Exposure Factors Handbook (External Review Draft)


DRAFT                                                       EPA/600/P-95/002A
DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE                                             June 1995
                                                           External Review Draft
                       EXPOSURE FACTORS HANDBOOK

                         Update to Exposure Factors Handbook
                            EPA/600/8-89/043 - May 1989
                                    NOTICE

      THIS DOCUMENT IS A PRELIMINARY DRAFT. It has not been formally
      released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and should not at this
      stage be construed to represent Agency policy. It is being circulated for
      comments on its technical accuracy and policy implications.
                            Exposure Assessment Group
                   Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                              Washington, DC 20460
                                                              Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                   DISCLAIMER

      This document is an external draft for review purposes only and does not constitute
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy.  Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                    Page No.

1.     INTRODUCTION	1-1
      1.1.   BACKGROUND		1-1
      1.2.   GENERAL EQUATION FOR CALCULATING DOSE . . .	1-3
      1.3.   ORGANIZATION	1-7
      1.4.   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1  	1-9

2.     MGESTION ROUTE	 .2-1
      2.1.   DOSE EQUATION FOR INGESTION	2-1
      2.2.   DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION  	2-2
            2.2.1. Background	 .2-2
            2.2.2. Key General Population Studies			2-4
            2.2.3. Other Relevant General Population Studies  	2-15
            2.2.4. Pregnant and Lactating Women  	2-29
            2.2.5. High Activity Levels/Hot Climates	2-33
            2.2.6. Recommendations	2-37
      2.3.   CONSUMPTION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES	2-44
            2.3.1. Background	2-44
            2.3.2. Intake Studies	2-45
                 2.3.2.1.  U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide
                          Food Consumption Survey	2-45
                 2.3.2.2.  Key Intake Studies Based on the USDA MFCS ...... 2-46
                 2.3.2.3.  Relevant Intake Studies	2-65
                 2.3.2.4.  Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry
                          Weight Intake Rates	2-112
                 2.3.2.5.  Below Ground, Above Ground, Exposed,
                          and Protected	2-118
            2.3.3. Recommendafions	2-118
      2.4.   CONSUMPTION OF MEAT, POULTRY,  AND DAIRY PRODUCTS   2-123
            2.4.1 Intake Studies	2-123
                 2.4.1.1.  U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide
                          Food Consumption Survey	2-123
                 2.4.1.2.  Key Intake Studies Based on the USDA NFCS	2-124
                 2.4.1.3.  Relevant Intake Studies	  2-148
            2.4.2. Fat Content of Meat and Dairy Products	  2-159
            2.4.3. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight
                 Intake Rates	2-167
            2.4.4. Recommendations	2-167

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                                                                   Paee No.
      3.2.  INHALATION RATE		3-1
           3.2.1. Background  .	3-1
           3.2.2. Key Inhalation late Studies	 . 3-3
           3.2.3. Other Relevant Inhalation Rate Studies	3-27
           3.2.4. Recommendations 	3-40
      3.3.  REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3  	3-49

4.     DERMAL ROUTE	4-1
      4.1.  EQUATION FOR DERMAL DOSE			4-1
      4.2.  SURFACE AREA	 .4-4
           4.2.1. Background	.4-4
           4.2.2. Measurement Techniques	 . 4-4
           4.2.3. Key Surface Area Studies	4-5
           4.2.4. Other Relevant Surface Area Studies	4-16
           4.2.S. Application of Body Surface Area Data  	4-22
      4.3.  DERMAL ADHERENCE OF SOIL	4-24
           4.3.1. Background  	4-24
           4.3.2. Key Dermal Adherence of Soil Studies	 4-24
           4.3.3. Other Relevant Dermal Adherence of Soil Studies	4-29
           4.3.4. Advantages and Limitations of the Soil Adherence Studies	4-31
      4.4.  RECOMMENDATIONS	4-31
      4.5.  REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4  	4-36

5.     OTHER FACTORS FOR EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS	5-1
      5.1.  LIFETIME	5-1
      5.2.  BODY WEIGHT STUDIES	5-1
           5.2.1. Key Body Weight Studies	5-3
           5.2.2. Other Relevant Body Weight Studies	5-10
           5.2.3. Recommendations	5-13
      5.3.  ACTIVITY PATTERNS	5-14
           5.3.1. Key Activity Pattern Studies	5-14
           5.3.2. Other Relevant Activity Pattern Studies	 5-62
      5.4.  POPULATION MOBILITY	5-68
           5.4.1. Background  	5-68
           5.4.2. Population Mobility Studies	5-68
      5.5   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5	5-83
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                                                              Page No.
6.    CONSUMER PRODUCTS	6-1
     6.1.   BACKGROUND	6-1
     6.2,   CONSUMER PRODUCTS STUDIES	6-2
     6.3.   RECOMMENDATIONS	 6-20
     6.4.   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6		............. 6-22

7.    REFERENCE RESIDENCE	7-1
     7.1   INTRODUCTION	7-1
     7.2   INDOOR VOLUMES   	7-3
           7.2.1  Volumes of Residences  	7-3
           7.2.2  Room Volumes and Surface Areas  	7-4
     7.3   AIRFLOWS	 7-10
           7.3.1  Background	 7-10
           7.3.2  Air Exchange	 7-11
           7.3.3  Interzonal Airflows	7-14
           7.3.4  Variability Within Zones	7-18
     7.4   WATER SUPPLY AND USE	7-20
           7.4.1  Background  	7-20
           7.4.2  Water Use	7-21
     7.5   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 7  	7-23

8.  ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTIES		 .8-1
     8.1.   TYPES OF UNCERTAINTY	8-1
           8.1.1. Scenario Uncertainty	8-2
           8.1.2. Parameter Uncertainty	8-3
           8.1.3. Model Uncertainty	8-6
     8.2.   PRESENTATION OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS RESULTS 	8-8
     8.3.   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 8  	8-10
                                  .VI
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                               LIST OF TABLES
                                                                       Page Mo.

Table 2-1.    Average Total Tapwater Intake Rate by Sex, Age, and
             Geographic Area	2-5

Table 2-2.    Frequency Distribution of Total Tapwater Intake Rates	2-6

Table 2-3.    Daily Total Tapwater Intake Distribution by Age Group (Approx.
             0.20 L Increments, Both Sexes, Combined Seasons) ............ 2-8

Table 2-4.    Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake by Age and Season (L/day) ... 2-9

Table 2-5.    Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake as a Function of Physical
             Activity at Work and in spare Time (16 Years and Older,
             Combined Seasons, L/day)	2-11

Table 2-6.    Average Daily Tapwater Intake Apportioned Among Various
             Beverages (Both Sexes, by Age, Combined Seasons, L/day) ......  2-12

Table 2-7.    Total Tapwater Intake (ml/day) for Both Sexes Combined	2-13

Table 2-8.    Total Fluid Intake (ml/day) for Both Sexes Combined	  2-14

Table 2-9.    Total Tapwater Intake (as Percent of Total Water Intake) by
             Broad Age Category	2-16

Table 2-10.   General Dietary Sources of Total Fluid by Broad Age Category  . . .  2-17

Table 2-11.   Summary  Statistics for Best-Fit Lognormal Distributions for
             Water Intake Rates	 2-18

Table 2-12.   Estimated Quantiles and Means for Total Tapwater Intake
             Rates (mL/day)	 2-19

Table 2-13.   Estimated Quantiles and Means for Total Fluid Intake Rates
             (mL/day)	2-20

Table 2-14.   Average Daily Fluid Intake Rate by Age Group from the Total
             Diet Study	2-22

Table 2-15.   Assumed Tapwater Content of Beverages	  2-24
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Table 2-16.   Intake of Total Liquid, Total Tapwater, and Various Beverages
             (L/day) ____ . ........................ . ........ 2-25

Table 2-17.   Summary of Total Liquid and Total Tapwater Intake for Males
             and Females (L/day) ....................... ....... 2-27

Table 2-18.   Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Beverages
             and Tapwater by Age  ............................. 2-28

Table 2-19.   Measured Fluid Intakes (mL/day) .... ..... . . ......  ..... 2-30

Table 2-20.   Total Fluid Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old  .............. 2-31

Table 2-21.   Total Tapwater Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old   ........... 3-32

Table 2-22.   Total Fluid (mL/Day) Derived from Various Dietary Sources by
             Women Aged 15-49 Years  .......................... 2-34

Table 2-23.   Water Intake at Various Activity Levels (L/hr)  .............. 2-35

Table 2-24.   Planning Factors for Individual Tapwater Consumption  ......... 2-38

Table 2-25.   Drinking Water Intake  Surveys  ....................... 2-39

Table 2-26.   Quantity ("as consumed") of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed
             and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in 3 Days  . .  .  2-47

Table 2-27.   Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Fruits and Vegetables Based
             on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups ..... ............. 2-51

Table 2-28.   Mean Total Fruit Intake in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978) ....  2-60

Table 2-29.   Mean Total Fruit Intake in a Day by Sex and Age
             (1987-1988)  ........ . .................... .  ..... 2-61

Table 2-30.   Mean Total Vegetable Intake in a Day by Sex and Age
             (1977-1978)  ................................... 2-62
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Table 2-31.    Mean Total Vegetable Intake in a Day by Sex and Age
              (1987-1988)  	2-63

Table 2-32.    Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined	2-66

Table 2-33.    Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region   	2-67

Table 2-34.    Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region	2-68

Table 2-35.    Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day) - South Region	2-69

Table 2-36.    Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day) - West Region	2-70

Table 2-37.    Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined  .... 2-71

Table 2-38.    Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region  	2-72

Table 2-39.    Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region	2-73

Table 2-40.    Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day) - South Region	2-74

Table 2-41.    Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-day) - West Region	2-75

Table 2-42.    Intake of Total Apples (g/kg-day)	2-76

Table 2-43.    Intake of Total Peaches (g/kg-day)  	2-77

Table 2-44.    Intake of Total Pears (g/kg-day)	2-78

Table 2-45.    Intake of Total Strawberries (g/kg-day)	2-79

Table 2-46.    Intake of Total Other Berries (g/kg-day)	2-80

Table 2-47.    Intake of Total Asparagus (g/kg-day)	2-81

Table 2-48.    Intake of Total Beets (g/kg-day)	2-82

Table 2-49.    Intake of Total Broccoli (g/kg-day)	2-83


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Table 2-50.    Make of Total Cabbage (g/kg-day)	2-84

Table 2-51.    Intake of Total Carrots (g/kg-day)	2-85

Table 2-52.    Intake of Total Corn (g/kg-day)	2-86

Table 2-53.    Intake of Total Cucumbers (g/kg-day) 	2-87

Table 2-54.    Intake of Total Lettuce (g/kg-day)	2-88

Table 2-55.    Intake of Total Lima Beans (g/kg-day)	  2-89

Table 2-56.    Intake of Total Okra (g/kg-day)	2-90

Table 2-57.    Intake of Total Onions (g/kg-day)	2-91

Table 2-58.    Intake of Total Peas (g/kg-day)  	2-92

Table 2-59.    Intake of Total Peppers (g/kg-day)   	2-93

Table 2-60.    Intake of Total Pumpkin (g/kg-day)	  2-94

Table 2-61.    Intake of Total Snap Beans (g/kg-day)	2-95

Table 2-62.    Intake of Total Tomatoes (g/kg-day)	2-96

Table 2-63.    Intake of Total White Potatoes (g/kg-day)	2-97

Table 2-64.    Intake of Total Exposed Vegetables (g/kg-day)	2-98

Table 2-65.    Intake ot Total Protected Vegetables (g/kg-day)  	2-99

Table 2-66.    Intake of Total Root Vegetables (g/kg-day)	2-100

Table 2-67.    Intake of Total Exposed Fruits (g/kg-day)	2-101

Table 2-68.    Intake of Total Protected Fruits (g/kg-day)  	2-102
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Table 2-69.   Intake of Total Dark Green Vegetables (g/kg-day) ...........  2-103

Table 2-70.   Intake of Total Deep Yellow Vegetables (g/kg-day)	  2-104

Table 2-71.   Intake of Total Ota Vegetables (g/kg-
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Table 2-83.    Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Meat, Poultry, and Dairy
              Products Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups	2-127

Table 2-84.    Mean Meat Intakes per Individual in a Day by
              Sex and Age (g/day)	2-130

Table 2-8S.    Mean Dairy Product Intakes per Individual in a Day,
              by Sex and Age (g/day)	2-131

Table 2-86.    Intake of Total Meats (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined	  2-133

Table 2-87.    Intake of Total Meats (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region  	  2-134

Table 2-88.    Intake of Total Meats (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region	  2-135

Table 2-89.    Intake of Total Meats (g/kg-day) - South Region	  2-136

Table 2-90.    Intake of Total Meats (g/kg-day) - West Region	  2-137

Table 2-91.    Intake of Total Dairy (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined	  2-138

Table 2-92.    Intake of Total Dairy (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region	2-139

Table 2-93.    Intake of Total Dairy (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region	  2-140

Table 2-94.    Intake of Total Dairy (g/kg-day) - South Region	  2-141

Table 2-95.    Intake of Total Dairy (g/kg-day) - West Region  	  2-142

Table 2-96.    Intake of Total Beef (g/kg-day)	2-143

Table 2-97.    Intake of Total Game (g/kg-day)	2-144

Table 2-98.    Intake of Total Pork (g/kg-day)	2-145

Table 2-99.    Intake of Total Poultry (g/kg-day)	  2-146

Table 2-100.   Intake of Total Eggs (g/kg-day)	2-147
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                                                                         Page No.
Table 2-101.  Mean and Standard Error for the Dietary Intake of Food
             Sub Classes per Capita by Age (grams "as consumed")	 .  2-149

Table 2-102.  Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Food
             Class and Sub Class Region (grams "as consumed")	  2-150

Table 2-103.  Consumption of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products for Different Age
             Groups (averaged across sex), and Estimated Lifetime Average
             Intakes for 70 Kg Adult Citizens Calculated from the
             FDA Diet Data	  2-151

Table 2-104.  Per Capita Consumption of Meat and Poultry in 1991	2-153

Table 2-105.  Per Capita Consumption (g/day) of Dairy Products in  1991	  2-155

Table 2-106.  Adult Mean Daily Intake of Meat and Poultry Grouped by Region
             and Gender	, .	2-158

Table 2-107.  Amount of Meat Consumed by Adults Grouped by Frequency
             of Eatings		  2-160

Table 2-108.  Percentage Lipid Fat Content and Mean Moisture Content
             (Expressed as Percentages of 100 Grams of Edible Portions)
             of Selected Meat and Dairy Products	2-161

Table 2-109.  Fat Content of Meat Products  	  1-164

Table 2-110.  Fat Intake, Contribution of Various Food Groups to Fat Intake,
             and Percentage of the Population in Various Meat Eater
             Groups of the U.S. Population	2-166

Table 2-111.  Mean Total Daily Dietary Fat Intake (g/day) Grouped by Age
             and Gender	  2-168

Table 2-112.  Summary of Meat, Poultry,  and Dairy Intake Studies	2-169

Table 2-113.  Daily Intakes of Breast Milk	2-173
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Table 2-114.   Breast Milk Intake Among Exclusively Breast-fed Infants
              During the First 4 Months of Life	2-175

Table 2-115.   Breast Milk Intake	2-177

Table 2-116.   Breast Milk Intake for Infants Aged 1  to 6 Months  	 2-178

Table 2-117.   Breast Milk Intake Estimated by the DARLING Study	 2-180

Table 2-118.   Milk Intake for Bottle- and Breast-fed  Infants by Age Group  .... 2-181

Table 2-119.   Milk Intake for Boys and Girls	2-182

Table 2-120.   Intake of Breast Milk and Formula	2-184

Table 2-121.   Lipid Content of Human Milk and Estimated Lipid Intake among
              Exclusively Breast-fed Infants	 2-186

Table 2-122.   Predicted Lipid Intakes for Breast-fed Infants Under
              12 Months of Age   	2-187

Table 2-123.   Total Energy Intake  	2-289

Table 2-124.   Energy Intake from Human Milk	2-191

Table 2-125.   Number of Meals Per Day	2-193

Table 2-126.   Percentage of Mothers Breast-feeding Newborn Infants in the
              Hospital and Infants at 5 or 6 Months of Age in the
              United States in 1989, by Ethnic Background and
              Selected Demographic Variables	2-194

Table 2-127.   Breast Milk Intake Studies 	2-196

Table 2-128.   Breast Milk Intake Rates Derived From Key Studies  	 2-198

Table 2-129.   Total Fish Consumption by Demographic Variables	 2-204
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Table 2-130.  Average and 95th Percentile of Fish Consumption (g/day) by Sex
             and Age  	2-206

Table 2-131.  Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Females
             by Age	2-207

Table 2-132.  Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Males
             by Age	2-208

Table 2-133.  Average Fish Consumption (g/day)  for Females	  2-209

Table 2-134.  95th Percentile of Fish Consumption (g/day) for Females  ......  2-210

Table 2-135.  Average Fish Consumption (g/day)  for Males	2-211

Table 2-136.  95th Percentile of Fish Consumption (g/day) for Males ........  2-212

Table 2-137.  Mean Total Fish Consumption by Species	2-213

Table 2-138.  Fish Consumption Estimates From the Market Facts Survey	  2-214

Table 2-139.  Consumption of Fish and Shellfish (g/day as consumed)	  2-216

Table 2-140.  Mean Fish and Shellfish Intake in a Day, by Sex and Age	  2-219

Table 2-141. Intake of Total Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             All Regions Combined .	2-221

Table 2-142. Intake of Total Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             Northeast  Region	2-222

Table 2-143. Intake of Total Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             Midwest Region	2-223

Table 2-144. Intake of Total Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             South Region  	2-224
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Table 2-145. Intake of Total Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-4ay) -
             West Region	2-225

Table 2-146.  Best Fits of Lognormal Distributions Using the NonLinear
             Optimization (NIX))		  2-227

Table 2-147.  Cumulative Distribution of Total Fish/Shellfish Consumption by
             Sport Fishermen in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Area	  2-229

Table 2-148.  Description of Consumption Patterns for Primary Fish Kept by
             Sport Fishermen (n = 1059)	2-231

Table 2-149.  Median Intake Rates Based on Demographic Data of Sport
             Fishermen and Their Family/Living Group	  2-232

Table 2-150.  Commencement Bay Ethnic Makeup of Fishermen Surveyed
             by Season   	2-234

Table 2-151.  Total Weight of Catch in the Commencement Bay, Washington
             Grouped by Species	2-235

Table 2-152.  Percent of Fishing Frequency During the Summer and Fall Seasons
             in Commencement Bay, Washington	2-236

Table 2-153.  Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for Non-Commercial Anglers
             in Commencement Bay (Individual Responses)	2-238
Table 2-154.  Percentile and Mean Consumption Rates for Non-Commercial
             Anglers in Commencement Bay (Group Responses)	2-239

Table 2-155.  Distribution of Seafood Consumption Rates of All Fish by
             Ethnic and Income Groups of Santa Monica Bay Anglers  ...... 2-241

Table 2-156.  Selected Percentile Consumption Estimates (g/d) for the
             Survey and Total Angler Populations Based on the Reanalysis of
             the Puffer and Pierce Data	2-244
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Table 2-157.  Estimated Species-Specific Consumption Rates of San Diego
             Bay Anglers	2-246

Table 2-158.  Intake Rates of San Diego Anglers by Ethnicity	  2-247

Table 2-159.  Percentile Rankings and Mean Consumption Rates for Michigan
             Sport Anglers Fish Consumption Survey	  2-250

Table 2-160.  Percentile and Mean Intake Rates of Anglers Fishing on
             the Lower Tittabawassee River, Michigan  .-....'	2-251

Table 2-161.  Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for all Fish Meals Consumed
             by New York State Anglers  	2-253

Table 2-162.  Percentile and Mean Consumption Rates for New York Anglers
             Who Caught Fish From Lake Erie	2-254

Table 2-163.  Percentile Rankings and Mean Consumption Rates for New York
             Anglers Who Caught Fish From Lake Ontario	2-255

Table 2-164.  Rankings and Mean Consumption Rates for Lake Ontario Anglers .  2-257

Table 2-165.  Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for Wisconsin Sport Anglers . . .  2-258

Table 2-166.  Calculated Fish Consumption Rates Using Raw Date From All Five
             Surveys	 .  2-260

Table 2-167.  Summary of Fish Consumption Surveys	2-261

Table 2-168.  Average Fish Consumption (g/person-day) by Race for Michigan
             Sport Anglers	2-265

Table 2-169.  Average Fish Consumption (g/person-day) by Age Groups for
             Michigan Sport Anglers .	2-266

Table 2-170.  Average Fish Consumption (g/person-day) by Age and Race for
             Michigan Sports Anglers	2-267
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                                                                        Page No.
Table 2-171.  Summary of Original and Adjusted Seasonal Consumption Rate
             Averages	2-270

Table 2-172.  Analysis of Fish Consumption by Ethnic Groups for " All Waters"
             (grams/day)	 2-272

Table 2-173.  Total Consumption of Freshwater Fish Caught by All Survey
             Respondents During the 1990 Season	2-273

Table 2-174.  Estimates of Fish Intake Rates of Licensed Sport Anglers in
             Maine During the 1989-1990 Ice Fishing or 1990 Open-Water
             Seasons	2-275

Table 2-175.  Intake rates of Sport-Anglers in Maine Based on How Fish Was
             Shared Among Household Members		2-276

Table 2-176.  Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by All Adult
             Respondents (Consumers and Non-consumers) Combined -
             Throughout the Year .  . . ;	2-279

Table 2-177.  Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by Adult Fish
             Consumers Only  	2-280

Table 2-178.  Children's Fish Consumption Rates - Throughout Year	  2-281

Table 2-179.  Fish Intake Throughout the Year by Sex, Age, and Location by
             All Adult Respondents	2-282

Table 2-180.  Summary of Fish Intake Studies	2-286

Table 2-181.  Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species	  2-294

Table 2-182.  1986 Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors	2-301

Table 2-183.  Percentage of Gardening Households Growing Different
             Vegetables in 1986	2-302

Table 2-184.  Sub-option Codes and Definitions	  2-306
                                       xvm
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                                                                         Page No,


Table 2-185.  Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations for
             NFCS Data Used in the Analysis of Food Intake	  2-311

Table 2-186. Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - All Regions Combined . .  2-312

Table 2-187. Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region	2-313

Table 2-188. Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region	  2-314

Table 2-189. Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - South Region	 .  2-315

Table 2-190. Intake of Homegrown Fruits (g/kg-day) - West Region  	2-316

Table 2-191. Intake of Homepown Vegetables (g/kg-day) -
             All Regions Combined	2-317

Table 2-192. Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region . . .  2-318

Table 2-193. Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region  . . .  2-319

Table 2-194. Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-
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Table 2-203.  Intake of Homeproduced Dairy (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region	  2-329

Table 2-204.  Intake of Homeproduced Dairy (g/kg-day) - South Region  	  2-330

Table 2-205.  Intake of Homeproduced Dairy (g/kg-day) - West Region	  2-331

Table 2-206.  Intake of Home Caught Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             All Regions Combined '	  2-332

Table 2-207.  Intake of Home Caught Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             Northeast Region	2-333

Table 2-208.  Intake of Home Caught Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             Midwest Region	2-334

Table 2-209.  Intake of Home Caught Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             South Region  	2-335

Table 2-210.  Intake of Home Caught Fish and Shellfish (g/kg-day) -
             West Region	2-336

Table 2-212.  Intake of Homegrown Apples (g/kg-day)	2-337

Table 2-213.  Intake of Homegrown Peaches (g/kg-day)  	2-338

Table 2-214.  Intake of Homegrown Pears (g/kg-day)	2-339

Table 2-215.  Intake of Homegrown Strawberries (g/kg-day)	  2-340

Table 2-216.  Intake of Homegrown Other Berries (g/kg-day)	2-341

Table 2-217.  Intake of Homegrown Asparagus (g/kg-day)	2-342

Table 2-218.  Intake of Homegrown Beets (g/kg-day)	2-343

Table 2-219.  Intake of Homegrown Broccoli (g/kg-day)	2-344

Table 2-220.  Intake of Homegrown Cabbage (g/kg-day)	2-345

                                         xx
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                                                                       Page No.


Table 2-221, Intake of Homegrown Carrots (g/kg-day)	 . 2-346

Table 2-222. Intake of Homegrown Com (g/kg-day)	2-347

Table 2-223 Intake of Homegrown Cucumbers (g/kg-day)	2-348

Table 2-224. Intake of Homegrown Lettuce (g/kg-day) .	 2-349

Table 2-225. Intake of Homegrown Lima Beans (g/kg-day)	2-350

Table 2-226. Intake of Homegrown Okra (g/kg-day)	 . 2-351

Table 2-227. Intake of Homegrown Onions (g/kg-day)	2-352

Table 2-228. Intake of Homegrown Peas (g/kg-day)	 2-353

Table 2-229. Intake of Homegrown Peppers (g/kg-day)	2-354

Table 2-230. Intake of Homegrown Pumpkin (g/kg-day)	2-355

Table 2-231. Intake of Homegrown Snap Beans (g/kg-day)	2-356

Table 2-232. Intake of Homegrown Tomatoes (g/kg-day)  	2-357

Table 2-233. Intake of Homegrown White Potatoes (g/kg-day)	2-358

Table 2-234. Intake of Homeproduced Beef (g/kg-day)	2-359

Table 2-235. Intake of Homecaught Game (g/kg-day)	 2-360

Table 2-236. Intake of Homeproduced Pork (g/kg-day)	2-361

Table 2-237. Intake of Homeproduced Poultry (g/kg-4ay)	 2-362

Table 2-238. Intake of Homeproduced Eggs (g/kg-day)	2-363

Table 2-239. Intake of Homegrown Exposed Vegetables (g/kg-day)	2-364
                                        xxi
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                                                                          Page No.


Table 2-240.  Intake of Homegrown Protected Vegetables (g/kg-day)	  2-365

Table 2-241.  Intake of Homegrown Root Vegetables (g/kg-day)  	  2-366

Table 2-242.  Intake of Homegrown Exposed Fruits (g/kg-day)	  2-367

Table 2-243.  Intake of Homegrown Protected Fruits (g/kg-day)	  2-368

Table 2-244.  Intake of Homegrown Dark Green Vegetables (g/kg-day)	  2-369

Table 2-245.  Intake of Homegrown Deep Yellow Vegetables (g/kg-day)	  2-370

Table 2-246.  Intake of Homegrown Other Vegetables (g/kg-day)	  2-371

Table 2-247.  Intake of Homegrown Citrus Fruits (g/kg-day)	2-372

Table 2-248.  Intake of Homegrown Other Fruit (g/kg-day)  	2-373

Table 2-249.  Mean Fraction of Food Intake That is Homeproduced	  2-374

Table 2-250.  Estimated Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Aluminum,
             Silicon, and Titanium Concentrations	2-381

Table 2-251.  Calculated Soil Ingestion by Nursery School Children	  2-383

Table 2-252.  Calculated Soil Ingestion by Hospitalized, Bedridden Children   . . .  2-384

Table 2-253.  Geometric Mean (GM) and Standard Deviation (GSD) LTM Values
             for Children at Daycare Centers and Campgrounds 	  2-386

Table 2-254.  Estimated Geometric Mean LTM Values of Children Attending
             Day-Care Centers According to Age, Weather Category, and
             Sampling Period  	2-387

Table 2-255.  Average Daily Soil Ingestion Values Based on Aluminum,
             Silicon, and Titanium as  Tracer Elements	2-390
                                         xxn
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Table 2-256.  Mean and Standard Deviation Percentage Recovery of Eight
             Tracer Elements	2-392

Table 2-257.  Soil and Dust Ingestion Estimates for Children Aged 1-4 Years . . .   2-394

Table 2-258.  Estimated Soil Ingestion Rate Summary Statistics and
             Parameters for Distributions Using Binder et al. (1986)
             Data with Actual Fecal Weights	2-395

Table 2-259.  Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Children	  2-399

Table 2-260.  Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Adults   .	  2-401

Table 2-261.  Adult Daily Soil Ingestion Estimates by Week and Tracer
             Element After Subtracting Food and Capsule Ingestion,
             Based on Median Amherst Soil Concentrations:
             Means and Medians Over Subjects (mg)	2-403

Table 2-262.  Daily Soil Ingestion Estimation in a Soil-Pica Child by
             Tracer and by Week (mg/day)	2-405

Table 2-263.  Soil Intake Studies	2-407

Table 3-1.    Comparisons of Estimated Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) with
             Average Food-energy Intakes for Individuals Sampled in the
             1977-78 NFCS (USDA 1984)  	3-4

Table 3-2.    Daily Inhalation Rates Calculated from Food-Energy Intakes  ......  3-6

Table 3-3.    Daily Inhalation Rates Obtained from the Ratios Of Total
             Energy Expenditure to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)  ...........  3-8

Table 3-4.    Daily Inhalation Rates Based on Time-Activity Survey	3-10

Table 3-5.    Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposures  	3-11

Table 3-6.    Protocols  for Self-Monitoring of Activities Grouped by
                    Panels	 3-14
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Table 3-7.    Subject Panel Inhalation Rates (IR) by Mean ffi, Upper
             Percentiles, and Self-Estimated Breathing Rates  	3-15

Table 3-8.    Distributions of Individual and Group Heartrate and Inhalation/
             Ventilation Rate for Outdoor Workers	  3-17

Table 3-9.    Individual Mean Inhalation Rate (m3/hr) by Self-Estimated
             Breathing Rate or Job Activity Category for Outdoor Workers  ....  3-19

Table 3-10.   Distribution of HR and Predicted IR, by Location and
             Self-Estimated Breathing Rate for Elementary (EL) and
             High School (HS) Students		3-21

Table 3-11.   Average Hours Spent per Day in a Given Location and Activity
             Level by Elementary (EL) and High School (HS) Students .	3-22

Table 3-12.   Distribution Patterns of Daily Inhalation Rates for
             Elementary (EL) and High School  Students (HS)
             Grouped  by Activity Level	  3-23

Table 3-13.   Summary of Average Inhalation  Rates (m3/hr) by Age Group and
             Activity Levels for Laboratory Protocols	3-25

Table 3-14.   Summary of Average Inhalation  Rates (nrVhr) by Age Group and
             Activity Levels in Field Protocols	3-26

Table 3-15.   Distribution Pattern of Predicted VR and EVR (Equivalent
             Ventilation Rate) for Outdoor Workers	3-31

Table 3-16.   Distribution Pattern of Inhalation Rate by Location and
             Activity Type for Outdoor Workers	3-32

Table 3-17.   Actual Inhalation Rates (VE) Measured at Four Ventilation Levels . .  3-34

Table 3-18.   Subject Estimation of Ventilation Range	3-37

Table 3-19.   Activity Pattern Data Aggregated for  Three Microenvironments
             by Activity Level for all Age Groups	3-38
                                         XXIV
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                                                                         Page No.
 Table 3-20.    Summary of Daily Inhalation Rates Grouped by Age and Activity
              level in a Microenvironment	3-40

 Table 3-21.    Daily Inhalation Rates Estimated From Daily Activities for a
              Reference Man	3-41

 Table 3-22.    Summary of Inhalation Rate Studies	3-42

 Table 4-1.     Summary of Equation Parameters for Calculating Adult Body
              Surface Area	 4-7

 Table 4-2.     Surface Area of Adult Males in Square Meters	4-8

 Table 4-3.     Surface Area of Adult Females in Square Meters	4-9

 Table 4-4.     Surface Area by Body Part for Adults (m2)	4-10

 Table 4-5.     Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Part for Adults	4-11

 Table 4-6.     Total Body Surface Area of Male Children in Square Meters	4-13

 Table 4-7.     Total Body Surface Area of Female Children in Square Meters ....  4-14

 Table 4-8.     Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Part for Children  .....  4-15

 Table 4-9.     Descriptive Statistics for SA/BW Ratios (m2/kg)	4-17

 Table 4-10.    Statistical Results for Total Body Surface Area Distributions  .....  4-20

 Table 4-11.    SMn Coverage with Soil by Body Part and Activity	4-28

 Table 4-12.    Mean Soil Adherence by Activity and Body Region	  4-30

 Table 4-13.    Surface Area Studies	4-32
*
 Table 4-14.    Soil Adherence Values	4-33
                                        XXV
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                           LIST OF TABLES (continued)
                                                                           Page No.
Table 5-1.     Expectation of Life at Birth,  1970 to 1992, and
              Projections, 1995 to 2010	5-2

Table 5-2.     Body Weights of Adults (kilograms)  	5-4

Table 5-3.     Body Weights of Children  (kilograms)	5-5

Table 5-4.     Weight in Kilograms for Males 18-74 Years of Age—Number
              Examined, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Selected Percentiles,
              by Race and Age:  United  States, 1976-1980	5-6

Table 5-5.     Weight in Kilograms for Females 18-74 Years of Age-Number
              Examined, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Selected Percentiles,
              by Race and Age:  United  States, 1976-1980	5-7

Table 5-6.     Weight in Kilograms for Males 6 Months-19 Years of Age-
              Number Examined, Mean,  Standard Deviation, and Selected
              Percentiles, by Sex and Age: United States,  1976-1980	5-8

Table 5-7.     Weight in Kilograms for Females 6 Months-19 Years of Age-
              Number Examined, Mean,  Standard Deviation, and Selected
              Percentiles, by Sex and Age: United States,  1976-1980	5-9

Table 5-8.     Statistics for Probability Plot Regression Analyses; Female's
              Body Weights 6 Months to 20 Years of Age	5-11

Table 5-9.     Statistics for Probability Plot Regression Analyses; Male's
              Body Weights 6 Months to 20 Years of Age	5-12

Table 5-10.    Differences in Time Use (hours/week) Grouped by Sex,
              Employment Status, and Marital Status  for the Surveys
              Conducted in 1965 and 1975	5-16

Table 5-11.    Time Use (hours/week)* Differences by Age for the Surveys
              Conducted in 1965 and 1975	5-18

Table 5-12.    Time Use (hours/week)' Differences by Education for the Surveys
              Conducted in 1965 and 1975	5-19
                                         XXVI
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                           LIST OF TABLES (continued)
                                                                         Paee No.
Table 5-13.   Time Use (hours/week) Differences by Race for the Surveys
             Conducted in 1965 and 1975 ,	5-20

Table 5-14.   Mean Time Spent (Minutes) Performing Major Activities Grouped
             by Age, Sex and Type of Day	5-25

Table 5-15.   Mean Time Spent in Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day
             for Five Different Age Groups	5-26

Table 5-16.   Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in 10 Major Activity
             Categories Grouped by Regions	5-28

Table 5-17.   Total Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in Ten Major Activity
             Categories Grouped by Type of Day	5-29

Table 5-18.   Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in 10 Major Activity Categories
             During Four Waves of Interviews	5-31

Table 5-19.   Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in 10 Major Activity Categories
             grouped by Gender		 5-32

Table 5-20.   Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals by Age and Sex ....  5-34

Table 5-21.   Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and
             Race	5-35

Table 5-22.   Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex
             and Employment Status	 5-36

Table 5-23.   Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals  Grouped by Major
             Occupational Groups and Age	5-37

Table 5-24.   Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers Age 16
             and Older	5-39
                                        xxvn
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                          LIST OF TABLES (continued)
                                                                        Page No.
Table 5-25.   Mean Time Spent in 10 Major Activity Cateogries Grouped
             by Total Sample and Gender for the CARS and National
             Studies (Age 18-64)  	5-42

Table 5-26.   Total Mean Time Spent at 3 Major Locations Grouped by
             Total Sample and Gender for the CARS and National Study
             (Ages 18-64)	5-43

Table 5-27.   Mean Time Spent at Three Locations for both CARS and
             National Studies (Ages 12 and Older)	5-44

Table 5-28.   Mean Time Spent (mins/Day) in Various Microenvironments
             Grouped by Total Population and Gender (12 years and over)
             in the National CA1B Data	5-46

Table 5-29.   Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in Various Microenvironments by
             Type of Day  (Sample Population Ages 12 and Older)	5-47

Table 5-30.   Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in Various Microenvironments by
             Age Groups  .	 5-49

Table 5-31.   Mean Time Children Spent in 10 Major Activity Categories
             for all Respondents	5-52

Table 5-32.   Mean Time Children Spent in 10 Major Activity Categories
             Grouped by Age and Gender	5-53

Table 5-33.   Mean Time Children Spent in 10 Major Activity Categories
             Grouped by Seasons and Regions	5-54

Table 5-34.   Mean Time Children Spent in Six Major Locations
             Categories for All Respondents  	5-56

Table 5-35.   Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories
             Grouped by Age and Gender	5-57

Table 5-36.   Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories
             Grouped by Season and Region	5-58
                                       xxvi i i
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Table 5-37.   Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Three Potential
             Exposures Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender	5-59

Table 5-38.   Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors ....  5-61

Table 5-39.   Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Average Shower Duration
             for 2,500 Households	  5-63

Table 5-40.   Summary of Mean Time-Activity Patterns Over a 24-Hour Period . .  5-65

Table 5-41.   Percent Responses of Children's *Play" (activities) Locations
             in Maryvale,  Arizona	  5-67

Table 5-42.   Summary of Residence Time of Recent Home Buyers ..........  5-71

Table 5-43.   Tenure in Previous Home (Percentage Distribution)  ...........  5-72

Table 5-44.   Number of Miles Moved (Percentage Distribution)  	5-73

Table 5-45.   Values and Their Standard Errors for Average Total
             Residence Time, T, for Each Group in Survey	5-74

Table 5-46.   Total Residence Time, t (years), Corresponding to Selected
             Values of R(t)* by Housing Category	5-75

Table 5-47.   Residence Time of Owner/Renter Occupied Units	5-77

Table 5-48.   Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified
             Ranges of Time	  5-78

Table 5-49.   Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period	5-80

Table 5-50.   Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age	5-81

Table 6-1.    Frequency of Use For Household Solvent Products	 6-3

Table 6-2.    Exposure Time of Use For Household Solvent Products	6-5
                                      XXTX
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                           LIST OF TABLES  (continued)
                                                                           PaEeNo.
Table 6-3.     Amount of Products Used For Household Solvent Products	6-7

Table 6-4.     Time Exposed After Duration of Use For Household Solvent
              Products  	6-9

Table 6-5.     Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type Used
              by Task For Household Cleaning Products  	6-12

Table 6-6.     Percentile Rankings for Total Exposure Time in Performing Task  . . 6-14

Table 6-7.     Mean Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Use in Performing
              Household Tasks	6-15

Table 6-8.     Mean and Percentile Rankings for Exposure Time Per Event of
              Performing Household Tasks	6-16

Table 6-9.     Total Exposure Time for  Ten Product Groups Most Frequently
              Used For Household Cleaning	6-17

Table 6-10.    Total Exposure Time of Painting Activity of Interior
              Painters (hrs)   	6-18

Table 6-11.    Exposure Time of Interior Painting Activity/Occasion (hrs)
              and Frequency of Occasions Spent Painting Per Year	6-19

Table 6-12.    Amount of Paint Used by Interior Painters	6-20

Table 7-1.     Average Estimated Volumes of U.S. Residences	7-5

Table 7-2.     Residential Volumes in Relation to Household Size and Year of
              Construction	7-6

Table 7-3.     Room Volumes and Surface Areas From Energy Conservation
              and Indoor Air Quality Research Houses	7-7

Table 7-4.     Examples of Products  and Materials Associated with Floor and
              Wall Surfaces in Residences  	7-9
                                           XXX
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                         LET OF TABLES (continued)          ""               "~~



                                                                      Page No.
Table 7-5.     Summary Statistics for Air Exchange Kates (Air Changes Per
             Hour-ACH), by Region	7-13

Table 7-6.     In-house Water Use Rates (gcd), by Study and Type of Use	7-22
                                       XXXI
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                                                                        Pae
Figure 4-1. SA/BW Distributions for Infants, Adults, and All Ages Combined  . . .  4-18

Figure 4-2.   Surface Area Frequency Distribution: Men and Women  ... .....  4-21

Figure 7-1.   Elements of Residential Exposure  ....................... 7-2

Figure 7-2.   Residential Configurations (after Rector and Koontz 1993) .......  7-15

Figure 7-3.   Airflows for Multiple-zone Systems .....................  7-16

Figure 7-4.   Characteristic Volumes and Airflow Rates for Two-zone Situations  .  7-19
                                       xxxn
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                                      PREFACE
       The National Center for Environmental Assessment has prepared this handbook to
address factors commonly used in exposure assessments.  This handbook was first published in
1989 in response to requests from many EPA program and regional offices for additional
guidance on how to select values for exposure factors.

       Several events have sparked the efforts to revise the Exposure Factors Handbook.
First, since its publication in 1989, new data have become available.  Second, the Risk
Assessment Council issued a memorandum titled "Guidance on Risk Characterization for Risk
Managers and Risk Assessors" dated February 26, 1992 which emphasized the use of multiple
descriptors of risk  (i.e., central tendency, high end of individual risk, population risk,
important subpopulations). Third, EPA published the final Guidelines for Exposure
Assessment.

       As part of the efforts to revise the handbook, the EPA Risk Assessment Forum
sponsored a  two-day peer involvement workshop which was conducted during the summer of
1993.  The workshop was attended by 57 scientists from academia, consulting, private
industry, the states, and other federal agencies.  The purpose of the workshop was to identify
new data sources, discuss adequacy of the data and the feasibility of developing statistical
distributions and establish priorities.

       As a  result  of the  workshop, two new chapters have been added to the handbook. These
chapters are: consumer products use and the reference residence.  This document also
provides  a summary of the available data on consumption of drinking water; consumption of
fruits,  vegetables, beef, dairy products, and fish, soil ingestion; inhalation rates; skin surface
area; lifetime; activity patterns; and body weight.
                                         xxxin
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                 AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS
      The National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) was responsible for the
preparation of this handbook.  The original document was prepared by Versar Inc. under EPA
Contract No. 68-02-4254, Work Assignment No. 189. John Schaum, NCEA-Wasnington
Office, served as the EPA Work Assignment Manager, providing overall direction and
coordination of the production effort as well as technical assistance and guidance.  Revisions,
updates, and additional preparation were provided by Versar Inc. under Contract Numbers 68-
DO-0101 and 68-D3-OQ13.  Russell Kinerson and Greg Kew have served as EPA Work
Assignment Managers during previous efforts of the update process.  Jackie Moya served as
Work Assignment Mnager for the current updated version, providing overall direction,
technical assistance, and as contributing author.
AUTHORS
      Patricia Wood
      Linda Phillips
      Aderonke Adenuga
      Nica Mostaghim
      Teri Schaeffer
      Mike Koontz
      Harry Rector
      Wes Kleene
      Exposure Assessment Division
      Versar Inc.
      Springfield, VA
                                       xxxiv
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REVIEWERS
      The following individuals at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have reviewed
an earlier draft of this document and provided valuable comments:
      Elizabeth Bryan
      Science Policy Council

      Janine Dinan
      Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

      Karen Hammerstrom
      Office of Research and Development

      James J. Konz
      Office of Solid Waste and Emergency REsponse

      Sue Norton
      Office of Research and Development

      Mary Pace
      Office of Research and Development

      James Ryan
      Office of Research and Development

      John Schaum
      Office of Research and Development

      Anne Sergeant
      Office of Research and Development

      Paul White
      Office of Research and Development
                                       xxxv
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.  BACKGROUND
       The Exposure Factors Handbook is intended to serve as a support document to EPA's
Guidelines for Exposure Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1992) by providing data on standard factors
that may be needed to calculate human exposure to toxic chemicals. The Guidelines were
developed to promote consistency among the various exposure assessment activities that are
carried out by the various EPA program offices.  This handbook should assist in this goal by
providing a consistent framework to calculate dose.
       The handbook is organized by grouping the factors into those needed for each specific
route of exposure (i.e., ingestion, inhalation, or dermal), or those needed for more than one
route.  Finally, procedures for analyzing uncertainty in exposure assessments are presented.
       The Exposure Factors Handbook is an extension of earlier efforts towards standardizing
the Agency's exposure assessment calculations sponsored by the Exposure Assessment Group,
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development.
U.S. EPA (1985) presents detailed information on body weight, body surface area, and
respiration rate in the report "Development of Statistical Distributions or Ranges of Standard
Factors Used in Exposure Assessments."  The results of this earlier study are incorporated into
this handbook.
       This handbook is the update of an earlier version prepared in 1989.  Revisions,
updates,  and additional information are reflected through,  but not limited to, the following
areas:
       «      addition of drinking water rates for children;
       *      changes in soil ingestion rates for children;
       »      addition of soil ingestion rates for adults;
       •      addition of tapwater consumption for adults and children;
       *      addition of mean daily intake of food class and subclass by region, age and per
              capita rates;
       •      addition of mean moisture content of selected fruits, vegetables, grains, fish,
              meat and dairy products;
       *      addition of food intake by class in  dry weight per day;

                                          1-1
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                                                                          »0f  QUOTE OR
       »      update of homegrown food intake;                        I        CITE
       *      expansion of data in the dermal chapter;                           "     '  "—
       •      update of fish intake data;
       «      expansion of data for time spent at residence;
       •      update of body weight data;
       *      update of population mobility data;
       *      addition of new data for average time spent in different locations and various
              microenvironments;
       «      addition of data for occupational mobility;
       »      addition of breast milk ingestion;
       »      addition of consumer product use; and
       »      reference residence factors.

       The 1989 Exposure Factors Handbook was divided into two parts:  Part I which
provided the equations and data on factors used in assessing exposure by ingestion, inhalation,

and dermal routes; and Part II which demonstrated how to apply the standard factor statistics

summarized in Part I to specific exposure scenarios.   During the workshop held in  1993,

panelists were provided with several options for revising Part II of the handbook. These

options were:
       •       present methods (i.e., equations) but no values for assessing exposures;
       •       list examples of exposure scenarios
       »       list exposure scenarios that represent current exposure assessment methods with
              default values; and
       «       eliminate Part II.

       About half of the participants recommended eliminating Part II of the handbook.  One

of the major concerns with Part II was that the values used in the standard scenarios may

become default values and that this will discourage risk assessors from accounting for the

uniqueness of site-specific situations.  Therefore,  this  revised version of the handbook does not

include standard scenarios.  However, the methods and equations have been included in the

relevant parts of the document. A separate guidance document and a series of technical

support documents that illustrate the process for constructing risk descriptors are currently

under development.
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       This handbook is a compilation of available data from a variety of different studies.
With very few exceptions, the data presented in this handbook are the analyses done by the
authors of the studies or papers.  No additional analyses of the raw data were conducted by the
authors of this Handbook. The studies (e.g., surveys, papers, etc.) discussed in this Handbook
to define a particular factor were grouped into Key Studies and Other Relevant Studies
depending on the adequacy of the data and its applicability to the exposure factor being
evaluated.  The recommended values for each exposure factor are based on the results of the
Key Studies.  The strengths and limitations of each study are discussed to provide the reader
with a better understanding of the uncertainties associated with the values derived from each
one of these studies. For some exposure factors, data are so limited that studies could not be
grouped into Key or Relevant. In those cases, the recommended values for the exposure factor
are based on the data available.
       Since the studies included in this Handbook varied in terms of their objectives, design,
scope, presentation of results, etc., the level of detail and the statistics discussed in this
Handbook for each study may vary from study to study.  For example, some authors used
geometric means to present their results, while others used means or distributions.  To the
extent possible, every effort was made to present discussions and results in a consistent
manner.
       Terms that have been  used to describe racial populations may include a number of
different terminologies for the same population. However, to avoid misreporting results of the
studies, the classifications reported in this Handbook are ones as reported in the original
reference source.
       Some of the steps for performing an exposure assessment are (1) determining the
pathway of exposure, (2) identifying the environmental media which transports the
contaminant, (3) determining the contaminant concentration, (4) determining the exposure
time,  frequency, and duration, and (5) identifying the exposed population.  Many of the issues
related to characterizing exposure from selected exposure pathways  have been addressed in a
number of existing EPA guidance documents include, but not limited to are the following:
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       *      Guidelines for Exposure Assessment (U.S. EPA 1992a);
       •      Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications (U.S. EPA 1992b);
       •      Guidance for Dermal Exposure Assessment (U.S. EPA 1992c);
       •      Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to
             Combustor Emissions (U.S. EPA, 1990);
       •      Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (U.S. EPA, 1989);
       •      Estimating Exposures to 2,3,7,8-TCDD (U.S. EPA, 1988a);
       •      Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual (U.S. EPA,  1988b);
       •      Selection Criteria for Models Used in Exposure Assessments (U.S.  EPA
             1988c);
       •      Selection Criteria for Mathematical Models Used in Exposure Assessments
             (U.S. EPA 1987);
       •      Standard Scenarios for Estimating Exposure to Chemical Substances During Use
             of Consumer Products (U.S. EPA 1986);
       •      Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivisions K and U (U.S. EPA, 1984,
             1986); and
       •      Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances (U.S. EPA, 1983).
These documents serve as valuable information resources to assist in the assessment of
exposure.  The reader is encouraged to refer to them for a more detailed discussion.
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1.2.  GENERAL EQUATION FOR CALCULATING DOSE
       The definition of exposure as used in the Guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1992) is "condition of
a chemical contacting the outer boundary of a human." This means contact with the visible
exterior of a person such as the skin, and openings such as the mouth, nostrils, and lesions.
The amount of chemical ingested, inhaled, or in material applied to the skin is called potential
dose.  Starting with a general integral equation for exposure (U.S. EPA 1992), several dose
equations can be derived depending upon boundary assumptions. One of the more useful of
these derived equations is the Average Daily Dose (ADD).  The ADD, which is used for many
noncancer effects, averages the total dose over the period of dosing.  The ADD can be
calculated by averaging the potential dose (Dpot) over body weight and an averaging time.

(1-1)         ADDpol  =  [Total Dose]/[Body Weight x Averaging Time]

       For  effects such as cancer, where the biological response is usually described in terms
of lifetime probabilities, even though exposure does not occur over the entire lifetime, doses
are often presented as lifetime average daily doses (LADDs).  The LADD takes the form of
the equation 1-1 with lifetime replacing averaging time. The LADD is a very common term
used in carcinogen risk where linear non-threshold models are employed.
       The total dose can be expanded as follows:

(1-2)    Total Dose  = Contaminant Concentration x Intake Rate x Exposure Duration

       Contaminant concentration is the concentration of the contaminant in the medium (air,
food,  soil, etc.) contacting the body and has units of mass/volume or mass/mass.
       The intake rate refers to the rates of inhalation,  ingestion, and dermal contact
depending on the route of exposure. For ingestion, the intake rate is simply the amount of
food containing the contaminant of interest that an individual ingests during some specific time
period (units of mass/time). Much of this handbook is devoted to  standard rates of ingestion
for some broad classes of food. For inhalation, the intake rate is the rate at which
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contaminated air is inhaled.  Factors that affect dermal exposure are the amount of material
that comes into contact with the skin, and the rate at which the contaminant is absorbed.
       The exposure duration is the length of time that contaminant contact lasts. The time a
person lives in an area, frequency of bathing, time spent indoors vs. outdoors, etc. all affect
the exposure duration.  The Activity Patterns Section (Section 5.3) gives some examples of
population behavior patterns, which may be useful for estimating exposure durations to be
used in the exposure calculations.
       When the above parameter values remain constant over time, they are substituted
directly into the dose equation.  When they change with time, a summation approach is needed
to calculate dose.  In either case, the exposure duration is the length of time exposure occurs at
the concentration and intake rate specified by the other parameters in the equation.
       Dose can be expressed as a total amount (with units of mass, e.g., mg) or as an dose
rate in terms of mass/time (e.g., mg/day),  or as a rate normalized to body  mass (e.g., with
units of mg of chemical per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg-day)).  The LADD is usually
expressed in terms of mg/kg-day or other mass/mass-time units.
       In using the LADD, the upper-bound cancer risk is estimated by adjusting the exposure
to account for absorption into the body and multiplying by the slope factor of the
dose-response function.  Since the slope factor is derived  on the basis of administered dose, the
dose should be expressed on a comparable  basis. If the absorption  from the medium used in
the animal studies is the same as that occurring in the human exposure scenario, no adjustment
is needed.
       The lifetime value used in the above equation is the period of time over  which the dose
is averaged. For carcinogens,  this should represent the average life expectancy of the exposed
population.  For dose estimates to be used  for assessments other than carcinogenic risk,
different averaging periods are frequently used.  For acute exposures, the administered doses
are usually averaged over a day or single event.  For chronic noncancer effects, the time
period used is the actual period of exposure. The objective in selecting the averaging time is
to express the dose in a way which makes it comparable to the dose-response relationship used
in conjunction with the dose estimate to calculate risk.
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       The body weight used to calculate the potential dose in the above equation should
reflect the average weight of the exposed population during the time when the exposure
actually occurs.  If the exposure occurs continuously throughout an individual's life or only
during the adult ages, using an adult average weight of 70 kg should provide sufficient
accuracy.  However, when the exposure is limited to childhood, the weight representing those
ages should be used. Body weight is covered in more detail in the section on other factors
needed for exposure calculations in Section 5.
       Some of the parameters used in estimating exposure (primarily concentrations) are
exclusively site specific, and therefore default recommendations could not be used.
       Note that only the average body weight value is recommended under the set of values
for the parameter ranges. Since the body weight appears in the denominator of the dose
equation, a smaller value would lead  to larger doses.  This would make the combination of
values used in the high-end estimate less likely, since the combination of low body  weight and
high consumption (or inhalation) rates is not likely to occur.
       Similarly, only the average lifetime value is recommended under the set of values for
the parameter ranges. Use of a short lifetime estimate in the high-end estimate scenario could
be unlikely in conjunction with a long exposure duration assumption.  Additionally, certain
lifetime assumptions are made in derivation of the cancer potency factor.  Sorting out how to
maintain consistency between the dose and potency values while adjusting lifetime over a
relatively narrow range implies more precision than is appropriate in risk assessment.
       The link between the intake rate value and the exposure duration value is a common
source of confusion in defining exposure scenarios.  It is important to define the duration
estimate so that it is consistent with the intake rate:
       •     The intake rate can be based on an individual event, such as 100 g of fish eaten
             per meal.  The duration should be based on the number of events or, in this
             case, meals.
       •     The intake rate can also be based on a long-term average, such as 10 g/day. In
             this case the duration should be based on the total time interval over which  the
             exposure occurs.
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       The objective is to define the terms so that when multiplied together they give the
appropriate estimate of mass of contaminant contacted.  This can be accomplished by basing
the contact rate on either a long-term average (chronic exposure) or an event (acute exposure)
basis, as long as the duration value is selected appropriately.  Consider the case in which a
person eats a 100-g fish meal every 10 days (long-term average is 10 g/day) for 40 years:
       (100 g/meal) (meal/10 days) (365 days/year) (40 years)  = 146,000 g
       (10 g/day) (365 days/year) (40 years) =  146,000 g
Thus, a duration of either 36.5 meals/year or 365 days/year could be used as long as it is
matched with the appropriate intake rate.
       Normally, exposure scenarios such as those presented in this document are used to
estimate individual risks.  If the scenario is considered representative of a population, then the
population risk is estimated by multiplying the individual risk by the population size. Note
that exposure duration less than an individual's lifetime were typically recommended. In these
cases, the population risk must be computed using the total population exposed over a 70-year
period.  For example, if the exposure duration is assumed to last 10 years for an individual,
the exposed population over 70 years could be 7 people  since a  different person could be
exposed during each 10-year period.

1.3.  ORGANIZATION
       The handbook is organized as follows:
       Chapter 2    Provides factors for estimating human exposure to toxic compounds
                    through ingestion of contaminated water,  food and soil.
       Chapter 3    Provides factors for estimating exposure as a result of inhalation of
                    vapor and particulates.
       Chapter 4    Presents factors for estimating dermal exposure to  environmental
                    contaminants that come in contact with the skin.
       Chapter 5    Provides additional factors which are not  presented in Chapters 2,3,,
                    and 4, but are necessary to calculate exposure from ingestion, inhalation
                    and dermal exposure routes.
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Chapter 6     Presents data on consumer product use.
Chapter 7     Presents factors used in estimating residential exposures.

Chapter 8     Presents an analysis of uncertainty and discusses methods that can be
              used to evaluate and present the uncertainty associated with exposure
              scenario estimates.
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1.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1                         ——	
U.S. EPA. (1983-1989) Methods for assessing exposure to chemical substances.
      Volumes 1-13. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic Substances, Exposure Evaluation
      Division.

U.S. EPA. (1984a) Pesticide assessment guidelines subdivision K, exposure: reentry
      protection. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC. EPA/540/9-48/001.
      Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-85-120962.

U.S. EPA. (1985)  Development of statistical distributions or ranges of standard
      factors used in exposure assessments.  Washington, DC:  Office of Health and
      Environmental Assessment. EPA No. 600/8-85-010. Available from:  NTIS,
      Springfield, VA. PB85-242667.

U.S. EPA. (1986) Standard scenarios for estimating exposure to chemical substances during
      use of consumer products. Volumes I and II.  Washington, DC: Office of Toxic
      Substance, Exposure Evaluation Division.

U.S. EPA.  (1986) Pesticide assessment guidelines subdivision U, applicator exposure
      monitoring.  Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC. EPA/540/9-87/127.
      Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-85-133286.

U.S. EPA. (1987) Selection criteria for mathematical  models used in exposure assessments:
      surface water models. Exposure Assessment Group, Office of Health and
      Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. WPA/600/8-87/042. Available from
      NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-88-139928/AS.

U.S. EPA. (1988a) Estimating exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD.  Office of Health and
      Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.  EPA/600/6-88/OOSA. Available from
      NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-88-231196/AS.

U.S. EPA. (1988b) Superfund exposure assessment manual. Office of Emergency and
      Remedial Response, Washington, DC. EPA/540/1-88/001. Available from NTIS,
      Springfield, VA; PB-89-135859.

U.S. EPA. (1988c) Selection criteria for mathematical models used in exposure assessments:
      groundwater models. Exposure Assessment Group, Office of Health and Environmental
      Assessment, Washington, DC. EPA/600/8-88/075. Available from NTIS, Springfield,
      VA; PB-88-248752/AS.
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2.    INGESTION ROUTE
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       Contaminated water, food, and soil are potential sources of human exposure to toxic
compounds that may be ingested. The potential dose of a toxic compound resulting from
ingestion is a function of consumption rate, contaminant concentration, and exposure
duration. This chapter focuses on consumption rates of broad classes of food including
water,  fruits and vegetables, beef, dairy products, and fish.
       Nondietary soil ingestion is also a potential exposure route of toxic compounds.  A
variety of studies have been conducted to estimate soil consumption rates.  The results of
these studies are also summarized in this chapter, and may be used by the assessor to
estimate exposure to contaminants based on soil ingestion.

2.1.   DOSE EQUATION FOR INGESTION
       The general ADDpoT (average daily potential dose) equation for ingestion exposure
on a per-unit-body weight basis is:

                      ADDroT = [C x TR x DF x ED]/[BW x  ATJ            (Eqn. 2-1)
where:
                 = average daily potential dose (mg/kg-day);
      C         = contaminant concentration in each medium (mg/L or mg/g);
      IR        = intake rate (L/day or g/day);
      DF        = diet fraction;
      ED        = exposure duration (days);
      BW       = body weight (kg); and
      AT        = averaging time (days) for noncarcinogenic effects AT  = ED, and for
                   carcinogenic effects AT = 70 years or 25,550 days.
Intake rate refers to the quantity of material consumed per unit time. It is preferable that
intake rates be determined for the population of interest.  However, in the absence of such
data, they can be estimated from generic rates which are derived from relevant regional
studies or national consumption surveys.  The contaminant concentration refers to the
concentration in food or whatever is being ingested.  It is determined by analyzing samples

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from the contaminated source.  The diet fraction is the fraction of material consumed  from
the contaminated source.  Exposure duration refers to the time an individual ingests material
(i.e., food, water, soil) from a contaminated source.  Total exposure by ingestion is
calculated by summing exposure from specific sources (i.e., drinking water, fruits,
vegetables, meat, soil, etc.).
       For assessments where lifetime averaging is appropriate (such as when evaluating
chemicals with chronic, cancer endpoints), averaging time is replaced by lifetime (LT = 70
years x 365 days/yr), and the ADD becomes the Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD).
Similar assumptions apply as for the ADD calculations.

2.2.   DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION

2.2.1.  Background
       Drinking water is a potential source of human exposure to toxic substances.
Contamination of drinking water may occur, for example, by percolation of toxics through
the soil to ground water that is used asta source of drinking water, by runoff or discharge  to
surface water that is used as a source of drinking water, intentional or unintentional addition
of substances to treat water (e.g., chlorination), and leaching of materials from plumbing
systems (e.g., lead).  Estimating the magnitude of the potential dose of toxics from drinking
water requires information on the quantity of water consumed.  The purpose of this section is
to describe key published studies that provide information on drinking water consumption
(Section 2.2.2) and to provide recommendations of consumption rate values that should be
used in exposure assessments (Section 2.2.6).
       Currently, the U.S. EPA uses the quantity of 2 L per day for adults and 1 L per day
for infants (individuals of 10 kg body mass or less) as default drinking water intake rates
(U.S. EPA, 1980).  These rates include drinking water consumed in the form of juices and
other beverages containing tapwater (e.g., coffee).  The National Academy of Sciences
(NAS,  1977) estimated that daily consumption of water may vary with levels of physical
activity and fluctuations in temperature and humidity.  It is reasonable to assume that some
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individuals in physically-demanding occupations or living in wanner regions may exceed this
level of water intake.
       Numerous studies have generated data on drinking water intake rates.  In general,
these sources support EPA's use of 2 L/day for adults and 1  L/day for children as upper-
percentile tapwater intake rates.  Many of the studies have reported fluid intake rates for both
total fluids and tapwater. Total fluid intake is defined as consumption of all types of fluids
including tapwater, milk, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, and water intrinsic to purchased
foods.  Total tapwater is defined as food and beverages that are prepared or reconstituted
with tapwater (i.e., coffee, tea, frozen juices, soups, etc.). Data for both consumption
categories are presented in  the sections that follow.  However, for the purposes of exposure
assessments involving source-specific contaminated drinking water, intake rates based on
total tapwater are more representative of source-specific tapwater intake.  Given the
assumption that purchased foods and beverages are widely distributed and less likely to
contain source-specific water, the use of total fluid intake rates may overestimate the
potential exposure to toxic  substances present only in local water supplies.
       All studies on drinking water intake that are currently available are based on short-
term survey data.  Although short-term data may be suitable  for obtaining mean intake values
that are representative of both short- and long-term consumption patterns, upper-percentile
values  may be different for short-term and long-term data because more variability generally
occurs in short-term  surveys.  It should also be noted that most drinking water surveys
currently available are based on recall.  This may be a source of uncertainty in the estimated
intake rates because of the  subjective nature of this type of survey technique.
       The available studies on drinking water consumption are summarized in the following
sections. They have been classified as either key studies or other relevant studies based on
the applicability of their survey designs to exposure assessment needs. Recommended intake
rates are based on the results of key studies, but other relevant studies are also presented to
provide the reader with added perspective on the current state-of-knowledge pertaining, to
drinking water intake.
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2.2.2. Key General Population Studies                         		
       Cantor et al. - National Cancer Institute Study - The National Cancer Institute (NCI),
in a population-based, case control study investigating the possible relationship between
bladder cancer and drinking water, interviewed approximately 8,000 adult white individuals,
21-84 years of age (2,805 cases and 5,258 controls), using a standardized questionnaire
(Cantor et al., 1987).  The individuals interviewed were asked to recall the level of intake of
tapwater and other beverages in a typical week during the winter prior to the interview.
Total beverage intake was divided into the following two components:  (1) beverages derived
from tapwater; and (2) beverages from other sources. Tapwater used in cooking foods and
in ice cubes was apparently not considered. Participants also supplied information on the
primary source of the water consumed (i.e., private well, community supply, bottled water,
etc.). The control population was randomly selected from the general population to match
bladder cancer cases in terms of age, sex, and geographic location of residence.  Although
the control population was not entirely representative of the U.S. population as a whole, it
was used in estimating water intake rates.  The fluid intake rates for the bladder cancer cases
were not used because their participation in the study was based on selection factors that
could bias the intake estimates for the general population.  Based on responses from 5,258
white controls (3,892 males; 1,366 females), average intake rates for a  "typical" week were
compiled by sex, age group, and geographic region.  These rates are listed in Table 2-1.
The average total fluid intake rate was 2.01 L/day for men of which 70 percent (1.4 L/day)
was derived from tapwater, and 1.72 L/day for women of which 79 percent (1.35 L/day) was
derived from tapwater.  The overall average adult total tapwater intake rate was  1.39 L/day.
Frequency distribution data reported by Cantor et al. (1987) for total tapwater intake are
presented in Table 2-2. These data suggest a 50th percentile value of approximately 1.3
L/day and an upper percentile value of approximately 2.0 L/day (this value is between 82nd
and 100th percentile, based on Table 2-2; the 95th percentile intake rate was not reported by
Cantor et al.  1987). These values represent the usual level of intake for this population of
adults.
      A limitation associated with this data set is that the population surveyed was not
representative of the general U.S. population.  Also, the data are based  on recall of behavior
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        Table 2-1.  Average Total Tapwater Intake Rate by Sex, Age, and Geographic Area
                                                                 Average
                                                              Total Tapwater
Number of Intake,a»b
Group/Subgroup
Total group
Sex
Males
Females
Age, years .
21-44
45-64
65-84
Geographic area
Atlanta
Connecticut
Detroit
Iowa
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Orleans
Seattle
San Francisco
Utah
a Standard deviations not reported in
b Total tapwater defined as all water
Respondents
5,258

3,892
1,366

291
1,991
2,976

207
844
429
743
1,542
165
112
316
621
279
Cantor et d. (1987).
and beverages derived from tapwater.
L/day
1.39

1.40
1.35

1.30
1.48
1.33

1.39
1.37
1.33
1.61
1.27
1.49
1.61
1.44
1.36
1.35


Source:  Cantor et al., 1987.
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         Table 2-2. Frequency Distribution of Total
                                                        Intake
                                                                            DRAFT
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                                                                         -v.  ClfS
Consumption
Rate (L/day)
                                   Frequency* (%)
Cumulative
Frequency (%)
sSO.80
  0.81-1.12
  1.13-1.44
  1.45-1.95
SI.96
                                       20.6
                                       21.3
                                       20.5
                                       19.5
                                       18.1
     20.6
     41.9
     62.4
     81.9
    100.0
*  Represents  consumption of tapwater and beverages derived from  tapwater in a
   "typical" winter week.
b  Extracted from Table 3 in Cantor et al. (1987).

