United States
          Environmental Protection
          Agency
            Office of Research and
            Development
            Washington DC 20460
EPA/625/R-94/002
September 1994
vvEPA
Guide to Septage
Treatment and Disposal

                                     *~.&

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EPA/625/R-94/002
September 1994
Guide to
Septage
Treatment  and
Disposal
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Science, Planning, and
Regulatory Evaluation
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH
   Printed on Recycled Paper

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Notice
This document has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's peer and administrative
review policies and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.

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Contents
                                                                                         Page
List of Figures	vi
List of Tables	vii
Acknowledgments	viii
Chapter 1. Introduction	1
Part I. Administrators7 Guide	3
Chapter 2. Overview of Septage Handling Options	  4
Chapter 3. Regulatory Requirements	11
Chapter 4. Local Responsibilities	13
Part II. Inspectors' and Haulers' Guide	17
Chapters. Inspecting Septic Tanks	18
Chapter 6. Pumping Septic Tanks 	22
Chapter 7. Regulatory Requirements	24
Part III. Facility Managers' and Operators' Guide  	25
Chapter 8. Septage Receiving	26
Chapter 9. Land Application	30
Chapter 10. Treatment at Wastewater Treatment Plants	35
Chapter 11. Independent Septage Treatment Facilities	38
Chapter 12. Odor Control	41
References	45
Appendix A. Sources of Additional Information	47
Appendix B. List of State and EPA Regional Septage Coordinators  	51
Appendix C. Example of Local Permitfor Septage Disposal	59

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List  of  Figures
Figure                                                                                      Page
2-1   Diagram of aerated static pile (top) and windrow composting processes	10
4-1   Example of proposed local ordinance for septage disposal	16
5-1   Typical residential septic tank  	19
5-2   Measuring solids accumulation in a septic tank  	20
8-1   Examples of septage receiving station layouts  	27
8-2   Example of a septage manifest	28
9-1   Certification of pathogen reduction and vector attraction requirements	34
10-1  Allowable septage loadings to a sewage treatment plant having a septage holding tank	36
12-1  Diagram of a biofiher for odor control	44

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List of  Tables
Table                                                                                             Page
2-1   Overview of Approaches to Septage Treatment and Disposal	4
2-2   Characteristics of Septage: Conventional Parameters	5
2-3   Characteristics of Septage: Metals and Organics	6
2-4   Summary of Land Application Options	7
2-5   Summary of Septage Stabilization Options	8
2-6   Summary of Options for Handling Septage at WWTPs	8
3-1   Examples of State Septage Regulations  	12
4-1   Guidelines for Selecting a Septage Disposal System	14
8-1   O&M Checklist for Septage Receiving Facilities	29
9-1   O&M Checklist for Equipment Used in Applying Septage to Land	31
9-2   Federal Crop and Site Restrictions for Land Application of Domestic Septage	32
9-3   Procedure for lime-Stabilizing Septage Within the Pumper Truck	33
10-1  Impacts of Septage Addition to a WWTP	35
10-2  O&M Checklist for Handling Septage at a WWTP  	37
11-1  O&M Checklist for Lime Stabilization of Septage	38
11-2  O&M Checklist for Dewatering Using Drying Beds	39
11-3  O&M Checklist for Mechanical Dewatering Systems	39
11-4  O&M Checklist for Static Pile Composting of Septage Solids	40
11-5  O&M Checklist for Windrow Composting of Septage Solids	40
12-1  Guidelines for Minimizing Odor Emissions at a Septage Receiving Facility	41
12-2  Guidelines for Minimizing Odor Problems at Land Application Sites	41
12-3  Summary of Odor Treatment Alternatives	42
12-4  Recommended Design Criteria for a Biofilter	43

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Acknowledgments
The principal author of this guide was Robert EG. Bowker, Bowker & Associates, Inc., Portland, Maine, under Contract
No. 68-CO-0068 to Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), Lexington, Massachusetts. Randy Revetta, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI), Cincinnati, Ohio, was the EPA Project Of-
ficer. James Kreissl, CERI, provided substantial technical editing and guidance during the development of the document.
Editing and graphics support was provided by ERG under the direction of Heidi Schultz.
We would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their important contributions to this effort:
Marcia Deizman and Joseph Rezek
Rezek Henry Meisenheimer & Gende, Inc.
libertyville, Illinois
Robert Rubin
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Tom Ferrero
Nutrecon, Inc.
Ambler, Pennsylvania

Tim Frank
National Association of Waste Transporters
Sayville, New York

Anishjantrania
National Small Flows Clearinghouse
Morgantown, West Virginia

Bob Kendall
Cole Publishing
Three Lakes, Wisconsin

John Melby
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Madison, Wisconsin

Mark Ronayne
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
Portland, Oregon
Kevin Sherman
Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services
Tallahassee, Florida

John Smith
J.M. Smith & Associates
Cincinnati, Ohio

Ellen Vause
Florida Septic, Inc.
Hawthorne, Florida

John Walker
EPA Office of Water
Washington, DC

Hollis Warren
Hollis Warren, Inc.
Wyoming, Delaware
 VI! I

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Chapter  1
Introduction
1.1    Purpose
The purpose of this guide is to present practical informa-
tion on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in
a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use
by administrators of waste management programs, septage
haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling fa-
cilities. The  guide is not intended to  provide detailed
engineering design information.
"Septage" is the material  removed from a septic tank by
pumping. This guide focuses on septage of domestic ori-
gin. Industrial septage containing toxic compounds or
heavy metals requires special handling, treatment, and dis-
posal methods, a description of which is beyond the scope
of this document. Although certain commercial septages
may be appropriately treated with domestic septage, these
septages must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

When properly managed, domestic septage is a resource.
A valuable soil conditioner, septage contains nutrients that
can reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers for agriculture.
A good septage management program recognizes the po-
tential  benefits of  septage and  employs  practices to
maximize these benefits.

1.2    User's Guide
This field guide is divided into three parts. Part I: Admin-
istrators' Guide provides  administrative guidelines for
managing the collection and treatment of septage. Chap-
ters within Part 1 cover the following topics:
  •  Septage Handling Options (Chapter 2)
  •  Regulatory Requirements (Chapter 3)
  •  Local Responsibilities (Chapter 4)
Part II: Inspectors' and Haulers' Guide is designed for
those involved in the inspection of septic tanks and in the
pumping and transport of septage. Chapters cover the fol-
lowing:
  • Inspecting Septic Tanks (Chapter 5)
  • Pumping Septic Tanks (Chapter 6)
  • Regulatory Requirements (Chapter 7)

Part 111: Facility Managers' and Operators' Guide pro-
vides information  on  the operation and  maintenance of
septage treatment and disposal facilities. Chapters cover:
  • Septage Receiving (Chapter 8)
  • Land Application (Chapter 9)
  • Treatment at Wastewater Treatment Plants (Chapter 10)
  • Independent Septage Treatment Facilities (Chapter 11)
  • Odor Control (Chapter 12)

Key references and information sources have been identi-
fied  in Appendix  A for more detailed  information on
system design  and operation, applicable federal regula-
tions, and  facility planning and management. Appendix B
lists state and EPA regional septage coordinators. Appen-
dix C provides an example of a local permit for septage
disposal.

Although the information contained in Parts I, II, and III is
targeted for the specific audiences described above, read-
ers are urged to review all sections of the guide to gain a
broader  understanding of the technical, administrative,
and  regulatory issues  that a successful septage manage-
ment program must address. Specific requirements for such
a program must be developed on a case-by-case basis.
                                                                                Chapter 1    introduction

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Parti
Administrators'
Guide

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Chapter 2
Overview  of
Septage
Handling  Options
Septage is a highly variable organic waste that often con-
tains large amounts of grease, grit, hair, and debris and is
characterized by an objectionable odor and appearance, a
resistance to settling and dewatering, and the potential to
foam. These characteristics make septage difficult to han-
dle and treat. The major reason for providing adequate
treatment and disposal systems is to protect public health
and  the  environment,  as septage may harbor disease-
causing viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

Septage treatment and  disposal facilities are either pri-
vately or publicly owned. Larger municipalities often have
the technical and managerial capabilities necessary to exer-
cise  full  control over septage handling,  treatment,  and
disposal.  Other municipalities are attracted to privately
owned systems because these systems relieve municipali-
ties of the burden of operating and maintaining a facility,
establishing tipping fees, and monitoring septage  deliver-
ies. A municipality might, however, remain responsible for
ensuring the safe handling and disposal of septage gener-
                                     ated within its boundaries,  for establishing local ordi-
                                     nances or regulations governing septage handling, and for
                                     meeting  all state and federal permit requirements and
                                     regulations.

                                     Alternatives for the treatment and disposal of septage fall
                                     into the following categories:
                                        •  Land application
                                        •  Treatment at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)
                                        •  Treatment at independent septage treatment plants

                                     Advantages  and  disadvantages of these  options are pre-
                                     sented in  Table 2-1.  Each  alternative  is  discussed in
                                     further detail in Section 2.2 through Section 2.4.

                                     Land application of septage, the most common means of
                                     septage disposal in the United States, is likely to be the
                                     most economical alternative. Unfortunately, availability of
                                     suitable land with  adequate buffer separation from resi-
                                     dential areas is limited in many urban and suburban areas,
Table 2-1. Overview of Approaches to Sepfage Treatment and Disposal
 Method

 Land application
 Treatment at
 WWTPs
 Treatment at
 independent
 septage treatment
 plants
Description

Septage is applied to sites infrequently visited by
the public. Stabilization to reduce odors,
pathogens, and vector attraction may be
encouraged or required by the state. Land
application may be by hauler truck or other
vehicle to apply septage to the land surface, or
by specialized equipment to inject septage
beneath the soil surface.

Septage is added to the plant headworks,
upstream  manhole, or sludge handling process
for cotreatment with sewage or sludge. Septage
volumes that can be accommodated depend on
plant capacity and types of unit processes
employed.

A facility is constructed solely for the treatment
of septage. Treatment generates residuals which
must be disposed of.
Advantages

•Simple, economical
•Recycles organic material and
 nutrients to the' lar^d
•Low energy use
•Most plants are capable of
 handling some septage
•Centralizes waste treatment
 operations
•Provides regional solution to
 septage management
Disadvantages

•Neecl for hofdfng facility .during
 periods of frozen or saturated
 soif
•Need for relatively large,
 remote land area
•Potential for plant upset if
 septage addition not properly
 controlled
•Increased residuals handling
 and disposal requirements


•High capital and operation
 and maintenance (O&M) costs
•Requires high skill levels for
 operation
4   Part!

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and  the public is  often concerned about the odor and
health impacts of such practices. Disposal at an existing
WWTP is a viable and economical option if the plant is
reasonably close  to the source and has adequate facilities
to handle  the material. Independent septage treatment
plants are the most costly of the three categories, and mu-
nicipalities generally consider them only if the first two
options are not technically or economically feasible. (Sec-
tion 4.1 provides guidelines for selecting an appropriate
septage treatment and disposal option.)


2.1   Septage Characteristics

2.1.1  Physical Characteristics

Its physical characteristics make septage difficult and ob-
jectionable to handle and treat. High levels of grease, grit,
hair, and large solids in septage can clog pipes and pumps,
and  the parasites, viruses, and bacteria that  septage nor-
mally contains can cause disease. The anaerobic nature of
septage results in the presence of odorous compounds
(e.g., hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and other organic sul-
fur  compounds),  which   are  released  with  greater
frequency when septage is exposed to the turbulent condi-
tions that can occur at a WWTP or during  discharge to
agricultural land. Foaming can also be a problem in proc-
esses where air is blown  into the septage.  For diese
reasons,  septage treatment  facilities should  be isolated
from homes and businesses in the community

Many factors affect the physical characteristics of septage,
including user habits; septic tank size, design, and pump-
ing  frequency;  water supply characteristics and piping
materials; the presence of water conservation fixtures and
garbage disposals; the use  of household  chemicals and
water  softeners; and climate. Where information about
septage characteristics is needed to design septage receiv-
ing and treatment systems (usually only nitrogen content
information is necessary for land application of domestic
septage), local analytical data should be collected. Many
municipalities have reported substantial discrepancies be-
tween published data and  actual characteristics of local
septage. Septage characteristics for conventional wastewa-
ter parameters and nutrients are presented in Table 2-2,
and for metals and organics  in Table 2-3.

Samples  of local septage for characterization  should be
collected during discharge  of the pumper truck after the
material  has been mixed. Three individual samples col-
lected near the beginning,  middle, and end of the truck
discharge will yield a fairly representative sample. Because
of wide variations  in septage characteristics, a large num-
ber  of truckloads must be  sampled.  When  septage is
applied to  land, however, good recordkeeping is sufficient
because variability in characteristics is less critical to the
overall operation.
Table 2-2.   Characteristics of Septage:
            Conventional Parameters (1)
Concentration (mg/L)
Parameter
Total solids
Total volatile solids
Total suspended solids
Volatile suspended solids
Biochemical oxygen ,
demand ;- -> . - ;
Chemical oxygen demand
Total Kjeldahi nitrogen*'
Ammonia nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Alkalinity
Grease
PH
Average
3#'d6 "
23,100
12,862
9,027
6,480
31,900
588
97
210
970
75,600
—
Minimum
"' 1,132 '*
353
310-
95
,t«o'
1,500
: 66
3
20
522
'208 ':
1.5
Maximum
" 130/475
71,402
93,378 "" '
51,500
, ; 78,600
703,000
"i;o6o -,
116
760
4,190
;: 23,368
12.6
2.1.2  Generation Rates
Septage generation rates  vary widely  from month  to
month due to weather and geography For example, frozen
ground may limit pumping to warmer months in locations
where tank risers do  not  extend to the surface, or high
ground water during rainy seasons may cause septic tank
effluent to surface, increasing service calls from homeown-
ers hoping  to alleviate  the condition. (Only temporary
relief is possible.) Daily and weekly variations in septage
generation rates  also arise due to homeowner habits and
attitudes, with peak daily rates reaching as much as five
times the average daily rates.

Several approaches that a community can use to estimate
generation rates are discussed below. Each  of these ap-
proaches  must  consider  both  present and  projected
populations, as well as the number of dwellings served by
septic tank systems.

The most accurate approach is to collect information from
actual records of local septage haulers, treatment plants re-
ceiving septage,  and other sources. This approach takes
into account the variations in septage  generation rates
mentioned above and thus provides data specific to the
municipality

Another approach is to estimate  the number  of  septic
tanks and assume an average tank volume and  pumpout
frequency An example calculation for a small community
is shown below:
                                                           Chapter 2   Overview of Septage Handling Options   5

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640 tanks x 1,000 gal/tank
Septase generation rate — , ,
r ° ° 4-yr pumping interval
= 160,000 gal/yr
The least accurate approach is to assume a per-capita
generation rate of 50 to 70 gal/capita/year:
Septage generation rate
= 2,250 people x 60 gal/cap/yr
= 135,000 gaVyr

2.2 Land Application
Land application of septage is an economical and environ-
mentally sound method of handling septage that is the
method of choice for most rural communities with suffi-
cient suitable land. Various options for land application of
septage are summarized in Table 2-4.

A properly managed land application program achieves
beneficial reuse of waste organic matter and nutrients
without adversely affecting public health. Meeting regula-
tory requirements, finding suitable sites, and overcoming
local opposition may be difficult, however. Federal regula-
tions promulgated in February 1993 simplify the rules
governing knd application of septage and provide minimum
guidelines for state incorporation. Individual state regula-
tions, however, may be more stringent. The federal
regulations are discussed in Chapters 3 and 9. A community's
responsibilities in conforming to state and local regulations
and dealing with the public are described in Chapter 4.
In many cases, septage is stabilized before application to
land. "Stabilization" is a treatment method designed to re-
duce levels of pathogenic organisms, lower the potential
for putrefaction, and reduce odors. Practical options for
stabilization of septage are summarized in Table 2-5. The
simplest and most economical technique for stabilization
of septage is the addition of lime or other alkaline mate-
rial, which is added to liquid septage in quantities
sufficient to increase the pH of the septage to at least 12.0
for 30 minutes. Federal regulations regarding land applica-
tion of septage are less restrictive if alkaline stabilization is
r o
practiced (see Chapters 3 and 9). Other stabilization op-
tions, such as aerobic digestion, are relatively simple but
have higher capital and operating costs.
Chapter 9 discusses the operation and maintenance of
septage land application systems. Appendix A lists addi-
tional references on the subject.
Table 2-3. Characteristics of Septage:
Metals and Organics (2)




Concentration (mg/L)
Parameter


Metob
Iron ''
Zinc
Manganese
Barium
Copper
Lead
Nickef

Chromium (total)
, ' - 'J S
Cyanide
Cobalt

Arsenic. -., , -,
Silver
.Cadmium' , .
Tin
Mercury
Organks
Methyl alcohol ''
Isopropyl alcohol
Acetone ~

Methyl ethyl ketone
Toluene •„

Methylene chloride
Bhyfberizene

Benzene
Xytene

The available options
summarized in Table
Average



39.3 '
9.97
6.09 - ~-
5.76
4.84
1.21
0.526,

0.49

0.469.
0.406

0.141
0.099
0.097
0.076
0.005 '

15.~8* '' '
14.1
10.6 '

3.65
0.17 ;

0.101
0,067

0.062
0.051

Minimum



- 0.2"'- -",
<0.001
" \0.55 '-"'•/'';
0.002
, 0.01 , ~
<0.025
0.01

0.01

. . 0.001
<0.003

0
<0.003
0.005
<0.015
"0.0001 " '

1 - "V
1
Q ' ' •

1
' 0.005
' ifr '<
0.005
0.005

0.005
0.005 '

for handling septage at a
2-6 and discussed below.
Maximum



2,740 ' '''=
444
)7.1 ' •""
202
261^^
118
37 --.-

34

1.53;
3.45

3.5 .
5
8fl ' • --
1
^ ,>,' -.-
0.742 > •'* •

396 :i;& '
391
210->'-
S" -.
240
m: ,

2.2
!^ , r.

3.1
0.?2 V

WWTPare
2.3   Treatment at WWTPs
Several approaches can be used to treat septage at WWTPs:
  n Addition to the liquid treatment system
  • Addition to the sludge handling train
  B Combinations of the above
The majority of plants that accept septage do so either at
the headworks of the plant or at a manhole upstream of
the plant. Some plants that treat large volumes of septage
provide receiving  and  equalization  facilities  to allow
septage addition at a relatively constant, controlled rate
at one or more  locations in the plant. This method of
septage addition minimizes the potential for short-term
    Part (

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Table 2-4. Summary of Land Application Options
 Method
Description
Advantages
                               Disadvantages
 Surface Application

 Spray irrigation'
 Ridge and furrow
 irrigation
 Hauler truck -','
 spreading  • •"
 Farm tractor and
 wagon spreading
Pretreated {e.g., screened) "    ;,
septage is pumped through'
nozzles and sprayed directly onto
land. Must be Incorporated into
soil within 6 hr if not lime
stabilized.
Pretreated septage is applied
directly to furrows. Must be
incorporated into soil within 6 hr
if not lime stabilized.

