&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Research and Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/670/2-75/057
June 1975
Guidelines for the
Disposal of
Small Quantities of
Unused Pesticides
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EPA-670/2-75-057
June 1975
GUIDELINES FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF UNUSED PESTICIDES
Part A: Pesticides, Pesticide Chemistry, and Pesticide Disposal
Part B: Methods for the Disposal of Unused or Spilled Pesticides
By
Edward W. Lawless
Thomas L. Ferguson
Alfred F. Meiners
Midwest Research Institute
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
Contract No. 68-01-0098
Program Element No. 1BB041
Project Officer
John E. Brugger
Industrial Waste Treatment Research Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY-
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
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REVIEW NOTICE
The National Environmental Research Center—
Cincinnati has reviewed this report and approved
its publication. Approval does not signify that
the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names or com-
mercial products constitute endbresement or
recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
Man and his environment must be protected from the adverse effects of pesti-
cides, radiation, noise and other forms of pollution, and the unwise manage-
ment of solid waste. Efforts to protect the environment require a focus
that recognizes the,interplay between the components of our physical environ-
ment—air, water, and land. The National Environmental Research Centers
provide this multidisciplinary focus through programs engaged in
• Studies on the effects of environmental contaminants on man and the
b ios phe re, and
• A search for ways to prevent contamination and to recycle valuable
resources.
Surplus or unwanted pesticides pose safety hazards to the public and poten-
tial sources of needless environmental contamination if they are disposed of
improperly. In this study available information has been drawn together to
assist' public officials in advising the public on problems of disposing of
small quantities of unused pesticides or pesticide containers and of treating
spilled pesticides.
A. W. Breidenbach, Ph.D.
Director
National Environmental
Research Center-Cincinnati
ill
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project was performed at Midwest Research Institute on Contract No.
68-01-0098, during the periods 29 July 1971 - 30 May 1972, 29 January
1973 - 30 July 1973, and 16 April 1974 - 15 October 1974. The project
officer for the Environmental Protection Agency was Dr. John E. Brugger. ,
The project team has consisted of Dr. Edward W. Lawless, who served as
project leader, Mr. Thomas L. Ferguson, Dr. Alfred F. Meiners, and
Miss Anne C. Aspoas. Dr. Daniel J. McCaustland and Dr. Eugene G. Podrebarac
served as in-house technical consultants and Miss Meredith Reichel assisted
in the literature search which was conducted primarily in 1971 and 1972.
Dr. Rosmarie von Rumker supplied helpful sources of information during the
program. The program was conducted under the general supervision of
Dr. H. M. Hubbard, Director of MRI's Physical Sciences Division. The pro-
gram had MRI Project No. 3552-C.
The information and recommendations presented herein are intended as guides
for agencies and persons who are responsible for furnishing information to
the public on safe disposal of unused or spilled pesticides and pesticide
containers. The sources of this information are believed to be reliable
and the procedures described are believed to be safe. However, no warranty,
guarantee or representation is made concerning the accuracy or sufficiency
of any information and Midwest Research Institute does not assume respon-
sibility in connection with any accidents or injuries which might result
from using procedures described herein. Furthermore, other or additional
precautionary measures of disposal procedures may be required because of
particular conditions or applicable local, state or federal law, some of
which have been revised since the initial research on this study was com-
pleted.
IV
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ABSTRACT
A study has been made of methods for the detoxification and disposal of
pesticides. The objective was to assemble information that will be useful
to responsible authorities in advising the layman (particularly the home-
owner and small farmer) how to: (a) dispose of small amounts of unwanted,
surplus, or unused pesticides; (b) treat pesticide spills of small propor-
tions; and (c) dispose of empty pesticide containers, in a manner that pre-
sents minimum hazard to himself and to the environment. An acceptable method
must be adaptable for use by the layman with the chemicals and equipment which
he has available.
The program was of wide scope: a goal was to bring together information on
the disposal of all pesticides which are, or have recently been, commercially
available in the United States. Tasks in the program were:
* To compile, analyze and evaluate information on pesticide disposal, and
to organize it in a broadly useful form as a reference source.
* To select either the best methods for direct disposal of pesticides by
the layman, or the best alternative procedures for placing the pesticides
in the hands of responsible persons who will see that they are disposed of
properly.
* To outline procedures or to make recommendations that the layman can use
in disposing of pesticides.
A total of 550 chemicals that have been sold commercially as pesticides were
identified, and information was compiled from the technical literature on
their pesticidal uses and properties; their physical, toxicological and en-
vironmental properties; and their detoxification and degradation chemistries.
These pesticides were grouped in seven major categories and over 40 sub-
categories according to chemical classes, as an aid in organizing the avail-
able information, in helping to bridge the many information gaps, and in
determining suitable disposal procedures for each pesticide. Fourteen dis-
posal procedures are described-which are believed to be suitable for use by
the layman with guidance from a responsible official. Separate procedures
describe the proper disposal of containers and the cleanup and treatment of
spills.
Over 257o of the pesticides are so hazardous to man or the environment or
the state of knowledge on their degradation is so incomplete, that the recom-
mended disposal procedure is for the layman to place his pesticide in the
hands of a professional rather than to attempt "to detoxify it himself, i.e,
v
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turn It in to a collection center, return it to a supplier, or transfer it
to an industrial waste service. For all but'the most toxic of these pesti-
cides, however, alternative disposal procedures have been listed. Another
group of approximately 30% of the pesticides are so environmentally per-
sistent, 'thermally stable, or resistant to chemical degradation, that the
preferred disposal procedure is incineration in efficient equipment of a
type not normally owned by a layman. Alternate disposal procedures have
also been suggested for many pesticides of this group. For the remaining
45% of the pesticides, disposal procedures are recommended which the layman
can use himself: chemical detoxification is suitable for 15% of the total
and either burning, ground burial, ground-surface disposal, dilution, or
release to the air may be employed for 30% of the total. Documented ex-
amples of the demonstrated effective and safe use of these procedures for
specific pesticide chemicals and pesticide formulations were generally
unavailable, however, and a major recommendation is that such studies be
conducted. ,
This report also contains a cross-index of pesticide names which contains
over 1,600 entries, tables showing the chemical composition and properties
pertinent to disposal for the pesticidal chemicals, a review of the litera-
ture on degradation and disposal for the various classes of pesticides, and
166 references. , ,
The report is in two parts. Part A summarizes information on the kinds of
disposal problems that pesticides can pose and the results of previous dis-
posal studies. Part B contains the cross-index of names, the reference
charts of property data and 550 pesticides, and the disposal procedures.
This report is intended to serve as a source of information for Regional
EPA officials, county agents, public health service authorities, etc., who
are responsible for supplying information to the layman. It is not intended
for direct use by the individual layman.
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
List of Tables . . . . . . . . ix
List of Figures x
Sections
I Conclusions ....... 1
II Recommendations ......... 3
Part A - Pesticides, Pesticide Chemistry, and Pesticide Disposal
III Introduction. .......... 9
IV The Study Approach. 11
Selection of Pesticides 11
The Data Base for Disposal Technology 13
Pesticide Classification System 14
V Aspects of the Pesticide Disposal Problem 17
Pesticide Production and Marketing Practices 18
Previous Disposal Studies and Recommendations 20
The Problem of Mixed Pesticides 23
Environmental Criteria for Disposal Methods ...... 25
Practical Considerations of Methods for the Layman. . . 25
Limitations in the Available Data 27
VI Toxicity and Environmental Persistence Data for Selected
Pesticides 31
Toxicity to Humans 31
Toxicity to Wildlife 42
Environmental Persistence, Mobility and Effect 42
VII Review of the Chemistry of Pesticide Disposal 53
VIII References 135
Vll
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Appendix A - Pesticides and Pesticide Containers—Regulations for
Acceptance and Recommended Procedures for
Disposal
147
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Pesticide Producers, Plant Sites and Telephone Numbers . . 153
Estimated U.S. Pesticide Production Volume » ........ 161
Trade and Brand Names of Selected Major Pesticides ,
Marketed 168
Appendix E - Commercially Available Mixtures of Active Ingredient . . . 171
Part B - Methods for the Disposal of Unused or Spilled .Pesticides
Sections
,IX How to Use "the Manual
X
Cross-Index of Chemical, Common and Trade Names of
Pesticides
XI Reference Charts of Pesticide Properties Pertinent to
Disposal
185
189
224
XII Potential Disposal Procedures Available to the Layman . . . . . 297
Vlll
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Title
Pesticides for Which Chemical Detoxification Techniques
are Most Urgently Needed . .......... 4
Reference Sources for Identification of Pesticides 12
Pesticide Classification System . . ... 15
Criteria for Pesticides in Public Water Supplies ...... 34
Mammalian Toxicities of Pesticides
Threshold Limit Values for Respirable Pesticide Dusts,
Fumes, and Mists •
Toxicities to F±sh for Selected Pesticides . , . . .
Relative Hazards of Insecticides to Honey Bees . . .
Relative Mobility of Selected Pesticides in Soils .
Symbols and Abbreviations for Reference Charts . . .
Guidelines Used in Selecting Disposal Procedures for the
Layman ........
List of Disposal procedures
35
40
43
50
51
225
227
298
IX
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
1 Toxic Hazard During Degradation of Trichlorfon ........
2 Relative Toxicity Scales
3 Persistence of Selected Pesticides in Soils
4 Simulated Pesticide Label ........ 186
Page
29
33
52
x
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
At least 550 different chemicals have been sold commercially in the United
States for use as pesticides, but a far larger number of pesticide products are
on the market for the following reasons: (a) a chemical may' be "formulated"
with other ingredients in different physical forms and in different strengths
for different applications; (b) two or more pesticidal chemicals may be mixed
to meet specific use requirements. About 8,000 different "formulations" are
available and over 500 products contain two or more "active ingredients" each.
Each company that markets a pesticidal product under its own name must have a
registered "label" for it: the U.S. Department of Agriculture has registered
over 50,000 labels for interstate shipments and the states have registered
thousands of other labels for intrastate sale. Thus, the variety of pesti-
cidal products that the layman may wish to dispose of is extremely large. The
multiplicity and complexity of formulated pesticide products, the significant
information gaps which exist at present on the degradation and hazards of
pesticides, and the variations in local regulations preclude assignment of spe-
cific preferred disposal procedures for all pesticide products on the market.
The present study has focused on methods for the safe disposal of unwanted
small amounts (less than 5 gal. or 50 Ib) of the 550 active ingredients, and of
empty containers in the possession of the public. Major conclusions of the
study are as follows:
1. For pesticides of a very hazardous or persistent nature (such as parathion
and mercury compounds), or for a few pesticides for which the state of know-
ledge on degradation is very limited, the preferred procedure for the layman
is to place them in the hands of proper authorities or trained professionals
for disposal, rather than to attempt to detoxify them by himself. About 25%
of all the pesticides are in this category.
2. For pesticides that are not readily degraded (such as the persistent,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT and aldrin), the only completely satisfactory
disposal method is incineration at high temperatures in equipment which con-
tains an efficient wet scrubber and liquid waste.disposal system, e.g., at a
central disposal site. About 30% of all the pesticides are in this category.
3. Chemical reactions can be utilized by the layman to degrade or detoxify
about 15% of the pesticides; limitations in the use of chemical degradation
reactions include: (a) sufficient information is often unavailable on the
chemical reactions of a specific pesticide to assure that potential disposal
procedures would convert it rapidly, completely and safely into unobjectionable
products; the practical disposal procedures given herein had to be based primarily
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on data for reactions under much different, idealized conditions; (b) reactions
which degrade pesticides to a pesticidally inactive form may leave them in a
form which is not environmentally safe, or may even produce a mixture which is
more toxic or hazardous to humans; (c) the reaction mixtures must be subse-
quently disposed by dumping, burial, discharge, or combustion methods.
4. For about 30% of the pesticides of low toxicity and persistence (such as
pyrethrins or malathion), either direct ground disposal, dilution/discharge,
or burning by the layman according to the guidelines established herein would
be reasonably unobjectionable and would be preferable in most communities to •
available alternatives, such as long-term storage in a shed or garage.
5. When only very small amounts (a few ounces) of pesticide are involved, the
layman's most efficient and safest course in most instances would be to dis-
pose of the unwanted material by methods which closely approximate the direc-
tions for use, e.g., spray on the ground, or alternatively simply bury or
spread on the ground. (Exceptions to this practice would be the extremely
toxic pesticides such as parathion or sodium fluoroacetate and pesticides for
which all use has been banned.)
6. If all disposal procedures which involve the use of ground burial, dumping,
dilution/discharge, incineration, and "apply as directed" methods are rigorously
excluded for substances or mixtures which have environmental hazard, the lay-
man would hardly be'able to dispose of a single pesticide by himself. On the
other hand, although all of these methods have certain environmental draw-
backs, they can be incorporated into disposal procedures for small amounts of
pesticides without serious environmental damage, and with a net increase in
safety to the public.
7. Safe disposal procedures are most urgently needed for those pesticides
that do not have acceptable disposal procedures at present and are either:
(a) extremely dangerous to man or wildlife because of their high toxicity;
(b) not, or only slowly degraded to nontoxic products in the environment;
or (c) produced in the largest quantities. Pesticides in these categories
include the organomercury and organoarsenic compounds, thallium sulfate,
Diazinon,®methyl parathion, parathion, phorate, maneb, alachlor, CDAA, propa-
chlor, atrazine, DDT, heptachlor, toxaphene, lindane, chloramben, 2,4-D,
2,4,5-T, aldrin, chlordane, endrin, pentachlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichloro-
phenol.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
Four major recommendations are made as follows and the first of these is
further outlined below.
* Fundamental and practical studies of the degradation of pesticides should
be greatly expanded. The disposal procedures recommended herein should be
experimentally evaluated.
* The disposal of mixed pesticides should receive greater attention.
* Positive statements regarding the disposal of unwanted quantities of pesti-
cides and empty containers should be added to the pesticide container label.
* A system of regional centers for the safe collection and disposal of
hazardous materials, operated by trained personnel, is much in need and the
government's development efforts should be expedited.
Ultimate disposal procedures for use by the layman were not recommended
for 55% of the pesticides studied in this program primarily because of in-
adequacies in the available data. In order to achieve environmentally safe
and convenient pesticide-disposal methods, either for the layman or for
trained technical personnel, new and improved procedures based on fundamen-
tal studies of the degradation chemistries of pesticides must be developed.
New concepts are required in order to achieve effective disposal for some
pesticides; for .example,
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TABLE 1
PESTICIDES FOR WHICH CHEMICAL DETOXIFICATION
TECHNIQUES ARE MOST URGENTLY NEEDED
Chemical Classification
Organomercury compounds
Organoarsenic compounds
Thallium compounds
Phosphorodithioates
Dithiocarbamates
Amides
Triazines
Organochlorine compounds
DDT family
Aldrin-toxaphene group
Alicyclic
Phenols
Phenoxies
Benzoic acids
Specific Pesticide
PMA (phenylmercuric acetate)
DSMA (disodium methanearsonate)
Thallium sulfate
Organophosphorus compounds Diazinon®
Phosphorothioates
Methyl parathion
Parathion
Phorate
Marieb
Alachlor
CDAA
Propachlor
Atrazine
DDT
Aldrin
Chlordane
Endrin
Heptachlor
Toxaphene
Lindane
PGP (pentachlorophenol)
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-D
2,4,5-T
Chloramben
Basis of Need~'
1,2
1,2
1,2
. 1,3
1,3
. 1,3
3
3
3
1,2,3
1,2
2,3
1
1,2,3
1,2,3
1,2,3
3
3
3
&/ The numbers refer to the primary reasons for selection as follows: (1) high
toxicity to man and wildlife; (2) persistence in the environment; and (3) large
production.
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Organochlorine-pesticides: (DDT, chlorophenoxy compounds, chlorinated
aliphatic and aromatic compounds, and compounds related to aldrin and toxa-
phene.) Although many publications discuss the decomposition and chemical
degradation of these pesticides, effective and practical detoxification/dis-
posal procedures for most of them are unknown.
At the present time, the only acceptable disposal procedure for these pesti-
cides is incineration. However, in most cases, complex incineration equip-
ment is required in order to assure that sufficiently high temperatures are'
developed, and to prevent atmospheric contamination by combustion products.
Furthermore, incineration is practical only on a very large scale and is un-
suited to the small batch operations which characterize most pesticide dis-
posal situations.
We recommend that a study be made of other techniques for the practical dis-
posal of these pesticides. In particular, we recommend that a study be made
of a disposal procedure which employs both hydrolysis and oxidation. Al-
though most of the organochlorine pesticides are not effectively detoxified
by ordinary hydrolytic or oxidative degradation reactions, we believe that
under more severe conditions (for example, at higher temperatures and pres-
sures), the degradation reactions could be "forced" to proceed at acceptable
rates. We recommend that research on this aspect of the problem be initi-
ated in order to develop a technique for effectively converting the chlorine-
containing pesticides to relatively harmless products by means of a simple
procedure which would utilize inexpensive equipment, and result in no air-
pollution problems. A major advantage of a disposal method of this kind is
that it would also be applicable to many other pesticides known to be sus-
ceptible to oxidation and/or hydrolysis.
The heavy-metal pesticides: (Mercury, arsenic and thallium compounds.) These
pesticides are highly toxic, persist permanently in the environment as heavy-
metal compounds, and have had many important use registrations cancelled. For
these pesticides, we recommend decontamination studies which involve conver-
sion of the pesticide to relatively nontoxic, insoluble, naturally occurring
compounds of the metal.
Disposal studies of this kind would include an examination of chemical meth-
ods for cleaving organometallic bonds of organomercury and organoarsenic com-
pounds. Although practical chemical methods for accomplishing this reaction
appear attainable, very little research of this kind has been reported. (The
accent has been on producing, not breaking, the carbon-metal bond.) Similarly,
the toxicity of many inorganic heavy-metal compounds can be greatly reduced
by converting them to insoluble materials, but until now, there has been no
impetus for research of this kind, .
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Hydrolvzable and oxidizable pesticides: (Organophosphorus compounds, amides,
dithiocarbamates, and others.) Many pesticides in this classification are
known to be effectively detoxified by hydrolysis and/or oxidation. However,
specific reaction conditions (reaction times, concentrations, solvents, etc.)
are lacking in many cases. We recommend that these data be obtained. We
further recommend that a study be made of the practical utility of known de-
contaminating agents, especially reagents similar to those developed for the
detoxification of chemical warfare agents. These agents, which were devel-
oped for the armed services, consist of powerful hydrolyzing and oxidizing
chemicals, commonly dispersed in a solvent media which is highly conducive
to the detoxification reaction. These decontaminating agents can be pre-
pared cheaply, and some are now available as surplus materials.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through its responsibilities
for maintenance of environmental quality, and the Office of Research and De-
velopment through its general concern for hazardous materials entering our
nation's waters, air and soil, are interested in pesticides. A particular
problem is the disposal of small quantities of unwanted, surplus, or unused
pesticides. Considerable attention has been given recently to the detoxi-
fication, prior to disposal, of sizable amounts of pesticides such as the
herbicides returned from Vietnam. Some attention has also been given to
the smaller amounts of unused pesticides at the consumer level and, in a
few communities, specific pesticides such as DDT have been collected by
authorities and safely disposed of by proven procedures. In general, how-
ever, the conscientious layman has considerable difficulty deciding what
constitutes a safe and nonpolluting method for disposing of unwanted pesti-
cides. Similarly, quantities of spilled pesticides or quantities left in
"empty" containers are safety and environmental hazards. In all these cases,
pesticides that enter the environment contribute to the overall pollution
burden without yielding the benefits normally derived from their approved
use.
The Environmental Protection Agency contracted with Midwest Research Insti-
tute to help provide guidance to the general public for the disposal of
small quantities of unused or spilled pesticides and the cleanup and dis-
posal of pesticide containers.
The ultimate objective of this research program is to assemble a manual
that is useful to responsible authorities in helping the layman (particu-
larly the homeowner and small farmer) in disposing of unwanted or spilled
pesticides and empty pesticide containers in a manner that presents minimum
hazard to himself and to the environment. A goal of the program has been to
bring together information on the disposal of pesticides which are, or have
recently been, commercially available. Tasks in the program are:
* To compile, analyze and evaluate information on pesticide disposal and to
organize it in a broadly useful form as a reference source.
* To select either the best methods for direct disposal of pesticides by
the layman or the best alternative procedures for placing the pesticides
in the hands of a responsible person who will see that they are disposed of
properly.
* To outline procedures or to make recommendations that the layman can use
in disposing of pesticides.
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The Final Report of this study is divided into two parts and is intended to
serve several purposes. Part A contains background information on the pur-
pose of the study, the study approach, a discussion of important aspects of
the problems of pesticide disposal (in general and by the layman), and a re-
view of the literature on the detoxification, degradation, decontamination, or
disposal of the 550 pesticides which were identified as having been com-
mercially available during the past 20 years. Part A also contains complete
references for the report, and five appendices.
Part B is a manual that describes the steps to follow in disposing of each
one of the 550 pesticide chemicals. It contains a cross-index of common,
chemical and trade names for pesticides, from which the user can determine
the name used in this manual for his pesticide. He can then find further
information on the properties and degradation chemistry of the pesticide
involved, and the disposal procedure which appears most suited to the dis-
posal of the particular pesticide.
This report is intended to serve as a source of information for, and to give
guidelines to, agencies or persons (such as Regional EPA officials, county
agents, public health service authorities, etc.) who are responsible for
supplying information to the layman. It is not intended for direct use by
the individual layman. It is intended also as a source of information to
those, who are conducting research or planning R&D concerning the chemical
degradation of pesticides.
10
_
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SECTION IV
THE STUDY APPROACH
The study approach had several phases. Central to pur approach has been the
concept that the contract final report would be used primarily by responsible
local authorities and persons with some technical training to find informa-
tion on: (a) the disposal chemistry; and (b) the environmental and personal
hazards of a pesticide which a layman wants to dispose of and has inquired
about. The authorities can then advise the layman on the best course of ac-
tion or recommend and supply directions for a specific disposal procedure.
The phases of the study approach include:
* Development of a general data base. A search was made of the technical
literature for information on pesticides, their properties, and their waste
disposal aspects.
* Selection of pesticides for consideration. A goal was set to bring to-
gether information on all pesticides which are, or have recently been, com-
mercially available. A cross-index of pesticide names was prepared.
* A review of the properties of pesticides and their formulations perti-
nent to disposal. Charts and tables describing the properties and hazards
of pesticides were collected or prepared.
* A review and evaluation of the literature on the chemistry of the degrada-
tion, detoxification, decontamination, and destruction of pesticides. In
order to accomplish this evaluation, a pesticide classification system was
developed in which the pesticides were grouped according to chemical class
or dominant functional group present.
* Analysis of information on disposal methods and description of general
procedures suitable for use by the layman with limited experience, equipment,
and supplies.
* Recommendation of the best available procedure for each selected pesticide,
based on an analysis of the information on pesticide degradation and proper-
ties.
Certain of these phases require a more extended discussion, which follows.
Selection of Pesticides
Concerted effort was made to develop a comprehensive and accurate list of
all the significant pesticides which are currently, or have been within the
11
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past 20 years, commercially available in the United States. A primary '
source of entries for this list was the article in Chemical Week by Neumeyer,
Gibbons, and Trask^3-' but this source was supplemented by several "MnQrg lb-12/
Extensive cross-checking was required to eliminate duplications (a compound
often carries two or more names) and to correct numerous errors in some of
these compilations. Five-hundred and fifty pesticides were thereby identifed
with the source of entries as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
REFERENCE SOURCES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PESTICIDES
Neumeyer, Gibbons and Trask!/
American National Standards Institute.?-/
U.S. Tariff Commission (1968-1970)lii/
Herbicide Handbook!/
Kenaga and Allison^./
Federal RegisterZ/
Johnsonlk/
Pesticide Manual (British)M./
CaswelllL/
Pesticide Register by G. L. Mack!0-/
Pesticide Index!!/
Total Number of
Pesticides Listed
380
116
258
117
48
~ 400
335
537
> 1,900 ,
1,078
1,537
Number of New
Entries Selected
380
30
36
8
19
37
,-k/
-b/
— k/
-b/
a/ Insecticides listed as "commercially available," including 21 which are
imported; this list does not include eight compounds listed as "attrac-
tants" which are little used, have generally low toxicities, and pose
little pollution hazard.
b/ Used primarily for cross-checking.
A much smaller number could have been chosen: for example, only those
pesticides of major production volumes, or only those for which registra-
tions have been cancelled. The larger number was chosen because of several
factors:
* Pesticides listed in the "Top 20" by production can change rather rapidly
because of cancelled registrations, new products, etc.
* The list of cancelled registrations is growing rapidly, but not all uses
are necessarily cancelled for a given pesticide.
12
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* Most of the pesticides that have had all uses cancelled are relatively
low-volume but high-hazard items.
* Any registered pesticide may be a candidate for disposal when the owner
no longer wants it, e.g., when he moves or otherwise loses the need; when
he adopts a safer, cheaper, or more effective pesticide, a different formu-
lation, or a different method of application; or when his leftover pesticide
becomes contaminated or decomposes, or when the container rusts.
* The mammalian toxicity, persistence in the environment, and effect on
fish or wildlife, all affect the pollution potential.
This large number of commercially available pesticides was selected to make
this final report as widely useful as possible.
The Data Base for Disposal Technology
The initial data base for this program was compiled by: a general literature
search for pesticide waste-disposal technology; contacts with organizations
either having responsibilities or conducting research related to pesticide
and container disposal; and contacts with the pesticide-manufacturing in-
dustry. The literature included Water Resources Research Abstracts, Bio-
logical and Agricultural Index, Bibliography of Agriculture, Air Pollution
Abstracts, and Chemical Abstracts. A complete search of Chemical Abstracts
was not made for each of the 550 pesticides; a spot-check on 20 major pesti-
cides in an early phase of the program indicated that such a search would
yield extremely small amounts of information in proportion to the amount of
time required. (Subsequently, additional searches of Chemical Abstracts were
made for a few compounds of special interest.) A number of pamphlets,
guidelines, booklets, manuals, and reports were obtained from various uni-
versity, state and federal sources. Contractor reports or publications were
obtained from several recent or current research programs. The industrial
contacts included the National Agricultural Chemicals Association, which had
previously issued a series of pertinent manuals, and telephone contacts with
about 100 pesticide manufacturers and formulators. Requests were made for
technical data sheets, brochures or other available literature that contained
information on product properties, handling, cleanup and stability, or on
disposal of containers. Approximately 45 companies sent information of this
nature. The total data base consisted of about 400 documents and papers,
excluding the abstracts mentioned above.
13
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Pesticide Classification System
Specific disposal methods have not, of course, been described for each of
the 550 pesticides identified on this program as potential disposal candi-
dates. In many cases, however, general procedures were found for the class
of compounds of which a given compound is a member. Therefore, the pesti-
cides were classified into groups according to chemical structural features.
A pesticide classification system was then developed in order to aid in the
identification of acceptable specific disposal techniques for each group.
The priority system is set forth in Table 3, together with the number of
pesticides in each category.
According to this system, all pesticides which contain highly toxic metals
such as arsenic or mercury are in the first group classification, because
such compounds cannot be completely detoxified by any means. A number of
other inorganics are also included in this classification.
A pesticide which has two or more key elements or functional groups is
generally assigned the highest applicable classification (see exceptions,
next paragraph). Thus, a pesticide which contains chlorine,, phosphorus,
sulfur and carbon (e.g., coumaphos) is classified as a phosphorus compound
because, of these four elements, phosphorus has the highest priority in the
ranking system. The usefulness of a classification system of this kind is
indicated by the fact that the decomposition chemistry of this particular
pesticide (as well as its hazard to humans) will most likely depend primarily
on the chemistry of the phosphorus-containing portion of the molecule.
In order to be of maximum usefulness, however, a system of this kind must be
flexible: certain pesticides were thus assigned to classifications of less
than the highest possible priority because they more closely resembled the
compounds in a lower priority group. For example, certain pesticides which
contained both chlorine and sulfur would, according to the system, be clas-
sified as "chlorine-containing pesticides," However, some of these were
actually placed in the lower priority group, "sulfur-containing pesticides,"
because they more closely resembled the sulfur compounds in terms of their
disposal chemistry and environmental hazard. Similarly, certain pesticides
of the dithiocarbaraate family contain such metals as iron, manganese or zinc,
but because of toxicity considerations these were grouped with the other
dithiocarbamates rather than with the heavy metals.
14
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TABLE 3
PESTICIDE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Pesticide Classification
Inorganic and metallo-organic pesticides
Mercury compounds
Arsenic compounds
Copper•compounds
Other heavy metal compounds
Cyanides, phosphides, and related compounds
Other inorganic compounds
Phosphorus-containing pesticides
.Phosphates and phosphonates
Phosphorothioates and phosphonothioates
Phosphorodithioates and phosphonodithioates
Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds
Other phosphorus compounds
Number of
Pesticides
28
17
11
6
6
U.
79
19
34
27
8
_5.
93
Nitrogen-containing pesticides
, N-alkyl carbamates, aryl esters
Other N-alkyl carbamates and related compounds
N-aryl carbamates
Thiocarbamates • .
Dithiocarbamates
Anilides .
Imides and hydrazides • .
Amides
Ureas and uracils
Triazines
Amines, heterocyclic (without sulfur)
•Amines, heterocyclic (sulfur-containing)
Nitro compounds
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Other nitrogen-containing compounds.
22
7
6
10
13
13
9
6
20
14
18
12
26
6
li
201
15
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TABLE 3 (Concluded)
Pesticide Classification
Halogen-containing pesticides
DDT
DDT-relatives
Chlorophenoxy compounds
Aldrin-toxaphene group
Aliphatic and alicyclic chlorinated hydrocarbons
Aliphatic brominated hydrocarbons
Dihaloaromatic compounds
Highly halogenated aromatic compounds
Other chlorinated compounds
Sulfur-containing pesticides
Sulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones
Sulfites and xanthates
Sulfonrc acids and derivatives
Thiocyanates
Other sulfur-containing pesticides
Botanical and microbiological pesticides
Organic pesticides, not elsewhere classified
Carbon compounds (< 9 carbon atoms)
Carbon compounds 0> 9 carbon atoms)
Anticoagulants
TOTAL
Number of
Pesticides
I
8
12
16
15
5
10
19
_4
90
6
4
5
4
Jt
23
19
18
23
_4
45
550
16
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SECTION V
ASPECTS OF THE PESTICIDE DISPOSAL PROBLEM
An appreciation of the magnitude of the pesticide disposal problem requires
some understanding of how pesticidal products are produced, packaged, sold
to the consumer, and normally utilized. A broad definition of "pesticides"
is used herein which includes: algicides, defoliants, desiccants, fumi-
gants, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, lampreycides,. larvacides,
miticides (acaricides), molluscicides, nematocides, plant growth regulators,
repellents, rodenticides, sterilants, and synergists. For purposes of dis-
cussion, the pesticides are frequently grouped in the literature into the
dominant categories of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.
The government's basic regulatory authority for pesticides resides in the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947 and its
amendments. Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations covers pesticides.
The newest amendments to FIFRA, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act of 1972, (Public Law 92-516), include three sections which
are pertinent to pesticides disposal problems as follows:
Section 19 - Disposal and Transportation, (a) Procedures.--The Adminis-
trator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall establish procedures
and regulations for the disposal or storage of packages and containers
of pesticides and for the disposal or storage of excess amounts of
such pesticides, and accept at convenient locations for safe disposal
a pesticide the registration of which has been cancelled under Section
6 (c) if requested by the owner of the pesticide.
Section 13 - Stop Sale. Use, Removal and Seizure, (c) Disposition after
Condemnation.—if the pesticide or device is condemned it shall, after
entry of the decree, be disposed of by destruction or sale as the court
may direct.
Section 12 - Unlawful Acts, (a) (2) (G).--It shall be unlawful for any
person to use any registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent with
its labeling.
Under this authority, the EPA has developed guidelines for the acceptance,
storage and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. These regula-
tions (40 CFR, Part 165) were published after the present report was nearly
complete, but are included as Appendix A. As this chapter will indicate,
many aspects of the pesticide disposal problem require additional research,
and the EPA guidelines are expected to be updated from time to time as new
information and new technologies become available.
17
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Pesticide Production and Marketing Practices
The pesticide production, distribution, and marketing network is complex;
This network begins with the basic chemical manufacturer who synthesizes
or otherwise produces the "active ingredients" (a.i.), that is, the in-
dividual chemical having pesticidal properties. The manufacturer may pro-
duce a "technical" material (typically > 95% a.i.) which may be packaged
and sold to either a dealer or the consumer. More often, however, the
technical material is not suitable for direct use by the consumer, and
must be converted to concentrations and physical forms suitable for speci-
fic uses and methods of application. This conversion process is called
"formulating" the pesticide, and the products are called "formulations."
The number of pesticides actually produced and the number of producers
vary from year to year as new pesticides are discovered and other pesti-
cides are discontinued. During the past 3 years, nearly 100 U.S. companies
engaged in the manufacture of about 275 individual pesticidal chemicals,
and other pesticides were imported. The total United States production of
synthetic pesticides is about 1.3 billion pounds per year (not including
coal tars, creosotes, petroleum oils, aromatic and mineral solvents and dry
carriers). In all, about 125 pesticides are each produced in quantities of
over 1 million pounds per year.H' Major pesticide manufacturers are listed
in Appendix B, estimated production volumes of major pesticides are listed ;
in Appendix C, and the trade and brand names bf selected pesticides are
listed in Appendix D.
While the number of active ingredients in use is large, the number of formu-
lated products on the market is far larger: about 8,000 different formula-
tions are apparently available from over 1,800 formulators and distributors.—'
Over 50,000 "labels" are said to have been registered by the U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture: each company that markets a given formulation must have
its own registered label. Over 3,500 companies appear to hold federal regis-
trations for one or more products. Pesticide products may be registered
for intrastate sale by a company: an estimated 2,000 products are thus
registered in California alone.
The pesticide is formulated by adding to the a.i. one or more of a host of
other ingredients. The manufacturer may formulate at the a.i. production
site, or at one or more other locations, in either his own facilities or in
those of a contract formulator. The manufacturer then sells the products
under his registered labels, which contain a list of ingredients and in-
structions for handling and application. Alternatively, the a.i. manufac-
turer may sell the technical material (or a concentrate of it) to an inde-
pendent formulator who, in turn, may formulate the pesticide into one or
more products to suit the needs of his customers and sell the products un-
der his own registered labels.
18
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Many manufacturers and formulators may also package material under the
registered label of one of their customers, and some do not market directly
to the consumer at all. An independent packager may also buy technical or
formulated pesticides, repackage them, and sell the products under his own
registered labels. The marketing of pesticide products encompasses a large
segment of commerce: marketing outlets include dealers and distributors,
farm co-ops and other associations (e.g., of structural applicators) home
and garden suppliers, hardware stores, etc.
Three major reasons account for the large number of formulations:
* A given pesticide (such as DDT) may be physically formulated in many
forms: emulsifiable concentrate (e.c.); wettable powder (w.p.); dust; or
granules (gr.). The formulations selected depends on specific intended
applications.
* A given pesticide may be formulated at different concentrations in the
same physical form in order to meet different use requirements. The concen-
tration of active ingredient may vary by more than one order of magnitude.
Solvents, surfactants, synergists, and other additives may vary from one
formulator to the next.
* A given pesticide may be formulated in a-mixture with one or more other
pesticides. Over 500 commercially available formulations contain more than
one active ingredient. A formulation may contain two to five pesticidal
chemicals. These mixtures are marketed to meet specific use requirements.
A tabulation of commercially available mixtures is given in Appendix E.
Pesticides (active ingredients and formulations) are transported in con-
tainers as large as 8,000-gal. tank cars, but are most often sold to the
consumer in drums (5, 30 or 55 gal.), cardboard cartons and paper bags (0.5
to 50 lb), and other small containers (glass or plastic bottles or metal
cans, usually holding 1 gal." or less) .H/ The agricultural market is esti-
mated to require about 100 million pesticide containers, the "average con-
tainer" holding about 8 lb of material having 50% active ingredient. The
home and garden market has been estimated to require 100 million aerosol
containers and 200-400 million nonpressurized containers for pesticides.
Other sectors of the pesticide market (such as the professional structural
applicator, industrial user, and various governmental agency users) require
additional millions of containers.
The disposal of unused or spilled pesticides and of empty pesticide con-
tainers poses, then, an extensive problem. The description of specific dis-
posal procedures for all the available products would be a prohibitively
large task. Disposal guidelines are obviously needed.
19
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Previous Disposal Studies and Recommendations
The safe use and proper handling of hazardous chemicals have long been
sought by industry and the government. In recent years, the proper dis-
posal of pesticides, pesticidal wastes and pesticide containers have been
of increasing interest to the chemical and pesticide industry,l^2^J to
numerous state and local agencies or universities,21-29/ to agenc£es Of
the federal government^ "^3 / their contractors, and grantees S13^44;v50/ an(j
to many other groups.-* ^8/
This sizable volume of literature!3-!^/ has served as a starting point for
this program. Most previous work, however, has focused on either the prob-
lems of disposal of relatively large amounts of industrially generated pesti-
cidal wastes, on very small amounts of pesticides appropriate to prelimi-
nary laboratory studies, or on the ubiquitous problem of "empty" containers.
The pesticide manufacturers and formulators have utilized a variety of
methods for the handling, treatment, and disposal of pesticide-containing
wastes. While many of their methods are not suitable for direct adapta-
tion for use by the layman, a brief description of some of the main fea-
tures of the operation, capabilities and limitations of these methods is
given below. The methods are classified according to the three general
purposes they serve:
•* In-house control of waste streams primarily involves either economy
of production (e.g., the use of recycle streams or better product recovery),
good occupational safety practice, or minimization of the waste disposal
or treatment burden.
* Direct and final disposal consists essentially of methods such as ocean
disposal, deep-well injection, burial, and dilution/discharge into water
or air. The latter method is becoming less useful because of stringent new
regulations. Burial in an open pit or landfill is becoming increasingly
regulated because of leaching or subsurface movement of the pesticide and
subsequent contamination of surface or groundwaters (leaching occurs in
sandy soils more readily than in clays or in highly organic soils).
* Treatment methods to remove the pesticide from the waste stream prior
to its discharge have a number of variations which require elaboration: the
treatment may involve a combination of physical, chemical, biological or
thermal methods.
Physical methods include: mechanical collectors (cyclone); fil-
ters (baghouses) and wet scrubbers for air streams; adsorption, coagu-
lation/precipitation (a chemical additive may be used as an aid),
liquid-liquid extraction, and foam fractionation for liquid streams.
An evaporation pond (no discharge) combines physical and biological
methods.
20
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Chemical methods include: pH adjustment, which may be neutrali-
zation, acidification or alkalinization (usually using acids, caus-
tics or most often lime); oxidation, using oxygen (usually air),
chlorine or sodium hypochlorite, ozone, etc., and photochemical
methods (sunlight or ultraviolet radiation).
Biological methods involve degradation of the pesticides by
microbiological cultures either: (a) under aerobic conditions,e.g.,
in stabilization ponds, aerated lagoons, trickling filters (followed
by a settling tank), and activated sludge; or (b) under anaerobic con-
ditions, i.e., without the presence of air. These methods have draw-
backs in that: degradation is usually slow; the system must be care-
fully protected in regard to pH, shock overloads and nutrient levels;
the efficiency of degradation varies with the physical form of the
pollutant (e.g., a pesticide adsorbed on particles may not be so
susceptible to degradation as it would be if it were in solution)
and the chemical structure of the pollutant (e.g., chlorophenols are
not efficiently degraded by cultures which break down many organics,
but may be degraded by special cultures).
Thermal methods involve decomposition and chemical degradation
of the pesticides at elevated temperatures. Pyrolysis, the thermal
"cracking" of the molecular structure in the absence of air, is pos-
sible for almost every pesticide, but has been seldom used for prac-
tical reasons. Combustion and incineration methods are preferred,
the former usually implying burning of the pesticide either alone
or in a solvent in air, and the latter usually implying burning of
the pesticide in special equipment which may be gas-fired and have
a forced-air draft to maintain high, uniform operating temperatures.
The burning may be conducted in a furnace or in a trench. Precau-
tions are required to prevent smoke emission, and special precautions
are required for pesticides which cannot be completely detoxified, e.g.,
those containing heavy metals (such as mercury or arsenic), boron,
or fluorine, or those which form corrosive gaseous products such as
HC1, NOX and S02- A water or caustic scrubber is frequently necessary.
The pesticide waste-disposal method or treatment method which is selected
by a manufacturer or formulator depends on several factors such as: the
amount of material he has to dispose of; the local regulations and permis-
sible discharge levels; the form and concentration of the hazardous mate-
rial; and the cost of treatment or disposal facilities. Many of these
factors are in turn dependent on the chemical, toxicological and environ-
mental properties of the pesticides. These properties are frequently simi-
lar for different pesticides of the same general chemical class, or of a
structure having a common dominant functional group. Special attention has
been called to certain of these classes, such as:
21
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* The Inorganic and metallo-organics. These pesticides contain mercury,
arsenic, thallium, boron, fluorine, etc., and cannot be made completely non-
toxic.
* The phosphorus-containing pesticides. These pesticides are nearly all
insecticides and most are of the cholinesterase-inhibiting type. Their
toxicities, however, range from very high3./ (oral U>50 — 5 mg/kg for para-
thlon) to fairly low (11)50 —2800 for malathion and ~ 5000 for Gardona®).
Most of these compounds are susceptible to hydrolysis (usually under alkaline
conditions) and are not persistent in the environment.
* The carbamates. This class has a very broad range of biological activity.
The N-alkyl carbamates are cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides, like
the organophosphates, and most are very toxic. The N-aryl carbamates are
herbicides and are, in general, much less toxic than the N-alkyl carbamates.
A series of thiocarbamate herbicides and dithiocarbamate fungicides is
known (many of the latter are metal salts). The carbamates are generally
"nonpersistent" and are subject to caustic degradation. The dithiocarba-
mates are subject to acid hydrolysis.
* The chlorinated hydrocarbons. This class of compounds, by conventional
usage, does not contain .all the chlorinated pesticides, but normally re-
fers to the series of insecticides which is rather highly chlorinated,
including DDT, lindane, chlordane, aldrin, and toxaphene, most of which are
fairly or quite persistent in the environment. Most members of this class
pose a difficult disposal problem and can be effectively degraded best by
incineration methods.
* The phenoxies. The phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides such as 2,4-D and
2,4,5-T have a low environmental persistence, although they are chlorinated
compounds. They are generally susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis or in-
cineration methods.
* The botanicals. Pesticides such as roterione and pyrethrins are usually
insecticides which have relatively low toxicity to man but high toxicity
to fish. They are usually susceptible to degradation in normal organic
waste treatment facilities or by combustion and breakdown in the environ-
ment.
a/ The most commonly used measure of acute toxicity is the 1.050, i.e., the
dose of the substance which kills half of the experimental animals by
any test. Oral U^Q'S (in units mg/kg of body weight) are most often
reported. The lower the 1^50» the more toxic the substance.
22
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* Other classes. The many remaining classes and subclasses have been the
subject of less discussion than the preceding classes, and will be de-
scribed further in Section VII.
The results of the laboratory-scale studies of pesticide disposal are dis-
cussed in. Section VII in connection with specific pesticides. In general,
disposal methods which have been found effective on the laboratory-scale
have not been demonstrated on a larger (nonindustrial) scale. Very little
consideration has been given to the practical problems associated with the
disposal of small quantities of pesticides by the layman.
Finally, the many instructions and discussions concerning pesticide con-
tainer disposal center on two major problems caused by inability to empty
the pesticidal contents completely. One of these is that abandoned con-
tainers pose a serious hazard to children and animals (as well as unneces-
sary environmental pollution). The solution: rinse, crush and bury or
burn the containers. The second major problem is reuse of the contaminated
empty container for other purposes, which again poses hazards to man and
the environment. The solution: send the drums to a commercial reconditioner.
Inherent in the container problem are other problems, i.e., those of col-
lection, storage and decontamination, all of which have received consider-
able study.
The Problem of Mixed Pesticides
Pesticides are used both as formulations containing only a single active
ingredient and as formulations containing two, three or more different ac-
tive ingredients'to make them more effective against a variety of pests.
Data are not available on the relative amounts of all pesticides that are
used as single active ingredient formulations and as "mixed" formulations,
but the proportion of the latter is significant (and may be nearly 50% of
the total in the home, lawn and garden market).
Information is available, however, on the number and types of mixtures
that are marketed commercially: over 500 mixtures that contain two or
more active ingredients each have been noted in the Pesticide Handbook -
TO/
Entoma. —' The two or more ingredients may be mixed in the same propor-
tions by several different companies (and thus sold under different trade
names) or the same ingredients may be mixed in different proportions in
diff.erent products by the same or different manufacturers. Furthermore,
the concentrations of ingredients may be stated in different units on
different products. For example, 16 products that contain toxaphene, DDT
and methyl parathion are noted. The listed combinations are given for
liquids in either pounds per gallon or percentage as shown below:
23
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Toxaphene
DDT
Methyl Parathion
4 Ib/gal
4 Ib/gal
4 Ib/gal
49.28%
37.9%
2 Ib/gal
2 Ib/gal
2 Ib/gal
22.40%
18.9%
0.5 Ib/gal
0.75 Ib/gal
1 Ib/gal
3.36%
9.4%
The ingredients of a given type of mixture are in roughly the same rela-
tive proportions in different products (as in the example above) in most
combinations, but in some cases the proportions are varied considerably
for different intended applications. The example below illustrates the
range of compositions which could be encountered:
Carbon Tetrachloride
64
32
Ethylene Dichloride
0
29
9
Ethylene Dibromide
0
7
59
The mixtures that are marketed may contain components that are: (a) chemi-
cally, toxicologically and environmentally similar to each other, e.g.,
2,4-D and 2,4,5-T or, BHC, chlordane and DDT; or (b) quite dissimilar,
e.g., parathion and ODD; captan, DDT, dinocap and malathion; or ferbam,
malathion, methoxychlor, phenothiazine and sulfur. In addition, the com-
ponents or their concentrations may be changed from time to time by the
manufacturer without any change in the trade name of the product (although
a new active ingredient concentration would appear on the label).
The previous laboratory investigations of pesticide degradation or disposal
have been restricted almost entirely to the study of one active ingredient
at a time, since more complex mixtures would complicate the procedures or
might produce ambiguous results. Hence little or no experimental informa-
tion is available on the most effective or safest method of disposing of
mixtures. Because of the wide number and variability of mixtures that are
available, disposal must be considered on almost a case-by-case basis.
24
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Environmental Criteria for Disposal Methods
An acceptable pesticide-disposal procedure should not pose a danger to en-
vironmental quality. A potential disposal method should be evaluated front
several important environmental viewpoints. It should:
* Minimize the potential for damage to water quality. Criteria for per-
missible levels in public water supplies have been established for several
pesticides and related chemical species, but not for most pesticides. Since
these are all biologically active compounds to some degree, their levels in
water whould be minimized.
* Make minimal contribution to problems of air' pollution and solid waste
disposal. Some pesticides degrade rapidly in the atmosphere, but a number
have been detected as atmospheric pollutants, and some are quite persis-
tent. In addition, procedures which generate smoke, dusts or fumes are un-
desirable, particularly when these contain the pesticides themselves. Pro-
cedures that contribute to litter of the environment are obviously unde-
sirable, but methods which require solid waste disposal may be permissible,
depending on circumstances.
* Degrade the pesticide. Ideally, a disposal procedure would convert the
pesticide into a biologically inactive form, but this ideal is difficult,
if not impossible, to attain. Alternatively, an acceptable disposal pro-
cedure should convert the pesticide into a less hazardous form: a persis-
tent material rendered nonpersistent; a biomagnj.fied one rendered non-
accumulative; a toxic material rendered less toxic to man, animals, fish,
wildlife, or vegetation; a high concentration of a synthesized chemical
changed to low concentrations of chemical forms already .found in nature.
Data related to some of these environmental considerations are given in
Section VI.
Practical Considerations of Methods for the Layman
An acceptable pesticide disposal procedure, in view of the primary objec-
tives of this program, must be one which can be used by the layman. Sev-
eral limitations and restrictions should be recognized:
* The layman has limited equipment. He does not have high-efficiency in-
cinerators, reaction flasks, ozonators, pressure equipment, or other labora-
tory equipment.
25
-------
* He has a limited number of chemicals available. Hardware stores or soil
and garden centers are convenient, but a chemical supply house usually is
not.
* He has limited experience. While he may have experience in using pesti-
cides according to label directions, he has little experience in performing
chemical reactions, in incineration or even In repackaging pesticides for
collection.
* He should not be exposed to a greater personal hazard in disposing of
the pesticide than in using it according to the directions on the label.
A number of practical considerations should be made before deciding on a
disposal procedure, such as:
* The total amount of material to be disposed of--l qt, or 55 gal. (a
full drum). If it is the latter, the layman should call a professional.
* The human hazard—the number of potentially lethal doses involved. Is
the quantity of active ingredient capable of killing 1,000 adults if each
swallowed a portion (e.g., 60 Ib DDT or 1 Ib parathion), or is there not
enough to cause a serious illness to one,? (e.g., 1 Ib of the insecticide
Dimethrin, LDso = 40,000 mg/kg) (see Section VI). In the case of the former,
a professional's help should be sought, particularly if the amount is greater
than 10 Ib.
* The types of formulation, the percentage of active ingredient and the
nature of the diluent or carrier. An oil solution of a pesticide would be
difficult to mix with an aqueous detoxification solution; a clay-based
material would be difficult to burn.
* The time factors. The disposal should be effected completely in a short
time so that no containers of improperly labeled pesticide mixture are left
standing around as an accident hazard.
* The nature of any chemical degradation reactions. Reactions should be
quick, one-step procedures which do not require heating or excess stirring,
and should not give unexpected hazardous volatile products or unusually
toxic reaction intermediates.
* The potential harmful effects on the immediate environment. Examples
would be the deactivation of a biological sewage treatment system or the de-
struction of nearby vegetation.
* Proven efficiency and safety. Any method considered for recommenda-
tion should have been demonstrated on a sizable scale, e.g., 50 Ib or at
least 5 Ib.
26
-------
* The disposal chemicals. The quantity needed cannot be prohibitively
large or its cost too great, in any instance, or the method will probably
not be employed by the layman.
Limitations in the Available Data
A general review and evaluation of the literature indicated serious informa-
tion gaps, and identified several practical problems which, in total, pre-
clude the confident prescription of completely acceptable procedures which
the layman could use for each one of the 550 pesticides. Some examples
include:
* Previously recommended methods: Disposal methods which have been
previously recommended for pesticides are often no longer acceptable be- •
cause of changing standards, e.g., environmental restrictions. Others are
not acceptable for our purposes because of the limitations inherent in the
layman's equipment, available chemicals, or experience.
* The "dilemma" pesticides: Certain pesticides cannot be 'completely de--
toxified. Degradation of pesticides which contain heavy metals such as
mercury, arsenic, thallium, etc., or certain inorganic elements such as
fluorine, always leaves a toxic residue which must be disposed of. A use-
ful rule of thumb is that ground burial is permissible when small amounts
of material (particularly when they are in a form already found in nature)
are involved.
i
* Demonstrated methods: Acceptable disposal methods have been success-
fully demonstrated on an industrial scale for a number of pesticides and on
a laboratory scale for a number of the same or other pesticides. The effi-
ciency and safety of most potential or proposed chemical disposal procedures
have generally not been demonstrated, however, on a scale (1 to 50 Ib) and
in equipment most likely to be of use to a layman. In addition, literature
reports of degradation/detoxification reactions are often based on results
of laboratory studies under idealized conditions, e.g., the ratio of re-
agent to pesticide may be 100:1 or even 1,000:1. None of the literature
methods have discussed the possible effects of other ingredients such as
emulsifying agents and surfactants.
Biological degradation methods are not sufficiently developed or have not
been demonstrated to be suitable for rapid, efficient reaction of sizable
amounts of pesticides to be confidently recommended.
* Toxicity and pollution characteristics of the degradation products: In
some instances, a degradation reaction either gives reaction intermediates
or final products which are more toxic to mammals than is the original
pesticide. An example is the alkaline hydrolysis of trichlorfon, an
27
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organophosphate insecticide, which produces the more toxic dichlorvos as-a
reaction intermediate during degradation, with the effect shown in Figure 1
under one set of reaction conditions (N.B. under practical conditions of
disposal, the entire reaction may proceed rapidly). In other instances,
a potential degradation procedure may give a product which is more hazardous
than is the original pesticide, e.g., 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (LDso of 150 to
250 mg/kg) is formed by hydrolysis of ronnel (LD5Q of 1,700 mg/kg). The
lethal oral dose for a normal man would thus be decreased, from nearly a pint
to less than 1 oz.
Such reactions should never be carried out in a "bucket," but a method in-
volving burial in the ground with lime might be recommended.
* Uncharacterized degradation products; In many cases, the products of
the degradation reaction are either unknown or of uncertain toxicity or en-
vironmental impact. In either instance, recommendation of such a disposal
method has obvious drawbacks. The environmental restriction also applies
to any degradation products of unknown environmental hazard, e.g., a chlor-
inated insecticide might be degraded to an insecticidally inactive, chlori-
nated hydrocarbon, but the latter might-be persistent, biomagnified, and
hazardous to certain species of wildlife.
* Unknown rate and heat of reaction: Many degradation reactions which
have been mentioned in the literature are not accompanied by information
on the rate and heat of reaction, e.g., the reaction mixture may have been
refluxed 2 hr or let stand overnight on a steam bath. In order to recom-
mend a detailed decontamination method, one must know approximately the
reaction rate at ambient temperature (a few minutes, 1 day, or 1 month?) and
whether the reaction mixture might heat up dangerously (even explosively)
upon scale-up. Methods which involve slow chemical reactions should not be
recommended unless the mixture can be buried: a "bucket" or improperly
labeled container of adulterated pesticide might pose serious hazards. Methods
which involve heating a reaction mixture to speed the reaction should be ex-
cluded if danger exists of volatilizing toxic or hazardous (even herbicidal)
ingredients. For example, one of the extremely toxic phosphates, parathion,
can explode when heated strongly, especially when certain catalytic im-
purities are present.
In summary, the literature contains few results based on systematic re-
search on chemical degradation of pesticides. Most publications on pesti-
cides are concerned with synthesis, effects, analysis of metabolic activity,
etc. The few studies that have dealt with chemical degradation of pesti-
cides have rarely used methods suitable for use by a layman. (One suspects
that many unexpected degradation reactions have been observed, but chemists
are not inclined to elucidate and publish such reactions.) All too often,
28
-------
—I 00
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29
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simple procedures such as hypochlorite oxidation, which might well be ef-
fective, have apparently not been reported, and therefore, cannot be con-
fidently recommended.
In evaluating the information on potential disposal procedures, one must
conclude that if one rigorously excluded all use of ground burial, dumping,
dilution/discharge, incineration, and'"apply as directed" methods for sub-
stances or mixtures which have some environmental hazard, the layman would
hardly be able to dispose of a single pesticide by himself. On the other
hand, although each of these methods has certain environmental drawbacks,
numerous compromises are possible which are useful, will minimize the en-
vironmental damage, and are not overly objectionable. For example, proper
ground burial of a heavy-metal pesticide would be much superior to dilution/
discharge or incineration. In other cases, burning might be preferable to
dilution or burial. On the other hand, the toxicity and apparent environ-
mental hazard of some pesticides are so low (say an LD50 greater than that
of salt) that detoxification does not seem necessary, i.e., dilution or
dumping will suffice for disposal of the small amounts which the average
layman has.
30
-------
SECTION VI
TOXIGITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERSISTENCE DATA FOR SELECTED PESTICIDES
Pesticides
The toxicity and environmental persistence of a pesticide are important con
siderations in evaluating disposal methods. The data summarized in this
section were collected from many sources, and include trade names; the
reader may need to refer to the cross-index of pesticide names in Part B
to determine the common names as used in other portions of this report.
Toxicity to Humans
"Toxicity" is a rather general term used in discussing the poisonous char-
acter of a substance; in a more specific discussion, the exact test method
and the nature of the toxic action must be defined. Thus, the test sub-
jects are usually fish, fowl or small laboratory animals, and almost never
humans. The test approach may be either to determine. the size of the single
dose which will kill or sicken the subject (acute toxicity) or the dose,
which over a period of time, kills or sickens the subject (chronic toxicity);
or to determine whether the substance has carcinogenic (causes cancer),
teratogenic (causes birth deformities) or mutagenic (causes genetic muta-
tions) effects. The test substance may be given to the subject orally,
dermally (on the skin), or by injection or implantation of a pellet (either
under the skin or interperitoneally) .
The most widely used test is to determine the acute oral toxicity: the re-
sults are reported in terms of the LD5Q, i.e., the quantity of substance
given to the subjects (in units of mg/kg of body weight) which kills one
half of the test animals. Unfortunately, the LD5Q is not a precise, re-
producible number: the value determined often varies with the species,
strain and the sex of the test animals, and between laboratories. In ad-
dition, the oral U^Q'S are usually lower than dermal U^Q'S, but higher
than intraperitoneal LD50's (a low LD50 indicates a high toxicity). For
inhalation toxicity or for tests on fish, the results are usually expressed
in terms of air or aqueous concentration of the substance, either as a LC^Q,
or some tolerance limit. Other approximate measures of toxicity are some-
times used but the I&5Q is most often used for a quick comparison of the
toxicity of a substance to that of another substance. The LDso's of pesti-
cides are widely reported, 1? 5, 6,8,11,69-727 but two or more differing re-
sults are frequently available for a given pesticide.
31'
-------
Figure 2 Illustrates the relationship between the oral U>50, the probable^/
lethal dose for a 150-lb man (given in both units of milliliters and familiar
units such as drops or ounces) and the relative descriptions (e.g., moderately
toxic) used by three authoritative sources (Deichman and Gerarde's book on
toxicology;Z3/ the railroads;Z^/ and the USDA7!/) to classify toxicity of
hazardous substances. It also shows the location on the scale of several
familiar examples. The four 11)50 categories7^/ used by the USDA's former
Pesticide Regulation Division, Agricultural Research Service have been used,
together with dermal ID50's and the inhalation LC50's, as guides in the regu-
lation of pesticide registration and labeling. These are generally the terms
actually required on the container label itself. In a 1967 publication in-
tended for use by farm advisors, etc., the USDA interpreted the four toxicity
categories as follows:
Very high applies to products in Registration Category I, whose labels
are required to bear a skull-and-crossbones and the words, "Danger--Poison."
. High applies to products in Category II, whose labels are required to
bear the work "Warning," and a warning statement.
. Medium applies to products in Category III, whose labels are required
to bear the word "Caution," and a caution statement.
. Low applies to products in Categories III or IV whose labels may or may
not be required to carry a caution statement.
Another quick indication of the relative toxicities of several pesticides
is supplied by the criteria which have been established!!/ for pesticide
levels in public water supplies, as shown in Table 4. The mammalian oral
and dermal 11)50's of a large number of pesticides are given in Table 5.
