vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington, DC 20460
EPA/625/7-91/016
October 1991
Technology Transfer
Guides to Pollution
Prevention
The Automotive
Refinishing Industry
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EPA/625/7-91/016
October 1991
Guides to Pollution Prevention
The Automotive Refinishing Industry
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and
Center for Environmental Research Information
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
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Notice
This guide has been subjected to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's peer and
administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is intended as advisory guidance only to automotive refinishers in
developing approaches for pollution prevention. Compliance with environmental and
occupational safety and health laws is the responsibility of each individual business and is
not the focus of this document.
Worksheets are provided for conducting waste minimization assessments of automotive
refinishing operations. Users are encouraged to duplicate portions of this publication as
needed to implement a waste minimization program.
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Foreword
This report provides many waste minimization options for reducing wastes generated by
the automotive refinishing industry. It also includes case studies of six California shops and
worksheets to assist automotive refinishers in performing waste minimization self-assess-
ment Some of the major options for reducing waste include:
Source reduction. Rigid inventory control should be implemented to as great a degree
as possible, since this tends to reduce solvents/thinner use and waste generation. Operator
training in ways to reduce overspray should be provided. In addition, the use of high transfer
efficiency spray equipment and enclosed gun cleaning systems is recommended. Improved
housekeeping measures can reduce wastes in many shops. These include covering solvent
containers to reduce evaporation and using dry cleanup methods to collect filler dust.
Refinishers should also consider using alternative coatings such as low-solvent or water-
borne paints, since this not only minimizes waste but reduces VOC emissions. Vehicles
received at the facilities should be examined for leaking automotive fluids. Drip pans should
be placed under these leaks to avoid spills on the floor which tend to be washed into drains.
Recycling. All waste solvents/thinners and oils should be recycled. At the shops
described in the Appendix A case studies, most thinner recycling is done through the solvent
supplier and is part of the purchase price of the solvent. Large companies might consider
installing in-house recycling equipment.
HI
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Contents
Foreword jjj
Acknowledgments vj
1. Introduction j
Overview of Waste Minimization 1
Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessments 1
References ...!!!.!!!..!!!".!]...1!."!.1!.!1!1!!.!."!3
2. Automotive Refinishing Industry Profile 5
Industry Description 5
Overview of Waste Generation ".""!!!!."."!!!.5
Waste Management !.!"!""'.!!"'."!6
References """!"!"""!"!!""!""!!!""!!!"6
3. Waste Minimization Options for Automotive Refinishers 7
Body Repair 7
Paint Application !!""I.'."!"""!!!!!!!""!8
Shop Cleanup Wastes !!!!."!!..."..."!.."."!.."!.!!"!!..."!!! 13
References 13
4. Waste Minimization Assessment Worksheets 15
Appendix A 25
Automotive Refinishing Shop Assessments:
Case Studies of Shops A, B, C, D, E, and F
Appendix B 41
Where to Get Help: Further Information on Pollution Prevention
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Acknowledgments
This guide is based on waste minimization assessments conducted by SCS Engineers for
the California Department of Health Services (DHS) under the direction of Benjamin Fries,
DHS Toxic Substances Control Program, Alternative Technology Division. Additional
information was taken from waste minimization assessments performed by Jacobs Engineer-
ing Group Inc. (Jacobs) for the City of Santa Monica (CSM) under the direction of Brian
Johnson, CSM Water/Wastewater Division, Department of General Services. Jacobs edited
and developed this version of the waste minimization assessment guide, under subcontract
toPEI Associates (USEPAContract68-D8-0112). Michael S. Callahan,P.E., was theauthor.
Teresa Harten of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, was the project officer responsible
for the preparation and review of this document Rodney Marsh of SCS Engineers, Fred
Russell, P.E., and Billy Hamblin of Collision Specialist, Rob Rebensal of Superior Body and
Fender, and Doug Davis of Akzo Coatings served as reviewers.
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Section 1
Introduction
This guide is designed to provide automotive refinishers
with waste minimization options appropriate for their indus-
try. It also provides worksheets designed to be used for a
waste minimization assessment of an automotive refinishing
shop, to develop an understanding of the waste generation
processes and to suggest ways that the waste may be reduced.
The guide is designed primarily for use by automotive
refinishers. Others who may find this document useful are
operators of vehicle fleets, regulatory agency representatives,
and consultants. In the following sections of this report you
will find:
An overview of the automotive refinishing industry (Section
2);
Waste minimization options for automotive refinishers (Sec-
tion 3);
Waste minimization assessment worksheets (Section 4);
Appendices, containing:
- Case studies of six automotive refinishing shops. Also
included are completed waste minimization assessment
worksheets for a hypothetical shop.
- Where to get help: Regional EPA offices and other sources.
The worksheets and the list of waste minimization op-
tions were developed through assessments of six Southern '
California area automotive shops as commissioned by the
California Department of Health Services (Calif. DHS 1987).
The firms' operations and waste generation and management
practices were surveyed, and their existing and potential waste
minimization options were characterized. Economic analyses
were performed on selected options. Additional information
was developed from the assessment of a Southern California
automotive refinishing shop commissioned by the City of
Santa Monica Department of General Services (CSM 1989)
Overview of Waste Minimization
Waste minimization is a policy specifically mandated by
the U.S. Congress in the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Wastes
Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). As the federal agency responsible for writing regu-
lations under RCRA, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has an interest in ensuring that new methods
and approaches are developed for minimizing hazardous waste
and that such information is made available to the industries
concerned. This guide is one of the approaches EPA is using
to provide industry-specific information about hazardous waste
minimization. The options and procedures outlined can also
be used in efforts to minimize other wastes generated in a
business. ^
In the working definition used by EPA, waste minimiza-
tion consists of source reduction and recycling. Of the two
approaches, source reduction is usually considered environ-
mentally preferable to recycling. While a few states consider
treatment of waste an approach to waste minimization, EPA
does not, and thus treatment is not addressed in this guide.
Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessments
EPA has developed a general manual for waste minimi-
zation in industry. The Waste Minimization Opportunity As-
sessment Manual (USEPA 1988) tells how to conduct a waste
minimization assessment and develop options for reducing
hazardous waste generation. It explains the management strat-
egies needed to incorporate waste minimization into company
policies and structure, how to establish a company-wide waste
minimization program; conduct assessments, implement op-
tions, and make the program an on-going one.
A Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (WMOA)
is a systematic procedure for identifying ways to reduce or
eliminate waste. The four phases of a waste minimization
opportunity assessment are: planning and organization, as-
sessment, feasibility analysis, and implementation. The steps
involved in conducting a waste minimization assessment are
illustrated in Figure 1 and are presented in more detail on the
following page. Briefly, the assessment consists of a careful
review of a plant's operations and waste streams and the
selection of specific areas to assess. After a particular waste
stream or area is established as the WMOA focus, a number of
options with the potential to minimize waste are developed
and screened. The technical and economic feasibility of the
selected options are then evaluated. Finally, the most promis-
ing options are selected for implementation.
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The Recognized Need to Minimize Waste
PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION PHASE
Get management commitment
Set overall assessment program goals
Organize assessment program task force
Assessment Organization &
Commitment to Proceed
ASSESSMENT PHASE
Collect process and site data
Prioritize and select assessment targets
Select people for assessment teams
Review data and inspect site
Generate options
Screen and select options for further study
Assessment Report of
Selected Options
Select New Assessment
Targets and Reevaluate
Previous Options
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS PHASE
Technical evaluation
Economic evaluation
1 Selected options for implementation
Final Report, Including
Recommended Options
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Justify projects and obtain funding
Installation (equipment)
Implementation (procedure)
Evaluate performance
Repeat the Process
Successfully Implemented
Waste Minimization Projects
Figure 1. The Waste Minimization Assessment Procedure.
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Planning and Organization
Essential elements of planning and organization for waste
minimization are: getting management commitment; setting
waste minimization goals; and organizing an assessment task
force.
Assessment Phase
The assessment involves a number of steps:
1. Collect process data
2. Prioritize and select assessment targets
3. Select assessment team
4. Review data and inspect site
5. Generate options
6. Screen and select options for feasibility study
Collect process data. The waste streams at a shop or plant
should be identified and characterized. Information about
waste streams may be available on hazardous waste mani-
fests, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
. (NPDES) reports, routine sampling programs and other sources.
Developing a basic understanding of the processes that
generate waste is essential to waste minimization. Flow dia-
grams should be prepared to identify the quantity, types, and
rates of waste generated. Preparing material balances for
various processes can be useful in tracking various process
components and identifying losses and emissions that may
have been unaccounted for previously.
Prioritize and select assessment targets. Ideally, all waste
streams should be evaluated for potential waste minimization
opportunities. With limited resources, however, a plant man-
ager may need to concentrate waste minimization efforts in a
specific area. Such considerations as quantity of waste, haz-
ardous or toxicity properties of the waste, regulations, safety
of ^employees, economics, and other characteristics need to be
evaluated in selecting a target stream.
Select assessment team. The team should include people
with direct responsibility and knowledge of the particular
waste stream or area of the plant.
Review data and inspect site. The assessment team evalu-
ates process data in advance of the inspection. The inspection
should follow the target process from the point where raw
materials enter the shop or plant to the points where products
and wastes leave. The team should identify the suspected
sources of waste. This may include the production process;
maintenance operations; and storage areas for raw materials,
finished product, and work in progress. The inspection may
result in the formation of preliminary conclusions about waste
minimization opportunities. Full confirmation of these con-
clusions may require additional data collection, analysis, and/
or site visits.
Generate options. The objective of this step is to generate
a comprehensive set of waste minimization options for further
consideration. Since technical and economic concerns will be
considered in the later feasibility step, no options are ruled out
at this time. Information from the site inspection, as well as
trade associations, government agencies, technical and trade
reports, equipment vendors, consultants, and plant engineers
and operators may serve as sources of ideas for waste minimi-
zation options.
Both source reduction and recycling options should be
considered. Source reduction may be accomplished through
good operating practices, technology changes, input material
changes, and product changes. Recycling includes use and
reuse of waste, and reclamation.
Screen and select options for further study. This screen-
ing process is intended to select (he most promising options
for full technical and economic feasibility study. Through
either an informal review or a quantitative decision-making
process, options that appear marginal, impractical or inferior
are eliminated from consideration.
Feasibility Analysis
An option must be shown to be technically and economi-
cally feasible in order to merit serious consideration for
adoption. A technical evaluation determines whether a pro-
posed option will work in a specific application. Both process
and equipment changes need to be assessed for their overall
effects on waste quantity and product quality. Also, any new
products developed through process and/or raw material
changes need to be tested for market acceptance.
An economic evaluation is carried out using standard
measures of profitability, such as payback period, return on
investment, and net present value. As in any project, the cost
elements of a waste minimization project can be broken down
into capital costs and operating costs. Savings and changes in
revenue also need to be considered.
Implementation
An option that passes both technical and economic feasi-
bility reviews should then be implemented. It is up to the
assessment team, with management support, to continue the
process of tracking wastes and identifying opportunities for
waste minimization by way of periodic reassessments. Either
such ongoing reassessments or an initial investigation of
waste minimization opportunities can be conducted using this
manual.
References
Calif. DHS. 1987. Waste audit study: automotive paint shops.
Report prepared by SCS Engineers, Long Beach, CA for
the California Department of Health Services, Alternative
Technology Section, Toxic Substances Control Division,
January 1987.
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CSM. 1989. Hazardous waste minimization audits of automo-
tive repair and refinishing facilities. Prepared by Jacobs
Engineering Group Inc. Pasadena, CA, for the City of
Santa Monica Department of General Services. September
1989.
USEPA. 1988. Waste minimization opportunity assessment
manual. EPA 625/7-88/003. Prepared by Jacobs Engi-
neering Group Inc. Pasadena, CA, for the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency Hazardous Waste Engineering
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
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Section 2
Automotive Refinishing Industry Profile
Industry Description
The automotive refinishing industry as addressed in this
guide comprises the industry classifications that include top
and body shops and paint shops (SIC 7531 and 7535). The
establishments in this industry are engaged in general automo-
tive and body repair with particular focus on collision repair
and painting. The heaviest concentrations of these shops are
near urban centers and in industrial areas.
The automotive paint and body industry can be divided
into two distinct subsets. The first consists of shops that work
only on collision repair, frame adjustments and body painting.
Most of the wastes generated by this segment of the industry
are associated with the painting operation, including: toxic
and ignitable thinners, toxic paint and primer wastes, paint
sludges and oil- and solvent-contaminated rags, empty cans
with paint and thinner residues, contaminated paint booth
filters, sanding dusts, and masking paper.
The second group of shops performs mechanical repair
and maintenance work as well as collision repair. In addition
to the above-noted wastes, these shops produce other waste
streams which include waste oils, oil filters, engine/hydraulic
fluids, antifreeze, and corrosive wastes from lead batteries.