Septage 7s applied to'sott Itr^ctV
from hauter tfuck usirtg a splash
plate to improve distribution.
Must be incorporated into soil
within  6 hr if not time stabilized.
Liquid septage or septage solids
are transferred to farm
equipment for spreading. Must
be incorporated into soil within
6 hr if not lime stabilized.
•Can be used on Steep of rough
 (and.                     •'
•Minimizes disturbance of soi! by>
 trucks.  • -                  -„:
Lower power requirements and
odor potential than spray
irrigation.


Same track can be used for  ' "•
transport and disposal.
Allows for application of liquid
septage or septage solids.
Increases opportunities for
application compared to hauler
truck spreading.
                               •Large fand'area required.     -. , v
                               •High.odor' potential during appficatiort;
                               •Possible pathogen dispersal and vector
                                attraction if not lime stabilized.
                               •Storage tank or lagoon required during periods
                                of wet or frozen jground.~- <
                               •Potential for nozzle plugging.

                               •Limited to 0.5 to 1.50% slopes.
                               •Storage lagoon required.
                               •pgh 'odorpotentiaf during and immediately
                             - *"after spreading,,
                              f •Storage tank or fagoph required during wet or
                                freezing conditions,
                               •Slope may limit vehiefe operation.
                               •Hauler truck access limited by soil moisture;
                                truck weight causes soil compaction.

                               • High odor potential during and immediately
                                after spreading.
                               •Storage tank or lagoon required.
                               • Requires additional equipment (tractor and
                                wagon).
 Subsurface Incorporation
 Tank truck or -
 farm tractor with
 plow and furrow
 cover      "' ;
 Subsurface
 injection
liquid septage is discharged   :
from tank into furrow1 ahead ofv
single plow and is covered by'',.
second plow.       "•:-    '
Liquid septage is placed in
narrow opening created by
tillage tool.
- •Minimal odor and vector /\*?T*~
~ - attraction compared with .surface,
  application.                '-;/'
 •Satisfies EPA criteria for reduction,
  of vector attraction.

 •Minimal odor and vector
  attraction compared with surface
  application.
 •Satisfies EPA criteria for reduction
  of vector attraction.
                               •Slope mayijmit vehicle operation, *," "'
                               .•Storage tank or lagoon required during periods
                               > of wet or frozen ground.:
                               •Slope may limit vehicle operation.
                               • Specialized equipment and vehicle may be
                                costly to purchase, operate, and maintain.
                               •Storage tank or lagoon required during wet or
                                frozen conditions.
overloading  of downstream processes. Treatment plants
with primary clarifiers are generally best suited to receive
septage in the liquid  stream.  Septage  addition is much
more  likely  to upset  smaller  plants without  primary
clarifiers.
Septage also can be introduced into the sludge handling
train of a WWTR For example, screened, degritted septage
can  be pumped to  aerobic  or  anaerobic digesters, sludge
holding tanks, or gravity thickeners. Such practices allow
blending of the septage  with  primary and/or secondary
biological sludge prior to thickening, stabilization, or de-
watering. High ratios of septage to sludge, however, may
adversely affect these processes. For example, septage de-
waters  poorly,  and direct  dewatering  of waste  sludge
containing raw, unconditioned septage may cause a reduc-
tion  in  dewatering   performance.   Because  separate
screening and  grit  removal facilities  are  recommended,
                                             and due to the potential for adverse effects on sludge de-
                                             watering, septage addition to the liquid stream (upstream
                                             of wastewater screening and grit removal systems) is more
                                             commonly practiced at small to medium-sized plants. Sev-
                                             eral manufacturers  offer equipment specifically designed
                                             for the screening and degritting of septage.

                                             Chapter 10 discusses operation and maintenance consid-
                                             erations  for   plants  receiving  septage,  and  presents
                                             guidelines for estimating allowable septage loadings. Addi-
                                             tional references are listed in Appendix A.


                                             2.4    Treatment at Independent
                                                      Septage Treatment Plants
                                             For situations  where land is unavailable and WWTPs are
                                             too far away or of insufficient capacity, use of independent
                                             septage treatment facilities maybe warranted. Only a small
                                             number of mechanical septage treatment facilities exist in
                                                                Chapter 2   Overview of Septage Handling Options   7

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 Table 2-5.  Summary of Septoge Stabilization Options
 Method

 AfkaJi
 stabilization
 Aerobic
 digestion
 Anaerobic
 Composting
Description

Lime or other atkalme «wN&d Is --v ;
added to liquid sepfage to rafee pf
12.0forminimumof30»nin.  •>•$5:
                                                        »Uwr\s4^« ->: u*,
                                                                        •Reaewes -stated oKanforto t^intaih
                                                                                             «Sg  maintenance requirements for -
                                                                                              gas handling equipment.          : "
                                                                                             •High capM. costs.   "'
                                                                                                            *
                                                                         cotreatmertt with sewage sludge.

                                                                        •Costly materials handling requirement.
                                                                        •Requires skilled operator process
                                                                         control.
                                                                        • High odor potential.
                                                                        •High operating costs.
 Table 2-6.  Summary of Options for Handling Septage at WWTPs
 Method
 to upstream sewer
 manhole
 Septoge addition
 to plant headwords
         addition
 to sludge handling
 process
 Septage addition
 to both liquid
 stream and sludge
 handling processes
Description

Septage «s added to a sewer t
oftheWWTE        <  ;^
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the United States. Such plants  can be  mechanically
complex and incorporate many unit processes to handle
both the liquid and solid fractions of septage.

Using lime in septage-only treatment facilities is attractive
since this approach can provide both conditioning  and
stabilization prior to dewatering. EPA conducted pilot test-
ing of a simple septage handling scheme that entailed
adding lime to the septage to achieve the necessary  pH,
followed by dewatering on sand drying beds (3). A cake
solids content of 25 percent was achieved within 6 days
with 8-in. (20-cm) lifts. An independent septage treatment
facility employing this process should incorporate initial
screening and degritting, with treatment and disposal of
the underdrainage from the drying beds. The dewatered
septage can be applied to land as a soil conditioner or dis-
posed of in a sanitary landfill.

Another successful approach, used at a private facility in
Pennsylvania, is to raise the pH to 12 to achieve stabiliza-
tion, then allow the solids to separate from the liquid.  The
settled sludge is then dewatered on a plate-and-frame filter
press until solids reach 40 to 45 percent. Dewatered solids
are then further dried by stacking in windrows, which are
turned mechanically The dried solids are then applied to
agricultural land using a manure  spreader. The liquid
fraction is discharged to a  nearby municipal sewer. This
system is actually a hybrid since it involves discharge to
a  WWTP,  for  which an industrial discharge permit is
necessary

Composting of septage is also  a feasible approach for inde-
pendent septage treatment systems in areas where bulking
agents are plentiful and a demand for composted product
exists. The final compost product may be attractive to mu-
nicipalities, commercial operations (e.g., nurseries),  and
homeowners as a soil conditioner. If bulking  agent  re-
quirements  exceed availability  and marketability limits,
this approach may become costly. For this reason, dewa-
tering  of the  septage prior to  composting is  usually
preferred. Septage is difficult to dewater, and the demand
for conditioning chemicals is high and variable from load
to load.  A combination  of lime and ferric chloride has
been successfully used, as have polymers. Unit  processes
likely to be used for dewatering conditioned septage at
such a facility include screw presses, gravity- and vacuum-
assisted  drying beds, and  sand  drying beds.  Mobile
septage  dewatering systems,  originally  developed  in
Europe, are now available in the United States (see Section
6.1).

Separation of solids from liquid via settling and/or dewa-
tering generates a liquid fraction that must be  managed.
Options  include  treatment and discharge to the land or
surface water and disposal at a WWTP State and local per-
mits must be obtained for such facilities.
Composting processes applicable to stabilization  of sep-
tage in rural areas include aerated static pile composting
and windrow composting. Schematic diagrams of these
processes are shown in Figure 2-1. In aerated static pile
composting,  air is forced through the  septage/bulking
agent mixture using a blower and air distribution  piping,
which helps to maintain aerobic conditions, and to control
pile temperature and moisture. In the windrow process,
these parameters are controlled by turning the piles, usu-
ally  with  specialized  equipment.  Windrow   turning
frequency depends on oxygen, temperature, and moisture
conditions in the pile, and may vary from once per day to
every 1 to 2 days.
                                                            Chapter 2   Overview of Sepfage Handling Options   9

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                     Air


     Screened or
     Unscreened
     Compost
Sludge and
Sulking
Agent
                                                          Drain for
                                                          Condensate
                                                                                         Exhaust Fan
Filter Pile
Screened
Compost
                           Windrow Turning Machine
               Long Windrows of
               Sludge and
               Bulking Agent
Figure 2-1.  Diagrams of aerated static pile (top) and windrow composting processes.
10   Part

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Chapter 3
Regulatory
Requirements
Both state and federal regulations govern septage disposal.
Because federal regulations set minimum standards, state
regulations might be the more stringent of the two. The
agencies responsible for administering  septage disposal
programs at  the local level must be familiar with  these
regulations. For assistance with applicable regulations, con-
tact your state septage coordinator, listed in Appendix  B.


3.1    Federal Regulations
Federal regulations applicable to domestic septage are con-
tained  in 40 CFR Part 503,  "Standards for the Use or
Disposal of Sewage Sludge," published in the Federal Reg-
ister on February 19,1993. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)  regulations  define  domestic  septage as
"either liquid or solid material  removed from a septic tank,
cesspool, portable toilet, Type III marine sanitation device,
or similar treatment works that  receives only domestic
sewage." Septage that does not meet this federal definition
must be handled and disposed of in accordance with 40
CFR Part 257 (available from EPA or your state septage co-
ordinator).

40 CFR Part 503 simplified the requirements for land ap-
plication of domestic septage to "nonpublic contact sites."
Nonpublic contact sites include agricultural land,  forest
land,  and reclamation sites that the public uses  infre-
quently The regulations:

  • Establish a simplified method of determining sep-
     tage application rates to the land based on nitrogen
     loading.
  • Define site restrictions depending on whether or not
     the septage is stabilized by the addition of lime or
     other alkaline material prior to application.
  • Establish alternatives to  reduce vector attraction (in-
     jection, incorporation, or alkali treatment).
  • Establish requirements for recordkeeping, reporting,
     and certification.
  H Prohibit the application  of domestic septage to satu-
     rated or frozen soil where potential exists for con-
     tamination of surface water, or to land within  10 m
     (33 ft)  of wetlands, streams, rivers,  or lakes.
Specific aspects of the federal regulations as they pertain to
the operation of land application sites are discussed in
Chapter 9.

If domestic septage is handled other than by application to
a nonpublic contact site, the more complex provisions of
40 CFR Part 503 for sewage sludge then apply. For exam-
ple, if septage is processed with sewage or sludge at a
wastewater treatment plant, the septage effectively be-
comes part of the sewage sludge. Because septage usually
contains low levels of metals and other regulated contami-
nants, its handling at a wastewater treatment plant will not
adversely affect these constituents of the sewage sludge. If
septage is treated at an independent septage treatment fa-
cility,  the  sludge generated  from such processes is  no
longer considered septage and thus is subject to the sludge
provisions of 40 CFR Part 503. State  septage coordinators
can provide details on applicable regulations.


3.2    State Regulations
State regulations for septage disposal  vary widely. In most
cases, states require a hauler to submit disposal plans for
approval and  provide recommendations on how septage
should be disposed of. The state usually issues hauler li-
censes, although some states delegate this authority to
counties or other municipal agencies.

Since  promulgation of the federal regulations on land ap-
plication  of  septage,  many states have  reviewed their
regulations on this subject. Those states that have regula-
tions less stringent than the federal regulations will likely
change state regulations to meet the minimum federal re-
quirements.

Table  3-1 summarizes the regulations of six Midwest states
and compares them with EPA regulations for land applica-
tion of septage. EPA Region 5 staff compiled the table in
1992, prior to promulgation of the current federal regula-
tions.  As shown, some state regulations are more stringent
than the  federal regulations, while others are less so. In
such cases, the more stringent  regulations establish mini-
mum  standards. State  septage coordinators listed  in
Appendix B can provide additional guidance on these
regulations.
                                                                    Chapter 3   Regulatory Requirements    1'

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Table 3-1.  Examples of State Septoge Regulations (4)
Regulation
Annual application rate (gal/acre/yr)
(based upon 1 00 Ib/ocre/yr crop
uptake)
Recordkeeplng --,
Retain for (yr)
Site location
Number of acres
Date/Time of application
Crop N requirements
Application rate (gal/yr)
Pathogen/Vector Reduction Method
12pH/30min
Injection
Incorporation
Site Restrictions and Management
Crop harvesting0
Truck crops
Root crops
Commodity crops
Turf
Access
Grazing animals
High public access
Low public access
Other -
Depth of ground water/bedrock (ft)
Site slope (max. %)
Soil characteristics
EPA IL
38,462 60,000
' " ."of.
5 1
Y Y
Y —
Y 	
Y —
Y Y

Y 	
Y —
Y Optional
- ' .;. ^;\ "-r v-'
— —
14 mo NA
38 mo NA
30d —
lyr -

30 d —
lyr -
30 d —
— 4
— 5
— —
IN
50,000
-'
3
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Y
—
Optional
8-12 mo
—
—
—
—

2-9 mo
18 mo
—
3
2-9
Y
Ml
60,000
, ,;, ~/ ""••''*''
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-„ _ '-'-,-
Optional
Optional
Optional
—
—
—
—
—

1 mo
12 mo
—
2.5
2-12
—
MN OH
50,000 to —
66,700
? "'•'•'' "•"*•'* \f^, *' •
1 1
Y —
_ _
Y —
Y —
Y —
'*-'; 1 - '"
Optional —
Y —
Y 	
— 2-1 2 mo
_ _
2yr -
30d —
_ _

1 mo —
— —
: ~ - ••«*
3 4
2-12 8
Y Y
WI
39,210
v "x ^
3
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

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Chapter 4
Local
Responsibilities
A municipality or sewerage authority is likely to bear re-
sponsibility for administering a septage disposal program.
In some states, local governments are required to provide
a means of septage disposal sufficient  to handle septage
generated within their boundaries. While responsibilities
of municipal  or  county governments  vary widely from
state to state, such responsibilities might encompass the
following:
   •  Selecting a septage disposal alternative.
   •  Ensuring compliance with federal and state regula-
      tions.
   •  Establishing rates for disposal of septage at wastewa-
      ter treatment plants or independent septage treat-
      ment facilities.
   •  Issuing  licenses or permits  to haulers for septage
      pumping and/or disposal.
   •  Inspecting  onsite  systems and pumping of septic
      tanks.
   •  Establishing local ordinances and rules.
   •  Administering septage disposal programs  and main-
      taining records.

4.1    Selecting  a  Septage
        Disposal Alternative
A  municipality is ultimately  responsible for selecting a
method for septage disposal. Larger communities might
enlist the services of an engineering firm to review alterna-
tives and make recommendations.

Table 4-1 provides guidelines for selecting a septage dis-
posal  alternative.  For  small  rural  communities with
adequate land area available, land application is clearly the
recommended alternative due to its low cost,  simplicity,
and environmental benefit. Even for larger, more metro-
politan municipalities, land application may be the most
cost-effective solution, but land availability is often  the
major constraint to implementation. Disposal at an existing
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is relatively simple and
economical, but the long-term viability of this option de-
pends on available plant capacity and projected increases in
sewage and septage flows. Independent septage treatment fa-
cilities are expensive to build and operate, therefore usually
the last resort for a municipality
4.2    Complying With Federal
        and State Regulations

A local municipal or county government operates a sewage
treatment plant that accepts septage or an independent
septage treatment facility is responsible for complying with
federal  and state  sludge regulations as  described in
Chapter 3.

According to 40 CFR Part 503, requirements for the land
application of  domestic septage are directed  toward the
applier of the  septage  (see Chapter 9): an independent
septage hauler, a private company under contract to the
municipality to provide septage disposal services, or the
municipality itself.  Even if the local government is not
designated as the septage applier, it has the right to moni-
tor  and inspect septage disposal operations and should
reserve the right to inspect records maintained by the ap-
plier in accordance with  state and federal regulations.
Some states grant authority to the municipality to enforce
state regulations on septage disposal. In addition, a local
municipality may establish rules and regulations regarding
the handling and disposal of septage (see Section 4.6).
4.3   Setting Rates

A local government or sewerage authority is responsible
for  establishing rates for disposal of septage at publicly
owned sewage treatment plants or independent septage
treatment facilities. Such rates vary widely, from $40 to
$200 per 1,000 gal in one state alone. Occasionally arbi-
trary, rates are most often set using formulas that estimate
the  actual cost of treating the septage based on its contri-
bution of the specific wastewater parameters on which the
facility National Pollutant Discharge  Elimination System
(NPDES) permit is based. High rates  discourage disposal
at the WWTP and encourage illegal dumping and reduced
pumpout frequency Charging less during off-peak seasons
may reduce seasonal variability in  flows. Disposal fees
should have a rational and verifiable basis because haulers
must pass on these costs to their customers. One approach
that large facilities use is to base fees on local industrial
surcharge formulas applied to hauled wastes in addition to
administrative, operations,  laboratory, and other special
costs.
                                                                       Chapter 4    Local Responsibilities   13

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Table 4-1 .  Guidelines for Selecting a Septage Disposal System
Community
Profile
Small,
unsewered rural
community


Conditions
Remote land area available
with suitable site and soil
conditions
Land available but relatively
close to neighbors

Recommended
Alternative
Land application of
untreated septage
Land application of
alkali-stabilized
septage
Relative Costs
Capital
Low
Low to
medium

O&M
Low
Low to
medium

Facility
Ownership
Municipal or
private
Municipal or
private

Financing Norms
Fees to users
Fees to users

 Medium-size,
 partially
 sewered,
 semirural or
 suburban
 community
 Large, sewered
 municipality
 with suburban
 onsite systems
inadequate land area
available with suitable site
and soil conditions; WWTP
with available capacity
within 20 miles

Land area available with
suitable site and soil
conditions but relatively
close to neighbors

Inadequate land area, but
available WWTP capacity
Inadequate land area; no
available WWTP capacity
                                         Disposal at WWTP
                        Land application of
                        alkali-stabilized
                        septage
                                            Low to     Medium   Participating -• Capital improvements •
                                            medium •'           municipalities  shared by municipalities'
                                                               contribute to   and paid off through
                                                               host facility '   tipping fees
                    Low to     Low to    Municipal or   Fees to users
                    Medium    Medium   private
                        Disposal at WWTP     Medium    Medium   Municipal
Disposal at
independent septage
treatment facility
                                                             High
                                                       High
             Capital improvements
             financed by municipality
             and paid off through
             tipping fees

One or more   Capital improvements
municipalities   financed by municipality
or county      and paid off through
             tipping fees
Available WWTP capacity     Disposal at WWTP     Medium    Medium   Municipality
                                                                            Capital improvements
                                                                            financed by municipality
                                                                            and paid off through
                                                                            tipping fees
                No available WWTP
                capacity
                         Independent septage    High       High
                         treatment facility
                                                               One or more   Capital improvements
                                                               municipalities  financed by municipality
                                                               or county  .   and paid off through
                                                                          •  tipping fees
4.4    Issuing Permits

A local government may require haulers to obtain permits
to operate within its jurisdiction. Such permits may cover
septic  tank pumping,  treatment at  a  sewage  treatment
plant,  land application, or treatment at  an independent
septage treatment facility. An example of  such a permit is
shown in Appendix C.