Most of these are from one reasonably authoritative source,—/ but many
different values may be found in the literature, and additional data have
been summarized703"700/ and recent results700/ may, in some instances, be
significantly different than those reported here. (The compilation of
"best values" awaits the further efforts of toxicology experts.)
Acute inhalation toxicity data are less readily available than oral toxicity
data. However, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
has established threshold limit values!^3-/ for occupational exposure to over
70 pesticides, as listed in Table 6.
a./ For sensitive individuals, the lethal dose could be far less than those
listed.
-32
-------
Ora\ Probable Lethal
LD5Q Dose For Man
mg/Kg (150 Ib)
pi 00,000
-10,000
-1,000
-100
-10
-1
n i
-1,000 ml ] Qt
1 Pint-
-100ml
-10 ml
1 Teaspoon —
-1.0 ml
7 Drops-
-0.10 ml
1 Drop-
-0.01 ml
Relative Scales
Ref. 73 Ref. 74 Ref. 75
Relatively
Harmless
Practically
Nontoxic
Slightly
Toxic
Moderately
Toxic
Highly
Toxic
Extremely
Toxic
Practically
Nontoxic
Slightly
Toxic
Moderately
Toxic
Very
Toxic
Extremely
Toxic
Super
Toxic
Nontoxic
Toxic
Moderately
Toxic
Highly
Toxi c
Examples
—Sugar
-Ethyl Alcohol
— Methoxychlor
—Table Salt
— Liquid Bleach
"Aspirin
-Disinfectant^/
-2,4-D
-DDT
•Nicotine
— Parathion
Sodium
Fluoroacetate
&•' Alkylaryl quaternary ammonium compound.
Figure 2 - Relative Toxicity Scales
33
-------
TABLE 4
CRITERIA FOR PESTICIDES IN PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES!!/
Chemical Type§/
Phenols Organic—
Endrin CH-CP
Ghlordane CH-CP
Toxaphene CH
Aldrin CH-CP
Dieldrin CH-CP
Heptachlor CH-CP
H. epoxide CH-CP
Methoxychlor CH-D
DDT CH-D
Arsenic I
Lindane CH
Organic phosphates Choi.
and carbamates
2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and Herbicide
2,4,5-TP
Cyanide Organic
Ammonia
Boron I
Copper I
Zinc I
Nitrates and Nitrites il
Permissible,, Criteria
ppm or
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
001
001
003
005
017
017
018
018
035
042
05
056
1 total, as parathion
equivalent
1 total
0.20
0.5 (as nitrogen)
1.0
1.0
5.0
10.0 total
aj Abbreviations: CH, chlorinated hydrocarbons; CP, hexachloro-
cyclopentadiene family; D, DDT family; I, inorganic; Choi.,
cholinesterase inhibitor.
b/ Nonpesticidal chemical added for reference. These species may be
degradation products of some pesticides.
34
-------
TABLE 5
MAMMALIAN TOXICITIES OF PESTICIDES^-6-^/
I Herbicides and growth regulants
Acrolein
Allidochlor (CDAA,
Randox®)
Ametryne (Gesapax®)
Amlben (Chloramben®)
Aminotriazole (Amitrole®:
Ammonium sulphamate
(Ammate®)
Arsenites, Na/K
Asulam
Atratone
Atrazine (Gesaprim®)
Avadex® (Di-allate)
Avadex BW® (Tri-allate)
Azak® (Terbutol)
Balan® (Benefin,
Quilan®)
Banvel-D® (Dicamba)
Banvel-T® (Tricamba-)
Barban (Carbyne®)
Benazolin
Benefin (Balan®,
Quilan®)
Bensulide (Betasan®)
Benzthiazuron (Gatnon®)
Betanal® (Phenmedipham)
Betasan® (Bensulide)
BIPC (Chlorbufam)
Borates
Bromacil (Hyvar-X®)
Bromoxynil
Cacodylic acid
Carbyne® (Barban)
Casoron® (Dichlobenil)
CDAA (Allidochlor,
Randox®)
CDEC (Sulfallate,
Vegadex®)
Chlorthal-methyl (DCPA,
Dae thai®)
Chloramben (Amiben)
Chloranocryl (Dicryl,
DCM)
Chlorates, Na/K
Chlorazine
Chlorbromuron
Chlorbufam (BIPC)
Chlorfenac (Fenac®)
Lants
Oral LD5Q-
mg/kg
42-46
700
1110-2980
3500-5620
1100-2500
3900-4400
70
>5000
1465-2400
2000
393-1000
800-1810
>34,600
>1 0,000
1100
300-450
, 600
>3000
>10,000
770-1910
1280
>2000
770-1910
2500
2000-5330
5200
190-260
1350-3200
600
2700-6000
700
850
>3000
3500-5620
3160
1200-7000
1950
4287
2500
1780-3000
Dermal LD_-—
mg/kg
562 Rb
360
3136 Rb
>1 0,000
150
2000-2500 Rb
>10,250
>1000
>1000
>1600
2000->9400 Rb
>500
>500
2000->9400 Rb
>1600
1350 Rb
360
>1 0,000 Rb
3136 Rb
>3160 Rb
>1360 Rb
Chlormequat chloride
(ccc)
Chloroxuron (Tenoran®)
Chlorpropham (CIPC,
Chloro-IPC)
Chlorthiamid (Prefix®)
CIPC (Chlorpropham,
Chloro-IPC)
CMPP (Mecoprop,
Isocornox®)
CMU (Monuron)
Clobber® (Cypromid)
Cotoran® (Fluometuron)
Cycluron (CMU)
Cypromid (Clobber®)
2,4-D
Dacthal® (Chlorthal-
methyl, DCPA)
Dalapon-Na
Daxtron® (Pyriclor)
Dazomet (DMTTB),
Mylone®)
2,4-DB
DCM (Chloranocryl,
Dicryl)
DCPA (Chorthal -methyl,
Dacthal®)
DCU (Dichloral urea)
DBF
2,4-DEP
2,4-DES-Na (Sesone,
Di'sul )
Desmetryne ( Seme r on®)
Di-allate (Avadex®)
Dicamba (Banvel-D®)
Dichlobenil (Casoron®)
Dichlone (Phygon®)
Dichloral urea (DCU)
Dichlorprop (2,4-DP)
Dicryl (Chloranocryl,
DCM)
Dimexan
Dinitrocresol (DNOC)
Dinoseb (DNBP)
Dinoterb -acetate
Diphenamid
Diphenatrile
Diquat dibromide
(Reglone®)
Oral LD50 'Dermal LD
mg/kg me/kg
670
3700
3800-8000
757
3800-8000
232-440 Rb
>10,000 Rb
1000
700-1500
3600-3700
215-900
8900
1500-2600
215-900
400-500
>3000
4000-9300
80-130
320-1000
700
3160
>3000
6800
325
850
700-1400
1630-2375
393-1000
1100
2700-6000
1300-2250
6800
800
3160
240-340
25-40
50
62
700-1050
3500
>2500 Rb
3038 Rb
>1 0,000 Rb
3038 Rb
1500
>1 0,000 Rb
>2000
>1000 Rb
800
>3160 Rb
>10,000 Rb
>1000
2000-2500 Rb
>1000
1350 Rb
1400
3160 Rb
200-600
80-200
>2000 Rb
400-440
>500 Rb
35
-------
Dlaul (2,4-DES-Na,
Scione)
Dturon (Karraex®)
DMPA (Zytron®)
(DMIT®, Dazoaet,
Hylone®)
K1BP (Dinoseb)
ENOC (Dlnitrocreaol)
2,4-DP (Dtchlorprop)
DSHA
Endothal
EPIC (Eptam®)
Erbon
EXD (Herbtaan®)
Pcn«c® (Chlorfenac)
Fenoprop (Sllvex®,
2,4,5-TP)
Fcnuron
Fluoneturon (Cotoran®)
6 36393 (Hethoprotryne,
Ccsaran®)
Gatnon® (Bonzthiazuron)
Ceaagard® (Prometryne)
Ceaapax® (Anetryne)
Ccaaprita® (Atrazine)
Gcaarata® (Hethoprotryne,
G 36393)
Ceaatop® (Slaazine)
Clytac®
Graaoxone® (Paraquat
dlcloride)
Horban® (Noruron,
Horca)
Herbiaan® (EXD)
Hydram® (Mollnate,
OrdraW®)
Hyvat® (iBocil)
Hyvar-J$> (Bromacil)
loxynil
I PC (Prophaa)
laoctl (Hyvar®)
laocornox® (Hccoprop,
CMPP)
Karmox® (Diuron)
Lonacil (Venzar®)
Llnuron
Hnlclc hydraztde
HCPA
HCPB
Hccoprop (CMPP,
laocornox®)
Kedinotcrb-acetate
Korphoa
Hctabroouron (Patoran®)
Hetham-Ha (Vapara®)
Kethiuron (Thiuron)
Hethoprotryne (G 36393,
Gcsaran®)
Holinate (Hydram®,
Ordram®)
Honallde
Monochloracetatcs
Oral LD5
mg/kg
700-1400
3400-3700
270
320-1000
50
25-40
800
1800-2800
80
1600-3160
1120
603
1780-3000
650-1070
6400-7500
8900
>5000
1280
2500
1100-2980
2000
>5000
5000
7000
112-200
1476-4000
603
501-720
3400
5200
100-305
1000-9000
3400
700-1500
3400-3700
>11,000
1500-4000
3800-6800
800
680
700-1500
42
1270
2000-3000
820
2200
>5000
501-720
>4000
300-400
TABLE 5 (Continued)
a/
Dermal I
mg/kg
Oral LD5
mg/kg
Dermal LD £
mg/kg
>1000 Rb
80-200
200-600
1400
750
1460-10,000 Rb
>3160 Rb
>10,000 Rb
>150
>500
>1000
>150
236-500 Rb
>2000 Rb
>4000 Rb
>1000
1000
>10,200 Rb
800 Rb
>150
>2000 Rb
Monolinuron
Monuron (CMU)
Morfamquat Bichloride
(PP 745®)
Mylone® (Dazomet, -,
DMTr®)
Naptalam (NPA)
Neburon
Nitralin
Nitrofen
Norea (Noruron,
Herban®)
Noruron (Norea,
Herban®)
NPA (Naptalam)
OMU (Cycluron)
Ordram® (Molinate,
Hydram®)
Paraquat dicloride
(Gramoxone®)
Patoran® (Metabromuron)
PCP (Pentachlorphenol)
Pebulate (PEBC, Tillam®)
Pentachlorphenol (PCP)
Pentanochlor (Solan)
Phenmedipham (Betanal®)
Phygon® (Dichlone)
Picloram (Tordon®)
Planavin®
PP 745® (Morfamquat
dichloride)
Prefix® (Chlorthiamid)
Prometon (Prometone)
Prometryne (Gesagard®)
Propachlor (Ramrod®)
Propanil (Stam F-34®,
Surcopur®)
Propazine
Propham (IPC)
Pyrazon (Pyramin®)
.Pyriclor (Daxtron®)
Quilan® (Benefin, Balan®)
Ramrod® (Propachlor)
Randox® (Allidochlor,
CDAA)
Reglone® (Diquat
dibromide)
Semeron® (Desmetryne)
Sesone (2,4-DES-Na,
Disul)
Siduron
Silvex® (Fenoprop,
2,4,5-TP)
Simazine (Gesatop®)
Simetryne
Sinbar® (Terbacil)
Sirmate®
Solan (Pentanochlor)
Stam F-34® (Propanil,
Surcopur®)
Sulfallate (CDEC,
Vegadex®)
1800-2250
3600-3700 >2500 Rb
>1000 Rb
368-800
320-1000
1770-8500
>11,000
>2000
3050
1476-4000
1476-4000
1770-8500
1500-2600
501-720
112-200
2000-3000
280
1020-1120
280
10,000
>2000
1300-2250 ,
8200
>5000
368-800
757
1750-3000
2500
1200
1300-1384
>5000
1000-9000
3300-4200
80-130
>10,000
1200
700
400-440
1630-2375
700-1400
>7500
650-1070
5000
1830
>7500
1870-2140 570-2500 Rb
10,000 >10,000 Rb
1300-1384
850
>2000 Rb
236-500 Rb
>10,200 Rb
105-350
>3000 Rb
105-350 .
>10,000 Rb
>500
>4000 Rb
>2000
1000
>1000
380 Rb
>2000
380 Rb
360
>500 Rb
>1000
36
-------
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Surcopur® (Propanil,
Stam F-34®)
Sutan®
Swep
2,4,5-T
2,3,6-TBA
Tenoran® (Chloroxuron)
Terbacil (Sinbar®)
Terbutol (Azak®)
Thiuron (Methiuron)
Tillam® (Pebulate,
PEBC)
Tordon® (Picloram)
2,4,5-TD (Fenoprop,
Silvex®)
Tri-allate (Avadex BW®)
Tribonate®
Tricamba (Banvel-T®)
Trichloroacetates
Trietazine
Trifluralin
Vapam® (Metham-Na)
Vegadex® (Sulfallate,
CDEC)
Venzar® (Lenacil)
Vernolate (Vernaiii®)
Zytron® (DMPA)
Oral LD5Q-
rag/kg
1300-1384
4000
552
300-800
1500
3700
>7500
>34,600
2200
1020-1120
8200
650-1070
800-1810
108
300-450
3200-6000
1750-3800
5000-10,000
820
850
>11,000
1780
270
Dermal LD -'
ms/ke
>2000 Rb
2480 Rb
>1000
>1 0,000 Rb
>10,250
>3000 Rb
>4000 Rb
>1000
>200 Rb
800 Rb
>9000 Rb
II Insecticides and acaricides
other than organophosphates
Aldicarb (Temik)
Aldrin
Allethrin
Aminocarb (Metacil®)
Animert® (Tetrasul)
Aramite®
Arprocarb (Baygon®)
Binapacryl (Mprocide®)
Bromodan®
Carbaryl (Sevin®)
Chlorbenside
(Chlorparacide®)
Chlordane
Chlordecone (Kepone®)
Chlorfenson
Chlorobenzilate
Chloropropylate
Chlorparacide18'
(Chlorbenside)
Chlorphenamide
DDD (TDE)
DDT
Derris
Dicofol (Kelthane®)
Dieldrin
Dilan®
Dimetan®
Dimethrin
Dimetilan®
.93
40-60 .
680-1000
30
6800->14,700
4000-6000
83-175
58-225
12,900
400
2000-10,000
283
114-140
2000
700-3200
>5000
2000-10,000
340
400-3400
300-500
1500
575->2000
40
475-4000
140-150
>15,000
25-50
5
>200
11,200 Rb
>1000
1350 Rb
>500
>1600
>2000
>5000
>150
>5000 Rb
2500
1000-1230
>100
6000
600-700
Oral LD _-'
,.
mR/ks
50
Dermal LD s
ms»/kf>
Dimite®
Dinobuton
Dithioquinox
(Quinomethionate,
Morestan®, Forstan®)
Endosulfan (Thiodan®)
Endrin
Eradex® (Thioquinox)
Fenazaflor (Lovozal®)
Fluoroacetamide
Forstan®
(Quinomethionate,
Dithioquinox,
Morestan®)
gamma-BHC (Lindane)
Genite®
Heptachlor
Isobenzan (Telodrin®)
Isodrin
Isolan
Kelthane® (Dicofol)
Kepone® (Chlordecone)
Lead arsenate
Lethane®
Lindane (gamma-BHC)
Lovozal® (Fenazaflor)
Matacil® (Aminocarb)
Methiocarb (Mesurol®)
Methoxychlor
Mi rex
Mobam®
Morestan® (Forstan®, .
Dithioquinox®,
Quinomethionate)
Morocide® (Binapacryl)
Neotran®
Nicotine
o-Dichlorobenzene
Penphene® (Tetrachloro-
thiophene, TD 183®)
Perthane®
Pyethrins
Pyrolan®
Quinomethionate
(Dithioquinox,
Morestan®, Forstan®)
Rotenone
Ryania
Sevin® (Carbaryl)
Strobane®
Sulphenone® '
(TD 183®, Tetrachlor-
thiophene, Penphene®)
TDE (DDD)
Tedion® (Tetradifon) .
Telodrin® (Isobenzan)
Temik®
Tetrachlorothiophene
(Penphene®, TD 183)
Tetradifon (Tedion®)
Tetrasul (Animert®)
Thanite®
500
140-460
1100-3000
35
3-6
1800-3400
240
15
1100-3000
200
1400-1900
40
5-10
7-17
12
575->2000
114-140 :
10-100
90-300
200
240
30
100-135
5000-7000
600-740
>234
1100-3000
58-225
5800
70
500
70->80
8170-9340
570
50-90
1100-3000
25-132
750-1200
400
200-250
1400-3650
70->80
400-3400
5000-14,700
5-10
0-6
70->80
5000-14,700
6800->14,700
1600
2500-5000
>1000
74-130
60-120
>3000
>1000
80
>1000
500-1000
200-250
5-30
23-35
35-60
1000-1230
>2000
>2400
125-250 Rb
500-1000
>1000
6000->6000
>2000
>6000 Rb
>1000
1350 Rb
>1000 Rb
140
256 Rb
>1350->5400
>1000
>940 Rb
>4000 Rb
>500
>5000 Rb
>1000 Rb
256 Rb
>5000 Rb
>1 0,000 Rb
5-30
2-5
256 Rb
>1 0,000 Rb
6000 Rb
37
-------
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Oral
.,
mg/kg
.
50
Thtod«n® (Endosulfan)
Thloqulnox (Bradex®)
Toxaphcne
Tranld®
Zectran®
35
1800-3400
283
17
15-63
III Organophosphorus insecticides
Abate® 1000-4000
Anidothion (Thtocron®) 600-660
Aspon® 1295
Azlnphos-cthyl (Ethyl,
Cuthion®) 9
Azinphos-KOthy1
(Guthlon®) 7-13
Baytex® (Fcnthion) 200
Bidrin® 22-45
Blrlanc®
(Chlorfenvinphos) 10-155
Broaophoa 3750-5180
Butonate 1050
Carbophenothion
(Trlthton®) 7-30
Chlorfcnvinphos
(Blrlane®) 10-155
Chlorthion® 625-1500
Ctdtal® 200-300
Clodrtn® 125
Co-Ral® (Couaaphoi) 13-180
Coroxon 10
Couaaphos (Co-Ral®) 13-180
Couralthoate (Dition®) 67
Cygon® (Dinethoate) 200-300
DDVP (Dichlotvoa) 25-30
Delnav® (Dioxathion) 20-40
Doaeton (Syatox®) 3-5
Dameton-methyl
(Metaayatox®) 50-75
Demeton-S-aethyl
(Mota-iso-Systox®) '40
Dlazinon 300-600
Dtbroa® (Naled) 430
Dicapthon 330-475
Dichlofcnthion
(Namactde®) 250
Dlchlorvoa (DDVP) 25-30
Dtmefox (Terra-Sytao^,
Hanane®) 2
Dinothoate (Rogor®,
Cygon®) 200-300
Dioxathion (Delnav®) 20-40
Dlpterex® (Trichlorphon) 650
Dliulfoton (Disyaton®) 4
Dltlon® (Couaithoate 67
Dowco 109® (Ruelene®) 460-1000
Dow ET-14®
(Fcnchlorphoa) 1000-3000
Dow ET-15® 710
Duraban® 135-163
Dermal LD_
mg/kg
74-130
>3000
>1000
200-400 Rb
1500-2500
1370-4000
D-'
Dyfonate®
Ekatin® (Thiometon)
Endothion
EPN
Ethion
Ethoate -methyl
(Fitios B-77®)
Ethyl guthion®
(Azinphos -ethyl )
Etrolene® (Fenchlorphos)
FAC 20® (Prothoate)
Fenchlorphos (Ronnel,
Etrolene®, Dow ET-14®)
Oral LD5Q- Dermal LD -
/. 50
mg/kg
4-17 147
100 >200
23 130
8-17 25-230
13-34 1600
125 2000
9 280
1000-3000 >5000
14-25 100-200
1.000-3000 >5000
Fenitrothion (Sumithion®) 250-673 1500->3000
280
280
1300
225 Rb
108
>1000 Rb
>2000
800
108
1500-4500
700->1400
385 Rb
860
860
>200
700-1150
75-900
350
200
300-450
85
500->1200
800-1100
800-1250
75-900
2-10
700-1150
350
>2800
50
>200
4000 Rb
>5000
>1000
2000 Rb
Fenthion (Baytex®,
Lebaycide®)
Fitios B-77® (Ethoate-
raethyl)
Folimat®
Formothion
Guthion® (Azinphos -
methyl)
Haloxon
Hanane® (Dimefox)
Imidan® (Prolate®)
Kilval® (Vamidothion)
Lebaycide® (Fenthion)
Malathion
Mercarbam
Menazon
Meta-iso-Systox®
(Demeton-S-methyl)
Metasystox® (Demeton-
methyt)
Metasystox R®
(Oxydemeton -methyl)
Methidathion
(Supracide®)
Methyl Trithion®
Mevinphos (Phosdrin®)
Mocap®
Morphothion
Naled (Divrom®)
Nemacide®
(Dichlofenthion)
Oxydemeton -methyl
(Metasystox®)
Parathion
Parathion -methyl
Phenkapton
Phenkaptone®
Phorate (Thimet®)
Phosalone (Zolone®)
Phosdrin® (Mevinphos)
Phosphamidon
Potasan®
Prolate® (Imidan®)
Prothoate (FAC 20®)
Pyrazothion
Rogor® (Dimethoate,
Cygon®)
200 1300
125 2000
50 700
400 400-1680
7-13 280
900-2000 >.6000
2 2-10
113-230 >3160 Rb
64-100 1160 Rb
200 1300
1400-1900 >4000
15 380
1200-1600 >500
40 85
50-75 300-450
57 100
20-48 25-400
98-200 190-215
3-5 ,90
61 26-46 Rb
200 283
430 800-1100
250
57 100
3-6 4-200
12-16 67
50 >1000
2-3 70-300
120-170 390
3-5 90
15 125
19-40 300 Rb
113-230 >3160 Rb
14-25 100-200
36
200-300 700-1150
38
-------
TABLE 5 (Concluded)
Ronnel (Fenchlorphos)
Ruelene® (Dowco 109®)
Schradan
Sulfotep
Sumithion® (Fenitrothion)
Supracide® (Methidathion)
Systbx® (Demeton)
TEPP
Terra-Sytam® (Dimefox)
Thimet® (Phorate)
Thiocron® (Amidothion)
Thiometon (Ekatin®) a
Thionazin (Zinophos®)
Triamide
Triamiphos (Wepsyn®)
Trichlorphon (Dipterex®)
Trithion® (Carbo-
phenothion)
Vamidothion (Kilval®)
Wepsyn® (Triamiphos)
Zinophos® (Thionazin)
Zolone® (Phosalone)
IV Fungicides
Allisan® (Dicloran)
Binapacryl (Morocide®)
Botran® (Dicloran)
Captafol (DiEolatan®)
Captan (Orthocide®)
Chloranil
Copper salts
Daconil®
Dazomet (My lone®,
OMIT®)
DCMOD (Plantvax®)
Dehydroacetic acid (DHA)
Diphlofluanid (Elvaron®)
Dichlone (Phygon®)
Dichloran (Allisan®,
Botran®)
Difolatan® (Captafol)
Dini trotrichlorobenzene
Dinocap (Karathane®)
Dithianon
Dithiocarbamates
(Maneb , Zineb , etc . )
Dithioquinox
(Quinomethionate)
(DMTT®, Dazomet)
Dodine (Melprex®)
Dyrerie®
Elvaron® (Dichlofluanid)
Ethylaiercuric salts
Fentin salts (Triphenyl
tin salts)
Folpet (Phaltan®)
Oral LD.-—
mg/kg
1000-3000
460-1000
5
1-5
250-673
20-48
3-5
0-5
2
2-3
600-660
400
9-16
20
10-20
650
7-30
64-100
10-20
9-16
120-170
1500-4-040
58-225
1500-4040
4200-6200
8400
4000
700-1000
>1 0,000
320-1000
2000
500-1000
500-1000
1300-2250
1500-4040
4200-6200
500
2000
1000-1015
1000-8000
1100-3000
320-1000
566
2700
500-1000
30
238
>10,000
a/
Dermal LD-Q—
mg/kg
>5000
4000 Rb
50-100
20 Rb
1500->3000
25-400
200
20
2-10
70-300
>200
8-15
1500-3000 Rb
>2800
800
1160 Rb
1500-3000 Rb
8-15
390
1350 Rb
>800 Rb
>1000 .
>1000 Rb
>1000
>800 Rb
>9400 Rb
>1000
>1000
>1000 Rb
>1500 Rb
>1000
200
450
For Stan® (Quino-
methionate)
Furidazole (Voronit®)
Glyodin
Karathane® (Dinocap)
Maneb: see dithiocarba-
mates
Melprex® (Dodtne)
Metham-Na (Vapam®)
Morestan® (Quino-
methionate)
Morocide® (Binapacryl)
Mylone® (Dazomet)
Olin 1763®
Orthocide® (Captan)
PCNB (Quintozene)
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Phaltan® (Folpet)
Phenylmercuric salts
Phygon® (Dichlone)
Plantvax® (DCMOD)
Quinomethionate
(Dithioquinox,
Morestan®, Forstan®)
Quintozene (Terrachlor®,
PCNB)
Sulphur
Terrachlor® (Quintozene,
PCNB)
Thiram (TMTD®)
Triphenyl tin salts
(Fentin salts)
Vapam® (Metham-Na)
Voronit® (Furidazole)
Zineb: see dithiocarba-
mates
Oral iLDjg— Dermal LDsQ— '
mg/kg rag/kg
1100-3000 >1000
1100 >1000
6800
2000 >9400 Rb
566 >1500 Rb
820 800 Rb
1100-3000 >1000
58-225 1350 Rb
320-1000 >1000 Rb
>1 0,000
8400
1650-12,000
280 105-350
>10,000
60
1300-2250
2000
1100-3000 >1000
1650-12,000
non -toxic
1650-12,000
375-1000
238 450
820 800 Rb
1100 >1000
a/ LDjo in rats except where noted for rabbits (Rb).
39
-------
TABLE 6
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR RESPIRABLE PESTICIDE
DUSTS, FUMES. AND MISTS?6a/
Pesticide
®
Abate^
Acrolein
Aldrin
Ammonium sulfamate
Antimony and compounds (as Sb)
ANTU
Arsenic and compounds (as As)
Azinphos-methyl
Calcium arsenate
Carbaryl
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chloroform
1-Chloro-l-nitropropane
Chloropicrin
Coal tar pitch volatiles
Crag herbicide
Cyanide (as CN)
Cyanogen
2,4-D
DDT
Demeton ,
1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)
Dibutyl phthalate
o_-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloroethyl ether
Dichloromethane
1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane
1,2-Dichloropr,opane
Dichlorvbs (DDVP)
Dieldrin
Dimethyl l,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloro-
ethyl phosphate (Dibrom or Naled )
Dinitro-o-cresol
Endosulfan
Endrin
ppm
--
0.1
--
—
—
--
—
--
--
—
20.0
10.0
--:
50.0
20.0
0.1
—
--
—
10.0
—
--
—
25.0
—
50.0
75.0
50.0
15.0
00.0
10.0
--
--
--
--
—
--
mg/m3
15.0
0.25
0.25 (skin)
15.0
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.2 (skin)
1.0
5.0
60.0
65.0
0.5 (skin)
240.0
100.0
0.7
0.2
15.0
5.0 (skin)
--
10.0
1.0 (skin)
0.1 (skin)
190.0 (skin)
5.0
300.0
450.0
200.0
90.0 (skin)
1,740.0
60. G
1.0 (skin)
0.25 (skin)
3.0
0.2 (skin)
0.1 (skin)
0.1 (skin)
40
-------
TABLE 6 (Concluded)
Pesticide
EPN
Ethylene oxide
Ethyl formate
Ferbam
Fluoride (as F)
Formaldehyde
Heptachlor
Hydrogen cyanide
Lead arsenate
Lindane
Ma lathion
Mercury (inorganic compounds)
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloroform
Naphthalene
Nicotine
Nitrobenzene
Paraquat
Parathion
Pentachlorophenol
Perchloroethylene
Phosdrin®
Pival®
Pyrethrum ' . .
Ronnel
Rotenone (commercial)
Sodium fluoroacetate (1080)
Strychnine
2,4,5-T
TEPP
Thiram
Tin, organic compounds
Toxaphene
Warfarin
50.0
100.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
350.0
10.0
1.0
100.0
0.5 (skin)
90.0
300.0
15.0
2.5
6.0
0.5 (skin)
11.0 (skin)
0.15
0.5 (skin)
15.0 (skin)
0.01 (skin)
15.0
80.0 (skin)
,900.0
50.0
0.5
5.0
,5
,1
(skin)
(skin)
(skin)
(skin)
0
0
0.5 (skin)
670.0
(skin)
0.1
0.1
5.0
10.0
5.0
0.05 (skin)
0.15
10.0
0.05 (skin)
5.0
0.1
0.05 (skin)
0.1
a/ Values given are maximum permissible concentrations in air for 8-hr day,
40-hr work week occupational exposures. Ambient air standards have
not been established. The word "skin" denotes that the substance may
also be absorbed through the skin, which makes it potentially more
hazardous to handle.
41
-------
Toxicity to Wildlife
The toxicity of pesticides to wildlife is often an important consideration.
Quantitative data are meager, however, except for the results of rather ex-
tensive studies on toxicity to fish as shown in Table 7. The relative
hazard!!/ of about 70 insecticides to honey bees is shown in Table 8. A
description of wildlife toxicity categories which has been usedZ^k/ is as
follows:
. Highly toxic means that severe losses may occur if the pesticide is
used in or over a habitat containing the animals or organisms specified.
"Use" of the pesticide in this context means use at recommended dosage
levels, including such overuse as may be expected in normal operations from
overlapping swaths, inadvertant double treatment, and/or miscalibratiori.
. Moderately toxic means that moderate losses of the animals or organisms
may occur under the operating conditions outlined in the preceding para-
graph .
Slightly toxic means that slight losses or injury to nontarget animals
or organisms may occur.
. Relatively nontoxic means that no losses or injury to nontarget species
is likely to occur, allowing for a considerable margin of overuse, misappli-
cation and/or miscalibration.
Environmental Persistence, Mobility and Effect
Persistence is a term which is used in many ways. It may refer to the con-
tinued existence of a chemical in any and all forms (including water, soil,
air, and living plant and animal organisms), anywhere in the world after
it has been used. Frequently it is used in a restricted sense, such as
persistence in the soil. Even then, the persistence which is found depends
on several factors such as: the analytical method (are metabolites included
or excluded?); the type of soil; the microorganisms and the vegetation pres-
ent; the moisture level (decay rates in muds and sediments may be very low
for some normally nonpersistent pesticides), and the application rate (decay
may be rapid at recommended application rates, but much slower if larger
amounts are dumped in one place). While some pesticides break down to es-
sentially nontoxic products very rapidly, other, such as organic-mercury
compounds, leave a toxic residue even when the original compound has de-
composed completely. The persistence can be roughly related to the time
required for most (75-100%) of the pesticide to break down in the environ-
ment as follows.
42
-------
TABLE 7
TOXICITIES TO FISH FOR SELECTED PESTICIDES^'
INSECTICIDES
Pesticide
Abate®
Aldrin^/
i
Allethrin
Azodrin
Aramite
Baygon®
Baytex®
Benzene hexachloride
Bidrin®
Carbaryl (Sevin®)
Carbophenothion
Chlordane^/
/
Species TLm3-'
Brook trout 1.5
Rainbow trout 0.003
Bluegill
Goldfish
Goldfish
Goldfish
Rainbow trout 0.019
Rainbow trout 7.0
Bluegill 0.035
Fathead 0.025
Brown trout 0.080
Rainbow trout 0.018
Bass and bluegill
Goldfish
Rainbow trout 8.0
Brown trout 1»5
Longnose killifish
White mullet
Fathead minnow
Bluegill
Bluegill 0.225
Rainbow trout 0.010
Bluegills
Goldfish
Goldfish
LC50-7
0.05
0.013
0.02
0.028
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.23
1.75.
- ' 4.25
• 13.0
5.6
0.05
0.022
0.05
0.082
(24)
(96)
(240)
(96)
(24)
(-)
(-)
(96)
(24)
(24)
(96)
(96)
(24)
(96)
(96)
(96)
Chlorobenzilate
Rainbow trout
0.710
43
-------
TABLE 7 (Continued)
INSECTICIDES (Continued)
Pesticide
Species
TLm^'
Cryolite
ODD (TDE)-/
DDT-''
Delnav® (dioxathion)
Demeton (Systox®)
Diazinon^/
Dibronl® (naled)
Dieldrirt^
Dilan®
Dimethoate
Dimethrin
Dichlorvos-/ (DDVP)
Disulfoton
Rainbow trout 47 . 0
Rainbow trout 0.009
Goldfish
Bass 0.002
Mosquitofish
Goldfish
Brook trout
Salmon
Salmon
Goldfish
Mosquitofish
Mosquitofish
Bluegill 0.014
Bluegill 0.081
Bluegill 0.030
Brook trout 0.078
Bluegill 0.003
Bass
Goldfish
Goldfish
Rainbow trout
Goldfish
Bluegill 0.016
Bluegill 9.6
Rainbow trout 0.7
Bluegill 0.7
Bluegill 0.04
1.0
0.01
0.027
0.0323
0.072
0.08
0.1
0.32
0.5
0.0008
0.006
0.006
0.037
0.05
0.25
(-)
(72)
(96)
(36)
(-)
(36)
(72)
(36)
(24)
(96)
(-)
(-)
(96)
(24)
(-)
44
-------
TABLE 7 (Continued)
INSECTICIDES (Continued)
Pesticide
Dursban
®
Endosulfan (thiodan)
Endrin-/
EPN
Species
Rainbow trout
Golden shiner
Mosquitofish
Green sunfish
Rainbow trout
0.020
0.001
LC50-7
0.035 (36)
0.215 (36)
0.022 (36)
Bluegill 0.0002 0.0006 (96)
Channel cats, large-
mouth buffalo and
gizzard shad
Bluntnose minnow
Coho salmon
Goldfish
Northern puffer
Fathead minnow
Carp
Bluegill
Fathead minnow
0.017
0.0001-0.002 (-)
0.00027 (96)
0.00027 (96)
0.00196 (96)
0.0031 (96)
0.0018 (96)
0.14 (48)
0.2
(96)
Ethion
Guthion®
Heptachlor-/
Kelthane (dicofol)
Kepone®
Malathion£/
c/
Methoxychlor—
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Goldfish
Goldfish
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Brook trout
Fathead minnow
Rainbow trout
Goldfish
Guppies
0.23
0.01
0.009
0.1
0.038
0.020
0.007
0.25
0.019
0.23
0.063
12.5
0.052
0.056
0.120
(24)
(96)
(96)
(-)
(96)
(24)
(96)
(96)
45
-------
TABLE 7 (Continued)
INSECTICIDES (Concluded)
Pesticide
Methyl parathion— '
Morestan®
Ovex
Paradichlorobenzene
Parathion^'
Per thane®
Phosdrin®
Phosphamidon
Pyrethrins
Rotenone
Strobane®
Tetradifon (tedion)
TEPP-/
Thimet
c/
Toxaphene—
Species
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Fathead minnow
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Fathead minnow
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Rainbow and brown
trout
Goldfish
Bluegill
TfcX
8,000
96
700
880
47
0.007
0.017
8.0
0.054
0.022
0.002
1.1
0.39
0.005
0.003
Trichlorfon (dipterex®)
Rainbow trout
Fathead minnow
160
1.4-2.7 (96)
0.05 (24)
0.0035 (96)
Oi-005 (-)
0.0056 (96)
0.0010 (-)
180.0
(96)
Zectrart
,®
Rainbow trout 8,000
46
-------
TABLE .7 (Continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS, ALGICIDES
Pesticides Species
Ametryne®
Aqualin® (acrolein)
Atrazine
Azide, potassium
Azide, sodium
Copper chloride
Copper sulfate
2,4-D, PGBEE
2,4-D, BEE
2,4-D, isopropyl
2,4-D., butyl ester
2,4-D, butyl +
isopropyl ester
2,4,5-T isooctyl ester
2,4,5-T isopropyl ester
2,4,5-T PGBE
2(2,4-DP) BEE
Dalapon
Dead-X
DEF®
Dexon®
Rainbow trout
Brown trout
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Very low
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Bluegill
3.4
12.6
1.4
0.98
1.1
0.15
0.96
2.1
0.8
1.3
1.5
16.7
1.7
0.56
1.1
toxicity
9.4
0.036
23.0
0.046 (24)
0.079 (24)
47
-------
TABLE 7 (Continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS, ALGICIDES (Continued)
Pesticides Species TLm~
nontoxic
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
Difolatan®
Dinitrocresol
Diquat
Diuron
Du-ter®
Dyrene®
Endothall (Aquathol)
Endothall, copper
Endothall,
dimethylamine
Fenac®, acid
Fenac®, sodium
Hydram (molinate)
Hydrothol 191
Lanstan® (korax)
LFN
Molinate
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Channel cat
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
20.0
0.048
0.031
0.21
12.3
4.3
0.033
0.015
257
0.29^
1.15
16.5
7.5
0.29
0.69
0.1
0.079
20.0
22.0
(24)
(48)
0.04 (24)
0.48
0.29
(24)
(48)
48
-------
TABLE 7 (Concluded)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS, ALGICIDES (Concluded)
o/
Pesticides Species
Paraquat
Propazine
Silvex, PGBEE
Silvex, isoctyl
Silvex, BEE
Simazine
Sodium arsenite
Tordon® (picloram)
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Bluegill
Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Goldfish
•Bluegill
Rainbow trout
Trifuralin Rainbow trout
Vernam® (vernolate)— / Rainbow trout
Very low toxicity
7.8
0.65
1.4
1.2
5.0
36.5
2.5
0.011
5.9
25.6 (96)
34.0 (96)
35.0 (96)
a/ Adapted from Ref. 71. TLm is the 48-hr tolerance limit (mean) in ppm,
causing a response. In this case the response was death and the TLm is
essentially the same as LC5Q- "
b_/ Adapted from Ref. 72. I^Q is the lethal concentration, in ppm, causing
death of 5070 of the fish in the number of hours indicated.
£/ According to Ref. 71 these pesticides are highly toxic when added directly
to water, but become bound to soil when used according to directions.
49
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TABLE 8
RELATIVE HAZARDS OF INSECTICIDES TO HONEY BEES—/
Group 1 - Hazardous to Bees if They are Present at Time of Treatment or
Within a Few Days Afterward
Aldrin
Arsenicals
Benzene
hexachloride
Bidrin®
Calcium
arsenate
Carbaryl
Chlordane
Ciodrin®
Diazinon®
Dichlorvos
Dieldrin
Dimethoate
EPN
Fenthion
Guthiori®
Heptachlor
.Lead arsenate
Lindane
Malathion
®
Methyl
parathion
Methyl
Trithiori
Mevinphos
Naled
Parathion
Phosphamidon
TEPP
Zectran®
Zinophos®
Group 2 - Hazardous to Bees Only if Applied Where They are Foraging
Carbophenothion
Chlorobenzilate
Coumaphos
DDT
Di-Systori^
Endosulfan
Endrin
Fenson
Mirex
Perthane^
Phorate
Ronne1
TDE
Group 3 - Relatively Nonhazardous to Bees
Allethrin
Aramite®
Binapacryl
Bordeaux
mixture
Chlorbenzide
Cryolite
Dalapon
Demeton
Dilan®
Dioxathion
Ethion
Genite 92^
Kelthane®
Methoxychlor
Morestan®
Nicotine sulfate
Ovex
Pyrethrins
Rotenone
Ryania
Strobane®
Sulfur
Tetradifon
Toxaphene
Trichlorfon
Zineb
Ziram
50
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Type
Nonparsistent
Moderately persistent
Persistent .
Permanent
Time for 75-100%
Disappearance
< 3 months
3-18 months
> 18 months
In general, most organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are nonpersis-
tent, while most highly chlorinated insecticides are persistent, and the
heavy metal-containing compounds are permanent. The majority of the pesti-
cides, however, probably fall in the moderately persistent category. Par-
ticularly with herbicides, the period of control desired is usually about
one growing season, i.e., 6-12 months.
The relative persistence in soil of a number of pesticides of various classes
is indicated in Figure 3. In addition to these data, the persistence of the
chlorinated insecticides, DDD, endosulfan, endrin, lindane, and strobarie,
and the nitrogenous herbicides, atrazine, and diuron, have all been reported
as > 1 year, while that of the herbicide trifluralin is in the range 3-12
months, and those of the insecticides --demeton, methyl parathion, mevinphos,
and carbaryl--and the herbicide, pebulate — are all reported to be < 3 months,—'
The relative mobilities of a number of pesticides are given in Table 9.
An enormous literature on environmental aspects of pesticides is developing
which is beyond the scope of this program. Recent publications of interest
79 /
an(j other—'
77/
have come from governmental, —' professional,
TABLE 9
RELATIVE MOBILITY OF SELECTED PESTICIDES IN SOILSJ2/
Immobile3./ Slightly Mobile
sources.
Aldrin
Chlordane
DDT
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Toxaphene
TDE
Trifluralin
LindaneV
Heptachlor
Atrazine
Simazine
Prometryne
Az inophosme thy1
Carbophenthion
Diazinon
Ethion
Methyl parathion
Parathion
Phorate
Diuron
Monuron
Linuron
CIPC
IPC
EPTC
Pebulate
Mobile
2,4-D
2,4,5-T
MCPA
Picloram
Fenac
a/ Mobilities are based on soil thin-layer chromatography—mobile com-
pounds move between Rf 1.0-0.65, slightly mobile 0.64-0.10, and
immobile 0.09-0.001 (Rf = "relative to fructose")
b_/ Lindane and heptachlor epoxide may be slightly mobil.
51
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Barban
1PC, EPIC
CDEC
Dalapon, C1PC
TCA
Malathion/ Parathion
Phorate
Disulfoton
Diazinon
2,4-D
MCPA
Dichlobenil,
2,4,5-T
Trifluralin
CDAA, DIcamba
Chloramben
Diphenamide
Bensulide
2,3,6-TBA
Prometryne
Llnuron, Fenuron
Dluron
Atrazine, Monuron
Simaztne
Propazine, Picloram
I I 1 I I TTTT
Carbamate and Aliphatic Acid Herbicides
Phosphate Insecticides
Phenoxy, Toluidine, and Nitrile Herbicides
Benzole Acid and Amide Herbicides
Urea7 Triazine, and Picloram Herbicides
Organochlorine Insecticides
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Metabolites
BHC, Dleldrin
DDT
Chlordane
-th
12 18 ' "30 36
Months
42 48 54 60
Figure 3 - Persistence of Selected Pesticides in
(adapted from Ref. 81)
Soils
52
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SECTION VII
REVIEW OF- THE CHEMISTRY OF PESTICIDE DISPOSAL
In this section a review is made of the literature :on the detoxification
and disposal of pesticides in general classes and on the degradation chemis-
try of specific pesticides. The order in which'the pesticides are discussed
is according to the ranking system described in Section IV, and as indicated
in the supplemental table of contents below.
Page
Inorganic and Metallo-Organic Pesticides 56
Mercury Compounds 56
Arsenic Compounds 58
Copper Compounds 60
Other Heavy-Metal Compounds 61
Cyanides, Phosphides and Related Compounds ........... 62
Other Inorganic Compounds 64
Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides. .... 66
Phosphates and Phosphonates 67
Phosphorothioates and Phosphonothioates 69
Phosphorodithioates and Phosphonodithioates .. 73
Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds 76
Other Phosphorus Compounds 77
Nitrogen-Containing Pesticides. . . . ........ 78
Carbamates and Related Compounds .......... 78
Thiocarbamates ..'... . . . . . . 81
Dithiocarbamates . '. . . .-.-.•; . . . . . . . •;' 82
Anilides . •• . ........... >.'..'. -.'- . -. 85
Imides and Hydrazides. . ....'. -. . . . .'•'•-. . 87
Amides ............................. 88
Ureas and Uracils. ........... 89
Triazines. 91
Amines, Heterocyclic (without sulfur) 93
Amines, Heterocyclic (sulfur-containing) 95
Nitro Compounds 97
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds .*.... 100
Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 101
53
-------
Halogen-Containing Pesticides 104
DDT 104-
DDT Relatives 107
Chlorophenoxy Compounds. . 109
Aldrin-Toxaphene Group Ill
Chlordane-Heptachlor-Toxaphene Subgroup 113
Aliphatic and Alicyclic Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 114
Aliphatic Brominated Hydrocarbons.. .. 117
Dihaloaromatic Compounds 118
Highly Halogenated Aromatic Compounds 119
Other Chlorinated Compounds. 121
Sulfur-Containing Pesticides 123
Sulfides, Sulfoxides and Sulfones 123
Sulfites and Xanthates . . 124
Sulfonic Acids and Derivatives 124,
Thiocyanates 125
Other Sulfur-Containing Compounds . 125
Botanical and Microbiological Pesticides 127
Organic Pesticides, Not Elsewhere Classified 130
Carbon Compounds (< 9 carbon atoms) 130
Carbon Compounds (> 9 carbon atoms) 132
Anticoagulants 134
54
-------
The specific pesticides within each group are listed at the beginning of
the review on that group. When specific information on the degradation
chemistry of a pesticide was not found, the compound is not further men-
tioned in the subsequent text.
Sources of information utilized include: references previously cited on
pages 12 and 20; several books and review articles on pesticides, 2-90/
including some devoted to analytical methods91-94/ (since analysis fre-
quently involves chemical degradation of the pesticide); standard compila-
tions such as Beilstein's Handbuch der Organische Chemie and Kirk-Othmer's
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; and numerous other references cited in
the text which have information on specific pesticides.
Although the biological and photochemical degradation reactions are reported
for numerous pesticides, the literature was not searched exhaustively for
such reactions because few of them are amenable to use as a pesticide dis-
posal method by the layman at present. Biological degradation methods
using bacteria (under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions) or enzymes
are of experimental interest, however, as potential methods of disposing
of unwanted pesticides. Biological methods of increasing the rate of
degradation of pesticide residues in soils are also of interest, e.g.,
by tillage methods and by growing selected vegetation. The focus in this
section, however, is on chemical methods of detoxification, decontamina-
tion and degradation.
55
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INORGANIC AND METALLO-ORGANIC PESTICIDES
The pestic-ides in this classification generally have one of two features in
common: (a) They contain a heavy metal element (such as mercury, arsenic
or thallium) or certain other inorganic elements (such as fluorine or boron)
and therefore have a permanent-type of persistence, or (b) they pose special
hazards in disposal because they may liberate extremely toxic fumes (such as
with aluminum phosphide or calcium cyanide) or may form explosive mixtures
(such as sodium or magnesium chlorate). In additioij a few other inorganic
pesticides such as sulfur and ammonium sulfamate are included.
Mercury Compounds
Mercury-containing compounds came into wide use as fungicides (particularly
as seed treatments) during the period 1950 to 1970, but are now declining
rapidly in favor because of the toxicity of mercury residues in the environ-
ment. Mercury-containing pesticides which have been commercially available
are listed below:
Ceresan® L
Ceresan® M
Elcide® 73
Ethy liner curie phosphate
Ethylmercury chloride
Hydroxymercurichlpropheno1
Memmi®
Mercuric or mercurous chloride
Mercuric dimethyldithiocarbamate
Methylmercuric hydroxide
3-Methyl-(mercurithio)-1,2-pro-
panediol
Methylmercury nitrile
Ortho LM
Panogen®
PAS
2-(Phenylmercuriamino) ethyl acetate
Phenylmercuric ammonium acetate
Phenylmercurie borate
Phenylmercuric dimethyldithiocarbamate
Phenylmercuric hydroxide
Phenylmercuric lactate
Phenylmercuric naphthenate
Phenylmercuric oleate
Phenylmercuric propionate
N-Phenylmercury formamide
Phenylmercury urea
PMA
Semesan Bel®
All of the mercury-containing pesticides except mercuric and mercurous
chlorides are organomercury compounds, i.e., they contain mercury-carbon
bonds. Practically all of the organomercury pesticides are based on methyl-
mercury, ethylmercury or the much less toxic phenylmercury salts. In March
1970 the U.S. Department of Agriculture suspended the use of all alkyl mercury
compounds as seed treatments, and cancelled all use of mercury products for
algicidal, slimicidal and laundering purposes because of the direct contamina-
tion of water. In early 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency suspended
56
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the registration of all alkyl mercury products, and the registrations, of
other mercury products for rice treatment, laundry uses and marine paints.
Interstate shipment of 12 pesticides which contain mercury was halted.
Disposal of Mercury Pesticides •
Although the EPA considers these mercury pesticides an "imminent hazard to
the public," the Agency was quoted that the safest method of disposing of
the mercury pesticide products would be "to proceed with normal use. "22.'
This recommendation would also appear to apply to seed which has been treated
.with mercury pesticides, since they cannot be used for any other purpose.
The seed should not be burned and bulk burial is inadvisable.
Recovery of Mercury Values
At least two useful processes (described below) are known for recovering
mercury metal from inorganic mercury, but no acceptable method exists
at present for converting organomercury compounds to an inorganic mercury
compound.
The mercury-carbon bond of organomercury compounds is remarkably stable;
it is very resistant to• both oxidation and hydrolysis.!^.' The mercury-
carbon bond of phenylmercurie chloride can be cleaved by hydrolysis, but
the reaction is relatively slow (90% in 4 hr at 80°C using 0.4 M hydrochloric
acid).1Z/ Bromine apparently cleaves this bond very rapidly and quantita-
tively.—/ Thus, the chemical evidence indicates that practical methods
could be devised for converting organomercury compounds to inorganic mercury
compounds, e.g., chlorination. However, no recommendation can be made until
specific experiments are performed to demonstrate the reliability of such
techniques.
Sulfide Procedure for Inorganic Mercury; A procedure for the ecologically
satisfactory recovery of inorganic mercury compounds has been published by
workers at the Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio.22/ The procedure was developed for the purpose.of re-
covering inorganic mercury salts left in wastes resulting from various;
analytical determinations, e.g., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Kjeldahl ni-
trogen and Nessler ammonia. Basically, the procedure converts soluble
mercuric salts to insoluble mercury sulfide. Mercury sulfide is the prin-
cipal mercury ore and some refiners are willing to accept mercury sulfide
precipitates. The recommended procedure is described below.
"Dilute combined COD and other acidic wastes to about twice their
original volume by slowly adding them to water, then adjust the pH
to > 7 by slowly adding sodium hydroxide solution (40 to 507o w/v)
57
-------
with vigorous stirring; this neutralization typically generates a
large amount of heat, and dangerous spattering may occur if the
sodium hydroxide is added carelessly. Combine the neutralized
COD waste (with stirring) with any previously pooled wastes re-
sulting from Kjeldahl nitrogen and Nessler ammonia determinations.
At this point, the combined wastes should have a pH of 10 or
higher; if not, add sodium hydroxide solution until a pH of 10
to 11 has been reached.
"While the combined alkaline wastes are still warm, intermittently
stir in small portions of sodium thiosulfate solution (40 to 50%
w/v),until no further precipitation seems to be occurring; this
step is important, and it requires careful observation coupled
with judgment. Immediately set the mixture aside, and allow the
precipitate to begin settling. As soon as a few milliliters of
clear supernatant can be drawn off, make sure its pH is still
above 10, then add an equal volume of sodium thiosulfate solution.
If the supernatant, thus being tested, still contains dissolved '
mercury, additional precipitate will rapidly form, indicating
that sodium thiosulfate must again be added to the main batch of
waste slurry.
"After an appropriate settling period, decant or siphon off the
clear, previously tested supernatant and discard it. Slurry-
wash the precipitate twice with water containing a trace of NaOH
to remove sodium sulfate, allowing for reasonably complete set-
tling each time; discard both of the clear washings. Dry the
washed precipitate, first in air--i.e., at room temperature--
then in an oven at a temperature not exceeding 110°C.
"Store the dry solids thus obtained until a sufficient quantity
has accumulated to justify shipment to a commercial processor."
Sodium Borohvdride Procedure for Inorganic Mercury; Another process for re-
covering mercury from inorganic salts is based on the reduction of mercurous
or mercuric salts to elemental mercury using sodium borohydride. The process,
developed by the Ventron Corporation, is said to be faster and more efficient
than sulfide precipitation techniques.1P-P-/
Arsenic Compounds
Arsenic-containing pesticides include both inorganic arsenic and organo-
arsenic compounds as listed below. (Organoarsenic compounds are those which
contain a chemical bond between arsenic and an organic group.)
58
-------
Metallo-Organic
Cacodylic acid
Calcium propylarsonate
CMA
DSMA
MAMA
MSMA
Paris Green
Inorganic
Arsenic acid
Arsenious oxide
Calcium arsenate
Copper arsenate
Hexaflurate
Lead arsenate
London Purple
Magnesium arsenate
Sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
All arsenic compounds are toxic (the organo derivatives are generally less
toxic) and there is no method for completely destroying their toxicity or
the persistence of the arsenic in the environment. The natural level of
arsenic in the earth's crust is about 5 ppm, however, according to the
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Chemical Rubber Company).
The toxicity hazard of some inorganic arsenic compounds can be reduced by
the formation of an insoluble product. Two techniques have been suggested—'
for calcium arsenate, arsenic acid and lead arsenate. (By analogy, the same
procedures should be effective for arsenious oxide, London Purple, magnesium
arsenate, sodium arsenate, sodium arsenite and Paris Green, a complex arsenite.)
The first procedure!^/ is suggested for cases in • which there is significant
recovery value in the waste:
"Dissolve in minimum hydrochloric acid (concentrated,' reagent).
Filter if necessary. Dilute with water until white precipitates
form. Add just enough 6M HC1 to redissolve. Saturate with hydro-
gen sulfide. Filter wash the precipitate, dry, package and ship
to the supplier." , .
The second procedure—/ is suggested for arsenic wastes of very little value:
"Add slowly to a large container of water. Stir in slight excess
of soda ash. Let stand 24 hr. Decant or siphon into, another con-
tainer and neutralize with 6M HCl before washing down drain with
large excess of water. The sludge may be added to land fill."
Most organoarsenic pesticides contain one or two methyl groups
attached to the arsenic atom. Compounds of this kind (derivatives of
alkyl arsenic acids) are very resistant to hydrolysis and are inert to
such oxidizing agents as nitric acid, chlorine or bromine.121' Thus, at
present, there is no chemical method for converting organoarsenic compounds
to inorganic arsenic compounds, and no recommended method for decreasing
the toxicity hazard of organoarsenic compounds.
59
-------
Incineration of organoarsenic compounds would produce arsenic oxide. This
compound could be collected in alkaline scrubbing solutions as sodium
arsenate, from which arsenic sulfide could be precipitated.
Copper Compounds
Copper compounds have long been used as rodenticides, insecticides, fungicides
and special purpose herbicides. The copper-containing pesticides can be
classified as water-soluble, water-insoluble, or soluble in organic solvents,
as indicated below:
Compound
Bordeaux mixture
Cadmium-calcium-copper-
zinc-chromate complex
Copper carbonate, basic
Copper naphthenate
Copper oleate
Copper oxychloride sulfate
Copper-8-quinolinolate
Copper salts of rosin and fatty
acids
Copper sulfate
Copper zinc chromate
Cuprous oxide
Solubility-^/
Organic
Water Solvents
i
i
i
i
i
i
s
i
i
i
i
s
s
i
s
s
i
i
i
a/ i = insoluble, s = soluble
Disposal of copper-containing pesticides presents problems similar to those
encountered in disposing of arsenic and mercury pesticides; the fundamental
toxic character of the metal cannot be destroyed. The copper compounds are
generally quite toxic to fish and caution must be exercised not to form too
high concentrations in water, e.g., even during normal use as an algicide.
The compounds can be rendered less dangerous by chemical conversion to,
relatively insoluble compounds. The Manufacturing Chemists Association
suggests^' that water-soluble copper compounds, such as copper sulfate, be
converted to insoluble copper carbonates and disposed of by addition to a
landfill.
60
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Their procedure is as follows:
"Add slowly to a large container of water. Stir in slight excess
of soda ash. Let stand 24 hr. Decant or siphon into another con-
tainer and neutralize with 6M HCl before washing down drain with
large excess of water. The sludge may be added to landfill."
Since the rest of the inorganic copper-containing pesticides are relatively
insoluble in water, no pretreatment would be required.
No disposal procedures have been recommended for the organic or "oil-soluble1
copper-containing pesticides.
Other Heavy Metal Compounds
Two types of pesticides are considered here: those which contain a heavy
metal which is inherently very toxic to mammals; those which contain a less
toxic heavy metal and apparently do not pose so serious a degree of perman-
ent environmental contamination.
More Toxic in Environment
Antimony potassium tartrate
Cadmium succinate
Thallium sulfate
Less Toxic in Environment
Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide
Fentin acetate (Triphenyltin acetate)
Triphenyltin hydroxide
Several other pesticides actually contain heavy metal atoms in their
structures, but are not included here for practical purposes. For example,
the dithiocarbamate salts of iron, zinc and manganese are grouped with the
other dithiocarbamates.
Cadmium Succinate
Suggested—' procedures for disposing of cadmium salts are as follows:
"Convert to nitrates with a minimum of nitric acid (concentrated,
reagent). Evaporate in a fume hood to a thin paste. Add about
500 ml water and saturate with hydrogen sulfide. Filter, wash,
and dry the precipitate. Package and ship to the supplier.
61
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If the waste is of small volume, the following procedure is sug-
gested:—' Add slowly to a large container of water; Stir in
slight excess of soda ash. Let -stand 24 hr. Decant or siphon
into another container and neutralize with 6M HC1 before wash-
ing down drain with large excess of water. The sluge may be
added to land fill."
Thallium Sulfate
Evidently, there is no presently known, acceptable method for detoxifying
or disposing of thallium sulfate. Chemical methods for converting the com-
pound to a more insoluble product are feasible (for example, the formation
of an insoluble sulfide), but insufficient information is available concern-
ing the usefulness of this technique for disposal purposes. The best present
recommendation would be to suggest that the product be sent to a "professional
disposal expert" whose best action would be to return it to the manufacturer.
Triphenyltin Hydroxide
It has been suggested—^' that tin organic compounds be dumped into landfills.
Cyanides, Phosphides and Related Compounds
Hydrogen cyanide, a gas at room temperature, and calcium cyanide, a salt
which liberates gaseous hydrogen cyanide upon hydrolysis, are extremely
toxic fumigants. Calcium cyanamide, an herbicide, soil sterilant, defoliant,
fungicide and fertilizer; and potassium cyanate, an herbicide, are moderately
toxic solids. The aluminum and zinc phosphides can liberate highly toxic
phosphine gas and are included in this section because of their similarity
to the cyanides. The formulas are indicated below:
Calcium cyanamide, CaCN2
Calcium cyanide, Ca(CN)2
Hydrogen cyanide, HCN
Potassium cyanate, KOCN
Aluminum phosphide, A1P
Zinc phosphide, ZnPo
The Cyanides, Cyanates and Cyanamides
The cyanides are well known to be extremely toxic. Hydrogen cyanide is a
gas, and calcium cyanide is a solid which releases HCN slowly in moist air
or rapidly in acid: Ca(CN)2 should never be treated with acid in disposal.