Overview of Waste Generation
To perform collision repair, body shops use a wide range
of equipment, chemicals, and raw materials. Available ser-
vices include welding, filling dents with plastics or fiberglass
("Bondo"), body section adjustments, alignments, and paint-
ing.
Body repair work cannot be performed without the use of
welding equipment and blow torches. This equipment is used
extensively in body shops and has various uses, including
welding, cutting, and heating to shrink and expand metals, to
forge or shape metal, and to solder. A welding and cutting job
requires equipment such as an oxygen cylinder, acetylene
cylinder, welding torch, gas pressure regulators, and steel
filler rods. The flame produced when the two gases are mixed
together is hot enough to melt, bond, and repair most commer-
cial metals. With the exception of pressurized gases, little or
no chemical usage is associated with this process.
To repair both minor and major auto body damage,
hydraulic equipment and hand tools are used to restore dam-
aged sections, assemblies, and pans to their original positions
and shapes. Equipment such as jacks and lifts generates
enormous pulling and pushing forces. These heavy hydraulic
machines can straighten bent frames, align hoods and fenders,
and adjust panels. Oil is essential to the proper operation of
these machines. Regular fluid changes and repair to equip-
ment generate negligible amounts of spent fluids, which are
recycled with other waste oil generated on site.
When dented, some areas on an automobile body are not
accessible for repair with the use of hydraulic equipment.
These areas can be repaired with polyester fiberglass rein-
forced body filling. These are used by adding a hardener or
catalyst to the filler material and layering it in the area of the
dent. The material, which is mixed on a glass or steel plate, is
applied to the damaged area. Once the dent has been com-
pletely filled, the excess dried material is sanded down flush
with the rest of the body. The major residual waste generated
is fiberglass and plastic dust that collects on the floor during
sanding operations. This material is either collected and de-
posited into refuse dumpsters, or rinsed into drains during
routine washdowns.
Paint operations generate the largest volume of hazardous
waste from this industry. Painting is often performed inside a
spray booth and all exhaust passed through dry filters. Dirty
filters may be hazardous due to solvent loading from wet paint
and the presence of pigments containing heavy metals. While
dry filters are used to capture paniculate air emissions due to
overspray, control of organic air emissions is not common.
Leftover paint and dirty thinner resulting from equipment
cleaning are the largest waste streams.
Additional hazardous wastes are generated from service
operations. Services conducted in conjunction with body re-
pair can include oil changes, fluid replenishment, and radiator
repairs. These activities generate hazardous wastes such as
waste oil, oil filters, engine and hydraulic fluids, wastes from
radiator flushing, used batteries, and contaminated rags.
Based on a limited survey, the average automotive paint-
ing shop paints all or part of 600 cars annually. The average
shop uses about 360 gallons of solvents and thinners annually
and generates about 240 gallons of mixed wastes (solvent,
thinner, paint, hardeners, catalysts, and reducers). Monthly
waste generation rates for six companies, shown in Table 1,
range between 5 and 37 gallons per month. The amount of
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automotive fluid wastes (transmission fluid, antifreeze, oil)
handled each month ranged from 0 to 17 gallons (Calif. DHS
1987).
Waste Management
The industry uses basically two methods of chemical and
hazardous waste storage. In some shops, all of the thinners,
new chemicals, and wastes are stored together in a designated
covered area. The drums are placed on asphalt, concrete, or
steel floors. The remaining shops store their drums indoors
but scatter them around the shop at the points of highest use.
Excess paint, paint sludge, and thinner mixtures are poured
into 55-gallon drums or other containers for storage. The paint
sludges and solids settle to the bottom, leaving a liquid layer
of thinner on top. The waste drum is subsequently removed by
a hauler to a reclamation or disposal facility.
Some shops utilize the services of a reclamation facility
for the removal of wastes. This service is part of a turnkey
operation provided by the thinner supplier. The purchase of
thinner includes the cost of delivery, waste hauling, recycling,
and disposal. The waste is hauled to a licensed treatment,
storage, and disposal (TSD) facility for reclamation. The
service collects from a number of small-quantity hazardous
waste generators in a given area. This renders reclamation
economically feasible for this industrial segment The owner
does not have to contract for purchase and disposal separately.
Several studies have described the prevailing waste man-
agement and disposal practices in the industry. These include
outdoor drum storage on open soil, filters and paint cans being
disposed of in on-site solid waste dumpsters, and waste thinners
being discharged into the sewer or disposed of on open
ground (SCAG 1982). The California DHS assessments con-
ducted in 1987 found no evidence of open-soil drum storage
or large-quantity thinner discharges into the sewer or onto
open ground. One shop owner admitted to pouring waste oil
along one side of his facility as a means of weed control;
however, he discontinued this practice some years ago when
warned of the associated hazards.
A potential for waste disposal mismanagement exists in
the handling of paint cans with associated residues, paint
equipment filters, oil filters, and small amounts of engine
fluids. Almost without exception, cans and filters were dis-
posed of in on-site refuse dumpsters, to be removed during
weekly municipal waste collections. When small amounts of
engine fluid are generated, they are allowed to drain onto the
floor. These include anti-freeze from damaged radiators, brake
fluids, transmission fluids, etc. The residues are then either
absorbed with a type of floor drying agent, which is subse-
quently disposed of in the dumpster, or rinsed down drains or
sewers without prior treatment during routine washdowns.
References
Calif. DHS. 1987. Waste audit study: automotive paint shops.
Report prepared by SCS Engineers, Long Beach, CA for
the California Department of Health Services, Alternative
Technology Section, Toxic Substances Control Division.
January 1987.
SCAG. 1982. Ground water quality management plan, San
Fernando Valley Basin. Industry survey and development
of best management practices. Final Report. Prepared by
SCS Engineers for the Southern California Association of
Governments. August 1982.
Table 1. Monthly Hazardous Waste Generation for Six Auto Refinishing Companies
Company
A
B
C
D
E
F
Number
of
Employees
6
13
13
9
7
3
Business
Volume
(No. Cars)
50-75
100
55
30-40
30
25
Thinner/Paint
Sludge
(Gal)'
5
37
20
30
17
5
Empty
Paint
Cans
5-7
5-10
20-30
25-35
25-35
25
Hydraulic
Fluid
(Gal)
0
0
2
0
0
0
"Thinner/paint sludge also includes additives of hardeners, catalysts, and reducers.
Source: Calif. DHS 1987.
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Section 3
Waste Minimization Options for Automotive Refinish ers
This section discusses recommended waste minimization
methods for automotive refinishing shops. These methods are
based on accounts published in the literature and through
industry contacts. The primary waste streams associated with
automotive refinishing are listed in Table 2 along with recom-
mended control methods. Waste streams include body repair
wastes, paint application wastes, and shop cleanup wastes. A
discussion of waste minimization methods for shop cleanup
wastes, which include handling of automotive fluids leaking
from damaged cars, is presented in the EPA pollution preven-
tion guide for automotive repairs (USEPA 1991).
The waste minimization methods listed in Table 2 can be
classified generally as source reduction, which can be achieved
through material substitution, process or equipment modifica-
tion, or better operating practices, or as recycling. Better
operating practices are procedural or shop policies that result
in a reduction of waste. They include:
Waste stream segregation
Personnel practices
- Management initiatives
- Employee training
- Employee incentives
Procedural measures
- Documentation
- Material handling and storage
- Material tracking and inventory control
- Scheduling
Loss prevention practices
- Spill prevention
Preventive maintenance
- Emergency preparedness
Accounting practices
- Apportion waste management costs to
departments that generate the waste
Better operating practices apply to all waste streams. In
addition, specific better operating practices that apply to cer-
tain waste streams are identified in the appropriate sections
that follow.
The following waste minimization measures are aimed at
reducing the generation of wastes associated with body repair
and paint applications. For ways to reduce waste associated
with the handling of various automotive fluids, the reader is
referred to the EPA pollution prevention guide for automotive
repair (USEPA 1991).
In addition to the specific recommendations provided
below, rapidly advancing technology makes it important that
shops continually educate themselves about improvements
that are waste reducing and pollution preventing. Information
sources to help inform companies about such technology
include trade associations and journals, chemical and equip-
ment suppliers, equipment expositions, conferences, and in-
dustry newsletters. By keeping abreast of changes and
implementing applicable technology improvements, shops can
often take advantage of the dual benefits of reduced waste
generation and a more cost efficient operation.
Body Repair
Polyester/fiberglass filler is used to fill in dents that
cannot be removed by mechanical methods. After filling and
hardening, the filler is sanded to create a smooth surface.
Filler dust collects on the shop floor and is either swept up and
disposed of in the trash or washed down the storm drain.
Ways to reduce this waste include rigid inventory control and
use of dry cleanup methods.
Rigid inventory control. Rigid inventory control is often
an effective way of reducing the indiscriminate use of raw
materials. In one shop, records are kept on the amount of
"Bondo" each worker checks out from the storeroom. These
records can be checked against the number of cars the worker
repairs, and wasteful use of materials can be quickly spotted.
This type of information is very useful in determining trouble
spots or problem areas that need careful attention. Compari-
son of usage rates among workers and facilities allows a
manager to determine if the problem is worker-related (cor-
rect procedures improperly performed) or facility-related (im-
proper procedures specified and implemented) (CSM 1989).
Use of dry cleanup methods. Shops that operate a clarifier
unit to remove oil, grease, and solids from sewer discharges
should use dry collection methods such as sweeping or vacu-
uming for filler dust. Clarifier sludges may be classified as a
hazardous waste and the introduction of non-hazardous solids
into the clarifier needlessly increases sludge volumes and
disposal costs. Combination sanding and dust collection sys-
tems are commercially available, but they are reportedly very
expensive. For shops performing wet sanding, use of a "wet-
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Table 2. Waste Minimization Options for Automotive Refinishing
Waste
Generating
Activity
Waste
Waste Minimization Option
Body repair
Painting
Filler waste
Sand Dust
Paint waste
Shop Cleanup
VOC emissions
Booth filters
Various
Rigid inventory control to minimize Bondo use.
Sweep or vacuum up; don't flush to street or clarifier
Rigid inventory control to reduce thinner use.
Better housekeeping to reduce leaks and spills
Mix paint according to need.
Use high transfer efficiency equipment.
Provide operator training.
Practice proper equipment cleaning methods, use enclosed cleaners.
Recycle solvent off site by means of thinner leasing agreements.
Recycle solvent onsite.
Contadt waste exchanges.
Make leftover paint available to customer.
Use high transfer efficiency equipment.
Use enclosed cleaning devices.
Use low VOC coatings.
Use high transfer efficiency equipment.
Use styrofoam filters. r,
Manage waste automotive fluids properly (see the EPA automotive repair
pollution prevention guide for specific options).
vac" to collect and pick up the filler particles might be a viable
option.
Paint Application
Paint application wastes include leftover paints, dirty
thinner due to cleaning of spray guns and paint cups, air
emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pig"-
ments, and dirty spray booth filters. Ways to reduce these
wastes include rigid inventory control; better housekeeping
practices; mixing paint according to need; better operator
training; proper cleaning methods; recycling solvents on and
off site; and waste exchanges. Also, options for minimizing
waste in paint application include giving leftover paint to
customers; using alternative coatings; and using styrofoam
filters. (Editor's note: giving away leftover paint is not waste
minimization if the customer throws the paint away instead of
using it.)
Rigid inventory control. Rigid inventory control provides
a very effective means of source reduction at virtually no cost
to the operator. This alternative can be implemented in several
ways. The owner may monitor employee operations and make
verbal or written comments on product usage and suggested
limits. In larger shops where monitoring of employees is not a
viable alternative, the owner or manager can limit access to
storage areas containing raw materials. This inaccessibility
forces the employee to stretch the use of raw materials farther.
Moreover, through this practice, the owner/manager can moni-
tor the use of raw materials.
Not surprisingly, there is a high positive correlation be-
tween the amount of paint thinner used and the amount of
waste generated. There is a hypothetical minimum amount of
thinner that is essential to paint an average car; thinner use
above that amount may be presumed to be waste. Figure 2
shows the relationship between thinner used and waste gener-
ated for the six firms assessed in the California DHS study.
While it is difficult to generalize because each firm's
thinner usage varies, Figure 2 shows a potential savings
through more stringent inventory control and restrictions on
thinner use. The best shop shows 0.3 gallon thinner use per
car, with 0.1 gallon ending up as waste. The worst case shows
1.1 gallons per car, with 0.9 gallon as waste. At 50 cars per
month and $5.50 per gallon, the difference between the two
shops' thinner use amounts to 480 gallons, or $2,640 annu-
ally. The waste disposal cost at $2 per gallon would add
another $960 annually.
Better housekeeping practices. Basic housekeeping tech-
niques can be very effective as a means of source reduction.
There are a wide variety of methods available to control and
minimize leaks which can be implemented easily at no cost to
the operator. Specific approaches to drum location, material
transfer methods, leak collection, and drum transport can
effectively limit product loss.