The state issues permits for septage application to land to
either  the  hauler (applier) or  the municipality  State re-
quirements for  permit application vary  widely  but may
include site inspection by state personnel, an estimate of
crop nitrogen requirements by an agronomist,  soil tests,
and notification of neighboring land owners or residents.

Permits assist the municipality or county In maintaining
control of septage haulers and their disposal practices. The
cost of the  permit should be sufficient tc finance an in-
spection  program   to  assure  compliance  with  local
regulations
                                            4.5    Inspecting Onsite Systems
                                                    and Pumping of Septic Tanks
                                            Most municipalities rely solely on homeowners  to main-
                                            tain  their  wastewater  disposal  systems.  Unfortunately,
                                            negligence can lead to early failure of the soil absorption
                                            system, increasing the cost burden to the owner and po-
                                            tentially threatening the health of the homeowner  and
                                            neighboring residents.

                                            An alternative approach is for a municipality to conduct
                                            inspections of onsite  systems, to maintain records of
                                            pumping and system rehabilitation or replacement, and to
                                            determine whether or  not septic tank pumping is re-
                                            quired. If pumping is necessary, the  owner is required to
                                            have his or her tank pumped by a local hauler within a
                                            given period,  and to  provide  documentation to the mu-
                                            nicipality that the tank was pumped in accordance  with
                                            local requirements. Another approach is for the munici-
                                            pality to assume complete responsibility  For inspecting
                                            onsite systems and for pumping and  disposing of septage.
      •Jorr

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With both of these approaches, the user is either assessed
an annual fee to cover such costs or is billed by the mu-
nicipality as such tasks are completed.

4.6    Establishing  Local
        Ordinances and  Rules
The local government may establish ordinances  and rules
governing the disposal of septage and other wastes within
its jurisdiction. If the municipality or  county operates a
WWTP, it is required by law to establish an industrial pre-
treatment program to ensure  that industrial wastes receive
treatment prior to  discharge into the municipal sewer sys-
tem. Such ordinances specify what materials can  or cannot
be discharged by  a hauler to a sewage treatment plant.
These rules are designed to prevent:
   •  An upset of biological processes by toxic materials.
   •  Discharge of pollutants in the effluent in  excess of
      that specified in NPDES permits.
   •  Accumulation of metals or toxic organics in the
      sludge, which could affect sludge  disposal.

Local ordinances and rules may also govern hauler prac-
tices,  such as good housekeeping, cleanliness of vehicles,
and odor control. An  example of a  local  ordinance is
shown in Figure 4-1. Rules  regarding  the treatment and
disposal of septage may also be incorporated as conditions
to the permit, as shown in Appendix C.
4.7   Administration and
        Recordkeeping
Administrative and recordkeeping requirements vary de-
pending upon a local governments  level of responsibility
for septage disposal. For many rural communities where
septage is applied to land by haulers, local government
control is minimal. In such cases, the community should,
at a minimum, maintain copies of all hauler records as re-
quired by the state regulations for septage applied within
its jurisdiction. If the municipality applies septage to land,
it becomes the "applier" and must itself comply with the
federal regulation and maintain records of its applications
for at least 5 years (see Chapter 9).

If the local government operates a WWTP that accepts
septage, the municipality is responsible for establishing
and collecting fees, regulating the volume of septage that it
accepts, and controlling the types of wastes allowed to be
discharged. This may also involve sampling and analysis of
loads discharged to the WWTP. Additional information on
recordkeeping requirements  for plants receiving septage
may be found in Section 8.2. The greatest possible admin-
istrative and recordkeeping burden is associated with a
municipality that assumes total responsibility for inspec-
tion and  maintenance of  onsite  systems,  including
pumping, treating, and disposing of septage.
                                                                         Chapter 4    Local Responsibilities

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   ARTICLE XIV — DISPOSAL OF HOLDING TANK AND GREASE TRAP WASTES

   Section  1401 General Rules
   Holding tank or grease trap wastes originating within Hamilton County may be hauled to and discharged into the Department's wastewater
   treatment system only at those locations, by such methods, and at such times and days as are designated by the Director.

   Section  1402 Geographic Restrictions
   Holding tank or grease trap wastes originating outside the boundaries of Hamilton County are prohibited from being discharged into the
   Department's wastewater treatment system without prior approval from the Director.

   Section  1403 Permits
   Permits for discharge of holding tank or grease trap wastes shall be obtained on application forms furnished by the Director. A separate per-
   mit shall  be obtained for  each tank vehicle upon payment of a fee of one hundred dollars ($100) per vehicle. Each permit shall be
   displayed at all times on the vehicle for which "rt was purchased. Permits are transferrable only when the tank vehicle for which the permit
   was purchased is to  be replaced, and then only with the approval of the  Director. The term of the permit shall extend from January 1
   through December 31 of a calendaryear. The permit fee shall not be prorated.

   Section  1404 Fees
   The costs of the disposal of holding tank or grease trap wastes are to be paid by the discharger. Any person discharging holding tank or
   grease trap wastes into the wastewater treatment system of the Department shall pay the Department at the specified rate per one thousand
   (1,000) gallons of tank capacity (or fraction thereof) as a sewage disposal charge.
   The Director shall have the authority to, and shall set the specified rate  to reflect costs of program elements, including, but not limited to,
   administration, treatment at rates established by resolution of the Board, laboratory and enforcement. From  time to time as the Director
   deems necessary, the Director shall revise the specified rate to reflect conditions then current.

   Section  1405 Discharge Process
   No person shall discharge  holding tank or grease trap wastes into a wastewater treatment system without a permit except with the prior ap-
   proval of the Director. Proper reporting as to the source and composition of the waste, such as is determined necessary by the Director, is
   required. Forms for this purpose will be provided by the Director. Complete cooperation with District personnel supervising the discharge of
   waste is required. Any other conditions determined to be applicable by the Director must be met. Discharge of wastes shall take place in a
   neat and orderly fashion. The person discharging said waste shall clean up any spillage and shall leave the discharge site in a state of
   housekeeping at least as good as  the state just before the discharge began.

   Section  1406 Discharge Restrictions
   No person discharging holding tank or grease trap wastes into the wastewater treatment system of the District shall discharge or cause to
   be discharged, either directly or indirectly, industrial wastes without the prior approval of the  Director. Wastes which violate any of the provi-
   sions of Sections 1513, 1514, or subsections A, C, D, E, G, H, or I of Section  1518 of Article XV, Industrial Wastes, are further prohibited
   from discharge without prior approval of the Director. In any case, wastes are prohibited which cause the wastewater treatment plant to fail
   to meet effluent limitations set by  State or Federal regulatory agencies. The District may inspect any licensed disposal  unit at any time. The
   District will sample the contents of each disposal. Any costs incurred by such sampling and analysis shall be charged to the permittee unless
   otherwise determined by the Director.

   Section  1407 Liabilities
   No person discharging holding tank or grease trap wastes shall discharge so as to interfere with the operation of, or cause damage to, a
   wastewater treatment works, or engage in disorderly or unlawful conduct.  Each discharger shall  be responsible for the costs of the dis-
   charger's operations. Damages shall include fines or other penalties imposed on the District  as a result of the discharger's operations.

   Section  1408 Indemnity
   The discharger covenants and agrees to indemnify and hold the County, City, and Department and all their officers, agents, and employees
   harmless from any liability whatsoever for any injuries to persons or property arising out of the discharger's operations and defend any suit
   or legal proceeding  brought against the County, City, or Department or any of their officers,  principals, agents, or employees on account of
   loss or damage sustained by any  person or property as a result of the discharger's operations, whether or not such injuries or damage be
   caused by the inherent nature of services performed by the discharger or  by the negligence of the discharger or his employees.

   Section 1409 Bonding
   Each permit application shall be accompanied by a bond, payable to the Board upon default, in an amount depending on the septic haul-
   ing capacity of the tank vehicle, or where multiple tank vehicles are operated by a single applicant, in an aggregate  amount based upon
   the fleet  capacity, of  $10,000 per 1,000 gallons or any part thereof. The full face value of the fleet operator's bond shall apply to each
   incident.  Said  bond  is intended to insure the performance of the permittee in complying with each and every applicable section of these
   M.S.D. Rules and Regulations.

   Section 1410 Statutory Obligations
   Each and every permit issued to a permittee is subject to revocation by the Director upon a finding that the permittee has been convicted of
   a violation of any Federal, State, or local law or regulation whose subject matter is water quality and/or water pollution control.

   Section 1411 Failure to Comply
   Failure to comply with any of the above provisions shall be grounds for permit suspension  or revocation, fines, and/or forfeiture of bond,
   such as is determined to be appropriate by the Director in accordance with these Rules and Regulations and other applicable law.


Figure 4-1. Example  of proposed local ordinance for sepfage disposal (courtesy of Cincinnati, OH, MSD).
16   Parti

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Part II
Inspectors' and
Haulers' Guide

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Chapter 5
Inspecting  Septic
Tanks
5.1    Purpose off Inspection
Septage typically accumulates in a septic tank as shown in
Figure  5-1. "Sludge," or heavy solids, grit, and sand, falls
to the  bottom of the tank. "Scum," or grease, fats, and
floatable matter, collects on the surface, forming a mat. Be-
tween these zones of sludge and scum is a relatively clear
liquid,  called "effluent," which normally discharges into a
soil absorption system (also referred to as a "leachfield" or
"drainfield") each time wastewater is generated from the
source.

The rate of accumulation of sludge and scum in a septic
tank is highly variable and depends on many factors, in-
cluding the number of family members,  their personal
hygiene and eating habits, the dimensions of the tank, the
types of appliances used in the home (e.g., garbage dispos-
als), and local climate. In some cases, natural digestion of
organic matter significantly slows the accumulation rate,
and  pumping is required less frequently  If excessive
buildup of sludge or scum occurs, however, solids may be
carried with the effluent  into the soil absorption system,
where they accelerate soil clogging. Once soils are clogged,
a new  soil absorption system may be required, the con-
struction of which is quite costly Regular inspection and
pumping of the septic tank is therefore essential.

Although  a septic  tank  can be inspected  to determine
whether or not pumping is required, most inspections are
performed as part of the pumping service to identify such
items as  broken baffles  and cracked  pipes. For older,
established communities with  septic tank access lids
buried 6 to 24 in.  (15 to 60 cm) below grade, locating
and gaining access to the tanks for inspection can be time-
consuming,   which  limits  an  inspection  program's
cost-effectiveness.  For newer  developments, in  which
septic tanks are equipped with surface risers that bring
access ports flush with or above the existing grade (see
Figure  5-1),  inspection  programs can be simple and
therefore cost-effective.

5.2   Determining the Need for
        Pumping
Most older guidelines suggest that a septic tank serving a
single family home should be pumped every 3 to 5 years.
Depending on use, however, a modern septic tank may
need less frequent pumping; some studies have shown
that pumpout frequencies of 7 to 10 years are satisfactory.
More frequent inspections, however, are prudent to iden-
tify such problems as cracked pipe joints and damaged or
clogged baffles. Until local experience dictates otherwise, a
pumpout frequency of 4 years is reasonable for most do-
mestic septic tanks. Some states issue operating permits to
homeowners that require regular septic tank inspections.

A relatively simple inspection of the septic tank can deter-
mine whether or not pumping is  required. Inspection
consists of measuring the depth of the scum and sludge
layers,  and  assessing the physical condition of the tank
and its components.

Scum layer  depth can be measured using a stick with a
hinged flap as shown in Figure 5-2. The stick is pushed
through the scum layer until the flap  falls into the hori-
zontal position. The stick is raised until it meets resistance
at  the bottom of the mat. By marking  the stick at the top
of the scum layer, the thickness of the mat can be meas-
ured. The location of the bottom of the outlet baffle can be
measured the same way. Instead of a hinged flap, some in-
spectors use a vertical stick with a  small board  attached
horizontally at the bottom. If the bottom of the scum mat
is less than 3 in. (8  cm) above the bottom of the baffle or
outlet tee, or if the anticipated accumulation rate will re-
sult in this condition prior to the next inspection, the tank
should be scheduled for pumping.

Sludge layer depth can be measured by wrapping a rough
cloth strip or toweling around the lower 3 ft (1 m)  of a
measuring stick, fastening the cloth securely, and lowering
the stick to  the tank bottom. The measuring stick is low-
ered through a hole in the scum mat near the outlet baffle
or through the outlet baffle itself to prevent scum from at-
taching to the toweling (see Figure 5-2). After at least 30
sec, the stick is slowly removed. Sludge depth can be esti-
mated by the length of the cloth containing black sludge
particles.

Another type of device for measuring sludge depth utilizes
a hollow tube with a glass lens at the bottom. A small wa-
terproof light source is attached a set distance from the
glass lens, and liquid is allowed to enter the space between
the light source and  the  lens.  When the light can no
longer be seen through the tube, the sludge layer has been
18  Part II

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                                                                                              To Soil
                                                                                              Absorption
                                                                                              System
                                                           Sludge
Figure 5-1. Typical residential septic tank.
reached. If the top of the sludge layer is closer than 12 in.
to the bottom of the outlet baffle or tee or, more impor-
tantly, if the bottom of the scum layer is within 3 in. of the
bottom  of the  outlet baffle  or tee, the tank should be
pumped.

Most  commercial devices available  to  measure sludge
depth are designed for use by operators of sewage treat-
ment  plants, and their  accuracy  for measuring sludge
depth in a septic tank should first be demonstrated before
purchasing such a device.  Most of  these instruments  em-
ploy a light source and  sight  tube or photoelectric cell;
other sludge blanket  detectors use a transparent tube in
which a "core" of the liquid profile is extracted and the
sludge depth is directly measured. Yet another device em-
ploys a vertical rod that "floats" on the top of the sludge
layer and extends through a hole in the septic tank cover
to the surface. When  the rod rises to a preset level, a sign
becomes visible instructing the user to call a pumper.

Ideally,  septic tanks should initially be  inspected at least
once every 2 years. A proper inspection of  the septic tank
includes observing the  condition of the inlet and outlet
baffles or tees; broken baffles or tees should be  replaced.
                                                                          ChapterS   Inspecting Septic Ianks   19

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   Device for Measuring Scum Thickness
Device for Measuring Sludge Depth
   Weight
           Hinged Flap
                              •2x2
                                                                                   Wrap a Rough Cloth
                                                                                   Strip (Toweling) on
                                                                                   Bottom 3' of Pole
                                                                              Fasten Cloth Securely
        Inlet
                                                                                    Measuring Scum
                                                                                       Measuring Sludge

                                                                                                Grade
                                           scum :'.:•:•:•!:'::•.•:•;'.:>•.
                                                                                              Outlet
Figure 5-2. Measuring solids accumulation in a septic tank.
20  Part!

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Inlet and outlet pipes should be sealed at the tank walls.
Sludge  and scum accumulation  rates can be estimated
based on measured levels and the time elapsed since the
last pumping. The top level of water should also be com-
pared with the outlet tee invert level (the bottom of the
horizontal section) to see whether the tank is leaking.

Inspections of onsite sewage disposal systems generally are
not limited to the septic tank.  If present,  distribution
boxes should be  inspected to determine if they are  level
and structurally sound and if solids have accumulated in
them. Sludge in the distribution box indicates that solids
have already been discharged into the  drainfield, and the
cause should be investigated and necessary action taken.
Water levels in the box should also be noted; if levels are
above the invert of the outlet pipe, the drainfield may be
malfunctioning, which might require a repair or addition.
The area of the drainfield should also be inspected for evi-
dence of surfacing or "daylighting" of septic tank effluent,
such as waterlogged  soils or ponded liquid, objectionable
odors, dead grass from previous ponding episodes, pres-
ence of gray or black septic solids, and surface erosion due
to runoff from accumulated liquid; these conditions might
indicate a need for system improvements.
                                                                          ChopterS   inspecting Septic Tanks   21

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Chapter 6
Pumping  Septic
Tanks
6.1    Equipment

Pumper trucks typically range in capacity from 1,000 to
4,000 gal (3,800 to 15,000 L),  although multiaxle trucks
may have capacities over 6,000 gal (23,000 L). Most states
require the business name, address, truck capacity,  and
other identifying information to be displayed on the  side
of the truck. Hose racks on the trucks store not only hoses
but also devices used for breaking up the scum layer and
other equipment.1

Pumps are typically either vacuum or centrifugal. Vacuum
pumps, the most common system used by septage haulers,
have  the  following advantages: liquid  does not  flow
through the pump, which reduces wear; the pump is less
likely to freeze; and the tank contents can be discharged
under pressure. Vacuum pumps should be equipped with
a water trap to prevent dispersion of aerosols. Because liq-
uid moves through the pump, centrifugal pumps are more
likely to clog and wear more readily from grit and debris.
Centrifugal pumps are typically open-impeller or recessed-
impeller  for handling solids. Both types of centrifugal
pumps have a maximum suction lift of about 27 ft (8 m).
Some truck-mounted  tanks are  equipped with high-level
automatic shutoff controls  to prevent overfilling. Pump
capacities are typically at least 400 gal/min (1,500 L/min).

Hoses should be of high-vacuum black rubber or synthetic
material, with a minimum diameter of 3 in. (8 cm). Hoses
should also be capable of being drained  and capped to
minimize spillage. Haulers  typically carry at least 100 ft
(30 m) of hose.  Discharge valves on the hauler trucks
should be drip tight, and a discharge nipple should ac-
commodate a quick-disconnect coupling.

Other equipment  includes  a device for breaking up the
scum layer (e.g., a long-handled fork), shovel, soil probe
for locating the septic tank, and other tools to either meas-
ure accumulations or perform  other tasks in the field. A
squeegee and suction wand attachments should be carried
 "The Pumper," a monthly publication aimed at the liquid waste
hauler industry, produces an annual directory of equipment suppli-
ers that is free with a subscription to "The Pumper." Contact Cole
Publishing, PO. Box 220, Three Lakes, WI 54562-0220, telephone
(800) 257-7222.
to help dean up any spills. Lime should also be available
to apply to areas where septage has been spilled.

