
This section describes the features of SWAMI and specific
keys used to activate them. Because the informtaion is presented
in a sequence consistent with anticipated usage you may wish to try
using the program as you proceed though Section 4.0. The data and
information that you will be called upon to enter is data about your
process. Guidance for gathering such data is given in the U.S. EPA
manual entitled "Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment
Manual" (EPA/625/7-88/003). To help you in matching that
manual to the SWAMI data input requirements, reference is made
(in this guide and in the software's HELP message screens) to
specific forms in that manual, referred to as WMOAM for brevity.
4.1 USING SWAMI FOR PROCESS DEFINITION
Two menu options are used to define your process.
"Initial Description" presents a Data Entry Form for
defining three types of parameters that identify your
process. The first type is informational only and includes:
company name, plant name and location, process name, and
major products. Some of these parameters appear as
header information in SWAMI reports. A second group of
fields contain data conversion parameters used by the mass
balance and prioritization computations including: hours
per day, days per month, and months per year. Finally, you
can specify the units used in mass balance and
prioritization reports.
The second option, "process definition" uses a series
of lists and Data Entry Forms to define the components
(unit operations, wastes, treatments, blends, products, and
materials) of your process. Lists summarize the process
components which have been defined; forms are used to
define, modify, and delete components. When an empty
list is activated, SWAMI automatically displays the correct
form for defining the first item in that list.
4.1.1 Unit Operations
Defining the process flow begins at the unit op. The
sequence of the unit ops in the unit op list should reflect
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the logical order of the process. For example, the top unit
op in the list represents the first unit op in the process.
Similarly, the bottom unit op is the final unit op in the
process.
• You can define a new unit op by pressing the
key when the unit op list is active.
• You can modify an existing unit op by moving
the selector bar to highlight your choice and
pressing .
• Finally, you can delete a unit op by highlighting
it, pressing the key, and pressing
.
Once a unit op has been defined, you can activate the
materials, wastes, and products lists by pressing ,
, and respectively. The items defined at this
time will "belong" to the unit op that was highlighted when
you activated one of these lists (i.e., they will be those
entering or exiting the process at that unit op). Notice
that SWAMI only displays the materials, wastes, or
products belonging to the highlighted unit op. To define
materials, wastes, or products for a different unit op,
return to the unit op list and select the proper unit op (with
or ). Then, activate one of the other lists to
define the materials, wastes or products as desired.
4.1.2 Waste Streams
Pressing activates a waste list showing which
waste streams emanate from the highlighted unit op or
treatment. [Wastes can be added, modified, or deleted
when this list is active (by pressing when the
particular unit op is highlighted). You can return to the
unit op or treatment list by pressing . activates
a waste list which shows all the wastes in your process.
When the waste list is active, wastes can only be
modified or deleted. Such modification and deletions are
then carried throughout the process so that all unit ops and
treatments effected by the change are correct.
To define a new waste, press the key. To
edit an existing waste, use the and arrow keys
to move the; selector bar, then press . To remove a
waste, move the selector bar, press the key, press
4-2
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to acknowledge the delete, and press to
return to the unit op or treatment list. Remember, these
activities are available only when one of the waste lists is
active.
The "Waste Description Form" is used to add, modify,
or delete a process waste. SWAMI automatically displays
this "Waste Description Form" if you activate an empty
waste list. After defining your first waste, you can
continue adding, editing, or removing wastes by pressing
, , or when the waste list is
active. "Record will be Added," "Record will be Changed,"
or "Press Enter to Delete" appears beneath the title to
indicate how the entry will be processed.
Form:
The following fields appear in the Waste Definition
Waste name -
Description -
Hazardous -
Media -
Output Rate -
name which appears in the waste
list to identify the waste.
an optional field for expanding the
waste name.
indicates if the waste is class-
ified as hazardous. The choices
are: "Y" « yes and "N" = no.
select a media type. The choices
are:
gas,
"L" = liquid,
"D" = sludge, and "S" = solid.
is specified in three parts: a
quantity, a mass or volume unit,
and a time unit (e.g.,
100 ton/hour). This rate represents
the total waste stream including
both active and inactive
constituents. Lists (menus) of
available units appear just below
the density field, (see: "Annual
Generation, Overall" field of
WMOAM worksheet #10.)
4-3
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WAMI
Density -
Fate type -
is used in the mass balance
computations to convert volu-
metric output rates to mass units.
If output rate is specified in terms
of mass units, this field is not
used. A list of available units
appears below the density field.
(see: field 2 of WMOAM worksheet
#9a.)
identifies the type of destination
of the waste [e.g., a treatment
operation within your plant; a
blend point such as a common
sump; a recycling operation in your
facility; or "exit," i.e., a
Treatment, Storage, or Disposal
Facility (TSDF) outside of the
generating plant. Note, that the
term TSDF makes one think of
hazardous waste, but even
nonhazardous waste must be
treated, stored, or disposed,]
name of the treatment or blend
point. You must either select a
treatment from the treatment list
appearing on the right of the
i screen or add a new treatment to
! the list and then select it from the
i list (e.g., your plant's industrial
wastewater treatment plant; the
"acid sump;" solvent still No. 3; the
i Harrison Landfill; etc.).
When you finish the TSDF Cost field, SWAMI begins the
procedure for defining the active ingredients of the waste. Any
elements or [compounds you wish to track with a mass balance
should be defined as active ingredients. The active ingredients are
shown hi a list and are defined by completing two fields in the Active
Ingredient Data Entry Form. The first field is a symbolic chemical
description of the stream using standard chemical notation (e.g.
H^SC^ for sulfuric acid). The second field is used to indicate the
concentration (as a percentage of the whole waste stream) of the
active ingredient.
Fate name -
4-4
-------
The list and form appear with the Waste Description
Form as a reminder that the ingredients are defined for
that waste. Like other lists, if the ingredient list is empty
it automatically activates the Active Ingredient Data
Entry Form to define the first ingredient. If you choose
not to define active ingredients, simply press the
key. Otherwise, complete both fields. SWAMI verifies
that the sum of concentrations does not exceed
100 percent, then displays the ingredients in the list, you
may add new ingredients to the list by pressing ,
delete an ingredient by pressing , or modify an
ingredient by moving the selector by and pressing .
4.1.3 Input Materials
The materials list shows which materials are used by
the highlighted unit op or treatment. Materials can be
added, modified, or deleted when this list is active. To add
a new material, press the key. A blank Material
Description Form will appear with the message "Record
will be Added." To edit an existing material, use the
and arrow keys to move the selector bar, then
press . This time the Material Description Form
will contain the current data and the message "Record will
be Changed." . To remove a material, move the selector
bar, press the key, and press in response
to the message. Again, the Material Description Form
(with current data) will be displayed. The message "Press
Enter to Delete" tells you to press to complete the
deletion. Finally, when you finish editing the materials
list, press to return to the unit op or treatment list.
4.1.4 Products
The Products List shows which products are
generated by the highlighted unit op or treatment.
Products can be added, modified, or deleted when this list
is active. To define a new product, press the key.
To edit an existing product, use the and arrow
keys to move the selector bar, then press .
To remove a product, move the selector bar, press
the key, and press in response to the
message. Finally, when you finish editing the products list,
press to return to the unit op or treatment list.