There are two predominant patterns of drum location. If
inventory control is necessary to minimize product usage,
drums should be stored together in an area of limited accessi-
bility, such as indoor/outdoor sheds, "flammable" lockers, or
locking storage rooms. If employees take individual responsi-
bility for regulating product used and if inventory control is
not a problem, it may be more effective to separate drums and
place them at points of highest use in the facility. This
8
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1
0.9-
0.8-
CO
2 0.7 J
0.6-
0.5-
5 0.4-
o
(O
o 0.3-
0.2-
0.1 -
0
Data Replotted from CDHS 1987.
0.2
o Firm E
Firm B
'Firm C
n Firm F
'a Firm A
Correlation Coefficient = 0.97
T
0.8
T
0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Gallons of Solvent Used Per Car
Figure 2. Automotive Refinishing Waste Generation Versus Solvent Use.
T
1.2
alternative reduces the chance of product leaks and spills
during transport from storage to work areas.
The potential for accidental spills and leaks is highest at
the point of transfer of thinners from bulk drum storage to
process equipment Spigots or pumps should always be used
to transfer waste materials to storage containers. Material
should never be poured directly from drums to smaller con-
tainers.
Evaporation is a material loss that can be controlled
through the use of tight-fitting lids, spigots and other appurte-
nances. The reduction of evaporation will increase the amount
of available material and result in lower solvent purchase cost.
If drum transport or movement is necessary, it is essential
that drums be moved correctly to preserve the integrity of the
containers and to prevent damage or punctures. Drums should
be lifted by means of powered equipment or hand trucks.
Under no circumstances should drums be tipped or rolled,
even when empty. Negligenf transport procedures will cause
drum damage, particularly to seams, which could lead to leaks
or ruptures during future use.
Mix paint according to need. In the practice of automo-
tive refinishing, many operators prepare a fixed amount of
paint for each job (e.g., one pint or quart). Any paint not used
for the job is considered to be a hazardous waste and must be
disposed of as such. In particular, for small jobs, which are
most common, the amount of paint prepared will often exceed
the amount of paint actually applied.
Most small cars can be painted entirely with one quart of
paint; touch-ups and damage repair would use substantially
less than one quart. Availability of variously graded sizes of
paint mixing and sprayer cups would enable operators to use
the equipment best suited to the size of a particular job.
Varying paint cup sizes could be an effective means of source
reduction in two important ways. It would limit overmixing of
paint to be used on a specific project, and decrease the amount
of solvent needed for equipment cleanup when doing spot
painting and small jobs.
A disadvantage of mixing smaller quantities is that color
matching becomes more difficult. As the amount of paint
mixed decreases, weighing accuracy becomes more critical.
Special attention would need to be given to the purchase,
installation, maintenance, and use of higher precision weigh-
ing equipment.
Use high transfer efficiency equipment. Another way to
reduce VOC emissions is to reduce the amount of paint
sprayed for a given job. The stanciard method of applying
paint is the air spray gun. Typical transfer efficiency is on the
order of 20 to 40 percent. Many of the newer spray application
systems have transfer efficiencies ,greater than 65 percent.
Since with lower efficiency, more paint is wasted, higher
efficiency systems are being promoted for use. In a recent
study (SDAPCD 1989), nine different spray painting tech-
niques that are currently in use wens studied. The nine tech-
niques include: air-atomized conventional (AAC); airless
conventional (ALC); air-assisted airless (AAL); high volume,
low pressure (HVLP) turbine; high volume, stepped down
-------
low pressure (HVSDLP); low pressure, low volume (LPLV);
thin film atomization (TFA); air-atomized electrostatic (AAE);
and airless electrostatic (ALE). Automotive refinishing is
generally performed by manual spray painting using conven-
tional air-atomization/spray equipment
A comparison of the methods showed that HVLP turbine,
HVSDLP, LPLV, and TFA appeared to be potential candi-
dates for replacement of AAC in the automotive refinishing
industry. One automotive refinisher in the San Diego area
reported very favorable results with an HVLP turbine system.
Paint usage had been reduced by one-third and the finish
quality was very good to excellent. The firm has experienced
no operational problems with the equipment and it reported
that overall operating costs were very similar to those incurred
with conventional air-atomized systems. In another study
(CSM 1989), the shop reported that High Volume Low Pres-
sure (HVLP) spray guns were tested but that the resulting
paint job suffered from "halo" effects when spraying metal
flake paints. Operator training has been reported to be a key
element in the successful conversion to a high efficiency
system. Given the regulatory drive to reduce VOC emissions
from automotive refinishing operations, high transfer effi-
ciency spray guns will see increasing use in the near-term
future.
Airless and air-assisted systems have found some use in
the automotive refinishing industry for undercarriage, utility,
and truck equipment refinishing where the finish quality
requirements are less severe. Electrostatic spray painting tech-
niques are also seldom used for automotive refinishing due to
problems in painting recessed areas (Faraday cage effect),
matching the existing coating, and appearance problems in the
application of metallic paints. For spraying of non-metallic
paints, electrostatic painting has been used for low-cost, full-
body painting and utility vehicle painting.
Better operator training. Often overlooked, transfer effi-
ciency is also a function of operator skill and training. Opera-
tors may be very skilled at producing high quality finishes but
be poorly trained in the ways of reducing paint usage. Opera-
tors should be trained not to arc the spray gun and blow paint
into the air. The practice of maintaining a fixed distance from
the painted surface while triggering the gun should be encour-
aged. Air pressure (often set too high) should be well regu-
lated. When the pressure is set too high, most of the paint
bounces off the car and forms a fog. The proper adjustment of
air pressure can increase transfer efficiency by 30 to 60
percent. Table 3 is a fault analysis for conventional air spray-
ing operations.
Proper cleaning methods. In reducing solvent use, greater
attention should be paid to the methods employed in equip-
ment cleaning. Paint cups should first be scraped free of
residual paint using a plastic spatula and then rinsed with
solvent. The practice of filling the cup with solvent, stirring
until the paint dissolves, and then repeating the procedure as
needed should be discouraged. New Teflon-lined metal paint
cups are available, which should provide for easier cleaning.
The typical way of cleaning a spray gun is to fill the spray
cup with solvent and then spray the solvent into me booth
filters or into the air. This results in a large waste of thinner
and considerable air emissions. To recover the thinner for
reuse and prevent undue air emissions, an enclosed gun clean-
ing station should be used. Thinner is sprayed through the gun
and into the cleaning station where it is condensed for recov-
ery and reuse. To simplify operation, the cleaning station uses
compressed ah- instead of electricity to produce refrigeration/
condensation. Several air quality agencies are requiring the
use of enclosed spray gun cleaners at automotive refinishing
shops. .
Recycle solvent off site. Sludges from drum cleanup and
thinner recovery from solvent-based paints contain as much as
50 percent organic thinners such as volatile hydrocarbons,
ketones, esters, and alcohols, and about five percent inorganic
pigments. It has been estimated that one gallon of sludge is
generated for every 120 gallons of solvent-based paint prod-
uct used (Stoddard 1981).
Processes for recycling thinners are well established and
widely used. Small quantity generators and those generators
that do not possess the technical expertise, or find it
uneconomical to recycle contaminated thinners on site, usu-
ally send thinner wastes to commercial recyclers for recovery.
Commercial recyclers have versatile distillation processes and
can handle large volumes and varieties of thinners. Generally,
thinner recyclers recover 70 to 80 percent of the incoming
spent thinners into reusable products (Stoddard 1981). Re-
claimed thinners are often sold back to the generators after the
thinners are reconstituted.
In general, suppliers who offer recycling services include
the cost of waste collection and recycling in the price of their
thinner. This increases the thinner cost, but effectively elimi-
nates separate hauling and disposal or recycle costs. It also
reduces the administrative burden on the owner or manager of
the auto painting firm.
Thinner from supplier/recyclers typically costs about $2
per gallon more than comparable products from non-recycling
suppliers. Based on the California DHS assessments, the
average auto painting firm generates 0.67 gallons of waste per
gallon of thinner purchased. Based on a strict interpretation of
these numbers, using a supplier/recycler is less expensive than
purchasing from non-recycling suppliers if disposal costs
exceed $165 per drum. Inclusion of administrative burden and
potential liability in cost estimates would lower this break-
even disposal cost.
Recycle solvent on site. Several alternatives are available
to operators who wish to conduct recycling processes on site.
Gravity separation is inexpensive and relatively easy to imple-
ment by allowing the thinner/sludge mixture to separate under
quiescent conditions. The clear thinner can then be decanted
using a drum pump and used for equipment cleaning, reducing
requirements for purchased wash thinner. Use of reclaimed
thinner for formulating primers and base coats is possible, but
might create problems if the thinner is not sufficiently pure.
10
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Table 3. Fault Analysis for Spray Painting
Defect
Cause
Dimpled surface ("Orange peel")
Sagging of film ("Curtaining")
Bubbles and cratering ("Fisheyes")
Dusting and roughness
Excessive overspray
Gun distance from work to close. This can also be due to too high or too
low a spray pressure, wrong choice of reducer solvent.
Excessive application of paint, poor overlap of sprays, improper atomization, or
improper formulation, particularly of thinner. Excessive spray pressure may also
cause sagging.
Water or oil contamination of air supply, excessive spray gun pressure, low air
pressure, heavy application of paint.
Too high atomizing pressure, too low fluid pressure, wrong choice of reducer.
Failure to release trigger of the gun when not aiming at object, bad aiming of
spray, excessive fluid pressure.
For the larger-quantity generators in the auto body repair
and painting industry, on-site distillation may provide a more
cost-effective alternative. The batch distillation of all high-
grade thinner wastes can virtually eliminate the need for
purchasing lower quality thinners for use in preliminary paint-
ing operations and cleanup. From 5 gallons of paint and
thinner wastes, the operator can reclaim 4-1/2 gallons of
thinner, with 1/2 gallon left as sludge. This ratio varies
depending on operations. Addition of a commercial additive
to the 1/2 gallon of paint sludge yields a viscous material
which can be used as underseal.
In one study, the shop painted 365 cars per month,
purchased 3,900 gallons of recycled thinner per year at a cost
of $5.05 per gallon and generated 4,380 gallons of thinner
waste per year at a disposal cost of $1.85 per gallon. This
amounted to an operating cost of $27,800 per year (excluding
any on-site labor). For an on-site recycling system, the poten-
tial savings of $13,260 per year are estimated as shown in
Table 4. On-site recycling for this shop has very attractive
economics, given that most recycling systems sized to handle
the amount of waste generated would cost $7,000 to $10,000
to purchase and install. This equates to a payback period of
less than one year (CSM 1989).
On the negative side, a shop involved in on-site recycling
would be incurring all of the increased environmental and
safety risks normally associated with recycling of flammable
solvents. Another potential problem is that two-component
paints will react and polymerize. Once reacted, the resulting
waste may be too viscous to pump, leading to higher disposal
costs in some cases. Table 5 lists the advantages, disadvan-
tages, benefits, and difficulties associated with on-site recy-
cling (Calif. DHS 1986).
To avoid the problems usually associated with the dis-
posal of solvent-bearing paint wastes, the Southern California
Finishers and Fabricators Association (SCFFA) has imple-
mented an incineration/recycling program. At a cost of $420
per drum, the SCFFA contractor (Allure Industries of
Vancouver, B.C.) will pick up the waste, incinerate it and
recycle titanium dioxide pigment. The most interesting aspect
11
of this arrangement is that Allure Industries prefers waste hig
in solids.
Use waste exchange. Waste exchanges (listed in Appen-
dix B) provide another waste removal alternative for autc
body and painting companies. Waste exchanges are organiza-
tions that manage or arrange the transfer of wastes between
industries, such that one producer's waste material might be
another industry's feedstock. Most exchanges exist as infor-
mation clearinghouses, which provide information on waste
availability. Opportunities exisl; for the direct transfer (with-
out processing) of waste solvents from industries requiring
ultra-high-purity solvents (e.g., the electronics industry) to
industries that do not have such stringent purity requirements
(e.g., the machinery and painting industries). Waste solvents
are available through the waste exchanges, which could po-
tentially be used as a substitute for new wash thinner. In
addition, several generators have recently found new opportu-
nities to ship residual still bottoms to cement industries for use
as supplemental fuels.
Give leftover paint to the customer. Some shops may
choose to give leftover paint to the customer for touch-up,
feeling that this enhances good will as well as reducing the
shop's paint waste. However, this practice should be limited
to customers who have expressed an interest in using the
paint, since it merely transfers a hazardous waste to a munici-
pal waste if the customer throws the paint out as trash.
Another disadvantage is that the usefulness of this option
depends entirely on the type of paint being sprayed. With
many of the newer catalyticaHy-polymerized paints, freshly
mixed paint has a shelf life of only a few hours. Right-to-
know laws in many states might require that the ingredients be
labeled on the bottle. The issue of liability should be ad-
dressed before a shop gives paint to a customer.
Use alternative coatings. There are four basic types of
paint used in automotive refinlshing: acrylic lacquer, syn-
thetic enamel, acrylic enamel, and catalyzed acrylic enamel.
