f
t
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/625/R-95/006
September 1995
Solid Waste Options for
Municipal Planners
Version 3.1
i
i
A Software Tool for
Preliminary Planning
User Documentation
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EPA/625/R-95/006
September 199S
Solid Waste Options for Municipal Planners
Version 3.1
A Software Tool for Preliminary Planning
User Documentation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This user documentation for Solid Waste Options for Municipal Planners (SW-Options)
was developed under the auspices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Center
for Environmental Research Information (CERI), and written by the University of Dayton
Research Institute (UDRI). Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG), a contractor to CERI,
provided support in program testing and enhancement and in this document's creation.
EPA wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their role in this documentation
project:
Randy Revetta, of CERI, who directed system enhancements and coordinated prerelease
testing of the SW-Options program and oversaw the creation of this user guidance. Also, Jim
Kreissl and Dan Murray, both of CERI, who made important contributions to the development
of SW-Options. I
The many representative users of SW-Options, who applied their day-to-day familiarity
with solid waste issues to evaluation of the program before its release. Foremost among these
are Stephen Cosper and Janet Brandhorst, environmental engineers at the U.S. Army Corp of
Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL). (A military-specific
version of this user guide has been developed under their auspices to facilitate the use of SW-
Options at military installations.)
Others who reviewed SW-Options while it was in development and provided invaluable
suggestions include: Steve Brachman, former Resource Recovery Manager for the city of
Milwaukee, WI, now at the University of Wisconsin; Melinda Carpenter., District Recycling
Specialist, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; John Hendren, Office of Recycling arid
Waste Reduction, Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources; Annie Holland,
Principal Investigator at USACERL, Champaign, IL; Jennifer Kunde, Recycling Coordinator,
Greenfield, WI; Thomas Lynch, Supervisor, Bureau of Facility Management, Division of Solid
Waste, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; and C. James Martel,
Environmental Engineer, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE SOLID WASTE OPTIONS FOR
FOR MUNICIPAL PLANNERS SOFTWARE PROGRAM 1-1
1.1 Overview ' ° • 1-2
1.1.1 Program Design • 1-2
1.12 Program Cost Values 1-3
1.13 Program Use 1-4
1.2 Summary of SW-Options Program Operation 1-5
1.3 Laws and Regulations Regarding Solid Waste Management 1-6
1.4.1 The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 1-6
CHAPTER 2 GETTING STARTED: HOW TO INSTALL AND RUN
SW-OPTIONS ; 2-1
2.1 Technical Requirements 2-1
2.1.1 Hard Disk Space .'. 1.. 2-1
2.12 Free RAM , -. 2-2
2.2 Making a Backup Copy of SW-Options 2-2
2.3 Installing SW-Options ". 2-3
2.4 Running SW-Options '.'..... 2-4
CHAPTER 3 INTERACTING WITH SW-OPTIONS: HOW TO UNDERSTAND
AND CONTROL THE SW-OPTIONS USER INTERFACE 3-1
3.1 Program Design 3-1
3.1.1 The On-Line Tutorial 3-1
3.1.2 The Main Menu :.......... 3-1
3.2 System Inputs • 3-2
3.2.1 Selecting Menu Options ... .. 3-2
3.2.2 Executing Commands 3-4
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Page
33 The On-Line Help System 1 3-4
3.4 The Screen Saver Feature i.... 3-9
CHAPTER 4 LEARNING MORE ABOUT SW-OPTIONS:
HOW TO USE THE SW-OPTIONS ON-LINE TUTORIAL 4-1
4.1 Accessing the On-Line Tutorial ,, 4-1
4.2 Using the On-Line Tutorial i 4-1
4.3 Exiting the On-Line Tutorial , i. • 4-1
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CHAPTER 5 WORKING ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES:
HOW TO DESCRIBE A COMMUNITY, DEFINE A DISTRICT,
AND CONSTRUCT A SCENARIO , 5-1
5.1 Initiating Work on a Waste Management Strategy 5-1
i
5.2 Describing a Community L 5-5
5.2.1 Describing a Community for the First Time .; 5-5
5.2.2 Modifying a COMMUNITY INFORMATION Data
Entry Form '.'. 5-12
5.2.3 Adding and Deleting Communities I 5-12
5.3 Defining a District I 5-13
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5.3.1 Defining a District for the First Time I : 5-14
5.3.2 Modifying a District Definition .. I 5-15
5.33 Adding and Deleting Districts L 5-15
5.4 Constructing a Scenario I 5-16
5.4.1 Overview 5-16
5.4.2 Constructing a Scenario for the First Time .. i, 5-18
5.43 Modifying a Scenario 5-22
5.4.4 Adding, Deleting, and Copying Scenarios ...! 5-22
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CHAPTER 6 GENERATING REPORTS; HOW TO VIEW OR PRINT
SW-OPTIONS REPORTS 6-1
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6.1 Selecting a Type of Report ! 6-1
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Page
6.2 Viewing or Printing Reports • 6-3
APPENDIX A SAMPLE OUTPUT REPORTS FROM SW-OPTIONS A-l
District Description Report • A-3
Cost of Waste Management Report ... • A-4
Waste Diversion Summary • A-5
Scenario Comparison Report A-6
APPENDIX B WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO WORKSHEET ;..... B-l
APPENDIX C ESTIMATION METHODS AND DECISION LOGIC USED
IN SW-OPTIONS . .. C-l
C.I Introduction • • • • • C-l
C.2 Waste Collection ........',. C-2
C3 ! Modeling Material Recovery Facilities C-5
C.4 Modeling Compost Operations • • • • C-8
C.5 Modeling Energy Recovery and Incineration C-15
C.6 Modeling Energy Recovery and Incineration C-19
C.7 Land Disposal C-22
C.8 A Final Note C-23
APPENDIX D YARDWASTE BANS, COMPOSTING PROGRAMS, AND
BOTTLE DEPOSIT RULES BY STATE (as of May 1994) D-l
States That Ban Yardwaste From Landfills D-3
Number of Yardwaste Composting Programs by State D-4
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States With a Bottle Deposit Rule in Effect
D-5
APPENDIX E FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOTLINES AND
SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLING ASSOCIATION OFFICES E-l
Federal Hotlines for Information Related to Solid Waste Management .... E-3
U.S. EPA Regional Solid Waste Offices [ E-5
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State Municipal Solid Waste Offices '. L E-7
State Recycling Association Offices L E-15
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APPENDIX F COMMENT FORM F-l
IV
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION: THE SOLID WASTE OPTIONS FOR
MUNICIPAL PLANNERS SOFTWARE PROGRAM
Municipalities face many challenges in managing nonhazardous solid waste. For instance,
landfills are reaching capacity throughout the country, tipping fees are increasing, and regulations
affecting the disposal and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) are being promulgated at all
levels of government. Municipal planners need a single source of preliminary information on
designing and implementing an integrated MSW program that balances economics with
regulatory requirements and ensures an environmentally responsible program. Solid Waste
Options for Municipal Planners (SW-Options), developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), was designed to address that need.
SW-Options is a computerized planning tool that provides municipal planners with a
method for developing preliminary strategies for .managing MSW that minimize cost and
maximize landfill diversion. This guide is designed to facilitate use of SW-Options by providing
all information necessary to operate the software.
This chapter presents an overview of SW-Options operation1 and a brief summary of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the federal law that provides a context for MSW
planning. Chapter Two provides technical information related to installing and running the SW-
Options software program. Chapter Three provides information about the SW-Options user
interface. Chapter Four describes the on-line tutorial. Chapter Five explains how to describe
communities and waste management districts and how to construct a waste management
scenario. Chapter Six explains how to generate reports about the districts and communities and
the waste management scenarios constructed.
1 SW-Options is intended as a supplement to EPA's Decision-Maker's Guide to Solid Waste
Management (EPA/530/SW-89/072); however, the program is updated from this document to
reflect 1993 waste stream composition averages.
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Appendix A provides examples of management scenario reports Chat can be generated by
SW-Options. Appendix B provides a scenario development worksheet that allows the user to
anticipate information that SW-Options will solicit for scenario development. Appendix C
describes estimation methods used by the program to develop cost values and presents a
schematic of the software's decision logic pathway. Appendix D provides listings of state solid
waste information. Appendix E presents a listing of EPA and state waste management offices.
Appendix F is a comment form for providing feedback on the usefulness of SW-Options.
1.1 OVERVIEW
1.1.1 Program Design
SW-Options is a PC-based software application developed for the EPA's Center for
Environmental Research Information. It is designed to assist people responsible for evaluating
and selecting municipal solid waste management strategies, especially those aimed at reducing
the amount of waste going to landfills. SW-Options allows the user to perform realistic
preliminary evaluations of different methods of managing municipal solid waste in an individual
community or in a multi-community district. The data input requirements for constructing a
waste management scenario (i.e., a set of choices for collecting and processing a solid waste
stream) are minimal.
i
The software is set up to evaluate waste management approaches within a waste
management district. An individual community can be evaluated, however, by defining a district
composed only of that community. Combining two or more communities into a waste
management district allows the user to evaluate the benefits of economies of scale (e.g.,
operating larger facilities). Once a district is defined by selecting communities that the user has
described to the software, the program can assess scenarios for treating the member
communities' wastes in a common manner. ;
Thus, to generate information about the effects of implementing certain waste
management approaches, the user first enters information about each community to be included
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in the district. The user then selects a set of waste management options to explore, creating a
district-specific waste management scenario.
The user of SW-Options needs no prior waste management experience and very little
computer experience. User-friendly menus and data screens prompt the user at each step.
Command keys allow the user to access help information, definitions, and lists of the advantages
and disadvantages of available options as appropriate to the particular step in development of a
waste management scenario. During the scenario development process, SW-Options provides
information about the costs and benefits of selected options and their effects on the district's
waste stream. For example, if the user provides the program with a landfill tipping fee, SW-
Options will calculate the avoided landfilling cost and present this estimate on-screen in the
landfill summary during scenario construction as well as in the scenario cost report. After
completing one or more scenarios, the program generates these comprehensive reports that
detail the economic effects and waste diversion achievements associated with each scenario,
either individually or in a comparative format. The user has the option of viewing these reports
on screen or printing them.
1.1.2 Program Cost Values
SW-Options uses many technical and economic modeling factors for calculating realistic
data on the effects of implementing specific waste management options. The default values built
into the software for these factors are carefully chosen to reflect the nation's experiences with
different waste management technologies. Although program cost calculations are based on 1990
data, the user has the option of adjusting inflation rates. The user can select an inflation rate for
other years as listed in SW-Options based on the Consumer Price Index. Alternatively, the user
can input a different year and an inflation rate.
Because SW-Options calculates costs based on national averages and trends, the cost
information generated by the program does not account for geographic, demographic, legislative,
or other potentially significant factors. An exception is that the user can change defaults for
collection program participation rates to reflect characteristics unique to a community or region
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(within realistic limiting ranges).2 Once changed, the program defaults to the user-selected
values until again revised.
Furthermore, because markets are so unpredictable for many recovered resources, SW-
Options does not estimate market values for recovered materials or energy. Rather, the program
asks the user to enter local market values for any recovered, beneficial product so that the
software can complete the needed economic calculations.
i
Methods used by the program to calculate cost information are provided in Appendix C.
1.1.3 Program Use
SW-Options is intended to provide the user with cost information and other program
output that facilitates comparison of waste management options, not to plan a detailed municipal
waste management budget. In this way, the program provides a useful starting point for
understanding the decision-making process. Because solid waste management is a rapidly
evolving and complex field, the program user should seek additional training and expert
consultation when developing a budget and implementation plan. Information concerning solid
waste management generally as well as particular regulatory considerations is available from
Federal and state officials (see Appendix E for a list of contacts that includes Army offices).
2 Most of the models in SW-Options are "technology" models, for which technical
effectiveness and costs are based on measured results as reported in actual application. Such
models are fixed (i.e., not modifiable by the user). Models involving citizen participation in
source segregation programs, however, incorporate two factors: a "participation rate," indicating
the percentage of the population that will cooperate in the effort, and an "effectiveness rate,"
which measures how successful the average participant will be in the function. Thus, for
example, if 50 percent of a community's population is participating in a program to separate
aluminum cans, those participants would be expected to capture an estimated 90 percent of the
aluminum cans in the waste stream that they control. Because effectiveness rates are relatively
fixed throughout the United States for different waste stream constituents, those values are fixed
within SW-Options. Because participation rates depend strongly on local economic conditions,
community makeup, and local education programs, however, the user may vary these rates.
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1.2 SUMMARY OF SW-OPTIONS PROGRAM OPERATION
To define a district, at a minimum the user must identify the population and geographic
location of the member communities. SW-Options then will generate waste stream quantities
and compositions for the individual communities based on national averages. If the user has
more detailed information available about the individual communities, that data can be entered
and SW-Options will use it in lieu of national average values. For more case-specific output, the
user may enter actual -measurements of communities' waste tonnages and/or compositions.
Once the member communities of a waste management district have been identified, SW-
Options will calculate a population centroid for the district, based on the user-defined
community populations and locations. This calculation is performed in a manner similar to that
in which the "center of mass" of a complexly shaped body is calculated (i.e., by calculating a
weighted average location wherein the weighting factors are the populations of individual
communities). Thus, the district centroid will be located closest to the larger communities.
Thereafter, SW-Options will use this centroid as the "default" location of any new waste
management facilities called for in the user's selection of waste management approaches. The
user may always override this default location by selecting specific geographic locations for new
waste management facilities.
A waste management scenario (i.e., a combination of specific waste management
approaches) is constructed by the user responding to the questions asked throughout SW-
Options. Because the program is interactive, the specific sequence of questions posed depends
on the user's answers to preceding questions. For example, if the user chooses to construct a
scenario that includes a material recovery facility, then subsequent questions will address issues
about, for instance, which materials should be recovered and whether the district wants to utilize
source separation. Ultimately, the user's responses result in the selection by the software of
specific models. SW-Options uses algorithms associated with these models to estimate the effect
of the chosen waste management approaches on that district's solid waste.. These results are
tabulated in generally one-page reports generated by the program.
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Appendix C provides explanation of estimation methods used by SW-Options and
presents a schematic of the logic pathway the software "follows" in response to the various user
decisions made throughout the program. I
L3 LAWS AND REGULATIONS REGARDING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Federal, state, and local regulations provide a framework within which all solid waste
management must be conducted. The overarching federal law in regard to waste management,
however, is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). While the SW-Options
software was written to present management choices in the context off RCRA's broader goals, the
software does not factor in specific requirements. Rather, SW-Options is designed as a tool to
assist planners throughout the country in making preliminary assessments about various solid
waste management options. Information generated by SW-Options is intended to be. used as the
basis of further planning that takes into account local requirements.