4-5
-------
4.1.5 Chemical Formula Rules
There are two general principles with regard to the
formula syntax rules. First, SWAMI uses a chemical
formula to describe a compound strictly for the purpose of
mass balance computations. Therefore, molecular
properties such as ionization are irrelevant. Second, the
syntax closely resembles standard notation within the
limitations bf a computer which does not provide a
subscripting nor a superscripting capability. The rules are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
EXPRESS 2-CHARACTER ELEMENT SYMBOLS
IN MIXED CASE, e.g., Cl not CL.
[
AN INTEGER FOLLOWING AN ELEMENT (NO
INTERVENING CHARACTERS) IS A MULTIPLI-
ER OF THAT ELEMENT, e.g., H2O defines
water.
SPACE and "+" (PLUS) CHARACTERS ARE
SEPARATORS, e.g., the 4 would be ignored in
H2SO 4. Instead, use H2SO4 for sulfuric
acid.
RADICALS MUST BE ENCLOSED IN
PARENTHESES. RADICAL MULTIPLIERS MAY
OCCUR BEFORE OR AFTER THE RADICAL
(exception: see rule #5). e.g., 2(OH) and
(OH)2 are equivalent.
RULE 2 TAKES PRECEDENT OVER RULE 4.
e.g., aluminum phosphate could be written either
as A12(PO4)3 or as A12+3(PO4). In the
latter, "+" is required or the mass would be
computed as though the compound had
23 aluminum atoms.
SWAMI IS INCAPABLE OF INTERPRETING
EXPRESSIONS WITH PARENTHESES INSIDE
PARENTHESES, e.g., 2(Pb+2[NO3]) is invalid
and instead should be written as Pb2-j-4(NO3).
DO NOT INCLUDE IONIZATION SYMBOLS.
e.|g., Ca++ is invalid.
i
MASS COMPUTATION IS THE GOAL. EXTRA
SEPARATORS ARE IGNORED. e.g., CO2,
COO, C+O2, and C+O+O have equivalent
mass in SWAMI.
4-6
-------
Table 4.1 lists several example formulas and why they may
or may not be acceptable for use with SWAMI.
TABLE 4.1. EXAMPLE FORMULAS
Example
Explanation
H2O
H+H+O
Ni(CO)4
Ni+4(CO)
BaSO4+(NaBr)2
2NaBr
Ag+
[CoC16]-3
4 (Ag)+(NO3) 2
Acceptable representation of water.
Unusual representation of water, but acceptable
for computing mass.
Acceptable formula for nickel carbonyl.
Alternate acceptable formula for nickel carbonyl.
Acceptable compound formula.
Incorrect, parenthesis missing, i.e., 2(NaBr).
Plus sign'V is ignored.
"-3" indicates a negatively charged ion
(brackets, "-", and 3 are ignored).
Spaces cause "4" and "2" to be ignored.
4.1.6 Treatments/Blends
A treatment is similar to a unit op except it appears
on your screen in an alphabetized treatment list rather
than in a sequence of treatment steps. You can define a
new treatment (or blend) when one of two treatment/blend
lists is active. The first list is accessed by pressing
when the unit op list is active. You can add a treatment by
pressing . Existing treatments can be changed by
moving the selector bar to your choice and pressing
. You can remove a treatment by highlighting it
and pressing the key.
4-7
-------
The second treatment (or blend) list appears
automatically when you define a waste's fate as
"treatment" or "blend." When this new treatment list is
active you can press to add a new treatment or
to select a previously defined one as the fate of
the current waste.
When ^ treatment appears in the list, you can
define its input materials, output wastes, and products by
pressing , , and respectively. (The input
waste list j cannot be modified directly through the
treatment fields. This can only be done by defining a
treatment as the fate of a waste coming from a unit op in
the main process. The list was generated from
descriptions i you made when defining the main process.
That is why the list can only be modified from the
process definition screens.) The items defined at this time
"belong" to jthe treatment that was highlighted when you
activated one of these lists. Notice that SWAMI only
displays the, materials, wastes, and products belonging to
the highlighted treatment. To define materials, wastes, or
products forla different treatment, return to the treatment
list and select the desired treatment. Then reactivate one
of the other lists.
4.2 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS
This feature presents a graphic rendition of your
process flow diagram on the screen and optionally to a
printer or print file. After selecting "Process Flow
Diagrams" from the main menu, SWAMI asks you which
devices will present your flow diagram. The three choices
are: screen;only, printer, and print file. All three options
will display a process flow diagram, one page at a time, on
your screen. The latter two options will also send the flow
diagram to the printer or print file, respectively.
t
4.2.1 Page Numbering
I
There [is a limit to the amount of information which
can be displayed on a personal computer screen. SWAMI
breaks process flow diagrams into pages which must then
be assembled to show the flow diagram for an entire
process. The individual pages are identified using letters
A-Z to represent the columns and integers 1-99 for the
rows, much like popular spreadsheet software. Figure 4-1
shows how khe pages fit together to complete the process
flow diagram.
4-8
-------
page
A-1
page
B-1
page
C-i
page
A-2
page
B-2
Figure 4-1. Assembling pages of process flow diagrams.
4.2.2 Screens
Each screen represents one page of the process flow
diagram. SWAMI presents all of the column A pages before
displaying column B pages. A short high-pitched tone is
sounded when the page is complete. Simply press the
key to show the next page. Note, you cannot
backup a page or skip pages. Since printing is
time-consuming, you may wish to view the flow diagram in
"screen only" mode before making hard copies.
4.2.3 Printers
If your printer is an HP LaserJet or one of the dot
matrix printers listed in Table 3.1, or is compatible with
any of these, you can get a hard copy simply by selecting
"Printer" from the destination menu. Note that matrix
printer selection/setup is an installation procedure and
must be performed before using SWAMI (see: SWAMI
installation procedures in Section 3.1). Laser printers are
compatible with SWAMI if they support the Hewlett-
Packard Printer Control Language (PCL).
If your printer is not supported by SWAMI, you will
have to install a printer driver (also called: "print utilities"
and "screen dump utilities") and use the key
to send the screen image to your printer. Many such
drivers are available from a variety of vendors. Make sure
the one you acquire works with your printer and that it can
handle graphics. (Many printer drivers only work with
text.) GRAFPLUS by Jewell Technologies is one such print
utility that works for a wide array of printers including
4-9
-------
laser and Color printers. (NOTE: this reference is for
information purposes only and does NOT constitute an
endorsement of GRAFPLUS or Jewell Technologies.)
4.2.4 Print
Files
Print files allow you to save your process flow
diagram pages in files so that you can copy them to
another system for printing. Print files are compatible
with HP LaserJet, HP PaintJet, and the dot matrix printers
shown in Table 3.1. Since print files are binary, you must
use the /B option when copying. The following DOS
command should be used to print:
COPY PAGEA-1 LPT 1: /B
I
Furthermore, you should not use the DOS PRINT
command to print. Print files have the same name as the
page number except that laser printer print files will,
whenever possible, put two pages in a file. This means that
PAGEA-1 could also contain page A-2. (Hint: files
containing two pages will be twice as large as files with
one page.) |
4.2.5 Symbol and Color Legend
Understanding the symbols and colors will help you
interpret yjour process flow diagram. (Be aware that
printers will produce slightly different shades of color and
some will distort the shapes.) Figure 4-2 explains the
colors and shapes used in a process flow diagram and
Figure 4-3 shows them all in a generic configuration..