Source:  Cantor, et al., 1987.
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from a previous time period. This may somewhat degrade response accuracy.  Other
limitations are that the time period surveyed was 1 week in the winter when water intake
rates may be somewhat lower than at other times of the year (i.e., summer). Finally, the
relatively short-term nature of the survey make extrapolation to long-term consumption
patterns difficult.
       Canada Department of Health and Welfare - Tapwater Consumption in Canada - In a
study conducted by the Canadian Department of Health and Welfare, approximately  1,000
individuals were surveyed to determine the per capita total tapwater intake rates for various
age/sex groups during winter and summer seasons (Canadian Ministry of National Health and
Welfare, 1981).  Intake rate was also evaluated as a function of physical activity.  A
representative sample of the Canadian population was surveyed based on the 1971 Canadian
census  format.  Participants monitored water intake for a 2-day period (1 weekday, and 1
weekend day) in both the summer and winter during 1977 and 1978. The  amount of
tapwater consumed was estimated based on the respondents' identification of the type and
size of beverage container used, compared to standard sized vessels.  The survey
questionnaires  included a pictorial guide to help participants in classifying the sizes of the
vessels. For example, a small glass of water was assumed to be equivalent to 4.0 ounces of
water, and a large glass was assumed to contain 9.0 ounces of water.  The study also
accounted for water derived from ice cubes and popsicles, and water in soups, infant
formula, and juices. The survey did not attempt to differentiate between tapwater consumed
at home and tapwater consumed away from home.  The survey also did not attempt to
estimate intake rates for fluids other than tapwater.  Consequently, no intake rates for total
fluids were reported.
      For adults (over 18  years old) only, the average total tapwater intake rate was 1.49
L/day,  and the 90th percentile rate was 2.50 L/day.  Daily consumption distribution patterns
for various age groups are  presented  in Table 2-3.  Intake rates for specific age groups and
seasons are presented in Table 2-4,  Based on the daily total tapwater intake rates for all ages
and seasons combined, the  average rate was 1.34 L/day, and the 90th percentile rate was
2.36 L/day.  Average daily total tapwater intake rates based on the level of physical activity
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Table 2-3,
Daily Total Tapwater Intake Distribution by
Increments, Both Sexes, Combined Seasons)
Age Group (Approx. 0.20 L
Age Group
Amount Consumed
L/day
0.00 - 0.21
0.22 - 0.43
0.44 - 0.65
0.66 - 0.86
0.87 - 1.07
1.08 - 1.29
1.30 - 1.50
1.51 - 1.71
L72 - 1.93
1.94-2.14
2.15-2.36
2.37 - 2.57
2.58 - 2.79
2.80 - 3.00
3.01 - 3.21
3.22 - 3.43
3.44 - 3.64
3.65 - 3.86
>3.86
TOTAL
a Sand
%
11.1
17.3
24.8
9.9
11.1
11.1
4.9
6.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
100.0
Under
Number
9
14
20
8
9
9
4
5
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
81
6-17
% Number
2.8
10.0
13.2
13.6
14.4
14.8
9.6
6.8
2.4
1.2
4.0
0.4
2.4
2.4
0.4
-
-
-
1.6
100.0
7
25
33
34
36
37
24
17
6
3
10
1
6
6
1
0
0
0
4
250
18 and
%
0.5
1.9
5.9
8.5
13.1
14.8
15.3
12.1
6.9
5.6
3.4
3.1
2.7
1.4
1.1
0.9
0.8
-
2.0
100.0
Over
Number
3
12
38
54
84
94
98
77
44
36
22
20
17
9
7
6
5
0
13
639
*  Includes tapwater and foods and beverages derived from tapwater.



Source:  Canadian Ministry of National Health and Welfare,  1981.
                                            2-8
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                                                                         !       DRAFT
                                                                         I DO NOf QUOTE OR
                                                                                 cm
           Table 2-4. Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake by Age and Season (L/day)a
Age (years)

Average
Summer
Winter
Summer/Winter
90th Percentile
Summer/Winter
<3

0,57
0.66
0.61

1.50
3-5

0.86
0.88
0.87

1.50
6-17 18-34

1.14 1.33
1.13 1.42
1.14 1.38

2.21 2.57
35-54

1.52
1.59
1.55

2.57
_<55

1.53
1.62
1.57

2.29
All Ages

1.31
1.37
1.34

2.36
a  Includes tapwater and foods and beverages derived from tap water.

Source:  Canadian Ministry of National Health and Welfare, 1981.
                                           2-9
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                                                                  !       DRAFT
                                                                  I DO, HOI QUOTE OR
                                                                  I    **. CITE
of the survey participants are presented in Table 2-5.  The amounts of tapwater consumed
that are derived from various foods and beverages are presented in Table 2-6.
       These data provide useful information on the seasonal variability of total tapwater
intake.  The survey also included data for some tapwater-containing items not covered by
other studies (i.e., ice cubes, popsicles, and infant formula) and may, therefore, be more
representative of total tapwater consumption than some other less comprehensive  surveys.
However, the estimated intake rates were based on identification of standard vessel sizes.
The accuracy of this type of survey data is not known.  This study estimated tapwater intake
rates in Canada which may not be representative of tapwater intake rates in the United
States.  In addition, certain age groups were under represented. These data were also based
on a short-term survey and may not be entirely representative of long-term consumption
patterns.
       Ershow  and Cantor - Total  Water and Tapwater Intake - Ershow and Cantor (1989)
estimated water intake rates based on data collected by the USDA 1977-1978 Nationwide
Food Consumption Survey (NFCS). Daily intake of tapwater and total water was calculated
for various age groups for males, females, and both sexes combined.  Tapwater was defined
as "all water from the household tap consumed directly  as a beverage or used to prepare
foods and beverages."  Total water was defined as tapwater plus "water intrinsic  to foods and
beverages" (i.e., water contained in purchased food and beverages). Daily total tapwater
intake rates by age group are presented in Table 2-7.  These data indicate that total tapwater
intake for adults (ages 20-64) ranges from approximately 0.15 to 3.78 L/day with a mean
intake rate of 1.37 L/day.  Total tapwater intake for children (ages 1-10)  ranges from
approximately 0.06 to 1.95 with a mean intake rate of 0.74 L/day. The 90th percentile rate
is 2.27 L/day for  adults (ages 20-64) and  1.29 L/day for children (ages 1-10).  Table 2-8
depicts the daily intake rates for total fluids by age. The mean intake rate for total fluids is
2.24 L/day for adults (ages 20-64) and 1.56 L/day for children (ages  1-10).  The 90th
percentile rates  are 3.32 L/day and 2.24 L/day for adults and children,  respectively. Total
tapwater intake rates, as defined by this study,  should be more representative of the rates of
source-specific water consumed and should be used in assessing exposure to contaminants in
local drinking water supplies. Ershow and Cantor (1989) also reported total tapwater intake
                                         2-10
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                                                                                  DMff
                                                                           I DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                                   CITE
       Table 2-5. Average Daily Total Tapwater Intake as a Function of Physical Activity at
                 Work and in Spare Time (16 Years and Older, Combined Seasons, L/day)
Activity
Level"
Extremely Active
Very Active
Somewhat Active
Not Very Active
Not At All Active
Did Not State
TOTAL
Work
Consumption11
L/day
1.72
1.47
1.47
1.27
1.30
1.30


Number of
Respondents
99
244
217
67
16
J£
688
Spare
Consumption*1
L/day
1.57
1.51
1.44
1.52
1.35
1.31

Time
Number of
Respondents
52
151
302
131
26
J6
688
8  The levels of physical activity listed here were not defined  any further by the survey report, and
   categorization of activity level by survey participants is assumed to be subjective.
b  Includes tapwater and foods and beverages derived from tapwater.

Source: Canadian Ministry of National Health and Welfare, 1981.
                                          2-11
-------
Table 2-6. Average Daily Tapwater Intake Apportioned Among Various Beveragi
by Age, Combined Seasons, L/day)*
Under 3
Total in Group
Water
Ice/Mix
Tea
Coffee
"Other Type of Drink"
Reconstituted Milk
Soup
Homemade Beer/Wine
Homemade Popsicles
Baby Formula, etc.
TOTAL
34
0.14
0.01
*
0.01
0.21
0.10
0.04
*
0.01
0.09
0.61
3-5
47
0.31
0.01
0.01
*
0.34
0.08
0.08
*
0.03
*
0.86
AgeG
6-17
250
0.42
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.34
0.12
0.07
0.02
0.03
*
1.14
royp
18-34
232
0.39
0.04
0.21
0.37
0.20
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.01
*
1.38
35-54
254
0.38
0.03
0.31
0.50
0.14
0.04
0.08
0.07
*
*
1.55
DRAFT
0 NOT OUOTE 01
CITE
es (Both Sexes,
55 and Over
153
0.38
0.02
0.42
0.42
0.11
0.08
0.11
0.03
*
*
1.57
8  Includes tapwater and foods and beverages derived from tap water.



*  Less than 0.01 L/day



Source: Canadian Ministry of National Health and Welfare, 1981.
                                       2-12
-------
Table 2-7.  Total Tapwater Intake (ml/day) for Both Sexes Combined8
Number of
Age (yr) Observations
-------
Table 2-8.  ToUl Fluid Intake (ml/diy) for Both Sexes Combined*

Number of
Age (yr) Observations
<0,5
0.5 - 0.9
1-3
4-6
7- 10
11-14
(0 15'19
i
•U 20-44
45-64
65-74
75+
Infants (ages < 1)
Children (ages 1-10)
Teens (ages 11-19)
Adults (ages 20-64)
Adults (ages 65+)
All
182
221
1498
1702
2405
2803
2998

7171
4560
1663
878
403
5605
5801
11731
2541
26081
* Total fluid is defined as tapwater plus
* Value not reported
Source: Ershow and

due to insufficient
Cantor, 1989.

PercentSle Distribution
Mean
1014
1258
1356
1520
1711
1918
2049

2171
2359
2249
2103
1148
1559
1989
2243
2199
2072
"water intrinsic to
SD
294
322
450
482
508
651
768

839
826
739
697
332
507
719
839
728
803
foods and
S.E. of Mean
22
22
12
12
10
12
14

10
12
18
24
17
7
9
8
14
5
beverages."
1
*
*
552
613
774
702
729

788
948
902
739
510
617
717
821
860
728

5
587
769
731
835
990
1041
1013

1083
1256
1216
1175
631
838
1025
1133
1196
1012

10
652
854
842
967
1119
1191
1206

1266
1439
1388
1305
759
970
1196
1324
1352
1188

25
842
1038
1041
1197
1355
1469
1508

1597
1805
1738
1633
920
1210
1489
1665
1700
1511

50
974
1250
1299
1464
1652
1822
1933

2032
2241
2151
2040
1120
1497
1874
2109
2109
1950

75
1168
1463
1601
1796
1990
2278
2454

2589
2771
2680
2485
1339
1843
2369
2663
2616
2485

90
1344
1629
1915
2144
2392
2738
3029

3239
3436
3237
2940
1597
2236
2908
3318
3132
3098

95
1516
1766
99
*
*
2220 2703
2374 2913
2609 3209
3140 3876
3469 4500


3702 5054
3921 5129
3580 4414
3267 4074
1727 2060
2507 3013
3336 4251
3793 5081
3482 4370
3550 4655

number of observations.






















O
o
a
o
s^
M
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                                                                             DRAFT
                                                                       DO NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                              CITE
as percentages of total fluid intake, and the percentages of total fluids derived from food,
drinking water, and beverages for each age group.  These data are reported in Tables 2-9
and 2-10.
       These data were based on the USDA NFCS which is a large geographically and
seasonally balanced survey of a representative sample of the U.S. population.  However, it
should be noted that the data  are based on short-term recall. These factors introduce an
unknown degree of uncertainty into the estimation of standard intake rates for the population.
       Roseberry ami Burmaster - Lognormal Distributions for Water Intake - Roseberry and
Burmaster (1992) fit lognormal distributions to the water intake data reported by Ershow and
Cantor (1989) and estimated population-wide distributions for total fluid and total tapwater
intake based on proportions of the population in each age group.  The mean  was estimated as
the zero intercept, and the standard deviation was estimated as  the slope of the best fit line
for the natural logarithm of the intake rates plotted against their corresponding z-scores
(Roseberry and Burmaster, 1992).  Least squares techniques were used to estimate the best
fit straight lines for the transformed data.  Summary statistics for the best-fit lognormal
distribution are presented in Table 2-11.  Tables 2-12 and 2-13 present the estimated
quantiles and arithmetic averages for total tapwater and total fluid intake rates reported by
Roseberry and Burmaster (1992).  The mean total tapwater intake rates for the two adult
populations (age  20-65 years, and 65+ years) were estimated to be 1.27 and 1.34 L/day.
       These intake rates are based on the data originally presented by Ershow and Cantor
(1989). Consequently, the same advantages and disadvantages  associated with the Ershow
and Cantor (1989) apply to this data set.

2.2.3.  Other Relevant General Population Studies
       National Academy of Sciences-Drinking Water and Health - NAS (1977) calculated the
average per capita water (liquid) consumption per day to be 1.63 L.  This figure was based
on a survey of the following literature sources: Evans (1941);  Bourne and Kidder (1953);
Walker et al. (1957); Wolf (1958); Guyton (1968); McNall  and Schlegel (1968); Randall
(1973); NAS (1974); and Pike and Brown (1975).  Although the calculated average intake
volume was 1.63 L per day, NAS (1977) adopted a larger volume (2 L per day) to represent
                                        2-15
-------
                                                                                   1        DRAFT
                                                                                    DO NOT  QUOTE  Of
                                                                                       ,*.   CITE
       Table 2-9.  Total Tapwater Intake (as Percent of Total Water Intake) by Broad Age Category*'*
Age(yr)
<1
1-10
11-19
20-64
65+
Mean
26
45
47
59
65
Percentile Distribution
1
0
6
6
12
25
5
0
19
18
27
41
10
0
24
24
35
47
25
12
34
35
49
58
50
22
45
47
61
67
75
37
57
59
72
74
90
55
67
69
79
81
95
62
72
74
83
84
99
82
81
83
90
90
*  Does not include pregnant women, lactating women, or breast-fed children.
b  Total tapwater u defined as "all water from die household tap consumer directly as a
   prepare foods and beverages."
0 «* Less than 0.5 percent

Source:  Erehow and Cantor, 1989.
                                               2-16
-------
Table 2-10. General Dietary Sources of Total Fluid by Broad Age Category8
mL/dav

Age (yr) Source Mean*9
<1 Food" 250
Drinking Water 197
Other Beverages 701
All Sources 1148
140 Food0 409
Drinking Water 505
Olher Beverages 645
All Sources 1S59
11-19 Food6 515
Drinking Water 664
Other Beverage! 809
All Source* 1989
20-64 Food" 545
Drinking Water 674
M Other Beverages 1024
"-1 All Sources 2243
65 -f Food" 575
Drinking Water 776
Other Bevengei 849
All Sources 2190
All Food6 517
Drinking Water 651
Olher Beverages 904
All Sources 2072
Standard
Deviation
198
186
235
332
175
354
247
507
230
483
382
719
239
555
539
839
243
554
381
728
236
520
481
803
Pereentile Distribution
5
0
0
333
631
175
0
283
838
204
0
289
1025
223
0
358
1133
238
0
310
1196
201
0
318
1012
25
72
0
558
920
283
240
483
1210
349
320
566
1489
375
320
668
1665
406
400
604
1700
351
240
596
1511
50
236
240
693
1120
384
480
630
1497
487
560
756
1874
509
560
925
2109
542
720
807
2109
483
560
811
1950
75
371
240
839
1339
506
720
784
1843
638
880
984
2369
678
960
1267
2663
711
1040
1032
2616
647
880
1110
2485
95
633
480
1085
1727
727
1200
1083
2507
933
1600
1490
3336
992
1760
2001
3793
1028
1920
1523
3482
955
1600
1774
3550
99
843
880
1332
2060
924
1600
1372
3013
1197
2160
2105
4251
1254
2560
2912
5081
1273
2400
2037
4370
1220
2400
2612
4655
Mean
21
16
63
100
27
30
43
100
27
31
42
100
26
28
46
100
27
33
40
100
26
30
44
100
Standard
Deviation
16
14
19

10
16
14

10
17
15

10
17
17

10
17
IS

10
17
16

% of Total mL/dav
Percentile Distribution
5
0
0
33

13
0 .
21

12
0
18

11
0
20

12
0
16

12
0
19

25
8
0
51

20
20
33

20
20
32

18
16
35

20
22
30

19
17
33

50
21
17
63

26
30
42

26
31
41

24
28
46

26
33
39

25
29
44

75
32
24
76

33
41
52

33
42
$1

32
40
57

33
45
49

32
41
55

95
50
39
97

44
56
66

44
60
67

44
59
75

45
61
66

44
59
73

* Does not include pregnant women, Isolating women, or breast-fed children.
b Individual values may not add to totals
c Food category includes soups.
0 = Less than 0.5 g/day or 0.5 percent.
Source: Ershow and Cantor, 1989.


due to rounding



















































































99
60
60
100

53
68
77

54
73
7»

55
71
84

54
74
78

54
71
83

0
O
^^
0
0H O
'«2 55
o
ta
-------
                                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                                ; DO  NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                                         CITE
     Table 2-11.  Summary Statistics for Best-Fit Lognormal Distributions for Water Intake Rates*
Group
0 < age < 1
1 £ age < 11
11 «£ age <20
20 «£ age <65
65 ^ age
All ages
Simulated balanced population
Group
0 < age <1
1 <£ age <11
11 «£ age <20
20 •£ age <65
65 ^ age
All ages
Simulated balanced population
M
6.979
7.182
7.490
7.563
7.583
7.487
7.492
In
M
5.587
6.429
6.667
7.023
7.088
6.870
6.864
In Total Fluid
Intake Rate
a
0.291
0.340
0.347
0.400
0.360
0.405
0.407
Total Tapwater
Intake
or
0.615
0.498
0.535
0.489
0.476
0.530
0.575
R2
0.996
0.953
0.966
0.977
0.988
0.984
1.000
R2
0.970
0.984
0.986
0.956
0.978
0.978
0.995
*  These values were used in the following equations to estimate the quantiles and averages for total
   tapwater and total fluid intake shown in Tables 2-12 and 2-13.

97.5 percentile intake rate = exp [p. + (1.96 • or)]
75 percentile intake rate = exp [/t + (0.6745 • a)]
50 percentile intake rate = exp [/*]
25 percentile intake rate = exp [/* - (0.6745 • or)]
2.5 percentile intake rate = exp [/t  - (1.96 • a)]
Mean intake rate - exp [/* + 0.5 • o2)]
Source: Roseberry and Burmaster, 1992.
                                               2-18
-------
                                                                              DRAFI
                                                                       i DO HOT WOm  OR
                                                                               CUE
      Table 2-12.  Estimated Quantiles and Means for Total Tapwater Make Rates (mL/day)8
Group
0 -------
                                                                               DRAFT
                                                                         DO NOT  QUOTE OB
                                                                                CITE
        Table 2-13.  Estimated Quantiles and Means for Total Fluid Intake Rates (mL/day)*
Group
0 
-------
                                                                        BRMT
                                                                  1 DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                     ,   CITE
the intake of the majority of water consumers.  This value is relatively consistent with the
total tapwater intakes rate estimated from the key studies presented previously.  However,
the use of the term "liquid" was not clearly defined in this study, and it is not known
whether the populations surveyed  are representative of the adult U.S. population.
Consequently, the results of this study are of limited use in recommending total tapwater
intake rates.
      Pennington - Total Diet Study - Based on data from the U.S.  Food and Drug
Administration's (FDA's) Total Diet Study, Pennington (1983) reported average intake rates
for various foods and beverages for five age groups of the population.  The Total Diet Study
is conducted annually to  monitor the nutrient and contaminant content of the U.S. food
supply and to evaluate trends in consumption. Representative diets were developed based on
24-hour recall and 2-day diary data from the  1977-1978  U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (MFCS) and 24-hour recall data from the
Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES n).  The  number of
participants in MFCS and NHANES H was approximately 30,000 and 20,000, respectively.
The diets were developed to "approximate 90 percent or more of the weight of the foods
usually consumed" (Pennington, 1983).  For the purposes of this report, the consumption
rates for the food  categories defined by Pennington (1983) were used to calculate total fluid
and total tapwater intake rates for five age groups.  Total tapwater includes tapwater, tea,
coffee, soft drinks, and soups and frozen juices that are reconstituted with tap water.
Reconstituted soups were assumed to be composed of 50 percent tapwater, and juices were
assumed to contain 75 percent tapwater. Total fluids include total tapwater in addition to
milk, ready-to-use infant formula, milk-based soups, carbonated soft drinks, alcoholic
beverages, and canned fruit juices.  These intake rates are presented  in Table 2-14.  Based
on the average intake rates for total tapwater for the two adult age groups, 1.04 and
1.26 L/day, the average adult intake rate is about 1.15 L/day.  These rates should be more
representative of the amount of source-specific water consumed than are total fluid intake
rates. Because intake rates estimated by Pennington (1983) are based on the USDA NFCS,
the same limitations associated with the Ershow and Cantor (1989) data apply to these data.
                                        2-21
-------
                                                                             I       DHAfT
                                                                               DO  HOT QUOTE  01
                                                                                 **  CITE
       Table 2-14. Average Daily Fluid Intake Rate by Age Group from the Total Diet Study
                                                  Average Daily Consumption Rate fL/day)

                                                  Total                        Total
Age Group                                        Fluids8                      Tapwatei*


6-11 months                                       0.80                            0.20
2 years                                           0.99                            0.50
14-16 years                                        1.47                            0.72
25-30 years                                        1.76                            1.04
60-65 years                                        1.63                            1.26


*  Includes milk, "ready-to-use" formula, milk-based soup, carbonated soda, alcoholic beverages, canned
   juices, water, coffee, tea, reconstituted juices, and reconstituted soups. Does not include reconstituted
   infant formula.
b  Includes water, coffee, tea, reconstituted juices, and reconstituted soups.

Source:  Derived from Pennington, 1983.
                                            2-22
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                                                                             DRAFT
                                                                      j DO NOT QUOfl OR
                                                                      |       CITE
       Gillies and Paulin - New Zealand Study - Gillies and Paulin (1983) conducted a study
to evaluate variability of mineral intake from drinking water. A study population of 109
adults (75 females; 34 males) ranging in age from 16 to 80 yean (mean age = 44 years) in
New Zealand was asked to collect duplicate samples of water consumed directly from the tap
or used in beverage preparation during a 24-hour period.  Participants were asked to collect
the samples on a day when all of the water consumed would be from their own home.
Individuals were selected based on their willingness to participate and their ability to
comprehend the collection procedures.  The mean total tapwater intake rate for this
population was 1.25 (±0.39) L/day, and the 90th percentile rate was 1.90 L/day.  The
median total tapwater intake rate (1.26 L/day) was very similar to the mean intake rate
(Gillies and Paulin, 1983).  The reported range was 0.26 to 2.80 L/day.
       The advantage of these data are that they  were generated using duplicate sampling
techniques. Because this approach is more objective than recall methods, it may result in
more accurate response.  However, these data are based on a short-term survey that may not
be representative of long-term behavior, and the  population surveyed may not be
representative of the U.S. population.
       HopMn and Ellis - Drinking Water Consumption in Great Britain - A study conducted
in Great Britain over a 6-week period during September and October 1978, estimated the
drinking water consumption rates of 3,564 individuals from 1,320 households  in England,
Scotland, and Wales (Hopkins and Ellis, 1980).  The participants were selected randomly and
were asked to complete a questionnaire and  a diary indicating the type and quantity of
beverages consumed over a 1-week period.  Total liquid intake included total tapwater taken
at home and away from home; purchased alcoholic beverages; and nontapwater-based drinks.
Total tapwater included water content of tea, coffee, and other hot water drinks; homemade
alcoholic beverages; and tapwater consumed directly as a beverage.  The assumed tapwater
contents for these beverages are presented in Table 2-15.  Based on responses from 3,564
participants,  the mean intake rates and frequency distribution data for various beverage
categories were estimated by HopMn and Ellis (1980). These data are listed in Table 2-16.
The  mean per capita total liquid intake rate for all individuals surveyed was 1.59 L/day, and
the mean per capita total tapwater intake rate was 0.95 L/day.  Liquid intake rates were also
                                        2-23
-------
                      Table 2-15. Assumed Tapwater Content of Beverages
                                                                       I       DRAFT
                                                                       i DO NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                                CITE
                          Beverage                                    % Tapwater
 Cold Water                                                              100
 Home-made Beer/Cider/Lager                                             100
 Home-made Wine                                                        100
 Other Hot Water Drinks                                                  100
 Ground/Instant Coffee:*
   Black                                                                 100
   White                                                                 80
   Half Milk                                                              50
   All Milk                                                                0
 Tea                                                                    80
 Hot Milk                                                                 0
 Cocoa/Other Hot Milk Drinks                                              0
 Water-based Fruit Drink                                                  75
 Fizzy Drinks                                                             0
 Fruit Juice lb                                                             0
 Fruit Juice 2b                                                            75
 Milk                                                                    0
 Mineral Water0                                                           0
 Bought cider/beer/lager                                                    0
 Bought Wine	0	
*  Black - coffee with all water, milk not added;  White - coffee with 80% water, 20% milk;
   Half Milk - coffee with 50% water, 50% milk; All Milk - coffee with all milk, water not added;
b  Fruit juice: individuals were asked ta the questionnaire if they consumed ready-made fruit juice (type
   1 above), or the variety that is diluted (type 2);
c  Information  on volume of mineral water consumed was obtained only as "number of bottles per
   week."  A bottle was estimated at 500 mL, and the volume was split so that 2/7 was assumed to be
   consumed on weekends, and 5/7 during the week.
Source:  Hopkins and Ellis, 1980.
                                       2-24
-------
Table 2-16.  Intake of Total Liquid, Total Tapwater, and Various Beverages (L/day)
All Individuals
Beverage

Total Liquid
Total Liquid
Home
Total Liquid
Away
Total Tapwater
Total Tapwater
Home
K> Total Tapwater
Away
Tea
Coffee
Other Hot
Water Drinks
Cold Water
Fruit Drinks
Non Tapwater
Home-brew
Bought
Alcoholic
Beverages
Source: Hopkin and
Mean
Intake

1.589
1.104
0.484
0.955
0.754
0.201
0.584
0.190
0.011

0.103
0.057
0.427
0.010
0.206

Ellis, 1980.
Approx. Sid.
Error of Mean

0.0203
0.0143
0.0152
0,0129
0.0116
0.0056
0.0122
0.0059
0.0015

0.0049
0.0027
0.0058
0.0017
0.0123


Approx. 95%
Confidence
Interval for
Mean

1.547-1.629
1.075-1.133
0.454-0.514
0.929-0.981
0.731-0.777
0.190-0.212
0.56041.608
0.178-0.202
0.008-0.014

0.0934). 113
0.0524>.062
0.4154>.439
0.0074X013
0.181-0.231


10 and 90
Percentiles

0.77-2.57
0.49-1.79
0.00-1.15
0.39-1.57
0.26-1.31
0.00-0.49
0.01-1.19
0.00-0.56
0.00-0.00

0.00-0.31
0.0041.19
0.204K70
0.00-0.00
0.0041.68


land 99
Percentiles

0.344.50
0.23-3.10
0.00-2.89
0.10-2.60
0.02-2.30
0.00-0.%
0.00-2.03
0.00-1.27
0.004>.25

0.00-0.85
0.004J.49
0.06-1.27
0.00-0.20
0.00-2.33

Consumers Only
Percentage of
Total
Number of
Individuals
100.0
100.0
89.9
99.8
99.4
79.6
90.9
63.0
9.2

51.0
46.2
99.8
7.0
43.5


Mean
Intake

1.589
1.104
0.539
0.958
0.759
0.253
0.643
0.302
0.120

0.203
0.123
0.428
0.138
0.474


Approx.
Std.
Error of
Mean
0.0203
0.0143
0.0163
0.0129
0.0116
0.0063
0.0125
0.0105
0.0133

0.0083
0.0049
0.0058
0.0209
0.0250


Approx.
95%
Confidence
Interval for
Mean

1.547-1.629
1.075-1.133
0.5064U72
0.93241.984
0.73641.782
0.2404).266
0.6184).668
0.281-0.323
0.093-0.147

0.18641.220
0.1 134). 133
0.416-0.440 &
0.0964). 180 jg
0.4244)524 o « 2
Ss™

o
-------
                                                                          DRAFT
                                                                   i DO  NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                           CITE
estimated for males and females in various age groups. Table 2-17 summarizes the total
liquid and total tapwater intake rates for 1,758 males and 1,800 females grouped into six age
categories (HopMn and Ellis, 1980). The mean total liquid intake rate reported for adults
was 1.79 L/day (1.07 L/day for tapwater based drinks and 0.72 L/day for non-tapwater
based drinks).
       The advantage of using these data is that the responses were not generated on a recall
basis, but by recording daily intake in diaries. The latter approach may result in more
accurate responses being generated.  Also, the use of total liquid and total tapwater was well
defined in this study. However, the relatively short-term nature of the survey make
extrapolation to long-term consumption patterns difficult. Also, these data were based on the
population of Great Britain and not the United States. Drinking patterns may differ among
these populations as a result of varying weather conditions and other socio-economic factors.
       17.5. EPA - Qfflce of Radiation Programs - Using data collected by USDA in the
1977-78 NFCS, U.S. EPA (1984d) determined daily  food and beverage intake levels by age
to be used in assessing  radionuclide intake through food consumption. Tapwater, water-
based drinks, and soups were identified subcategories of the total beverage category. Daily
intake rates for tapwater, water-based drinks, soup, and total beverage are presented in
Table 2-18.  As seen in the table, mean tapwater intake for different adult age groups (age
20 and older) ranged from 0.62 to 0.76 L/day, water-based drinks intake ranged from 0.34
to 0.69 L/day, soup intake ranged from 0.03 to 0.06 L/day, and mean total beverage intake
levels ranged from 1.48 to 1.73 L/day.  Total tapwater intake rates  were estimated by
combining the average daily intakes of tapwater, water-based drinks, and soups for each age
group. For adults (ages 20 and older), mean total tapwater intake rates range from  1.04 to
1.47 L/day, and for children (ages < 1 to 19), mean intake rates range from 0.19 to 0.90
L/day. These intake rates do not include reconstituted infant formula. The total tapwater
intake rates, derived by combining data on tapwater,  water-based drinks, and soup should be
more representative of source-specific drinking water intake than the total beverage intake
rates reported in this study. These intake rates are based on the same USDA NFCS data
used in Ershow and Cantor (1989).  Therefore, the data limitations discussed previously also
apply to this study.
                                         2-26
-------
Table 2-17. Summary of Total Liquid and Total Tepwater Intake for Males and Females (L/day)
Beverage Age
Group
1-4
5-11
12-17
Total
Liquid W-30
Intake 3,.S4
55+
K> ..
&>
541
Total 047
Tapwater
Intake 1WO
31-54
55+
Source: Hopkinand



Number
Male
88
249
180
333
512
396
88
249
180
333
512
396
Ellis, 1980,



Female
75
201
169
350
551
454
75
201
169
350
551
454




Mean
Male
0.853
0.986
1.401
2.184
2.112
1.830
0.477
0.550
0.805
1.006
1.201
1.133




Intake
Female
0.888
0.902
1.198
1.547
1.601
1.482
0.464
0.533
0.725
0.991
1.091
1.027




Approx. Std. Error of Mean
Male
0.0557
0.0296
0.0619
0.0691
0.0526
0.0498
0.0403
0.0223
0.0372
0.0363
0.0309
0.0347




Female
0.0660
0.0306
0.0429
0.0392
0.0215
0.0356
0.0453
0.0239
0.0328
0.0304
0.0240
0.0273




Approx 95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Male
0.742-0.964
0.9174.045
1.277-1.525
2.046-2.322
2.007-2.217
1.730-1.930
0.396-0.558
0.505-0.595
0.731-0.8790
0.933-1.079
1.139-1.263
1.064-1.202




Female
0.756-1.020
0.841-0.963
1.1124.284
1.4694.625
1.558-1.694
1.4114.553
0.373-0.555
0.485-0.581
0.659-0.791
0.930-1.052
1.0434.139
0.972-1.082




10 and 90 PercentUes
Male
0.38-1.51
0.54-1.48
0.75-2.27
1.12-3.49
1.15-3.27
1.03-2.77
0.17-0,85
0.22-0.90
0.29-1.35
0.45-1.62
0.64-1.88
0.62-1.72




Female
0.39-1.48
0.514.39
0.65-1.74
0.93-2.30
0.95-2.36
0.84-2.17
0.15-0.89
0.22-0.9S
0.31-1.16
0.504.55
0.62-1.68
0.54-1.57

r- -—
°
I o0
\S|s
-------
                             Table 2-18.  Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Beverages and Tapwater by Age
M
OO
Age
All ages
Under 1
Ito4
5to9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Tapwater Intake
(mL)
662.5 ± 9.9
170.7 ± 64.5
434.6 ± 31.4
521.0 ± 26.4
620.2 ± 24.7
664.7 ± 26.0
656.4 ± 33.9
619.8 ± 34.6
636.5 ± 27.2
735.3 ±21.1
762.5 ± 23.7
Water-Based
Drinks (mL)«
457.1 ± 6.7
8.3 ± 43.7
97.9 ± 21.5
116.5 ± 18.0
140.0 ± 16.9
201.5 ± 17.7
343.1 ± 23.1
441.6 ± 23.6
601.0 ± 18.6
686.5 ± 14.4
561.1 ± 16.2
Soups
45.9 ± 1.2
10.1 ± 7.9
43.8 ± 3.9
36.6 ± 3.2
35.4 ± 3.0
34.8 ± 3.2
38.9 ± 4.2
41.3 ± 4.2
40.6 ± 3.3
51.6 ± 2.6
59.4 ± 2.9
Total Beverage Intakeb
(mL)
1434.0 ± 13.7
307.0 ± 89.2
743.0 ± 43.5
861.0 ± 36.5
1025.0 ± 34.2
1241.0 ± 35.9
1484.0 ± 46.9
1531.0 ± 48.0
1642.0 ± 37.7
1732.0 ± 29.3
1547.0 ± 32.8
       *   Includes water-based drinks such as coffee, etc.  Reconstituted infant formula does not appear to be included in this group.

       b   Includes tapwater and water-based drinks such as coffee, tea, soups, and other drinks such as soft drinks, fruitades, and alcoholic drinks.



       Source:  U.S. EPA, 1984d.
                                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                                           W


                                                                                                                                           O
-------
                                                                       I       DRAFI
                                                                       ) BO KOT QUOTE 02?
                                                                       j       CITS
       International Commission on Radiological Protection - Reference Man - Data on fluid
intake levels have also been summarized by the International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP) in the Report of the Task Group on Reference Man (ICRP, 1981).  These
intake levels for adults and children are summarized in Table 2-19. The amount of drinking
water (tapwater and water-based drinks) consumed by adults ranged from about 0.37 L/day
to about 2.18 L/day under "normal" conditions.   The levels for children ranged from 0.54
to 0.79 L/day.  Because the populations, survey design, and intake categories are not clearly
defined, this study has limited usefulness in developing recommended intake rates for use in
exposure assessment.  It is reported here as a relevant study because the findings, although
poorly defined, are consistent with the results of other studies.

2.2.4. Pregnant and Lactating Women
       Ershow et al., 1991 - Intake of Tapwater and Total Water by Pregnant and Lactating
Women - Ershow et al. (1991) used data from the 1977-78 USDA NFCS to estimate total
fluid and total tapwater intake among pregnant and lactating women (ages 15-49 years).
Data for 188 pregnant women, 77 lactating women, and 6,201 nonpregnant, nonlactating
control women were evaluated.  The participants were interviewed based on 24 hour recall,
and then asked to record a food diary for the next 2 days.   "Tapwater" included tapwater
.consumed directly  as a beverage and tapwater used to prepare food and tapwater-based
beverages.  "Total water"  was defined as all water from tapwater and nontapwater sources,
including water contained in food.  Estimated total fluid and total tapwater intake rates for
the three groups are presented in Tables 2-20 and 2-21, respectively.  Lactating women had
the highest mean total fluid intake rate (2.24 L/day) compared with both pregnant women
(2.08 L/day) and control women (1.94 L/day).  Lactating women also had a higher mean
total tapwater intake rate (1.31 L/day) than pregnant women (1.19 L/day) and control women
(1.16 L/day).  Ershow et al. (1991) also reported that rural women (n=1,885) consumed
more total water (1.99 L/day) and tapwater (1.24 L/day) than urban/suburban women
(n=4,581, 1.93 and 1.13 L/day, respectively).  Total water and tapwater intake rates were
lowest in the northeastern region of the United States (1.82 and  1.03 L/day) and highest in
the western region of the United States (2.06 L/day and 1.21 L/day). Mean intake per unit
                                         2-29
-------
                         Table 2-19.  Measured Fluid Intakes (mL/day)
                                                                                 DRAFT
                                                                          00 HOf  QUOfE OR
                                                                              Water-Based
 Subject _ Total Fluids      Milk _ Tapwater _ Drinks"
 Adults ("normal" conditions)"         1000-2400       120-450      45-730       320-1450
 Adults (high environmental            2840-3410
   temperature to 32 °C)               3256 ±
                                     SD = 900
 Adults (moderately active)            3700
 Children (5-14 yr)                    1000-1200       330-500      ca. 200        ca. 380
_ 1310-1670       540-650 __ 540-790
*  Includes tea, coffee, soft drinks, beer, cider,  wine, etc.
h  "Normal" conditions refer to typical environmental temperature and activity levels.
Source: ICRP, 1981.
                                         2-30
-------
                                              Table 2-20.  Total Fluid Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old
to
Percentile Distribution
Reproductive Status*
mL/day
Control
Pregnant
Lactating
mL/kp/day
Control
Pregnant
Lactating
Mean

1940
2076
2242

32.3
32.1
37.0
Standard
Division

686
743
658

12.3
11.8
11.6
5

995
1085
1185

15.8
16.4
19.6
10

1172
1236
1434

18.5
17.8
21.8
25

1467
1553
1833

23.8
22.8
28.4
50

1835
1928
2164

30.5
30.5
35.1
75

2305
2444
2658

38.7
40.4
45.0
90

2831
3028
3169

48.4
48.9
53.7
95

3186
3475
3353

55.4
53.5
59.2
        11  Number of observations: nonpregnant, nonlactating controls (n = 6,201); pregnant (n = 188); lactating (n = 77).


        Source: Ershowetal., 1991.
                                                                                                                                           o

                                                                                                                                           SS
                                                                                                                                          I
                                                                                                                                          i
-------
Table 2-21. Total Tapwater Intake of Women 15-49 Years Old
Reproductive Status*
mL/day
Control
Pregnant
Lactating
mL/kg/day
Control
Pregnant
Lactating
Fraction of daily fluid
Control
Pregnant
Lactating

Percentile Distribution
Mean Standard 5 10 25 50 75 90 95
Deviation

1157
1189
1310

19.1
18.3
21.4

635 310 453 709 1065 1503 1983 2310
699 274 419 713 1063 1501 2191 2424
591 430 612 855 1330 1693 1945 2191

10.8 5.2 7.5 11.7 17.3 24.4 33.1 39.1
10.4 4.9 5.9 10.7 16.4 23.8 34.5 39.6
9.8 7.4 9.8 14.8 20.5 26.8 35.1 37.4
intake that is tapwater (%.)
57.2
54.1
57.0
* Number of observations: nonpregnant,
Source: Ershow et al.,


1991.


18.0 24.6 32.2 45.9 59.0 70.7 79.0 83.2
18.2 21.2 27.9 42.9 54.8 67.6 76.6 83.2
15.8 27.4 38.0 49.5 58.1 65.9 76.4 80.5
nonlactating controls (n = 6,201); pregnant (n = 188); lactating (n = 77). ^
o
ia
o
^3 fit c. j
Wi3
o
-------
                                                                      • DO HOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                      I        CITE
body weight was highest among lactating women for both total fluid and total tapwater
intake. Total tapwater intake accounted for over 50 percent of mean total fluid in all three
groups of women (Table 2-21).  Drinking water accounted for the largest single proportion
of the total fluid intake for control (30 percent), pregnant (34 percent), and lactating women
(30 percent) (Table 2-22).  All other beverages combined accounted for approximately 46
percent, 43 percent, and 45 percent of the total water intake for control, pregnant, and
lactating women, respectively.  Food accounted for the remaining portion of total water
intake.
       The same advantages and limitations associated with the Ershow and Cantor (1989)
data also apply to these data sets (Section 2.2.2).  A further advantage of this study is mat It
provides information on estimates of total water and tapwater intake rates for pregnant and
lactating women.  This topic has rarely been addressed in the literature.

2.2.5.  High Activity Levels/Hot Climates
       McNall and ScMegel, 1968  -  Practical Thermal Environmental Limits for Young
Adult Males Working in Hot, Humid Environments - McNall and Schlegel (1968) conducted
a study that evaluated the physiological tolerance of adult males working under varying
degrees of physical activity.  Subjects were required to pedal pedal-driven propeller fans for
8-hour work cycles under varying environmental conditions.  Two groups of eight subjects
each were used.  Work rates were divided into three categories as follows:  high activity
level [0.15 horsepower (hp) per person], medium activity level (0.1 hp per person), and low
activity level (0.05 hp per person).  Evidence of physical stress (i.e., increased body
temperature, blood pressure, etc.) was recorded,  and individuals were eliminated from
further testing if certain stress criteria were met.  The amount of water consumed by  the test
subjects during the work cycles was also recorded. Water was provided to the individuals on
request.  The water intake rates obtained at the three different activity levels and the various
environmental temperatures are presented in Table 2-23.  The date presented are for test
subjects with continuous data only (i.e., those test subjects who were not eliminated at any
stage of the study as a result of stress conditions). Water intake was the highest at all
activity levels when environmental temperatures were increased.  The highest intake rate was
                                         2-33
-------
Table 2-22. Total Fluid (mL/Day) Derived from Various Dietary Sources by Women Aged 15-49 Years*
Control Women
Sources
Drinking Water
Milk and Milk Drinks
Other Dairy Products
Meats, Poultry, Fish, Eggs
' Legumes, Nuts, and Seeds
Grains and Grain Products
Citrus and Noncitrus Fruit Juices
Fruits, Potatoes, Vegetables, Tomatoes
Fats, Oils, Dressings, Sugars, Sweets
Tea
Coffee and Coffee Substitutes
Carbonated Soft Drinks0
Noncarbonated Soft Drinks6
Beer
Wine Spirits, Liqueurs, Mixed Drinks
All Sources

Meanb
50
583 480
162 107
23 8
126 114
13 0
90 65
57 0
198 171
9 3
148 0
291 159
174 110
38 0
17 0
10 0
1940 NA
Percentile
95
1440
523
93
263
77
257
234
459
41
630
1045
590
222
110
66
NA
* Number of observations: nonpregnant, nonlaetating controls (n = 6,201);
b Individual means may not add to all-sources total due to rounding.
c Includes regular, low-calorie, and noncalorie soft drinks.
NA: Not appropriate to sum the columns for the 50th and 95th percentiles
Source: ErshowetaL, 1991.





Pregnant Women
Meanb
695
308
24
121
18
98
69
212
9
132
197
130
48
7
5
2076
pregnant (n =
of intake.


Percentile
50
640
273
9
104
0
69
0
185
3
0
0
73
0
0
0
NA
95
1760
749
93
252
88
246
280
486
40
617
955
464
257
0
25
NA
Lactating Women
Meanb
677
306
36
133
15
119
64
245
10
253
205
117
38
17
6
2242
Percentile
50
560
285
27
117
0
82
0
197
6
77
80
57
0
0
0
NA
188); lactating (n - 77).












95
1600
820
113
256
72
387
219
582
50
848
955
440
222
147
59
NA

o
o
K
s^l
w
o
-------
                                             Table 2-23.  Water Intake at Various Activity Levels (L/hr)*
6
m
Room Temperature* (°F)


100

95

90

85

80

* Data expressed as mean
b Humidity = 80 percent;
c Tie symbol "hp" refers
** NfiimliiM* fif ciiKio/tfc iwlrfi

High (0. IS
No.d
__

18

7

7

16


hp/man)0
Intake
™

0.540
(0.31)
0.286
(0.26)
0.218
(0.36)
0.222
(0.14)
intake with standard deviation in
air velocity = 60 ft/min.
to horsepower.
t /*r»«f 5t%»ifMi*j /1o#-o
Activity Level
Medium (0. 10 hp/many
No, Intake
— . —

12 0.345
(0.59)
7 0.385
(0.26)
16 0.213
(0.20)
_

parentheses.

Low (0.05 hp/man)e
No. Intake
15 0.653
(OJ5)
6 0.50
(0.3i)
16 0.23
(0.20)
_ —

-_ _


        Source:  McNall and Schlegel, 1968.
                                                                                                                                            g
                                                                                                                                            I
-------
                                                                                DRAPT
                                                                         i DO NOT QUOTE 01
                                                                                 CITE
observed at the low activity level at 100°F (0.65 L/hour) however, there were no data for
higher activity levels at 100°F.  It should be noted that this study estimated intake on an
hourly basis during various levels of physical activity.  These hourly intake rates cannot be
converted to daily intake rates by multiplying by 24 hours/day because they are only
representative of intake during the specified activity levels and the intake rates for the rest of
the day are not known. Therefore, comparison of intake rate values from this study cannot
be made with values from the previously described studies on drinking water intake.
       United States Army - Water Consumption Planning Factors Study - The U.S. Army
has developed water consumption planning factors to enable them to transport an adequate
amount of water to soldiers in the field under various conditions (U.S. Army,  1983). Both
climate and activity levels were  used to determine the appropriate water consumption needs.
Consumption factors have been established for the following uses:   (1) drinking, (2) heat
treatment, (3) personal hygiene, (4) centralized hygiene, (5) food preparation, (6)  laundry,
(7) medical treatment, (8) vehicle and aircraft maintenance, (9) graves registration, and
(10) construction.  Only personal drinking water consumption factors  are described here.
       Drinking water consumption planning factors are based on the estimated amount of
water needed to replace fluids lost by urination, perspiration, and respiration.  It assumes
that water lost to urinary  output averages one quart/day (0.9 L/day) and perspiration losses
range from almost nothing in a controlled environment to 1.5 quarts/hour (1.4 L/day) in a
very hot climate where individuals are performing strenuous work. Water losses to
respiration are typically very low except in extreme cold where water losses can range from
1 to 3  quarts/day (0.9 to 2.8 L/day).  This occurs when the humidity of inhaled air  is near
zero, but expired air is 98 percent saturated at body temperature (U.S. Army,  1983).
Drinking water is defined by the U.S.  Army (1983) as  "all fluids consumed by individuals to
satisfy body needs for internal water.11 This includes soups, hot and cold drinks, and
tapwater.
       Planning factors have been established for hot, temperate, and cold climates based on
the following mixture of activities among the work force:  15 percent of the force performing
light work, & percent of the force performing medium work, and 20 percent of the force
performing heavy work.  Hot climates are defined as tropical and arid areas where the
                                        2-36
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                                                                            !       DRAfT
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                                                                                   CITE
temperature is greater than 80°F.  Temperate climates are defined as areas where the mean"
daily temperature ranges from 32°F to 80°F. Cold regions are areas where the mean daily
temperature is less than 32 °F.  Drinking water consumption factors for these three climates
are presented in Table 2-24.  These factors are based on research on individuals and small
unit training exercises.  The estimates are assumed to be conservative because they are
rounded up to account for the subjective nature of the activity mix and minor water losses
that are not considered (U.S. Army,  1983).  The advantage of using these data is that they
provide a conservative estimate of drinking water intake among individual performing at
various levels of physical activity in hot, temperate, and cold climates. However, the
planning  factors described here are based on assumptions about water loss from urination,
perspiration, and respiration, and are not based on  survey data or actual measurements.

2.2.6.  Recommendations
       The key studies described in this section were used in selecting recommended
drinking  water (tapwater) consumption rates for adults, children, and other subpopulations.
Although different survey designs and populations were utilized by key and relevant studies
described in this report, the mean and upper-percentile estimates reported in these studies
appear to be relatively consistent.  The general design of both key and relevant studies and
their limitations are summarized in Table 2-2S.  It  should be noted that studies that surveyed
large representative samples of the population provide more reliable estimates of intake rates
for the general population. Survey results based on recall may be somewhat biased because
of the subjectivity involved.  However,  Cantor et al. (1987) noted that retrospective dietary
assessments generally produce moderate correlations with "reference data from the past."
Most of the surveys described here are based on short-term recall.
                                         2-37
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                Table 2-24. Planning Factors for Individual Tapwater Consumption -——	.
Environmental Condition
Hot
Temperate
Cold
Recommended Planning
Factor (gal/day)*
3.0°
1.5*
2.06
Recommended Planning Factor
11.4
5.7
7.6
*  Based on a mix of activities among the work force as follows: 15% light work; 65% medium work;
   20% heavy work.  These factors apply to the conventional battlefield where no nuclear, biological,
   or chemical weapons are used.

b  Converted from gal/day to L/day.

0  This assumes  1  quart/12-hour rest period/man  for perspiration  losses and 1 quart/day/man for
   urination plus 6 quarts/12-hours light  work/man, 9 quarts/12-hours moderate work/man, and  12
   quarts/12-hours heavy work/man.

d  This assumes  1  quart/12-hour rest period/man  for perspiration  losses and 1 quart/day/man for
   urination plus 1  quart/12-hours light  work/man, 3 quarts/12-hours moderate work/man, and 6
   quarts/12-hours heavy work/man.

0  This assumes 1 quart/12-hour rest period/man for perspiration losses, 1 quart/day/man for urination,
   and 2 quarts/day/man for respiration losses plus 1 quart/12-hours light work/man, 3 quarts/12-hours
   moderate work/man, and 6 quarts/6-hours heavy work/man.

Source:  U.S. Army, 1983.
                                          2-38
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                                                          Table 2-25.  Drinking Water Intake Surveys
vo
Study
Canadian Ministry
of National Health
and Welfare, 1981

Cantor et al., 1987
Ershow and Cantor,
1989

Gillies and Paulin,
1983
Hopkin and Ellis,
1980

Number of Type of Water
Individuals Consumed
970 Total tapwater
consumption

5,258 Total tapwater;
total fluid
consumption
Based on data from Total tapwater;
MFCS; approximately total fluid
30,000 individuals consumption

109 Total tapwater
consumption
3,564 Total tapwater,
total liquid
consumption
Time Period/ Survey
Type
Weekday and
weekend day in both
summer and winter;
estimation based on
sizes and types of
containers used
1 week/usual intake
in winter based on
recall
3-day recall, diaries

24 hours; duplicate
water samples
collected
1 week period,
diaries

Population
Surveyed
All ages;
Canada

Adults only;
weighted
toward older
adults; U.S.
population
All ages; large
sample
representative
of U.S.
population
Adults only;
New Zealand
All ages; Great
Britain

Comments
Seasonal data; includes many tapwater-
containing items not commonly
surveyed; possible bias because
identification of vessel size used as
survey techniques; short-term study
Based on recall of behavior from
previous winter; short-term data;
population not representative of general
U.S. population
Short-term recall data; seasonally
balanced data

Based on short-term data
Short-term diary data

          ICRP, 1981
Based on data from
several sources
Water and water-
based drinks;
milk; total fluids
NA1
NA'
Survey design and intake categories not
clearly defined
McNall and Based on 2 groups of Tapwater
Schlegel, 1968 8 subjects each


8-hour work cycle Males between Based on short-term data
17-25 years of
age; small
sample

O
O
as
o°e
55
tig §
H
fct
O
SO
-------
                                                       Table 2-25.  Drinking Water Intake Surveys (continued)
to
4
o
Study
NAS1977


Pennington, 1983







Rosenberry and
Burmaster, 1992



U.S. Army, 1983
Number of
Individuals
Calculated average
based on several
sources
Based on NFCS and
NHANES 11;
approximately 30,000
and 20,000
participants,
respectively


Based on data from
Ershow and Cantor,
1987


NA
Type of Water
Consumed
Average per
capita "liquid"
consumption
Total tapwater;
total fluid
consumption





Total tapwater;
total fluid
consumption


All fluids
Time Period/ Survey
Type
NA8


NFCS:24-hour recall
on 2-day dairy;
NHANES H:24-hour
recall




3-day recall, diaries




NA
Population
Surveyed
NA8


NFCS:1 month
to 97 years;
NHANES H:6
months to 74
years;
representative
samples of US
population
All ages; large
sample
representative
of US
population
NA
Comments
Total tapwater not reported; population
and survey design not reported

Based on short-term recall data







Short-term recall data; seasonally
balanced; suitable for Monte Carlo
simulations


Study designed to provide water
                                                       consumed to
                                                       satisfy body needs
                                                       for internal water;
                                                       includes soups,
                                                       hot and cold
                                                       drinks and
                                                       tapwater
consumption planning factors for
various activities and field conditions;
based on estimated amount of water
required to account for losses from
urination, perspiration, and respiration
USEPA, 1984d Based on NFCS;
approximately 30,000
individuals
Tapwater; water
based foods and
beverages; soups;
beverage
consumption
3-day recall, diaries All ages; large Short-term recall data; seasonally
sample balanced
representative
of US
population
a Not applicable.
I 8
QS
O
50
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                                                                               CITE
- DO NOf QUOTE OR
      Adults - The total tapwater consumption rates for adults that have been reported in

these surveys can be summarized as follows:
                                          90th
                                        percentile
     Mean flL/da)                         (HAte)            _ Reference
1.63 (calculated)                             -               NAS, 1977.
1.39                                       -               Cantor et al., 1987.
1.25                                      1.90             Gillies and Paulin, 1983.
1.04 (25 to 30 yrs)                           -               Pennington, 1983.
1.26 (60 to 65 yrs)                           -               Pennington, 1983.
1.49                                      2.50             Canadian Ministry of Health
                                                           and Welfare, 1981.
1.04-1.47 (ages 20+)                         -               U.S. EPA, 1984d.
1.37 (20 to 64 yrs)                          2.27             Ershow and Cantor, 1989.
1.46 (65+ yrs)                             2.29             Ershow and Cantor, 1989.
1.27 (20 to 64 yrs)                           -               Roseberry and Bunnaster, 1992
1.34 (65+ yrs)                              -               Roseberry and Bunnaster, 1992


The combined results of the studies discussed above suggest that the average adult drinking

water intake rate is between 1.30 and 1.40 L/day. Based on the key surveys that are most

applicable to general population exposure assessments (i.e., Cantor et al., 1987; Ershow and

Cantor, 1989), 1.4 L/day is recommended as the average drinking water consumption rate.

This average rate differs from the widely used default adult drinking water consumption rate

of 2.0 L/day.  A 2.0 L/day intake rate appears to represent the upper 80th-90th percentile of

intake rates among the adult population.  The higher value is supported by the 90th percentile

tapwater intake rate suggested by Ershow and Cantor (1989) which was 2.27 L/day, and the

82nd percentile rate estimated by Cantor et al. (1987) which was 1.96 L/day.  Because these

values are based on short-term data, a value of 2.0 L/day is recommended as the upper-

percentile drinking water consumption rate for adults for use in chronic exposure

assessments.  For acute assessments, the higher value should probably be used (i.e., 2.27

L/day).  Alternatively, the lognormal distribution data (Tables 2-11 and 2-12) generated by

Roseberry and Burmaster (1992) may be used.
                                         2-41
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       Children - The intake rates for children reported by various studies on drinking water

intake rates are summarized below.

                              90th
Arithmetic                   percentile
Average (L/day>              (L/day)                   	Reference

0.20 (6-11 months)               -                      Pennington, 1983.
0.19 (< 1 yr)                    -                      U.S. EPA, 1984d.
0.30 (< 1 yr)                   0,65                     Irshow and Cantor, 1989.
0.32 (< 1 yr)                    -                      Roseberry and Burmaster, 1992.
0.50 (2 FS)                     -                      Pennington, 1983.
0.61 (<3 yrs)                  1.50                     Canadian Ministry of National
                                                      Health and Welfare, 1981.
0.58 (1-4 yrs)                   -                      U.S. EPA, 1984d.
0.87 (3-5 yrs)                  1.50                     Canadian Ministry of National Health
                                                      and Welfare, 1981
0.67 (5-9 yrs)                   -                      U.S. EPA, 1984d.
0.74 (1-10 yrs)                 1.29                     Ershow and Cantor, 1989.
0.70 (1-10 yrs)                  -                      Eoseberry and Bunnaster, 1992.
1.14 (6-17 yrs)                 2.21                     Canadian Ministry of National
                                                      Health and Welfare, 1981.
0.80 (10-14 yrs)                 -                      U.S. EPA, 1984d.
0.72 (14-16 yrs)                 -                      Pennington, 1983.
0.90 (15-19 yrs)                 -                      U.S. EPA, 1984d.
0.97 (11-19 yrs)                1.70                     Ershow and Cantor, 1989.
0.91 (11-19 yrs)                 -                      Roseberry and Bunnaster, 1992.

For children less than 1 year old, 0.3 L/day appears to represent the average intake rate for

water-based beverages, and 0.7 L/day appears to be an appropriate upper-percentile value for

drinking water consumption. However, these values may not include water used to prepare
                                                                        f
powdered infant formula. Based on  data from Ershow and Cantor (1989) and Roseberry and

Bunnaster (1992), the recommended average drinking water intake rate is 0.7 L/day for ages

1-10 years, and the upper-percentile  rate is 1.3 L/day.  For older children (ages 11-19

years), the recommended average is  1.0 L/day, and the upper-percentile value is 1.7 L/day.

Intake rates for specific percentiles of the distribution may be selected using the lognormal

distribution data generated by Roseberry and Burmaster (1992) (Tables 2-11 and 2-12).

       Pregnant and Lactating Women - Based on the data from Ershow and Cantor (1991)

the recommended average drinking water intake rate for pregnant women is  1.2 L/day, and
                                          2-42
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                                                                       I       DRAFT
                                                                       I DO JTOT QUOTE OB
                                                                           -•*  CITE
the upper-percentile value is 2.2 L/day.  For lactating women, the recommended average
drinking water intake rate is 1.3 L/day, and the upper-percentile value is 1.9 L/day.
      High Activity/Hot Climates - Data intake rates for individuals performing strenuous
activities under various environmental conditions are limited. However, the data presented
by McNall and Schlegel (1968) and U.S. Army (1983) provide bounding intake values for
these individuals.  According to McNall and Schlegel (1968), hourly intake can range from
0.21 to 0.65 L/hour depending on the temperature and activity level.  Intake among
physically active individuals can range from 6 L/day in temperate climates to 11 L/day in hot
climates (U.S. Army, 1983).
                                        2-43
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                                                                 I      DRAFT
                                                                 I DO BOf QUOTE OR
                                                                         IfTTF
_„.   __	_...  ......_  . __..   	  	
2.3.1. Background
      The primary source of information on consumption rates of fruits and vegetables among
the United States population is the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey (NFCS).  Data from the MFCS have been  used in various studies to
generate consumer-only and per capita intake rates for both individual fruits and vegetables and
total fruits and total vegetables.  Consumer-only intake is defined as the quantity of fruits and
vegetables consumed by individuals who ate these food items during the survey period.  Per
capita intake rates are generated by averaging consumer-only intakes over the entire population
of users and non-users. In general, per capita intake rates are appropriate for use in exposure
assessment for which average dose estimates for the general population are of interest because
they represent both individuals who ate the foods during the survey period and individuals who
may eat the food items at some time, but did not consume them during the survey period. Total
fruit intake refers to the sum of all fruits consumed in a day including canned, dried, frozen, and
fresh fruits.  Likewise total vegetable intake refers to the sum of all vegetables consumed in a
day including canned, dried, frozen, and fresh vegetables.  For the purposes of this Handbook,
the distinctions between fruits and vegetables  are those commonly used, not the botanical
definitions.   For  example,  in  this report,  tomatoes  are considered vegetables, although
technically they are fruits,
      Intake rates may be presented on either an as consumed or dry weight basis.  As
consumed intake  rates (g/day) are based on the weight of the food in the form that it is
consumed. In contrast, dry weight intake rates are based on the weight of the food consumed
after the moisture content has been removed.  In calculating exposures based on ingestion, the
unit of weight used to measure intake should be consistent with those used in measuring the
contaminant concentration in the produce.
      Estimating source-specific exposures to toxic chemicals in fruits and vegetables may also
require information on the percentage of fruits and vegetables grown above and below ground.
The percentages of foods grown above and below ground will be useful when the concentrations
of contaminants in foods are estimated from concentrations in soil, water, and air. For example,
vegetables grown below ground may be more likely to be contaminated by soil pollutants, but
                                        2-44
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                                                                     j      -DRAFT
                                                                     | DO WO? QUQffi  OB
                                                                     I        CITS
leafy above ground vegetables may be more likely to be contaminated by deposition of air
pollutants on plant surfaces.
      The purpose of this section is to provide:  (1) intake data for individual fruits and
vegetables, and total fruits and total vegetables; (2) data for converting between as consumed
and dry weight intake rates; and (3) percentages of fruits and vegetables grown above and below
ground.   Values for these variables that are recommended for use in exposure assessment are
also presented. Recommendations are based on average and upper-percentile intake among the
general population of the U.S.  Available data have been classified as being either a key or a
relevant  study  based on the applicability of  the  data to exposure  assessment  needs.
Recommendations are based on data from key studies, but relevant studies are also presented to
provide the reader with added perspective on this topic.  It should be noted that all of the key
studies and many of the relevant studies  are based on data from USDA's MFCS.  The USDA
MFCS is  described below.

2.3.2.        Intake Studies
2.3.2.1.      U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
      USDA conducts the MFCS approximately every 10 years. The three most recent NFCSs
were conducted in 1965-66,  1977-78, and 1987-88.  The purpose of these surveys was to
"analyze  the food consumption behavior and dietary status of Americans" (USDA, 1992).  The
survey uses a statistical sampling  technique designed to ensure that all seasons, geographic
regions of the U.S., and demographic and socioeconomic groups are represented. There are two
components of the NFCS.  The household component collects information over a 7-day period
on the socioeconomic and  demographic characteristics of households, and the types, value, and
sources of foods consumed. The individual component collects information on food intakes of
individuals within each household over a 3-day period (USDA, 1993).
      The same basic survey design was used for the three most recent NFCSs, but the sample
sizes and statistical classifications used were somewhat different (USDA, 1992).  In 1965-66,
10,000 households were  surveyed (USDA, 1972).   The sample size increased to 15,000
households (over 36,000 individuals) in 1977-78, but decreased to 4,500 households in 1987-88
because of budgetary constraints and a low response rate (37 percent).  Data from the 1977-78
                                        2-45
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                                                                             DRAFT
                                                                       DO KOf QUOTE OR
                                                                             CITE
NFCS are presented in this Handbook because the data have been published by USD A in various
publications and reanalyzed by various  EPA offices according to the food items/groups
commonly used to  assess exposure.  Published one-day data from the 1987-88 NFCS and the
results of a recently conducted EPA analysis of the 1987-88 NFCS data are also presented.
      Individual daily intake rates and average user and per capita intake rates calculated from
NFCS date are based on averages of reported  individual intakes over one day or  three
consecutive days.  Such short-term date are suitable for estimating average daily per capita
intake rates representative of both  short-term and long-term consumption.  However, upper
percentile individual intakes reported either as user intakes or per capita intakes are likely to be
higher than the true long-term upper percentile daily average intakes because interindividual
variability in a distribution will decrease with the length  of time over which the factor  is
measured.  The individual upper percentile intakes  rates represent intakes by users of the
products over the three-day survey period. Long-term estimates require that the average intake
over three days is the same as the average intake over 365 days for each individual, that is, the
product is consumed every day of the year, resulting in the long-term overestimate.

2.3.2.2.     Key Intake Studies Based on the USDA NFCS
      Poo et aJ. (1982) - Foods Commonly Eaten by Individuals - Using data gathered in the
1977-78 USDA NFCS, Pao  et al.  (1982) calculated  percentiles for the average quantities of
individual fruit and vegetables consumed by members of the U.S. population who had consumed
these fruits and vegetables over a 3-day period. The data were collected during NFCS home
interviews of 37,874 respondents, who were asked to recall food intake for the day preceding
the interview, and record food intake the day of the interview and the day after the interview.
Pao et al. (1982) reported mean intake rates for consumers, standard  deviations, intake rates for
consumers at various percentiles, maximum amounts consumed, percentages of individuals using
the food in the 3-day study, quantities consumed per eating occasion, and per capita intake rates.
For example, as shown in Table 2-26, 74.4 percent of the individuals surveyed used white
potatoes in three days, the mean daily intake rate for consumers was 78 g/day and the average
quantity consumed per eating occasion was 125g.  Per capita intake rates were calculated by
multiplying the average intake rate for consumers  by the fraction of individuals using the food
                                        2-46
-------
Table 2-26.  Quantity (*ai consumed") of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed cod die Percentage of Individuals Using Then Foods in 3 Days
Consumers-only
Three-Day Averages at Specified Pereenliles (g/day/
Food category
Raw vegetable!
White potatoes
Cabbage and coleslaw
Carrots
Cucumbers
Lettuce and tossed
salad
K> Mature onions
i-
"** Tomatoes
Cooled vegetables
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Com, whole kernel
y ma beam
Mixed ve&ci&bles

Cowpeas, field peas,
black-eyed peai

Green peas
Spinach
String beans
Summer squash

5

14
5
1
3
3

1

10

12
13
6
7
7
..