This section provides a brief summary of RCRA as a context for the use of SW-Options
to facilitate making preliminary decisions about managing MSW. For more specific regulatory
information, software users are advised to contact officials responsible for issuing permits to
operators of solid waste management facilities (see Appendix E). j
1.4.1 The Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
i
Since its passage in 1976, RCRA has stood as the primary Federal solid waste
management statute (Public Law 94-580).3 Fundamentally, the law establishes broad goals
concerning protection of human health and the environment from unsound waste disposal
3 RCRA replaced the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 and the Resource Recovery Act of
1970. It has been amended numerous times by passage of various laws and amendments,
including the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1980 (PL 96-482) and the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 (PL 98-616). As used in this discussion, RCRA incorporates all of these
laws and amendments. ,
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practices. In this context, RCRA encourages reductions in the volume and toxicity of wastes,
conservation of natural resources, and utilization of energy and materials that are recoverable
from solid waste.
RCRA addresses the handling and disposal of various types of waste, focusing on solid
(nonhazardous) waste in Subtitle D (Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 240-258).
This section of the statute includes guidelines to assist states in developing comprehensive waste
management plans for regional solid waste management districts. These plans must ensure that a
facility's solid waste disposal practices are environmentally sound and that an effective program
of resource conservation is in place. Additionally, the plans must include information on facility
management responsibilities, the availability of capacity for continued operation, an approach for
upgrading or closing landfills that have reached capacity, and a mechanism for encouraging
public participation in decision-making. The guidelines are sufficiently flexible to allow for the
unique waste management needs of individual states.
All such plans are required to undergo review by EPA, which has responsibility for
developing national policy and regulations for the implementation of RCRA. If EPA determines
that a plan meets minimum standards and is therefore acceptable, the Agency designates the
state in which the facility is located to be the solid waste management authority. EPA delegates
most planning and operational responsibilities to these waste management authorities, while
providing them with technical and financial assistance.
A district, as interpreted by EPA, typically comprises a county (e.g., several cities and
towns) or a group of counties. This concept of waste management by district is central to the
SW-Options program, encouraging the user to assess potential benefits associated with
economies of scale.
Although RCRA specifically addresses approaches for handling and disposing of wastes,
its broader goal is to encourage resource conservation and recovery. As a result, policymakers
and regulators are giving increasing emphasis to waste minimization and the beneficial use of
recyclable materials.
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CHAPTER 2
GETTING STARTED; HOW TO INSTALL AND RUN SW-OPT1ONS
This chapter outlines the technical requirements for installing and running SW-Options.
It also provides instructions for making a backup copy of the SW-Options diskette, running the
SW-Options installation program, and running the SW-Options application.
2.1 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
SW-Options is designed to run on IBM PCs or IBM-compatible computers, AT or better,
with DOS version 3.3 or higher. Although a color monitor is not a requirement, it is
recommended. This section outlines SW-Options' requirements for hard disk space and random
access memory (RAM).
2.1.1 Hard Disk Space
The SW-Options files occupy approximately 1.25 megabytes (Mb) of hard disk memory.
Therefore, to install SW-Options on a hard disk drive, a user must have at least 1.25 Mb of hard
disk space available. To run SW-Options from a hard disk drive (especially in low-RAM
environments), however, a user will probably need additional hard disk space to accommodate
temporary files created by SW-Options. (SW-Options uses these files to save portions of the
program on the hard disk, freeing up conventional memory for other parts of the application.)
As a general rule, about 1.5 Mb of hard disk space is needed to install and run SW-Options.
Although running the program from a floppy disk is technically feasible, the user is
strongly advised against this approach. Operating from the hard disk drive is critical for ensuring
that sufficient storage space is available for the user to construct waste
that assess a variety of options.
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2.1.2 Free RAM
*
SW-Options is designed to run on machines with at least 640 kilobytes (Kb) of RAM, of
which approximately 520 Kb must be free. Users operating computers close to this threshold
should check the amount of free memory before running SW-Options. To run a simple check,
type "CHKDSK" at the DOS prompt. DOS returns several lines of information, including a line
indicating the number of "bytes free," which is the amount of free RAM. Some of the free
RAM, however, might be unavailable to SW-Options, depending on the user's system
configuration. Certain parameters specified in the CONFIG.SYS file, such as file buffers and
stacks, reduce the amount of RAM available to applications. Each file buffer, for example,
consumes about 500 bytes. Thus, it is possible that a system that seems to have more than 520
Kb of free memory has memory problems when running the program because not enough RAM
is available to SW-Options.
2.13 Memory Problems
In most cases when a memory problem occurs, it can be solved by increasing the hard
disk space, conventional memory, or overall RAM available to SW-Options. Conventional
memory is the PC's primary 640 Kb of RAM. Any RAM beyond the 640 Kb of conventional .
memory is used by SW-Options if there is an expanded or extended memory manager installed.
SW-Options may fail due to shortages of conventional memory or may fail when the combination
of disk space and expanded/extended RAM are insufficient for temporary swap files. Additional
space often can be created on the hard disk by removing or compressing large files. Available
conventional RAM often can be increased by removing or unloading any terminate-stay-resident
(TSR) files, by reducing the number of file buffers or stacks allocated in the CONFIG.SYS file,
or by loading necessary TSRs or device drivers in high memory using an expanded or extended
memory manager. For specific guidance on increasing available memory, consult a DOS manual
or the manual for your expanded or extended memory manager. In most cases, a memory
shortfall will result in a warning or error message, after which SW-Options will terminate. In
certain cases, however, the memory shortfall prevents even the error processing, and the system
may lock up and fail to respond to any user input.
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23 MAKING A BACKUP COPY OF SW-OPTIONS
*• • 'i
All of the files needed to operate SW-Options are contained on one SVi-in., double-sided,
high-density, 1.4 Mb diskette. Before installing SW-Options, make a backup copy of the SW-
Options diskette. Any command or utility for copying diskettes can be: used; the following
instructions are for using the DOS command DISKCOPY: !
I
1. Insert the SW-Options diskette in drive A. ;
2. Type "A:" and press to ensure that drive A is the current drive.
i
3. Type "DISKCOPY" and press . \
4. Insert the source and target diskettes in drive A as prompted by DOS. The
original SW-Options diskette is the source diskette. Any diskette of the same
size, capacity, and format can be used as a target diskette. Executing the
DISKCOPY command overwrites all existing files on the target diskette.
2.3 INSTALLING SW-OPTIONS
1
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The SW-Options diskette contains an installation program that expands all of the SW-
Options files and saves them to a directory specified by the user. This; directory, hereafter
referred to as the SWO operating directory, can be located either on a hard disk drive or a local
area network (LAN) drive.
SW-Options was not designed to run in a Windows environment Thus, the user
operating in-Windows must exit before running the SW-Options installation program.
To run the SW-Options installation program, use the following
steps:
1. Place the SW-Options diskette in drive A.
2. At the DOS prompt, type "AiINSTALL" and press .
3. Follow the instructions on the screen. The installation program confirms that the
minimum hardware requirements are met, prompts the user to specify an
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operating drive and directory for SW-Options, and copies the SW-Options files
from the diskette to the specified directory.
SW-Options requires that the number of open files that DOS can access be greater than
or equal to 50. Thus, if the FILES = command in the CONFIG.SYS file is set to less than 50,
the installation program saves the original CONFIG.SYS file as CONFIG.SWO and modifies the
CONFIG.SYS file to allow DOS to access 50 open files.
SW-Options should always be installed from the original install disk. Thus, if after
installing the program the user decides to operate it from another PC, SW-Options should be
installed again from the original install disk.
2.4 RUNNING SW-OPT1ONS
SW-Options runs like any other DOS application. To run SW-Options, use the following
steps:
1. At the DOS prompt, change to the SWO3_1 operating directory (type
"cdVSWOSJ." and press ). . •
2. Type "SWO" and press .
The program will begin to run, automatically accessing an on-line tutorial that explains
use of the SW-Options application. At completion of the tutorial (or by exiting the tutorial by
pressing ), the program accesses the Main Menu, from which the user can begin
describing communities and districts to the program and then construct waste management
scenarios (see Chapter 5). On subsequent uses after the user has defined at least one
community, the program will access the Main Menu directly; the user can return to the tutorial
at any time from this menu.
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CHAPTERS
INTERACTING WITH SW-OPTIONS: HOW TO UNDERSTAND AND
CONTROL THE SW-OPTIONS USER INTERFACE
This chapter describes the SW-Options user interface, which consists of a series of menus
and command keys that allow the user to interact with the program in the development of waste
management scenarios. This chapter also explains the SW-Options on-line help system and
screen saver feature.
3.1 PROGRAM DESIGN
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3.1.1 The On-Line Tutorial
The first time the user runs SW-Options, an on-line tutorial explaining use of the
software automatically appears on the screen. This same tutorial will 'continue to appear at
startup until the user defines a community. Thereafter, the tutorial can be accessed from the
Main Menu. To use the tutorial, which takes about 10 minutes to complete, simply press
when prompted. To exit the tutorial before completing it, press repeatedly.
To exit the tutorial from the final screen, press . (The on-line tutorial is described
further in Chapter Five.)
3.L2 The Main Menu
After the user exits the on-line tutorial, the Main Menu appears on the screen. This
menu presents the user with the following options: describe a community; define a district;
construct a waste management scenario; view or print the results of 21 waste management
scenario(s); re-enter the on-line tutorial; a note about the purpose of SW-Options; change
certain program defaults; or exit SW-Options. Bracketed numbers to the right of the first four
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menu options indicate the sequence a user must follow to construct a scenario for which cost-
benefit reports can be generated. When the user elects to work on a waste management
scenario, a series of menus and data screens guides the user through the process of describing a
community, defining a district, and selecting waste management approaches. (See Chapter Five
for more detailed instructions.) Command keys are displayed at the bottom of each screen.
Pressing these keys provides additional information or help.
Most users will enter and exit SW-Options several times to leam more about solid waste
management and to develop additional scenarios, as their schedules permit. Each time the user
re-enters SW-Options, the program will access the tutorial until the user defines a community.
Thereafter, the Main Menu appears on the screen at the beginning of each SW-Options ses'sion.
3.2 SYSTEM INPUTS
SW-Options is driven primarily by two types of user inputs: menu selections and
commands. As described below, menus allow the user to either access the principal features of
SW-Options or respond to questions raised by the program. Command keys are active at specific
points in the program, allowing the user to access particular functions as appropriate (e.g., a
screen defining relevant terms for selecting a particular waste management approach). Ways in
which the user interacts with the program through menus and command keys are further
explained in the on-line tutorial. Other than these types of inputs, the program requires that the
user inputs a minimal amount of actual scenario-specific data, as explained in Chapter Five.
3.2.1 Selecting Menu Options
A menu consists of a menu title (e.g., Main Menu) and 'two or more menu options.
These options are displayed on the left half of the computer screen. Menu options either access
available features or enable the user to respond to a question posed by the program. Figure 3-1
shows a typical menu. To select a menu option, highlight the desired option and press .
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Menu
Title
Menu
Options
Command
Keys
Figure 3-1. A typical SW-Options menu (with default program title window activated).
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In some cases, the user can choose more than one option from a menu. In these cases,
highlight the first option and press the . Then highlight the second option and press
the . Continue highlighting options and pressing the until all desired
options are selected. Selected options appear in yellow on the screen. To deselect an option,
highlight the selected option and press the . After selecting all desired options,
press to continue. Figure 3-2 shows a menu in which two options have been selected.
3.2.2 Executing Commands
The available command keys are displayed at the bottom of each screen (e.g., ,
). To execute a SW-Options command, press the appropriate key for the desired
command. Certain functions are available only when the user is performing a specific task (e.g.,
viewing a data list or constructing a waste management scenario). Table 3-1 describes the SW-
Options command keys and indicates when each is available.
THE ON-LINE HELP SYSTEM
The on-line help system provides a quick way to obtain information about system
operation. The SW-Options help system is context sensitive; that is, it provides information
about whatever program feature is currently being used. To access the on-line help system, press
command key . A purple information screen will be displayed.
c i
Figure 3-3 shows a typical help screen. In this case, the help information appears in a
window next to the program content already on the screen and continues to a second page. In
other cases, the help information fills the entire screen. To exit the help system, press .
34
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Two List
Entries
Selected
Highlighted
Entry Being
Considered.
for Selection
Command.
Keys
MATERIAL BECOUEBV: Which materialCs) uould you like to recout
Select 1 or more Materials:
-office paper
newspaper
corrugated
^aluminum cans
bimetal cans
ferrous cans
other ferrous metal
PET plastic
HDPE plastic
T and J- noves selector bar
' selects/deselects
to proceed
INDQUS: =HELP '&Z$=l
ADVANTAGES:
o relatively easy to iSort
o markets for nixed plastics ccntinue to.
improve as neu uses are developed
almost any plastic iproduct can be
incorporated into Recycled plastic
products made front this mixed streanr
DISADVANTAGES:
o fewer recycled mixed-plastic (us. PET op
HDPE) exist
markets are uncertain and volatile at
this tine
o material recovery of PET and HDPE
'plastics might be preferable because
they are easy to separate ant have a
higher value
Program
Query
Pros & Cons
Window
Activated
=PHOS H CBHS
-------
Table 3-1
SW-Options Command Functions
Key: Function
Fl: Help
F2: Terms
F3: Pros & Cons
F4: You Are Here
F10: Inflation Rates
Enter Accept/Next
;
Spacebar:
Select/Deselect
Availability
At all times (except
when using the on-
line tutorial)
When constructing a
scenario
When constructing a
scenario
When constructing a
scenario
From the Set
Program Defaults
option in the Main
Menu
When describing a
community
When defining a
district
When using the on-
line tutorial
When viewing an on-
line help screen
At all other times
When viewing
multiple-choice lists
Description
Activates the on-line help system
Activates the term-definition window, where
terms in a menu or question are defined
Activates the pros and cons window, where
advantages and disadvantages of the
management option are listed
Allows user to review outline of questions in
scenario construction
Allows user to change annual inflation rate
defaults for cost program calculations from
1990 values; alternatively, the user can select
an inflation rate for other years as listed in
the program or input data for a year and
rate not listed
Allows user to view profile of waste stream
based on estimating approach selected
Allows user to select communities to include
in district
Moves the tutorial to the next page of text
Exits the on-line help system
Accepts selected menu or data list choice
and proceeds to the next menu or step
Selects or deselects entry from a multiple-
choice list
3-6
-------
Table 3-1 (continued)
Key: Function
Esc: Done/Exit
W
W-
PgUp: Scroll Up a
List of Items
PgDn: Scroll Down a
List of Items
Insert: Add
Delete: Remove
Control Enter:
Accept/Done
Availability
When using menus
or viewing lists
When entering data
When using the on-
line tutorial
When using menus
or viewing
information
When using function
keys Fl, F2, F3
When inputting data
at various points in
the program
When viewing
information
When viewing
information
When viewing a data
list
When viewing a data
list or selecting menu
options
When inputting data
at various points in
the program
Description
Quits current screen or menu, returning user
to the previous screen or menu
Returns user to the previous line of the data
entry form :
Prior to completion of the tutorial, exits the
on-line tutorial, bringing up the Main Menu
Moves highlight cursor between menu items
or information lines
Moves user to next text screen
1
Moves user back and forth between data
entry fields ;
Scrolls window text to previous page
Scrolls window text to next page
Adds a new item to the displayed list.