62
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The cyanides are rapidly converted to the much less toxic cyanates by treat-
ment with alkaline hypochlorite:
CN + CIO"
H20
pH 10.0 - 11.5
5> CNO" + Cl"
This reaction forms the basis of the MCA procedure—' for the treatment of
"package lots" of cyanide wastes: "Add with stirring to strong alkaline
solution of calcium hypochlorite. Let stand 24 hr. Flush the cyanate down
the drain with large excess of water." In fact, however, the cyanate is
also oxidized in mild alkaline hypochlorite to carbon dioxide and nitrogen,
as shown by the equation:
2CNO" -I- 3 CIO" + H20
H2°
pH 7.0 - 9,5
2C0
3C1 + 20H
Thus, the overall reaction for disposal of calcium cyanide with sodium
hypochlorite would be:
Ca(CN)2 + 6NaClO
Ca(OH)2 + 6NaCl + 2C02
Hydrogen cyanide is not persistent in the environment and very small amounts
of it could be disposed of alternatively by slow release to the atmosphere
in a well ventilated outdoor location. Similarly, very small amounts of
Ca(CN)2 could be disposed of by exposure to moist air followed by water
dilution.
Potassium cyanate (KOCN or KCNO) can be oxidized by hypochlorite, as in-
dicated above, but it can be more easily destroyed by acidification, which
converts it to carbon dioxide and an ammonium salt.
Calcium cyanamide is converted in either strong acid (pH < 2) or in strong
base (pH > 12) to urea, NH2CONH2. It is also degraded to C02 and N2 by
alkaline hypochlorite.
The Phosphides
Aluminum phosphide reacts readily with moisture or moist air to produce
highly toxic phosphine gas, which is the basis of its fumigant activity.
Also produced in this reaction is harmless alumina which does not present
an environmental hazard.- Phosphine gas "reacts with air to produce nontoxic
products. The reaction is normally slow, but mixtures can be explosive.
63
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Thus, perhaps the best methods of disposing of aluminum phosphide is to
allow it to react slowly with moisture out in the open, taking precaution
to see that the poisonous gas (phosphine) is dissipated. Phosphine gas
creates no permanent environmental hazard because it is eventually con-
verted to harmless phosphorus acid and water.
Zinc phosphide reacts to produce phosphine only in the presence of aqueous
acid. No method has been recommended for the disposal of zinc phosphide,
but slow reaction with dilute acid (with precautions for phosphine as above)
appears appropriate. Zinc is actually a heavy metal, but is not highly
toxic. The residual zinc salts are more toxic than aluminum salts and thus
present a greater, but normally not serious, environmental hazard.
Other Inorganic Compounds
Pesticides considered here are:
AMS
Borax
Cryolite
Lime sulfur
Magnesium chlorate
Silica gel
Sodium chlorate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluosilicate
Sodium metaborate
Sulfur
AMS, Borax, and Sodium Metaborate
These water-soluble compounds are only moderately toxic and can be safely
buried or washed down a sewer. AMS (ammonium sulfamate) is hydrolyzed to
relatively harmless ammonium sulfate in soil. •'•UJ/ ^^ boron-containing
compounds are phytotoxic and are permanent-type pollutants in soils receiv-
ing low rainfall.
Sulfur, Lime Sulfur, and Silica Gel
These water-insoluble compounds are also relatively nontoxic and can safely
be buried or added to a landfill. Sand is an impure form of silica.
Sodium Fluoride, Cryolite and Sodium Fluosilicate
Sodium fluoride, cryolite (sodium aluminofluoride, Na3AlFg) and sodium
fluosilicate (Na2SiFg) are sources of toxic fluoride ions which cannot be
detoxified. Thus, precautions must be taken to insure that these materials
do not enter a water supply in large amounts, but small amounts could be
added to wastewaters, since fluoride is already present at trace levels in
natural waters. A suggestedM/ disposal method converts the soluble
64
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fluoride ions to insoluble calcium fluoride (LD50 = 5,000 compared to 200
for the soluble fluorides), a naturally occurring mineral (fluorspar) which
can safely be added to a landfill. The method is as follows:
"Add slowly to a large container of water. Stir in slight excess
of soda ash. If fluoride is present add slaked lime also. Let
stand 24 hr. Decant or siphon into another container and neutralize
with 6 M HC1 before washing down with large excess of water. The
sludge may be added to landfill."!^/
Sodium Chlorate - Magnesium Chlorate
Water-soluble chlorate compounds are of moderate toxicity, but are very
strong oxidizing agents and should not be permitted to contact organic
matter, especially in the absence of water. They can be chemically re-
duced to less dangerous products. The following procedure has been
suggested:—
"Add to a large volume of concentrated solution of reducer (hypo,
a bisulfite, or a ferrous salt) and acidify with 3M H^SC^. When
reduction is complete add soda ash or dilute hydrochloric acid to
the solution. Wash into drain with large excess of water."
65
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PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING PESTICIDES
At least 80 phosphorus-containing organic compounds have been used as
pesticides. Most of these are derivatives of pentavalent phosphorus and
are of the general structural formula.
0 (or S)
B1 X
Where B and B' are basic groups (such as alkoxy or alkylamino) and X
is a less basic or an acidic group. The exceptions to this generalized struc-
ture are the phosphite or quaternary phosphonium derivatives of trivalent
phosphorus. The pentavalent phosphorus pesticides are nearly all insecti-
cides (including larvacides, miticides, nematocides and one rodenticide) of
the cholinesterase enzyme-inhibiting type: about 50 of these are highly
toxic, i.e., oral 11)50 of about 50 mg/kg or less, but a few have oral
IDso's of over 1,^000 mg/kg. The phosphorus-containing herbicides include
two members of the pentavalent series (bensulide and DEE®), two phosphites
(2,4-DEP and Folex®), all of which have LDso > 300 mg/kg, and the plant
growth regulators include the phosphonium salt (Phosfon®).
Hydrolysis of any one of the bonds between the phosphorus atom and either
the acidic or a basic group in the structure above is reported to reduce,
and in many cases, to destroy biochemical activity.j^bAPA/ Hydrolysis,
therefore, would appear to be a detoxification technique that would be
applicable to this entire class of pesticides.
The hydrolysis may take place in alkaline, neutral or acidic media,, but the
relative rates at which hydrolysis occurs for the different bonds to phos-
phorus (or for bonds within the X group in the generalized structure above)
can vary with conditions of pH, temperature, reactant concentrations, or
the species in which the material is being metabolized (thus accounting for
the great difference in toxicity between species of some specific compounds).
Data are available in the literature on the hydrolysis rates under various
conditions for many organophosphate insecticides, but these are primarily
concerned with the initial steps of the reaction, i.e., those which destroy
the high biochemical activity. In practice, several competitive and succes-
sive hydrolytic (or oxidative) reactions may occur as the phosphorus-contain-
ing pesticide is degraded to phosphoric acid and other simple products as
indicated in the following example:
66
-------
(RO)2P-OR'
+ Other Products
(RO)2P-OR"
Hence, in order to recommend hydrolysis with complete confidence as a detoxi-
fication method, data on the reaction rates and hydrolysis products are re-
quired. In lieu of these data, a substantial excess of the hydrolytic agent
(generally an alkali) should be used, e.g., a 3:1 or 5:1 mole ratio of sodium
hydroxide to organophosphate.
The hydrolysis of triehlorfon illustrates this point. Trichlorfon [(CH30)2P(0)-
COH2CCl3] is rapidly converted under mild alkaline conditions to dichlorvos
[(CH30)2P(0)COHCC12], which, in turn, is hydrolyzed to (CH30)2P(0)OH and
C12CHCHO.M/ Dichlorvos, however, is significantly more toxic than the orig-
inal active ingredient with an oral LD5Q of 56 to 80 mg/kg vs 450 to 500 mg/kg
for triehlorfon. Its dermal hazard is also greater, LDgg of 107 mg/kg vs
> 2,000 mg/kg. The short-term effect of hydrolysis, under these conditions,
therefore, is to increase the humapt hazard significantly (see Figure 1, p. 29),
but under strongly alkaline conditions, the dichlorvos would also hydrolyze
more rapidly.
Hence, much care must be exercised in the disposal of phosphorus-containing
pesticides and in the disposal of containers which have held these toxic
materials .HilPJ./
Phosphates and Phosphonates
Compounds in this group are derivatives of phosphoric acid or the phosphonic
acid obtained from it by replacement of hydroxyl with an organic group.
Compounds included are:
Azodrin^
Bidrin®.
Bomyl®
Butonate
Chlorfenvinphos
Ciodrin®
Dichlorvos
Dimethyl j>-(methylthio)
phenyl phosphate
Ethephon
Fospriate
Gardona®
Glyphosate
Glyphosine
Mevinphos
Naled
NIA 10637
Pho sphamidon
TEPP
Triehlorfon
67
-------
Comments on degradation of specific compounds follow.
Azodrin : Treatment of this product with water produces hydrolysis at a
rate that is almost independent of pH in the pH range of 1 to 7 (50%
hydrolyzed at pH 1 to 7 in 22 to 23 days at 38°C). At higher'pH's the
rate of hydrolysis rapidly increases.—' This product is incompatible with
alkaline pesticides.
Bidrin®; Bidrin® decomposes after 31 days at 75°C or 7 days at 90°C.
Hydrolysis is 50% complete in aqueous solutions at 38°C after 50 days at
pH 9.1 (100 days are required at pH 1.1). Alkaline hydrolysis (NaOH) yields
(CH3)2NH.
(R)
Bomylr; This compound is hydrolyzed by alkali (50% hydrolyzed at pH 5 after
more than 10 days, at pH 6 after more than 4 days, at pH 9 less than 1 day.—/
Butonate; Although more resistant to hydrolysis than trichlorfon (50%
hydrolysis at pH 8 in 63 min), butonate is hydrolyzed rapidly in alkaline
media to phosphoric, hydrochloric, and butyric acids.—'
Ciodrin®; Hydrolysis of this product occurs readily; at 38°C it is 50%
hydrolyzed after 35 hr at pH 9, or after 87 hr at pH 1. All formulations
are unstable on most solid carriers. ' •••'
Dichlorvos; Fifty percent hydrolysis is obtained in pure water in 25 min
at 70°C, and in 61.5 days at 20°C. A buffered solution yields 50% hydrolysis
(37.5°C) in 301 min at pH 8, 462 min at pH 7, 4,620 min at pH 5.4. Hydrolysis
yields no toxic residues. Dichlorvos is a hydrolysis product of trichlor-
fon.83.927
Dimethyl-£-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate: The alkaline hydrolysis rate of
this compound at pH 9.5 and 37.5°C is 3.6 x lO"5 sec"1.-/
Ethephon: Ethephon is stable in aqueous solutions below pH 3.5; at higher
pH, disintegration yields free ethylene, and chloride and phosphate ions.—'
Gardona®; Fifty percent hydrolysis (at 50°C) is obtained in 1,300 hr at pH
3 and in 80 hr at pH 10.5.£'
Mevinphos; Mevinphos is 50% hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions at an unspeci-
fied temperature in 1.4 hr at pH 11, 35 days at pH 7, and 120 days at pH 6. •
Decomposition is rapidly accomplished by lime sulfur. Mevinphos is incompati-
ble with alkaline pesticides.—'
Naled; This pesticide is more stable to hydrolysis than dichlorvos (50%
hydrolysis at pH 9 at 37.5°C in 301 min). It is unstable in alkaline condi-
tions, in presence of iron, and is degraded by sunlight. About 10% hydrolysis
per day is obtained in ambient watp.r.83,92/
68
-------
Phosphamidon: Fifty percent hydrolysis at 23°C requires 13.8 days at pH 7,
and 2.2 days at pH 10. Bioactivity is reduced by copper oxychloride.—'
TEPP: TEPP is 50% hydrolyzed in water in 6,8. hr at 25 °C, and 3.3 hr at
38°C; 99% hydrolysis requires 45.2 hr at 25°C, or 21o9 hr at 38°C. Hydrol-
ysis of TEPP yields nontoxic products J^i/ . :
Trichlorfon; Trichlorfon initially hydrolyzes to the more toxic compound
dichlorvos (LD50 of 56 mg/kg vs 450 mg/kg for trichlorfon6-6-/) at pH 8 and
37.5°C. Trichlorfon is essentially 1007o hydrolyzed in approximately 24 hr
to nontoxic products.
Phosphorothioates and Phosphonothioates
Compounds in this group have one sulfur atom attached to the phosphorus
atom, and most of the commercial products of these compounds have the thiono
structure below rather than the thiolo structure:
S
M
(RO)2P-OR!
Thiono
0
ii
(RO)2P-SR'
Thiolo ..
Compounds .included in this group are: • . .
Abate®
Akton®
Aspon®
Bromophos
Bromophos ethyl
0-(£-(£-Chlorophenylazo)phenyl) 0,0-dimethyl phosphorothioate
S-[(j)-Chlorophenyl)thio]methyl 0,0-diethyl phosphorothioate
Chlorpyrifos
Coumaphos
Cyanophos
0-(£.-Cyanophenyl) 0-ethyl phenylphosphonothioate
Cythioate .
Demeton
Diazinon® , •
Dicapthon
2-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxylic acid-6-lactone
0,0-diethyl phosphorothioate
0,0-Dimethyl-0-j3-(dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl phosphorothioate
Endothion
EPN
69
-------
Fenitrothion
Fensulfothion
Fenthion
Leptophos
2-Methoxy-4H-l,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-sulfide
Methyl-demeton
Methyl parathion , ,
Nemacide
Parathion •
Primiphos ethyl
Primiphos methyl
Ronnel
Salithion
Tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate
Zinophos®
The thiolo isomer of a given phosphorothioate is more toxic to mammals as
well as more thermally stable than the thiono isomer; most thiono deriva-
tives rearrange to the thiolo form when heated mildly (100°C) or when treated
with certain reagents. Some of the thiono compounds, e.g., ,parathion, have
been reported—' to undergo this rearrangement with explosive violence when
heated strongly. Hence, high concentrates of these compounds should not be
heated or treated with reagents that may cause excessive heating. Concen-
trates of these pesticides should be first diluted before disposal.
Exceptions to the generalized thiono structure above include endothion, which
has the thiolo structure, and EPN and leptophos, in which one of the RO
groups is replaced by an aryl group, i.e., they are actually phosphono com-
pounds.
Phosphorothioates are generally susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis, but the
rate varies. The addition of hypochlorite is probably helpful, particularly
in removing residual odors left after cleanup of a spill. Comments on the
degradation of specific compounds follow.
Abate®: No hydrolysis was observed after several hours at 40°C and pH 11,
r"~r "•-•" T T •" T &^ /
or at pH 8 and room temperature for several weeks. —' Essentially complete
hydrolysis occurred upon heating in concentrated KOH for 20 min.lPJL/
Aspon®: Aspon® is stable in water at 100°C for at least 24 hr. However, it
decomposes without explosive hazard at 149 °C.-'
Bromophos: This compound is 50% hydrolyzed at pH 13 and 22°C in 3.5 hr.
Bromophos is stable at pH 9. Dichlorobromophenol is the product of
hydro ly s i s. ,§3_/
70
-------
Bromophos ethyl: Bromophos ethyl is slowly hydrolyzed via de-ethylation
at pH 9 in aqueous alcohol solution. At higher pH, the phenol is removed. .§/
Chlorpyrifos: This compound is 5070 hydrolyzed in aqueous MeOH solution at
pH 6 in 1,930 days, and in 7.2 days at pH 9. 96. 1/ Spray mixtures of < 1%'
concentration are destroyed with an excess of 5025% sodium hypochlorite in
< 1/2 hr at 100 °C, and in 24 hr at 30" C. Concentrated (61. 5%) mixtures are
essentially destroyed by treatment with 100:1 volumes of the above sodium
hypochlorite solution and steam in 10 min.iPJL/
Coumaphos : This compound is completely decomposed on heating with concen-
trated alkali. It is oxidized with HN03 or other oxidizing agents to the
phosphate analogue, Coroxon. Dilute alkali (pH'8-12) causes an opening of
the pyrone ring, which can be closed again by acidification to yield the
original compound . 83 ? 92 , 108/
Demeton: The thiono- and thiolo-isomers of this mixture are 50% hydrolyzed
in 75 min and 0.85 min, respectively^/ at 20°C and pH 13. At pH 9 and 70° C,
the half life of demeton is 1.25 hr, but at pH 1-5 it is over 11 hr.lii/
Diazinon®; Diazinon® is hydrolyzed in acid media about 12 times as rapidly
as parathion, and at about the same rate as parathion in alkaline media. In
excess water this compound yields diethylthiophosphoric acid and 2-isopropyl-
4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine. With insufficient water, highly toxic tetra-
ethyl monothiopyrophosphate is formed. .§3'
Dicapthon: The chemical properties are analogous to chlorthion:
percent hydrolysis at pH 5 and 20°C in 5.3 hr.-
fifty
2-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenvl)-l-cyclohexene-l-carboxvlie acid-6-lactone 0,0-
diethylphosphorothioate: This compound is resistant to hydrolysis at pH
5 to 8. Only at high pH is hydrolysis substantially accelerated. Initial
hydrolysis takes place on the ethyl group to yield the thiophosphoric acid
which has low insect, and animal toxicity.^2.'
Endothion: Endothion is hydrolyzed by alkali to form 0-methyl-S-(S-methyl-
propyl-2-methyl) thiophosphate, which has low toxicity for animals and
insects. One-half gram of endothion in 50 ml (cold) IN NaOH is hydrolyzed
in 15 min.8*110/
EPN: EPN, a phosphono compound, is incompatible with alkaline pesticides.
It is relatively rapidly hydrolyzed in alkaline medium to benzene thiophos-
o Q Q /
phoric acid, alcohol and jj-nitrophenol,,—*—— • ' '
Fensulfothion: This compound is readily oxidized to the sulphone and appar-
ently isomerized readily to the S- ethyl isomer.— /
71
-------
Fenthion; Fenthion is more resistant to hydrolysis and heating than methyl
parathion: 50% hydrolysis at 80°C in acid medium requires 36 hr, or 95 min
in alkaline medium.l^/
Methyl-demeton ; Methyl-demeton is less staBle than demeton. Fifty percent
hydrolysis at 70°C requires 1.25 hr at pH 9 and 4.9 hr at pH 3. 83, 111/
Methyl parathion; This compound is subject to hydrolysis: 50%' in 210 min
in 0.01N NaOH at 30°C, and 32 min in IN NaOH at 15°C.22/ Heating to 140° to
160°C sometimes takes place explosively.—' (See also parathion below.)
Nemacide : Nemacide is stable to hydrolysis except under strong alkaline
conditions.—'
Parathion; Parathion is relatively resistant to hydrolysis: Fifty percent
hydrolysis at 70°C and pH 9 requires 2.7 hr; 17 to 20 hr at 70°C and pH 1
to 5; and 690 days at 20°C and pH 1 to 5. This compound is subject to re-
duction by metals in acid media (as Zn in 9 part HOAc and 1 part HCl) to
yield 0,0-diethyl 0- (4-aminophenyl) thiopho'sphate (aminoparathion) which is
nontoxic to animals and does have an insecticidal effect.. 3>103? 104, 111 ,1127
One manufacturer, (private communication) recommends the use of a detergent
in a 5% trisodium phosphate solution for parathion disposal and cleanup
problems.
Ronnel ; This compound is stable in both neutral and acid media at 60°C.
It is incompatible with alkaline pesticides and is hydro ly zed in weakly
alkaline medium to the mono 0-methyl compound. Hydrolysis in strongly
alkaline media yield mainly (CH30)2P(S)OH, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (LD5Q
150 to 250 mg/kg) . Ronnel is saponified with concentrated HCl to produce
2,4,5-trichlorophenol.iiIial2/
Sumithion; Hydrolysis rate for this compound is lower than that of methyl
parathion. Fifty percent hydrolysis at 30°C requires 272 min in 0.01N
NaOH and 12 min in O.lN NaOH.
Tetraethy 1 dithionopyrophos pha te (ADR) is resistant to hydrolysis.
—'
Zinophos®;
been found.
Analysis is accomplished by hydrolysis. No other information has
72
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Phosphorodithioates and Phosphonodithloates
Compounds in this group have two sulfur atoms attached to the phosphorus
atom. In almost all cases the structure is of the >P(S)-S-type; a few, ,
however, are of the -P(0)X~S-)2 type. Compounds included are:
S-(2-Acetamidoethyl) ,0,0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate . . . ,
Amidithion
Azinphosethyl
Azinphosmethyl
Bensulide
Carbophenothion
S-(£-Chlorophenyl) 0-ethyl ethanephosphonodithioate
Dialifor .
Dimethoate
Dioxathion
Disulfoton .-,'.,. •
Dyfonate®
Ethion
Ethoate-methyl
S-[(2-Ethylthio)ethyl]0,0-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
Formothion
Imidan®
Malathion
Mecarbam . , , , , ......
Menazon
Methidathion ,
Methyl trithion
Phenthoate
Phorate
Phosalone
Prophos
Prothoate
Dithiophosphates, like the monothiophosphates (page 70) , can rearrange on
heating. The thiolo-thiono isomer, the more common case, is converted to
the di-thiolo isomer when heated as shown in the following example.
RO S
rW-s-i
RO
73
-------
For some dithiophosphates, such as malathion, the reaction is reported^/
to proceed smoothly at 150°C with pure material, but to become explosive
at higher temperatures or to occur at lower temperatures when certain im-
purities are present. Hence, high concentrates of these materials should
not be heated or treated with reagents which might generate excessive heat;
they should be diluted first.
In oxidation of a dithiophosphate, the thiono sulfur atom can be replaced
by an oxygen atom to give a product which may be much more toxic:—'
roi
(RO)2P-SR'
Hence, oxidative conditions must be used with caution.
The dithiophosphates are generally susceptible to hydrolysis by base, as
well as by acid. As in the case of the example given for monothio compounds
(page 67). the hydrolysis may proceed differently for different compounds and
under different conditions of pH, temperature and concentrations of reactants.
A series of reactions are ultimately involved before complete degradation is
attained. Hydrolysis of the dithiophosphates tends to be more difficult in
alkaline media than is the case with the monothio compounds, and the addition
of hypochlorite is probably helpful.
Comments on the degradation of specific compounds follow:
Amidithion; Chemical properties of amidithion are similar to those of di-
methoate. It is hydrolyzed by alkali and is incompatible with alkaline
pesticides. JLJ!1/
Azinphosethyl; This compound is thermally stable but "readily" hydrolyzed
by alkali.2J Analysis is accomplished by alkaline hydrolysis to give dialkyl
phosphorodithioic acid. Other chemical properties are similar to azinphosmethyl.—'
Azinphosmethy1; Although this compound is chemically stable in storage, it is
decomposed at elevated temperatures with evolution of gas, and rapidly decom-
posed in cold alkali to form anthranilic acid and other decomposition prod-
ucts. £*!£/ Fifty percent hydrolysis at pH 9 and 70°C requires 0.6 hr; 8.9
hr at pH 5 and 70°C, 240 days at pH 5 and 20°C.ili/
Bensulide; Bensulide is stable at 80°C for 50 hr, but decomposes at 200°C
in 18 to 40 hr. It is noncorrosive..§/ The manufacturer (private communica-
tion) states that they use 20% hydrochloric acid for disposal. Alkaline
hydrolysis may be effective also.
74
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Carbophenothion; This compound is reported to be "rapidly" decomposed by
hypochlorite.H3-/ Hydrolysis rates are 37% in 2 hr in NaOH (pH 13.1) at
20°C and no decomposition in HC1 (pH 1.0) in 24 hr at 60°C.2£'
Dialifor: Dialifor is reported to be readily hydrolyzed by strong alkali..8-/
Dimethoate: Dimethoate is thermally unstable and decomposes on heating
after first being converted to the more toxic dithio-isomer.—' It is
hydrolyzed more rapidly in alkaline medium: 50% hydrolysis at 70°C at
pH 9, in 0.8 hr, and 21 hr at pH 2.8»83/ •
Dioxathion: This compound is hydrolyzed by alkali and on heating. It is
unstable on iron or tin surfaces and with certain carriers, and decomposes
at 130 to 140°C yielding (EtO)2P(S)SH and R-SP(S)(OEt)2. Dioxathion is
oxidized to corresponding P=0 compound. ? 3' ,
Disulfoton; Disulfoton is resistant to hydrolysis in acid media. Fifty
percent hydrolysis at 70°C requires 60 hr at pH 5, and 7.2 hr at pH 9.
It is hydrolyzed by refluxing with IN KOH in i-PrOH in 30 ™-fnT 83,92,111/
Dyfonate®: Dyfonate®, a phosphono compound, is reported to be satisfactorily
decomposed by hypochlorite.JLl3/
Ethion: Analysis of this compound is accomplished by hydrolysis to form
diethyl phosphorodithioic acid. Ethion is subject to both acid and alkaline
8 83 114/
hydrolysis and is slowly oxidized in air. ? * J.J.H-/
Ethoate-methyl: Ethoate-methyl is slowly oxidized by air. It is subject to
hydrolysis by both acids and alkalis. Fifty percent hydrolysis at room
temperature at pH 11 requires 72 tnin. Product analysis is accomplished by
hydrolysis in 1:1 HC1, and steam distillation of the ethylamine produced.—'
Formothion: Formothion is similar to dimethoate, but more stable in storage
and on heating. It is hydrolyzed by alkali and is incompatible with alkaline
pesticide. Analysis is accomplished by a modified hydrolysis.8.!83/
Imidan®: Imidan® is reported to be rapidly decomposed with hypochlorite.
Fifty percent hydrolysis at room temperature in a buffered solution of initial
Imidan® concentration of 20 ppm requires 13 days at'pH 4.5, < 12 hr at pH 7,
and < 4 hr at pH 9.3.H2-/
Malathion: Malathion is reported to be "hydrolyzed almost instantly" at pH
12; 50% hydrolysis at pH 9 requires 12 hr.—' Alkaline hydrolysis under con-
trolled conditions C0.5N NaOH in ethanol) gives quantitative yields of (CH30)2-
P(S)SNa,i2-' whereas hydrolysis in acidic media yieldsjJL3/ (CH30) 2P(S)OH. On
prolonged contact with iron or iron-containing material, it is reported to
break down and completely lose insecticidal activity.^3-'
75
-------
Mecarbam: This compound is compatible with all but highly alkaline pesti-
cides. At pH 3, it is hydrolyzed to (EtO) 2P(S) SCH2COOH, C02, EtOH, and
8,83/
'
Menazon; Menazon is compatible with all but strongly alkaline pesticides.
It may be decomposed by reactive surfaces of some "inert" fillers. JLJL?/
Methyl trithlon; This compound is resistant to hydrolysis because of low
water solubility. Fifty percent hydrolysis at an unspecified temperature
requires 32 days at pH 8.3 (initial methyl trithion concentration of 0.6
ppm) ; 83 days at pH 4.6 (initial concentration of 0.6 ppm) ; and 64 days in
distilled H20
(initial concentration of 1.0 ppm) .ll
Phenthoate: Phenthoate is stable in acid and neutral media.
solution of pH 9.7, approximately 25% is hydrolyzed after 20 days.
In a buffered
8/
Phorate; Phorate is relatively unstable to hydrolysis, and is incompatible
with alkaline pesticides. 83_/ Fifty percent hydrolysis requires 2 hr at pH 8
and 70°C, and 9.6 hr at pH 1 to 5 and 40°C.H1/ Phorate is easily oxidized
to the corresponding sulfoxide, which is more resistant to hydrolysis. JL?/
Phosalone: Phosalone is readily hydrolyzed in alkaline medium. The principal
hydrolysis products are 6-chlorobenzoxazolone, (EtO) 2P(0)OH, and formalde-
hyde.-^'
Prophos ; This compound is very stable in acid aqueous media from 25 to
100 °C. It is hydrolyzed moderately faster in basic media at 25 °C and
rapidly at 100 °G. Prophos is thermally stable for 8 hr at 150 °C. UJL/
Prothoate; Prothoate is analogous to dimethoate, but more stable in storage. ,
It is stable in neutral, moderately acid or slightly alkaline media. Prothoate
decomposed in approximately 48 hr at pH 9.2 and 50°C.
8.837
Phosphorus-Nitrogen Compounds
This group includes six insecticides which have the structural unit
>P(0)-N< and one herbicide (DMPA) and one rodenticide (Gophacide®) which
have the structural unit >P(S)-N<.
Acephate
Crufomate
Cyolane®
Dimefox
EMPA
Gophacide®
Monitor®
Schradan
76
_
-------
Cruf ornate; Cruf ornate is stable at pH 7.0 or below, but is incompatible with
alkaline pesticides.^/
Cy olane®: Although Cyolane® is stable under neutral or acid conditions, it
is hydro ly zed by alkali, and is nonpersistent in soil.^/
Dimefox: This compound is stable in aqueous solutions;—' and is resistant
to hydrolysis by alkali. It is hydrolyzed by acids, slowly oxidized by vigor-
ous oxidizing agents, and rapidly oxidized by chlorine. Treatment with acids
followed by bleaching powder has been recommended for decomposition. Acid
hydrolysis yields amine..§/ Equipment contaminated with dimefox can be de-
contaminated with hypochlorite.i^i'
DMPA: DMPA is stable in acid and alkaline media and at temperatures to 70°C.
It decomposes at 150°C.-'
(R) ft /
Gophacide : This compound is reported to be unstable to alkali.—'
Monitor®: Monitor® is stable in the pH range of 3 to 8. Hydrolysis by, acids
and alkalis increased with temperatures. It is compatible with most pesti-
cides, but mixing with lime sulfur or Bordeaux mixture should be avoided .
Schradan ; This compound is stable in aqueous solutions. Fifty percent hy-
drolysis at 25°C requires 100 years in neutral solution, 70 days in IN NaOH,
and 200 min in IN HC1. In water, an excess of chlorine leads to complete
breakdown to nontoxic compound.
Other Phosphorus Compounds
The compounds included in this section are three herbicides, one plant
growth regulator, and one repellent. They are:
Decyltriphenylphosphonium bromochlorotriphenylstannate
Def®
2 ,4-DEP
Folex®
Phosfon®
Def®: Def® is slowly hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions.^.'
2 ,4-DEP: Although this compound is stable when anhydrous, it is hydrolyzed
in the presence of water to 2 ,4-dichloro-phenoxy ethanol and phosphoric acid.
This reaction is accelerated by acids ..§/
Folex®: Folex® is slowly hydroxlyzed in water to form butyl mercaptan. The
rate of hydrolysis is increased by alkali. It is slowly oxidized by oxygen
in air to the phosphate, a reaction which is accelerated by heating .^5.'
77
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NITROGEN-CONTAINING PESTICIDES
The nitrogen-containing class of pesticides--over 200 compounds--have a wide
diversity of chemical structures and pesticidal activity. Chemically, they
can be broadly grouped as follows:
* Carbamates and related compounds
* Amides, anilides and related compounds
* Ureas and uracils
* Triazines
* Quaternary ammonium compounds
* Nitro compounds
* Other
With the exception of about 25 N-alkyl carbamates (which are insecticides
of the cholinesterase-inhibiting type) and a few other compounds of diverse
structures and uses, most of these compounds are either herbicides (gener-
ally selective) of fungicides.
Carbamates and Related Compounds
Carbamates of pesticidal importance are esters of N-substituted carbamic
acid of the general formula.
. 0
RNH-C-0-R'
where R and R' are either alkyl or aryl groups.
The carbamate pesticides consist of two major types: the larger N-alkyl
group of insecticides and a small group of N-aryl herbicides. Most of the
N-alkyl group are also the aryl ester (R1 = aryl group) of the carbamic
acid. The remaining six are of diverse structures, including an oxime, an
acetaraidate, as well as true carbamates. The carbamate pesticides are as
follows:
78
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N-alkyl Carbamates
Aryl Ester
®
Baygon
£-sec-Butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate
3 , 5-di- t^-Buty Ipheny 1 N-methylcarbamate
Bux Ten®
Garbaryl
Car bo fur an
Carzol (formetanate hydrochloride)
£-Chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate
Formetanate
m-Isopropylphenyl N-methylcarbamate
jD-Isopropylphenyl N-methylcarbamate
Landrin®
Matacil®
Mesurol®
Mexacarbate
Mobam®
Phenmed ipham
Promecarb
Sok®
Terbutol
m-Tolyl N-methylcarbamate
3,4-Xylyl N-methylcarbamate
Other
Aldicarb
Dichlormate
Dimetilan
Karbutilate
Methomyl
Oxamyl
Pirimicarb
N-aryl Carbamates
and
Related Compounds
Asulam
Barban
Benomyl
Chlorpropham
Propham
Swep
With a few exceptions the N-alkyl carbamates have moderate to high acute
oral toxicities (LDso < 500) and display anticholinesterase activity while
the N-aryl carbamates present a less acute toxic hazard (11)50 > 500).
N-Alkyl Carbamates: Residue studies indicate that carbamates largely disappear
from the environment during the few months of the growing season. Detailed
studies of the metabolic fate of typical 0-aryl carbamate pesticides using in-
tact enzyme systems,ill/ or isolated soil organismsiiH/ show they are all de-
graded via similar pathways, the first steps of which involve oxygenation or
hydroxylation of sulfur or nitrogen atoms, hydroxylation of aromatic rings
and dealkylation of 0- or N-alkyl groups.
Hydrolysis of the carbamate linkage would yield phenols which are amenable to
further ring cleavage and ultimate reduction to small carbon fragments, e.g.,
2,4-dichlorophenol (arising from soil organism metabolism of 2,4-D)degraded
to succinic acid via intermediate chlorocatechols and chloromuconic acids.H9?120/
Without hydrolysis, however, the carbamate linkage may persist, giving rise,
79
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initially, to a number of carbamate metabolites with toxicity (anti-cholines-
terase) comparable to the parent compound. Accordingly, the 0-phenyl carbamate
pesticide wastes should be submitted to hydrolysis before disposal.
Our survey indicates that all the carbamate pesticides are rapidly hydrolyzed
in strongly alkaline media: in most instances decomposition was complete
within a few hours at room temperature. The National Agricultural Chemicals
Association's recommendations!!/ for the treatment of carbaryl manufacturing
wastes can serve as a practical guideline for carbamate pesticide disposal:
i.e., for each 5 Ib of actual carbaryl, add 2 Ib of flake caustic (sodium
hydroxide) (this amount was stated to be a 50% excess over the minimum re-
quired) and allow about 24 hr for completion of the reaction. The first
step of the degradation would be:
Aryl-0-CO-NHR + H20 NaOH> Aryl-OH + [HO-CO-NHR.]
The carbamic acid at the right would decompose to the amine and COo in
neutral solution, or to sodium carbonate in excess base. In excess base
the phenol would be converted to the salt, i.e., NaO-Aryl.
Phenolic decomposition products of some carbamate pesticides may, under some
circumstances, persist in the environment and harm specific ecosystems. For
example, the failure of molluscs to repopulate tidal flats treated with
carbaryl, ' was attributed to the formation of cv-naphthol, which was shown
experimentally to be 65% converted within 30 days in seawater to an unidenti-
fied insoluble toxin. Hence, the hydrolysis should be followed by soil
burial of the products in disposal.
N-Aryl Carbamates: The low toxicity of the N-phenyl carbamate herbicides
and of their demonstrated metabolites obviates any need for preliminary
hydrolysis. Soil burial should suffice.
Initial hydrolytic decomposition to the corresponding aniline derivative
is expected and has been observed with chloropropham (CIPC).^^/ Degrada-
tion of aniline and 3-chloroaniline by soil or soil micro-organisms has
been demonstrated but the metabolic path was not studied.122,1237 Ring
hydroxylation has been proposed and the observation that 2-chloro-4-amino-
phenol is a metabolite of barban (via 3-chloroaniline) in wheat plants lends
support to this suggestion.l^/ If this is the case, then subsequent ring
cleavage and degradation in a manner similar to that experienced by the
chlorinated phenols is indicated. However, Swep would yield 3,4-dichloro-
aniline which can be converted in the soil to tetrachloroazobenzene and
dichloroanilino-trichloroazobenzene.--25'12fi/ Since some azobenzenes have
shown carcinogenic activity, soil burial is not recommended for Swep or
similar pesticides.
80
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Thiocarbamates
A number of thiocarbamates of the type
R
(where R - alkyl and R1 = various substituted alkyl or alkenyl) are used
as herbicides. Included are:
Butylate
Cycloate
Diallate
S,S' [2-(Dimethylamino) trimethylene]-bisthiocarbamate, hydrochloride
Ethiolate
EPTC
Molinate :
Pebulate
Triallate .
Vernolate
The thiocarbamates are nonpersistent in the environment and disappear
fairly rapidly (1-4 weeks) from the soil by microbial action, hydrolysis,
vaporization, and leaching.
» l?8a/
hydrolysis probably proceeds
initially at the ester linkage to give the mercaptan and the dialkyl
carbamic acid, which decomposes to the dialkyl amine and C02' The mercaptan
and the amine are probably further degraded in the soil, respectively, to
the alcohol (or sulfone) and to a mixture. of C02, carboxylic acid, Nl^, urea,
amino acid, and nitrate.
Secondary amines in significant concentrations in the environment are of
concern because they are potential sources of nitrosoamines (via reactions
with nitrites) . However, studies of the decomposition of thiocarbamates
in the soil have not detected nitrosoaminesjl^l' and simple burial appears
to be an acceptable disposal method for small quantities.
The thiocarbamates are combustible and all could be disposed by incineration.
Simple burning might be an acceptable alternate method for those of low tox-
icity, such as cycloate and butylate.
The thiocarbamates are hydrolyzed— ' readily by excess alkali to the corres-
ponding free amines and mercaptides as follows:
81
-------
R2N-CO-SR' + 3NaOH
R2NH + NaSR1
H20
These products have little herbtcidal activity and generally moderate acute
toxicities to animals. The secondary amines would be generated immediately
here (in contrast to hydrolysis in the soil) and would be objectionable in
large quantity (see above). Hence, hydrolysis is not recommended, unless
the entry of the arainas into water supplies is carefully precluded.
EPTC; In addition to the hydrolysis reaction, EPTC has been reported^./
be oxidatively cleaved to give the amine and ethane sulfonic acid.
to
Molinate; This cyclic thiocarbamate, ^(CH2) g-li-CO-SC2H5, is stable to
hydrolysis by water, but is hydrolyzed by H2SC>4.—'
Dithiocarbamates
The dithiocarbamates are a series of related compounds and mixtures that
are primarily fungicides or fungicide-nematocides. Most of the dithiocarba-
tnate pesticides are metal salts of the methyl-, dimethyl- or ethylenebis-
dithiocarbamic acids, but three of them are entirely organics.83,129a/
principal dithiocarbamate products are:
CDEC
Dithane M-45®
Dithane S-31®
Ferbam
Haneb
Metham
Nab am
Niacide®
Polyethylene thiuram disulfide (PETD)
Polyram® '
Thiram
Zineb
Ziram
The structural relationships of the various compounds and mixtures are shown
below:
Dithiocarbamic Acid Derivatives
;N-CS-S-M
Methara
PETD
Ferbam
Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) Derivatives
CH2-NH-CS-S-M
iH-NH-CS-S-M
R R1
H Me
M
Na"1
H -CH2- Polymer*
Me Me
Fe
Nab am
Maneb
Zineb
Ammonium salt
* The structure of PETD is [-CH2-NH-CS-S-]n
M
Na+
Mn++
Zn++
NH,.
82
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R R1
M
Zlram
Manganous salt
Potassium salt
Thlram
CDEC
Mixtures
Dithane M-45®
Dithane S-31®
Niacide®
Polyrara®
Me
Me
Me
Me
Et
Me
Me
Me
Me
Et
K
-S-CS-NMe2
-CH2-CC1=CH2
Coordination complex of maneb and zinc salt
Mixture of maneb-NiSO^
Mixture of manganous dimethyl dithiocarbamate and
mercaptobenzothiazole
Mixture of ammoniates of zineb,[-CH2NHCS2H]2 and other
sulfides
Maneb and its mixtures are the most widely used fungicides of the group.
Some dithiocarbamates have only 'specialized uses in greenhouses or in care
of ornamentals. Metham is a soil sterilant and CDEC is a herbicide.
The salts of the dithiocarbamic acids can be made by reaction of carbon di-
sulfide under alkaline conditions with the appropriate alkyl amine or
diamine and an appropriate source of the desired cation as shown below for
an ammonium and sodium salt. (Salts of these two ions can be used as inter-
mediates for preparation of the heavy metal salts.):
(CH3)2NH + CS2
NH
Base,
(CH3)2N-CS-SNH4
CH2-NH2
CH2-NH2
CS
NaOH
CH2
|
-CS-SNa
Base
"Acid CH2-CS-SNa
These reactions are reversible and in the presence of strong acids (or in
some cases merely moisture) CS2 is regenerated along with the amine salt. For
the mono N-alkyl compounds (metham and PETD), acid hydrolysis is suitable
as a disposal method (with proper precautions for the flammable CS2), but
hydrolysis has drawbacks as a disposal method for other dithiocarbamates.
In the case of the dialkyldithiocarbamic acid derivatives, the secondary
amines that would be generated are slowly degraded in the environment, bui.
are potential sources (via reaction with nitrites) of carcinogenic nitrosoamines.
83
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Hence acid hydrolysis, followed by discharge or burial of the products can-
not be recommended unless the entry of the amines into water supplies is
precluded.
The ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acidicderivatives pose a different problem:
under weakly acidic conditions they can decompose by an alternate route—'
to hydrogen sulfide and ethylene thiourea (ETU) as shown below:
CH,-NH"CS-SNa
I Z
CH2-NH-CS-SNa
Strong
Acid >(-CH2NH2)2+CS2
Mild
Acid
H2-NH,
H2-HN'
H2S
The ETU is of much concern: it is a known carcinogen in mammals. Hence,
all the dithiocarbamate pesticides which might form ETU (i.e., those derived
from ethylene diamine) are also of much current concern. IJ;2£/ Acid hydrolysis
therefore cannot be unequivocally recommended for these pesticides, unless pre-
cautions are taken to insure that ETU is not formed. Analytical methods for
the acid hydrolysis of dithiocarbamates to CS2 normally employ about 4 N acid
and a ratio of acid to active ingredient of > 1000:1. Such a high ratio is •
not practical for disposal procedures, and information is needed on the low-
est ratio that is still effective.
CDEC: The only dithiocarbamate used as a herbicide, CDEC is hydrolyzed very
slowly in either very weak acid, pH 5, or very weak base, pH 8.— It is hydro-
lyzed rapidly in boiling caustic and is completely decomposed by strong oxidiz-
ing agents. -S^/
Dithane S-31; The presence of nickel in this pesticide must be considered
in disposal.
Ferbam;
and heat.
bam is hydrolyzed by alkali and is unstable to moisture, lime
Ferbam can be incinerated.—
Maneb; Maneb is unstable to moisture and is hydrolyzed by acids and hot
water.— It decomposes at about 100°C and may spontaneously decompose
vigorously when stored in bulk.JLi/
84
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Metham: This compound reacts slowly with moisture to liberate the toxic
gas, methyl isothiocyanate, the active agent in its use as a soil fungicide
or sterilant. The metham is stabilized in concentrated aqueous solution,
but liberates CHANGS upon dilution.^/ Hydrolysis to CS2 should be an
effective disposal method if excess acid (2- to 3- fold) is used.
Thiram: Thiram can be dissolved in alcohol or 'other flammable solvent and
burned in an incinerator with ah afterburner and scrubber.—'
g /
Zineb : Zineb is unstable toward moisture, and acid hydrolysis yields CS?.—
"*""""" "~~~
Heating above 120°C causes decomposition to a carbonaceous product. —
Ziram: Ziram has a chelate structure and is more stable than most dithio-
carbamates; it has good stability to moisture and is not decomposed readily
by dilute acids. It is decomposed by strong acids and when heated with
caustic alkalis, and can decompose violently upon prolonged heating at 170°-
180°C.83/
Anilides
The anilide group of pesticides are herbicides and fungicides of relatively
low acute toxicities. Most, but not all are N-substituted, i.e., of the
general structural form R 0 ,
Aryl-if-'i-R'
where in a few cases R or R1 are also cyclic or aromatic.
Alachlor
Butachlor
Carboxin ,
CDAA ..'.'..,
Cypromid
Delachlor
Dicryl , •
2-Fluoro-N-methyl-N-(1-naphthyl)acetamide
Oxycarboxin
Propachlor , . . • •
Propanil
Prynachlor
Solan® • •
The anilide pesticides can be readily decomposed by strong acid or base,
but the decomposition products, either aniline or substituted anilines,
are quite often more toxic than the starting material. In addition, studies
with the chloroaniline-based herbicides have shown that this aromatic
85
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moiety gives rise to very persistant (5 to 10 years), complex residues in
soil. ' As a consequence, simple hydrolysis of these compounds cannot
be recommended as a disposal method.
Incineration at 1800°F followed by treatment of the off-gas has been
recommended.122/ Landfill burial has also been suggested but, in light of
the generation of more toxic, persistent products, this mode of disposal
does not seem desirable.
microbial metabolism of
Recent work on the aerobic-=2i' and anerobic-=^=/
various chlorinated aromatic insecticides may provide a valuable alternative
to incineration for the disposal of compounds of this class. The use of
photosensitized pesticide chemicals which will markedly alter the persistance
of an otherwise refractory pesticide chemicali^/ may also hold promise as a
safe disposal method. Comments on specific anilides follows:
Alachlor; This compound is hydrolyzed under strongly acid or alkaline
conditions,— to chloroacetic acid, methanol, formaldehyde and 2,6-diethyl-
aniline. Incineration is recommended according to procedures described in
the introduction to this section.
Butachlor: Butachlor is an analog of alachlor and should be disposed in the
same manner.
Carboxin: Carboxin is resistant to mild oxidative and hydrolytic conditions.
Alkaline hydrolysis yields the more toxic aniline. .§/ Incineration appears
to be the method of choice for disposal.
CDAA; Concentrated HC1 at reflux temperature hydrolyzes the compound to
chloroacetic acid and diallyl amine. The latter compound, a secondary amine,
may be potentially hazardous: it may react with nitrites in the environment
to form a nitrosoamine, a suspected carcinogen.
Cypromid :
Acidic and basic media slowly hydrolyze cypromid.
is 3,4- dichloroaniline which itself is toxic.— Under natural conditions
One product
condition
complexing may extend the residual life of the latter in soil to several
Dicryl: Dicryl can be hydrolyzed by alkali to the more toxic 3,4-dichloro-
aniline.^./ Therefore, hydrolysis cannot be recommended. Proper incineration
would appear to be the method of choice.
2-Fluoro-N-methyl-N- (1-naphthyl) acetamide: Hydrolysis of this product yields
the highly toxic fluoroacetic acid (LD5Q 0.28 mg/kg) .ZP_/ Hydrolysis, there-
fore, should be avoided. (See p. 130 for disposal procedures for sodium f luoro-
acetate.) Disposal should be performed by qualified personnel only.
86
-------
Oxycarboxin: Hydrolyzed by very acidic or basic conditions to yield the
more toxic aniline.—
Q /
Propachlor: Alkaline hydrolysis would yield N-isopropylaniline.—'
Propanil: Hydrolysis in acidic or basic media yields the more toxic sub-
stance, 3,4-dichloroaniline,.§/ and is not recommended. .
Prynachlor: This material is not sensitive to light or heat.— Hydrolysis
in base yields the hazardous secondary amine, N-'butynylaniline.
Solan®: Solan®, stable at room temperature, is hydrolyzed under basic con-
ditions to give the substituted aniline.—
Imides and Hydrazides
The compounds in this group include fungicides, herbicides, a plant growth
regulator, a repellent and a rodenticide:
Captan
Cycloheximide
Difolatan®
Folpet
MGK 264®
Neopyamin®
Norbormide
Succinic acid-dimethylhydrazide
The common structural units in imides and hydrazides are shown on the left
and right, respectively, below:
0 R 0
11 in
-C-N-C-
Compounds in this category can generally be readily decomposed t>y treatment
with strong base. The hydrolysis products, as a rule, do not present any
special problems. Specific comments are:
Captan: Captan decomposes fairly readily in alkaline media (pH > 8). It is
hydrolytically stable at neutral or acid pH but decomposes when heated
alone at its melting point.
92/
Cvcloheximide: Cycloheximide is stable in neutral or acidic solutions but
decomposes rapidly in basic solution at room temperature. Chlordane for
some unknown reason-causes rapid loss of activity.-2'
87 •
-------
Difolatan®; Difolatan® slowly hydrolyzed by water; rapidly hydrolyzed in
alkaline solution. Decomposes slowly when heated at its melting point.M/
Folpet; Folpet hydrolyzes slowly in water or in preparations not completely
dry; stable when dry. It.hydrolyzed rapidly at elevated temperatures or
in alkaline media.—'
MGK 264®; Chemically, MGK 264® is the most stable material of this class.-/
However, it should be readily hydrolyzed by base.
MH: This product is relatively stable to hydrolysis but decomposes in
presence of strong acids and oxidizing agents.— Treatment with alkali
hydroxides and amines results in the formation of water-soluble salts.
Salts of alkaline-earth and heavy metals are practically insoluble in
water.M' Burning with polyethylene has been reported to result in > 99%
decomposition.5-i/ Literature summaries for 1949-1963 are available.134/
8/
Neopyamirt^; Neopyamin® is stable under normal conditions.—
hydrolysis should readily decompose the material.
Alkaline
Norbormide; Norbormide is a very selective rodenticide; it is lethal to
all members of the genus Rattus but is relatively nonlethal to other animals.
It is stable at room temperature when dry; hydrolyzed by alkali.—'
Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide: This product is stable at 50°C for
5 months, stable in water for over 2 months, and stable in solution at 80°F
for 21 days. It is rapidly hydrolyzed in boiling dilute HC1 and boiling
50% sodium hydroxide solutions.-?-?-'
Amides
The compounds in this class are herbicides,, plant growth regulators and
repellants. Both aliphatic and aromatic amides are included and the amide
is normally N-substituted, i.e., of the form
0
R-C-NR'R
where R1 may be hydrogen.
Benzadox
Carbetamide
2-[(4-Chloro-£-tolyl)oxy]-N-methoxyacetamide
Diethyltoluamide
Diphenamid
Naphthalene acetamide
88
-------
Very little information relative to disposal methods for compounds listed in
this category is noted in the literature. In general, the compounds are
hydrolyzed when subjected to acidic or basic conditions at elevated tempera-
tures. The stability of some members of the class is reflected in the long
term persistence after applications. In the case of diphenamid, phytotoxic
levels were noted 10 to 11 months after application.
'
Benzadox: This compound should be readily hydrolyzed in strong base to
yield harmless products.
Carbetamide : This product, which contains both an amide and a carbamate
function, is stable under normal storage conditions. It is hydrolyzed in
strong acid at elevated temperatures.—' The compound can also be hydrolyzed
under strong basic conditions, but both acidic and basic hydrolysis yields
aniline which is much more toxic than the starting material.
Diphenamid: The product is moderately stable to heat and light.
phytotoxic 10 to 11 months after application.——
It is
Ureas and Uracils
The compounds in this group—all selective herbicides of low acute toxicity--
are as follows:
Bromacil
Chlorbromuron
Chloroxuron
DCU
Diuron
Fenuron
Fenuron TCA
Fluometuron
Isocil
Lenacil
Linuron
Metobromuron
Monolinuron
Monuron
Monuron TCA
Neburon
Norea
Siduron
Sodium 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-(3-(3,4-
dichlorophenyl)ureido)phenoxy)benzene-
sulfonate
Terbacil
The Ureas: The urea herbicides of interest have the general structural form
Aryl-NH-C-NR2
where R is alkyl or alkoxy groups. They can be decomposed by heating with
strong base or acid. In most cases, however, the resulting products—usually
aniline, substituted anilines and/or dimethylamine—are more toxic than the
starting material. As a consequence, disposal by simple hydrolysis is not
recommended. Proper incineration may be the method of choice with this class
of compounds.
89
-------
Chlorbromuron: This compound can be hydrolyzed by either acid or base^' but
this method is not recommended for disposal.
Chloroxuron; Acid or alkaline hydrolysis yields 4(4-chlorophenoxy)aniline
and dimethylamine. Continued heating in boiling water yields the symetrically
substituted urea, N,N' (4-chlorophenoxy)phenylurea.i?_2/
JDCU: This compound is stable to dilute acids but is rapidly decomposed on
heating with alkali.
Diuron; Diuron, stable under normal conditions, decomposes on heating to
180° to 190°C giving dimethylamine and 3,4-diehlorophenylisocyanate. Treat-
ment at elevated temperatures by acid or base yields dimethylamine and
3,4-dichloroaniline.—' Hydrolysis is not recommended as a disposal pro-
cedure because of the generation of the toxic products, 3,4-dichloroaniline
and dimethylamine.
Fenuron; Fenuron decomposes in boiling strong bases or mineral acids. The
products, however (aniline and dimethylamine), are both toxic, thus preclud-
ing hydrolysis as a disposal method.^2.'
Fenuron TGA: This compound, a salt of fenuron, presents similar disposal
problems.-^-2.' The chlorine in TCA must be considered in incineration.
Fluometuron; The chemical properties of this compound are similar to other
urea derivatives; it is decomposed by strong base or acid at elevated tem-
perature. However, this method is not recommended due to generation of toxic
products.
Linuron; Linuron can be hydrolyzed in alkaline and especially in acidic
media.— However, this procedure is not recommended due to generation
of more toxic products.
Metobromuran fPatoran): The chemical properties of this compound are similar
to linuron.£2/
Monuron: The chemical properties of this compound are similar to diuron.
Monuron TCA; This compound is a salt of monuron; it should be treated in
& fashion similar to that of diuron and fenuron TCA.
Meburon; The chemical properties of this compound are similar to other urea
derivatives.—'
Norea; Norea can be hydrolyzed at elevated temperature by acids or bases.
This procedure is not recommended due to generation of the toxic material,
dimethylamine.
90
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Siduron: Siduron is slowly decomposed by acids or basesJL/ liberating
aniline. This procedure is not recommended for disposal.
The Uracils: The uracil herbicides of interest have the structural feature
R
They can generally be degraded by the action of concentrated acid. However,
the reaction is slow and the herbicide is only partially decomposed.—
Incineration would most likely provide the quickest and surest means of
disposal.
Bromacil: Bromacil is stable in water and aqueous bases. It is also stable
at temperatures up to the melting point. It decomposes slowly in strong acid.
2 8/
Isocil: Isocil decomposes slowly in strong acids or bases.—2—
83 /
Lenacil: This compound is decomposed by the action of strong alkali.——'
137/
Triazines
The derivatives of £-triazine form an important class of herbicides.
Atrazine is by far the most widely used of all herbicides today. The
general structure is:
X
where A and B are normally amine groups and X a less basic group as
shown below. (Note: Numbering of the substituents is in alphabetical order,
e.g., 2-chloro but 6-methoxy with i-PrNH-groups at A and B.)
A B X
Ametryne®
Atratrone
Atrazine
Blades®
Chlorazine
EtNH- i-PrNH-
EtNH- i-PrNH-
EtNH- i-PrNH-
EtNH- , (CH3)2C(CN)NH-
EtN- Et2N-
-OCH3
-Cl
-Cl
-Cl
91
-------
Cyprazine
Dyrene
CH2CH2CHN-
Igran
MPMT
Prometone
Prometryne
Propazine
Simazine
Trietazine
EtNH-
CH30(CH2)3NH-
i-PrNH-
i-PrNH-
i-PrNH-
EtNH-
EtNH-
B
(CH3)2CHNH-
Cl-
(CH3)3CNH-
CH30(CH2)3NH-
i-PrNH-
i-PrNH-
i-PrNH-
EtNH-
EtNH-
X
-Cl
-Cl
-SCH3
-SCH3
-OCH3
-SCH3
-Cl
-Cl
-Cl
The compounds are generally quite stable. The heterocyclic triazine ring
system is very stable and is not cleaved except under drastic conditions.
The amino groups are generally unreactive. However, the chloro-, methylthio-,
or methoxy-functions can be hydrolyzed to give the corresponding hydroxy
compound as shown below for atrazine.
Atrazine: Atrazine is hydrolyzed by either acid or base as shown:
Cl
C2H5HN
strong
N
OH
or alkali
NHCH(CH3)
The hydroxy compounds are generally herbicidally inactive^ but their complete
environmental effects are uncertain. However,the method appears suitable for
limited use and quantities of triazine with the exception of Dyrene®.
JPyrene®; The structure of this triazine is sufficiently different that
special comment is required.
While it is readily hydrolyzed by treatment with sodium hydroxide at elevated
temperatures, £-chloroaniline may be formed as a product, and therefore this
method is not recommended~T:or disposaTT
Combustion of Triazines; Burning appears to offer the best general means of
disposal of triazines. Atrazine underwent > 99% decomposition when burned in
92
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a polyethylene bag,—and combustion with a hydrocarbon fuel would appear
to be a generally suitable method for small quantities. Combustion of larger
quantities would probably require the use of a caustic wet scrubber to remove
nitrogen oxides and HCl from the product gases.
Amines, Heterocyclic (without sulfur)
The pesticides in this group are mostly herbicides, plant growth regulators
or fungicides of low acute toxicity. Exceptions are the extremely toxic
nicotine, a natural product insecticide, and an acaricide of moderate toxicity.
A repellent is also included in the list as shown:
Amitrole
Ancymidol
Dichlozoline
Dimethirimol
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dichloro-4-pyridinol
Ethirimol
Ethoxyquin
Indolebutyric acid ,
Lovozal®
Methazole
MGK Repellent 326®
Nicotine
Nitrapyrin
Picloram
Pipron® '
Pyrazon
8-Quinolinol sulfate
Triarimol
There is no general method for the chemic al detoxification of compounds
in this group.
Some of the products can be safely buried; the requirements are: (1) the
product should be of relatively low toxicity, (2) evidence should be avail-
able that it does not accumulate in soil or persist in the environment, (3)
it should be known to be nonhazardous to wildlife.
The Manufacturing Chemists Association suggests incineration for compounds
of this kind. For aromatic and aliphatic amines, the following procedures—'
are suggested:
93
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"Pour or sift onto a thick layer of sand and soda ash mixture
(90-10X Mix and shovel into a heavy paper box with much paper
packing. Burn in incinerator. Fire may be augmented by adding
excelsior and scrap wood. Stay on upwind side.
"Waste may be dissolved in flammable solvent (alcohols, benzene,
etc.) and sprayed into fire-box of an incinerator with after-
burner and scrubber."
For halogenated aromatic amines the procedures
are somewhat similar:
"Pour or sift onto sodium bicarbonate or a sand-soda ash mixture
(90-10). Mix and package in heavy paper cartons with plenty of
paper packing to serve as fuel. Burn in an incinerator. Fire
may be augmented with scrap wood.
"The packages above may be burned more effectively in an in-
cinerator with afterburner and scrubber (alkaline).
"The waste may be mixed with a flammable solvent (alcohol,
benzene, etc.) and sprayed into the fire chamber of an in-
cinerator with afterburners and scrubber."