11


7
8
6
11

25

33
15
5
12
13

6

20

26
25
15
26
28
30

29


19
30
23
36

50

62
20
17
23
31

7

30

31
50
25
28
29
31

44


28
34
23
36

75

103
40
22
47
54

15

60

57
50
39
51
58
62

58


55
65
47
72

90

158
40
41
79
90

24

91

62
100
52
57
85
78
(O
117


57
68
69
108

95

202
60
51
105
113

37

123

99
102
71
85
113


117


84
103
93
143

99

309
90
56
220
186

73

205

137
200
103
133
170
187
lot
233


113
137
140
287

Maximum
consumed in
any one day
(g/day)

1,560
1,080
soo
840
1,080

660

907

680
750
736
850
875
454

1,050


850
454
840
860

Consumers-only
Three-day Avenge
quantity consumed
Avenge Standard
Deviation

78
27
IS
37
40

13

44

41
50
30
38
43
46

53


35
45
35
56


65
20
19
45
39

16

42

27
39
21
27
33
33

42


26
29
29
46

Quantity consumed per
eating occasion
(g)
Avenge Standard
Deviation

125
68
43
80
65

31

81

112
128
70
95
110


131


90
121
86
145


90
45
40
76
59

33

55

68
83
59
56
75
69

88


57
70
54
98

% Per capita three-
Indiv. day average
using quantity consumed
food in (g/day)b
3 days

74.4
9.7
5
5.6
50.7

8.5

27.8

6.2
4.7
9.8
23.9
2.8
3 4

2.9


18.3
4.5
27.3
2.8


58.0
2.6
0.9
2.1
203

1.1

12.2

2.5
2.4
2.9
9.1
1.2
1 6

1.5


6.4
2.0
9.6
1.6


















O
... o
t »g
O

gel
1**
O
ta
-------
                                                                                          Ttb!o 2-26. (continued)
                                                        CottRimeivoaly
                                         Thres-Dty Avenges tt SpeciCtd Pereentilci (g/dayf
             Food category
                                    25
                   50
                    75
                    90
                    95
                     99
                    Maximum
                   COBM media
                   any one day
                           Conn) mere-only
                          Three-day Avenge
                          quantity cotwmed
                                   Quantity coojumed per
                                       eatiaf occaskm
                                            (g)
                                                                                                                Avenge     Standard
                                                                                                                            Deviation
                                                                                                                                 Avenge
                                                                                                                  Standard
                                                                                                                  Deviation
                                                 X
                                               lodiv.
                                               utinj
                                               food in
                                               3daya
                                             Per capita three-
                                               day average
                                            quantity coantined
                                                (g/day)k
JO
00
  Sweet potatoes
  Tomato juice
  Cucumber pickka
  Fruit*  .
  Grapefruit
  Grapefruit juice
  Oranges'
  Orange juice
  Apples
  Applesauce, cooked
  apples
  Apple juke
  Cantaloupe
  Raw peaches
  Raw pears
  Raw stnwberriea
14
30
 2

38
41
24
42
23
11

41
21
25
27
12
34
45
 6

45
63
48
73
46
38

62
45
51
55
25
 38
 81
 11

 89
 83
 48
125
 46
 43

 83
 68
 51
 55
 37
 68
121
 22

110
165
 97
166
 92
 85

145
 91
101
109
 SO
 85
182
 43

165
250
145
249
138
127

227
181
263
114
 99
132
243
 SO

205
329
180
290
184
160

289
181
203
164
120
200
354
 90

268
658
290
496
276
253

496
272
355
273
225
1,020
1,879
  810

  804
1,976
1,160
1,992
1,272
1,016

1,302
1,362
  760
2,132
  600
 52
 94
 18

 90
131
 78
133
 75
 61

116
 81
 84
 75
 46
 38
 72
 20

 58
115
 54
 92
 53
 47

 98
 61
 66
 50
 44
136
 91
 45

159
202
146
190
141
134

191
171
160
163
100
 87
122
 45

 58
 99
 57
 84
 49
 «

101
 91
 75
 69
 58
 4.1
 3.9
 9.2

 4.7
 3.6
 9
35.5
18.2
 9.8

 3.8
 3.3
 4.5
 3.1
 2.1
 2.1
 3.7
 1.7

 4.2
 4.7
 7.0
47.2
13.6
 6.0

 4.4
 2.7
 3.8
 2J
 1.0
*   Percentilei are cumulative; for example, 50 percent of people eat 62 g white potatoes per day or leu.
h   fet capita intakes were calculated by multiplying die avenge quantity consumed for cofuumefs-ooly by die fraction of individual! uiing the food item in 3 days.
Source: Total consumption data from Pao et al., 1982.
                                                                                                                                                                                         tl
                                                                                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                                                                                        w
-------
                                                                             DRAFT
                                                                      ' DO NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                              CITE
in 3 days.  For white potatoes, the per capita intake rate was estimated"!©  De :>» g/oay
(78g/day x 0.744).  The intake rates are presented on an as consumed (g/day) basis. The data
presented in Table 2-26 are for all ages of the population, combined. If age-specific intake data
.are needed, refer to Pao et al. (1982).
       Although Pao et al. (1982) reported distributions of intake rates for individual fruits and
vegetables, these tabulated data cannot be used to derive a distribution of intake rates for total
fruits and  vegetables.   Obtaining a frequency distribution for all fruits and vegetables by
summing the distributions for individual fruits and vegetables is not appropriate because a person
whose intake rate for tomatoes falls in the 90th percentile may not have a 90th percentile intake
rate of broccoli.  Summing ingestion rates would also imply that all individuals consume all of
the fruit and vegetables listed in Table 2-26.  Consequently, these data should only be used in
exposure assessments where the consumption of individual fruits and vegetables is of interest.
Intake data for total fruits and total vegetables are presented later in this Section.
       The advantages of using these data are that they were derived from the USD A NFCS and
are representative of the U.S. population.  This data set provides distributions for a number of
commonly eaten fruits  and vegetables, but the list of foods is limited and does not account for
fruits and vegetables included in complex food dishes. Also, these data are based on short-term
dietary recall and it's quite unlikely that they accurately reflect long-term consumption patterns.
       The U.S. EPA's Dietary Risk Evaluation System (DRES) -  USEPA,  Office of Pesticide
Programs - The U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) uses the Dietary Risk Evaluation
System (formerly the Tolerance Assessment System) to assess the dietary risk of pesticide use
as part of the pesticide registration process. OPP sets tolerances for specific pesticides on raw
agricultural commodities based on estimates of dietary risk. These estimates are calculated using
pesticide residue data for the food item of concern and relevant consumption data.  Intake rates
are based primarily on the USDA 1977-1978 NFCS although intake rates for some food items
are based on estimations from production volumes or other data (i.e., some items were assigned
an arbitrary value of 0.000001 g/kg-day (Kariya, 1992). OPP has calculated per capita intake
rates of individual fruits and vegetables for 22 subgroups (age, regional, and seasonal) of the
population by determining the composition of NFCS food items and disaggregating complex food
dishes into their component raw agricultural commodities (RACs) (White et al. 1983).
                                         2-49                                      •,
-------
                                                                              DRAFT
                                                                        DO HOT QUOTE  OB
                                                                               CITE
       The DRES per capita, as consumed intake rates for all age/sex/dem6graphie groups
combined axe presented in Table 2-27.   These data are based on both consumers and non
consumers of these food items. Data for specific subgroups of the population are not presented
here, but are available through OPP via direct request. The data in Table 2-27 may be useful
for estimating the risks of exposure associated with  the consumption of individual fruits and
vegetables.  It should be noted that these data are indexed to the actual body weights of the
survey respondents and are expressed in units of grams of food consumed per Kg bodyweight
per day.  Consequently, use of these data in calculating potential dose does not require the body
weight factor in the denominator of the average daily dose (ADD) equation. It should also be
noted that conversion of these intake rates into units of g/day by multiplying by a single average
body weight is not appropriate because the DRES data base did not rely on a single body weight
for all individuals. Instead, DEES used the body weights reported by each individual surveyed
to estimate consumption in units of g/kg-day.
       The advantages of using these data are that complex food dishes have been disaggregated
to provide intake  rates for a very large number of fruits and vegetables.  These data are also
based on the individual body weights of the respondents. Therefore, the use of these data in
calculating exposure to toxic chemicals may provide more representative estimates of potential
dose per unit body weight.  However, because the data are based on NFCS short-term dietary
recall the same limitations discussed previously for other NFCS data sets also apply here.
       Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in One Day in the U.S.,  USDA (1980,1992b) -
 USD A calculated mean intake rates for total  fruits and total vegetables using NFCS data from
1977-78 and 1987-88 (USDA, 1980; USDA, 1992b).  The mean total intake rates are presented
in Tables 2-28 and 2-29 for fruits and Tables 2-30 and 2-31 for vegetables.  These values are
based on intake data for one day  from the  1977-78 and 1987-88 USDA Nationwide Food
Consumption Surveys, respectively. Date from both surveys are presented here to demonstrate
that although the 1987-88 survey had fewer respondents, the mean per capita intake rates for all
individuals are  in good  agreement with the  earlier survey.  Also,  slightly different age
classifications were used  in the  two surveys  providing a wider range of age categories from
which exposure assessors may select appropriate intake rates.  Tables 2-28 through 2-31 include
both per capita intake rates and intake rates for consumers-only for various ages  of individuals.
                                        2-50
-------
Table 2-27.  Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Alfalfa Sprouts
Apples-Dried
Apples-Fresh
Apples-Juice
Apricots-Dried
Apricots-Fresh
Artichokes-Globe
Artichokes-Jerusalem
Asparagus
Avocados
Bamboo Shoots
Bananas-Dried
Bananas-Fresh
Bananas-Unspecified
Beans-Dry-Blackeye Peas (cowpeas)
Beans-Dry-Broad Beans (Mature Seed)
Beans-Dry-Garbanzo (Chick Pea)
Beans-Dry-Great Northern
Beans-Dry-Hyacinth (Mature Seeds)
Beans-Dry-Kidney
Beans-Dry-Lima
Beans-Dry-Navy (Pea)
Beans-Dry-Other
Average Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0001393
0.0002064
0.4567290
0.2216490
0.0004040
0.0336893
0.0032120
0.0000010
0.0131098
0.0125370
0.0001464
0.0004489
0.2240382
0.0032970
0.0024735
0.0000000
0.0005258
0.0000010
0.0000000
0.0136313
0.0079892
0.0374073
0.0398251
Standard Error
0.0000319
0.0000566
0.0142203
0.0142069
0.0001457
0.0022029
0.0007696
*
0.0010290
0.0020182
0.0000505
0.0001232
0.0088206
0.0004938
0.0005469
*
0.0001590
__- ,
«g
0.0045628 0H2 1
0.0016493 g c Q
0.0023595 t|
0.0023773 §
-------
                                                                           Table 2-27 (continued)
to
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Beans-Dry-Pigeon Beans
Beaas-Dry-Pinto
Beans-Succulent-Broad Beans (Immature Seed)
Beans-Succulent-Green
Beans-Succulent-Hyacinth (Young Pods)
Beans-Succulent-Lima
Beans-Succulent-Other
Beans-Succulent-Yellow, Wax
Beans-Unspecified
Beets-Roots
Beets-Tops (Greens)
Bitter Melon
Blackberries
Blueberries
Boysenberries
Bread Nuts
Bread Fruit
Broccoli
Brussel Sprouts
Cabbage-Chinese/Celery, Inc. Bok Choy
Cabbage-Green and Red
Cactus Pads
Cantaloupes
Carambola
Average Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000357
0.0363498
0.0000000
0.2000500
0.0000000
0.0256648
0.0263838
0.0054634
0.0052345
0.0216142
0.0008287
0.0000232
0.0064268
0.0090474
0.0007313
0.0000010
0.0000737
0.0491295
0.0068480
0.0045632
0.0936402
0.0000010
0.0444220
0.0000010
Standard Error
0.0000357
0.0048479
*
0.0062554
*
0.0021327
0.0042782
0.0009518
0.0012082
0.0014187
0.0003755
0.0000233
0.0007316
0.0008951
0.0006284
*
0.0000590
0.0032966
0.0009061
0.0020966
0.0039046
*
0.0029515
*
                                                                                                                                                                  o


                                                                                                                                                               *  §
                                                                                                                                                                  g
                                                                                                                                                                  W

                                                                                                                                                                  §
-------
                                                                               Table 2-27 (continued)
to
ai
W
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Carob
Carrots
Casabas
Cassava (Yuca Blanca)
Cauliflower
Celery
Cherimoya
Cherries-Dried
Cherries-Fresh
Cherries-Juice
Chicory (French or Belgian Endive)
Chili Peppers
Chives
Citrus Citron
Coconut-Copra
Coconut-Fresh
Coconut-Water
CoUards
Corn, Pop
Corn, Sweet
Crabapples
Cranberries
Cranberries-Juice
Crenshaws
Average Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000913
0.1734794
0.0007703
0.0002095
0.0158368
0.0609611
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0321754
0.0034080
0.0006707
0.0000000
0.0000193
0.0001573
0.0012860
0.0001927
0.0000005
0.0188966
0.0067714
0.2367071
0.0003740
0.0150137
0.0170794
0.0000010
Standard Error
0.0000474
0.0041640
0.0003057
0.00001574
0.0011522
0.0014495
*
*
0.0024966
0.0009078
0.0001465
*
0.0000070
0.0000324
0.0000927
0.0000684
0.0000005
0.0032628
0.0003348 o 	
0.0062226 I ~
0
0.0006153 «§§
0.0022223 W j
§ •
-------
TaW* 2-27 (continued)
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Cress, Upland
Cress, Garden, Field
Cucumbers
Currants
Dandelion
Dates
Dewberries
Eggplant
Elderberries
Endive, Curley and Escarole
Fennel
Figs
Garlic
Genip (Spanish Lime)
GinkgoNuts
Gooseberries
Grapefruit-Juice
Grapefruit-Pulp
Grapes-Fresh
Grapes-Juice
Grapes-Leaves
Grapes-Raisins
Groundcherries (Poha or Cape-Gooseberries)
Guava
Average Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000010
0.0000000
0.0720821
0.0005462
0.0005039
0.0006662
0.0023430
0.0061858
0.0001364
0.0011851
0.0000000
0.0027847
0.0007621
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0003953
0.0773585
0.0684644
0.0437931
0.0900960
0.0000119
0.0169730
0.0000000
0.0000945
Standard Error
*
*
0.0034389
0.0000892
0.0002225
0.0001498
*
0.0007645
0.0001365
0.0001929
*
0.0005254
0.0000230
*
*
0.0001341
0.0053846
0.0032321
0.0023071
0.0058627
0.0000887
0.0009221
0.0000558



















••-•• —
O
SB
o
wo
w
i
-------
                                                                                 Table 2-27 (continued)
-10
 CJl
 en
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Honeydew Melons
Huckleberries (Gaylussacia)
Juneberry
Kale
Kiwi
Kohlrabi
Kumquats
Lambsquarter
Leafy Oriental Vegetables
Leeks
Lemons-Juice
Lemons-Peel
Lemons-Pulp
Lemons-Unspecified
Lentiles-Split
Lentiles-Whole
Lettuce-Head Varieties
Lettuce-Leafy Varieties
Lettuce-Unspecified
Limes-Juice
Limes-Pulp
Limes-Unspecified
Loganberries
Logan Fruit
Average Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0183628
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0015036
0.0000191
0.0002357
0.0000798
0.0000481
0.0000010
0.0000388
0.0189564
0.0002570
0.0002149
0.0020695
0.0000079
0.0012022
0.2122803
0.0044328
0.0092008
0.0032895
0.0000941
0.0000010
0.0002040
0.0000010
Standard Error
0.0042879
*
*
0.0006070
0.0000191
0.0001028
0.0000574
0.0000481
*
0.0000221
0.0009004
0.0001082
0.0000378
0.0003048
0.0000064
0.0002351
0.0059226
0.0003840
0.0004328
0.0005473 g
0.0000344 g
* "»£
; Br
§
-------
                                                                               Table 2-27 (continued)
Ni

in
'
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Loquats
Lychee-Dried
Lychees (Litchi)
Maney (Mammee Apple)
Mangoes
Mulberries
Mung Beans (Sprouts)
Mushrooms
Mustard Greens
Nectarines
Okra
Olives
Onions-Dehydrated or Dried
Onions-Dry-Bulb (Cipollini)
Onions-Green
Oranges-Juice
Oranges-Peel
Oranges-Pulp
Papayas-Dried
Papayas-Fresh
Papayas-Juice
Parsley Roots
Parsley
Parsnips
Avenge Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000000
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0005539
0.0000010
0.0066521
0.0213881
0.0145284
0.0129663
0.0146352
0.0031757
0.0001192
0.1060612
0.0019556
1.0947265
0.0001358
0.1503524
0.0009598
0.0013389
0.0030536
0.0000010
0.0036679
0.0006974
Standard Error
*
*
*
*
0.0002121
*
0.0006462
0.0009651
0.0024053
0.0013460
0.0017782
0.0002457
0.0000456
0,0021564
0.0001848
0.0283937
0.0000085
0.0092049
0.0000520 &
O
0.0005055 § s,
0.0012795 0 « jg
ifli f*\ . i
0.0001459 W
0.0001746 §
-------
                                                                              Table 2-27 (continued)
VI
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Passion Fruit (Granadilla)
Pawpaws
Peaches-Dried
Peaches-Fresh
Pears-Dried
Pears-Fresh
Peas (Garden)-Green Immature
Peas (Garden)-Mature Seeds, Dry
Peppers, Sweet, Garden
Peppers-Other
Persimmons
Persian Melons
Pimentos
Pineapple-Dried
Pineapple-Fresh, Pulp
Pineapple-Fresh, Juice
Pitanga (Surinam Cherry)
Plantains
Plums, Prune-Juice
Plums (Damsons)-Fresh
Plums-Prunes (Dried)
Poke Greens
Pomegranates
Potatoes (White)-Whole
Average Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0000496
0.2153916
0.0000475
0.1224735
0.1719997
0.0017502
0.0215525
0.0043594
0.0004008
0.0000010
0.0019485
0.0000248
0.0308283
0.0371824
0.0000010
0.0016370
0.0137548
0.0248626
0.0058071
0.0002957
0.0000820
0.3400582
Standard Error
*
*
0.0000152
0.0078691
0.0000279
0.0050442
0.0067868
0.0002004
0.0010091
0.0004748
0.0002236
*
0.0001482
0.0000195
0.0017136
0.0026438
*
0.0007074 	 " 	
0.0017904 °
sS
0.0020953 0 § 0
0.0005890 ||c;*3
0.0001475 $
0.0000478 §
0.0102200
-------
                                                                             Ttble 2-27 (contiaoed)
to
 t
Ul
00
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Potatoes (White)-Unspecified
Potatoes (White)-Peeled
Potatoes (White)-Dry
Potatoes (Wnite)-Peel Only
Pumpkin
Quinces
Radishes-Roots
Radishes-Tops
Raspberries
Rhubarb
Rutabagas-Roots
Rutabagas-Tops
Salsify (Oyster Plant)
Shallots
Soursop (Annona Muricata)
Soybeans-Sprouted Seeds
Spinach
Squash-Summer
Squash-Winter
Strawberries
Sugar Apples (Sweetsop)
Sweetpotatoes (including Yams)
Swiss Chard
Tangelos
Average Consumption
(Gmns/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000822
0.7842573
0.0012994
0.0000217
0.0044182
0.0001870
0.0015558
0.0000000
0.0028661
0.0037685
0.0027949
0.0000000
0.0000028
0.0000000
0.0000010
0.0000000
0.0435310
0.0316479
0.0324417
0.0347089
0.0000010
0.0388326
0.0016915
0.0025555
Standard Error
0.0000093
0.0184579
0.0001896
0.0000133
0.0004354
*
0.0001505
*
0.0005845
0.0006588
0.0009720
*
0.0000028
*
*
*
0.0030656
0.0022956
0.0026580
0.0020514 §
lo
0.0035926 "^^
0.0004642 W o 3
H
0.0006668 W
O
-------
                                                                          Table 2-27 (continued)
to
cii
CO
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Tangerine-Juice
Tangerines
Tapioca
Taro-Greens
Taro-Root
Tomatoes-Catsup
Tomatoes-Juice
Tomatoes-Paste
Tomatoes-Puree
Tomatoes-Whole
Towelgourd
Turnips-Roots
Turnips-Tops
Water Chestnuts
Watercress
Watermelon
Yambean, Tuber
Yautia, Tannier
Youngberries
* Not reported
* Consumed in any raw or prepared form
Source: ORES date base.

Average Consumption
(Grams/Kg Body Weight-Day)
0.0000839
0.0088441
0.0012199
0.0000010
0.0000010
0.0420320
0.0551351
0.0394767
0.17012311
0.4920164
0.0000010
0.0082392
0.0147111
0.0004060
0.0003553
0.0765054
0.0000422
0.0000856
0.0003570




Standard Error
0.0000567
0.0010948
0.0000951
*
• *
0.0015878
0.0029515
0.0012512
0.0054679
0.0080927
*
0.0014045
0.0025845
0.0000682
0.0001564
0.0068930
0.0000402
0.0000571
*
O
0
Sfi
§
-------
                Table 2-28. Mean Total Fruit Intake in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978?
                                                                                           DRAFT
                                                                                        NOT QUOTE
                                                                                       w,  CITE
         Age (yr)             Per Capita Intake        Percent of Population     Intake (g/day) for Users
                                  (g/day)            Using Fruit in a Day             Only1'
        1 and under                     169                       86.8                    196
        1-2                             146                       62.9                    231
        3-5                             134                       56.1                    239
        6-8                             152                       60.1                    253
 Males
        9-11                            133                      50.5                    263
        12-14                           120                      51.2                    236
        15-18                           147                      47.0                    313
        19-22                           107                      39.4                    271
        23-34                           141                      46.4                    305
        35-50                           115                      44.0                    262
        51-64                           171                      62.4                    275
        65-74                           174                      62.2                    281
        75 and over                     186                      62.6                    197

 Females

        9-11                            148                      59.7                    247
        12-14                           120                      48.7                    247
        15-18                           126                      49.9                    251
        19-22                           133                      48.0                    278
        23-34                           122                      47.7                    255
        35-50                           133                      52.8                    252
        51-64                           171                      66.7                    256
        65-74                           179                      69.3                    259
        75 and over                     189                      64.7                    292

 Males and Females

        All ages                        142                      54.2                    263


*  Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978) data for one day.
k  Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using
   fruit in a day.

Source:  USDA, 1980.
                                             2-60
-------
                  Table 2-29. Mean Total Fruit Intake in a Day by Sex and Age (1987-1988)*
                                                                                          DKAIf
                                                                                    DO SOT  QUOTS OB
                                                                                       v% CITE
Per Capita Intake (g/day)
Age (yr)
Males

Males



Femal



Males

and Females
5 and under

6-11
12-19
20 and over
eg
6-11
12-19
20 and over
and Females
All Ages

157

182
158
133

154
131
140

142
Percent of Population
Using Fruit in 1 Day

59.2

63.8
49.4
46.5

58.3
474
52.7

51.4
Intake (g/day) for Users
Only*

265

285
320
286

264
278
266

276
*  Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987-1988) data for one day.
b  Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using fruits
   in a day.

Source: USDA, 1993.
                                              2-61
-------
              Table 2-30. Mean Total Vegetable Intake in a Day by Sex and Age (1977-1978)"	
                                                                                      I DO NOT" QUOTE
                                                                                              CITE
             (yr)             Per Capita Intake         Percent of Population        Intake (g/day) for
                                  (g/day)          Using Vegetables in a Day       Users Only1'

       and Females
        1 and under                       76                       62.7                   121
        1-2                               91                       78.0                   116
        3-5                              100                       79.3                   126
        6-8                              136                       84.3                   161
 Males
       9-11                             138                       83.5                   165
       12-14                            184                       84.5                   217
       15-18                            216                       85.9                   251
       19-22                            226                       84.7                   267
       23-34                            248                       88.5                   280
       35-50                            261                       86.8                   300
       51-64                            285                       90.3                   316
       65-74                            265                       88.5                   300
       75 and over                      264                       93.6                   281

 Females

       9-11                             139                       83.7                   166
       12-14                            154                       84.6                   183
       15-18                            178                       83.8                   212
       19-22                            184                       81.1                   227
       23-34                            187                       84.7                   221
       35-50                            187                       84.6                   221
       51-64                            229                       89.8                   255
       65-74                            221                       87.2                   253
       75 & over                       198                       88.1                   226

 Malesjrod Females

       All Ages                         201                       85.6                   235


*  Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978) data for one day.
*  Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using
   vegetables in 8 day.

Source:  USDA, 1980.
                                               2-62
-------
                Table 2-31.  Mean Total Vegetable Intake in a Day by Sex and Age (1987-1988)*
                                                                                     !        DRAFT
                                                                                     •' DO XQT QUOTE OR
                                                                                              CITE
Per Capita Intake (g/day)
Age (yr)
Males

Males



and Females
5 and under

6-11
12-19
20 and over

81

129
173
232
Percent of Population
Using Vegetables in
1 Day

74.0

86.8
85.2
85.0
Intake (g/day) for Users
Only1'

109

149
203
273
Females



Males

6-11
12-19
20 and over
and Females
All Ages
129
129
183

182
80.6
75.8
82.9

82.6
160
170
221

220
*  Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987-1988) data for one day.
b  Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using
   vegetables in a day.

Source:  USDA, 1993.
                                             2-63
-------
                                                                            DRAFT
                                                                     • DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                             CITE
Intake rates for consumers-only were calculated by dividing the per capita consumption rate by  —
the fraction of the population using vegetables or fruits in a day.  The average per capita
vegetable intake rate is 201 g/day based on the 1977-78 data (USDA, 1980) and 182 g/day based
on the 1987-88 data (USDA, 1992). For fruits the average per capita intake rate is 142 g/day
based on the two most recent USDA NFCSs (USDA, 1980; USDA, 1993).
      The advantages of using these data are that they provide intake estimates for all fruits and
all vegetables combined.  Again,  these estimates are based on short-term dietary data which
provide valid estimates of the means of usual consumption.
       17.5. EPA Analysis of 1987/88 USDA NFCSData - EPA analyzed data from the 1987-88
USDA MFCS to  generate distributions of  intake rates for  various fruit  and vegetable
items/groups.  The fruit and vegetable items/groups selected for analysis included total fruits,
total vegetables, selected individual food items; fruits and vegetables categorized as exposed,
protected, and roots; and  various  USDA fruit and vegetable categories  (i.e., dark green
vegetables, deep yellow vegetables, other vegetables, citrus fruits, and other fruits). Food
items/groups were identified in the NFCS data base according to NFCS-defined food codes.
Appendix 2-A presents the codes used to determine the various food groups.  Intake rates for
these food items/groups represent intake of all forms of the product (i.e., homeproduced and
commercially produced).   The USDA data  were adjusted by applying the sample weights
calculated by USDA to the data set prior to analysis. These weights were designed to "adjust
for survey nonresponse and other vagaries of the sample selection process" (USDA, 1987/88).
Intake rates were indexed to the body weight  of the survey respondent and reported in units of
g/kg-day.  The food analysis was  accomplished using the SAS statistical programming system
(SAS, 1990).
      Distributions of intake rates were determined by apportioning the amount of food used
by a household among family members based on average serving sizes for specified age groups
of the population and the number of weekly meals consumed by each family member. A
detailed description of the methodology used  to generate distributions of homegrown intake is
presented in Section 2.7 (Intake Bates for Various Homeproduced Food Items) of this Handbook.
The same method was used to determine the intake rates of all forms (i.e., homeproduced and
commercially prepared) of fruits and vegetables presented in this section.
                                       2-64
-------
                                                                             DRAFT
                                                                     .' DO HOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                     |       CITE
       Intake rates for various  iiubcategories  of the population within census Tegfotisare"
presented in Tables 2-32 through 2-36 for total fruits and Tables 2-37 through 2-41 for total
vegetables.  Tables 2-42 through 2-63 present intake rates for individual fruit and vegetable
items/groups. Intake rates for exposed, protected, and root produce are presented in Tables 2-64
through 2-68, and intake rates  based on the various USDA categories are presented in Tables
2-69 through 2-73.   These distributions represent  intake rates for consumers of the food
item/group of interest.  These data represent one-week average intake rates for family members
from those surveyed households who reported eating  the food item/group of interest during the
survey period.  The total number of individuals in the data set (i.e., both individuals who ate
the food item and those who did not eat the food item during the survey period) are presented
in Table 2-185 in Section 2.7.2.  These total number of individuals surveyed may be used with
the consumer  only data presented here to calculate per capita intake rates  for the survey
population as shown in Section 2.7.2.
       The advantages of these data are that they provide distributions for the various food
items/groups.   Also,  .the NFCS was  designed  to be representative of the  U.S.  population.
However, these data are based  on short-term dietary recall and may not accurately reflect long-
term intake patterns.   Additional advantages and limitations of this analysis  are outlined in
Section 2.7.4 of this Handbook.

2.3.2.3.     Relevant Intake Studies
       U.S. EPA - Cffice of Radiation Programs - The U.S. EPA Office of Radiation Programs
(ORP) has  also used the USDA 1977-1978 NFCS to estimate daily food intake (U.S. EPA,
1984d;  1984e).  ORP uses  food consumption data to assess human  intake of radionuclides In
foods.  The 1977-1978 NFCS  data have been reorganized by ORP,  and food items have been
classified according to the characteristics of radionuclide transport. Data for selected agricultural
products are presented in Table 2-74 and Table 2-75.  These data represent per capita, as
consumed intake rates for total, leafy, exposed, and  protected produce as well as total grains,
breads, and cereals.  Exposed produce refers  to products that can intercept atmospherically
deposited materials (e.g., apples, pears, berries, etc.).  The term protected refers to products
that are protected from deposition from the atmosphere (e.g., citrus fruit, carrots, corn, etc.).
                                         2-65
-------
                                                                           T»We 2-32. InUke of Total Piuiti (g/kj-dty) - All Rejioiw Combined
         Group
                                                       Mem
                                                                     S£
                                                                                   n
                                                                                                ri
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 11-92
 0345
 ts-n

 20-39

 70 +

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 VOL
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 WMtr

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                             I73WWOO
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 151
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                                        2-67
-------
                                                                    T«b!e2-34.
Populttwn
Qreup
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                                              Man
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 $014004
I4WJ99*
12097900
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13£7MOO
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fjxfoms to QgefiamilB
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                                               3-HI+01
i.HEtll
i.45E+0(
3.19E+00
3JOB09
41IE400
                                               5.00H-MX)
                                               447E+08
                                                             1 -572-93
478S42
1.42242
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1.71B43
1.1S&03
l.«E-43
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                                                                                       1.17E-01
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                                                                 120EH1
                                                                 3J4EH1
                                                                                                                                                                                              3-OS+tl
-------
                                                                                    Table 2-35, Intake of Total Fruits (g/kg-day) - South Region
Popukiion
Group
Toad
Age
<01
01-02
034)3
06-11
12-19
20-39
40*69
70 +
N
57855000

857000
1750000
2328800
4630000
59*1000
19052000
17961000
5316000
N
3070

41
101
127
254
330
947
9*4
279
Mem
3.071*00

2.0IE+01
I.S4E+01
1.13E+01
5.65B+00
315E+00
3.12E+00
4.561+00
4.I1E+00
SE
9.15E-04

2.11E-02
1,171-02
7J6E-03
2.22E-03
1.50S-0)
S08E-04
I-J9E-03
2.90E-OI
PO
O.OCE+00

1.122+00
&52B-0!
7.79E-01
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
PI
U9E-W

U2E+00
944E-01
9.29E-01
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
9.S2E-92
IJ5B-01
254E41
P3
3.73M1

I.56I+OQ
2JHE+00
1.S4B+00
6J4B-01
3.26E-01
269B-01
41XE-01
634E-01
P10
6.62E-01

2.46E+4M
3.47E+00
2J4E+00
1.06E+00
3.7SB4I
4J9E-01
697E-01
1.01E+00
P25
1.40E+W

6328+00
S.ra+00
S.llE+00
2.2QE+00
1.49E+00
9.66E-01
1.46E+00
3.47B+00
WO
3.WE+00

1.50B+01
1.08E+01
t23E+00
4.65E+00
176E+00
J.02E+00
2.98E+00
467E+00
P73
5.99E+00

2.42E40I
1.81E+OI
1.46E+01
7.63E+00
5.I5E+00
4.01E+00
357B+00
7.44E+00
P90
1.11E+01

4.«TS+01
MB+01
109E+01
U3E+01
7.tJI+00
6.49E+00
9.67E+00
112E+01
P95
1.62E+01

7.40B+01
4JOB+01
2.94E+01
1.49E+01
1JOB+OI
9.«E+00
137B+01
1.44E+01
P99
3311*01

7,«1B+«1
8.16B+01
7.60B+01
1.95E+01
1,771+01
li3B+01
191B+01
4.ME+01
P100
•MMI

7JIE+01
S.16E+01
7.60E+0]
3J9E+01
IHB+01
3XE+0]
4.99E+01
5J9B+01
Setsoiu
 FiD
 Spring

 Winte
 CatnlQtf

 Eurtns+jo

lUce
 Ann
 B»ck ..
 NitinAnefiaa
 OftortJA
union
14979000
1553SOOO
13437000
1533SOOO
169*3000
2334MOO
                                 534000
                               117(3000
                                 111000
                                1372000
                               44073000
                                                  JW
                                                  4M
                                                  191
 <31

130
                    5
                    W
                  no
                                                           4J5E+00
                                                           4.79E+00
                        1.49E-03
                        t»4E-03
                        149E-03
                                                           4.75EiOO
3.ire+w
5.11E+00
4.99E+09
                            4J9E+00
                            5.00E+00
                            5.92E+00
                                                                          1.73E-03
                                                                          1JSE-03
                        SJ3&03
                        1JSE-03
                        254E-02
                        1J9E-02
                        9.79E-04
                            O.OOE+00
                            O.OOE+00
                            O.OOE+00
O.BOE+S9
O.OCE+00
O.OOE+00
              2.00E-01
              UltOl
              O.OOE+00
              1.67E-01
                                                                                                                   415E-01
                                                                                                     1.64E-01
                            O.OOE+00
                            3J6E-01
                            1.16E-OI
                            O.OOE+00
              2-6SE-01
              O.OOE+00
              3ASB-01
              1J9E-01
              1J1B-01
                                                                  2«1E-01
                                                                  4.67E-01
J53M1

4J1E-01
J71E-01
3J3S41
3J6E-01
3.0SS-01
un-oi
              6.62E-01
              6J1E-01
              5.78S-41
              7.40E-01
              1.43E+DO
              1JOE+00
              UTB+flO
              1.63E+00
              J11E+00
              J.78E+00
              3.12B+00
              J.29E+00
              5.71E+00
              5.31B+00
              6.67E+00
              6JOE+00
              I.U7E+00
              I.03B+01
              1.44E+01
              l.OSB+01
                                                                                                                                                                                                       1.19E+01
5.96M1
6.ME41
3J4S-01
5.4SE-01
3J6B-01
6»1E-01
6.84E-01
U5E+00
1.47E+00
1.02E+00
1J4B+00
6J1E-01
IJJS+OO
1.48E+00
                                                                                                                                                             310E+00
4SOE+00
196E+00
104E+00
INE+00
3.14E+00
              5J1E+00
              6.04B+00
6.65E+00
5.97S+00
I.16E+00
606E+00
5.99B+00
              1.1IE+01
              l.lOB+01
              L09B+01
              I.48E+01
              1JOB+01

              1.55E+01
1.19E+01
1MB+01
109E+01
l.lWE+fll
1.74E+01
160E+01
4.S7B+«1
1J1E+01
              1J5E+01
              3.23E+01
              4.99B+I1
              2J7E+01
              1X5E+01
              3JS+01
              2J4E+41
198E+01
3J9E+01
J-WB+01
tl«E+01
3J2V+01
              7.S1E+01
              «.-------
                                                              Table 2-36. InUke of Toil! FwH* (e/fcj-
-------
Table 2-37. Intake of Total Vegetable* (g/kj-d«y) - Afl Region* Combined
Population
Group
To&l
Age

01-02
034)
06-11
12-19
20-39
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-------
                                                                      Table 2-39. fclatc of Total Vegetables (g/tg-dsy) - Midwest Region
Population
Group
Tottl
Age
<01
01-02
034$
06-11
1249
20-39
40-69
70+
N N
wgtd uwgtd
45505000

112000
1741000
2209000
4221000
$436000
15112000
12889000
3158000
2542

44
101
130
2
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                                        2-74
-------
                                                                       Table 2-41.  Intake of Total Vegetables (g/kg-d«y) - West Region
to
Populttion
Group
Totri
Age
<01
0142
01-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
4049
704
Seasons
Ftl
Spring
Suasoo
Wmtet
Cental Oy
VamiHofoUm
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DO!~taJ
N
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34803000

568COO
1072000
1781000
3310000
3759000
10904000
10283000
2926000

10349000
Tnsooo
7(39000
£990000
11747000
5812000
17244900

577000
1697000
1133000
1160000
30136000

12496000
134000
N
imwxtd
1790

32
58
94
199
192
544
534
137

356
663
137
534
480
367
94)

31
«5
72
57
1544

441
JO
Man
154E4*

3.13E401
L24E+41
1.02E+41
7.00E*00
4.12E*00
331E+00
4.74E*00
SJ9B+00

SJ6E440
5.48E400
S.7SB4«
539E4W
493E*00
C.44E400
5.6JE400

4.10E+00
3.24E+00
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3.21E+00
6J2E+00
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1.C8E-03

3JSE-02
8.07E-03
4.QSE-03
15SE43
H3E-03
S.85E44
1.1SB-03
211E-03

J.16E-03
2.15E-03
1.MR43
140M3
1.41E-03
4.20B43
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3J3E43
1J6EX«
3.17EXO
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1.03E*OI
5.60E41
414E-01
2J9E-01
607E-02
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3J5E-01

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9.16E-02
1X3E-01
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O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00

1.95E+00
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4.61E-01
O.OOE+«
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4.43E^2
441E-01
PI
U9E4)1

103E+01
S.60E41
4.I4E-01
4.30B-01
299E-01
1.12E-01
3.47E-01
4.19B-01

1.74E-01
1J6E41
2.42E-01
4.09B-01
1.74E-01
3J5E-01
2J9E-01

1.9SE400
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462E-OL
4.43B-02
2.42E-01

243E-01
9.5SM1
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7.7S&01

115E+OI
«.70E41
2.62E+00
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7.99E-01
4.13E41
9.29M1
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367E-01
7.721-01
758B-01
5J7B41
l.OOE+00
759&«1

2.11E+00
1.06E+00
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199E41
7.76E-01

9.43E-01
I.42E+00
P10
1.19E+00

1.17E+01
4.ME+00
4.05E400
1.90E+00
1.20E+00
8J2E-01
1.46E400
134E+00

1.161400
9.47E-01
1.41E+00
1J5E+00
1.04E+00
148E+00
117E409

171E+00
1.39E+00
114B400
5.70B-01
1.18E+00

1J3E+00
1.53E+00
P25
2*E4«

1.76B401
T.77E400
6.J8E+00
4.11E400
2.20E+00
130E+00
2J6E+00
2JS84W

2.08E+00
102E+00
2J6E+00
J.16E+00
IJ8B+09
1.52E+00
2J3E+00

3.ME+00
2JJE+00
122S+00
231E+00
2.19B+00

2.44E+00
3.40E+00
P50
4.05E4«

2.18E+01
1.12E401
I.91E+00
6.13B+00
3JOE+00
2.72B+00
354E+00
4WE+00

3.81E+00
3.9SE+00
4.46E+00
351E+00
3.70S400
4J4E+00
4J48400

4.91E+00
354E+00
4J5E+00
4.10E+00
404E+00

413E+00
3.03E+00
P75
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3.K4E401
1.48E+OI
1J4E+01
9.13B+00
5.6JB+00
4J8B+00
6.061+00
6.WE+00

U7B400
6.97B+00
7J8E+00
6J4B+00
55624«
7J4E+00
4.97E+00

693B+0*
6.92E+00
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*J1E+00
6.69E+00

4.49B+00
7.72K+00
P90
U2E401

4.67E+01
2.I7B+OI
I.S2E+OI
1J8B+01
7.9«E+00
7.17B+00
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l.!«B*fll

1.13E+01
1.C8B+01
1.17E+01
1.061+01
9.SS460
1.13E+01
I.I6B+01

1.14E+01
1.03E+01
1.2SB401
9.«E+00
1.11E+01

106E+01
1.1SB+OI
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1.47E+01

7.99E+01
193E+0!
1A5E+OI
157E+01
9.69E+00
1.01E+01
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1J7E+01
1J2E+01
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1.40E+OI
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1228491
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1JIB44I
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2458441
2.16E+01
1.41E+01
1.478401
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1.691401

3.t4E+01
1738441
2.03E+0]
149E+01
txs«i
467E+01
165E4«1

1.49E+01
1128401
1191+02
1.44S+01
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1018401
1398441
P100
139E+92

139B+41!
4J6B+01
195S44I
3.448401
1J9E*01
1592+01
4.14B+01
1S1B441

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9.431+01
344E+OI
1398448
4.1J34SI
129B+02
94OE+OI

1.49E+01
3a3E+01
129E*02
1.442*01
963E+OI

4S5E+01
465E+01
-------
                                                                          Title 242.  IaUkeofToUl.Appte»(f/t!-diy)
       Fcprfttion
       Group
                                                     Kan
                                                                                             M
                                                                                                          M
                                                                                                                       P10
                                                                                                                                    PU
                                                                                                                                                             m
                                                                                                                                                                           Ftt
                                                                                                                                                                                                    m
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 MM
       Total
                            IITB1MS
                                                                    US&44
                                                                                                           irse-ei
                                                                                                                        240S41
                                                                                                                                     5C5541
                                                                                                                                                                                                     IJ5E41
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7X2E<*1
 9142
 0345
 04-11

 29-39
 4949
 70+
  235MOO
  4314000
  6017009
 114449M
 13057000
 365940M
 34SK090
  9271000
 131
 243
 333
 01
 SO
If45
Hit
 475
                                                                    7-I1E-0
                                                                    2.79843
3.9IS«a

152E+W

1J5E+40
3.79E44
IJJB44
ZHS44
4J6B44
             MM4W
             174841
             MOE««o
             UtEHt
             IME+M
                                                                                      223S41
                                                                                      3X3*841
                                                                                              1JCM1
                                                                                                           5.71E-C!
                                                                                                           3.47E41
                                                                                 MJB4J
                                                                                                           U1E41
                                                                                                           I.74E41
                                                                                                           14SE41
                                                                 I.OK+90
                                                                 U5E*«0
                          3.0IM1
                          143E-01
                          110E-W
                          2J1E41
                          3.45WI
                                                                                                                                    2JliHO
                          4.&K-OI
                          3JJMI
                          4J1E41
                          5.S3E41
                                                                 1.12SH1
                                                                 777S+*)
                                                                 5,«3Et«
                          I43BU9
                          t31B41
                          7J9S41
                          SJ4S41
                          1.0CE44A
1.47B4W
1.42S+W
1-53EHO
1J3E4CO
                                                                                                                                                                           (.TUMI
                                                                                                                                                                           4.772-ttO
                                                                             133X441
                                                                             1*53+41
                                                                             !.[«+*!
                                                                             «,44E+«0
                                                                                                                     1731440
                                                                                                                     3J1E+00
3JUM9
3U3+40
3J7JM9
                                                                             7.WB+4I
                                                                             liSB-Ml
                                                                             2J3SW
                                                                             »J9S+eo
                                                                                                                                                                                                     5.CE+W
                                                    7JM+41

                                                    1173+C1
1.11E+01
U71«I
1J9B+01
                                                                                                                                                                                                     7.UH+00
         Fil

         Saaaxt
tMtmmtkn
 OttalCity
                     3K7WOO
                     24571000
                     24030000
                     34454000
 34233000
 2£27700S
 571610M
                 ion
                 2322
                  744
                 2*53
                                             1354
                                             17*1
          1IIE+00
          1.77E+«9
          l«Et«0
                                                                    4.40K44
                                                                    U4E44
                          MOE+00

                          B.OOE+«O
                          5.75M2
                          4j«TB-CJ
                                                                                                           1.72&01
          1.95E+0*

          1JIE+00
                                                                                              UOB42
                                                                    4.14&94
                                                    1J5E41
                                                    UOB41
                          2J5E41
                          159E41
                          151E-01
                          2JOM1
                                                    U5B41
                                                    1S1E41
                                                    U3E-01
                          5JIE41
                          4X9E41
                          3.04&01
                                       S.02B41
                                       4J7B4H
                                       5J1E4J1
                                                                                                        2J5E+W
                                                                                                        IJffi+00
                                                                                                     S.1SE-01
                                                                                                     U9S41
                                                                                                                                                 •J2E41
                                                                                                                                                 9.96M1
                                                                                                                                                              100E+«0
                                                    3.7>E4M
                                                    3UE+00
                                                    3.43E+«
                                                                                                                                                                    4J53EWO

                                                                                                                                                                    3118+00
                                                                                                                                                                                        5,tSS+«
                                                                             t41E+»0
                                                                             4.97E+W
                                                                             }.T7B+«
                                       143E+01
                                       U1E+01
                                       1.13E+01
                                                                              IJffi+Ol

                                                                              114E+01
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7.COH+01
                                                                                                                                              IJOE+fll
                                                                                                                                              IJ4E441
                                                    7.02E+01
                                                    119E+01
                                                    7ME441
RJC*
 Attel

 VOfUj^meatm
 CXhs/NA
 Wfcss
         MJuWUl
         Sou*
         WM
  1S4JOOO
 117250M
  701009
  2791000
100912000
                     30141000
                     17337000
                     3M230M
                     23370010
  74
 597
  44
 144
5344
                 1(57
                 1360
                 1951
                 1232
                                                      4J3E44B
                                                       I.05E4W
                                                       1.77E+00
                                                                                 11TMI
                                                                                              11TM1
                                                       1J1B+M
                                                       lOlE+flO
              1.76&O
              1.42E43
              2J1B44
                       3.19B44
                       «.»7E44
                       3.72E44
                       171B44
             134B4I
             5.47E4J
1J4M1
U5B-IZ
1«$B41
1J9S41
IJ4B41
106B-01
                          100E+00
                          IOOB+W
                          t.OOE+00
                          3J4E-OZ
                          &UB41
                          743E42
                                                                                                           1.71E41
                                                                                              «.7t&«
                                       1WE-01
                                       1J1K-0)
3.0O41

1WE-01

I65E-81
                          2J2E41
                          3.11541
                          155E41
                          153E4I
                                                                                                                                    6ME-01
                                                                                                                                    3J1E41
                                                                                                                                    3JIB41
                          5.1IB41
                          3J1S41
                          4.S7&OI
                          5.03E41
                                                                                                                                                 1.17E+«

                                                                                                                                                 4.74B41
                                                                                                        3J5E+W
                                                                                                        117E+00
                                                                                                                                                              1J9EHO


                                                                                                                                                              1J4E+00
                                                                                                       179E+00
                                                                                                       4J7E+«
                                                                                                                                                                           3.73E+«0
                                                   4.KB44M
                                                   433SMO
                          7,41E+«


                          5«E+*>


                          4J9B*M
                          9J»E-01
                          9.77E-01
                                                                                                                                                              1*75+00
                                                                                                                                                                           3X9B-HM
                          5.14£+«
                          }.40Et«
             7.00E+«1
             1.44E+01
             4.71E+00
             1.17E+01
             U4E4«1
                                                                                                                                                                                                     1J4B+OI
             1.01E+01
             l^OE+01
                                                                                                                    7.00E+01
                                                                                                                    304E+01
                                                                                                                                              1.17E+01
                                                                                                                                              7.92E+01
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  7.WE+01
3J4B441
3.56E+01
^
         Do you puta?
         Do )rai 6101?
                     44743000
                      4826000
                 2554
                  2S4
          1.73B+M
          1JSE+W
                                                                    4J4B-04
                                                                                t.WE+flO
                                                                                              5J7BJI
                                                    100E-«1
                                                    I.74E41
                                                    l.ME-fll
                                                    2.4BE-01
                                                                                                                                    481E-01
                                                    M7B41
                                                    S.41E41
                                                   I5SEM8
                                                   1.5BE+W
                                                   3.75E+00
                                                   ITSE-tOO
                          5.
-------
Table 2-43.  Intake of Total Peaches (g/kg-day)
Population
Group
Tottl
*?«
01-01
0343
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-49
70+
Seasons
Fin
gpriig
Simmer
WMa
Coital Oly
VaaatMf
-------
'•999999  9999  999   99999   9999
,i*im  ||||  |||   Hill   fin
                i§
                                       f§
                                       A»

                     II
              ill!  i§!

         ill   iiii
i  iii!
                 I   ill
                 15   is!
                 a-«
                 f>1
                                  ;s;
                                  !*M
   iiiii
           iii  Hi   ii
Ii
         I a ^   H s s
           -


                      IS  sssSS   835!



                      II  stifl   sli!
         i B e   «> o '
         too   Q o<
         i S A   3$ B <

         •Is   iii
             ia
                   It
                „     ll   ,1   I|S
                II         fllli III
                                                       DRAFT
                                                   DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                        CITE
                                  2-78
-------
Table 2-45.  Intake of Total Strawberries (g/kg-day)
Population N
Oroup wRtd
Total 17545000
Age
<01 153000
01-02 708000
0345 657000
06-11 1473000
12-19 1922000
20-39 4370000
40-49 6517000
70 + 1745000
Seasons
F«fl 931000
Spring 10256000
Summer 2929000
Wmta 3419000
CoitnlCity 4943000
NcnmtJropoBln 4014000
Sutburtw . IS28000
Race
Aian 191000
Bta* 1206000
NttmAmericm 159000
. OthoWA 4tSW»
' WMfc 19501000
Reponi
Mi*** 5082000
NofiMft 4111000
South 4950000
Wot 3402000
Rjspome to Querioiraire
Doyoupmfcn? 7416100
Doym&an? 12 1000





N
unwptd
1251

10
48
33
124
139
304
463
113

30
92*
n
201
220
316
«1

13
H
»
2S
1117

m
m
337
246

J44
n






Mem
6.89E-01

5.16E-01
I.98E+00
1.74E+00
9.I7B41
503E-01
4.44B41
5.9SB41
7.49B-01

7J7E41
7J6B41
5J7S41
S47B41
7J2B41
ISiiM
6JSE41

109E+00
&ME41
1.95841
4J7B41
6.91B-OI

7.23B41
•MS41
U3B41
7J2E41

(J3B41
654B41






SB
2.19E44

1J6E-03
1.54E-03
3J7843
7ME44
2.75E44
3.66B44
J.48E-04
453E-04

5J9B44
3J4E44
3.73K4H
347E-04
4.78E44
4J9144
2.7BE44

1MB42
7.I1E44
32«E-04
70«E-04
J.BJS44

361E-04
4J7E-04
M2B44
7J1E44

JJ7E-04
917844






PO PI P5 PIO P2S PSO P73 HO MS P» F100
OOOE+00 3.44E42 K80B42 1J4E41 137E-01 4j61E41 C.U841 1.44B+00 115E+00 4.71E+00 1.56J+01

6.70E-O2 6.70E-01 6.70E42 6.70E-M 1J3E41 357E41 5.75E41 108E+00 179S-HIO 179E+00 179E+00
3J7E41 SSm*l 672E-01 7.04E41 1.14E+00 1JSE+00 J_53e*00 4J7E+00 4.7TE+00 7JOE+00 7.ME«»
3.00E-01 3.00E41 3.86E-01 3.15B4I &91S41 9J3E4I 1.70E+00 3J4S440 6.05B+00 1.5«E+fll 1J6B+01
&07E42 9.17E42 1J5E41 2J7E41 429B41 &21E41 9SOAI MSSEtOO 143E+00 5.11E+00 7.43B+00
3.44E42 S.17&02 1.06E-01 1.44E-01 2JOE-01 3WE41 6J6&01 ljOTE+00 13JE+00 1.66E+00 1JOE+00
O.OOE+00 1J8E42 7J8B42 9J9S48 1.61&01 L«9E4)1 5J9E41 fJ1S41 1.15E+W 3.14E+00 6.6U+00
O.OOE+00 3.44E42 I.03E41 1.45E-01 Z27B41 4.1SE-01 7J«&01 1JOB440 1.6SE+00 2.ME+00 1.01E+01
2.70E42 3.12E-OJ 1J5E-01 2J7E-01 404B4H 112B41 &6CE41 IJlSEtOO IME+00 2J4B+00 5.49B+00

O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 1.47B41 1.79E41 3.1SE41 S.79K4H l.OOE+00 1.47E+00 1.6£M» J.WE+00 2JOE«»
138E42 4JOE42 1.09E-01 1J7M1 15SE41 4WE41 1S6E41 1J9E+00 104E+00 501E+00 1.56E+01
3.9SE42 5.WE42 1.13E41 1J5&01 2.12B41 439E41 7.0DB41 109E+00 1.70E+00 2.60E+00 5.11B+00
O.OOE+00 17BE42 <.70E42 9J9E42 IJKE41 UHE41 &IOE41 li«E400 1J5K+00 190E+00 4771*40
2.86E42 415&02 I.05E-01 1J9B41 2.45B41 104E41 9J6&01 1.44E+00 l.KE+00 160E+00 1J«B+01
0,WE+
-------
I

3
Jt
g
          I ^ «5 2 2

                                 in  « M i
          ftR******fi**   fiStfifi   fifiSZ

          iiiiiii   Hi!   ill

S3??  5?o

iiis  221
                                 fs   ?
                                  l
                       fn m

                        *
                                  5  ill!  i
                    3  Si

         I ssai
                      e> o   o e o
mi
      ||i
      ci o o  o
                                     l!||  11
HI?  ||

ooa a  II

         iiiiiiii
                R   =»

                               ill!   III!
          jllll iill
                                        l ft!
                                     DRAFT

                                 DO HOT QUOTE OR

                                      CITE
                                              2-80
-------
                                                                       Table 2*47.  Intake of Total Asparagus (g/kg-day)
M
Population
Group
Tobl
Age
j£2B42
e«B+oo

4.7JE42
47WW
PI
566&07

7.70B4I
508E-01
1.6SE41
422B42
361E-02
O.OOE+00
gjgg42
1.15&01

O.OOB400
5J1E42
1J4B41
7.14E42
U1B41
495M2
4.79&OJ

2J6B41
O.OOB+00
7.14M1
165SJSI
5JUW1

I.10B41
3J1B42
4J1K«I
479E42

5JlfMR
479E-02
P5
1.13E41

7.70E41
5.08E-01
U9B4I
135E41
5J1E42
1.04&41
191E-01
1.46S41

tJXBM
l.OOE-fll
1.51MI
1JSE41
S.73E42
7.99fr«
1.4BB4I

J-5ffi-81
3J9S-9J
7.14E42
24SB41
1J8S41

U1B4I
SJTB42
I.44B41
1.10E41

1.13B41
479E-02
PIO
1.80E-01

7.70E4S
5J2E4I
172E41
2.71B41
7JIE-02
1.46141
117MI
110E-01

1.45E41
1WE-01
2.ME41
lilE-01
1.46141
1.41E41
J.01E-01

5.56M1
731B42
I.6RE42
4.US41
1.91B41

1IOE-01
IJ8B-01
104E-01
104E-01

1JOS41
1.13B4I
P25
3.67E-01

4.66E-01
7.89&41
4JOE41
3.J7B41
1J4E-01
2J1B41
3.00E-OI
UOB41

23IE41
3.02B41
2J7E41
2.32E41
2J6E41
1UE-01
K1E41

319E-01
2.42K41
1.02M1
5.49E41
17IE41

303E-OI
2.S4B41
3.64E41
303M1

2.60B41
2.19B41
P50
421E41

4J8E4I
1.15E400
3.43B41
5J9B41
IXMl
345E41
4MM1
5.03B-01

3.27B41
471E41
3^1E41
4fl»B41
4J3E41
3J6B41
4.40B41

3J1MI
3J6B41
1UB41
1.65RMJO
423E41

44Q41
3JC41
4.07E-01
5.14i41

402B41
2J1B41
P75
6.89E-01

1.KBHM
1.S4E+W
6.34B-01
SJ9B41
4J9E41
5j6SB41
6.97E-01
S31E41

5J9B41
157B41
3J5B41
«»B41
4J4B4I
6.95E-OI
7J2K41

7JOB41
5JJE-01
174E-01
IjtTBHX)
6J9S41

7A1B41
5.78E41
6J4E-01
140B-01

6.05E-01
4JOB41
P90
1.I5E-KB

IJ4BMO
2J7E+00
2.11B440
1J2B440
722B41
tMSrOl
1.09B+00
1.43E-HX)

7.43E41
1J7E+00
IJOE41
1.17B440
I.I4S4W
1.12E400
1.15E+00

U1E41
IJ2EHM
&77B41
K7E+00
1.10E+00

9J4B41
1.C7E-MX)
1.1SE+00
1.7SE««

i.eiKtoo
5.6TC41
P93
1.63E-HX)

U4B4«0
127K+00
111B+00
100E440
7.6SMI
134B«40
1.458400
1J2EMO

1.07B400
1.75E440
134E-KW
1JBB«0
l.«7B4«
IJ4E+00
1.47B440

9.09&01
1J9E*00
I.77B41
2J7KMO
1J2B4W

1.056*00
1J3SMO
1.46H*00
2.46B440

1.43B400
5.7*541
P99
I.46E400

1WB-KIO
3.05B+00
1S5E+00
120B400
I.17E+00
1ME+00
MOB+flO
5J8E+00

1J1B«00
2J3E400
1208400
1468400
3JJE4W
I.9JE+00
2J9E400

9.09S41
111E400
6.77E41
2J7S400
147B400

1A8400
IJR400
llIB+flO
SJO*0»

U1I400
164B41
P100
«35E^

2.65E»OC
3JJ5E40Q
165E^OO
UOB*00
I.49E<00
«J5E«00
4C1E*00
SJ8E+00

IJ6E+00
6J5E+00
2JX40Q
3J3E4«a
3jm«o
L97E400
615E4M

9WE41
2.1184W
4.77B41
2J7B*40
63JE4«0

IAK40
2.UE440
127E*<0
«J3»«0

1BH««0
M6WS1
                                                                                                                                                                                        •
-------
2



&
I
                      if?
     rl V fl fJ ** M #• -•
i  UliHil   Ifll  HI
                353;
                OO  oot
                5?  If
1  !!!!!!!§   111!  Ill

1             !

  »  a w wsa'
  s  1111!


                             giwMiHKQ
                              ss?
                              ii
                            iiPi  iiii
                            ISssl  lill
                                       If
II
                    KSS
                             llli
                   in  2SS
        a=
          iSSS  2352
                            iii
  **  ao
  5  5s
  I  KB
                                   12iB
                                   III!
                           iiii;
                                    ii P^
                                    II §22
                                                       DRAFT
                                                 { DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                      .  CITE
                                       2-82
-------
Table 2-49. Intake of Total Broccoli fe/kg-day)
Pojmktkm
Group
ToM
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Fd
Spring
Summer
Winter
Uihiiunhon
Cental City
NofflwiHipaSisi
SU1UIUM1I
Race
Altai
Bta*
NlfcvTAroerk»n
OAo/NA
White
Regioni
Mkhnst
NGftllBftft
South
M Wot
00
fyA Tt AtnrMm in CTmaiiniuia
Doyouptrioi?
Do you inn?
N
58690000

929000
1649000
2708000
5481000
6024000
17676000
19721000
4493000
14789000
14274000
13927000
16100000

17301000
10150003
31259000

1055000
5595000
232000
1006000
50802000

11399000
14518000
19989000
12784000

ffc
2380000
2872000
N
3014

51
91
145
305
316
«6
1010
230
459
1203
431
919

«54
f&
1700

41
249
13
46
2*58

626
723
97}
692

1258
143
Mem
8.1SE-OI

5.«E+00
1.81E-HX
1JIE+00
7.98 E-01
J.93E-OI
6JHE-01
4.SOE-C1
I32E-01
9.40E-01
8JSE-OI
732E-01
7311-01

9.49 E-01
OlE-fll
7,92E-«

IJTg+00
8 44 E-01
735E41
976E-01
I01E-OI

7J5B-01
7.7SM1
S.72M1
J-546-01

7.I8M1
«.10E-OI
SE
1.7SE-W

7.11E-03
1J3E<3
8.S6E-04
3.71E-04
2JOE-04
1.68E-04
1.62E-04
3JI&04
5J7E-04
2.93E-04
2.11E-04
J.WE-04

2.96E-04
3,7114)4
158E44

159E-03
695E-04
172S43
7.72E44
1.78E44

3J8E-04
138E-04
4,0^44
2.S5B44

116E-04
406E44
PO
' 0 OOE+00

1.24E41
1UE41
1.47E-01
1.19E-02
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+flO
O.OOEMX)
O.OOE+00
O.OOE-HW
O.OOE+00
O.OOE-HX)
O.OOE+00

1.19E4I2
«.«E+m
O.OOE+00

I.77B42
O.OOE+OO
l.ME-01
9.S5E-02
O.OOE+00

O.OOE+00
O.OOE+W
O.OOE+00
3.25S-02

O.OOE+00
O.OOE4*
PI
4JSE-02

1.24E-01
19TE-01
1.47E-01
3.18E-02
3.92E-02
4.7rSE-OJ
435E-05
9.05E-02
3.18E-02
604E-02
5^SE-02
4.7S&02

3.92E-02
4.50E42
5.18E-02

S.77B42
6.0SE-02
1.82E-01
9.65E-02
4.11E42

3.91B-02
4,11142
4.76E-02
133E-02

4.27E-02
7.48B42
P3
1.11E-01

8J1E41
3.88E41
3.IO&01
1J2B-61
U1E-02
1.00B41
1.04E-01
1J1E-01
8.81E-01
137E4I
1.27B-01
1.02E41

1.01B-01
1.23E-01
1.09E41

l.OJB-01
1J5E-01
1J2E41
2J2B-01
1.09M1

U4B-02
1.06B-01
127B-91
UIB-OI

9.67E-02
9.S6B4M
P10
I.60K-01

1 .258+00
3J7M1
3.76E-01
155E-OI
1.51E-01
1J8E41
1.50M1
X03E4I
1JOE41
l.«2tfll
l.SIE-01
1.51E-41

I63E-01
1J6E-01
1J7E41

1.47B41
1.OB41
ms-oi
301E-01
1J«M1

U5B-01
1.43 E-01
1.47E-01
l.*4E-01

1.42E-01
I.18E41
P25
262E-0!