A fifth type, color and clear polyurethane, is used primarily in
truck-fleet finishes. Painting usually proceeds with applica-
tion of a primer/surfacer followed by one or more coats of
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Table 4. Economic Analysis for an On-Site Still
Process 4,380 gallons of thinner waste at a cost of $1.25 per gallon (includes all utilities, materials, and
labor). Recover 3,500 gallons (80% recovery) of wash grade thinner.
Purchase 400 gallons of virgin thinner make-up at a cost of $5.05 a gallon.
Sond 880 gallons of sludge loan off-site incinerator at a cost of $8.00 per gallon (some of this material could
bo used as an underseal if mixed with proper additives).
$ 5f480
2,020
7,040
TOTAL ANNUAL COST OF ON-SITE RECOVERY-
CURRENT COST OF OFFSITE DISPOSAL
NET SAVINGS (EXCLUDING CAPITAL COST OF RECYCLING UNIT)
$14,540
27,800
$13,260
paint. To achieve a high gloss finish, many cars are painted
with a color base coat followed by a clear top coat. Since
several coatings of various compatible materials may be re-
quired to achieve a desired finish, coating materials are often
referred to as "systems."
The quantity or amount of VOC emissions is related to
the type of paint used since each material varies in solvent
content and the number of coats necessary for a high quality
finish. Acrylic lacquers are typically thinned with solvent by
125 to 150 percent. To achieve enough buildup for sanding
and buffing, at least four or five double coats are applied.
Table 5. Qualitative Analysis of On-Site Recycling
With synthetic enamels, solvent thinning amounts to 15
to 33 percent. Since enamel dries to a gloss and is not sanded,
only two or'three medium coats are required. Base coat/top
coat systems usually require two or three coats of each.
Three ways to minimize or eliminate VOC emissions
from automotive refinishing operations are to substitute sol-
vent-based paint with water-borne paint, use high-solids paints,
or switch from high solvent to medium solvent paints. The
following sections discuss these approaches.
The availability of water-borne paints for the automotive
refinishing industry is still quite limited. The automotive paint
manufacturing industry is working on the development of
Advantages
Loss waste leaving the shop.
Owner's control of reclaimed solvent's purity.
Reduced liability and cost of transporting waste off-site^
Reduced reporting (manifesting).
Possible lower unit cost of reclaimed solvent.
Disadvantages
Capital outlay for recycling equipment.
Liabilities for worker health, fires, explosions, leaks, spills, and
.other risks as a result of improper equipment operation.
Possible need for operator training.
Additional operating and maintenance costs.
Benefits
Favorable economics for recovery (e.g., reduced
solvent requirements).
Reduction In disposal costs.
Reduction in reporting (manifesting).
Lower liability.
Difficulties
Loss of solvent during distillation process.
Low solvent recovery efficiency.
Installation problems.
Maintenance problems.
12
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such paint formulations, but it will still be several years before
they become widely available. Water-borne primers, how-
ever, are already available. Advantages of the application of
water-borne paints are: reduction of VOC emissions; reduc-
tion of the hazardous nature of the paint residues; reduced
personnel safety hazard; and the ability to clean the equipment
with water. Disadvantages are: limited availability; the need
for spray painting equipment to be corrosion resistant; and the
requirement for costly heated drying booths to reduce drying
time. Much research is needed in the area of developing
water-based systems (primer, base coat, top coat) as opposed
to individual water-borne paints, before their use will be
practical.
High-solids paints are gradually becoming available for
the automotive refinishing industry and these have the advan-
tage of reducing VOC emissions by up to 75 percent The
main disadvantage of high-solids coatings is the increase in
paint viscosity. To overcome this, an in-line heater is required
to raise the temperature of the high-solids paint, effectively
reducing its viscosity to the range suitable for paint spraying
applications. ..,'*>
At one shop, switching from lacquer to enamel-based
paints resulted in a reduction of VOC emissions (CSM1989).
Lacquer paints typically contain 70 to 90 volume percent
solvent (excluding water) while enamels cpntain 55 to -75
volume percent solvent (excluding water). In addition to
reduced solvent content, enamels reportedly are less prone to
react with the polyester/fiberglass filler and discolor or yel-
low. This problem is common when spraying lacquers and
requires that the car be repainted. The replacement of lacquers
with enamels should reduce or eliminate this occurrence and
hence reduce waste generation due to repainting.
Use styrofoam filters. Replacement and disposal of dirty
spray booth filters is currently performed by the thinner
supplier/recycler. Filters must be disposed of as hazardous
waste if they contain wet paint (i.e., solvents), due to their
potential flammability. Filters may also be hazardous due to
their potential toxicity if the overspray contains lead or chro-
mium pigments. To reduce filter waste, a cleanable styrofoam
filter element has been developed. When dirty, the filter can
be blown clean with compressed air and reused (removed
paint would require collection and still be classified as hazard-
ous if it contained lead or chromium compounds). When the
filter is no longer reusable, it can be disposed of with dirty
thinner waste by dissolving it in the drum of waste thinner.
Before using this filter, shops should check with their thinner
recycler to determine if dissolved styrofoam will interfere
with their dirty thinner recycling operation.
Shop Cleanup Wastes
The human aspects of industrial activity can be very
important in waste reduction. Often termed "good operating
practices" or "good housekeeping," these methods can be
very effective in reducing the amount of shop cleanup wastes
generated. Typical wastes include dirty rags, sawdust, clari-
fier sludges, area washdowns, and disposal of out-dated sup-
plies. Good housekeeping methods include improved employee
training, management initiatives to increase employee aware-
ness of the need for and benefits of waste minimization, and
preventive maintenance to reduce? the number of leaks and
spills that occur. Additional ways to reduce or minimize waste
are discussed in the EPA pollution prevention guide for
automotive repair shops (USEPA 1991).
References
Calif. DHS. 1987. Waste audit study, automotive paint shops.
Prepared for the California Department of Health Ser-
vices, Alternative Technology Section, Toxic Substances
Control Division by the SCS Engineers. January 1987.
Calif. DHS. 1986. Guide to solvent waste reduction alterna-
tives. Final report. Prepared for the California Depart-
ment of Health Services by the ICF Consulting Associates,
Inc. October 1986.*
CSM. 1989. Hazardous waste minimization audits of automo-
tive repair and refinishing facilities. Prepared by Jacobs
Engineering Group Inc. for the City of Santa Monica
Department of GerieralServices. September 1989.
Mazia, J. 1984. Organic (Paint) Coatings. Metal finishings,
guidebook directory issue 84. Published by Metals and
Plastics Publications, Inc. Hackensack, NJ. Vol. 82, No.
1A. January 1984.
SCAG. 1984. Development of a hazardous waste manage-
ment plan for small-quantity generators: North Holly-
wood pilot study. Hazardous waste inventory (Task A).
Final Report. Prepared for Southern California Associa-
tion of Governments, Los Angeles, CA, by SCS Engi-
neers. November 1984.
SCAG. 1982. Groundwater quality management plan, San
Fernando Valley Basin. Industry survey and development
of best management practices. Final Report. Prepared for
Southern California Association of Governments, Los
Angeles, CA, by SCS Engineers. August 1982.
SCFFA. 1989. Regulatory alert. Published by the Southern
California Finishers and Fabricators Association, Inc. Vol
2, No. 2. March/April 1989.
SDAPCD. 1989. Alternative automotive refinishing technique
study Phase I. Final report. Prepared by Jacobs Engineer-
ing Group Inc. for the County of San Diego Air Pollution
Control District. June 1989.
Stoddard, S.D., G.A. Davis, H.M. Freeman, and P.M. Deibler.
1981. Alternatives to the land disposal of hazardous waste;
an assessment for California. Toxic Waste Assessment
Group, Governor's Office of Appropriate Technology,
Sacramento, CA.
USEPA. 1991. Guides to pollution prevention: the automotive
repair industry, EPA/625/7-91/013. Prepared by Jacobs
Engineering Group Inc. for the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Office of Research and Development
Cincinnati, OH.
13
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Section 4
Waste Minimization Assessment Worksheets
The worksheets provided in this section are intended to
assist automotive refinishing shops in systematically evaluat-
ing waste generating processes and in identifying waste mini-
mization opportunities. These worksheets include only the
assessment phase of the procedure described in the Waste
Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual. For a full
description of waste minimization assessment procedures,
please refer to the EPA manual. Table 6 lists the worksheets
that are provided in this section and provides a short descrip-
tion of each. After completing the worksheets, the assessment
team should evaluate the applicable waste minimization op-
tions and develop an implementation plan.
Table 6. List of Waste Minimization Assessment Worksheets
Number Title
Description
i.
2a.
2b.
3.
4a.
4b.
5.
6.
Waste Sources
Waste Minimization:
Material Handling
Waste Minimization:
Material Handling
Option Generation:
Material Handling
Waste Minimization:
Body Repair/Paint
Application
Waste Minimization:
Paint Application
Option Generation:
Body Repair/Paint
Application
Waste Minimization:
Shop Cleanup
Option Generation:
Shop Cleanup
Typical wastes generated at automotive refinishing facilities.
Questionnaire on procedures used for handling drums, containers, and packages.
Questionnaire on procedures used for bulk liquid handling.
Waste minimization options for other material hand/ing operations.
Questionnaire on procedures used for body repair and paint application.
Continuation of questionnaire on procedures used for paint application.
Waste minimization options for body repair and paint application.
Questionnaire on procedure used for shop cleanup.
Waste minimization options for shop cleanup.
15
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Firm
Site
Date
WORKSHEET
1
Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No.
Prepared By
Checked By
Sheet 1 Of1 page 1 Of 9
WASTE SOURCES
Shop Clean-Up ,
Obsolete raw materials .
Spills & leaks (liquids & powders)
Dirty raqs & sawdust
- . - .
Area wash water
Clarlfler sludaes
Container disposal
Pipeline/tank dralnaqe
Evaporative losses
Note: For a discussion of waste
minimization options for reduction of shop
clean-up wastes, see the EPA pollution prevention auide for the automotive
reoair industry.
Body Repair
Left over filler
Sandinq dust
Painting
Loft over paint
Dirty wash thinner
Empty containers
' VOC air emissions
Partlculate emissions
Dirty booth filters
Significance at Shop
Low
Medium
High
hlm/auto-ref/wsl
16
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Firm
Site
Date
Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No.
Prepared By
Checked By
Sheet _J_. of 2. Page _2_ of
WORKSHEET
2a
WASTE MINIMIZATION;
Material Handling
A. DRUMS, CONTAINERS, AND PACKAGES
Are drums, packages and containers inspected for damage before being accepted? Q yes Q no
Are employees trained in ways to safely handle the types of drums and packages received? Q yes . Q no
Are they properly trained in handling of spilled raw materials? Q yes
Is there a formal personnel training program on raw material handling, spill prevention,
proper storage techniques, and waste handling procedures?
Describe handling procedures for damaged items:
How often is training given and by whom?
Is obsolete raw material returned to the supplier?
Is inventory used in first-in first-out order?
Is the inventory system computerized?
Does the current inventory control system adequately prevent waste generation?
What information does the system track? '
Are stored items protected from damage, contamination, or exposure to rain,
snow, sun and heat?
Is the dispensing of raw materials supervised and controlled?
Are users required to return empty containers before being issued new supplies?
Do you maintain and enforce a clear policy of using raw materials only for their
intended use?
htm/auto-ref/ws2a
Q yes
Q yes
Q yes
Q yes
Q yes
Q no
Q no
Q no
Q no
a no
a no
Q yes - Q no
Q yes Q no
Q yes Q no
Q yes Q no
17
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pirm Waste Mlnlmlza
Site
Dato Proj. No.
WORKSHEET
OK WASTE Mir
^U Material
lion Assessment Prepared By
Checked By
Sheet 2 of 2 Panei T nf 9
JIMIZATION:
Handling
B. BULK LIQUIDS HANDLING
What safeguards are in place to prevent spills and avoid ground contamination during the filling of storage tanks?
High level shutdown/alarms Q Secondary containment Q
Flow totalizers with cutoff Q Other Q '
Dnseribn thn system;
Are air emissions from solvent storage tanks controlled by means of:
Conservation vents Q yes Q no
Nitrogen blanketing Q yes Q no
Absorber/Condenser Q yes Q no
Other vapor loss control system Q Ves Q no
Describe the system;
Are all storage tanks routinely monitored for leaks? If yes,
above-oroundAfaultsd tanks" -
describe procedure and monitoring frequency for
1 InHfirnrnnnr! tanks*
How are the liquids in these tanks dispensed to the users?
(i.e., in small containers or hard piped.)
What measures are employed to prevent the spillage of liq
jids boing dioponood''
When a spill of liquid occurs in the facility, what cleanup methods are employed (e.g., wet or dry)? Also discuss the way
hlm/auto-raVw32b
18
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Firm.
Site -
Date
Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No.
Prepared By -
Checked By .