Mobile septage dewatering systems, originally developed
in Europe, are now available in the United States. With
these systems, septage is pulled from the septic tank into
one compartment on the truck; filtrate is returned to the
septic tank. Polymer or lime is added  to the septage dur-
ing  transfer to a  dewatering  tank,  where  solids are
concentrated. A sludge solids content of 15 to 20 percent
is reportedly achievable for polymer and lime systems, re-
spectively. Mobile dewatering systems offer:

  • Lower transportation costs due to fewer trips to the
     disposal site.
  • Greater truck capacity
  • Lower volumes of material requiring further treat-
     ment and disposal.

These advantages are best suited to areas with many septic
tanks  and long travel distances to  the  discharge  site.
Disadvantages include more complex operational require-
ments and high equipment investment  costs.


6.2    Procedures

After the septic tank has been located and the access
hatches exposed, the inlet and outlet baffles or tees are ex-
amined for such problems as damage, loose connections,
and plugging. Broken pipes or baffles  should be replaced
or repaired. If the liquid level in the tank is higher than
the  outlet pipe, this may indicate clogging in the outlet
pipe or in the drainfield.  Next, the scum mat is manually
broken up to  facilitate pumping. Before this is done, the
liquid level in the septic tank first is lowered below the in-
vert of the outlet, which prevents grease and scum  from
being washed into the drainfield. After the scum mat is
broken up, the contents  of  the tank  are removed.
Normally,  the vacuum/suction hose draws air at a point
where  1 to 2 in. (2.5 to 5 cm) of sludge remains over the
tank bottom; this material should be  left in the tank.
Washing down the inside of the tank is unnecessary unless
leakage is suspected and the inside must be inspected for
cracks. If internal inspection is warranted, fresh air should
be continuously blown into the tank for at  least 10 min to
22  Part II

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displace toxic gases or oxygen-deftcient air. The interior
can then be inspected from the surface with a flashlight.

A septic tank should never be entered without first testing
the air for oxygen content, lower explosive limit, and hy-
drogen  sulfide.  This  is  accomplished  using electronic
"triple gas detectors," available from suppliers of industrial
safety equipment. Septic tanks are considered confined
spaces and are subject to confined-space entry regulations
published by the Occupational Safety and Health Admini-
stration (OSHA Standard 1910.146). Anyone  entering a
septic tank should wear a safety harness connected to an
aboveground hoist. Two additional  workers should  be
topside  to assist the inspector in the event  of problems.
Your  state  or local agency responsible  for  occupational
health and safety should be contacted regarding any addi-
tional regulations regarding confined-space  entry in their
jurisdiction.

In the event of a spill, septage should  be immediately
cleaned up. Hydrated lime should be sprinkled over the
area of the spill,  and a squeegee and a suction wand at-
tached to the end of the vacuum hose are useful tools for
cleanup. For large spills, a second pumper truck may be
necessary;  companies with  one truck should  reach  an
agreement  with another company to assist in emergency
spill cleanup.

Addition of any chemical or biochemical agents to the sep-
tic  tank,  such  as  disinfectants,  microorganisms, and
enzymes, is discouraged. Such formulations offer little or
no benefit  and may even be detrimental to the operation
of the septic tank and drainfield. For instance, agents that
emulsify grease allow its discharge to  the soil absorption
system, where the emulsion may break at the soil infiltra-
tive surface and cause increased rates  of clogging or pass
through the soil to ground water. Other agents are formu-
lated of strong alkaline compounds that can pass through
a tank and destroy soil structure. The most detrimental
formulations contain chlorinated hydrocarbons, which can
pass through  the  tank  and soil to contaminate ground
water. Fortunately, many commercial products do little to
affect  performance  of either   tanks  or soil  systems.
Although no known benefits have been demonstrated to
date,  the possibility of an  effective  formulation in the
future cannot be ruled out.
                                                                          Chapter 6   Pumping Septic Tanks    23

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Chapter 7
Regulatory
Requirements
Local, state, and federal regulations govern the pumping,
transport, and disposal of septage. Septage haulers must
be familiar with local codes and state and federal laws as
they apply to septage handling; failure to comply with
such regulations may result in severe penalties or loss of
operating permits.


7.1    Pumping and Transport
State regulations generally address the pumping and
transport of septage. For  example, state regulations may
specify minimum requirements for certain components of
the hauler's truck,  such  as type or capacity of  pump,
length of hose, discharge  valves, cleanliness, and display
of company name. Local codes  may require a certain size
or type of discharge fitting to be compatible with a sep-
tage receiving station. Local codes  also specify the area
from which septage can be accepted, hours of operation,
fees, and procedures for disposal at a local treatment and
disposal facility. For  example, some  municipalities  or
county governments require a manifest for every load of
septage that indicates the name and address of the source.
Such requirements are generally simple, and local haulers
understand them well.

Most states require that haulers be licensed to transport
septage  within state boundaries.  Prospective  haulers
may have to pass  state exams  to become licensed. The
state or local municipality or sewer authority may  re-
quire that the hauler secure specified limits of insurance
coverage and show proof of  motor vehicle insurance
and/or liability insurance. In addition, bonds may be re-
quired to ensure that the  hauler complies with rules and
regulations. The amount  of the bond may vary depend-
ing on the capacity of the truck. In at least one state, a
group insurance policy  ($1,000,000 liability) is pro-
vided through the state pumper  organization  for  an
affordable fee.

Federal laws regarding the transportation of septage only
apply to septage hauled across state lines. In this case, U.S.
Department of Transportation (Federal Highway Admini-
stration) regulations apply (49 CFR Part  390). These
regulations generally deal with safety issues affecting  the
vehicle and driver.
7.2    Land Application
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations
contained in 40 CFR, Subchapter O, Part 503, often re-
ferred to as the "503 regulations," provide minimum
requirements for the  application of domestic septage  to
land used infrequently by the general public. Such sites,
referred to as "nonpublic contact sites,"  include agricul-
tural fields, forest land, and reclamation sites. For septage
application  to  land where public exposure  potential is
high, or for application of residuals from an independent
septage  treatment facility,  the septage is  considered a
sludge and is subject to more complex provisions of the
503 regulations. Haulers need not be concerned with such
regulations unless they operate an independent facility to
treat septage. Haulers who apply septage to land become
the "applier" and are subject to EPA and state regulations;
these haulers should refer to the information in Chapter 9
regarding regulations for land application of septage.

The 503 regulations set minimum requirements for land
application of domestic septage  that must be met by  all
states. States may, however, adopt (or continue to use)
regulations that are more stringent than the federal rules.
Examples of state regulations regarding septage disposal
are provided in Section 3.2. For further guidance, contact
your state septage coordinator (see Appendix B).

Local regulations often require that a hauler obtain a permit
to discharge septage into a municipal wastewater treatment
plant. An example of such a permit is shown in Appendix C.


7.3    Sources of Information
The state septage coordinators listed in Appendix B can as-
sist haulers in understanding regulations regarding septage
disposal; in addition, state, regional, and national organi-
zations exist that address regulatory, insurance, and other
issues. A partial listing of organizations such as the Na-
tional Association of Waste Transporters is provided in
Appendix A. Haulers are urged to obtain a copy of Domes-
tic  Septage  Regulatory  Guidance  (EPA/832/B-92/005),
available free from the National Center for Environmental
Publications and Information, 11029 Kenwood Road, Cin-
cinnati,  OH 45242, telephone  (513) 569-7980  or  fax
(513)891-6685.
24   Part I

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Part
Facility
Managers' and
Operators' Guide

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Chapter 8
Septage
Receiving
8.1    Description of a Receiving
        Station
Septage  receiving facilities are a critical component of a
septage handling system, particularly if septage is  being
accepted at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)  or in-
dependent septage treatment  plant.  Septage receiving
facilities may also be part of land application programs
where septage haulers discharge to a holding tank prior to
septage application to the land. Records of septage sources
and volumes and routine sampling of septage loads are es-
sential  parts of a comprehensive septage  management
program. Both can deter septage haulers from discharging
incompatible materials, such as industrial wastes, and can
assist in determining the source of the load if an upset oc-
curs in a subsequent treatment process. Operators can also
prevent  the discharge of illegal wastes  by observing the
odor and appearance of the load.

Septage receiving stations vary in design depending on the
volume of septage received, the location of the facility, and
the method for processing the septage. Essential elements
of a septage receiving station include a concrete pad, an
inlet box, pipe, and/or  quick-disconnect fitting to receive
the septage, a trash rack to remove rags and debris, and
wash-down facilities. Other features include holding tanks
or systems designed for  finer  screening and/or grit re-
moval, metering, and  odor  control. Typical layouts of
septage receiving stations are shown in Figure 8-1.

8.2    Recordkeeping and
        Sampling
A treatment and disposal facility should maintain a  log or
manifest of every load of septage received. Figure 8-2 is an
example of such a form; another example is shown in Ap-
pendix C.  Normally such forms are provided to  haulers,
who submit a completed one with each load brought to
the receiving facility.

More sophisticated operations may issue special plastic
cards to the haulers that operate a gate allowing access to
the site. The  haulers can either  enter the volume and
source of septage on a special keypad or manually fill out
a manifest such as the one shown in Figure 8-2.

Many sewage treatment  plants or independent septage
handling operations require that  either  grab samples of
"random" loads be collected and analyzed or that samples
of each load be collected, preserved, and stored for a pe-
riod of one  to  several days. Both approaches deter
discharge of wastes that could cause problems with treat-
ment plant operation, performance, or permit compliance.
When every load is sampled and stored, suspect loads can
be analyzed "after  the fact" if an upset or other problem
occurs, while other samples may be discarded without
analysis. Many plant operators measure the pH of every
septage load prior  to discharge, which allows a visual ob-
servation of the sample and a check for any "unusual"
odors, such as those caused by solvents or degreasers. This
practice should not replace collection and storage of sam-
ples, however, since potentially hazardous or disruptive
wastes may have a neutral pH.

Discharge of loads when a facility is unstaffed is rarely per-
mitted due to the perceived risk of incompatible material
being discharged,  since an operator is not sampling the
waste. A few large  European facilities do permit this prac-
tice, however, because they are equipped with automatic
samplers.

8.3   Operation and Maintenance
Table 8-1 presents a checklist for routine operation and
maintenance activities at a typical septage receiving facility
26   Port ill

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         Receiving Station With Equalization
           Dumping Station
                                   c
                                                               To Treatment Process
                                                         Pump Station
                                                   Buried Receiving/Storage Tanks
          Receiving Station With Equalization and Pretreatment
                                L
                            Buried Multiple Receiving/
                            Storage Tanks
                    :ion,      V.
                           y	HID0!
Dumping Station,
Including Open Pit with
Coarse Screen and
Hose Connection
                                                                                       Odor Control System
                                                                                        To Treatment Process
                          • Aerated Grit Chamber

           1 Mechanically Cleaned Screen

• Solids Handling Pumps
Figure 8-1. Examples of septage receiving station layouts.
                                                                                       ChapferS    Septage Receiving

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                          DATE:.
        SEPTASE AND SLUDGE MANIFEST
       	TIME OF COLLECTION:	
                                                                                       8251
                          SECTION A GENERATOR INFORMATION
                          MUNICIPALITY SERVICED:.
                          GENERATOR NAME:	
                          ADDRESS:	
                          PHONE NUMBER:.
                          SECTION B  WASTE CLASSIFICATION AND VOLUMES
                          SOURCE:
                          WASTE TYPE:
                          VOLUME:
                                         1.  Residential
                                         4.  Restaurant
               2.  Commercial    3. Industrial-
               5.  Sewage Treatment Plant
6.  Other	
1.  Septoge      2.  Holding Tanks    3. Sludge
4.  Grease Traps  5.  Portable Toilet
6.  Other	
Gallons	Cubic Yards	
                                                                                      Tons.
                          SECTION C TRANSPORTER, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
                          PCGA License Number of Collection Vehicle:.
                          Disposal Facltry Utilized:	
                          Location of Temporary Storage Tank:	
                          Other Disposal Methods:	
                             . Location:.
                          SECTION D CERTIFICATION
                          As a PCGA Ucensed Transporter, I hereby certify that all the above Information
                          is true and accurate.
                          Signature: .
                                                                             .Date:.
                                        DRIVER - DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE
                          LAB RESULTS:
                          COMMENTS:
                                       Sample ID Number.
                                       Date:.
                                       Grease/Oils:
                                       Petroleum Products:
                                       Accepted  •  Rejected
                	Time:	
                 Yes  No
                 Yes  No
                                               .ph:
Toxtclty Indicator:  Pass  Fall
Solvent Odors:    Yes  No
                                                                    Signature of Operator on Duty
                                 White/Generator   Pink/Transporter     Green/Disposal   Canary/PCGA
Figure 8-2. Example of a septage manifest (courtesy of Pike County, PA, General Authority).
28   Part ill

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Table 8-1.  O&M Checklist for Septage Receiving Facilities
 Task                                                                 Responsibility

 D Colfect and store sample; Inspect septage for odor and appearance""       Operator

 LJ Wash down pad                                                    Hauler

 D Rake screenings from bar rack     '                    '. * -            Hauler

 LJ Remove screenings and grit                                          Operator

 Q Lubricate mechanical screen; use grit removal equlpment'lf applicable      Operator


 L-l Rotate use of septage transfer pumps                                  Operator

 D Repack pump seals and conduct other preventive mafnteadnce •'-',' _'     Operator


 D Wash down walls of holding tank                                     Operator
 j__          -*—          =<•• /"              '~"";> ,""--                ',„*•••*''"•
 D Check oil levels in pumps and blowets'-     ,-"'--'-, :  '              Operator


 LI Conduct preventive maintenance on blowers and diffusers                Operator
     Recommended Frequency

   ,  Every load

     Every load

     Every load  '

     Dictated by design

    "Per manufacturer's
     recommendations

     Typically monthly

•'  * rPer manufacturer's
     recommendations

     Daily

     Per manufacturer's
   i recommendations
     Per manufacturer's
     recommendations
                                                                                      Chapter 8    Septage Receiving    29

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Chapter  9
Land  Application
Septage may be applied to the following "nonpublic con-
tact sites" with minimal federal regulatory requirements:
  • Agricultural fields
  • Forest land
  • Reclamation sites

Septage application to other sites is equally feasible subject
to state and federal regulations.

Key elements of a successful operation and maintenance
(O&M) program for a septage land application site include
the following:
  • Provision of septage receiving and holding facilities
     to provide operational flexibility (optional).
  • Proper septage treatment prior to application as re-
     quired to meet state regulations (need for treatment
     depends on requirements of application method).
  • Control of septage application rates and conditions
     in accordance with state rules.
  • Proper operation and maintenance of the applica-
     tion equipment.
  • Monitoring of septage volumes and characteristics,
     soil, plants, surface water, and ground water as re-
     quired by state regulations.
  • Odor control.
  • Good recordkeeping and retention for at least 5
     years.

9.1    Receiving and Storage
Septage storage facilities greatly increase the flexibility of
land application operations. Storage facilities may be used
during the process of transferring septage to specialized
application equipment, during periods when ground is
wet or frozen, or during planting or harvesting operations.
Because open pits or unlined storage lagoons can be a ma-
jor   source  of  nuisance   odors   and   ground-water
contamination, enclosed holding tanks are recommended,
although lined lagoons in isolated  areas may be accept-
able.

Holding tanks most commonly are simple concrete struc-
tures. Epoxy-coated aluminum tanks might also be used.
Steel tanks, which have also been used, are subject to
rapid corrosion and early failure. If alkali stabilization is
practiced at the site, a mixing system is required. Air mix-
ing, the most  efficient  system, generally requires  off-gas
collection and treatment to control odors. Biofilters or soil
filters are recommended (see Section 12.2). O&M require-
ments for holding tanks are minimal: daily washdown and
periodic tank inspections.

Enclosed storage tanks are subject to corrosion  from the
release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. Because H2S is toxic,
proper confined-space entry procedures must be carefully
followed anytime a tank is entered.  Key procedures in-
clude the following:
  • Monitoring H2S, oxygen, and lower explosive limit.
  • Providing forced ventilation of the tank prior to
     entry.
  • Wearing   self-contained  breathing  apparatus,  if
     appropriate.
  • Wearing a safety harness.
  • Providing two additional people topside with equip-
     ment to hoist the tank inspector.

If the holding tank is provided with a mixing system, this
should be inspected  and  cleaned regularly and serviced
once per year, or as recommended by the manufacturer.
Biofilters or soil filters require moisture control and peri-
odic  change  of  media.   Chapter 8   discusses  O&M
requirements for septage receiving stations.

9.2   Application
Using the simplest application method, a hauler truck ap-
plies septage by opening  a valve and driving across the
land application site.  A splash plate or spreader plate im-
proves septage distribution  onto the soil surface.  The
septage should be discharged through a  simple screen or
basket located on the truck between the outlet pipe and
the spreader plate, which prevents nondegradable materi-
als  such as  plastics and  other objectionable  trash from
being applied to the soil. A simple box screen can be fabri-
cated from expanded metal. Collected  trash should be
lime stabilized and sent to a sanitary landfill. The septage
must be lime stabilized prior to surface application and in-
jected below the surface or plowed into  the soil within 6
hr of application to  meet federal requirements to  reduce
vector attraction. This method offers the least flexibility
and control from a management perspective. In  addition,
soil may become compacted, and trucks not designed for
offroad use may have difficulty driving on the site. Small.
rural  land  application  operations where  little  environ-
mental or human health risk is likely to occur may find
30  Part

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this  approach  acceptable, however. A transfer or storage
tank must be available when sites are inaccessible due to
soil, site, or crop conditions.

Another common approach is to use a manure spreader or
a special liquid-waste  application vehicle  that removes
screened septage from a holding tank and injects it on or
below the soil surface. If the septage  is incorporated into
the soil by plowing or subsurface injection, lime stabiliza-
tion may not be required.

A third approach is to  prerreat the septage (minimum of
screening) during discharge into a holding/mixing tank by
adding lime and stabilizing  it to pH  12 for 30 min, and
then to spray the septage onto the land surface using com-
mercially available sludge application  equipment,  lame
stabilization reduces odors and potentially eliminates the
need to incorporate the septage into  the soil; good prac-
tice, however, dictates that the septage be  incorporated
within a reasonable period of time. Guidelines for lime sta-
bilization are included in Section 9.3.

Odors are a concern during and after septage application.
A well-managed operation that incorporates lime stabiliza-
tion, subsurface injection,  or  surface  application at or
below agronomic rates, however, creates minimal  odor
emissions.  Guidelines for minimizing  odor problems at
land application sites are presented in  Chapter 12.

O&M requirements for land application of septage vary
widely  depending on the application technique and the
type of equipment used. An equipment O&M checklist is
shown in Table 9-1.
 Table 9-1.  O&M Checklist for Equipment Used in Applying Septage to Land
 Task

 Spray Irrigation                                    ;=''""              ' }

 L~H Check engine oil level

 EH Verify proper connection of hoses

 D Check all shields

 LJ Observe recommended safety practices

 LJ Grease bearings, lubricate chains, etc.