Switches between Insert and overstrike
modes ,
Removes the highlighted item from the
displayed list
I .
Allows user to accept data as presented on
screen (i.e., to accept program default
values) and to exit the screen
3-7
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Data
Entry
Field
MflTEHIflL BECQUEBV: What portion o£ the population (residents and
businesses) uill participate in a source separation program requiring
drop-offs at a central collection station ? [
Specify a participation rate: pi
: PageS,If pffZg
scenanioadef. in it ion :
NOTE: typical values are
1.00 to 20.00:
^r and" f arroijisv cliange; pagesrfijnSSS
i'Tv this. uindaH,< if* there; are: MultiplefpagesiS
V completes the field: ! backs up " I ^'^.:^^^^^^'^^^^r^^^^^^
- and «- change uindou page^ iKFl^displayslthiss^HELIInessag&J^glfysss
JINDOUS: '=HELP , -^=PROS S CO^S =VOU fik HERI
Figure 3-3. Sample data entry screen with help window activated.
3-8
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3.4 THE SCREEN SAVER FEATURE
The screen saver feature protects the video monitor. Whenever the user pauses for 10
minutes without pressing a key, SW-Options displays a blank screen and "goes to sleep" until the
user "wakes it up" by pressing any key. ;
3-9
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CHAPTER 4
LEARNING MORE ABOUT SW-OPTIONS:
HOW TO USE THE SW-OPTIONS ON-LINE TUTORIAL
This chapter describes the SW-Options on-line tutorial. 'The tutorial explains how to use
SW-Options and how to get the most out of the information and reports the program generates.
4.1 ACCESSING THE ON-LINE TUTORIAL
The first time a user enters SW-Options, the on-line tutorial appears on the screen
automatically. The tutorial continues to appear on the screen each time the user begins a new
SW-Options session until the user works on a.waste management problem. Thereafter, the Main
Menu appears at the beginning of each session. To enter the on-line tutorial from the Main
Menu, select option 5 (TUTORIAL SESSION).
USING THE ON-LINE TUTORIAL
The SW-Options on-line tutorial consists of a sequence of text and information screens.
Figure 4-1 shows an example of a tutorial screen. To proceed to the next screen, press
. The on-line tutorial takes about 10 minutes to complete.
43 EXITING THE ON-LINE TUTORIAL
To exit the on-line tutorial before completing it, press repeatedly until the Main
Menu appears. To exit the tutorial from the last tutorial screen, press < Enter>.
4-1
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TUTOHIflL:- Introduction,
Pager 3, of.-Ztt
SU-Optians: is: user-friendly^: thusy no prior- solid uaste management-
experience: and almost no computer- experience: are; necessary: to. use,
SU-Optians^ SU-flptians isc designed-jtoeoaluate uaste management options; .
fair user-def inedL solid, uaste: management districtsJ. Ihe:re are; fourr stages:: . j
V 13; Define^ one OJT more: comnuniti|2sv. the- amount of Has ter they: create*^ :;
and the uaste stream composition^ National, auiaragpes: andjother^ ':- j
methods: arc aualiable as: estimates; i£ uou da mrfc know, tha ansuersi.,\
: Ian. must also, define: the centraid. of the distr, ,
3J Specify one or- more: uaste management scenarios
options: deal with recycling, composting;, incini
recouery, and. uaste: handling]. Each optioir ISM
of "uindous" containing; definitions,- aduanjtage;
and:: a: special "ftju. ares here-'] map^ tfoit should-1
scenarios: ta learn hou- combinations. o£ uaste m
effeet, each other-
•1J Print the results: in a. uariety o£ fornatsu .
e- auailahlei ; -
^ajtion, energy;•
ipported. by a_ set:
and. disaduantagesr
:f ine seueraL
lagenent optionsr
bac|*S| up one page
Figure 4-1. Sample tutorial screen.
4-2
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CHAPTERS
WORKING ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES:
HOW TO DESCRIBE A COMMUNITY, DEFINE A DISTRICT,
AND CONSTRUCT A SCENARIO
This chapter explains how to work on a solid waste management strategy, which SW-
Options defines as data consisting of three related sets of information: descriptions of
communities, definition of a waste management district, and construction of one or more solid
waste management scenarios.
SW-Options was developed primarily for use by municipalities and designed to encourage
solid waste management within multi-community districts to promote the benefits of economies
of scale. Thus, program users must define the communities that make up a district before
constructing waste management scenarios.
5.1 INITIATING WORK ON A WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
To work on a solid waste management strategy, the user first must define a district by
describing the communities to be included in the district. Then the user must construct one or
more waste management scenarios (i.e., select waste management methodologies to apply to that
district). This involves entering data and selecting options as prompted by a series of data entry
screens and .menus. Figure 5-1 illustrates the scenario construction concept as described in the
SW-Options on-line tutorial.
To access the data screens and menus, the user makes a selection from the Main Menu
(Figure 5-2), which provides options that allow the user to describe a community, define a
district, and construct waste management scenarios for the district. Waste management scenarios
can be evaluated for individual communities by defining a district that is. composed of that single
community. Table 5-1 describes these options in more detail.
5-1
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TU1QH I AL
pJ|S en« ffls-tijiicl^^
0%^Istrric±| consists!; afl|anex are morefjianmunit^Ies^"!, jjaste »sGenaKios|^^;tlien
l<4eteinedi£oi^^di
anefconpletetset; o£^;
Jical lectingf andl'processlng| the?
The;', requ ired! iviputlfoK eachs datm se^ is; tu in ina 11 an dl yousare
ull^yalues^ nessagesgand/OEfexanpless to* assists yousi^l^g
•^'«''-'s-i^«-^'<»i- Ibacpks; ups ones pagei
Figure 5-1. Schematic of the process for constructing solid waste management scenarios.
5-2
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Main
Menu
Screen
Command |
Keys
Solid Uaste Options (SU-Optio
fop Municipal Planners
MAIN MENUS j
Select oner of," the? folloujng:?"
UASTE MGNT., DISTRICTS IZJ —
HASTE1 HGMK SCENARIOS JE33
UIEU/FRINrRESULTS; £43"
TUTORIAL SESSIPN ; -i
ABOUT SU-Optians. H—
<•• SET, PROGRAM DEFAULTS! :
EXIT'"SU-Options" -H-
KEVS: T and I noue selector ba
makes choice
= HELP key |
COHHUN ITKf DEF IN IT IOM " a 1 lous: youtoi|
ft enter?; and* editv datai f ac:> connuni{ties|
UASTE; nGMra.DisTHicTs; allows^ you»« ._„
; -v.to? enter/ediftdataxi foes yauirtdistEic^tp
W Ctoth- sing lei cannunitysiandt: nurtid^ll
" community; d istr ictsr ares a HouedS
.- UASTEi MGMtb SCENAH IOSS allouss you«^^|
f:::.tcK selects alternatiues treatnenlkand||
l& managements approacliesif cKcrgauac^gy^f^
Sv district' s- municipal! sol id^uaste8|||J
.- U IEU/PR INI* RESULTS , presentss ai n^nug,
Help
.Window
Activated
> TUTORIAL, teache^i yott-itliej, basicsi' ofp|
". using ;SU-OptioTis..i.#f%',:x,1 .. ••,-';' ",*;. A!;»SwSSt
"ABOUT SU-Options; is: the; titles screens
SET, PROGRAM : DEFAULTS a 1 lous* you4,to|ii|i
•-•: change; bui It-int ualues:,to/re£leCl:B|«l
«^ lacallconditio)isiil: Vauscani- alsasjente
Figure 5-2. The Main Menu with the help window activated.
5-3
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Table 5-1
Data Entry Options From Main Menu
Option
Description
Community
description
Permits the user to describe a community, including
its population, area, and solid waste stream. Also
permits the user to modify or delete ejdsting
community descriptions.
Waste
management
district
Permits the user to select communities to include in
a solid waste management district. Also permits the
user 'to modify or delete existing district definitions. '
Waste
management
scenarios
Permits the user to select a combination of waste
management options (i.e., construct a waste
management scenario). Also permits the user to
modify or delete a waste management scenario.
5-4
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Once a scenario is constructed, the program will calculate cost information based on the
t
1990 inflation rate. The user can alter this default basis at any time before or after scenario
construction by selecting SET PROGRAM DEFAULTS from the Main Menu. Once in the
program defaults screen, the user can access a screen for changing the inflation rate by pressing
command key . The user will be presented with inflation rates for 1991,1992, and 1993
from which to select a default basis (Figure 5-3). Alternatively, the user can input a year and
inflation rate not listed. (A-list of SW-Options' command keys and their function and availability
is provided in Table 3-1.)
5.2 DESCRIBING A COMMUNITY
SW-Options can use information about a community to estimate the amount and assess
the composition of solid waste generated. The program first prompts the user for general
information about the community (e.g., location, population). One of these preliminary
questions asks the user if the community is subject to a ban on the landfilling of yardwaste. (The
user can refer to Appendix D for a list of states that have such bans in effect.) By answering
"yes" to the yardwaste ban question, the user will subsequently be precluded by the program from
including that community's yardwaste in scenarios that involve composting.
The program then asks the user to select a method for defining the amount and
composition of the community's waste stream. The user can choose to use estimates generated
by SW-Options (based on national population-based averages or the community's commercial
makeup) or the user can enter actual waste stream data (if reliable data exist for the
community).
5.2.1 Describing a Community for the First Time
To describe a community for the first time, select option 1 (COMMUNITY
DESCRIPTION) from the Main Menu. Because no communities have been defined yet, a
COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form will automatically appear. Otherwise, a list of
5-5
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Figure 5-3. The program defaults screen with the inflation rate window activated.
5-6
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previously defined communities will appear allowing you to select one of them or to "insert" a
new community. Figure 5-4 shows a sample COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION screen that lists
the names of several communities described by the user.
To describe a community using the COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form
(see Figure 5-5), follow the steps listed below:
1. Type the name of the community in the highlighted "Community name" field and
press . The highlighting will move to the "Population" field.
2. Enter the population of the community using a whole number and. no commas
and press . The highlighting will move to the "Area" field.
3. Enter the number of square miles that the community comprises and press
. The highlighting will move to the "Longitude" field.
4. Enter the longitude and latitude of the geographic center of the community. This
information is used in calculating transportation costs in multi-community
districts. The latitude and longitude of a community can be obtained from your
county engineer's office or from the information desk of your local public
library.1 If this information cannot be readily obtained, the user can enter zeros
as default integers each time the program prompts for latitude and longitude;
note, however, that using this default will prevent SW-Options from calculating
scenario transporation costs.
5. Type "y" or "n" to answer yes or no to each question that SW-Options raises about
the community's local laws concerning waste disposal, pressing after
each answer.
6. Type a brief (three line) description of the community and press .
After you have completed the COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form (see
Figure 5-6), SW-Options asks you to select a method for estimating the size and composition of
the community's solid waste stream. Select one method, highlight it, and press . Table
5-2 lists the available options and describes the respective methods. After you select a solid
waste stream estimation method and answer any related questions, SW-Options displays a
1 SW-Options will accept longitude and latitude integers for locations throughout the world. The
program's distance calculations may be skewed, however, if the user defines a district that overlaps
the international dateline.
5-7
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COttPlUNim DESCRIPTION?
Community. Name.
ADMINISTBATION
ANWJHEBE:
FOB! ABC
HOUSING
Population
zzbo
40000
20000
3ZOO
Area1
Csq ml)
AVAILABLE KEYS: T and 4~ mpue selector bar *
selects-a-community foe* editing
adds a. neu community
remoues; a communitij |
returns, to data entry menu I
Figure 5-4. Sample COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION screen listing names of user-described
communities.
5-8
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KE$S:« completes! as- I i^
Figure 5-5. The COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form.
5-9
-------
Figure 5-6. Example of a completed COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form.
5-10
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Table 5-2
Methods for Assessing a Community's Solid Waste Stream
Option
Description
Population-
based
estimate
SW-Options estimates the amount and composition
of the community's solid waste stream based on
national averages for communities of its size. A
summary of the program's estimates then appears on
the screen.
Business-
based
estimate '
SW-Options prompts the user to enter data about
the community's commercial makeup, then estimates
the amount and composition of the community's
solid waste stream based on national averages for
communities with a similar makeup. A summary of
the program's estimates then appears on the screen.
Actual known
mass only
SW-Options prompts the user to enter the amount of
the community's solid waste stream (in annual
tonnage). The program then estimates the
composition of the waste stream based on national
averages for communities of that size. A summary of
the program's estimates then appears on the screen.
Actual known
mass and
composition
SW-Options prompts the user to enter the amount of
the community's solid waste stream (in annual
tonnage) and the proportion of this mass by various
types of solid waste. A summary of this information.
then appears on the screen. •
5-11
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summary of the community's solid waste stream. After reviewing this summary, press any key to
return to the Main Menu.
5.2.2 Modifying a COMMUNITY INFORMATION Data Emtry Form
To modify a COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form for a community already
in the program's data files, select option 1 (COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION) from the Main
Menu. A list of communities previously described will appear on the screen. The name of the
last community described will be highlighted. To modify this community description, press
. To modify another community description, highlight the name of the community and
press . A completed COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form containing the
information previously input for that community will appear.