I.62E+00
7.89E41
3.41E41
305E-01
2.51E-01
2J2E41
2.48EJ31
3.52E-01
2J1E41
3.95E-01
2.76E-01
2J2E-01

2.9
-------


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                                             DRAFT

                                        DO HOT QUOTE OB

                                          *k  CITE
                                     2-86
-------
                                                                       Table 2-53. Intake of Total Cucumbers (g/kg-day)
3
Population
Croup
Ton!
Age

01-02
IMS
06-11
12-19
30-39
4049
70+
Scuom
FID
Sprint
SUBUfMt
Wntcc
CenftslOy
Nottrortropottm
Surtjurten
ABM
Bhek
Kifin American
OtttafflA
White
Rettom
Midwort
HCVfiUHC
Souft
Wwt
Ropcnm to Quotient*
Doymfem?
N
40707000

327000
1364000
U2SOM
4109100
4554000
11031000
14327000
3170000

784(000
9327000
13595000
9939000
9*13000
791WOO
2297«OGO
937000
2932000
6990M
S76900
35263000

1507000
13239000
1K9SOK
1066000
in
15765000
1WJOOO
N
uwgtd
3058

21
70
102
217
232
SSI
731
135

2S3
103
432
570
3M
S10
ua
43
154
45
40
1776

431
611
«2
407
W7
n
Man
6.76E-01

O.OOE+00
261E+00
1.17E«0»
7.73E-01
5.48E-01
4JJE-01
6.UE-01
6.44E41

S.02E-01
6.J9E-01
•-34E-OI
6J1B-01
«.»M1
8.91B-01
S.03E-01
(.101-81
7.43E41
J.OOE+00
9.7IE41
6JSM1

S.91B41
6J1B-OI
7.44M1
6J6S41
6.5fE-01
M2E41
SE
1.74E-04

O.OOE+00
3J2E43
7A4E-04
J.89E-M
2J2E-04
1.44E44
2.73B4J4
JJ1E-04

1.S6E-04
144E44
316E-04
4.97E44
4.99B44
5.03 E-04
1J7E-C4
«»B«
4.45B44
6J7E-03
1.07E-03
1.46K4M

3XZ44
170B-04
4.65B44
1S7E44
173B44
3MS44
PO
O.OOE+00

O.OOE+00
3.93E41
3.07E-02
7.02E-07
O.OOE+00
OOOE+00
O.OOB+00
6.71E-03

O.OOE+00
OOOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+05
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+00
7.49E42
O.OOB+00

O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
PI
7.4SB-03

O.OOE+00
3.SDE-01
3.07E-W
».*B-«
7.4SE-03
3.32E-03
3J9B42
7.79E-42

O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+00
3.IKB42
3.68B42
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
2JOE4S2
O.OOE+00
OOOE+00
O.OOE+OO
7.49B42
7.45B43

O.OOB+OO
U1E-02
9.00E+00
O.OOE+00
U9E43
O.OOE+00
P5
7.6BE-02

O.OOE+00
6.25E-01
2.S7E-01
1.42E41
5.5SE-01
7.41&02
7.96&02
U9E-01

4.16E42
7.66E42
1.15E-41
7J2E-02
4.22E-02
9.48E-02
9J7E-«
U1E42
1.19E-01
1J2E41
U7E-01
7J6E-OI

308E-02
9.07B-02
1.06E-01
S.67S42
7.03E-93
7.46&02
P10
1.29E-OI

OOOE+00
7.52M1
3J5E-41
127E-01
1.07E-01
1.07B41
1JOE-01
1.78E-01

9.07B-02
1.33B-01
1.76E-01
1.06E-01
14014}
I.60E-OI
1J9B41
1.07B41
1MIHI1
I.63E-01
1JOE41
1J5E-01

7.80B-07.
1J7E-01
I.53E-01
1J6B41
1.07E-01
1.54MI
P25
237E41

OOOE+00
1.03E+00
30ffi-OI
3J7Emi
J05E-01
1.91E41
223E-01
3.46B-01

155M1
2J6G41
2.98E-01
2.11E-OI
1^«E41
2.86E-01
2J7B41
1.56MI
3.10E-01
3.95E41
17SR41
3.30E-01

1.70E41
1.51E-01
2,76E-S1
2JIE-OI
5.16E-01
1I8E-01
P50
4J5E41

O.OOE+00
l.ME+00
8.60 E-01
S.63E41
3.93B-01
3.45B-01
4.02B-01
5J1E-01

3.46S-01
4J5B41
5J4E41
3.81E-01
3J2B-OI
5.15E-01
4J7B-01
3.47E41
S.06E-01
7.02E-01
5.00E-01
4J8E-01

373E-OI
4JSE41
S.04E-01
4JOE41
4.10E-01
3.71S-01
P75
7.83E-01

O.OOE+00
3J5E+00
1.41B-HM
1.09E+00
6.63E-01
6.12E-01
6.S2E-01
IME41

6.99E-01
7JOE-01
1.03E+00
6.93B-01
7^7M1
1.08E+00
7.52MI
8.ME-01
9.07B41
1.44E+00
1.536+00
7.64B41

71SE-01
7.tlB41
8.50E-01
7.7IE41
7J3B-01
9JOB4H
P90
IJME+00

O.OOE+00
4.67B+00
139E+00
1.6JE+00
l.ME+00
l.WE+00
1.18E+00
1.25E+00

1.11E+00
1I6E+00
1.70E+00
1.14E*«0
I.40R+OQ
1.77B400
1.35E+00
1J7E+00
1.60B+00
1I9B+00
2.13E+00
1J7E+00

125E+00
1J9E+00
1J6E+00
1J4B-HM
IJOE+00
1.46E+00
P95
1.90B+00

O.OOE+00
6J3E+W
3.0«E+00
I.«B+00
IJ5E+00
IJ5B+W
1.53E+00
1.48E+OO

1J»E+00
I.95E+00
2^98+00
U5E-KB
107J+00
3.45E+00
1.5TO+00
2.06E+00
2J2E4W
71SE4«0
3.09S400
1.77B+00

1J6B+00
2.01B+00
103E+00
l.WE+00
1.92B+00
1.49B+00
P99
3.7ffl+00

OOOE+00
2J9E401
4.1JE+00
17SE+00
3.WB+OO
2J3E+00
3.09E+00
1.73B+00

1.06E+00
4.13B+00
4.1JB+00
3.17E+00
376B+00
128B+00
3.16B+00
4.I1B+00
J.05E+00
1MB+01
4.1IE+00
3J7E+00

JCIE+OO
<.1SE+00
«.50E+«
3T7E+W
3J5E+00
199B+00
P100
2.89E«fll

O.MEHW
JJ9E+01
SJ2E+00
3.22B+M
4.1IE+1W
4WE+00
1JTE-MJ1
2J6E+00

2.50E+00
82SE+00
U7E+01
2.WB+OI
1I9BHM
U7B»«l
O2Et«!
4.11E+00
«.»B+00
1S9B+01
4.18B+00
1J7E*«I

IJ4E+01
IJTE-Htl
1»E+«1
8JHB+00
1J1S441
3-445+00
                                                                                                                                                                                        1 O i
                                                                                                                                                                                         1-3
                                                                                                                                                                                         W

                                                                                                                                                                                         O
-------
1
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                     SSSS   uaS   in w 8 5 m  w M M

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                                         iiii
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                                           s

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                            rift i
                            iSSSS   Si
                            tiiii   ii
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                            111
                            Ml
                           IJ
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                ill-Jill  r!iili  liif!
                                                       DRAFT
                                                  DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                    .«»  CITE
                                              2-88
-------
                                                                       Table 2-55, Intake of Total Lima Beam (g/kg-4ay)
00

(«&•« American
Ottm/NA
Wbrte
Region.
tfidmtt
NoritMMt
Scab
WM
RMponKtoQuettionntire
Dojrooprden?
Doywtan?
N
wgtd
16766000
U2000
609000
766000
132*000
1849000
4563000
3690000
1779000
3(93000
3740000
5759000
3374000
3(20000
6236000
6690000

141000
4389)03
23000
177000
12040000
3607000
J456COO
9149000
iSMOB

699MOO
444000
N
UJlKRtd
903
,
34
37
72
too
227
323
101
140
341
in
227
in
397
353

9
229
1
13
«0
Wl
13S
S14
$3

424
44
Man
437M1
O.OOE+00
9.97E-01
M4E41
3.92B41
3.42B41
3.S9E41
4.17241
3,94241
4JU241
4J2E41
4J4E41
4.I5B-01
4.70841
3.90241
4JSB41

5.«7E41
4J28-01
3.77241
7.09241
4.01E41
4.0241
3.60B41
4.32241
3J9B41

3.99241
1KB4I
SE
8.84E45
O.OOE+00
7.37E44
7.46E44
J.54B-04
1.67E-04
1.13S44
1JKS44
2J3E44
1.7SB44
1.72B44
1.JSB44
ZW844
139244
U3E44
1.43B44

9.18E44
2.19B44
O.OOB+00
98SE-04
9.0BE45
1IOB44
I6SE44
I19B-04
196E44

1J9B-W
3.96E44
PO
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
275E-0]
142E-01
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.ODE+00
O.OOE+00
S33E-02
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00

1.96E-01
O.OOB+03
3.T7B-01
1.6JE-01
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOEtOO
7,79142

O.OOE+00
333SM
PI
O.OOEtOO
O.OOE+OO:
175E41
2.42B41
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
3J3E4I
5.065-01
6J3E42
1J2B42
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
106B-01
O.OCE+flO
SJ3E42
O.OOB+00

1ASB-01
o.oos+oo
3.77S41
1.61B-01
3.11E42
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
OJOE+00
7.79K42

SJ3B4Z
3J3B-01
P5
9.40E-02
O.OOE+00
313B-01
Z70B41
S.48E42
9.02E42
9.64EJ35
1.03E-01
9.79E42
SJOE42
9.87E-02
7J7E42
9-53E-C2
O.OOB+00
l.OOB-01
I.20B42

l.WE-01
O.WB+00
3.77S41
101E41
9.79&02
&48B42
I.MB-OJ
965E4J
».-------
Table 2-56.  Intake of Total Oki*
Sf0" £*
Tc
-------
Table 2-57.  Intake of Total Onions (g/kg-day)
Population N N
Group wgtd umgtd Man
Tottl Ul 122000 5303 3J1E-01
<01 1383000 73 1.13B-01
01-02 3127000 172 7.13E-01
0345 4230000 241 4.98E-01
06-11 8862000 496 3.64E-01
12-19 11927000 611 2.92B411
20-39 30700000 1S41 3JOE-01
40-69 3316SOOO 1783 3J9&01
70+ 7713000 386 4.12E-0!
Setsora
Fit 24130000 S57 339E-01
Sfmg 23380000 2076 3.60E-01
Samoa 24485000 7« 3.97E-01
W"nto 27127000 1608 3 11E-01
CentniOiy 31216000 11» S.J3E41
NonmrtropoHttn 23498000 15K SJOE-fll
Swtwifctn 4639MOO 1521 3.64B-01
SMC •
Mm. . 1K1000 tt 5.4IS41
BB* 12219000 612 3.22E41
NMinAmaien S69000 X 7.ZZM1
OtefttA 3068000 146 4.97E-01
Vide (3275000 4421 3.42E41
R^iora
MUmrt 23607000 IH3 2.90B-01
Nortmrt 23827000 11H 3JOE-01
Son* 34754000 1141 UIMl
W«t ' 11934000 986 3.02E-01
Doyoujmnfai? 40812000 2221 3.20E-4I
Do you torn? 435*000 252 3J1B-01
SE
4.09E-05
1.12E-04
5.19&04
2.57EXM
1.23E44
8J5E-05
6.S3E-0)
I.68E-04
7.15E45
IJ5E-05
9.27E45
7.I4E45
7.61£45
7.42E-05
413E-05
3.40E44
9.90 W5
3J2S-04
447B45
«5IE-05
8.63E-05
7.96S45
I.46E45
5.72E-05
1.43G4M
PO
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
2.45E43
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
3S8E-03
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
«.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
2.WE-03
O.OOE+00
M2E42
4.63E-03
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
(.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
PI
3.62E43
5.59E-03
633E-03
O.OOE+00
4.62E43
3.02E43
215E-03
3.93E43
144E42
O.OOE+00
5J4E-03
4.64 E-03
427M3
3.68E-03
6.90E43
2.42E-03
1J9E-02
3.n&«2
3.93E43
4.75E43
2JME40
I42W3
2J2E43
O.OOE+00
P5
174E-02
U6E43
4.47E42
5.46E43
3.74E-02
2.93E-M
2.65E-02
2.43E-S2
663E-02
2J8E-02
3JJ«E-02
2J1E-OJ
2.74E42
2-55E-02
3.74E42
2J2E42
573E-02
2.63E42
3J7S42
485E-01
2.65E42
142B42
).45E4]
4I3E-M
14IE-01
4.17E-02
P10
SJ1E-02
2.20E-02
KXSE-01
634E-02
5.63E-02
4.67E-02
4.99E4B
5.13E-02
(.39E-02
4.45B-02
5.33EJK
52IE-02
5.41 E-02
S.44E02
5.04B42
5.71S42
5.73E-OJ
9.72E-02
509E-02
4J2E-01
&75E-02
36XE-02
5.73E-02
P25
1.12M1
3.90&03
2J3E41
159E41
1.20&01
1.0SE41
1.UE41
1.13E41
U8B41
119E-01
102E-OI
1.13&01
1.05B41
U5B-01
142E41
IJOB-Ol
t.ts&m
1.63E-01
1.08E-01
IJOB412
1J6M1
1J1E-01
li5E-02
1.03B41
1.17E-01
P50
2J8E41
7J7E-02
4.22E-01
3.15B41
2.58M1
Z06E-01
109E-01
2J3B41
2XTE-01
232B-01
2J1E41
2JOE-OI
102E-OI
2J5E-01
2.12B-01
2J7E41
3MB-01
239E-01
32TE41
3.04E-01
2J2B41
1JOB-01
2J7B-01
251B-01
113E41
2JOE41
P75
4.1SE-01
IJ3E41
8.73E-fll
6.49E-01
4.63&01
3J9E-01
357M1
4J3E-01
4.73E41
4J3E-01
4.43E-01
515E-01
178E41
44SB41
3J8E41
4.46B-01
6«9E-01
383M1
tsmti
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4.HB-01
381E-01
473B41
4.61E-01
M3B4H
MRB411
P90
T94B4I1
2.53E-01
1.66B+00
1.18E+00
801&01
7.01E-01
7.44M1
7J1E41
8.SOB41
7.49E41
7ME41
9.60 E-Ol
8.40B-01
731B41
1SKMI .
10SS+CS
1398+00
1.09E+00
7JOM1
6.65M1
UIM1
7.70E4J1
P95
1.10E+00
3J4B4I1
145E+00
1.62E+00
1.161+00
9.12&01
9J7E4II
1.07E+W
148B+00
l.OOE+00
1.17E+M
9«E-OI
1.10B+00
1.16E+00
1.61E+00
9.49E41
2JOE+00
1.41E+00
1.09E+00
9.183-01
132E+W
U5S+00
9.7tE-01
9«E-01
l.OOE+00
,
P99 WOO 	
I.88E+00 7.33E+W
5J8E-01 1.1SE+OJO
4J3E+00 7J3E+OO
U2E+00 3.04E+H
1JOB+00 146E+W
1.47E+M 1.90E+00
1.76B+00 4.J9H+00
151B+00 UK+BO
2.6SB+00 3.«E+a)
l.KE+00 3.11E+H
1^5E+00 4J9B+OO
107E+00 4J3E-IOO
1.79E+00 7.3JB+00
I.77B+W 7JJ8+88
l.KB+00 J.69B+00
107E+00 4.2SE+0*
L52B+CO 17«+W
1J6S+00 3JCE+00
7JJE+00 7JB+N
3J7E+W 421S+M
IJ4B+00 42JB+M
1.47E+00 3.47E+00
1J9B+00 3J7E+00
lOTB+tO 7J3B+00
ixss+n iira+oo
1J4S+N 3.69B+4W
IJffi+tO 1.49E+00

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                                            2-92
-------
                                                                        Table 2-59. Intake of Total Peppers (g/kg-day)
fc
Population N
Croup HSld
Tots! 44380000
Age
<01 439000
01-W 1270000
8Wi 1762000
06-11 3119900
1249 3093000
20-39 13041000
4049 1 55*5000
70+ 3576000
Sowm
Fit 10444000
Sfrini 9944000
Samoa 11882000
WMtr 12310000
CMalOfy 11710000
NonmrtropoWm MMOOO
Smbutm 24123000
Rtn
MM 711000
Bfa* 3549000
KrtiMAlMfc*n 191000
Otafltt. 141*000
WUK 3K440M
"MM 9312000
NofttMt 125MOOO
Safe 14492000
«M ' 0065000
DoyaipnlKi? 19309009
Deyatfaaf 173200*




N
unrgtd
2269

31
74
97
212
257
431
103
M4

334
U2
374
709
462
3K
1229

32
174
13
76
1M
453
O3
749
442
1011
77





Man
2.63E-01

O.OOE+00
6J5E-01
S.6SM1
2.CSE4H
1.74E41
2301-01
258E41
2.79E-01

2J4E41
2.43E-01
3JIE-OI
245M1
171E-01
142E-01
2.67E-01

172141
2J3E-01
2.97E-01
4.76B41
1S9E41
2J8B4I
3.I1B41
144B-01
2J2B41
I41B-01
2.MS41





SE
4.B7E-05

O.OOE+00
S.73E-04
3.S9E-04
1.39S-04
7.7SE45
T.70E4J
7.9SE-05
1.47E44

I.49E43
9.I2E-05
1.10E-04
9J4E43
1.18S44
1.06E-04
6iOB-03

3.40E44
1.63E-04
7.13E-04
5JOE-04
4.95E45
I.11E44
1.03S44
7JOB4)
1.04S44
6.47B-05
17SE-04





PO PI F3 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100
O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 2.70E-02 4.08E42 8.02E-02 1.60E41 3.05&01 «.ltE-01 S.S3B41 1.59E+00 331B+OO

O.OOE+00 O.OOB+00 O.OOB+00 O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 O.OOB+00 O.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 O.ME+40
1JHE41 I.OTE-01 1.17B41 1.28M1 215E-01 3.70E-01 8.97B-01 U1E+00 U1E+00 3JIE+00 3J1E-HW
O.OOE+00 O.OOE+OC 9.70E-02 1.49E-01 2.15E-01 4J9B41 6.91E-01 1.11E+00 1.19E+00 154E+00 2.ME-NH
O.OOE+00 7.63E-03 3.03B-02 4S1E-02 9J4B42 1.73E41 3.0SE-01 5.14E-OI 7.92S-01 1.44E+00 2J«E-H»
O.OOE+00 1.08B-03 2J2B42 3.ME-02 £JOE41 1.13E-01 109S41 4.13E-OI 3J4E-01 7.14E-01 1.70E+00
O.OOE+00 UOB43 2J8E-02 3.75B-02 7.14B42 I.41S41 153E-01 5.47E-OI t,07E41 1J7B+00 148B-HN)
O.OOE+00 1J9E-01 3,27E-02 4.52E-02 8J4B42 160E-01 3.04E4U 546E-01 I.46E-01 1.81B+00 2.47E+OO
9.22E43 1.61E-02 148E-02 3.70E-02 1.07E41 1«)E-01 3J2&01 7J7E-OI 9J9E-01 H4E+00 1J4E-HH

O.OOB+00 O.OOB+00 1.71 B-02 3.67E-02 7.49B-02 IMMl 2,71 B-01 5.03B41 SJOE-01 1J4E+00 2.<4B4
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                                              2-96
-------
Table 243.  Intake of Total White Potatoes (g/kg-day)
Populism
Group
Tofel
*?OI
01-02
0345
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-49
70 +
Sessora
M
Spring
Samoa
Witts
CotolCSty
NoAOKtiopolitill
Safeatwt
MB
Efcdc
Nitiw American
. OhoftiA
. WHfc
?MM
MxflMit
Soufe
W«*
Roponte to Quotiaaniie
- DoyougMden?
Doycuflim?
N
Wptd
151813000
3159000
4881000
7080000
14925000
18181000
47477000
45523000
11787*00

38567000
36372000
36924000
408500N
44022000
37636000
70075000
1802009
16779000
1441009
3385000
128346009
39271090
S41UB
51373000
J7S98000

577530N
6(34009
N
8093
121
262
197
ns
956
2427
2417
615

1291
3291
1139
2462
1731
2552
38M
B
M
19
MS
6195
2209
1663
2771
1448

3B5
41<
Meet
1.71E+00
7JIE-HW
4.61E-HX)
190E+00
235E-KW
1.4IE-HX)
U3B440
1.42S+00
I.44E+W

I.64E+00
I.70B+00
1J2E+00
U7E400
I.68E+00
ISSE+00
157E+00
1.76E+00
1.66E+00
4.20E+90
2JOB+W
UW«
1JOBMJ9
1J5B+00
1.7SE+W
M7E+00

1.67E400
11«B*«
SB
1.72E-04
4J1E-03
139E-03
S.53E-04
5.47&04
3.11B44
l.WE-04
11SB-04
3.94B44

1SOM
3.42&04
3JO&04
3.49B-04
3.70E-04
3J7&04
X18&04
l.«OB43
S.08S44
6J9B43
1.79B49
1.69B44
3.40844
3.16E-94
3.27E-04
3.77E44

13SSM
j.mA*
PO
O.OOE+W
OOOEHX)
1.25&01
O.OOE-HX)
O.OOE-HX)
OOOB-HX)
O.OOE-HX)
OOOB-HX)
O.OOB-HX)

O.OOE«00
O.OOE-KX)
O.OOB4*
O.OOE-HX)
O.OOB-KW
O.OOE+*)
O.OOE+00
«JJE42
O.OOE-KX)
9.70142
9.S5B-02
OOOE+flO
OOOE+00
I.OOB400
O.OOB440
O.OOE-HX)

O.OOB+00
OOOE-KX)
PI
4.66E4I
122E41
2.13E-01
1.10E-01
1.29B41
169B-02
3.42E-Q2
4.99B42
5.33E-02

5.98E42
4.46E42
2J9B42
SJ8B42
357E42
3J9B-02
5J1B-02
6JJK4B
255K42
125E41
JJOEJJ1
4,968-02
3J1B42
4J3E42
4.69E-01
U4E42

499B-02
1JOE-01
n
1.58E4H
7.12E-01
561E-01
3.00E-01
2.69E-01
157B41
I.19B41
1.63E-01
1J8E41

1.72B-01
1.45B41
1.58B41
I.S9E-01
1J6E-01
108E-01
1J8B-01
146E41
1J6E-01
415B-01
1S4B-01
1J8B41
1J5B-01
1J1S41
1.72B-01
1.SSM1

1.75E-01
2J9B41
P10
2J1E-01
l.DE+OO
7.72B-01
5.0SM1
4.24E4I
145E-01
1J2B41
2J6B-01
168E-OI

2.60B41
2JOB-01
2.MB-01
2J8B41
2.1SE-01
3J5B41
2JOE-01
1.97E-01
JJ5E-01
4.9CE-01
ISTE-fll
15IE-01
2J6B-01
2J2E41
2.77B41
2J2E41

187B-01
3J8M1
P25
5J7B41
2.48E-H10
1.49E+09
1.08E-HW
9.20E-01
S.13B41
4J3E-01
5JSMI
5.KE-01

555E-01
5.30E-01
5.74B41
3.76E-01
497E-01
7.50E-01
524E-01
460E-01
5.24E-01
7J7S-01
7.1SB-01
5JSE-01
5.7IB-OI
4JOB41
5.95B-01
563E-01

5.9«E-01
&79B4J1
P50
1.12E-HX)
6.01E-HX)
3.41B+00
239E-HX)
1.84B-HN
1.08B+00
9.12E41
1B2B+00
1.07E-HW

1.12B-KH
1.09B409
1.19E+00
1.10E-HX)
1.05B-HW
1.42B+00
1.03B-HW
9.99B-S1
l.OSE-HX)
I.79E+00
1.44B-HW
1.I2E-HX)
IJOE+flO
9.66E-41
I.16E-HX)
1.13E400

1.18B-KW
1.77E400
P75
2.08E+OD
9.94E+W
547E«»
4.09B-HX)
3.03E400
1.WE4W
1.62E-HX)
1.81E-KIO
2.00E-KB

2.06B-HX
112E-KX)
2.12E+W
2.04E-HX)
WTE^flO
243E-HX)
1.93B400
1J6E400
2.I3S-HM
442B400
2.90E-HW
2.06E-HX)
2J3B400
1JIB+00
115E-HX)
1.WB440

114B+00
2JOB400
P90
358E-KJO
1.68B441
9.54E+00
615B+00
4.78E+W
2.93E-HW
2.59E+00
2.86B440
2.86E409

3.44B+00
3J9E+00
387E-HX)
3.49B-HX)
3.49E+00
4.04H+00
315E+00
4.28B4M
349E-HX)
9J4E-HN
5.908+00
3.48E+00
3*6400
3.46E-KX)
3.S8B+00
3.40E+00

3.43E-HX)
4.06E+00
P95
5.17E+00
234E+01
U4E401
7J7B+00
6.12E+00
3.76E+00
3.25B409
3X9B+00
352B«0

4.T6B+00
5.10B+00
5.73B-HX)
4.S7B-HS)
5J6E+00
5.70E+00
4.66E+00
613H-HX)
3J3E-HX)
1J1B+01
l.OSE+OI
452Bi«
5JSE-HX)
4.74B+W
5J6E-KK)
4.77E-KIO

4JS3B-HX)
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                                                               Tib It 244. Intake of ToUl Expoted VcjcUbiei
oo
Poptflitjon N N
Group wrld mwnd Man
TotU 173091009 MB t«7E*«
Ate
<01 267NOO 147 1.7
O.OOE-MM
O.ME-MN)
O.OOE-KX)
O.OQE+00
6.WE-C2
O.OOE4W
1MB440
«.ME400
OOOEtOO
O.OCEfOO
O.OOE+«
I.OOE400
O.OOE-KJO
n
tUM
2J1&41
1J5&C1
1.0SE41
3*4 E-«
IJ4&01
144E42
6A7E42
«.10E42
9J«W2
3-5S&42
9.75B-«
6.69E-02
O.OOE+00
2SO&OI
171841
&54E41
3.43E-C2
1.11E41
5JB42
4.72E-01
PS
2J4S-01
2J5E4«0
4.I9M1
6J9E-01
422B-01
1J2E-81
3.74S41
111E-01
257E41
2J1E41
W1E-01
122E-01
2J2&01
176E41
3.67M1
l.ME-01
3J7E41
3.44B41
155E41
173M1
UOB41
2J9E41
no
1.1*841
122E440
9.42E41
U2B41
3.T7E-01
4-WE-01
5.70&01
3.44E4I
417E-01
5.00E-01
4.43E41
199&01
4.41B-01
420S41
4.04E-01
3.99E-01
4.I1B41
331E-01
4.42S41
4JSE-01
PJ$
I.45S41
l.lfE+00
CJ1B41
6.1SE-01
1.13E400
7.0IE41
IJ2B-01
1.01E+00
S.74B41
175E-01
KX7S41
139E+00
tJlE-01
9J9S-01
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7.04B41
9.UE-OI
*.74M1
P30
1.7K*«I
l.lfE+01
4.70EKO
1J29E+00
U1E-KW
1.44S440
1.76E+00
1.6SE400
1.70B+00
I.73E+00
US3B440
1.7JE+00
1.77E400
1J8E+00
1J2S4M
I.79EHO
1J1EHM
IMKtm
m
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2.WE+01
U1EKO
3J2E400
2.HE-KX)
2J4E440
M1E400
2.5CB+00
3.16E400
M5E400
Si
S.72B+00
1.46H-KX)
3J1E440
3.1SE400
3J8E*40
JJ5E+00
3JSE+00
3.43EHM
U1E400
PM
sxem
3.79B«0
3.73E4W
5.IJB+W
5X7E4M
5A6E400
5J54E+00
6.0«E+00
3.10S400
«.01E400
5.17E+00
5.45E+00
1.08E401
6.09E+00
5.6TE+00
5J1B+00
5.52E+40
3.«3E*«
15SE440
f95
7.72E«i
5.t*E*fl
UUM1
1J7EH1
4J5E400
M7E*00
7.MS+00
7J7E400
H1E+00
7JOE400
7.458*0
IJCtfll
9.41E*40
7.44B+«
7J1E4W
145E+W
7.72E440
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P99 NM
1-ttBHI L23I4«2
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1JOE+«1 UHMI
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l«E4fl Z»92+»l
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IJOErtl 13&m
1.79E+01 7.CE+01
1.79E+01 1J3E-HU
IJSErtl ».06B+»1
1J3SM1 5.00B-I01
113E4«2 1J3SH2
IJTHtOl t62B4tl
U6EH1 9.06E441
L07E4«1 159E+«1
M5S4«1 3J5S+«1
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1.75E441 9.06K+*!
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O
-------
Table 2-65.  Intake of Total Protected Vegetables (g/kg-day)
Population
Croup
Todl
Age
01-02
0345
06-11
12-W
70 +
Seuora
Fd
Spring
Summcf
Wtata
Swtabmt
ABM
itack
NUive Amman
WMt
bfun
Mvhnrt
Wot
Doyouprden?
Doywficm?
N
wirtd
139885000
2315000
4608000
13772000
1621(000
44065009
41034000
11145000
36788000
32515000
3)611000
36961000
35751000
64043000
1491000
17703000
U740M
35KOOO
115899000
33722000
30173000
30823000
25161900
Vto
51713000
sminB
N
tuwKtd Mem
7455 1.20E*00
126 6J5E400
261 3.778*00
385 120E+00
773 1318400
(5t 9,41141
2260 8.51E-01
2X25 S.7SB-01
567 1.03E+00
1241 1J3B+00
2891 I.14B400
1062 1.47E*00
2260 9.S6B41
1SSS 132S4<9
2419 137B+00
3474 1.12E-KO
69 2.45B400
891 L38E400
78 IJOB+flO
173 1.78E+M
6244 1.14B+00
1939 l.MB+00
1492 1JOE+00
2742 1.338400
1281 1.15B+00
]J9?? |,| lf£~fdQ
351 1J1140J
SE
IJ6E-04
4.15E43
1.04E43
6.96E44
4.0JB44
2.30E44
IJ3E44
I.50E44
3.05E-04
3.10E44
2J5E44
3.18B44
1.95E-04
17IE44
4.61B41
4.HS44
1J3E-03
UOE-43
1J5E-04
3.45S-04
100E44
3J5B44
2.13S44
6.ME-04
M
O.ME400
3.0SE-01
3.21M1
1.60E41
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE400
O.OOS+00
7.11E42
O.OOE400
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE400
O.OOE40B
9.ME400
O.OOE+00
U3B41
O.OOB+00
7J1B41
8.79B42
O.OOE400
OOOB400
O.OOE400
e.WB-MM
O.OOB4W
O.OCE-KX)
1.42B42
PI M
TM4A .J2E41
5.72E-01 7J6E-01
3.70E4I 5^7B4l
3.19M1 3.70E41
4.69E42 J07E-01
4.44E42 1.46E-01
5J4E43 1JSS41
7.00B42 1JIB41
1.02E41 1.76E41
7.00E42 1.49E41
8.86E-02 1.67E41
4.69E42 1J8E41
6.73E-02 IJ5E-01
4.76E4J 135S-01
7J9E-03 1J9B41
7.08E41 134E41
1J4E41 1.13E-01
O.OOB+00 1.4JE-01
7.81 E-W 1J2B41
1.61E41 175B4I
7.11E41 1J1E-01
7.44E42 1J7B4I
5.63E42 1.48E-01
456B42 1J3E41
8AJE42 1.41B41
780E-OJ UtS-91
1.05EJ31 127B-01
P10
117E41
9.69E-01
7.79B41
S.94E41
3.IIE41
1.78E41
103E41
146E41
112B41
114E41
165E41
1.89E41
IME-01
2JOE41
1I3E-01
J.69E-01
109E41
1MB41
3J8E41
116E41
113E41
104E41
104S41
1S5E41
P15 P50
4.ME41 7.61B41
1.85E+00 3.29B+00
L27E400 U2B+M
1.03E400 145B400
171B41 1.03B400
3.60B41 6.73E41
3.WE-01 3.S3B41
J.79E4I 7.031-01
4.19E-01 7J4S41
4.06B41 7.65E41
399&01 7J5B41
4.C4B41 9.69E41
330E-OL 6.14B41
3.5S2-01 SJ7E-S1
4.64E41 S.44B41
3.HE41 749B-01
475E41 1.19E400
3.S2S41 116E-01
3.6»E-01 -------
T«b!e 2-66. Intake of ToUl Root Vefctiblc«(t/kt--------
                                                                                 Table 2-67.  Intake of Total Exposed Fruits (g/fcg-day)
        Population
        Group
                             -aet.
                                     N
                                   untrgld
                                                         Men
                                                                        SE
                                                                                      TO
                                                                                                                 rs
                                                                                                                               PIO
                                                                                                                                            P25
                                                                                                                                                          P50
                                                                                                                                                                        P75
                                                                                                                                                                                      P90
                                                                                                                                                                                                    P95
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 P99
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               P100
        Ton!
                              M4S60008
                                                nsi
                                                           i44E+«
                                                                         3.16E-04
                                                                                      O.OOE+OC
                                                                                                    558E-M
                                                                                                                  1.97M1
                                                                                                                                3.16E-0]
                                                                                                                                             &S7E41
                                                                                                                                                           13SE+00
                                                                                                                                                                         X78B+00
                                                                                                                                                                                       531E+00
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1.78E*«I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7.92WI
Age
 <01
 01-02
 03-05
 06-11
 12-19
 26-39
 4049
 70+

Seasons
 Fan
 Sprinf
 Swans
 Wmto
2633000
4915000
6817000
13577000
15729090
45222000
43209099
12458090
143
274
312
753
IM
2270
2338
633
1J3B+01
i.lTE+00
5.44E+00
J.01E+00
I.49B+00
1.4SE+08
l.WE+00
138B+00
9.10E-03
198E-03
1.862-03
729E-04
4J1E-04
2.42B-94
2.95E-04
7JKE-04
O.OOE+OO
262&01
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+00
2.92B-01
530E41
l.TTE-Ol
U8E41
2.S2E-92
5.09 E-02
6.13EJJ2
1.0SW1
9.00E-01
1.07E+00
5.74E-01
3.J3E-01
1.70E-41
1.S6W1
l.WE-01
3.01E411
1.73E+00
1.S3E+00
9.2TEJ31
5.94B-01
2.61E-01
2.4SE-OI
3,0*01
4.4SMI
3J6E+00
3.39B+00
1.99B+00
1.17E+00
5JIB-01
5.0SE41
6.13E-01
9J7BW51
9.17E+00
C34E+00
4.44B+00
2J7E+00
1.18E+09
t^OE-Ol
1.18E+00
1.77B+90
1T3E+01
1.05E+01
7.I5E+00
4.(kSE+00
2.I1B+00
1.88E+00
2JOE+00
197E+00
295B+01
1.T7K+01
1.05E+01
645E+OO
3.WE+00
3.BfB+09
3.73B+09
4J7B400
4J7E+01
121E+01
1.46B+01
7.97B+09
5.08B+00
4.995+08
5.49E+00
5^4E+00
7.92E+01
2.94B+01
2.47E+01
1J5B+01
1.01E+01
7.74E+00
1.01E+01
1.05S+01
7J2E+01
3.ra+oi
3.47S+01
IMS+01
1.23E+H
1.94E+01
1.80B+01
36JE+01
                               37524009
                               34353099
                               33617009
                               39036009
                  1239
                  3022
                  1041
                  2327
          2.67E+00
          2JOE+00
          17SE+00
          2J8B+08
              S.01&04
              558E-04
                                                                         4J1E44
             O.OOE+00
             O.OOE+00
             O.OOE+00
             OOOE+00
               5.09E-02
               625E-W
               3.79B42
2.00E-01
1.90E41
1.95E-01
2.10B-01
319E-01
2.96E-01
3.43E-OI
3.09 E-01
                                                                                   C.42E-01
                                                                                   7.S7E-01
              139E+00
              I08E+00
              1.69E+00
              I.23E+90
              2.90E+00
              2.41B+00
              3.24B+09
              2.44B+80
                                                                                                                                                                                       5.69E+00
                                                                                                                            6.1JE+00
                                                                                                                            4J4E+00
                            8.0E+00
                            7i3E+00
                            9XE+00
                            6.69E+00
        Rdion
N>
 NaftceS
 OatA
 WM
3C3M099
33210009
45430000
29474009
20M
U5t
1411
1522
2J1E+09
174E+99
110B+00
153E+09
«J4E44
U4E44
448B44
6.6] EJM
O.OOE+00
OCOE+CO
Q.OOE+00
Q.OOE+00
                                                                                                    3.79B42
                                                                                                    5J8B«
                                                                                                          1.79S41
                                                                                                          2.09S-01
                                                                                                    9SSM
                                                                                                                  2.1TE-01
              199B-01
              3.31E-01
              3.09E-01
              I.UR41
              6.70B-01
              7J3B41
              6.WB-01
              6.96E-01
             1J9S+00
             1JOB+W
             1.228+00
             IJOE+00
              276E+00
              }.t3E+W
              149B+00
              2.94E+OQ
              5.49B+00
              S.WB+00
              4J2B+00
              5.478+00
              M9B+09
              9.68S+OO
              6.67B+00
              I.49K+M
                            101E+01
                            1.88S+OI
                            l.TSE+01
                            1.451+91
              1.S9B+91
              1.77B+91
              1J2B+91
              1.92E+01
                            7J2E+01
                            «.7«E+91
                            3.6S+M
                            3JOI+01
Wmtetioii
Ccntaiatr
FlQCdK&OpQOttcl
Surtuntm
Kau
Aahn
Bkck
KafnAmeoean
OBiafllA
White

4274*000
32731090
69001000

1737009
1431000
131009
3491090
124120009

1674
2196
3739

12
734
31
172
6590

2.6SB+90
2.12B+90
145B+00

5.27S+98
164E+09
l.MB+09
3.29B+90
2J6B+09

7.12E-04
507E-04
4J9E-04

S42B-03
1.09E-03
1.9TE-<0
4.&31M
192E-04

O.OOE+OO
O.OOE+W
O.OOE+00

225B-01
O.OOE+00
209E-01
1.05B-91
O.OOE+00

2.60E-02
7.92E-02
7J6&02

125EXJ1
O.OOE+00
2JKB41
1J5E-01
6.91E-C2

1.74E-01
2.03E-01
2J5B-01

2.39E41
1.1SE-01
2.73&01
2JIS-01
103B-41

2JO&4JI
194B-01
3.44B41

3.20E-01
262E-01
3.J7E-01
3.28B-Q1
3J1B-01

6JCB-01
614E-91
7.0CB-01

7.19B-01
6.6SE-01
4.41B-01
641E-01
6WB-01

IJ8E+09
1JOB+00
1.41E+09

1J6B+90
1J3E+08
1JOE+00
1.21B+09
1J9E+00

2.90E+00
2J8E+00
2.88E+00

3.47E+00
UIB+00
l.Ri+80
182E+09
2.78B+00

5J7B+00
4.73E+00
5KB+00

1.14E+01
5T7E+OO
2JIE+00
5.ME+00
5JOE+00

9.14B+00
6.T9E+00
S.13B+09

2J5E+OI
9J5E+00
6J1E+00
1.09B+01
7.76E+W

2J3E+91
U7E+91
1.67B+01

C.70S+01
153B-KI1
183B+00
7.92B+01
1.C6E+91

7.92B+01
4JT7E+91
6.70E+01

i.TOE+01
3J2B+01
un+oo
7.92E+I1
6.7
-------
Tiblc 248.  InUke of ToUl Protected Fraiu (e/tg-diy)
mOfftiUootk H M
Group vfM Mitf Men
TeW I5f2379« M« 3-T7E+W
<*1 24*7000 134 IWE+fll
H-V2 5143004 2tt 1.03EH1
OM5 6X21000 3C9 7.12E+*)
06-11 13153508 7W 43ffi««
1249 J7430W9 124 198E499
JC-39 4S9S79M 2499 2J9H+00
4049 49764000 2f72 335BW9
704 13933000 794 3.76E+00
Seam
Fd 41164000 130 3.13E+00
Spcir* 3*342900 3353 3J5B406
BtnoMt 37215009 li« 5JHE+00
Winter 4244MM 2513 331B+00
CortnlQty 40MOOO 1151 4J4B+09
Noreortrepoton 37450000 1591 3.20B+00
Smtarixn 74751000 4041 3.75B+W
Race
Altai 2945009 t7 6.41B+00
Bb* 17559090 993 4«7E+M
NtfwtAmman 1213900 » 3.0TE+00
OftrtNA. 3991000 1*5 JASB+00
White 1343S9000 7U6 3JSB+00
Rafioni
HotbMIt 37U2000 1K14 3J6E+00
Sooft S24250M 2791 3.72E+00
Wot ' 31353000 1417 3.69E+00
ttofomt to QuMtionmin
Doycog«ri«tf 59*54000 3394 3J3E+W
Dojmlmf (134000 3d 176E+00
a
4JO44
5JJE-93
2J3B-03
4.0E-04
«,4£E-94
1,0«E-03
I.S5E-04
I.74E-04
7.77E-94
9.«E-03
2J«E-03
5.CB-03
5.S4B43
452E-04
9JOE44
7J1&04
tss
»
M*.
COOB+M
1JK-01
O.OOB+00
O.OCE+00
*.oos««g
«.OOB+M
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
2.17E-01
O.OCE+00
120&OL
4.04E-C2
OOOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
OOOE+M
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
W
(.79540
\XfZ4\
raM\
4ME41
LltMl
9.47E42
5J1542
1.WW1
1J1E41
1.17E-01
9J9B42
121E-02
6.73E42
1.17E-01
2.17E-01
O.OOE+00
120E-01
9J53E-02
6.73E-W
l.ME-01
1.01E-S1
l.HE-01
„
197B41
L09&01
U1E41
313E-C1
2JlE-flt
199E41
3J35E-01
145E-U
3J7E-01
2J7E41
2.40E-01
335E-91
4.CE-01
173E41
193M1
3.17E-01
199E-01
2JTE-01
3.06E-01
U2E41
3.IOE-01
2J9E41
m
472H1
l.«9EfW
111B41
5.10E-01
3J1E41
4-565-01
7.C4S41
4.64E-OI
487B-01
4.09E-OI
5.HB-01
4.63E-01
3.97E-01
5,4tE-tl
6J3E-01
429E41
3.45B-01
3.65E-01
474E-01
436141
S.90E41
453E41
445E41
5.29E-01
3.92E-01
W
9JOWI
l.tTE+00
7.02E-01
»^S41
1.40B+00
J17E-01
950B41
l.«E+«0
I.02B490
9.92E-01
I.HB-01
I.MS409
9J1B41
7.49B-01
1.16E+00
J.78E-01
1.1SE+00
9.(5B41
9.46E-01
1.02B+00
7J9B-01
H»
**m
1.11E401
•J4H+00
3.WE+W
1J7E+00
154E+00
2.71E+00
115E+00
1.9»E*«
2.1SE+00
2J1E+09
1.83E+00
115E409
JJOE+S9
ItTE+OO
1.77E+09
2J6E+00
1J3E+99
JJ1B+00
107E+00
2.10E+00
2.06E+00
1.60E+«
re
4»
2J5EH1
».OOE+M
5.49E+00
3.53B+00
U4EH8
3.KB+00
4.ME+W
3JOE+00
5.45E+00
4.09E+00
4J3B+00
3.74E+09
4.41E+00
6.23E+00
4.74E+00
2.94B+00
4.95E+09
416E+00
3IIB+00
455B409
4.23B+00
4J5E+00
3.99E+00
3.29E+00
m
^mm
5J1E+01
1.62E+01
W1E+W
5UE+00
4JK+00
7JSSM*
7.22E+00
M1B4H
6.74E+00
I.WB+00
1.02E+01
l.OOB+01
7J8B+00
7.64E+W
7.S4B+00
tJ4E+00
7,71E«0
7.«B+00
«.«B+00
m
imm
107B+01
IJOEtfl
USE»«
1.11E+OI
9.12E+W
1,ISE«1
1.41B+01
U1B«1
I57E441
l.««E+01
1.15E+01
IJJE+fll
122E441
IKB+fll
1.16B+01

m ?iw
177S+«1 1.33Z+W
3£E4S1 5JTEH1
2J3S+01 4.43B+41
1J5E+01 2JIE+41
1J3B+01 U«S««1
144E+01 454E+41
1.71E+fll 5.61E+01
2.I1E+01 l.ME+02
2J
-------
Table 2-69. Intake of TottI Dtrfc Green Vegelahlei (g/kg-day)
Population N N
Croup wgtd unwgtd Mem
Tottl 98161000 5105 S.OOE-OI
-------
1
§



I
    I
             ffff|  fff
             '
                           PI

                             l  iliii   lili
      f  Iffiiaff  iff?
      §  iiiiiiii  ill!
                    ^ * S »   ri 
                                        53S;
         iiiiiiii
 :ss   si
 iil   If
               i _• ^  _i_i2-i   oi —-i  _; i S r-: -
            : _; v ••; r-' -  H t-;
         2 3 n a 2 a:

888

I§§
IffS   If
          i — «s — _; •; o( t


sss
 »
                                        siai  ii
                                        «im,p.«^^^
                     ills
                             t§  §§§§:
      i             rill  11
        *
                    as

                 2-104
                               CHAFf
                           DO NOT QUOTE OB
                             *» CITE
-------
Table 2-71. Intake of Tola! Other Vegetables (g/kg-day)
PopuMon N
Group wxtd
Total 118717000
<01 2763000
9141 5471000
SMS 7745099
96-11 16168000
12-19 198T7000
29-39 57417000
4M9 543520M
70+ 14924000
Setsons
Fill 45295000
Spring 43552000
Summer 42917100
WWa 44953000
CattaiCar 53089000
Sutataa 83015000
8**
Ancn 2413009
Btet 2Q7080M
NitJveAraoiciji 141)000
CWra/NA 4613000
White 14951 1000
Mttmd 44375000
Noftert 39450009
Set* «X9M09
Wot ' 33936000
Doyvapricrit 66502000
Doyoofcmr? 7313000
N
unwgtd
9431
153
311
443
909
loss
282
2927
TO
1504
3767
1341
2S15
2091
2W7
4*44
114
193
19
221
7937
2485
19*
3254
1744
3671
433
Men
2JHE490
I53E+01
5.S7E+00
3.41E+00
1051+99
1.7SEHW
17SE+00
IfitE+OO
2J2B+80
3.23B+90
259E+00
2J4E+49
KZE+flO
337E+90
4398+09
2J5E+09
Z61E+00
M5B+M
IHE+flO
2.72B+M
U9E+W
SE
175EJJ4
9.04E-03
158E-83
154E43
7.42S44
3J7E-04
229K44
3JOE4I
. 5J4E44
6JOB4M
5JOE44
550&04
441^44
C.46E4M
342844
121E-04
7.SJM3
9MB-04
tUE-03
2J3K4I
144E-04
tltSMH
4J3S44
$3gSM
144E-04
FO
O.OOE+00
aooE+oo
4JOE41
aooE-too
O.OOE-HW
O.OOE+00
O.OOB>00
OdSE+OI
3.74B42
OOOE+00
O.OOS+00
O.OOBtflO
O.OOB-MW
O.WE+00
127B41
•.OCE+00
1.77K41
4J7S«
O.OOK+flO
O.OOB*«0
O.SOE+flO
PI P5
8J5E-02 191E-01
391E-01 \XE+Oi
5.02E-01 1.47E-HW
3J3E41 1.06E-HM
9.05E-07 4.74E-01
. 448E43 3.16E-01
6.«E-02 100E-01
I.25E-02 3.I6E-01
1.76E-01 4JJE-01
619842 137E-01
9J5E42 3.16&OI
4.628-02 3.19E41
U5E-OI 3.45E-01
CJ3B42 IWE-01
1J1B4I 5.S8E-01
3.12842 3J4B41
3MB-01 5.74E-01
1.10841 3.41E41
U5B41 «3E-«1
6.4IB42 115E-01
9.14E-W H6E-01
107E-01 3KE-01
1.14E-01 3.06E-01
USB42 2J1E-01
1.79B-S1 2JRE41
P10
488E-01
3.18E-KW
2.01E+W
7J0841
4J1E41
357E-01
5JSE-01
7.13E411
4.26E-01
3.12E41
5J5E41
4J4E41
476S41
<.70E4I1
5.91E41
7.07E41
5J1B41
4.76B41
3.77E4I
515E41
5JIE4I
4JWE-01
3.1JE-Q1
4.KE41
P15
9.ME-01
«.71E-H»
3.47E+W
181B+00
1.45E+00
913B-01
7.0iE-01
1.01E+00
1J3H-KX)
9.97E-01
1.16E+00
9.74841
9.44B41
9.74B41
1.09E+00
947841
1.11B440
9.65841
7.11B41
1.0H4M
l.liE+00
l.OOE^W
P50
1.&5E+W
1.06E+01
(S.16B+00
4JOB+90
J.67E-HX)
1J6E+00
1JOB+00
I.S8E+00
1I3E-HW
1S9E400
1.77H+00
1.73E+00
3.02E+00
2.V2E-HIO
1018+90
2,248+90
UtS+90
1J2E+00
I.91E+00
105E+00
I.78E+00
1.5HE+00
P75 P90
3J6B+00 5.WE+00
1.I4B+M 199B+01
1.82E+M 1.47E+01
7J$E+» 1.11E-K11
4J4E+W 6.97E-HX)
2.7DE-KIO 4.10B440
2J9B+00 3.7S+9I
3.O8+99 5.48E+M
3.10E+09 5.S6E+00
3JR8+00 5.73B+90
3JIB+00 515B+00
JJ9B+M SJ2B+09
-------
u.

6

1
§


I
      I             IIII  III  !!!!!  m   II
               '5*  *?'
                    8888  888
                                       8888   88

                                       §jg|g   gg
                                       r-: iS t-: 
      8  SS5ISS88
      s  |i|g||§§
jilll  jlii jllill
                                         11
                                        lll



                                        2-106
                                                      ^  DRAFT

                                                    DO NOT QUOTE

                                                         CITS
-------
Table 2-73.  Intake of Total Other Fruit (g/kg- Doywpnien?
O Dojraa&nn?
N
wgtd
159212000
2670000
5228000
7395000
14560000
17245000
50182000
48009000
13923000
40574000
38627000
37903000
42108000
46668000
75856000
2261000
1600)000
955000
4044000
135*89000
39462000
36016000
51159000
32515000
ire
61462000
6335000
N
unwRtd
8407
147
291
416
116
920
2511
2595
704
1)44
3367
1177
2519
1MB
4101
107
(31
55
201
7211
2223
1795
272S
1659
3377
374
Mem SE
4.12E+00 5.80E-04
233E+01 1.85E-07
1.42E+01 6.25E-03
M4B+00 3JOE-03
4.86E+00 1J5E-03
2.61E+00 6.74E-04
2.41E+00 4.60E-04
SJTE+OO 7.07E-04
3.94E+00 1.23E-03
3.77E+00 1.20E-03
3.82B+00 9.82B-04
«.1«B+00 1.66B-03
2J9B+00 5.58E-04
4.62B+00 1J9E-03
4.09B+00 7J9E-04
6J4B+00 9J7B-03
4.73B+00 2.73E-03
116B+00 2.68E-03
6.44B+00 8.55E-03
3.95E+00 5.17B44
434B+00 1J7B-03
4.25B+00 1J2B-03
3.72B+00 199B44
4J4B+00 1.07B-03
3.94B+00 7.52B04
3.41B+00 1.67E43
PO
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
6.23E-01
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
2.22B41
O.OOB+00
2J5E-01
1JOB-01
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
PI P5
1.02E-01 3.02E-01
5.43E-01 1J4E+00
8.90E-01 138E+00
1.79E-01 186E41
2.00E-01 6.00E-01
9.94B42 2.69B-01
7JOE-02 2J3E-01
1.17E-01 3.19B41
2J2E41 4.53B-01
7JO&02 3.1SE41
1.43E-01 1MMI
4.44B42 3.41B41
U2E-01 176B-01
9MMH 161E-01
1J9B41 3.09B41
1.17B41 3.1IB-01
2J2B41 176E-01
O.OOB+00 2.00B-01
1.62B41 3.02B-01
2JOB4I 4.04B-01
1JOB41 3.17B41
101B41 173B41
7JOE-83 3.18E-01
9.43S42 2JSB-01
1.UB41 3SJMI
1.77B41 3JOB-01
ISJSrOl 164B41
PIO
4.96E-01
168B+00
17JE+00
1J6E+00
9.25B-01
4.77B01
3.60E-01
5.07B-01
S.40B41
5.07E-01
4.62B41
4.46B-01
4.66B-01
4.77M1
534B-01
3.69E41
3J2B41
4.13E41
5J7B-01
5.08B-01
4J8B41
537B-01
4.70E41
5.62B-01
5.27B-01
3.90B41
P25 P30
1.02E+00 2.12E+00
6.95E+00 1J2E+01
5J1E+00 9J7E+00
3J6E+00 6J2E+00
1.75E+00 3.46E+00
9.61B-01 1.70E+00
7J7B41 1.47B+00
9.60B-01 1.91E+00
1.44E+00 2.85E+00
1.01E+00 1.93E-HX)
l.OOE+00 2.07E+00
1J5E+00 3.02B+00
8MB-01 1.77E+00
M3B-01 2.16B+00
9J2B41 1.91B+00
1.08B+00 2.19E+00
7.19B41 1J3B+00
9.21B41 1JXB-HX)
6JOB-01 1.66B+00
9.77B41 2JOB+00
1.04B+M 115B+00
9.S5B41 104B+00
1.14B+CO 2JOB+00
9J3B-01 1.91B+00
1.11B+00 142B+00
1.07E+00 115B+00
(J4E41 1J6B+00
P75
4.43B+00
2JOB+01
1.69B+01
1.10E+01
601B+00
3.11E+00
3J1E+00
4.74B+00
3.95E+00
4J2E+00
6J5E+00
3.44B+00
4.76B+00
3.70B+00
4J1B+00
4J6B+00
4.53E+00
2J9B+00
5J1B+00
4.42B+00
4J7B+00
4JSE+00
3JOB+00
5.MB+00
4J4B+00
4.04E+00
P90
B.96E+00
6.09E+01
3.00E+01
1.87E+01
9J1B+00
5.47B+00
5.11B+00
6.91B+00
7J4E+00
SJ2B+00
1.47B+01
6J1E+00
9J9B+00
9.04B+00
1.27B+01
9J2B+00
185E+00
1.15E+01
U1B+00
9.12B+00
9.12E+00
7.79B+00
9.70E+00
8.90E+00
8.60B+00
P95
1.41B+01
&37E+01
4J5E+01
141E+01
1JSE+01
8.41E+00
7.028+00
1.11E+01
1.03E+01
1.11E+01
1J9B+01
118E+01
9348+00
1.64B+01
1.19B+01
1.448441
7J1E+01
1J3B+01
8J1B-HX)
1J1B+01
IJtB+Ol
1.418+01
1.49B+01
134B+01
1J1E+01
1J7B+01
1J3B+01

P99 P100
3J2E+01 1.55B+OI
1J5B+02 U5B+02
7.UE+01 148B+01
3.608+01 7.708+01
U1E+01 4J1B+01
1J4E+01 1J9B«01
1.76B+01 4J9B+01
1(28+01 6.76B«01
1118+01 4J9B«01
1(18+01 1-558*02
K9E+01 lJ2Et02
4.81B+01 1JOB+02
l.TtE+01 4.78E401
3JOE+01 UJB+«
1918+01 t37B«01
3.02B+01 1J1B+02
102B+01 102B+01
4.7IE+01 IJOBtOI
1.4JB+01 1.4K+01
(.118+01 U5B«02
1958+01 1J2B402
4.178+01 1JOB402
XyMi^vl U5Htfl*
3J6B+01 t37B«01
1908+01 7J1B«01
1958+01 7J9B+01
132B+01 1*28+01

a
O
-------
                                                                                                DRAFT
                                                                                        DO NOT  QUOTE  OR
                                                                                           **•  CITS
          Table 2-74.  Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and Subclass by
                           Region (grams "as consumed")

Total Produce
Leafy*
Exposed*
Protected*
Other
Total Grain
Breads
Cereals
Other
US population
282.6 ± 3.5
39.2 ± 0.8
86.0 ±1.5
150.4 ± 2.3
7.0 ± 0.3
200.0 ± 3.0
147.3 ±1.4
29.9 ± 1.3
22.9 ± 1.7
Northeast
270.6 ± 6.9
38.1 ± 1.5
88.5 ± 3.0
137.2 ± 4.5
6.9 ± 0.6
203.5 ± 5.8
153.1 ± 2.8
24.6 ± 2.5
25.9 ± 3.3
North
Central
282.4 ± 6.7
37.1 ± 1.5
87.8 ± 2.9
150.1 ± 4.3
7.3 ± 0.5
192.8 ± 5.6
150.9 ± 2.7
28.7 ± 2.4
13.3 ± 3.2
South
280.7 ± 5.6
38.4 ±1.2
76.9 ± 2.4
160.1 ± 3.6
5.4 ± 0.4
202.2 ± 4.7
143.9 ± 2.3
34.6 ± 2.0
23.7 ± 2.7
West
303.1 ± 8.2
45.3 ± 1.8
95.5 ± 3.6
152.5 ± 5.3
9.8 ± 0.7
202.6 ± 6.9
139.5 ± 3.3
30.9 ± 3.0
32.1 ± 4.0
*  Produce belonging to this category include: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce, and spinach.
k  Produce belonging to this category include: apples, pears, berries, cucumber, squash, grapes, peaches, apricots, plums, prunes, strinf
   beans, pea pods, and tomatoes.
*  Produce belonging to this category include: carrots, beets, turnips, parsnips, citrus fruits, sweet corn, legumes (peas, beans, etc.),
   melons, onion, and potatoes.

Source: U.S. EPA, 1984e.
                                                    2-108
-------
                                                Table 2-7S.    Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of
                                                              Food Subclasses Per Capita by Age (grams "as consumed")
8

Age
All Ages
<1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-39
40-59
S 60
* Produce belonging
b Produce belonging
and tomatoes.
Produce belonging
potatoes.



Leafy
produce*
39.2 ± 0.8
3.2 ± 4.9
9.1 ± 2.4
20,1 ± 2,0
26.1 ± 1.9
31.4 ± 2.0
35.3 ± 2.6
41.4 ± 2.7
44.4 ±2.1
51.3 ± 1.6
45.4 ± 1.8
to this category
to this category

to this category




Exposed
produce11
86.0 ± 1.5
75.5 ±9.8
55.6 ± 4.8
69.2 ± 4.8
76.8 ± 3.8
71.9 ± 4.0
65.6 ± 5.2
73.4 ± 5.3
77.1 ± 4.2
94.7 ± 3.3
114.2 ± 3.6
Protected
produce'
150.4 ± 2.3
50.8 ± 14.7
94.5 ± 7.2
128.9 ± 6.1
151.7 ± 5.7
156.6 ± 6.0
144.5 ± 7.8
149.8 ± 8.0
150.5 ± 6.3
162.9 ± 4.9
163.9 ± 5.5
Other

produce
7.0 ± 0.3
25.5 ±
5.1 ±0
4.3 ±0
8.1 ±0
6.2 ±0
5.0 ± 1
7.0 ± 1
1.8
.9
.8
.7
.7
.0
.0
6.1 ± 0.8
6.9 ±0
7.6 ±0
include: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce,
include: apples, pears,

include: carrots, beets,




berries, cucumber,

turnips, parsnips,




.6
.7

Breads
147.3 ± 1.4
16.2 ± 9.2
104.6 ± 4.5
154.3 ± 3.8
186.2 ± 3.6
188.5 ± 3.7
166.5 ± 4.9
170.0 ± 5.0
156.8 ± 3.9
144.4 ± 3.1
122.1 ± 3.4


Cereal
29.9
37.9
38.4
39.5
36.4
28.8
20.2
18.2
24.7
24.7
42.5
± 1.3
± 8.2
±4.0
±3.4
±3.2
±3.3
±4.3
±4.4
±2.7
±2.7
±3.0
Other
Grains




22.9 ± 1.7
1.8 ± 10.9
14,8 ± 5.4
22.7 ±4.5
25,6 ± 4.2
27.8 ± 4.4
25.0 ± 5.8
26.6 ± 5.9
23.3 ± 3.6
23.3 ± 3.6
19.3 ± 4.0
and spinach.
squash, grapes, peaches,


citrus fruits, sweet corn,








apricots, plums

legumes (peas,




, prunes,

string beans

beans, etc.), melons,








, pea pods,



onion, and




Source: U.S. EPA, 19844

































.*

1-3



o
o

§0
il
o
»
-------
                                                                       •  DRAFT
                                                                   B>0 NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                      *ft  CITE
Although the fruit and vegetable classifications used in the study are somewhat limited In—
number, they provide alternative food categories  that may  be useful to exposure assessors.
Because this study was based on the USDA MFCS, the limitations discussed previously regarding
short-term dietary recall data also apply to the intake rates reported here.
       U.S. EPA - Office of Science and Technology - The  U.S. EPA Office of Science and
Technology (OST) within the Office of Water (formerly the Office of Water Regulations and
Standards) used data from the FDA revision of the Total Diet Study Food Lists and Diets
(Pennington, 1983) to calculate food intake rates.  OST uses  these consumption data in its risk
assessment model for land application of municipal sludge.  The FDA data used  are based on
the combined results of the USDA 1977-1978 NFCS and  the second National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESH), 1976-1980 (U.S. EPA, 1989). Because food items
are listed as prepared complex foods in the FDA Total Diet Study, each item was  broken down
into its component parts so that the amount of raw commodities consumed could be determined.
Table 2-76 presents intake rates of various fruit and vegetable categories for various age groups
and estimated lifetime ingestion rates that have been derived by U.S. EPA. Note that these are
per capita intake rates tabulated as grams dry weight/day. Therefore, these rates differ from
those in the previous tables because Pao et al. (1982) and U.S. EPA (1984d, 1984e) report
intake rates on an as consumed basis.
       The EPA-OST analysis provides intake rates for additional food categories and estimates
of lifetime average daily intake on a per capita basis. In contrast to the other analyses of USDA
NFCS data, this study reports the data in terms of dry weight intake rates.  Thus, conversion
is not required when contaminants are required on a dry weight basis.
       Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare Nutrition Canada Survey -  The
Nutrition Canada Survey  was conducted between  1970 and 1972 to "(a) examine the mean
consumption of selected food groups and their contribution to nutrient intakes of Canadians, (b)
examine patterns of food consumption and nutrient intake at various times of the day, and (c)
provide information on the changes in eating habits during pregnancy." (Canadian Department
of National Health and Welfare, n.d.).  The method used for collecting dietary intake data was
24-hour recall.  The recall method relied on interview techniques in which the interviewee was
asked to recall all foods and beverages consumed during the day preceding the interview.  Intake
                                       2-110
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DRAFT
DO HOT QUOTE OR
-«Ufe CITE
Table

Wheat
Com
Rice
Oats
Other Grain
Total Grain
Potatoes
Leafy Veg.
Legume Veg.
Root Veg.
Garden fruits
Peanuts
Mushrooms
Veg. Oils
2-76. Consumption of Foods (g dry weight/day) for Different Age Groups and Estimated
.Lifetime Average Daily Food Intakes for a US Citizen Calculated from the
FDA Diet Data (avenged across sex)

(0-1)
27.60
4.00
2.22
3.73
0.01
37.56
5.67
0.84
3.81
3.04
0.66
0.34
0.00
27.62

d-5)
42.23
15.35
4.58
2.65
0.08
64.82
10.03
0.49
4.56
0.67
1.67
2.21
0.01
17.69
* The estimated lifetime dietary intakes were estimated
Estimated Kfetiae — 11UD-n + Svn * IR 0-5) + 8 v«
Age (in
(6-13)
60.80
19.28
5.24
2.27
0.41
87.58
14.72
0.85
6.51
1.20
2.57
2.56
0.03
27.54
by:
« IR (6-m +
vears)
(14-19)
79.36
23.21
5.89
1.89
0.73
110.34
19.40
1.22
8.45
1.73
3.47
2.91
0.04
37.04

Estimated*
lifetime
(20-44)
65.S6
17.83
5.78
1.32
13.45
90.59
17.28
2.16
9.81
1.77
4.75
2.43
0.14
37.20
t + 2S vi» » IR (2M<
(45-70)
55.13
14.82
4.21
2.00
4.41
76.17
14.79
2.65
9.50
1.64
4.86
1.91
0.06
27.84
n + 25 «i » m < ts-rn

60.30
17.01
5.03
i.ss
6.49
84.19
15.60
1.97
8.75
1.60
4.15
2.25
0.08
31.24

                                                  70 years
where IR = the intake rate for a specific age group.




Source:  U.S. EPA, 1989.
                                                      2-111
-------
                                                                           DRAff
                                                                      O  HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                         •   CITS
rates were reported for various age/sex groups of the population and for pregnant  women
(Table 2-77). The Deport does not specify whether the values represent per capita or consumer-
only intake rates.  However, they appear to be consistent with the as consumed intake rates for
consumers-only reported by USDA (1980, 1992).  It should be noted that these data are also
based on short-term dietary recall and are based on the Canadian population.

2.3.2.4.      Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight Intake Rates
       As noted previously, intake rates may be reported in terms of units as consumed  or units
of dry weight. It is essential that exposure assessors be aware of this difference so that they may
ensure consistency between the units used for intake rates and those used for concentration data
(i.e., if the unit of food consumption is grams dry weight/day, then the unit for the amount of
pollutant in the food should be grams dry weight).  If necessary, as consumed intake rates may
be converted to dry weight intake rates  using the moisture content  percentages presented in
Table 2-7S and the following equation:
                                           [(100-W)/100]                     (Eqn. 2-2)

"Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to "as consumed" rates by using:

                              IR^. = IR^KlOO-WyiOOJ                     (Eqn. 2-3)

where:
               =  dry weight intake rate;
               =  as consumed intake rate; and
       W      =  percent water content.
                                        2-112
-------
Table 2-77.
Age (yrs)
Males and Females
1-4
5-11
Males
12-19
20-39
40-64
65+
Females
12-19
20-39
40-64
65+
Pregnant Females
Mean Daily Intake
Sample Size
1031
1995
1070
999
1222
881
1162
1347
1500
818
769
of Foods (Grams)
Fruit and
Firuit Products
258
312
237
244
194
165
237
204
239
208
301
Based on the
Nutrition Canada
Vegetables Not
Including Potatoes
Potatoes
56
83
94
155
134
118
97
134
136
103
156
75
110
185
189
131
124
115
99
79
80
114
DRAFT
DO KQT QUOTE OR
••* CITE
Dietary Survey1
Nuts and
Legumes
6
13
20
15
15
8
15
8
10
5
15
•    Report does not specify whether means were calculated per capita or for consumers only. The reported values
     are consistent with the as consumed intake rates for consumers only reported by USDA (1980).

Source:  Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, n.d.
                                            2-113
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                                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                                DO NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                                   «*   CITE
        Table 2-78.     Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains Expressed
                                   As Percentages of Edible Portions
        Food
Moisture Content (Percent)
Raw               Cooked
                             Comments
Fruit

Apples - dried
Apples -
Apples -juice
Applesauce
Apricots
Apricots - dried
Bananas
Blackberries
Blueberries
Boysenberries
Cantaloupes - unspecified
Casabas
Cherries - sweet
Crabapples
Cranberries
Cranberries - juice cocktail
Currants (red & white)
Elderberries
Grapefruit
Grapefruit -juice
Grapefruit - unspecified
Grapes - fresh
Grapes -juice
Grapes - raisins
Honeydew melons
Kiwi fruit
Kumquats
Lemons -juice
Lemons - peel
Lemons - pulp
Limes -juice
Limes - unspecified
Loganberries
Mulberries
Nectarines
Oranges - unspecified
Peaches
Pears -dried
Pears - fresh
Pineapple

Pineapple-juice
Plums
      31.76
      83.93*
      86.35
      31.09
      74.26
      85.64
      84.61
      85.90
      89.78
      91.00
      80.76
      78.94
      86.54
      85.00
      83.95
      79.80
      90.89
      90.00
      90.89
      81.30
      84.12
      15.42
      89.66
      83.05
      81.70
      90.73
      81.60
      88.98
      90.21
      88.26
      84.61
      87.68
      86.28
      86.75
      87.66
      26.69
      83.81
      86.50
      85.20
84.13*
84.46**
87.93
88.35*
86.62*
85.56*
86.59*
84.95*
90.10*
92.46*
92.52*
87.49*
64.44*
86.47*
83.51*

85.53
sulfured; *without added sugar
*with skin; **without skin
canned or bottled
"•unsweetened
*canned juice pack with skin
sulfured; *withoutadded sugar
*frozen unsweetened
frozen unsweetened
*canned, juice pack
                  bottled
*canned unsweetened
pink, red, white
American type (slip skin)
canned or bottled
seedless
"•canned or bottled
*canned or bottled
all varieties
*canned juice pack
sulfured; *withoutadded sugar
"•canned juice pack
"tanned juice pack

canned
                                                  2-114
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                                                                          .   cm
Table 2-78.     Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains Expressed
                     As Percentages of Edible Portions (Continued)
Moisture Content (Percent)
Food Raw Cooked
Quinces
Raspberries
Strawberries
Tangerine - juice
Tangerines
Watermelon
Vegetables
Alfalfa sprouts
Artichokes - globe & French
Artichokes - Jerusalem
Asparagus
Bamboo shoots
Beans - dry
Beans - dry - blackeye peas (cowpeas)
Beans - dry - hyacinth (mature seeds)
Beans - dry - navy (pea)
Beans - dry - pinto
Beans - lima
Beans - snap - Italian - green - yellow
Beets
Beets - tops (greens)
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Cabbage - Chinese/celery,
including bok choy
Cabbage - red
Cabbage - savoy
Carrots
Cassava (yucca blanca)
Cauliflower
Celeriac
Celery
Chili peppers
Chives
Cole slaw
Coll aids
Com - sweet
Cress - garden - field
Cress - garden
Cucumbers
Dandelion - greens
Eggplant
Endive*
Garlic
83,80
86.57
91.57
88.90
87.60
91.51

91.14
84.38
78.01
92.25
91.00

66.80
87.87
79.15
81.30
70.24
90.27
87.32
92.15
90.69
86.00

95.32
91.55
91.00
87.79
68.51
92.26
88.00
94.70
87.74
92.00
81.50
93.90
75.96
89.40
89.40
96.05
85.60
91.93
93.79
58.58


89.97*
87.00*
89.51*



86.50

92.04
95.92

71.80
86.90
76.02
93.39
67.17
89.22
90.90
89.13
90.20
87.32

95.55
93.60
92.00
87.38

92.50
92.30
95.00
92.50*


95.72
69.57
92.50
92.50

89.80
91.77


Comments


*frozen unsweetened
*canned sweetened
•"canned juice pack



boiled, drained

boiled, drained
boiled, drained

boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained

boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained

boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
•"canned solids & liquid


boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained

boiled, drained
boiled, drained


                                 2-115
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Table 2-78.     Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains Expressed"
                     As Percentages of Edible Portions (Continued)
Food
Kale
Kohlrabi
Lambsquarter
Leeks
Lentils - whole
Lettuce - iceberg
Lettuce - romaine
Mung beans (sprouts)
Mushrooms
Mustard greens
Okra
Onions
Onions - dehydrated or dried
Parsley
Parsley roots
Parsnips
Peas (garden) - mature seeds - dry
Peppers - sweet - garden
Potatoes (white) - peeled
Potatoes (white) - whole
Pumpkin
Radishes - roots
Rhubarb
Rutabagas - unspecified
Salsify (oyster plant)
Shallots
Soybeans - sprouted seeds
Spinach
Squash - summer
Squash - winter
Sweeipotatoes (including yams)
Swiss chard
Tapioca - pearl
Taro - greens
Taro-root
Tomatoes -juice
Tomatoes - paste
Tomitoea - puree
Tomatoes - raw
Tomatoes - whole
Towelgourd
Turnips - roots
Turnips- tops
Water chestnuts
Yambean - tuber
Moisture Content
Raw
84.46
91.00
84.30
83.00
67.34
95.89
94.91
90.40
91.81
90.80
89.58
90.82
3.93
88.31
88.31
79.53
88.89
92.77
78.96
83.29
91.60
94.84
93.61
89.66
77.00
79.80
69.05
91.58
93.68
88.71
72.84
92.66
10.99
85.66
70.64



93.95
93.95
93.85
91.87
91.07
73.46
89.15
(Percent)
Cooked
91.20
90.30
88.90
90.80
68.70


93.39
91.08
94.46
89.91
92.24



77.72
88.91
94.70
75.42
71.20
93.69

67.79
90.10
81.00

79.45
91.21
93.70
89.01
71.85
92.65

92.15
63.80
93.90
74.06
87.26

92.40
84.29
93.60
93.20

87.93
Comments
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
stir-fried


boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained



boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
baked
baked
boiled, drained

frozen, cooked with added sugar
boiled, drained
boiled, drained

steamed
boiled, drained
all varieties; boiled, drained
all varieties; baked
baked in skin
boiled, drained
dry
steamed

canned
canned
canned

boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained
boiled, drained

boiled, drained
                                       2-116
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       Table 2-78.     Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits, Vegetables, and Grains Expressed
                            As Percentages of Edible Portions (Continued)
                                     Moisture Content (Percent)
       Food                         Raw               Cooked                   Comments
Barley - pearled
Com - grain - endosperm
Com - grain - bran
Millet
Oats
Rice - rough - white
Rye - rough
Rye - flour - medium
Sorghum (including milo)
Wheat - rough - hard white
Wheat - germ
Wheat - bran
Wheat - flour - whole grain
10.09 68.80
10.37
3.71
8.67 71.41
8.22
11.62 68.72
10.95
9.85
9.20
9.57
11.12
9.89
10.27


crude







crude
crude

Source:  USDA, 1979-1986.
                                                   2-117
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2.3.2.5.      Below Ground, Above Ground, Exposed, and Protected!
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       For chemicals that contaminate fruits and vegetables via specific sources or media, it may
be necessary to  consider cultivation techniques  and consumption patterns that affect the
magnitude  of exposure.  Vegetables that are grown below ground may be contaminated by
chemicals found in soil; airborne pollutants  would be more likely to contaminate leafy or
exposed vegetables grown above ground.  Exposures may be limited for contaminants that are
deposited on outer protective coverings (i.e., pods or rinds of fruits and vegetables that are
removed before consumption).
       Table 2-79 and 2-80 lists the percentages of fruits and vegetables that are grown above
and below ground. These values were calculated using average daily intake rates for consumers-
only from Pao et al. (1982) (Table 2-26) and average per capita intake rates from DRES (Table
2-27), respectively. It should be noted that the DRES data (Table 2-27) set includes a  more
comprehensive listing of fruits and vegetables than Pao et al. (1982) Table 2-26.  Fruits and
vegetables  were categorized as (1) below  ground; (2) above ground-exposed; and  (3) above
ground-protected, according to traditional or scientific definitions of the plant and on cultivation
and food preparation information.  Percentages were  calculated for each category of fruits,
vegetables, and fruits and vegetables combined by dividing  the total intake rates  for each
category by the sum of the intakes for all categories combined. It should be noted that the Pao
et al. (1982) data are based on consumers-only, but DRES data and U.S. EPA (1984e) data are
per capita intake rates.  Also, the DRES data set includes a more comprehensive listing of fruits
and  vegetables than Pao et  al.  (1982).   This factor may account for the differences in
percentages observed for above ground and below ground fruits and vegetables. The percentages
from Tables 2-79 and 2-80 may be applied to the average total intake rates to estimate the intake
rates for fruits and/or vegetables that are:  (1) grown below ground; (2) grown above ground
and are exposed; and (3) grown above ground and are protected.