Sheet _J_of_l_ Page _4_of 9
WORKSHEET
OPTION GENERATION:
Material Handling
Meeting Format (e.g., bralnstormlng, nominal group technique)
Meeting Coordinator
Meeting Participants
Suggested Waste Minimization Options
A. Drums, Containers, and Packages
Raw Material Inspection
Proper Storage/Handling
Return Obsolete Material to Supplier
Minimize Inventory
Computerize Inventory
Formal Training
Waste Segregation
B. Buik Liquids Handling
High Level Shutdown/Alarm
Flow Totalizers with Cutoff
Secondary Containment
Air Emission Control
Leak Monitoring
Currently
Done Y/N?
Rationale/Remarks on Option
htm/auto-raf/ws3
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WORKSHEET
4a
Waste Minimization Assessment Prepared By
Checked By
Proi. No. Sheet J_ of_2_ Page 5 of 9
WASTE MINIMIZATION:
Body Repair & Paint Application
A. BODY REPAIR
Do you generate large quantities of waste filler? GJ yes Q no
Are your workers supervised/trained so they do not mix more filler than required? Q yes Q no
Do you currently employ rigid inventory controls to minimize product use? Q yes Q no
Do you discourage the use of hoses to flush filler dust to the sewer or clarifier? Q yes Q no
Are sweep brooms or vacuum units available for your workers to use? Q yes Q no
Explain how you minimize waste from auto body repair:
B. PAINT APPLICATION
Do you generate large quantities <
Do you currently employ rigid inve
Do you use more than 1/2 gallons
If yes, discuss how implementing
Is the volume of paint mixed base
Does the design of your mixing eq
Do you provide customers with lef
Are operators trained to use their «
Are they periodically retrained?
What measures have you taken to
Df waste paint or thinner? ' Q yes Q no
ntory controls to minimize material use? Q yes Q no
of thinner per car? Q yes Q no
more riqid controls could be accomplished in your shop:
d on the surface area to be painted? Q yes Q no
uipment prevent you from mixing smaller batches of paint? Q yes Q no
over paint (enamel or lacquer only) for touch-up use? . Q yes Q no
aquipment properly so as to minimize overspray? Q yes Q no
Q yes Q no
reduce the qeneration of waste paint:
' '
-
hlm/aulo-rolAvs4
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Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No.
Prepared By
Checked EJy
Sheet JL of JL. Page _6_ of _lj)
WORKSHEET
4b
WASTE MINIMIZATION:
Body Repair & Paint Application
B. PAINT APPLICATION-continued
Who provides this training and how often is it given?
What was the effect:
Do your operators use large amounts of solvent to clean equipment?
Do they scrape out paint cups before rinsing?
Have you tried using or do you use an enclosed cleaning system?
Q yes , Q no
Q yes Q no
Q yes Q no
Do you contract with an off-site thinner supplier/recycter?
Do you decant dirty thinner and use it as an initial wash thinner?
Do you paint more than 50 cars per month?
If yes, have you looked at on-site recycling systems?
Have you tried to list your waste with a certified waste exchange?
Please discuss any measures you have taken to recycle paint/thinner waste:
G yes
Q yes
Q yes
Q yes
Q yes
Have you investigated the use of low VOC paints?
Have you investigated the use of high transfer efficiency spray equipment?
If yes, did it reduce the amount of paint sprayed?
Did it affect finish quality/customer satisfaction?
Have you investigated the use of styrofoam booth filters?
Discuss your success/failure with these options:
Q yes
Q ye's
Q yes
Q yes
Q yes
Q no
Q no
,Q no
a no
Q no
Q no
Q no
Q no
Q no
Q no
hlm/aulo-re(/ws4
21
-------
Firm
Site
Onto .
WORKSHEET
5
Waste Minimization Assessment
Pfnj. No
Prepared By
Checked By
Sheet 1 of 1 Page 7 of 9
OPTION GENERATION:
Body Repair & Paint Application
Meeting Format (e.g., bralnstorming, nominal group techn
Meeting Coordinator
Meeting Participants
Ique)
Suggested Waste Minimization Options
A. Body Repair
Mix filler according to need
Employ rigid inventory control
Sweep up or vacuum dust
B. Paint Application
Employ rigid inventory controls
Mix paint according to need
Give customer touch-up paint
Train operators to minimize overspray
Scrape out paint cups before rinsing
Use an enclosed cleaning system
Contract with a thinner supplier/recycler
Install on-site recycling equipment
List waste with waste exchange
Use low VOC coatings
Use high transfer efficiency equipment
Use cleanable styrofoam filters
Currently
Done Y/N?
Rationale/Remarks on Option
.
hlm/auto-refwsS
22
-------
Firm Wasta Minimization A«*.*«m.nt f
Site <
Date Proj. No. £
WORKSHEET WASTE MINIMIZATION:
C '' .. ' . :' :;.-. , ,
W Shop Clean-Up
5repared By
Checked I3y
Sheet JL of_l_ Page _8_of_2
In addition to automotive refinishing, do you perform automotive repairs? (If yes,
please refer to the EPA pollution prevention guide for automotive repair shops.) Q yes Q no
Are drip pans placed under leaking cars to reduce the need for floor cleaning? Q .yes Q no
*
Are dirty parts removed and placed on a drip pan instead of directly on the shop floor? . Q yes Q no
Are all work bays kept clean and neat? " Q yes Q no
Do your workers wipe up small spills of fluids as soon as they occur? Q yes Q no
Do you have an award program for workers who keep their work bays clean (i.e. prevent
leaks and spills)? Q yes Q no
How are spilled fluids recovered and disposed of?
Do you use a laundry service to clean your rags and uniforms?
If no, how are they handled?
Q yes Q no
Do you use a biodegradable detergent for cleaning shop floors? Q yes Q no
Have you tried using a steam cleaner in place of chemical cleaners? Q yes Q no
Do you discharge area washdown wastewater to a POTW or industrial sewer Instead
of to the storm drain? Q yes Q no
If no, how is this wastewater handled:
htm/auto-ref/ws6
23
-------
pjrm Waste Minimization Assessment
Sitf?
Date Proj- No.
Prepared By
Checked By
Sheet J_of J_ Page ^9_ of 9
WORKSHEET OPTION GENERATION:
7 Shop.Clean-Up
Meeting Format (e.g., bralnstormlng, nominal group techr
Meetlna Coordinator
ilaue)
Meetlnq Participants
Suggested Waste Minimization Options
Use Drip Pans
Wipe Up Spills (Cotton Rags)
Keep Bays Clean
Award Program
Use Laundry Service
Use Biodegradable Detergents
Use Steam Cleaners
Discharge to POTW/lndustrial Sewer
Currently
Done Y/N?
Rationale/Remarks on Option,
*
til(n/auto-retAv97
24
-------
Appendix A
Automotive Refinishing Shop Assessments:
Case Studies of Shops A, B, C, D, E, and F
In 1987, the California Department of Health Services
(DHS) commissioned a waste minimization study of automo-
tive refinishing shops. The objectives of the waste minimiza-
tion assessments were to:
Gather site-specific information concerning the generation,
handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous
waste;
Evaluate existing waste reduction practices;
Develop recommendations for waste reduction through source
Control, treatment, and recycling techniques; and
Assess costs and benefits of existing and recommended
waste reduction techniques.
The first step in conducting the assessments was selecting
and contacting several shops to solicit voluntary participation
in the study. Selection emphasized small business, which
generally lack the financial and/or internal technical resources
to perform a waste reduction assessment
This Appendix summarizes the results of the assessments
of six automotive refinishing shops (here identified as A, B,
C, D, E, and F). Included are the practices already in use at the
shops that have successfully reduced waste generation from
past levels. The original assessments may be obtained from
Mr. Benjamin Fries at:
California Department of Health Services
Alternatives Technology Division
Toxic Substances Control Program
714/744 P Street
Sacramento, CA 94234-7320
(916) 324-1807
In addition, the results of the waste minimization assess-
ments were used to prepare waste minimization assessment
worksheets to be completed by other automotive refinishers in
a self-assessment process. Examples of these worksheets fol-
low the Shop F assessment.
25
-------
Company A Assessment
Company A represents the medium-sized segment of
independent operators in the auto painting industry. This
company employs seven full-time workers and has a rela-
tively large volume of business ranging between 50 and 75
cars per month. Company A provides complete auto body
repairs, which include welding, alignments, frame and body
adjustments, and auto painting. Most of the painting done at
this shop consists of spot repairs to collision-damaged ve-
hicles. Mechanical work is done only in association with body
structure repairs.
Chemical Usage
Raw materials utilized at this shop include paints, wax
and grease remover, two grades each of paint thinner, surface
primer, retarder, reducers, and small amounts of oil used for
shop machinery and vehicle maintenance.
Waste Generation
Waste generation rates at this company are among the
lowest amounts recorded during on-site interviews. Excluding
oil, all wastes are deposited in one 55-gallon storage drum,
which is filled at a rate of about 9 gallons per month. Waste oil
from shop equipment is generated at a rate of 6 gallons per
month, which is deposited at a local service station.
Operations generate minimal amounts of waste due to
rigid inventory controls and several source reduction tech-
niques. A parts cleaner is used, which recycles separated
solvent liquids for cleaning equipment. Paint sludges are also
allowed to settle out of high-grade spent thinner so that
thinner can be reused on priming and base coats.
Wash winners and waste thinners are both stored in 55-
gallon drums, with high-grade thinner in a 15-gallon can. The
remainder of the products is stored in gallon cans with paints
in pint- and quart-sized containers. All raw materials and
wastes are stored indoors, with spigots and pumps on drums,
and funnels on storage containers. Spills are recovered with
floor absorbent and disposed of with nonhazardous refuse
after paint residues have been removed.
Waste Minimization - Current Practices and
Recommendations
The following recommendations are suggested for waste
minimization at Company A:
1. Source Reduction. This company currently employs a
number of source reduction practices that have resulted in
a minimum quantity of waste generated per vehicle ser-
viced. Wastes have been minimized through the use of
stringent inventory control practices and a minimum quan-
tity of thinner used to clean equipment.
2. Disposal of Excess Paint. Excess paint is currently mini-
mized through stringent inventory control. Residues from
painting operations are disposed of in the waste thinner
drum during equipment cleaning operations. Wastes can
be reduced further by giving excess paint to customers for
use as touch-up paint
3. Improved Housekeeping Practices. Product losses can be
controlled by using tight-fitting lids to minimize evapora-
tion. Small quantities of solvent used to wash equipment
were observed in small containers with open tops. If lids
are used, evaporation of materials will be reduced, further
extending the usefulness of thinner.
4. Spill Migration Prevention. Drums of new and waste
materials should be stored to prevent off-site migration of
spills or leaks. Floor drains adjacent to drum storage areas
should be sealed to prevent spill intrusion.
Implementing the above practices can result in a 5 per-
cent reduction in the usage of new thinner, reducing costs by
approximately $200 per year. Savings due to decreased dis-
posal costs were not estimated.
26
-------
Company B Assessment
Company B represents the larger independent operations
in the automotive paint and body industry. This company
employs 13 workers and has a business volume of approxi-
mately 100 cars per month. Company B provides body and
fender repair, frame adjustments, front and rear suspension
alignments, and auto painting. Mechanical work on engines
and drive trains is only done in association with body repair.
Chemical Usage
Chemicals used at this shop include two grades of lacquer
thinner, enamel reducer, isocyanate (a type of hardener), a
catalyst, and polyester resin. These products are mixed to-
gether during paint operations. Thinners are stored in 30- or
55-gallon drums indoors on cement High-grade thinner is
basically used on a once-through basis. The remainder of the
raw materials is stored in pint-, quart-, or gallon-sized cans
and kept in a designated paint mixing area. Hand pumps and
spigots are used to transfer thinner from drums to smaller
containers for shop use.
Waste Materials
The largest quantity of waste generated is due to cleaning
of equipment after painting. A single waste stream consisting
of paint-contaminated thinner is generated at a rate of about
35 gallons per month. Wastes are deposited in a 55-gallon
drum stored adjacent to new materials in the shop area.
Company B installed a distiller to help reduce the amounts
of waste generated by painting operations, but at the time of
the assessment, the new equipment had not yet been in use
long enough to determine the impact on waste generation and
minimization. The owner anticipates that the distiller will
eliminate the need to purchase lower grade thinners for equip-
ment cleanup. High-grade purchased thinner will be used on
top coats. Thinner wastes generated from paint operations are
recycled through distillation and Used as wash thinner. The
distiller is equipped to recycle 5 gallons of waste per use and
yield 4.5 gallons of wash thinner and 1/2 gallon of paint
sludge. The sludge can also be combined with additives to be
used as underseal. In practice, the distiller should dramatically
reduce thinner consumption and generation, and also provide
a usable end product from the associated paint sludges.
Waste Minimization - Current Practices and
Recommendations
The following recommendations are suggested for waste
minimization at Company B: , , : ,
1. Source Reduction. As a result of on-site reclamation
practices and the use of sludge generated from the distilla-
tion process, this facility generates no waste requiring
disposal. This means that 100 percent reduction of hazard-
ous waste is possible for some auto "paint shops. A reduc-
tion in the quantity of material requiring distillation can be
achieved through source reduction practices such as in-
ventory control.