When modifying a community description (refer to the steps described in Section 5.2.1),
simply press to retain a previously entered value or type over the existing value and
press to change it. Do this for each field in the form. Then choose a solid waste
stream estimation method, review.the resulting solid waste stream summary, and press any key to
return to the Main Menu.
5.2.3 Adding and Deleting Communities
I
i
For most assessments of solid waste management options, the user will wish to describe
more than one community to define a multi-community waste management district. The user
also may wish to compare the impacts of specific waste management approaches when applied to
communities with differing characteristics. If sections of a community have different
characteristics, the user may wish to define these sections as separate communities. Then, the
user could construct waste management scenarios for each "community" in its own "district" or
combine the different "communities" into a composite "district" equivalent to the actual
community. The multi-community district approach would allow the user to assess combined
waste management impacts on the overall community.
5-12
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To describe an additional community, select option 1 (COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION)
from the Main Menu. A list of communities will appear on the screen. Press to add a
community, then complete the data entry form that appears (as directed in Section 5.2.1).
To delete a community, select option 1 (COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION) from the Main
Menu. A list of communities will appear on the screen. Highlight the community to be deleted,
then press . The completed COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form for
that community will appear on the screen. Press to delete it (or press to exit
the screen without deleting the community).
Note that SW-Options will not allow you to delete a community if it is included in a
muhi-community district (see Section 5.3). In such a case, the community to be deleted first
must be removed from any districts in which it is included. After deleting a community, the list
of communities will reappear on the screen, allowing you to confirm the deletion. Press
to return to the Main Menu.
5.3 DEFINING A DISTRICT
Defining a district allows the user to evaluate the effect of several neighboring
communities taking a cooperative approach to solid waste management. SW-Options regards
districts as the basic entity for development of waste management scenarios. Thus, to evaluate
waste management options for a single community, the user must define a district that contains
that community alone.
To evaluate waste management scenarios for a multi-community district, the user must
first describe each community individually. The procedures used to define, modify, and add or
delete a district are quite similar to those for a community. ,
5-13
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5.3.1 Defining a District for the First Time
To describe a district for the first time, select option 2 (WASTE MGMT. DISTRICTS)
from the Main Menu. A WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT data entry form will appear.
To complete this form follow the steps listed below:
!
1. Type a brief title in the highlighted "District name" field and press .
Then input the current landfill tipping fee and press . (SW-Options uses
this rate [$/ton] to calculate avoided landfilling costs.) The highlighting will move
to the "Local transportation rate" field. (SW-Options uses this rate [$/ton-mile] to
calculate the cost of transporting solid waste to the district's waste management
facilities.) Complete this field, press , and the highlighting will move to
the "district yardwaste/grassban in place?" field (see Appendix D for a list of states
with such bans in effect). (By answering "yes" to the yardwaste ban question, the
user will subsequently be precluded from including yardwaste composting in
scenarios for that district.) Toggle "yes" or "no," press , and the
highlighting will move to district description. Enter a brief description of the
waste management district into this nine-line field.
2. Press and a list of user-defined communities will be presented. Use the
and arrow keys to highlight a community to be included in the
district and press . Once a community is selected, a check mark appears
to the left of the name of the community in the In District" column.
To remove a community from a district, move the highlight to the community
name and press : To edit information about a community, highlight the
community name and press . Then proceed as directed in Section 5.2.
To incorporate a community that has not yet been defined to the program, press
and a blank COMMUNITY INFORMATION data entry form will
appear.
3. When you have finished selecting communities to include in the district, press
. The COORDINATES OF DISTRICT SOLED WASTE FACILITIES
data entry form will appear. This form allows you to indicate the desired
locations for district facilities. The longitude and latitude of the district's
population centroid is automatically calculated by the program from information
on the locations and populations of member communities. This screen shows the
geographic coordinates of this centroid and uses it as die default value for the
locations of any other waste management facilities common to the district (e.g.,
compost facility, energy recovery facility, material recovery facility).
If the user wishes to site facilities at another location, longitudes and latitudes for
those facilities must be entered. (Because the district's centroid is calculated
using data on the user-described communities, it cannot be changed by the user,
even though the location of facilities can be changed.)
5-14
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4; Type and simultaneously to preserve the entered or selected
location values.
5. With definition of the. district complete, press to return to the WASTE
MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS list and then press again to return to the
Main Menu.
5.3.2 Modifying a District Definition
To modify the definition of a particular district, select option 2 (WASTE MGMT.
DISTRICTS) from the Main Menu and a list of previously defined districts will appear on the
screen. Highlight the district to be edited and press . The completed WASTE
MANAGEMENT DISTRICT data entry form for that district will appear on the screen.
Complete this form as directed in Section 53.1. When modifying information in the form, press
to retain an entered value or type over the value and then press to complete
a change. After completing the modification, press to return to the Main Menu.
5.3.3 Adding and Deleting Districts
To describe an additional district, select WASTE MGMT. DISTRICTS from the Main
Menu. A list of defined districts will appear on the screen. Press to add a district,
then complete the data entry from that appears (as directed in Section 5.3.1).
To delete a previously defined district, select option 2 (WASTE MGMT. DISTRICTS)
from the Main Menu and a list of districts will appear on the screen. Highlight the district to be
deleted and press . The completed WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT data entry
form for that district will appear on the screen. Press to finalize the deletion or press
to retain the district. After deleting an entry from the list of defined districts, press
to return to the Main Menu.
5-15
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5.4 CONSTRUCTING A SCENARIO
Integrated solid waste management involves combining techniques and programs to
manage the solid waste stream. The integrated approached should involve considering the solid
waste management hierarchy as established by EPA: source reduction, recycling/composting,
incineration, and landfilling. Although each municipality will use different combinations of these
strategies, the hierarchy is a useful tool for setting goals and planning.
SW-Options explicitly allows the user to choose any waste management strategy except
source reduction. Nonetheless, source reduction is the first option to consider in the solid waste
management hierarchy. It is a front-end, nontraditional waste management approach that
emphasizes eliminating wastes before they are generated. Effective source reduction programs
address issues such as purchasing/specifications, industrial processes, and evaluation of "normal
business practices." Because of this complexity, it is not possible for a tool like SW-Options to
help plan source reduction programs in any meaningful way. One can use SW-Options, however,
to compare current solid waste management practices to hypothetical scenarios. The program
calculates landfill diversion, comparative costs, and amounts of recycled materials.
5.4.1 Overview |
I
A waste management scenario is a set of choices concerning the collection and processing
of a district's solid wastes. The user constructs a scenario by choosing one or more (any
combination) waste management options (see complete list in Table 5-3).
Scenario development constitutes the decision-making component of the SW-Options
program. As in all waste management, option selections often involve tradeoffs. Thus, decisions
about how to manage certain refuse components as they enter the waste stream can have an
impact on decisions concerning downstream processing. For example, a decision to recycle paper
will reduce the amount of that waste stream component as a fuel for energy recovery
incineration.
5-16
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Table 5-3
Users Choices for Waste Management Scenarios
Option
Description
Choices Within Option
Material
recovery
Separation and processing of waste
materials for reuse in place of raw
or virgin materials
User selects specific recyclable
materials to recover and methods to
collect those materials.
Composting
Collection of organic materials
(e.g., yardwaste) to allow them to
decompose into a nuisance-free
product with potential value as a
soil conditioner or mulch material
User selects specific waste materials
to compost, how these materials will
be collected, and how they will be
composted.
Energy
recovery
Processing of some part of the
waste stream to utilize its heat
content to produce steam,
electricity, or refuse-derived fuel
User selects one or more types of
energy recovery; if fuel, user also
selects what type of facility to support.
Incineration
Burning of wastes to reduce the
amount of material going to
landfills
User reconsiders whether to use an
energy recovery facility (i.e., for steam
or electricity) and whether to process
incineration ash before sending it to a
landfill. . .
Special
collection
programs
Collection of certain wastes (e.g.,
tires and hazardous household
wastes) that can cause problems in
landfills
User selects specific special wastes to
collect.
Landfilling
Disposal of solid, nonhazardous
wastes and incinerator ash at
designated sites
User reviews amount of solid waste
generated by the district and amount
diverted as a result of selected waste
management options. User also has
option of siting a new landfill (e.g., if
existing landfill is full).
5-17
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Throughout the waste management scenario construction process,, command keys can be
used to present information on screen about the waste management choices being offered:
Pressing provides definitions of terms and provides information about important
pros and cons regarding the particular waste management option. Command key (i.e., the
You Are Here function) allows the user to review an outline of the scenario development
process that highlights topics for a specific waste management option (e.g., when constructing the
incineration component of a scenario, the user can view an outline emphasizing the incineration-
related topics). Figure 5-7 shows an example of this program function as described in the SW-
Options on-line tutorial. The function is intended to allow the user to assess the extent of the
question sequence, as well as scenario development generally, and to gauge the time required to
complete it. This can be an important consideration when constructing a scenario because the
user must complete the sequence and all subsequent scenario components in order to save
inputs to the program. . .
The user can generate reports on waste management costs and on waste diversion after
constructing a single waste management scenario. By constructing several scenarios, however,
the user can compare the costs and waste diversion achievements of different combinations of
waste management approaches.
5.4.2 Constructing a Scenario for the First Time
To construct a waste management scenario for the first time, select option 3 (WASTE
MGMT. SCENARIOS) from the Main Menu and a list of districts will appear. Identify the
district for which the scenario is being constructed. (If the district is not listed, it has not yet
been defined. Press to return to the Main Menu and follow the steps for defining a
district as listed in Section 5.3.1.) After a district has been selected, the first waste management
option (material recovery) will appear on the screen (see Figure 5-8). (Notice that this screen
shows the terms definition information window, which is displayed by default; to obtain other
information, press , , or .)
5-18
-------
displays? a?
diagrarir C Like? tlies
one? shown); which; XI
indicates wheres H
you; arei in: thes * Y
sequences o£ -
scenarios questions^
The- diagram-£illsx ii^
the? entire* screen?
and, you; nay proceeds
with the questions?
only a£tecr pressing?
TUTOR I AL:R Concepts!
MATERIAL
RECOVER*
COMPOSTIHG
EHEBGY
SPECIAL
PROGRAMS
LANDFILL
! IMCIMERATIOfl
,,! I
1 '!'
a) facility location
b) a^h processing
KEhter> = nexfc pages
pr,eu jouss pages
Figure 5-7. Example of a You Are Here window outlining progress in scenario construction,
as described in the SW-Options on-line tutorial.
5-19
-------
MATERIAL BECQUERV: Do you uish to include MATERIAL. RECOUEHX in ybur solid
uaste management program ?
Program
Query
User
Selection
separatringjandipracessiti
Samej sourceestirK LteJ:
^
T ana J- no«es selector bar
selects an itecj
??'£- _ ,jj ^" y-^-^'^S^
tcarrugjated^^^
Window
.Page
Reference
Definition
'Window
Activated
'IHDOHS: =HELP
=PBOS 8 CONS
=vou ABE HER:
Figure 5-8. Sample MATERIAL RECOVERY option screen in th« waiste management
scenario construction sequence, with the definitions window activated.
5-20
-------
To include the first management option (material recovery) in the waste management
scenario, highlight "yes" and press . To reject this option, highlight "no" and press
and the program will advance to the next management option.
If material recovery is selected for inclusion in the waste management scenario, a menu
appears asking you to define the desired geographic location of a district material recovery
facility. The program allows you to default to the calculated location of the district's population
centroid.2 When this menu is completed, a different menu showing a list of recyclable materials
appears on the screen. Select the materials to be collected for recycling (use the to
select individual items) and press . SW-Options will then ask other, related questions
(e.g., whether the recoverable items will be source separated, how the materials will be
collected). After all questions for material recovery have been answered, SW-Options will
present a summary of the costs (i.e., capital costs and operating costs) and waste diversion
achievements associated with implementing this option. Press to proceed to the next
management option (composting).
Proceed through the four other waste management options (as listed in Table 5-3) and
respond to the option-specific questions as prompted. After answering all questions concerning
each selected option, the program will present a summary of estimated cost and waste diversion
results. A final sequence of questions asks the user about whether a new landfill needs to be
sited.
For scenarios that involve material recovery, energy recovery, incineration, or whole waste
composting, SW-Options automatically accounts for "white goods" (i.e., oversized steel
appliances, such as stoves, that are easily separated out of the waste stream). The program
design assumes, based on common practice, that white goods are recovered and sold at the
market price specified by the user for recovered ferrous material. Thus, if the user constructs a
2The default location for any waste management facility in a district is established when the
district is first defined. Either the default location is based on user-selected facility Ipcations or
the SW-Options program calculates the longitude and latitude of. the district population centroid.
However, the user can override the default location for a particular scenario by entering
longitude and latitude values for the facility's site. This will not change the default values used
in other scenarios for the district.
5-21
-------
scenario involving a material recovery facility handling aluminum, paper,, and plastics, SW-
Options will automatically include separation of white goods.
Once you have completed the management options sequence, the program will present a
summary of the costs of transporting wastes to the district's processing facility (or facilities)
under this scenario. The program allows you to view itemized lists of these costs by community
and by district before you complete the, scenario by assigning it a name. The name you give the
scenario should indicate the unique characteristics of the waste management approach.
After naming the scenario, press < Enter> to return to the Main Menu.
5.4.3 Modifying a Scenario
To modify a scenario, select option 3 (WASTE MGMT. SCENARIOS) from the Main
Menu and a list of previously defined districts will appear on the screen. Highlight the
appropriate district and press to advance to a list of scenarios. Select the scenario to
be modified and press to proceed through the scenario's options sequence as described
in Section 5.4.1. i
5.4.4 Adding, Deleting, and Copying Scenarios
To construct an additional scenario or to delete one that has already been constructed,
select option 3 (WASTE MGMT. SCENARIOS) from the Main Menu and a list of previously
defined districts will appear on the screen. Highlight the appropriate district and press
to advance to a list of scenarios. As instructed by command keys listed at the bottom of this
screen, press to add a scenario, or highlight a scenario and press to remove
it from the list. From this screen, the user also can copy a scenario for modification and add it
to" the list. This is especially useful for comparing scenarios that have only minor differences
because it avoids reconstruction of the scenario in its entirety. :
5-22
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CHAPTER 6
GENERATING REPORTS: HOW TO VIEW OR PRINT
SW-OPTIONS REPORTS
This chapter explains how to generate reports. The reports are based on information the
user has provided about a district and its waste stream and on the waste management scenario or
scenarios the user has constructed.