2.3.3. Recommendations
       The key studies described in this section were used in selecting recommended fruit and
vegetable intake rates for the general population and various  subgroups of the United States
population.  These studies were all based on USDA NFCS data, but used different analytical
                                        2-118
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      Table 2-79.   Percentages of Total Fruits and Vegetables ConsurnecT"    ~~     "—
                   that are Grown Below or Above Ground (Consumers Only)
                                         Calculated from data from
                        	Pao et al. (1982)	
 Vegetables*
       below ground                               22.6%
       above ground                               77.4%
             exposed                              57.5%
             protected                             19.9%
 Fruits*
       below ground                                0%
       above ground                               100%
             exposed                              47.1%
             protected                             52.9%
 Fruits and Vegetables*
       below ground                               10.5%
       above ground                               89.5%
             exposed                              52.0%
  '     	protected   	37.5%	
1   Traditional definitions were used to categorize common fruits and vegetables.
   Unusual fruits and vegetables were categorized using scientific definitions.
                                 2-119
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  Table 2-80.  Percentages of Total Fruits and Vegetables Consumed that are
               Grown Below or Above Ground (Per Capita)

                                      Calculated from data generated by
                                     OPP for the Dietary Risk Evaluation
	System (DRES)«'b	
 Vegetables0
       below ground                              38.1 %
       above ground                              61.9%
              exposed                             46.8%
              protected                            15.1%
 Fruits0
       below ground                                0%
       above ground                              100%
              exposed                             42.3%
              protected                            57.7%
 Fruits and Vegetables
       below ground                              20.7%
       above ground                              79.3%
              exposed                             34.5%
	protected	44.8%	
1   The DRES data set (Table 2-27) includes a more comprehensive listing of
   fruits and vegetables than Pao et al. (1982) (Table 2-26).
'   Nuts, spices, grains, oils and sugars were not included in this analysis.
1   Traditional definitions were used to categorize common fruits and vegetables.
   Unusual fruits and vegetables were categorized using scientific definitions.
                                  2-120
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methods for calculating intake, and/or evaluated different sub-populations or fooTgroups.  The
general design of both key and relevant studies are summarized in Table 2-81.  Based on the
1987/88 NFCS one-day per capita data,  the recommended average fruit  intake rate for the
general population is  142 g/day  and the recommended vegetable intake rate for the general
population is 182 g/day.  Mean per capita intake rates for specific food items, on a g/kg-day
basis, may be taken from Table 2-27.  Mean and upper-percentile consumer only intake rates
for total fruits, total vegetables, or various individual fruits and vegetables from the distribution
data presented in Tables  2-32 through 2-73 may be used to represent intake for the general
population and various subpopulations.  Upper-percentile per capita rates may be calculated
using the consumer only distribution data in Tables 2-32 through 2-73 and the survey size data
presented in Section 2.7.  Intake  rates for the homeproduced form of these fruit and vegetable
products are presented in Section 2.7.
       The advantage of using the USDA NFCS  data  set is that it is the largest  publicly
available data source on food intake patterns in the United States.  Data are available for a wide
variety of fruit  and  vegetable products and are intended  to be representative of the U.S.
population.  However, it should be noted mat the data collected by USDA NFCS are based OR
short-term dietary recall  and may not accurately reflect long-term intake patterns.  This is
particularly true  for the tails of the distribution of intake.
                                        2-121
-------
                                         Table 2-81. Summary of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Studies
Study
Pao et al, 1982
Survey Population Used in
Calculating Intake
Consumers only data
Types of Data Used
1977/78 NFCS
Units
g/day; as consumed
Food Items
Intake rates for only a limited
EPA's ORES
USDA, 1980; 1992
EPA Analysis of
1987/88 USDA Data
U.S. EPA/ORP,
1984d; 1984e

U.S. EPA/OST, 1989
Canadian Department
of National Health and
Welfare, n.d.
provided; per capita intake
calculated using fraction of
individuals using the food

Per capita (i.e., consumers
and nonconsumers)


Per capita and consumer
only

Consumers only; per capita
data can be calculated
Per capita
Estimated lifetime dietary
intake
Consumers only?
                                                   3-day individual intake data
1977/78 NFCS
3-day individual intake data


1977/78 and 1987/88 NFCS
      individual intake data
1987/88 NFCS data;
Based on amount of food
consumed by a household
over a 7-day period;
individual intake rates based
on the estimated proportion
of household food eaten by
family members.

1977/78 NFCS
Individual intake data

Based on FDA Total Diet
Study Food List which used
1977/78 NFCS data, and
NHANESDdata

1970-72 survey based on 24-
hour dietary recall
g/kg-day; as consumed



g/day; as consumed


g/kg-day; as consumed
g/day; as consumed


g/day; dry weight




g/day; as consumed?
                                                    umber of products; intake rates for
                                                    total fruits and vegetables not
                                                    calculated

                                                    Intake for a wide variety of fruits
                                                    and vegetables presented; complex
                                                    food groups were disaggregated

                                                    Total fruits and total vegetables
                                                    Major food groups; individual food
                                                    items; exposed and protected fruits
                                                    and vegetables; USDA food
                                                    categories
                                                    Exposed, protected, and leafy
                                                    produce

                                                    Various food groups; complex
                                                    foods disaggregated
                                                    Fruit and fruit products, vegetables
                                                    not including potatoes and nuts and
                                                    legumes
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2.4.   CONSUMPTION OF MEAT, POULTRY, AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
       Consumption of meat, poultry, and dairy products is a potential pathway of exposure to
toxic chemicals. These food sources can become contaminated if animals consume contaminated
soil, water, or feed crops.
2.4.1. Intake Studies
2.4.1.1.  U.S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
      USDA conducts the NFCS approximately every 10 years. The three most recent NFCSs
were conducted in 1965-66,  1977-78, and  1987-88.  The purpose of these  surveys was to
"analyze the food consumption behavior and dietary status of Americans" (USDA, 1992).  The
survey uses a statistical sampling technique designed to ensure that all  seasons, geographic
regions of the U.S., and demographic and socioeconomic groups are represented. There are two
components of the NFCS. The household component collects information over a 7-day period
on the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households, and the types, value, and
sources of foods consumed.  The individual component collects information on food intakes of
individuals within each household over a 3-day period (USDA, 1993).
      The same basic survey design was used for the three  most recent NFCSs, but the sample
sizes and statistical classifications used were somewhat different (USDA,  1992). In 1965-66,
10,000 households were surveyed (USDA, 1972).  The sample size increased to 15,000
households (over 36,000 individuals) in 1977-78, but decreased to 4,500 households in 1987-88
because of budgetary constraints and a low response rate (37 percent).  Data from the 1977-78
NFCS are presented in this Handbook because the data have been published by USDA in various
publications and reanalyzed  by various  EPA  offices  according to  the food  items/groups
commonly used to assess exposure.  Published one-day data from the 1987-88 NFCS and the
results of a recently conducted EPA analysis of the 1987-88 data are also presented.
      Individual daily intake rates and average user and per capita intake rates calculated from
NFCS data are based on averages of reported intakes over either one day or three consecutive
days.  Such short-term data are suitable for estimating average daily per capita intake rates
representative of both short-term and long-term consumption.   However, upper  percentile
individual intakes reported either as user intakes or per capita intakes are likely to be higher than
                                       2-123
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the true long-term upper percentile daily average  intakes because the results of short-term
surveys are generally more variable than the results of long-term surveys. The individual upper
percentile intakes rates represent intakes  by  users of the products over the three-day survey
period.  Long-term estimates require that  the average intake over three days is the same as the
average intake over 365 days for each individual, that is, the product is consumed every day of
the year, resulting in the long-term overestimate.

2.4.1.2. Key Intake Studies Based on the USDA  NFCS
      Poo et al. (1982) - Foods Commonly Eaten by Individuals - Using data gathered in the
1977-78 USDA NFCS, Pao et al.  (1982) calculated percentiles  for the average  quantities of
meat, poultry, and dairy products consumed by members of the U.S. population over a 3-day
period.  The calculations made by Pao et al. (1982) were based only on individuals who reported
consuming meat, poultry, and dairy products (i.e., consumer's  only) during the survey period.
The data were collected during NFCS home interviews of 37,874 respondents, who were asked
to recall food intake for the day preceding the interview, and record food intake the day of the
interview and the day after the interview.
      The intake rates are presented for individuals using food at least once in 3-days (survey
period) on an as consumed (g/day) basis. Mean intake rates for consumers, standard deviations,
intake rates for consumers at various percentiles, maximum amounts consumed, percentages of
individuals using the food in the 3-day study, quantities consumed per eating occasion, and per
capita estimates presented in Tables 2-82.  Per capita intake rates were estimated by multiplying
the average intake rate for consumers by the fraction of individuals using the food over the 3-day
survey period.
      Although Pao et al. (1982) reported distributions of intake rates for total meat (i.e., beef,
pork, lamb, and veal) individual meat and poultry items and dairy products, these tabulated data
cannot be used to derive a distribution of intake rates  for total meat, poultry, and dairy  products.
Obtaining a frequency distribution  for all meat, poultry, and dairy products by summing the
distributions for  these individual food items is not appropriate  because a person whose intake
rate for meat falls in the 90th percentile may not have a 90th percentile intake rate of poultry
or dairy products.  Summing ingestion rates would also imply  that all individuals consume all
                                        2-124
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Table 2-82.  Quantity ("as consumed") of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products Consumed and the Percentage of Individuls Using These Foods in 3 Days
Consumers-only
Three-Day Averages at Specified Percentiles (g/day)'
Food category 5 25 50
Meat*
Beef
Pork
Lamb
Veal
Poultry
K> Chicken
& Turkey
11 37 69
19 37 57
5 11 28
15 36 46
15 28 38
17 32 46
17 32 45
9 19 37
75
112
95
54
73
59
73
70
57
90
168
149
84
93
90
109
102
85
95
211
187
111
112
95
132
129
113
99
317
283
178
149
144
191
185
161
Maximum
consumed
in any one
day (g/day)
1,792
1,792
1,128
864
448
1,282
1,282
968
Consumers-only
Three-day Average
quantity consumed
(g/day)
Average Standard
Deviation
85
75
39
54
49
57
56
45
67
59
39
33
27
39
36
35
Quantity consumed per
eating occasion
(g)
Average Standard
Deviation
107
133
69
146
130
128
131
105
85
85
69
84
71
77
76
73
% Per capita three-
Indhr. day average
using quantity
food in consumed
3 days (g/day)"1
84.6 72
67.3 50.5
49.9 19.5
1.5 0.81
2.3 1.13
42.8 24.4
38.7 21.7
5.8 2.61
Dairy Products
Egg*
Butter
Margarine
Milk*
Cheese0
15 21 40
2 2 5
235
31 122 248
5 9 19
61
9
10
470
28
92
19
19
692
46
109
26
28
833
57
165
47
47
1,221
95
728
341
227
4,410
700
47
8
9
328
22
33
10
10
270
19
82
12
11
203
41
44
13
11
134
28
* Meat - beef, pork, lamb, and veal.
b Milk - fluid milk, milk beverages, and milk-based infant formulas.
c Cheese - natural and processed cheese.
d Per-capita intakes were calculated by multiplying the average quantity consumed for consumers-only by the traction of individuals using the food-item in 3
Source: Pao et

aL, 1982.



















54.3 25.5
31.4 2.5
43.1 3.9
82.5 271
40 8.8
0
O
**;
* §
HI
t-3
O
SJ
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of the meat, poultry, and dairy products listed in Table 2-82.  Consequently, these data for
individual food items should only be used in exposure assessments where the consumption of
these individual food items is of interest.
      The advantages of using these data are that they were derived from the USD A NFCS and
are representative of the U.S. population. This data set provides distributions for a number of
commonly eaten meat, poultry, and dairy products, but the list of foods is limited and does not
account for meat, poultry, and dairy products included in complex food dishes. Also, these data
are based on short-term dietary recall and may not accurately reflect long-term consumption
patterns.
       The U.S. EPA's Dietary Risk Evaluation System (DUES) - USEPA, Office of Pesticide
Programs - The U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) uses the Dietary Risk Evaluation
System (formerly the Tolerance Assessment System) to assess the dietary risk of pesticide use
as part of the pesticide registration process.  OPP sets tolerances for specific pesticides on raw
agricultural commodities based on estimates of dietary risk. These estimates are calculated using
pesticide residue data for the food item of concern and relevant consumption data.  Intake rates
are based primarily on the USDA 1977-1978 NFCS although intake rates for some food items
are based on estimations from production volumes or other data (i.e., some items were assigned
an arbitrary value of O.OOOOOlg (kg/day) (Kariya, 1992). OPP has calculated per capita intake
rates of various items of meat, poultry, and dairy products for 22 subgroups (age, regional, and
seasonal)  of the population by determining  the  composition  of NFCS  food items and
disaggregating complex food dishes into their component raw agricultural commodities (RACs)
(White et al.  1983).
      The DEES per capita, as consumed intake rates for all age/sex/demographic groups
combined are presented in Table 2-83.   These data are based on both consumers and non
consumers of these food items. Data for specific subgroups of the population are not presented
in this section, but are available through OPP via direct request.  The data in Table  2-83 may
be useful for estimating the risks of exposure associated with the consumption of the various
meat, poultry, and dairy products presented. It should be noted mat these data are indexed to
the actual body weights of the survey respondents and are expressed in units of grams of food
consumed per kg bodyweight per day. Consequently, use of these data in calculating potential
                                        2-126
-------
Table 2-83.     Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Meat, Poultry, and Daiiy Products
              Based on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups
                                                                            DRAFT
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Average Consumption
Raw Agricultural Commodity* (Grams/kg Body Weight/Day)
Milk-Non-Fat Solids
Milk-Non-Fat Solids***Foodadd.
Milk-Fat Solids
Milk-Fat Solids***Foodadd.
Milk Sugar (Lactose)
Beef-Meat Byproducts
Beef (Organ Meats) - Other
Beef -Dried
Beef (Boneless) - Fat (Beef Tallow)
Beef (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Beef (Organ Meats) - Liver
Beef (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Goat-Meat Byproducts
Goat (Organ Meats) - Other
Goat (Boneless) - Fat
Goat (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Goat (Organ Meats) - Liver
Goat (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Horse
Rabbit
Sheep - Meat Byproducts
Sheep (Organ Meats) - Other
Sheep (Boneless) - Fat
Sheep (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Sheep (Organ Meats) - liver
Sheep (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Pork - Meat Byproducts
Pork (Organ Meats) - Other
Pork (Boneless) - Fat (Including Lard)
Pork (Organ Meats) - Kidney
Pork (Organ Meats) - Liver
0.9033354
0.9033354
0.4297199
0.4297199
0.0374270
0.0176621
0.0060345
0.0025325
0.3720755
0.0004798
0.0206980
1.1619987
0.0000000
0.0000000
0.0000397
0.0000000
0.0000000
0.0001891
0.0000000
0.0014207
0.0000501
0.0000109
0.0042966
0.0000090
0.0000000
0.0124842
0.0250792
0.0038496
0.2082022
0.0000168
0.0048194
Standard Error
0.0134468
0.0134468
0.0060264
0.0060264
0.0033996
0.0005652
0.0007012
0.0004123
0.0048605
0.0003059
0.0014002
0.0159453
*
*
0.0000238
*
*
0.0001139
*
0.00003544
0.0000381
0.0000197
0.0005956
0.0000079
*
0.0015077
0.0022720
0.0003233
0.0032032
0.0000106
0.0004288
                                       2-127
-------
1 DRAM
! DO HOT QUOIE OR
ClfE
Table 2-83. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates for Meat. Poultry, and Dairv Products |
Baaed on All Sex/Age/Demographic Subgroups (continued)
Raw Agricultural Commodity*
Pork (Boneless) - Lean (w/o Removeable Fat)
Meet, Game
Turkey - Byproducts
Turkey - Giblets (Liver)
Turkey - Flesh (w/o Skin, w/o Bones)
Turkey - Flesh (+ Skin, w/o Bones)
Turkey - Unspecified
Poultry, Other - Byproducts
Poultry, Other - Giblets (Liver)
Poultry, Other - Flesh (+ Skin, w/o Bones)
Bgga - Wholo
Eggs - White Only
Eggs - Yolk Only
Chicken - Byproducts
Chicken - Giblets (Liver)
Chicken - Flesh (w/o Skin, w/o Bones)
Chicken - Flesh (+ Skin, w/o Bones)
Average Consumption
(Grams/kg Body Weight/Day)
0.3912467
0.0063507
0.0002358
0.0000537
0.0078728
0.0481655
0.0000954
0.0000000
0.0002321
0.0053882
0.5645020
0.0092044
0.0066323
0.0000000
0.0050626
0.0601361
0.3793205

Standard Error
0.0060683
0.0010935
0.0000339
0.0000370
0.0007933
0.0026028
0.0000552
*
0.0001440
0.0007590
0.0076651
0.0004441
0.0004295
*
0.0005727
0.0021616
0.0104779
* Consumed in any raw or prepared form.




Source:  DRES database.
                                                    2-128
-------
                                                                          DBAFf
                                                                    DO NOT QUOTE OB
                                                                           0ITE

dose does not require the body weight factor in the denominator of the average daily dose
(ADD) equation. It should also be noted that conversion of these intake rates into units of g/day
by multiplying by a single average body weight is not appropriate because the DRES data base
did not rely on a single body weight for all individuals.  Instead, DRES used the body weights
reported by each individual surveyed to estimate consumption in units of g/kg-day.
      The advantages of using these data are that complex food dishes have been disaggregated
to provide intake rates for variety of meat, poultry, and dairy products.  These data are also
based on the individual body weights of the respondents. Therefore, the use of these data in
calculating exposure to toxic chemicals may provide more representative estimates of potential
dose per unit body weight.  However, because the data are based on NFCS short-term dietary
recall the same limitations discussed previously for other NFCS data sets also apply here.
      Food caul Nutrient Makes of Individuals in One Day in the U.S., USDA (1992) - USDA
(1992) calculated mean per capita intake rates for total meat, total poultry, and dairy products
using NFCS data from 1987-88 (USDA, 1992). The mean intake rates for these food items are
presented in Tables 2-84 and 2-85 grouped by age and sex.  These values  are based on intake
data for one day for consumers and non-consumers from the 1987-88 USDA Nationwide Food
Consumption Survey.  Males 12 years  and above had the highest total meat, poultry, and fish
consumption rate, 252 g/day (Table 2-84).  Males between the ages of 6-11 years had the largest
consumption rate of total milk, 439 g/day (Table 2-85). Males 20 years and above had the
highest consumption rates of cheese and eggs,  17 and 27 g/day, respectively (Table 2-85).
      The advantages of using these data are mat they provide intake estimates for all meat,
poultry, and dairy products.  The consumption estimates are based on short-term dietary data
which may not reflect long-term consumption.
       17.5. EPA Analysis of1987/88 USDA NFCS Data - EPA analyzed data from the 1987-88
USDA NFCS to generate distributions of intake rates for various meat and dairy products. The
meat and dairy products selected for analysis included total meats, total dairy, beef, game, pork,
poultry, and eggs.  Food items/groups were identified  in the NFCS data base according to
NFCS-defined food codes. Appendix 2-A presents the codes used to determine the various food
groups. Intake rates for these food products represent intake of all forms of the product (i.e.,
homeproduced and commercially produced).  The USDA data were adjusted by applying the
                                        2-129
-------
Table 2-84. Mean Meat Intakes per Individual in a Day
by Sex. and Age (g/day)*


Total Meat,
Poukry and
Fish
Beef
Lamb, Total
Poric Veal, Poultry
Game
DRAFT
DO NOT QUOTE OR
CITE

Chicken Meat
Only Mixtures*
Male* and Female*

5 and Under
92
10
9 <0.5 14
12 39
Males



6-11
1249
20 and over
156
252
250
22
38
44
14 <0,5 27
17 1 27
19 2 31
24 74
20 142
25 108
Female*



All
6-11
12-19
20 and over
individuals
151
169
170
193
26
31
29
32
9 1 20
10 
-------


Male* and Females
5 and under
Main
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
All individuals
Table 2-85.
in
Total
Milk

347

439
392
202

310
260
148
224
Mean Dairy Product Intake* per Individual
a Day, by Sec and Age (g/day)*
Whole Lowfct/Skim
Milk Milk

177 129

224 159
183 168
88 94

135 135
124 114
55 81
99 102
DRAFT
DO NOr QUOTE OR
CITE

Cheese Egp

7 11

10 17
12 17
17 27

9 14
12 18
15 17
14 20
*   Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987 to 1988) data for one day.



Source: USDA, 1992.
                                               2-131
-------
                                                                          DRAFT
                                                                    DO HOf QUOfE  OR
                                                                           CUE
sample weights calculated by USDA to the data set prior to analysis.  These weights were
designed to "adjust for survey nonresponse and other vagaries of the sample selection process"
(USDA, 1987/88). Intake rates were indexed to the body weight of the survey respondent and
reported in units of g/kg-day.  The food analysis was accomplished using the SAS statistical
programming system (SAS, 1990).
      Distributions of intake rates were determined by apportioning the amount of food used
by a household among family members based on average serving sizes for specified age groups
of the population and the number of weekly meals  consumed by each family member.  A
detailed description of the methodology used to generate distributions of homegrown intake is
presented in Section 2.7 (Intake Rates for Various Homeproduced Food Items) of this Handbook.
The same  method  was  used to determine  the intake rates of all  forms of  meat (i.e.,
homeproduced and commercially prepared) and dairy products presented in this section
      Intake rates for various subcategories of the population within census regions are
presented in Tables 2-86  through 2-90 for total meat and Tables 2-91  through 2-95 for total
dairy. Tables 2-96 through 2-100 present intake rates for beef, game, pork, poultry, and eggs.
These distributions represent intake  rates for consumers of the food item/group  of interest.
These data represent one-week average intake rates for family members from those surveyed
households who reported eating the food item/group of interest during the survey period. The
total number of individuals in the data set (i.e., both  individuals who ate the food item and those
who did not eat the food item during the survey period) are presented in  Table 2-185 in Section
2.7.2.  These total number of individuals surveyed may be used with the consumer only data
presented here to calculate per capita intake rates for the survey population as  shown in Section
2.7.2.
      The advantages of these data are that they  provide distributions for  the various food
items/groups.  Also, the NFCS was designed  to  be representative of the U.S.  population.
However, these data are based on short-term dietary recall and may not accurately reflect long-
term intake patterns.  Additional advantages and limitations of this analysis are  outlined in
Section 2.7.4 of this Handbook.
                                        2-132
-------
Table 2-86. Intake of Total Metti (g/kj-
A*n
Bbtt
MflfflV ASKBCXt
OfiwfffA
W*
RoponM to Qoeitionw
D» JWB not «gimb
Do ywi (tan?
N N
wxtd mwxtd
184337000
2805000
567*000
M73000
16605000
20354000
59744000
55583000
15497008

47225000
44945000
44394000
47773000
jsmes
44324000
14982000

2393000
2179M08
1449000
4711000
154017000
in
9987099
7284008
9685
155
319
451
927
107$
2982
2991
7ft

IMS
ym
1393
2855
2171
2956
4555

112
1112
90
233
SIX
427
430
Man
4.69E+W
2.T7E+01
1JOE+01
9.0SE+09
«.5SE+00
3.94E+00
3J1B+08
3.71E+00
3J«E+90

478B+00
461B+00
4,928+98
4.45E+00
5.43S+S3
4.OE+99
413E+00

8J8B+80
6.73E+00
7J9B+88
«JtB+flfl
4243+88
4*18+88
4.73B+00
SE
429E44
I34E42
3.91E43
121E-03
1.15E43
(J8E44
3.76E-04
4.7VE44
CJ9E44

9.73B44
S57B44
8.29E44
7J9E44
1.KS-S3
7.77E44
4.94B4M

7J9E43
I.72B43
1JOE42
5.UE43
3J1B44
1.47E43
IJtE-9J
PO
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
6.I1E41
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00

O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.KE-rCO
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00

K04B42
O.OOB+00
2.UE41
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
PI
10SE41
&22E41
1J8S+00
6.12B41
4.55E4I
9.26B-02
1.87E-01
1.81E-01
2.17B41

l.«7B41
1.92B41
174B42
147E41
1.49141
2.65B4H
105E41

I.04B42
t.OOB+99
115141
M9E41
119B41
146S-01
1.MS4H
P5
C.74E-01
4.07E+00
176E+00
2.08B+00
1J5B+00
1.20E41
547B41
«.45E-01
5.76E-OI

6.76E41
-------
                                                                    Tifek>247.
                                                                                                                          - NortboutRcjioa
Popakfeii
group
                               H
                             wttf
                                                                     SE
                                                                                   ra
                                                                                                W
                                                                                                                          PIO
                                                                                                                                       f33
                                                                                                                                                                 re
                                                                                                                                                                                                        159
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     pica
        Teed

        A|t
 03-03
 06-11
 17-19
         TO+
                              40374003
  334000
 1032000
 1411000
 3373000
 43S3000
123N009
13339009
                                               mi
                                                 a
                                                IB
                                                287
                                                3*3

                                                173
                                                         3J3E+01
                                                              I42B44


                                                              3.73E-W
                                                                      U9E43
                                                 J.79SW

                                                 3.73E«0
                       UOS-04
                       9J4&C4
                       U5E-03
                                                                                   OOJBKO
                                                                                   OOOE-KIO
                                                                                   234841
                                                                                   9J7B-01
             O.OOEiOO

             6JOB42
                                                                                                3.65M1
                                                                                        OME-HM
                                                                                        1.44E4UO
                                                                                        Z34E4I
              2.79&W
              U1B4I
              2JOE41
                                                                                                             7J5S-9I
                                                                                                             7.41E+00
                                                                                                             15JE+M
             1JSE+S9
             l,«2S«fl
             5J1E-01
             7.15B-OI
             S.77E41
                                                                                                                                       104E441
                                                                                                                          45JE1W
                                                                                                     147E-HJ1
                                                                                                     tOE4«0
                                                                                        4JJE+CO
                                                                                        324E409
                                                                           IJ7E+W
                                                                           ISO&01
                                                                                                                           9.2S&S1
                          l.CE-HW
                          1.65E-KIO
                          1JOE+00
                          3,0ffl«0
                          139BH9
                          I.71E+00
                          3.99B+00
                                                                                                                                                                 3.4XEH1
                                                                                                                                                                 IOE+W
                                                                                                                                                                 4.7ZE4«
                                                                                                                                                                              3.13B441
                                                                                                         1J4E+SI
                                                                                                         I.17E-H1
                                                                                                         1W3+00
                                                                                                                                                                       ZCH-KX)
                                                                                                                                                                       tOOHtW
                                                                                                                                                                                            1J4ZH1
                                                    U2E4W

                                                    1.10E+*!
                                                                                                                                                                                                         I3JE-H3
                                       1J1BHI
                                       1JS641
                                       L7IBW
                                       1.44EM1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      I135t«
                                                                                                                                   3.73I-MI
                                                                                                                                   1ME-H1
                                                                                                                                   5.04E-H1
        SetMiH
         Rd
                               $316000
         Sanaa
         Watts
                        M600M
                       11S7SOM
                 173
                 ra
                 273
                 659
                                                         5.10EKO
                       1.75E43
                       1J3E-03
                       !JOB-(r3
                                                                                   O.OCE+OO
                                                                                   O.OCE+00
                                                                                   160E-01
                                                                                                3J8E41
                           5.72 EJJ1
                           3J7E41
                           tOOE-01
                           4.W&01
                           9.14B41
                           7.7SE41
                                                                                                                   I.01E400

                                                                                                                   1,16E+03
                                                                 1.74E400
                                                                 1,(4E4<0
                                                                 iOOE+00
                                                    19IE440
                                                    17SE400
                                                    3.40E-KIO
                                                    3.12E4«0
                                                    474E-HIO
                                                    8.10E-HW
                                                    IJIE-KIO
                                                    9.07E+00
                                                    ITtS+OO
                                                     1.40E-MI
                                                     LITE4I
                                                     1.UB401
                                       3J4E-H11
                                       3.49E-K1
                                       1I6E+51
                                       115E401
             5.CKE-H1
             5.13E-H1
 Cental City

 Surtiurtun
 M99000
 5417000
J56S«000
 327
 3M
1294
                                                         4.0«E»00
                                                         350B+00
3.17E-03
1.71B-03
S.49B44
O.OOE-KW
O.OOB-KX)
                                                                                                5J2H1
                                                                                                165E-01
             1.00E4W
             7.72E41
             li.TTMl
             1J1E+00

             9.WW1
             120E+00

             1«3E-H»
             4J1E+00
             196E-KW
             ItJE+OO
                                                                               I15E400
                                                                               4.73E-KM
                                                                                                                                                                               I.15E+M
                          I.07E-KI
                          1.07B+«1
4.MB401
1.73S-K1
JJlB-rtl
                                                    1.23Bt«
                                                    4.ME41
R»oc
 Arin
 Hid:
 NtH*« Amaian
 CKhnmA
 Whto
                                313000
                               3342000
                                10*4000
                              333»7000
                  11
                  131
                   4
                  51
                 1713
                       U7E-01
                       3.ME-03
          I.OIE^I
          4.17E«»
U2E-01
7.79B4I4
                                                                                   J.79E+00
 1.01E41
OOOB+00
179E+00
1J3E+00
179E+00
 1.01M1
3J6M1
1XTE-KX)
17SE+00
 I.43E41
 713M1
179E+00

1.03B+W
                                                                                                                                                                 731E-HW
                                                                                                         t TOE-HI
                                                                                                         lJ9Btfll
                                                                                                         170E-K1
                                                                                                         1J6E-H1
                                                                                           3.49E+«1
                                                                                           WIE+fll
179E400

1.70E+00
                                                                                                                                                    3J4E+00
                                                                                                                                                    4.07E«00
368E+W
9.WE+W
4.ME+00
                                                                                                                                                                               1.4QB401
                                                                                                                                                                                            1.UB441
1J3EMJ1
JJIBtOl
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3.49E-H1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      S.DltOl
RnfonittoQuatiomtire
 DofcaniMBBaih
 DoyouStm?
                               1171090
                                7t5000
                          4.65E+W
                          3.70E+W
                       3J3E-C3
                       Z73&4J3
             7.55E-07
             7J5E-07
              3J1M1
              7J5E-OT
f*
                                                                                                             ismm
                          1.43E+00
                          1JSE4W
                                                                                                                                       107E+00
                                       3JSE+«
                                       171E+00
                                                                                                                                                                 U.IfE-MW
                                                                                                                                                                                            l.KE^l
                                                                                                                                                                                                         1.09EH1
                                                                                           L53E-H1!
                                                                                           l.WE-tfll
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     C3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      O
-------
Table 2-88.  Intake of Total Meati (g/kg-day) - Midwert Region
Population
Group
Total
Age
<01
01-01
0345
06-11
11-19
10-39
4049
70 +
Seasons
FaD
Spring

Winter
Central City
Nomnetropofitan
Sunnroan
Ran
Aon
Back
Matin American
OdMdNA
Whte
Response to Questionnaire
Do you IBM annuls
^j Do you fi«m?
i
N
wstd
45647000

(11000
1757000
1130000
4225000
5471000
15123000
1175(000
3171000

14110000
10561000
9911000
10947000
17041000
14073000
14533000

(49000
17(5000
116000
913000
40974000

3671000
16(1000

N
unwRtd
1556

44
101
131
159
308
HT7
730
176

491
1017
330
718
671
1038
(47

37
115
6
36
1351

145
173


Mean
4.78E+M

1.79E+01
113B+01
9JOB+00
6.51B+M
3.8SB+00
3J5E+00
3.41B+00
3.15B+00

457E+00
4.(9E+00
5.4SB+00
4J3B+00
3.61E+M
4.19B+00
4J8E+00

l.KB+01
1.03B+01
3.76B+00
5.85B+00
4J4B+00

4.7tB+00
5.13B+00


SE
(.69E-04

151E-01
4J1E43
4.ME-03
1.14E-03
U3B-03
7JOB-04
6.40E-04
1.66843

1J8E-03
11XE-03
1ME-03
1.16E-03
I.96E-03
l.ME-03
1.08E-03

100E-OJ
6.61&03
5.14E-03
4.51B43
6.86E-04

1.958-03
145843


PO
O.ME+M

7.96E-01
1J5E+00
1.06E+M
3.06E41
O.ME+00
O.ME+00
O.ME+00
1.94B41

O.ME+00
O.ME+00
O.ME+00
145E-01
O.OOE+flO
O.ME+00
O.ME+00

(.ME-01
O.ME+00
1.54E+M
3.15E-01
O.ME+00

in&ot
3.75B41


PI
1.41E-01

7.96E-01
1J5E+00
1.06E+00
7JOE41
O.OOE+00
119B-01
1.16B41
156E41

1.16B41
1.88E41
I04E-01
1.MM1
(.74E-01
3.MB41
ITSE-fll

(.04E41
O.MB+00
1J4B+00
3.15B41
156B41

3.75B-01
4.41B41


P5
7.15E-01

4.07E+00
3J7E+00
1.60B+00
1J8E+00
6.70E41
545E-01
tJOBAl
5.76B41

7.15M1
tXBAl
7.43E-01
6.70B41
5J3E-01
7MB41
(.75B-01

7JOB-01
1.60B+00
1J4B+00
1J6B+00
7.0JE-01

19SBM
7.15E-01


PIO
1.01E+M

6.6SE+00
4.69B+00
190B+00
1J9B+00
192E-01
liWE-01
1A4B+00
7.49B41

9^0841
1.01E+00
1J3B+00
1.03E+00
161&01
1.048+00
1.19B+00

1^48+00
142B+00
1J4E+00
1.778+00
9.91M1

U1B+00
1J5E+00


PIS
1ME+00

1148+01
7J1E+00
5.53B+00
3J1E+00
1MB+00
1JOB+00
1J(E+00
1.408+00

1.708+00
1J3E+00
1178+00
1MB+00
IMZW
1MB+00
101B+00

3.69B+00
3J4B+00
U6B+00
177E+00
1.79B+00

1138+00
150B+00


P50
3J7E+00

131E+01
1.11E+01
8.10E+00
5J5E+00
339E+00
1648+00
3.00B+00
U7E+00

1998+00
3J4B+00
X64E+W
3J5B+00
>.46B+»
3.168+09
3.158+00

7.BE+00
6J2E+00
1968+00
3.678+00
3.108+00

3J9B+00
4.011+00


P75
5538+00

3.718+01
1.70E+01
12E+01
8.108+00
5.4(E+00
4J1E+00
4J1B+00
194B+00

5J5B+00
5.548+00
6M9E+00
5518+00
6J1B+M
5J1E+00
5J5E+00

1218+01
1.118+01
5.788+00
9.098+00
5.118+00

6.538+00
6.7RB+00


P90
9J6E+00

4JRB+01
1118+01
1.78E+01
1J8B+01
7J6B+00
6.60B+00
6.148+00
6J5E+00

9.138+00
9138+00
1.17B+01
153B+00
1HB+01
(JRB+00
9J78+00

U1B+01
U8B+01
5.788+00
1J4B+01
8.468+00

MOB+OO
1.068+01


P95
1J6B+01

8.65B+01
UOB+01
104B+01
1.748+01
8.448+00
SJ7B+00
7.648+00
16(8+00

1J5B+01
1.40B+01
1.638+01
1JOB+01
IJQB+01
1.11B+01
1J7B+01

1988+01
4.11B+01
5.7SB+00
1.40B+U
U18+81

1J9B+01
1J68+81


P99
154B+01

9JOB+01
3.05E+01
3.04B+0!
1.92E<01
1.17B+01
1.408+01
1118+01
1HB+01

1J4B+01
1768+01
1S4B+01
1.95B+OI
4.12B+01
1.798+01
1J58+01

8.65B+01
4.988+01
5.788+00
1JOB+01
1008+01

1.78B+01
1J3B+01


P100
1J6B+03

1J6E+0]
3.05E+01
3.04B+01
3.498+01
1988+01
1368+01
1388+01
4.098+01

SJSB+OI
1J6B+0]
4MB+01
3JOB+01
1J6B+01
4.09B+01
5.078+01

9JOB+OI
4.988+01
5.788+00
1JOB+01
1J6B+0]

1258+01
U5B+01

Ul
                                                                                                                            o
                                                                                                                            o
                                                                                                                             O  H

                                                                                                                             t-3
-------
§            iiii  in   iiii!

1            ill!





2  Pn_—»S»S  2.
             ????   iff
   §"*5fff??§  f??f   fff   fffff   ff
    iiiiigi  l|l|   III   §S§ii   §1
   ,j552pg3  aSss   Ssl   SaaSi   11
   § !!i £; § 2 c o it  cPRP   §55   EsMnS   S§
f  fiii?i??  fill   in   iiiii   it
|  fiffffff
                   iff   iifff   f?

-  SSSKSS-irS  S§Sp  FKn
3  52152353  3P3S  3S8
3
              ;s?s   ?SS

liillil!
             Iiii
                           ?ff   I?
                   gsi   RE**|   is

                         ll;
                                                DRAFT

                                           I DO HOT QUOTE OB

                                                 CITE
                                2-136
-------
                                                              Table 2-90. Intake of Total Meati (g/kg-day) - We* Region
to
I—i
UJ
Population
Group
Total
*t«
-------
                                                                 Title 2-91,  lauis of Tool Daily &/kg-d»y) • AI Refioei Combined
QKW
Tofel
Af«
11-02
0345
06-11
1249
26-39
4049
70*
Se*Hn
Fil
Sijxinf
Simmer
Wmte
"SS
NcraDdropoitm
Satwfcm
Raw
Aam
Bfcck
Nitiw Amconn
OthertJA
White
fjxfcns to QuMtiomm
Doyounaemnnk?
Oo jfuulujji?
N
It57720n
2114000
5272000
I06&00
IK7400J
2021MOO
M7I1000
55955000
15594000

4S9t3000
45S36000
449«0000
4*25300*
53640000
44461000
B611000

2349000
21172000
1445000
4679000
1SOCTOM

10075000
7329000
M
«p*M
9754
120
1973
3021
3003
7M

1553
392*
1405
2S7C
2192
2971
4391

110
1091
90
231
1232

OO
435
Man
U5E400
J.ltE+01
5.03EWS
O1E<«0
5.05E+00

>iJE+00
175E+W
t65E+
-------
Table 2-92.  Intake of Total Dairy (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region
PopulsKiott
Group
Totd
Ag«
<01
01-03
OW5
06-11
Il-l*
20-39
4049
70 +
Season
Fifl
Spat
Summer
Wats
Cental City
Nonnwtropofitm
Smtatan
Rice
Atian
Black '
Natiw American
Otho/NA
While
Do you not anaaW
Doyouflra?
N
Wld
40795000

545000
1070000
1490000
35S9000
4445000
12537000
13310000
3809000

9195000
10400090
M17900
1I7WKO
9633000
5521000
2*641000

313090
3507000
31000
1014000
35333090
1178000
DOOM
N
vnwgtd
2004

29
X
92
115
110
594
«S3
175

m
19*
274
SSS
331
S»
1304

13
131
4
51
1H5
n
42
Mean
9.23E+00

7.WE+OI
4.49E+01
115E+01
1.481*91
9.571*00
5.47E+00
5.24B+00
3.05E+00

933E+00
9.41E+00
150E-MH
ssm**
9.77E+00
9J7E+00
9.00E+00

U6B+91
O9B+00
5.46E+00
2.05E+01
I.9IE+00
».77E+«
T77B+00
SB
164M3

I.49E42
4.58E-OJ
1.05E-OJ
4.92E43
4J4E-03
1.83 E-03
2.13E43
1.72E-03

6.67E-03
6J9E-«3
3.8^03
3JOS-W
<.77B-03
4.51E-03
3JOE43

3.5IB42
9.5RS43
115E41
4.62B-W
1.45S43
1.13E42
8.D6MJ
»
O.OOE+00

O.OOE+00
U3B+00
5.81E-KW
5.71E-02
O.OOE+00
O.OOE<00
7.72E-03
2.44E-01

O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
2.15E-01
OCOE+CO
148E-01
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00

9.41E-01
1.48E-01
2J2E+00
115E-01
O.OOE+00
I18E-01
3.32E-01
PI
2.B9E41

O.OOE+00
I13E+00
5.81E+00
Z40E+W
457E-01
l.UB-01
2.81E-01
3.75E-01

264E-01
352E-01
121E-01
3.04E-C1
2.S9B-01
3.51B41
2.88 B-01

9.41E^)1
3.95B-01
K3E+00
115B41
1I8&OI
11IE-01
3J2E-01
PS
9.0E-01

1^3E+01
9.t5E+00
iJOE+00
440E+00
1.60E+W
I.79E-01
7.02E-01
9.81EXH

I.79MI
S.41E41
1.15E+00
158E™!
1.01E+00
SJ9E-OI
9.49EX)!

102E+00
7.43E-01
1J7JB+00
1.75E+00
9.49E-01
2J1E-01
6.71E-01
P10
1J4E+00

1JIE+01
1.01E+01
891E+00
5J7E+W
2.4ffi+M
1.41E+00
1.19E+09
IJ4E+00

1.2JE+00
1.40E-KX)
I.51E+00
iJSE+M
1J1E+00
1J4E+00
1.49E+09

2.41E+00
1.76E+00
1I2E+00
1.79B+00
151E+00
4J7E-01
1.171+00
PJ5
2.OE+00

5.12E+01
1.94E+01
U4E*Ol
7J2B+00
439E+00
2J5E+00
U3E+00
3.01E+00

2J1B+00
1SOB+00
2JOE+00
3J3E+OQ
2.67H+00
3.11B+00
2JOE+00

4.40E+00
2J5E+00
2J7E+00
3.02E+00
1J3E+00
1J4B+00
2JOE+00
P50
4.93E+00

-------
                                                                    T«We 2-93.  lotiie of ToUl Diliy (f/ts-diy) - MWwert Region
PasMhttoi
Group
                                                                                      n
                                                                                                                                                    m
                                                                                                                                                                 PM
Tctd
                       45t!7SW
                                       25(7
                                                             13W43
                                                                                                                            3IJSKO
                                                                                                                                                     1.122**!
                                                                                                                                                                 2JOEH1
                                                                                                                                                                              3.4am
 01-02
 06-11
 12-19
 40-»
 70 +
                         naoo
                        1730000
                        2251000
                       13374000
                       12S35000
                        3163000
                  41
                 109
                 131
                 243
                 305
                 114
                 732
                 ITS
imm
SJTHtl
HOW
t»5B««
S.7«*W
5UB440
4J2B+W
                                                             2JK43
                                                                         2JWW9

                                                                         MOEtft
1J1E-43
243843
MOE+W
«J»«
321841

1«&«1
                                                                                                   M3B4I
                                                                                                   5X4241
                                                                                                               2-29E-H1
111B440
IJ5E+W
9.WE-01
1.75E«0
                                                                                                                            340IW
                                                                                                                            1J2EW
                                                                                                                                                     4MEH1
                                                                                                                                                     2J7H-t«l
                                                              1J1HHO
                                                              2.70S4«
                                                              115B+W
                                                                                                                                        7JSE+00
                                                                                                                                                     U5E-M1
                                                                                                                                                                              1J2M2
                                                                                        ijCTTEt*!
                                                                                        1.07E««I
                                                                                                                                        4.05E4W
                                                                                                                                                     109E400
                                                  47OM1
                                                  3.7384*1
                                                  2.1HH1
                                                  1.44HH1
                                                  1J7E441
                                                  1.WH-H1
                                                                                                                             J,12S««J
                                                                                                                             U5B4«2
                         &30EM1
                         2J3EW
                         2JKM1
                         104BH1
                                                                                                                              11ZB-H2


                                                                                                                              1J3BH2
                                                                                                                                                                                                       175S4I1
Sown
 F«H
 Sidmef
 Winter
                       14242000
                       10MIOOQ
                       109I30M
                       1«oy IBK tnintk?
 Do you am?
  715000
 27(4000
  116000
  158000
41194000
                        ITCMt
                                         31
                                        124
                                         31
                                       2371
                                        MT
                                        173
ZOOEH1
L12E441
                                                             4JHM2
             *V2*S43
             \SIKM.
             Z33E43
            433E41
            «JOB+«0
            179EHM
                                                                          MKHO
            *.»OE+«
            179E+W
             2J2M1
             177B41
             4J3E-01

            179E4M
                                                 lOIE+tl
                                                              M3M3
                                                                                                   5JS2M1
3.92EHO
112B01
5.43E+00
1.06E+40
1J4E400
                                                                                                               1.15EW
4J7E+00
151E+W
5.43E-HW
3.40E4W
3.04E+00
                                                                                                     3.17B448
                                                                                                     3JK<«0
                                                                           IZJErtl
                                                                           1.01EH1
3J9B441

1.0REH1
tI3E+«l
3,CtB+«l
10E*«1
                                                                                                                                                     UTSitl
                                                                                        5.IIE+00
                                                                                        104E+00
                                                                                                                                                                              3J3E-H1
                                                                                                                                                                              129SM1
U2BH2
1J1B402
L«B4«1
                                                                                                                                                                                          7.4«4«1
                                                                                                                                                                                          4.79B441
                                                                                                                                          l.llE+*3
                                                                                                                                          UO
-------
                                                                       Table 2-94.  Intake of To««l Diiry (g/kg-
-------
I
i
I
"3
s

I

                                Illli   ii
          imiiii  iiii  in   i
               <       *!•
       I            iiii  in   iiiii   n
          SIf III!

                                ffff?   if
                                eigll   SB
                                "*! *r ™ 2 2   ™l ^"j

          llilillf
                                  >;§
                    nil
          if?ff?i?  fin  ?ii  si???   ?i
           —!§S1  1111  II!          Is

       I
       I
ffi H $
                    |5»5»it4
                          S K £»
                                  £9@$   MM
           38331
fffS  Sff  §????   ||
££Sg  SHH  S»™UH   as
                    sass
                    s?f
                                f??55   ff
                    §ff|
                    S 8 R 5!
                                 ^111   §i
                                 :III   I;
                                 . - -=   tt.
                         irt
                                      in
                                      rss
                                                      DO HOI QUOTE OB

                                                           CIIB
                                         2-142
-------
                                                              Table 2-96. Intake of Total Beef fe/kg-day)
6
Population
Group
ToM
91-02
0345
06-11
12-19
20-39
70+
Seasons
F*a
Sprin*
Sumncs
Winte
Urtaraztbon
CsaslCSy
Anm
N •fiWJ AUKDdR
OthoMA
Whte
Mxhntf
BOTfl,
W«t
BagqaetpQqeilsaHnigi
DoyourMtnimih
OB yon fas?
N N
wrtd unwtfd
163247000
2599000
5366000
7359000
15660000
18822000
53123000
4881000
12027000
41572000
39497000
39353000
42825000
395940M
7*7*6000
2094000
18177000
1449000
4439000
136328000
41138000
15386000
36221000
30442000
9426000
6923000
8659
144
3«2
420
t76
992
2685
2623
617
1386
3451
1145
2577
IMS
2673
4121
92
967
216
7294
2336
1740
1584
602
415
Men
1.95E+00
976E+00
3.5CE+00
2.4SE+00
i.SH+80
1.471+Ofl
1J6E+M
LttfrW
U5B+M
1.97E+00
2.17E+M
UK3E+00
1WE+00
l.MB+00
2.70E+00
3.76E+00
2J7E+00
1J4E+00
10SE+00
1.71E+00
3.07B+00
1J6B+00
1UB+00
3-2JB+00
SB
! .981-04
5J9E-03
239E4B
1.14E43
5J1E-04
3.14E-04
Z02E-04
126B44
447E44
3.63E-04
4J7E-04
411E-04
3.71E44
4.75&W
1.66E44
2J8E44
1.98E43
6.77E44
7J4E43
l.WE-03
I.92E-04
3.0B44
3.6Q44
4.43E44
7.03E-W
9.14B44
PO
O.OOE+00
O.OCE+OO
1.99 E-01
O.OOE+OC
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OCE+00
1.64B-02
O.OOE+OO
116E4I1
O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOE+00
7J4E-02
O.OOB+00
PI
1.09 E-01
3.00E41
3.41E-01
2.99 E-01
1.79^01
7J4E42
9.16E-02
1J6E-01
9.45E42
1.09E-01
1.13B-01
1.25E-01
1J7E4!
l.WB-01
1.64B42
O.OOE+00
1.42E41
2.41E-01
1.13E-01
112E-01
1.43E-01
1.02M1
t45B4Q
1J6E-01
K
2J8E41
1.01E+00
(S.99E-01
6JOB-01
4.43E-01
2J1E-01
2.49 E-01
1A7B41
2J6B41
166E41
165E41
2.47E41
2.45B41
W9E-01
2J6E41
JJ3E-01
1.S5B-01
2.03B41
3J7E41
2J5B41
393E-01
140B-01
J.55M1
U7S41
3JOE41
174E41
P10
3J2E41
1.75E+OO
l.OSE+00
9.74E-01
6.01E-01
3.93E-OI
3J7E-01
3J3E-01
186E41
3.79E-01
3.80&01
3JME41
3.0E-01
3ilE-Sl
4.KS41
3.76B-01
6.11E-01
4.11E-01
3JSB41
4.72B-01
3.74B41
4.04B41
3.47B41
353M1
3J3E41
4.42S41
3J4E-01
P25
6.96E-01
3.90E+00
UOE+00
1.S7B+00
1.071+00
6.95E-01
5.WE-01
6J7E-01
5JOE-01
6.78E-01
7.05E41
729E-01
6.72B41
7J7M1
7.79B-01
6.44B-01
1.17E+00
«.40B-01
1.13E+00
&65B41
6.73B4I
1JOSM
6.10E-OI
7J3H-01
IXE-01
IJOE-01
P50
I.29E+00
7J9E+00
3,«E+00
17SE+00
I.85E+00
1.08E+00
1.13E+09
1.05E+00
1JOE+00
O1E+M
1.41E+00
1JSE+00
iJJE-KX!
1.4U+00
l.ltE-HM
236B+00
131E+00
1.79B+00
1JJB+00
1J5E+00
1.3TE+00
1.11E+00
1J9S+00
IJ2E+00
U5E+00
P7S
Z31E+00
1J9E+01
5AOE+00
451S+00
3.12B+00
114B+00
1JS6E+00
L97E+00
102E+00
2.19E+00
2J6E+00
2JSOB+00
Z37E+00
2.461+00
24SS+00
3JOE+00
U9E+09
3.13E+09
2JOE+CO
Z20B+00
143B+00
100E+00
U9E+00
170E+00
P90
395E+00
I.93E+01
9J8E+00
6.63B+00
4.9IE+00
3J5E+00
257E+00
3.I9E+00
3.I7E+00
3HJB+00
3.91E+00
4J7E+00
346E+00
4.111+Ot
3J3B+00
4.KE+00
5J6E+00
6.03B+00
4A5E+00
3.76E+W
4.12B+00
3J2E+00
4J6B+90
3.49E+00
4JOB+00
4.43E+00
P9S
5.63E+00
2J8B+01
1-ME+fll
6J3E+00
4.4K+00
3J>IE+00
4JOB+00
4J2S+00
5J6E+00
5JOB+00
4J7E+00
6J1S+*
5J5E+00
4J9B+00
103B+00
5J1B+00
6J6B+00
5.04S+M
«J6S+00
6J6S+00
P99
1,151+Ot
P100
6.46E+01
431E+01 6.13E+OI
1OE+01 6.46E+01
1J9E+01 3.08E+01
IME+fll 1.79E+01
6.47E+00 9J2E+00
7.01E+00 2.04B+U
7.05B+00 JJffl+01
I.45E+00 1J6E+01
1.11B+01 3.59E««I
1J3B+01 6.I3B+91
1J3E+01 3.10B+01
9.40E+00 6.4KB+01
1.08E+OI
l.OJE+fll
1.47S+01
1J6B+01
6.46S+01
U7B+01
1.03S+01
1.82S+OI
1J2B+91
1.14E+01
1.14S+01
1J3B+01

4I1E+M
4J1E+I1
«.46B+«I
3J9E+I1
6.13B+S1
3J9B+41
IJ5S+II
2.09S+H
1J4B+M

a
IS
^T ^j
o
-------
o
I
•3
I
      1   iiiiliii  iiii  ill  isl?  if!
      c   SScfisusS  CECC  SCE
                    ill!  Us  1!
      8  88888888   8888  888  8858  8888   3
                    Ml  III  IIII  II1I   I
         §5§;
          Isss   si
          ; 2 _: ** « *» ^ '
         S5 t'
         3, At
          [ssssijns   nsss

         89088888   883
         ilalllSl   §§'
lillllll  II!
                 111   |S5s   I
888  81
ill  i;
5 S *  S.
                             ™ n
                                     S3S*   8
             •i   §§i
                                 HI  iiii
                                                           DRAFT
                                                      DO MOT QUOTE OR
                                                            CITE
                                               2-144
-------
   ffffff
s?ss  ffi
ii ±5  i Si

      |?l
      rt •* 1
S  3SS88888   8888   388  SS8:
£  Ssssssgs   5£2s   «SS  s5s<
Ii
                                IffJ
                                       ff
                                        §a

                                        S
I
1             111!

   iiiiiiii   iiii   ill  ill!
i             mi   in  ill
                                ii

              I!!!   Ill         III!
   iifi;
   If sis!

i  iiagsai
       [fill   ill
                      if  313*1



                        illlli
                                       ii
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                DO HOT QUOfS OK

                  *»,. Clfl
                                     2-145
-------
Table 2-99. Louies ofToUl Poukiy (t/kj-dty)
fcptlllci
Oroif
TcMl
A|«
01-02
03-05
OS- 11
12-8
20-39
40-«
70 +
Fall
Sf'it
Summer
Winter
Ceuc.1 City
Noiaetrepeltig
Sufburbtg
Altai
Black
NiUw Americas
OlberfNA
Wkke
Rejiooi
Mldwit
Norlheilt
South
Weil
RcipoaietoQueftiotiMlce
Doyogaiuaoimli?
Do fott Sira?

«N
HWMOOO
2142003
4740000
M1SOCO
1334500Q
1H5400C
447MOOC
42354(00
107(4000
3526(000
34532000
35000000
36114000
441(7000
31355000
65382000
2075000
19510000
147000
3985000
114507000
32296000
32432000
49210000
26586000
7W30CO
5316000

H
7411
117
23
171
742
133
2254
2279
540
Wl
2987
1035
2162
1735
2136
3SW
100
1006
49
200
6054
1103
1580
2646
1380
452
306

Mtu
U7B+M
SJSB+00
4J9B400
3J1B450
2.48B+M
L30B+00
L30B+00
UJB+00
U8B+00
I20B+00
1.70B+00
U2B+09
1.75B+00
UIB+OO
l.MB+00
4.06B+00
2.35E+00
2.04B+00
2.10B+00
1.74B+00
U1B+00
1.79B+00
IS6B+00
1.70B+00

SB
2.18B-04
6.74B-03
UiB-03
U5B-03
SJ9B-04
3JMB-04
2.12B-04
5JMB-04
S,79B-»4
3.4SB-04
4JOB-04
2JSB-04
4.30B-03
7JWB-04
3J3B-03
2.16B-04
4.45B-04
4JSB-04
3.35B-04
6.03B-04
0.00 1053764
SaiB-04

M
OJDQB+OO
1J4B-01
OAOB+OO
OJMB+60
OJOOB+OO
OJOOB+OO
OJMBtOO
O.OOB+00
OMB+00
O.OOB+00
0.008*00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
(42B-02
O.OOB+00
1J6B-01
4JI7B-02
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
OMB+00
O.OOB+00
O.OOB+00
0.018535941
O.OOE+00

tt
5JOE-02
U4B-01
W2B-01
WIB-01
4JOB-02
2JSB-02
4.17B-02
645E-02
1.16B-01
3.20B-02
6.12B-02
4J6B-02
9.05B-02
3.95B-02
l.OOB-01
6.62B-02
2^ IE -01
O.OOE+00
1.36E-01
1JJ3B-01
5.92B-02
S.15B-02
8.94B-02
4.96E-02
4.17B-02
0.04433423}
3.91B-02

„
157B-01
I.MB-01
M1B-01
4.1SB-01
lilB-01
WSB-01
1.96B-01
2JWB-01
1.46B-01
U2B-01
2J4B-01
2.15B-01
2.S6B-01
U3B-01
S.07B-01
3.16B-01
2J9B-01
2.38B-01
U6B-01
2JJ5B-01
23SB-01
1.99E-01
1J8B-01
OJO-JS21183
3.36B-01

rio
3.14E-01
UlBtOO
921B-01
7J2B-01
S40B-01
2JSB-01
3.16E-01
3.76B-01
2.70B-01
3XWB-01
3,711-01
3.18E-OI
3JDOB-01
3.WB-01
2J4B-01
5.38B-OI
4.608-01
3.10B-01
4.05E-01
2.95B-01
J22B-01
3JOB-01
3.19E-01
2J1B-01
OJ8HOS054
4J5B-01

KS
5.<5B-01
3J6E+00
1.94B+00
USB+00
1JJ2B+00
5.70B-01
4.741-01
5^2E-01
6.77B-01
J.47B-01
6J8B-01
6.00E-01
6.18E-01
7.KB-01
5.44E-01
I.11E+00
74SB-01
6.40B-01
7.41B-01
5.62B-01
5.70B-01
6.13B-01
6JOB-01
5.S5B-01
0^2671761
6.80B-01

rso
1.14B+00
711B+00
3J5B+00
2JSOB+00
U2B+00
8.79B-01
1.07B+00
1.19B+00
1.14B+00
1.10B+00
1.18B+00
1.13E+00
UOB+00
UOB+00
1.02B+00
2.49B+00
U3B+00
1.02B+00
UOB+00
l.CKB+00
l.ME+00
1.15E+00
1.16E+00
1.15B+00
1.162771215
1.13B+00

F7S
2J1B400
124B401
5^36+00
4J5B+09
1J7B+00
L59E+M
UOB4M
2.00B+M
217B+00
2.10E+00
2J3B+00
2.12B+M
2.13B+00
1.98B+00
4.45E+00
244B+00
U2E+00
2.40B+00
2JWB+00
2.18B+00
2.42E+00
2.18B+00
UOB+00
2.18M249
2.00B+00

fSO
3J7B+00
1J2B+01
I.91B+CC
6.94B+00
5JMB+M
2.72B+00
2.78E+00
3.42B+09
3.43E+00
456E+00
3.75B+00
4JS3B+00
3J9E+00
3.50E+00
8J6E+00
4J1B+00
3.77B400
4.28E+00
3JS5B+00
3J6E+00
4.19E+00
3.61B+00
354B400
4J003011N
3.88B+00

m
5J2B+N
U8B40I
U5B+01
USB+01
SJIB+OO
3.7SB+09
3.76E+W
4.49B4H
4.18B+00
5.10B+00
4J3B+00
446B+00
7.276*00
5.09E+M
444B400
115E+01
7J7B+00
172E+01
6.14B+00
SJ05B+00
5J5B+00
6J1B+M
4J6B+00
5J9B+00
5332660774
5.01B+00

m
U2B+01
4J1B+01
2JOB+01
l.MB+01
1.16B+01
6.4IB+M
7.94B+W
915B+00
IJ2B+00
U3B+01
U1B+01
U1B+01
I.12B+01
U7B+01
1.13E+01
L03E+01
4J1B+0!
1JIB+01
1JIE+01
1.15B+01
1.18B+01
1.16B+01
U2B+01
1.16B+OI
U7B+01
16.05665794
1.17B+01


FMO
J.41B+Q1
5.41B+01
2.93B+OI
247B+01
XS2B+01
U1B+01
1.44 E+01
U6B+01
319B+01
5.41B+01
3HB*01
4.42E+01
4J35E+01
4J1E+01
5.41E+01
4.42E+01
4J1E+01
5.41B+01
U1E+01
2J8B+01
4.42E+01
4J1E+01
2.93E+01
S.41B+01
4.42B+01
28.22J5 125
1.70B+01

O
o
-------
Table 2-100. Intake of Total Egg* (g/kg-day)
Population N
Group v«liJ
Tctal 163502000
Age
< 01 2537000
01-02 5381000
03-05 7629000
06-11 15507000
12- » 18624000
20-39 52017000
40-69 48381000
70 t 13426000
Seaioni
Fall 42290000
Spring 38908000
Summer 39445000
Winter 42859000
Urbanization
Central Cly 48746000
Nonmetropolkan 39556000
Surburban 75140000
Race
Aiian 2152000
Black 20304000
Native American 1449000
Otber/NA 4395000
Wbke 135142000
Regioni
MUwen 39288000
Northeait 36704000
South 56284000
Wcit ' 31166000
RtlpoiK to Q uertlonnaire
Dojrouraiteanimali? 9260000
Do you {arm? 6403000




N
unvfttil
8660

139
301
434
867
990
2631
2619
679

1407
3412
1243
2598

1925
2659
4074

103
1045
90
220
7200

2232
1802
3007
1617

586
380





Mean
6.83B-01

3JOE400
USEtOO
1.41B400
9.11E-01
5.36B-01
4.78B-01
533B-01
5.71B-01

7.00B-01
6.91B-01
6J4B-01
6J9B-OI

7.82B-OI
6.89B-01
6.17B-01

1.34E400
7.62B-01
9J1E-01
8.43B-01
6.53B-01

7.17E-01
6 .KB -01
6.63B-01
7.11B-01

6J7B-OI
7.12E-01





SB
6.83E-05

2.23E-03
5J9B-04
3J2E-04
1.73B-04
9.98E-05
6.71B-05
7.66E-05
U2E-04

U9E-04
1J9E-04
U9E-04
1.15B-04

1.66E-04
U7B-04
7.63E-05

1.65E-03
2.19E-04
U)7B-03
8.77B-04
6J5E-05

1.55E-04
1.53B-04
1.04B-04
1.50E-04

2J8B-04
2J2B-04





PO PI P5 P10 P25 P50 P7S P90 P95 P99 P100
O.OOEtOO 3.07E-02 7J3E-02 U4E-01 2.43E-01 4.45E-01 8.12E-01 1.45B400 2.01E+00 3.97B+00 USBtOl

1.42E-01 1.42E-01 3.75E-01 6.41E-01 U7EtOO 2.62E400 4JOE400 6.97E+00 9.62B400 U8B+01 USEtOl
7.77B-02 1.69B-01 3.74B-01 5.12E-01 9.91B-01 1.65B400 2.40E400 3.56B400 4.S3E+00 6.21B+00 9.16B+00
O.OOEtOO 1.90B-01 3.13E-01 3.90B-01 6.86E-01 U9E+00 U8B400 2.78EtOO 3.46EtOO 4.71BtOO S^SBtOO
O.OOEtOO 7.42B-02 1.42B-01 2.30B-01 4.42B-01 7.45B-01 UlEtOO 1.76BtOO 2JOEtOO 3J5B+00 6JNBtOO
O.OOEtOO O.OOEtOO 7J2B-02 1.17E-01 2.51B-01 4J1E-01 7.08E-01 1.04EtOO U9E+00 2.08B400 3.94B+00
O.OOEtOO 3.15B-02 6.60B-02 1.08E-01 2.06E-01 3.60E-01 6.16E-01 9.13B-01 USBtOO 2.14BtOO 9.18B400
O.OOE+00 2JOE-02 6J6E-02 1.05E-01 2.10B-01 3.70E-01 6.46E-01 1.10E+00 1.46B400 2J8B+00 SJIBtOO
O.OOE+00 5JOB-02 \ME-Q\ U2E-01 2.50B-01 4.17E-01 7J1E-01 1.15E+00 1.43E+00 2J4B+00 6JOB+00

O.OOEtOO 3J5B-02 8J6B-02 1J6E-01 2.50B-01 4.40B-01 8.13B-01 1.46B+00 104B400 3.79B400 USBtOl
O.OOEtOO 2J56E-02 8.64E-02 1.33B-01 2.55E-01 4J3E-01 8.01B-01 1.40EtOO 2J)lBtOO 4.13B+00 1.74B401
O.OOEtOO 1J51E-02 7J8E-02 1.16E-01 2.33B-01 4.48E-01 SJ4B-01 UlBtOO 2J34EtOO 4.16B+00 9i2BtOO
O.OOE400 3JOB-02 7.73B-02 U3E-01 2.35E-01 4J5E-01 8.06E-01 1J9E400 WlBtOO 3J5B+00 lJ)3Bt01

O.OOEtOO 3J9B-02 8.13E-02 UOE-01 2.47B-01 4.72E-01 8/6E-01 1.66B400 2J2B400 5J)4BtOO USBtOl
O.OOB+00 2.66B-02 8.69B-02 U2E-01 2.60B-01 4.66B-01 SJ6B-01 1.4SB+00 1.92E+00 3J7B400 1.74B401
O.OOB400 3.16B-02 7/OB-02 U5E-01 2J6B-01 4.18B-01 7.60B-OI U2BtOO U2B+00 3J6B+00 USBtOl

3.17B-02 3.17B-02 1.63E-01 2J5E-01 4.41E-01 6.94E-01 U2E+00 2.75E+00 4.08B+00 U6E+01 U6Bt01
O.OOEtOO O.OOEtOO 6.49B-02 1.06B-01 2J8B-01 4.71B-01 8J4B-01 U2B+00 2J3E+00 4.7SB+00 1D3B+01
4.17B-02 4.17B-02 1.10E-01 1.93E-01 3.72B-01 6.01E-01 8.47B-01 U9E+00 3.28E400 7.42B400 7.42B400
O.OOE400 4.44B-02 7J4B-02 1.08E-01 2J4E-01 4J3E-01 8JNE-01 U2E+00 2^0B+00 455E+00 U8B+01
O.OOE+00 3J3B-02 8JOB-02 USE -01 2.42B-01 4J6B-01 7.93E-01 1.40B+00 L91B400 3/13B+00 1.74B+01

O.OOB+00 3.15B-02 7.48B-02 1.19E-01 2J6E-01 4J9E-01 8.34B-01 U9B400 2.14B400 3^7EtOO U6Bt01
O.OOE400 3.16B-02 7.70B-02 1.15B-01 2J9B-01 4.16E-01 7J1E-01 1.40E+00 2J)1E+00 3J7E+00 U8B+01
O.OOBtOO 2J7E-02 7.95B-02 USE -01 2.40B-01 4J2E-01 7J3B-01 134E+00 U9E+00 3.95B+00 1.74B+01
O.OOE+00 4.00E-02 9J38B-02 1.48B-01 2/5B-01 4J3B-01 8J1B-01 1.50 B+ 00 2JMB+00 4J8E+00 USBtOl

O.OOE400 4.15E-02 7.19B-02 1.48E-01 2.72B-01 4.84B-01 8.18B-01 UOBtOO 1.93B+00 3J4B+00 U5B+01
O.OOEtOO 2.07B-02 7.71E-02 1.47E-01 2.75B-01 5.40E-01 8.42B-01 L60B+00 2.02B+00 2JOB+00 9.16B+00

O
o
;; as ;
0
-------
2.4.1.3.  Relevant Intake Studies
                                                                  DRAFT
                                                            DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                   CITI
       U.S. EPA - Office of Radiation Programs - The U.S. 1PA Office of Radiation Programs
(ORP) has also used the USDA 1977-1978 NFCS to estimate daily food intake.  ORP uses food
consumption data to assess human intake of radionuclides in foods (U.S. EPA,  1984d; 1984e).
The 1977-1978 NFCS data have been reorganized by ORP, and food items have been classified
according to the characteristics of radionuclide transport. The mean dietary intake of food sub
classes (milk, other dairy products, eggs, beef, pork, poultry, and other meat) per  capita
grouped by age for the U.S. population are presented in Table 2-101.  The mean daily  intake
rates of meat, poultry, and dairy products for the U.S. population grouped  by regions are
presented in Table 2-102.   Because this study was based on the USDA NFCS, the limitations
and advantages associated with the USDA-NFCS data also apply to these data set.
       U.S. EPA - Office of Science and  Technology - The U.S. EPA Office of Science and
Technology (OST) within the Office of Water (formerly the Office of Water Regulations and
Standards) used date from  the FDA revision of the Total Diet Study Food Lists and Diets
(Pennington, 1983) to calculate food intake rates. OST uses these consumption date in its risk
assessment model for land application of municipal sludge. The FDA date used  are based on
the combined results of the USDA 1977-1978  NFCS and the second National Health and
NutritionExammationSuivey(NHANESII), 1976-1980 (U.S. EPA, 1989). Because food items
are listed as prepared complex foods in the FDA Total Diet Study, each item was  broken down
into its component parts so that the amount of raw commodities consumed could be determined.
Table 2-103 presents intake rates for meat, poultry, and dairy products for various age groups.
Estimated lifetime ingestion rates derived  by U.S. EPA (1989) are also presented in Table 2-
103. Note that these are per capita intake rates tabulated as grams dry weight/day. Therefore,
these rates differ from those in the previous tables because Pao et al. (1982)  and U.S. EPA
(1984d, 1984e) report intake rates on an as consumed basis.
       The EPA-OST analysis provides intake rates for additional food categories and estimates
of lifetime average daily intake on a per capita basis.  In contrast to the other analyses of USDA
NFCS data, this study  reports the date in terms of dry weight intake rates.  Thus, conversion
is not required when contaminants are provided on a dry weight basis.
                                       2-148
-------
r"
DO
Table 2-101. Mean and Standard Error for the Dietary Intake
of Food Sub Classes per Capita by Age (grams "as consumed")
Age
All Ages
<1
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-39
40-59
3:60
Fresh
Cows'
Milk
253.5 ±
272.0 ±
337.3 ±
446.2 ±
456.0 ±
404.8 ±
264.3 ±
217.6 ±
182.9 ±
169.1 ±
192.4 ±
4.9
31.9
15.6
13.1
12.3
12.9
16.4
17.2
13.5
10.5
11.8
Other
Dairy
Products
55.1
± 1.2
296.7 ± 7.6
41.0
47.3
53.3
52.9
44.2
51.5
53.8
52.0
55.9
±3.7
±3.1
± 2.9
±3.1
± 4.0
±4.1
±3.2
±2.5
± 2.8
Eggs
26.9 ± 0.5
4.9 ± 3.2
19.8 ± 1.6
17.0 ± 1.3
19.3 ± 1.2
24.8 ± 1.3
28.3 ± 1.7
27.9 ±1.7
30.1 ± 1.4
31.1 ± 1.0
28.7 ± 1.2
Beef
87.6
18.4
42.2
63.4
81.9
99.5
± 1.1
±7.4
±3.7
±3.1
± 2.9
±3.0
103.7 ± 3.9
103.8 ± 4.0
105.8 ± 3.2
99.0
74.3
±2.5
±2.8
Pork
28.2 ± 0.6
5.8 ± 3.6
13.6 ± 1.8
18.2 ± 1.5
22.2 ± 1.4
29.5 ± 1.5
29.6 ± 1.9
31.8 ± 2.0
33.0 ± 1.5
33.5 ± 1.2
27.5 ± 1.3
Poultry
31.3 ± 0.8
18.4 ± 4.9
19.0 ± 2.4
24.7 ± 2.0
30.0 ± 1.9
33.0 ± 2.0
33.0 ± 2.6
33.8 ± 2.7
34.0 ±2.1
33.8 ± 1.6
31.5 ± 1.8
PMFf
NOT QUOTE OR
CITE


Other
Meat
25.1
± 0.4
2.6 ± 2.8
17.6
22.3
26.1
27.6
28.8
28.9
28.4
27.4
21.1
± 1.4
± 1.2
± 1.1
± 1.1
± 1.5
± 1.5
± 1.2
±0.9
±1.0
Source:  U.S. EPA, 1984d.
                                                   2-149
-------
                                                                                DRAFT
                                                                          DO  HOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                                 CITE
                     Table 2-102.    Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake
                                   of Food Class and Sub Class Region (grams "as consumed")
US Population
Dairy Products (Total)
Froth Cows Milk
Other
Bggi
Meats (Total)
Beef and Veal
Pork
Poultry
Other
308.6 ± 5.3
253.5 ± 4.9
55.1
26.9
±1.2
±0.5
172.2 ± 1.6
87.6
28.2
31.3
25.1
±1.1
±0.6
±0.8
± 0.4
Northeast
318.6 ± 10.4
256.1 ± 9.7
62.5 ±
23.8 ±
2.3
1.0
169.9 ± 3.3
82.3 ±
28.8 ±
31.7 ±
27.1 ±
2.3
1.1
1.5
0.9
North
Central
336.1 ± 10.0
279.7 ± 9.4
56.5
23.5
±2.2
±0.9
176.9 ±3.1
92.9
29.6
26.6
27.8
±2.2
±1.1
±1.4
±0.8
South
253.6 ± 8.4
211.0 ± 7.8
42.6
31.0
±1.9
±0.8
171.9 ± 2.6
84.0
30.1
36.5
21.3
±1.8
±0.9
±1.2
±0.7
West
348.
1±
283.5 ±
64.6
29.1
12.3
11.5
±2.7
±
168.6 ±
92.9
22.1
28.9
24.7
1.2
3.5)
±2.7
±
±
±
1.3
1.8
1.0
Source: U.S. BPA, 1984e.
                                           2-150
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I OR

       Table 2-103.   Consumption of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Products for Different Age Groups
                    (averaged across sex), and Estimated Lifetime Average Intakes for
                    70 Kg Adult Citizens Calculated from the FDA Diet Data.
Product
Beef
Beef Liver
Lamb
Pork
Poultry
Dairy
Eggs
Beef Fat
Beef Liver Fat
Lamb Fat
Dairy Fat
Pork Fat
Poultry Fat
Babv
(0-1 Yra)
3.99
0.17
0.14
1.34
2.27
40.70
3.27
2.45
0.05
0.14
38.99
2.01
1.10
* The estimated lifetime dietary
ruin* nl Efoliin* - CRflU)
Toddler
(1-6 Yra)
9.66
0.24
0.08
4.29
3.76
32.94
6.91
6.48
0.07
0.08
16.48
8.19
0.83
intakes were
Chi|d Teen
g - dry weight/day
(6-14 Yra) (14-20 Yra)
15.64
0.30
0.06
6.57
5.39
38.23
7.22
11.34
0.08
0.07
20.46
10.47
1.12
estimated by:
h S vn * CR (6-V3t> + 6 m
21.62
0.36
0.05
8.86
7.03
43.52
7.52
16.22
0.10
0.06
24.43
12.75
1.41
»CR(14-W> +25
Adult
(20-45 Yra)
23.28
1.08
0.30
10.27
7.64
27.52
8.35
20.40
0.29
0.31
18.97
14.48
1.54

Estimated
Old lifetime*
(45-70 Yre)
18.34
1.2
0.21
9.94
6.87
22.41
9.33
14.07
0.33
0.22
14.51
13.04
1.31

19.25
0.89
0.20
9.05
6.70
28.87
8.32
15.50
0.25
0.21
18.13
12.73
1.34

                                             70ye«n

where CR = the consumption rate for • specific «ge group.