4.3 MASS BALANCE
There I are three types of mass balance calculations
available in SWAMI. Each can appear on the screen or be
sent to your printer. The first type compares total mass
inputs and outputs at the unit operation level and for the
process as a whole. The results include a list of inputs and
outputs and! a mass balance report for each unit operation,
blend, treatment, and the process as a whole. The second
type generates similar input/output summaries and mass
balance reports, except it is used to track a single element
of the periodic table. The third type allows you to track
chemical compounds. Each mass balance analysis has
certain data requirements which are described in subsec-
4-10
-------
tions 4.3.1 through 4.3.3. In all cases, you must be sure to
define all process streams (i.e., wastes, products and
materials).
4.3.1 Mass Balance - Total Mass
A total mass balance can be computed if each
material, waste, and product definition includes an
accurate flow rate description and a density specification
for those flow rates defined in terms of volume. If the
input and output masses balance for the individual unit ops,
treatments and the entire process, you can feel confident
PRIMARY SYMBOLS:
Unit Operation
Treatment
Material
Waste
Final Product
Interim Product
OTHER SYMBOLS:
Black box and text found only on the left side of a page
Blue box and text found to the right of the unit ops
Green line and text, always on the left side of a unit op
or treatment
Red lines and text
Black line and text ending with a small shaded box
Vertical line connecting two unit op boxes. The product
name does not appear
a. A circle on the left end of a waste indicates the waste stream is a
continuation from another part of the diagram. The color indicates
if the source is a unit operation (black) or a treatment (blue).
O
SPENT SOLVENT
b. A black shaded circle on the right end of a waste line indicates the
waste is recycled back to a unit operation.
RECOVERED SOLVENT
O
Figure 4-2. Color and symbol legend.
(continued)
4-11
-------
Figure 4-2. Continued
c. A blue diamond at the right end of a waste indicates a waste which
enters a treatment elsewhere in the diagram.
SLUDGE
d. A pair of vertical lines indicates either an exit waste (red) or a
waste recycled to another process (blue).
DILUTED ACID
MATERIAL #1
MATERIAL #8 £
INTERIM^-.
PRODUCTS ^^^
MATERIAL #3
UNIT OPERATI
ON HI
1
UNIT OPERATI
ON *2
L
MATERIAL T-l PAGE A~ X
EXIT UASTE *1 ,| TpErtTMrnT «1 EXIT WASTE *2
UASTE #1 >H "'•'-nmi.Hi «i RECYCLE; OFF-SITE :
QUflS1 E #3 |
UASTE #4 ^UNIT OPERATION #1
UASTE «3 > ^TREATMENT ttl
^^
FINAL PRODUCT m
Figure 4-3. Example black and white symbols configuration.
4-12
-------
that you have accurately defined the process. Otherwise,
check to make sure all process streams have been entered
and that the flow rates are correct.
4.3.2 Mass Balance - of an Element
Like total mass balances, single element mass
balances require that flow rates (and densities as needed)
are specified for each process stream. In addition, those
streams which contain the element you wish to track must
include chemical formula descriptions along with
concentrations of the active ingredients. As before, make
sure the masses balance for individual unit operation and
treatments AND the process as a whole.
4.3.3 Mass Balance - of a Compound
Like the single element mass balance, compound
mass balances require that flow rates (and densities as
needed), formulas, and concentrations be specified for each
process stream. Two additional conditions will cause this
type of computation to not balance. First, whenever a
compound being tracked is chemically altered by a unit
operation or treatment, the report will show an imbalance.
Second, compounds not specified in exactly the same way
will not be compared. For example, when performing a
mass balance on H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) SWAMI will not
detect the presence of sulfuric acid in the compound
H2SO4+H2O. Instead, you must enter H2SO4 and H2O as
separate ingredients.
4.4 PRIORITIZATION WITH SWAMI
"Prioritization" helps you select wastes which offer
the best opportunities for waste minimization. A precise
process definition must be completed to ensure an accurate
prioritization. Selecting "prioritization" presents the menu
shown in Figure 4-4.
4.4.1 Assign Responsibility
During the "Assign Responsibility" operation you will
estimate the share of responsibility an input waste has for
the on-site treatment cost as well as the off-site cost and
volume of the wastes emanating from that treatment. For
example, if a treatment has 2 input wastes and 1 output
waste, you probably want the percentages assigned to each
input waste to total 100% with respect to the output waste
4-13
-------
Strategic WAste Minimization Initiative
Version 2.O March 7, 1991
PRIORITIZATIOfJ MENU
ASSIGN RESPONSIBILITY
PRIORITIZATION [REPORTS
I
AVAILABLE KEYS:
= Return to main menu
- HELP
& arrows move selector- bar-
= activate menu i tern
Developed by:
PEER Consultants
and
University of Dayton
Sponsored by:
United States
Envi ronmental
Protection Agency
Figure 4-4. Prioritization menu.
and treatment cost (unless there are other processes in
your plant Which "feed" wastes to the same treatment
operation).
In order to help you in assigning "responsibilities" the
software presents each output waste "paired with" each
contributing input waste sequentially. In Figure 4-5 there
are two waste pairs: (1) input waste #1 and the output
waste and; (2) input waste #2 and the output waste.
This selection of waste pairs provides the foundation
for the "Assign Responsibility" operation. You will be
asked to tell what share of the treatment costs, what share
of the output waste's volume, and what share of the output
waste's subsequent treatment and disposal costs are there
because of the need to treat and dispose of each of the two
incoming wastes.
4-14
-------
INPUT WASTE
50%$ 25 %V
67% T$
INPUT WASTE
50%$ 75%V
33% T$
TREATMENT
OUTPUT
^WASTE
SYMBOLS
$ = WASTE DISPOSAL COST
V=OUTPUT WASTE VOLUME
T$= TREATMENT COST
Figure 4-5. Example of responsibility assignment.
For example, suppose that input waste #1 were a
high-volume, dilute waste stream, while input waste #2 has
a small volume of highly hazardous material. Then you
might decide that most of the cost of disposing of the
output waste is because of waste #2, while most of the
tankage in the treatment existed because of the need to
handle waste #1. These are decisions you must make,
based on your knowledge of your plant.
The treatment list displayed in "Assign
Responsibility" appears to the left of the waste pair list.
To proceed, select a treatment from the treatment list.
(Use the arrow keys to move the selector bar, then press
.)
The waste pair list shows all combinations of input
and output waste pairs for the treatment highlighted in the
treatment list. (Remember that the relationship of input
waste to output waste is fundamental for assigning
responsibility.) To proceed, select a waste pair from the
waste pair list. SWAMI will ask you the following:
(1) What percentage of the treatment cost is
attributable to the input waste?
(2) What percentage of the volume of output
waste is attributable to the input waste?
4-15
-------
(3) iWhat percentage of the final disposal costs of
the output waste is attributable to the input
waste?
Your responses to the responsibility questions are
recorded in the waste pair list. (SWAMI assigns 100% when
only 1 input waste exists for a treatment. Note that if
other processes should share these costs and volumes, you
must correct the numbers appropriately.) You can then
check the list to ensure that the information is correct.
4.4.2 Prioritization Reports
"Priorijtization Reports" presents a menu allowing you
to choose the type of report: screen or print. The two
options in ,this menu, both generate a Prioritization
Report. The difference is the destination of the report. If
you wish to view the report on the screen, select the first
option. Option two causes a printed report. If you are not
connected to a printer, this option may lock-up your
computer. (Note: To recover from a computer lock-up,
you must reboot. To accomplish this, hold down the
and keys while pressing .)
4.5 STRATEGIZING WITH SWAMI
Begin the strategizing process by selecting "Strate-
gies" from the main menu. Next, select a waste from the
strategy waste list. This waste list shows all wastes in the
process. Presumably, you have used SWAMI's prioritization
or some other methodology to identify the best pollution
prevention opportunity points. To select one of these
opportunities, use the and arrow keys to move
the selector 'bar, then press .