6.1 SELECTING A TYPE OF REPORT
SW-Options produces four types of reports: (1) District Description reports. (2) Cost of
Waste Management reports, (3) Waste Diversion Summary reports, and (4) Scenario
Comparisons reports. Appendix A presents samples of each type of report.
District Description reports can be generated once the user has defined a waste
management district- and the communities or communities in the district. Similarly, the other
reports can be generated only after the user has constructed one or more waste management
scenarios. Table 6-1 describes the four types of reports generated" by SW-Options and indicates
when each is available.
Because the user defines the district, describes the community or communities in the
district, and constructs the waste management scenario(s), the reports generated by SW-Options
are situation specific. Thus, a single waste management scenario applied to two different
communities will generate disparate results. Similarly, estimated costs presented in a report are
based on the operation of waste management systems sized for the quantity of constituents in a
particular community's waste stream, after accounting for each processing step. Thus, if the user
chooses both material recovery and incineration, the incineration facility's size will be based on
the amount of material remaining after material recovery.
6-1
-------
Table 6-1
Report Options
Report Type
Description
Availability
District
description
Summarizes the data the user entered about a
district and its waste stream.
Once the user has
defined a district
and its waste
stream
Cost of waste
management
Lists the waste management options the user \
selected for a scenario and the associated capital ;
and annual operating costs. These represent costs
for the selected options beyond the community's
current costs. However, the report also provides
estimates of economic benefits resulting from the
sale of recovered materials (the user must enter !
local market value estimates for recovered j
materials) as well as an estimate of avoided 'l
landfilling costs (the user must enter a tipping fee
when defining a waste management district).
Once the user has
defined a district
and constructed a
scenario
Waste
diversion
summary
Lists the annual tonnage for each constituent in
the waste stream and the annual tonnage recycled,
composted,, converted to energy, and disposed in a
landfill. Any incineration residue (ash) going to a
landfill is listed at the bottom of the table. j
(The amount of waste diverted depends on the '
efficiency of the technologies employed at the
facility, the participation rate of residents and
businesses, and the combination of waste
management options selected.)
Once the user has
defined a district
and constructed a
scenario
Scenario
comparisons
Presents a side-by-side comparison of the waste
diversion achievements of the various waste
management scenarios constructed (up to four
scenarios per page) along with the composite
capital and operating cost estimates for each.
Once the user has
defined a district
and constructed
two or more
scenarios
6-2
-------
SW-Options presents estimates associated with each waste management scenario: costs of
selected approaches, revenues from the sale of recovered materials, and landfill cost-avoidance •
benefits. This information is intended to facilitate decision-making based on scenario
•
comparisons. Because these are estimates only, however, they should not be used for planning a
community's solid waste management budget.
SW-Options generates estimates on the sale of recyclables, compost, or recovered energy
based on user input regarding local market values. This user input is required for the program
to generate estimates because market prices can vary widely by region and economic situation.
In the absence of data on the local market, the user can compare program-generated estimates
of the amount of material/energy that results from various scenarios. In contrast, only if the user
provides a tipping fee when defining a waste management district will SW-Options generate an
estimate of avoided landfilling costs in the scenario cost report (i.e., the program does not
include a default for tipping fees). The user can develop a more comprehensive, comparison of
cost-avoidance benefits by constructing a scenario based exclusively on landfilling and then
juxtaposing cost and waste diversion estimates against those for other scenarios.
6.2 VIEWING OR PRINTING REPORTS
To view or print a report, select option 4 (VIEW/PRINT RESULTS) from the Main
Menu and a list of report options will appear on the screen. Select the desired type of report
and another screen will appear listing waste management districts defined to the program. For
certain types of reports, after selecting a district, a third screen will appear listing scenarios
constructed for the district.
Once selections for a report are made, SW-Options gives the user the choice of viewing
the report on screen or. printing it out; another option allows the user to save the report to a
separate file. After printing or saving, SW-Options returns to the report selection list; the user
can return to the list after viewing a report by pressing . The user can then exit the list
by highlighting "Return to Main Menu."
6-3
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE OUTPUT REPORTS FROM SW-OPTIONS
This appendix presents samples of each of the following four types of reports that can be
generated by SW-Options: i
• District description report ,
• Cost of waste management report 1
• Waste diversion summary
• Scenario comparison report ;
A-l
-------
DISTRICT DESCRIPTION
DISTRICT: TWOTOWNS DISTRICT
INFLATION RATE SINCE 1990 THRU 1993: 8.95%
**********************************************************************
i
DISTRICT WASTE PROCESSING FACILITIES
WASTE PROCESSING FACILITY
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
District Centroid:
Material Recovery Facility:
Compost Facility:
Energy Recovery Facility:
Incinerator:
Landfill:
(longitude,
( 97.548W,
( 97.548W,
( 97.548W,
( 97.548W,
( 97.548W,
( 97.548W,
latitude)
39..221N)
39.221N)
39.221N)
39.221N)
39.221N)
39.221N)
NOTE: Facility locations are presented even if such facilities are
not required.
******************************************************************************
**
COMMUNITIES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT DISTRICT
COMMUNITY NAME
POPULATION AREA
(sq mi)
LONGITUDE LATITUDE
(deg) (deg)
MILES
FROM
CENTROID
ARBORVILLE
MALLTOWN
50000
80000
25 ( 97.613W, 38.843N)
16 ( 97.500W, 39.SOON)
25.4
18,8
PAGE
A-3
-------
WASTE MANAGEMENT•SCENARIO COST REPORT
SEP 4,1995
DISTRICT: TWOTOWNS DISTRICT
SCENARIO: Recycle and sell
WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
MSW SOURCE SEPARATION (SS) AND COLLECTION
yes
CAPITAL ANNUAL ANNUAL
1 COSTS • OP COSTS INCOME
(SK) ($K) ($K)
SS recyclables?
Collection method
SS compostables?
Compost feedstock: yardwaste only
leaf collection: separate truck
neighborhood dropoff sites
yes
354
0
SPECIAL WASTE COLLECTION PROGRAMS
household hazardous : yes
construction/demolition: no
motor oil : no
tires : yes
MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY: yes
25
404
90
2,183
824
office paper
newspaper
corrugated
aluminum cans
bimetal cans
ferrous cans
other ferrous
PET plastic
HOPE plastic
other plastic
glass
COMPOST FACILITY
feedstock
REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL
fuel type
INCINERATION OF MSW
heat recovery
ASH PROCESSING
approach
NEW LANDFILL
duration of use
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
forced aeration
yardwaste only
no
no
none
394
78
82
no
SCENARIO COST SUMMARY
2,931
1,421
9C
AVOIDED COST OF LANDFILLING:
18
A-4
-------
WASTE STREAM DIVERSION SUMMARY
SEP 4,1995
DISTRICT: TWOTOWNS DISTRICT
SCENARIO: Recycle and sell
Constituent
office paper
newspaper
corrugated
other paper
yardwaste
aluminum cans
bimetal cans
ferrous cans
other ferrous metal
other aluminum
white goods
other metals
glass
PET plastic
HOPE plastic
mixed plastic
•Fnnc^
J» WW.A
tjnori
W V^ W\A
rubber
textiles
miscellaneous
mr\rm\T.c
original recycled composted mass to MSW to
MSW mass mat'l mat'l . energy rec. landfill
(tons/yr) (tons/yr) (tons/yr) (tons/yr) (tons/yr)
3139.7
5817.6
11727.6
14036.2
14682.6
433.6
542.0
1236.6
1846.9
554.1
1662.2
554.1
5564.7
291.1
' 1766.6
6279.4
6187.0
6094.7
2770.3
2770.3
2862.7
90819.9
1588.2
3258.8
0.7
7122.5
157.4 0.0
196.8 0.0
401 = 7
1662.2
1484.4 0.1
102.5
589.1
1591.8
11033.0 7123.4
3139.7
4229c4
3468*8
14035.5
7560.1
276.2
345.2
O *5 A O
834 . 9
•? O A £ Oi
1S46 . S
1 C C A "1
554 . 1
554. 1
*J *J*X • JL
A f\ rt f\ *S
4080 . 1
188.6
1177.5
46-87.5
6187.0
6094.7
2770.3
2770 . 3
*^ O £ *l "1
2862 . 7
0.0 72663.5
Percentage of waste (by mass) diverted from the landfill: 20.0 %
A-5
-------
WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO COMPARISON FOR:
TWOTOWNS DISTRICT
SEP 4,1995
SCENARIO 1: Recycle and sell
SCENARIO 2: Recycle/incinerate and recover
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
Total MSW Mass (TPY)
Mass To Landfill (TPY)
Vol. To Landfill (cu yd)
SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 2
90819.9
72663.5
805215
90819.9
0.0
0
MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY
Recycled materials (TPY):
Fraction of original MSW:
11033.0
12.1 %
13546.9
14.9 %
COMPOSTING FACILITY
Composted MSW (TPY):
Recycled materials (TPY):
Fraction of original MSW:
7123.4
0.0
7.8 %
7123.4
0.0
7.8 %
REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL PLANT
Refuse-derived fuel(TPY):
Recycled materials (TPY):
Fraction of original MSW:
Energy value (MMBtu):
0.0
0.0
0.0 %
0
36514.5
2513.9
43.0 %
620234
INCINERATION
MSW to incinerator (TPY):
White goods removed(TPY):
Other metal removed(TPY):
Ash to landfill (TPY):
Aggregate produced (TPY):
Energy recovered (MMBtu):
GRAND TOTALS
CAPITAL
ANNUAL OPERATING
ANNUAL INCOME
LANDFILL COST
($):
($):
($):
($):
DIVERSION FROM LANDFILL:
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
OoO
0
2931000
1420550
89556
0
20.0 %
33635.1
0.0
0.0
6224.9
0,0
147256
48369000
4648550
217754218
0
93.1 %
KEY: TPY = tons/year; MMBtu = millions of Btu's
A-6
-------
APPENDIX B
WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO WORKSHEET
This appendix provides a worksheet for sketching out preliminary information for a waste
management scenario on paper before constructing one in the SW-Options program.
A. COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION
Community name _
Population' _
Area (square miles) _
Location (longitude and latitude) _
Bottle bill (yes or no)1 _
Yardwaste ban (yes or no)2 . . _
Community description _
Estimating basis
Population based (yes or no) __
Business/community based
(yes or no) _
(if yes, provide annual sales
and demographic data)
Actual known mass (yes or no)
(if yes, provide know mass)
Actual known mass and composition _
(if yes, provide data on known
mass and composition)
1 See Appendix D for a list of states with a bottle bill in effect.
2 See Appendix D for a list of states with a yardwaste ban in effect. Note that a "yes" answer to
this question will preclude the user from including yardwaste composting as a waste management
approach when subsequently constructing a scenario.
B-l
-------
B. DISTRICT DEFINITION
District name
Local transportation rate
Yardwaste ban
District description
Communities in district
C. SCENARIO CONSTRUCTION
1. Do you wish to include MATERIAL RECOVERY in your soliel waste management
scenario? (Choose yes or no.) .
Where will you locate the material recovery facility (longitude; and latitude)?
i
Which material(s) would you like to recover? (Choose one or more.)
office paper other ferrous metal
newspaper , PET plastic
corrugated HDPE plastic •
I
aluminum cans • mixed plastic _J
bimetal cans glass
i
ferrous cans
What recycling revenues can you anticipate for the selected materials ($/ton)?
Would you like the recoverables to be source separated (i.e., by the residents and
businesses)? (Choose yes or no.) ,
B-2
-------
How do you wish to collect these source-separated recyclables? (Choose one.)
separate collection pristine
separate collection commingled
centralized drop-off center ,
neighborhood drop-off sites
blue bag
What percentage of the population do you anticipate will participate in the collection
program?
2. Do you wish to include COMPOSTING in your solid waste management scenario?
(Choose yes or no.)
Where will you locate the composting facility (longitude and latitude)?
From which of the following do you wish to derive your compost feedstock (raw
material)? (Choose one.)
yardwaste only
source-separated (SS) organics
whole processed
municipal solid waste (MSW)
yardwaste and SS organics
yardwaste and processed MSW
What composting revenues can you anticipate for the selected materials ($/ton)?
B-3
-------
Which method of composting will you use? (Choose one.)
i
i
low-rate static pile ,
!
mechanically turned windrows i
i
forced aeration __ !
What percentage of the population do you anticipate will participate in the composting
program? i
i
How do you wish to collect leaves? (Choose one.)
i
separate truck
vacuum truck
3. Do you wish to include ENERGY RECOVERY in your solid waste management scenario?
(Choose yes or no.)
•
• . If yes, which energy recovery option do you wish to use? (Choose one.)
steam
electricity
refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
Where will you locate the energy recovery facility (longitude and latitude)?
What energy recovery revenues can you anticipate ($/unit)?
Do you wish to process the ash before it is landfilled? (Choose yes or no.)
B-4
-------
4. If you do not plan to include energy recovery in your scenario, do you wish to incinerate
the remaining waste stream to reduce its volume? (Choose yes or no.) ___
If yes, where will you locate the incinerator (longitude and latitude)?
Would you like to reconsider an energy recovery facility? (Choose yes or no.) _
Which form of energy do you wish to recover? (Choose one.)
steam
electricity
What energy recovery revenues can you anticipate ($/unit)?
Do you wish to process the ash before it is landfilled? (Choose yes or no.)
In which type of ash processing do you have an interest? (Choose one.)
recover metals only _____
recover metals and form aggregate
B-5
-------
5. Do you wish to implement other SPECIAL COLLECTION PROGRAMS that will benefit
the environment? (Choose yes or no.) _____
For which item(s) do you wish to establish special collection programs? (Choose one or
more.)
household hazardous waste j
i
construction/demolition waste
I
motor oil \
tires " j
6. Do you wish to site a new landfill for the district? (Choose yes or no.) ,_
Where will you locate the new landfill (longitude and latitude)?
How many years do you want the landfill to operate?
How will the landfill be owned and operated (public or private)?
i
What is a good estimate of the cost of land in your area ($/acre)? j
B-6
-------
APPENDIX C
ESTIMATION METHODS AND DECISION LOGIC
USED IN SW-OPTIONS
C.1 INTRODUCTION
SW-Options encompasses a large number of models used to simulate the effects of
different, presently available technologies, and the user selects certain of these models as a result
of the decisions that he or she makes in the program. The program asks the user questions
about how the user wants to manage waste and the appropriate models are then applied, based
on the answers that the user gives. Waste management technologies include methods for
separating constituents in the waste stream, for converting constituents to useful products, or for
destroying undesirable constituents.