Source:  U.S. EPA, 1989.
                                       2-151
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       USDA, 1993 - Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1970-92 -  The TJSDA's
Economic  Research Service (ERS) calculates the  amount of  food available for  human
consumption in the United States  annually.   Supply and utilization balance sheets were
generated.  These were based on the flow of food items from production to end uses.  Total
available supply was estimated as the sum of production (i.e., some products were measured at
the farm level or during processing), starting inventories, and imports (USDA, 1993).  The
availability of food  for human use commonly termed as "food disappearance" was determined
by subtracting exported foods, products used in industries, farm inputs (seed and feed) and end-
of-the year inventories from the total available supply (USDA, 1993). USDA (1993) calculated
the per capita food consumption by dividing the total food disappearance  by the  total U.S.
population.
       USDA (1993) estimated per capita consumption data for meat, poultry,  and dairy
products from 1970-1992 (1992 data are preliminary).  In this section, the 1991 values, which
are the most recent final data, are presented.   The meat consumption data were reported as
carcass weight, retail weight equivalent,  and boneless weight equivalent.   The poultry
consumption data were reported as ready-to-cook (RTC) weight,  retail weight, and boneless
weight (USDA, 1993).   USDA  (1993) defined beef carcass weight  as the chilled hanging
carcass, which  includes the kidney and attached internal fat (kidney, pelvic, and heart fat),
excludes the skin, head feet, and unattached internal organs.  The pork carcass weight includes
the skin and feet but excludes the kidney and attached internal fat. Retail weight equivalents
assumes all food were sold through retail foodstores, therefore, conversion factors (Table 2-104)
were used to correct carcass or RTC to retail weight to account for trimming, shrinkage,  or loss
of meat and chicken at these retail outlets (USDA, 1993). Boneless equivalent values for meat
(pork, veal, beef) and poultry excludes all bones but includes separable fat sold on  retail cuts
of red meat. Pet food was considered as an apparent source of food disappearance for poultry
in boneless weight estimates, while pet food was excluded for beef, veal, and pork (USDA,
1993). Table 2-104 presents per capita consumption in 1991 for red meat (carcass weight, retail
equivalent,  and boneless trimmed equivalent) and poultry (RTC, retail equivalent for chicken
only,  and boneless trimmed equivalent).  Per capita consumption estimates based on boneless
weights appear to be the most appropriate data for use in exposure assessments, because boneless
                                        2-152
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           Pood Item
Per Capita Consumption
    Carcass* Weight
       (g/day/
Per Capita Consumption RTC0
          (g/day/
Per Capita Consumption Retail
       Cut Equivalent"1
          (g/day)1
   Per Capita Consumption
Boneless Trimmed Equivalent"
          ft/day/
Red Meat
Beef 118.3 —
Veal 1.5 —
Pork 8.0 —
Lamb and Mutton 2.0 —
Total* 201.7 —
Young Chicken — —
Other Chicken — —
Chicken — 91.3
Turkey — 22.2
Total* — 109.2

82.8
1.2
62.1
1.7
147.9
78.3
1.7
—
—
77.0

78.4
0.99
58.3
1.2
139.1
—
—
54.5W
17.5h
72.1
      includes processed meats and poultry in a fresh basis; excludes shipments to U.S. territories; uses U.S. total population, My 1, and does not include residents of die U.S.
      territories,
      Beef-Carcass-Weight is the weight of the chilled hanging carcass, which includes the kidney and attached internal fat [kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (kph)] but not head,
      feet, and unattached internal organs. Definitions of carcass weight for other red meats differ slightly.
      RTC - ready-to-cook poultry weight is the entire dressed bird which includes bones, skin, fat, liver, heart, gizzard, and neck.
      Retail equivalents in 1991 were converted from carcass weight by multiplying by a factor of 0.7,0.83,0.89, and 0.776 for beef, veal, lamb, and pork, respectively; 0.877
      was the factor used each for young chicken and other chicken.
      Boneless equivalent for red meat derived from carcass weight in 1991 by using conversion factors of 0.663, 0.685,  0.658 and 0.729 for beef, veal, lamb, and pork.
      respectively; 0.597, 0.597 and 0.790 were the factors used for young chicken, other chicken, and turkey.
      Original data was presented in Ibs for one year, conversion to g/day were obtained by multiplying by & factor of 453.6 and dividing by 365 deys.
      Computed from unrounded data.
      Includes skin, neck, and giblets.
      Excludes amount of RTC chicken going to pet food as well as some water leakage that occurs when chicken is cut-up before packaging.
Source:  USDA, 1993.
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meats are more representative of what people would actually consume. Table 2-105 presents
per capita consumption in 1991 for dairy products including eggs, milk, cheese, cream and sour
cream.
       One of the limitations of this study is that disappearance data do not account for losses
from the food supply from waste spoilage or foods fed to pets. Thus, intake rates based on
these data may overestimate daily consumption because they are based on the total quantity of
marketable commodity utilized. It should also be noted that per capita estimates based on food
disappearance is not a direct measure of actual consumption or quantity ingested, instead the data
are used as indicators of changes in usage over time (USDA, 1993).  An advantage of this study
is that it provides per capita consumption rates for meat, poultry, and dairy products which are
representative of long-term intake because disappearance data are generated annually. Daily per
capita intake rates are generated by dividing annual consumption by 365 days/year.
       National Live Stock and Meat Board, 1993 - Eating in America Today: A Dietary Pattern
and Intake Report - The National Live Stock and Meat Board (1993) assessed the nutritional
value of the  current American diet based on two factors: (1) the composition of the foods
consumed and (2) the  amount of food consumed.  Data used in this study were provided by
MRCA Information Services, Inc. through MRCA's Nutritional Marketing Information Division.
The survey conducted by MRCA consisted of 2,000 household panel of over 4,700 individuals.
The survey sample was selected to be representative of the U.S. population.   Information
obtained from the survey by MRCA's Menu Census included food  and beverage consumption
over a period of 14 consecutive days. The  head  of  the household recorded  daily food and
beverage consumption in-home and away-from-home in diaries for each household member. The
survey period was from July 1, 1990 through June 30,  1991.  This ensured that all days carried
equal weights and provided a seasonally  balanced data set.  In addition,  nutrient intake data
calculated by  the MCRA's Nutrient Intake Database (NK>) (based on the 1987-88 USDA Food
Intake Study) and information on food attitudes were also collected.
       Table 2-106 presents the adult daily .mean intake of meat and poultry grouped by region
and gender.  The adult population was defined as consumers ages 19 and above (National Live
Stock and Meat Board, 1993). Beef consumption was high in all  regions compared to other
meats and poultry (Table 2-106). The average daily consumption of meat in the U.S. was 114.2
                                       2-154
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           Table 2-105.  Per Capita Consumption (g/day) of Dairy Products in 1991*
                            DRAFT
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                             CITE
                 Food Item
Per Capita Consumption
       (g/day)i
Isss
       Farm Weight*-*
       Retail Weighf '*
Fluid Milk and Cream
       Plain Whole Milk
       Lowfat Plain Milk (2%)
       Lowfat Plain Milk (1%)
       Skim Plain Milk
       Whole Flavored Milk and Drink
       Lowfat Flavored Milk and Drink
       Buttermilk (lowfat and skim)
       Half and Half Cream
       Light Cream
       Heavy Cream
       Sour Cream
       Eggnog
Butter
Cheese
       'American
              Cheddar
              Other4
       Italian
              Provolone
              Romano
              Parmesan
              Mozzarella
              Ricotta
              Other
       Miscellaneous
              Swiss'
             37.8
             37.3
            289.7
            105.3
             98.1
             25.8
             29.7
              3.4
              8.5
              4.2
              3.9
              0.4
              1.6
              3.2
              0.5
              5.2
             11.2
              2.5

              0.8
              0.2
              0.6
              9.0
              1.0
              0.07

              1.5
                                         2-155
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         Table 2-105. Per Capita Consumption (g) of Dairy Products in 1991* (continuedf

                 Food lem                              Per Capita Consumption
	  (g/day)»	
              Brick                                                  0.07
              Muenster                                               0.5
              Cream                                                  1.9
              Neufchatd                                              0.3
              Blue*                                                  0.2
              Other                                                  1.2
 Processed Products
              Cheese                                                 6.1
              Foods and spreads                                       4.7
              Cheese Content                                          8.5
 Consumed as Natural                                                 22.6
 Cottage Cheese 0owfat)                                                 1.6
 Frozen Dairy Products
       Ice Cream                                                    20.3
       Ice Milk                                                       9.2
       Sherbet                                                        1.5
       Other Frozen Products'1                                          5.3
              Total0                                                 36.4
 Evaporated and Condensed Milk1
       Canned Whole Milk                                             2.6
       Bulk Whole Milk                                               1.4
       Bulk and Canned Skim Milk                                      6.2
              Total"                                                 10.2
 Dry Milk Products*
       Dry Whole Milk                                                0.5
       Nonfat Dry Milk                                               3.2
       Dry Buttermilk                                                 0.3
              Total6                                                  4.0
       Dried Whey                                                    4.5
                                        2-156
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         Table 2-105.  Per Capita Consumption (g) of Dairy Products in 1991*  (continued;
  «** DRAFT
BO »0f QUOTE
       CITE
                  Food Kern                              Per Capita Consumption
                                     	(g/dayy	

 All Diary Products

        USD A Donations                                               17.1

        Commercial Sales                                              685.2

	Total	^	702.4	

*     All per capita consumption figures use U.S. total populations, except fluid milk and cream data,
      which are based on U.S. residential population.  For eggs, excludes shipments to U.S. territories,
      uses U.S. total population, July 1, which does not include U.S. territories.
b     A dozen eggs converted at 1.57 pounds.
0     The factor for converting farm weight to retail weight was 0.97 hi 1960 and was increased 0.003
      per year until 0.985 was reached in 1990.
d     Includes Colby, washed curd, Monterey, and Jack.
6     Computed from unrounded data.
f     Includes imports of Gruyere and Einmenthaler.
g     Includes Gorgonzola.
h     Includes mellorine, frozen yogurt beginning 1981, and other nonstandardized frozen diary products.
'     Includes quantities used in other dairy products.
j     Original data were presented to Ibs, conversions  to g/day were calculated by multiplying by a
      factor of 453.6 and dividing by 365 days.

Source: USDA, 1993.
                                            2-157
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        Table 2-106. Adult Mean Daily Intake of Meat and Poultry Grouped by Region and Gender*
                                          Mean Daily Intake (g/day)
                                                  Region
                   Pacific         Mountain      North Central      Northeast          South
               Male   Female   Male   Female   Male   Female   Male   Female   Male   Female
Food Item
Beef
Pork
Lamb
Veal
Variety
Meats/Game
Processed
Meats
Poultry
84.8 S2.8
18.6 12.6
1.3 1.2
0.4 0.2

11.1 7.9
22.8 15.4
67.3 56.1
89.8 59.6
23.7 16.8
0.5 0.3
0.2 0.2

9.1 7.4
22.9 13.2
51.0 45.2
86.8 55.9
26.5 18.8
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.4

11.9 8.0
26.3 15.8
51.7 44.7
71.8 46.6
22.4 15.9
1.3 1.0
2.8 1.S

8.1 6.8
21.2 15.5
56.2 49.2
87.3 54.9
24.4 17.2
0.5 0.3
0.3 0.3

9.4 7.8
26.0 17.0
57.7 50.2
*  Adult population represents consumers ages 19 and above.
Source:  National Livestock and Meat Board, 1993.
                                          2-158
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g/day which  included beef (57%), veal (0.5%), lamb  (0.5%),  game/variety meats (8%),
processed meats (18%), and pork (16%) (National Live Stock and Meat Board, 1993). Table
2-107 shows the amount of meat consumed by the adult population grouped as non meat eaters
(1%), light meat eaters (30%), medium meat eaters (33%), and heavy meat eaters (36%).

2.4.2. Fat  Content of Meat and Dairy Products
      In some cases, the residue levels of contaminants in meat and dairy products are reported
as the concentration of contaminant per gram of fat.  When using these residue levels, the
assessor should ensure consistency in the exposure assessment calculations by using consumption
rates that are based on the amount of fat consumed for the meat or dairy product of interest.
    i
Alternately, residue levels for the "as consumed" portions of these products may be estimated
by multiplying the levels based on fat by the fraction of fat per product as follows:
                       residue level _ residue level x    g-fat              (Eqn.2-4)
                        g-product        g~fi*t      g-product
The resulting residue levels may then be used in conjunction with "as consumed" consumption
rates such as those tabulated in Tables 2-82 through 2-107.  The percentages of lipid fat in meat
and dairy products have been reported in various publications.  USDA's Agricultural Handbook
Number 8 (USDA, 1979-1984) provides composition data for agricultural products.  It includes
a listing of the total saturated, monounsaturated, and polvunsaturated fats for various meat and
dairy items.  Table 2-108 presents the total fat content for selected meat and dairy products taken
from Handbook Number 8.  The total percent fat content is based on die sum of saturated,
monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.
       The National livestock and Meat Board (NLMB) (1993) used  date from Agricultural
Handbook Number 8 and consumption data to estimate the fat contribution to the U.S. diet.
Total fat content in grams, based on a 3-ounce (85.05 g) cooked serving size, was reported for
several categories (retail composites) of meats.  These data are presented in Table 2-109 along

                                       2-159
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           Table 2-107.  Amount of Meat Consumed by Adults Grouped by Frequency of Eatings*

Frequency of Eatings
Non-Meat Eaters*
Light Meat Eatemb
Medium Meat5 Eaten
Heavy Meat* Eaten

Percent of
Total Eaten
1%
30%
33%
36%
Percent
Male
20
27
39
73
of Eaters
Female
80
73
61
27

Total
Consumption
for 14 Days
1548

Median Daily
Intake
(g/day)
None
54
93
144
•  A female who in employed and oa a diet.  She lives alone or in a small household (without children).
b  Female who may or may not be on a diet There are probably 2-4 people in her household but that number is
   not likely to include children.
"  This person may be of either sex, might be on a diet, and probably lives in a household of 2-4 people, which
   may include children.
*  Male who is not on a diet and lives in a household of 2-4 individuals, which may include children.
8  Adult population represents consumers ages 19 and above.

Source: National livestock and Meat Board, 1993.
                                                2-160
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Table 2-108.     Percentage Lipid Fat Content and Mean Moisture Content (Expressed at Percentages of 100 Gnmi
               of Edible Portions) of Selected Meat and Dairy Product**
Product
Meat*
Beef
Lean only

Lean and fat, 1/4 in. fat trim

Brisket (point half)
Lean and fat
Brisket (flat half)
Lean and fat
Lean only
Pork
Lean only

Lean and fat

Cured shoulder, blade roll, lean and fat
Cured ham, lean and fat
Cured ham, lean only
Sausage
Ham
Ham
Lamb
Lean

Lean and fat

Veal
Lean

Lean and fat

Rabbit
Composite of cuts

Chicken
Meat only

Meat and akin

Turkey
Meat only

Meat and akin

Ground
Fat Percentage


6.16
9.91
19.24
21.54

29.32

22.40
4.03

5.88
9.66
14.9S
17.18
20.02
12.07
7.57
38.24
4.55
9.55

5.25
9.52
21.59
20.94

2.87
6.58
6.77
11.39

5.55
8.05

3.0S
7.41
15.06
13.60

2.86
4.97
8.02
9.73
6.66
Comment


Saw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked

Raw

Raw
Raw

Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Unheatcd
Center slice
Raw, center, country style
Raw, fresh
Cooked, extra lean (5% fat)
Cooked, (11% fat)

Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked

Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked

Raw
Cooked

Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked

Raw
Cooked
Raw
Cooked
Raw
                                            2-161
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                Table 2-108.
                                                                  DRAFT
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                                                         j         CUE
Percentage Lipid Fat Content and Mean Moisture Content (Enroled a* PcrcenUges 6f	~—~
100 gnunt of Edible Portions)*
                                       Moisture Content Percent
        Food
                                                       Comments
Mett
Beef
Beef liver
Chicken (light meat)
Chicken (dark meat)
Duck - domestic
Duck -•wild
Goose- domestic
Ham- cured
Hone

Lamb
Laid
Pork
Rabbit - domestic

Turkey
Pairy Product*
Egg*
Butter
Cbeese American puteurized
Cheddar
Swiii
Parmesan, bird
Parmesan, grated
Cream, whipping, heavy
Cottage, lowfct
Colby
Blue
Cream
Yogurt
Plain, lowiat
Plain, with fit
Human milk - estimated
from USD A Survey
Human
Skim
Lowiat

71,60
68.99
74.86
75.99
73.77
75.51
68.30
66.92
72.63
63.98
73.42
0.00
70.00
72.81
69.11
74.16

74.57
15.87
39.16
36.75
3751
29.16
17.66
57.71
79.31
38.20
42.41
53.75

85.07
87.90


87.50
90.80
90.80

Raw, composite, trimmed, rcufl cuts
Raw
Raw, without skin
Raw, without skin
Raw
Raw
Raw
Raw
Raw, roasted
Cooked, toasted
Raw, composite, trimmed, idalcuts
Raw
Raw
Raw, roasted
Cooked, roasted
RAW

Raw
Regular












Made from whole milk


Whole, mature, fluid

1%
* Based on the lipid or water content in 100 grams, edible portion.

Source: USDA Agricultural Handbook, No. 8,1979-1986.
                                                 2-162
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        Table 2-108.     Percentage Lipid Fat Content and Mean Moisture Content (Expressed as Percentage! of 100 Grams
                        of Edible Portions) of Selected Meat and Dairy Products*
                Product
Fat Percentage
 Comment
Dairy

Milk
     Whole
     Human
     Lowfat (1%)
     Lowfat (2%)
     Skim
Cream
     Half and half
     Medium
     Heavy-whipping
     Sour
Butter

Cheese
     American
     Cheddar
     Swiss
     Cream
     Parmesan
     Cottage
     Colby
     Blue
     Provolonc
     Mozzarclk
Yogurt
Eggs
      3.16
      4.17
      0.83
      1.83
      0.17

     18.32
     23.71
     35.09
     19.88
     76.93
     29.63
     31.42
     26.02
     33.07
     24.50; 28.46
      1.83
     30.45
     27.26
     25.24
     20.48
      1.47
      8.35
3.3% fat, raw or pasteurized
Whole, mature, fluid
Fluid
Fluid
Fluid

Table or coffee, fluid
25% fat, fluid
Fluid
Cultured
Regular
Pasteurized
Hard; grated
Lowfat, 2% fat
Plain, lowfat
Chicken, whole raw, fresh or
frozen
                                                   2-163
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Table 2-109. Fat
Meat Product
3-oz cooked serving (85.05 g)
Beef, retail composite, lean only
Pork, retail composite, lean only
Lamb, retail composite, lean only
Veal, retail composite, lean only
Broiler chicken, flesh only
Turkey, flesh only
Source: National Livestock and Meat Board,
DRAFT
Content of Meat Products D0 HOfCI\UE°TE °

Total Fat Percent Fat
(g) Content (%)
8.4 9.9
8.0 9.4
8.1 9.5
5.6 6.6
6.3 7.4
4.2 4.9
1993.
2-164
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with the corresponding percent fat content values for each product. NLMB (1993) also reported
that 0.17 grams of fat are consumed per gram of meat (i.e., beef, pork, lamb, veal, game,
processed meats, and variety meats) (17 percent) and 0.8 grams of fat are consumed per gram
of poultry (8 percent).
      The average total fat content of the U.S. diet was reported to be 68.3 g/day.  The meat
group (meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts) was reported to contribute the most to the
average total fat in the diet (41 percent) (NLMB, 1993). Meats (i.e., beef, pork, lamb, veal,
game, processed meats, and variety meats) reportedly contributes less than 30 percent to the total
fat of the average U.S. diet.  The milk group  contributes approximately 12 percent to the
average total fat in the U.S. diet (NLMB, 1993).  Fat intake rates and the contributions of the
major food groups to fat intake for heavy, medium, and light meat eaters, and non meat eaters
are presented in Table 2-110 (NLMB, 1993).  NLMB (1993) also reported the average meat fat
intake to be 19.4 g/day, with beef contributing about 50 percent of the  fat to the diet from all
meats.  Processed meats contributed 31 percent; pork contributed 14 percent; game and variety
meats contributed 4 percent;  and lamb and veal contributed 1 percent the average meat fat
intake.
      The Center for Disease Control (CDC) (1994) used date from NHANES III to calculate
daily total food energy intake (TFEI), total dietary fat intake, and saturated fat intake for the
U.S. population during 1988 to 1991. The sample population comprised 20,277 individuals ages
2 months and above,  of which 14,001 respondents  (73% response rate) provided dietary
information based on a 24-hour recall.  TFEI was defined as all nutrients (i.e., protein, fat,
carbohydrate, and alcohol) derived from  consumption of foods and beverages (excluding plain
drinking water) measured in kilocalories (teal).*  Total dietary fat intake was defined as  "all fat
(i.e., saturated and unsaturated) derived from consumption of foods and  beverages measured in
grams."
      CDC (1994) estimated and provided  data on  the mean daily TFEI and  the mean
percentages of TFEI from total dietary fat grouped by age and gender. The overall mean daily
TFEI was 2,095 kcal for the total population  and 34 percent (or 82g) of their TFEI was from
total dietary fat (CDC, 1994).   Based on this  information, the mean daily fat intake was
calculated for the various age groups and genders (see  Appendix 2B for detailed calculation).
                                       2-165
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       Table 2-110.  Fat Intake, Contribution of Various Food Groups to Fat Intake, and Percentage
                    of the Population in Various Meat Eater Groups of die U.S. Population

Average Fat Intake (g)
Percent of Population
Meat Group (%)"
Bread Group (%)
Milk Group (%)
Fruits (%)
Vegetables (%)
Fats/oil/sweets (%)
Total
Population
68.3
100
41
24
12
1
9
13
Heavy Meat
Eaters
84.5
36
44
23
11
1
9
12
Medium Meat
Eaters
62.5
33
40
24
13
1
9
13
Light Meat
Eaters
53.5
30
37
26
14
1
9
14
Non Meat
Eaters
32.3
1
33
25
14
1
11
17
*  Meat Group includes meat, poultry, dry beans, eggs, and nuts.

Source:  National Livestock and MeatBoard, 1993.
                                            2-166
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                                                                             DKATT   "••*?
                                                                       ">0 NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                              CITE
Table 2-1 1 1 presents the grams of fat per day obtained from the daily consumption of foods amT
beverages grouped by age and gender for the U.S. population.

2.4.3. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight Intake Rates
       As noted previously, intake rates may be reported in terms of units as consumed or units
of dry weight.  It is essential that exposure assessors be aware of this difference so that they may
ensure consistency between the units used for intake rates and those used for concentration data
(i.e., if the unit of food consumption is grams dry weight/day, then the unit for the amount of
pollutant in the food should be grams dry weight). If necessary, as consumed intake rates may
be converted to dry weight intake rates using the moisture content percentages of meat, poultry
and dairy products presented in Table 2-108 and the following equation:
                             ffidW = IR^* [(100-W)/100]                    (Eqn. 2-5)

"Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to "as consumed" rates by using:

                              IR^ = IR^KlOO-WyiOO]                     (Eqn. 2-6)

where:
       IRdw    =  dry weight intake rate;
       IRgg     =  as consumed intake rate; and
       W      =  percent water content.

2.4.4.  Recommendations
       The key studies described in this section were used in selecting recommended meat,
poultry, and dairy product intake rates for the general population and various subgroups of the
United States population.  These studies were all based on USDA MFCS data, but used different
analytical methods for calculating intake, and/or evaluated different subpopulations or food
groups.  The general design of both key and relevant studies are summarized in Table 2-112.
Based on the 1987/88 MFCS one-day per capita data, the recommended average intake rates for

                                        2-167
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Table 2-111.  Mean Total Dally Dietary Fit Intake (g/day) Grouped by Age and Gender*

Age
(yrs)
2-11 (months)
1-2
3-5
6-11
12-16
16-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
£ 80
Total
£2

N
871
1,231
1,647
1,745
711
785
1,882
1,628
1,228
929
1,108
851
809
14,801
13,314
* Total dietary fat intake includes all
Source: Adapted from CDC, 1994.




Total
Mean Fat Intake
37.52
49.96
60.39
74.17
85.19
100.50
97.12
93.84
84.90
79.29
69.15
61.44
54.61
81.91
82.77
fat (i.e., saturated and unsaturated)



N
439
601
744
868
338
308
844
736
626
473
646
444
290
7,322
6,594
derived from


Males
Mean Fat Intake
(g/day)
38.31
51.74
70.27
79.45
101.94
123.23
118.28
114.28
99.26
96.11
80.80
73.35
68.09
97.18
98.74
consumption of foods and


Females
N
432
630
803
877
373
397
638
791
602
456
560
407
313
7,479
8,720
Mean Fat Intake
(g/day)
36.95
48.33
61.51
68.95
71.23
77.46
76.52
74.06
70.80
63.32
59.52
53.34
47.84
67.52
68.06
















beverages (excluding plain drinking water).



*
H

a
o
aH
o
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                                     Table 2-112.  Summary of Meat, Poultry, and Dairy Intake Studies
        Study
 Survey Population Used in
     Calculating Intake
     Types of Data Used
      Units
           Food Items
Pao et al.( 1982
EPA's ORES
USDA, 1992
EPA Analysis of
1987/88 USDA Data
U,S. EPA/ORP,
1984d; 1984e


U.S. EPA/OST, 19W
USDA, 1993
Consumers only data
provided; per capita intake
calculated using fraction of
individual! using the food

Per capita (i.e., consumers
and nonconstimen)
Per espSts end
only grouped by age and
                       sex
Consumers only; per capita
      n be calculated
Per capita
Estimated lifetime dietary
intake
Per capita consumption
based on 'food
disappearance*
 1977/78 NFCS
 3-day individual intake data
 1977/78 NFCS
 3-day individual intake data
 1977/78 sad 1987/88 NFCS
 1-day individual intake data


 1987/88 NFCS data;
 Baaed on amount of food
 consumed by a household
 over a 7-day period;
 individual tn*«lf« rates bjgptH
 on the estimated proportion
 of household food eaten by
 family members.

 1977/78 NFCS
 Individual intake data
Based on FDA Total Diet
Study Food List which used
1977/78 NFCS data, and
NHANES n data

Based on food supply and
utilization date which were
provided by National
Agricultural Statistics Service
(NASS), Customs Service
reports, and trade
associations.
g/day; as consumed
g/kg-day; as consumed
g/dsy; as consumed
g/kg-day; as consumed
g/day; as consumed
g/day; dry weight
g/day; as consumed
Distributions of intake rates for
meats, poultry, and diary products.
Intake for a wide variety of meats,
poultry, and dairy products
presented; complex food groups
were disaggregated

Total mast, poultry sad fish, total
poultry, total milk, cheese and
eggs.

Distributions of intake rates for
total meats and total dairy;
individual food items; USDA food
categories
Mean intake rates for total meats,
total diary products, and individual
food items.

Various food groups; complex
foods disaggregated
Intake rates of meats, poultry, and
diary products; intake rates of
individual food items.
                                                                                                                                             KJ
                                                                                                                                          |TTT.|
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the general population are 32 g/day for beef; 14 g/day for pork; 1 g/day for lamb, veal, anc
game; 26 g/day for total poultry (20 g/day for chicken only); and  193 g/day for total meat,
poultry, and fish. Mean per capita intake rates for specific food items, on a g/kg-day basis, may
be taken from Table 2-83. Mean and upper-percentile consumer only intake rates for total meat,
total dairy, or beef, game, pork, poultry, and eggs from the distribution data presented in Tables
2-86 through 2-100 may be used to represent intake for the  general population and  various
subpopulations.  Upper-percentile per capita  rates may be calculated using the consumer only
distribution data presented in Tables 2-86 through 2-100 and the survey size data presented in
Section 2.7.Intake rates for the homeproduced form of these food items/groups are presented in
Section 2.7.  Also, the data presented in Table 2-82 may be used to represent mean and upper-
percentile consumer only and per capita intake rates for various items of meat, poultry, and
dairy products.  These data were estimated based on the USDA-NFCS data, however, intake
rates were calculated over a 3-day period.  In situations where there is paucity of information,
the 3-day data may also be used for acute exposure assessments.
      The  advantage of using the USDA MFCS date set is that it is the largest publicly
available data source on food intake patterns in the United States. Data are available for a wide
variety of meat, poultry, and dairy products and are intended to be representative of the U.S.
population.  However, it should be noted that the data collected by USDA MFCS are based on
short-term dietary recall  and may-not accurately reflect  long-term  intake  patterns.   This is
particularly  true for the tails of the distribution of intake.
                                         2-170
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2.5.   BREAST MILK INTAKE
                                                                 DO HOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                    wife-
2.5.1.  Background
       Breast milk is a potential source of exposure to toxic substances among nursing infants.
Some chemical compounds accumulate in fatty tissues and may be transferred to breast-fed
infants in the lipid portion of breast milk. Because nursing infants obtain most (if not all) of
their dietary intake from breast milk,  they are especially vulnerable to exposures to these
compounds. Estimating the magnitude of the potential dose to infants from breast milk requires
information on the quantity of breast milk consumed per day and the duration (months) over
which breast-feeding occurs. Information on the fat content of breast milk is also needed for
estimating dose from breast milk residue concentrations mat have been indexed to lipid content.
       Several studies have generated data on breast milk intake. Typically, breast milk intake
has been measured over a 24-hour period by weighing the infant before and after each feeding
without changing its clothing (test weighing).  The sum of the difference between the measured
weights over the  24-hour  period is assumed to be equivalent to the amount of breast milk
consumed daily. Intakes measured using this procedure are often corrected for evaporative water
losses (insensible  water losses) between infant weighings  (HAS, 1991). Neville et al.  (1988)
evaluated the validity of the test weight approach among bottle-fed infants by  comparing the
weights of milk taken from bottles with the differences between the infants' weights before and
after feeding.  When test weight data were corrected for insensible water loss, they  were not
significantly different from bottle weights.  Conversions between weight and volume of breast
milk consumed are made using the density of human milk (approximately 1.03 g/mL)  (NAS,
1991).  Recently, techniques for measuring breast milk intake using stable isotopes have been
developed.  However, few data based on this new technique have been published (NAS,  1991).
       Studies among nursing mothers in industrialized countries have shown that intakes among
infants average approximately  750 to 800 g/day (728 to 777  mL/day) during  the first 4 to 5
months of life with a range of 450 to 1,200 g/day (437 to 1,165 mL/day) (NAS, 1991). Similar
intakes have also been reported for developing countries (NAS, 1991).  Infant birth weight and
nursing frequency have been shown to influence the rate of intake (NAS, 1991).  Infants who
are larger at birth and/or nurse more frequently have been shown to have higher intake rates.
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Also, breast milk production among nursing mothers has been reported fcTBe somewnat mgner
than the amount actually consumed by the infant (NAS, 1991).
       The available studies on breast milk intake are summarized in the following sections.
Studies on breast milk intake rates have been classified as either key studies or relevant studies
based on their applicability to exposure assessment needs.  Recommended intake rates are based
on the results of key studies, but relevant studies are also presented to provide the reader with
added perspective on the current state-of-knowledge pertaining to breast milk intake.
       Relevant data on  lipid content  and fat intake,  energy  content  and  energy  intake,
breast-feeding duration and frequency, and the estimated percentage of the U.S. population that
breast-feeds are also presented.

2.5.2. Key Studies on Breast Milk Intake
       Poo etal. - Milk Intakes and Feeding Patterns of Breast-fed Infants - Pao et al. (1980)
conducted a study of 22 healthy breast-fed infants to estimate breast milk intake rates.  Infants
were categorized as completely breast-fed or partially breast-fed.  Breast feeding mothers were
recruited through LaLeche League groups.  Except for one black infant, all other infants were
from white middle-class families in southwestern Ohio.   The goal of the  study was to enroll
infants as close to one month of age as possible and to obtain records near one, three, six, and
nine months of age (Pao et al., 1980). However, not all mother/infant pairs participated at each
time interval. Data were collected for these 22 infants using the test weighing method. Records
were collected for three consecutive 24-hour periods at each test interval.  The weight of breast
milk was converted to volume by assuming a density of  1.03 g/mL.  Daily intake rates were
calculated for each infant based on the mean of the three 24-hour periods. Mean daily breast
milk intake rates for the infants surveyed  at each time interval are presented in Table 2-113.
For completely breast-fed infants, the mean intake rates were 600 mL/day at 1 month of age and
833 mL/day at 3 months of age.   Partially breast-fed infants had mean  intake rates of 485
mL/day, 467 mL/day, 395 mL/day, and 554 mL/day  at  1, 3,  6, and 9 months of age,
respectively. Pao et al. (1980) also  noted that intake rates for boys in both groups was  slightly
higher than for girls.
                                         2-172
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                         Table 2-113.  Daily Intakes of Breast Milk
                                                                         DRAFf
                                                                   BO WOT  QUOTE
 Age                        Number of           Mean Intake          Range of
                         Infants Surveyed at        (mL/day) *          Daily Intake
 	Each Tune Period	.	(mL/day)

 Completely Breast-fed
        1 month                  11               600 ± 159           426-989
        Smooths                 2                   833             645-1,000
        6 months                 1                   682              616 - 786
Partially Breast-fed
1 month
3 months
6 months
9 months

4
11
6
3

485 ± 79
467 ± 100
395 ± 175
<554

398 - 655
242 - 698
147 - 684
451 - 732
*  Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Source:  Pao et al., 1980.
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       The advantage of this study is that data for both exclusively ami partially breast-ta
infants were collected for multiple time periods. Also, data for individual infants were collected
over 3 consecutive days to account for individual variability.  However, the number of infants
in the study was relatively small and may not be entirely representative of the U.S. population.
       Butte ct al. - Human Milk Intake and Growth in Exclusively Breast-fed Infants - Breast
milk intake was studied in exclusively breast-fed infants during the first 4 months of life (Butte
et al., 1984). Breastfeeding mothers were recruited through the Baylor Milk Bank Program in
Texas. Forty-five mothers/infant pairs participated in the study.  However, data for some time
periods (i.e., 1,2, 3, or 4 months) were missing for some mothers as a result of illness or other
factors. The mothers were from the middle- to upper-socioeconomic stratum and had a mean
age of 28.0 ±3.1 years. A total of 41 mothers were white, 2 were Hispanic, 1 was Asian, and
1 was West Indian. Infant  growth progressed satisfactorily over the course of the study.  The
amount of milk ingested over a  24-hour period was determined using the test weighing
procedure.  Test  weighing occurred over a 24-hour period for most participants, but intake
among several  infants was  studied over longer periods (48 to 96 hours)  to assess individual
variation in intake.  The study did not indicate whether the data were corrected for insensible
water loss. Mean breast milk intake ranged from 723 g/day (702 mL/day) at  3 months to 751
g/day (729 mL/day) at 1 month, with an overall mean of 733 g/day (712 mL/day) for the entire
study period (Table 2-114).  Intakes were also calculated on  the basis of  body weight
(Table 2-114).  Based on the results of test weighings conducted over 48 to 96 hours, the mean
variation in individual daily intake was estimated to be 7.9±3.6 percent.
       The advantage of this study is that data for a larger number of exclusively breast-fed
infants were collected than  by Pao et al. (1980). However, data were collected over a shorter
time period (i.e.,  4 months compared to 6 months) and may not be representative of the U.S.
population.
       Neville et al., - Studies on Human Lactation - Neville et al. (1988) studied breast milk
intake among 13 infants during the first year of life.   The mothers were  all multiparous,
nonsmoking, Caucasian women  of middle- to upper-socioeconomic status living in Denver,
Colorado (Neville, et al., 1988).  All women in the study practiced exclusive breast-feeding for
at least 5 months.  Solid foods were introduced at mean age of 7 months.  Daily milk intake was
                                         2-174
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       Table 2-114.   Breast Milk Intake Among Exclusively Breast-fed Infants During the First 4
                     Months of Life
Age (months)
1
2
3
4
Number
of
Infants
37
40
37
41
Breast Milk
Intake*
(g/day)
751.0 ± 130.0
725.0 ± 131.0
723.0 ± 114.0
740.0 ± 128.0
Breast Milk
Intake*
(g/kg/day)
159.0 ± 24.0
129.0 ± 19.0
117.0 ± 20.0
111.0 ± 17.0
*  Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Source: Butte et al., 1984.
                                        2-175
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                                                                          Clfl
estimated by the test weighing method with corrections for insensible weightiest.  Dafawefe""
collected daily from birth to 14 dtp, weekly from weeks 3 through 8, and monthly until the
study period ended at 1 year after inception.  The estimated breast milk intakes for this study
are listed in Table 2-115. Mean breast milk intakes were 770 g/day (748 mL/day), 734 g/day
(713 mL/day), 766 g/day (744 mL/day), and 403 g/day (391 ml/day) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months
of age, respectively.
      la comparison to the previously described studies, Neville et al. (1988) collected data on
numerous  days over a relatively long time period (12 months).  However, the intake rates
presented  in  Table 2-1 IS  are estimated based on  intake  during  only  a 24-hour  period.
Consequently, these intake rates are based on short-term data that do not account for day-to-day
variability among individual infants.  Also, a smaller  number of subjects was included than in
the previous  studies,  and the population studied may not be representative of the U.S.
population.
      Dewey and Ltinnerdal - Milk and Nutrient Intakes of Breast-fed Infants - Dewey and
                                                             i.
Lonnerdal (1983) monitored the dietary intake of 20 breast-fed infants between the ages of 1 and
6 months of age.  Most of the infants in the study were exclusively breast-fed (five were given
some formula, and several were  given small amounts of solid foods after 3 months of age).
According to Dewey and Lonnerdal (1983), the mothers were all well educated and recruited
via Lamaze childbirth classes from the Davis area of California.  Breast milk intake volume was
estimated based on two  24-hour  test weighings per month.  Breast  milk intake rates for the
various age groups are presented in Table 2-116. Breast milk intake averaged 673,782, and 896
mL/day at 1,  3, and 6 months of age, respectively.
      The advantage of this study is that it evaluated breast-fed infants for a period of 6 months
based on two 24-hour observations per infant per month. Corrections for insensible water loss
were apparently not made.  Also, results of this study may  not be representative of U.S.
populations,
      Dewey et al. - The DARLING Study - The Davis Area Research on Lactation, Infant
Nutrition and Growth (DARLING) study was conducted in 1986 to evaluate growth patterns,
nutrient intake, morbidity, and activity levels in infants who were breast-fed for at least the first
12 months of life (Dewey et al., 1991a; 1991b). Seventy-three infants were included in the
                                        2-176
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Age
(days)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360




Number of
Infants
7
10
11
11
12
10
8
9
10
10
8
10
10
13
12
12
10
13
12
13
13
13
12
10
12
11
9
9


Table 2415.

Mean
(g/day)
44
182
371
451
498
508
573
581
580
589
615
653
651
770
668
711
709
694
734
711
838
766
721
622
618
551
554
403


Breast Milk Intake

Standard
Deviation (g/day)
71
86
153
176
129
167
167
159
76
132
168
154
84
179
117
111
115
98
114
100
134
121
154
210
220
234
240
250
DRAFT
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Range
(g/day)
-31-149 *
44-355
209-688
164-694
323-736
315-861
406-842
410-923
470-720
366-866
398-934
416-922
554-786
495-1144
465-930
554-896
559-922
556-859
613-942
570-847
688-1173
508-936
486-963
288-1002
223-871
129-894
120-860
65-770
a  Negative value due to insensible water loss correction.
Source:  Neville et al.» 1988.
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                Table 2-116. Breast Milk Intake for Infants Aged 1 to 6 Months
Age (months)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Number of
Infants
16
19
16
13
11
11
Mean (mL/day)
673
756
782
810
80S
896
SD (mL/day) a
192
170
172
142
117
122
Range (mL/day)
341-1,003
449-1,055
492-1,053
593-1,045
554-1,045
675-1,096
11  Standard deviation.

Source:  Dewey and LQnnerdal, 1983.
                                           2-178
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                                                               EO  NOT QUOTE OR
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study at 3 months. The number of infants inducted in the study at subsequent time intervals was
somewhat lower as a result of attrition.  All infants in the study were healthy and of normal
gestational age and weight at birth, and did not consume solid foods until after the first 4 months
of age.  The mothers were highly educated and of "relatively high socioeconomic status" from
the Davis area of California (Dewey et al., 199la; 1991b). Breast milk intake was estimated
by weighing the infants before and after each feeding and correcting for insensible water loss.
Test weighings were conducted over a 4-day period every 3 months.  The results of the study
indicate that breast milk intake declines  over  the first 12 months of life.  Mean breast milk
intake was estimated to be 812 g/day (788 mL/day) at 3 months and 448 g/day (435 mL/day)
at 12 months (Table 2-117).  Based on the estimated intakes at  3 months of age, variability
between individuals (coefficient of variation (CV) = 16.3 percent) was higher than individual
day-to-day variability (CV = 5.4 percent) for  the infants in the study (Dewey et al.,  199la).
       The advantages of this study are that date were collected over a relatively long-time (4
days) period at each test interval to account for  day-to-day infant variability, and corrections for
insensible water loss were made. However, the population studied may not be representative
of the U.S. population.

2.5.3.  Other Relevant Studies on Breast Milk Intake
       Hofvander et al. - The Amount of Milk Consumed by 1-3 Month Old Infants - Hofvander
et al. (1982) compared milk intake among breast-fed and bottle-fed infants  at ages  1, 2, and 3
months of age.  Intake of breast milk and breast  milk substitutes was tabulated for 25 Swedish
infants in each age group.  Daily intake among breast-fed infants was estimated  using the test
weighing  method. Test weighings were conducted over a 24-hour time period at each time
interval. Daily milk intake among bottle-fed infants was estimated by measuring the volumetric
differences in milk contained in bottles at the beginning and end of all feeding sessions in a 24-
hour period. The mean intake rates for bottle-fed infants were slightly higher than for breast-fed
infants  for all age groups (Table 2-118).  Also, boys consumed breast milk or breast milk
substitutes at a slightly higher rate than girls (Table 2-119).  Breast milk intake was estimated
to be 656 g/day (637 mL/day) at 1 month and  776 g/day (753 mL/day) at 3 months.
                                        2-179
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              Table 2-117, Breast Milk Intake Estimated by the DARLING Studj
                                                                       '•*  DRAFT
                                                                     DO KOf QUOTE OR
                                                                       Me*.- CITE
Age (months)
3
6
9
12
Number of
Infants
73
60
50
42
Mean Intake
(g/day)
812
769
646
448
Standard Deviation
(g/day)
133
171
217
251
Source: Dewey et al. (1991b).
                                          2-180
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                                                                         SOT QUOTE OR
                                                                            CITE
            Table 2-118,  Milk Intake for Bottle- and Breast-fed Infants by Age Group
             Age
           (months)
Breast Milk Substitutes
    Mean (g/day)*
*  Range given in parentheses.

Source:  Hofvander et al., 1982.
 Breast Milk
Mean (g/day)*
1 713
(500-1,000)
2 811
(670-1,180)
3 853
(655-1,065)
656
(360-860)
773
(575-985)
776
(600-930)
                                                2-181
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                                                                    O NOT QUOTE  OR
                         Table 2-119.  Milk Intake for Boys and Girls  I        CITE
                                     Boys                            Girls
                            Mean                            Mean
	Age	(g/day)	N	(g/day)	N_

 Breast milk
        1                    663              12              649              13
        2                    791              14              750              11
        3                    811              12              743              13

 Breast milk substitute
1
2
3
753
863
862
10
13
13
687
753
843
15
12
12
Source:  Hofvander et al., 1982.
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       This study was conducted among Swedish infants, but the results are similar to those
summarized previously for U.S. studies. Insensible water losses were apparently not considered
in this study, and only short-term data were collected.
       KOhler etal. - Food Intake and Growth of Infants - Kohler et al. (1984) evaluated breast
milk and formula intake among normal infants between the ages of 6 and 26 weeks.  The study
included 25 fully breast-fed and 34 formula-fed infants from suburban communities in Sweden.
Intake among breast-fed infants was estimated using the test weighing method over a 48-hour
test period. Intake among formula-fed infants was estimated by feeding infants from bottles with
known volumes of formula and recording the amount consumed over a 48-hour period. Table
2-120 presents the mean breast milk and formula intake rates for the infants studied.  Data were
collected for both cow's milk-based formula and soy-based formula.  The results indicated that
the daily intake for bottle-fed infants was greater than for breast-fed infants.
       The advantages of this study are that it compares breast milk intake to formula intake and
that  test weightings were conducted over 2  consecutive days to account for variability In
individual  intake.   Although the  population studied was not representative of the U.S.
population, similar intake rates were observed in the studies that were previously summarized.
       Axelsson et al. - Protein and Energy Intake During Weaning - Axelsson et al. (1987)
measured food consumption and energy intake in 30 healthy Swedish infants between the ages
of 4  and 6 months.  Both formula-fed and breast-fed infants were  studied.  All infants were fed
supplemental foods (i.e., pureed fruits and vegetables after 4 months, and pureed meats and fish
after 5 months). Milk intake among breast-fed infants was estimated by weighing the infants
before and after each feeding over a 2-day period at each sampling interval. Breast milk intake
averaged 765 mL/day at 4.5 months of age, and 715 mL/day at 5.5 months of age.
       This study  is based on short-term data and may not be representative of the U.S.
population. However, the intake rates estimated by this study are similar to those generated by
the U.S. studies mat were summarized previously.

2.5.4. Key Studies on Lipid Content and Fat Intake from Breast Milk
       Human  milk contains over 200 constituents including  various proteins, vitamins,
carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, cells,  and trace  elements (HAS,  1991). The  lipid  content of
                                        2-183
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                      Table 2-120. Intake of Breast Milk and Formula
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO  NOT QUOTE OR
Breast Milk
Age
(wks)
6
14
22
26
N
26
21
13
12
Mean
(g/d)
746
726
722
689
SD
(g/d)
101
143
114
120
Cow's Formula
N
20
19
18
18
Mean
(g/d)
823
921
818
722
SD
(g/d)
111
95
201
209
Soy Formula
N
13
13
13
12
Mean
(g/d)
792
942
861
776
SD
(g/d)
127
78
196
159
Source:  KOhler et al., 1984.
                                       2-184
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                                                                           DRAFT
                                                                     DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                            CITE
breast milk varies according to the length of time that an infant nurses. Lipid content increases
from the beginning to the end of a single nursing session  (NAS, 1991).  The lipid portion
accounts for approximately 4 percent of human breast milk (39 ± 4.0 g/L) (NAS, 1991). This
value is supported by various studies that evaluated  lipid content from human breast milk.
Several studies also estimated the quantity of lipid consumed by breast-feeding infants.  These
values are appropriate for use in conjunction with residue concentrations that are indexed to the
fat portion of human breast milk.
       Butte et al. - Human Milk Intake and Growth in Exclusively Breast-fed Infants - Butte et
al., (1984) analyzed the lipid content of breast milk samples taken from women who participated
in a study of breast milk intake among exclusively breast-fed infants. The study was conducted
with over 40 women during a 4-month period. The mean lipid content of breast milk at various
infants ages is presented in Table 2-121. The overall lipid content for the 4-month study period
was 34.3 ± 6.9 mg/g (3.4 percent).  Butte et al.  (1984) also calculated lipid intakes from 24-
hour breast milk intakes and the lipid content of the human milk samples.  lipid intake was
estimated to range from 23.6 g/day (3.8 g/kg/day) to 28.0 g/day (5.9 g/kg/day).
       A relatively large group of women were included in this study.  However, these women
were selected primarily from middle- to upper-socioeconomic classes. Thus, data on breast milk
lipid content from this study may not be  entirely representative of breast milk lipid content
among the U.S.  population.  Also, these estimates are based on short-term data.
       Maxwell and Burmaster - Simulation Model for Estimating a Distribution of Lipid Intake -
Maxwell and Burmaster (1993) used a hypothetical population of 5,000 infants between birth and
1 year of age to simulate a distribution of daily lipid intake from breast milk.  The hypothetical
population represented both bottle-fed and breast-fed infante aged 1 to 365 days.  A distribution
of daily lipid intake was developed based on data in Dewey et al. (199 Ib) on breast milk intake
for infants at 3,  6, 9, and 12 months and breast milk lipid content, and survey data in Ryan et
al.  (1991) on the percentage of breast-fed infante  under the  age  of 12  months  (i.e.,
approximately 22 percent).  A model was used to simulate intake among 1,113 of the 5,000
infante that were expected to be breast-fed. The results of the model indicated that lipid intake
among nursing infante under 12 months of age can be characterized by a normal distribution with
a mean of 26.8 g/day and a standard deviation of 7.4 g/day (Table 2-122). The model assumes
                                        2-185
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                                                                               DRAII
                                                                         DO HOT  QUOT1 OR
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       Table 2-121.   Lipid Content of Human MUk and Estimated Lipid Intake among Exclusively
                     Breast-fed Infants
Age (months)
1
2
3
4
Number
of
Observations
37
40
37
41
Lipid
Content
(mg/g) *
36.2 ± 7.5
34.4 ± 6.8
32.2 ± 7.8
34.8 ± 10.8
Lipid
Content
(percent) b
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.5
Lipid
Intake
(g/day) •
28.0 ± 8.5
25.2 ± 7.1
23.6 ± 7.2
25.6 ± 8.6
Lipid
Intake
(g/kg-day) *
5.9 ± 1.7
4.4 ± 1.2
3.8 ± 1.2
3.8 ± 1.3
*  Data expressed as means ± standard deviation.
b  Percents calculated from lipid content reported in mg/g.

Source: Butte, et al., 1984.
                                         2-186
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                                                                           •**.  CITE
        Table 2-122. Predicted Lipid Intakes for Breast-fed Infants Under 12 Months of Age

        	Statistic	Value	
 Number of Observations in Simulation                              1,113
 Minimum Lipid Intake                                          1,0 g/day
 Maximum Lipid Intake                                          51.5 g/day
 Arithmetic Mean Lipid Intake                                    26.8 g/day
 Standard Deviation Lipid Intake                                  7.4 g/day
Source:  Maxwell and Burmaster, 1993.
                                          2-187
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that nursing infants are completely breast-fed and does not account for infants who axe breast-fed
longer than 1 year.  Based on data collected by Dewey et al. (1991b), Maxwell and Burmaster
(1993) estimated the lipid content of breast milk to be 36.7 g/L at 3 months and 40.2 g/L at 12
months.
      The advantage of this study is that it provides "snapshot" of daily lipid intake from breast
milk for breast-fed infants. The estimated mean lipid intake rate represents the average daily
intake for  nursing infants under 12  months of age.   These data are useful for performing
exposure assessments when the age of the infant  cannot be  specified (i.e., 3 months or 6
months). Also, because intake rates are indexed to the lipid portion of the breast milk, they may
be used in  conjunction with residue concentrations indexed to fat content.

2.5.5. Other Factors
      Other factors  associated with breast  milk intake  include: the energy  intake from
breast-feeding, the frequency of breast-feeding  sessions per day, the duration of breast-feeding
per event, the duration of breast-feeding during childhood, and the magnitude and nature of the
population  that breast-feeds.
      Energy Intake and Energy Content of Breast Milk and Infant Formula - The Food and
Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) recommends infant energy
intakes of 116 kcal/kg/day for the first 3 months of life and 99 kcal/kg/day between the ages of
3-6 months (Butte,  et al., 1990).  Similarly, the Food and Nutrition Board's Recommended
Dietary Allowance (RD A) for energy intake is 1 IS kcal/kg/day during the first 6 months of life
(Montandon, et al.,  1986; Butte,  et al., 1984),  and  USDA's  Nutrition Research  Board
recommends  115 kcal/kg/day at birth and  105 kcal/kg/day by the end of the first year (Butte et
al., 1990).  Several studies have estimated  energy intakes among breast-feeding infants.
However,  Butte et  al. (1984) observed energy intakes that were substantially less than the
recommended values among healthy, well nourished, exclusively breast-fed infants (110 ± 24
kcal/kg-day at 1 month and 71 ± 17 kcal/kg/day at  4 months). In another study, Kohler et al.
(1984) observed that energy intake for healthy breast-fed infants was lower than for healthy
formula-fed infants (Table 2-123).   According to Whitehead and Paul (1991), recent studies
indicate that the energy intake from formula averages about 90 kcal/kg-day and energy intake
                                        2-188
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Age
(wks)
6
14
22
26


Number of
Infants
26
21
13
12
Table 2-123
Breast-fed
Mean
(kcal/day)
525
595
638
663
. Total Energy
Intake
DRAFT
BO HOT QUOTE OR
•ittfc CITE

Formula-fed
SD Number of Mean SD
(kcal/day) Infants (kcal/day) (kcal/day)
71
100
98
85
33
32
31
30
594 131
715 108
699 141
695 124
Source: Kdbler et al., 1984.
                                               2-189
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                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO MOT QU01E OS
                                                                     m- CUE
from breast milk averages about 85 kcal/kg-day. Based on several of these studies, Whitehead
and Paul (1991) estimated the energy intake among exclusively breast-fed infants to be 114,98,
92, and 86 kcal/kg/day at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of age, respectively.   Dewey and Ldnnerdal
(1983) estimated the energy intake from breast milk to be 113, 105, 93, 93, 85, and 89
kcal/kg/day (509,564,556,596,593, and 658 local/day) for infants 1, 2, 3,4,5, and 6 months
of age, respectively.  Table 2-124 presents energy intakes estimated by Dewey et al. (199 Ib)
in a subsequent study.  Using an assumed energy content of 65 kcal/mL for breast milk and
measured breast milk intake rates, Axelsson et al. (1987) estimated energy intake among breast-
fed infants to be 82.2±9.1 kcal/kg/day at 4 to 5 months of age and 76.9±9.4 kcal/kg/day at 5
to 6 months of age.  Energy intake among bottle-fed infants was slightly higher. Bottle-fed
infants consuming formula with an energy content of 72 kcal/mL  had energy intakes  of
104.3±12.4 kcal/kg-day at 4 to 5 months and 97.3±11.1 kcal/kg-day at 5 to 6 months. Bottle-
fed infants consuming formula with an energy content of 69 kcal/mL had energy intakes  of
95.6± 13.2 kcal/kg-day at 4 to 5 months and 92.6±  15.0 kcal/kg-day at 5 to 6 months.
      Prentice et al. (1988) estimated the energy requirements of 355 healthy children, ages
0 to 3 years of age, by using data on energy expenditure instead of energy intake.  Data on
measurements of energy expenditure using the doubly-labeled water method 2H2 18O from the
published literature were used. This method measures total energy expenditure by following the
disappearance of stable isotopes taken as an oral dose. The energy requirements estimated by
Prentice et al. (1988) are 110, 95, 85, 83, 83, 84, and 85 kcal/kg-day at 1, 3 ,6, 9, 12, 24, and
36 months, respectively.
      Dewey and Ldnnerdal (1983) estimated the energy content in human milk samples at 1
to 6 months post partum based on analyses of fat protein and lactose content.  Mean energy
content averaged 74 to 79 kcal/mL. Dewey et al (1991a) estimated that at 3 months the average
energy content of breast milk is 72.8 ±  9.5 kcal/mL. Whitehead and Paul (1991) and Axelsson
et al. (1987) assumed a breast milk energy content of 65 kcal/mL in their studies of the energy
intake among breast-fed infants, and Kdhler et al. (1984) estimated the energy contents of cow's
milk-based and soy-based infant formulas to be 67 kcal/mL.
      Frequency and Duration of Feeding - Hofvander et al. (1982) reported on the frequency
of feeding among 25 bottle-fed and 25 breast-fed infants at ages 1, 2, and 3 months. The mean
                                       2-190
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                       Table 2-124.  Energy Intake ftom Human Milk
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                   DO MOT QUOTE OR
                                                                          CITE
     Age (months)
 Number of
Observations
Energy Intake
  kcal/day *
*  Expressed as means with standard deviation in

Source:  Dewey et al., 1991b.
Energy Intake
 kcal/kg/day *
3 71
6 56
9 46
12 40
I
569
(86)
549
(120)
466
(152)
322
(181)
91.4
(11.7)
71.6
(15.2)
54.3
(17.3)
34.7
(19.9)
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                                                                 DO HOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                    •.ant  CITE
number of meals for these age groups was approximately 5 meals/day (Table 2-125). Neville
et al. (1988) reported slightly higher mean feed frequencies.  The mean number of meals per
day for exclusively breast-fed infants was 7.3 at ages 2 to 5 months and 8.2 at ages 2 weeks to
1 month.  Neville et al.  (1988) reported that for infants between the ages  of 1-week and 5
months the average duration of a breast feeding session is 16-18 minutes.
       Population  of Nursing Infants  and Duration  of Breast-Feeding During Infancy -
According to NAS (1991), the percentage of breast-feeding women has changed dramatically
over the years.  Between  1936 and 1940, approximately 77 percent of infants were breast fed,
but the incidence of breast-feeding fell to approximately 22 percent in 1972.  The duration of
breast-feeding also dropped from about 4 months in the early 1930s to 2 months in the late
1950s. After 1972, the incidence of breast-feeding began to rise again, reaching its peak at
approximately 61 percent in 1982.  The duration of breast-feeding also increased between 1972
and 1982. Approximately 10 percent of the mothers who initiated breast-feeding continued  for
at least 3  months in 1972; however, in  1984, 37 percent continued breast-feeding beyond 3
months. In 1989, breast-feeding was initiated among 52.2 percent of newborn infants, and 40
percent continued for 3 months or longer (NAS, 1991).  Based on the data for 1989, only about
20 percent of infants were still breast fed by age 5 to 6 months (NAS,  1991). Data on the actual
length of  time that infants continue to breast-feed beyond 5 or 6 months are limited  (NAS,
1991). However, Maxwell and Burmaster (1993) estimated that approximately 22 percent of
infants under 1 year of age are breast-fed.  This estimate is based on a reanalysis of survey data
in Ryan et al. (1991) collected by Ross Laboratories (Maxwell and Burmaster,  1993). Studies
have also  indicated that breast-feeding practices may differ among ethnic and socioeconomic
groups and among regions of the United States. The percentages of mothers who breast feed,
based on ethnic background and demographic  variables, are presented in Table 2-126  (NAS,
1991).
       Information on differences in the quality and quantity of breast milk consumed based on
ethnic or socioeconomic characteristics of the  population is limited.  LSnnerdal et al.  (1976)
studied breast milk volume and composition (nitrogen, lactose, proteins) among underprivileged
and privileged Ethiopian mothers.  No significant differences were observed between the data
for  these two groups; and similar data for  well-nourished Swedish mothers were observed.
                                        2-192
-------

Age (months)
1
2
3
Table 2-12S. Number of Meals Pec Day


Bottle-fed Infants
(meals/day) *
5.4
4.8
4.7
(4-7)
(4-6)
(3-6)
DRAFT
DO HOT QUOTE OR
HK% CITE

Breast-fed
(meals/day) *
5.8 (5-7)
5.3 (5-7)
5.1 (4-8)
8  Data expressed as mean with range in parentheses.