2. Segregate Excess Paint Wasted from Thinner Waste. A
higher quality recycled thinner could be obtained from
on-site reclamation by segregating excess paint from thin-
ner waste. This excess paint could be added to the sludge
from the recycling system and be used as underseal. An
alternative would be to give excess paint to customers for
use as touch-up paint. ,. ,
By implementing these recommendations, Company B
can reduce consumption of new thinner by 10 to 20 percent.
Annual cost savings attributable to a decrease in the quantity
of thinner purchased is estimated between'SSSO and $700 per
year. Savings realized by reduction of hazardous waste dis-
posal costs were not estimated.
27
-------
Company C Assessment
Company C represents a medium-sized operation in the
automotive paint and body industry. This company currently
employs 13 workers, and paints or repairs about 55 cars per
month. Company C provides complete collision repair such as
welding, mechanical work, body repair, and painting. This
company is different from most of the other shops in this
industry, since it performs more extensive vehicle mainte-
nance operations.
Chemical Usage
Chemicals used at this shop form a more extensive list
than most shops due to its extended repair services. Raw
materials such as acrylic lacquer thinner, acrylic enamel paints,
dcgreasing solvents, oil, transmission fluid, brake/hydraulic
fluids, and antifreeze are used on a daily basis.
Many of the above-mentioned chemicals are used to
replenish fluid levels in cars without requiring fluid removal;
therefore, very little waste automotive fluid is handled. The
most predominant waste streams are paint and thinner resi-
dues, waste oil, and antifreeze from radiator flushing. These
combined groups of wastes are generated in equal amounts at
a rate of about 20 gallons per month. Thinners are used on a
once-through basis only with no reuse. '
Most solvent, oil, and engine fluids are stored in 55-
gallon drums, with the remainder of the products kept in 5-
gallon drums or pint-sized and quart-sized cans. All drums
and containers are stored indoors with tightly sealed lids and
spigots or pumps. The materials are not stored in one area, but
rather are dispersed around the shop at points of highest use.
The pint-sized and quart-sized paint cans are stored inside
several metal cabinets.
Waste Generation
The largest volume of waste at Company C is paint
thinner, generated at a rate of 20 gallons per month. Paint
thinner, waste solvent, and waste oils are removed off site
through the services of a reclamation facility. Used batteries
are collected and stored for subsequent removal by a salvage
company.
Similar to new materials, wastes are stored in several
areas of the shop, adjacent to areas of highest use. Wastes are
stored in 55- or 30-gallon drums indoors on concrete. Wastes
are transferred to drums from smaller containers using fun-
nels. Floor washings are performed periodically to remove
accumulated debris. Runoff is flushed into one of several floor
drains located throughout the shop area. A clarifier is con-
nected to floor drains to intercept any contaminants that may
be rinsed down shop drains. Clarifier effluent is discharged to
the sanitary sewer. Small spills appeared to be fairly common;
the material was absorbed with floor dry and deposited in a
refuse dumpster.
Waste Minimization - Current Practices and
Recommendations
The following recommendations are suggested for waste
minimization at Company C:
1. Improved Housekeeping Practices. Product losses can be
reduced through the use of tight-fitting caps and seals on
containers and waste drums. Funnels should be used when-
ever possible to minimize spillage. Company C was the
only shop that had extensive areas of unpaved soil. Areas
between buildings were predominantly packed dirt. Laying
concrete between adjacent building areas could help reduce
airborne dust at work locations and contain spills and drips
for ease of cleanup.
2. Source Reduction. Source reduction practices can be readily
implemented at this company. Such practices include the
minimization of thinner used to clean equipment Thinner
use can be minimized through stringent inventory control.
Another source reduction practice would be to decant and
reuse gravity-separated solvent for cleaning equipment A
follow-up wash with clean material will ensure that equip-
ment is adequately cleaned.
3. Disposal of Excess Paint The most obvious practice for the
minimization of paint requiring disposal is to mix smaller
quantities of paint. However, as it is often not possible to
predict the exact quantity of paint required for each job, the
generation of excess paint is inevitable. Excess paint should
be disposed of in a separate waste paint container or given
to customers to be used as touch-up paint Disposal to a
waste thinner drum would diminish the quality of the
thinner, preventing its reuse as wash thinner. Therefore,
this practice is discouraged.
4. Spill Migration Prevention. Drums of new and waste mate-
rials should be stored in such a manner that off-site migra-
tion of any spills or leaks is prevented. Floor drains adjacent
to drum storage areas should be sealed to prevent spill
intrusion.
By implementing source reduction and housekeeping
practices, it is estimated that a 20 to 25 percent reduction in
new thinner usage can be achieved. This reduction translates
to an estimated annual cost savings between $600 and $750.
Additional savings from reduction of hazardous waste dis-
posal costs were not estimated.
28
-------
Company D Assessment
Company D is a medium-sized independent operation in
the automotive paint and body industry. This company em-
ploys nine full-time workers, and has a business volume of
approximately 30 to 40 cars per month. This particular opera-
tion consisted of two shops located on one city block. The
main shop is used for body repair and for preparing vehicles
for painting. The second shop is used for painting operations
only. Because these shops are physically separated, only the
painting operations were assessed. Company D provides com-
plete collision repair, frame and suspension adjustments, and
painting. As in most other auto body shops, mechanical work
on engines and drive trains is done only in association with
body repair.
Chemical Usage
Chemicals used at the painting shop include enamel
reducer, two grades of thinner, and small amounts of motor oil
for shop vehicle maintenance. The enamel reducer and thinners
are combined with the pigments during painting operations.
The use and quantity of these materials depends on the type of
paint applied (enamel or lacquer), type of finish required, and
specifications for the particular color applied.
Thinners are stored in 55-gallon drums, with the remain-
der of the paints and chemicals stored in pint-, quart-, and
gallon-sized containers. All drums and cans are stored indoors
with tightly sealed lids and spigots or pumps. The materials
are not stored in one area, but instead are scattered around the
paint shop.
Waste Generation
Hazardous waste generated at this shop consists of waste
thinner, spent paint booth filters, and small quantities of waste
oil. The major quantity of waste is thinner generated during
equipment cleaning operations. Waste thinner is generated at
a rate of approximately 30 gallons per month and is stored in
a 55-gallon drum. Based on the volume of business, this
generation rate is higher than the other companies that were
assessed. This high waste generation rate can be attributed to
the use of thinner on a once-through basis only, with minimal
product reuse.
Wastes are recycled through a lacquer supply company,
which charges a unit price for transport and delivery of raw
material supplies and reclamation of generated wastes. Com-
pany D is also using a new type of styrofdam paint booth
filters, which can be dissolved into the waste thinner when it
becomes saturated with paint contaminants. Most of the other
facilities use conventional booth filters, which are disposed of
with the nonhazardous refuse. The styrofoam filter could
possibly be made a requirement to reduce the contamination
of municipal refuse. However, the effect of styrofoam on the
recyclability or incinerability of the waste thinner must be
investigated.
Small amounts of waste oil are generated at a rate of
about 7 gallons per month. Motor oil is used for shop vehicles
only and is recycled through an adjacent service station.
Waste Minimization - Current Practices and
Recommendations
The following recommendations are suggested for waste
minimization at Company D:
1. Source Reduction. When compared with other facilities,
this company generates a fairly large quantity of waste for
each vehicle painted. Source reduction practices such as
decanting dirty thinner from the waste drum and using it
for initial cleanup of the equipment should be implemented
to minimize the volume of waste generated.
2. Improved Housekeeping Practices. Through the implemen-
tation of housekeeping practices, material losses through
spillage and evaporation can be minimized. Spillage can be
reduced by using hand pumps and funnels during material
transfers; evaporation can be minimized by using lids.
3. Segregation of Excess Paint Wastes from Thinner Wastes.
Contamination of thinner can 'be reduced by segregating
excess paint wastes from thinner wastes. Excess paint can
be saved and given to customers for use as touch-up paint.
4. Spill Migration Prevention. Drums of new and used materi-
als should be stored in such a manner that off-site migra-
tion of any spills or leaks is prevented. Floor drains located
adjacent to storage areas should be sealed.
By implementing these recommended practices, it is esti-
mated that at least a 50 percent reduction in new thinner usage
can be achieved at Company D. At a cost of $6 per gallon, this
reduction in thinner usage translates to an estimated cost
savings of $ 1,300 per year.
29
-------
Company E Assessment
Company E represents the smaller independent operation
in the automotive paint and body industry. This company
employs seven workers, and has a business volume of ap-
proximately 30 cars per month. Company E provides auto
body repair and painting. Most of the painting done at this
company is spot repairs to collision-damaged vehicles. Me-
chanical work on engines and drive trains is only done in
association with body repair.
Chemical Usage
The chemicals used at this shop include lacquer thinner,
Bondo, oil, antifreeze, and paints. The thinner and oil are both
stored in 55-gallon drums. Paints are all stored in cans ranging
from pint to gallon size. All drums and containers are stored
indoors, with tightly sealed lids and spigots or pumps. The
drums are stored in various locations around the shop at points
of highest use. All paint materials are stored in a lockable
storage/paint mixing area.
Waste Generation
The most predominant waste streams consist of thinners
with paint sludges and spent oils. These are both generated at
a rate of roughly 20 gallons per month. Thinners are used on a
once-through basis only, with no reuse. Radiators on damaged
vehicles are often punctured and broken resulting in fluid loss
before the vehicle enters the facility. Once repairs are com-
pleted, new antifreeze is added to the empty reservoir. Bondo,
a putty-like raw material, generates waste fiberglass in the
form of dust when sanded. This dust settles very slowly, but is
eventually collected in shop sweepings or rinsed down drains
during wash-downs. In general, this shop is kept very clean
and well organized; it is undoubtedly swept and washed down
on a routine basis.
1. Source Reduction. The quantity of hazardous waste gener-
ated and utilization of new material can be reduced through
the implementation of source reduction practices. These
practices include rigid inventory control and reuse of spent
material such as dirty thinner for initial equipment clean-
ing.
2. Improved Housekeeping Practices. Although housekeeping
practices at this shop are excellent, additional practices
may reduce leakage, spillage, and losses through evapora-
tion. All containers used for new materials and thinner
should be equipped with tight-fitting lids except during
times of use. Drip pans can be used to collect leaks associ-
ated with engine damage.
3. Segregation of Wastes. By segregating excess paints from
waste thinner, a higher quality waste thinner can be ob-
tained. Waste thinner can then be reused in preliminary
equipment washings.
4. Spill Migration. New materials and wastes are stored on
cement in covered areas at this shop. However, runoff from
spills and leaks can potentially migrate off site due to the
topography of the shop. Efforts to control potential spills
and leaks should be implemented and floor drains adjacent
to storage areas should be secured or sealed. The generator
should verify that on-site storage of new materials and
wastes is being done in accordance with state, federal, and
local regulations.
By implementing the above practices, it is estimated that
a 10 to 15 percent reduction in the use of new thinner can be
attained. This reduction will result in a cost savings of $400 to
$600 per year, not including savings in disposal costs.
Waste Minimization - Current Practices and
Recommendations
The following recommendations are suggested for waste
minimization at Company E:
30
-------
Company F Assessment
Company F was the smallest of the six independent
automotive paint and body operators interviewed during this
study. This company employs three full-time workers, and has
a business volume of approximately 25 vehicles per month.
Company F provides auto body structural repair and painting
services only. The majority of this company's work entails
minor body repairs and spot painting using enamel paints
almost exclusively. No mechanical work that would generate
fluid wastes is performed.
Chemical Usage
The chemicals used in this shop form a somewhat less
extensive list than some shops, because no oils or engine
fluids are used or generated on site. Raw materials such as
enamel reducer, enamel catalyst, and two grades of lacquer
thinner are used on a daily basis.
Both new thinner and stored wastes are kept in 55-gallon
drums. Both of these containers have appropriate material
transfer devices such as spigots, pumps, or funnels. Drums are
stored in a locked, steel-bottomed, outdoor storage shed.
Drums are grounded to an adjacent water pipe to eliminate the
risks of generating sparks near flammable products. Paints are
stored in quart- or pint-sized cans, with the remainder of the
raw materials in 1- or 15-gallon containers. These materials
are all stored indoors in a segregated paint mixing area.
Waste Generation
Company F generates two predominant waste streams.
One is composed of a mixture of paints, thinners, catalysts,
and reducers. These compounds are mixed together in a 55-
gallon storage drum and are generated at a total rate of about 5
gallons per month. Wastes are removed every 3 months by a
lacquer supplier for the purposes of recycling. The supplier
provides both new solvent and waste removal, which are
included in a total service cost. The second waste stream is
composed of paint residues, which are mixed for each indi-
vidual project. One partially filled! can of paint is generated for
each car painted. When the vehicle is finished, the extra paint
is given to the customer to use for touch-up work.