Next, SWAMI displays the strategy menu. There are
two options iin the strategy menu, each pertaining to the
waste you just selected. The first, "Identify Strategies,"
presents several questions you must answer to determine
the cause of the waste, and eventually leads to a set of
candidate pollution prevention strategies. The "Print
Report" option sends the strategy report to your printer.
If no printer is connected to your computer, selecting this
option may lock-up your computer. (See reboot
requirements in Section 3.1.)
4-16
-------
Answering the set of questions presented in this step
will lead to a set of possible strategies for reducing or
eliminating the selected waste. (To answer the question,
position the selector bar to your choice using the
and arrow keys. Then press the or
key. You can back up 1 question by pressing the
key.) This step helps you rule out any strategies
which absolutely do not apply to the chosen pollution
prevention opportunity point. For these, type "N";
otherwise, type "Y." The temptation might be to rule out
strategies which, on the surface, seem unlikely candidates.
However, if you are not sure, keep them until additional
research proves them infeasible or undesirable.
4-17
-------
-------
SECTION 5.0
SAMPLE SESSION WITH SWAMI
SWAMI is best learned by using it. For this reason,
Section 5.0 gives a detailed step-by-step account of a
sample problem for you to try. The sample problem is
totally artificial, intentionally brief and incomplete. Even
so, every type of input screen is used so that you may
practice entering information at every point the software
could require. Each step in this chapter includes an action,
a short explanation of the action, and a description or
picture of the results. If this is not enough explanation,
you can press any time during the session for
additional information. When you complete the example,
you will be ready to put SWAMI to use with your real
problem. Figure 5-1 shows the sample process you will be
using. This section assumes you are working the example
for the first time (i.e., using empty data files).
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
rate > 50gal/hr
density > 8,2 Ib/gal
concentration > 10V.
formula«HC1
WATER
rate * 10 gal/hr
density < 8 Ib/gal
DIRTY ACIDIC WATER
rite * SO gal/hr
density >8.4lb/oal
RINSE WATER
rate t 10 gal/hr
density * 8 Ib/gal
KILN RESIDUE
TSDFcost.J250
rate * 0.5 tons/yr
concentration! 10%
formula t PbO
\
TSOFcost' $5000
rati« 1 ton/yr
CLEAN WIDGETS
Figure 5-1. Sample process for SWAMI.
Step #1
Action:
type: SWAMI1
and press:
5-1
-------
Step #2
The screen goes blank for a few seconds and a title
screen appears.
Explanation:
You will both select a process and begin executing
SWAMI with this one instruction. If you wish to
access the process defined in subdirectory
C:\SWAMI\1 type the instruction "SWAMI1" and
press the key. Likewise, "SWAMI2" will
select the process in C:\SWAMI\2 and execute
SWAML Altogether, there are nine SWAMI
commands (SWAMI1 through SWAMI9) meaning you
can have nine processes on your system at one time
(or more if you create additional batch command
files). For this sample we will assume you are
starting a new problem.
Action:
Read this title screen then press .
SWAMI creates new data files or loads them if they
already exist. Next SWAMI ordinarily would display
the main menu (see: Figure 5-2) but, since this is a
brand new process, it skips this
automatically selects the first option.
iscreen and
Stratezic
Version 2
WAste Minimisation Initiative
.0 fiarch 7.
l
SWAMI MAIN MENU
1991
Select one of the f olio wine steps ;
1)
2>
3)
It)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Name the process
Process definition
Process flow diagrams
Mass balance
Prioritize opportunities
Strategy development
Feasibility Study HELP
Cost Analysis HELP
AVAILABLE
<£BC> -
«
KEYS :
exit SWAMI
HELP
arrows move selector
• activate menu item
bar
L
PEER Consultants
and
Univorsi ty of L'ay ton
Sponsored by:
United States
Environmental
protection Aeoncy
Figure 5-2. SWAMI main menu.
5-2
-------
Step #3
Explanation: '. .
The title screen shows that SWAMI can be used to
perform three important parts of a waste
minimization analysis and identifies software
available for performing two additional parts.
The Process Description Form shown in Figure 5-3
appears. Complete this screen as follows:
type: Widget finisher
press:
type: XYZ Widget Manufacturing Corporation
press:
type: Eastside plant
press:
type: Post-production Finishing
press:
type: Building 200
press:
type: 1424 E. Western Ave.
press:
type: Smallville, Ohio 45678
press:
type: Clean widgets
press: six times
Process Description Form
Record will be changed
PROCESS :Widget finisher
FIRM , :XYZ Widget Manufacturing Corporation
PLANT :Eastside PUnt
DEPARTMENT :Post-production finishing
AREA :Building 200
STREET :1A24 E. Western Ave.
CITY,ST ZIP:Smallvitie, Ohio 45678
PRODUCTS :Clean Widgets
TIME UNIT CONVERSION PARAMETERS
HOURS PER DAY : 8.00
DAYS PER MONTH : 22.00
MONTHS PER YEAR: 12.00
UNITS FOR SWAMI REPORTS
VOLUME: ton ton Ib. kg gram
TIME : year hour day mo. year
for HELP
returns to main menu •
Figure 5-3. A completed Process Description Form.
5-3
-------
Step #4
Step #5
The data is entered onto the form. When you press
from the last field, the process description
data are saved and the main menu is redisplayed.
Explanation:
Each time you complete one of the SWAMI Data
Entry Forms, the contents are saved on your disk.
The top portion of this form merely serves as a
reminder to you of the process that you intend to
store in this data file (SWAMI1). The bottom portion
of the ;screen allows you to define the time and mass
units that SWAMI will use in your reports.
Action:
Press 2, then press the key.
Result:
The process definition screen appears and the "Unit
Operation Description Form" (also called a worksheet
or a Data Entry Form) appears superimposed on top
of it.
Explanation:
The next step for a new problem is to define the
entire process including all unit operations, input
materials, wastes, products, treatments, and blends.
Pressing 2 moves the selector bar to the second menu
option^ "Process Definition;" pressing
activates it. Futhermore, since no unit ops exist for
the new process, SWAMI displays the "Unit Op
Description Form" to define your first unit operation.
type: ACID WASH
and press:
Your first unit op is defined. SWAMI removes the
Data Entry Form and "ACID WASH" appears as the
first unit op in your process.
Explanation:
A name is the only data item needed for a unit
operation. If you make a mistake while entering the
name, use the key to go back and fix it.
The left and right arrow keys, , and
also work. The key switches between over-
5-4
-------
Step #6
strike and insert modes. Experiment with these keys while
the worksheet is visible. If you decide to exit the form
without saving the data, press .
tion:
Press the key.
Step #7
Step #8
SWAMI pops up a box for choosing if you want to
insert the unit op before or after "ACID WASH," the
unit op which is highlighted.
Explanation:
Try using the left and right arrow keys to switch
between the words "Before" and "After." If you use
the .
It:
SWAMI displays an empty unit op Data Entry Form.
Explanation:
Once again, a name is the only data item on the unit
op worksheet. Pressing at this time will return
you to the process screen without adding a new unit
op. However, once you press , the unit op is
saved on your disk.
Action:
type: SPRAY RINSE
and press:
Result:
Your second unit op is defined. SWAMI removes the
Data Entry Form and "SPRAY RINSE" appears below
"ACID WASH" as the second unit op in your process.
Explanation:
Remember, you can use , the arrow keys,
, and when completing a Data Entry
Form.