If the products contain fluorine, slaked lime should be added to the
mixture prior to incineration.—'
Amitrole: This white solid herbicide has low acute toxicity to mammals (LD50
14,700), but is a goitrogen at high concentrations.I/ Its toxicity to fish
±S alSfiR/°W: 147° PPm tS thS "biol°Sically safe concentration" for bluegill
perch.2°J It is resistant to hydrolysis and the action of oxidizing agents.
Burning the compound with polyethylene is reported to result in > 99% de-
composition.Jz!'
Ethoxyquin: Ethoxyquin, a dark liquid plant growth regulator is not phyto-
toxic at recommended application rates.—'
Indolebutyric acid: This crystalline plant growth regulator has "low" acute
oral, chronic oral and dermal toxicity. It is reported to have no hazard to
wildlife and it does not accumulate in the soil.—/
Lovozal®: Lovozal® is a green-yellow powder which is used experimentally as
an acaricide. The compound contains a dichloro aromatic structure which
would cause environmental persistence for fragments of the molecule contain-
ing their structure. The compound also contains fluorine. The presence of
these two halogens will cause air pollution problems if the compound is in-
cinerated. This hazard can be minimized by: (1) using an incinerator with
an afterburner and an alkaline scrubber, or (2) mixing the compound with a
small amount of slaked lime prior to burning.
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MGK Repellent 326®: This amber liquid is an insect repellent for flies.
The product has low oral (LD50 = 6,230 ± 1,000) and dermal (9.4 ml/kg
toxicity).
Nicotine: Nicotine, an alkaloid obtained from the tobacco family of
plants, is a highly toxic (LD50 = 55) insecticide. It is frequently
marketed as the sulfate. The Manufacturing Chemists Association has
suggested incineration as a method of disposal.—' Procedures are de-
scribed at the beginning of this section. Nicotine is reported to be
hazardous to wildlife.
Nitrapyrin: The manufacturer of this nitrification inhibitor suggests that
unwanted quantities can be disposed of by burial in a sanitarv landfill.
Picloram; This chlorinated brush killer is usually formulated with 2,4-D
and the disposal problems are similar. Picloram is reported to have low
toxicity to wildlife and "no problem exists when used according to label
directions." The product is highly phytotoxic, accumulates in the soil,
and is persistent.^/
Incineration at 1000 °C for 2 sec is requiredl0-?/ for thermal decomposition.
Alternatively,the free acid can be precipitated from its solutions by addi-
tion of a mineral acid. The concentrated acid can then be incinerated and
the dilute residual solution disposed in an area where several years persis-
tence in the soil can be tolerated.
Pipron®: Pipron® is a fungicide which will kill fish at 1 to 10 ppm in
water. The presence in the molecule of a dichloroaromatic structure indi-
cates; (1) some environmental persistence of at least this fragment of the
molecule, and (2) air pollution hazards due to the formulation of HC1 for in-
cineration (see discussion at the beginning of this section).
68 /
Pyrazon: This crystalline herbicide is stable in acid media.—
It persists in sandy loam about 20 weeks and is decomposed to a compound
(4-.amino-5-chloropyradaz-6-one) which is nonphy to toxic.—'
8-Quinoldnol: The disposal procedures for aromatic amines (see discussion
at the beginning of this section) have been specifically recommended for
this fungicide.-lit/
Amines, Heterocyclic (sulfur-containing)
This group of pesticides consists of fungicides, a herbicide and two in-
secticides, and includes the following compounds:
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Bentazon
5-Chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole
Cyanomethylthiobenzothiazole
Dazomet
Eradex®
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole
Milneb
Morestan®
Phenothiazine
Terrazole®
Thiabendazole
4,5,7-Trichlorobenzthiadiazole-2,l,3
The toxicities of these compounds are generally low or moderate. Disposal
procedures for these pesticides are similar to those suggested in the pre-
vious section, "Amines, Heterocyclic."
Dagomet; Dazomet, a crystalline fungicide, structurally related to the
dithiocarbamates, decomposes upon heating at 100°C (its melting point)
to form methylisothiocyanate and dimethylthiourea.—' The decomposition
rate is accelerated by moisture. Acid hydrolysis results in the formation
of carbon disulfide^' (see carbon disulfide).
Eradex^: This brown solid miticide and fungicide is stable to 200°C and is
resistant to hydrolysis. It is a skin irritant.-i§/ It is susceptible to
atmospheric oxidation, forming sulfur oxides which have biological
activity.
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole: This white solid is an important rubber accelerator
but is also used as a fungicide. It is used, on animals and in mixtures with
dithiocarbamate fungicides. Its pesticidal formulations are often in the
form of the zinc or monoethanolamine salts.
Morestan; Morestan, a yellow solid is an insecticide, miticide and fungicide
and is similar in chemical action to Eradex®, although it is more stable
to oxidation..8./ It is subject to alkaline hydrolysis. The compound should
not be allowed to contaminate streams, lakes, or ponds. Some phytotoxicity
has been observed with certain varieties of roses.68/
Phenothlazine: This yellow solid insecticide is oxidized in the presence
of air and light to products which are reported to be fungicidal.J^Z/ The
oxidation products sensitize skin to irritation by light, frequently
causing dermatosis ..§§/
Thiabendazole: Thiabendazole is a fungicide which is reported to be stable
in both acid and alkaline solutions.138/
Terrazole: Terrazole, a liquid fungicide, is thermally stable to at least
165°C. It is not degraded by UV radiation or oxygen. It is hydrolyzed on
96
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contact with alkaline media.— The compound contains chlorine and is
usually formulated with pentachloronitrobenzene (see nitro compounds).
Therefore, incineration will produce an added air pollution hazard because
of the production of HGl. (See disposal procedures for chlorinated hydro-
carbons.)
4,5,7-Trichlorobenzithiadizole-2,1,3: This solid herbicide is stable at room
temperature to dilute alkali and mineral acid.-^/ The residual activity of
this product in soils lasts approximately 6 weeks.—' Incineration of this
compound produces the same air pollution hazard as chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Nitro Compounds
This group of pesticides, primarily herbicides and fungicides, shows wide
variations in toxicity, environmental persistence, and chemical and thermal
stability. The list is given below.
Bayluscide
Benefin
Binapacryl
Chloropicrin
DCNA
2,5-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid
Dinitrocyclohexylphenol
Dinobuton
Dinoseb
Dinoseb acetate
DN0C
Ethide®
Fluorodifen
Isopropalin
. Karathane®
Lanstan®
Nitralin
Nitrobenzene
Nitrofen
Oryzalin
N-Phenyl-2-nitropropylpiperidine
3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
Trifluralin
Zoalene
PCNB
Tetrachloronitrobenzene
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There is no general method of chemical detoxification of these materials.
Perhaps the best disposal methods are incineration and burial.
Almost all of the compounds are decomposed at the relatively moderate
temperatures achieved by open burning. However, special precautions and
special equipment are required to prevent air pollution by the halogenated
nitro compounds. The disposal of large, quantities of these products re-
quires the use of an incinerator with an afterburner and an alkaline scrubber.
Highly toxic compounds must also be incinerated carefully; the use of an
incinerator with an afterburner is recommended. Concentrated solutions should
be diluted with flammable solvent prior to incineration.
Compounds which are known to be (1) nonpersistent "and (2) relatively nontoxic
to mammals, plants and fish can be buried, especially if only small quanti-
ties are involved.
Bayluscide®; Bayluscide® is used in the control of snails and lampreys.
It is reported to be highly stable to heat,—'
Benefin; This orange-yellow liquid herbicide is relatively nontoxic
(LD5Q = 10,000). It is reported to be susceptible to decomposition by
ultraviolet radiation.
Binapacryl: Binapacryl, a toxic miticide, is decomposed by strong acids or
bases to the very toxic 2-sec -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb, see below)
and 3-methyl-2-butenoic acid.22.' The product is slowly decomposed by UV
8/
radiation. High concentrations may be phytotoxic.—
oxidation.ili/
It is not subject to
Chloropicrin: This intensely irritating liquid fumigant is lethal (LD5Q F=
0.8) to most wildlife at very low concentration when confined.—' It is
also toxic to plants when injected into soil and in low concentrations in air
it may decrease germination.—' It reacts readily with alcoholic sodium
sulfite solutions to produce methanetrisulfonic acid (which is relatively
nonvolatile and less harmful). This reaction has been recommended for
treating spills and cleaning equipment. Although not specifically suggested
as a decontamination procedure, the rapid reaction of chloropicrin with
ammonia!^/ to produce guanidine (LD5Q = 500) could be used for detoxification.
The Manufacturing Chemists Association—
of chloropicrin:
suggests two procedures for disposal
"Pour or sift over soda ash. Mix and wash slowly into
large tank. Neutralize and pass to sewer with excess
water."
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"Absorb on vermiculite. Mix and shovel into paper boxes.
Drop into incinerator with afterburner and scrubber."
DCNA: DCNA, a relatively nontoxic, solid fungicide, is stable to heat and-
light,—'' and to hydrolysis and oxidation.^/ It reacts with strong alkali
to produce a color suitable for quantitative analysis, but the value of this
reaction as a detoxification procedure is uncertain.
2,5-Dichloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid (and salts): The disposal of this herbicide
presents problems similar to the closely related, dichloroaromatic compound,
chloramben. See Organo-Chlorine Pesticides, Dihaloaromatic Compounds.
Dinitrocvclohexvlphenol : This miticide and insecticide is no longer of
commercial interest.—/ The phytotoxicity of the compound is "very great". ^Z/
Dinobuton: Dinobuton, an experimental miticide and fungicide, is easily con-
verted by hydrolysis into the corresponding dinitrophenol — ' (dinoseb, see
below) , which is even more toxic than the original product.
Dinoseb: This herbicide is highly toxic to mammals and fish.
DNOC: DNOC or dinitroorthocresol is very hazardous to the environment be-
cause of its high toxicity to mammals, fish and plants. Lethal dosages may
be absorbed through the skin, although local irritation is usually slight -- '
Ethide®: Ethide®, a liquid fumigant, is chemically similar to chloropicrin
(see above, this section) . Detoxification and disposal procedures are the
same as for chloropicrin.
Fluorodifen: Fluorodifen, a solid herbicide, is relatively nontoxic (LD5Q =
15,000). It does contain fluorine, and therefore incineration presents the
increased hazard of HF in the off -gases. The Manufacturing Chemists Associa-
tion suggests that, prior to incineration, fluorine-containing compounds
should be mixed with slaked lime plus vermiculite, sodium carbonate or sand-
soda ash mixture (90-10) .M/
Kara thane®: This fungicide and miticide is chemically similar to the other
dinitrophenol derivatives discussed previously (binapacryl, DNOC, dinoseb,
dinobuton, and dinitrocyclohexylphenol) . Hydrolysis produces the correspond-
ing dinitrophenol derivative which is more toxic than the original product.
Lanstan®: Lanstan®, a soil fungicide, is chemically similar to chloropicrin
and Ethide® and disposal would be similar.
Nitralin: Nitralin, a solid herbicide, has a half-life in the soil of 30 to
50 days. It decomposes vigorously and explosively at 225°C and is
flammable.— It is evidently unstable toward strong bases.—'
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Nitrobenzene : This pale yellow liquid was formerly used in sprays for in-
sects in poultry houses. It is highly toxic (LD5Q = 10) ; as little as
seven drops has killed humans and the compound is readily absorbed through
skin.
Nitrofen; Nitrofen, a solid herbicide, is relatively nontoxic (LD5Q = 3,050)
and is nonirritating to the skin.^Z.' It darkens on exposure to light. ^' The
dichloro aromatic constituent of the molecule precludes rapid degradation in
the environment.
Oryzalin: This yellow-orange solid herbicide is relatively nontoxic
10,000) and disappears rapidly when mixed with soil maintained under flooded
conditions. It presents no "undue hazard" to fish.-^/
PCNB; Pentachloronitrobenzene is a solid soil fungicide and is relatively
nontoxic (LD5Q = 12,000) but may cause skin irritation on repeated contact. Q
It has been observed—' that the product decomposes readily when burned with
polyethylene. The compound is highly stable in soil, as would be expected
on the basis of the polychlorinated aromatic structure.
Tetrachloronitrobenzene : The disposal of this crystalline solid fungicide
presents difficulties similar to PCNB. (See above.)
3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol; This yellow solid is used as a lampreycide:
lamprey larvae are controlled by applications of 0.4 to 0.5 ppm, but fish are
injured at concentrations above 10 ppm. Because of the fluorine content of
this product, incineration precautions should be taken, as suggested for
fluorodifen (see above, this section).
Trifluralin: Trifluralin is a widely used herbicide and is relatively non-
toxic (LDtjQ - > 10,000). It has an intense yellow-orange color and is de-
tectable in water at low concentrations.—' The compound is susceptible to
photochemical decomposition.— If incinerated, the same precautions should
be taken as recommended for fluorodifen (see above) .
Zoalene: Zoalene, a light tan powder, is used as an anticoccidial feed addi-
tive for chickens.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Cycocel®
Diphenylammonium propionate
Diquat
Glyodin®
Paraquat
Penar®
100
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Cycocel®, a crystalline, water-soluble solid, melts at 245°C with
decomposition. Incineration would be a highly effective disposal method.
Cycocel
decompc
Heating the product with strong aqueous alkaline would result in decomposition
with the evolution of trimethyl amine and other gaseous products.
Diquat: Diquat is a yellow crystalline herbicide. It is inactivated by inert
clay or by anionic surfactants.— Therefore, an effective and environmentally
safe disposal method would be to mix the product with ordinary household
detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil.
Glyodin®: This light orange solid fungicide is readily decomposed by alkali
to produce relatively harmless products (2-aminoethyl stearamide) .-ii2/
The fungicide has presented no observable hazards to wild life although it
may be injurious to some plants, e.g., the solanaceous family.lli/
Paraquat: Paraquat, a white crystalline herbicide, is rapidly inactivated in
soil.SLL' It is also inactivated by anionic surfactants. Therefore an effec-
tive and environmentally safe disposal method would be to mix the product with
ordinary household detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil.
Penar®: The manufacturer of this plant growth regulator has suggested
burial as a disposal method. ' . •
Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
A number of other nitrogen-containing compounds of diverse structures and
properties are used as pesticides. Included are amines, anilines, amidines,
azos, nitriles and guanidines as listed below:
Acrylonitrile
2 J-Amino butane
Antu®
Azobenzene
Bentomate
2,6-Bis(dimethylaminomethyl)cyclohexanone
Chlordimeform
Dexon®
Diphenatrile
Diphenylamine
Dodine
loxynil
Methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-N-methylterephthalamate
Naptalam
Polyacrylonitrile, hydrolyzed, sodium salt
Thiophanate
Thiophanate methyl
Tridemorph
Vorlex®
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The disposal problems, in general, appear to be similar to those of the
heterocyclic amines and the anilides. Specific comments on disposal
aspects follow.
Acrylonitrile; Acrylonitrile is a very toxic liquid fumigant. It is formu-
lated as mixtures with carbon tetrachloride. A procedure which would safely
and effectively cause the combustion of carbon tetrachloride would also pro-
vide a disposal method for the acrylonitrile mixture (see carbon tetra-
chloride, p . 115) .
Antu®; Antu®, a solid rodenticide, is stable in light and air.i/
Azobenzene; Azobenzene is an orange-red miticide and is chemically stable.—'
Chlordimeform: This solid miticide is hydrolyzed in alkaline, neutral
or acidic media, first to N-formylchlorotoluidine and then to 4-chloro-
toluidine (a less toxic product) . The hydrolysis proceeds slowly in acidic
media. It is stable at 50 °C for 70 hr, but decomposes!/ at its melting
point of 225-227°C. It is reported to decompose in fire and may give off
poisonous fumes. ±z2J
Dexon®; Dexon® is a highly toxic (LD50 = 60), yellow-brown, solid fungicide.
It is unstable in alkaline media and is rapidly decomposed 'in the presence
of light. Dilute aqueous solutions are completely decolorized- in 30 min or
less when exposed to ordinary light- -concentrated solutions decompose more
slowly.
Dipheny lamine ; The Manufacturing Chemists Association has suggested
incineration for the disposal of this solid aromatic amine fungicide. .1-t'
Diphenatrile : This yellow solid herbicide is formulated as mixtures on
vermiculite or in fertilizers (11.5%).
Dodine; Dodine, a solid fungicide, is stable under moderately alkaline con-
ditions, but is hydrolyzed by strong alkali, liberating dodecylamine.^/ It
is incompatible with limeSZ/ and anionic surfactants.!./
loxynil; loxynil, a white, crystalline herbicide, is chemically stable, £/
but produces little or no residual activity in soil. ^2.' It contains substan
tial quantities of iodine which presents the same incineration hazards as
chlorinated pesticides.
Methyl-2,3, 5,6-tetrachloro-N-methyl terephthalamate ; This white crystalline
herbicide decomposes at 250 °C. It is stable under prolonged exposure to
acids at normal temperatures but slowly hydrolyzes under strongly alkaline
conditions. It is stable to intense UV radiation.-^-' The highly-halogenated
aromatic structure indicates that this portion of the molecule would persist
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in the environment (for incineration precautions for halogenated aromatic
compounds).
Naptalam; Naptalain is a solid herbicide which is relatively nontoxic (LD5Q =
8,200) to warm blooded animals.—' The product is incompatible with strong
acids and strong alkalies which hydrolyze the product to ornaphthylamine,
which is much more toxic than the original product, and phthalic acid (or
its salt).
Vorlex®; The principal active ingredient in this crystalline soil fumigant
is methyl isothiocyanate, but the formulation commonly contains chlorinated
€3 hydrocarbons and a chloropicrin. It is toxic (LDso = 300), a lachrymator,
and is phytotoxic.—/ it decomposes in soil in about 3 weeks (at 55 to 65°F)
For disposal procedures for these products see dichloropropane and dichloro-
propene.
8/
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HALOGEN-CONTAINING PESTICIDES
The chlorinated organic pesticides have a wide range of properties and uses,
and present some very difficult disposal problems. This classification con-
tains some of the most environmentally persistent pesticides (excluding the
permanently persistent heavy metals), such as benzene hexachloride, dieldrin
and DDT, but it contains also many compounds of low persistence, so that the
term "chlorinated hydrocarbon" should not be used carelessly. In. addition
to the compounds covered in this classification, a great many of the phos-
phorus- and nitrogen-containing pesticides contain one or more chlorine
atoms per molecule.
DDT
DDT is the most widely known of all pesticides and had been accepted for use
throughout the world. Recently, however, it has come under great pressure
because of its environmental persistence and suspected environmental hazards;
its use has been reduced or banned in many communities and states, and can-
cellation of remaining uses in the United States is under consideration.
(One should note that recent developments related to DDT analysis in environ-
mental samples makes suspect the accuracy of much of the previous data on
which conclusions have been drawn.) In many communities, collection pro-
grams have been organized for.unused quantities of DDT.
DDT is chemically and biologically quite stable and its degradation poses
a serious challenge. Specific methods which have been studied are discussed
following:
Reaction with Base
At the time of its discovery in 1874 DDT was reported to undergo a dehydro-
chlorination reaction in strongly basic solution, i.e., caustic alkali in
alcohol,JLSts!/ to give a product now known as DDE.
(ClCgH4)2CH-CCl3
Base ^
Alcohol
(C1C6H4)2C = CC12 + HCl-Base
In the late 1940's the dehydrochlorination was shown to be complete in
30 to 60 min at room temperature in 0.1N alkali solution1^/ ancj to occur
also with organic bases such as amines.iSi' The importance of a mutual
solvent for the water-insoluble DDT for the dehydrochlorination by base and
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also by certain catalysts such as iron, chromium, copper, manganese, and
aluminum compounds has been noted.
? -i-4-o/
The dehydrochlorination reaction!^-/ (frequently referred to incorrectly
as a hydrolysis) continues to be mentioned as a degradation method, -3?-1-3'
but it is not suitable as a disposal method: although the DDE is insecti-
cidally nearly inert, i±2/ it is persistent in the environment and is
suspected of being biomagnified and causing undesirable effects in fish
and fowl. It is, in fact, one of the intermediates in the degradation of
DDT in the environment. The DDE can be partially dechlor!nated-=^-' only
under the most strenuous caustic conditions: at 150 to 160 °C in ethanolic
KOH (ClCglfy.) 2CHCOOH formed, and at 145 °C with sodium methoxide (ClCglfy.) 2cs-2
is formed. Similar products were obtainedi^-' directly from DDT by' reflux-
ing with KOH in ethylene glycol or by heating 80 hr with alcoholic KOH.
This method is obviously not suited for use by the layman.
Similarly, DDE can be partially dechlorinated under extremely strong acid
conditions (e.g., Cr03 in hot glacial acetic or hot fuming nitric) to
(C1C6H4)2C=0 ( or its nitro derivatives) .l^Z/ Again, the reaction is not
useful as a disposal procedure.
Oxidation
DDT is quite resistant to oxidation and is not oxidized by chromic oxide in
glacial acetic acid or by nitric acid, although the latter nitrates the
aromatic rings. ?' Similarly, attempted oxidation by permanganate,
persulfate, chlorine or hypochorite has given poor results.^.' Chlorina-
tion with Cla/PClj in CC14 at reflux gave (C1C6H4) 2CCl-CCl3-i£Z/ and one
would suspect that stronger chlorination might give polychlorinates which
would be more persistent than DDT itself.
Reduction
The reduction of DDT by active metals has been known for several years.
For example, a mixture of zinc granules, HC1 in aqueous ethanol gives— ti-'
a mixture of partially dechlorinated products: (C1C6H4)2CH-CH3, (ClCgH^.^-
CH-CHC12, and C1C6H4-CH=CH-C6H4C1. Sodium, on the other hand, completely
dechlorinates DDT in alcoholic solution, a reaction frequently used as an
analytical method for total- chlorine in chlorinated organics.ll/ Recently
this reaction has been conducted with sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia, —
but this is not a practical disposal procedure. However, the reduction of
DDT to (C1C6H4) 2CH-CH3 (DDEt) by the use of zinc dust, dilute acetic acid
and acetone at 25 °C has been reported and copper salts were found to catalyze
the reduction.^/ This system could have some practical application, but it
—
105
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has been, used on only gram quantities of DDT to date,—' and therefore cannot
be confidently recommended for general use on large amounts. The DDEt is less
toxic than DDT or DDE but information on its behavior in the environment is
lacking.
Other metals were also evaluated in these studies,—' but were either less
effective (iron, aluminum, magnesium, manganese) than the zinc or ineffective
(copper). Inorganic reductants (Na2SOs, Na2S20s, Nal and CrCls) in acetic
acid-acetone media were also less effective than zinc and in addition gave
DDE as the major product. Similar results were obtained with ^28204 or
Zn-xS204 as reductants in caustic alcohol media, or with Na£S in alcohol while
lithium borohydride was ineffective.
Pvro lysis-Combustion- Incineration
DDT is stable up to about 300 °C, and at this temperature at least 10% of the
DDT distilled without decomposition.—' Only 5% of the DDT distilled when
the pyrolysis was conducted in the presence of mineral oil and only 1% with
potassium chlorate, but unfortunately the decomposition products, some of
which appear to be chlorinated hydrocarbons, were not identified. -tri' Molten
DDT is subject to catalytic dehydrochlorination by impurities such as
certain metals.
DDT does not burn readily because of the high chlorine content (and has in
fact been used pesticidally in a burning fumigant mixture) but it can be
combusted when diluted in a fuel oil. Recent studies have concluded that
burning wood, cardboard, paper or plastics such as polyethylene are satis-
factory for most pesticides. 4_2/ The efficiency for a chlorinated hydro-
carbon such as DDT is probably very dependent on having a sufficiently
large fuel-to-pesticide ratio as well as on avoiding high local concentra-
tions of pesticide. The method has not been demonstrated on a sizable scale
and insufficient data are available to describe a general procedure in
detail.
Incineration on the other hand has been successfully used on a large scale
for several years^-' and huge incinerator equipment with scrubbers to catch
HC1, a combustion product, are in use at several facilities such as Hooker
Chemical, Dovr Chemical and other producers of chlorinated hydrocarbon
products. One incinerator operates at 900° to 1400 °C with air and steam ,
added which precludes formation of Cl2« — A few companies also construct
incinerator- scrubber combinations of smaller size--e.g., a system built
by Garver-Davis, Inc., of Cleveland, Ohio, for the Canadian government can
handle 200 to 500 Ib DDT/day as a kerosene solution.58'1^8'
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Lists of manufacturers of incinerators, flue-gas equipment and flue-gas
scrubbers have been compiled^' but no indication of reliability of the
equipment for pesticide disposal was made.
Biological Methods
The biological degradation of DDT has received considerable interest, in-
cluding numerous studies of the microbiological degradation under anaerobic
and aerobic conditions. The consensus appears to be that anaerobic degra-
dation-MilJkll/ is faster, but the most common product ODD, (CIC^E^) 2CHCHC12,
is resistant to further anaerobic breakdown. Aerobic degradation, on the
1 ^/ /
other hand, may cleave the aromatic rings-±2f±' and it is possible that a com-
bination is effective in nature. The method is inappropriate as a disposal
technique because of the low concentrations of DDT and carefully controlled
conditions that appear to be required and the slow degradation rates.
Other Methods
Degradation of DDT by ultraviolet light has been reported. The reaction is
solvent -dependent and is promoted by benzene. 155/ jn ethanol the partially
dechlorinated, coupled product (C1C6H4) 2GH-CC1=CC1-CH(C6H4C1) 2 is produced
and in y-valerolactone the photo-oxidized product (dC^H^) 2C=0 is obtained. -
Aromatic amines also sensitize the photodecomposition of DDT.1H/ Both DDT
and DDE can be photo-oxidized in methanolM6/ to give chlorinated phenols,
aromatic ketones, benzoic acid and other products, including dichlorofluorene
in the case of DDE. In the present state of development photolysis does not
appear suitable as a disposal method for DDT.
Degradation has also been effected by Lewis acids such .as A1C13, AlBro and
FeClo and by certain free radical reactants such as benzoyl peroxide.^' 147 /
In both instances DDE is a substantial product and therefore these are not
acceptable disposal methods.
DDT Relatives
Several dozen analogues of DDT have been synthesized and investigated as
pesticides. Only a few of these have become of commercial importance in
the United States, as indicated by the following list:
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Acaralate®
Chlorobenzilate
ODD
Dicofol
Dilan®
Ditnite®
Methoxychlor
Perthane®
Some of these such as DDD and some of those which have not been accepted,
such as the fluoro analogue (FCgH^.) 2CH-CC13 (DFDT) , are chemically and en-
vironmentally as stable as DDT and present similar disposal problems. Others
such as methoxychlor are much less persistent and quite probably newer
analogues of a "soft" nature will be produced in time.HZ' Comments on the
chemistry of specific compounds follow:
Methoxychlor; (CH30-C6H4-)2CH-CCl3 is like DDT in that it is resistant to
heat and oxidation.^2.' By some accounts ?"' it is less readily dehydro-
chlorinated by alkali than is DDT, but other dataiP-/ indicate little differ-
ence. The dehydrochlorination is catalyzed by heavy metals.
8.86/
Methoxy-
chlor is dechlorinated by refluxing with sodium in isopropyl alcohol.
It is described as resistant to ultraviolet light,£Z/ but other studies have
shown that it breaks down rapidly under UV in hexane solution.JL5§/ Incinera-
tion, is recommended by the MCA manualii' as the disposal method for methoxy-
chlor.
DDD (also called TDE) ; The chemical properties of (CIC^R^-) 2CH-CHCl2 are
similar to DDT, but it is apparently dehydrochlorinated slightly more
slowly by alkali, i*®' It is reduced by sodium in isopropyl alcohol.22.'
Perthane®: (C2H5-C6H4)2CH-CHC12 is readily dehydrochlorinated like DDT.90'92/
It undergoes some thermal decomposition above 125°F and the ethyl groups are
readily oxidized to carboxylic acid groups, but nitration is difficult..?-?/
PiIan®; Dilan is a mixture of 21.3% Prolan (R=CH3) and 42.7% Bulan (R=C2H5),
both of which are degraded when heated:
-CH(N02)R
(C1C6H4)2CH-CO-R + N20 + H£0
The reaction is aided by light and acid—/ and also by alkali.—' Oxidizing
agents produce a mixture of the corresponding ketones and acids22/ which are
described as nontoxic.J^2/
Dicofol (also called Kelthane): This compound is unstable in aqueous alkali
and is degraded to dichlorobenzophenone and chloroform;
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(C1C6H4-)2C(OH)-CC13
(C1C6H4)2C=0 + CHC13
It is unaffected by concentrated H2S04.—'
Dimite®: Dimite® can be dehydrated with difficulty to the ethylenic
product 4,4-dichlorodiphenyl ethylene:
(C1C6H4)2C(OH)-CH3
(C1C6H4)2CH=CH2 + H20
Only 61% was reacted in 24 hr at 195°C,—'. but in the presence of 0.1 N
H2S04 in alcohol, 80% was dehydrated in 5 hr at reflux.M/
Chlorobenzilate: Chlorobenzilate is easily hydrolyzed in strong alkali or
acid.—~ The dichlorobenzilic acid is unstable and readily .decarboxylates.-^/
NaOH
Cl(C6H4)2C(OH)-CO-OC2H5
(ClC6H4)2C(OH)-COONa
(C1C6H4)2C=0 + C02 + H20 -f- C2H5OH
Chlorobenzilate is dehalogenated by sodium in isopropyl alcohol.—'
Chlorophenoxy Compounds
The phenoxy family of herbicides, of which 2,4-D is the most widely-used
member, have the general structure ClxAryl-0-(CH2)nCO-OM where M represents
either the acid, sodium or amine salt, or ester form. -The major entries are:
3-CP . ••.•-.
4-CPA . ..--'.
2,4-D
2,4-DB
Dichlorprop . '
Erbon
MCPA
MCPB
MCPP ... -
Sesone
Silvex
2,4,5-T ..-..-
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The acid and salt forms are readily interconvertible and generally undergo
the same reactions. The ester forms do not give many of the reactions of
the acid or salt forms. The esters can be hydrolyzed in alkali to the salt
form.
2,4-D; This compound, 2,4-Cl2C6H3-0-CH2-COOH, is considered to be nonper-
sistent, although it may last more than 1 yr in dry areas. Studies at
100 Ib/acre have shown it is degraded by spreading on the land.^Z/ Since
the ester forms are somewhat volatile, they should probably be hydrolyzed
first (see above) to avoid drift, if this method of disposal is used.
Incineration of phenoxies is effective in 1 sec at 1800°F "using a straight
combustion process" or at 900°F using "catalytic combustion".!!/ Over 99%
decomposition was reported when small amounts of 2,4-D were burned in a
polyethylene bag.St£'
Other methods; Chlorination at pH 3 and 85°F for 10 min (using an excess
of either gaseous chlorine or a sodium hypochlorite solution) renders the
phenoxys nonherbicidal,.3Ji' but the products were unstated and are possibly
objectionable. Reduction of 2,4-D by sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia
has been reported^?.' as has oxidation with boric oxide in a Parr bomb, but
neither method is suitable as a general disposal technique. Addition of
soluble calcium (or magnesium) salts to solutions of 2,4-D acid or salts
(but not the ester forms) produces the insoluble (solid) calcium 2,4-D
salt.—' This reaction can aid in collecting the 2,4-D but the product
is still herbicidally active.
Degradation of 2,4-D is achieved in biological treatment facilities.—'
2,4,5-T: The reactions of 2,4,5-CloC5H2-0-CH2COOH are essentially the same
as those of 2,4-D. The MCA Manual^' notes two disposal procedures for
2,4,5-T: (1) Mix the "excess" sodium carbonate, add water and let stand
for 24 hr before flushing down the drain with excess water; and (2) pour
onto vermiculite and incinerate with wood, paper, and waste alcohol. The
highly toxic "p-dioxin" (TCDD) is a common contaminant of 2,4,5-T.
Other Phenoxies
MCPP; 2-CH3- 4-Cl-C6H3-OCH(CH3)-COOH is said to be "stable" to heat and
"resistant" to hydrolysis, reduction and atmospheric oxidation.—'
Erbon; 2,3,4-Cl3C6H2-OC2H40-CO-CCl2CH3 is said to be nonflammable and
stable to ultraviolet light.—'
Sesone; 2,4-Cl2C6H3-OC2H4-OS03Na, is hydrolyzed by alkali*!/ to
and apparently the dichlorophenoxyethanol.
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Aldrin-Toxaphene Group
The aldrin-toxaphene group of insecticides are all highly chlorinated cyclic
or bicyclic compounds, but are prepared by two general routes which confer
some distinct properties to the product. Members of the aldrin family, of
which chlordane and aldrin are the most widely used, are all derived from
hexachlorocyclopentadiene and are frequently referred to as the diene or
cyclodiene group of insecticides.i2Z' Members of the toxaphene family (toxa-
phene is currently the most widely used insecticide in the U.S.) are all
derived by direct chlorination of bicyclic hydrocarbons and all are mixtures
of many compounds. Entries in each family are listed below:
Diene Family
Aldrin
Alodan
Bromodan
Chlordane
Dieldrin
Endosulfan
•Endrin
Heptachlor
Isodrin
Kepone®
Mirex
Pentac®
Telodrin
Toxaphene Family
Bandane®
Strobane
Toxaphene
In general, the diene family appears to be the more environmentally persistent,
but this conclusion may be based on inadequacies in the analytical methods
for the complex mixtures in toxaphene and related chlorination products.
For purposes of discussing the disposal chemistry of this group of in-
secticides it is helpful to divide the aldrin-toxaphene groups into sub-
groups according to reaction chemistry rather than production chemistry.
The Aldrin.,- Dieldrin,. Endrin Subgroup
Aldrin: Aldrin is very stable thermally with no decomposition noted at
25Q°C.Z±.' Aldrin (along with the structurally related compounds dieldrin
and isodrin) is remarkably stable to alkali (in contrast to chlordane and
heptachlori^2.' and refluxing with aqueous or alcoholic caustic has no
effect.— Aldrin (along with dieldrin and endrin) is said by one source!:!/
to be "dehydrochlorinated" in an acid solution of less than pH 3.0, but another
source ' says it is stable with "dilute" acids but reacts with concentrated
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mineral acids, acid catalyst, acid oxidizing agents and active metals. The
reaction with acid may be a structural rearrangement to a less insecticidally
active form, based on knowledge of endrin.
The unchlorinated double bond of aldrin readily adds chlorine (or bromine),
but the product would probably be more persistent than aldrin. This bond
also reacts with halogen acids, organic acids and alcohols in the presence
of acidic catalyst to form addition products such as halides, esters and
ether s.M/
1 fi 1 /
Aldrin is removed from aqueous solution by aeration. ' Volatilization was
probably the primary process but some oxidation (at the unchlorinated double
bond) to dieldrin may have occurred: this reaction is known to occur in the
environment and oxidation with peroxyacetic acid is the process used commer-
cially to produce dieldrin from aldrin. Surprisingly enough, hydrogen
peroxide and sodium peroxide are said-=^=.' to have no measurable effect on
aldrin. Ozonation of aldrin solutions was much more effective .than
aeration. •=£•=•' No attempt was made to identify the products, but reaction
probably occurs at both double bonds to give the tetracarboxylic acid which
may in turn react slowly to give other products such as CC^. Aldrin in
aqueous solution was also readily attacked by chlorine..161/ but another
account notes that chlorine adds to the unchlorinated double bondH£' to
give a more highly chlorinated (and probably more persistent) product.
Oxidation with potassium permanganate, on the other hand, opens the un-
chlorinated ring to give the dicarboxylic acid,^.' but the environmental
hazard of this compound is uncertain. Thus, none of these oxidation methods
can be recommended as a disposal method.
Incineration methods for aldrin disposal have been recommended by the MCA
Manual—' and the combustion of aldrin in polyethylene on a small scale
gave more than 99% decomposition.^2.'
Aldrin can be degraded by active metals such as sodium in alcohol (a
reaction which forms the basis of the analytical method for total chlorine),
but this method is not suitable for the layman.
A disposal method suggested-iH£' for materials contaminated with aldrin,
dieldrin or endrin consists of burying 8 to 12 ft underground in an
isolated area away from water supplies, with a layer of clay, a. layer of
lye and a second layer of clay beneath the wastes.
Dieldrin: Dieldrin like aldrin (from which it is derived by oxidation) is
quite stable to heat (no decomposition at 250°C) and to refluxing aqueous
or alcoholic caustic.£2/ The instability of dieldrin to acids is similar
to that of aldrin. Dieldrin is more resistant to oxidation than is aldrin,
but is attacked by ozone :-=2=/ Reaction would be expected to occur at the
112
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double bond and at the epoxide to give the tetracarboxylic acid (see aldrin) .
Dieldrin is 100% degraded by sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia—/ but this
is not a practical disposal method. The MCA Manual recommends incineration
methods for the disposal of
Endrih: Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin and has similar chemistry: It
is stable to alkalis. -i2-/ It is apparently stable with dilute acids ,!60/ but
rearranges with strong acids, acid catalysts or certain metals or when
heated above 200 °G to give a compound which is insecticidally less active
than is endrin.8?92?160/
A disposal procedure recommended by the manufacturer-!^/ consists of absorp-
tion, if necessary, and burial at least 18 in. deep, preferably .in sandy
soil in a flat or depressed location away from wells, livestock, children,
wildlife, etc.
Isodrin: Isodrin is the stereoisomer of aldrin and would be expected to
pose analogous disposal problems—see aldrin.
Chlordane-Heptachlor-Toxaphene Subgroup
Chlordane and related compounds: Chlordane is readily dehydrochlorinated—/
in alkali to form "nontoxic" products, a reaction catalyzed by traces of
iron. The environmental hazards of the products are uncertain. Chlordane
is completely dechlorinated by sodium in isopropyl alcohol..?-2/ The MCA
Manual recommends incineration methods for disposal of chlordane.—/
Heptachlor: Heptachlor is said to be stable to at least 160°C and to light,
moisture, air and oxidizing agents, acids and apparently alkali,86'92/
although one account!!9/ indicates that its susceptibility to alkali is like
that of chlordane rather than the aldrin subgroup. Heptachlor is rather
easily converted to the epoxide in soil and plants!2./ and one would suppose
this reaction would occur with peroxides. Heptachlor is decomposed in the
presence of iron at 160°C and above.i^3-/ The MCA Manual recommends incinera-
tion methods for disposal of heptachlor.l^:/
Toxaphene: Toxaphene has the approximate composition C10c:L8H10' Ifc consists
of mixture of 20 to 30 compounds resulting from the chlorination of camphene,
but is predominantly a mixture of the octachlorocamphene isomers. "Toxaphene"
is said to dehydrochlorinate in the presence of alkali, upon prolonged expo-
sure to sunlight, and at temperatures of about 155"C.86/ Reduction with
sodium in isopropyl alcohol is the analytical method for total chloride.
Strobane: Strobane consists of a mixture of compounds obtained by chlorinating
a mixture of camphene and a-pinene (which is an isomer of camphene) and has
113
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approximately the composition C10C18H10 also. Like toxaphene, strobane is
unstable in the presence of alkalis and organic bases and is slowly dehydro-
chlorinated at 1000C.£/ Strobane-T is said to resemble more closely the
mixture of compounds present in toxaphene and is the product now marketed.
Other Members
Endosulfan (also called Thiodan) : Endosulfan is a sulfur-containing com-
pound and unlike most of the hexachlorocyclopentadiene family, is sensitive
to moisture, bases and acids. It is slowly hydrolyzed to give S02 and the
corresponding diol C7C16(CH2OH)2. ^ 7 The analytical method is based
on reaction with NaOH in methanol: Heat 0.7 g endosulfan with 100 ml
methanol and 3 to 4 g NaOH for 2 hr on a hot plate or under reflux. — (The
SOo is largely retained as sodium sulfite.) Endosulfan is said to give
calcium sulfate with lime.lW Endosulfan is stable in sunlight. A recom-
mended method for disposal is burial 18 in. deep in noncropland away from
water supplies, but bags can be burned.l — '
Mirex, CioClgO:- This highly chlorinated compound is unaffected by mineral
acids (HC1, HN03''and H2S04) .- It would be expected to be extremely re-
sistant to oxidation except at the high temperature of an efficient
incinerator.
Pentac, 05015-05015: This perchlorinated compound is stable to aqueous acids
and bases. It loses activity upon heating (50% loss after 6 hr at 130 °C) or
upon exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light.—'
Aliphatic and Alicyclic Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
The chlorinated aliphatics can be conveniently divided into three subgroups;
(a) the volatile liquid fumigant s such as carbon tetrachloride; (b) the
low-volatility cyclohexane derivatives, lindane and BHC; and (c) the
partially oxidized derivatives such as trichloroacetic acid which are also
of low volatility.
Alorac
BHC
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Dalapon
D-r@
Dichloromethane
EGT
Ethylene dichloride
HCA
Lindane
Sodium cis-3-chloroacrylate
TCA
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
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These compounds show a wide range of toxicities, physical properties and en-
vironmental persistence. In general, these compounds are nonflammable and
can be burned only at elevated temperatures. The compounds are grouped into
the categories indicated above for purposes of discussion of disposal aspects.
The Chlorinated Fumigants
Carbon tetrachloride: This compound has a relatively high oral LDgg (7,460)
compared to most insecticides, but is a toxic inhalant: (TLV = 10 ppm, —
see p. 40) and is also absorbed through the skin. The MCA Manual-i-t'
recommends evaporation in a fume hood as a disposal method. The rate of
degradation in the atmosphere is uncertain. Carbon tetrachloride has been
used as a fire extinguishing agent, but it can give dangerous amounts of
the much more toxic compound phosgene (COC^) and users should not remain
in unventilated areas. Complete combustion of CCl^ at flame temperatures
produces CC>2 and corrosive hydrogen chloride.
Chloroform, dichlorome thane, and 1, 1, 1— trichloroethane: The MCA Manual—'
recommends landfill disposal or release to the air for these compounds, all
of which are less toxic than CCl^.: TLV's are 50 ppm, 500 ppm, 350 ppm,
respectively ,8£/
D-D®: This material is a mixture of four dichloropropanes and dichloropro-
penes plus related chlorinated 03 hydrocarbons . The LD5Q of the mixture is
140 mg/kg. The MCA Manual recommends incineration methods of disposal. JL4/
One sourceJLPJL/ notes that D-D® reacts with dilute inorganic bases, concen-
trated acids, some metal salts, and active metals, as well as undergoing
further halogenation. D-D® was said to be unstable in gn-n .1067
Ethylene dichloride (or 1,2-dichloroethane) , and tetrachloroethylene; The
MCA ManualjA/ recommends incineration methods for disposal of these compounds
(TLV's are 500 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively) J*2/
Chlorinated Aliphatic Derivatives
Alorac: Alorac, a chlorinated pentanoic acid derivative, CCl3-CO-CCl=CCl-COOH,
is used as a cotton defoliant and is phytotoxic to other plants. It is a solid
of low solubility (6 g/liter) in water, but soluble in organic solvents J=/
Dalapon, sodium salt: This product (IJ»50 = ~ 8,000 mg/kg) is dehydrochlo-
rinated by alkali above 120°C..§/
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CH3CCl2COONa
Base
CHo=CClCOONa
It undergoes hydrolysis of both chlorine atoms in aqueous solution at or
above 50°C (and slowly even at 25°C) to give herbicidally inactive pyruvic
acid:
CH3CCl2COONa H2° ^ CH3COCOONa
Dalapon reacts with sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia.Q2J Dalapon under-
went charring when heated alone, underwent exothermic decomposition when
heated with the oxidants KN03 and KC103 (above 187°C and 140°C, respectively),
and was > 997= decomposed when burned in a polyethylene bag, but toxic phosgene
gas was detected in the products.49/
HCA (hexachloroacetone): HCA is hydrolyzed slowly in water or rapidly in
alkalis to give trichloroacetic acid (see TCA below) .
Sodium cis-3-chloroacrylate (also called Prep): This compound, CHCl=CH-COONa,
is used as a defoliant and desiccant and is said to be normally nonpersistent.—'
It is moderately toxic. It is more soluble in water than some of the other
compounds in this category, but insoluble in most organic solvents .2.'
TCA (trichloroacetic acid and sodium trichloracetate): TCA is a corrosive
strong acid and the product is usually used as the less toxic sodium salt
(LD50 s 5,000 mg/kg). The TCA or sodium salt tends to decarboxylate to give
chloroform under strongly alkaline conditions, e.g., treatment with 30%
NaOH,.§/ and is known to undergo slow decomposition in dilute solutions .
Cyclohexane Derivatives
BHC and lindane
BHC (the so-called benzene hexachloride) is a
mixture of five isomeric compounds of 1, 2,3,4,5, 6 -hexachlorocyclohexane
plus small amounts of the hepta- and octa-chloro derivatives. Lindane is
the strongly insecticidal -y-isomer. The composition of BHC is variable be-
tween manufacturers and has changed over the years, with an increase in the
content of the y-isomer.
The BHC isomers are stable to light, air, and strong acids, but undergo de-
hydrochlorination upon prolonged heating (e.g., 110°C for 24 hr)I£l/ or in
strongly alkaline solution at room temperature (excepting the g-isomer which
constitutes about 6% of BHC)—' e.g., lindane was 98.5% removed in 6.5 hr at
pH 11. S.^ Studies with BHC in alcoholic alkali (e.g., 1.5 N) indicate the
reaction is complete in 1 hr£P_/ and that the product is a mixture of 1,2,4-
trichlorobenzene (65 to 85%) with smaller amounts of the 1,2,3-isomer (5 to
18%) and the 1,3,5-isomer (0 to 15%) J^/
116
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Oxidation of lindane was ineffective with C3-2 or
with KMn04, and effective with ozon
i^l/
partially effective
Aeration of aqueous lindane solutions caused volatilization. !£!
with zinc dust in acid medium converted BHC to benzene.-!^/
but the products were not identified.
Reduction
The MCA Manual recommends incineration methods for the disposal of lindane.—/
A process has been patented-i22/ for the destructive pyrolysis of benzene
hexachloride at 400° to 500°C with a catalyst mixture which contains 5 to 10%
of either cupric chloride, ferric chloride, • zinc chloride, or aluminum
chloride on activated carb'on.
Aliphatic Brominated Compounds
Five bromine- containing compounds are used as pesticides.
Bis-l,4-bromoacetoxy-2-butene
DBCP
EDB
Methyl bromide
Propargyl bromide
They are similar to the aliphatic chlorine compounds' in uses and disposal
procedures,
DBCP (l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) : DBCP is reported to be stable to
neutral and acid media. It is hydrolyzed by alkali to 2-bromoallyl alcohol.
For recommended disposal procedure see EDB (below) .
EDB (ethylene dibromide) ; The Manufacturing Chemists Association suggests!^/
the following disposal procedures for EDB and other bromine- containing
compounds.
*
*
"Pour onto vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate or a sand- soda ash
mixture (90-10). Mix and shovel into paper boxes. Place in
an open incinerator. Cover with scrap wood and paper. Ignite
with an excelsior train; stay on upwind side. Or dump into
a closed incinerator with, afterburner,"
"Dissolve in a flammable solvent. Spray into the fire box of
an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber (alkali)."
Methyl bromide: Methyl bromide is a very toxic gas (b.p. = -3.6°C) at room
temperature, and the concentration should not be allowed to exceed 20 ppm
in air used for breathing. It is ordinarily marketed as a condensed liquid
(which may have a warning agent added) in a pressurized container. The MCA
Manual recommended—' disposal procedures are the same as for EDB above, but
117
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only the latter is at all practical, i.e., spray the gas into the fire box
of an incinerator equipped with an afterburner aid scrubber (alkali). How-
ever, incineration of such a toxic gas by the layman appears too hazardous
to be recommended. Methyl bromide is apparently degraded rapidly in the
sunlight in air and a preferable disposal procedure for the layman would be
to release small amounts slowly to the atmosphere in a well-ventilated out-
door location. The cylinders can also be returned to the manufacturers.
Propargyl bromide: The MCA Manual recommended—' disposal procedures are
the same as for EDB (above).
Dihaloaromatic Compounds
Ten compounds which contain two chlorine or bromine atoms on the same
ring of a relatively simple aromatic structure have been used as pesticides.
Bromoxynil
Bromoxynil, octanoate
Chloramben
Chloroneb
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
Disugran
Orthodichlorobenzene
Paradichlorob enzene
Of these, chloramben, dicamba and dichlobenil ate herbicides, chloroneb is
a fungicide, disugran is a growth regulator, and the dichloro benzenes are
fumigating insecticides and fungicides. Dichlone, a fungicide, is a naph-
thalene derivative but is included here for convenience. All the compounds
in this group are of low to moderate toxicity and do not appear to present
serious environmental or disposal problems. Specific comments are:
Bromoxynil; This selective herbicide is a 4-hydroxy, dibromo analogue of
dichlobenil (although the latter is somewhat less toxic), and is marketed
as the water-soluble alkali salts or as the oil-soluble octanoate ester.
It is less persistent than dichlobenil,J^/ and disposal on the ground sur-
face appears to be practical for small amounts. Incineration of bromoxynil
would produce HBr and nitrogen oxides which should be removed in a caustic
scrubber. • .
loxynil, the iodinated analogue of bromoxynil was included with the nitrogen-
containing pesticides, as it appears to be nonpersistent.
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Chloramben; Chloramben, also called amiben, is the major herbicide of
this group. It is stable to heat, oxidation, and hydrolysis in acidic or
basic media.—' The stability is comparable to that of benzoic acid.2./
Chloramben is decomposed by sodium hypochlorite solution.^'
Chloroneb; Chloroneb is stable at its boiling point (268°C), in water in
the presence of dilute acids or alkalis, and in the common organic sol-
vents .137/
Dicamba: Dicamba is stable to oxidation and is resistant to acid and strong
alkali.-=2^' It is degraded by sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia.—/
Dichlobenil; This herbicide, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, is stable to heat
and to acids, and is moderately persistent in soils..§' It is hydrolyzed by
alkali to the benzamide ,]*/ but this does not appear to be a sufficiently
complete degradation for disposal purposes. Incineration would be preferable
as a disposal method.
Highly Halogenated Aromatic Compounds
The compounds in this group contain three or more chlorine (or in one case
iodine) atoms per aromatic nucleus:
p-Chlorophenyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl sulfide
[(p-Chlorophenyl)thio] (2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)diimide
Chlorothalonil
DCPA
0,S-Dimethyltetrachlorothioterephthalate
Fenac .
HCB .
Hexachlorophene
PBA
PGP
2,3,6-TBA
TBP
TCBC
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
Tetradifon
TIBA
Tricamba
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Most of these 'compounds are either herbicides or fungicides, although some
also have other pesticidal uses, e.g.j the chlorbphenols against termites
119 • •
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and hexachlorophene as a disinfectant and in personal products. Hexachloro-
phene may be the most environmentally persistent compound in the group.
p_-Chlorophenyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl sulfide (tetrasul); This miticide can
be oxldized§/ to its sulfone, tetradifon (see above) and poses similar
disposal problems. It is apparently degraded in sunlight ..§/
Chlorothalonil; Chlorothalonil is stable in aqueous acid and alkali and to
ultraviolet light and is noncorrosive.—
DCPA (Dacthal®); DCPA, the dimethyl ester of tetrachloroterephthalic acid, is
a pre-emergent herbicide with a half-life in soil of about 100 days—' and is
only moderately toxic. It is very insoluble in water, but soluble in or-
ganic solvents. Incineration of these solutions could be used for disposal
with proper precautions for the HC1 formed, i.e., caustic scrubbers would be
required for any large amounts.
0,S-Dimethyltetrach.lorothioterephthalate: This compound a thio analogue of
Dacthal®, above is hydrolyzable (to tetrachloroterephthalic acid, methanol
and methyl mercaptan) by concentrated acid or alkyl. It will undergo slight
degradation when exposed to intense ultraviolet radiation.—' The presence
of stable, chlorinated-aromatic groups in this compound preclude disposition
by chemical detoxification. Incineration (with precautions to prevent air
pollution) would be the disposal method of choice.
HCB (Hexachlorobenzene); The MCA Manual—recommends incineration methods
of disposal.
PGP (pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate): Pentachlorophenol is
a strong acid, although generally noncorrosive in the absence of moisture.
It is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents, while
the sodium salt is soluble in water, but is insoluble in oils.— Photolysis
of aqueous PGP by sunlight produces a series of degradation products in which
chlorine atoms are replaced by hydroxyl groups followed by air-oxidation to
quinones and other reactions:—' Principal products are CgCl^(OH)2,
(OH)o> the coupled compounds 05015-0-0501202(0!!), 05014(011) -C-
and €5014(OH)-0-0501302* Under ultraviolet irradiation in methanol solution,
PGP underwent reductive dechlorination to give tetrachlorophenol (the
2,3,5,6 isomer only), but irradiation of an aqueous suspension of POP gave
humic acid (an unchlorinated polymeric material).
PGP is nonflammable alone, but the MCA .Manual—' recommends incineration
methods of disposal.
2,3,6-TBA; 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid is usually used in the form of its
dimethyl amine salt which is said to be chemically stable, but to undergo
some decomposition when its aqueous solutions are evaporated to dryness and
120.
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to lose amine at high pH.ilZ/ The acid is slightly soluble in water, and
is stable in air up to at least 60°C, and to light..§/
TCBC: Trichlorobenzylchloride (mixed isomers) is slightly volatile liquid
which is nearly insoluble in water (2 ppm). It begins to decompose at 90°C
in the presence of anhydrous ferric chloride and is corrosive to steel, but
is stable to ultraviolet light..§/
Tetradifon: The sulfur atom in this miticide, p-chlorophenyl-2,4,5-trichloro-
phenyl sulfone, is quite inactive and the compound is very nontoxic, U>50 =
14,700 mg/kg. Tetradifon is quite stable in dilute alkali and strong acid
solutions.^/ and, is even resistant to the action of mineral acids and alkalis
upon prolonged heating.i*!/ jt is not oxidized by c hromium trioxide in boil-
ing acetic acid, but is dechlorinated by sodium in isopropyl alcohol or
(rapidly) by sodium biphenyl solution.."'
TIBA, a plant growth regulator, is a triiodobenzoic acid. It is
probably not persistent in the environment as the intact mplecule, but iodide
ion would persist. The Manufacturing Chemists Association^/suggests that
iodine-containing compounds be incinerated using the same procedures as those
recommended for chlorinated compounds, i.e., an afterburner and caustic scrub-
ber should be used for large amounts, because of the formation of HI or l£.
Other Chlorinated Compounds
A few additional compounds which contain only one or two chlorine atoms are
used as pesticides. The products of interest are:
Chloranil
Dichloroethyl ether
Parinol
TCTP
Comments on the degradation of specific compounds are:
Chloranil: Chloranil, a chlorinated quinone, is partially dechlorinated in
alkaline solutions to form alkali salts of chloranilic acid, CgC^Oo^H)? and
is quantitatively reduced by potassium iodide to give tetrachlorohydroquinone
C6C14(OH)2.
2,2'-Dichloroethyl ether: This soil fumigant has a high acute mammalian
toxicity and air containing more than 15 ppm should not be breathed. (It
does not, however, appear to have the carcinogenic properties present in
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ff-chloro ethers.) It is also phytotoxic and should be disposed with care.
The MCA Manual!^:' recommends two disposal procedures: pouring on the ground
and then either allowing to evaporate or igniting from a safe distance,
and; dissolving in a flammable solvent followed by incineration.
Parinol: Parinol (ClCgH^CCOH^I^N, is stable in acid and alkali.!/ The
structure is somewhat similar to that of DDT.
TCTP (Tetrachlorothiophene): TCTP is stable to acids and alkalis, but is
slowly hydrolyzed with rupture of the ring when refluxed with sodium
methylate..§/ It is nonflammable and noncorrosive.
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SULFUR-CONTAINING PESTICIDES
In addition to the many sulfur-containing organic compounds previously covered
in the sections on phosphorus-, nitrogen- or chlorine-containing pesticides,
a number of other pesticides have sulfur-containing functional groups as the
primary active unit. Most of these compounds do not pose serious toxicity
or environmental hazards. Disposal by incineration methods would be generally
effective, except that S02 would be a product and is objectionable: incin-
eration of sizeable amounts should be done in equipment containing caustic
scrubbers. Many of the compounds are also susceptible to chemical degrada-
tion.
Sulfides, Sulfoxides and Sulfones
Six compounds are grouped under this category:
Chlorbenside
Dimethyl thiocarbonyl disulfide
MGK Repellent 874®
Polyethylene polysulfide
Sulfoxide
Sulphenone
Chlorbenside: Chlorbenside is oxidized by air or other oxidizing agents to
the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone, both of which have approximately the
same acaricidal effects as the sulfide. The relatively low toxicity of
Chlorbenside (rats tolerated a diet of 10,000 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks) and its
low persistence, in soil—'suggests that burial or careful burning would be
acceptable (with care to prevent exposure to combustion products, HC1 and
S02).
MGK Repellent 874^: This relatively nontoxic sulfide (LD5o-8500) could be
disposed of by efficient incineration, if acceptable, by open burning.
Sulfoxide: Sulfoxide is resistant to alkaline hydrolysis. Oxidation to
the sulfone produces an oxidation-resistant compound of similar moderate
toxicity. Incineration or open burning with proper precautions is suggested.
Sulphenone: The monochloro-diphenyl sulfone is very resistant to hydrolysis
or oxidation. Incineration under proper conditions to prevent air pollution
would be effective (scrubbers to absorb HC1 and S02).
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Sulfites and Xanthates
Four compounds are grouped in this category:
Aramite
EXD
Propargite
Sodium isopropyl xanthate
Aramite (sulfite): Aramite is readily hydrolyzed by alkalis or mineral
acids (acids result in the liberation of sulfur dioxide). In sunlight it
breaks down relatively rapidly with the evolution of sulfur dioxide.—'
EXD; EXD is rapidly decomposed by alkalis producing harmless ethanol and
liberating carbon disulfide. (Carbon disulfide would present a hazard if
large quantities of this product were to be disposed of by this procedure,
see p. 12.6) .
Propargite; Incineration of this compound would produce sulfur dioxide which,
in small quantities, would not constitute a serious air pollution hazard.
Sodium isopropyl xanthate;. This compound which has "low mammalian toxicity"—'
is rapidly decomposed by mineral acids to relatively harmless isopropyl
alcohol and carbon disulfide (see EXD above).
Sulfonic Acids and Derivatives
Five compounds are grouped in this category:
Antiresistant/DDT
4,4'-Dichloro-N-methylbenzenesulfonanilide
Fenson
Genite (923)®
Ovex
Antiresistant/DDT: This sulfonamide, which is used as a synergist for DDTt
is not likely to be a candidate for disposal alone. It is of low toxicity
and could be effectively incinerated if precautions are taken to insure that
the resultant production of sulfur &nitrogen oxides and HC1 causes no
difficulty.
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4»4'-Dichloro-N-methylbenzenesulfonanilide: This compound is structurally
similar to Antiresistant/DDT and disposal aspects would be similar.