Because so many of the separation, conversion, and destruction technologies depend on
.the physical and chemical characteristics of the different constituents in the waste stream, SW-
Options is built around models that deal with each of the constituent .components in the waste
stream individually. Thus, it is important to have realistic, representative values of the total mass
and of the composition of the waste stream of interest.
The national average waste generation rate and composition data included in this version
of SW-Options have been updated from prior versions to conform with values reported in the
EPA report entitled Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1994 Update
t
(EPA/530/R-94/042). If users have more thorough knowledge available about the individual
communities they wish to study, that knowledge may be entered and SW-Options will use it in
lieu of national average values.
For most of the estimation algorithms incorporated into the software, calculations are
based on the annual tonnage of each of the 21 waste stream categories shown in the community
waste characteristic screen. A data file is then generated for each community in which the
C-l
-------
estimated annual mass of each constituent is retained. Throughout the program, calculations are
always performed on each individual constituent to more realistically estimate the effect of
i
processes that affect the various constituents differently. The software also includes a data file
containing estimates of the density, moisture content, British thermal unit (Btu) content, and ash
content of each constituent category; thus, regardless of what constituents are subsequently
"removed" for special processing (e.g.,-composting or material recovery), reasonable estimates can
be made of characteristics of the remaining portion of the waste stream. In this way, SW-
Options is able to estimate the important characteristics for subsequent processing and to
provide more realistic interpretations of the effectiveness of such subsequent processing.
Within a waste management district, transportation distances are calculated as "great
circle" distances between communities and the facility locations. Transportation costs are
estimated by multiplying the relevant distance times the tonnage of wastes to be transported over
that distance and then that result is multiplied by the local transportation cost as entered by the
user. Since the default location is the population-weighted centroid, transportation cost
estimates will be minimized whenever the default location is used, i
The logic in SW-Options is sequential. Thus, if earlier waste management decisions have
resulted in some change in the waste stream, then the waste stream to which later models are
applied is that "changed" waste stream that remains after earlier decisions have been
implemented. Figure C-l shows the logic pathway that the waste stream "follows" depending on
the user's decisions throughout the program. ;
C2 WASTE COLLECTION
SW-Options does not include any estimation procedures for regular mixed municipal
waste collection. It assumes that the community's present waste collection procedures will be
retained and that actual data about the ongoing process will be more useful than any estimate
that could be calculated in such a software tool.
C-2
-------
85
e.
so
JO
58
e
.i
1L
O
E,
C-3
-------
g
e»
S
I
en
S
.0
"a.
O
C-4
-------
The software does include some waste collection estimating procedures for special
collection programs (see Section C.6). Many of the waste management options modeled within
•the software depend on separate collection of source separated and separately collected wastes.
This is true for some material recovery procedures and for some waste composting options. In
any source separation/collection program, the amount of waste actually collected depends on
three factors: the tonnage available in the selected waste categories to be separated, the
participation rate (i.e., the percent of the population actively participating in separating the
selected categories), and the effectiveness of the citizens in separating the selected materials. If
a source separation strategy is selected, the user is asked to estimate the participation rate for
the community. A tonnage to be collected is then estimated by multiplying the participation rate
times the effectiveness factor (built into the software for separable waste constituent categories)
times the estimated annual tonnage of the category to be separated. The tonnage of all selected
categories is added together and this is the annual tonnage used to estimate the size facility then
needed for specific programs (e.g., the size of the material recovery facility needed).
Whenever separate collection programs are selected by the user, an estimate is made of
the number of new trucks that will be required for that separate collection based on the tonnage
to be collected and the population of the selected communities. From this, capital and operating
costs are estimated based on data obtained by phone contact with vendors of specially designed
separate collection vehicles. The transportation cost for separately collected waste is estimated
using the tonnage calculated multiplied by the distance from the individual communities to the ,
location of the waste processing facility for which those wastes are destined. This amount is then
multiplied by the user-entered transportation cost.
C.3 MODELING MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES
MRFs are specially designed facilities at which incoming waste streams are processed to
produce "cleaned," recyclable materials ready for market. MRFs can accept source separated
wastes that have been'kept separate through collection and delivery, source separated wastes that
have been commingled during collection, or whole mixed wastes. Estimation of the effectiveness
and cost of an MRF is based on the EPA handbook, Material Recovery Facilities for Municipal
C-5
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Solid Waste (EPA/625/6-91/031). Depending on the selections that the user makes in the
program, the effectiveness of a MRF will be estimated by different factoirs. If whole mixed waste
is to be processed, the effectiveness of the MRF's operation is estimated using the values shown
in Table C-l for a whole waste MRF. If some form of source separation is chosen, then the
effectiveness of the MRF will depend on three factors:
• The participation rate as entered by the user (realistic default values are built into
the program if the user cannot estimate a better number),,
• The effectiveness of citizens in separating the constituents chosen for recovery.
• The effectiveness of the MRF in processing specific constituents for market.
I
The effectiveness of the citizens in a community is assumed to be relatively constant.
Participation rates may vary, but the effectiveness of that portion of the community that actually
participates will be essentially unchanged. Both the citizen effectiveness estimates and the MRF
effectiveness values are shown in Table C-l. j
One category of waste materials is handled in a unique manner—white goods. This
category comprises oversized bulky items such as appliances, usually containing primarily ferrous
materials, that are difficult to handle and process in many solid waste processing technologies.
Thus, the software makes the assumption that if the user selects an MRF, a composting facility,
or any energy recovery options, then white goods will be removed from the waste stream for sale
as scrap ferrous.
The estimate of the size and cost of an MRF will depend on three factors:
• The number of material categories to be handled ;
• The daily throughput capacity required
• The annual tonnage to be processed
i
'
The number of materials to be processed is selected by the user when responding to the question
of "which materials do you wish to recover?" (e.g., selecting newspaper, aluminum cans, and
C-6
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Table C-l
Values for Estimating Processing Effectiveness of
Material Recovery Facilities (Percent Captured)
Material
Category
Office paper
Newspaper
Corrugated
paper
Aluminum cans
Bimetal cans
Ferrous cans
Other ferrous
PET
HDPE
Mixed plastics
Glass
Waste
Generator
Separation
Effectiveness
85
70
75*
95
95
85
0*
95
95
65
76
For Separated
Waste
95
100
95
98
98
98
NA
95
90
100
90
MRF
Effectiveness
For Separated
Then
Commingled
Waste
90
95
95
95
95
95
NA
95
90
90
75
For Whole
Waste
0
50
70
70
70
70 :
70
85'
65
50
35 ;
Note: Use of blue bags for collecting recyclables results in an effective reduction of materials
delivered to the MRF because of bag breakage and other losses. This reduction is estimated at
20 percent.
'Except for bimetal and ferrous cans, it is assumed that the waste generator will not separate
more than a miniscule fraction of the "other ferrous" category of wastes. (White goods are
treated separately in the software.)
PET - polyethylene terephthalate
HDPE = high-density polyethylene
C-7
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polyethylene terephthalate [PET] would result in three material categories to be processed). The
throughput capacity is estimated based on the sum of the internally calculated annual tonnage
for the specific materials chosen. This number is divided by 250 (assuming 250 operating days
per year) and then multiplied by 1.25 as an estimate of the actual capacity needed assuming the
maximum daily tonnage processed exceeds the average by 25 percent. This "surge capacity"
estimate is used to estimate the capital cost of the facility based on the numbers shown in Table
C-2. Operating costs are estimated from the calculated estimate of annual tons processed (with
no surge capacity factor) multiplied by the values shown in Table C-3.
Both capital and operating cost estimators are stored in the program as 1990 dollars and
these are inflated using the inflation factors shown in the SET PROGRAM DEFAULTS screen
reached from the software's Main Menu. Default values of inflation, factors are included in SW-
Options based on the published Consumer Price Index (CPI) for years 1991,1992, and 1993.
i
The user may elect to use other inflation factors than the CPI and also can enter inflation factors
for years after 1993. The software will inflate the 1990 cost estimates by year up to the last year
entered into the screen. If the user wishes to estimate costs for some future startup date, then
the user should enter inflation factor estimates for outyears.
C.4 MODELING COMPOST OPERATIONS
Composting is a biological process for converting organic materials into a useful soil
amendment material. Theoretically any organic constituent in the solid waste stream can be
composted. In practice, however, plastics, rubber, and leather are so slow to degrade that the
software estimates that such materials are not affected by composting. If the user selects
composting as a candidate waste processing operation, then the software asks which constituents
are to be considered as feedstock to the composting operation. The user may select separately
collected yardwaste, source separated organics from the mixed municipal waste stream, whole
mixed waste, or yardwaste and source separated organics. For both yardwaste and source
separated organics, the assumption is made that these will be separately collected for delivery, to
the composting facility. The user may enter a participation rate or allow the software to supply a
default value for participation rate.
C-8
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Table C-2
Estimated Capital Costs for Material Recovery Facilities ($/TPD)
Number of
Recoverable
Categories
Handled
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
500
20,000
20,000
22,500
24,000
25,000
25,500
26,000
26,500
27,000
27,500
28,000
Note: All costs in 1990 dollars.
TPD s tons per day
C-9
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Table C-3 \
Estimated Annual Operating Cost for Material Recovery Facilities ($/TotaI Tons)
Number of
Recoverable
Categories
Handled
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Note: All costs
Capacity Range (TPD Input)
< 50 50-100 100-500
44.0 35.0 28.0
44.0 35.0 28.0
53.0 41.0 32.0
60.0 46.0 35.0
65.0 50.0 37.0
69.8 53.5 39.2
74.6 ' 57.0 41.4
79.4 60.5 43.6
84.2 64.0 45.8
89,0 67.5 48.0
93.8 71.0 50.2
in 1990 dollars.
a
C-10
>500
21.0
21.0
22.5
24.0
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
30.0
31.0
-------
If yardwaste is selected for composting, the software assumes that these materials will be
bagged and set at curbside for separate collection. Because many communities have special
autumn pickups for fallen leaves, the software allows the user to add additional special collection
vehicles for the autumn leaves. It should be noted that the software also allows users to specify
that the district has a ban on collecting bagged yardwaste. SW-Options then assumes that
yardwaste is not available as a compost feedstock. If the user wishes to estimate the effect of
yardwaste composting, the user should redefine the communities and district so that yardwaste
collection is not banned and then assess the effect of yardwaste composting in a special scenario.
If yardwaste composting is selected, the software asks the user for a participation rate and
then applies a citizen effectiveness rate of 90 percent to the calculated tonnage (i.e., those
participating will deliver 90 percent of the available yardwaste to curbside for collection) and a
processing effectiveness of 98 percent. If source separated organics are chosen for composting,
the software also asks for a participation rate, but tonnage delivered is calculated using the
effectiveness rates shown in Table C-4; process effectiveness is still estimated at 98 percent. If
whole waste is chosen for composting, then no separate collection effort is used. All of the waste
(i.e., that remaining if some has been removed at an MRF) is assumed to be delivered to the
compost facility and mechanically processed to separate the compostable materials. The
separation process modeled is similar to that used in the refuse-derived fuel (RDF) models later
in the program. The effectiveness of the separation process is shown in Table C-5.
As with the MRF calculations, the estimate of costs is based on the quantity of waste
received at the compost facility. Capital costs are estimated using an estimate of the daily
capacity needed assuming a 250 day per year receiving .schedule and a 25 percent additional
surge capacity. Operating costs are based on the total tonnage processed per year as calculated
from the user-selected options of which waste to compost. Table C-6 shows the cost estimator
numbers for capital and operating costs for the three types of compost operations modeled in
SW-Options.
C-ll
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Target Materials
Table C-4 j
Values for Estimating Results of Source Separations
of Household Organics by Generator for Composting
Capture
(% of Available Mass)
Office paper 70
Newspaper 70
Corrugated paper 40
Other paper 70
Yardwaste* 1
Food waste 80
Wood 60
All other categories 0
Noncompostable Inorganics Inadvertently Captured
All plastics . , 0.5
Rubber 50
Textiles 10
All other categories 0
* Yardwastes are dealt with primarily by means of other choices the user can make when
selecting materials to be composted. It is assumed that even when yardwaste composting is not
selected, some yardwastes would be present, mixed in with other household organics.
Note: SW-Options assumes that the available mass of certain categories of household waste
materials is extremely small. For these categories, even if 100 percent of the total available mass
were captured—whether intentionally or inadvertently—the amount sent to composting would be
negligible. Thus, although the program assumes that 50 percent of rubber in the household waste
stream is inadvertently captured for composting, this amount would constitute an essentially
inconsequential input, given that the total available mass of materials such as elastic bands on
newspapers or vegetable packaging is quite small. !•
C-12
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Table C-5
Values for Estimating Processing Effectiveness for "Whole Waste" Composting Operations
• y
Waste Percent of Input Percent of Input
Category to Compost to Recovered Material
Office paper 50 0
Newspaper 70 0
Corrugated paper 60 0
Other paper 50 . 0
Yardwaste 23 0
Aluminum cans 0 70
Bimetal cans. 0 85
Ferrous cans 0 85
Other ferrous 0 85
Other aluminum 3 20
White goods 0 100
Other metals 0 0
Glass -5 30 ' .
PET 10 40
HDPE 20 50 ,
Mixed plastic 10 30 .
Food waste 30 0
Wood 40 0
Rubber 40 0
Textiles 40 0
Miscellaneous 0 0
Note: Input materials not captured are returned to the waste stream for subsequent processing
or disposal.
C-13
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Table C-6
Estimated Capital and Operating Costs for Composting Operations
Type of
Operation
Low-rate static pile
Mechanically turned
windrows
Forced aeration or
in vessel
Capital Costs
($/TPD)
9,000
11,000
13,000
Note: All costs in 1990 dollars.
Annual Operating Costs
($/Tons Processed)
6.25 ;
8.00
10.50
C-14
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OS MODELING ENERGY RECOVERY AND INCINERATION
Energy recoveiy options available in the software include two approaches based on heat
recovery incinerators (HRIs) and two on RDF production. Incineration processes are modeled
assuming good operating practice with extensive air pollution control equipment included.