5-5
-------
SWA
K_X 1 I JL A.
Step #9
Steo #10
Step#11
Step #12
Action: t
Press the key then,
press the key.
It:
Again, SWAMI pops up the box for choosing if you
want to insert the unit op before or after the unit op
which is highlighted. "After" is chosen and SWAMI
displays the "Unit Op Description Form." ;
Explanation:
You are ready to enter the name of your third and
final unit op. If you use the key to return to
the process screen, no new unit op is added.
type: FINAL CURING
and press:
Your third and final unit op is defined. SWAMI
removes the Data Entry Form and "FINAL CURING"
appears in the process flow list. ;
Explanation:
The data become permanent when you complete the
name field and press . ;
Action:
Press
Result:
The waste list is activated and the "Waste Descript-
ion Form" appears.
Explanation:
The only way to define a new waste is from the
waste list. This list shows all wastes defined for the
highlighted unit op, "FINAL CURING." Since no
wastes have been defined for "FINAL CURING,"
SWAMI displays the "Waste Description Form."
tion:
type: KILN RESIDUE
and press: !
5-6
-------
Step #13
Step #14
Step #15
Result:
The cursor advances to the field labeled
"Description."
Explanation:
A waste name can be up to 25 characters in length.
Because the waste name is what you use to reference
a waste stream, SWAMI will not let you proceed to
the next field until you type at least one character
into the "Waste Name" field.
Action:
type: ASH
and press:
Result:
The cursor advances to the field labeled "Hazardous?"
Explanation:
The description field is optional.
Action:
Use the left or right arrow key to highlight "Yes"
then press .
The cursor advances to the field labeled "Media."
Explanation:
The only way to proceed to the next field is by
selecting "Yes" or "No" in response to the hazardous
question.
Action:
Press the left arrow key once then, press .
Result:
The waste is defined as a solid. Then the cursor
advances to the field labeled "Output Rate."
Explanation:
You could also have used the right arrow key to move
the selector bar. This step demonstrates that menus
are circular.
5-7
-------
Steo#16
Step #17
Step #19
Action:
Type: .5
and press: .
Result:
The output rate is entered and the cursor advances,
moves toward the right.
Explanation:
The flow rate of wastes (as well as materials and
products) is a three-part answer: a value, a mass or
volume unit, and a time unit.
Action:
Press the right arrow key five times, then press
.
Result:
"Ton" becomes the mass unit, the density label
disappears, and the cursor moves right to the time
portion of the "output rate" field.
Explanation:
Density disappears because it is only used when one
of the volumetric units (e.g., gallons) is selected.
Press the left arrow key and press .
1C? oci "i\ *(" *
"Year" becomes the time unit of the output rate.
The cursor advances to the field labeled "Fate Type."
Explanation:
The output rate has been defined as a half ton per
year.
Action:
Press the key.
Result"
SWAMI moves the cursor to a newly-displayed field
called "Annual cost to outside TSDF."
5-8
-------
Step #20
Step #21
Step #22
Explanation:
Select "Exit" as the fate type when a waste "goes out
the gate" or when a waste leaves the process.
Presumably, it is this point when the process
personnel have knowledge and records of costs to
treat, store, and/or dispose of the waste stream.
Action:
type: 250
and press:
An extension to the Data Entry Form appears. It is a
Data Entry Form for describing the active
ingredients of the waste.
Explanation:
The TSDF cost represents the annual expenses for
disposing of a waste leaving the plant including labor
and shipping expenses and fees paid to outside
agencies to store and treat the waste.
Action:
type: PbO
and press:
Result:
The chemical equation for lead oxide appears in the
"Formula" field and the cursor drops down to the
"Concentration" field.
Explanation:
Any elements or chemical compounds you wish to
track with a mass balance must be part of the active
ingredient list for every material, waste, and product.
Action:
type: 10
and press:
The ingredient Data Entry Form is complete. SWAMI
displays a list of all active ingredients. Right now,
the only ingredient in the list is "PbO."
5-9
-------
Step #23
Step #24
Step#25
Explanation:
The active ingredient list is like all other lists in
SWAMI. You can add, change, or delete the items in
the list: You will see how this is done shortly.
I
Action:
Press the key.
Result:
SWAMI writes the waste to your disk and! returns you
to the waste list.
Explanation:
is used to exit the active ingredient list and
return to the waste list. ( is used to select an
ingredient from the list.) A banner at the bottom of
the ingredient list reminds you of your options.
tion:
Press the key. i
Result:
SWAMI returns to the unit op list.
Explanation:
Among other things, returning to the unit op list
allows you to select another unit op to work with.
The material, waste, and product lists describe
components of the highlighted unit op and therefore
must be activated after highlighting the .desired unit
op.
Action: ,
Press !
At:
The product list is activated
Description Form" appears.
and the "Product
Explanation:
The only way to define a product is from the
products list. This list shows all products defined for
the highlighted unit op, "FINAL CURING." Since no
products have been defined for "FINAL CURING,"
SWAMI displays the "Product Description Form."
5-10
-------
Step #26
Step #27
Step #28
Step #29
Action:
type: NEW WIDGETS
and press:
The cursor advances to the field labeled "Product
Type."
Explanation:
SWAMI will not let you proceed to the next field until
you type at least one character into the product
name field.
Action:
type: F
and press:
Result:
The cursor advances to the field labeled "Hazardous?"
Explanation:
Select "Final" when a product is ready to be shipped
out for sale to a customer. "Interim" Products are
the materials that pass through the process from
unit-op to unit-op on their way to becoming final
products. All interim products must be defined to
achieve an accurate mass balance.
Action:
Use the left or right arrow key to highlight "No" then
press .
The cursor advances to the field labeled "Media."
Explanation:
The only way to proceed to the next field is by
selecting "Yes" or "No" in response to the hazardous
question.
Action:
Press the left arrow key once then, press .
Result:
The product is defined as a solid. Then the cursor
advances to the field labeled "Output Rate."
5-11
-------
Step #30
Step#31
Step#32
Step#33
Explanation:
You could also have used the right arrow key to move
the selector bar. This step demonstrates that menus
are circular. .
Action:
Type: 69
and press: .
The output rate is entered and the cursor advances,
moves toward the right.
Explanation:
The flow rate of products (as well as materials and
wastes) is a three-part answer: a value, a mass or
volume unit, and a time unit.
Action: ., '
Press the right arrow key six times, then press
.
Result:
"Lb" becomes the mass unit, the density label
disappears, and the cursor moves right to the-time
portion of the "output rate" field.
' ' !'
Explanation:
Density disappears because it is only used when one
of the volumetric units (e.g., gallons) is selected.
Action:
Press .
Result:
"Hour" becomes the time unit of the output rate.
The cursor advances to the field labeled "Critical
Product Specification."
Explanation:
The output rate has been defined as 69 Ibs per hour.
Action:
Type: "still must pass inspection" and press
twice.
5-12
-------
Step #34
Step #35
Step #36
Result:
An extension to the "Project Description" Form
appears. It is the Data Entry Form for describing the
active ingredients of the product.
Explanation:
The critical product specification field is optional
Action:
type: PbO
and press:
The chemical formula for lead oxide appears in the
"Formula" field and the cursor drops down to the
"Concentration" field.
Explanation:
Any elements or chemical compounds you wish to
track with a mass balance must be part of the active
ingredient list for every material, waste, and product.
yn:
type: 10
and press:
Result:
The ingredient Data Entry Form is complete. SWAMI
displays a list of all active ingredients. Right now,
the only ingredient in the list is "PbO."