 D Adjust tension in drive chains

 LJ Inspect seals, and check oil level in all gearboxes

 LJ Check tires and hoses

 LJ Flush pumps and hoses with water

 D Drain or air-purge hoses and pump

 Subsurface 1n|ectlon                       ;           .
        '-                *             "'           *
 D Check engine oil, hydraulic fluid, coolant levels, air filter, tire pressure

 D Check and adjust injector depth

 D Check all belts

 D Replace oil, hydraulic fluids, and air filter

 LJ Grease bearings, steering cylinder, drive shafts, universal joints, and tool bar pivot

 D Clean engine radiator, hydraulic oil cooler, transmission cooler, and air conditioner condenser

 D Inspect broke pads, articulation joints, and battery fluid

 LJ Observe recommended safety practices

 LJ Flush injectors with water

 LJ Drain tank hoses

 Surface Application

 LJ Same as subsurface injection without injector O&M
                    Recommended Frequency



                    Before each use

                    Before each use

                    Before each use

                    Before and during each use

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    After each use

                    As necessary to prevent freezing



                    Daily or before each use

                    Before each use

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    As recommended by manufacturer

                    Before and during each use

                    After each use

                    As necessary to prevent freezing
                                                                                     Chapter 9    Land Application   31

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The maximum annual volume of domestic septage applied
to all but land reclamation sites depends on septage nitro-
gen content, the amount of nitrogen required by the crop,
and the planned yield of the crop. Federal guidelines for
estimating application rates based on nitrogen loading are
as follows:

Annual application rate (gal/acre/yr) =

             Pounds of nitrogen required
           for the  crop and yield (Ib/acre/yr)
                        0.0026

Nitrogen requirements of the  crop depend  on expected
yield, soil conditions, and other factors such as tempera-
ture,  rainfall,  and  length  of  growing  seasons.  Local
agricultural extension agents should be contacted to deter-
mine the appropriate septage  (and nitrogen) application
rates, which may vary from 10,000 to  100,000 gal/acre/yr
(100 to I,000m3/ha/yr),

The federal regulation for domestic septage application to
nonpublic contact sites outlines various restrictions of the
crops grown on the site as well as access to the site by the
public. The rules are less restrictive if the septage has been
alkali stabilized. Table 9-2 summarizes federal crop and
public access restrictions. For  more detailed information,
consult  the  EPA publication Domestic Septage Regulatory
Guidance (5) or 40 CFR Part 503. Remember that the state
regulation may differ and be more restrictive than that out-
lined in Table 9-2.

"Vectors"  are organisms such as flies, mosquitos, and  ro-
dents  that  can  transmit  disease.  For  application   of
domestic  septage to nonpublic contact sites, the federal
regulation requires that one of the following three options
be implemented to reduce vector attraction:

   •  Subsurface injection.
   •  Incorporation   (surface  application  followed  by
      plowing within 6 hr).
   B  Alkali stabilization (pH of 12 or greater for 30 min
      prior to application).

By February 19, 1994, the domestic septage applier must
certify that the requirements for pathogen and  vector at-
traction  reduction  are met (see Section  9.4).  Refer  to
Domestic  Septage Regulatory Guidance (5) or 40  CFR Part
503 for further information.

Other management  aspects  of land application that  the
503 regulations address are avoiding application practices
that affect  endangered species;  occur  during flooded,
frozen or snow-covered conditions;  or occur within 33 ft
(10 m) of wetlands or surface waters.
 Table 9-2.  Federal Crop and Site Restrictions for Land Application of Domestic Septage
  restriction

  Crop

  1. Food crops with harvested parts that touch the septage/soil mixture and are totally aboveground shall
    not be harvested from the land for 14 months after application of sewage sludge or domestic septage.

  2. Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shall not be harvested for 38 months
    after application of domestic septage.

  3. Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shall not be harvested for 20 months
    after application of domestic septage when the domestic septage remains on the land surface for
    4 months or longer prior to incorporation info the soil.

  4. Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shall not be harvested for 38 months after
    application of domestic septage when the domestic septage remains on the land surface for less than
    4 months prior to incorporation into the soil.

  5. Animal feed, fiber, and those food crops whose harvested parts do not touch the soil surface  shall not be
    harvested for 30 days after application of the domestic septage.

  6. Turf grown on land where domestic septage is applied shall not be harvested for 1 year after application of
    the domestic septage when the harvested turf is placed on either a lawn or land with a high potential for
    public  exposure, unless otherwise specified by the permitting authority.
                               Untreated
                               Septage
                                 X


                                 X
Alkali-Stabilized
Septage
                                 X


                                 X
  1. Public access to land with a low potential for public exposure shall be restricted for 30 days after
    application of domestic septage. Examples of restricted access include remoteness, posting with no
    trespassing signs, and simple fencing.

  2. Animals shall not be allowed io graze on the land for 30 days after application of the domestic septage.
      Part HS

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9.3    Lime Stabilization
Septage can be stabilized by adding sufficient lime or other
alkali to raise the pH to  12 for a minimum of 30 min.
Typically, this requires  20 to 25  Ib of lime (as CaO or
quicklime) per  1,000 gal (2.4 to  3.0 kg per 1,000 L) of
septage,  although septage characteristics and lime require-
ments vary widely. Three  approaches are recommended
for alkali stabilization prior to land application:

   •  Addition of lime slurry to the truck before septage is
      pumped into the  truck, with additional lime added
      as necessary after pumping.

   •  Addition  of lime slurry  to the septage as it  is
      pumped from the septic tank into the hauler's truck.
      (Addition of dry  lime to  a truck during pumping
      with a vacuum pump system is not  recommended;
      dry lime will be pulled through the liquid and  into
      the vacuum pump, causing damage to the pump.)
   •  Addition of either lime slurry or dry lime to a hold-
      ing tank  containing septage that  has  been  dis-
      charged from a pumper truck.

Compressed air injection through a coarse-bubble diffuser
system is the recommended system for mixing the con-
tents of  a septage holding tank. Mechanical mixers often
become  fouled with rags and other debris present in the
septage.

Some states prohibit lime stabilization in the hauler's truck
and require a separate holding/mixing tank where lime ad-
dition and pH can be easily monitored. A separate holding
and mixing tank is preferred for alkali stabilization for the
following reasons:

   •  More rapid and uniform mixing can be achieved.
   •  A  separate holding and mixing tank affords more
      control over conditions for handling and metering
      the proper quantity of alkali.
   •  pH monitoring is easier, and more representative sam-
      ples are likely to be collected due to better mixing.

   •  Raw septage can be visually inspected.

Many states do allow septage to be lime stabilized within
the truck. If the lime is added before or during pumping
of the septic tank, 30 min often elapses before the truck
reaches the land application site. (At pH 12, 30 min meets
the federal requirements for lime stabilization of septage,
but state regulations may be more stringent.) To  prevent
damage  to vacuum pumps and to promote better mixing
of the lime and septage, addition of lime as a slurry is rec-
ommended. The slurry can be  added to the truck before
pumping the tank, although the amount of lime necessary
to reach pH 12 will vary from load to  load.  Provision
should be made to carry additional lime slurry on board
the truck to "top off the dosage.
Table 9-3 presents a procedure for lime-stabilizing septage
within the pumper truck. Haulers should experiment with
different approaches to determine the best methods  for in-
dividual situations.
Whether lime is added to the septage hauler truck or to a
holding/mixing tank, the pH must be measured to ensure
that pH  12 is achieved and maintained for 30 min. After
pH 12 is reached, pH should be measured every 15  min
using a  hand-held or  pocket-size  pH  meter or  color-
sensitive pH paper that indicates a relatively narrow band
of pH in the recommended range (e.g.,  10 to 13). A pH
meter, available from laboratory supply companies, is
Table 9-3.   Procedure for Lime-Stabilizing Septage Within
             the Pumper Truck

 Purpose   •*> ;   fpraisethepHoffeptageto 12 for a'
         ~'x  :,' f (Hfftlfmjm of 30 nun.' %-;'           ^   ,   ,

 Approach       • Add lime slurry in sufficient quantity before
                  pumping the tanks and add additional slum/
                  as needed offer pumping.

                • Add lime slurry in sufficient quantity during
                  pumping the tanks by vacuuming slurry
                  through small suction line fitted to main
                  suction hose.
                                         ~^f  '•:-•
                                        i hydroJbdl feme
            *'?., to achieve the same- pH, but quiddim% is mare
             ""- corrosive and difficult 1 segstage,
             -.  colled sample front top access Katch using a
                polyethylene container fastened to a pole.
      :          Measure pH with pH meter. {pH pa per can
                alse be used, but it is more cumbersome and
                less accurate.) If the pH is less tKan 12, odd
                more sfony If pH 12 has been reached, record
                pH and •tee. Sample again after 15 trim. If the
                pH has dropped below 12, add more lime.
                The pH must remote otl 2 for of feasf 34} tmn.
                $s«)ple and record pH prior to applying
                septage to the land.
                                                                                Chapter 9   Land Application   33

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preferred due to its convenience. Hand-held meters cost
$300 to $500, while pocket-size meters cost $50 to $150.
If the pH drops below 12 during the 30-min period after
mixing, more lime or other alkali must be added. The pH
of the  mixture must be maintained at  12 or greater for a
full 30 min (longer in some states).

9.4   Monitoring and
        Recordkeeping
Depending on applicable state regulations, monitoring re-
quirements for land application programs may vary widely
with respect  to sampling points, sampling frequency, and
analytical parameters. Monitoring may include  sampling
and analysis  of septage, soil, ground water,  and plant tis-
sue. State regulations must be followed regarding specific
requirements for monitoring sites receiving septage.
The federal 503 regulations require that the  applier of do-
mestic septage to land begin  to  monitor  and maintain
records by July 20, 1993. By February 19, 1994, all other
provisions of 40 CFR Part 503 must be met. For a given
application site, records must be kept for 5 years. Mini-
mum recordkeeping requirements outlined  in the federal
regulations are as follows:
   •  Location of site (street address or latitude and longi-
      tude from U.S. Geological Survey maps).
   •  Number of acres to which septage is applied at each
      site.
   •  Nitrogen requirement of crop or vegetation grown at
      each site,
   •  The gallons of  domestic  septage applied to the site
      during the specified 1-year period.
   •  Certification  that  pathogen  reduction  and  vector
      attraction requirements have been  met (see  Figure
      9-1).
   •  A description of how pathogen reduction and vector
      attraction requirements were met for  each batch  of
      domestic septage that was land applied.
       CERTIFICATION
        I certify under penalty of law that the pathogen
        requirements in /insert pathogen reduction al-
        ternative  1  or  2]  and the vector  attraction
        reduction requirements in [insert vector reduc-
        tion  alternative  1,  2,  or 3] have/have not
        /circle one/ been met.  This determination has
        been made under my direction and supervi-
        sion  in accordance with the system designed
        to ensure that qualified  personnel properly
        gather and  evaluate the information used to
        determine that the pathogen requirements and
        the vector attraction reduction requirements
        have been met. I am aware that there are sig-
        nificant  penalties  for  false  certification,
        including the possibility of fine and imprison-
        ment.
        Signed:
        (to be signed by the person designated as re-
        sponsible in the firm that applies domestic
        septage)
Figure 9-1.  Certification of pathogen reduction and vector
            attraction requirements.
 34   Part!!!

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Chapter 10
Treatment  at
Wastewater
Treatment  Plants
A wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is often a conven-
ient  and environmentally sound  location  for septage
disposal. Many plants can be modified to receive and treat
septage effectively Septage addition, however, can have a
significant impact on plant operations or performance if
receiving facilities are not properly designed. Septage han-
dling increases plant operation and maintenance (O&M)
costs in proportion to the amount of septage received. The
cost  of residuals (sludge, grit, screenings) handling and
disposal often shows the largest increase. The septage re-
ceiving program must be developed recognizing that the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit of the treatment plant prohibits the acceptance of
hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA).
 10.1  Estimating Plant Capacity

 Determining the ability of a plant to handle septage and
 estimating the amount of material that can be effectively
 handled are complex processes. Table 10-1 lists the poten-
 tial impacts of septage addition to a WWTP

 Figure 10-1 provides a method to estimate the allowable
 rates of septage addition, assuming that a holding tank is
 provided and that septage is added to the sewage flow on
 a semicontinuous basis. This chart takes into account the
 current loadings to the plant compared with its design
 loadings. Package plants or other activated sludge proc-
 esses that do not employ primary treatment are the least
 amenable to septage handling.  A conventional  activated
 sludge plant (with primary clariEer) designed for 2 million
 gallons per day (mgd) and operating at 50 percent of de-
 sign capacity should be capable of receiving a septage flow
 of 1.4 percent of 2 mgd, or 28,000 gal per day. A 2-mgd
 extended aeration plant operating at 50 percent capacity
 could receive 0.6 percent of 2 mgd, or 12,000 gal per day
 Allowable septage volumes may be reduced due to septage
 characteristics,  treatment plant  operations, and sewage
 flow patterns. A factor of safety should be included in  es-
 tablishing allowable septage volumes.
Table 10-1.  Impacts of Septage Addition to a WWTP

 * I ncreased volume of screen) rtgsand grit req urn ng disposal
 • Increased odor emissions from headworks

 • Scum accumulation in clarifiers        ,
 • Increased organic loadings to biological processes
 » Potential odor and foaming problems fn aerated basins
 • Increased loadings to sludge handling processes

 • Increased sludge volumes requiring final disposal
 • Increased housekeeping requirements


The adverse impacts of septage addition may increase sig-
nificantly if septage is discharged directly from the hauler
truck as a slug load into a small treatment plant. A 1,000-
gal load of  septage adds an organic load equivalent to
35,000 gal of sewage. If a 1-mgd plant with no primary
clarifier received a 1,000 gal load of septage over a 10-min
period, the instantaneous organic loading would increase
by a factor of four. If that load were to be added over a pe-
riod of 60 min, the organic loading would increase by only
about 60 percent. As a rule of thumb, for unequalized sep-
tage addition to a sewage treatment process, the allowable
septage  addition rates determined  using Figure 10-1
should be divided by five.

If septage is added to the solids handling train, allowable
loadings must be estimated based on site-specific informa-
tion and will vary depending on both the  existing solids
handling processes used at the plant and their design ca-
pacity.  First,  information   on current  versus  design
hydraulic and solids loadings must be compiled for those
processes that will be employed to cotreat  septage-sludge
mixtures. Such processes may include thickening, aerobic
or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, chemical stabilization,
and composting.  Then, conservative estimates of the vol-
umes  of septage  that  could be  processed  without
exceeding the design capacity of each unit process can b-
developed.
                                                  Chapter 10  Treatment at Wastewater i reatrnent Plants

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                                   Activated Sludge
                                   Without Primary
                                   Treatment
                                     \
                                                   Activated Sludge
                                                      With Primary
                                                        Treatment
                                                                             Aerated
                                                                             Lagoon
                     0.4
                                                                                  2.8
                                0.8       1.2        1.6        2.0        2.4

                                       Septage Added, Percent of Plant Design Capacity

Figure 10-1. Allowable septage loadings to a sewage treatment plant having a septage holding tank (1).
3.2
           3.6
10.2 Additional  O&M
        Requirements
Septage addition to a WWTP will increase O&M require-
ments, as well as the administrative tasks associated with
recordkeeping and billing  of haulers, in proportion to the
quantity of septage treated. Section 8.1 describes the typi-
cal  O&M  requirements of  a  septage receiving/holding
facility

Table 10-2  is a checklist of additional O&M requirements
for  a plant receiving septage. Many of these tasks are a
normal part  of treatment plant  operation and  mainte-
nance. The frequency of cleaning and inspection, however,
is likely to  increase. For example, screenings, grit, scum,
and sludge might need more frequent removal from the
                                                         site, and accumulations from water surfaces and tank walls
                                                         might also need more frequent removal.

                                                         Monitoring requirements at a WWTP are unlikely to in-
                                                         crease significantly with septage addition. A well-operated
                                                         plant already employs a data collection program sufficient
                                                         to maintain good performance and to demonstrate compli-
                                                         ance with  discharge  permits.  During  peak  septage
                                                         loadings, aeration basin dissolved oxygen (DO) concentra-
                                                         tions should  be checked  frequently  to  ensure that
                                                         adequate levels (usually >2.0 mg/L) are present. Other op-
                                                         erational data should continue to be collected to assess the
                                                         impact of septage on overall plant operation and perform-
                                                         ance.  Such  data should include  sludge production,
                                                         chemical and power consumption, cake solids from sludge
                                                         dewatering, and grit and screenings volumes.
36  Part i

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Table 10-2. O&M Checklist for Handling Septage at a
             WWTP
                                              Recommended
 Task                                          Frequency
                               * t *     ••-.  -i"<          % '
 Preliminary Treatment   -  ,    ;  ':•'- ,   ',  :  :          '":
 CD Inspect screens for plugging                  Twice per shift
 D Backflush grit transfer lines                   After each
                                              pumping cycle
 CH Remove  grit and screenings from plant         As necessary
 LJ Flush grease from tank walls, channels         Daily
                               *  *            ,             ''
 Primary Clarification
 D Remove  any grease and scum from surface      As necessary
 D Hose down weirs                            As necessary
 Aeration Basins            -'-•  ,-'-'»'• ^'!^\;-;-,   "     '  ^
 LJ Check dissolved oxygen; maintain minimum    Twice per shift
    of 2 mg/L at peak septage flows
 LJ Hose down any excess foam accumulation      Once per shift
 Final Clarifiers     -                  -       ;',.-f""^X'
 tH Inspect for scum accumulation                Twice per shift
 Sludge Handling                                %|J
 LJ Remove  grease and scum from gravity         Daily
    thickeners
 D Hose down thickener weirs                   Daily
 ED Check for increases in biological and/or       Daily
    chemical conditioning requirements
 d! Check impact on cake solids content          Daily
                                                              Chapter 10    ! reatmsnt at Wastewater Treatment Piants

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Chapter  11
Independent
Septage
Treatment
Facilities
The operation and maintenance (O&M) of independent
septage treatment facilities can be quite complex,  and
O&M requirements for a mechanical septage treatment
system can equal those of a conventional sewage treatment
plant. The purpose of this section is not to provide de-
tailed O&M procedures for  such facilities but rather to
outline typical O&M requirements for  several simple
schemes for septage treatment and disposal.  Most inde-
pendent septage treatment plants (and many wastewater
plants) have special septage receiving facilities. O&M con-
siderations for such facilities are discussed in Chapter 8.


11.1  Lime Stabilization/
        Dewatering
Lime stabilization is one likely component of an overall
septage treatment scheme at an independent facility; other
major unit processes include settling/dewatering and treat-
ing/disposing of liquid and solids fractions.  Dewatering
options include drying beds or mechanical devices such as
screw presses or belt filters. Liquid fraction treatment con-
sists of either biological or physical-chemical systems with
discharge to surface water (for which a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System permit is required), to the
land, or to a sewage  treatment plant. The solids fraction
(sludge) must be managed in accordance with state and
federal regulations.