Energy available for recovery is estimated using the composition of the stream remaining for
incineration, with the heat content (higher heating value in Btu/lb) and ash and moisture content
of each constituent remaining in the waste stream. Incineration facilities accept all of the
remaining waste and combust it. The model estimates the energy released along with the ash
residue produced in the incinerator. As with other process models, capital costs are estimated
based on daily capacity required (with a 25 percent surge capacity), whereas operating costs are
based on total annual tonnage processed. Cost estimates assume that for capacities above 500
tons per day (TPD) a field-erected unit would be used, whereas for below 500 TPD a
combination of modular units would be used. Estimating factors for capital and operating costs
are provided in Table C-7 for incinerators with no energy recovery as well as for HRIs equipped
to recover either steam or electricity.
RDF production assumes that all of the remaining waste is delivered to the facility and
that the waste must be processed to separate the combustible fraction for generating a
marketable fuel product. Three output streams are estimated: a fuel fraction, separated
recyclables, and a reject stream. The recyclables are available for recovery and the rejects then
pass on to any further processing. The software includes models of two types of RDF
production facilities, a low-tech and a high-tech option. The low-tech option is similar to a
"whole waste" MRF, given that it is based on minimal mechanical processing, but involves hand
sorting and low-energy process operations such as trommel screens and shear shredders.
Separation effectiveness estimating factors for the low-tech option- are shown in Table C-8.
The high-tech RDF production facility option is modeled assuming a processing concept
similar to that developed in the 1970s in which hammermill-shredded wastes are separated by
sophisticated mechanical processes to produce fuel, recyclables, and rejects. Such processes
capture more of the waste stream, but at a higher cost. The separation effectiveness estimates
used for high-tech RDF facilities in SW-Options are given in Table C-9. Facility cost estimates
C-15
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Table C-7
1 «•
Estimated Capital and Operating Costs for Incineration Facilities
Type of
Facility
Cost
Factor
Capacity Range (TPD Input)
< 50 > 500
No energy recovery
Capital ($/TPD) 80,000
Annual operating 20
($/annual tons)
With steam generation Capital (S/TPD) 100,000
Annual operating 25
($/annual tons)
With electric generation Capital ($/TPD) 140,000
Annual operating 27
($/annual tons)
Note: All costs in 1990 dollars.
70,000
11
80,000
15
I
130,000
16
C-16
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Table C-8
Values for Estimating Processing Effectiveness for
"Low-Tech" Refuse-Derived Fuel Facilities
Waste
Category
Office paper
Newspaper
Corrugated paper
Other paper
Yardwaste
'Aluminum cans
Bimetal cans
Ferrous cans
Other ferrous
Other aluminum
White goods
Other metals
Glass
PET
KDDPE
Mixed plastic
Food waste
Wood
Rubber
Textiles
Miscellaneous
Percent of Input
to RDF
40
60
60
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
60
10
0
20
20
20
0
Percent of Input
to Recovered Material
0
0
0
0
0
70
85
85 '
85
20
100
0
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note: Input materials not captured are returned to the waste stream for subsequent processing
or disposal.
C-17
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Table C-9
Values for Estimating Processing Effectiveness for
"High-Tech" Refuse-Derived Fuel Facilities
Waste
Category
Office paper
Newspaper
Corrugated paper
Other paper
Yardwaste
Aluminum cans
Bimetal cans
Ferrous cans
Other ferrous
Other aluminum
White goods
Other metals
Glass
PET
HDPE
Mixed plastic
Food waste
Wood
Rubber
Textiles
Miscellaneous
Percent of Input
to RDF
85
85
80
60
80
2
0
0
0
5
0
0
.1°
90
90
70
70
70
70
70
0
Percent of Inpuit
to Recovered Material
0
0 i
0
o I
0
70 i
80
80 |
85 ,;
- i
o !
100 '
\
0 l
0 . i
0
o !
o I
o . i
o |
o
i
0
0
Note: Input materials not captured are returned to the waste stream for subsequent processing
or disposal.
C-18
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are based on the type of operation chosen, with capital costs estimated from daily capacity
required, whereas operating, costs are estimated using annual tonnage processed through the
facility. Cost-estimating factors for capital and operating costs for both options are provided in
Table C-10.
If incineration or heat recovery incineration is chosen, the user also has the option to
select processing of the ash produced prior to its being sent to the landfill. Ash may be
processed for recovery of magnetic metals or the ash can be more fully processed to recover
magnetic metals and process the residue into a material similar to construction aggregate.
C.6 MODELING SPECIAL COLLECTION PROGRAMS
The three types of special collection programs the user can include in a waste
management scenario capture the following materials:
'• Household hazardous waste (HHW)
• . Tires
• Used oil
The methods for estimating costs are based on simple estimates of the quantity of
materials entering the waste stream per year in the district that the user has defined. These
quantity estimates form the basis of the cost estimate. The estimated annual tonnage is
multiplied by the cost of operating a collection program and disposing of the collected material.
Because the quantities collected are small relative to the annual wastes generated in the defined
district, the software assumes that each special collection program can be operated at existing
waste management facilities with available personnel, minimizing additional labor costs. Thus, the
cost of disposal is the primary factor in calculating an annual cost for each program.'
For HHW collection programs, the software estimates the quantity of the waste by
assuming that 1 percent of the population will participate at each scheduled collection (assumed
to be once per year) by delivering defined hazardous materials to a central collection facility.
C-19
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Table C-10
f
Estimated Capital and Operating Costs for Refuse-Derived Fuel Facilities
Capacity Range (TPD input)
Type of
Facility
Low tech
High tech
Note: All
Cost
Factor < 50 50-100
Capital ($APD) 48,000 40,000
Annual
operating 58 44
($/total tons)
Capital ($/TPD) 100,000 75,000
Annual
operating 58 44
($/total tons)
costs in 1990 dollars.
C-20
100-500 >500
• 32,000 24,000
33.25 22.50
60,000 • 55,000
33.25 ; 22.50
-------
Further, the software estimates that each participant will deliver an average of 6 gallons of waste,
which then must be handled and disposed as hazardous. A base disposal cost of $500 per ton is
assumed for hazardous waste handling and disposal. Because HHW programs require operator
training as well as advertising and insurance, the software assumes an annual operating cost of $4
per person participating plus a fixed cost of $10,000 per year. Combining this with the disposal
cost, the annual cost is estimated as:
Annual cost = $10,000 + 0.16 x population
(Note that cost estimates are in 1990 dollars and are inflated to current values by the
user-selectable inflation values that the software utilizes for all cost factors.)
The method for estimating the cost of a used oil collection and disposal program is
similar. The software proceeds on the worst case assumption that the collected oil must be
disposed as a hazardous material at $500 per ton. The quantity of oil is estimated by making the
following assumptions:
• Used oil collected will be generated primarily through use of personal vehicles
• The number of vehicles, operated is one vehicle per four persons
• Each car is driven 20,000 miles per year
• Automotive oil is changed every 10,000 miles
• An oil change yields 2.5 gallons of used oil
• Five percent of the population changes their own oil
• Half of these "do-it-yourselfers" will participate in a drop-off program
t . '.
Thus, the annual cost of an oil collection program is estimated as:
Annual cost = 0.0625 x population
For tire collection programs, a similar logic is used. The exception, however, is that tires
are assumed to be nonhazardous and thus can be land disposed at minimal cost after they are slit
to prevent movement within the fill. The annual disposal cost is estimated at $50 per ton. As
C-21
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with used oil, the software assumes that the number of personal vehicles; in the district is equal to
one quarter of the population and that each car is driven an average of 20,000 miles per year.
The software also assumes that a set of tires lasts an average of 40,000 miles and that the
average weight of a tire is 30 pounds. Thus, the annual cost of a tire collection program is
estimated as:
Annual cost = 0.09375 x population
C.7 LAND DISPOSAL
SW-Options works on the assumption that a district's wastes are presently being
landfilled. Thus, all wastes removed from the waste stream as a result of selecting other waste
disposal options are assumed to be "diverted" from land disposal. If the user enters present costs
for waste disposal (i.e., tipping fees), SW-Options will calculate the costs avoided by such waste
diversion as one of the economic benefits of the waste management scenario selected. Other
benefits include the market prices for recovered materials such as recyclables and compost.
Market prices must be entered by the user because the software camnot reliably predict local
market prices, especially for the highly volatile markets typical of the recycled materials
industries. The most reliable .estimates of market prices can be obtained by contacting local
buyers of recovered materials such as scrap metal dealers and waste paper recovery operations.
Information can also be obtained from industry groups such as the National Recycling Coalition
or the Steel Recycling Institute.
|
The amount of material remaining to be land disposed is estimated by SW-Options as
that amount of waste that has not been removed by all prior waste management methods
included in the scenario as the user has defined it.
Finally, the user has the option of estimating the cost of a new landfill. This estimation
starts with the tonnage remaining to be disposed after all other operations and uses the density
of individual constituents to estimate an annual volume to be disposed. Next, a total annual
volume "in the ground" is estimated and an annual "operating" area calculated assuming that
C-22
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operations can go to a depth of 20 feet below the current ground level and continue to a depth
of 20 feet above the current level. Operating volume also includes estimates for daily cover soil
and a final cover on a finished fill area. Totafland requirements then are estimated from the
user-defined "landfill life desired" with an additional 30 percent more land for onsite roads,
circumferential buffers, and other operational requirements.
Costs for establishing a new landfill are estimated in 1990 dollars and then inflated as are
other costs in SW-Options. Estimating factors include land acquisition costs (based on calculated
land required times a user-entered local land purchase price), siting costs (including a fixed
factor and an annual capacity factor), predevelopment and engineering design costs ($1.50 per
total tons disposed), construction costs ($5.00 per total ton disposed), closure costs (dependent
on total tons disposed as well as annual capacity), and an addition for general uncertainty. Note
that the tonnage to be disposed includes neither increase nor decrease in annual tonnage over
the life of the new fill. Table C-ll shows the cost estimation factors for siting a new landfill as
used in SW-Options.
It should be noted that siting a new landfill is one of the most sensitive issues in waste
management. Citizen opposition to any new waste management facility is important arid
opposition to landfills tends to be especially strong. The estimate of costs for siting a new
landfill may be particularly low if the user's community has a history of active opposition to new
waste management operations. • Moreover, the estimation method used in the program is not as
reliable as the other cost-estimating procedures used throughout SW-Options.
C.8 A FINAL NOTE
The models described are presented as they exist within the SW-Options software. The
user is urged to evaluate these models with respect to their appropriateness for the communities
being studied. The bases for these models include a wide variety of sources, including EPA
documents and presentations, vendor-supplied information, and the authors' own experiences in
solid waste processing technology evaluations. The user can modify many of the important
values used in the software, but the essential logic is fixed.
C-23
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Table C-ll
Estimated Costs Associated With a New Landfill (Lifetime $)
Activity
(Technical Factor) < 25,000
Capacity Range (TPY)
25,000 to 100,000
Land acquisition
Siting cost
50,000
Predevelopraent and $1.50 x TT
engineering design
Construction cost
$5.00 x TT
Lifetime operation 10.00 x TT
Closure cost
2.00 x TT
Uncertainty factor 2.00 x TT
50,000 + 0.75 x TPY
1.50 x TT
5.00 x TT
10.00 x TT
2.50 xTT
2.25 x TT
Note: As indicated, some costs are based on annual capacity (TPY) and others on total tons
(TT) where TT = TPY x Lifetime.
*L (Acres) = (1.8365 x 10^ x TT)
Land Cost = L multiplied by user-entered local cost of land ($/Acre)
TPY = tons per year
TT = total tons
>500
125,000 + .25 x TPY
1.50 xTT
5.00 x TT
10.00 x TT
3.00 x TT
2.50 x TT
C-24
-------
SW-Options is not intended to serve as a design tool, but rather as an aid for readily
performing preliminary evaluation of possible waste management approaches at the local level.
Thus, the software's primary function is utilized if it provides the user with a greater
understanding of the relative strengths and weaknesses of different waste management
approaches being considered for a community.