Fenson, Genite(923)® and Ovex: These three miticides are structural analogues,
Alkaline hydrolysis produces compounds of greater toxicity, p-chlorophenol
(LD50 = 670) or dichlorophenol. The compounds are relatively resistant to
oxidation. Incineration of these products would be acceptable if precautions
were taken to eliminate air pollution (employ caustic scrubbers to trap HC1
and S02).
Thiocyanates
Four compounds have the thiocyanate, -SCN, structure.
Benzyl thiocyanate
Lethan 384®
Thanite
2-Thiocyanatoethyl laurate
The toxic thiocyanate group is well known, to be hydrolyzed and oxidized by
alkaline hypochlorite. Alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding
disulfide, sodium cyanide and sodium cyanate. Prolonged treatment with
alkali results in complete detoxification of cyanide and cyanate (see
Inorganic Pesticides). Hypochlorite will oxidize the disulfide to the
relatively nontoxic sulfonic acids which would be relatively nontoxic
and nonpersistent in the environment. Under acidic or reducing conditions,
the thiocyanates may form HCN and such conditions should be avoided.
Thanite: This yellow liquid household insecticide is highly toxic to plants,
but animals exposed to heavy mist (57o) of thanite in kerosene for 8 hr daily
for 6 months showed only minor ill effects ..2^-' Chemically, it should be
susceptible to alkaline hypochlorite degradation.
Other Sulfur-Containing Compounds
Four other sulfur-containing pesticides are:
Carbon disulfide
Disodium cyanodithioimidocarbonate
2-Hydroxypropylmethanethio sulfonate
Sulfuryl fluoride
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Carbon, disulflde: This compound is a very flammable liquid which evaporates
rapidly. It burns with a blue flame to carbon dioxide (harmless) and sulfur
dioxide. Sulfur dioxide has a strong suffocating odor; 1,000 ppm in air is
lethal to rats. The pure liquid presents an acute fire and explosion hazard.
The Manufacturing Chemists Association suggests—' the following disposal
procedure.
"All equipment or contact surfaces should be grounded to avoid
ignition by static charges. Absorb on vermiculite, sand, or
ashes and cover with water. Transfer underwater in buckets to
an. open area. Ignite from a distance with an excelsior train.
If quantity is large, carbon disulfide may be recovered by distil-
lation and repackaged for use."
Sulfuryl fluoride; The following disposal method has been suggested for this
gaseous inorganic fumigant:lrt' allow gas to flow into a mixed solution of
caustic soda and slaked lime. After neutralization, the solution,which is
relatively harmless, may be washed down the drain. The precipitated calcium
fluoride may be buried or added to a land fill (see sodium fluoride). Small
amounts could also be released directly to the atmosphere without serious
harm.
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BOTANICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES
The pesticides included in this classification are those obtained from
natural products or cultures, plus certain synthetic compounds which are
closely related structurally to the naturally occurring product.
Allethrin
Bacillus thuringiensis
Barthrin
Dimethrin®
D-Trans allethrin
Gibberellic acid
Piperonyl butoxide
Piperonyl cyclonene
Propyl isome
Pyrethrins
Red Squill
Rotenone
Ryania
Sabadilla
SBP-1382
Streptomycin
Strychnine
Tetramethrin
Tropital®
Not included in this list is nicotine which was discussed with nitrogen-
containing pesticides. These compounds are used variously as insecticides,
rodenticides, repellents,' synergists and plant growth regulators. The
mammalian toxicity of these compounds varies from the extremely toxic
strychnine (LD5Q = 5 mg/kg) to virtually nontoxic. Some such as rotenone
are very toxic to fish so that they should not be disposed of carelessly.
Compared to most other pesticides, the botanical and microbiological pesti-
cides are very complex organic molecules and are very susceptible to degra-
dation and detoxification by heat and chemical reagents. Incineration
would be a generally effective disposal procedure for the pesticides.
Treatment with alkaline hypochlorite would also generally result in effec-
tive 'degradation.
The following is a brief summary of the disposal-related chemistry pertain-
ing to botanicals.
Allethrin: Allethrin is detoxified by hydrogenation of the double bonds
in the molecule. It is more stable than natural pyrethrin (see below) to
UV radiation and heat.86/
Bacillus thuringiensis: This microbial product is produced by fermentaion
culture methods. It is considered harmless to mammals and hymenopterous
pollenators and is specific for the larvae stage of lepidopterous insects.—'
It degrades readily in the environment and poses little or no disposal
problem.
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Barthrin; A pyrethrum analog. (See pyrethrum for disposal recommendations.)
Dimethriir^: This relatively nontoxic pyrethrum analog is decomposed by
alkali. (See pyrethrum for other disposal recommendations.)
Gibberellic Acid; The gibberellins are probably nontoxic to humans.138/
Burial or incineration (where permitted) would be effective disposal pro-
cedures .
Plperonyl Cyclonene; These compounds are detoxified by strong acid92/ or
strong base. Incineration is effective (where permitted); air pollution
hazard is minimal since CC>2 and 1^0 are only products of complete combustion.
Burial with lime would not cause environmental harm.
Propylisome: For disposal procedures, see piperonyl cyclonene (above).
Pyrethrin; This product, a mixture of several structurally related compounds,
is produced by extraction of certain plants. It is highly unstable in the
presence of light, moisture, and air.86/ it is rapidly oxidized and in-
activated by air. Most of the insecticidal activity of the product is
destroyed by minor changes in the molecule.
Pyrethrin products are not apt to be disposal candidates. It could be
dumped into a landfill,!^.' or buried in noncrop land away from water. 114/
In each of these cases it would be better to mix the product with lime.
Incineration would be an effective disposal procedure where permitted. If
an efficient incinerator is not available, the product should be mixed with
large amounts of combustible material and contact with the smoke should
be avoided.
Streptomycin; This white, solid, water-soluble antibiotic, which is pro-
duced by culture methods, is used as a fungicide and bactericide. Contact
with skin or eyes should be avoided. Do not breathe dust or spray mist.
Streptomycin is unstable to heat and does not accumulate in the soil.ii'
Therefore, disposal by incineration or bur,ial should not result in harm
to the environment.
Red Squill; Red Squill loses its toxicity to rats if dried at 80°C.
When exposed to air and moisture, it loses toxicity in a few months.
Burial with alkali or lime is an effective disposal procedure, as is
incineration.
Rotenone; .Rotenone is decomposed by light and alkali to less insecticidal
products." It is readily detoxified by the action of light and air. It
is also detoxified by heating; 2 hr at 100°C results in 76% decomposition.
Oxidation products are probably nontoxic.£2' Incineration has been re.com-
mended as a disposal procedure.-=-t' Burial with lime would also present
minimal danger to the environment.
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Ryania is considerably more stable to heat and atmospheric oxida-
It is stable to light and does not decompose on
Ryania;
tion than pyrethrin.—'
QO /
storage. —' Incineration (see pyrethrum) or burial with lime are effective
disposal methods.
Sabadilla; The alkaloids present in this product are rapidly destroyed
by the action of light. Careful incineration is an effective disposal
procedure. Burial with lime is not recommended because the product is
relatively stable toward alkali and is frequently formulated with lime.
SBP-1382: This product, a pyrethrum analog, decomposes fairly rapidly on
exposure to air and light. See pyrethrum for disposal recommendations.
Strychnine; Strychnine is the most toxic product (LD5Q = 5 mg/kg) in the
botanical group. Careful incineration has been recommended; two procedures—'
are suggested.
* "Pour or sift onto a thick layer of sand and soda ash mixture
(90-10). Mix and shovel into a heavy paper box with much paper packing.
Burn in incinerator. Fire may be augmented by adding excelsior and scrap
wood. Stay on the upwind side."
* "Waste may be dissolved in flammable solvent (alcohols, benzene,
etc.) and sprayed into fire box of. an incinerator with afterburner and
scrubber."
Tropital®; Tropital® is unstable when exposed to sunlight for over 1 week.
It is heat sensitive above 150°C..§/ It is decomposed by mineral and strong
organic acids. Careful incineration or burial with acid is suggested.
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ORGANIC PESTICIDES, Not Elsewhere Classified
A large number of other synthetic organic compounds, most but not all of
which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, are used as pesticides. For
convenience, these compounds are grouped into those with, less than 9 carbon
atoms, those with more than 9 carbon atoms, and a special small group of
compounds with anticoagulant properties.
Organic Compounds, < 9 Carbon Atoms
Compounds in this group have a wide range of uses, properties and toxicities.
Included are some extremely toxic compounds such as sodium fluoroacetate
and acrolein which require unusual care.
Acetic acid
Acrolein
Allyl alcohol
Benzene
Dehydroacetic acid
Endothall
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Ethyl formate
Ethyl hexanediol
Formaldehyde
Metaldehyde
n-Octanol
2-Propene-l,l-diol diacetate
Propionic acid
Propylene oxide
Sodium fluoroacetate
Sorbic acid
In general, the best disposal method for most compounds in this group is
incineration. Incineration is specifically recommended!^' for ten com-
pounds in this group and would be acceptable for most of the others. Com-
plete combustion of these products would produce only CC>2 and water, except
in the case of sodium fluoroacetate.
Liquids should be atomized into an incinerator-^' and combustion may be
improved by mixing with a more flammable solvent (acetone or benzene).
Solids should be combined with paper or other flammable material. An
alternate procedure is to dissolve the solid in a flammable solvent and
spray the solutions into the fire chamber. Some special precautions and
some other decontamination procedures are discussed below.
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Aerolein; The high toxicity of this water-soluble liquid can be greatly
decreased by treatment with water and an excess of 10% sodium bisulfite.-=2='
All users of this hazardous product should be familiar with manufacturers'
recommendations.
Allyl alcohol; Prior to incineration, dilution of this highly toxic liquid
with a flammable solvent is recommended. It is miscible with water and most
organic solvents. The compound is hazardous to wildlife and is toxic to
plants and seeds. It has no lasting effect on soil although temporary
sterilization occurs.
Benzene; This flammable liquid burns with a very smoky flame. Dilution
with alcohol or acetone is suggested in order to minimize smoke.
Dehydroacetic acid; The acid is a solid which is insoluble in water and
moderately soluble in benzene and acetone. The sodium salt is soluble in
water but insoluble in most organic solvents.
Endothall; Endothall,a toxic solid compound is not readily degraded by common
reagents. It is stable in acid and reacts with bases to form salts. It
is stable to about 90°C, at which temperature it is slowly converted to the
anhydride. Burial of unwanted quantities has also been suggested.
Ethylene; This gaseous compound is flammable.
1417
Ethylene oxide: Ethylene oxide (b.p. 10.7°C) is flammable and explosive in
air at concentrations > 3%. Concentrations of 0.5 to 10% in air will kill
most animals in a short time. It is soluble in water. The aqueous solution
is fairly stable, but is slowly hydrolyzed to ethylene glycol.—
Ethyl formate: Ethyl formate is soluble in 10 parts of water and will slowly
hydrolyze to formic acid and ethanol, compounds which are readily biode-
gradable, and of minimal danger to the environment. Alkali or acid will
speed the hydrolysis.
Ethyl hexanediol;
toxicity.
This liquid insect repellent has very slight dermal
Formaldehyde; Aqueous solutions and dusts containing formaldehyde constitute
a serious dermal and inhalation hazard.
Metaldehyde: Metaldehyde is insoluble in water but soluble in acetone or
benzene.
2-Propene-l,l-diol diacetate; This fungicide is soluble in water (1.8%); it also
dissolves in most organic solvents.
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Propylene oxide: Propylene oxide, a fumigant for dried fruit, is a flam-
mable gas, explosive in air between 2.1 and 21.5%.
Sorbic acid; Sorbic acid is a solid compound which has fungicidal and mold
and yeast inhibiting properties. It is slightly soluble in water and alcohol,
soluble in acetone.—'
Sodium fluoroacetate: This extremely dangerous rodenticide has a very high
oral toxicity (LD5Q =0.2 mg/kg) and is also absorbed through unbroken skin.
It is extremely hazardous to all wildlife. The pure salt is very soluble
in water (insoluble in organic solvents) but is normally used as a bait at
low concentrations.
The compound is unstable at temperatures above 110°C and decomposes at 200°C.
Thus, careful incineration has been suggested as a disposal procedure by the
Manufacturing Chemists Association.—' According to their procedure, the
product should be mixed with large amounts of vermiculite, sodium bicarbonate
and sand-soda ash. Slaked lime should also be added to the mixture. Two
incineration procedures for this mixture are suggested. The best of these
procedures is to burn the mixture in a closed incinerator equipped with an
afterburner and an alkali scrubber. The other procedure suggests that the
mixture be covered with scrap wood and paper in an open incinerator. (The
incinerator should be lighted by means of an excelsior train.)
Organic Compounds, > 9 Carbon Atoms
The compounds in this group have a wide range of uses and properties, but
do not in general have the volatility or extremely acute toxicity of some
of the compounds in the < 9 carbon atom group.
Anthraquinone
Benzyl benzoate
Biphenyl
Butoxypolypropylene glycol
Butyl mesityl oxide oxalate
Chlorflurenol
Creosote
ri-Decanol
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Griseofulvin
2-Isovalery1-1,3-indandione
Methoprene
Methyl nonyl ketone
MGK Repellent 11®
Naphthalene
Naphthaleneacetic acid
1,8-Naphthalic anhydride
g-Naphthoxyacetic acid
Orthophenylphenol
Petroleum oils
Tabutrex®
Trimedlure
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Methods for the disposal of pesticides in this group are similar to those
described for pesticides containing 1-8 carbon atoms. Incineration 'is the
most generally useful method (see preceding section).
The following is a list of pesticides in this group with information con-
cerning suggested solvents for incineration and comments concerning special
disposal hazards.
Anthraquinone: Anthraquinone, a relatively nontoxic, solid, bird repellent
is applied to seeds. It is only slightly soluble in water and organic sol-
vents. It is not very hazardous to wildlife.—'
Benzyl benzoate: Benzyl benzoate is formulated as a flammable solution
(alcohol). It is an insecticide for scabies and lice on human beings and
pet animals. It has very low dermal toxicity (although it can cause der-
mal irritation).
Biphenyl: Biphenyl is a relatively nontoxic fungicide which is ordinarily
impregnated on fruit wraps, which should be combustible.
Butoxypolypropylehe glycol: This relatively nontoxic insect repellent is
a colorless liquid soluble in most organic solvents including kerosene.
It is no longer of major commercial interest.—'
Butyl mesityl oxide oxalate: This liquid insect repellent is formulated
as an oily mixture containing 60% dimethyl phthalate and 20% ethylhexanediol.
The mixture has very low oral and dermal toxicity and is combustible.
Chlorflurenol: Chlorflurenol, a solid herbicide, is soluble in acetone and
methyl alcohol. The emulsifiable concentrate is flammable. Preliminary ex-
periments indicate complete breakdown in soil,— thus, burial of small quan-
tities would not cause excessive harm to the environment. Furthermore, the
compound is highly susceptible to degradation by light.—'
Creosote: Creosote, a brown-black liquid is toxic, although precise LDcQ
are not available. It is flammable and soluble in kerosene and other
The product is very toxic to plants.
values
organic solvents.
Di-ni-butyl phthalate: This oily liquid is an insect repellent. It is non-
poisonous and generally nonirritating to man.
Dimethyl phthalate: Dimethyl phthalate is an oily liquid which can be used
directly as an insect repellent (it is also incorporated into insect repellent
creams).
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Methoprene; The manufacturer of this insect growth regulator states that
the product is very nonpersistent and of no hazard to wildlife. They suggest
disposal by burial, but, if permissible, the product could be burned.
2-Isovalervl-l,3-indandione: This solid insecticide is insoluble in water,
but soluble in most common organic solvents.
MGK Repellent 11®; This liquid insect repellent is used for the treatment
of dairy cattle. It is formulated as a spray containing pyrethrum.
Naphthalene: Naphthalene is a Solid flammable compound which is used for the
control of clothes moths. Fumes from this compound can damage the eyes and
irritate mucous membranes and skin. The product is very phytotoxic and 10 ppm
in water is lethal to fish.
Naphthalene acetic acid: Naphthalene acetic acid is a solid compound which is
used as a growth regulator and ,is sold as a dilute (less than 1%) 'aqueous solu-
tion. The methyl ester and the sodium salt have the same toxicity and are also
used as plant growth regulators. (The sodium salt is marketed as a powder con-
taining 3.5%.) There are no reported hazards to wildlife.—'
(3-Naphthoxyacetic acid: p-Naphthoxyacetic acid, a plant growth regulator, is
insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol.
Orthophenyl phenol; Orthophenyl phenol, a solid fungicide, is insoluble in
water but soluble in methanol. It is reported to have no hazard to wildlife.—'
Petroleum oils: Several types of petroleum oils have been used for pest
control. All of these are combustible and can be disposed by burning.
Tabutrex®: Tabutrex®, a liquid insect repellent, is miscible with most organic
solvents including alcohol. It has relatively very low dermal toxicity.
Trimedlure: This liquid is an insect attractant, insoluble in water, solu-
ble in organic solvents.
Anticoagulants
Four rodenticides are used which have anticoagulant activity.
Diphacinone
Fumariri®
Pival©
Warfarin
These four compounds are closely related in chemical structure. They are
usually sold as baits containing 50-250 ppm. (Concentrates will contain
as much as 5,000 ppm.) Incineration of warfarin is recommended,—' and
would also be suitable for diphacinone and fumarin.
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SECTION VIII
REFERENCES
la. Neumeyer, J., D. Gibbons, and H. Trask, "Pesticides, Parts'I and II,"
Chemical Week, 12 April 1969, pp. 37-68 and 26'April 1969, pp. 37-68.
lb. Johnson, 0., "Pesticides 1972, Parts I and II," Chemical Week, 21 June
1972, pp. 33-66 and 26 July 1972, pp. 17-46.
2. American National Standards Institute, "USA Standard Common Names for
Pest Control Chemicals," standards published 1957-1972, New York (pre-
viously called the United States of American Standards Institute,
October 1969-1966 and American Standards Association, Incorporated,
1966-1957).
3. United States Tariff Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United
States Production and Sales, for 1968 and for 1969, Washington, D.C.
4. United States Tariff.Commission, United States Production and Sales of
Pesticides and Related Products, 1970, September 1971.•
5. Weed Science Society of America, Herbicide Handbook, Second Edition,
Urbana, Illinois (1970).
6. Kenaga, E. E., and W. E. Allison, "Commercial and Experimental Insecti-
cides," in Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 15,, 21 June 1969 (1971 Revision).
7; Federal Register, 25 November 1971, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C.
8. Martin, H., Pesticide Manual, British Crop Protection Council, Worchester,
England, 2nd Edition (1971) and 1st Edition (1968).
9. Caswell, R. L. , Acceptable Common Names and Chemical Names for the In-
gredient Statement on Economic Poison (Pesticide and Plant Growth Regu-
lator) Labels, Pesticide Regulation Division, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.', April 1967.
10.
11.
Mack, G. L,, "Pesticide Register," in New York's Food and Life Sciences
Bulletin, 10, 1-24 April 1971, New York State Agricultural Experiment
Station (Geneva) of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Frear, D. E. H., Pesticide Index, Third Edition, State College,
Pennsylvania: College Science Publishers (1965).
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12. Frear, D. E. H., S. Friedman, and T. DeMartino, Pesticide Handbook-
Entoma, State College, Pennsylvania: College Science Publishers (1970).
13. Lawless, E. W., T. L. Ferguson, and R. von Rumker, "Pollution Potential
in Pesticide Manufacturing," Final Report by Midwest Research Institute
on Contract No. 68-01-0142 (TS-00-72-04), June 1972.
14. Manufacturing Chemists Association, Laboratory Waste Disposal Manual,
2nd Edition, September 1969 (1st Edition published June 1969).
15. National Agricultural Chemicals Association, Waste Disposal,
Washington, D.C., June 1965.
16. National Agricultural Chemicals Association, Decontamination and Disposal
of Empty Pesticide Containers, Washington, D.C., June 1965.
17. National Agricultural Chemicals Association, Prevention of Cross-Con-
tamination of Pesticide Chemicals, Washington, D.C., June 1965.
18. National Agricultural Chemicals Association, Safety Manual for Handling
and Warehousing Class B Poison Pesticides, Washington, D.C. (1969).
19. Matheson, Coleman, and Bell Company, 1969 and 1971, Safety in Handling
Hazardous Chemicals.
20. Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association, Inc., Insecticide Divi-
sion, "Homeowners' Guide for the Safe Disposal of Pesticides and Pesti-
cide Containers" (1971).
22. California State Department of Public Health, California State Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and University of California—Agricultural Exten-
sion Service," Tentative Guidelines for the Safe Handling and Disposal
of Used Pesticide Containers in California," June 1970.
23. California Department of Agriculture, Field Crops and Agricultural
Chemicals, "Emergency Procedures—Pesticide Spills and Fires," ACF-510-
021, February 1970.
24. Cornelius, P. E., "The Handling and Disposal of 'Empty' Agricultural
Pesticide Containers in California," presented to the California
Agricultural Commissioners, 9 December 1969, Sacramento, California.
136
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25. Dewey, J. E., and R. F. Pendleton,"Fire Protection for Pesticide Storages,"
"Pesticide Disposal - Some Considerations," and "Guidelines for the Safe
Disposal of Surplus Pesticides," Cornell Fact Sheets 4-77, 4-79, and
4-80, respectively, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
26. Fisher, G. T., "Safe Disposal of Pesticides and Containers in New
Hampshire," University of New Hampshire.
27. Michigan State University, "How to Dispose of DDT - Guidelines," Coopera-
tive Extension Service. Extension Bulletin E-664, August 1969.
28. Savos, M. G., "Procedure to Decontaminate and Dispose of Empty Toxic
Pesticide Containers," No. 64-45, Cooperative Extension Service, College
of Agriculture and Natural Resources, the University of Connecticut,
Storrs, Connecticut.
29. The Disposal Task Force, "Disposal of Pesticides and Pesticide Containers
in Maryland," A Final Report to the Pesticide Advisory Board, 1971.
30. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Clinical Handbook on
Economic .Poisons, Public Health Service Publication No. 476 U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C., first published in 1956, revised
1963.
31. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Mr. Livestock Producer—It Pays to Use
Chemicals Safely," Leaflet No. 472, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., March 1960.
32. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Mr. Dairyman--It Pays to Use Chemicals
Safely," Leaflet No. 485, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., September 1960.
33. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Safe Use of Pesticides in the Home, in
the Garden," Pamphlet PA 589, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., July 1963.
34. Department of the Army and Department of Air Force, Military Chemistry
and Chemical Agents, Technical Manual TM 3-215, AFM 355-7, December 1963.
35. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Farmers Checklist for Pesticide Safety,"
Program Aid No. 622, February 1964.
36. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Use Chemicals Safely in the Production
of Beef Cattle, Swine, Sheep," Pamphlet No. PA 727, June 1966.
37. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Safe Use of Agricultural and Household
Pesticides, Washington, D.C., January 1967, 65 pages.
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38. American Public Health Association, Inc., Safe Use of Pesticides, 1967,92 p.
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• APPENDIX A
PESTICIDES AM) PESTICIDE CONTAINERS--REGULATIONS fOR"ACCEPTANCE
AND RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR DISPOSAL
Federal Register, Vol. 39, No. 85--Wednesday, May 1, 1974
Title 40—Protection of Environment
CHAPTER I—ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
PART 165—REGULATIONS FOR THE AC-
CEPTANCE OF CERTAIN PESTICIDES
AND RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES
FOR THE DISPOSAL AND STORAGE OF
PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDES CON-
TAINERS
The previous Federal pesticide legis-
lation, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act of 1947 (7 U.S.C. 135
et seq.), known as FIFRA, did not address
the problems of disposal or storage. How-
ever, the Federal Environmental Pesti-
cide Control Act of 1972 (PL 92-516, 86
Stat. 973) alters and broadens FIFRA to
provide for the first definitive control of
pesticide, and pesticide container, dis-
posal and storage. Under section 19 (a) of
the amended Act, the Administrator of
the Environmental Protection Agency is
required to "establish procedures and
regulations for the disposal or storage of
packages and containers of pesticides and
for disposal or storage of excess amounts
of such pesticides, and accept at con-
venient locations for safe disposal a pes-
ticide the registration of which is can-
celed under section 6(c) if requested by
the owner of the pesticide." The regula-
tions for acceptance, and recommended
procedures for disposal and storage, con-
tained herein represent the Agency's first
issuance in accordance with the provi-
sions of section 19 (a) 'of the new Act.
, The potential seriousness of health and
environmental hazards due to improper
disposal and storage of pesticides and
containers became increasingly clear in
the late 1960's, as documented, case
studies accumulated. Expanding usage of
pesticides in the United States (an esti-
mated 665 million pounds in 1968) and
increasing numbers of spent containers
requiring disposal (240 million in 1968,
up 50 percent over the number in 1963)
indicated that these problems could be
expected to increase. Since little was
known of the extent of the problem, or
of proper methods of disposal and stor-
age, the Working Group on Pesticides,
composed of experts from several Fed-
eral departments, was asked to study the
subject. Their initial recommendations
were published under the title "Summary
of Interim Guidelines for Disposal of
Surplus Waste Pesticides and Pesticide
Containers." More recently, in 1972 a
Task Force on Excess Chemicals, with
representation from all parts of the En-
vironmental Protection Agency, was
formed to study disposal problems relat-
ing to pesticides and other hazardous-
chemicals, and to recommend solutions.
In drafting these regulations and rec-
ommended procedures the Agency drew
heavily on the knowledge and informa-
tion developed by these two groups, other
Federal and State agencies and depart-
ments, and the private sector. Thus, these
documents represent a broadly-based
judgment regarding the pesticide and
container disposal and storage require-
ments necessary to protect the environ-
ment. Compliance is achievable using
available technology; however, facilities
utilizing this technology are not readily
available to the general public in all geo-
graphic areas at,the present time.
-Among the new features of the Act is
the requirement that the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency
accept at convenient locations for safe
disposal a pesticide the registration of
which is canceled under section 6(c) if
requested by the owner of the pesticide.
Section 6(c) of the new Act refers only
to those pesticides the registrations of
which have been canceled after first
having been suspended to prevent im-
minent hazards during the time required
for cancellation proceedings. The owner
of such a pesticide is required to make a
formal request in writing to the appro-
priate Regional Administrator; upon ap-
proval of the request, mutually con-
venient arrangements will be made for
acceptance. Since pesticides finally can-
celed under section 6(c) are not subject
to a grandfather clause, pesticides can-
celed under the FIFRA prior to October
21, 1972, will not qualify. Other canceled
pesticides which do not qualify under the
conditions set forth in section 6(c) of
the new Act will not be accepted pursuant
to section 19(a) of the new Act, and their
safe storage or disposal is the respon-
sibility of the owner.
The recommended disposal procedures
apply to all pesticides and pesticide-re-
lated wastes, including those which are
or may in the future be registered for
general use or restricted use, or used
under an experimental use permit. Ad-
'ditionally, they also apply to full con-
tainers, spent or used containers, and
container residues. Fur packages and
containers of pesticides intended for use
in the home and garden or on farms and
ranches when single containers are to be
disposed of, the Agency does not require
that disposal procedures be followed.
Such disposal will have only minimal en-
vironmental impact and is preferable to
concentrating these products and con-
tainers.
The storage criteria and procedures
apply to all pesticides, pesticide-related
wastes and contaminated containers
which are classed as "highly toxic" or
"moderately toxic," according to EPAV
classification system for pesticides. The
storage of pesticides and their containers
which are in the mildly toxic category is
' judged not to present any undue hazards
to public health or the environment and,
therefore, is excluded from these criteria
and procedures. The temporary storage
of limited quantities of pesticides in the
other categories, if undertaken at en-
vironmentally safe sites, is also ex-
cluded.
In considering disposal techniques, first
preference should be given to procedures
designed to recover some useful value
from excess pesticides and containers.
Where large quantities are involved, one
of the first recommendations is that the
excess material should be used for the
purpose originally intended, provided this
use is legal. Another alternative is to re-
turn the material to the manufacturer
for potential reuse or reprocessing. A
third alternative, in some cases, may be
the export of the material to countries
where its use is desired and legal.
Should these alternatives be In ap-
plicable, the ultimate disposal method
should be determined by the type of
material. Organic pesticides which do
not contain mercury, lead, cadmium., or
arsenic may be disposed of by inciner-
ation at temperatures which will ensure
complete destruction. Maximum volume
reduction is achieved by incineration,
and the Incinerator emissions can be
treated so that only relatively innocuous
products are emitted. Incineration is
not, however, applicable to those organic
pesticides which contain heavy metals
such as mercury, lead, cadmium, or
arsenic, nor is it applicable to most in-
organic pesticides or metallo-organic
pesticides which 'have not been treated
for removal of heavy metals.
If incineration is not applicable or
available, disposal in specially desig-
nated landfills is suggested as an- alter-
native. However, encapsulation prior to
landfilling is recommended for certain
materials such as those containing
mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic,
and inorganic compounds which are
highly mobile in the son. Encapsulation
of these will retard mobility and contain
them within a small area-whieh can be
permanently marked and recorded for
future reference. Properly rinsed pesti-"
cide containers, however, may be reused
or recycled as scrap or safely disposed
of in a sanitary landfill; rinse liquids
which cannot be used should be disposed
of as if they were an excess pesticide.
Among the disposal procedures not
recommended are water dumping, open
dumping, and open burning, except that
open burning of small quantities of cer-
tain containers, and open field burial of
single containers on farms and ranches
by the pesticide user may be acceptable
in some areas.
Other disposal processes, such as soil
injection, well injection, and chemical
degradation, may be acceptable in spe-
cific cases. At present, such methods
have been neither sufficiently described
nor classified to suggest their general
use, and further study is necessary, .
Storage sites and facilities should be
located and constructed to prevent es-
cape of pesticides and contaminated
materials into the environment. Where
practicable, provision for separate stor-
age of different classifications of pesti-
cides according to their chemical type,
and for routine container inspection,
should be considered. Special procedures
should be followed in case fires or ex-
plosions occur where pesticides are
stored.
A notice of proposed rulemaking and
issuance of procedures was published in
the FEDERAL REGISTER (40 CFR Part 165)
on May 23, 1973. The Agency invited the
submittal of comments by July 23, 1973.
Sixty-two letters of comment were re-
ceived and their suggestions were care-
fully considered. The several major is-
sues raised, and the results of the
Agency's consideration of them, follow.
The largest number of commenters
questioned the appropriateness of the
proposed 500 Ib. exclusion from the
recommended storage procedures, on the
basis that -there are variations In i the
147
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hazards of different pesticides. They
pointed out that a few pounds ->f one
kind can, In certain cases. ro!»--cnt a
greater hazard than several thousand
pounds of another kind. The Aturoy con-
cluded that the 500 Ib. exclusion was un-
realistic and that the storage recom-
mendations should be keyed to a rating
system that would consider the overall
hazard of the pesticide and would be
readily apparent to even untrained per-
sonnel. It was decided to adopt the cur-
rent EPA toxlclty rating system for
pesticide labeling. Under that system the
following signal words are required on
labels:
Signal words/symbol
Category required on labels
Highly toxic ....... DANGER, POISON.
Skull ana Cross-
bones.
Moderately toxic— WARNING.
CAUTION.
Pesticides In the first two classes,
highly toxic and moderately toxic, and
which have the corresponding signal
words or symbol on the container label,
uUdi be covered by the recommended stor-
age criteria- and procedures. Other pesti-
cides, Including most of those registered
for use In the home and garden, repre-
sent a lower degree of hazard, and will
not bo covered.
Several requests for temporary storage
exemptions from the recommended stor-
age criteria and procedures were made,
for example, by commercial pesticide ap-
plicators operating In remote areas
where- availability or construction 'of rec-
ommended facilities is impractical. These
requests were resolved In two ways.
First, the hazard rating system for rec-
ommended storage procedures will ex-
clude many of the pesticides normally
used. Second, temporary storage for a
single application's amount has been
provided for at Isolated and secured sites
•where the less stringent criteria and pro-
cedures will not Increase the potential
for environmental pollution.
The statement that "• * • these dis-
posal procedures are mandatory only for
the Agency • • •" caused the Environ-
mental Def ense Fund to question the ap-
propriateness of the promulgation of dis-
posal and storage recommended proce-
dures Instead of regulations, In view of
the FIFBA. as amended wording on this
subject. However, adequate disposal sites
and the necessary facilities are not read-
ily available nationwide, and significant
information gaps exist which make It In-
feasible to write specific criteria for cer-
tain disposal methods and procedures.
Further, Information on the full extent
of environmental damages and of the
economic Impact of such regulations Is
lacking. Therefore, the Agency has re-
tained the recommended procedures ap-
proach. At such time as this information
has been obtained and tmalyzed, con-
sideration will be given to proposing com-
prehensive regulations relative to stor-
age and disposal.
The merit in the comments above de-
rives from the potential for considerable
environmental damage .caused by acts
such as water dumping, open dumping,
open burning, inadequately controlled
well injection, and storage next to food
and feed. Consideration of these com-
ments has led the Agency to begin draft-
ing a new proposed rulemaking to pro-
hibit or further constrain certain dis-
posal and storage practices, and pos-
sibly to change procedures based on up-
'dated information as it becomes avail-
able. It is expected that this proposed
rulemaklhg will be published in 1974.
Although section 12 of the new Act
makes unlawful distribution, shipment
or receiving for delivery of an unreg-
istered or canceled pesticide, the Agency
interprets section 19 as authorizing the
movement of such pesticides for the
specific purposes of disposal or storage.
Several commenters were concerned
that there were no provisions for reuse
or recycle as scrap of noncombustible
containers. The recommended triple
rinsing procedure will clean Group II
containers sufficiently well so that in-
significant contamination occurs when
such containers are legally refilled with
another pesticide belonging to the same
chemical class. Triple rinsing also pre-
pares containers for crushing or shred-
ding and recycle as scrap. Provisions for
this resource conservation step have
been included in § 165.9(b), and specifi-
cally require that adequate rinsing be
undertaken before such reuse or recycle.
Besides these major revisions, several
minor wording changes were made which
did not significantly change the direc-
tion or scope of the recommended
procedures.
It is hoped that these regulations, and
recommended procedures will olert all
Federal, State and local government
agencies and private manufacturers,
handlers, and users of pesticides to the
need for proper disposal and storage of
excess pesticides, pesticide containers
and pesticide-related wastes. The United
States Environmental Protection Agency
will follow these recommended proce-
dures in Its own operations. Each office,
laboratory or other facility o£ the Agency
will conform strictly to these procedures
In the disposal or storage of pesticides
and their containers. State and local
agencies are cautioned against adoption
of these recommended procedures as reg-
ulations without careful study of the en-
vironmental and economic factors ap-
plicable to their own situations, Includ-
ing the availability of disposal sites and
facilities.
These regulations and recommended
procedures for disposal and storage of
pesticides and pesticide containers are
issued under the authority of sections
19(a) and 25(a) of the Federal Insecti-
cide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act as
amended by the Federal Environmental
Pesticide Control Act of 1972 (86 Stat.
955, 977) , and section 204 of the Solid
Waste Disposal Act (Pi. 89-272, as
amended by P.L. 91-512) .
APRIL 24, 1974.
RUSSELL E.
Administrator.
Subpart A—Genera!
Eec.
1CS.1 Definitions.
165.2 Authorization and scope.
Subpart B—Acceptance R
-------
(j) "Encapsulate" means to seal a pes-
ticide, and its container if appropriate,
in an impervious container made of
plastic, glass, or other suitable m'aterial
which will not be chemically degraded
by the contents. This container then
should be sealed within a durable con-
tainer made from steel, plastic, concrete,
or other suitable material of sufficient
thickness and strength to resist physical
damage during and subsequent to burial
or storage.
(k) "Heavy metals" means metallic
'elements of higher atomic weights, in-
cluding but not limited to arsenic, cad-
mium, copper, lead, mercury, manganese,
zinc, chromium, tin, thallium, and
selenium.
(1) "Imminent hazard" means a sit-
uation which exists when the continued
use of a pesticide during the time re-
quired, for cancellation proceedings
would be likely to result in unreasonable
adverse 'effects on the environment or
will involve unreasonable hazard to the
survival of a species declared endangered
by the Secretary of the Interior under
Public Law 91-135.
(m) "Ocean dumping" means the dis-
posal of pesticides in or on the oceans
and seas, as defined in P. L. 92-532.
(n) "Open burning" means the com-
bustion of a pesticide or pesticide con-
tainer in any fashion other than
incineration.
(o) "Open dumping" means the plac-
-Ing of pesticides or containers in a land
site in a manner which does not protect
the environment and is exposed to the
elements, vectors, and scavengers.
(P) "Pesticide" means (1) any sub-
stance or mixture of substances intended
for preventing, destroying, repelling, or
mitigating any pest, or (2) any sub-
stance or mixture of substances intended
for use as a plant regulator, defoliant,
or desiccant.
U) "Excess pesticides" means all
pesticides which cannot be legally sold
pursuant to the Act or which are to be
discarded.
(2) "Organic pesticides" means car-
bon-containing substances used as pes-
ticides, excluding metallo-organic com-
pounds.
(3) "Inorganic pesticides" means non-
carbon-containing substances used as
pesticides.
(4) "Metallo-organic pesticides"
means a class of organic pesticides con-
taining one or more metal or metalloid
atoms in the structure.
(q> "Pesticide-related wastes" means
all pesticide-containing wastes or by-
products which are produced in the man-
ufacturing or processing of a'pesticide
and which are to be discarded^but which,
pursuant to acceptable pesticide manu-
facturing or processing operations, are
not ordinarily a part of or contained
within an industrial waste stream dis-
charged into a sewer or the waters of a
state.
(r) "Pesticide incinerator" means any
installation capable of the controlled
combustion of pesticides, at a tempera-
ture of 1000'C (1832°F) for.two seconds
dwell time in the combustion zone, or
lower temperatures and related dwell
times that will assure complete conver-
sion of the specific pesticide to inorganic
gases and solid ash residues. Such in-
stallation complies with the Agency
Guidelines for the Thermal Processing
of Solid Wastes as prescribed in 40 CPB
Part 240.
(s) "Safe disposal" means discarding
pesticides or containers iu a permanent
manner so as to comply with these pro-
posed procedures and so as to avoid un-
reasonable adverse effects on the en-
vironment.
(t) "Sanitary landfill" means a dis-
posal facility employing an engineered
method of disposing of solid wastes on
land in a manner which minimizes en-
vironmental hazards by spreading the
solid wastes in thin layers, compacting
the solid wastes to the smallest practical
volume, and applying cover material at
the end of each working day. Such fa-
cility complies with the Agency Guide-
lines for the Land Disposal of Solid
Wastes as prescribed in 40 CFB Part 241.
(u) "Scrubbing" means the washing
of impurities from any process gas
stream.
(v) "Soil injection" means the em-
placement of pesticides by ordinary till-
age practices within the plow layer of a
soil.
• (w) "Specially designated landfill"
means a landfill'at which complete long
term protection is provided for the qual-
ity of surface and subsurface waters
from pesticides, pesticide containers, and
pesticide-related wastes deposited there-
in, and against hazard to public health
and the environment. Such sites should
be located and engineered to avoid di-
rect hydraulic continuity with surface
and subsurface waters, and any leachate
or subsurface flow into the disposal area
should be contained within the site un-
less treatment is provided.. Monitoring
wells should be established and a sam-
pling and analysis program conducted.
The location of the disposal site should
be permanently recorded in the appro-
priate, local office of legal jurisdiction.
Such facility complies with the Agency
Guidelines for the Land Disposal of Solid
Wastes as prescribed ill 40 CFR Part 241.
-------
•with dua reKAtd to the protection of sur-
face and sub-surface waters.
U> As » conoral guideline, the owner
of exccS KtocMes Should flrst exhaust
theTvJwfo^wlHK avenues before under-
taking flnaldknosal: , , „ ,
U> Use for the purposes originally In-
tended, at the prescribed dosage rates,
Providing these are currently legal un-
der all Federal, State, and local laws and
regulations. , .
<2> Return to the 'manufacturer or
distributor for potential re-labelling,
recovery of resources, or reprocessing
Into other materials. Transportation
must be In accordance with all currently
applicable U.S. Department of Trans-
portation regulations, Including those
prescribed in 49 CFR Parts 170-179 and
397, 46 CFR Part 146, and 14 CFR Part
103. The "for hire" transportation of un-
registered pesticides across state lines
may bo subject to the Interstate Com-
merce Commission's economic regula-
tions (49 U.S.C. 1 et seq. for rail
carriers; 306,307, and 309 for motor car-
riers; and 909 for domestic water car-
riers), and the Commission should be
contacted in case of doubt.
KCTK: Some excess pesticides may be suit-
able lor export to » country where use of the'
pesticide li legal. All pesticides so exported
should, be In good condition and packed ac-
cording to specifications of the foreign pur-
cl.Mer, and must bo transported to the port
of embarkation In accordance with all De-
partment of Transportation regulations. All
shipment* should bo In conTormance with
Motion 17(a) of tha Act.
(8> To provide documentation of ac-
tual situations, all accidents or incidents
Involving the storage or disposal of pesti-
cides, pesticide containers, or pesticide-
related wastes should be reported to the
appropriate Regional Administrator.
Subpart B—Acceptance Regulations
§ 165.3 Acceptable pesticides.
The Administrator will accept for safe
disposal those pesticides the registrations
of which have been canceled, after flrst
having been suspended to prevent an
Imminent hazard during the time re-
quired for cancellation proceedings as
specified in section 6(c) of the Act. How-
ever, no other pesticides will be accepted
pursuant to section 19 (a) of the Act, and
nothing herein shall obligate the Federal
Government to own or operate any dis-
posal facility.
§ 165.4 Hcqucsl for acceptance.
Ca) Before the owner of such a pesti-
cide requests acceptance by the Admin-
istrator for disposal, he shall make every
reasonable effort to return the material
to either its manufacturer, distributor,
or'to another agent capable of using the
material.
-------
"without strict controls and a clear dem-
onstration that such emplacement -will
not Interfere with present or potential
use of the subsurface environment, con-
taminate ground water resources or
otherwise damage the environment."
Adequate pro-injection tests, provisions
for monitoring the operation and the en-
vironmental effects, contingency plans
to cope with well failures, and provisions
for plugging injection wells when aban-
doned should be made. The Regional
Administrator should be advised of each
operation.
-------
chain valve should be provided. All con-
taminated water should be disposed of as
*an excess pesticide. Where required, de-
contamination area should be paved or
lined with impervious materials, and
should Include gutters. Contaminated
runoff should be collected, and treated
u itn excess pesticide.
(d) Operational procedures. Pesticide
containers should be stored with the
label plainly visible. If containers are not
In good condition when received, the
contents should be placed in a suitable
container and properly relabeled. If dry
excess pesticides are received in paper
bass that are damaged, the bag and the
contents should be placed, in a sound
container that can be sealed. Metal or
rigid plastic containers should be
checked carefully to insure that the lids
and bungs are tight. Where relevant
and practicable, the following provisions
should be considered:
(1) Classification and separation, (i)
Each pesticide formulation should be
segregated and stored under a sign con-
taining the name of the formulation.
Rigid containers should be stored in an
upright position and all containers
should be stored off the ground, in an or-
derly way, so as to permit ready access
and inspection. They should be accumu-
lated in rows or units so that all labels
are visible, and with lanes to provide ef-
fective access. A complete Inventory,
should be maintained indicating the
number and identity of containers in
each storage unit.
(11) Excess pesticides and containers
should be further segregated according
to the method of disposal to ensure that
entire shipments of the same class of
pesticides are disposed of properly, and
that accidental mixing of containers of
different categories does not occur dur-
ing the removal operation.
(2) Container inspection and mainte-
nance. Containers should be checked
regularly for corrosion and leaks. If such
Is found, the container should be trans-
ferred to a sound, suitable, larger con-
tainer and be properly labeled. Materials
such as adsorptlve clay, hydrated lime,
and sodium hypochlorlte should be kept
on hand for use as appropriate for the
emergency treatment or detoxification
of spills or leaks. (Specific information
relating to other spill treatment proce-
dures and materials will be published as
It Is confirmed.)
(c) Sa/ety precautions. In addition to
precautions specified on the label and in
the labeling, rules for personal safety
and accident prevention similar to
those listed below should be available
In areas where personnel congregate:
(1) Accident prevention measures. (1)
Inspect all containers of pesticides for
leaks before handling them.
(ii) Do not mishandle containers and
thereby create emergencies by careless-
ness.
(Hi) Do not permit unauthorized per-
sons in the storage area.
(iv) Do not store pesticides next to
food or feed or other articles intended
for consumption by humans or animals.
(v) Inspect all vehicles prior to de-
parture, and treat those found to be
contaminated.
(2) Safety measures. (i) Do not store
food, beverages, tobacco, eating utensils,
or smoking equipment in the storage or
loading areas.
(ii) Do not drink, eat food, smoke, or
use tobacco in areas where pesticides
are present.
(iii) Wear rubber gloves while han-
dling containers of pesticides.
(Iv) Do not put fingers in mouth or
rub eyes while working.
(v) Wash hands before eating, smok-
ing, or using toilet and immediately after
loading, or transferring pesticides.
(vi) Persons working regularly with
organophosphate and N-alkyl carbamate
pesticides should have periodic physical
examinations, including cholinesterase
tests..
(f) Protective clothing and respirators.
(1) When handling pesticides which are
in concentrated form, protective cloth-.
ing should be worn. Contaminated gar-
ments should be removed immediately,
and extra sets of clean clothing should
be maintained nearby.
(2) Particular care should be taken
when handling certain pesticides to pro-
tect against absorption through skin, and
inhalation of fumes. Respirators or gas
majks with proper canisters approved
for the particular type of exposure noted
in the label directions, should be used
when such pesticides are handled.
(g) Fire -control. (1) Where large
quantities of pesticides are stored, or
where conditions may otherwise warrant,
the owner of stored pesticides should in-
form the local fire department, hospitals,
public health officials, and police depart-
ment In writing of the hazards that such
pesticides may present in the event of a
fire. A floor plan of the storage area indi-
cating where different pesticide classi-
fications are regularly stored should be
provided to the fire department. The fire
chief should be furnished with the home
telephone numbers of (i) the person(s)
responsible for the pesticide storage fa-
cility, (11) the appropriate Regional Ad-
ministrator, who can summon the appro-
priate Agency emergency response team,
(iii) the TJ.S. Coast Guard, and (iv) the
Pesticide Safety Team Network of the
National Agricultural Chemicals Asso-
ciation.
(2) Suggestions for Fire Hazard. Abate-
ment, (i) Where applicable, plainly label
the outside of each storage area with
"DANGER," "POISON," "PESTICIDE
STORAGE" signs. Consult with the local
fire department regarding the use of the
current hazard signal system of the Na-
tional Fire Protection Association.
(ii) Post a list on the outside of the
storage area of the types of chemicals
stored therein. The list should be updated
to reflect changes in types stored.
(3) Suggested Fire Fighting- Pre-
cautions, (i) Wear air-supplied breath-
ing apparatus and rubber clothing.
(ii) Avoid breathing or otherwise con-
tacting toxic smoke and fumes.
(iii) Wash completely as soon as pos-
sible after encountering smoke and
fumes.
(iv) Contain the water used in fire
fighting within the storage site drainage
system.
(v) Fireman should take cholinester-
ase tests after fighting a fire involving
organophosphate or N-alkyl carbamate
pesticides, if they have been heavily ex-
posed to the smoke. Baseline cholines-
terase tests should be part of the regular
physical examination for such firemen.
(vi) Evacuate persons near such fires
who may come in contact with smoke or
fumes or contaminated surfaces.
(h) Monitoring. An environmental
monitoring system should be considered
in the vicinity of storage facilites.
Samples from the surroundng ground
and surface water, wildlife, and plant
environment, as appropriate, should be
tested In a regular program to assure
minimal environmental insult. Analyses
should be performed according to "Of-
ficial Methods of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC),"
and such other methods and procedures
as may be suitable.
Subpart D—Pesticide-Related Wastes
§ 16S.11 Procedures for disposal and
storage of pesticide-related wastes.
(a) In. general all pesticide-related
wastes should be disposed of as excess
pesticides in accordance with the pro-
cedures set forth in |§ 165.7 and 165.8.
Such wastes should not be disposed of
by addition to an .industrial effluent
stream if not ordinarily a part of or con-
tained within such industrial effluent
stream, except as regulated by and in
compliance with effluent standards es-
tablished pursuant to sections 304 and
307 of the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act as amended.
(b) Pesticide-related wastes which are
to be stored should be managed in ac-
cordance with the provisions of 5 165.10.
[PR Doc.74-9911 Piled 4-30-74;8:45 am]
FEDERAL REGISTER, YOU 39, NO. 85—WEDNESDAY, MAY 1, 1974
152
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APPENDIX B
PESTICIDE PRODUCERS. PLANT SITKS AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
Producer Telephone
ABBOTT LABORATORIES 312-688-6100
Abbott Park
North Chicago, Illinois 60064
Amdal Company (Division of 312-688-6100
Abbott Laboratories)
Address same as above
ACETO CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC. 212-898-2300
126-02 Northern Boulevard
Flushing, New York 11368
ALCO STANDARD CORPORATION 125-666-0760
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania 19481
Miller Chemical and Fertilizer 717-637-8921
Corp. (Subsidiary of ALCO)
P.O. Box 33
Hanover, Pennsylvania 17331
Plants:
Frederick, Maryland 301-662-6374
Hanover, Pennsylvania 717-637-8921
Whiteford, Maryland 301-452-8144
Winchester, Virginia 703-662-5563
ALDRICH CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC. 414-273-3850
940 West St. Paul Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
ALLIED CHEMICAL CORPORATION 212-422-7300
1411 Broadway
New York, New York 10008
Agricultural Division 212-422-7300
P.O. Box 2061R '
Morristown, New Jersey 07960
Plant:
Baltimore, Maryland 301-752-3707
Industrial Chemicals Division
P.O. Box 1139R
Morristown, New Jersey 07960
Plants:
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Hopewell, Virginia
Semet-Solvay Division
P.O. Box 1013R
Morristown, New Jersey 07960
Plant:
Detroit, Michigan
Fairfield, Alabama
Ironton, Ohio
Producer Telephone
ALPHA LABORATORIES. INC. 303-756-1338
1685 South Fairfax
Denver, Colorado 80222
AMDAL COMPANY
(See Abbott Laboratories)
AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY 212-732-9500
Berdan Avenue
Wayne, New Jersey 07470
Agricultural Division 609-799-0400
P.O. Box 400
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
Plants:
Warners, New Jersey
Princeton, New Jersey
Linden, New Jersey
609-799-0400
201-862-6000
AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFINING 212-732-9500
COMPANY
120 Broadway
New York, New York 10005
Plant:
Denver, Colorado
THE ANSUL COMPANY
303-534-6381
303-757-5107
715-735-7411
1 Stanton Street
Marinette, Wisconsin 54143
Eagle River Chemical Corp. 501-572-3701
Highway 242
West Helena, Arkansas 72390
ARAPAHOE; CHEMICALS DIVISION
(See Syntex Corporation)
ASHLAND OIL. INC. 606-329-3333
1409 Winchester Avenue
Ashland, Kentucky 41101
Ashland Chemical Company
P.O. Box 2219
Columbus, Ohio 43216
Plant:
Great Meadows, New Jersey 201-637-4101
BAYCHEM CORPORATION 212-751-5544
425 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10022
Chemagro Corporation 816-483-4250
Hawthorn Road
P.O. Box 4913
Kansas City, Missouri 64120
153
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Producer
BUCKMAN LABORATORIES. INC.
1256 North McLean Boulevard
Memphis, Tennessee 38108
Plants;
Cadet, Missouri
Memphis, Tennessee
CALHIO CBEMICALS. INC.
(See Stauffer Chemical Company)
PESTICIDE PRODUCERS (Continued)
Telephone Producer
Telephone
CHEMICAL FORMULATORS.
P.O. Box 26
Nitro, West Virginia
INC.
CHEMPAR aiEMICAL COMPANY. INC.
260 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
Plants;
Ancraadale, New York
Portland, Oregon
CHEVRON CHEMICAL COMPANY
(See Standard Oil)
C11IPHAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
(See Rhodia, Inc.)
CIBA-GEIGY CORPORATION
Saw Mill River Road
Ardsley, New York 10502
CIBA Agrochemieal Division
556 Morris Avenue
Suranit, New Jersey 07901
Plants:
Sunrait, New Jersey
Kclntosh, Alabama
St. Gabriel, Louisiana
304-755-3374
212-679-4428
914-478-3131
201-277-5000
201-277-5000
205-944-2201
504-642-5441
513-554-1554
CINCINNATI MILACRON. INC.
4701 Marbury Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45203
Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals. Inc. 513-554-1554
West Street
Reading, Ohio 45215
W. A. CLEARY CORPORATION 201-247-8000
P.O. Box 749
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
COSAN CHEMICAL CORPORATION 201-472-4400
481 River Road
Clifton, New Jersey 07013
CPC INTERNATIONAL. INC.
Arbor Street
Sewaren, New Jersey 07077
S. B. Penick and Company. Division
100 Church Street
New York, New York 10007
Plants;
Lyndhurst, New Jersey
Montville, New Jersey
DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION
300 Union Commerce Building
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company
Address as above
Plants:
Atlanta, Illinois
Greens Bayou, Texas
Curtis Bay, Maryland
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY. USA
Midland, Michigan 48640
Plants:
Freeport, Texas
Midland, Michigan
Pittsburg, California
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND ;
COMPANY. INC.
Industrial and Biochemicals Department
Du Pont Building
Wilmington, Delaware 19898
Plants;
Belle, West Virginia
East Chicago, Indiana
La Porte, Texas
Grasselli, New Jersey
Linden, New Jersey
EAGLE RIVER CHEMICAL CORPORATION
(See Ansul Company)
BLANCO PRODUCTS COMPANY
(See Eli Lilly)
FAIRMONT CHEMICAL COMPANY. INC.
117 Blanchard Street
Newark, New Jersey 07105
216-621-610C
216-621-6100
217-648-2311
713-453-7146
301-789-8800
517-636-1000
714-238-2011
517-636-1000
415-432-7311
302-774-1000
304-949-4313
219-398-2040
713-471-2771
201-862-1500
154
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PESTICIDE PRODUCERS (Continued)
Producer
FERRO CORPORATION
One Erleview Plaza
Cleveland, Ohio
Agricultural Chemicals Division
4150 East 56th Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44105
Plant:
Bedford, Ohio •
Telephone
216-641-8580
216-232-4330
FIKE CHEMICALS. IMC.
P.O. Box 546
Nitro, West Virginia
ELI LILLY AND COMPANY
25143
304-755-3336
317-636-2211
740 South Alabama Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
Blanco Products Company Division 317-636-2211
(Division of Eli Lilly and Company)
740 South Alabama Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
Plants ;
Lafayette, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
FMC CORPORATION
633 Third Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Agricultural Chemical Division
100 Niagara Street
Middleport, New York
Plants:
Middleport, New York
Baltimore, Maryland
Vancouver, Washington
AF CORPORATION
14105
140 West 51st Street
New York, New York 10020
Chemical Division
P.O, Box 12
Linden, New Jersey 07036
Plants :
Texas City, Texas
Linden, New Jersey
GORDON CORPORATION
300 South Third Street
Kansas City, Kansas 66118
GREAT LAKES CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Highway 52, North West
West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
Plant:
El Dorado, Arkansas
317-474-1430
317-636-2211
212-687-7400
716-735-3761
716-735-3761
301-355-6400
212-582-7600
201-862-2600
713-945-3,411
201-862-2600
913-342-8780
317-463-2511
501-862-5141
Producer
GULF OIL CORPORATION
Gulf Building
P.O. Box 1166
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230
Gulf Oil Chemicals Company
P.O. Box 1166
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 '
Plant:
Galena, Kansas
HALEY PRODUCTS COMPANY. INC.
(See Witco Chemical Corporation)
HARDWICKE CHEMICAL COMPANY
(See McLaughlin Gormley King Company)
Telephone
412-391-2400
412-391-2400
316-783-1321
HERCULES INCORPORATED
910 Market Street
Wilmington, Delaware
19899
Plants:
Brunswick, Georgia
Plaquemine, Louisiana
Burlington, New Jersey
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
HOOKER CHEMICAL CORPORATION
(See Occidental Petroleum Corporation)
IMPERIAL. INC.
West 6th and Grass Streets
Shenandoah, Iowa 51601
KERR-MCGEE CORPORATION
Kerr-McGee Building
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102
Kerr-McGee Chemical Corporation
Address as above
Plants:
Hamilton, Mississippi
Los Angeles, California
KOPPERS COMPANY. INC.
Koppers Building
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
Organic Materials Division
Address as above
Plants:
Cicero, Illinois
Follansbee, West Virginia.
Fontana, California
Houston, Texas
Kearny, New Jersey
Portland, Oregon
St. Paul, Minnesota
Woodward, Alabama
Youngstown, Ohio
302-656-9811
912-265-3550
504-687-6311
609-584-6411
601-584-6411
712-246-2150
405-236-1313
601-343-8311
213-385-3356
412-391-3300
155
-------
PESTICIDE PRODUCERS (Continued)
Producer Telephone
LONZA. INC. 201-791-7500
22-10 Route 208
Fair Lawn, New Jersey 07410
Plant;
Hspleton, Illinois 309-697-5400
HALLIHCKROOT CHEMICAL WORKS 314.-231-8980
Second and Mallinckrodt Streets
P.O. Box 5439
St. Louis, Missouri 63160
Plants:
Raleigh, North Carolina 919-876-1500
St. Louis, Missouri 314-231-8980
Jersey City, New Jersey 201-432-2500
HCUUCHLIM GORMLEY KING COMPANY 612-331-1808
1715 Fifth Street, South East
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
Hardwicke Chemical Company 803-438-3471
(Subsidiary of McLaughlin, etc.)
Route 2, Box 50A
Elgin, South Carolina 29045
HERCK AND COMPANY. ISC. 201-381-5000
126 East Lincoln Avenue
Rahway, New Jersey 07065
r
Plants;
Danville, Pennsylvania 717-275-2220
Hawthorne, New Jersey 201-391-5000
MICHIGAN CHEMICAL CORPORATION
(See Northwest Industries, Inc., •
MILLER CHEMICAL AND FERTILIZER CORPORATION
(See Alco Standard Corporation)
HILLMASTER ONYX CORPORATION 212-687-2757
99 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016
Millsaster Chemical Company 212-687-2757
Address same as above
Plant:
Berkeley Heights, New Jersey 2Q1-464-1200
MOBIL OIL COMPANY 212-883-4242
150 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
Mobil Chemical'Company 703-644-7611
P.O. Box 677
Richmond, Virginia 23206
Industrial Chemicals Division 703-644-7611
801 East Main Street
Richmond, Virginia 23208
Plant;
Charleston, South Carolina 803-554-1280
Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee
Producer Telephone
MONSANTO COMPANY 314-694-1006
800 North Lindbergh Boulevard
St. Louis, Missouri 63166
Monsanto Chemical Products Company 314-694-1000
Address same as above
Plants;
Anniston, Alabama 205-236-6381
Luling, Louisiana 504-784-6263
Muscatine, Iowa 319-263-0093
Nitro, West Virginia 304-755-3341
St. Louis, Missouri 314-694-1000
Sauget, Illinois 618-397-4815
MONTROSE CHEMICAL CORPORATION OF CALIFORNIA 213-328-5462
2021 Normandie
Torrance, California
Montrose Chemical Company
(Division of Chris Chraft Industries)
Plant:
Newark, New Jersey 07105 201-344-7662
MOONEY CHEMICALS. INC.