Source: Hofvander et al., 1982.
                                             2-193
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Table 2-126.    Percentage of Mothers Breast-feeding Newborn Infants in the Hospital and Infants at 5 or 6 Months
               of Age in the United States in 1989,* by Ethnic Background and Selected Demographic Variables1'
Total
Category Newboms
All mothers 52.2
Parity
Primiparous 52.6
Mulnparous 51.7
Marital status
Married 59.8
Unmarried 30.8
Maternal age
<20 yr 30.2
20-24 yr 45.2
25-29 yr 58.8
30-34 yr 65.5
fe35 yr 66.5
Maternal education
No college 42.1
College11 70.7
Family income
<$7,000 28.8
$7,000414,999 44.0
$15,000-$24,999 54.7
fe $25,000 66.3
Maternal employment
Full time 50.8
Part time 59.4
Not employed 51.0
U.S. census region
New England 52.2
Middle Atlantic 47.4
East North Central 47.6
West North Central 55.9
South Atlantic 43.8
East South Central 37.9
West South Central 46.0
Mountain 70.2
Pacific 70.3
White
5-6 Mo Newboms
Infants
19.6 58.5
16.6 58.3
22.7 58.7

24.0 61.9
7.7 40.3
6.2 36.8
12.7 50.8
22.9 63.1
31.4 70.1
36.2 71.9

13.4 48.3
31.1 74.7
7.9 36.7
13.5 49.0
20.4 57.7
27.6 67.8
10.2 54.8
23.0 63.8
23.1 58.7
20.3 53.2
18.4 52.4
18.1 53.2
19.9 58.2
14.8 53.8
12.4 45.1
14.7 56.2
30.4 74.9
28.7 76.7
Black
Hispanic6
5-6 Mo Newboms 5-6 Mo Newboms 5-6 Mo
Infants Infants Infants
22.7 23.0 7.0
18.9 23.1 5.9
26.8 23.0 7.9

25.3 35.8 12.3
9.8 17.2 4.6
7.2 13.5 3.6
14.5 19.4 4.7
25.0 29.9 9.4
34.8 35.4 13.6
40.5 35.6 14.3

15.6 17.6 5.5
34.1 41.1 12.2
9.4 14.5 4.3
15.2 23.5 7.3
22.3 31.7 8.7
28.7 42.8 14.5
10.8 30.6 6.9
25.5 26.0 6.6
27.5 19.3 7.2
21.4 35.6 5.0
21.8 30.6 9.7
20.7 21.0 7.2
20.7 27.7 7.9
18.7 19.6 5.7
15.0 14.2 3.7
18.4 14.5 3.8
33.0 31.5 11.0
33.4 43.9 15.0
48.4 15.0
49.9 13.2
47.2 16.5

55.3 18.8
37.5 8.6
35,3 6.9
46.9 12.6
56.2 19.5
57.6 23.4
53.9 24.4

42.6 12.2
66.5 23.4
35.3 10.3
47.2 13.0
52.6 16.5
65.4 23.0
50.4 9.5
59.4 17.7
46.0 16.7
47.6 14.9
41.4 10.8
46.2 12.6
50.8 22.8
48.0 13.8
23.5 5.0
39.2 11.4
53.9 18.2
58.5 19.7
* Mothers were surveyed when their infants were 6 months of age. They were asked to recall the method of feeding the infa
when in the hospital, at age 1 week, at months 1 through 5, and on the day preceding completion of the survey. Numbers
the columns labeled "5-6 Mo Infants" are an avenge of the 5-month and previous day responses.
b Based on data from Ross Laboratories.
6 Hispanic is not exclusive of white or black.
d College includes all women who reported completing at least 1
Source: NAS, 1991.

year of college.


"* DRAFT
DO EOT QUOTE OR
.« CITE
                                                2-194
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                                                                              CITE
Lonnerdal et al. (1976) stated that these results indicate that breast milk quality and quantity are
not affected by maternal malnutrition. However, Brown et al. (1986a; 1986b) noted that the
lactational capacity and energy concentration of marginally-nourished women in Bangladesh were
"modestly less than in better nourished mothers."  Breast milk intake rates for infants of
marginally-nourished women in this study were 690±122 g/day at 3 months, 722±105 g/day
at 6 months,  and 719±119 g/day at 9 months of age (Brown et al., 1986a).  Brown et al.
(1986a) observed that breast milk from women with larger measurements of arm circumference
and triceps skinfold thickness had higher concentrations of fat and energy than mothers with less
body fat.  Positive correlations between maternal weight and milk fat concentrations were also
observed. These results suggest that milk composition may be affected by maternal nutritional
status.

2.5.6.  Recommendations
       The key studies described in this section were used in selecting recommended values for
breast  milk intake, fat content and fat intake, and  other related factors.   Although different
survey designs, testing periods,  and populations were utilized by the key and relevant studies
to estimate intake, the mean and standard deviation estimates reported in these studies appear
to be relatively consistent.  The general design  of both key and relevant studies and their
limitations are summarized in Table 2-127.  It should be noted that most of the intake studies
cited in this report were based on the test weighing method.  The validity of this method has
been demonstrated by Neville et al. (1988).  In addition, the population who participated in all
the intake studies were well educated and with middle to upper socioeconomic status.
       Breast milk intake - The breast milk intake rates for nursing infants that have been
reported  in the key studies described in this section are  summarized in Table 2-128. Based on
the combined results of these studies, 730 mL/day appears to represent an average breast milk
intake rate, and 1,029 mL/day represents an upper-percentile intake rate (based on the mean plus
2 standard deviations) for infants between the ages of 1  and 6 months of age.  This value is the
mean of the average intakes at 1, 3, and 6 months from the key studies listed in Table 2-128.
It is consistent with the average  intake rate of 718 to 777 mL/day estimated by NAS (1991) for
infants during the first 4 to 5 months of life. Intake among older infante is somewhat lower,
                                        2-195
-------
                                                   Table 2-127.  Breast Milk Intake Studies
       Study
Number of
Individuals
                                              Type of Feeding
                       Sampling Time tod
                            Interval
                        PopultHoa
                         Studied
                             Comments
Axelsaon et tl.,
1987
    30
Bretst-fed infants
and infants fed
formula with two
different energy
contents
Studied over 2-day
periods at 4.5 tad
5.5 months of age
Swedish infants   Energy intake calculated from
                 analysis of mtik composition and
                 measured intake rates; not corrected
                 for insensible water loss
Brown et al., 1986a;
I986b

Butteetal., 1984


Dewey and
Lonnerdal, 1983

Dewey etal., 1991a;
1991b
Hofvander et al.,
1982
58, 60 Breast-fed infants

45 Exclusively breast-
fed for first 4
months


20 Most infants
exclusively breast-
fed

73 Breast-fed for 12
months; exclusively
breast-fed for at least
first 4 months
50 25 breast-fed and 25
formula-fed infants
Studied over 3 days
at each interval

Most infants studied
over 1 day only, at
1, 2, 3, 4 months
some studied over
48 to 96 hoars to
study individual
variability
Two test weighings
per month for 6
months

Test weighing over
4-day period every 3
months for 1 year
Studied 24-hour
period at 1, 2, and 3
months
Bangledeshi
infants;
marginally
nourished
mothers
Mid- to upper-
socioecoQomic
stratum


Mid to upper
class from
Davis area of
California
Highly
educated, high-
socioeconomic
class from
Davis area of
California
Swedish infants
Measured milk and nutrient intake;
not corrected for insensible water
loss



Estimated breast milk intake and
energy intake; corrected for
insensible water loss






Estimated brest milk intake and
energy intake; did not correct for
insensible water loss


Estimated breast milk intake;
corrected for insensible water loss
Estimated breast milk and formula
intake; no corrections for insensible
water loss among breast-fed infants;
estimated frequency of feeding



O
o
S3
o«2
d*><2
8g3
«
w
o
»
-------
                                                      Table 2-127. Breast Milk Intake Studies  (continued)
N)
Study
K&Mer et al., 1984
Maxwell and
Burmaster, 1993
NAS, 1991
Neville et al., 1988
Pao et al., 1980
Number of Type of Feeding
Individuals
59 25 fully breast-fed
and 34 formula-fed
infants
1,113 Population of 1,113
breast-fed infants
based ona
hypothetical
population of 5,000
breast-fed and bottle-
fed infante
NA Breast-fed infants
13 Exclusively breast-
fed infante
22 Completely or
partially breast-fed
infante
Sampling Time and
Interval
Studied over 48-hour
periods at 6, 14, 22,
and 26 weeks of age
NA
NA
Infants studied over
24-hour period at
each sampling
interval; numerous
over first year of life
Three consecutive
days at 1, 3, 6, and
9 months
Population
Studied
Swedish infante
NA
NA
Nonsmoking
Caucasian
mothers;
middle- to
upper-
socioeconomic
status
White middle
class from
southeastern
Ohio
Comments
Estimated breast mUk and
intake; no corrections for
water loss among breast-fi
estimated energy intake
Simulated distribution of \
intake based on data front
1991a; estimated percent <
fed iafaate under 12 moot
Summarizes current
state-of-knowledge on bra
volume, composition and
breast-feeding populations
Estimated breast milkmta
lipid intake; corrected for
water loss; estimated freqi
duration of feeding
Estimated breast mUkinta
correct for insensible wate

formula
insensible
id infante;
Beast milk
Dewey
jf breast-
as of age
istmUk
Ice and
insensible
jency and
be; did not
ir loss


ta
l«
0 »
§
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                    **:  CITE
                Table 2-128. Breast Milk Intake Rates Derived From Key Studies'
Mean (mL/day)
  Upper Percentile
     (mL/day)
(mean plus 2 standard
     deviations)
Reference
1 Month
600
729
747
673
ave « 687
3 Months
833
702
712
782
788
ave *= 763
6 Months
682
744
896
747
ave - 739
9 Months
600
627
ave = 614
12 Months
391
435

918
987
1,095
1,057
1,014

_
924
934
1,126
1,046
1,008

__
978
1,140
1,079
1,065

1,027
1,049
1,038

877
923

Pao et al., 1980
Butte et al., 1984
Neville etaL, 1988
Dewey and Ldnnerdal,


Pao et al., 1980
Butte et al., 1984
Neville et al., 1988
Dewey and Ldnnerdal,
Dewey et al., 199 Ib


Pao et al., 1980
Neville et al., 1988
Dewey and Ldnnerdal,
Dewey et al., 1991b


Neville et al., 1988
Dewey et al., 1991b


Neville et al., 1988




1983





1983





1983








Dewey et al., 1991a; 1991b
ave e 413
      900
12-MONIH JIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE
678
    1,022
                                            2-198
-------
                                                                      O JTOI  QUOTE OR
                                                                       ••**•  CITE
averaging 413 mL/day for 12-month olds (Neville et al.  1988; Dewey et aL1991; 1991b).
When a time weighted average is calculated for the 12-month period, average breast milk intake
is approximately 678 mL/day, and upper-percentile intake is approximately 1,022 mL/day.
Therefore, the recommended mean breast milk intake rate is 730 mL/day for infants under 6
months of age and 678 mL/day for infants under 1 year of age.  The recommended upper-
percentile breast milk intake rate is 1,029 mL/day for infants under 6 months and 1,022 mL/day
at 12 months of age.
       Lipid Content and Lipid Intake - Recommended lipid intake rates are based on data from
Butte  et al.  (1984) and Maxwell and Burmaster (1993).  Butte et al.  (1984)  estimated that
average lipid intake ranges from 23.6 ± 7.2 g/day (22.9 ± 7.0 mL/day) to 28.0 ± 8.5 g/day
(27.2  ± 8.3 mL/day) between 1 and 4 months of age.  These intake rates are consistent with
those observed by Burmaster and Maxwell  (1993) for infants under 1 year of age [(26.8 ± 7.4
g/day (26.0  ± 7.2 mL/day)].  Therefore, the recommended breast milk lipid intake rate for
infants under 1 year of age is 26.0 mL/day and the upper-percentile value is 40.4 mL/day (based
on the mean plus 2 standard deviations).  The recommended value for breast milk fat content
is 4.0 percent based on data from HAS (1991) and Butte et al. (1984).
                                        2-199
-------
2.6.   INTAKE OF USH AND SHELLFISH                           CITS
                                                                     DRAPf
                                                               DO HO!  QU01E OR
2.6.1. Background
       Contaminated fish and shellfish are potential sources of human exposure to toxic
chemicals.  Pollutants are carried in the surface waters, but may also be stored and
accumulated in the sediments as a result of complex physical and chemical processes.
Consequently, fish and shellfish are exposed to these pollutants and may become sources of
contaminated food.
       Accurately estimating exposure to a toxic chemical among a population that consumes
fish from a polluted water body requires an estimation of intake rates of the caught fish by
both fishermen and their families. Commercially caught fish are  marketed widely, making
the prediction of an individual's consumption from a particular commercial source difficult.
Since the catch of recreational and subsistence fishermen is not "diluted" in this way, these
individuals and their families represent the population that is most vulnerable to exposure by
intake of contaminated fish from a specific  location.
       This section focuses on the intake rates of fish and shellfish. The following sections
address intake rates for the general population, recreational, and subsistence fishermen. Data
are presented for intake rates for both marine and freshwater fish when available. The
available studies have been classified as either key or relevant studies based on the
applicability of their survey designs to exposure assessment needs.  Recommended intake
rates are based on the results of key studies, but other relevant studies are also presented to
provide the reader with added perspective on the current state-of-knowledge pertaining to fish
intake.
       Survey data on fish consumption has been collected using a number of different
approaches which need to be considered in  interpreting the survey results.  Generally,
surveys are either "creel" studies in which fishermen are interviewed while fishing or
broader population surveys using either mailed questionnaires or phone interviews.  Both
types of data can be useful for exposure assessment purposes,  but somewhat different
applications and interpretations are needed.
                                        2-200
-------
                                                                            DRAFT
                                                                      DO KOT QUOTE OR
       Creel studies address individuals actively involved in recreational or subsistence
fishing. In principle, a creel study can be thought of as a representative study of fishing
effort, i.e., fishermen hours expended at a site.1  As such, the respondents will tend to be
relatively frequent fishermen who contribute substantially to the overall fishing effort in the
survey area.  For example, in a day long survey at a site, there will be an opportunity to
interview everyone who fish there daily, but only  a small fraction of the fishermen who fish
there only once each year.
       In contrast, general population surveys sample people without respect to their activity
(or lack thereof) in fishing.  For example, a survey conducted by random digit dialing would
yield a sample of all people who have phones, most of whom will not be active fishermen,
i.e., the median frequency of recreational fishing in the general population will be zero.
Similarly, a mail survey of licensed fishermen will include all people who have legal
permission to fish (some of whom may not be active fishermen).  In some cases,  the majority
of licensed fishermen in a survey will fish only occasionally, e.g., the median fishing
frequency would be very low. In such a case, the upper tail of the distribution (frequent
fishermen) would contribute the majority of fishing effort.
       Both creel and broadly-based population survey data can be applied in exposure
assessments  addressing fish consumption.  For example, using creel  survey data, individuals
at or below the median fishing frequency can be thought of as contributing 50 percent to the
overall fishing effort.  Similarly, individuals at or  above the 90th percentile fishing frequency
would be those frequent fishermen who contributed 10 percent to the overall fishing effort.1
    ^ote that the interpretation of creel surveys as representing fishing effort in an area, while
conceptually useful may not correspond with practice in all creel surveys. If creel data are to
be used as a statistical representation of fishing effort in an area:  (1) A survey approach would
need to achieve similar likelihood that individuals fishing in different areas in the region would
be sampled.  (2) Temporal representativeness also must be achieved.  (3) A specified protocol
is needed for individuals encountered on multiple survey visits. If individuals are only surveyed
once, as the number  of survey periods increases,  the survey data will begin to resemble a
population survey of all individuals who ever fish and will not represent fishing  effort. Finally,
if the survey obtains  date on the current catch of respondents, it should be  recognized that
additional fish may be caught before the end of the fishing session, and that that day's catch may
not be typical of the fisherman's usual catch.
                                        2-201
-------
                                                                          DRAFT
                                                                    DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                       %»•  CITE
       Data from a general population survey or a survey of all licensed fisnermeri, can 65	
particularly useful in an assessment that seeks to estimate the number of individuals in a
population having specified fishing frequency or fish consumption rates.  Direct use of
percentile data from population surveys can be misleading because, as noted above,
infrequent fishermen can represent the majority of a surveyed population but may contribute
only modestly to the overall fishing effort (and fish consumption).  Population survey data
categorized by fishing frequency can be a useful assessment tool, and this approach is
utilized in some of the analyses presented in this handbook.
       The U.S. EPA has prepared a review of and an evaluation of five different survey
methods used for obtaining fish consumption data.  They are:
             Recall-Telephone Survey;
             Recall-Mail  Survey;
             Recall-Personal Interview;
             Diary; and
             Creel Census.
The reader is referred  to 17. S. EPA 1992-Consumption Surveys for Fish and Shellfish for
more detail on these survey methods  and  their advantages and limitations.

2.6.2.  Key General Population Studies
       Javitz - Seafood Consumption Analysis - Javitz (1980) investigated human fish
consumption by evaluating the data in the balance sheets of the National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS); 1965-1966 and 1977-1978 National Food Consumption Surveys (USDA-
NFCS); 1969-1970 NMFS Market Facts Survey;  and the Tuna Research Institute Survey
(TRI) conducted by the National Purchase Diary (NPD). Of the 4 surveys, the most reliable
data source was determined by Javitz to be the survey data funded by the TRI and conducted
by NPD. Later, NMFS received permission from TRI to obtain the data.  The TRI survey
was conducted from September 1973 through August 1974.  The sample included 6,980
families who were currently participating  in a syndicated national purchase diary panel;
2,400 additional families where the head of household was female, and under 35 years old;
and 210 additional Black families (Javitz,  1980).  Of the 9,590 families in the total sample,
7,662 families (25,162 individuals) completed the questionnaire, a response rate of 80
                                        2-202
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                        CITE
percent.  The survey questionnaire was designed to collect information for one month ffoflr
each individual.  The survey population was divided into 12 different sample segments and
data were collected for each of the 12 months from a different sample segment.
       The survey data included the date the fish meal was consumed, species of fish
consumed, and how packaged (canned, frozen, fresh, dried, smoked) (Javitz, 1980).  It also
included whether fresh fish were recreationally or commercially caught, number of servings
consumed by family and guest, amount of fish prepared, and the amount of fish not
consumed.  Additionally, meals eaten at home and away from home were also recorded.
According to Javitz (1980), the amount of fish prepared  was determined as follows:  "For
fresh fish, the weight was recorded in ounces and may have included the weight of the head
and tail.  For frozen  fish, the weight was recorded in packaged ounces, and it was noted
whether the fish  was breaded or combined with other ingredients (e.g., TV dinners). For
canned fish, the weight was recorded in packaged ounces and  it was noted whether the fish
was  canned in water, oU, or with other ingredients (e.g., soups)."
       Javitz (1980) calculated means and 95th percentiles  of monthly fish consumption for
fish consumers in the United States (assumed to be 94 percent of the population) using the
data from the TRI survey.  The overall mean intake rate was calculated at 14.3 g/day and the
95th percentile intake rate at 41.7 g/day (Javitz  1980) .  The calculated intake rates represent
consumption patterns of the respondents who consumed fish in their one month  survey.
These survey respondents are estimated to represent, on  a weighted basis, 94.0  percent of the
U.S. population (Javitz, 1980).  The sample was weighted  to represent the U.S. population
based on a number of census-defined controls (i.e., census region, household size,  income,
children, race, and age).  The calculation of means,  percentiles, and percentages was
performed on a weighted basis with each person contributing to  the mean in proportion to
his/her assigned survey weight (Javitz, 1980).
       The weighted mean and 95th percentile total fish  intake rates calculated by Javitz
(1980) are presented  by demographic variables (race, sex, age, and census region)  in
Table 2-129.  The method used to calculate these data is presented in Appendix 2C.  The
mean consumption of fish by Asian-American people is higher (21 g/d) than that of other
groups (Table 2-129). Other obvious differences in intake  rates  are those between  gender
                                        2-203
-------
         Table 2-129. Total Fish Consumption by Demographic Variables'
                           DRAFT
                     DO NO!  QUOTE OR
                            CITE
Demographic
category
£§££

Caucasian
Black
Oriental
Other

Ssx

Female
Male

Age (years')

0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+

gensus Region

New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
                                                           Intake
                                                         (o/person/dav)
Mean
14.2
16.0
21.0
13.2
13.2
15.6
 6.2
10.1
14.5
15.8
17.4
20.9
21.7
13.3
16.3
16.2
12.9
12.0
15.2
13.0
14.4
12.1
14.2
  95th
percentile
    41.2
    45.2
    67.3
    29.4
    38.4
    44.8
     16.5
     26.8
     38.3
     42.9
     48.1
     53.4
     55.4
     39.8
    46.5
    47.8
    36.9
    35.2
    44.1
    38.4
    43.6
    32.1
    39.6
*  The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the Til Survey
   who consumed fish in the month of the survey.  TRI estimates that these
   respondents represent, on a weighted basis, 94.0 percent of the population of U.S.
   residents (See Appendix 2B).

Source: Javitz, 1980.
                                     2-204
-------
                                                                            DRAFT
                                                                      BO WOT QUOTE OR
                                                                         -   CITE
and between age groups.  While males eat (15.6 g/d) slightly more fish than females (13.2
g/d), and adults eat more fish than children, the corresponding difference in body weights
would probably compensate for the different intake rates in exposure calculations (Javitz,
1980). There appeared to be no large differences in regional intake rates, although higher
rates are shown in the New England and Middle Atlantic Census Regions (Javitz, 1980).
      The average and 95th percentile intake rates by age and gender are presented in
Table 2-130.  Tables 2-131  and 2-132 present the distribution of fish consumption for
females and males, respectively, by age.  Data are presented by the percentage of
females/males in an age bracket who consume, on average, a specified amount (grams) of
fish per day.  Tables 2-133  through Table 2-136 present estimates  of average fish intake rates
as mean and 95th percentile for females and males by age, race, and census region.
Table 2-137 presents mean total fish consumption by  species.
      Although Javitz (1980) concluded that the TRI data used were the most reliable data,
he noted that the Market Facts Survey results were useful in estimating mean consumption.
Market Facts Inc., under contract with NMFS, conducted a fish consumption survey starting
in February 1969.  A total of 1,586 households (4,864 participants) were selected at random
from a large panel designed to parallel the U.S. census data with respect to population
density, degree or urbanization, geographic region, household income and age.  The head of
the household completed a diary of fish purchases twice a month for 12 months.  The fish
diaries reported included purchases of fish products by item and weight, numbers of fish
meals eaten away from home by item, and the number of meals consumed at home prepared
from sport fish species.  Data on fish consumption for each individual in the household were
not obtained.  Instead, individual consumption was estimated by dividing the total household
consumption by the number of household members.  Using these data, the average mean per
capita intake was calculated to be 16.8 g/day (Javitz,  1980). Higher intake rates were
reported for Jews at 33.9 g/day and for Blacks at 28.7 g/day.  These data are shown in
Table 2-138.  Limitations and advantages associated with the study of Javitz (1980) are
inherent to the data of the TRI survey.
      A limitation of the study is that the questionnaire was administered to one-twelfth of
the sample during each of the 12 months of the  survey.  Therefore, the data are consumption
                                        2-205
-------
                                                                           DRAFT
                                                                     DO HOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                        ***  CITE
      Table 2-130. Average and 95th Percentile of Fish Consumption (g/day) by Sex and Age*


                                                    Total Fish

Female







Male







Age (years)
0-9
10-19
20-19
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+
0-9
10-19
20-19
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+
Mean
6.1
9.0
13.4
14.9
16.7
19.5
19.0
10.7
6.3
11.2
16.1
17.0
18.2
22.8
24.4
15.8
95th Percentile
17.3
25.0
34.5
41.8
49.6
50.1
46.3
31.7
15.8
29.1
43.7
45.6
47.7
57.5
61.1
45.7
 Overall	14.3	4L7	^	

*   The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the TRI survey who consumed fish
    in the month of the survey.  TRI estimates mat these respondents represent, on a weighted basis,
    94.0% of the population of U.S. residents.

Source: Javitz, 1980.
                                            2-206
-------
Table 2-131.  Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Females by Age"
Consumption Category (g/day)

0.0-5.0
5.1-10.0
10.1-15.0
15.1-20.0
20.1-25.0
Age(yrs)
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70+
Overall
« The
55.5
17.8
28.1
22.4
17.5
17.0
11.5
41.9
28.9
26.8
31.4
26.1
23.6
21.9
17.4
16.9
22.1
24.0
percentage of females in an
11.0
15.4
20.4
18.0
20.7
16.8
20.6
12.3
16.8
age bracket
3.7
6.9
11.8
12.7
13.2
15.5
15.9
9.7
10.7
who consume,
1.0
3.5
6.7
8.3
9.3
10.5
9.1
5.2
6.4
on average,
25.1-30.0
Percentage
1.1
2.4
3.5
4.8
4.5
8.5
9.2
2.9
4.3
30.1-37.5

0.7
1.2
4.4
3.8
4.6
6.8
6.0
2.6
3.5
a specified amount (grams)
The calculations in mis table are based upon the respondents to the TRI survey who consumed
represent, on a weighted basis, 94.0% of the population of U.S. residents.
Source: Javitz, 1980.





















37.647.5

0.3
0.7
2.2
2.8
2.8
5.2
6.1
1.2
2.4
of fish per
47.6-60.0

0.0
0.2
0.9
1.9
3.4
4.2
2.4
0.8
1.6
day.
60.1-122.5 over 122.S

0.0 0.0
0.4 0.0
0.9 0.0
1.7 0.1
2.1 0.2
2.0 0.2
2.1 0.2
1.2 0.1
1.2 0.1

fish in the month of the survey. TRI estimates that these respondents










o
* as
1-3
O
-------
Table 2-132.  Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Males by Age*
Consumption Category (g/day)

Age(yrs)
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
4049
50-59
60-69
70+
Overall
0.0-5.0

52.1
27.8
16.7
16.6
11.9
9.9
7.4
24.5
22.6
5.1-10.0

30.1
29.3
22.9
21.2
22.3
15.2
15.0
21.7
23.1
10.1-15.0

11.9
19.0
19.6
19.2
18.6
15.4
15.6
15.7
17.0
* The percentage of males in an age bracket who
15.1-20.0

3.1
10.4
14.5
13.2
14.7
14.4
12.8
9.9
11.3
20.1-25.0

1.2
6.0
8.8
9.5
8.4
10.4
11.4
9.8
7.7
consume, on average, a
25.1-30.0
Percentage
0.6
3.2
6.2
7.3
8.5
9.7
8.5
5.3
5.7
30.1-37.5

0.7
1.7
4.4
5.2
5.3
8.7
9.9
5.4
4.6
specified amount (grams)
37.647.

0.1
1.7
3.1
3.2
5.2
7.6
8.3
3.1
3.6
of fish per
5 47.6-60.0

0.2
0.4
1.9
1.3
3.3
4.3
5.5
1.7
2.2
day.
The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the TRI survey who consumed fish in the month of the survey. TRI
represent, on a weighted basis, 94.0% of the population of U.S. residents.
60.1-122.5

0.1
0.5
1.9
2.2
1.7
4.1
5.5
2.8
2.1

over 122.5

0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1

estimates that these respondent
Source: Javitz, 1980.

































o
o
w
o
-------
                                                               Table 2-133. Average Fish Consumption (g/day) for Females*
S>
3
Demographic Category

Race
Caucasian
Black
Oriental
Other
Census Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Community Type
Outside Central City 250K-500K
Central City 250K-500K
Rural, non-SMSA
Central City, 2M or more
Outside Central City, 2M or
more
Central City 1M-2M
Outside Central City 1M-2M
Central City 500K-1M
Outside Central City SOOK-1M
Central City SOK-2SOK
Outside Central City 50K-250K
Other urban
Age (years)
0-9

6.0
8.5
9.1
8.4

7.2
6.2
5.9
5.0
6.2
6.1
6.4
5.9
6.4

5.2
7.0
5.5
9.0
6.8
6.8
6.3
6.2
6.2
5.5
3.8
5.9

10-19

8.7
10.9
24.0
11.7

9.8
10.0
8.0
7.5
9.0
7.8
11.2
9.0
8.7

8.6
7.0
7.7
11.7
11.4
93
8.7
9.6
9.2
7.5
5.2
8.7

20-29

12.9
20.7
17.4
14.2

14.0
14.0
12.9
12.0
14.1
13.4
13.3
12.9
13.5

12.1
12.6
11.9
175
16.3
13.5
12.9
13.3
13.2
14.9
12.7
12.4

30-39

14.7
16.5
27.7
26.3

15.8
173
14.2
135
14.4
13.7
16.7
13.1
13.6

14.0
15.6
13.2
17.0
16.9
17.0
13.7
17.4
14.3
16.3
12.8
13,7

4049

165
205
225
10.9

20.8
18.7
14.8
13.8
18.9
15.2
17.6
13.3
15.2

20.5
13.3
14.2
21.7
20.1
16.8
14.7
14.8
18.6
16.1
11.0
15J

50-59

193
24.4
18.4
225

24.1
21.7
17.9
16.8
21.3
155
17.6
15.3
20.3

14.8
21.9
15.2
26.7
20.4
24.6
20.7
20,3
20.0
153
16.9
17.9

60-69 70+

19.0 10.7
195 12.9
83 —
173 6.8

22.1 12.7
22.9 11.2
16.8 10.1
17.2 8.9
18.8 11.4
19.4 12.4
16.8 11.7
15.8 12.1
185 9.2

17 0 1 9
18.0 11.2 t*
18.1 11.5 .*• ° ^.
22.7 11.1 7 g
185 10.4 0 1-3 S
23.7 12.1 H ,o P
22.7 11.2 W § £f
18.3 9.8 1-3
18.9 9.9 w
18.4 9.7 Q
158 9,* „ 	 ^_
17.4 10,8

    *   The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the TRI survey who consumed fish in the month of the survey. TRI estimates that these respondents represent, on a weighted basis,
        94.0% of the population of U.S. residents.

    Source: Javitz, 1980.
-------
                                                       Table 2-134. 95th Porcentfle of Fish Consumption (g/day) for Females*
Demographic Category

Race
Caucasian
Black
Oriental
Other
Cenius Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
V* Community Type
° Outside Central City 250K-500K
Central City 250K-500K
Rural, non-SMSA
Central City, 2M or more
Outside Central City, 2M or
more
Central City 1M-2M
Outside Central City 1M-2M
Central City 500K-1M
Outside Central City 500K-1M
Central City 50K-250K
Outside Central City 50K-250K
Other urban
Age (yean)
0-9

16.5
23.4
17.6
19.6

18.9
15.2
21.5
12.4
15.8
15.3
16.8
18.8
18.4

13.5
19.1
14.5
30.8
17.5
20.6
17.6
15.4
18.5
14.5
12.3
17.2

10-19

23.7
29.2
74.5
35.9

23.5
27.2
20.9
21.6
23.7
20.0
31.9
25.9
20.7

23.1
19.0
21.9
34.3
31.3
25.3
21.1
26.2
23.0
21.8
14.6
26.7

20-29

33.5
55.6
42,5
56.7

31.3
34.2
34.1
34.3
36.0
33.1
31.6
37.6
38.4

31.9
34.9
30.4
50.6
41.8
32.5
37.6
32.9
33.8
36.2
25.9
33.1

30-39

41.1
44.4
135.9
119.6

40.2
54.2
42.2
36.8
39.7
35.2
48.4
30.8
31.6

28.1
40.8
41.8
42.2
48.6
53.6
37.2
48.4
41.1
53.7
28.7
35.2

4049

48.1
53.3
151.6
24.6

46.8
50.2
46.6
39,5
52.6
43.9
54.9
34.1
46.5

89.1
46.1
38.8
54.5
61.5
40.5
34.9
35.3
50.8
44.5
34.1
46.6

50-59

49.3
55,1
55.1
26.5

55.9
54.4
49.4
46.0
52.4
38.4
44.5
50.1
46.0

36.4
58.9
39.7
64.2
50.3
52.5
46.0
50.0
56.2
43.1
33.1
48.6

60-69 70+

46 J 31.7
38.5 24.9
10.8 —
17.3 15.4

60.3 30.8
62.3 39.3
38.7 30.2
39.1 25.0
42.6 32.9
48.7 26.5
46.3 40.2
42.8 41.6
46.2 23.9

41.8 25.1 ' " '_. 	
46.3 38.4 o
48.9 35.4 J jjj
52.9 54.1 ' 0
46.1 33.6 « H §
50.2 34.1 H2§
42.7 34.2 w 0 HI
44.6 24.4 g
64.6 30,2 „
38.7 30,8 RJ
38.4 31.7
48.7 30.5

*   The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the TRJ survey who consumed fish in the month of the survey.  TRI estimates that these respondents represent, on a weighted basis,
    94.0% of the population of U.S. residents.

Source: Javitz, 1980.Javitz, 1980.
-------
                                                           Table 2-135. Average Fish Consumption (g/day) for Males"
Demographic Category

Race
Caucasian
Black
Oriental
Other
Census Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Community Type

Outside Central City 250K-500K
Central City 250K-500K
Rural, non-SMSA
Central City, 2M or more
Outside Central City, 2M or more
Central City 1M-2M
Outside Central City 1M-2M
Central City 500K-1M
Outside Central City 500K-1M
Central City 50K-250K
Outside Central City 50K-250K
Other urban
Age (years)
0-9

6.1
7.9
13.8
7.3

6.3
6.7
6.3
S.O
6.3
7.1
6.7
5.3
6.1


5.1
6.1
5.9
8.4
6.7
7.7
6.6
5.8
6.4
5.1
5.6
6.1
10-19

11.1
12.7
12.9
10.7

13.7
11.5
10.1
9.7
12.4
8.2
12.9
11.4
10.7


8.0
12.0
10.1
11.9
12.1
12.6
11.8
12.8
10.9
10.0
9.7
11.1
20-29

15.8
20.7
17.0
19.5

18.6
17.0
14.2
13.3
16.6
16.0
19.1
14.4
16.7


13.5
13.7
16.3
18.3
16.2
16.8
17.4
15.6
17.6
15.0
12.2
16.0
30-39

16.9
18.1
24.8
13.1

17.4
19.8
14.7
12.2
18.5
14.7
19.2
15.4
17.0


13.1
18.9
16.2
20.2
17.9
19.3
14.7
18.1
15.3
19.0
13.2
18.0
4049

17.9
22.2
34.6
15.5

19.9
19.9
15.1
15.2
21.1
15.2
18.9
15.4
20.0
J

16.8
15.4
17.8
19.2
19.8
19.7
18.3
19.2
19.9
22.7
11.9
16.4
50-59

22.7
24.5
24.6
12.2

27.3
26.4
20.3
22.1
22.3
17.3
18.3
18.5
25.8


18.6
23.5
19.1
28.9
24.6
22.8
24.5
24.2
23.9
17.6
17.4
21.6
60^9 70+

24.3 15.8
26.7 15.4
46.3 20.8
30.0 12.7

32.7 17.4
28.7 17.1
21.6 16.0
20.4 13.3
25.4 17.5
23.7 14.9
19.9 16.0
17.3 13.3
24.6 13.4

Gf
19.5 14.0 * °
27.6 15.3 * «
21.1 16.3 0 ° 0
32.1 18.6 M 0 g
25.4 15.9 g'c ^
22.9 18.2 H
31.0 13.8 w
22.6 15.7 0
22.8 15.9 W
23.3 13.2
20.6 14.3
22.9 15.0
1   The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the TRI survey who consumed fish in the month of the survey. TRI estimates that these respondents represent, on a weighted basis,
    94.0% of the population of U.S. residents.

Source: lavitz, WBOJavte, 1980.
-------
                                                        Table 2-136. 95th Perccatfle of Kih Contumption (g/d»y) for Males1
Demographic Category

Rice
Caucasian
Black
Oriental
Other
Ccnaui Region
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
But South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
Community Type
Outside Central City 250K-500K
Central City 250K-500K
Rural, non-SMSA
Central City, 2M or more
Outside Central City, 2M or more
Central City 1M-2M
Outside Central City 1M-2M
Cental City 500K-1M
Outside Central City 500K-1M
Central City 50K-250K
Outside Central City 50K-250K
Other Urban
Age (yean)
0-9

15.2
25.1
52.8
17.4

12.7
18.0
16.5
12.6
15.4
16.9
21.3
12.6
14.9

14.2
14.9
13.8
35.3
14.9
25.1
18.3
15.2
16.4
10.9
12.2
15.2
10-19

28.8
33.2
40.2
29.2

41.2
30.1
25.3
23.7
29.6
23.8
39.2
26.3
26.0

20.9
36.6
24.9
29.1
31.2
31.3
28.9
35.5
27.7
43.6
29.1
25.9
20-29

39.9
57.0
37.7
86.4

55.9
55.0
35.7
37.3
37.8
41.6
50.7
31.8
42.7

45.0
28.2
45.0
64.7
41.9
41.5
46.7
37.0
51.2
35.3
54.4
39.2
30-39

45.6
40.6
108.9
31.4

47.6
55.4
34.8
32.6
48.2
42J
48.6
38.8
39.3

35.5
38.0
50.1
48.1
54.2
53.3
36.7
44.9
36.2
50.8
35.1
48.0
40-49

46.6
50.6
171.6
16.8

54.6
49.0
35.4
35.6
57.6
42.3
52.0
31.3
49.4

44.1
39.4
47.6
49.0
54.4
48.5
42.5
50.1
57.7
55.5
27.8
42.1
50-59

55.6
63J
673
28.1

57,8
63.3
48.0
59.9
58.4
33.1
54.1
55.4
60.1

365
59.5
56.9
74.1
65J
52.1
60.2
63.1
57.7
50.7
39.1
48.9
60-69 70+

61.1 45.3
63.0 47.8
82.2 49.0
30.0 20.7

753 60.2
81.4 50.9
60.9 46.9
57.1 37.1
59.7 44.6
62.7 44.9
573 45.2
413 39.4
56.4 45.7

52.4 35.0 g
53.2 39.4
53.8 48.5 5
82.6 55.8 0^2
72.9 44.6 t^S-
57.6 42.2 W § HI
64.7 38.6 g
55.1 48.9
51.2 48.2 §
tVf Jf Iff- f — _
33.3 -5O*% ™- ••-•'
43.1 36.2
63.0 49.9
1   The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the TRI survey who consumed fish in the month of the survey.  TRI estimates that these respondents represent, on a weighted basis,
    94.0% of the population of U.S. residents.

Source: Javite, 1980Javitz, 1988.
-------
                    Table 2-137.  Mean Total Fish Consumption by Species'
                                                                               DKAFf
                                                                         DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                                CITE
Species
Mean
consumption
(gAiay)
 Species
Mean
consumption
(g/day)
Not reported
Abalone
Anchovies
Bassb
Bluefish
Bluegillsb
Bonito*
Buffalofish
Butterfish
Carp*
Catfish (Freshwater)1*
Catfish (Marine)*
Clams*
Cod
Crab, King
Crab, other than King*1
Grapple*
Croaker*
Dolphin*
Drums
Flounders*
Groupers
Haddock
Hake
Halibut*
Herring
Kingfish
Lobster (Northern)*
Lobster (Spiny)
Mackerel, Jack
Mackerel, other than Jack
  1.173
  0.014
  0.010
  0.258
  0.070
  0.089
  0.035
  0.022
  0.010
  0.016
  0.292
  0.014
  0.442
  0.407
  0.030
  0.254
  0.076
  0.028
  0.012
  0.019
  1.179
  0.026
  0.399
  0.117
  0.170
  0.224
  0.009
  0.162
  0.074
  0.002
  0.172
Mullet*
oysters*
Perch (Freshwater)11
Perch (Marine)
Pike (Marine)*
Pollock
Pompano
Rockfish
Sablefish
Salmon*
Scallops*
Scop*
Sharks
Shrimp*
Smelt*
Snapper
Snook*
Spot*
Squid and Octopi
Sunfish
Swordfish
Tilefish
Trout (Freshwater)*
Trout (Marine)*
Tuna, light
Tuna, White Albacore
Whitefish*
Other finfish*
Other shellfish*
  0.029
  0.291
  0.062
  0.773
  0.154
  0.266
  0.004
  0.027
  0.002
  0.533
  0.127
  0.014
  0.001
  1.464
  0.057
  0.146
  0.005
  0.046
  0.016
  0.020
  0.012
  0.003
  0.294
  0.070
  3.491
  0.008
  0.141
  0.403
  0.013
*  The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents to the TRI survey who consumed during
   the month in which the survey was conducted. TRI estimates mat these respondents represent, on a
   weighted basis, 94.0 percent of the population of U.S. residents.
*  Designated as freshwater or estuarine species by Stephan (1980).

Source: Javitz, 1980. 1980.
                                     2-213
-------
                                                                               DRAFT
                                                                         BO  NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                                CITE
          Table 2-138.  Fish Consumption Estimates From the Market Facts Survey
 Total Per Capka
                                               Mean Per Capita Consumption (g/day)*
Demographic Charscteriitics
Race
Black
White
Other
Not Specified
Religion
Catholic
Jewiih
Protestant
Other
Not Specified
Fresh and
Frozen
Finfiih

14.212
4.909
4.907
2.302

4.9S2
12.547
5.152
7.412
0.877
Canned
Fish

9.383
6.422
6.524
3.616

6.567
12.539
6.350
6.034
1.785
Fresh and
Frozen
Shellfish

3.735
2.153
7.214
1.021

2.728
2.774
2.067
3.540
0.504
Specialty
Itenu

1.345
1.770
1.381
2.177

1.999
6.040
1.758
2.231
0.765
Total
Fish

28.675
15.254
20.026
9.116

16.246
33.899
15.327
19.217
3.931
6.12
6.61
2.26
1.77
16.76
*      Converted from ft/year as reported in Javitz, 1980.

Source: Javitz, 1980.
                                                2-214
-------
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                   DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                      ••:•   CITE
patterns for one month for each individual in the sample segment and may "not accurately	
reflect long-term consumption patterns. Another limitation with the TRI data is that
participants may not have reported all fish consumed during the month's survey period. In
addition, the distinction between recreationally caught and purchased fish was not made in
this study.  An advantage of the TRI study is that it is one of the few diet studies where the
data were collected over the entire year.  Other advantages are that the survey dataset was
large, geographically representative, and the response rate was good (80 percent).
      Poo - Foods Commonly Eaten by Individuals - Pao et al. (1982)  used consumption
information obtained in the 1977-78 USDA  Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS)
to obtain frequency distributions for intake rates of various foods. The data were collected
during home interviews in which the respondent was asked to recall food intake for the day
of the interview, the day preceding, and the day after the interview.  Therefore, if the food
was eaten at least once in 3 days, the quantity consumed was recorded.  Of 37,874
individuals with 3-day diet records, 24.5 percent had eaten fish and/or shellfish at least once
in 3 days; 20.5 percent had eaten fish on  only 1 of 3 days; 3.6 percent had eaten fish on only
2 or 3 days; and 0.4 percent had eaten fish on all 3 days (Pao et al., 1982).
      The distribution for total consumption of fish and shellfish was calculated  by Pao et
al. (1982) using the 1977-78 USDA food consumption survey data and are presented  in
Table 2-139.  The mean fish intake rate for persons who reported consuming fish at least
once during the 3-day recall period was estimated as 48 g/day.  The median value was
reported as 37 g/day and 128 g/day for the 95th percentile. These intake rates are more than
twice those calculated by Javitz (1980) from the TRI data and the mean  per capita intake
from the Market Facts survey.  The advantages of this study is that the data were derived
from the USDA-NFCS and are representative of the U.S. population. A disadvantage is that
these data are based on short-term dietary recall and may not accurately reflect long-term
consumption patterns and may not be useful in evaluating distributions for fish intake. Also,
these studies may not be representative of those recreational fishermen who consume larger
amounts of fish than the general population.
      USDA—Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987-88—The USDA conducted a
survey in 1987-88 in 4,500 households (USDA, 1992b).  Individuals were asked  to recall
                                        2-215
-------
Table 2-139. Consumption of Hsh tnd Shellfish
Age Group

1-2
Male and Female
Perccntilci
Ave/*
day

5 3
25 9
50 19
75 28
90 47
95 56
99 93
Mean 22
(SD)* (18)
% Consumers*
10451
Qty/8
eating
occaition
8
28
43
58
112
125
168
52
(38)
17.3
3-5 6-8
Male and Female Male and Female
1,719* 1,841'
Ave/ Qty/ Ave/ Qty/
day eating day eating
occaition occwskm
4 12 6 19
13 36 19 40
25 57 28 72
37 85 38 112
49 113 57 160
57 170 75 170
96 240 131 288
27 70 32 81
(19) (51) (24) (58)
20.4 22.5

Male
2,089«
Ave/ Qty/
day earing
9-14
Female
2,158'
Ave/ Q!y/
day eating
15-18


Ave/
day
occasrion oceatsion
9 28
19 56
30 84
47 113
76 170
96 255
154 425
40 101
(31) (78)
22.0
8 19
19 45
28 79
38 112
61 168
82 206
151 288
33 86
(25) (62)
22.9
9
27
37
57
84
113
297
46
(45)

Male
1,394'
Qty/
eating
occassion
20
57
85
142
200
252
454
417
(115)
21.1
Female
1,473'
Ave/ Qty/
day eating




occassion
9 24
19 56
33 85
57 130
85 225
112 270
217 568
45 111
(42) (102)
24.2










Total Individuals'


Perccntile








5
25
50
75
90
95
99

Average Per Day
for Consumers
Quantity Consumed Per Eating Occasion
(g/day as consumed)








Mean (SD?
8
20
37
57
94
128
215

48(42)


















(grams)









20
57
85
152
227
284
456

117 (98)



O
O
as
H O
w »
b| C ^
2 *"*
w
o
50
                                                                                           (Continued)
-------
                                                   Table 2-139.  Consumption of Fish and Shellfish (continued)
*   Total number of individuals (weighted) in each age group with 3-day diet record.
b   Ave/day - average per day for consumers (g/day as consumed) who ate fish at least once in 3 days.
0   Qty/eating occassion - quantity consumed per eating occassion (grams).
4   (SD) - standard deviation.
e   Percentage of consumers using food at least once in 3 days.
*   Total number of individuals (weighted) 37,874 - includes only individuals (adults and children) with 3-day diet record

Source:  Pao et at, 1982.

-------
                                                                      DRAFT
                                                                 DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                    .   CITE
foods eaten over the past 3 days. The survey response rate was 37 percent. The purpose of
the survey was to "analyze the food consumption behavior and dietary status of Americans"
(USDA, 1992). A statistical sampling design was used to ensure that all seasons, geographic
regions of the U.S., demographics, and socioeconomic groups were represented.
      The mean per capita intake rates and intake rates for consumers of fish and shellfish
by gender and age are shown in Table 2-140.  These data are based on the 1987-1988 USDA
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Intake rates for consumers-only were  calculated by
dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population consuming  fish and •
shellfish in one day.
      An advantage of this study is that these USDA NFCS data is a large geographically
and seasonally balanced survey of a representative sample of the U.S.  population.  However,
the data are based on short-term recall (1 day) and may not necessarily reflect  long-term
consumption patterns. In addition,  the survey response rate was low.
      17.5. EPA Analysis of 1987/88 USDA NFCS Data - EPA analyzed data  from the
1987-88 USDA NFCS to generate distributions of intake rates for fish and shellfish.  Fish
products were identified in the NFCS data base according to NFCS-defined food codes.
Appendix 2-A presents the codes used to determine the various food groups. Intake rates for
these fish and shellfish products represent intake of all forms of the product (i.e.,
homeproduced  and commercially produced). The USDA data were adjusted by applying the
sample weights calculated by USDA to the data set prior to analysis.  These weights were
designed to "adjust for survey nonresponse and other vagaries of the sample selection
process" (USDA, 1987/88).  Intake rates were indexed to the body weight of the survey
respondent and reported in units of g/kg-day. The food analysis was  accomplished using the
SAS statistical programming system (SAS,  1990).
      Distributions of intake rates were determined by apportioning the amount of fish and
shellfish used by a household among family members based on average serving sizes for
specified age groups of the population and the number of weekly meals consumed by each
family member. A detailed description of the methodology used to generate distributions of
homegrown intake is presented in Section 2.7 (Intake Rates for Various Homeproduced Food
Items) of this Handbook.  The same method was  used to determine the intake rates of all
                                       2-218
-------
             Table 2-140.  Mean Fish and Shellfish Intake in a Day, by Sex and Age*
                                                                                 DRAFT
                                                                           DO NOT  OUOTE OR
                                                                                  CITE
                     Per capita intake
                        (g/day)
Percent of population
Consuming fish and
Shellfish in 1 day
Intake (g/day)
for Consumers
  only1'
Males or Females

    5 and under

Males
          6.0
     67
6-11
12-19
20 and over
Females
6-11
12-19
20 and over
All individuals
3
3
15

7
9
12
11
3.7
2.2
10.9

7.1
9.0
10.9
9.4
79
136
138

99
100
110
117
*  Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1987 to 1988) data for one day.

b  Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita consumption rate by the fraction of the
   population using fish and shellfish hi a day.

Source: USDA, 1992.
                                           2-219
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                                                                          DRAFT
                                                                    DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                       .-  CITE
forms (i.e., homeproduced and commercially prepared) of fish and shellfish presented in this
section.
       Fish and shellfish intake rates for various subcategories of the population within
census regions are presented in Tables 2-141 through 2-14S. These distributions represent
intake rates for consumers of fish and shellfish only. These data represent one-week average
intake rates for family members from those surveyed households who reported eating the fish
and shellfish during the survey period.  The total number of individuals in the data set (i.e.,
both individuals who ate fish and shellfish and those who did not eat fish and shellfish during
the survey period) are presented in Table 2-185 in Section 2.7.2.  These total number of
individuals surveyed may be used with the consumer only data presented here to calculate per
capita fish and shellfish intake rates for the survey population as shown in Section 2.7.2.
       The advantages of these data are that they provide distributions of  fish and shellfish
intake rates and the NFCS was designed to be representative of the U.S. population.
However, these data are based on short-term dietary recall and may not accurately reflect
long-term intake patterns.  Additional advantages and limitations of this analysis are outlined
in Section 2.7.4 of this Handbook.

2.6.3,  Other Relevant General Population Studies
       Riffle et al - Lognormal Distributions for fish Consumption by the General
Population - Ruffle et al. (1994) developed a lognormal distribution to fit  to data that were
collected in the 1973-1974 TRI survey. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
obtained permission from TRI and analyzed data on the consumption of saltwater and
freshwater finfish and shellfish from all sources in 10 regions of the U.S.  (Ruffle et al.
1994).  These data were previously analyzed and published by Rupp et al. (1980) for selected
percentiles, averages, maximums and sample size (Ruffle et al., 1994).
       The intake rates were calculated using three age groups: children (ages 1-11 years);
teens (ages 12-18  years); and adults (ages 19-98 years).  The data used are from a survey
sample pool of 23,213 participants.  One-twelfth of the sample pool received the survey
during each of the 12 months.  Each participant  recorded their age and fish consumption
patterns as  number of meals and serving sizes for each type of fish eaten for one month.
                                       1 2-220
-------
Tiblc 2-141. InUke of Total Fith ud SheUCih (g/tg-d*y) - All Region* Combined

Population
Group
ToM
Age

01-02
0345
06-11
12-19
20-39
4049
70+
Seuaat
F«D
Sprint
SllGBlMf
Winter
IriMiuniioti
CwttriCity
Mam«li
-------
3


1
1
•s
M


I
    1
       I             III!   ill  iiiii   I
                      il
                             ll
                             <4 
-------
Table 2-143, Inlake of Tool Fuh and Shellfish 
-------
                                                                        Tikte 2-144.  lotaka of ToUl Kit tad SboUfirii (j/kj-diy) - Sae& Repoo
       Oraup
                     H
                   wiVI
                                                                 n
                                                                                                        H
                                                                                                                    N9
                                                                                                                                                          FM
       Apr
 IMS
 96-11

 294*
 40-0
 78+
                           3M7MW
 46WW
 919910
1ZM009
2<1MM
3315900
W330M

IM9080
                                            IfN
                                             23
                                             53
                                             139
                                             174
594
137
                                              3JC+00
                                              jj7Stt»
                                              IJ7BK4
                                                     7.X3MI
                                                                  332S44
                      K49Z43
                      131B-OJ
                      2.19WJ
                                                                  J49M4
                                                                  4.WE-W
227E41
133E4I
U4E41
I.CCBKO
                                                                                            17JS41
2J7&S1
1J2E41
P4S4I1
                                                                                                        I.I5E42
                                                                                                        2J7E41
                                                                                                        KIWI
                                                                                                        I.OE42
                          77SE42

                          13QB41
3.61B-01
2JIE-01
1.41E-01
                         I.71E42

                         1-MB-fll
                                                                                                                                 2J4&41
                                                                                                                                 634B41
                                                                                                                                  IJWE41
                                                                                                                                  1.I7B-01
                                                                                                                                 3.I7E41
                                                                                                                                              414Z4I
            1162+W
            1J5H+M
            1.I4EH4
                         3J1E-C1
                         3OS-I!
                         453^41
                         &22E41
                                                                                                                                                                       1.93E+W
                                                                                                              7J1E-01
                                                                                                              U3E41
                                                                                                     3.1JE+00
                                                                                                     2JOBMO
                                                                                                     JJGHX3
                                                                                                                                                    I.47E+41
                                                                                                                                                    5ME+M
                                                               452SH1
                                                               1.47I*fl
                                                               7JKKO
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9.71E42
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2J2S41
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l.HB-01
                                                                                                                                              4JSE41
                                                                                                                                              4.«H-01
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             l.W£4«
                                                                                                                                                                       IJtE+W)
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                                                                                                                                                                                                5,(ME»«
                                                                                                                                                                                                             I.WE*«
                          1.47B-H1
                          1.94B+41
                     174SO»
                     0020000
                     13913990
Km
 Afa
 SK*
                            7W7000
        O&ritt
                             mm
        Doyoufch?
                372
                317
                721
                 2t
                416
                  5
                 »
                HIS
                                            413
         1.Z5E+W

         7JIE4I
                                                     1.37E+W
                                                     1J«E*«
                                                                  U2S44
                                                                  3.1IE-04
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                                                                  U5E-W
                                                                  104E-C3
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O.OOE-KW
                                  2J9S41
                                  O.OOE+«
                                  177141
                                  3WE41
                                  O.OOE-WO
                                                                               I.OOB+40
O.OOB+00
U5E42
175EJW
                                                                                                        IJ5B-OI
                                                                                                        7J1E-92
                                                                                    O.OOB+flO
                                                                                     177B41
                                                                                     3.WE-J2
                                                                                     41IB42
                                                                                           C.OOE+W
                          JJ7E-01
                          7J9M2
                          177E41
                          1.I7B41
1JOE-01
1.MM1
1JO&01
                                                                                                                     5.05E-OI
                                                                                                                     2JSE41
                                                                                                                     1.14E41
nsBJ>\
113B41
2J4B4I
                                      C74E41
                                      3.11E41
                                      6.49E41
                                      172K4I
                                      1IOB-01
                                                                                                                                  JJJM1
SJ2E-01
4J3S41
457E41
                                                                            I.4TE+00
                                                                            1^3B+«
                                                                                                                                                                       J.OOE+W
                                                                                                                                                           1.49E+00
                                                  JJ4E+00
                                                  3.10B+«
                                                                7.40B4I
                                                                405B41
                                                                                                                                              5J6&01
                                      tlTEHPO
                                      2J1B+90
                                                                                                                                                                                                IS.41E+40
                                                               J^ffi-KW
                                                               I.41E-KW
                                                               IJtSHl
                         3,7£S+tl
                         4JJE-K1
                         130E-HL
                                                                                                                                                                                                             3.MS+I1
                                                                                                                                                                                                             1JSE-H1
                                                  3.S78*«
                                                  l.OE+00
                                                                                                                                                                       3.198+40
                                                                                                                                                                                    4J3E400
                                                                                                                                                                                    4*5E+00
                                                                                                                                                                                                7.0JB-H8


                                                                                                                                                                                                1.93B-M1
                                                                                                                                                                                                             4J2E441
to
to
                                                                                                                                                                                                           O
                                                                                                                                                                                                           szJ
                                                                                                                                                                                                           0
                                                                                                                                                                                                            w
-------
Table 2-145.  Intake of Total Fi«h and Shellfish (g/kg-day) - Wen Region
Population
Group
Tokl
Age
<91
01-42
03-05
06-11
IM9
W-39
4M9
•K*
SCMOU
ra
Spilt
SiMrawr
Wirtta-
tMnnrobon
CoflnlOty
NOBiaeilOjpoBift
Sutatei
Race
A«n
Btafc
* fltCW AlflBIHiM
OteflJA.
Wilt
Kaponn t» Quolknuiiiie
Doyou&h?
N
wgtd
1 913 3000

30000
swooo
1002000
1993006
i 94«ooo
6143000
S424800
1536000

5370000
4459000
4*45000
43S9999

7111000
SHOWS
99MOOO

4MOOO
I1MOOO
283099
«74000
16JWXX)

4719000
N
unwpttd
999

19
43
51
111
103
309
284
It

m
38}
199
218

2M
14}
Ml

»
53
13
34
K2

251
Mm
7.75E-9I

1.8SE+00
lllE-MM
9.0SB-01
7.1SMI
4J3E-01
«.79E41
7.J4MI
7.»E-Ot

6.74M1
»«E-01
7MMI
tJSMl

I.OCE-01
601&01
7A3&01

1J1B400
l.«E+«
L97W1
1JOE-KW
7«7M1

9J3E41
SE
3JSB44

2.72E4B
493E-03
7.25E-04
6.45E-04
4.75&04
510E-04
4.45E-94
6J9E-04

4JOK4M
8.23&04
4.71E-04
S.17E-04

a.m-94
6S5E-04
5.45E-04

ISSBM
115&03
3.MB44
4.D3S48
1M&04

9J1E-04
PO
O.OCE+00

112E-C1
U5E-01
t.ltSM
2.25E42
I.S4E-02
0.006*00
3.0BB42
I.14E-02

9.00E400
1.14E42
1.94E-W
3.0&02

1.14E-W
5.7»E-«
9.00E400

1S1M1
O.WE+00
5.79B4S
7J2E42
1.14B-W

U4B41
PI
3.08E-02

2.12E-01
1.5SE41
S.TBEJn
1.UE41
!.tSBM
2.03E42
3.31&42
1.14B42

1.59 E-01
142&42
155E42
4WE-02

3.31E42
&58&«
155E42

2J1E41
O.OOB-HW
5.79E-«
7J2E-W
3.4»&OJ

2J9B-02
P3
S.33E42

2.12E41
2.71E-01
1.68E-01
I.49E-01
«J3B42
7J2E42
9.21E-W
9.33E42

S,tSE42
9.75&OI
l.OOE-01
«J
9.57B+OB
1.U8MI
3.73B440

1.12E<«1
2J9B+01
95!B*«fl
1«B<«1

!.37S(SS
MSE400
l.WE+01

riiBtoo
9.57B+00
5J1B41
159E+«l
142B4«1

I42Bt«I
                                                                                                                         c
                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                         i
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                                                                         DRAFT
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The 12-month duration of the survey was designed to account for seasonal variation (Ruffle
et al.  1994).
      Ruffle et al. (1994) converted annual NMFS intake rates that were calculated by Rupp
et al.  (1980) into daily intake rates and modeled the summary statistics to determine the best
fit lognormal distribution. Ruffle et al. (1994) used teee methods (Non-linear  Optimization,
First Probability Plot, and Second Probability Plot) to fit lognormal distributions to 89
datasets of fish consumption from the NMFS Survey.  Ruffle et al. (1994) determined that
the best fit was obtained from the nonlinear optimization method (NLO).  Therefore, only
the results of the NLO analysis are presented (See Table 2-146).  This table presents the
optimal values for the mean  (p) and the standard deviation (a) from the NLO method,
including the minimum value of the objective function (min SS).  Also, Table 2-146 shows
five relationships based  on Daily Consumption Rate (OCR) OCR 50, DCR 90,  DCR 99,
DCR^, and DCR^^ that were used to obtain values of p and 
-------
                                                                               DRAFT
                                                                        DO KOf  QUOTE OR
                                                                           *»  CITE
       Table 2-146.   Best Fits of Lognormal Distributions Using the NonLinear Optimization (NLO)
                     Method
      '	Adults	Teenagers	Children

 Shellfish
        p                          1.37               -0.183                0.854
        o                          0.858               1.092                0.730
        (minSS)                  27.57                1.19                 16.06

 Finfish (freshwater)
        I*                          0.34                0.578                -0.559
        o                          1.183               0.822                1.141
       -(minSS)                   6.45               23.51                 2.19

 Finfish (saltwater)
M
a
(minSS)
2.311
0.72
30.13
1.691
0.830
0.33
0.881
0.770
4.31
The following equations were may be used with the appropriate n and a value to obtain an average Daily
Consumption Rate (OCR) and percenfjles of the DCR distribution.  These values have been adjusted to
account for a 25% increase in consumption since Rupp's data were collected.

        DCR50 = exp 0*)
        DCR90 = exp Qi  + z(0.90) • cr]
        DCR99 - exp \n  + z(0.99) • 0}
               = exp \n  + 0.5 •  o2]
Source: Ruffle et al.  1994
                                           2-227
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                                                                     DHAFT
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                                                                      CITE
may have been underestimated; (5) the survey did not focus on the consumption patterns 6!
sport anglers who catch and eat fish from particular waterbodies; and (6) because respondents
reported on fish consumption for one month, a < 10 percent chance exist for capturing
participants who eat fish only once per year.  Despite these limitations, Ruffle et al.  (1994)
suggests that the data of Rupp are  an excellent basis for Monte Carlo analyses.
       An advantage associated with the NMFs data is that the data are large regional sample
and the survey was designed to capture fish consumption patterns over 1 year (Ruffle et al.
1994). The data are representative of the general U.S. population; it includes a subset of the
general population eating > 150 g/day (i.e., large amounts of fish) (Ruffle et al.,  1994).

2.6.4.  Key Recreational (Marine Ush Studies)
       Puffer et al. - Intake Rates  of Potentially Hazardous Marine Fish Caught in the
Metropolitan Los Angeles Area - Puffer et al. (1981)  conducted a creel survey with sport
fishermen in the Los Angeles area in 1980. The survey was conducted at  12 sites in the
harbor and coastal areas to evaluate intake rates of potentially hazardous marine fish and
shellfish by local, non-professional fishermen.  In addition, it was used to  identify and
estimate the size of population subgroups with large fish intake rates. The survey was
conducted for the full 1980 calendar year, although inclement weather in January,  February,
and March limited the interview days.  Each site was surveyed an average of three times per
month, on different days, and at a different time of the day. The survey questionnaire was
designed to collect information on  demographic characteristics;  fishing patterns; species,
number, and weights of fish caught; and fish consumption patterns. Interviews were
conducted with 1,059 anglers who had caught fish, and the anglers were interviewed only
once during the entire survey period.  Sport fishermen kept 67 to 89 percent of the finfish
and 97 percent of the shellfish catch.  The cumulative distribution of estimated total  fish and
shellfish consumption by surveyed  sport anglers in the Los Angeles area is presented in
Table 2-147.  The median fish and shellfish intake rate was reported to be approximately
37 g/day and the 90th percentile intake rate was approximately  225 g/day.  Intake rates were
calculated only for those fishermen who indicated that they eat the fish they catch. A mean
value was not presented.
                                        2-228
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                                                                              CUE        ;
       Table 2-147.   Cumulative Distribution of  Total  Fish/Shellfish  Consumption  by
                     Surveyed Sport Fishermen in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Area
                                                         Intake rate*
                 Percentile                               (g/person/day)

                       5                                      2.3
                      10                                      4.0
                      20                                      8.3
                      30                                     15.5
                      40                                     23.9
                      50                                     36.9
                      60                                     53.2
                      70                                     79.8
                      80                                    120.8
                      90                                    224.8
	95      	338.8

*  Based on total grams of edible fish regardless of species.

Source: Puffer et al. (1981).
                                        2-229
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       Puffer estimated daily consumption (grams/day-person) for each 'species using the	
following equation:
                               (K x N x W)/E x (F/365)                      (Eqn. 2-7)
where:
       K  = edible proportion (by weight) of fish;
       F  = frequency of fishing/year;
       E  = number of fish eaters in family/living group;
       W = average weight of (grams) fish in catch; and
       N  = number of fish in catch.
Assumptions associated with the calculation are: (1) Amount of fish and average weight of
fish per catch is constant; (2) The frequency of fishing for each fisherman is constant
throughout the year; (3) The number of family fish-eaters is constant (greater than zero),
and the catch is shared evenly among family members; and (4) All of the catch is eaten, and
25 to 50 percent of the weight of the fish is edible (Puffer et al.,  1981).
       Data were obtained for successful fishermen.  If fishermen who caught no fish were
included, intake estimates would be somewhat lower. On the other hand, the survey
assumed that the number of fish caught at the time of the interview was all that would be
caught that day. If it were possible to interview fishermen at the conclusion of their fishing
day, intake estimates could be potentially higher.
       A description of consumption patterns for primary fish  species kept, is presented in
Table 2-148.  Differences in the participation and intake rates of ethnic groups are shown in
Table 2-149.  Although Caucasians make up the largest percent of fishermen interviewed, the
fish intake rate for Oriental/Samoan fishermen and their families is considerably higher than
for other groups.  Puffer et al. (1981) found similar median intake rates for seasons; 36.3
g/day for January through March, November and  December; and 37.7 g/day for April
through October.
       It should be noted that in early Spring, fishing quarantines were imposed due to heavy
sewage overflow (Puffer et al., 1981). An advantage to this study is that it provides direct
information on fish consumption patterns for active fishermen in the Los Angeles coastal
area.