Explanation:
The active ingredient list is like all other lists in
SWAMI. You can add, change, or delete the items in
the list.
Action:
Press the key.
Result:
SWAMI writes the product to your disk and returns
vnn tn tVio rnwJiift lief-
you to the product list.
Explanation:
is used to exit the active ingredient list and
return to the product list. ( is used to select
5-13
-------
Step #37
Step #38
Step #39
Step #40
an ingredient from the list.) A banner at the bottom
of the ingredient list reminds you of your options.
Action:
Press the key.
SWAMI returns to the unit op list.
Explanation:
Among other things, returning to the unit op list
allows you to select another unit op to work with.
The material, waste, and product lists describe
components of the highlighted unit op and therefore
must be activated after highlighting the (desired unit
op.
Action:
Move the selector bar to "ACID WASH" by pressing
the up arrow key twice. Then, press the key.
The empty waste list for "ACID WASH" is activated
and the "Waste Description Form" appears.,
Explanation:
The waste worksheet appears because no wastes are
present in the waste list for "ACID WASH."
type: DIRTY ACIDIC WATER
press:
press:
Result:
The cursor advances to the field labeled
"Description," then to the "Hazardous?" field.
Explanation:
So far, [Completing the waste worksheet is just as you
did before.
Action:
press:
type: L
press:
5-14
-------
Step #41
Step #42
Step #43
Result:
The waste is tagged as a hazardous liquid.
"yes" as the answer to the
Explanation:
The first accepts
question of whether the waste is hazardous. The L
and the second defines the waste as a liquid.
Both must be completed before you can proceed.
type: 50
press:
press: right arrow key
press:
press:
Result:
The cursor advances to the "Density" field.
per hour" is the output rate.
"50 gal
Explanation:
50 gal/hr can be converted to mass by the mass
balance algorithm only if you complete the "Density"
field.
Action:
type: 8.2
press:
press: L
press:
press: G
press:
The cursor advances to the "Fate Type" field.
Explanation:
For this example, we are using 8.2 Ib/gal as the
density of an aqueous waste stream containing a
small amount ,of dirt.
Action:
press: right arrow key
press:
The waste destination is a treatment. SWAMI
displays an empty treatment list and a "Treatment
Description Form."
5-15
-------
Step #44
Step #45
Step #46
Explanation:
When you identify a waste's fate (destination) as
treatment, SWAMI displays a list of the defined
treatments and waits for you to select one. Since
none have been defined, SWAMI gives you the
"Treatment Description Form."
Action:
type: NEUTRALIZING TANK
and press: ;
The cursor advances to the "Annual Operating Cost"
field. , '
Explanation:
"Treatment Name" is a required field. [
Action:
type: 15000 ;
and press: j '
The treatment worksheet disappears and
"NEUTRALIZING TANK" appears in the treatment
list highlighted by the selector bar. |
Explanation:
Be sure to include all costs associated with operating
the treatment. Among other things, this includes
input materials, labor, utilities, and amortized
equipment and maintenance costs. Remember,
defining the treatment is only an intermediate task
required to complete the waste definition.
Action:
Press the key. : - '
Result:
"NEUTRALIZING TANK" is selected from the
treatment list and becomes the fate of "DIRTY
ACIDIC WATER." The "Active Ingredient Data Entry
Form" appears.
Explanation:
Once ' again you are asked to define active
ingredient(s) as a part of the waste definition proced-
ures.
5-16
-------
Step #47
Step #48
Step #49
Step #50
Action:
Press the key.
Result:
The active ingredient Data Entry Forms disappear.
SWAMI returns to the waste list with the blinking
message "Press Esc when finished."
Explanation:
This step demonstrates that you need not define any
active ingredients for a particular waste. Remember
that this may effect the results of a mass balance of
elements or compounds.
Action:
Press the key.
The blinking message disappears. The unit op list is
reactivated.
Explanation:
Remember, since the process is defined around the
unit op, you will constantly return to the unit op list.
Press the key.
Result:
The empty materials list for "ACID WASH" is
activated and the "Material Description Form" pops
up.
Explanation:
The material worksheet appears because no materials
are present in the material list for "ACID WASH."
type: HYDROCHLORIC ACID
and press:
Result:
The cursor advances to the "Supplier" field.
5-17
-------
Step #51
Step#52
Step #53
Step #54
Explanation: ;
"Material Name" is required. SWAMI will not
proceed until the "Material Name" field is filled in.
If you press when the field is empty, you can
select a material from the list of defined materials.
type: ABC Chemical Company ;
and press:
Result:
The cursor advances to the "Delivery Mode" field.
i.
Explanation:
The "Supplier" field is optional.
Action:
Press the key twice. ;
The cursor advances to the "Hazardous?" field.
Explanation:
The "Delivery Mode" and "Shelf Life1' fields are
optional and may be skipped. i
Action: . . .,.
type: Y
and press: ;
The cursor advances to the "Media" field.
Explanation:
The "Hazardous?" field in the material worksheet is
just like the one for wastes. In previous steps you
used the left and/or right arrow keys to move the
selector bar. This step shows that typing the first
character of a menu option is another way to move
the selector bar.
Action: i
press: the right arrow key ;
press: ;
5-18
-------
Step #55
Step #56
The material is in liquid form.
to the "Usage Rate" field.
The cursor advances
Explanation:
You may have noticed that the "Material Description
Form" is similar to the form for defining wastes.
Action:
type:
press:
type:
press:
press:
type:
press:
type:
press:
type:
press:
50
G
62
L
C
Result:
The "Usage Rate" and "Density" fields are complete.
They contain 50 gal/hr at a density of 62 Ib/cu ft. A
blank "Active Ingredient Data Entry Form" appears.
Explanation:
The "Usage Rate" field serves the same purpose as
the "Output Rate" field on the "Waste Description
Form."
Action:
type: HC1
press:
type: 10
press:
press:
Result:
SWAMI saves the material data (including one active
ingredient) and returns to the Material List.
"HYDROCHLORIC ACID" appears in the list.
Explanation:
Because it is unlikely that we will track water, the
H2O portion of the hydrochloric acid solution was not
included in the active ingredient list.
5-19
-------
Step #57
Step#58
Step #59
Step #60
Action:
Press the key.
The unit op list is reactivated.
Explanation:
One material and one waste have been defined for
"ACID WASH."
tion:
Press the key.
the empty product list for "ACID WASH" is activated
and the "Product Description Form" appears.
Explanation:
The product worksheet appears because no products
are present in the product list for "ACID WASH."
tion:
type: WASHED WIDGETS
press: :
press: I
press: !
press: N
press:
press: S
press:
Result:
The cursor advances through the fields labeled
"Product Type, Hazardous and Media".
Explanation:
So far, completing the product worksheet is just as
you did before only this time you specified the
"Washed Widgets" as an interim product because they
are passing from the "Acid Wash" unit-op to the
"Spray Rinse" unit-op. :
Action:
type: 71
press: :
press: L
5-20
-------
Step #61
Step #62
Step #63
press: twice
press: two more times
Result:
The cursor advances to the "Active Ingredient Data
Form" field.
Explanation:
71 Ibs/hr of washed widgets are now defined as an
input material for the spray rinse unit-op. Note:
The washed widgets will not appear as an input on the
process description screen but will apear on the mass
balance reports. Note also that you have skipped the
critical product specification field.