Waste streams generated at this shop are very modest.
The owner uses rigid inventory control and many basic house-
keeping techniques, such as thinner reuse for cleanup and base
coats, which substantially reduce the amounts of waste gener-
ated. These programs have been eiffective in minimizing waste
streams and increasing economic returns at Company F.
Waste Minimization - Current Practices and
Recommendations
Very few recommendations can be offered to this com-
pany to minimize waste generation. Inventory control and
reuse practices are implemented to reduce the quantity of
thinner utilized at the facility. Excess paints are segregated
from thinner wastes and given to customers for use as touch-
up paint. Housekeeping practices are implemented to mini-
mize spillage and leakage.
31
-------
Firm FGUPe* BertXKS WMte Mlnlmlzatlon Assessment
Site
Date 4/3D/H Proj. No.
Prepared By
Checked By
DB
Sheet 1 Of1 page 1 of 9
WORKSHEET WASTE SOURCES
Gtmn Olaon 1 In
onop u/iean-up
Obsolete raw materials
Spills & leaks (liquids & powders)
Dlrtv raqs & sawdust
Area wash water
Clarlfler sludges
Container disposal
Pipeline/tank drainage
Evaporative losses
Note: For a discussion of waste minimization options for reduction of shoo
clean-uo wastes, see the EPA pollution prevention guide for the automotive
rqyair fridustfy,
Body Repair
Left over filler
Sandlna dust
Painting
Left over paint
Dlrtv wash thinner
Empty containers
VOC air emissions
Partlculate emissions
Dlrtv booth filters
Significance at Shop
Low
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Medium
X
X
X
High
htm/auto-ref/w8l
32
-------
Firm
Site
Date
Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No.
Prepared By
Checked By
Sheet _J_ of _2_ Page_2L. of _9_
WORKSHEET
2a
WASTE MINIMIZATION:
Material Handling
A. DRUMS, CONTAINERS, AND PACKAGES
Are drums, packages and containers inspected for damage before being accepted?
Are employees trained in ways to safely handle the types of drums and packages received?
Are they properly trained in handling of spilled raw materials?
Is there a formal personnel training program on raw material handling, spill prevention,
proper storage techniques, and waste handling procedures?
Describe handling procedures for damaged items: "Return j-p
How often is training given and by whom? Trg in n£u) f>60f(& au
Is obsolete raw material returned to the supplier?
Is inventory used in first-in first-out order?
Is the inventory system computerized?
Does the current inventory control system adequately prevent waste generation?
What information does the system track?
yes Q no
yes . »Q no
yes
yes
Q yes
ft yes
Q yes
yes
Q no
Q no
W no
Q no
no
Q no
Are stored items protected from damage, contamination, or exposure to rain,
snow, sun and heat?
Is the dispensing of raw materials supervised and controlled?
Are users required to return empty containers before being issued new supplies?
Do you maintain and enforce a clear policy of using raw materials only for their
intended use?
yes Q no
yes Q no
'-*.*
Q yes
no
yes G no
htm/auto-refAvsSa
33
-------
Pirm FZUVER "Be^ERS
Site ,
Dato ^"'3 / / 7 /
WORKSHEET
2b
Waste Minimization Assessment Prepared Bv ^
Checked By
Proi. No. 9haat ? nf ? P^no "\ nf P
WASTE MINIMIZATION:
Material Handling
B. BULK LIQUIDS HANDLING
What safeguards are in place to prevent spills and avoid ground contamination during the filling of storage tanks?
High level shutdown/alarms Q Secondary containment Q
Flow totalizers with cutoff Q Other Q
t t 9 1 / / f / ^^*s** II J // **
Dfisrribfi iho system- A/o Dul J< hdnd/inf - USG, On /if $5- fa 11 en o r umS or SmAl/er
C0/7~/
-------
Pirm FertDZe. 13EriDE&,S Waste Minimization Assessment
Site . .
Dato -A/So/*}! Proj. No.
Prepared By ^B
Checked Ry
Sheet _Lof._l_ Page_4_of _9_
WORKSHEET OPTION GENERATION:
3 Material Handling
f
Meeting Format (e.g., bralnstormlng, nominal group techn
Meeting Coordinator
Ique) A/o/w/06./ Qrotip
Meeting Participants
Suggested Waste Minimization Options
A. Drums, Containers, and Packages
Raw Material Inspection
Proper Storage/Handling
Return Obsolete Material to Supplier
, Minimize Inventory
Computerize Inventory
Formal Training
Waste Segregation
B. Bulk Liquids Handling
High Level Shutdown/Alarm
Flow Totalizers with Cutoff
Secondary Containment
Air Emission Control
Leak Monitoring
Currently
Done Y/N?
V
Y
14
Y
N
Y
Y
ti/A
(
Rationale/Remarks on Option
Jnve$ligd& *ot& Supplier*
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35
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[ Firm FgXjJ>£g.
Site
Date 4/ji hi
Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No.
Prepared By J>~B
Checked By
Sheet J_ of 2 ' Page 5 of 9
WORKSHEET
4a
WASTE MINIMIZATION:
Body Repair & Paint Application
A. BODY REPAIR
Do you generate large quantities of waste filler?
Are your workers supervised/trained so they do not mix more filler than required?
Do you currently employ rigid inventory controls to minimize product use?
Do you discourage the use of hoses to flush filler dust to the sewer or clarifier?
Are sweep brooms or vacuum units available for your workers to use?
Explain how you minimize waste from auto body repair:
G yes J(l no
yes ^ _l no
G yes ^f no
j2l yes G no
yes G no
B. PAINT APPLICATION
Do you generate large quantities of waste paint or thinner? % yes G no
Do you currently employ rigid inventory controls to minimize material use?
Do you use more than 1/2 gallons of thinner per car?
If yes, discuss how implementing more rigid controls could be accomplished in your shop:
j P&- Ca.r D&i
yes
Q yes
M yes G no
no
Is the volume of paint mixed based on the surface area to be painted?
Does the design of your mixing equipment prevent you from mixing smaller batches of paint?
Do you provide customers with leftover paint (enamel or lacquer only) for touch-up use?
Are operators trained to use their equipment properly so as to minimize overspray?
Are they periodically retrained?
What measures have you taken to reduce the generation of waste paint: H>f S~ftKt.ll
yes
G yes
Q, yes
j& yes
G yes
G no
X no
^Sf no
G no
no
hlm/a'Jto-rel/ws4
36
-------
Firm F£*0£>e£ BENDERS Waste Minimization Assessment f
Site c
Date 4/Jo /9 / Proi. No. <
. . WASTE MINIMIZATION:
*r O Body Repair & Paint Application
B. PAINT APPLICATION - continued
Who provides this training and how often is it qiven? Md-^aO &S~ d&'v7 «^5 nfo
n&u) p&oplg. durt^Q nr$r~ u)££K - &n \ot>-
Do your operators use large amounts of solvent to clean equipment?
Do they scrape out paint cups before rinsing?
Have you tried using or do you use an enclosed cleaning system?
What was the effect:
Do you contract with an off-site thinner supplier/recycler?
Do you decant dirty thinner and use it as an initial wash thinner?
Do you paint more than 50 cars per month?
If yes, have you looked at on-site recycling systems?
Have you tried to list your waste with a certified waste exchange?
Please discuss any measures you have taken to recycle paint/thinner waste: hJ f
Have you investigated the use of low VOC paints?
Have you investigated the use of high transfer efficiency spray equipment?
If yes, did it reduce the amount of paint sprayed?
Did it affect finish quality/customer satisfaction?
Have you investigated the use of styrofoam booth filters?
Discuss your success/failure with these options: f^oiJ n%&. 0ilu Sniroroc
'repared E3v 'P'B
Checked By
5heet_2 of _2Paoe 6 of 9
Jes nertcJs A>
j& yes* 3 no
Q yes )*f no
Q yes ;§(, no
/§ yes D no
Q yes ^ no
Q yes JS( no
Q yes Q no
Q yes jZl. no
"£
' \..(
Jz^ yes G no
Q yes jSf no
Q yes Q no
Q yes Q no
M. yes Q no
^n? filters.
htm/auto-rel/ws4
37
-------
Firm Fe^P££ Bewets
Site __,
o^ 4/Jo/ti
WORKSHEET
5
Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No.
Prepared By 2>8
Checked Bv
Sheet _Lof_L Page 7 of 9
OPTION GENERATION:
Body Repair & Paint Application
Meeting Format (e.g., bralnstormlng, nominal group technique) HOHI^AL &&OUP
Meetlna Coordinator J.fani>GR.
Meetlna Participants A. fiewpf£ , J. SniTi-t
Suggested Waste Minimization Options
A. Body Repair
Mix filler according to need
Employ rigid inventory control
Sweep up or vacuum dust
B. Paint Application
Employ rigid inventory controls
Mix paint according to need
Give customer touch-up paint
Train operators to minimize overspray
Scrape out paint cups before rinsing
Use an enclosed cleaning system
Contract with a thinner supplier/recycler
Install on-site recycling equipment
List waste with waste exchange
Use low VOC coatings
Use high transfer efficiency equipment
Use cleanabfe styrofoam filters
Currently
Done Y/N?
y
tf
y
A/
Y
^
y
AJ
A/
Y
AT
A/
Y
A7
y
Rationale/Remarks on Option
AF jv IMS $h <)iH twe.slitG.l-Q.
j ;
hlm/auto-rolAvsS
38
-------
Firm
Site
.
Date 4//o/q/
Waste Minimization Assessment
Proj. No. * - - »
Prepared By
Checked By
'Sheet _L of_J_ Page _S.of_9
WORKSHEET
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Shop Clean-Up
In addition to automotive refinishing, do you perform automotive repairs? (If yes,
please refer to the EPA pollution prevention guide for automotive repair shops.)
Are drip pans placed under leaking cars to reduce the need for floor cleaning?
Are dirty parts removed and placed on a drip pan instead of directly on the shop floor?
Are all work bays kept clean and neat?
Do your workers wipe up small spills of fluids as soon as they occur?
Do you have an award program for workers who keep their work bays clean (i.e. prevent
leaks and spills)?
How are spilled fluids recovered and disposed of?
Do you use a laundry service to clean your rags and uniforms?
If no, how are they handled?
If no, how is this wastewater handled:
no
Q yes
Q yes no
Q yes Q no
M yes Q no
X Ves
Q yes
yes
Do you use a biodegradable detergent for cleaning shop floors?
Have you tried using a steam cleaner in place of chemical cleaners?
Do you discharge area washdown wastewater to a POTW or industrial sewer instead
of to the storm drain?
no
no
no
M yes Q no
Q yes )sf no
yes Q no
htm/auto-rel/ws6
39
-------
Firm p£WJ>£ ft. /?£M!P£&£ Waste Minimization Assessment
Site
Dato 4/?0/£R
Meeting Participants /IfiSAM^j J.
-------
Appendix B .<
Where to Get Help
Further Information on Pollution Prevention
Additional information on source reduction, reuse and
recycling approaches to pollution prevention is available in
EPA reports listed in this section, and through state programs
and regional EPA offices (listed below) that offer technical
and/or financial assistance in the areas of pollution prevention
and treatment.
Waste exchanges have been established in some areas of
the U.S. to put waste generators in contact with potential users
of the waste. Twenty-four exchanges operating in the U.S. and
Canada are listed.
U.S. EPA Reports on Waste Minimization
Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment Manual EPA/
625/7-88/003.*" '
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of Corrosive
and Heavy Metal Waste Minimization Audit at a Specialty
Steel Manufacturing Complex. Executive Summary * NTIS
No. PB88 -107180
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of Minimiza-
tion of Solvent Waste for Parts Cleaning and from Electronic
Capacitor Manufacturing Operation. Executive Summary *
NTIS No. PB87 - 227013
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of Minimiza-
tion of Cyanide Wastes from Electroplating Operations. Ex-
ecutive Summary.* EPA No. PB87 -229662.
Report to Congress: Waste Minimization, Vols I and II EPA/
530-S W-86-033 and -034 (Washington, D.C.:U.S.EPA,1986).**
Waste Minimization - Issues and Options, Vols I-III EPA/
530-SW-86-041 through -043. (Washington, D.C
U.S.EPA.1986.**
'Executive Summary available from EPA, CERI Publications Unit, 26 West
Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268; full report available
from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department
^ of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161.
"Availablefrom the National Technical Information Service as a five-volume
set, NTIS No. PB87-114328.