Lime stabilization and sand-bed dewatering present one of
the simplest schemes for stabilizing and dewatering sep-
tage.  Because  sand drying  beds   are  labor-   and
land-intensive,  other  alternatives for dewatering facilities
may be preferable. These include vacuum-assisted drying
beds  and  gravity  dewatering  systems,  which employ
manufactured plates (in lieu of sand) and  polymer condi-
tioning prior to application. Other dewatering processes
such as filter presses and centrifuges are mechanically
complex and are most applicable to facilities handling in
excess of 10,000 gal per  day (0.4  L/sec). Details of all
these devices are available elsewhere (see Appendix A).
Table 11-1 is an O&M checklist for the lime stabilization
process. Table 11-2 is an O&M checklist for drying beds.


11.2 Mechanical Dewatering/
       Composting
Septage is amenable to composting, either as a liquid or as
a dewatered cake. Bulking agent requirements for liquid
septage composting are substantial, and unless a suitably
absorbent bulking agent is available at very low or (prefer-
ably) no cost, this approach is unlikely to be economical.
Septage can be dewatered, but finding an optimum condi-
tioning agent that consistently performs well despite wide
fluctuations  in load characteristics is difficult. The liquid
fraction resulting from  dewatering  must be  properly

Table 11-1.  O&M Checklist for Lime Stabilization of
           Septage
 Task

 f_J Monitor pH during time addition
 LJ Clean pH probe

 D Calibrate pH meter

 LJ Hose down walls of
    holding/stabilization tank

 D Remove scale and lime dust from
    feed equipment, if applicable "

 LJ Check oil levels in pumps, blowers,
    and mixers

 Q Rotate use of septage transfer
    pumps

 LJ Conduct preventive maintenance
    on pumps, blowers, diffusers, and
 Recommended Frequency

 (Continuously until pH'
 exceeds 12; thereafter
 every-l 0 pin for
'30-min minimum

 After each measurement

 Twice per day  ,

 Daily


 Daily    " •' •"'-'•  ••' ''•:
 Per manufacturer's
 recommendations

 Daily
 Per manufacturer's
 recommendations
38   Part!!!

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treated and disposed of. Mechanical dewatering processes
include belt filter presses,  screw presses, plate-and-frame
filter presses, membrane/decant processes (as used in Can-
ada), and centrifuges.  As noted  earlier, these devices are
generally suitable for large  quantities of septage. Table 11-
3 is a general O&M checklist for mechanical dewatering
systems.

Two types of composting  operations applicable  to  com-
posting  of  septage solids in  rural  areas  are  static pile
                        composting and windrow composting. These processes are
                        discussed briefly in Chapter 2. Composting operations are
                        labor-intensive due to requirements to mix septage solids
                        with bulking agent, to monitor pile temperatures, to break
                        down piles and restack them in curing piles, to screen the
                        cured material  to recover bulking agent, and to monitor
                        product distribution. Table 11-4 is an  O&M checklist for
                        static pile composting of septage. Table 11-5 is an O&M
                        checklist for windrow composting.
 Table  11 -2.  O&M Checklist for Dewatering Using Drying
             Beds
                         Table 11 -3.  O&M Checklist for Mechanical Dewatering
                                     Systems
 Task

 LJ Apply conditioned septage to
    depth'of 8 in.

 LJ Measure percentage of solids
    in cake
 LJ Remove dewatered solids
 LJ Rake surface of sand


 LJ Remove and replace top 4 in.
    to 6 in. of sand
 Recommended
 Frequency

 As required
 Weekly or as
 necessary to
 determine when
 desired solids
 content is achieved

• When desired solids
 content is achieved
 (e.g., 20 percent}

 After removal of
 dewatered solids

 As necessary to
 maintain good
 drainage
Task

LJ Males up day tank of conditioning
   cheroicafs r    •

LJ Set dosage of conditioning chemicals

LJ Calibrate chemical feed pumps  ' •

LJ Measure percentage of solids in cake

LJ Check quality of filtrate for pH, SS,
   BOD/COD


LJ Thoroughly clean and flush
   equipment

D lubricate moving ports


LJ Conduct regular preventive
   maintenance
Recommended
Frequency

Daily


Every batch

Weekly

Every batch

Daily, or as required
by regulatory agency
or treatment plant

Daily
Per manufacturer's
recommendations

Per manufacturer's
recommendations
                                                            Chapter 11    Independent Septage Treofnient Facilities

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Table 11 -4. O&M Checklist for Static Pile Composting of
             Septage Solids
                          Table  11-5.  O&M Checklist for Windrow Composting of
                                        Septage Solids
 Task

 CD Mix with sufficient bulking agent to
    achieve initial moisture content of 40 to
   , 45 percent

 D Set air flow at 50 to 85 dm per
    dry ton; maintain maximum off-time of
    15 min.

 LJ Monitortemperature and oxygen levels
    at multiple locations irt each active pile

 EH Screen out bulking agent from compost
    as required, and cure screened compost

 CD Clears up any spilled septage  i  ' v-'~r

 CH Collect excess leachate/condensate

 LJ Conduct routine preventive
    maintenance on pug mills, blowers,
    and other mechanical equipment
Recommended
Frequency

Every batch
 Daily
 Daily


 Upon breakdown of
 active pile

'Daily ',

 Daily

 Per manufacturer's
 recommendations
Task

D  Mix with sufficient bulking agent to
    achieve inttiat moisture'content of
    40 to 45 percent

Lj  Stack in long parallel rows (see Figure
    2-1) upto 15ft wide and 7ft high

D  Monitor temperature and oxygen levels
    at multiple locations In windrows

LJ  Turn windrows with special machines
D Screen,out bulging'jagent from compost
    as required, "ond-cure screened
    compost  ''--'"-„

CD Clean up any spilled septage

D.'Collect excess feachafe/coriaeosate

Lj Conduct routine preventive
    maintenance on pug mills, windrow
    turning machines, and other
    mechanical equipment
Recommended
Frequency

Every batch   '
Every batch


Daily or prior to
turning

Twice a day for first
5 days,  then once a
day or as necessary
to maintain desired
temperature and
oxygen levels

Upon breakdown of
active pile


Daily

Daily '•-  -~     : :'

Per manufacturer's
recommendations
40   Port il

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Chapter 12
Odor   Control
Controlling odors is critical  to the success of any waste
handling operation. Septage has an offensive odor, and
septage processing  can  release  odors and subsequently
cause complaints from local residents. Good management
practices can often reduce odor emissions; positive steps
such as odor containment and treatment, however, may be
necessary to control downwind impacts.

Odors evoke an emotional response from residents, and
the importance of implementing a good odor control pro-
gram cannot  be  overstated. If  a septage receiving or
treatment facility is being planned, odor impacts must be
addressed early in the planning process. Failure to do so
may cause mounting local opposition to the project. Once
major complaints are lodged against a facility for emitting
odors, convincing local residents that the problem will be
solved is very difficult, and  the project may be doomed
politically Whenever possible, septage handling and treat-
ment facilities should be isolated from residential areas.

12.1  Minimizing Odor Emissions
There are several approaches to minimizing the release of
odors from septage. Such approaches generally fall into
two categories:
   •  Reducing the exposure of septage to the atmosphere
   •  Minimizing turbulence or agitation

Table 12-1 summarizes  some "rules-of-thumb" for  mini-
mizing  odor releases   at  a septage  receiving facility.
Although using such techniques is always good practice,
alone they may be inadequate to control odors; one of the
odor control technologies described in  Section 12.2 may
be necessary Table  12-2 provides guidelines for minimiz-
ing odor problems at land application sites.

12.2  Odor Control Technologies

12.2.1  Chemical Addition
Numerous  chemicals are available  to  control  odors in
wastewater. These chemicals, added directly to the waste-
water, are often aimed at controlling hydrogen sulfide,  one
of the principal odorants in  septic wastewater.  Chemicals
include oxidants (potassium permanganate, hydrogen per-
oxide,  sodium  hypochlorite),   precipitants   (ferrous
chloride, ferrous sulfate), and compounds used to prevent
the generation of odorous compounds. Such chemicals
Table 12-1.  Guidelines for Minimizing Odor Emissions at
            a Septage Receiving Facility

 •Use quick-disconnect fittings between-pumper truck and receiving
  station to minimize exposure of septage to the atmosphere. -

 •Provide wash-down facilities to clean up any spills, with drainage
  into holding tanks.

 •Avoid "free fall" of septage by extending .receiving pipes befow
 " water surface.;,         •  -. •'   '" - •

 •At wastewater treatment plants, introduce septage at slow,
  controlled rates.

 •For a holding tank with mechanical or air mixing, ventilate the
  tank and direct odorous air to a biofilter or other odor control
  system.
Table 12-2.  Guidelines for Minimizing Odor Problems at
            Land Application Sites

 •Select remote sites if possible. For dedicated sites, plant a
  vegetative barrier (e.g., trees) at the property border to reduce
  neighbors' views and change wind patterns.

 •Use subsurface injection rather than spray irrigation  or surface
  application.

 •Apply weff-stabifized material {e.g., times stabilization).

 •Use application rates that are below the maximum rates dictated
  by site conditions.

 •Avoid applying septage when wind conditions favor transport of
  odors to residential areas or when thermal tnversions tend to
  "trap* odors {early morrorig or late afternoon).-

 • Use a covered  holding tank and vent odorous  air to a biofilter or
  other odor control system.

 •Clean tanks, trucks, ana1 equipment daily.
have been used successfully for odor control in sewage
collection systems and for reducing odor emissions from
sludge storage and dewatering processes. Their application
in controlling septage odors is limited, however, because:

  H  Septage contains high levels of other odorous com-
      pounds such as mercaptans, which are not signifi-
      cantly removed by chemical addition.

  •  Septage deliveries  are intermittent, making control
      of chemical dosage rates difficult.
                                                                               Chapter 12   Odor Control   4'<

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12.2.2   Containment and Treatment

For septage handling systems, the best approach to control
odors is to cover the sources of odor emissions and to ex-
haust this air to a suitable control system.  If  septage
holding tanks are mixed, the agitation causes odor to be
released from the solution. Septage holding tanks should
always be covered. Normally, concrete tanks with precast
covers are used; open tanks should be covered with corro-
sion-resistant  fiberglass-reinforced   plastic   (FRP)   or
aluminum plate. A  corrosion-resistant fan should be em-
ployed to exhaust the odorous air at a minimum rate of six
air changes per hour (assuming an empty tank).

Odor  emissions  from  wastewater  treatment   plants
(WWTPs) are likely to increase if significant amounts of
septage are processed. Aerated channels and grit chambers
can cause odorous  compounds in the septage to be re-
leased to  the atmosphere. Covering of such channels  and
tanks may be necessary  Corrosion-resistant FRP or alumi-
num panels are recommended, with air exhausted from the
head space at a minimum rate of six air changes per hour.

Table 12-3 provides a summary  of technologies used for
the treatment of odorous air. A brief description of these
options is provided  below Some  of these alternatives may
not be appropriate for small septage handling facilities  due
to their high capital  and operating costs.
                                                            Wet scrubbers are an effective, well-demonstrated odor con-
                                                            trol technology. Two types of wet scrubbers are available:
                                                              •  Packed tower scrubbers
                                                              •  Fine mist scrubbers

                                                            Both are countercurrent reactors in which the odorous air
                                                            is contacted with a chemical solution, typically containing
                                                            sodium hypochlorite and caustic soda. This allows absorp-
                                                            tion and subsequent oxidation of the odorous compounds.

                                                            In packed  tower  scrubbers, the chemical  solution  is
                                                            sprayed over  a bed of plastic packing, which is used  to
                                                            promote intimate contact of the chemical solution with the
                                                            odorous air. The packing is contained in a cylindrical ves-
                                                            sel typically constructed  of FRP or  polyvinyl  chloride
                                                            (PVC). The chemical solution is continuously recirculated,
                                                            with makeup chemicals added  on a controlled basis  to
                                                            maintain  the  pH  and  oxidizing capability (ORP)  of the
                                                            solution. Spent chemical  solution (with dilution water)
                                                            is wasted from the system at a rate of 0.5  to 1.0 gal/min
                                                            per 1,000 ft3/min  of air flow (68 to 135 L/min per 1,000
                                                            m3/min). At WWTPs,  the spent chemical solution is typi-
                                                            cally  returned to  the  headworks.  The  "cleaned" air  is
                                                            discharged through a demister.

                                                            Fine mist scrubbers use a packingless reaction chamber,
                                                            typically constructed of FRP  Specially designed nozzles, in
                                                            conjunction with air compressors, create a very fine mist
 Table 12-3.  Summary of Odor Treatment Alternatives
 Technique

 Packed tower wet
 scrubbers
                     Application

                     Moderate to high strength
                     odors; medium to large
                     facilities
 Fine mist wet scrubbers   Moderate to high strength
                      odors; medium to large
                      facilities
 Activated carbon
 adsorbers  ,
 Biofilters
 Thermal oxidizers
                     Low to moderate strength
                     odors; small to large
                     facilities
                     Low to moderate strength
                     odors; small to large
                     facilities
Cost Factors

Moderate capital and
O&M cost
Higher capital cost than
packed towers


Cost-effectiveness depends
on frequency of carbon
replacement or
regeneration

Low capital and
O&M costs
                     High strength odors; iarge   Very high capital and
                     facilities                  O&M (energy) costs
Advantages

Effective and reliable;
long track record
Lower chemical
consumption


Simple; few moving parts
Simple; minimal O&M
                        Effective for odors and
                        volatile organic
                        compounds
 Diffusion into activated   Low to moderate strength    Economical if existing       Simple; low O&M;
 sludge basins          odors; small to large       blowers and diffusers can    effective
                      facilities                  be used
Odorcounteracfanfs     Low to moderate strength    Cost dependent on
                     odors; small to large        chemical usage
                     facilities
                                                                      tow capital cost
Disadvantages

Spent chemical must be
disposed of; high chemical
consumption

Water softening required
for scrubber water; larger
scrubber vessel

Only applicable for
relatively dilute air
streams; longevity of
carbon difficult to predict -

Design criteria not well
established; may not be
appropriate for very strong
odors

Only economical for
high-strength,
difficuh-to-treat air streams
at large facilities

Blower corrosion possible;
may not be appropriate
for very strong odors

Limited odor reduction
efficiency (<50%)

-------
of 10 urn micron droplets of the chemical solution to pro-
vide  intimate  contact   with   the  odorous  air,  which
eliminates  the  need for packing.  Such systems are de-
signed without recirculation of the chemical solution (i.e.,
the solution only makes one pass through the chamber, af-
ter which it is  collected  and typically discharged back to
the headworks). To prevent scaling and plugging of noz-
zles, makeup water passes through a water softener. Spent
chemical solution is  discharged at the rate  of approxi-
mately 0.1 gal/min per 1,000 ft3/min of gaseous emission
(14 L/min per 1,000 mVmin).

Activated carbon  adsorbers can also  effectively control
odor. Their principal application is for low levels of odor-
ous gases,  such as for dilute air streams or for polishing
high-strength odors pretreated  by wet scrubbers or other
control device. Two types of carbon are generally used for
odor  control applications. For air  streams containing hy-
drogen sulfide  (H2S),  a caustic-impregnated  carbon is
often used. Where non-H2S odors are involved, untreated
activated carbon is typically selected. Periodically the carb-
on must be changed or regenerated due to saturation of
the carbon's adsorption sites.  For caustic-impregnated
carbon, chemical regeneration can be accomplished using
a sodium hydroxide solution to desorb the H2S, although
replacement is more common and may be more  economi-
cal. Nonimpregnated carbon is  not usually regenerated on
site owing to the cost  of  thermal regeneration facilities.
Small plants either discard spent carbon or ship it to re-
gional regeneration facilities.

Interest in biofilters has increased  substantially within the
past  10 years due to  their  simplicity and low capital and
operating  costs. Biofilters  have been commonly used in
Europe for many years  for odor control applications. The
principles  of  biofilter  operation are relatively simple.
Odorous air is passed upward through a bed of porous
material, which is often composed of a mixture of soil,
compost, peat, leaf mulch, sand,  wood chips, and other
porous materials. Odors are removed through a  combina-
tion of mechanisms, including absorption, adsorption, and
biological  oxidation.  Figure 12-1 shows a schematic dia-
gram of a  biofilter.  Although  biofilters are  generally
regarded as very effective,  data that document their odor
removal efficiency and design  criteria are limited. Some
problems have been experienced due to excessive drying
of the media and short-circuiting of the  odorous air
stream. Design criteria  (e.g., loading rates, media depth)
are not well established, and media selection is still some-
what arbitrary. An underdrain system may be necessary to
collect condensate from saturated gases.  A mist nozzle is
often installed in the inlet pipe to humidify drier incoming
air to reduce drying of the biofilter media. Typical design
criteria for a biofilter are shown in Table 12-4.

Thermal oxidation technologies effectively destroy odor-
ous compounds by subjecting them to temperatures of
approximately 1,500°F (815°C). Many variations are avail-
able, from direct flame combustion to regenerative thermal
oxidation. Such systems are typically used only for very
strong, difficult-to-treat odors,  such as those from thermal
sludge conditioning processes. Because of the high capital
cost and high energy consumption, thermal  oxidation is
not cost-effective for controlling odors from septage han-
dling operations.

Diffusion of odorous air into activated sludge basins is an
economical and effective odor control  technique if the dif-
fused aeration system is already in  place.  For septage
handling processes, this option is only appropriate where
septage is treated at an activated sludge sewage treatment
plant. The mechanism of odor reduction is likely to be a
combination of absorption, adsorption, and biological oxi-
dation in the mixed liquor. For most odors, odor removal
efficiencies in excess of 95 percent can be expected.


Odor counteractants  are formulations designed to react
with odorous compounds  in  the  vapor phase to  render
them less detectable or less offensive. A myriad different
formulations exist. Few vendors of these chemicals have
data documenting their  effectiveness  for odor reduction.
Limited  data indicate a maximum reduction of odor de-
tectability  of  30  to 40  percent.   Odor   detectability
measured using an olfactometer and an 8- to 10-member
odor panel, refers to the number of dilutions of the odor-
ous sample required  before half the  odor panel can no
longer detect the odor (6). Some formulations are not rec-
ommended  for odorous air streams containing more than
5  ppm  of  H2S.  Odor  counteractants are  attractive  to
municipalities because the equipment is simple and rela-
tively inexpensive.
 Table 12-4.  Recommended Design Criteria for a
             Biofiiter

  Parameter           Value

  Hydraulic loading    ~ <3 cfm per ft2 of bottom bed area

  Detention time       S30 sec through media.