C-25
-------
APPENDIX D
YARDWASTE BANS, COMPOSTING PROGRAMS, AND
BOTTLE DEPOSIT RULES
BY STATE
D-l
-------
STATES THAT BAN YARDWASTE FROM LANDFILLS (as of May 1994)
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New. Jersey
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Wisconsin
D-3
-------
NUMBER OF YARDWASTE COMPOSTING PROGRAMS BY STATE (as of May 1994)
Sourct: Bfocycl* M«g»in*. May 1993
TOTAL a 2.981
D-4
-------
STATES WITH A BOTTLE DEPOSIT RULE IN EFFECT (as of May 1994)
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Iowa
Maine
Massachusetts
Michigan
New York
Oregon
Vermont
D-5
-------
APPENDIX E
FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL HOTLINES AND
SOLID WASTE AND RECYCLING ASSOCIATION OFFICES
E-l
-------
FEDERAL HOTLINES FOR.INFORMATION RELATED TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
U.S. EPA RCRA HOTLINE '
800-424-9346
*
U.S. EPA RECYCLED PRODUCTS HOTLINE
800-424-9345
E-3
-------
U.S. EPA REGIONAL SOLID WASTE OFFICES
REGION 1
CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT
U.S. EPA - Region 1
JFK Federal Building
(MC-HER-CAN6)
Boston, MA 02203
Tel: 617-573-9670
Fax: 617-573-9662
REGION 3
DC, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV
U.S. EPA - Region 3
841 Chestnut Street
(MC-3HW53)
Phfladelphia, PA 19107
Tel: 215-597-7936
Fax: 215-580-2013
REGION 2
NJ, NY, PR, VI
U.S. EPA - Region 2
26 Federal Plaza
(MC-2AWM/HSWP)
New York, NY 10278
Tel: 212-264-9638
Fax: 212-264-7613
REGION 4
AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN
U.S. EPA - Region 4
345 Courtland Street, NE
(MC-4WD-RCRA-FF)
Atlanta, GA 30365
Tel: 404-347-2091
Fax: 404-347-5205
E-5
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REGION 5
IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI
U.S. EPA - Region 5
77 West Jackson Boulevard
(MC-HRP-8J)
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
Tel: 312-886-0976
Fax: 312-353-4788
REGION 8
CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY
U.S. EPA - Region 8
999 18th Street - Suite 500
(MC-8HWM-WM)
Denver, CO 80202-2466
Tel: 303-293-1667
Fax: 303-293-1488
REGION 6
AR, LA, NM, OK, TX
U.S. EPA - Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue
(MC-6H-HW)
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Tel: 214-655-6761
Fax: 214-655-6762
REGION 9
AZ, CA, HL NV
U.S. EPA - Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street
(MC-H-3-1)
San Francisco, CA 94105
Tel: 415-744-2091
Fax: 415-744-1044
REGION 7
IAf KS, MO, NE
U.S. EPA - Region 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
(MC-STPG)
Kansas City, KS 66101
Tel: 913-551-7947
Fax: 913-551-7063
REGION 10
AK, ID, OR, WA
U.S. EPA - Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
(MC-HW107)
Seattle, WA 98101
Tel: 206-553-6522
Fax: 206-553-8509
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STATE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE OFFICES
Solid Waste Section
Land Division
Alabama Department of
Environmental Management
Montgomery, AL 36130
Tel: 205-271-7726
Fax: 205-271-7950
ALASKA
Hazardous & Solid Waste Section
Environmental Quality Division
Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation
410 Willoughby Avenue - Suite 105
Juneau, AK 99801-1795
Tel: 907-465-5150
Fax: 907-465-5164
ARIZONA
Solid Waste Unit
Office of Waste Programs
Arizona Department of
Environmental Quality
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Tel: 602-207-4121
Fax: 602-207-4236
ARKANSAS
Solid Waste Division
Department of Pollution Control & Ecology
8001 National Drive
P.O. Box 9583
Little Rock, AR 72209
Tel: 501-570-2659
Fax: 501-562-2541
CALIFORNIA
California Integrated Waste
Management Board
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95626
Tel: 916-255-2182
Fax: 916-255-2228
COLORADO
Solid Waste & Incident
Management Section
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
Tel: 303-331-4822
Fax: 303-331-4401
CONNECTICUT
I
Waste Engineering & Enforcement Division
Connecticut Department of
Environmental Protection
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
Tel: 203-566-8844
Fax: 203-566-5255
DELAWARE
Solid Waste Management Branch
Delaware Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control
89 Kings Highway
P.O.Box 14010
Dover, DE 19903
Tel: 302-739-3820
Fax: 302-739-5060
E-7
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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
IDAHO
Solid Waste Management Administration
District of Columbia Department of
Public Works
2750 South Capitol Street, SE
Washington, DC 20032
Tel: 202-767-8512
Fax: 202-404-1311
FLORIDA
Solid Waste Section
Florida Department of
Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Tel: 904-922-6104
Fax: 904-488-6579
GEORGIA
Solid Waste Program
Environmental Protection Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
4244 International Parkway - Suite 100
Atlanta, GA 30354
Tel: 404-362-2695
Fax:'404-354-6612
Division of Environmental Quality
Idaho Department of Health & Welfare
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
Tel: 208-334-5860
Fax:208-334-0576
ILLINOIS
Solid Waste Management Section
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
2200 Churchill Road
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Tel: 217-785-8604
Fax: 217-524-4193 I
INDIANA
Solid Waste Branch
Office of Solid &
Hazardous Waste Management
Indiana Department of
Environmental Management
105 South Meridian Street
Indianapolis, IN 46225
Tel: 317-232-3501
Fax: 317-232-3403
HAWAH
Solid Waste Management Division
Hawaii Department of Health
500 Ala Moana Boulevard
5 Waterfront Plaza
Honolulu, HI 96813
Tel: 808-588-4240
Fax: 808-588-4370
IOWA
Environmental Protection Division
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Wallace State Office Building
DesMoines,IA 50319
Tel: 515-261-6284
Fax: 515-281-8895
E-8
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KANSAS
MARYLAND
Solid Waste Section
Bureau of Air & Waste Management
Kansas Department of
Health & Environment
Forbes Field - Building 740
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
Tel: 913-296-1594
Fax: 913-296-1592
KENTUCKY
Solid Waste Permitting Branch
Division of Waste Management
Kentucky Department of
Environmental Protection
18 Reilly Road - Fort Boone Plaza
Frankfort, KY 40601
Tel: 502-564-6716
Fax: 502-564-4245
LOUISIANA
Solid Waste Division
Office of Solid & Hazardous Waste
Louisiana Department of
Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178
Tel: 504-785-0249
Fax: 504-785-0299
MAINE
Bureau of Hazardous Materials &
Solid Waste Control
Maine Department of
Environmental Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
Tel: 207-289-2651
Fax: 207-289-7826
Waste Management. Administration
Maryland Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Tel: 410-631-3364
Fax: 410-631-3321
MASSACHUSEirrS
Division of Solid Waste
Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Protection
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
Tel: 617-292-5961
Fax: 617-556-1049
MICHIGAN i
i
Waste Management Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30241
Lansing, Ml 48933
Tel: 517-373-9523
Fax: 517-373-4797
MINNESOTA
I
Solid Waste Section
Ground Water & Solid Waste Division
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
520 Lafayette Road North
St. Paul, MN 55155
Tel: 612-296-73413
Fax: 612-296-9707
E-9
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MISSISSIPPI
NEVADA
Non-Hazardous Waste Branch
Bureau of Pollution Control
Mississippi Department of
Natural Resources
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
Tel: 801-961-5047
Fax: 801-354-6612
MISSOURI
Solid Waste Management Program
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102
Tel: 314-751-5401
Fax: 314-526-3902
MONTANA
Solid Waste Program
Montana Department of
Health & Environmental Sciences
Coswell Building
Helena, MT 59620'
Tel: 406-444-1430
Fax: 406-444-1499
NEBRASKA
Integrated Waste Management Section
Nebraska Department of
Environmental Control
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 88509
Tel: 402-471-2186
Fax: 402-471-2902
Nevada Division of
Environmental Protection
123 West Nye Lane - Capitol Complex
Carson City, NV 89710
Tel: 702-667-5872
Fax: 702-885-0868
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Waste Management Division
New Hampshire Department of
Environmental Services
P.O. Box 95
Concord, NH 03301
Tel: 603-271-3505
Fax: 603-271-2456
NEW JERSEY
Solid Waste Management Division
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection & Energy
840 Bear Tavern Road (CN-414)
Trenton, NJ 08825-0414
Tel: 609-530-8591
Fax: 609-530-8899
NEW MEXICO
Solid Waste Bureau
New Mexico Environment Department
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe,NM 87502
Tel: 505-827-2853
Fax: 505-827-2909
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NEW YORK
OKLAHOMA
Division of Solid Waste
New York Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
Tel: 518-457-6603
Fax: 518-457-1283
NORTH CAROLINA
Solid Waste Section
North Carolina Department of
Environmental Health &
Natural Resources
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611-7687
Tel: 919-733-0692
Fax: 919-733-4810
NORTH DAKOTA
Solid Waste Program
North Dakota Department of Health
P.O. Box 5520
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
Tel: 701-221-5166
Fax: 701-221-5200
OHIO
Division of Solid &.
Hazardous Waste Management
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
1800 Watermark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43266-0149
Tel: 614-644-3181
Fax: 614-644-2329
Solid Waste Division
Oklahoma Depaitment of
Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 53551
1000 Northeast 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Tel: 405-745-7100
Fax: 405-745-7133
OREGON
Hazardous & Solid Waste Division
Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality
811 Southwest Sixth Avenue
Executive Building
Portland, OR 97204
Tel: 503-229-5356
Fax: 503-229-6124
PENNSYLVANIA,
Division of Municipal & Residual Waste
Bureau of Waste Management
Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Regulation
P.O. Box 6472 |
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8472
Tel: 717-783-7381;
Fax: 717-787-1904
RHODE ISLAND
Waste Management Division
Rhode Island Department of
Environmental Protection
9 Hayes Street \
Providence RI, 0:2908
Tel: 401-277-2797
Fax: 401-277-2017
E-ll
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SOUTH CAROLINA
UTAH
Division of Solid Waste Management
Bureau of Solid &
Hazardous Waste Management
South Carolina Department of
Health & Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Tel: 803-734-5200
Fax: 803-734-4901
SOUTH DAKOTA
Office of Waste Management
South Dakota Department of
Environment & Natural Resources
500 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Tel: 605-773-4222
Fax: 605-773-5286
TENNESSEE
Division of Solid Waste Management
Tennessee Department of
Environment & Conservation
701 Broadway
Customs House - 4th floor
Nashville, TN 37247-3530
Tel: 615-741-3424
Fax: 615-741-4666
TEXAS
Municipal Solid Waste Division
Texas Natural Resources
Conservation Commission
P.O. Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Tel: 512-908-6692
Fax: 512-908-6717
Solid Waste Program
Division of Solid & Hazardous Waste
Utah Department of Environmental Quality
Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4866
Tel: 801-538-6170
Fax: 801-538-8118
VERMONT
Management Division
Vermont Department of
Environmental Conservation
103 South Maine Street
Waterbury.VT 05871-0407
Tel: 802-244-7831
Fax:802-244-5141
VIRGINIA
Virginia Department of Waste Management
101 North 14th Street
James Monroe Building - llth floor
Richmond, VA 23219
Tel: 804-225-2667
Fax: 804-225-3753
WASHINGTON
Solid & Hazardous Waste Program
Washington Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia,WA 96504-7600
Tel: 206-459-6316
Fax: 206-438-7484
WEST VIRGINIA
Waste Management Section
West Virginia Division of
Environmental Protection
1356 Hansford Street
Charleston, WV 25301
Tel: 304-558-5929
Fax: 304-558-0256
E-12
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WISCONSIN
Solid Waste Management Section
Bureau of Solid &
Hazardous Waste Management
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
Tel: 608-288-0520
Fax: 608-287-2788
WYOMING
Solid Waste Program
Wyoming Department of
Environmental Quality
122 West 25th Street
Hershler Building - 4th floor
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Tel: 307-777-7752
Fax:'307-777-5973
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STATE RECYCLING ASSOCIATION OFFICES
ARKANSAS
Arkansas Recycling Coalition
2705 Chapman Road
Springdale, AR 72764
501-756-2900
ARIZONA
Arizona Recycling Coalition
101 South Central
Phoenix, AZ 85004
602-256-3170
CALIFORNIA
California Resource Recovery Association
4395 Gold Trail Way
Loomis, CA 95659-8901
916-652-4450
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
Northern California Recycling Association
651 Pine Street
4th Floor - North Wing
Martinez, CA 94553-0095
510-682-3582
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut Recyclers Coalition
P.O. Box 4038
01dLyrae,CT 06371 :
203-774-1253 ;
FLORIDA
Recycle Honda
7501 North Jog Road
West Palm Beach, FL 33412
407-471-2700 ;
GEORGIA
Roy F. Westin, Inc.
1880-H Beaver Ridge Circle
Norcross, GA 30071
404-448-0644
HAWAII
Recycling Association of Hawaii
162 North King Street
Honolulu, ffl 96817 '
808-599-1976
COLORADO
Rocky Mountain Recycling
10748 El Dorado Place
Englewood,CO 80111
303-774-1253
Illinois Recycling Association
407 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60605
312-939-2985
INDIANA
Indiana Recycling Coalition
P.O. Box 20444
Indianapolis, IN 46220-0444
317-283-6226
E-15
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IOWA
MISSOURI
Iowa Recycling Association
2742 Southeast Market Street
DesMoines, IA 50317
515-265-4275
Missouri State Recycling Association
P.O. Box 331
St. Charles, MO 63301
314-947-9766
KENTUCKY
Kentucky Recyclers Association
2207 Eastern Avenue
Covington, KY 41014
606-356-8555
MONTANA
Associated Recyders of Montana
450 Charles Street
Billings, MT 59101
406-252r5721 ,
MARYLAND
Maryland Recyclers Coalition, c/o COG
777 North Capitol Street, NE
Suite 300
Washington, DC 200024201
202-962-3358
NEBRASKA ;
Nebraska State Recycling Association
1615 Howard Street
Omaha, NE 68102
402-444-4188
MASSACHUSETTS
MassRecycle
112 Elm Street
Pittsfield, MA 01201
413-445-4556
MICHIGAN
Michigan Recycling Coalition
P.O. Box 10240
Lansing, MI 48901
213-469-9595
MINNESOTA
Recycling Association of Minnesota
P.O. Box 292
Circle Pines, MN 55014
612-481-1143
NEVADA i
Nevada Recycling Coalition
P.O. Box 70393 •
Reno, NV 89507-0393
702-829-6872
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Northeast Resource Recovery Association
P.O. Box 721
Concord, NH 03302
603-224-6996
NEW JERSEY
Association of New Jersey Recyclers
120 Finderne Avenue
Bridgewater, NJ 08807
908-722-7575
E-16
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NEW YORK
RHODE ISLAND
New York State Association for Recycling
46 East Bridge Street
Oswego,NY 13126
315-349-8329
Rhode Island Recycling Association
51 Bridge Street
Newport, RI 02840
401-847-7242
NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina Recycling Association
7330 Chapel Hill Road - Suite 207
Raleigh, NC 27607
919-851-8444
SOUTH CAROLINA
South Carolina Recycling Association
1205 Pendleton Street - Suite 517
Columbia, SC 29201
803-734-0143
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota Recyclers Association
P.O. Box 1196
Bismarck, ND 58502
701-223-6850
SOUTH DAKOTA
Recycling Coalition of South Dakota
P.O. Box 84041
Sioux Falls, SD 57105
605-334-7839 ,
OHIO
Association of Ohio Recyclers
1300 Weathervane Lane
Akron, OH 44313
216-867-5225 .
TENNESSEE
Tennessee Recycling Coalition
401'Church Street - 14th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-0455
615-532-0074
OREGON
Association of Oregon Recyclers
P.O. Box 15279
Portland, OR 97215
503-255-5087
TEXAS
Recycling Coalition of Texas
P.O. Box 2359
Austin, TX 78768
512476-2981
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Resources Council
P.O. Box 88
Media, PA 19063
215-565-9131
VIRGINIA
Virginia Recycling Association
2735 Hartland Road
Falls Church, VA 22043
703-204-0680
E-17
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VERMONT
Association of Vermont Recyclers
P.O. Box 1244
Montpelier, VT 05601-1244
802-229-1833
WISCONSIN
Associated Recyclers of Wisconsin
1340 East Waterford
St. Francis, WI 53235
414-744.1688
WASHINGTON
Washington State Recycling Association
203 East Fourth Street - Suite 422
Olympia, WA 98501
206-352-8737
E-18
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APPENDIX F
COMMENT FORM
F-l
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Eastern Research ©cup. Inc.
SOLID WASTE OPTIONS SOFTWARE
(SW-Options)
COMMENT FORM
Please complete- this form and return it to Linda; Diamond.
ERG FAX: 617-674-2851
Mail to: ERGt Inc., 110 Hartwell Ave., Lexington, MA 02173-3198
USER INFORMATION (To be completed by u*»r)
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