"'Available from EPA CERI Publications Unit. 26 West Martin Luther King
Dnve, Cincinnati, OH 45268. (513) 569-7562
The Guides to Pollution Prevention manuals*** describe
waste minimization options for specific industries. This is a
continuing series which currently includes the following titles:
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Paint Manufacturing
Industry. EPA/625/7-90/005
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Pesticide Formulating
Industry: EPA/625/7-90/004
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Commercial Printing
Industry. EPA/625/7-90/008
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Fabricated Metal Indus-
. try. EPA/625/7-90/006
Guides to Pollution Prevention For Selected Hospital Waste
Streams. EPA/625/7-90/009
Guides to Pollution Prevention: Research and Educational
Institutions. EPA/625/7-90/010
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Printed Circuit Board
Manufacturing Industry. EPA/625/7-90/007
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Pharmaceutical Indus-
try. EPA/625/7-91/017
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Photoprocessine Indus-
try. EPA/625/7-91/012
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Fiberglass-Reinforced
and Composite Plastic Industry. EPA/625/7-91/014
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Automotive Repair In-
dustry. EPA/625/7-91/013
Guides to Pollution Prevention: The Marine Repair Industry
EPA/625/7-91/015
U.S. EPA Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse
(PPIC): Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) -
User Guide, Version 1.1. EPA/600/9-89/086
41
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Waste Reduction Technical/Financial
Assistance Program
The EPA Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse
(PPIC) was established to help reduce industrial pollutants
«through technology transfer, education, and public awareness.
PPIC collects and disseminates technical and other informa-
tion on pollution prevention through a telephone hotline and
an electronic information exchange network. Indexed bibliog-
raphies and abstracts of reports, publications, and case studies
about pollution prevention are available. PPIC also lists a
calendar of pertinent conferences and seminars; information
about activities abroad and a directory of waste exchanges. Its
Pollution Prevention Information Exchange System (PIES)
can be accessed electronically 24 hours a day without fees.
" For more information contact:
PIES Technical Assistance
Science Applications International Corp.
8400 Westpark Drive
McLean, VA 22102
(703) 821-4800
or
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401M Street S.W.
Washington, D. C. 20460
Myles E. Morse
Office of Environmental Engineering
and Technology Demonstration
(202) 475-7161
Priscilla Flattery
Pollution Prevention Office
(202) 245-3557
The EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Re-
sponse has a telephone call-in service to answer questions
regarding RCRA and Superfund (CERCLA). The telephone
numbers are:
(800) 424-9346 (outside the District of Columbia)
(202) 382-3000 (in the District of Columbia)
The following programs offer technical and/or financial
assistance for waste minimization and treatment
Alabama
Hazardous Material Management and
Resources Recovery Program
University of Alabama
P.O. Box 6373
Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-6373
(205) 348-8401
Alaska
Alaska Health Project
Waste Reduction Assistance Program
431 West Seventh Avenue, Suite 101
Anchorage, AK 99501
(907) 276-2864
Arkansas
Arkansas Industrial Development Commission
One State Capitol Mall
Little Rock, AR 72201
(501) 371-1370
California
Alternative Technology Division
Toxic Substances Control Program
California State Department of Health Services
714/744 P Street
Sacramento, CA 94234-7320
(916) 324-1807
Connecticut
Connecticut Hazardous Waste Management Service
Suite 360
900 Asylum Avenue
Hartford, CT 06105
(203)244-2007
Florida
Waste Reduction Assistance Program
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(904) 488-0300
Georgia
Hazardous Waste Technical Assistance Program
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Technical Research Institute
Environmental Health and Safety Division
O'Keefe Building, Room 027
Atlanta, GA 30332
(404) 894-3806 "~
Environmental Protection Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Floyd Towers East, Suite 1154
205 Butler Street
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404)656-2833
Guam
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Program
Guam Environmental Protection Agency
ITCE E. Harmon Plaza, Complex Unit D-107
130 Rojas Street
Harmon, Guam 96911
(671) 646-8863
42
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Illinois
Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
One East Hazelwood Dr.
Champaign, IL 61820
(217) 333-8940
Illinois Waste Elimination Research Center
Pritzker Department of Environmental Engineering
Alumni Building, Room 102
Illinois Institute of Technology
3200 South Federal Street
Chicago, IL 60616
(313)567-3535
Indiana
Environmental Management and Education Program
Young Graduate House, Room 120
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907
(317)494-5036 ,
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Office of Technical Assistance P.O. Box 6015
105 South Meridian Street
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
(317)232-8172
Iowa
Center for Industrial Research and Service
205 Engineering Annex
Iowa State University
Ames, IA 50011
(515) 294-3420
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Air Quality and Solid Waste Protection Bureau
Wallace State Office Building
900 East Grand Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
(515) 281-8690
Kansas
Bureau of Waste Management
Department of Health and Environment
Forbesfield, Building 730
Topeka, KS 66620
(913) 269-1607
Kentucky
Division of Waste Management
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet
18 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-6716
Louisiana
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Solid and Hazardous Waste
P.O. Box 44307
Baton Rouge, LA 70804
(504) 342-1354
Maryland
Maryland Hazardous Waste Facilities Siting Board
60 West Street, Suite 200 A
Annapolis, MD 21401
(301)974-3432
Maryland Environmental Service
2020 Industrial Drive
Annapolis, MD 21401
(301) 269-3291
(800) 492-9188 (in Maryland)
Massachusetts
Office of Technical Assistance
Executive Office of Environmental Affairs
100 Cambridge Street, Room 1094
Boston, MA 02202
(617) 727-3260
Source Reduction Program
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
1 Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5982
Michigan
Resource Recovery Section
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-0540
Minnesota
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
520 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155
(612) 296-6300
Minnesota Technical Assistance Program
Box 197 Mayo
420 Delaware Street S.E.
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN 55455
(612)625-9677
(800) 247-0015 (in Minnesota)
Missouri
State Environmental Improvement and Energy
Resources Agency
P.O. Box 744
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314)751-4919
New Hampshire
New Hampshire Department of
Environmental Services
Waste Management Division
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301-6509
(603) 271-2901
43
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New Jersey
New Jersey Hazardous Waste Facilities
Siting Commission
Room 614
28 West State Street
Trenton, NJ 08608
(609) 292-1459
(609) 292-1026
Hazardous Waste Advisement Program
Bureau of Regulation and Classification
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
401 East State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 292-8341
Risk Reduction Unit
Office of Science and Research
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
401 East State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 984-6070
New York
New York State Environmental Facilities Corporation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12205
(518) 457-3273
North Carolina
Pollution Prevention Pays Program
Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development
P.O. Box 27687
512 North Salisbury Street
Raleigh, NC 27611
(919) 733-7015
Governor's Waste Management Board
325 North Salisbury Street
Raleigh, NC 27611
(919) 733-9020
Technical Assistance Unit
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Branch
North Carolina Department of Human Resources
P.O. Box 2091
306 North Wilmington Street
Raleigh, NC 27602
(919) 733-2178
Ohio
Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 1049
1800 WaterMark Drive
Columbus, OH 43266-1049
(614) 481-7200
Oklahoma
Industrial Waste Elimination Program
Oklahoma State Department of Health
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405)271-7353
Oregon
Oregon Hazardous Waste Reduction Program
Department of Environmental Quality
811 Southwest Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
(503) 229-5913
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Technical Assistance Program
501 F. Orvis Keller Building
University Park, PA 16802
(814) 865-0427
Center of Hazardous Material Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
(412) 826-5320
Bureau of Waste Management
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2063
Fulton Building
3rd and Locust Streets
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-6239
Rhode Island
Office of Environmental Coordination
Department of Environmental Management
83 Park Street
Providence, RI 02903
(401) 277-3434
(800) 253-2674 (in Rhode Island only)
Ocean State Cleanup and Recycling Program
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management
9 Hayes Street
Providence, RI 02908-5003
(401) 277-3434
(800) .253-2674 (in Rhode Island)
Center for Environmental Studies
Brown University
PA Box 1943
135 Angel! Street
Providence, RI 02912
(401) 863-3449
Tennessee
Center for Industrial Services
102 Alumni Hall
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996
(615) 974-2456
44
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Virginia
Office of Policy and Planning
Virginia Department of Waste Management
llth Floor, Monroe Building
101 North 14th Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 225-2667
Washington
Hazardous Waste Section
Mail Stop PV-11
Washington Department of Ecology
Olympia,WA 98504-8711
(206) 459-6322
Wisconsin
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
101 South Webster Street
Madison, WI53707
(608) 267-3763
Wyoming
Solid Waste Management Program
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
Herchler Building, 4th Floor, West Wing
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7752
Waste Exchanges
Alberta Waste Materials Exchange
Mr. William C. Kay
Alberta Research Council
Post Office Box 8330
Postal Station F
Edmonton, Alberta
CANADA T6H 5X2
(403) 450-5408
British Columbia Waste Exchange
Ms. Judy Toth
2150 Maple Street
Vancouver, B.C.
CANADA V6J 3T3
(604) 731-7222
California Waste Exchange
Mr. Robert McCormick
Department of Health Services
Toxic Substances Control Program
Alternative Technology Division
Post Office Box 942732
Sacramento, CA 94234-7320
(916) 324-1807
Canadian Chemical Exchange*
Mr. Philippe LaRoche
P.O. Box 1135
Ste-Adele, Quebec
CANADA JOR ILO
Canadian Waste Materials Exchange
ORTECH International
Dr. Robert Laughlin
2395 Speakman Drive
Mississauga, Ontario
CANADA L5K 1B3
(416) 822-4111 (Ext. 265)
FAX: (416) 823-1446
Enstar Corporation*
Mr. J.T. Engster
P.O. Box 189
Latham, NY 12110
(518) 785-0470
Great Lakes Regional Waste Exchange
400 Ann Street N.W., Suite 201 A
Grand Rapids, MI 49505
(616) 363-3262
Indiana Waste Exchange
Dr. Lynn A. Corson
Purdue University
School of Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering Building
West Lafayette, IN 47907
(317) 494-5036
Industrial Materials Exchange
Mr. Jerry Henderson
172 20th Avenue
Seattle, WA 98122
(206) 296-4633
FAX: (206) 296-0188
Industrial Materials Exchange Service
Ms. Diane Shockey
Post Office Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
(217) 782-0450
FAX: (217) 524-4193
Industrial Waste Information Exchange
Mr. William E. Payne
New Jersey Chamber of Commerce
5 Commerce Street
Newark, NJ 07102
(201) 623-7070
*For-Profit Waste Information Exchange
45
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Manitoba Waste Exchange
Mr. James Ferguson
c/o Biomass Energy Institute, Inc.
1329 Niakwa Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
CANADA R2J 3T4
(204) 257-3891
Montana Industrial Waste Exchange
Mr. Eton Ingles
Montana Chamber of Commerce
P.O. Box 1730
Helena, MT 59624
(406) 442-2405
New Hampshire Waste Exchange
Mr. Gary J. Olson
c/oNHRRA
P.O. Box 721
Concord, NH 03301
(603)224-6996
Northeast Industrial Waste Exchange, Inc.
Mr. Lewis Cutler
90 Presidential Plaza, Suite 122
Syracuse, NY 13202
(315)422-6572
FAX: (315) 422-9051
Ontario Waste Exchange
ORTECH International
Ms. Linda Varangu
2395 Spcakman Drive
Mississauga, Ontario
CANADA L5K 1B3
(416) 822-4111 (Ext. 512)
FAX: (416) 823-1446
Pacific Materials Exchange
Mr. Bob Smee
South 3707 Godfrey Blvd.
Spokane, WA 99204
(509) 623-4244
Peel Regional Waste Exchange
Mr. Glen Milbury
Regional Municipality of Peel
10 Peel Center Drive
Brampton, Ontario
CANADA L6T4B9
(416) 791-9400
RENEW
Ms. Hope Castillo
Texas Water Commission
Post Office Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
(512) 463-7773
FAX: (512) 463-8317
San Francisco Waste Exchange
Ms. Portia Sinnott
2524 Benvenue #35
Berkeley, CA 94704
(415)548-6659
Southeast Waste Exchange . . .
Ms. Maxie L. May ,
Urban Institute
UNCC Station
Charlotte, NC 28223
(704)547-2307
Southern Waste Information Exchange
Mr. Eugene B. Jones
Post Office Box 960
Tallahassee, FL 32302
(800) 441-SWIX (7949)
(904) 644-5516
FAX: (904) 574-6704
Tennessee Waste Exchange
Ms. Patti Christian
226 Capital Blvd., Suite 800
Nashville, TN 37202
(615) 256-5141
FAX: (615) 256-6726
Wastelink, Division of Tencon, Inc.
Ms. Mary E. Malotke
140 Wooster Pike
*.Milford,OH45150
(513) 248-0012
FAX: (513) 248-1094
U.S. EPA Regional Offices
Region 1 (VT, NH; ME, MA, CT, RI)
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3715
Region 2 (NY, NJ)
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-2525
Region 3 (PA, DE, MD, WV, VA)
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-9800
Region 4 (KY, TN, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS)
345 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-4727
Region 5 (WI, MN, MI, IL, IN, OH)
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2000
46
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Region 6 (NM, OK, AR, LA, TX)
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-6444
Region 7 (NE, KS, MO, IA)
756 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 236-2800
Region 8 (MT, ND, SD, WY, UT, CO)
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
(303) 293-1603
Region 9 (CA, NV, AZ, HI)
75 Hawthorne
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-1305
Region 10 (AK, WA, OR, ID)
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 442-5810
47
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