Action:
type: PbO
and press:
type: 10
and press:
Result:
The chemical formula for lead oxide appears in the
"Formula" field at a concentration of 10%. The
ingredient Data Entry Form is complete. SWAMI
displays a list of all active ingredients. Right now,
the only ingredient in the list is "PbO."
Explanation:
Any elements or chemical compounds you wish to
track with a mass balance must be part of the active
ingredient list for every material, waste, and product.
Action:
Press the key.
SWAMI writes the product to your disk and returns
you to the product list.
Explanation:
is used to exit the active ingredient list and
return to the product list.
Action:
Press the key.
5-21
-------
Step #64
Step #65
Step #66
Result:
SWAMI returns to the unit op list.
Explanation:
One material, one waste, and one product have now
been defined for "ACID WASH."
Action:
Press the down arrow key to "SPRAY RINSE" then,
press .
Result:
The empty waste list for "SPRAY RINSE" and a blank
waste worksheet appear. ;
Explanation:
Remember, each waste list pertains to a particular
unit op. Even though two wastes have already been
defined, these were for different unit ops. That is
why this waste list is empty.
Action: !
type: RINSE WATER !
press: ;
press:
press:
type: L
press:
The first four fields are completed and the cursor is
moved to "Output Rate."
Explanation:
Remember, the "Description" field is optional.
tion:
type: 10
press:
type: G
press:
press:
type: 8
press:
type: L
press:
type: G
press:
5-22
-------
Step #67
Step #68
Step #69
Result:
The cursor moves down to the "Fate Type" field.
Explanation:
There is nothing new here. You have done this very
step (define usage rates) several times already.
Action:
type: T
press:
Result:
A treatment list appears.
Explanation:
SWAMI is waiting for you to select a treatment.
When the waste "goes to" one of the listed
treatments, use the arrow keys and press to
select the correct one. Otherwise, press to
define a new treatment.
Action:
press:
press:
press:
"NEUTRALIZING TANK" becomes the fate name of
"RINSE WATER." The "Active Ingredient Data Entry
Form" appears. The first returns you to the
waste list. The second returns you to the unit op list.
Explanation:
We have skipped the active ingredient step for this
waste.
Action:
Press the key.
Result:
A new screen appears with a treatment list, in the
center flanked by two waste lists, a material list, and
a product list.
Explanation:
The treatment screen is used to define the path of
wastes until they leave the plant or process as "Exit"
wastes. Wastes coming into the treatment are shown
5-23
-------
SWA:
Step #70
Step #71
in the input waste list. You can define wastes
leaving the treatment by pressing the key.
;tion: '
Press the key.
The empty waste list for "NEUTRALIZING TANK" is
activated and the "Waste Description Form" appears.
Explanation: , :
The waste worksheet appears because no wastes are
present in the output waste list for "NEUTRALIZING
TANK."
Step #72
After selecting "Exit" for the fate type, SWAMI adds
another field, "Annual Cost to Outside TSDF" field.
Explanation:
SWAMI only asks for this value when the waste is an
"Exit" waste.
Action:
type: 5000 ' , '
press:
press:
5-24
-------
Step #73
Step #74
Step #75
Result: '
The waste and active ingredient worksheets disappear
and "SLUDGE" appears, highlighted, in the output
waste list. "Press ESC when finished" blinks at the
bottom of the waste list.
Explanation:
The "Exit" waste is now part of the process.
Action:
Press the key three times.
Result:
SWAMI builds a prioritization file, then takes you
back to the main menu.
Explanation:
You are now finished defining the sample process. If
you wish to expand the process definition, you can
come back to it when you finish the rest of
Section 5.0.
Action:
type: 3
press:
SWAMI chains to the flow diagram program and a
menu appears for selecting the destination of your
diagram.
Explanation:
It is a good idea to verify your process definition by
viewing and/or printing its symbolic flow diagram.
Action:
type: S
press:
Result:
SWAMI displays the flow diagram (shown in
Figure 5-4) on the screen only. This example
problem fits on one page. SWAMI beeps to let you
know the page is complete.
Explanation:
Advancing to the next page occurs when you press
any key.
5-25
-------
Page A-l
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
DIRTY ACIDIC UATER
--.RINSE WATER H
RINSE WATER
KILN RESIDUE
INEU UIDGETS
SLUDGC
-o
NEUTRALIZING TANK
Figure 5-4. SWAMI flow diagram for sample problem.
Step#76
Step#77
Step #78
press: , • .
Result:
SWAMI exits the flow diagram program and returns
to the main SWAMI menu.
Explanation:
You can only go forward through the pages of your
flow diagram.
-i
Action:
type: 4
press: , .
Result: ...'.•
The mass balance menu appears. :
Explanation:
It is a good idea to verify that your process is correct
by performing a total mass balance. ,
Action:
press: twice.
Result:
You have chosen to perform a total mass balance..and
directed the output to your screen. An inventory is
displayed of all inputs and outputs for the unit
operation "ACID WASH" as shown in Figure 5-5.
5-26
-------
\
MASS BALANCE REPORT
widget finisher
October 1, 1991
STREAM INVENTORY OF UNIT-OP: ACID WASH
INPUT STREAM
TYPE
STREAM FLOW RATE
CONVERTED FLOW RATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
OUTPUT STREAM
50.00 gallon/hour
STREAM FLOW RATE
437.59 ton/year
CONVERTED FLOW RATE
WASHED WIDGETS
DIRTY ACIDIC WATER
IPRD
WAST
71.00 Ib./hour
50.00 gallon/hour
74.98 ton/year
432.96 ton/year
| Key: MATL = material, WAST = waste, EWST = exit waste,
| IPRD = interim product, FPRO = final product, RPRD = recovered product
Figure 5-5. SWAMI mass balance inventory for
the "Acid Wash" unit-op.
Step #79
Explanation:
The summary you see will have only one input and
two outputs so it is easy to recognize that this unit
op does not balance, even before you get to the
summary screen.
Action:
press:
Result
It:
A mass balance summary table appears as shown in
Figure 5-6.
Explanation:
Since the unit op is not in balance you must be
missing one or more streams or your flow rates must
be incorrect. For the purposes of this example we
will not explore the discrepancy.
5-27
-------
UNIT OPERATION MASS BALANCE SUMMARY
*** TOTAL STREAM ***
UNIT OP: ACID WASH
INPUTS
MATERIALS
INTERIM PRODUCTS
RECYCLED WASTES
MASS RATE*
I
437.59 1
0.00 |
0.00 |
1
OUTPUTS
EXIT WASTES
OTHER WASTES
FINAL PRODUCTS
INTERIM PRODUCTS
MASS RATE*
0.00
432.96
0.00
74.98
TOTAL INPUT:
437.59
TOTAL OUTPUT:
507.94
Mass rate = ton per year
Figure 5-6. Unit operation mass balance summary.
J
Step#80
Step #81
;tion:
Continue pressing and looking at the
input/output summaries and mass balance summary
tables.
There will be nine screens in all including a mass
blance summary report for the entire process shown
in Figure 5-7. You will end up back ait the "Mass
Balance Options" menu. \
the "Acid Wash" unit-op.
Explanation:
The last summary screen shows the mass balance
report for the process as a whole. For the purposes
of this example we will not explore any of the mass
discrepancies.