2301 Scranton Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
Plant;
Franklin, Pennsylvania
MOTOMCO. INC.
89 Terminal Avenue
Clark, New Jersey 07066
M&T CHEMICALS. INC. 203-552-3784
(Subsidiary of American Can Company)
American Lane
Greenwich, Connecticut
Plant:
Carrollton, Kentucky 502-732-4411
NEASE CHEMICALS. INC.' 814-238-2424
P.O. Box 221
State College, Pennsylvania 16801
Plants:
Fernald, Ohio 513-738-1891
Salem, Ohio 216-332-1561
State College, Pennsylvania 814-238-2424
NIAGARA CHEMICAL DIVISION
(See FMC Corporation)
HIKLOR CHEMICAL COMPANY. INC. 213-830-2252
2060 East 220th Street
Long Beach, California 90810
NOR-AM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, INC. 312-621-6700
20 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
156
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Producer
NORTH.'AMERICAN PHILIPS CORPORATION
100 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
PEPI. Inc.. Subsidiary
Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company. 913-321-3131
Subsidiary
5200 Speaker Road
P.O. Box 2383
Kansas City, Kansas 66110
Plants:
Brea, California
Kansas City, Kansas
New Oreleans, Louisiana
NORTHWEST INDUSTRIES. INC. 312-263-4200
400 West Madison Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
Michigan Chemical Corporation 312-828-9500
(Subsidiary of Northwest Industries)
351 East Ohio Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
Plant:
St. Louis, Michigan 517-681-1241
Velsicol Chemical Corporation 312-467-5700
(Subsidiary of Northwest Industries)
341 East Ohio Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
Plants:
Bayport, Texas 713-474-2861
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Marshall, Illinois 217-826-2321
Memphis, Tennessee 901-324-4401
OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION 213-879-1700
10889 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90024
Hooker Chemical Corporation, Subsid. 716-285-6655
1515 Summer Street
Stamford, Connecticut 06905
Plant;
Niagara Falls, New York
OLIN CORPORATION 203-356-2000
120 Long Ridge Road
Stamford, Connecticut 06904
Agricultural Chemicals Division 501-376-2471
P.O. Box 991
Llt.tle Rock, Arkansas 72203
Industrial Products and Services
Division
120 Long Ridge Road
Stamford, Connecticut 06904
Plants:
Mclntosh, Alabama
Houston, Texas 713-526-2761
Rochester, New York
PESTICIDE PRODUCERS (Continued)
Telephone . Producer
Telephone
ORTHO DIVISION
(See Standard Oil Company of
California)
PENNWALT CORPORATION
Three Parkway, Pennwalt Building
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
Plant:
Wyandotte, Michigan
PFIZER. INC.
235 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
Chemicals Division
2210 High Point Road
Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY
Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74004
Plant:
Phillips, Texas
PPG INDUSTRIES. INC.
One Gateway Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
Industrial Chemical Division
Address same as above
Plant:
Barberton, Ohio
REGIS CHEMICAL COMPANY
1101 North Franklin Street
Morton Grove, Illinois 60610
REICHHOLD CHEMICALS. INC.
RCI Building
White Plains, New York 10602
Plant:
Tacotna, Washington
RIVERDALE CHEMICAL COMPANY
220 East 17th Street
Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411
RHODIA. INC.
600 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10022
Chipman Division
120 Jersey Avenue
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
Plant:
Portland, Oregon
313-285-9200
212-573-2323
919-292-1781
918-336-6600
806-273-2831
412-434-2252
412-434-2252
216-753-4561
312-967-6000
312-756-2010
212-753-4850
201-816-7700
503-226-6221
157
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Producer
ROHM AKD HAAS COMPANY
Independence Mall West
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19105
PESTICIDE PRODUCERS (Continued)
Telephone Producer
215-592-3000 SONFORD CHEMICAL COMPANY
Pure-Atlantic Highway
Port Heches, Texas 77651
Plants:
Bristol, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
RORER-AHCHEM
Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
Arachem Products, Inc.
Brooks ide Avenue
P.O. Box 33
Ambler, Pennsylvania 19002
Plants;
Anblcr, Pennsylvania
Clinton, Ohio
Fremont, California
St. Joseph, Missouri
SELNEY COMPANY. INC.
(See Sonbert Chemical Company)
SHELL CHEMICAL COMPANY
1 Shall Plaza
Houston, Texas 77002
Agricultural Division
2401 Crew Canyon Road
San Ramon, California 94583
Plants ;
Denver, Colorado
Mobile, Alabama
Industrial Chemicals Division
P.O. Box 2463
Houston, Texas 77001
Plants;
Deer Park, Texas
Horco, Louisiana
713-220-4867
415-837-1531
303-288-1561
SOBIN CHEMICALS. INC.
Sobln Park
Boston, Massachusetts
713-479-2311
617-288-5100
.ant;
Orrington, Maine
02210
INC.
SOHBERT CHEMICAL COMPANY.
185 Court Street
Brooklyn, New York 11201
The Sclr.ey' Company, Inc.
(Subsidiary of Sonbert Chemical)
Seven Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016
212-788-0020
212-596-1061
Telephone
713 - no listing
STANDARD OIL COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA
215-788-5501 CALIFORNIA WESTERN OPERATIONS
215-533-2000 Chevron Chemical Company 415-434-0515
200 Bush
215-628-1000 San Francisco, California 94104
19034 Ortho Division (of Chevron) 415-235-9301
215-628-1000 940 Hensley Street
Richmond, California 94804
Plants:
Fort Madison, Iowa 319-372-6012
Maryland Heights, Missouri 314-432-8234
215-628-1000 Orlando, Florida 305-295-0451
Perry, Ohio
Richmond, California 415-235-9300
816-238-0692 South Plainfield, New Jersey 201-757-1400
STAUFFER CHEMICAL COMPANY 212-421-5000
299 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Agricultural Chemicals Divisidn 212-421-5000
Address same as above
Plants:
Ardsley, New York 914-693-1200
Cold Creek (Bux), Alabama 205-675-0950
Henderson, Nevada 702-565-8781
Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee 615-379-3257
Richmond, California 415-233-9361
Calhio Chemicals, Inc.
(Subsidiary- of Stauffer Chemical)
P.O. Box 86
Perry, Ohio 44081
STERLING DRUG INCORPORATED 212-972-4141
90 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016
Winthrop Laboratories 212-972-4141
(Division of Sterling Drug)
Address same as above
Plant;
Rensselaer, New York
SYHTEX CORPORATION 415-855-5050
3401 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94304
Arapahoe Chemicals Division
(Division of Syntex)
Plant;
Boulder, Colorado 303-442-1926
158
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PESTICIDE PRODUCERS (Continued)
Producer
TENNECO CHEMICALS. INC.
300 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
Tenneco Intermediate Division
Telephone
212-761-3900
201-752-5000
5 Turner Place
P.O. Box 2
Piscataway, New Jersey
Plants;
Elizabeth, New Jersey
Long Beach, California
Fords, New Jersey
08854
201-442-0271
THOMPSON-HAYWARD CHEMICAL COMPANY
(See North American Philips Corporation)
TRANSVAAL, INC.
Marshall Road
P.O. Box 69
Jacksonville, Arkansas
72076
TROY CHEMICAL CORPORATION
One Avenue L
Newark, New Jersey 07105
, TOLL CHEMICAL CORPORATION .
130 Burton Street
P.O. Box 3246
Oxford, Alabama 36203
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
Chemicals and Plastics Division
270 Park Avenue
New York, Hew York 10017
Plants:
Institute, West Virginia
South' Charleston, West Virginia
UNIROYAL.' INC.
1230 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10020
Unjroyal Chemical Division
Spencer Street
Naugatuek, Connecticut 06770
Plants:
Gastonia, North Carolina
Geisraar, Louisiana
Naugatuek, Connecticut
U. S. BORAX AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION
3075 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90010
Plant:
Columbus, Mississippi (Joint
venture with Hooker Chemical
Corporation)
501-982-2132
201-589-2500
205-831-1154
212-551-2345
304-747-0001
304-747-0001
212-247-5060
203-729-5241
704-864-3411
504-673-6181
203-729-5241
Producer
UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION
600 Grant Street
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230
USS Chemicals, Division
Address same as above
Plants:
Clairton, Pennsylvania
Fairfield, Alabama
Gary, Indiana
UPJOHN COMPANY
Tuco Division
7171 Portage Road
Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
R. T. VANDEBILT COMPANY. INC^
230 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Vanderbilt Chemical Corporation
Address same as above
Plant:
Bethel, Connecticut
VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION
(See Northwest Industries, Inc.)
VENTRON CORPORATION
Congress Street
Beverly, Massachusetts 01915
Chemicals Division
1645 South Kilbourn Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60609
Plant;
Wood Ridge, New Jersey
VICKSBURG CHEMICAL COMPANY
P.O. Box 3
Vi,cksburg, Mississippi 39180
VINELAHD CHEMICAL COMPANY
West Wheat Road
P.O. Box 745
Vineland, New Jersey 08360
VIRGINIA CHEMICALS. INC.
3340 West Norfolk Road
Portsmouth, Virginia 23703
Telephone
616-382-4000
212-686-6864
212-686-6864
203-744-3900
617-922-1875
312-521-7000
201-939-4600
609-691-3535
703-484-5000
159
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Producer
VULCAN MATERIALS COMPANY
P.O. Box 7497
Birmingham, Alabama 35223
Chemicals Division
P.O. Box 545
Wichita, Kansas 67201
WHITE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
P.O. Box 278
Bayonne, New Jersey
07002
HINTHROP LABORATORIES
(See Sterling Drugs, Inc.)
MITCO CHEMICAL CORPORATION
277 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Halby Division
600 Terminal Avenue
New Castle, Delaware 19720
Plant;
Wilmington, Delaware
PESTICIDE PRODUCERS (Concluded)
Telephone
316-524-4211
201-437-0050
302-656-5428
302-655-3337
160
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APPENDIX C
ESTIMATED U.S. PESTICIDE PRODUCTION VOLUME. 197113/
A. Herbicides
Common Name
Atrazine
2,4-D
MSMA-DSMA
Sodium chlorate
Trifluralin
Propachlor
Chloramben
Alachlor
CDAA
Bromacil
Diuron
Propanil
Butylate
2,4,5-T
N.A.
EPTC
Simazine
Dalapon
Fluometuron
Propazine
Maleic hydrazide
Dinoseb (DNBP)
Diphenamid
N.A.
Silvex
Picloram
Cacodylic acid
Nitralin
Dicamba
Vernolate
Naptalam
Linuron
Norea
TEA
DCPA
(Including Defoliants
Trade Name
Aatrex
Several
Several
Several
Treflan
Ramrod
Amiben
Lasso
Randox
Hyvar
Karmex
Rogue; Stam F34
Sutan
Several
DEF
Eptam
Princep
Dowpon
Cotoran
Milogard
Several
Premerge
Dymid, Enide
Folex
Several
Tordon
Several
Planavin
Banvel-D
Vernam
Alanap
Lorox
Herban
Trysben
Dacthal
and Plant Growth Regt
Principal
Manufacturer
Ciba-Geigy
Several
Several
Several
Elanco
Monsanto
Amchem
Monsanto
Monsanto
Du Pont
Du Pont
Monsanto; Rohm & Haas
Stauffer
Several
Chemagro
Stauffer
Ciba-Geigy
Dow
Ciba-Geigy
Ciba-Geigy
Several
Dow
Elanco, Upjohn
Mobil
Several
Dow
Ansul
, Shell
Velsicol
Stauffer
Uniroyal
Du Pont
Hercules
Du Pont
Diamond
Production
MM Ib A.I.-'
90
45
35
30
25
23
20
20
10
8
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
161
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A. Herbicides (Including Defoliants and Plant Growth Regulators) (Concluded)
Common Name
Endothall
Chlorpropham (GIPC)
Trade Name
Aquathol
Several
Subtotal, 37 herbicides of
> 1 MM Ib production volume each
All other herbicides
Total, All Herbicides
Principal
Manufacturer
Pennwalt
PPG
Production
MM Ib A.I.-'
2
2
398
30
428
a/ MM s million; A.I. = active ingredient.
162
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Common Name
B. Synthetic Organic Insecticides, Miticides, Nematocides
Chemical Principal Production
Group3-/ Manufacturer MM Ib A.I.
Trade Name
Carbaryl
Toxaphene
DDT
Methyl parathion
Malathion
Chlordane
Parathion
Aldrin
Methoxychlor
Diazinon
Carbofuran
Disulfoton
Phorate
Heptachlor
N.A.
Monocrotophos
N.A.
Dicofol
Azinphos-methyl
Fensulfothion
Methomyl
N.A.
Ethion
Ronnel
Carbophenothion
Naled
Dimethoate
Aldicarb
Endosulfan
Chlorobenzilate
Crufomate
Sevin
Several (incl.
Strobane-T
S evera 1
Several
Cythion
Several
Several
Several
Several
Spectracide
Furadan
Di-Syston
Thimet
Several
Bux
Azodrin
Dursban
Kelthane
Guthion
Dasanit
Lannate
Dyfonate
Nialate
Korlan
Trithion
Dibrom
Cygon
Temik
Thiodan
Several
Ruelene
- CA
CH
CH
OP
OP
CH
OP
CH
CH
OP
CA
OP
OP
CH
CA
OP
OP
CH
OP
OP
CA
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
CA
CH
CH
OP
Union Carbide
Hercules, Tenneco
Montrose
Monsanto
American Cyanamid
Velsicol
Monsanto
Shell
Du Pont
Ciba-Geigy
FMC
Chemagro
American Cyanamid
Velsicol
Chevron -
Shell
Dow
Rohm & Haas
Chemagro
Chemagro
Du Pont
Stauffer
FMC
Dow
Stauffer
Chevron
American Cyanamid
Union Carbide
FMC
Ciba-Geigy
Dow
55
50
45
45
30
25
15
10
10
10
8
8
8
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Subtotal, 31 insecticides of
> 1 MM Ib production volume each
All other synthetic
organic insecticides,
miticides, nematocides
374
19
Total, All Synthetic Organic Insecticides, Miticides, Nematocides 393
a/ CH = chlorinated hydrocarbon.
OP = organophosphate.
CA = carbamate.
163
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C. Botanical, Biological, and Inorganic Insecticides;
Attractants, Repellants and Synergists
Common Name
Botanical and Biological
Bacillus thuring.
Polyhedr. virus
Pyrethrins
Rotenone
Nicotine
Inorganic Insecticides
PB-arsenate
Ca-arsenate
Attractants, Repellants,
DEBT
Piperonyl butoxide
Ethyl hexandiol
N.A.
Trimedlure
N.A.
Heliotropin acetal
Trade Name
Insecticides
Dipel
Viron H
Several
Several
Black Leaf
Several
Several
Synergists
Several
Several
6-12
MGK- 3 26
N.A.
MGK- 264
Tropital
Type
Product
Principal
Manufacturer
Abbott, Nutrilite, IMC
IMC
FMC, MGK
Several
Chem. Form.
Rep.
Syn.
Rep.
Rep.
Att.
Syn.
Syn.
S evera 1
Several
Several
FMC . ,
Union Carbide
MGK
Universal Oil
MGK
MGK
Production
MM Ib A.I.
1
< 1
< 1
< I
< 1
6
2
1
1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
Other Attractants, Repellants, Synergists
Total, All Products
Special Category
Petroleum oils including synthetic spray oils, deodorized
kerosene, and other petroleum distillates used as diluents
and carriers. Includes herbicidal weed oils and insecticidal
dormant spray oils.
13
a/
&J No data available; possibly 1 billion pounds or more.
164
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D. Fungicides
Common Name
PGP and salts
Dithiocarbamates
TCP and salts
Captan
PCNB
Trade Name
Several
Several
Several
Orthocide
Several
Dodine Cyprex
Captafol Difolatan
Folpet Phaltan
Cu-naphthenates Several
Subtotal, 9 listed fungicides
> 1 MM Ib production volume each
Principal
Manufacturer
S evera 1
S evera 1
Dow
Stauffer, Chevron
Olin
American Cyanamid
Chevron
Stauffer, Chevron
Several
All other synthetic organic fungicides
Total, all Above Products
Inorganic Sulfur and Sulfides
Production
MM Ib A.I.
4e£/
40J>/
20
18
3
2
2
2
2
135
10
145
150
Inorganic Copper Salts
Total, all Fungicides
297
a/ Includes use as herbicide, desiccant, molluscicide and for termite con-
trol (see Table III).
b/ Includes Dithane M-45®, Dithane S-31®, Ferbam, Nameb, Metham, Nabam,
Niacide®, PETD, Polyram®, Zineb and Ziram and Thiram used as pesticide.
£/ Fungicidal use only. Total sales for use as disinfectant and bacteriostat
are said to be 4 MM Ib per year.
d/ Published data are extremely variable, e.g., 45 MM Ib in Ref. 2.
165
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E. Rodenticides, Molluscicides, Fumigants, Soil Conditioners, etc.
Common Name
Principal
Trade Name Manufacturer
Production
MM Ib A.I.
Rodenticides
Warfarin
Dipacinone
Norbormide
Pindone
ANTU
Na-fluoracetate
Several
Diphacin
Raticate
Pival
Several
Several
Several
Nease
Pitman-Moore
Several
Penick
Aceto
12
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
Molluscicides
Metaldehyde Several Comm. Solvents
Fumigants (Soil, Stored Product, Structural, and Household)
< 1
Methyl bromide Several
DBCP Several
Other acyclic organics
dichloro-propene- "1 D-D, Nemex, H
propane mixtures J Vidden D, Telone |
carbon disulfide
carbon tetrachloride
ethylene dichloride-
dibromide \ Several
chloropicrin
formaldehyde
and others
JD-D ichlorobenz ene
Napthalene
Inorganic fumigants
Soil Conditioners
Several
Several
Dow, Shell
Several
Several
Several
Several
Several
Several
Several
22
10
63
a/
5
Polyacrylonitrile
Other soil conditioners
N.A.
American Cynamide
10
Total, all Rodenticides, Molluscicides, Fumigants,
Soil Conditioners, etc.
200
a/ Excludes nonfumigant use.
b_/ Includes moth-proofing and lavatory-space deodorant use.
166
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F. Wood Preservatives
Common Name
Coal and Oil Products
Trade Name
Principal
Manufacturer
Production
MM Ib A.I.
Creosote
Petroleum
Coal tar
Total
Synthetic Organics and Inorganics
Pentachlorophenol
Chromated salts
Other salts
Total
1,000
500
150
1,650
a/
il.s
1.0
12.5
a/ 25 million pounds included under fungicides.
t>/ Various chromated salts also contain copper, arsenic, zinc and fluoride.
Est. 3.2 million chromate calculated as Na2Cr207' 21^0.: (Includes
small amounts used principally as fire retardant.)
G. Principal Imported Synthetic Organic Pesticides
Common Name
Trade Name
Principal
Manufacturer
Diquat dibromide
Paraquat (dichloride and bis methyl sulfate)
Malathion
Fenitrothion (Sumithion®)
Production
MM Ib A.I.
1
3
0.5
1
167
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APPENDIX D
TRADE AND BRAND NAMES OF SELECTED MAJOR PESTICIDES MARKETED
Insecticides
Name
AAtrex®
Acaraben®
Alanap®
Aldrin
Amiben®
Aquathol®
Aqualin®
Azodrin®
Banvel~I©
Benlate®
Blade:n®
BUJ®
Carbon disulfide
Chlordane
CIPC, (Chloro-IPC®)
Cotoran®
Cygon®
Cypreji©
Cythion®
2,4-D
Dacthal®
DasanitiS)
DDT
DEE®
Dibrom®
Difolatan®
jj-Dichlorobenzene
Di-Syston®
Dowpon®
DSMA
Dymid®
Dursban®
Dyfonate®
Enide®
Eptam
Folea®
Furadan®
Formulation3./
4 EC; 80 WP
90 T; EC
2 L; 10 Gr
4 EC; 20 Gr
2 L; 10 Gr
P; S
S; Gr
L
3.2, 5 S
4 S (oil or H20); 5, 10 Gr
P
50 WP
80 WP
2 EC; 10 Gr
L (with carbon tetrachloride)
EC
4 EC; 10, 20 Gr; D
80 WP
EC; WP; Gr
65 WP
57% EC
EC; L; T; Gr
75 WP; 5 Gr
6 EC; 15 Gr
L
75 WP
6 EC
L; D
4 F
Crystals; S
L; Gr
85 SP; Cone.; Mixtures
S; SP
L; WP; Gr
4 EC; Gr
4 EC; 20 Gr
4 L; 50, 80 WP; 5 Gr
6 EC; 10 Gr
6 EC
2-10 Gr; 4 F
b/
Active Ingredient~
Atrazine
Chlorobenzilate
Naptalam
Aldrin
Chloramben
AMS (ammonium sulfamate)
Endothall
Acrolein
Azodrin® (monocrotophos)
Dicamba
Chlordane
Benomyl
Blades©
Bux® Ten
Carbon disulfide
Chlordane
Chlorpropham
Fluometuron
Dimethoate
Dodine
Malathion
2,4-D
DCPA
Fensu1fo thion
o-r@
DDT
DEI®
Naled
Difolatan® (captafol)
Paradichlorobenzene
Disulfoton
Dalapon
DSMA
Diphenamid
Chlorpyrifos
Dyfonate®
Diphenamid
EPTC
Fole^® (merphos)
Carbofuran
168
-------
Insecticides
Name
Goldcrest®
Guthion®
Heptachlor
Herban©
Hyvar®
Karathane®
Karmex®
Kelthane®
Korlan®
Lasso®
Lannate®
Lorox®
Machete®
Marlate®
MH-30©
Milogard®
Moxie®
MSMA
Orthocide
Paraquat
POP
Penta
Phaltan
Planavin®
Premerge®
Princep®
Ramrod®
Randox®
Reglone®
Rogue®
Ruelene®
Sevin®
Silvex
Sinox®
Sodium chlorate
Spectracide®
Stam F 34
2,4,5-T
Formulations?./
72% L
50 WP; 2 EC
EC; WP; D; S (oil)
WP
80 WP; 2 S; 10 P
WP; Cone.; D
80 WP; 2,8 S
EC; WP
EC; WP; Gr
4 EC; 10 Gr
SP
10 Gr; 50 WP
5 EC; 5 Gr
EC; WP; D
L; S
80 WP
EC; WP; D
6-8 S
WP; D
2 L
S'; EC
S; EC
50 WP; D
4 L; 75 WP
EC; Oil S
80 WP; L; Gr
65 WP; 20 Gr
4 EC; 20 Gr
2 L
EC
EC
80 WP; 50 D
EC
EC; S
Gr; Gr (with borate)
EC; WP; Gr; D; L
EC
EC
Active Ingredient-7
Chlordane
Azinphosmethy1
Heptachlor
Norea
Bromacil
Karathane® (dinocap)
Diuron
Dicofol
Ronnel
Alachlor
Me thorny 1
Linuron
Butachlor
Methoxychlor
MH® (maleic hydrazide)
Propazine
Methoxychlor
MSMA
Captan
Paraquat
PGP(pentachlorophenol)
PGP(pentachlorophenol)
Folpet
Nitralin
Dinoseb (DNBP)
Simazine
Propachlor
CDAA
Diquat
Propanil
Crufornate
Carbaryl
Silvex
Dinoseb(DNBP)
Sodium chlorate
Diazinon
Propanil
2,4,5-T
169
-------
Insecticides
Name
TemiW§>
Toxaphene
Trysben®
Vernam®
Warfarin
Zerlate
Formulation3./
10 Gr
10 Gr; L
90% L; 20 D; 40 WP; 4-8 EC
2 S
6 EC; 10 Gr
Bait; 0.547=
76, 96 WP; 4 L
b/
Active Ingredient —
Aldicarb
Phorate
Toxaphene
2,3,6-TBA
Vernolate
Warfarin
Ziram
Formulations are in units of: pounds active ingredient per gallon for
liquids (L); solutions (S); emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and flow-
ables (F); and percent for wettable powders (WP); granules (Gr); dusts
(D); soluble powders (SP); concentrates (Cone.); pellets (P); and tech-
nical materials (T); unless otherwise noted.
First entry is the name used as the prime entry in the cross-index of this
report. Second entry is alternate or proposed new common name.
170
-------
APPENDIX E
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MIXTURES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
This appendix lists commercially available mixtures of pesticides which con-
tain two or more active ingredients. The list was adapted from a longer
listing, "Commercial Pesticides Listed According to Uses and Active Ingre-
dients" given in the Pesticide Handbook - Entoma.12/ The products are grouped
according to type of pesticide (e.g., fungicide, herbicide, etc.) and sub-
grouped according to method of application or in a few cases according to
specific type (e.g., dusts, sprays, desiccants, repellants, etc.). Within
each subgroup, the individual products are listed in alphabetical order
according to the active ingredients present: a formulation which contains
copper and rotenone would be entered under copper, and not rotenone. Con-
centrations of components in each mixture may vary between manufacturers
or for the application intended and may be changed occasionally as discussed
on page 17. • A compilation of the exact composition of all available mix-
tures is far beyond the scope of the present project (in many instances, our
reference sourcei£/ did not give the actual composition of the mixture).
The present list contains over 500 combinations of pesticides and the total
number of "mixed" products actually on the market may be twice as large and
new mixtures are frequently being made available. The original list also
contains additional groups such as adjuvants, diluents and solvents, anti-
biotics, and animal repellents that are not included here.
171
-------
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SECTION IX
HOW TO USE THE MANUAL
This manual is intended to aid responsible and knowledgeable persons (e.g.,
Regional EPA officials, county agents, Public Health Service representatives,
etc., hereinafter referred to as "the authority" in this manual) in solving
the pesticide disposal, spill, or container problems of the layman. It con-
tains information that, taken in conjunction with the general information of
Part A and a knowledge of local regulations and conditions, can be used to
select a method for the disposal of any one of 550 pesticide chemicals.
Fourteen general pesticide-disposal procedures which can be tailored to suit
each specific disposal problem and local conditions are described. Procedures
for the disposal of containers and for the cleanup of spills are also given.
The proper disposal of pesticides or of pesticide containers requires careful
consideration of many factors as discussed in Sections V and VI of Part I.
The user of this manual should follow the following six steps:
STEP 1 - Read the Label: When the layman calls the authority or brings in
his pesticide, the authority must first determine what the label on the
package says. A sample label and the location of pertinent information on
it are shown in Figure 4. In particular, he must determine: (a) The approxi-
mate quantity of pesticide to be disposed of, i.e., a 5-gal. can or a 50-lb
bag; (b) the name and concentration of the pesticide—the common or chemical
names and percent concentrations that are listed under "active ingredients"—
as well as the trade name, which is usually in larger letters; (c) the kind
of formulation, e.g., emulsifiable concentrate, dust, etc., which is in-
volved; (d) the precautions for handling and use that the manufacturer speci-
fies (the authority should make sure that if the layman has an unusually
hazardous material, he is aware of this fact); (e) the name and address of the
pesticide manufacturer.
The authority must determine whether the problem pesticide has only one
active ingredient or is a mixture of two or more active ingredients. If
the pesticide contains only one active ingredient, the authority can follow
Steps 2 through 4. If it is a mixture, the selection of a disposal method
as well as the disposal procedure itself may be more difficult, as will be
discussed in Step 5.
If the layman's problem in either case involves container disposal or a spill
cleanup, Step 6 should also be used.
STEP 2 - Determine the Primary Name: A single pesticide chemical may have
one or more widely used trade names, one of more common names, and one or
185
-------
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186
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more different chemical names. In this manual, a primary entry name has
been selected for each of the 550 pesticide chemicals. The user must turn
to the cross-index of names (p.189) and determine the primary entry name
for the pesticide chemical or chemicals. Over 1,700 names are entered alpha-
betically in this list including 550 primary entries and over 1,200 "secon-
dary entries," (alternate trade, common or chemical names)which are keyed to
the prime entries. For example, if one receives an inquiry about disposal
of AAtrex®, the cross-index would show that pertinent information would be
found under the common name, atrazine. Detailed directions for use of the
cross-index are given on page 189.
STEP 3 - Find the Pesticide in the Chart of Properties: After the primary
entry name for the pesticide has been determined, the manual user should find
that name in the "Reference Charts of Pesticide Properties Pertinent to
Disposal." Instructions for use of the charts are given on page 224. The
table lists information on the uses and formulations of each pesticide as
well as data on the physical, toxicological and environmental properties of
each pesticide chemical. The table also lists the preferred and alternate
disposal procedures that are described in Section XII. In addition, a refer-
ence is given to the page in Section VII on which literature information on
the degradation chemistry of each compound is summarized. For example, if
. one looked under atrazine, the chart indicates that it is a herbicide formu-
lated as a wettable powder and as granules and has certain physical, biologi-
cal, and environmental properties. The chart also indicates that further
information on the reaction chemistry of the triazine group of pesticides
could be found in Section VII and that atrazine could be disposed of by a
procedure described in Section XII.
STEP 4 - Select and Adapt the Disposal Procedure: Based on the manual's
recommendations of preferred and alternate disposal procedures and a
knowledge of local regulations and conditions, the responsible authority
can select the appropriate Disposal Procedure. In addition, based on the
amount and the composition of material involved, the authority can adapt
the general procedure to the specific disposal problem as illustrated by
examples in Section XII. The authority can, if he wishes, supply the lay-
man with a copy of the selected disposal procedure to which he has added
specific suggestions, e.g., he may suggest the specific chemical and the
approximate amount to use to detoxify the layman's product. If the pre-
ferred disposal procedure is to turn the pesticide over to a collection
agency, manufacturer, or disposal service, the authority can utilize the
lists of agencies given in Procedures 1-3 and of manufacturers given in
Appendices B and C.
STEP 5 - How to Handle a Mixture: The number of "mixed" pesticides on the
market (i.e., products which contain two or more active ingredients) is very
large, and the compositions of these mixtures are complex, as described in
187
-------
Part A, p. 23, and in Appendix E. The relative proportions of ingredients
may vary with the manufacturer and the intended application, and may be
changed from time to time. Specific disposal procedures are not recommended
herein for most of such mixtures. The responsible authority, when confronted
by a disposal problem involving a mixture, should identify the nature and
amount of each active ingredient, review the properties of each, determine
what would be the best disposal method for each, and then determine the
method which appears to be indicated or to be the best compromise for the
mixture. This selection will have to be made on a case-by-case basis, and
will require some common sense judgments on the part of the authority in
determining the trade-offs between concentrations, toxicities, persistence
and availabilities of suitable methods. Further guidelines for mixtures are
discussed on p. 304.
STEP 6 - How to Handle Containers and Spills: When the layman has a problem
involving the disposal of spilled pesticides or "empty" pesticide containers,
the authority should select the appropriate instructions given in Potential
Disposal Procedures Available to the Layman, Sec. XII. He should then apply
Steps 1 through 5 above, as necessary, to supplement and adapt the procedure
for the layman's problem, e.g., for the specific pesticide spilled.
188
-------
SECTION X
CROSS-INDEX OF CHEMICAL, COMMON
AND TRADE NAMES OF PESTICIDES
This section contains a cross-index of over 1,500 chemical, common and trade
names for 550 pesticidal chemicals which are currently or have recently been
commercially available in the United States. The index contains two types
of entries: primary names and secondary names. There is one primary entry
or name for each pesticide to which all other names refer. Primary entries
are written entirely in capital letters, and are found in alphabetical order
in the Reference Charts in Section XI.. Secondary entries have only the first
letter capitalized, except when a registered trademark is otherwise; and
are followed by a reference to the primary entry name. The primary and secon-
dary entries are arranged alphabetically in the cross-index.
The names designated as the primary entries were selected generally on the
basis of the following priorities.
* Common names adopted by the American National Standards Institute,
ANSI, or its predecessors..2/
* Common names adopted by the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA).—'
* Common names adopted by the International Organization for Standardiza-
tion (ISO) and shown by Martin—' as being accepted in the United States.
* Primary entry names used in the report in Chemical WeekJLg/even though
these names have no official standing. Common names assigned by the
Entomological Society of America^./ are included in the Chemical Week list.
* Chemical names, where well-known common or trade names are unavailable.
Names were checked against those on ingredient statements on labels by the
USDA.—' The USDA publication frequently utilizes Chemical Abstracts nomen-
clature. It uses many more chemical names as primary entries than does the
present cross-index.
The alphabetical arrangement of pesticide names uses the following
convention;
189
-------
* Prefixes that indicate position or optical activity are not considered
in alphabetizing. These prefixes include: numbers, such as the 3 and 4 in
3,4-Dichloropropionanilide; the lower case letters o, m, n, p, 01, (3; the
upper case letters D, DL, N, 0, S, and £; and the prefixes cis, sec, tert,
and trans.
* Prefixes that indicate composition are considered in alphabetizing: bis,
di, tneta, mono, ortho, para, penta, tetra, tri, etc.
* Names that consist of only numbers, such as 6-12 and 1080, are listed
after the alphabetical listing.
190
-------
Mtrex®
2-AB
Name Refer To
ATRAZINE
2-AMINOBUTANE
Acaraben® CHLOROBENZILIATE
ACARALATE®
Accelerate ENDOTHALL
ACEPHATE
S-(2-ACETAMIDOErHYL) 0,0-
DIMETHYL PHOSPHORODITHIOATE
S-(2-Acetamidoethy1)dimethyl S-(2-ACETAMIDOETHYL)-
Name
phosphorothiolothionate
ACETIC ACID
3- (or-Acetony Ibenzy 1) -4-
hydroxycoumarin
3-(o;-Acetonylfurfuryl) -4-
hydroxycoumarin
3-(2-AcetonyIfurfuryl)-4-
hydroxycoumarin
0,0-DIMETHYL PHOSPHORO-
DITHIOATE
WARFARIN
FUMARIN
FUMARIN
2-Acetyl-5-hydroxy-3-oxo-4- DEHYDROACETIC ACID
hexenoic acid delta-lactone
3-Acetyl-6rMethyl-2,4-
pyrandione
Acquinite®
Acritet®
ACROLEIN
Acrylaldehyde
ACRYLONITRILE
Actellic®
Actidione®
Actril®
Aero
Aero® cyanatweed killer
Afalon
Afesin®
AG500
Agrimycin
DEHYDROACETIC ACID
CHLOROPICRIN
ACRYLONITRILE
ACROLEIN
PIRIMIPHOS METHYL
CYCLOHEXIMIDE
IOXYNIL
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE
KOCN
LINURON
MONOLINURON
DIAZINON
STREPTOMYCIN
Agri-Strep
Agritol®
Agrox®
Agroxone®
AKTOIS^
ALACHLOR
Alanap®
Alar®-85
Alcohol Cg,
ALDICARB
ALDRIN
Alfol-10
Alkron
3-Alkyl-6-carbethoxy-5-(3,4-
methylenedioxyphenyl- 2-cyclo-
hexene-1-one
3-Alkyl-5- (3 ,4-methylenedioxy-
phenyl) -2-cyclohexene-l-one
Aileron®
ALLETHRIN
D-trans-Allethrin
Alltel®
ALLYL ALCOHOL
Allyl homolog of cinerin I
DL-2-Allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-
2-cyclopenten-l-one esterified
with D-trans chrysanthemum
monocarboxylic acid
DL-2-Allyl-4-hydroxy-3-methyl->
2-cyclopenten-l-one esteri-
fied with a mixture of cis
and trans DL-chrysanthemuin
monocarboxylic acid
ALODAN
Refer To
STREPTOMYCIN ;•
BACILLUS THURIMGIENSIS
PHENYLMERCURY UREA
MCPA
' NAPTALAM'
SUCCINIC ACID-DIMETHYL-
HYDRAZIDE
n-OCTANOL and n-DECANOL
DIAZINON®
n-DECANOL
PARATHION®
PIPERONYL CYCLONEHE
PIPERONYL CYCLONENE
PARATHION
see page 293
TOXAPHENE
ALLETHRIN
ALLETHRIN
ALLETHRIN
ALORAC
®
Alticide
ALUMlHUM PHOSPHIDE
SODIUM CHLORATE
191
-------
Hame
AMETRYNE
Aalben
AMIDITHION
2-AMI NO BUTANE
2-Anitnobutane carbonate
Aalnocarb
5-Aralno-4-chloro-2-phenyl-
3-(2H)-pyrldlzlnone
3-Anlno-2, S-dichlorobenzoic
acid
3-Amlno-l,2,4-triazole
4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloroplco-
linlc acid
AMITROLE
Asalzlne®
Asoiate®
Aoaonlaecs of [ethylene-bla-
(dlthlocarbamate) ] zinc and
ethylenebls[dlthiocarbaralc]
acid
Antnonium sulfamate
Anobaia
Aalben
AHS
3-acc-Amylphenyl-N-methyl-
carbmraatc
ANCYMIDOL
Aninert
Anofex^
Ansav® 157
Anaar5 170,529
Anaar® 184
Ancak.®
Anthon®
ANTHRAQOINOSE
Anttcarl^
Refer To
CHLORAMBEN
2-AMINOBUTANE
MATACIL®
PYRAZON
CHLORAMBEN
AMITROLE
PICLORAM
SIMAZINE
AMS
POLYRAM®
AMS
ZINEB
CHLORAMBEN
'BUX TEN9
E-CHLOROPHENYL-2,4, 5-
TRICHLOROPHENYLSULFIDE
DDT
MAMA
MSMA
DSMA
n-DECANOL,
TRICHLORFON
HCB
Name
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE
ANTIRESISTANT/DDT
ANTtf®
Aqualln®
Aquathol
. Araclde
ARAMITE®
Arasan®
Arathane®
Aresln®
Aretlt®
Arresln®
Arsan
ARSENIC ACID
ARSENIOUS OXIDE
ASPON®
ASULAM
Asuntol®
Atratol
ATRATRONE
ATRAZINE
Avadex®
Avadex Btf®
Azak®
AZINPHOSETHYL
AZINPHOSMETHYL
AZOBENZENE
Azobenzlde
AZODRIN®
Azofume
Refer To
ACROLEIN
ENDOTHALL *
ARAMITE®
THIRAM
KARATHANE®
MONOLINURON
DINOSEB ACETATE
MONOLINURON
CACODYLIC ACID
COUMAPHOS
ATRAZINE
DIALLATE
TRIALLATE
TERBUTOL
AZOBENZENE
AZOBENZENE
192
-------
Name
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Bakthane®
Balan®
BANDANE®
Banol®
Bantrol®
Banvel® D
Banvel® T
BARBAN
Baron®
BARTHRIN
Basic copper carbonate
Basic cupric chloride
, (E\
Basudin®
Batasan®
Bay 30686
Bay 39007
Bayer 22555
Bayer 36205
Bayer 38819
Bayer 44646
BAYGON®
BAYLUSCIDE®
Baytex®
Belt®
BENEFIN
Benlate
BENOMYL
•BENSULIDE
BENTAZON
Benzabor®
BENZADOX
Benzahex®
Refer To
BACILLUS THURIHGIENSIS
BENEFIN
OrtU®
SOR0*
IOXYNIL
DICAMBA
TRICAMBA
ERBON
COPPER CARBONATE, BASIC
COPPER OXYCHLORIDE SULFATE
DIAZINON
FENTIN ACETATE
ERADEX®
BAYGON®
DEXON®
MORESTAN®
GOPHACIDE®
METACIL®
FENTHION
CHLORDANE
BENOMYL
2,3,6-TBA
BHC
Name
Benzamidooxy acetic acid
BENZENE
Benzene hexachloride
RAnt»<*-ul§)
isenzex^
Benzofume
Benzol
BENZOMATE
2-Benzothiazolethiol
4-Benzothienyl-N-methyl-
carbamate
BENZYL BENZOATE
Kefer To
BENZADOX
BHC, see also LINDANE
BHC
AZOBENZENE
BENZENE
2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE
MOBA^
(5-Benzyl-3-furyl) methyl-2,2- SBP-1382
dimethyl-3- (2-methylpropenyl) -
cyclopropane carboxylate
BENZYL THIOCYANATE
Betanal®
Betasan
Bexide
BHC
BHC, y-isomer
BIDRIN®
BINAPACRYL
Binnell
Bioallethrin
Bioquin®
Biotrol BTB®
BIPHENYL
BIS-l,4-BROMOACETOXY-2-BUTENE
2,3,4,5-bis(2-Butylene)tetta-
hydro-2-furaldehyde
l,3-bis(Carbamoylthio) -2- (N,N-
dimethy.lamino) propane,
hydrochloride
bis(2-Chloroethyl) ether
0 , 0-bis (£-Chloropheny 1)-
acetimidoylphosphoramido-
PHENMEDIPHAM
BENSULIDE
UTTTJ
.Cto.1/
LINDANE
BENEFIN
D-TRANS ALLETHRrf
(see page 293)
COPPER-8-QUINOLINOLATE;
see also 8-QUINOLINOL
BACILLUS THURIHGIENSIS
MGK REPELLENT 11®
S, S ' - [2- (DIMETHYLAMINO) TRI-
METHYLENE]bis (THIOCARBA-
MiTE), HYDROCHLORIDE
DICHLOROETHYL ETHER
GOPHiCIDE
thioate
193
-------
Name Refer To
l,l-bla(£-Chlorophenyl)-2- DILAN®
nitrobutanc and l,l-bis(jj-
chlorophenyl)-2-nitropcopane
ff,«-bia(£-Chlorophenyl)-3- PARINOL
pyridinenethanol
bis(Chlotophenyl)-2,2,2- DICOFOL
erlchloroethanol
l,l-bis(£-ChlorophenyD-2,2,2- DICOFOL
trichloroethanol
2,6-BIS(DIMETHYLAMINOMETHYL)-
CYCLOHEXANONE
bi8
-------
Name "Refer To
tert-Butylcarbamic acid ester KARBUTIIATE
with 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-l,l-
dimethylurea
Butylcarbityl-6-propylpiperonyl PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
ether (80%) and 20% related
compounds ,
tert-Butyl-4-(or 5)-chloro-2- TRIMEDLURE
methylcyclohexane-carboxylate
3-tert-Butyl-5-chloro-6- TERBACIL
methyluracil
4-tert-Butyl-2-chlorophenyl CRUFOMATE
methyl 0-methylphosphoro-
amidate
l-Butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- NEBURON
1-methylurea
Butyl 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl- BUTYL MESITYL OXIDE
4-oxo-l-2H-pyran-6-carboxy- OXALATE
late
5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6- DIMETH1RIMOL
methyl-4-hydroxypyrimidine
2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol DINOSEB
2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl- • DINOBUTAN
isopropyl carbonate
2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl- BINAPACRYL
3-methyl-2-butenoate
5-Butyl-2-(ethylamino)-4-
,hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine'
ETHIRIMOL
N-Butyl-N-ethyl-Q')Qf,
-------
Kama
CARBOXIH
Carbyne®
Carrol®
Caioron®
CtUA
CDAA-T
CDEC
GDI
Caradilla
Carcobin®
Cereaan
CERESAN® I.
CERESAl^M
Cereaan® H-DB
•Certol®
GET
Chemathlon
Chots Bar®
Chaa Hoe®
Chen Neb®
Chea-Ox
Ch«n Rico®
Cheat-Sen
Chea Star®
*
Chiaojol®
Chlonitralld
CHLORAMBEH
CHLORANIL
Chlor«solB
Chloran®
CIE.ORAZINE
CHLOBENSIDE
CULORBROMimOH
R«f«r To
BARBAN
DICHLOBENII,
1CBC
SIMiZINE
SABADILIA
THIOPHANAT^
ETHYIMERCURY CHLORIDE
CERESAlP M
IOXVNIL
SIMAZINE
MALATHION
NABAM
PROPHAM
MANEB
DINOSEB
PROPANIL
SODIUM ARSENITE
ACETIC ACID AND PROPIONIC
ACID
8-QUINOLINOL
BAYLUSCIDE®
EIHYLENE DICHLORIDE
SODIUM CHLORATE
Same
CHLORDANE
CHLORDIMEFORM
Chlorex®
Chlorfenson
CHLORFENVINPHOS
CHLORFLURENOL
Chlorinated camphene with
67-69% chlorine
Chlor Kil®
Chlormequat
2-Chloroallyl diethyldithio-
carbsmate
CHLOROBENZILATE
5-Chloro-2-benzothiazolethiol
£-Chlorobenzyl-£-ohlorophenyl
sulfide
2-Chloro-4,6-bis(diethylamino) -
a-triazine
2-Chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-
s-triazine
2-Chloro-4,6-bis(iaopropyl-
amino) -s-triazine
4-Chloro-2-butynyl-m-ehloro-
carbanilate
2-Chloro-4-(l-cyan-l-methyl-
ethylamino) -6-ethylamino-
s-trlazine
2-Chloro-4- (cyclopropy lamino) -
6-(isopropylamino)-s-
Criazine
2-Chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide
2-Chloro-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-
vinyl diethyl phosphate
0- [2-Chloro- 1- ( 2 , 5-dichloro-
phenyl)vinyl] 0,0-diethyl
phosphorothioate
2-Chloro-4-diethylamino-6-
ethylamino-a-triazine
2-Chloro-2 ' -6 ' -diethy 1-N-
(m-butoxym.ethyl) aoetanilide
2-Chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-l-
Refer To
DICHLOROETHTIL ETHER
OVEX
TOXAPHENE
CHLORDANE
CYCOCEL®
CDEC
5-CHLORO-2-MERCAPTO-
BENZOTHIAZOLE
CHLORBENSIDE
CHLORAZINE
SIMAZINE
PROPAZINE
BARBAN
BLADEX
CYPRAZINE
CDAA
CHLORFENVINPHOS
£
AKTON®
BUTACHLOR
PHOSPHAMIDON
ALACHLOR
methylvinyl dimethyl phoa-
phate
196
-------
Name
2-Chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-
(methoxymethyl)acetanilide
7-Chloro-4,6-dimethoxycoumaran-
3-one-2-spiro-l' ^raethoxy-
6'-me'thy Icyclohex-2'-en'4'-one
Chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxy-
methy 1) ac'etanilide
2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-
isopropylamino-s-triazine
2-(4-Chloro-6-ethylamino-s-
triazine-2-ylamino)-2-methyl-
propionitrile
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid
2-Chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium
chloride
Chlorofenson
CHLOROFORM
Chloro IPC
2-Chloro-N-(isobutoxymethy1)-
2',6'-acetoxylidide
2-Chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide
5-CHLORO-2-MERCAPTOBENOTHIAZOLE
2-Chloro-N-(l-methyl-2-propynyl)-
acetanilide
3' -Chloro-2-methyl-£-valero-
toluidine
CHLORONEB
0-2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl 0,0-
dimethyl phosphorothioate
l-Chloro-2-nitropropane
Chloropheno thane
£-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid
3-[£-(£-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-
1,1-dimethylurea
Refer To
GRISEOFULVIN
ALACHLOR
TRIETAZINE
ATRAZINE
BLADEX®
ETHEPHON
CYCOCEL®
OVEX
CHLORPROPHAM
DELACHLOR
PROPACHLOR
PRYNACHLOR
SOLAN®
DICAPTHON
Name
Refer To
DDT
4-CPA
CHLOROXURON
2-(m-Chlorophenoxy)propionic acid 3-CP
0- (£- (E- CHLOROPHENYLAZO) PHENYL)
0,0-DIMETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
£-Chlorophenylbenzenesulfonate FENSON®
£-Chlorophenyl-£-chlorobenzene- OVEX
sulfonate
3-(£-Chlorophenyl)-l,l- MONURON
dimethylurea
3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-l,l-
dimethylurea trichloroacetate MONORON TCA
S-(£-CHLOROPHENYL) 0-ETHYL
ETHANEPHOSPHONODITHIOATE
£-Chlorophenyl methylcarbamata S-CHLOROPHENYL-N-
METHYLCARBAMATE
2-Chlorophenyl-N-methylcarbamate 0-CHLOROPHEHYL-N-
METHYLCARBAMATE
3, (£-'Chlorophenyl)-l-methoxy-l- MONOLINURON
methylurea
0- CHLOROPHENYL- N-METHYLCARBAMATE
Chlorophenyl phenol ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
£-Chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone SULPHENONE
S[(£-dilorophenyl)thio]methyl CARBOPHENOTHION
0,0-diethyl phosphorodithioate
S- [(£-CHLOROPHENYL) THIOJMETHYL
O.O-DIETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
S-[(£-Chlorophenyl) thio]methyl METHYL TRITHION
0,0-dimethyl phosphorodithio-
ate
[
-------
Name
2-CHtORO-6-TRICHLOROMETHYL
PYRID1NE
2-Chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichloro-
phcnyl)vlnyldlraethyl phosphate
CHLOROXURON
(Hand ?VChloro-3,4-xylylwethyl-
carbamate
Chlorphenamidine
Chlorphos
ClttORPROPHAM
CHLORPmFOS
Chloreetracycline
Cinccin
CIODRIN^
CIPC
Cltrazoo®
Clobber®
CHA
Coal Car creosote
Copolold®
Refer To
NITRAPYRIN
GARDONA®
SDK®
CHLORDIMEFORM
TRICHLORFON
SOK®
PYRETHRINS
CHLORPROPHAM
BENZOMATE
CYPROMID
CREOSOTE
COPPER SALTS OF ROSIN
and FATTY ACIDS
Name
COPPER ZINC CHROMATE
Co-Ral®
Corodane®
Corothion®
Corrosive sublimate
Cotoran®
Coumafene
Couraafuryl
COUMAPHOS
3-CP
CP 15336
4-CPA
Crab-E-Rad 100®
Cra^ Fly Repellent
Cra^1 Fruit Fungicide
Crag® Fungicide 658
Crag® Herbicide 1
Crag® Herbicide 2
Crag® Turf Fungicide 531
Copper aceCoarsenite
COPPER ARSENATE (BASIC)
COPPER CARBONATE (BASIC)
Coppor-8-hydroxyquinolinate
Copper nets nrscnitc copper
acetate complex
COPPER KAPHTHEHATE
COPPER OLEATE
Copper oxinate
COPPER OXYCHU5RIDE SULFATE
COPPER-8-QUIHOLINOLATE
COPPER SALTS OF ROSIN AND
FATTY ACIDS
COPPER SULFATB
Copper sulfate and hydrated lime
nixcure
COPPER-8-QUINOLINOIATE
PARIS GREEN
PARIS GREEN
CREOSOTE
Cresols
Cresylic acid
CRUFOMATE
CRYOLITE
m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
COPPER-8-QUINOLINOLATE £-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
Cupric carbonate
CUPROUS OXIDE
Cyanamid®
BORDEAUX MIXTURE
Refer To
COUMAPHOS
CHLORDANE ,
PARATHION
MERCURIC CHLORIDE
FLUOMETURON
WARFARIN
FUMARIN®
DIALLATE
DSMA
•BUTOXYPOLYPROPYLENE
GLYCOL
GLYODIN®
COPPER ZINC CHROMATE
SESONE
DCU
CADMIUM- CALCIUM- COPPER-
ZINC-CHROMATE COMPLEX
CREOSOTE
CREOSOTE
m-ISOPROPYLPHENYL N-
METHYLCARBAMATE
£-ISOPROPYLPHENYL N-
~ METHYLCARBAMATE
COPPER CARBONATE, BASIC
CALCIUM CYANAMIDE
CALCIUM CYANIDE
CYANOMETHYLTHIOBENZOTHIAZOLE
CYANOPHOS
198
-------
Name
O-E-CYANOPHENYL .O-ETHYL PHENYL-
PHOSPHONOTHIOATE
0-(£-Cyanophenyl) 0,0-dimethyl phos-
phorothioate
CYANOPHOS
„ Cyclic ethylene(diethoxyphosphinyl)-
dithioimidocarbonate
Cyclic ethylene ester of diethoxy-
phosphinyl dithioimidocarbonic
acid
CYCLOATE
CYCLOHEXIMIDE
1 - (Cyclohexene- 1 , 2-dicarboximido)
methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-
propenyl) eye lopropahecarboxy late
3-Cyclohexyl-6,7-dihydro-lH-cyclo-
pentapyrimidine- 2 , 4( 3H, 5H) -dione
3-Cyclohexyl-5,6-trimethylene-
uracil'
CY-Cyclopropyl-o/- <£-methoxyphenyl) -
5-pyrimidinemethanol
CYCOCEL®
Cygon®
CynenP
CYOLANE®
CYPRAZINE
Cyprex®
Refer To
CYTHIOATE
Cythion®
Cytrol®
2,4-D
D-735
Daconil 2787®
Dacthal®
DAIAPON
Dasanit®
DATC
DAZOMET
CYANOPHOS
CYOLANE®
CYOLANE®
TETRAMETHRIN
LENACIL
LENACIL
DODINE
MALATHION
AMITROLE
CARBOXIN
CHLOROTHALONIL
DCPA
FENSULFOTHION
DIALLATE
2,4-DB
DBCP
DCMU DIURON
DCNA
DCPA
DCPC DIMITE®
DCU
D-I
-------
Name
Dentosan®
2,4-DEP
Des-I-Cate
Dessiri2'
DCT
Dsthmor^
DEXOt^
DMA
DIALIFOR
DIAtLATE
N,N-Diallyl-2-chloroacetaraide
S-(4,6-Diaraino-£-eriazin-2-
ylmothyl) 0,0-dimethylphos-
Refer To ' Name
CHLORONEB DICAPTHON
DICHLOBENIL
ENDOTHALL Dichlofenthion
DINOBUTON DICHLONE
DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE Dich lor al urea
WARFARIN Dlchloran
DICHLORMATE
Refer To
NEMACIDE
DCU
DCNA
DEHYDROACETIC ACID S-2,3-Dichloroallyl diisopropyl DIALLATE
thiocarbamate
3,6.-Dichloro-£-anisic acid
p_- Dich lor obenzene
CDAA
£-Dichlorobenzene
MENAZON
2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile
DICAMBA
ORTHODICHLOROBENZESE
PARADICHLOROBENZENE
DICHLOBENIL
phorodithioate
Diamond arsonate liquid
Dibasic load arsenate
Dibanzo-l,4-thiazine
Dibroa?
Dibtomochloropropane
l,2-Dibrorao-2,2-dichloroethyl
dime thy Iphosphate
1, 2-Dibro«oethane
3 , S-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile
3,5-Dlbroroo-4-octanoyloxyben-
zonitrilc
Dibutyl 1,2-banzenedicarboxylate
H,N-Di-n-butyl-£-chlorobenzene-
aul£onamide
3,5-DI-t.-BUTYLPHENYL METHYLCARBAMATE
Dibutyl phthalate
DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE
Di-n-butyl succinate
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-6-tolymethyl-
carbamate
DICAMBA
MSMA
LEAD ARSENATE
NALED
DBCP
NALED
EDP
BROMOXYNIL.