  Media depth         >3 ft

  Media pH           6 to 8

  Pore volume         40 to 50 percent

  Moisture content      50 to 60 percent

  Media constituents"    Equal parts bark mulch, hardwood chips,
                    and screened sludge compost

 °Constituents of media vary substantially depending on designer; constitu-
 ents listed are only an example. Other materials that have been used
                                                                                  Chapter 12    Odor Control

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  Biofilter
  Media
                                     Air Distribution
                                     Laterals
Drainage Fabric
(Between Crushed Sone
and Biofilter Media)
                                                                                            Crushed Stone
 VN
  From Odor Source
Figure 12-1. Diagram of a biofilter for odor control.
                                                        Air Distribution Manifold
     Port !1!

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References
When an NTIS number is cited in a reference, that docu-
ment is available from:

National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
703-487-4650
1. U.S. EPA.  1984. Handbook: Septage treatment and dis-
  posal. EPA/625/6-84/009. Cincinnati, OH.

2. U.S. EPA.  1991. Supplemental manual on the develop-
  ment and  implementation of local discharge limitations
  under the pretreatment program: Residential and commer-
  cial toxic pollutant loadings and POTW removal efficiency
  estimation  (NTIS PB93209872). Washington, DC.
3. U.S. EPA. 1975. An alternative septage treatment method:
  Lime stabilization/sand-bed dewatering. EPA/600/2-75/036
  (NTIS PB24581-4BE). Cincinnati, OH.

4. U.S. EPA. 1993. Hauled domestic waste land application
  of domestic septage:  A Region 5 introspective. U.S. EPA
  Region 5, 77 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL, 60604.

5. U.S. EPA. 1993. Domestic septage regulatory guidance.
  EPA/832/B-92/005. Washington, DC.

6. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1979.
  Determination of odor and test thresholds by a forced-
  choice ascending concentration series method of limits.
  ASTM E679. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM.
                                                                                       References

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Appendix A
Sources of
Additional
Information

-------
Septage
Documents
Technical Sources

1.   U.S. EPA. 1993. Hauled domestic waste land applica-
    tion of septage: A Region 5 introspective. U.S. EPA
    Region 5, 77 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL, 60604.

2.   Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF).  1990.
    Operation of municipal wastewater treatment plants.
    Manual of Practice No. 11. Alexandria, VA: WCPE

3.   U.S. EPA. 1987. Process design manual: Dewatering
    municipal  wastewater sludges.  EPA/625/1-87/014.
    Cincinnati, OH.

4.   U.S.  EPA. 1984. Handbook:  Septage treatment and
    disposal. EPA/625/6-84/009. Cincinnati, OH.

5.   U.S. EPA. 1983. Process design manual: Land appli-
    cation  of municipal sludge.  EPA/625/1-83/016.
    Cincinnati, OH.

6.   U.S.  EPA.  1980. Septage management. EPA/600/8-
    80/032 (NTIS PB81-142481). Cincinnati, OH.

7.   U.S.  EPA. 1979. Monitoring septage addition  to
    wastewater treatment plants, Volume I. Addition to
    the liquid stream.  EPA/600/2-79/132 (NTIS  PB80-
    143613). Cincinnati, OH.

8.   U.S. EPA. 1979. Process design manual: Sludge treat-
    ment   and  disposal.  EPA/625/1-79/011   (NTIS
    PB80-200546). Cincinnati, OH.

9.   U.S.  EPA.  1978. Pilot-scale  evaluations of septage
    treatment  alternatives.   EPA/600/2-78/164  (NTIS
    PB288415/AS). Cincinnati, OH.

10. U.S.  EPA.  1975. An alternative septage treatment
    method:  Lime  stabilization/sand-bed dewatering.
    EPA/600/2-75/036  (NTIS PB245816-4BE). Cincin-
    nati, OH.
                Sources
    Code of Federal Regulations. 1993. 40 CFR Subchap-
    ter O Part 503, Standards for the use or disposal of
    sewage sludge. Washington, DC (February 19).
2.   U.S. EPA. 1993. Domestic septage regulatory guid-
    ance. EPA/832/B-92/005. Washington, DC.

3.   U.S. EPA. 1992. Environmental regulations and tech-
    nology: Control of pathogens and vector attraction in
    sewage sludge. EPA/625/R-92/013. Cincinnati, OH.

4.   U.S. EPA. 1989. Environmental regulations and tech-
    nology:   Control  of   pathogens  in  municipal
    wastewater sludge. EPA/625/10-89/006. Cincinnati,
    OH.
Planning and Management
Sources

1.   U.S.  EPA.  1982. Management  of onsite and small
    community wastewater systems. EPA/600/8-82/030.
    Cincinnati, OH.

2.   U.S. EPA. 1980. Planning wastewater management fa-
    cilities  for small communities. EPA/600/8-80/030.
    Cincinnati, OH.
Obtaining Documents

The EPA documents listed above, as well as other perti-
nent information, are generally available from one or more
of the following sources:

1.  National Center for Environmental Publications and
    Information,  11029 Kenwood Rd.,  Cincinnati, OH
    45242; telephone (513) 569-7980 or fax (513) 891-
    6685.

2.  National Technical Information Service,  5285 Port
    Royal Rd., Springfield, VA  22161; telephone (800)
    553-6847 or (703) 487-4650.

3.  Center for Environmental Research Information, 26
    W Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH  45268;
    telephone (513) 569-7562 or fax (513) 569-7566.

4.  National Small  Flows Clearinghouse, West Virginia
    University, PO. Box 6064, Morgantown, WV  26506-
    6064; telephone (800) 624-8301.
48   Appendix,

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Hauler
Organizations
National
National Association of Waste Transporters, Inc., PO. Box
731, Sayville, NY 11782-0731. Kenneth Daly. Telephone
1-800-236-NAWT.

State

Alabama
Alabama Septic Tank Association (ASTA), EO. Box  39,
Crane Hill, AL  35053. Tommy Shaddix, President. Tele-
phone (205) 747-4097 or (205) 747-4097.

Arizona
Arizona Liquid Waste Transporters Association, American
Pumping, PO.  Box  83148, Phoenix,  AZ 85071. Perry
French, NAWT Director. Telephone (602) 252-8111.

California
San Diego County Sewage Haulers Association, PO. Box
2576, Vista, CA 92085. Scott Ferguson, NAWT Director.
Telephone (619) 724-8111.
California Liquid  & Hazards Management  Association,
3972 N. Waterman Ave., Suite 106, San Bernardino, CA
92404.

Delaware
Delaware Sanitary Pumpers Association, Route 3, Box 585,
Wyoming, DE  19934. Hollis Warren. Telephone (302)
284-9130.

District of Columbia
Hazardous Waste Service Association, 1333 N. Hampshire
Ave. NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC  20036.

Florida
National  Onsite Wastewater Recycling Association, Inc.
(NOWRA), PO. Box 525, Lakeland, FL 33802. Telephone
(813) 644-3228.

Illinois
Illinois On-Site Wastewater Association, PO. Box 205,
Winfield, IL  Bruce Sims, NAWT Director. Telephone
(708) 668-3370. Fax (708) 668-1351.
Indiana
Indiana Pumpers Association, Inc., PO. Box 423, 55910
Currant Rd., Mishawaka, IN 46544-0423. Diana J. Miller,
NAWT Director. Telephone (219) 294-3133.

Maine
Maine Association of Wastewater Transporters, PO. Box
155, Minot, ME  04258-0155. George "Buster" Downing,
NAWT Director. Telephone (207) 782-4508.

Maryland
Maryland Sanitary Pumpers Association, 211C 24th St.,
Westminster, MD  21157. John S. Cullop Jr., NAWT Di-
rector. Telephone (301) 898-0686.

Massachusetts
Massachusetts Association of Sewerage Pumping Contrac-
tors, PO. Box 498, Wakefield, MA  01880-0498. Richard
A. Mottolo, President. Telephone (617) 245-7576.

Massachusetts Septic Association/Allan Rodenhiser, Elec-
tric Sewer Cleaning Company, PO. Box 269, Alliston, MA
02134. Telephone (617) 782-1550.

Michigan
Michigan Septic Tank Association, PO.  Box 127, RR #2,
Bark  River,  MI  49807.  Carl  Stenberg.  Telephone
(906) 466-9908.

Michigan Septic Association, 5623 N. M-13, Tinconning,
MI  48650. Bob Pierson. Telephone (517) 879-2691.

Minnesota
Minnesota On-Site  Treatment Contractors Association,
Inc., PO. Box 125, Nisswa, MN  56468-0125. Larry Fyle,
President. Telephone (218) 963-2225.

New  Hampshire
New  Hampshire Association of Septage  Haulers,  106
Horsehill Rd., Concord, NH  03303. Ray  Barton, Presi-
dent.  Telephone (603) 753-8444.

New Hampshire Septage  Hauler Assoc., 338 Quaker St.,
Weare, NH 03281. Telephone (603) 529-7954.
                                                                             Hauler Organizations   49

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New York
New York State Contractors and Transporters of Septage,
Inc.  (NYCATS), EO.  Box  29, Smithtown, NY  11787.
Richard F Lange, President. Telephone (516) 361-8500.
Long Island Liquid Waste Association (LILWA), EO. Box
29, Smithtown, NY 11787. Richard Lange, NAWT Direc-
tor. Telephone  (516)361-8500.
Mid-Hudson Septic Haulers Association, 269-271 Cream
St., Poughkeepsie, NY  12601. Theodore Losee, NAWT
Director. Telephone (914) 452-1123.

North Dakota
Great Plains Liquid WP Assoc., R.S.  Box 34, Dickinson,
ND  58601.ValStockert.

Ohio
Ohio  Waste   Haulers  Association,  PO.  Box   277,
Huntsburg, OH  44046-0277. Tim Frank, NAWT Direc-
tor. Telephone (216) 636-5111.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania  Septage Management Association,  RD #3,
Box 3231, Moscow, PA  18444. Joseph Macialek, Execu-
tive Secretary. Telephone (717) 842-7300.
Pennsylvania  Portable Sanitation  Association, PO.  Box
178, Bellefonte, PA   16825.  Richard  L.  Macialek. Tele-
phone (814) 355-2185.

Texas
Southeast Texas Liquid Waste Haulers Association,  PO.
Box 488, Pearland, TX  77588. Clarence F. Zabawa, Sr.,
NAWT Director. Telephone (713) 489-9895.

Wisconsin
Wisconsin Liquid Waste Carriers Association, 444 Kettle
Morraine Dr., Eagle, WI 53119. Don Murphy. Telephone
(414) 537-4988.
 50   Append!); A

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Appendix B
List of State and
EPA Regional
Septage
Coordinators

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State  Septage
Coordinators
Alabama

Sam Robertson
Environmental Program Management Division
Department of Health
434 Monroe St.
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 242-5007


Alaska

Deena Henkins
Wastewater and Water Treatment Section
Division of Environmental Quality
Department of Environmental Conservation
410 Willoughby Ave.
Juneau, AK 99801
(907) 465-5312


Arizona

Krista Gooch
Office of Waste Programs, Solid Waste Unit
Department of Environmental Quality
2501 North 4th St., Suite 14
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
(602) 773-9285


Arkansas

Carl Graves
Environmental Health Protection
Bureau of Environmental Health Services
Department of Health
State Health Bldg.
4815 West Markham St.
Little Rock, AR 72205
(501) 661-2171


California

Archie H. Matthews, Chief
Regulatory Section
Division of Water Quality
State Water Resources Control Board
PO. Box 944213
Sacramento, CA 94244-2130
(916) 657-0532
Colorado
Phil Hegeman
Municipal Sludge Management Program
Water Quality Control Division
Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Dr. S.
Glendale, CO 80222-1530
(303) 692-3598

Connecticut
Warren Herzig
Water Management Bureau
Department of Environmental Protection
State Office Bldg.
165 Capital Ave.
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-2154/1932

Delaware
Jenny McDermott
Dept of Natural Resources & Environmental Control
Division  of Water Resources
Waste Utilization Program
89 Kings Highway
PO. Box  1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 739-5731

District of Columbia
Dr. Mohfin R Siddique
DCRA Environmental Regulation Administration
Water Resources Management Division
2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Ave. SE., Suite 203
Washington, DC 20020
(202)404-1120

Florida
Julie Gissendanner
Bureau  of Water Facilities  Planning and Regulation
Domestic Wastewater Section
Department of Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Bldg.
2600 Blairston Rd.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
(904) 488-4524
52   Appendix B

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Florida (cont.)
Dale Holcomb
HRS Onsite Sewage Program
Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services
1317 Winewood Blvd.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-0700
(904) 488-4070

Georgia
Ide Oke
Department of Environmental Resources
Division of Public Health
878 Peachtree St., NE., Suite 100
Atlanta, GA 30309

Hawaii
Dennis Tuland
Construction Grants Program
Wastewater Branch Department of Health
5 Waterfront Plaza, Suite 250-D
500 Ala Moana Blvd.
Honolulu, HI 96813
(808) 586-4294

Idaho
Barry Burnell
Division of Environmental Quality
Department of Health and Welfare
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
(208) 334-5860

Indiana
Mike Hoover
Permits Section
Office of Water Management
Department of Environmental Management
105 South Meridian
Indianapolis, IN 46206
(317) 232-8760

Illinois
Doug Ebelherr
Private Sewage Disposal Program
Department of Public Health
535 West Jefferson St., 3rd Floor
Springfield, IL 62761
(217) 782-5830
Iowa
Darrell McAllister
Surface and Groundwater Protection Bureau
Department of Natural Resources
Wallace Bldg.
900 East Grand Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50309
(515)281-8869

Kansas
Rodney Geisler and Julie Greene
Department of Health and Environment
Forbes Field, Bldg. 740
Topeka KA 66620
(913) 296-5527

Kentucky
Ken Wade
Environmental Sanitation Branch
Division of Local Health
Cabinet for Human Resources
275 East Main St.
Frankfurt, KY 40621
(502) 564-4856

Louisiana
Bijan Sharafkhani
Solid Waste Division
Department of Environmental Quality
PO. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178

Maine
Jim Pollock, Environmental Specialist
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Hazardous  Materials & Solid Waste Control
Division of Solid Waste Facility Regulation
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
(207)287-2651

Maryland
Dr. Simin Tirgari, Chief
Sewage Sludge Division
Hazardous and Solid  Waste Management Administration
Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(301) 631-3318
                                                                            State Septage Coordinators   53

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Massachusetts
Rick Dunn
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Water Pollution Control
1 Winter St.
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 556-1130

Michigan
Andy Kock
Waste Management Division
Department of Natural Resources
EO. Box 30241
Lansing, Ml 48909
(517) 373-9523

Minnesota
Mark Wespetal and David Nelson
Non-Point Source Section
Division of Water Quality
Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Rd.
Saint Paul, MN 55155
(612) 296-9322

Mississippi
Glen Odom
Bureau of Pollution Control
PO. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
(601) 961-5159

Ralph Turnbo
General Sanitation Branch
Department of Health
PO. Box 1700
Jackson, MS 39215-1700
(601) 960-7690

Missouri
Ken Arnold, Unit Chief of Land Application
Water Pollution Control Program
Department of Natural Resources
PO. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314)751-9155

Montana
Scott Anderson
Water Quality Bureau
Department of Health & Environmental Sciences
Cogswill Bldg., Rm. A206
Helena, MT 59620
(405) 444-2406
 Nebraska
 Steve Goans
 Water Quality Division
 Department of Environmental Quality
 EO. Box 98922-8922
 Statehouse Station
 Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
 (402) 471-4220

 New Hampshire
 Selina Makofsky
 Water Supply and Pollution Control Division
 Sludge and Septage Management
 Department of Environmental Services
 6 Hazen Dr.
 EO. Box 95
 Concord, NH 03301
 (603) 271-2457

 New Jersey
 Mary Jo M.  Aiello
 Bureau of Pretreatment and Residuals
 Department of Environmental Protection CN-029
 Trenton, NJ 08625
 (609) 633-3823

 New Mexico
 Arun T. Dhawan
 Construction Program Bureau
 Wastewater Construction Programs
 Environmental Department
 1190 St. Francis Dr.
 EO. Box 26110
 Santa Fe.NM 87502-6110
 (505) 827-2808

 Nevada
Jim Williams
 Bureau of Water Pollution Control
 Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
 Division of Environmental Protection
 Capitol Complex
 333 West Nye Ln.
 Carson City, NV 89710
 (702) 687-5870

 New York
 Edwin Dassatti
 Residuals Management Section
 Bureau of Resource Recovery, Division of Solid Waste
 Department of Environmental Conservation
 50 Wolf Rd.
 Albany, NY  12233^013
 (518) 457-7336
54  Appendix B

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North Carolina
Ted Lyon
Dept of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
Division of Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Section
Septage Management Branch
EO. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611
(919) 733-0692

North Dakota
Jeff Hauge
Division of Municipal Facilities
Department of Health
1200 Missouri Ave.
Bismark, ND 58505
(701) 221-5210

Ohio
Scott Golden
Private Water System and
Household Sewage Disposal Unit
Department of Health
246 North High St.
EO. Box 118
Columbus, OH 43266-0118
(614) 466-1390

Oklahoma
Dan Hodges
Water Quality Services
Department of Health
1000 N.E. 10th St.
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1299
(405) 271-5205

Oregon
Mark Ronayne
Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division, Municipal Waste Section
811S.W6thAve.
Portland, OR 97204
(503) 229-6442

Pennsylvania
Thomas Woy
Department of Environmental Resources
Municipal and Residual Waste Management Administration
Bureau of Waste Management
RO. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-1749
Rhode Island
David Chopy
Division of Water Resources
Department of Environmental Management
291 Promenade St.
Providence, RI02908-5657
(401) 277-3961

South Carolina
Dick Hatfield, Director
On-Site Wastewater Management Division
Bureau of Environmental Health
Department of Health and Environmental Control
2600 Bull St.
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 935-7835

South Dakota
Bill Gyer
Division of Environmental Regulation
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
523 East Capital St.
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
(605) 773-3351

Tennessee
Steve Morris
Division of Groundwater Protection
Department of Environment and Conservation
LNC Tower, 10th Fl.
401 Church St.
Nashville TN 37243-1533
(615) 532-0774

Texas
Paul Curtis
Watershed Management
Municipal Permits
Texas Water Commission
EO. Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
(512)463-8201

Utah
Kiran Bhayani
Division of Water Quality
Department of Environmental Quality
EO. Box 144870
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870
(801) 538-6146
                                                                           State Septage Coordinators   55

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Vermont
George Desch, Chief
Agency of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental Conservation
Division of Solid Waste Management, Residuals Section
103 South Main St.
Waterbury, VT 05671-0407
(803) 244-7831

Virginia
Robert W Hicks
Office of Environmental Health Services
Department of Health
Main St. Station, Suite 117
EO. Box 2448
Richmond, VA 23218
(804) 786-3559

Washington
Kyle Dorsey
Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Mailstop 7600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
(206) 459-6307

West Virgina
Ron Forren, Director
Public Health Sanitation Division
Office of Environmental Health Services
815 Quarrier St., Suite 418
Charleston, WV 25305
(304) 558-2981
Wisconsin
Roger Steindorf
Bureau of Wastewater Management
Division of Environmental Quality
101 South Webster St. GEF II
EO. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707-7921
(608) 266-8907