Action:
press:
type: 5
and press:
5-28
-------
MASS BALANCE REPORT
widget finisher
October 1, 1991
TOTAL MASS BALANCE REPORT
*** TOTAL STREAM ***
| INPUTS MASS RATE*
i
OUTPUTS MASS RATE*|
I
I '
(MATERIALS 437.59] EXIT WASTES 1.50|
I
I
FINAL PRODUCTS 72.86]
RECOVERED PRODUCTS 0.00]
1 1
ITOTAL PROCESS MATERIAL:
437.59] TOTAL PROCESS OUTPUT:
74.36]
\
* Mass rate = ton per year
Figure 5-7. Mass balance summary report.
Step #82
SWAMI returns to the main menu then displays the
"Prioritization Menu." The selector bar is positioned
on the first option, "Assign Responsibility."
Explanation:
You are now ready to begin the prioritization process.
Action:
Press the key.
Result:
The screen for assigning responsibility appears.
"NEUTRALIZING TANK" is highlighted in the
treatment .and blend list.
Explanation:
Responsibility assignments are simply percentage
estimates of a waste's contribution to the cost of
operating a treatment, cost of each of the
treatment's output wastes, and volume (mass) of the
treatment's output wastes. For each treatment,
SWAMI displays a list of all possible pairs of waste
where one waste is an input to the selected
5-29
-------
I
Step #83
Step #84
Step#85
Step #86
treatment and the other is an output of the same
treatment. In this sample, there is only one
treatment and it has two waste pairs.
tion:
Press the key.
Result:
The selector bar highlights the first waste pair.
Explanation:
Remember, these waste pairs represent an input
waste and an output waste of the selected treatment.
Action:
Press the key.
Three responsibility questions appear on the left
where the treatment list was previously.
Explanation:
The first two questions pertain to the selected waste
pair. The third is relevant for the input waste and
the treatment. :
Action:
type: 75
press:
type: 90
press: |
Result:
The cursor moves to the field following the third
question.
Explanation:
In this sample, we have decided that "DIRTY ACIDIC
WATER" is 75% responsible for the TSDF cost of
"SLUDGE" and 90% responsible for the volume of
"SLUDGE" emanating from the "NEUTRALIZING
TANK." ;
n:
type: 100
press:
5-30
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Step #87
Step #88
SWAMI redraws the waste pair list with the
completed waste pair highlighted.
Explanation:
In this hypothetical example, we decided that since
we have another process in the plant that is able to
use the "Rinse Water," the "NEUTRALIZING TANK"
is necessary only as long as we have the "DIRTY
ACIDIC WATER." Therefore, "DIRTY ACIDIC
WATER" is 100% responsible for the treatment
operating costs.
Action:
Press the down arrow key, then press .
Result:
Again, the responsibility questions appear. This time
they refer to the other waste pair.
Explanation:
Again, the first two questions pertain to the selected
waste pair. The third is relevant for the input waste
and the treatment.
Action:
type: 25
press:
type: 10
press:
Result:
The cursor moves to the field following the third
question.
Explanation:
You will notice that the percentages add up to 100%.
For example, it follows logically that if "DIRTY
ACIDIC WATER" is 75% responsible for
the TSDF cost of "SLUDGE," then "RINSE WATER" is
responsible for the remaining 25% of the cost.
Although there are cases when this is not true, it is
still a good way to check your numbers. If the
percentages total more than 100%, SWAMI displays
an error message and will not let you exit
responsibility assignment until the problem is
corrected.
5-31
-------
Step #89
Step #90
Step #91
Step #92
Action:
Type a zero, then press the key.
SWAMI returns to the waste pair list.
Explanation:
Because "DIRTY ACIDIC WATER" already accounts
for 100% of the treatment cost, "RINSE WATER" is
responsible for none of it.
Action:
press:
press:
SWAMI computes the prioritization results and
returns you to the "Prioritization Menu." ;
Explanation:
Since there is only one treatment, we are finished
with the responsibility assignment.
Action:
Press the down arrow key, then press .
Result:
SWAMI displays a menu of two ways to receive your
prioritization report: screen and printer.
Explanation:
Never select the option "Printer" when using a
computer that does not have a printer. Doing so may
lock-up your keyboard.
Action: |
Press the key.
SWAMI displays the first prioritization report as
shown in Figure 5-8.
Explanation:
Each waste report lists the primary wastes and
source unit ops, "Y" or "N" indicating if the waste is
hazardous or not, and the computed cost and volume
of the waste. The first report sorts the wastes from
highest! to lowest cost. Notice that "DIRTY ACIDIC
WATER" heads this report.
5-32
-------
PRIMARY WASTE RESPONSIBILITY REPORT
by COST
Hay 8, 1991
PRIMARY UASTE
SOURCE UNIT-OP
ANNUAL AMT.
TSDF VOLUME RE-
HAZ. COST (ton/year) USED
DIRTY ACIDIC WATER
RINSE WATER
KILN RESIDUE
ACID WASH
SPRAY RINSE
FINAL CURING
Y $18750.00
Y $1250.00
Y $250.00
0.90 0.0%
0.10 0.0%
0.50 0.0%
Press to continue.
Figure 5-8. Prioritization report sorted by cost.
Step #93
Step #94
Action:
Press the key.
Result:
SWAMI displays the second prioritization report as
shown in Figure 5-9.
Explanation:
The second report includes the same information as
the first but is sorted by volume. In this example,
the only difference is in the report title.
Action:
press:
press:
Result:
SWAMI returns to the main menu.
Explanation:
You are ready to begin the strategy portion of the
analysis.
5-33
-------
PRIMARY WASTE
DIRTY ACIDIC WATER
KILN RESIDUE
RINSE WATER
V
PRIMARY WASTE RESPONSIBILITY REPORT
by VOLUME
May 8, 1991
ANNUAL AMT.
TSDF VOLUME RE-
SOURCE UNIT-OP HAZ. COST (ton/year) USED
ACID WASH Y S18750.00 0.90 0.0%
FINAL CURING Y 1250.00 0.50 0.0%
SPRAY RIHSE Y $1250.00 0.10 0.0%
Press to continue. j
Figure 5-9. Prioritization report sorted by volume.
Step #95
Step #96
Action:
press: 6 !
press:
Result:
SWAMI1 shows an alphabetical list of the wastes defined
in your process.
Explanation:
Remember, the prioritization reports indicated that
"DIRTY ACIDIC WATER" was judged responsible for
the greatest amount of waste in terms of cost and
volume. '
Action:
Press the key.
Result:
"DIRTY ACIDIC WATER" is selected, and SWAMI
displays the strategy menu.
Explanation:
For this sample problem we have elected to go after
the biggest generator. In actual use, you may have
reasons to start with a different waste.
5-34
-------
Step #97
Step #98
Step #99
Step #100
Action:
To begin the strategy selection process, press the
key.
Result:
1:
SWAMI displays a question and two valid responses.
The question reads "Why do we have this waste? The
waste is:."
Explanation:
After choosing a waste stream, you must select
"Identify Strategies." Remember that all questions,
answers, and candidate strategies pertain to the waste
chosen in the previous step ("DIRTY ACIDIC WATER").
To select "process-related or a process requirement,"
press the key.
Result:
SWAMI presents the
process waste is it?"
next question: "What type of
Explanation:
You have selected "process-related or a process
requirement" as the best answer to the question. Now,
study the next question and the available choices. If
you decide to back up a question, press the key.
However, make sure you return to this point before
continuing with the sample problem.
Action:
To select "physical change of precursor,'
down arrow key. Then press .
press the
Result:
SWAMI presents the next question: "What type of
physical change occurs to the precursor?"
Explanation:
You have selected "physical change of precursor" as the
best answer to the question.
Action:
To select "physically contaminated (dirty)," press the
down arrow key 3 times. Then press .
5-35
-------
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