BROMOXYNIL, OCTANOATE
DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE
ANTIRESISTANT/ DDT
DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE
TABUTREX®
TERBUTOL
200
3,4-Dichlorobenzyl methyl- DICHLORMATE
carbamate
l,l-Dichloro-2,2-bis(£-chloro- DDD
phenyl)ethane
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(£-ethy1- PERTHANE®
phenyl) ethane
2,4-Dichloro-6(£-chloroaniline)- DYRENE®
s-triazine
2,4- Dichlor o- 6 (o_- chlor oani lo) - DYRENE®
s-triazine
3' ,4'-Dic!',lorocyclopropane-
carboxanilide
CYPROMID
P.P-Dichlorodiethyl ether DICHLOROETHYL ETHER
l,4-Dichloro-2,5-dimethoxy- CHLORONEB
benzene
Dichloro-dipheny-dichloro-ethane DDD
DDT
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-
ethane
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
1,2-Dichloroethane
DICHLOROETHYL ETHER
DICHLOROMETHANE
3',4'-Dichloro-2-methylacrylan- DICRYL
Hide
4,4'-DICHLORO-N-METHYLBENZENE-
SULFONANILIDE
-------
Name
4,4'-Dichloro-o-methylbenzhydrol
2,3-Dichloro-l,4-naththoquinone
2,6-Oichloro-4-nitroaniline
2.5-DICHLORO-3-NITROBENZOIC ACID
1, 1-Dtchloro-l-nitroethane
2' ,5-Dichloro-4'-nitrosalicyl-
anilide ethanolamine
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,
alkanolamine salt of (of the
ethanol and isopropanol series)
alkylamine (C-^) salt of
alkylamine (C^3) salt of
alkylamine (Cj^) salt of
Refer To
DICHLONE
DCNA
ETHIDlf®
BAYLUSCIDEi
2,4-D
alkylamine (derived from tall oil)
salt of
ammonium salt of
amylamine salt of
amyl (pentyl) ester of
butoxyethano 1 ester of
butoxyethoxypropyl ester of
butoxyethyl ester of
butoxypolyethoxypropyl ester of
butoxypropyl ester of
butyl ester of
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid
diethanolamine salt of
diethylamine salt of
diethylethanolamine salt of
diisopropylamine salt of
dimethylamine salt of
N,N-dimethyloleylamine salt of
dipropylene glycol isobutyl ether ester of
ethanolamine salt ,of
ethoxyethoxyethyl ester of
ethoxyethoxypropyl ester of
Name
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,
ethylamine salt of
ethylene glycol butyl ether
ester of
ethyl ester of
heptylamine salt of
isobutyl ester of
isooctyl ester of
isooctyl (2-ethylhexyl)
ester of
isooctyl (2-ethyl-4-methyl-
pentyl) ester of
isooctyl (2-octyl) ester of
isopropanolamine salt of
isopropylamine salt of
isopropyl ester of
linoleylamine salt of
lithium salt of
methylamine salt of
methyl ester of
morpholine salt of
octylamine salt of
oleylamine salt of
N-oleyl-l,3-propylenediamine
salt of
polyethylene glycol ester of
polypropoxybutyl ester of
polypropylene glycol ester of
potassium salt of
propylamine salt of
propylene glycol butyl ether
ester of
propylene glycol ester of
propylene glycol isobutyl ether
ester of
sodium salt of
tetrahydrofurfuryl ester of
triethanolamine salt of
2,4-D
201
-------
Name Refer To
2,4-Dlchlorophenoxyacetic acid (concluded)
triethylamine salt of 2,4-D
triisopropanolaraine salt of
trimethylamine salt of
tripropylcne glycol isobutyl
ether ester of
.,-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butyric 2,4-DB
acid, salts, amine salts, and
esters
2,4-Dtchlorophenoxyethyl sulfate SESONE
and sodium salt
2-(2,4-Dlchlorophenoxy)-propionic DICHLORPROP
acid
0-2,4-Dichlorophenyl-O-O-diethyl NEMACIDE
phosphorothioate
3-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyl- DICHLOZOLINE
2,4-oxnzolidinedione
3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-l,l-di- DIURON
taethylurea
2,4-Dichlorophenyl ester of GENITE (923)®
benzenesulfonic acid
3-(3,4-Dichloropheny1)-1-methoxy- LINURON
1-methylurea
0-2,4-Dichlorophenyl 0-methyl DMPA
Isopropylphosphoramidothioate
Di-(£-Chlorophenyl)roethyl carbinol DIMITE
2-(3,4-Dlchlorophenyl)-4-methyl- METHAZOLE
1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione
2,4-0ichlorophenyl £-nitrophenyl NITROFEN
eseer
ff-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl) -a-phenyl-5- TRIARIMOL
pyrimidinemethanol
1,3-Dichloropropene; 3,3-dichloro- D-D*
propone; 1,2-dichloropropane;
2-3-dichloropropene and related
C3 chlorinated hydrocarbons mixture
3,4-Dichloropropionanilide PROPANIL
2,2-Dichloropropionic acid DALAPON
5,6-Dichloro-2-trifluoromethyl- LOVOZAL®
benzi»idazole-l-carboxylate
2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl DICHLORVOS
phosphate
DICKLORPROP
DICHLORVOS
Name
DICHLOZOLINE
DICOFOL
Dicrotophos
DICRYL
Refer To
BIDRIli®
Dicyclohexylamine salt of .DINITRO-o-CYCLOHEXYLPHENOL
dinitro-o_-cyclohexylphenol
DIELDRIN
0-[2-(Diethylamino)-6-methyl-
4-pyrimidinyl] diethyl phos-
phorothioate
0-[2-(Diethylamino)-6-methyl-
4-pyrimidinyl] dimethyl phos-
phorothioate
0,0-Diethyl (3-chloro-4-methyl-
2-oxo-(2H)-l-benzopyran-7-yl)
phosphorothioate
0,0-Diethyl S-[(6-chloro-2-
oxobenzoxazolin-3-yl)methyl]
phosphorodithioate
PIRIMIPHOS ETHXL
PIRIMIPHOS METHYL
COUMAPHOS
PHOSALONE
0,0-Diethyl S-jD-chlorophenyl S-[(_g-CHLOROPHENYL)-
thiomethyl phosphorothioate THIO]METHYL 0,0-
DIETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
0,0-Diethyl 0-(2,4-dichloro-
phenyl) phosphorothioate
0,0-Diethyl 0-(2,5-dichloro-4-
bromophenyl) phosphorothioate
0,0-Diethyl 0-(2,5-dichloro-4-
bromophenyl) thi:mophosphate
Diethyl l-(2H-Dichlorophenyl)-
2-chlorovinyl phosphate
Diethyldiphenyldichloroethane
Diethyl dithiobis(thionoformate)
0,0-Diethyl S-(N-ethoxycarbonyl-
N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phos-
phorothiolothionate
0,0-Die^hyl 0-[2-(ethylthio)-
ethylJ phosphorothioate
(thiono isomer) and 0,0-di-
ethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl]
phosphorothioate(thiol isomer)
mixture
0,0-Diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)-
ethyl] phosphorodithioate
0,0-Diethyl S-(ethylthio)-
methyl phosphorodithioate
NEMACIDE
BROMOPHOS-ETHYL
BROMOPHOS-ETHYL
CHLORFENVINPHOS
PERTHANE
EXD
MERCARBAM
DEMETON
DISULFOTON
PHORATE
202
-------
Name
0,0-Diethyl 7-hydroxy-3,4-tetra-
methylene coumarinyl phosphoro-
thiaate
0,0-Diethyl S-(N-isopropylcarba-
moyltnethyl) phosphorodithioate
0,0-Diethyl 0-(2-isopropyl-6-
methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphoro-
thioate
0,0-Diethyl 0-[p_-(methylsulfinyl)-
phenyl] phosphorothioate
0,0-Diethyl S-[4-oxo-l,2,3-benzo-
triazin-3(4H)-ylmethyl] phos-
phorodithioate
0,O-Diethyl 0-£-nitrophenyl phos-
phorothioate
Diethyl-4,4'-o_-phenylene-bis-
(3-thioallaphanate)
0,0-Diethyl phosphorodithioate S-
ester with N-(2-chloro-l-mer-
captoethyl)phthalimide
0,0-Diethyl 0-(2-pyrazinyl)phos-
phorothioate
0,0-Diethyl 0-(3,4-tetramethylene-
umbelliferone)phosphorothioate
DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE
0,0-Diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-
pyridyl) phosphorothioate
DIFOLATAN®
Difonate
2,4-Diguanidino-3,4,6-trihydroxy-
cyclohexyl-5-deoxy-2-0-(2-deoxy-
2-methylamino-CT-glucopyranosyl) -
3-formyl-pentofuranoside
2,3-Dihydro-5-carboxanilido-6-
methyl-l,4-oxathiin
2,3-Dihydro-5-carboxanilido-6-
methy 1-1,4-oxath^.in-4,4-dioxide
2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzo-
furanyl N-methylcarbamate
6,7-Dihydrodipyrido[l,2a:2',l'-
c]pyrazinedium salts
l,2-Dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-triT
methylquinoline
Refer To name
2-(2,4-DIHYDROXYPHEm,)-l- 5,6-Dihydro-2-methyl-l,4-oxa-
CYCLOHEXENE-l-CABBOXYLIC thiin-3-carboxanilide
ACID-6-LACTONE 0,0-DI-
ETHYL PHOSPHPROTHIOATE 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione MH®
PROTHATE
DIAZINON
DASANIT
AZINPHOSETHYL
PARATHION
THIOPHANATE®
DIALIFOR
2- (2,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL) -1-CYCLO-
HEXENE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID-6-
LACTONE 0,0-DIETHYL PHOSPHORO-
THIOATE
3, 5-Diiodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile IOXYNIL
S-(0-0-Diisopropyl phosphorodi- BISULFIDE
thioate) ester of N-(2-mercap-
toethyl)benzene-sul£onamide
PHOSPHAMIDON
Dimecron
DIMEFOX
DIMETHIRIMOL
DIMETHOATE
•ZINOPHO^1
2-(2,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYL)-10
CYCLOHEXENE-1-CARB05CYLIC
ACID-8-LACTONE 0,0-Di-
ETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
0,S-Dlmethyl acetylphosphoramldo- ACEPHATE
thioate
Dimethylamine salt of polychloro- PBA
benzole acid
Dimethylamine salt of 2,3,6-tri- 2,3,6 TEA
chlorobenzoic acid and other
trichlorinated benzole acids
.CHLORPYRIFOS
DYFONATE
STREPTOMYCIN
CARBOXIN
OXYCARBOXIN
CARBOFURAN
DIQUAT® '
ETHOXYQUIN
£-Dimethylaminobenzenediazo
sodium aulfonate
2-(Dimethylamino) -5,6-dimethyl
-A-pyrimidinyl dimethylcarba-
mate
m[[ (Dime thy lamino)methyle'ne]
aminojphenyl methylcarbamate
hydrochloride
m[[(Dimethylamino)methylene]
aminojphenyl N-methylcarbamate
N-Dimethylamino succinamic acid
PIRIMICARB
CARZOL®
FORMETANATE
SUCCINIC ACID
DIMETHYLHYDRAZIDE
MATACIL®
4- ( Dime thy lamino) -m-toly 1
N-methylcarbamate
S , S ' - [2- (DIMETHYLAMINO) TRIMETH-
YLENE]BIS(THIOCARBAMATE) HYDRO-
CHLORIDE
4-Dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl MEXACARBATE
N-methylcarbamate
Dimethylarsinic acid CACQDYLIC ACID
203
-------
Hume
2,4-DlmeChy lbenzyl-2, 2-dimethyl-
3-(2-methylpropenyl) cyclo-
propanecarboxylate
1, 1 '-Dtswjthyl-4,4' -blpyridinium-
bls-tsoChylsulfnCo
1,1' -Dlraethy 1-4,4 ' -bipyrldinlum
dlchlocide
2-Dlaeehylcarbamyl-3-methyl-5-
pyrazolyl dtaethylcarbaraate
0,0-Dlraethyl S-j)-chlorophenyl-
thioisethyl phosphorothioate
0,0-Dtecthyl 0-2,5-dichloro-4-
brooophenyl phosphorothioate
0,0-Mraothyl 0-2,5-dichloro-4-
broiaophenyl thionophosphnte
2,6-DIMSTHYL-3,5-DICHLORO-4-
PYRIDINOL
2-(OlBcehylamlno)-5,6-diniethyl-4-
pyriraldinyl dimcthylcarbaraatc
0,0-DIHSHm, O-(DIMETHYLSULFAMOYL)-
PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
M,N"Di»oehyl-2,2-diphenylaceta!nlde
Dtnachyldodecylamine acetate
0,0-W«athyl S-(N-ethylcarbaraoyl-
taeEhyl) phosphorodlthloate
Dimethyl 3-hydcoxyglutaconate
d lea thy 1 phosphate
0,0-Dtwithyl S-(2-methoxy-l,3,4-
thlodl«zol-5(4H)otxyl-4-methyl
phosphorodlthioaCc
0,0-Dimethyl S-(N-methyl earbamoyl-
aethyl) phosphorodtthioate
0,0-DJ.methyl S-(N-methyl-N-
fonaoylcarbaooylsiethyl)
dlehiophoaphate
H,N-Di«wthyl-Nl-(2-mcthyl-4-
chloropheny 1) -foroanidine
2>2-BlBiathyl-3-(2-methyl-propenyl)-
cyelopcopanecarboxyllc ester of
N-(hydtoxyBiathyl) -1-cyclohexane-
1,2-dlCBrboxlmidc
DlMETHn.-£- (MEIHYLTHIO) PHENYL
PHOSPHATE
0,0-Diwethyl-) [4-(methylthio)-m-
tolyl] phoaphorothloate
0,0-Dlaethyl 0-£-nttrophenyl
phoaphorothloate
Refer To
DIMETRIti®
PARAQUAT
PARAQUAT
DIMETILAN
METHYL TRITHION
BROMOPHOS
BROMOPHOS
PIRIMICARB
DIPHENAMIDE
ETHOATEMETHYL
BOMYL®
METHIDATHION
DIMETHOATE
FORMOTHION
CHLORDIMEFORM
NEO-PYAMIti8
FENTHION
METHYL PARATHION
. Refer To
METHYL PARATHION
FENITROTHION
AZINPHOSMETHYL
CYCLOHEXIMIDE
Name
0,0-Dimethyl £-nitrophenyl
thiophosphate
0,0-Dimethyl 0-(4-nitro-m-
tolyl) phosphorodithioate
0,0-Dimethyl S-[4-oxo-l,2,3- •
benzotriazine-3[4H]yImethy1]
phosphorodithioate
3-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-oxocyclo-
hexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]glu-
tarimide
Dimethyl 4,4'-o-phenylene-bis-
(3-thioallophanate)
3,4-Dimethylphenyl N-methyl
carbamate
1,l-Dimethyl-3-phenylurea
Dimethyl phosphate of ff-methyl-
benzyl 3-hydroxy-cis-crotonate
Dimethyl phosphate of 3-hydroxy-
N,N-dimethyl-cis-crotonamide
Dimethyl phosphate of 3-hydroxy- AZODRIN®
N-methyl-cis-crotonamide
0,S-Dimethyl phosphoramidithioate MONITOR®
THIOPHANATE METHYL
3,4-XYLYL METHYL-
CARBAMATE
FENURON
®
0,0-Dimethyl phosphorodithioate
of diethyl mercaptosuccinate
N-[(0,0-Dimethylphosphorodi-
thioyl)ethyl]acetamide
MALATHION
S-(2-ACETAMIDOETHYL) -
0,0-DIMETHYL PHOS-
PHORODITHIOATE
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
0,0-Dimethyl S-phthalimido- IMIDAN® ,
methyl phosphorodithioate
0,0-Dimethyl £-sulfamoyl- CYTHIOATE
phenyl phosphorothioate
Dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachloro- DCPA
terephthalate
O.S-DIMETHYL TETRACHLOROTHIO-
TEREPHTHALATE
DIMETHYLTHIOCARBONYL DISULFIDE
0,0-Dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-l- TRICHLORFON
hydroxyethyl phosphonate
Dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-l- BUTONATE
hydroxyethyl phosphate ester of
butyric acid
0,0-Dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichloro- RONNEL
phenyl) phosphorothioate
Dimethyl 3,5,6-trichloro-2-
pyridyl phosphate
FOSPRIATE
204
-------
Name
2,6-Dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine
l,l-Dimethyl-3(,rv-trifluoro-ra-
tolyl)urea ~
E"(3,3-Dimethylureido)pheny1
tert-butylcarbamate
DIMETILAN
PIMITE®
Dinitrocresol
JDinex®
4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol
4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenyl
acetate
DINITROCYCLOHEXYLPHENOL
2,6-Dinitro-N, N-dipropy Icumidine
S.S-Dinitro-l^.N^-dipropylsulfantl-
amlde
4,6-Dinitro phenol-0-sec-butyIphenol
3,5-Dinitro-£-toluamide
2,4'-Dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-
diphenylether
Dinoben®
DINOBUTON
Refer go
TRIDfflpRPH
FLUOMETURON
KARBUTIIATE
WQC
DINITROCYCLOHEXYLPHENOL
DINOSEB
DINOSEB ACETATE
Name
DIPHENYLAMMONIUM PROPIONATE
Diphenyl diimide
Dlpropyl isoclnchomeronate
Di-n-propylmaleate Isosafrole
condensate
Dl-n-propyl 6,7-methylene-dioxy-
3-methy 1- 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-
naphthalene-1, 2-dicarboxylate
Dlpterex®
Disodium arsenate
DISODIUM CYANODITHIOIMIDOCARBONATE
Disodium ethylenebisdlthiocar-
bamate
Refer To
AZOBENZENE
MGK REPELLENT 326?®
PROPYL ISOME
PROPYL ISOME
TRICHLORFON
SODIUM ARSENATE
NABAM
DINOSEB
DINOSEB ACETATE
?,3-£-Dioxanedithiol-S, S-bis-
(0,0-diethyl phosphorodlthioate)
DIOXATHION
Diphacin®
DIPHACINONE
DIPHENAMID
DIPHENATRILE
Diphenyl
Diphenylacetonitrile
2-Diphenylacety1-1,3-indandione
DIPHENYLAMINE
ISOPROPALIN
ORYZALIN
DINOSEB
ZOALENE
FLUORODIFEN
2, 5-DICHLORO-3-NITRO-
BENZOIC ACID
KARATHANE®
DIOXATHION
DIPHACINONE
BIPHENYL
DIPHENATRILE
DIPHACINONE
Disodivm methanearsonate
DISUGRAN
DISULFOTON
Pisul-sodium
Di-Syston®
DiTac
Dithane A-40®
Dithane D14®
Dithane M-22®
DITHANE M-4^®
DITHANE S-31®
Dithane Z-78®
Dithiosystox
Ditranil
DIURON
DMA-4®
DMA- 100
DMC
DMDT
DMP
DMPA
DMSA
DSMA
SESON : ,
DISULFOTON
DSMA
NABAM
NABAM
MANEB
ZINEB
DISULFOTON
DONA
2,4-D
DSMA
DIMITE®
METHOXYCHLOR
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
- SUCCINIC ACID DIME1
HYDRAZIDE
205
-------
VtBO
DHTT
DHU
DM 111® (dicyclohexylamlne salt)
DHBP
DOTS
DUG
DH Dry Hix No. 1
DNOC
DHOCHP
DNOSBP
Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-
Betheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd]-
pcntalcnc
Dodccylguanidinc acetate
DODIHS
Dowfuoa®
Dov£tme MC
Dowfuae® W-85
Dowicide A®
Dowpot®
2-4 DP
Dri-Dle®
Drino*®
Dtlnwe H-34
Drop-Lea 2s
DSHA
D-TRANS ALLETHRIl*®
Dursban®
DU-TSS®
Dyanap (mixed with DNBP)
Dybaji®
DYFONAT^5
Dylox®
DVREKE®
Dymid®
K-605
IXCJ-CJ. J.VJ
DAZOMET
DIURON
DINITROCYCLOHEXYLPHENOL
DINOSEB
DINOSEB
DNOC
DINITROCYCLOHEXYLPHENOL
DINITROCYCLOHEXYLPHENOL
DINOSEB
MIREX
DODINE
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
METHYL BROMIDE
EDB
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
DALAPON
DICHLOROPROP
SILICA GEL
ALDRIN
HEPTACHLOR
SODIUM CHLORATE
see page 293
CHLORPYRIFOS
TRIPHENYLTIN HYDROXIDE
NAPTALAM
FENURON
TRICHLORFON
DIPHENAMID
PARATHION
206
Easy Off-D®
EDB
EDC
EGT
ELCIDE® 73
Elgetol®
EMtD®
Enide®
ENDOSULFAN
ENDOTHALL
ENDOTHION
ENDRIN
Entex®
EP-332
EPN®
1,2 -Epoxypropane
EptauP
EPTC
ERADEX®
Erazidon®
ERBON
ETHEPHON
ETHIDE®
ETHIOLATE
ETHION
ETHIRIMOL
ETHOATE-METHYL
Ethohexadlol
6-Ethoxy-l,2-dlhydro-2,2,4-tri-
methylquinoline
ETHOXYQUIN
5-Ethoxy-3-trlchloromethyl-i,2 ,4-
thiadiazole
FOLE^>
ETHYLENE DICHLORI
DNOC
DIPHENAMID
FENTHION
CARZOL®
PROPYLENE OXIDE
EPTC
ERADEX®
ETHYLHEXANEDIOL
ETHOXYQUIN
TERRAZOLE®
-------
Name
2-(Ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-
6-methoxy-s-triazine
2-(Ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-
6-(methylthio)-s-triazine
Ethyl 0-benzoyl-3-chloro-2,6-di-
raethyloxybenzohydroximate
S-[(Ethylcarbamoyl)methyl] 0,0-
dimethyl phosphorodithioate
0-Ethyl S-4-chlorophenyl ethyl-
phosphonodithioate
S-Ethyl cyclohexylethylthiocar-
bamate
Ethyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate
S-Ethyl diethylthiocarbamate
S-Ethyl.diisobutylthiocarbamate
0-Ethyl S,S-dipropyl phosphoro-
dithioate
S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate
ETHYLENE
Ethylene dibromide
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
Ethyleneglycol bis(trichloro-
acetate)
ETHYLENE OXIDE
3,3'Ethylene bis(tetrahydro-4,6-
dimethyl-2H-l,3,5-thiadiazine-
2-thione)-
Ethyl ester of 0,0-dimethyldi-
thiophosphoryl o?-phenyl acetic
acid
S-Ethyl N-ethyl-n-cyclohexyl-
thiocarbamate
ETHYL FORMATE
Ethyl guthion
S-EthyIhexahydro-IH-azepine-1-
carbothioate
ETHYL HEXANEDIOL
N-(2-Ethylhexl)bicyclo[2.2.l]-
5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxamide
Ethylhydrogen 1-propylphosphonate
D-N-Ethyllactamide carbanilate
(ester)
Refer To
ATRATRONE
AMETRYNE
BENZOMATE
ETHOATE-METHYL
S- (£-CHLOROPHENYL)-0-ETHYL
ETHANEPHOSPHONODITHIOATE
CYCLOATE
CHLOROBENZILATE
ETHIOLATE
BUTYLATE
PROPHOS
EPTG
EDB
Name
Ethyl mercaptophenylacetate,
0,0-dimethyl phosphorodi-
thioate
ETHYLMERCURIC PHOSPHATE
ETHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE
N-(Ethylmercury) -£-toluene-sul-
fonanilide
0-Ethyl-0-£-nitrophenyl phenyl-
phosphonothioate
Ethyl parathion
0-Ethyl-S-phenyl-ethylphosphono-
dithioate
CERESAN M®
PARATHION
DYFONATE®
m(l-Ethylpropyl)phenyl N-methyl- BUX
carbamate
S-Ethylthloethyl 0,0-dimethyl
phosphorodithioate
S-[(2-(ETHYLTHIO)BTHYL)] 0,0-
DIMETHYL PHOSPHORODIOTHIOATE
0-[2-(EthyIthio)ethyl] 0,0-di-
methylphosphorothioate
S-[ 2-(EthyIthio)ethyl] 0,0-di-
methylphosphorothioate
EGT
MILHEB
ETHYL MERCAPTOPHENYL-
ACETATE, 0,O-DIMETHYL
PHOSPHORODITHIOATE
CYCLOATE
AZINPHOSETHYL
MOLINATE
EVIK®
EXD
E-Z-Off®
E-Z-Off
F-461
Fall®
Falodin
Falone®
Famophos
Famphur
S-[(2-(ETHYLTHIO)ETHYL)]
0,0-DIMETHYL PHOS-
PHORODIOTHIOATE
METHYL-DEMETON
METHYL-DEMETON
AMETRYNE
MAGNESIUM CHLORATE
MGK264®
NIA10637
CARBETAMIDE
Far-Go®
FENAC®
Fen-All®
FENITROTHION
OXYCARBOXIN
SODIUM CHLORATE
2,4-DEP
2,4-DEP
0,0-DIMETHYL 0-£-(DI-
METHYL SULFAMOYL)-
PHENYL PHOSPHORO-
THIOATE
0,0-DIMETHYL 0-£-(DI-
METHYL SULFAMOYL)-
PHENYL PHOSPHORO-
THIOATE
TRIALLATE
2,3,6 TEA
207
-------
H«g-e Refer To
Fenchlorfoa RONNEL
FEHSOS^
FEHSULFOTHIOH
FEHTHIOH
FEtfllH ACETATE
FEswRoa
FENUROH TCA
Fcniaflor LOVOZAL®
FEREAH
Forma to® FERBAM
Ferric dlracthyl dithiocarbamate FERBAM
File Mtd5 PETROLEUM OILS
Floraltono® TIBA
FITOMETOROH
FtUORODIFEN
2-FUK}RO-N-MErHin.-N-(l-NAPHTHYL)
ACETAHIDB
FOLE^
Folidol PARATHION
Folldol H8 METHYLPARATHION
Foltthtoii8 FENITROTHION
Folo«arP TETRACffl-ORONITROBEHZENE
FOLPEt
FORHAtDEHVDE
Foraalin FORMALDEHYDE
FORHBIANATE
FonaaCinata Hydrochlorido CARZOL®
FORMOTHIOt)
S-[(Fotwylmethylcarbamoyl)raethyl] FORMOTHION
0,0-dtcoChyl phosphorodlthioate
FORTIFIED BHC
Forturi® DACONII. 2787®
Fos-F«U "A" DEF®
FOSPRIATE
Fruleone 4-CPA
Name
Fuklasin
FUMARIti9
Fumazone®
Fundal
Furadan®
Fusarex
F-W-9.25
G- 30028
G-32293
G-34161
Galecron®
Galloto^®
Gamma BHC
Gammexane®
GARDONA®
GENITE (923)®
Genitol
Genitox®
Gesagard
Gesamil®
Gesprin®
Gesapum®
Gesatamlne
GIBBERELLIC ACID
Gibberellin
GLYODIf®
Glyoxlde®
GLYPHOSATE
GLYPHOSINE
Glytao®
Goldcrest®
Goodrite ZIP
GOPHACIDE®
Granosan®
Refer To
ZIRAM
DBCP
CHLORDIMEFORM
CARBOFURAN
TETRACHLORINITROBENZENE
NITROFEN
PROPAZINE
ATRATRONE
PROMETRYNE
CHLORDIMEFORM
PMA
LINDANE
BHC
,
.GENITE (923)®
DDT
PROMETRYNE
PROPAZINE ;/jjf'
'V
ATRAZINE
SIMAZINE
ATRATRONE
GIBBERELLIC ACID
GLYODIN®
EGT •
CHLORDANE
ZIRAM
ETHYLMERCURY CHLORIDE
208
-------
Name
Granosan L
GRISEOFULVIN
GS 14260
Gusathiori®
Guthion®
Hanane
HC-1281®
HCA
HCB
HEPTACHLOR
1,4,5,6,7 , 8, 8a-Heptachloro-3a,
4,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoidene
2-Heptadecylimidazoline acetate
Herban®
Herbicide 273®
Herbicide 282®
Herb is an®
Hercules 7531
Herkol®
Hexachloroacetone
Hexachlorobenzene
l,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-
Refer To
CERESAN L®
IGRAN SOtf8
AZINPHOSMETHYL
AZINPHOSMETHYL
DIMEFOX
2,3,6 TEA
HEPTACHLOR
GLYODIN®
NOREA
ENDOTHALL
ENDOTHALL
EXD
NOREA
DICHLORVOS
HCA
HCB
DIELDRIN
Name
3,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-N-
(methylmercuri)-l,2,3,6-
tetrahydro-3,6-endomethano-
phthalimide
HEXACHLOROPHENE
2,4-Hexadienoic acid
HEXAFLURATE
3-(Hexahydro-4,7-methano-
inden-5-l)-l,l-dimethyl-
urea
Hoe- 2747
Hoe 2904
Hormodin® "
Hydrocyanic acid
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Hydro thai
2-Hydroxyethyl-n-octyl
sulfide
2-Hydroxybiphenyl
HYDROXYMERCURICHLOROPHENOL
Hydroxymer'curinitrophenol
2-HYDROXYPROPYLMETHANETHIO
SULFONATE
5- (o/-Hydroxy-o/-2-pyridyl-
enzyl)-7-fe-2-pyridyl-
benzylidene) -5-norbornene-
Re f er To
MEMM1®
SORBIC ACID
NOREA
MONOLINURON
DINOSEB ACETATE
INDOLEBUTYRIC ACID
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
ENDOTHALL
MGK REPELLENT 874®
ORTHOPHENYL PHENYL
SEMESAN BEL®
NORBORMIDE
epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-
octahydro-l,4-endo exo-5,8-
dimethanonaphthalene
containing at least 99% V isomer
l,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-
epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-
octahydro-l,4-endo-endo-5,8-
dimethanonaphthalene
3,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-N-(ethyl-
mercuri)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-
3,6-endo-methanophthalimide
l,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-l,4,4a,
5,8,8a-hexahydro-l,4-endo-exo-
5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
LINDANE
ENDRIN
ALDRIN
6»7.8.9,10,10-Hexachloro-l,5,5a,6,- ENDOSULFAN
9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-
benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide
2,3-dicarboximide
8-Hydroxyquinoline sulfate
Hydroxytriphenyltin
Hyvar®
IGRAN SOW®
IMIDAN®
Indalone®
INDOLEBUTYRIC ACID
IOXYNIL
IPC
Isobenzan
Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate
8-QUINOLINOL
TRIPHENYLTIN HYDROXIDE
BROMACIL
BUTYL MESITYL OXIDE
OXALATE
PROPHAM
TELODRIN
THANITE®
209
-------
Kaae
ISQCIL
XSOWUH
ISOPROPALIM
2-I«opropoxyph«nyl-H-Bethylcarba-
GUtt«
3-Iiopropyl-lH-2,l,3-Benzo-
chl«dlaztn-(4)3H-ona 2,2-dioxide
I»opsopyl-»-chlorocarbanilate
Inopropyl 4l4<-dichlorobenzilate
ttopcopyl dicthyldithiophosphoryl-
aeeCaaido
Xioptopyl (2E,4E)-ll-methoxy-3,7,-
ll-tristethyl-2,4-dodccadlen-
oate
3-l80propyl-5-wathylphenyl N-
Mthylcarbeaatc
Isopropyl H-phenylcarbamata
5-I*opropyl-s-tolyl N-raethyl-
c*cbs=Jico
Iioptapyl xanthic acid and its
goJiua salt
B-ISOPROfYLTOEHYL N-METHYLCAR-
"" BAHATE
o^XSOPItOPYl^PHEHYu N~MEXHYLCAR—
~ HAMATE
Uoto^
2-ISOVAtERYt-l , 3-INDANDIONE
Ivoate*
Jaiaolin
KARATHAME®
KARBUTILATE
K.tM>^
Kslthono
KC-..CC
KEEOH^
Klobeiv5
KOCH
Koraic
Koclais®
Refer To
BAYGON®
BENTAZON
CHLORPROPHAM
ACARALATE®
PROTHOATE
METHOPRENE
PROMECARB
PROPHAM
PROMECARB
SODIUM ISOPROPYL
XANTHATE
BHC
DINOSEB ACETATE
PYRETHRINS
DIURON
DICOFOL
DYRENE®
NEBURON
LANSTAlP
RONNEL
Name
Kryocid^®
Kurori®
, Kurosal®
Lambast^
LANDRIN®
Lannate®
' LANSTAN®
Larvacide®
Larvatrol®
Lasso®
LEAD ARSENATE
Lebayeid
LENACIL
LEPTOPHOS
LETHANE 384
LIME SULFUR
Limit®
LINDANE
Lintox®
LINURON
Liquiphene
IM seed protectant
Lonacol®
LONDON PURPLE
Lorox®
LOVOZAI,® .
MAA
Machete®
Mafu
MAGNESIUM ARSENATE
MAGNESIUM CHLORATE
Magron®
Malachite green
Malaspray®
Refer To
CRYOLITE
SILVEX
SILVEX
MPMT
METHOMYL
CHLOROPICRIN
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
ALACHLOR
FENTHION
CDAA
BHC
PMA
ORTHO LM
ZINEB
LINURON
DSMA
BUTACHLOR
DICHLORVOS
MAGNESIUM CHLORATE
COPPER CARBONATE, BASI
MALATHION
210
-------
Name
MALATHION
Maleic hydrazide
Ma lor an"8
MAMA
Mancozeb
MANEB
Manganese dimethyl dithiocarbamate
and mercaptobenzothiazole
Manganous ethylene bisdithiocarba-
mate
Manzate®
Marlate®
MATACIL®
MBC®
MCA 600®
MCP
MCPA
MCPB
MCPP
MEB
MECARBAM
Mecopar
Mecopex®
Mecoprop
MEMMr®
MENAZON
Meobal®
Mephanac®
Refer To
MH®
CHLORBROMURON
DITHANE M-45
NIACIDE®
MANEB
MANEB
METHOXYCHLOR
SODIUM CHLORATE
. MOBAM®
MCPA
MANEB
MCPP
MCPP
MCPP
3,4-XYLYL N-METHYL-
CARBAMATE
MCPA
Name
Mercuric chloride
MERCURIC DIMETHYLDITHIOCAR-
BAMATE
Mercurous chloride
Merphos®
Mertect®
'Merthiolate®
MESUROL®
Metacate
METALDEHYDE
Me tarn
Meta-Systox®
METHAM
Methanearsonic acid
Methar
METHAZOLE
METHIDATHION '
METHOMYL
METHOPRENE
Methoxone®
2-METHOXY-4H- 1,3, 2-BENZODI-
OXAPHOSPHORIN 2-SULFIDE
1-Methoxycarbony 1- 1-propen- 2-
yl dimethylphosphate, and
its P isomer
METHOXYCHLOR
Methoxy DDT
S-[[(2-Methoxyethyl)carba-
Refer To
MERCURY CHLORIDES
MERCURY CHLORIDES
FOLEX®
THIABENDAZOLE
ELCIDE® 73
a-TOLYL N-METHYLCARBAMATE
MEIHAM
METHYL-DEMETON
DSMA
DSMA
MCPA
MEVINPHOS
METHOXYCHLOR
AMEDITHION
2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole of NIACIDE®
manganese dimethyl dithio-
carbamate
Mercaptodimethur MESUROL®
N- (Mercaptomethyl) phthalimide
S-(0,0-dimethyl)phosphorodi-
thioate
Mercaptophos DEMETON
Mercuram® THIRAM
moyl]-methyl] -0,O-dimethyl
phosphorodithioate
S- [ (5-Methoxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran- EHDOTHION
2-yl)methyl] O,0-dimethyl-
phosphorothioate
2-Methylbenzyl 3- (dlmethoxy- CIODRIN®
phosphinyloxy)-cis-croton-
ate
METHYL BROMIDE
Methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2- BENOMYL
benzimidazolecarhamate
211
-------
Name
S-(l-Hcthylbutyl)phenyl N-methyl-
carbaoate
Methyl chloroform
Methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxy-
fluorene-9-carboxylate
2-Mothyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetlc
acid
4-(2-Hathyl-4-chlorophenoxy)
butyric acid
2-(2-Hethy1-4-chlorophenoxy)
proplonlc acid
l-(2-Mathylcyclohexyl)-3-
phcnylurea
HETHYL-DEMETON
Hathyl 3,6-dlchloro-o-anisate
Kethyl 3,4-dichlorocarbanilate
2-Hethy1-4,6-dinitrophenol sodium
sale
2,2-Methylene bis(3,4,6-tri-
chlorophcnol)
1,2-Hcthylenedioxy-4-[2-(octyl-
aulfinyl)propyl]benzene
Methylene chloride
l-(H-Mathylfluoroacetamido)-
naphthalene
Refer To
BUX TEN®
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
CHLORFLURENOL
MCPA
MCPB
MCPP
SIDURON
DISUGRAN
SWEP
DNOC
HEXACHLOROPHENE
SULFOXIDE
DICHLOROMETHANE
2-FLUORO-N-METHYL-N- (1-
NAPHTHYL) ACETAMIDE
Mathyl Nl,N1-Diaethyl-N-[(methyl- OXAJKL
carbaooyl)oxy]-l-thlooxamimldate
2-(l-Methylheptyl)-4,6-dinitro- KARATHANE®
phenyl crotonate
Methyl B-hydroxycarbar.ontlate m- PHENMEDIPHAM
mathylcarbanilate
3-Methyl-S-laopropylphenyl-N- PROMECARB
oothylcarbaaate
Methyliaothiocyanate, chloropicrin VORLEX®
and chlorinated C3 hydrocarbons
METim. MERCURIC HXDROXIDE
3-METHYL-(HERCURITHIO)-1,2-
PROPAMEDIOL
Methyl nercury dicyandiamide PANOGEN
Mothylmercury 2,3-dihydroxpropyl CERESAN L®
raorcaptldc and methylmercury
acetate mixture
Name Refer To
Methylmercury 8-hydroxy-
qulnolate ORTHO LM
METHYLMERCURY NITRILE
S-Methyl N-[(methylcarbamoyl)- METHOMYL
oxy]thioacetimidate
l-Methyl-2-(3,4-methylene-
dioxyphenyl) ethyl octyl
sulfoxide
2-Methyl-2-(methylthlo)pro-
pionaldehyde 0-methyl-
carbamoy 1) oxlme
N-Methyl-N- (1-naphthyl) -
monofluoroacetamide
METHYL NONYL KETONE
METHYL PARATHION
3-Methylphenyl N-methylcarba-
mate
3- ( 2-Methylpiperidino) propy 1-
3,4-dichlorobenzoate
3-(l-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)-
pyridine
6-Methyl-2,3-quinoxaline-
dithiol cyclic, S,S-
dithiocarbonate
Methyl sulfanilylcarbamate
4- (Methy Isul f ony 1) - 2 , 6-di-
nitro-N,N-dipropylaniline
METHYL-2, 3 , 5 , 6-TETRACHLORO-
N-METHOXY-N-METHYLTERE-
PHTHALAMATE
4-(Methylthio)-3,5-xylymethyl- MESUROL®
carbamate
SULFOXIDE
ALDICARB
2-FLUORO-N-(1-NAPHTHYL)
ACETAMIDE
m-TOLYL N-METHYL
CARBAMATE
PIPRON
NICOTINE
MORESTAN®
ASULAM
NITRALIN
METHYL TRITHION
Metmercapturon
METOBROMURON
Metron®
MEVINPHOS
MEXACARBATE
MGK 264®
MGK REPELLENT 11®
MGK REPELLENT
METHYL PARATHION
MESUROL®
METHYL PARATHION
212
-------
Name
MGK REPELLENT 874®
MH®
MH-30®
Micro-Fume®
Milbam
Milcurb®
Mildex®
Miller 531®
M11134 658
MILNEB
Milogard®
Milstem®
Mineral oil
MIREX
MnEBD
MNK
MOBAM®
Mocap®
MOLINATE
MONITOR®
Monoammonium methylarsenate
Monoborochlorate
Monocrotophos
N-Monoethylamide of 0,0-dimethyl-
dithiophosphonyl acetic acid
MONOLINURON .
Monosodium acid me thanear senate
MONURON
MONURON TCA
MORESTAN®
Morkit®
Morocide®
Morsodren®
Refer To
MH®
DAZOMET
ZIRAM
DIMETHIRIMOL
KARATHANE®
CADMIUM- CALCIUM- COPPER-
ZINC-CHROMOATE COMPLEX
COPPER ZINC CHROMATE
PROPAZINE
ETHIRIMOL
BAYGON®
MANEB
METHYL NONYL KETONE
PROPHOS
MAMA
'SODIUM CHLORATE
AZODRIN®
S-[(ETHYLCARBAMOYL) -
METHYL] O,O-DI-
METHYL PHOSPHORO-
DITHIOATE
MSMA
ANTHRAQUINONE
BINAPACRYL
PANOGEN®
Name
Moxie®
MPMT
MSMA
Murfotox®
Murtox®
Murvesco®
Muscatox®
Mylone®
N-2790
NAA
NABAM
NALED
Nankor®
NAPHTHALENE
NAPHTHALENE ACETAMIDE
NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID
1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
Naphthenic acids, copper
salts
g-NAPHTHOXYACETIC ACID
2-Naphthoxyacetic acid
0-(2-Naphthyl)glycolic acid
1-Naphthyl N-methylcarbamate
N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid
a-Naphthythlourea
NAPTALAM
Navadel®
NC 5016
NEBURON
Neguvon®
NEMACIDE
Nemafos®- ,
Nemagon®
Nemax®
Refer To
METHOXYCHLOR
MERCARBAM
MERCARBAM
FENSON®
COUMAPHOS
DAZOMET
DYFONATE®
NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID
RONNEL
COPPER NAPHTHENATE
g -HAPHTHOXYACETIC
P -NAPHTHOXYACETIC
CARBARYL
NAPTALAM
ANTU®
DIOXATHION
LOVOZAL®
TRICHLORFON
ZINOPHOS
DBCP
CHLOROPICRIN
ACID
ACID
213
-------
HS2S
N.*.^
Meobot®
NKJ-PYKAMItP
tfIA 5961
HIA 1063?
MIACIOI?
tU«a«ra«alte®
Hlalae«S>
Nickel aulfate and oanganoua
echylcr.c-bls (dlthiocarbamate)
NICOTINE
Mleoclne lulfate
HIP
JUran®
HITRAUN
NTISAraiH
HITROBEN2EHE
Ultrobonsol
2-Mltto-l,l-bi«(£-chlorophenyl)
butane and 2-nitro-l,l-bie
(j>-chlorophenyl) propane
JrtTROFES
£-!tltrop)icnyl of,of,of-tri£luoro-2-
nltro-£-tolyl ether
£,-Hltrophanyl 2-nttro-4-[tri-
fluorocachyljphonyl ether
KoSune 40 or 8tf$
Noearaan®
tJORBORMIDE
tJOREA
Koveg^1
OTA
MPlP
Octachloro-4t7-methanotetra-
hydrotndane (602) and related
compound* (40%) edxture
Octaclda 264
Refer To
D-EfS)
BORAX®
LANSTAN®
ARAMITE®
ETHION
DITHANE S-31®
NICOTINE
NITROFEN
PARATHION
'
NITROBENZENE
DIIAtf9
FLUORODIFEN
FLUORODIFEN
HCB
THIEAM
ERBON
NAPTALAM
ASPON®
CHLORDANE
MGK 264®
Name
Octalox®
Octaraethylpryophosphoramide
n-OCTANOL
N-Octylbicycloheptenedicar-
boximlde
n-Octyl sulfoxide of iaoflaf-
role
Off Shoot-T®
Oko®
Omite®
OMPA
OPP
Ordrairf®
Orthene®
Orthoarsenic acid
Ortho 5353
Ortho 9006
Orthocide®
ORTHODICHLOROBENZENE
Ortho Dual Paraquat
Ortho-Klor®
ORTHO LM
Ortho MC®
Ortho Paraquat Chloride
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
Orthophos
Ortho phosphate defoliant
Orthoxenol
ORYZALIN
Osbac®
Outfox®
OVEX
Ovotran®
7-Oxabicyclo-(2. 2. 1) -heptane-
Refer To
DIELDRIN
SCHRAMN
MGK 264®
SULFOXIDE
n-OCTANOL and n-DECANOL
DICHLORVOS
PROPARGITE
SCHRADAN
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
MOLINATE
ACEPHATE
ARSENIC ACID
BUX TEN®
MONITOR®
CAPTAN
PARAQUAT
CHLORDANE
MAGNESIUM CHLORATE
PARAQUAT
PARATHION
DEF®
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
o.-sec-BUTYLPHENYL N-METHYL^
CARBAMATE
CYPRAZINE
OVEX
ENDOTHALL
2,3-dlcarboxylio acid
214
-------
Name
OXAMYL
Oxime
Oxirane
OXYCARBOXIN
OXYDEMETON METHYL
Oxythioquinox
Paarlan®
Pandrinox®
Panodrin A13®
PANOGEN®
Panoram D-31
Panterra®
Panthion®
PARADICHLOROBENZENE
PARAQUAT
PARATHION
Parawet®
Parazate
PARINOL
PARIS GREEN
PAS
Patoran®
PBA
PCNB
POP
PEBC
PEBULATE
Penphene
Penta
Refer To
8-QUINOLINOL
ETHYLENE OXIDE
METHYL DEMETON
MORESTAN®
ISOPROPALIN
DIELDRIN
PARATHION
PARATHION
ZINEB
METOBROMURON
Pentachloronitrobenzene
(Z)-2,3,5,5,5-Pentachloro-4-
oxo-2-peritenoic acid
PEBULATE
TCTP
PGP
PCNB
ALORAC
Name
Pentachlorophenol
Perchloroethylene
Perchlorobenzene
Pestan
Pestermaster® EDB-85
Pestox 14®
PETD
PETROLEUM OILS
Phaltan
PHENMEDIPHAM
Phenotan®
PHENOTHIAZINE
Phenthiaztne
PHENTHOATE
3-Phenyl-l,1-dimethylurea
3-Phenyl-l,l-dimethylurea trl-
chloroacetate
Phenyl hydroxymercury
2- (PHENYLMERCURIAMINO) ETHYL
ACETATE
Phenylmeircuric acetate
PHENYLMERCURIC AMMONIUM
ACETATE
PHENYLMERCURIC BORATE
PHENYLMERCURIC DIMETHYLDITHIO-
CARBAMATE
PHENYLMERCURIC HYDROXIDE
PHENYLMERCURIC LACTATE
PHENYLMERCURIC NAPHTHENATE
PHENYLMERCURIC OLEATE
PHENYLMERCURIC PROPIONATE
Phenylmercuric triethanol
ammonium lactate
N-PHENYLMERCURIFORMAMIDE
PHENYLMERCURY UREA •
Refer To
POP
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
HCB
MECARBAM
EDB
DIMEFOX
POLYETHYLENE THIDRAM
DISULFIDE
FOLPET
DINOSEB ACETATE
PHENOTHIAZINE
FENURON
FENURON TCA
PHENYLMERCURIC HYDROXIDE
PMA .
PAS
215
-------
Niuaa
K-PHEm.-2-NITROPROPYL
PIPERIDIHE
jo-Phenylphenol
2-Phenylphenol
Phta®
PHORATE
PHOSALONE
Pho»kil®
PHOSPHAMCDOH
Phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-l-
^2,4,5-trlchlorophenyl) vinyl
dimethyl eater
Phoiphorothioic acid, 0-[2-
chloro-1- (2, 5-dichlorophenyl)
vlnyl]o,0-diethyl ester
Phostoxin®
Phthalthrin
Shygon®
Shytar® 560
PICLOSAM
Pindona
Plperalina
Plporonal bi8r2-(2'-n-butoxy-
othyl) ethyl Jacetal
PIPESOSYL BUTOXIDE
H- (
GLYCIHE
CTCIOHENE
P1RIMICARB
PIMMIPaOS ETHH.
PIRIHIPHOS METHXL
Piriaot®
PCTAL®
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
MEVINPHOS
PABATHION
GARDONA.®
AKTON
ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE
NEO-PYAMIN®
DICHLONE
CACODYLIC ACID
CHLOROPICRIN
PIVAL®
PIPRON
TROPITAI®
GLYPHOSATE
Name
2-Pivalyl-l,3-indanione
Pivalyn®
Planavin®
Plantva^1
PMA
PMAS
PMP
POLYACRYLONITRILE, HYDROLYZED,
SODIUM SALT
Polybor 3®
Polybor chlorate
Polychlorobenzoio acid
Polychloribicyclopentadiene
isomers
Polychloro-tetrahydro-methan-
olndene
POLYETHYLENE POLYSULFIDE
POLYETHYLENE THIURAM DISULFIDE
POLYRAM®
Pomaraol®
Pomarsoltzl®
Potassium hexafluoroarsenate
Potassium cyanate
Pramex
Pramitol®
Prebane
Prefar®
PIRIMICARB
Prep
•Primatol
Primatol
Primatol
Primatol
Refer To
PIVAL®
PIVAL®
HITRALIN
OXYCARBOXIN
PMA
2-ISOVALERYL-1.3-
INDANDIONE
BORAX
SODIUM CHLORATE
PBA
BANDANE®
BANDANE®
THIRAM
ZIRAM
HEXAFLURATE
KOCN
ANTIRESISTANT/DDT
PROMETONE
I6RAN BOtP
BENSULIDE
DINOSEB
SODIUM CIS-3-CHLOROACRYLATE
ATRAZINE
PROPAZINE
PROMETRYNE
SIMAZINE
216
-------
Name
Pr irate id
Princep®
Prolan®
Prolate
PROMECARB
PROMETONE
PROMETRYNE
PROPACHLOR
Propanearsonic acid, calcium
salt
PROPANIL
PROPARGITE
PROPARGYL BROMIDE
PROPAZINE
2-Propenal
2-PROPENE-l.l-DIOL DIACETATE
2-Propen-l-ol
2-Propenylacrylic acid
PROPHAM
PROPHOS
PROPIONIC ACID
Propoxur
S-Propyl butylethylthiocarba-
mate
S-Propyl dipropylthiocarbamate
( |
PROPYLENE OXIDE
i
PROPYL ISOME
Protect®
Protex
PROTHOATE
Prussic acid
Puratized®agricultural spray
Pyramin®
PYRAZON
PYRETHRINS
Refer To Name
PIRIMIPHOS ETHYL Pyrethrum
SIMAZINE PRYNACHLOR
DILAN® Queletox®
IMIDAN® 8-QUINOLINOL
Quinomethionate
Quinophenol
2,3-Quinoxalinedithiol cyclic
trithiocarbonate
R-2063
CALCIUM PROPYLARSONATE
R-4461
R-4572
Rabon®
Rack Granular®
Radapon®
ACROLEIN Rad-E-Cate 35®
Ramrod®
ALLYL ALCOHOL Randox®
SORBIC ACID Randox-T
Raticate®
RC1 49-155
RC1 49-162
BAYGOti® RED SQUILL
, PEBULATE Regim-8®
Rcglone®
VERNOLATE
Resitox®
Retard®
Rho thane®
1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
Rogor®
ROTENONE
Rogue®
Ro-neet®
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
RONNEL
PAS *
Rootone®
PYRAZON
ROTENONE
Royaltac®
Ruelen^®
Refer To
PYRETHRINS
FENTHION
MORESTAN®
8-QUINOLINOL
ERADEX
CYCLOATE
BENSULIDE
MOLINATE
GARDONA®
ATRAZINE
DALAPON
CACODYLIC ACID
PROPACHLOR
CDAA
TCBC
NORBORMIDE
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
PGP
TIBA
DIQUAT®
COUMAPHOS
MH
DDD
DIMETHOATE
PROPANIL
CYCLOATE
NAPHTHALENE ACETAMIDE
n-HRCANOL
CRUFOMATE
217
-------
Name
Rylanexcel®
RYAHIA
Ryaniclde®
Ryanodlne
S-4084
S-4087
SABADILLA
SADH
Sarolix®
SBP-1382
Schocnocaulon
SCHRADAJT
SD3562
SD9098
SD9129
Seedrln
Semaaan®
SEMESAN BEL
®
SESOHE
Savlt£>
Shed-A-Leaf "L"
Refer To
RYANIA
RYANIA
RYANIA
CYANOPHOS
0-£-CYANOPHENYL 0-ETHYL
PHENYLPHOSPHONOTHIOATE
SUCCINIC ACID DIMETHYL-
HYDRAZIDE
2-METHOXY-4H-1,3,2-BENZO-
DIOXAPHOSPHORIN-2-SUL-
FIDE
DIAZINON®
SABADILLA
BIDRIN®
Sinbar
SIDURON
Silica aerogel
SILICA GEL
Silicon dioxide, treated
SILVEX
S 11 vex:
butoxyethyl ester of
butoxypolypropoxypropyl ester of
AZODRIN®
ALDRIN
HYDROXYMERCURICHLORO-
PHENOL
SESONE
CARBARYL
SODIUM CHLORATE
NORBORMIDE
TERBACIL
SILICA GEL
SILICA GEL
Silvex
Name Refer To
Silvex (continued) Silvex
butoxypropyl ester of
diethanolamine salt of
dlisopropanolamine salt of
dipropylene glycol isobutyl
ether ester of
ethanolamine salt of
2-ethylhexyl ester of
isooctyl ester of
isopropanolamine salt of
monohydroxyaluminum salt of
potassium salt,of
propylene glycol butyl ether ester of
propylene glycol isobutyl ether ester of
sodium salt of
i
triethanolamine salt of
triethylamine salt of
triisopropanolamine salt of
tripropylene glycol isobutyl ether ester of
SIMAZINE
Sinbar® TERBACIt
Sinox DINOSEB
Slo-Gro® MH®
SMDC METHAM
Snii^ Fly Bands DIMETILAN
SODIUM ARSENATE
SODIUM ARSENITE
SODIUM CHLORATE
SODIUM cis-3-CHLOROACRYLATE
SODIUM 5-CHLORO-2-[4-CHLORO-2-[3-
(3,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)UREIDO]-
PHENOXY]BENZENESULFONATE
Sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- 2,4rD.
acetate
Sodium 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)- SESONE
ethyl sulfate and sodium salt
Sodium ethyl mercurithiosalic- ELCID^ 73
ylate
218
-------
Name
Sodium Fluoaluminate
SODIUM FLUORIDE
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE
SODIUM FLUOSILICATE
SODIUM ISOPROPYL XANTHATE
Sodium metaarsenate
SODIUM METABORATE
Sodium metaborate decahydrate
Sodium metaborate tetrahydrate
Sodium methyldithiocarbamate
Sodium-£-phenylphenate
Sodium salt of N-(3,4-dichloro-
phenyl)-N'-2(2-sulfo-4-
chlorophenoxy)-5-chlorophenyl
urea
Sodium silicofluoride
Sodium tetraborate decahydrate
Soilbrom-85®
SOK®
SOLAN81 .
SORBIC ACID
Spectracide®
Spergon
Spotrete®
Stabilene®
Stain F-34
Stathion®
Stop-Scald®
STREPTOMYCIN
STROBANE®
STRYCHNINE
Strvchnos nux-vomica alkaloids
SUCCINIC ACID DIMETHYLHYDRAZIDE
Sucker Plucker®
Sucker-Stuff®
Refer To
CRYOLITE
SODIUM ARSENATE
SODIUM METABORATE
SODIUM METABORATE
METHAM
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
SODIUM 5-CHLORO-2-[4-
CHLORO-2-[3-(3,4-DI-
CHLOROPHENYL) UREIDO]-
PHENOXY]BENZENESULFON-
ATE
SODIUM FLUOSILICATE
BORAX®
EDB
DIAZINON®
CHLORANIL
THIRAM
BUTOXYPOLYPROPYLENE
GLYCOL
PROPANIL
ETHOXYQUIN
ETHOXYQUIN
STRYCHNINE
n-OCTANOL and n-DECANOL
MH®
Name
Sulfotepp
Sulfox-Cide®
SULFOXIDE
SULFUR
SULFURYL FLUORIDE
SULPHENONE
Sumithion®
Super X
Supracide®
Surcopur®
Surecide®
Sutari®
SWEP
Synklor®
.- Systox®
2,4,5-T
Tabatrex
TABUTREX®
Tandex®
Tartar emetic
2,3,6 TEA
TBP
TBTO
TCA
TCBC
TCNB
TCTP
TDE
Tecrazene
Tedion®
TELODRIN
Telone
Telvar®
Temik®
Refer To
TETRAETHYL DITHIOPYRO-
PHOSPHATE
SULFOXIDE
FENITROTHION
TERRAZOLE®
METHIDATHION
PROPANIL
0-£-CYANOPHENYL 0-ETHYL
PHENYLPHOSPHONOTHIOATE
BUTYLATE
CHLORDANE
DEMETON
TABUTREX®
KARBUTILATE
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTARATE
BIS(TRIBUTYLTIN) OXIDE
TETRACHLORONITROBENZENE
DDD
TETRACHLORONITROBENZENE
TETRADIFON
D-D®
MONURON
ALDICARB
219
-------
Refer To
CHLOROXURON
TEPP
TEMACIL
TEMOTOL
Torpcno polychlorinates
Terraclor®
Terracur P®
TL1RAZOLEP
2-(£-Tortlary-butyl phenoxy)iso-
propyl-2-ehloroethyl aulfite
Tctrachloro-£-benzoquinor.c
2,4,5,4-Tctrachlorodiphenyl
aulfone
Tctraehloroethene
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
K-(X,l,2,2-Tetrachloro-ethyl-
•ulfcnyl)-Gta-4-cyelohexene-
1,2-dtcarboxlnide
Cia-H-[l,1,2,2-Totrachloroethyl)-
thlol]-4-cyclohexene-l,2-dicar-
boxiaide
2,4,5,6-Tetrichloroiaophthal-
onltrlle
TEIHACHtOROOTTROBENZENE
2,3,4,6-XETRACHLOROPHENOL
Teerachlorothlophane
TETRADIFON
TBIRABTHYL DITHIOPYROPHOSPHATE
0,0,0',O'-Totraethyl S,S'-
nothylenc biaphoaphorodlthloate
T«tr»«thyl pyrophoophate
Tetrahydro-3,5-diBethyl-2H-
l,3(5-thiadlazine-2-thlone
TETRAMETHRIN
Tatraeathyl phoaphorodlamidic
fluoride
0,0,0',O'-Tatrassathyl 0,0'-
thtodi-£-phcnylcna phosphoro-
thtoate
STROBANE®
PCNB
FEHSULFOTHION
THIRAM
ARAMITE
CHLORANIL
TETRADIFON
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Name
0,0,0',0'-Tetrapropyl dithio-
pyrophoaphate
Tetron®
Tetrasul
TFM
THALLIUM SULFATE
THANITE®
THIABENDAZOLE
2-(4-Thiazolyl)benzimidazole
Thimerosal®
Refer To
ASPON®
TEPP
E.-CHLOROPHENYL-2,4,5-TRI-
CHLOROPHENYL SULFIDE
3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITRO-
PHENOL
2-THIOCYANATOETHYL LAURATE
g-Thiocyanoethyl laurate
2-Thiocycanoethyl laurate (or
dodecanoate)
THIABENDAZOLE
ELCIDE® 73
PHORATE
2-THIOCYANATOETHYL LAURATE
2-THIOCYANATOETHYL LAURATE
DIFOLATAN®
DIFOLATAN®
CHLOROTHALONIL
TCTP
ETHION
TEPP
DAZOMET
DIMEFOX
ABAT^
Thiodan®
Thiodemeton
Thiodiphenylamine
Thionazin
Thiophal
THIOPHANATE®
THIOPHANATE METHYL®
Thiophos®
Thioquinox
THIRAM
Thltrol®
Thuricide®
Thylate®
TIBA
Tiguvon®
TMTD or TMTDS
TOK E-25
ENDOSULFAN
DISULFOTON
PHENOTHIAZINE
ZINOPHOS®
FOLPET
PARATHION
ERADEX®,
MCPB
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
THIRAM
FENTHION
PEBULATE
THIRAM
NITROFEN
m-TOLYL-N-METHYLCARBAMATE
Topane®
ORTHOPHENYLPHENOL
220
-------
Name
Topsin® , •
Tordon5
Toxakil^
TOXAPHENE
2,4,5-TP
Treflan®
TRIALLATE
TRIARIMOL
Triazine®.
Tri-ban
Tributyl 2,4-dichlorobenzyl-
phosphonium chloride
S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotri-
thioate '
S,S,S-Tributyl phosphorotri-
thioite
Tributylin oxide
TRICAMBA
Trichloracetic acid
TRICHLORFON
Refer To
THIOPHANATE®
PICLORAM
TOXAPHENE
SILVEX
TRIFLURALIN
DYRENE®
PIVAL®
PHOSFON®
DEF®
FOLEX®
BIS(TRI-n-BUTYLTIN)OXIDE
TCA
S-2,3,4-Trichloroallyl diiso- TRIALLATE
propylthiolcarbamate
3,5,6-Trichloro-£-anisic acid TRICAMBA
Trichlorobenzylchloride TCBC
Trichlorobenzoic acid 2,3,6 TBA
4,5,7-TRICHLOROBENZTHIADIA-
ZOLE-2,1,3
2,3,6-Trichlorobenzyloxy- TBP
propanol
l,l,l-Trichloro-2,2-bis(£- DDT
chlorophenyl)ethane
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
N-Trichloromethylthio-4- CAFTAN
cyclohexane 1,2-dicarboxi-
mide
N-(Trichloromethylthio)- FOLPET
phthalimide
Trichloronitromethane CHLOROPICRIN
2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL
2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
Name
2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)ethyl-
2,2-dichloropropionate
2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)-
propionic acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic aqid
alkyl (C3H7 - C7H9) ester of
alkyl (C-12)amine salt of
alkyl (C-13)amine salt of
alkyl (C-14)amine salt of
amyl ester of
butoxyethyl ester of
butoxypropyl ester of
butyl ester of
diethylethanolamine salt of
dimethylamine salt of
N,N-dimethyloleylamine salt of
dipropylene glycol isobutyl .
ether ester of
2-ethylhexyl ester of
isobutyl ester of
isopropyl ester of
N-oleyl-l,3-propylenediamine
salt of
propylene glycol butyl ether
ester of
propylene glycol isobutyl
ether ester of
sodium salt of
triethanolamine salt of
triethylamine salt of
tripropylene glycol isobutyl
ether ester of
2,3,6-Trichlorophenylacetic acid
or sodium salt
SILVEX
2,4,5-T
FENAC*
2,4,5-Trichloropheny1320-4- [<£-CHLOROPHENYL)THIO]
chlorophenyl sulfide (2,3,5-TRICHLOROPHENYL)
DIIMIDE
TRIDEMORPH
221
-------
Nase
Xrldox
TRIETAZINE
Tri-Fen^
Trifensoi®
ff»ff»a-Tclf luoro-2, 6-dinltro-
H,N-dipropyl-j>-toluidine
3-TRIFLUOROMETHXL-4-NmOPHENYL
TRIFIURALIH
2,3,5-Triodobcnzolc acid
TMHEDLBRE
2,3,5-Triaethylphenyl N-methyl-
carbcaate
3,4,5-Irimethylphenyl N-methyl-
cacbamate
Tctphcnyltin acetate
TRIPHEOTLTIH HXDROXIDE
Tri«[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]
phoiphite
Tri«[(2-hydcoxyethyl) (phenyl-
morcurlc) amnonium]lactate
Ttttac®
Trlthlon®
Xrolena®
Trona
Tronabor®
TROPITAI®
Xropoto^®
Trysben
Tuableai®
Tinnaji®
Tuparaaz®
Tutanc5
UC21149
Undon®
Ut.yS)
Uteabox®
Refer To
EXD
FENAC^
FENSOt^
TRIFLURALIN
TIBA
LANDRIN
LANDRIN
FENTIH ACETATE
2,4-DEP
FAS
TBP
CARBOPHENOTHION
RONNEL
BORAXi8'
BORAX®
MCPP
2,3,6 TEA
SODIUM CHLORATE
8-QUINOLINOL
SIDURON
2-AHtNOBUTASE
ALDICARB
BAYGOt^
FENURON TCA
2,3,6 TEA
Name
Urelnea marltlma extract
Urox®
Vancide FE-9^
Vancide MZ-96®
Vancide 20-S®
Vancide TM-93®
Vapan^
Vapatone®
Vapona®
V-C-9-104
V-C-13
Vegadex®
Venzan®
Veratrine
Verbigen
Vernal
VERNOLATE
VeTton® D
Vidden D
Vikane®
Viozene®
Vitavax
VORLEX®
Vorlex 201
VPM
WARFARIN
Weedar®
Weedazol®
Weed-E-Rad®
3,4-XXLYL N-MEXH5O.CARBAMATE
Yomeaan
Zectrari®
Zerlat^®
Refer To
RED SQUILL
MONURON TCA
FKRBAM
ZIRAM
GLYODlri®
THIRAM
UETHAM
TEPP
DICHLORVOS
PROPHOS
KEMACIDE
CDEC
LENACIL
SEBADILLA
CHLORAMBEN
VERNOLATE
2,4-D
D-D®
SULFURYL FLUORIDE
RONNEL
CARBOXIN
VORLEX®
METHAM
2,4,-D
AMITROLE
DSMA
BAYLUSCIDE®
MEXACARBATE
ZIRAM
222
-------
Name
Zinc and manganese ethylene
bisdithiocarbamate, coordina-
tion product of
Zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate
Zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate
ZINC PHOSPHIDE
ZINEB
ZINOPHOS®
ZIP®
ZIRAM
ZOALENE
Zobar®
6-12®
1080
Refer To
DITHANE M-45®
ZIRAM
ZINEB
Name
Refer To
ZIRAM
PBA
ETHYL HEXANEDIOL
SODIUM FLUOROACETATE
223
-------
SECTION XI
REFERENCE CHARTS OF PESTICIDE PROPERTIES PERTINENT TO DISPOSAL
Data on the physical properties and other properties pertinent to the dis-
posal of pesticides have been collected from the literature and from manu-
facturer's technical data sheets, bulletins or booklets, and are tabulated
here for 550 pesticides. The chart headings are discussed and some specific
sources of data are indicated below. Symbols and abbreviations used are
given in Table 10.