Wyoming
Larry Robinson
Water Quality Division
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
Herschler Bldg., 4th Fl. W
122 West 25th St.
Cheyenne, WY, 82002
(307) 777-7075

Puerto Rico
Victor Matta, Section Chief
Non-Hazardous Solid Waste Section
Land Pollution Control Area
Environmental Quality Board
EO. Box 11488
Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910
(809) 767-8124

Virgin Islands
Leonard G. Reed, Jr., Assistant Director
Division of Environmental Protection
Department of Planning and Natural Resources
45 A. Nisky Center, Suite 231
Saint Thomas, VI 00802
(809) 774-5416
56  Appendix B

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EPA Regional
Seplage
Coordinators
Region 1

(CT, ME,MANH, RI,VT)
Thelma Hamilton
Water Management Division
Wastewater Treatment Management Branch
U.S. EPA Region 1
John E Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Mail Stop WMC
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3569

Region 2

(NY, NJ, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands)
Alia Ronfaeal
NY-NJ Municipal Programs Branch
Water Management Division
26 Federal Plaza, Room 837
New York, NY 102 78
(212) 264-8663

Region 3

(DE,DC, MD, PA,VA,WV)
Ann Carkhuff
Permits Enforcement Branch
Program Development Section
U.S. EPA Region 3
Mail Stop 3WM55
841 Chestnut St.
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-9406
Region 4

(AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN)
Vince Miller
Permits Section
Water Permits and Enforcement Branch, OR,
Ben Chen
Technical Transfer Unit
Municipal Facilities Branch
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA Region 4
354CourtlandSt.,NE.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-2319

Region 5

(IL, IN, Ml, MN, OH, Wl)
John Colletti
NPDES Permit Section—Water Quality Branch
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA Region 5
WQP-16J
77 West Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 886-6106

Region 6

(AR, LA, NM, OK, TX)
Stephanie Kordzei
Technical Section
Muncipal Facilities Branch—Water Division
U.S. EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Ave.
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7164
                                                        EPA Regional Septage Coordinators

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Region 7

(IA, KS, NE, MO)
Dr. Rao Surampalli or John Dunn
Water Programs—Water Management Division
U.S. EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KA 66101
(913) 551-7553

Region 8

(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY)
Robert Brobst
NPDES Permit Section
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA Region 8
Mail Stop 8WM-C
999 18th St.
Denver, CO 80202-2466
(303) 293-1627
Region 9

(AZ, CA, HI, NX American Samoa, Guam)
Lauren Fondahl
Pretreatment Program and Compliance Section
Permits and Compliance Branch
Water Management Division
U.S. EPA Region 9
Mail Stop W-5-2
75 Hawthorne St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-1909

Region 10

(AK, ID, OR, WA)
Dick Hetherington
Water Permits Section
Wastewater Management and Enforcement Branch
Water Division
Mail Stop WD134
U.S. EPA Region 10
1200 6th Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-1941
58   Appendix 8

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Appendix C
Example of Local
Permit for
Septage Disposal
(Courtesy of Deny, PA, Township Municipal Authority)

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            HAULED WASTEWATER  DISCHARGE PERMIT
                    DERRY TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY
                       WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
                            Permit ID Number:  HWDP#999
            In  accordance with all the terms  and conditions of the current  Deny
            Township Municipal Authority Rates, Rules and Regulations, the special
            Permit conditions accompaning this Permit, and all applicable Federal or
            State Laws or regulations, permission is hereby granted to:

       NAME of PERMITTEE:	

       ADDRESS:	
       CITY, STATE & ZIP:.
            For the disposal of domestic septic tank or holding tank wastewater at the
            Derry  Township  Municipal Authority  wastewater treatment facility on
            Clearwater Road in Hershey, Dauphin County, PA.

            This Permit is based on information provided in the Hauled Wastewater
            Discharge Permit application which together with the conditions  and
            requirements contained in Attachments A and B constitute the Hauled
            Wastewater Discharge Permit.  This Permit is effective for the period set
            forth  below,  may  be suspended or revoked for  Permit condition
            noncompliance and is not transferable.

            The original Permit shall be kept on file in the Permitee's office. A copy of
            this Permit shall be carried  in every registered  vehicle used by the
            Permittee.
                                                                  •
                                                                  I
                          EFFECTIVE DATE:  August 21, 1992         I

                          EXPIRATION DATE:  August 21, 1993         I
                             D  Check if Renewed Permit

                        Number of HWD Permit copies required: 1
            AUTHORIZED DERRY TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY SIGNATURE
                                                               [HWDP£RMT.MtS/R«wl»»d 08/92)
60  Appendix C

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                          ATTACHMENT A

         HAULED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE PERMIT
 PROGRAM GUIDANCE AND GENERAL PERMIT CONDITIONS
  VIOLATION OF ANY OF THESE PERMIT CONDITIONS CAN RESULT IN THE
 SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF THE PERMITTEE'S DISPOSAL PRIVILEGES
1.    INTRODUCTION: The Denry Township Municipal Authority [DTMA] has
     established a progam to provide for the environmentally safe, cost effective
     and  convenient disposal  of septic  and holding  tank wastewaters.
     Recognizing that the acceptance of hauled wastewaters presents certain
     risks including  plant upsets and  sludge contamination,   DTMA has
     developed these guidelines to minimize those risks and protect its facilities.

2.    TYPES OF WASTEWATER ACCEPTED: In general, any wastewater that
     is: 1) norttoxic  to the biological and has no adverse impact on any
     physical/chemical treatment processes at the DTMA wastewater treatment
     plant [WWTP], and 2) is biodegradable and is determined  to have no
     adverse impacts on the WWTP operation  and discharge effluent, will be
     considered for acceptance. Hauled wastewaters can be categorized into
     three categories:

     a.    Normally  Acceptable Wastewaters:

           >    Residential Septic Tanks

           »>    Residential Holding Tanks

           >•    Commercial holding/septic tanks used  for domestic
                type sanitary wastewater (non-process wastewater)

     b.    Conditionally Acceptable Wastewaters,  Prior  Approval  Required
           (Considered on a Case by Case Basis):

           »•    Industrial and commercial process wastewaters
                                    A-1                    nmtisest: September 5. l
                                         Example of Loco! Permit for Septoge Disposal  6';

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                   >•     Municipal   Sludges  if  they  are  from  biological
                         processes and meet all State and Federal Guidelines
                         for Agricultural-Use

                   »•     Special Wastewaters such as leachates, condensates,
                         washwaters and others.

             c.    Prohibited Wastewaters:

                   >     Any  wastes as defined in  Section 9.40:A. 1. of the
                         DTMA Rates, Rules  and Regulations, including any
                         flammable, explosive, or corrosive wastes and any
                         wastewaters or sludges with unacceptable levels of
                         metals.

             In all cases, the DTMA reserves the unconditional right to accept or reject
             any hauled wastewater as it deems necessary to protect its employees,
             facilities or treatment processes. Any DTMA employee may unconditionally
             refuse to accept a load or stop an unloading in progress.

        3.    ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES: All haulers are required to obtain a
             Hauled  Wastewater Discharge  Permit  [HWDP]  before  discharging
             wastewaters at the DTMA WWTP.  Permits will be  issued to  haulers that
             meet the following conditions:

                   »•     Submit a completed DTMA Permit Application
                         Form with  proof of vehicle insurance and the
                         current HWD Permit application fee.

                   >     For  permit renewals,  haulers must  have a
                         record  of  satisfactory  compliance  with all
                         conditions  and requirements  of the expiring
                         HWD Permit.

             Permits will be issued for a  term  of one year.   Haulers who  have
             satisfactorily operated within all the conditions of their HWD Permit may
             submit  an  application for permit renewal along with  the current  HWD
             Permit application fee.

        4.    MANIFESTS:   Haulers  must complete  and return to DTMA a  Hauled
             Wastewater [HW] Manifest for each source of wastewater on a truck load.
             All pump outs require a completed HW Manifest including:
                                               A-2                     R«i»ocl: S*piwntw 1.
62  Appendix C

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            +     Section 1:  Wastewater Stream  Identification -  Indicating
                  volume (in gallons), type, and source of hauled wastewater.

            »•     Section 2: Generator of Wastewater -  Indicating name, complete
                  address, and telephone number for all pumpouts. Any wastewater
                  that does not originate in a single family residences must also
                  include the generator's signature.

            +     Section 3: Hauler of Wastewater - Indicating company name, HWD
                  Permit  number,  vehicle  license  number,  pumpout date, and
                  signature.

            >     Section 4: Acceptance by DTMA - A DTMA Representative must
                  sign of the HW Manifest for any conditionally approved loads. The
                  white (top) copy of the HW Manifest  must be left at the DTMA
                  WWTP.

5.     FEES:  The following fees are utilized in the hauled wastewater acceptance
      program.  The actual fee  is set forth in the Rate Schedule of the most
      current edition of the OTMA Rates, Rules and Regulations [RR&RJ.

            »•     Permit Application Fee

            >•     Permit Renewal Application Fee

            >     Disposal Fee

            >     Laboratory Analysis Fee

      The disposal fee is a rate per 1,000 gallons  of hauled wastewater as set
      forth in the DTMA RR&R Rate Schedule, Section V.  Charges for disposal
      will be based on this rate,  multiplied by the registered usable capacity of
      a vehicle.   Regardless of the volume of hauled wastewater  accepted,
      charges will be based on full tank load capacity only. Partial loads will be
      considered as  full  loads.    Fees  for the  laboratory analysis of any
      wastewater will be made in accordance with the  current edition of the
      DTMA RR&R Rate Schedule, Section IV.C.1 & 2.
6.     COMPLIANCE: An HWD Permit and the associated disposal privileges may be
      suspended  or revoked immediately for  any  violation of the  HWD  Permit
      conditions.
                                  Page A-3
                                              xampie of Local Permit for Septage Disposal  6-3

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                                          ATTACHMENT B

                       HAULED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE PERMIT
                                 SPECIFIC PERMIT CONDITIONS
           VIOLATION OF ANY OF THESE PERMIT CONDITIONS CAN RESULT IN THE SUSPENSION OR
                         REVOCATION OF THE PERMITTEE'S DISPOSAL PRIVILEGES


          1.     Hauled wastewaters will be accepted from 7:30 am until 5:00 pm, Monday through Friday and from
                8:00 am until 12:00 noon on Saturday.

          2.     The DTMA inlet connection is a 4* male cam-lock quick connect.  DTMA will provide 2 feet of 4"
                hose with female cam-lock quick connects on both ends. Any additional hose or special adapters
                will be the responsibility of the Permittee.

          3.     Care shall be taken when connecting, disconnecting or unloading to prevent the spillage of any
                materials around the hauled wastewater acceptance station. It is the responsibility of the Permittee
                and their employees to leave the hauled wastewater acceptance station in a satisfactory condition.
                If necessary, the area shall be washed down by the Permittee [or their employees] before departing
                the site.

          4.     The original Hauled Wastewater Permit  shall be kept in the owner's office file. Each registered
                hauling vehicle shall carry a copy of the Permit at all times. A DTMA representative may request
                to see the Permit at any time.

          5.     All Permittees shall use a DTMA Hauled Wastewater (HW) Manifest for each pump out. All pump-
                outs must include completed  HW Manifest including:

                »      Section   1:     Wastewater  Stream  Identification  -  Information   indicating
                       volume (in gallons), type and source of hauled wastewater.

                »      Section 2:   Generator  of  Wastewater - Information  indicating  name, complete
                       address,  and telephone  number for  all  pumpouts.   Any wastewater that  does
                       not  originate  in  a  single  family  residence  must  also  include  the  generator's
                       signature.

                •>      Section 3:    Hauler  of  Wastewater  -  Indicating company name,  HWD  Permit
                       number, vehicle license number, pumpout date, and signature.

                »      Section 4: Acceptance by  DTMA - A DTMA  Representative must sign of me HW
                       Manifest for  any conditionally  approved  loads.   The  white  (top)  copy of  the
                       HW Manifest must  be left at  the  DTMA WWTP.   All manifests must be stamped
                       with  the   DTMA  date/time  clock located  at  the  hauled wastewater  accptance
                       receiving desk.

          6.     A  DTMA  representative may  request  information  concerning   the  origin,  and  nature
                of the contents of  any registered vehicle.  In addition, the Permittee shall allow the DTMA to
                                                 Page B-1
64   Appendix C

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       immediately obtain a sample of the wastewater from any vehicle. The Permittee shall comply with
       all information requests concerning the load. This may include but is not limited to the following
       information; pick up points, volumes, and wastewater characteristics.

7.     This permit shall be valid only when  all other Federal State  or Local permits required by the
       Permittee for transporting wastewaters are valid and current. In addition, the Permittee's vehicle
       insurance shall be kept current. Expired vehicle insurance coverage will result in the suspension
       of disposal privileges.

8.     The Permittee shall  immediately report in writing to the DTMA any changes in business name,
       ownership, address/telephone number, and registered vehicles. Changes to vehicles include but
       are not limited to: the modification of previously registered vehicles, the addition of vehicles, or the
       deletion of vehicles.

9.     In the case of multiple pump-outs  included as one vehicle toad, any  part of the toad that is
       prohibited or restricted shall constitute an entire toad that is unacceptable for discharge.

10.    The DTMA reserves  the unconditional  right to refuse acceptance of any toad or stop an unloading
       operation in progress at any time.  Any DTMA employee may  unconditionally refuse to accept a
       load or stop an unloading in progress.

11.    All vehicles used by the Permittee to haul wastewater shall be registered with DTMA. Any vehicle
       additions, deletions or modifications shall immediately  be reported in writing to the DTMA.  The
       written notification shall include vehicle license number, make and model of vehicle, tank capacity
       and the nature of the modifications.  The use of  a registered  hauled wastewater vehicle for the
       transportation or storage  of hazardous  materials, liquid petroleum fuels, waste  oil,  petroleum
       derivative wastes or  corrosives is specifically prohibited.

12.    The discharge of any  materials as defined in the DTMA Rates, Rules  and Regulations Section
       9.40:A.1.  is specifically prohibited.  These wastes include but are not limited to; flammables,
       explosives, corrosives, or wastes  with unacceptable levels of metals. Any violation on the part of
       the  Permittee or their representatives with the conditions of  this permit or any  portion of the
       Authority's Rates, Rules and Regulations shall be cause for immediate suspension or revocation
       of the HW Permit and associated disposal privileges. In  addition, such violations shall be cause
       for legal prosecution by the DTMA under prevailing law.

13.    The disposal fee will be based on the current rate per 1000 gallons (as set forth in the latest edition
       of the DTMA Rate Schedule, Section V) times the registered usable capacity of a vehicle. Charges
       will be based on vehicle full load capacity only. Partial toads will be considered as full toads.  Fees
       for laboratory analyses (if any) will be made is accordance with the latest edition of the DTMA Rate
        Schedule, Section IV.C.1  & 2.

14.     Port-a-let (jiffy John, etc.) wastewaters are considered  to be conditionally acceptable hauled
       wastewater. Under no circumstances will these wastewaters be accepted if they contain any
       formalin or formaldehyde based deodorizers.  Current  MSDs for all deodorizers used by the
       permittee must be kept on file with DTMA.

15.     Invoices will be prepared at the beginning of each month tor the  previous month's disposal charges
        and will be due within 25 days.  A 5% delinquent payment charge will be added to any invoices
        unpaid by the due date.
                                                 B-2                            RWOO* &i*Kitor 1.1838
                                                        Example of Loco! Permit forSepfage Disposal

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   DERRY TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY
   HAULED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE PROGRAM
   MULTIPLE MANIFEST LOAD SUMMARY

   NAME OF HAULER:	
   DISCHARGE VEHICLE UCENSE NUMBER:
 DISCHARGE DATE/TIME STAMP
HWD PERMIT #
                  HW MANIFEST
                    NUMBER
  PUMPOUT
  VOLUME
                TOTAL VOLUME DISCHARGED
   KNOWLEDGE I AM AWARE OF THE CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF MY HAULED WASTE DISCHARGE PERMIT AND UNDERSTAND THAT


   PERMIT AND ITS DISPOSAL PRIVILEGES AS WELL AS THE ENFORCEMENT OF POSSIBLE PENALTIES AS MAY BE ALLOWED BY LAW.
                               SIGNED (DRIVER)
   NOTE:
   THIS FORM IS TO BE USED WHEN MULTIPLE PUMP OUTS ARE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER VEHICLE PRIOR TO
   DISPOSAL AT THE DTMA FACILITY.

                ATTACH ALL INDIVIDUAL PUMP OUT MANIFESTS TO THIS SHEET
   HWDMNFST.WQ1 [Revised 12/92]
6-i  Appendix
         v r

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  Deny Township Municipal Authority
  P. O. Box 447
  Hcrsheypark Dr. & Ctearwater Rd.
  Hershcy.PA 17033-0447
  (717) 566-3237
  FAX 566-7934
                                        T DATEATME STAMP T
                                        MANIFEST
                                        ID
                                                    32501
                   HAULED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE MANIFEST
1.   WASTEWATER STREAM IDENTIFICATION (Sections LA, IB, & 1C must be completed by generator or hauler)

    A.  Volume:	gallons        B.  Type: Holding Tank  D           Septic Tank D        Olhar

    C.  Source:  Home/Apt CD  Office/Commercial  ED Restaurant Q  Portable Toilet O    Industrial CH     Otter
    Description of Other and special handling instructions, if any:_
2.   GENERATOR OF WASTEWATER (Sections 2A, 2B, & 2C must be completed by generator or hauler)

    A.  Complete Name (print or typel:                                    B. Phone No.:	

    C.  Complete Pickup Address:	.
              ALL WASTEWATERS ARE SUBJECT TO THE RULES AND REGULATIONS AND
             TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE DERRY TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY.

    The undersigned being duly authorized does hereby certify to the accuracy of the source and type of hauled wastewater identified
    above and subject to this manifest SECTION D GENERATOR SIGNATURE REQUIRED FOR ALL NON-DOMESTIC
    LOADS.
    Date:
D. Signature:.
3.   HAULER OF WASTEWATER (Sections 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E must be completed by hauler)

    A.  Company Name (print or type):	

       B. HWD Permit #	       C.  Vehicle License No.	       D.  Pump Out Date:_
    The above described wastewater was picked up and hauled by me to the disposal facility name below and was discharged.  I
    certify under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct
    E.  Signature of authorized agent and title:_
4.   ACCEPTANCE BY DERRY TOWNSHIP MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY (must be completed by disposer)

    The above hauler delivered the described wastewater to this disposal facility and it was accepted.

    Disposal Dale:	      Sample ID#	_Jif required)
    Signature of authorized agent and title:_
                                       Jrequiied for non-domestic loads)
                    Wkto Stea - Oupxa,
                                              Ydlo« Stem-Heater
   'U.S. Governrneni Printing Office: 19S4— 550-001/00171
                         Exomple of Local Permit for Septage Disposal   67

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