Conation name: The arrangement is in alphabetical order according to a com-
mon name of the "primary entry" name which has been adopted herein. The
method of cross -indexing pesticide names to the primary entry name and the
rules followed in alphabetizing names are given in Section X. The reader
should turn to the cross-index if a pesticide name cannot be found in these
charts .
Chemical name: Consistent chemical nomenclature has yet to be adopted for
all pesticides by the manufacturers, the scientific community, and the
regulatory governmental agencies. Chemical Abstracts nomenclature has been
"I — ~u /
preferred herein where available, - but Chemical Abstracts were not checked
for current usage. Several other sources of chemical names have been uti-
. 5, 6,8, 11, 67, 687
Structural formula; Chemical structures were adapted from the literar
an(j are generally standard.
Description; The type of pesticide and the formulations marketed, as well
as the physical form, melting point and boiling point, are given for each
compound. The data generally refer to the pure active ingredient (unless
technical material is indicated), but sample purity is usually unstated
in the literature. Temperatures are in centigrade, °C. Pressures refer
to millimeters of mercury.
.Solubility: The relative or actual solubilities of the pesticides in water,
a hydrocarbon such as kerosene, one of the lower alcohols, and other common
organic solvents are indicated. Metric units are used unless otherwise in-
dicated, and data refer to approximately 20 to 25 °C unless indicated. Data
may be for the technical product in many cases. Additional data may be
available for some pesticides in the chemical literature or from the manu-
facturers .
Stability: The stabilities to heat, light, moisture or other agents are
indicated. Decomposition temperatures are in °C. The data may be for the
technical products in many cases. Additional data may be available for
some pesticides in the chemical literature or from the manufacturers.
224
-------
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Toxicity: ToKicity data vary widely depending on the species and the
strain tested, the test conditions, and the purity of the test substance.
Acute oral and dermal LDso's in mg/kg are shown for rats except as indi-
cated .
Acute dermal LDso's are also given or in some cases the word "skin" is
used to indicate that the compound is toxic by contact. The data were
selected primarily from three sources, ?°?°' but several supplemental
sources were used.5?6?11?67?68?70/ An evaluation of toxicity data is be-
yond the scope of this work. Toxicity data are grouped according to pesti-
cide use classification for a number of compounds in Section VI.
Environmental Comment: The relative persistence in the environment and the
toxicity to fish and wildlife are indicated where available.13,67,71,72/ A
brief discussion of persistence and additional environmental hazard data
are given in Section VI. The absence of a comment does not mean that the
pesticide is necessarily without environmental hazard or that further in-
formation is not available in the specialized literature. ,..-
Disposal procedure; Potential disposal procedures described in Section XII
are indicated for each compound. Additional information on the detoxifi-
cation and degradation chemistry of the class of compounds of which this
pesticide is a member is given starting on the page indicated.
Several guidelines were used in selecting the preferred and alternate dis-
posal procedures for each pesticide. Primary considerations were the tox-
icity of the substance and the availability of suitable chemical methods
for its degradation. Other properties, such as its environmental persis-
tence, volatility, flammability and chemical composition were also con-
sidered. These secondary considerations were applied collectively rather
than in a sequential order and the trade-off evaluations included a con-
sideration of the safety of reported detoxification procedures. Special
consideration was given in a few cases to other properties of the chemical
or its formulations, e.g., a substance already present in the environment
or a pesticide marketed only as a diluted formulation. The guidelines
are summarized in Table 11.
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SECTION XII
POTENTIAL DISPOSAL PROCEDURES AVAILABLE TO THE LAYMAN
Directions and methods are given in this section of the manual which local
EPA officials, public health officials, county agents, or other responsible
authorities can use in their efforts to aid the layman in -solving his spe-
cific pesticide disposal problems.
Upon receiving an inquiry, an official must first carefully determine ex-
actly what the disposal problem is before recommending any course of action.
To do this, he must determine what specific pesticide, pesticide concen-
tration, and type of formulation are involved. (This information is avail-
able on the container label and its ingredients statement.) He must also
determine how much pesticide is involved. Once the disposal problem has
been defined, he can, by referring to Section V of this report, determine
what procedure in this section is normally appropriate and, by referring
to Sections VI, VII, and XI, determine if special problems are involved or
special precautions are necessary. He can then recommend a specific method
for dealing with the problem, based on a knowledge of local conditions, regu-
lations, available services, and a good measure of common sense. He can give
the layman a copy of a specific procedure from this section as a guide. Pre-
ferably, however, he will amend and tailor the procedure to the type and ac-
tual amount of pesticide involved in each particular case.
This section contains 14 procedures that might be used by a layman for the
disposal of unwanted pesticides. In addition, separate procedures are de-
scribed for disposing of empty containers, and for handling pesticide spills.
The procedures are listed in Table 12.
The specific techniques for unwanted pesticides fall into two size cate-
gories. Procedures 1 through 3 can be used for large volumes of unwanted
material. Procedures 4 through 14 are applicable only to small quantities
of material: generally less than 50 Ib or 5 gal., but possibly less if an
extremely toxic material is involved. These disposal techniques can also be
grouped according to the approach used: Procedures 1 through 5 involve the
removal of the unwanted material to sites properly equipped for its disposal;
Procedures 6 through 10 involve the conversion of the pesticide into a less
objectionable form; and Procedures 11 through 14, involve the controlled re-
lease of certain nonpersistent pesticides to the environment.
297
-------
TABLE 12
LIST OF DISPOSAL PROCEDURES
Pesticide Disposal
Procedure No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Disposal of containers
Description Page
Turn in to pesticide collection center. . . . 307
Return to supplier 310
Turn in to industrial waste service 311
Place in trash for pick-up service 312
Incineration 313
Burning 314
Treatment with alkali 315
Treatment with acid • 317
Treatment with oxidants 319
Treatment with reducing agents 321
Burial in the ground. • "^
Ground surface disposal 324
Dilution 325
Release to the air 326
... 327
Cleanup and treatment of spills
330
General Information and Examples
Procedures 1 through 3: These three procedures represent the minimum risk
to the layman. The status of the services required is, however, very much
in flux, and a complete description of their availability in different parts
of the country cannot be given here. Addresses and telephone numbers of the
12 regional EPA offices are listed in Procedure No. 1, together with the
names of other potential local sources of information. The addresses and
telephone numbers of major pesticide manufacturers, which may be needed in
Procedure No. 2, are listed in Part A, Appendix B. Note that the manufac-
turer named on the label of the pesticide container is not necessarily the
basic manufacturer of the "active ingredient": the one named is often the
formulator (see Section V). The basic manufacturers of many major pesticides
are listed in Appendix C . Suggestions for locating a local waste disposal
service that handles pesticides are given in Procedure No. 3.
Information on the packaging and shipping of hazardous materials, including
pesticides, is given in the Code of Federal Regulations. Title 49, Parts
170-180. It is available from the:
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington, D.G. 20402
298
-------
at a cost of $5.75 per copy. Alternatively, one of the following tariffs,
which reproduces the Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Code can be used:
R.M. Graziano's Tariff No. 25
Bureau of Explosives
Association of American Railroads
1920 L Street, N.W.
Washington, B.C. 20036
($15.00 per copy)
ATA Dangerous Articles Tariff No.
American Trucking Associations
1616 P Street, N.W.
Washington, B.C. 20036
($11;00 per copy)
14
Examples of pesticides for which Disposal Procedures 1, 2 or 3
are preferred include:
Alicarb
Dieldrin
Mercury Compounds
Nicotine
Parathion Sodium fluoroacetate
TEPP Thallium sulfate
Procedure 4: The use of a municipal or other service that picks up house-
hold solid wastes (trash) for the disposal of pesticides is limited in ap-
plication to small amounts of certain pesticides or dilute pesticide formu-
lations which are of little hazard. This procedure has been listed as a
preferred or copreferred method for only a few pesticides, and is listed as
an alternate method for a few others. This procedure might also be consid-
ered in specific cases for nearly nonhazardous formulations of pesticides
for which it is not listed in Section XI. Examples of such pesticides or
formulations would include many of those which are used within the home by
the homeowner, and very small quantities (a few ounces) of certain other
pesticide formulations of low toxicity and hazards.
Procedures 5 and 6: These two procedures employ combustion. Nearly all
pesticides are decomposed by combustion at elevated temperatures, but not
all pesticide formulations are suitable for disposal by these procedures, e.g.,
clay-based products. Rather sophisticated all-purpose incineration equip-
ment is required in many cases, and this equipment would generally not be
available to the layman. In some areas open burning is permitted and, in a
few cases, this appears to be the best method when one considers the total
environmental and safety picture.
Examples of pesticides which should be disposed by incineration (Procedure
No. 5) include the persistent or multichlorinated hydrocarbons such as
DDT, 2,4,5-T, etc. Simple burning of the pesticide by the layman (Proce-
dure No. 6) can be recommended as the preferred method for only a few pesti-
cides—generally those which do not contain metals, phosphorus, chlorine,
or bromine, and have little or no nitrogen or sulfur in the molecule. Those
which contain primarily carbon, and hydrogen (oxygen is also permitted) are
candidates.
299
-------
Procedures 7 through 10; These four procedures employ chemical detoxifying
techniques. The active ingredient in many pesticide formulations can be de-
stroyed by reaction with an appropriate acid, alkali, oxidizing agent, or
reducing agent. Much caution is required in performing such degradations be-
cause, in some cases, the use of the wrong chemical on a given pesticide
could produce a more toxic mixture, or an explosive mixture; or might gener-
ate toxic vapors from an ordinarily nonvolatile pesticide. The speed of the
reaction with a given chemical may vary greatly for different pesticides
(and even with a given pesticide in different formulations) so that one
cannot easily tell when degradation is complete. The products of the de-
gradation reaction may still be toxic to humans, animals, fish or vegeta-
tion, even though they no longer are good pesticides. Furthermore, chemi-
cal degradation methods always leave a material or liquid which must be
ultimately disposed of by pouring on the ground, burial, discharge to
sewer, dumping or other methods. The layman should make no attempt to
conduct chemical detoxification reactions:
1. If any of the extremely toxic pesticides are involved; or
2. If substantial amounts (more than 50 Ib or 5 gal.) of surplus pesticides
are to be disposed.
The authority may furnish the layman with information on the relative amounts
of chemicals to use with his pesticide, based on the concentration of ac-
tive ingredient actually present. The ideal in all cases would be to have
an amount of agent in slight excess of that needed to react with all the
pesticide, but unfortunately the amount of agent just needed to give rapid
and complete degradation of the pesticide is unknown inmost instances. In
the absence of specific details, only very rough guidelines are given in
Procedures 7 through 10.
Methods of estimating the amounts of detoxification chemicals to use are
indicated by the sample problems below:
Sample Problem 1: Dispose of one quart bottle of malathion 50% EC (emulsi-
fiable concentrate). The reference chart, Section XI, lists Disposal Pro-
cedure No. 7, treatment with alkali, as the preferred method, and the dis-
cussion of phosphorus-containing pesticides in Section VII indicates that
the first step of the reaction with sodium hydroxide, NaOH would be:
i-S-CHCOOC2H5 NaOH., (CH-jO) 2P(S)-SNa + mO-CH-COOC^
CH2COOC2H5 H20
CH2-COOC2H5J
300
-------
As a first approximation one can estimate that the density of a liquid
pesticide formulation is about the same as that of water, i.e.,.l g'/cc'or
8.34 lb/gal.a/ Therefore the quart of pesticide would contain about 2 Ib
total liquid and about 1 lb£/ of malathion. The molecular weight^/ of
malathion is about 330 while that of NaOH is 40.
Therefore, the 1 Ib of malathion would require at least 0.12 Ib of NaOH i e •
i IK 40] ,
_ 330J f°r reaction> and a minimum of 1/3-1/2 Ib of NaOH should be
used to provide an excess in line with the information in Section VII. if
flake -caustic is used, it could be mixed first with about a pint of water,
or if a 10% NaOH solution is available, about 2 qt of it should be used. '
Alternatively, if lime (CaO; molecular weight'56) is used as the alkali,"
1/2-3/4 Ib should be used. The pesticide and proper amount of reagent should
be mixed according to the guidelines given in Procedure 7 and the mixture
buried in accord with Procedure 11.
Similarly, 0.5 Ib of trichlorfon (an organophosphate of molecular
weigh 257) should be degraded with 1/4-1/3 Ib NaOH.
Sample Problem 2: Dispose of a 50-Ib bag of Sevin® 50% WP (wettable powder).
From the cross-index Sevin® is seen to be the trade name for carbaryl, and
the reference charts in Section XI and the supplemental information in
Section VII indicate that carbaryl can be degraded by treatment with alkali,'
with the first step as follows:
a/
b/
The densities of the pure organophosphate liquids, such as 100% malathion,
are about 20% greater than that of water; a 50% liquid concentrate
may have a density about 10% greater than that of water.
The molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms
in the molecule. Approximate atomic weights of atoms frequently en-
countered in pesticides or in disposal chemicals include:
H
B
C
N
0
F
1
11
12
14
16
19
Na 23
P 31
S 32
Cl 35.5
Ca
As
Br
40
75
80
Sn
Hg
Pb
119
200.5
207
For malathion, the elemental composition (see structure above) is
C1QH1906S2P and the molecular weight is calculated: 10x12 -f 19x1
+ 6x16 + 2x32 + 1x31 = 330. (Very roughly, molecular weights can be
approximated as 100 for small molecules, 200 for larger organics
without P , and 300 for larger organophosphates and chlorinated hy-
drocarbons.)
301
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0-CO-NH-CH3
NaOH
H20
JNaOCO-NHCH^j
The 50-lb bag would contain 25 Ib of carbaryl (molecular weight 201) which
would need at least 5 Ib, i.e., of NaOH (flake caustic), [25 x 1°^-] for
reaction, and one should use 10 Ib to meet the guideline given in Section VII.
Sample Problem No. 3; Dispose of 1 gal. of 33% Vapam® liquid. Vapam® is
"a trade name (see cross-index) for metham, a dithiocarbamate soil fumigant.
It is toxic to plants and animals and upon dilution with water, it slowly
releases the irritating gas methylisocyanate, according to Section VII.
Disposal Procedure No. 8, Treatment xyith Acid, is seen to be the preferred
method, and the degradation would be:
CH3-NH-C-S-Na + HCl (excess)
CH3NH2 HCl + CS2 + NaCl
The 1 gal. of Vapam® would contain about 3.2 Ib* of actual metham (molecular
weight, 129) and would require at least 0.9 Ib of actual HCl (molecular
weight, 36.5) to give a 1:1 reaction ratio, and about 2.5 Ib should be used
according to the information given in Section VII. This amount would re-
quire approximately 0.9 gal. of 30% hydrochloric (muriatic) acid (2.9 Ib
HGl/gal.). Alternatively, if sulfuric acid (molecular weight, 98) is used,
about 6.5 Ib H2S04 is required or 3.5 gal. of 20% acid (1.9 Ib H2S04/gal.).
(Concentrated H2S04 should not be recommended to the layman.) Caution:
The mixing should be done slowly and carefully because the 1.9 Ib CS2 that
would be produced is a fire hazard.
Sample Problem No. 4: Dispose of 1 Ib of Cyanogas® granules. Cyanogas®
is the registered trademark for a product (see cross-index) which contains
calcium cyanide, a source of extremely toxic hydrogen cyanide according to
Section VII. Disposal Procedure No. 9, Treatment with Oxidants, is the
preferred method and according to Section VII the first step of the reaction
with sodium hypochlorite would be:
Ca(CN)2 + 2NaC10
NaOH,
Ca(CNO)
2NaCl
The density of the 33% solution can be estimated as about 15% greater than
water, therefore: 1 gal. x 8.34 Ib/gal x 1.15 x 33% = 3.2 Ib metham.
302
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Commercial household bleach contains over 5% NaClO in excess base (pH ~ 12)
and is directly usable for the oxidation. The 1 Ib of Ca(CN)2 (molecular
weight, 92) would require a minimum of 1.6 Ib of NaClO (molecular weight,
74.5), i.e., r- 74'5
x 2 or about 31 Ib (3.5 gal.) of "bleach."
The product cyanate is objectionable in large amounts, but could be completely
destroyed by a threefold excess of hypochlorite, according to Section VII,
i.e., by 10 gal. of bleach per pound of Ca(CN)2.
Alternatively, if the oxidant selected is bleaching powder, "calcium hypo-
chlorite" (30-35% available chlorine, or average molecular weight*/ of about
120), a minimum of 2.6 Ib are needed and nearly 8 Ib are needed for complete
degradation. Caution: Add water to bleaching powder before mixing it with
organics.
Sample Problem No. 5: Dispose of 5 gal. of sodium chlorate, 2 Ib/gal de-
foliant. The reference chart, Section XI lists, Disposal Procedure No. 10,
Treatment With Reducing Agents, as an alternate procedure. Section VII in-
dicates that sodium ch.lorate, NaCl03, can be reduced with sodium thiosulfate
(the photographers "hypo" reagent) in acid media. The reaction would be ap-
proximatelyP-/ as follows:
4NaC103
3H20
4NaCl + 6NaHS04
The 5 gal. of chlorate solution would contain 10 Ib of NaC103 (molecular
weight, 106.5) and would require about 17.5 Ib of thiosulfate crystals,
Na2S203.5H20 (molecular weight, 248) [i.e., 10 x ^§~ x f ] . The thio-
sulfate can be added slowly to the chlorate solution and the mixture should
then be acidified slowly with 307= hydrochloric acid (about 1.5 gal. would be
needed for optimum acidity, but degradation will probably proceed with 0.5 gal.),
Other reducing agents are less appropriate. For example, if sodium bisulfite
or ferrous sulfate (noted in Section VII) were-considered as the reducing
aTon\f6 am°UntS requlred would be Prohibitively large, i.e., about 30 Ib
and 90 Ib, respectively. The NaHS03 could also evolve toxic SOo fumes if
mixed in large excess with acid. Combinations of metal turnings or powder
(e.g., iron, aluminum, or zinc) with dilute acid may be erratic or may gener-
ate excess gaseous hydrogen (which may form explosive mixtures if not well
ventilated); potassium iodide is too expensive and would leave undesired
residual iodine.
J/
b/
Bleaching powder has approximately the composition, Ca(ClO)Cl, but also
contains some Ca(OH)2.
The products of the oxidation may be PH dependent, e.g., oxidation of
S203 under some conditions yields S406 , while S203= forms free sul-
fur and HS03- upon standing in acid media.
303
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Small amounts of NaCl03 (50 Ib or less actual) can be more easily and
safely disposed of by burial (Procedure No. 11) or dilution (Procedure
No. 13) the preferred procedures.
Procedures 1L and 12: These two methods involve ground disposal, i.e.,
burial within the top few feet of the soil or spreading on the ground sur-
face respectively. (Methods which are unavailable to the laymen, such as
deep-well or a lined-lagoon disposal, are excluded.) Ground-disposal methods
are often more suitable for the small amounts of pesticides which the in-
dividual homeowner or layman may have than for the large amounts which may
accumulate at a central collection point or be on hand at industrial sites;
the small amounts in isolated locations are generally subject to more effec-
tive degradation by soil organisms (aerobic or anaerobic), air oxidation,
hydrolysis and photochemical decomposition. Ground disposal is often the
final step in several of the other disposal procedures, such as chemical de-
gradation or the sanitary landfills used by many companies and municipali-
ties.
Examples of pesticides which could be directly disposed of by Procedure 11'
include compounds of arsenic, boron, copper, sulfur, creosote, oils, and more
than 50 sSaithetic organics of low hazard. Examples of pesticides that could
be disposed by Procedure 12 (as well as by Procedure 11) include such liquid
fumigants as carbon disulfide and ethylene dichloride and very small quan-
tities (a few ounces) of the majority of all pesticides.
Procedures 13 and 14; These two methods involve controlled release tech-
niques, i.e., dilution/discharge and air discharge, respectively. They may
be used for the disposal of a few nonpersistent, relatively nontoxic pesti-
cides; and, if properly performed, should not pose a hazard to man or the en-
vironment in these cases.
Examples of pesticides for which Procedure 13 is the preferred method with
sizable amounts (e.g., 50 Ib) are limited to just a few unhazardous materials,
such as Bacillus thuringiensis and butoxypolypropylene glycol. Procedure 11
can be used for smaller amounts (< 1 Ib) of many other pesticides of low tox-
icity and environmental hazard. Procedure No. 14 is applicable to very vola-
tile compounds (compressed gases) or aerosol formulations. It is the pre-
ferred method only for pesticide products of low hazard such as ethylene ox-
ide or pyrethrins aerosols, but could be used as an alternate method for very
small amounts of the fumigant, methyl bromide, and on most household aerosols.
Procedures for Mixed Pesticides
Specific disposal procedures are not recommended for all "mixed pesticides,"
i.e., products that contain two or more active ingredients, for the reasons
304
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discussed on p. 23. The determination of the best disposal method has to
be made on a case-by-case basis and requires some common sense judgments in
evaluating the relative importance of the concentrations and properties (toxi-
cities, persistence, reaction chemistries) of the chemicals present the po-
tential disposal methods that are available for each active ingredient the
nature.of the formulation, and possibly other factors. Several sample prob-
lems illustrate how this manual can be used in selecting a method.
Mixed Pesticide Sample Problem 1• Dispose of 1 qt of household bug killer
that contains 5% DDT, 4% organic thiocyanates and 50% oils. DDT cannot be
readily degraded chemically and is environmentally persistent; the preferred
disposal method is incineration (Procedure 5) and suggested alternate methods
are to turn it in to a collection agency, the manufacturer or a disposal ser-
vice {Procedures 1-3); the organic thiocyanates can also be incinerated or
turned in," and can, ^in addition, be degraded by alkaline hypochlorite (Pro-
cedure 9). Oils can be allowed to break down in the ground or can be incin-
erated. Hence, the best solution to the problem would be to place it in the
hands of someone that could incinerate it. However, since the total quan-
tity is small and the concentration of DDT (and also the thiocyanates) is
low, the layman could dispose of it by ground burial (Procedure 11) or by
diluting the pesticide with a flammable solvent and burning the resulting
mixture (Procedure 6), where burning is permissible. Disposal with the
trash (Procedure No. 4) might be the best available solution.in this instance
for someone that cannot utilize any of the above procedures.
Mixed Pesticide Sample Problem ?; Dispose of 5 gal. of weed killer that con-
tain 1% bromacil, 1% 2,4-D ester, 1% pentachlorophenol and. 95% oil. The pre-
ferred and alternate (in parentheses) disposal procedures are: bromacil,
5 (6); 2,4-D, 5 (7,12); and pentachlorophenol, 5 (1-3). Hence, incineration
is preferred. Because of the low concentrations and only moderate toxicities
of the active ingredients, the layman could dispose of the pesticide by ground
burial (Procedure 11) or by burning it with a flammable solvent (Procedure 6)
provided precautions are taken not to harm valuable vegetation with any
herbicide-containing fumes.
i
Mixed Pesticide Sample Problem 3: Dispose of 25 Ib fungicide-insecticide
dust that contains 50% sulfur and 2% parathion. The sulfur is of very low
toxicity and of little environmental hazard, and could be disposed of simply
by ground burial or simple ground surface disposal (Procedures 11 and 12)
but the parathion is an extremely toxic material for which the preferred dis-
posal procedure is to "turn it in" (i.e., Procedures 1-3). In this instance,
however, the parathion is present in low concentration (0.5 Ib total) and in
a solid formulation that further minimizes its hazard. Parathion can be
hydrolyzed slowly, the basis for the suggested alternate disposal method
(Procedure No. 7, Treatment With Alkali) and in the present case, the layman
could conveniently dispose of this product by mixing it with lime or lye and
burying it according to Procedures 7 and 11.
305
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Mixed Pesticide Sample Problem 4; Dispose of two 5-gal. drums of bagworm
spray that contains 18% malathion and 40% toxaphene. Malathion is an organo-
phosphorus compound of moderate toxicity which can be decomposed by alkaline
hydrolysis (Procedure No. 7), while toxaphene is a toxic chlorinated hydro-
carbon for which the preferred disposal method is incineration (Procedure
No. 5). Procedures 1-3 are suggested as alternate disposal methods for both
compounds, and would be the recommended method in this case. The product
could also be incinerated in appropriate equipment (Procedure No. 5). The
text on toxaphene (Section VII) notes that it is dehydrochlorinated in alkali
and, although the environmental implications of this reaction are uncertain,
burial with alkali (lime or lye) may be the best alternative for those with-
out access to better methods. (Each of the two 5 gal. quantities should be
treated separately.)
306
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 1
TURN IN TO PESTICIDE COLLECTION CENTER
Facilities are available in some areas for the collection, storage and
proper disposal of surplus and unwanted pesticides. This procedure is the
one to use if such facilities are available. A list of these facilities
and their locations is not available: the list is probably small and chang-
ing, but the number may be increasing. Information on the availability of
these facilities in your area can be obtained from the U.S. Government
Environmental Protection Agency: addresses and telephone numbers of Regional
EPA offices are listed below.
Region Address Region
I Environmental Protection IV
Agency
John F. Kennedy Federal
Building, Room 2304
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
617-223-7210
(Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut)
II Environmental Protection
Agency
26 Federal Plaza V
New York, New York 10017
212-264-8958
(New York, New Jersey,
Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands)
III Environmental Protection
Agency
6th & Walnut VI
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
215-597-9875
(Pennsylvania, West Virginia,
Maryland, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Virginia)
Address
Environmental Protection
Agency
Suite 300
1421 Peachtree St., N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
404-526-3454
(North Carolina, South
Carolina, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi,
Florida)
Environmental Protection
Agency
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
312-353-5756
(Michigan, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio)
Environmental Protection
Agency
1600 Patterson Street
Suite 1100
Dallas, Texas 75201
214-749-1461
(Texas, Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Louisiana,
New Mexico)
307
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Region Address Region
VII Environmental Protection IX
Agency
1735 Baltimore Avenue
Kansas City, Missouri 64108
816-374-3036
(Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa,
Missouri)
VIII Environmental Protection
Agency X
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, Colorado 80203
303-837-3849
(Colorado, Montana, Wyoming,
Utah, North Dakota, South
Dakota)
Address
Environmental Protection
Agency
100 California Street
San Francisco, California
94111
415-556-0218
(California, Nevada,
Arizona, Hawaii)
Environmental Protection
Agency
1200 6th Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
206-442-1296
(Washington, Oregon, Idaho,
Alaska)
Other potential sources of information in your area are:
County extension agents or county agricultural commissioner.
City x
-------
DO, NOT
Attempt to set up a pesticide collection center on your own.
IX)
Leave the pesticide in the original container unless it is leaking.
DO
If you know, tell the people at the collection site the age and name of
the pesticide in each container.
309
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 2
RETURN TO SUPPLIER
Some pesticide suppliers will accept the return of unwanted pesticides
that they sold. This method is good for all types and quantities of
unwanted material. FIRST, contact the supplier;* tell him exactly what
and how much pesticide you have. Then, if he will take back the pesticide,
or if he tells you where to take it, unopened containers can be returned
tHe same way they were shipped to you.
\
If•repackaging is required, the federal regulations on shipping hazardous
material must be followed, and these must be determined in each individual
case. Contact the U.S. Government Department of Transportation, Office of
Hazardous Materials for this information, or ask local environmental officials
for assistance in contacting the Department of Transportation about your
particular pesticide. Railroads and truck freight line companies usually
have information pertinent to the shipping of hazardous materials.
DO NOT
Send or take any pesticide to the supplier without first getting his O.K.
DO NOT
Ship any repackaged pesticide without first checking with the U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation or other authorities.
DO NOT
Send pesticides in breakable containers (glass bottles, paper bags or
cardboard cartons) unless they are securely packaged in a box suitable for
shipment.
DO
o
Leave the pesticide in the original container (unless it is leaking).
* Each pesticide and supplier must be considered separately: the public
official supplying this disposal procedure has available a list of
the addresses and telephone numbers of the major pesticide manufacturers.
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 3
TURN IN TO INDUSTRIAL WASTE SERVICE
In many communities, companies that will dispose of pesticides are available,
These companies are of three types: chemical waste processors; chemical
manufacturers; or commercial landfill'operators.
The chemical waste processor may accept all types of industrial chemicals
for disposal, reclamation or reprocessing. He might be variously listed
in the telephone directory under categories such as:
Chemical disposal, removal, reclamation or conservation;
Waste disposal or reduction;
Industrial chemical treatment; and
Liquid waste or pollution control.
Local inquiry will be needed to identify disposal services of this type in
your area.
Many chemical manufacturers frequently handle hazardous materials and
are well equipped to dispose of such materials on a regular basis. Local
inquiry should be made to determine if small quantities of pesticides would
be accepted.
Some .commercial landfill operators have facilities approved for disposition
of pesticide wastes, and provide service for local manufacturers of formulators,
Local inquiry should be made.
DO- NOT
Send or take any pesticides to any company without first getting its O.K.
DO
Leave the pesticide in the original containers unless it is leaking.
DO
Remember to tell the recipient (particularly if he is a landfill operator)
that your material is a pesticide.
•311
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 4
PLACE IN TRASH FOR PICK-UP SERVICE
Very small amounts of a few pesticides may be disposed of by the homeowner
by way of your trash pick-up service. Local regulations (city, town or
county), however, should be checked to determine if this is permitted in
your area. The pesticide should be well wrapped in newspaper or pasteboard,
and placed in the pick-up site immediately prior to the time of pickup.
The pick-up crew should be notified that a pesticide container is in the
trash.
DO NOT
Crush containers.
DO NOT
Attempt to dispose of more than 5 Ib or 1 gal. by this method.
DO
Determine whether your community utilizes a sanitary landfill that can
handle pesticides.
312
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 5
INCINERATION
An incinerator capable of burning pesticides is generally not available to
the layman. Such an incinerator should be fuel-fired to maintain a tempera-
ture of about 1600°F. This temperature will completely decompose pesticides,
and will eliminate smoke and odors."* Incomplete combustion will allow danger-
ous quantities of pesticide to escape to the air. The incinerator must also
be equipped with a system to remove dangerous'or polluting combustion prod-
ucts (such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride). Pesticides which con-
tain heavy metals such as mercury or arsenic should never be incinerated
unless extremely efficient pollution control equipment is used.
Very small amounts of some pesticides can be disposed of in an efficient
incinerator which does not have a scrubber system in areas where incinera-
tion is permitted.
DO NOT
Use an indoor or basement incinerator.
DO NOT
Incinerate aerosol cans.
DO NOT
Incinerate herbicides during the growing season unless a highly efficient
incinerator is available.
DO
Find out if incineration is permitted in your area.
DO
Have an experienced person operate the incinerator.
313
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 6
BURNING
Burning is the best available method of disposing of some pesticides. Burn-
ing should be done in a shallow depression well away from any buildings,
animals, or susceptible vegetation. The pesticide should be mixed with a
flammable solvent if it is not already formulated with one.
Kerosene or Diesel Fuel No. 1 is available at auto service stations. Min-
eral spirits and VM&P Naphtha are widely available at hardware and paint
stores. "Wood alcohol (methanol), denatured alcohol (often used as shellac
thinner) and isopropyl alcohol (which is frequently sold as a 70% aqueous
solution) are also widely available. These alcohols may dissolve pesticides
not readily soluble in kerosene.
Naphtha (VM&P), denatured alcohol, and wood alcohol tend to make less smoke
than kerosene, diesel oil, or mineral spirits, and much less smoke than
aromatic solvents.
The pesticide-solvent mixture should be poured onto an absorbent material
such as splintered wood, excelsior, ground corncobs, or paper heaped onto a
gravel and sand base. The mixture should be ignited by means of an excel-
sior train at least several feet long. Stay on the upwind side and keep
children or animals away until the fire has died down. Cover the ashes with
dirt.
DO NOT
Burn large amounts at one time.
DO NOT
Burn aerosol cans.
DO NOT
Burn herbicides during the growing season.
DO
Find out if open burning is permitted in your area.
314
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 7
TREATMENT WITH ALKALI
Many pesticides are decomposed when treated with alkali (or basic) chemi-
cals, such as lye or lime. The alkali chemicals that are readily available
are discussed briefly below.
Soda ash (sodium carbonate), also called sal soda and washing soda, is
fairly caustic, but is not as strong and is less hazardous than lye (sodium
hydroxide), often called simply caustic soda. Baking soda (sodium bicar-
bonate) is midly alkaline, as is household ammonia. These chemicals are
readily available from hardware, grocery, or drug stores. Slaked lime
(calcium hydroxide) is a strong alkali, and lime water is a diluted solution
of this compound. Lime (calcium oxide) is also strongly alkaline and is
somewhat more irritating to the skin. Limestone (calcium carbonate) is a
very mild alkali. These three calcium compounds all have low solubility in
water and do not leach out of the ground as rapidly as lye or soda ash and
give residual alkalinity. They are available from hardware or garden sup-
ply stores. Trisodium phosphate is also fairly caustic and is available at
paint stores.
The preferred procedure is to mix the pesticide with excess lime or lye and
sand or other absorbent in a pit or trench at least 18 in. deep in a clay
soil. Lye (or soda ash) can also be added to the mixture to help speed the
reactions when lime is used as the main alkali.
The amount of lime or lye to use depends on the amount of pesticide to be
disposed of and, to some extent, the concentration of active ingredient in
the pesticide and the actual chemical nature of the active ingredient. A
practical guideline, in the absence of specific directions, is to use an
approximate volume or weight of alkali from one-half of to the same as that
of the pesticide. For example, for 1/2 Ib or 1 quart of an organophosphate
pesticide, one might use either 1/4 Ib of flake caustic, 1/2 Ib of lime or
about 2 qt of a 10% lye solution. For dilute pesticide formulations,
such as a 1% solution or dust, the amount of lime or lye can be reduced by
one-half. For very concentrated pesticides (over 80% active ingredient)
the amount of lime or lye can be doubled, but the concentrate should be
mixed first with water (or soapy water) before reaction with the alkali.
For safety, a preliminary test should be made in which very small amounts
of the pesticide and alkali are mixed and observed briefly to make sure it
does not react too vigorously. Sizable quantities of pesticides, such as a
50-lb bag or a 5-gal. drum, can be disposed of in several smaller batches,
rather than all at once, for added safety.
315
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The pit or trench should be sufficiently large to accept the pesticide and
the degradation chemicals. For each 1 gal. of total liquid or each 10 Ib
of total solid, a trench 6 in. wide (at the bottom) and 2 to 3 ft long
should be adequate. The mixture should then be covered with dirt (see Dis-
posal Procedure No. 11).
DO NOT
Dispose of pesticides or the reaction mixtures in an area where ground-
waters can be contaminated.
DO NOT
Leave reaction mixtures unattended until they have been covered over with
earth. Never return a reaction mixture to the pesticide storage shed.
DO NOT
Conduct chemical detoxifications in tightly sealed containers (a loose
cover can be provided).
DJD NOT
Mix two or more pesticides before disposal: treat each one separately .
DO
Exercise safety precautions; work out-of-doors and away from buildings.
Mix pesticides and chemicals slowly. Avoid any fumes. Rubber gloves,
a rubber apron, and safety glasses should be worn. Alkalis are corrosive
to skin. Wash up thoroughly and promptly.
316
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 8
TREATMENT WITH ACID
Certain pesticides are degraded by mixing with acids. Available acids in-
clude: Muriatic acid (approximately 30% hydrochloric acid) is widely used
in treating concrete and masonry surfaces, and is available from many hard-
ware stores. Sulfuric acid (20%) is also available in the form of several
drain cleaner products. Caution: These acids are extremely corrosive.
Sodium bisulfate is less strongly acidic (often used as bathroom bowl
cleaners). Alum (aluminum sulfate) is also weakly acidic and is of lower
solubility in water. Sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride), which is often used
in soldering fluxes is available from hardware stores, and gives mildly
acidic solutions. The sodium bisulfate, alum and sal ammoniac may not be
strong enough to degrade many pesticides as efficiently as would sulfuric
or muriatic acids, and the latter two are preferred as a first treatment.
The alum or sodium bisulfate can be added to the nearly completed reaction
mixture to provide residual acidity for extra safety, if desired.
The reactions usually proceed more rapidly in solution (such as by stirring
in a plastic container with excess muriatic acid), but this method is some-
what hazardous. The preferred method is to mix the pesticide with sand
(or other absorbent) in a pit or trench at least 18 in. deep in a clay soil
and then add the acid.
The amount of acid to use depends on the amount of pesticide to
be disposed of and, to some extent, the concentration of active ingredient
in the pesticide and the actual chemical nature of the active ingredient.
A practical guideline, in the absence of specific directions, is to use
an approximate volume (in gallons) of acid from one-fourth to one-half of
the weight (in pounds) of the pesticide formulation. For example, for
1 Ib of a pesticide one might use 1/4 gaL of a 30% muriatic acid or 1/2 gal.
of 20% sulfuric acid solution. For dilute pesticide formulations, such as
a 1% solution or dust, the amount of acid can be reduced by one-half. For
very concentrated pesticides (over 80% active ingredient) the amount of
acid should be doubled, but the concentrate should be mixed first with water
before reaction with the acid. For safety, a preliminary test should be
made in which very small amounts of pesticide and acid are mixed and observed
briefly to make sure the reaction is not too vigorous. Sizable quantities
of pesticides, such as 50 Ib or 5 gal., can be disposed of in several smaller
batches, rather than all at once for added safety.
317
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The pit or trench should be sufficiently large to accept the pesticide and
the degradation chemicals. For each 1 gal. of total liquid or each 10 Ib
of total solid, a trench 6 in. wide (at the bottom) and 2 to 3 ft long
should be adequate. The mixture should then be covered with dirt (see
Disposal Procedure No. 11).
DO NOT
Dispose of pesticides or the reaction mixtures in an area where ground-
waters can be contaminated.
DO NOT
Leave reaction mixtures unattended until they have been covered over with
earth. Never return a reaction mixture to the pesticide-storage shed.
DO NOT
Conduct chemical detoxifications in tightly sealed containers (a loose
cover can be provided).
DO NOT
Mix two or more pesticides before disposal: treat each pesticide separately.
DO
Exercise safety precautions; work out-of-doors and away from buildings.
Mix pesticides and chemicals slowly. Avoid any fumes. Rubber gloves, a
rubber apron, and safety glasses should be worn. Acids are corrosive to
skin. Wash up thoroughly and promptly.
318
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 9
TREATMENT WITH OXIDANTS
Certain pesticides can be degraded by treatment with oxidizing agents, such
as sodium hypqchlorite solution (liquid household bleach) or calcium hypo-
chlorite (bleaching powder or chlorinated lime, often available at swimming-
pool supply stores). Household liquid bleach contains about 5% sodium hypo-
chlorite, but a 14% commercial strength product is available at chemical
supply houses. The pesticide and bleach could be stirred in a metal or
plastic container, but this procedure is somewhat hazardous. The preferred
method is to mix the pesticide with sand or other absorbent in a pit or
trench in clay soil at least 18 in. deep and then add bleach.
The amount of bleach to use depends on the amount of pesticide to be dis-
posed of and, to some extent, the concentration of active ingredient in
the pesticide and the actual chemical nature of the active ingredient. A
practical guideline, in the absence of specific directions, is to use
about 2 gal. of liquid household bleach (or 1 Ib of bleaching powder) per
pound of pesticide. (Some pesticide manufacturers recommend use of the
14% bleach with added sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) at 1/2 Ib/gal).
For dilute pesticide formulations, such as a 1% solution or dust, the amount,
of bleach can be reduced by one-half. For very concentrated pesticides
(over 80% active ingredient) the amount of oxidant can be doubled. If
.the bleaching powder is used, it should be mixed first with water, 1 gal/lb.
For safety, a preliminary test should be made in which very small amounts of
pesticide and oxidant are mixed and observed briefly to make sure the reac-
tion is not too vigorous. Sizable quantities of pesticides, such as 50 Ib
or.5 gal., can be disposed of in several smaller batches rather than all at
once for added safety.
The pit or trench should be sufficiently large to accept the
pesticide and the degradation chemicals. For each 1 gal. of total liquid
or each 10 Ib of total solid, a trench 6 in. wide (at the bottom) and 2 to
3 ft long should be adequate. The mixture should then be covered with dirt
(see Disposal Procedure No. 11).
Hydrogen peroxide, another liquid oxidant, is less appropriate for the dis-
posal of pesticides as are some of the more expensive bleaching powders.
Solid oxidants, .such as ammonium nitrate (a fertilizer) and sodium chlorate
(a herbicide), should not be mixed directly with organic pesticides, be-
cause such mixtures constitute fire or explosion hazards. (Solutions of
these oxidants in water are less hazardous.) Also, these oxidants should
never be mixed with bleach.
319
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DO NOT
Dispose of pesticides or the reaction mixtures in an area where ground-
waters can be contaminated.
DO NOT
Leave reaction mixtures unattended until.they have been covered over with
earth. Never return a reaction mixture to the pesticide-storage shed.
DO NOT
Mix large (> 1 gal.) quantities of pesticide and bleach (or other oxidant)
at one time.
DO NOT
Conduct chemical detoxifications in tightly sealed containers (a loose
cover can be provided). Do not mix two or more pesticides before disposal
(treat each one separately).
DO
Exercise safety precautions; work out of doors and away from buildings. Mix
pesticides and chemicals slowly. Avoid any fumes. Rubber gloves,a rubber
apron, and safety glasses should be worn. Acids, alkalis, and oxidants are
corrosive to skin. Wash up thoroughly and promptly.
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 10
TREATMENT WITH REDUCING AGENTS
A few pesticides (such as sodium chlorate) can be degraded by treatment
with chemical-reducing agents, such as sodium thiosulfate (photographer's
hypo solution) in the presence of acid. The pesticide and reducing agent
could be stirred in a plastic container. However, the preferred method is
to mix the pesticide, reducing agent and acid with sand or other absorbent
in a pit or trench at least 18 in. deep.
The amount of reducing agent to use depends on the amount of pesticide
to be disposed of and, to some extent, the concentration of active in-
gredient in the pesticide and the actual chemical nature of the active in-
gredient. A practical guideline, in the absence of specific directions,
is to use a weight of reducing agent and acid approximately equal to that
of the pesticide. For example, for 1 Ib of a sodium chlorate formulation,
one might use 1 Ib of sodium thiosulfate crystals (sodium bisulfite is
another reducing agent that may be available to you, but one must use
about twice the amount recommended above).
The pesticide and reducing agent are mixed and 1/2 gal. of 307o hydrochloric
(muriatic) acid is added slowly. For dilute pesticide formulations, such
as a 1% solution, the amount of reducing agent can be reduced by one-
half. For more concentrated pesticides, use about 1.75 Ib thiosulfate for
each pound of actual sodium chlorate in the formulation. Sizable quantities
of pesticide (such as 50 Ib) should be disposed of in several small batches.
The pit or trench should be sufficiently large to accept the pesticide and
the degradation chemicals. For each 1 gal. of liquid or each 10 Ib of
solid, a trench 6 in. wide (at the bottom) and 2 to 3 ft long should be
adequate. The mixture should then be covered with dirt (see Disposal Proce-
dure No. 11).
DO NOT
Dispose of pesticides or the reaction mixtures in an area where ground-
waters can be contaminated.
DO NOT
Leave reaction mixtures unattended until they have been covered over with
earth. Never return a reaction mixture to the pesticide storage shed.
321
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DO NOT
Conduct chemical detoxifications in tightly sealed containers (a loose
cover can be provided).
£0 NOT
Mix two or more pesticides before disposal: treat each one separately.
DO
Exercise safety precautions; work out-of-doors and away from buildings.
Mix pesticides and chemicals slowly. Avoid any fumes. Rubber gloves,
a rubber apron, and safety glasses should be worn. Acids are corrosive to
skin. Wash up thoroughly and promptly.
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 11
BURIAL IN THE GROUND
Disposal of small amounts of some pesticides can be accomplished by burying
in the ground, either directly or after a preliminary treatment such as
chemical degradation (Procedures 7, 8, 9 or 10). The pesticide should
be mixed with a portion of soil which is rich in organic matter or decaying
vegetation. Sand or other absorbent should be added if the pesticide is a
liquid. The mixture should be buried at least 18 in. deep in a pit or
trench in clay soil. The size of the pit or trench that is needed depends
on the amount of pesticide (or pesticide plus chemicals) that is to be dis-
posed of. For each 1 gal. of liquid or each 10 Ib of solid to be disposed,
a trench 6 in. wide (at the bottom) and 2 to 3 ft long should be sufficient.
The pesticide or mixture should then be covered with earth. The earth
cover should be tightly packed and mounted up so that water will run off.
The burial site should be on a flat or slightly elevated ground where it
is not subject to erosion or leaching and percolation into underground
waters. The water table should be at least 5 ft below ground at the burial
site and areas near springs or wells should be avoided.
DO NOT
Bury in a location where the pesticide may get into groundwater supplies
Do not bury large amounts of pesticide at one location. Do not bury in a
yard without concealing the fresh earth, which might attract children or
pets to dig at that site.
DO
Determine if burial is permitted in your community. Do maintain a map
or record showing burial sites so- that they will not be dug up accidentally
or used as a site for planting food crop or ornamental vegetation.
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 12
GROUND SURFACE DISPOSAL
Small amounts of some pesticides can be disposed of by spraying on bare-
ground, yard, noncropland, or land which is not being used for grazing.
When this procedure is used, the thinly spread pesticide is subjected to
rapid breakdown by biodegradation, sunlight, air and moisture. The area
selected should be level, or slightly elevated, we11-away from ditches
or water holes, and remote from buildings or sensitive vegetation. The
pesticide should be applied* in general, according to the directions on the
label of the container. (It should not be applied to crops for which the
use has been cancelled.)
For a very few pesticides of low toxicity and low persistence, small amounts
may be simply diluted and poured on the surface of porous soil, or this may
be done after chemical degradation (Procedures 7, 8,9 or 10) of the pesticide.
DO NOT
Spray on cropland or vegetation which may be eaten soon by animals.
DO NOT
Dispose of persistent chlorinated insecticides, such as DDT, by this method.
DO NOT
Dispose of mercury pesticides by this method.
DO NOT
Attempt to spray pesticides that have been treated by chemical degradation
agents.
DO
Use a coarse spray and avoid windy days to minimize drift of the pesticide
in the air.
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 13
DILUTION
A few pesticides may be disposed by dilution and discharge to the sewer,
but this procedure has numerous restrictions. In general, the pesticides
for which this method is acceptable are those which are readily biodegraded
in a municipal waste treatment plant or in the environment. Persistent
chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, heavy-metal pesticides, and extremely
toxic insecticides or rodenticides should not be disposed by this method.
In a few instances, the pesticide might be chemically degraded by Procedures
7, 8, 9 or 10, and then diluted and discharged. Pesticides or pesticide
degradation mixtures should not be discharged to a septic tank because of
possible interference in its normal biological operation.
DO NOT
Dispose of any pesticide by dilution procedures unless you know (!) that
the pesticide is relatively nontoxic to humans and wildlife, (2) that it
is not persistent, and (3) that it is easily biodegraded.
DO
Dilute several-fold with water; detergent may also be added.
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DISPOSAL PROCEDURE NO. 14
RELEASE TO THE AIR
A few pesticides may be disposed by release to the air. These are gaseous
or volatile liquid fumigants which are known to be degraded in the atmosphere.
If the pesticide is a volatile liquid,it may be disposed of by pouring onto
sand or porous soil and allowing it to evaporate. Aerosol cans of relatively
harmless pesticides can be emptied by spraying either onto the sand or into
the air. Small cylinders (< 1 Ib) which have valves can be slowly depres-
surized by leaving the valve slightly open. Larger cylinders should be
returned to the manufacturer. In all cases the disposal should be performed
outdoors, well away from buildings and sensitive vegetation, and with due
caution to stay upwind and out of fumes or spray.
DO NOT
Spray near a fire or burn empty aerosol cans.
DO
Read the precautions on the label.
326
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DISPOSAL OF CONTAINERS
"Empty" pesticide containers pose serious hazards to children, animals
and the environment, because these containers are never completely empty
and free of pesticide residues. In fact, some pesticide formulations are
such thick liquids or sticky solids that a container which has been reason-
ably well drained may still contain several ounces of pesticide, for ex-
ample 6 oz in a 5-gal. container and 2 Ib in a 55-gal. drum. Therefore
handle all pesticide containers with the same caution required for the
pesticide itself. Every container should be properly disposed of after
use, and should never be left unattended. A good general rule is that
emptied pesticide containers should never be reused for other purposes by
the homeowner, because they cannot be satisfactorily decontaminated. Another
general rule is that the pesticide user can save considerable money by
draining containers as completely as possible and by using the rinsings
wherever possible as a pesticide, for example by applying the rinsings
through the sprayer.
.Metal Cans and Drums
Small empty aerosol cans which have contained pesticides, but are now
depressurized, can be disposed of with household trash, or can be buried.
These should not be incinerated or burned since they may contain
explosive amounts of residual hydrocarbon propellant.
A small unpressurized can (up to 1-gal. size) can be rinsed with detergent
solution (1-2 tablespoons in 1 pint of water) in two portions. Rotate or
shake the can to wet all inner surfaces and drain. If the solution can
be used for normal pesticide purposes, do so. Otherwise, dispose of the
solution and the can, after it has been punctured and crushed, by burial
at least 18 in. deep in a pit of clay soil as described in Procedure 11
An acid, alkali, oxidant, or reducing agent can be added to the solution
to assist degradation of the pesticide, as described in Procedures 7, 8, 9
and 10, but with the small amounts involved with small containers, this'is
not generally necessary.
Larger metal drums (30 or 55 gal.) or cans of the 5-gal. size can be
cleaned in the same manner as the 1 gal. cans,except that larger amounts
of detergent are needed and chemical degradation of the rinsings is desir-
able if possible. Let each container drain as much as possible,and use a
proper procedure (see preceding paragraph) to dispose of the pesticide.
Rinse each container twice with the following: (1) 5-gal. can - 2 table-
spoons detergent per quart of water; (2) 30-gal. drum - 1/4-cup detergent in
1 gal. of water; (3) 55-gal. drum - 1/2-cup detergent in 2 gal. of water
327
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Where chemical degradation methods (Procedures 7, 8, 9 or 10) are available,
the appropriate chemical material can be added in the rinse solution. The
rinse solutions should be buried as indicated for 1-gal. cans.
The 5-gal. cans should be punctured, crushed and buried deeply. A pick
axe is useful for puncturing, but a chisel can be used. The 30-gal. or
50-gal. drums are difficult to puncture, crush and bury. In some com-
munities, collection facilities have been set up to receive empty pesticide
containers and, if available, these should be utilized. Alternatively, the
drums should be turned in to cooperage firms which salvage metal drums by
firing them at red heat. (Salvaged drums which have contained aldrin,
dieldrin, etc., should go to steel mills). If a drum salvage firm is not
available, then crushing and burial are necessary; do not use the drums for
other purposes.
Fiber, Paper or Plastic Cartons, Bags and Containers
Containers made of combustible materials may, where local ordinances permit,
be burned in accordance with the guidelines given in Procedure 6. The con-
tainer can be torn or cut into pieces and pretreated with a flammable solvent
(such as kerosene, diesel fuel, mineral spirits or naphtha) to make it burn
better if desired. If burning is not permitted, the containers can be crushed
and buried according to the guidelines given for metal containers. Trash
pick-up service may be utilized in some communities to dispose of small
numbers of containers (which should be crushed and bundled, wrapped or
tied), and in some localities the containers might be taken directly to a
sanitary landfill. Plastic pesticide containers may be rinsed before
disposal, as described for metal containers.
DO NOT
Burn herbicide containers during the growing season. Do not use indoor
incinerators to burn pesticide containers. Do not burn containers used
for mercury, arsenic, thallium or other heavy metal pesticides. Do not
reuse fiber or plastic pesticide containers for any other purpose.
DO
Remember that fumes from burning pesticide containers are dangerous to
humans, animals, and sensitive vegetation. Any burning or burial methods
should be performed in a remote area.
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Glass Containers
Glass containers for pesticides are usually small (1 gal. or less). These
may be rinsed as described for metal containers, and disposed by burial or
by trash pick-up service. The bottles should be wrapped in rags, paste-
board, or several layers of newspaper, and then crushed before burial or
being placed in the trash pick-up can. Large numbers of'rinsed glass
containers may be broken inside of an open-top disposable fiber or metal
drum that can be covered and then buried or taken to a sanitary landfill.
Caution: a 30-gal. drum full of broken glass is almost too heavy to handle
manually. A long metal rod may be used to break bottles inside a barrel and
a plastic cover may be used to prevent pieces of flying glass.
DO NOT
Break containers which still have unused pesticide in them.
DO NOT
Bury in a location that is likely to be dug up again.
DO NOT
Reuse glass pesticide containers for any other purpose.
DO
Wear safety glasses and gloves while breaking up glass containers and
exercise caution. '
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CLEAN UP AND TREATMENT OF SPILLS
Large spills of pesticide (more than 50 gal. or 200 Ib) or spills that you
can not control require the help of pesticide experts. You can call the
National Agricultural Chemicals Association's pesticide safety team (513)
961-4300 at any time, and get help on dealing with a serious pesticide spill,
This service will need to know your name and location, and the name and
quantity of pesticide spilled, so that they can get expert help to the
scene as quickly as possible.
Small spills of pesticides should be cleaned up immediately. All contami-
nated dirt or cleaning materials should be properly disposed of. Spills
of solid pesticides on a clean floor can usually be recovered and returned
to the container. Damaged containers should be repaired if possible, or
placed inside a proper container which should be clearly labeled to indi-
cate its hazardous contents.
Spills of liquid pesticides on a floor should be absorbed on dry sand, saw-
dust, sweeping compound, or other absorbent, which is then disposed .of by
procedures given for the specific pesticide. The floor should be decontami-
nated by washing with a strong detergent solution, or by a chemical decon-
taminant specified for the particular pesticide. Floor washings should be
disposed of by burial as indicated in Procedure 11. Very small liquid
spills should be wiped up with a cloth rag that can then be buried (see
Procedure 11) or put in the trash (see Procedure 4).
Pesticide spilled on the ground should be scooped up and buried, either
alone or with appropriate chemical treatment.
DO NOT
Flush spills into the sewer unless you are assured that no damage will re-
sult.
DO
Use adequate protective clothing such as rubber gloves, boots, and safety
glasses as indicated on the label of the container.
DO
Cleanup shovels, brooms, or other contaminated equipment by washing thor-
oughly with strong detergent solution.
. 330
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NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED
FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY
THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT
IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS
ARE I-L LEGIBLE, IT IS BEING , RELEASED
IN TH;E INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE
AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE.
331
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before complet
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-670/2-75-057
2.
3.
PB 244 557
i, i ITLE AND SUBTITLE
GUIDELINES FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SMALL QUANTITIES
OF UNUSED PESTICIDES
5, REPORT DATE
June 1975; Issuing Date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7, AUTHOR1S)
Edward W. Lawless, Thomas L. Ferguson, and
Alfred F. Meiners
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB041; ROAP-21AVO; Task 002
11. CONTRACT/CXBCKBCKNO.
68-01-0098
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
National Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This study has compiled and organized information that will be useful" to responsible
thorities in advising the layman (particularly the homeowner and small farmer) how
LO dispose properly of small amounts of surplus and unwanted pesticides and pesticide
containers, and in treating pesticide spills. The report brings together available
information on pesticide disposal methods and on over 550 individual pesticides, and
evaluates this information in terms of the experience and equipment that the average
layman has. Fourteen pesticide disposal procedures are described and procedures for
disposal of containers and cleanup and treatment of spills are included. Preferred
and alternate disposal procedures are recommended for over 550 pesticides. The
report includes a cross-index of over 1,600 pesticide names, tables showing the
chemical composition and properties pertinent to disposal of the selected pesticides
and bibliography of 166 references.
REPRODUCED BY
NATIONAL TECHNICAL
INFORMATION SERVICE
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
*Pesticides
*Herbicides
*Insecticides
*Disposal
*Manuals
Waste treatment
Decontamination
Incinerators
Neutralizing
Oxidation
Reduction (chemistry)
Degradation
Pesticide spills
Pesticide manual
Pesticide disposal
Pesticide burial
Pesticide incineration
Pesticide treatment
13B
1 ISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
*iJAGOVERNMENTPR1NTINGOFFICE: 1392 -6"t8 .0 03/f 0779
332
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