                                        2-230
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             Table 2-148.   Description of Consumption Patterns for Primary Fish Kept
                           by Sport Fishermen (n = 1059)
                                   Percent of fishermen               % of Fishermen
Species                            who consume / give away             Who Caught
White Croaker
Pacific Mackerel
Pacific Bonito
Queenfish
Jacksmelt
Walleye Perch
Shiner Perch
Opaleye
Black Perch
Kelp Bass
California Halibut
Shellfish*
82%
74%
77%
79%
78%
83%
67%
87%
89%
78%
86%
97%
15%
15%
18%
13%
16%
7%
10%
7%
5%
2%
8%
0%
34
25
18
17
13
10
7
6
5
5
4
3
* Crab, mussels, lobster, abalone.


Source: Puffer et al., 1981.
                                          2-231
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                                                                       "** DRAFT
                                                                     00 NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                       4M*  CITE
       Table 2-149.  Median Intake Rates Based on Demographic Data of SporrPishermei
                    Family/Living Group
                                  Percent                             Median
                                  of total                           intake rates
                                  interviewed                        (g/person-day)
Ifthnic Group

Caucasian                           42                                 46.0
Black                               24                                 24.2
Mexican-American                    16                                 33.0
Oriental/Samoan                      13                                 70.6
Other                                5                                 -*
< 17                               11                                 27.2
18-40                              52                                 32.5
41-65                              28                                 39.0
> 65                                9                                113.0
*  Not reported.

Source:  Puffer et al., 1981.
                                   2-232
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                                                                      DRAFT
                                                                    JTOT QUOTE OR
                                                                    ;•   CITE
      Pierce et al, - Commencement Bay Seafood Consumption Study ~
performed a local creel survey to examine seafood consumption patterns and demographics of
sportfishermen in Commencement Bay, Washington.  The objectives of the survey conducted
by Pierce et al (1981) included determining (1) seafood consumption habits and demographics
of noncommercial anglers catching seafood; (2) the extent to which resident fish/crustacea
were used as food; and (3) the method of preparation of the fish/crustacea to be consumed.
An additional objective was to develop a health risk model for fish/crustacea consumers in
Commencement Bay using U.S. EPA data for toxicant edible tissues. The first half of this
survey was conducted from early July to mid-September, 1980.  The second half of the
survey was conducted mid-September through most of November.  The fishermen were
interviewed along Commencement Bay waterways in Tacoma, Washington, for 5 days in the
summer and 4 days in the fall.  There were 304 interviews in the summer and 204 in the
fall; the total number of unique fishermen was calculated at 3,391.  The interviews were
conducted only with persons who had caught  fish or shellfish.  The anglers were interviewed
only once during the survey period.  Data were recorded for species; wet weight; size of the
living group (family); place of residence; fishing frequency; planned uses of the fish; age;
sex; and race  (Pierce et al., 1981). A follow-up survey was conducted with survey
participants with telephones to determine if fish caught had been eaten.  The ethnic makeup
of the fishermen  surveyed by season is presented in Table 2-150. Table 2-151 contains catch
data by species obtained from the survey. When comparing total weights between the specie
of fish caught, the dominant species were Pacific Hake and Walleye Pollock (Table 2-151).
Pierce et al. (1981) found that more than half of the fishermen caught and consumed fish
weekly during both seasons (Table 2-152).
      The U.S.  EPA (1993) used date from  Pierce et al. (1981) and calculated  fish intake
rates using the following  equation (U.S. EPA, 1993):
                  fishing frequency x -weight of catch per trip (Ib) x edible portion x 454 glib
 Fish intake rait =	no. of people per household	
                                              365 days
                                                                         (Eqn. 2-8)
                                       2-233
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                                                                   Eo KOI QUOTE OR
                                                                    '">.  CITE
       Table 2-150.  Commencement Bay Ethnic Makeup of Fishermen SurveyecTby Seasun—	    	
Ethnic group                      Summer                         Fall
White                           58.9%                          60.8%
Black                           22.7%                          15.2%
Oriental                         15.5%                          23.5%
Mexican                         2.6%                           0.5%
Indian                           0.3%                           0%
Source: Pierce et al., 1981.
                                      2-234
-------

Table 2-151.




Species
Pacific Hake
Walleye Pollock
Pile Perch
Pacific Cod
Pacific Tomcod
Rock Sole
Striped Seaperch
Speckled Sandab
Brown Rockfish
Sand Sole
English Sole
Big Skate
Copper Rockfish
Quillback Rockfish
Black Rockfish
Spiney Dogfish
Starry Flounder
White Spotted Greenling
Shiner Perch
Canary Rockfish
Red Irish Lord
Dover Sole
Boccaccia Rockfish
FlatheadSole
Pacific Sandab
Staghom Sculpin
Petrale Sole
Butter Sole
Red Stripe Rockfish
Sablefish
Cabazon
Arrowtooth Flounder
Kelp Greenling
Buffalo Sculpin
Blenny
C-O

Total Weight of Catch in Commencement
Grouped by Species

Summer* «
catch wt
(kg)e
150.32
121.97
46.88
38.53
30.19
10.66
10.55
10.11
9.07
7.85
6.40
5.44
3.11
2.77
2.72
2.72
2.29
1.93
1.59
1.59
1.13
1.11
0.91
0.70
0.54
0.48
0.39
0.23
—
—
_
—
—
—
0.05
0.14
DRAFT
Bay, Washington °° $OT QUOTE OR
•4B» CITE

Fall*
catch wt
(kg)"
137.24
433.03
7.80
42.34
23.68
5.44
1.56
18.59
6.31
3.08
1.66
4.31
6.12
5.33
23.50
2.86
3.67
0.32
9.90
4.85
1.84
1.45
0.20
_
4.76
1.81
0.57
—
1.11
0.82
0.68
0.64
0.50
0.36
0.11
"
*    Summer - July through September, survey was conducted over 5 days and it encompassed
     4 survey areas (i.e., area #1, #2, #3 and #4).
b    Fall - September through November, survey was conducted over 4 days, and it encompassed
     5 survey areas (i.e., area #1, #2, #3, #4 and #5).
c    Original data (fishweight) were presented in Ibs, conversions were made to kg by multiplying
     by a factor of 0.4536.

Source: Pierce et al., 1981.
                                          2-235
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                                                                                CITE
    Table 2-152.  Percent of Fishing Frequency During the Summer and Fall Seasons
                 in Commencement Bay, Washington

Fishing
Frequency
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Bimonthly
Biyearly
Yearly

Frequency Percent
in the Summer*
10.4
50.3
20.1
6.7
4.4
8.1
Frequency
Percent in the
Fall"
8.3
52.3
15.9
3.8
6.1
13.6
, Frequency
Percent in the
Fall6
5.8
51.0
21.1
4.2
6.3
11.6
*  Summer - July through September, includes 5 survey days and 4 survey areas (i.e., area #1,
   #2, #3 and #4)
b  Fall - September through November, includes 4 survey days and 4 survey areas (i.e., area
   #1, «, #3 and #4)
0  Fall - September through November, includes 4 survey days described in footnote b plus an
   additional survey area (5 survey areas) (i.e., area #1, #2, #3, #4 and

Source: Pierce et al., 1981.
                                        2-236
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                                                                    DRAFT
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                                                                .»*.  CITE
The edible portion of fish consumed was assumed to be 50 percent.  Most of the anglers
surveyed consumed fish on a weekly basis, and consumed less than 10 g/day (U.S. EPA,
1993).
      In the study conducted by Fierce et al. (1981) the fish intake rates obtained were 204
g/person-day in the summer and 454 g/person-day in the fall (U.S. EPA, 1993).  These
values are much higher than the values obtained in this study.  For this study, U.S. EPA
(1993) converted the group responses of (Pierce et al. 1981) into individual responses as
well.  The mean intake rate calculated for anglers based on individual responses was 39.1
g/day (Table 2-153) and the intake rate of anglers based on group responses  was 46.9 g/day
(Table 2-154).  Fish intake rates for most respondents ranged between 1-10 g/day for the
individual (42.5 percent) and group (30.4 percent) calculation with approximately 10 percent
consuming more than 90 g/day (U.S. EPA, 1993).
      An advantage of this survey is that the data do provide an indication of consumption
patterns for that time period in the Commencement Bay area.   However, the data may not
reflect current consumption patterns, because fishing advisories were instituted due to local
contamination.
      Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project -  Santa Monica Bay Seafood Consumption
Study - A study was conducted by the Santa Monica Bay Restoration project (1994) to
investigate the demographic characteristics of recreational anglers who fish in  Santa Monica
Bay, California. Food consumption patterns and rates of these anglers were assessed, ethnic
subgroups of the population that have high rates of fish consumption were identified, and the
fish species caught and consumed at the highest rates by these anglers were determined. The
study was conducted between September 1991 and August 1992 at 29 sites around the Santa
Monica Bay. The sampling period included summer months (September 1991 and June -
August 1992), and fall, winter and spring months (October 1991 - May 1992). During the
summer period, 12 surveys were conducted per month, and 6 surveys per month were
conducted during the non-summer period.  A stratified random approach was used to
schedule and conduct the surveys.  The survey design consisted of a creel census and
questionnaires which were administered  to anglers utilizing four different fishing modes:
piers and jetties, private boats,  party boats, or beaches and intertidal zones. Information
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       Table 2-153.  Percentile  and  Mean  Intake  Rates  for  Non-Commercial  Anglers  in
                    Commencement Bay (Individual Responses/
                  Percentile                                 Intake Rate
                 	  (g/day)
                    25th                                         1.6
                    50th                                         9.7
                    75th                                       32.1
                    90th                                       78.4
                    95th                                       145.7
                    98th                                       283.8
                    100th                                    1,543.6
                    Mean                                      39.1
*  Raw data are from Pierce et al. (1981).
Source:  U.S. EPA, 1993.
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       Table 2-154.   Percentile and Mean Consumption Rates for Non-Commercial Anglers  in
                    Commencement Bay (Group Responses)*
                  Percentile                                Intake Rate
                              	(g/day)
                    25th                                        1.2
                    50th                                       12.2
                    75th                                       38.1
                    90th                                      132.0
                    95th                                      163.4
                    98th                                      267.5
                    100th                                    2,139.3
                    Mean                                       46.9

'  Raw data are from Pierce et al. 1981,
Source:  U.S. EPA, 1993.
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collected included number of anglers that fish at the Santa Monica Bay; demographic
characteristics of anglers (i.e. ethnicity, age, gender); fishing site characteristics; different
species of fish caught; fishing frequency; fishing seasons; and seafood consumption patterns
of anglers.
      One of the two methods used in estimating seafood consumption rates was based on
the respondents estimates of fish meal sizes relative to a balsa wood fillet model.  The fillet
model assumes  ISO g is for the fish meal size considered standard (Santa Monica Bay
Restoration Project, 1994).  The fish consumption rate was calculated by multiplying the
estimated fish species meal size relative to the fillet model by the frequency of fish species
consumption four weeks prior to the interview. Also, for anglers that caught fish, the
number 1 was added to their frequency of fish consumption (Santa Monica Bay Restoration
Project, 1994).
      The results obtained from the estimates based on the fillet model by ethnicity and
income groups for all fish consumed by Santa Monica Bay anglers are presented in
Table 2-155.  The median and mean consumption rate for Santa Monica Bay anglers was 21
g/day and 50 g/day, respectively (Table 2-155). Table 2-155 also indicates that for the
identifiable ethnic groups, median consumption rates were the highest for blacks,  24 g/day,
while Asians  had the highest 90th percentile estimate of 116 g/day.  Anglers with annual
household incomes less than $5,000 had the highest median consumption of 32.1 g/day, and
anglers with household annual income greater than $50,000 had the highest 90th percentile
estimate of 128.6 g/day.
      A limitation in  the approach used to calculate fish consumption rate is that the
frequency of fish consumption was based on recall. This may somewhat bias the results
obtained.  An advantage of this study is that the random sampling approach employed
minimized sampling biases that may be created.  Also the method used to estimate fish
consumption rate accounted for all anglers who consumed fish whether or not the fish was
caught at the time of interview. Another advantage is that the survey accounted for fishing
seasons that occurred all year round.
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Table 2-155,  Distribution of Seafood Consumption Rates of All Fish by Ethnic and Income Groups of Santa Monica Bay Anglers

Subgroup Population
Ethnicity
White
Hispanic
Black
Asian
Other
to
^ Income
** < $5,000
$5,000 - $10,000
$10,000 - $25,000
$25,000 - $50,000
> $50,000
Total All Anglers
Source: Santa Monica Bay


Number of
Anglers

217
137
57
122
14

20
27
90
149
130
555
Restoration Project, 1994.


Mean

58.1
28.2
48,6
51.1
137.3

42.1
40.5
40.4
46.9
58.9
49,6


Consumption Rates (g/day)
50th Percentile

21.4
16.1
24.1
21.4
85.7

32.1
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.4



90th Percentile

112.5
64.3
85.7
115.7
173.6

64.3
48.2
80.4
113.0
128.6
107.1

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2.6.5.  Other Relevant Recreational Marine Studies
       Price et al. - The Effect of Sampling Bias on Estimates of Angler Consumption Rates
in Creel Surveys - Price et al.  (1994) investigated the effect of sampling bias on estimates of
fish consumption rates derived from the creel surveys of marine and estuarine anglers
conducted by Puffer et al. (1981) and Pierce et al. (1981).  A description of the original
creel surveys conducted by Puffer et al. and Pierce et al. and the methodology employed to
obtain fish consumption rates have been discussed earlier in this section. In their original
surveys, Puffer et al. (1981) and Pierce et al. (1981) collected data on the size of fish
caught, number of fish caught,  angler's fishing frequency, and the number of individuals
sharing the fish caught. Using  these data, Puffer et al. (1981) estimated fish consumption
rates for the individual anglers  surveyed.  However, Pierce et al. (1981) did not estimate fish
consumption rates for the individual anglers (Price et al., 1994). Jn an effort to derive
recommended rates for typical anglers, EPA calculated a distribution of fish consumption
rates using the information obtained from the Pierce et al. (1981) survey (Price et al., 1994).
Based on the arithmetic average of the median consumption rates from both surveys (i.e.
Puffer et al., 1981, at 37 g/day; and EPA's estimate at 23 g/day), EPA recommended a
consumption rate of 30 g/day for  a typical angler. A  value of 140 g/day was recommended
as the "worst-case" consumption rate (Price et al., 1994).
       Price et al. (1994) reanalyzed both survey data by weighting the individual survey
responses  by the inverse of the  angler's self-reported fishing frequency to produce a more
accurate characterization of the total angler population.  Price et al. (1994) re-estimated
Pierce's data to obtain a distribution of consumption rates in the total angler population using
the equation presented below:

                                       -*                            (Eqn. 2-9)
where:
      TNA  = total number of anglers with a consumption rate of A
      NAF   = number of anglers with a consumption rate of A and fishing frequency F

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       Similarly, Price et al. (1994) re-estimated both Puffer and Pierce's data to obtain a
distribution of fishing frequencies in the total angler population from the following equation:

                                                                          (Eqn. 2-10)
where:
       TNF  = total number of anglers with a fishing frequency F
       NF    = number of surveyed anglers with a fishing frequency F

Due to insufficient data, Price et al. (1994) used a different approach to estimate
consumption rates from Puffer's survey.  In this approach an average consumption rate per
angling trip was calculated based on the anglers mean consumption rate and fishing frequency
in the Puffer survey.  This estimated average consumption rate per angling trip in
conjunction with the distribution of fishing frequencies in the total angler population was
used to develop a distribution of consumption rates.
          Table 2-156 shows that the recalculated median consumption rate for the survey
population in the Pierce et al. (1981) survey is 19 g/day, and the median rate for the total
angler population is 1.0 g/day.  In the Puffer et al. (1981) survey, the recalculated median
consumption rate for the survey population is 37 g/day and the median rate for the total
angler population is 2.9 g/day (Table 2-156). The average median consumption rate for the
survey population is 29 g/day and 2.0 g/day for the total angler population (Table 2-156).
The results obtained indicate that the total angler population using a given waterbody have
much lower fishing and consumption rates than the surveyed populations.  Therefore, using
intake estimates obtained from creel surveys provide a biased estimate of the total angler
population's intake (Price et al., 1994).
       A limitation of this study is  that some of the raw data obtained for use by Price et al.
were incomplete.  Therefore, assumptions made to eliminate unusable data may have affected
the results obtained in this study. An advantage of this study is that it supports the
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       Table 2-1S6.   Selected Percentile Consumption Estimates (g/d) for the Survey and Total Angler
                     Populations Based on the Reanalysis of the Puffer and Pierce Data
                               	50th Percentile	90th Percentile

 Puffer                                      37                            225
 Herce                                      12                            155


 Average                                    28                            190


 Puffer                                     2.9"                           35b
 Pierce                                     JLQ                            12


 Average	2.0	24

*  Estimated based on the average intake for the 0 - 90th percentile anglers.
b  Estimated based on the average intake for the 91st - 96th percentile anglers.

Source: Price et al.,  1994.
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limitations of using creel surveys (i.e., oversampling of frequent anglers, overestimation of
consumption rates).
       San Diego County - San Diego Bey Health Risk Study - The San Diego County
Department of Health Services, Environmental Health Services, conducted a creel survey to
investigate the potential human health risk from the consumption of fish caught from the San
Diego Bay.  Because of the potential health risk, the study was designed to determine the
intake rates of fish caught from the Bay. Three hundred sixty-nine (369) anglers were
interviewed over a one year period beginning October 1988 through October 1989 (San
Diego County, 1990). Survey objectives were to identify the fish species most commonly
caught in the Bay and the demographics of anglers that catch those fish; and characterize the
fish consumption patterns of the anglers and others who may consume the fish (i.e., fishing
frequency, fish meal size) (San Diego County, 1990).  The anglers were interviewed at
selected, but popular fishing locations such as piers and shorelines.  The fish species were
identified and the fish caught were weighed during the interview. The ratio of male anglers
to female anglers  was 10.5 to 1.  The average fishing  frequency of Bay anglers was about
6.4 times per month. Most anglers fished from < 1 to 12 times per month. The most
successful anglers fished more frequently.
       Intake rates were calculated using the following equation (San Diego County, 1990):

                 Intake gate-	(Fis/i  WeightXEdible Portion)	    (Eqn. 2-11)
                             (Number of Conmmers)(Fishing Frequency)

       For this calculation, San Diego County (1990) assumed 30 percent of the total fish
weight caught on  the survey day to be edible.  The cumulative fish intake rate was estimated
at 31.2 g/day for  the total fish catch.  Table 2-157 presents the species-specific average
intake rates estimated from the survey data for four of the seven species targeted for the
survey. To calculate the bay-wide average consumption rates  of the species targeted, the
individual rates were averaged, then adjusted to reflect the total population.  Pacific
Mackerel had the largest intake rate of 11.5  g/day representing about 38.8 percent (largest)
of total fish caught from the bay.  Table 2-158 shows  the intake rates  obtained for specific

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           Table 2-157. Estimated Species-Specific Consumption Rates of San Diego Bay Anglers
Species
Pacific mackerel
California lizardfish
Barred sand bass
Spotted sand bass
Overall
Na
24
11
5
10
59
%of
Total Catch
38.8
19.4
10.2
4.2
—
Average Intake Kate
(grams/day)
11.5
4.7
1.3
0.5
31.2b
Upper
95%CIC
59.3
56.9
23.3
14.1
73.4
•   Number of angler interviews.
b   Cumulative and species-specific consumption rates were estimated from angler survey data.  A cumulative rate
    of 31.2 g/day was determined for the total fish catch.  Individual rates were determined for 4 of the 7 targeted
    species, because these 4 species accounted for 74 percent of the total catch (San Diego County, 1990).
c   d - confidence of interval.

Source: San Diego County, 1990.
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Table 2-158. Intake Rates of San Diego Anglers by Ethnicity
Ethnicity
Caucasian
Filipino
Hispanic
Asian*
Black
Other*
Total
Population
%of
Total
Anglers
42.
0
20.1
12.
11.
6.
7.
100
5
1
5
8

% of Total
No. of Consumers6
Interviews*
20 24.0
26 32.6
5 8.9
4 25.6
-{ 4.7
-f 2.2
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Average Lower and Upper 95%
Intake Rate Confidence Interval
(grams/day)0 of the Mean
10.8
49.5
23.6
81.9
NC«
NC«
31.2
0, 25.6
6.3, 92.7
0, 270.4
0, 102.3
_
—

*   It should be emphasized that limitations on sample size, especially for Hispanics and Asians, make comparison
    of these rates problematic (San Diego County, 1990).
b   This distribution is based on sample size of 143 interviews, representing 490.5 potential consumers.
c   These are average rates and a range of values exists for individuals within each group.
d   Croup includes Vietnamese, Laotian, Japanese, Cambodian, Korean and Thai.
6   Group includes Indian, American Indian, Hawaiian, Polynesian, and Unidentified.
f   No values were reported.
£   NC - not calculated.  Sample sizes for these groups were insufficient to allow calculations of consumption rates.

Source:  San Diego County, 1990.
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ethnic groups.  The author notes that a comparison of intake rates by ethnic group may be
difficult due to the limitations on sample size for Hispanics and Asians.  In addition, the
reported rates are average rates, and a range of values exists for individuals within each
group (San Diego County, 1990).
       A limitation associated with this study is the small sample size of anglers surveyed.
Only 59 interviews (representing 195 potential consumers) were used to calculate the
cumulative intake of 31.2 g/day for total fish catch from all species.  Only 59 of the 369
interview questionnaires contained all the date necessary for calculating individual intake
rates and subsets of this 59 used to calculate specie and ethnic consumption rates (San Diego
County, 1990). This may somewhat bias the intake rate values reported. In addition, it was
assumed that the fishing success rate on the interview day would be the same for future
fishing trips.  However, an advantage of this study is that on-site interviews were conducted
which could minimize bias that would be associated with recall.
       National Marine Fisheries Service - In 1985, the National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS) collected national recreational catch data for coastal areas (NMFS, 1986a).
Fishermen in the field were surveyed directly and households were surveyed by telephone.
For the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, approximately 41,000 field interviews and 58,000 telephone
interviews were conducted.  For the Pacific coast, approximately 38,000 field interviews and
73,000 telephone interviews were conducted.  Appendix 2D contains data on total catch size
according to marine species, seasonal variations in catch size, and the number of sport
fishermen in the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coast regions. Intake rates were not derived
from these  surveys.

2.6.6, Key freshwater Recreational Studies
       U.S. EPA - Fish Make Study - EPA (1993) calculated arithmetic mean fish intake
rates using  raw data from six fish consumption surveys conducted during the 1980s.  Surveys
with appropriate data needed to estimate fish intake rates for recreational anglers were used
for this study (U.S. EPA, 1993). The calculated arithmetic  mean fish intake rates ranged
from 3.1 to 24.2 g/day. Data from the five freshwater surveys were used to calculate fish
intake rates for anglers and are summarized below.
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       The first dataset was from West et al. (1989) - "Michigan Sport Anglers Fish
Consumption Survey, *  U.S. EPA (1993) calculated eating frequencies and intake rate for
self-caught fish using the raw data of West (1989) discussed earlier in this section. The
eating frequencies were different for the 7-day and 1-year recall period for anglers who
included the percentage of self-caught fish.  For example, 269 anglers  consumed fish once a
week during the 7-day recall period, while 92 anglers consumed fish weekly during the 1-
year recall period (U.S. EPA, 1993). During the 7-day recall, 538 out of 1,062 anglers did
not provide any information; 50.6 percent was believed to not eat fish  (U.S. EPA, 1993).
The estimated mean intake rate during the 7-day recall period for self-caught fish when zero
responses  (i.e. anglers that did not consume self-caught fish during this period) were not
included was 49.0 g/day and the 95th percentile was  105.8 g/day (Table 2-159).  In
comparison, when zero responses were included in the analysis, the mean intake rate for
anglers during the 7-day recall period was 24.2 g/day and the 95th percentile was 94 g/day
(U.S. EPA, 1993).
       U.S. EPA (1993) noted that comparison of the eating frequencies between the 1-year
recall period data and the 7-day recall period data suggest that extrapolation of a short-term
data to long-term data may result in inaccurate data results. A limitation of this reanalysis- is
that results based on 1-year recall  were not presented.
       The second dataset was from Smith and Enger (1988) - A Survey of Attitudes and
Fish Consumption of Anglers on the Lower Tlttabawassee River,  Seven hundred and three
(703) individuals participated in  this survey, however, only 694 records were provided for
this study.  The creel survey was conducted from May  1 through August 31, 1987, through
personal interviews with the participants along fishing sites.  All responses were based on a
1-year recall period.  The survey was designed to obtain information such as
sociodemographic factors, fishing practices, frequency of fish meals, and awareness of fish
advisories. The calculated mean intake rate was 6.5 g/day when zero responses (i.e.,
respondents that did not eat fish from the Tittabawassee River)  were excluded from date.
analysis. U.S. EPA (1993) assumed 145 g to be the  average meal size consumed by anglers
(Table 2-160). This assumption is based on Pao (1982). Also, 85.4 percent of anglers
surveyed consumed between a range of 1-10 g/day of fish from this river (U.S. EPA,  1993).
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       Table 2-159.   Percentile Rankings and Mean Consumption Rates for Michigan sport Anglers
                     Fish Consumption Survey*

                  Percentile                                 Intake Rate
      	(g/day)    	
                    25th                                         32.6
                    50th                                         32.6
                    75th                                         65.1
                    90th                                         93.6
                    95th                                        105.8
                    98th                                        122.1
                    100th                                        223.9
                    Mean                                         49.0
*  Responses of zero (angler did not eat any self-caught fish) for 7-day consumption period not included.
   Raw data are from West et al. 1989.
Source:  U.S. EPA,  1993.
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       Table 2-160,   Percentile and Mean Intake Rates of Anglers Fishing on the Lower Tittabawassee
                     River, Michigan*

                  Percentile                                   Intake Rate
      	     '	    (g/day)	;	  .  -
                     25th                                           2.4
                     50th                                           2.4
                     75th                                           4.8
                     90th                                          20.7
                     95th                                          20.7
                     98th                                          39.7
                     100th                                         39.7
                    Mean                                          6.5
*  Zero responses (Person who stated they did not eat fish from this river) were excluded.  Raw data
   are from Smith and Enger (1988).
Source:  U.S. EPA, 1993.
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Smith and Enger (1988) did not calculate fish intake rates, but reported that 7 percent of the
anglers consumed one or more meals per week (U.S. EPA, 1993).  A limitation of the
survey is that consumption rates may be a reflection of lower angler activity due to fishing
ban.
       The third data set was from Connelly et al. (1990) - New York Statewide Anglers
Survey, 1988.  The mail survey was conducted from January through March,  1989 and the
survey was designed  to obtain general information including sociodemographic factors,
angler effort and interest in particular species,  boating patterns related to fishing, angler
preferences for various New York fishing programs, and angler awareness of and adherence
to health advisories related to the consumption of fish (U.S. EPA, 1993).  The survey was
based on 1-year recall.
       The mean intake rate for the anglers surveyed was calculated at 18.0 g/day
(Table 2-161). These values, however, represent fish consumption from all sources (i.e.,
fresh, marine, purchased, etc.)  U.S. EPA (1993) used the responses from 4,573 respondents
and assumed a meal size of 145g for each angler in their calculation.  The mean fish intake
rate for those respondents who caught fish from Lake Erie (343 respondents) was 4.8 g/day
when zero responses  were excluded (Table 2-162). The mean intake rate for those
respondents who fished at Lake Ontario (1,167 respondents) was 3.3 g/day when zero
responses were excluded (Table 2-163).
       In comparison, Connelly et al. (1990) assumed a fish meal size of 1/2-pound
(approximately 229g) (U.S. EPA (1993). Hence, the mean intake rate obtained by Connelly
et al.  (1990) was 27.6 g/day versus the 18.0 g/day calculated by U.S. EPA, 1993.  A
limitation of this study is that results may be a reflection of fish advisories in place. For
example, 76 percent of respondents indicated not eating the species listed in the advisory and
following the guidelines for maximum fish meal consumption.
       The fourth dataset was from Cox et al.  (1990) - The results of the 1989 - Guide to
Eating Ontario Sport Fish. The survey were designed to collect information for
sociodemographic factors, fishing effort and locations, fish intake rates, meal sizes, and
changes in fishing and fish consumption patterns due to health advisories (U.S. EPA, 1993).
This survey was enclosed in the back of 100,000 of the 300,000 guides that were distributed
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       Table 2-161.   Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for all Fish Meals Consumed by New Yor
                     State Anglers*
                  Percentile
Intake Rate
  (g/day)
                    25th
                    50th
                    75th
                    90th
                    95th
                    98th
                    100th
                    Mean
      7.9
     13.9
     20.7
     39.7
     43.78
     69.5
   396.9
     18.0
"  Raw data from Connelly et al. (1988).
Source:  U.S. EPA, 1993.
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       Table 2-162.   Percentile and Mean Consumption Rates for New YdrK Anglers Who Caught
                    Fish From Lake Erie*
Percentile
25th
50th
75th
90th
95th
98th
100th
Mean
Intake Rate
(g/day)
0.8
2.0
4.8
11.9
19.9
29.8
119.2
4.8
*  Zero respondents not included. Raw data from Connelly et al. (1990).

Source:  U.S. EPA, 1993.
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       Table 2-163.  Percentile Rankings and Mean Consumption Rates for New York Anglers Who
                    Caught Fish From Lake Ontario
                  Percentile
Intake Rate
  (g/day)
                    25th
                    50th
                    75th
                    90th
                    95th
                    98th
                    100th
                    Mean
    0.8
    2.0
    4.0
    7.9
    9.9
    15.9
   158.9
    3.3
*  Zero responses excluded. Raw data from Connelly (1990).
Source:  U.S. EPA, 1993.
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mainly to selected stores as well as some fishing license distributors. The survey was based
on a 1-year recall.  Only 913 individuals responded out of 100,000 questionnaires that were
distributed (approximately 1 percent response rate). About 47 percent of these respondents
ate fish either once a month or once every two weeks.  Most of the anglers survey consumed
less than 20 g/day of fish (U.S. EPA, 1993).
       Cox et al. (1990) assumed a fish meal size of 227g for their intake rate estimation.
Cox et al. (1990) calculated a mean fish intake rate of 20.19 g/day (U.S. EPA, 1993). The
mean fish intake rate calculated by U.S. EPA  (1993) using actual meal size from the survey
was 19.2 g/day (Table 2-164).
       The fifth dataset was from Fiore et al.  (1989) - Sport Fish Consumption and Body
Burden Levels of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: A Study of Wisconsin Anglers.  The survey was
conducted to assess sociodemographic factors; sport fishing and fishing habits of anglers;
evaluate the anglers comprehension of and compliance with the Wisconsin Fish Consumption
Advisory; measure body burden levels of PCBs and DDE through analysis of blood serum
samples;  and examine the relationship between body burden levels and consumption of sport-
caught fish (U.S. EPA, 1993).  The survey was conducted during the summer of 1985 from
a sample pool of 1,600 Wisconsin residents.  Respondents from this sample comprised 801
individuals (SO percent response rate) 601 males and 200 females.  Each participant had
purchased fishing or sporting licenses within 10 counties adjacent to water bodies identified
in the Wisconsin Fish Advisories (U.S. EPA,  1993).
       U.S. EPA (1993) used the following equation used to calculate intake rate:
                        Intake rate  .       x       x -_            (Eqn.2-12)
                                     year    meal   36Sdays
A meal size of 145g (based on Pao, 1982) was assumed for these calculations. Most
respondents reported eating less than one sport-caught meal of fish per month.
Approximately 70 percent of the anglers had consumption rates in the 1-10 g/day range
(U.S. EPA, 1993). U.S. EPA (1993) calculated mean intake rate of 7.3 g/day for sport
caught fish (Table 2-165).

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          Table 2-164.  Rankings and Mean Consumption Rates for Lake Ontario Anglers*
                  Percentile
Intake Rate
  (g/day)
                    25th
                    50th
                    75th
                    90th
                    95th
                    98th
                    100th
                    Mean
      1.9
      7.6
     17.7
     48.4
     72.7
    169.5
    254.3
     19.2
*  Zero responses excluded. Raw data are from Cox et al., 1990.
Source:  U.S. EPA, 1993.
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       Table 2-165.   Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for Wisconsin Sport Anglers
                  Percentile
Intake Rate
  (g/day)
                     25th
                     50th
                     75th
                     90th
                     95th
                     98th
                     100th
                     Mean
      1.6
      4.0
      9.9
     19.9
     23.8
     39.7
    145.0
      7.3
*  Raw data are from Fiore et al. 1989.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1993.
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       In the study conducted by Fiore et al. (1989) fish intake rates were "not estimated, Bin—
results from their survey showed that an average of 18 sport-caught and 24 other fish meals
were consumed during the year, Fiore et al, (1989) assumed an average meal size of 227 g.
The calculated mean daily sport-caught fish intake rate (based on the 227 g meal size) at 12.3
g (i.e. respondents that did not consume sport-caught fish were excluded), and the average
daily intake for all fish meals was 26.1 g (U.S. EPA, 1993).
       U.S. EPA (1993) calculated overall mean and percentile intake rates using the data
from all five surveys.  Estimated mean fish intake rates ranged from 3.1 g/day to 24.2
g/day for consumers and non consumers combined (Table 2-166).  These data are based on
all responses (i.e.,  zero responses included). The estimated fish intake rates for consumers
only ranged from 3.3 g/day to 49 g/day. Mean values are larger than the  median values
(50th percentile).  The 100th percentile rates represent maximum intake values of any one
individual in a survey (U.S. EPA,  1993).
       A brief description of the surveys and their limitations are summarized in
Table 2-167. Accurate assessments of fish intake rates are dependent on obtaining  actual
data for two variables; (1) actual number of meals consumed per period of time and (2) the
best estimate of amount of fish tissue consumed per meal (U.S. EPA, 1993).  The raw data
obtained from the surveys conducted by West et al. (1989) and Cox et al.  (1990) appeared to
give the most reasonable estimates for fish tissue consumption because in these studies an
attempt was made to identify the individual's estimated fish serving portion size (U.S. EPA,
1993).
       The limitations associated with this study are based in part on the limitations
associated with the 5 surveys. Methods used to estimate weights of the amount of fish eaten
by the respondents were for the most part subjective. Consequently, the derivation of meal
sizes may be somewhat inaccurate.  In addition, adult males were the predominant anglers
for each survey (U.S. EPA, 1993).  Therefore, using these data for exposure assessments for
women and children may  be somewhat biased.  Also, most of the survey data were based on
recall and/or successful anglers only.  An advantage of this study is that the intake  rates were
calculated using a large database. However, U.S. EPA cautions the reader that these are
preliminary results  and that comparisons "across the board" of the  surveys are very difficult
                                        2-259
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Table 2-166. Calculated Fish Consumption Rates Using Raw Data From All Five Surveys
Percentile Rankings

Study
Consumers and Nonconsumers
West et al. (1989)*
Smith and Enger (1988)*
Connelly et al. (1990)b
Cox et al. (1990)*
Fiore et al.
Consumers
West et al.
(1989)b
Only
(1989)
Smith and Enger (1988)
Connelly et

al. (1990) Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
Mean Intake 50th
Rate
24.2
3.1
18.0
19.2
7.3

49
6.5
3.3
4.8
0
0
13.9
7.6
4.0

32.6
2.4
2.0
2.0
90th
65.1
4.8
39.7
48.4
19.9

93.7
10.7
7.9
11.9
95th
93.6
20.7
43.7
72.7
23.8

105.8
20.7
9.9
19.9
100th
223.9
39.7
396.9
254.3
145.0

223J
39.7
158.9
119.2
*  All responses included for these calculations (i.e., consumers and nonconsumers.
b  Based on total fish meals, not only sport-caught fish meals.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1993.
                                           2-260
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Table 2-167. Summary of Fish Consumption Surveys
Study
West et tl, (1989)
No. Participants
1,104
Response
Rate*
47.3%
Objective of Study
To obtain information that
Time Period/Survey Type
Jan-May '88; during the past 1
Population Surveyed
Sport fishing license
Comments
Obtained eating frequency of
 Smith and Engcr
 (1988)
 Connelly et at
 (1990)
694
 Cox etal. (1990)
913
 Fioreetal. (1989)
801
            could be used to revise fish
            consumption advisories by
            examining fish
            consumption

100%       To determine fish
            consumption habits of
            anglers who fished on the
            tower Tittabawassee River
            in Michigan

£2.4%      To detsimine fishing
            efforts expenditures and
            New York anglers attitudes
            and preference for fishing
            programs
<1%       To determine fish
            consumption rates and
            changes in fishing and fish
            consumption patterns due
            to health advisories of
            Lake Ontario anglers

50%        To assess the sport fishing
            and fish consumption
            habits of Wisconsin anglers
                                                                               year and 7 days - data based on
                                                                               recall
May 1-Aug 31 '87; Creel
census
                                                     Jan-Mar '89; mail survey and
                                                     telephone survey of non-
                                                     respondents
holders                   fish meals and fish meal size
                         data based on 7-day recall
                         and 1-yr recall


Recreational anglers       U.S. EPA assumed meal size
                         of 145 g.  Obtained
                         information on frequency of
                         self-caught fish meals; data
                         based on 1 year recall.

Resident and non-resident  U.S. EPA assumed meal size
licensed sport fishermen    of 145 g. Obtained
                         information on total number
                         of fish meals consumed and
                         number of sport-caught fish
                         meals from Lake Erie and
                         Ontario. Data based on 1
                         year recall
1989; questionnaires distributed
in "Guide"
Lake Ontario anglers
Summer '85; data collection
Sport fishing license
holders
Obtained information on
eating frequency of
sport-caught fish meals; meal
size; data based on 1-year
recall
U.S. EPA assumed meal size
of 145 g; also, data based on
recall; eating frequency of
sport-caught fish meals
*   Estimated success rates presented in the individual reports.

Source:   U.S, EPA, 1993.
                                                                                                                                         t3
                                                                                                                                         O
                                                                                                                                                                    o 1-3
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at best, if not impossible. In addition, intake rates in certain areas are alreflecfidn of fish
advisories which are in place.
       West et al. - Michigan Sport Anglers fish Consumption Survey - West et al. (1989a)
evaluated the fish consumption patterns among licensed sport fishermen in Michigan.  A
"stratified random sample" was drawn from the fish license records for the State of
Michigan.  The sample was stratified based on type of license and geographic residence (zip
codes). Survey questionnaires were mailed to approximately 2,500 households,  and the
deliverable survey sample was 2,334 households.  Only 1,104 households of the deliverable
surveys responded, therefore,  a final response rate of 47.3 percent.  The survey was
designed to gather information for fish consumption by species; average fish meal size;
demographics of consumers; fish consumption by other household members;  and
consumption of fish from other sources (i.e., restaurant fish, purchased fish, gifts of fish).
Additionally, to test for seasonal patterns of fishing and fish eating, survey respondents were
asked information on the frequency of each pattern over the past year.  The survey  was
based on a 7-day recall and was conducted from January through June 1988 (winter-spring
season).
       The meal size consumed was estimated by  each respondent using a pictorial  guide of
about 1/2 pound (8 oz. or 227 g) of different types of fish meals. West et al. (1989a)
estimated the meal  size at 10 ounces when the respondents reported eating "more"  fish and 5
ounces when the respondents reported eating "less" fish.  The calculated average fish intake
rate for all respondents including all household members who eat fish was 18.3 g/person-day
for the January-June, 1988 period (winter-spring).  These values represent fish consumption
from all sources. The data are for all household members who ate fish, but also includes
persons who eat fish, but did not eat fish hi the seven-day recall survey period.  Grams
consumed per person over the 7-day period were divided by 7 to convert  to grams/person-
day (West et al. 1989a).
       In addition,  West et al. (1989a) calculated estimates for the frequency of fishing and
fish-eating based on 1-year recall data. Results showed that the frequency of fishing was
significantly greater in the summer-fall (peak season) when compared to the winter-spring
(off fishing-season) (West et al. 1989a).  However, the frequency of fish consumption was
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only somewhat greater in the summer-fall season than in the winter-spring season. In
addition, West et al. (1989a), estimated the fish intake rates for both seasons by making
conservative assumptions in converting the frequency of fish consumption ranges (based on
1-year recall) obtained for both seasons to point estimates (i.e., number of meals per 6 month
period).  Based on these assumptions, the estimated fish intake rate for the winter-spring
season was 19.4 g/day and 21.2 g/day for the summer-fall season, the difference between
both seasons was 1.8 g/day.  Because the estimated winter-spring rate (19.4 g/day) was close
to the calculated winter-spring consumption rate (18.3 g/day), the summer-Mi consumption
estimate was considered to be somewhat reliable (West et al., 1989a).  Therefore, the 18.3
g/day (winter-spring rate) was adjusted by adding the 1.8 g difference, giving an adjusted
intake rate of 20.1 g/person-day value for summer-rail. This value (20.1 g) was then
averaged with the 18.3  g actual mean for winter-spring to get an adjusted yearly intake of
19.2 g/day (West et al., 1989a).
      There are several limitations with this study.  The data obtained were based on 7-day
and 1-year recall.  Also, the sampling period for the 7-day recall was between January
through June (winter-spring season) instead  of the peak fishing period of July through
December (summer-fall season). The frequency of fishing and fish consumption during the
peak period were estimated based on the 1-year recall data.  The estimation of meal sizes by
the respondents were based on more than or less than sizes shown in pictures, therefore
subjective.  These factors may affect the accuracy of the intake rates obtained in this study.
Another limitation associated with this survey was the relatively low response (47.3 percent).
This low response rate could impose some degree of non-return bias on the results obtained
(West et al. 1989a).  However, the data  do  represent fishing and fish-eating patterns for that
area (Great Lakes) during that time period.
      West et al - Minority Anglers and Toxic Fish Consumption: Evidence From a State-
Wide Survey of Michigan - West et al. (1993) investigated fish consumption patterns by
minority, elderly sport anglers,  and members of their household that consume fish in the
State of Michigan.  The fish intake rates of these subgroups of population were determined
using the data obtained  from West et al.  (1989a). The study (previously described) was a
mail survey of a stratified sample (2,500 households) of Michigan licensed anglers.  The
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respondent anglers consisted of 69 Blacks, 139 Native Americans, 3,339 Whites,  and 123
other minorities including Hispanics, mixed, and others.  The sampling period was January
through June 1988 (winter-spring period). Participants were asked to recall consumption
patterns over the past 7 days.  Fish meal consumption information was gathered from all
household members that eat fish.
       The results obtained from these data indicated that the fish intake rate for minority
sport-anglers was 21.7 g/day (West et al. 1993). The fish intake rates calculated  for
different minority groups surveyed are presented in Table 2-168. Native American and
Black sport-anglers had the highest fish intake rates of 24.3 and 20.3 g/day, respectively
(Table 2-168). The intake rates obtained for Black and Native American minorities are higher
than the average fish intake rate (18.3 g/day) determined for the general Michigan sport-
anglers, in West et al. (1989a).
       Table 2-169 presents data for the Michigan sports anglers by age.  The data show that
the older sport-anglers (65 and above) had the highest intake rate of 25.2 g/day. The anglers
between  the ages of 51-65 had the next highest intake rate of 24.0 g/day.
Differences in intake by age were determined by West et al. (1993) to be statistically
significant.
       West et al. (1993) analyzed the data obtained to show  the effects of a joint
multivariate  analysis of race and age on fish intake rates. The results obtained and presented
in Table 2-170 show that Black anglers 51-91 years and older had the highest intake rate of
31.9 g/day.  Native Americans within this same age category had the next highest intake rate
of 21.7 g/day. For Native American anglers, the highest intake rate (30.6 g/person-day) was
reported for persons between the ages of 31-50.  The other minority groups (Hispanics,
mixed, and other races) had the next highest rate in this age category. The data in
Table 2-170 show the joint multivariate effects of race and age in an ANOVA.  West et al.
(1993), therefore, concluded that the interaction is not statistically significant but the main
effects are (i.e., age and race).
       Overall, the findings in this survey suggest that in Michigan, more fish is consumed
by Native Americans (24.3 g/person-day) than Blacks (20.3 g/person-day), and both minority
subgroups consume more fish  than White sports anglers.  However, the sample size is small
                                        2-264
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                        Table 2-168.  Average Fish Consumption (g/person-day) by Race for Michigan Sport Anglers
Race
Black
Native
American
Other
Minority*
White
Total
N
69
139
123
3,339
3,670
Average Fish
Consumption
(g/person-day)
20.3
24.3
19.8
17.9
18.3
SD
26.8
33.3
24.5
26.5
26.8
95% Confidence
Interval0
(g/person-day)
13.9-26.8
18.7-29.9
15.4-24.2
17.0-18.8
17.4-19.1
Maximum
Value*
(g/person-day)
122.4
163.3
138.8
224.5
224.5
81        *   Maximum value is the highest fish consumption (hi grams/person/day) found for any individual hi mat age group. Few people hi the same
              consume at this high level.
          b   Other includes Hispanic, mixed, and other.
          c   The confidence interval is a statistical measure of die probability of the population mean (as opposed to the sample mean) falling within these
              parameters.

          Source: West et al.,  1993.
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       Table 2-169.  Average Fish Consumption (g/person-day) by Age Groups for Michigan
                     Sport Anglers
Age
0-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-65
Over 65
Total
Average Fish
N Consumption
(g/person/day)
444
571
566
665
566
560
269
3,641
9.5
10.8
18.0
20.4
20.9
24.0
25.2
18.2*
SD
15.7
18.6
25.7
30.0
30.0
29.2
28.5
26.6
95% Confidence Maximum
Interval11 Value
(g/person-day) (g/person-day)
8.1 to 11.0
9.2 to 12.3
15.9 to 20.2
18.1 to 22.7
18.4 to 23.4
21. 6 to 26.4
21.7 to 28.6
17.3 to 19.0
81.6
106.1
146.9
163.3
224.5
224.5
138.7
224.5
*  The overall mean consumption is somewhat different (. 1 gram) man the main figure reported in Table
   Fish-35, due to missing data for die age variable.  Note that the confidence limits for the overall mean
   consumption is between 17.3 and 19.0 grams/person/day (West et al. 1993).
b  The confidence interval is a statistical measure of the probability of the population mean (as opposed
   to the sample mean) falling within these parameters.

Source: West et al., 1993.
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       Table 2-170.  Average Fish Consumption (g/person-day) by Age and Race for Michigan Sports
                    Anglers
                                               Consumption Rate (g/person-day)
                                                            Age

 Race                                      1-30               31-50           51-91
Black
Native American
Other Minority11
White
14.1
(26)«
16.9
(35)
13.1
(56)
12.9
(1,463)
19.8
(25)
30.6
(48)
27.4
(37)
20.4
(1,120)
31.9
(17)
21.7
(53)
24.1
(24)
24.4
(730)
*  () = Subsample size.

b  Includes Hispanic, mixed, and other.

Source:  West et al.f 1993,
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 and these differences between Black and Native American may not be significant.  West et
 al. (1993) calculated intake rates based on race and income. Results showed that Black
 anglers with an income range between $15,000-529,999 had the highest fish intake rates
 (30.5 g/person-day). The highest reported intake rate for Blacks (cities with population over
 20,000) was 23.9 g/person-day (West et al. 1993).
        A limitation of this study is that the population sample size for the minority sub-
 groups were small. This may affect the statistical data obtained. Other limitations and
 advantages associated with the data of West et al. (1989a) also apply, because the data used
 in this study were obtained from the survey of West et al. (1989a).  These data were
 presented earlier in this section of the report.
        West et al.  - Michigan Sport Anglers Consumption Survey, Supplements 1 and II- A
 further investigation by West et al. (1989b) determined whether a non-response bias existed
 in the calculation of fish intake rates due to the low response rate (47.3 percent) experienced
 in the West et al. (1989a) survey. A stratified random sample was initially selected for the
 survey consisting of 1,260 households.  Of these households, 580 households of respondents
 and 680 households of non-respondents were selected from the West et al.  (1989a) mail
 survey. A follow-up phone survey was conducted,  only 570 households could be reached by
 phone and 557 of these households granted complete phone interviews (44.2 percent of total
1 survey sample).  The phone survey was designed to obtain information on the frequency of
 fish meals (fish caught or bought in Michigan) consumed by the respondents of all household
 members.  The participants were asked to recall their fish eating patterns over the previous
 seven days. The sampling was between January 1989 through June 1989.  The phone survey
 results showed that 72.3 percent of the participants that did not respond to* the original mailed
 survey did  not eat  fish.  In comparison, 40.7 percent of participants who responded to the
 survey did  not eat  fish.  Also, non-respondents to the mailed survey consumed  less fish than
 those who responded, however, when the frequency of fish meals was greater than four
 meals over the seven-day recall period the converse was true.
        Based on the results of the follow-up phone survey, West et al.  (1986b) concluded
 that a non-response bias existed. West et al. (1989b) calculated an adjustment factor of 2.2
 g/day. Based on these findings,  West et al. (19895) calculated an adjusted fish intake rate
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for non-response bias for the winter-spring season to be 16.1 g/day.  1 lie authors noted that
the adjustment factor can only be used as a rough estimate for adjusting sub-groups intake
rates'. A summary of original and adjusted seasonal intake rate averages from the previous
studies conducted by West et al. are presented in Table 2-171.
      West et al. (1989b) investigated further by examining the stability of fish consumption
data for the 1988 winter-spring season in comparison with data for the 1989 winter-spring
season.  The results indicated a decline in fish consumption from 1988 (58.6 percent) to 1989
(41.1 percent).  The authors attributed the decline to three potential factors; (1)  a real
downward trend in fish consumption could have occurred; (2) more people responding to fish
consumption advisories and media reports about toxics in fish; and (3) increased awareness
by survey participants of risks associated with consumption of contaminated fish
(West et al. 1989b).

2.6.7. Other Relevant Freshwater Recreational Studies
      Chemrisk - Consumption of Freshwater Fish by Maine Anglers - Chemrisk (1991)
conducted a study to characterize the rates of freshwater fish consumption among Maine
residents.  Since the only dietary  source of local freshwater fish is recreational fish, the
anglers in Maine were chosen as  the survey population.  About 2,500 randomly selected
anglers were surveyed by mail and resulted in a usable sample of 1,612 Maine anglers (70
percent response rate).  The survey was designed to gather information on the consumption
of fish caught by anglers from flowing (rivers and streams) and standing (lakes and ponds)
water bodies. Respondents were  asked to recall the frequency of fishing trips during the
1989-1990 ice-fishing season and  the 1990 open water season, the number of  fish species
caught during both seasons, and estimate the number of fish consumed from 15  fish species.
The respondents were also asked  to describe the number,  species, and average length of each
sport-caught fish caught and consumed that had been gifts from other members of their
households  or other households.  All anglers were defined as "licensed anglers who fished
either during the 1989-1990 ice-fishing season or 1990 open-water season (consumers and
non-consumers), and licensed anglers who did not fish but consumed freshwater fish caught
in Maine during these seasons" (Qiemrisk, 1991). River anglers were defined as "survey
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       Table 2-171.  Summary of Original and Adjusted Seasonal Consumption Rate Averages
            Season              Original Consumption Rate       Non-Response Adjusted
                                         (g/day)                  Consumption Rate
                                                                      (g/day)	.

 Winter-Spring                             18.3                         16.1

 Summer-Fall                              20.1                         17.9

 Year-Round	19.2	 17.0	

Note:   Figures for summer-fall and year-round are only rough estimates, based on the actual data that
        was gathered in the winter-spring season.

Source:  West et al,, 1989b.
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respondents (consumers and non consumers) who indicated that they fished on rivers or
streams during the 1990 open water season." Consuming anglers were defined as " those
anglers who consumed freshwater fish obtained from Maine sources during the 1989-1990 ice
fishing or 1990 open water fishing season"  (Chemrisk, 1991).
       Data for 1,369 anglers (85 percent of total responses) were used to calculate fish
intake rates. Table 2-172 presents the intake rates by ethnic groups for all waters.   The
highest mean intake rates reported are for native Americans (10 g/day) and French Canadian
(7.4 g/day) Because there was a low number of respondents for Hispanic, Asian/Pacific
Islander,  or African American ancestry, the sample was not large enough to calculate intake
rates within these subgroups (Chemrisk, 1991). The consumption by species of freshwater
fish caught is presented in Table 2-173. The largest consumption was salmon for ice fishing
(-292,000 grams); white perch (380,000 grams) for lakes and ponds; and Brooktrout
(420,000 grams) for rivers and streams (Chemrisk, 1991).  The median consumption rates
for all  anglers, all waters, was calculated at 1.1 g/day and the arithmetic mean value at 5.0
g/day.  The median value reported for consuming anglers, all waters, was 2.0 g/day and the
arithmetic mean, 6.4 g/day.  The percentile data for this study are presented in Ebert et al.
(1993), presented to follow in this section.  Chemrisk (1991) reported that the fish
consumption estimates obtained from the survey were conservative because of assumptions
made in the analysis. The assumptions included:  a 40 percent estimate as the edible portion
of land locked and Atlantic salmon; inclusion of the intended number of future fishing trips
and; it was assumed that the average success and consumption rates for the individual angler
during  the trips already taken would continue through future trips (Chemrisk, 1991).
       However, the data collected for this study was based on recall and self-reporting
which may have resulted in a biased estimate.  The social desirability of the sport and
frequency of fishing are also bias contributing factors; successful anglers are among the
highest consumers of freshwater fish (Chemrisk, 1991).  Overreporting appears to be
correlated with skill level and the importance of the activity to the individual; it is likely that
the higher consumption rates may be substantially overstated  (Chemrisk, 1991).
Additionally, fish advisories are in place in these areas and may affect the rate of fish
consumption among anglers.  An advantage of this study is that it presents area-specific
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Table 2-172. Antlyiii of Fish Coniumption by Ethnic
Groupi for 'All Waters" (grams/day)?


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Consuming Anglcrib

N of Case*
Median (50th pcrecctiIc)M
66lh pcrccntilc0^
75ta percentae"-*
Arithmetic Mean0
Peroentiks at the Mean*
90th percentOe*4
95th pcrceatjlc0-*
Pcroentilo it 6.5 g/day4-*
French
C-tnuftun
Heritage
201
2.3
4.1
6.2
7.4
80
15
27
77
Irith
Heritage
138
2.4
4.4
6.0
5.2
70
12
20
75
Italian
Heritage
27
1.8
2.6
5.0
4.5
74
12
21
81
Native Other White
American Non-Hispanic Scandinavian
Heritage Heritage Heritage
96 533 37
2.3 1.9 1.3
4.7 3.8 2
6.2 5.7 4
10 6.0 5
.6
.9
.3
83 76 78
16 13 9
.4
51 24 25
77 77 84
1   "All Waters" based on fith obtained from «11 like*, ponds, streams and rivers in Maine, from other household sources and from
    other noo-household sources.
k   "Consuming Anglers" refers to only those anglers who consumed freshwater fish obtained from Maine sources during the 1989-
    1990 ice ishing or 1990 open water fishing season.
0   The average consumption per day by freshwater fith consumers in the household. Fish consumption rates under "All Waten*
    axe bated on reported consumption from all Maine sources, and estimated consumption during 1990 after the survey was
    completed.  Rates summarized under "Riven and Streams" are based on reported consumption from riven and streams,
    estimated consumption during 1990 after the survey was completed, and estimated consumption from other household and non-
    household sources attributable to riven and streams.
4   Calculated by rank without any assumption of statistical distribution.
*   Fish consumption xate recommended by EPA (1984) for use in establishing ambient water quality standards.

Source:   Chemrisk, 1991.
                                              2-272
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                       Table 2-173. Total Consumption of Freshwater Fish Caught by All Survey Respondents During the 1990 Season
§
Species
Landlocked salmon
Atlantic salmon
Togue (Lake trout)
Brook trout
Brown trout
Yellow perch
White perch
Bass (smallmouth and largemouth)
Pickerel
Lake whitefish
Hornpout (Catfish and bullheads)
Bottom fish (Suckers, carp and sturgeon)
Chub
Smelt
Other
TOTALS
Source: Chemrisk, 1991.



Ice Fishing
Quantity Grams (xlO3)
Consumed (#) Consumed
832
3
483
1,309
275
235
2,544
474
1,091
111
47
50
0
7,808
201
15,463




290
1.1
200
100
54
9.1
160
120
180
20
8.2
81
0
150
210
1,583.4




Lakes and Ponds
Quantity Grams (xlO3)
Consumed (#) Consumed
928
33
459
3,294
375
1,649
6,540
73
553
558
1,291
62
252
428
90
16,587




340
9.9
160
210
56
52
380
5.9
91
13
100
22
35
4.9
110
1,590




Rivers and Streams
Quantity Grams (xlO3)
Consumed (f) Consumed
305 120
17 11
33 2.7
10,185 420
338 23
188 7.4
3,013 180
787 130
303 45
55 2.7
180 7.8
100 6.7
219 130
4,269 37
54 45
20,046 1,168
I8
G
H
W
§
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                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO HOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                         CITE
consumption patterns.  Also, the response rate from the mailed survey was considerably high
which may have eliminated non-response bias.
      Ebert et at. - Estimating Consumption of Fresh Water Fish Among Maine Anglers - A
recent rulemaMng process to set an ambient water quality standard for 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Maine rivers required estimations of fish intake rates
from the rivers that receive TCDD discharge (Ebert et al., 1993). Since there are no
commercial freshwater fisheries in the State of Maine, individuals can only be exposed to
TCDD present in these rivers by consuming  sport-caught fish.  Ebert et al. (1993) evaluated
data from  a statewide survey of licensed resident anglers in Maine. The survey data used
were data  previously collected by Chemrisk (1991) (previously described).
      Ebert et al. (1993) analyzed the survey data and found that of the 1,612 survey
respondents, 1,251 reported that they fished either during the 1989-1990 ice-fishing or 1990
open-water seasons. In addition,  118 anglers reported that they did not fish, but consumed
fish caught by other anglers during these seasons.  Consequently, the "all anglers" used in
the data analysis consist of 1,369  (1,251 4- 118) respondents (85 percent of total responses)
(Ebert et al.,  1993). The median and arithmetic mean fish intake rates for consuming
anglers who caught fish in all waters (rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds) were 2.0 g/day and
6.4 g/day, respectively.  The median and arithmetic intake rates for consuming anglers who
caught fish in flowing waters were 0.99 g/day and 3.7 g/day, respectively (Table 2-174).
The arithmetic means represent the 77th percentile and 88th percentile of the consumption
distribution for all waters and flowing waters, respectively (Ebert et al., 1993).
      All waters  represent rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes, and flowing waters represent
rivers and streams only.  Table 2-175 presents the fish intake rates based on how fish were
shared among household members.  The data varies depending on the sharing pattern.  The
median fish intake rate increased by a factor  of 2.5 based on the assumption that only anglers
(no sharing) consumed fish caught in all water bodies relative to when all household
members share and consume fish equally (Ebert et al., 1993).
      The data used in this study was obtained from the survey conducted by
Chemrisk  (1991).  Therefore, the same advantages and limitations associated with Chemrisk
(1991), are applicable to this study.
                                       2-274
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       Table 2-174.   Estimates of Fish Intake Rates of Licensed Sport Anglers Tn'Maine During the
                     1989-1990 Ice Fishing or 1990 Open-Water Seasons*
Intake Rates (grams/day)
Percentile Rankings

50th (median)
66th
75th
90th
95th
Arithmetic Mean'

|p4 cf | Pfljrfftfi SH"!* f%2)ftf¥i
0 A 11 u/A+Af-ct fvaco/l f\v
All
All Anglers6
(N = 1,369)
1.1
2.6
4.2
11.0
21.0
5.0
[79]
Waters*
Consuming
Anglers'
(N = 1,053)
2.0
4.0
5.8
13.0
26.0
6.4
[77]
on rank except for those of arithmetic
i fieti sittfaimA/l Artvm all 1aV*AC nnmric
Rivers and
River Anglers0
(N - 741)
0.19
0.71
1.3
3.7
6.2
1.9
[82]
mean.
Streams
Consuming
Anglers'
(N = 464)
0.99
1.8
2.5
6.1
12.0
3.7
[81]
fait! A 4W%m /\tl* a*>
   household sources and from other non-household sources.
c  Licensed anglers who fished during the seasons studied and did or did not consume freshwater fish,
   and licensed anglers who did not fish but ate freshwater fish caught in Maine during those seasons.
d  Licensed anglers who consumed freshwater fish caught in Maine during the seasons studied.
e  Those of die "all anglers" who fished on rivers or streams (consumers and nonconsumers).
f  Values in brackets [ ] are percentiles at the mean consumption rates.

Source:  Ebert et al., 1993.
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                                                                      «»;  CITE
       Table 2-175.   Intake rates of Sport-Anglers in Maine Based on How Fish Was Shared Among
                    Household Members
All Household Consumers
Share
Percentile
Rankings
50th
66th
75th
90th
95th
Mean*

All Waters

2.0
4.0
5.8
13
26
6.4
[77]
Rivers &
Streams
0.99
1.8
2.5
6.1
12
3.7
[81]
Only Adults Share
All Waters

2.3
4.4
6.6
16
28
7.5
[78]
Rivers &
Streams
1.2
2.0
3.0
6.5
20
4.5
[83]
Anglers Only; No
Sharing
All Waters

5.0
9.1
13
32
57
15
[78]
Rivers &
Streams
2.5
4.1
6.1
14
27
8.9
[83]
*  Values in parentheses [ ] are percentiles at the mean intake rates.

   Ebert et al., 1993.
                                         2-276
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2.6.8. Native American Freshwater Studies
                                                                    DEAF?
                                                              ! DO KOI QUOTE OR
                                                                  .,  CUE
      Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRJTFC) - A Fish Consumption Survey
of the Umatilla, Nez Perce, Yakama, and Warm Springs Tribes of the Columbia River Basin -
CRIFTC (1994) conducted a fish consumption survey among four Columbia Basin River
Indian tribes at different reservations during the fall and winter of 1991-1992. The survey
was based a stratified random sampling design where respondents were selected from patient
registration files at Indian Health Service.  The survey respondents consisted of 513 tribal
members,  18 years old and above.  Information for 204 children, 5 years old and less was
provided by the participating adult respondent.  The overall response rate was 69 percent.
      Information requested consisted of age group; 24 hour dietary recall; seasonal,
annual, and daily intake rates; species and part(s) of fish consumed; preparation method;
changes in patterns of consumption over the last 20 years, and  during ceremonies and
festivals; and breast feeding practices (CRTTFC, 1994).  Foam sponge food models were
provided approximating four, eight, and twelve ounce fish fillets for use in estimating
amount of fish consumed (CRIFTC, 1994). The fish consumption rates were determined for
each respondent followed by calculation of the average and distribution of these individual
rates. The mean consumption rates were estimated using respondents who were fish and-non-
fish consumers. These estimates represent the entire tribal population (CRIFTC, 1994).
      Results of the survey  are the following:

      «  Gender of respondents: 57.9 percent female and 42.1 percent male;
      »  Age of respondents:  58.7 percent, 13-39 years; 31.4 percent, 40-59 years; and
          9.9 percent 60+ years;
      *  Adults: consumed an average of 1.71 fish meals/week and had an average intake
          rate of 58.7 grams/day;
      *  Fish Consumers:  consumed an average of 1.85 fish meals/week and had a mean
          intake rate of 63.2 grams/day;
      *  Intake by gender:  males averaged 63 grams/day and females 56 grams/day;
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                                                                       DRAFT
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                                                                        CITE
                                                                          ,—
       *  Intake by Age:  ages 18-39 had average intake rates of 57.6 grams/day; ages 40-
          59 had average intake rates of 55.8 grams/day; and ages 60+ had average intake
          rates of 74.4 grams/day;
       •  Intake by Location: respondents living on a reservation consumed more fish than
          ones living off-reservation;
       *  Seasonal Intake:  42 percent consumed more fish April-July, 18 percent eat the
          same amount each  month; for months identified as high consumption months, the
          average intake rate was 87.9 grams/day;
       •  Dietary Recall: 19 percent had eaten fish within the 24 hours preceding the
          survey and their intake rate was 61.8 grams/day; 81.3 percent had not eaten fish
          during this period and their intake rate was 57.9 grams/day;
       •  Nursing Mothers:  consumed an average of 59.1 grams/day;
       •  Consumption by Species: 92 percent of respondents ate more salmon than any
          other species; and
       *  Children:  consumed an average off 1.17 meals/week with an intake rate of  19.6
          grams/day.
       Hie data for grams of fish consumed per day for all adult respondents are presented
in Table 2-176 and for consumers-only in Table 2-177.  Fish intake rates for children are
presented in Table 2-178.  Fish intake rates by gender, age and location are presented in
Table 2-179. Although the data were gathered from four different tribes, the results
presented represent all four tribes as a single population (CR1TFC,  1994).   The sample sizes
for each tribe was essentially the same size, however the population sizes of the tribes varied
quite a bit.  Therefore, the data were weighted based on the population size of each tribe.
The larger tribes were given more weight. The majority of the data reported have been
weighted so that they reflect the fish consumption patterns and habits of the overall
population (C1ITFC, 1994). Fish consumption patterns and habits of children were not
weighted because of the small sample size for  children (CRTTFC, 1994).
       The author noted several limitations with the survey:
       *  It is possible that the sample population had some health related  bias that affected
          their diet;

                                        2-278
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Table 2-176. Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by All Adult Respondents (Consumers and
Non-consumers) Combined - Throughout the Year
Number of Grams/Day
0.00
1.6
3.2
4.0
4.9
6.5
7,3
8.1
9.7
12.2
13.0
16.2
19.4
20.2
24.3
29.2
32.4
38.9
40.5
48.6
64.8
72.9
N = 500
Cumulative
Percent
8.9%
9.0%
10.4%
10.8%
10.9%
12.8%
12.9%
13.7%
14.4%
14.9%
16.3%
22.8%
24.0%
24.1S6
27.9%
28.1%
52.5%
52.9%
56.5%
67.6%
80.6%
81.2%

Number of Cumuli
Grams/Day
tive Percent
77.0 81.4%
81.0 83.3%
97.2 89.3%
130 92.2%
146 93.7%
162 94.4%
170 94.8%
194 97.2%
243 97.3%
259 97.4%
292 97.6%
324 98.3%
340 98.7%
389 99.0%
486 99.6%
648 99.7%
778 99.9%
972 100%










Weighted Mean = 58.7 grams/day (gpd)
Weighted SW = 3.64
90th Percentile: 97.2 gpd <
95th Percentile » 170 gpd
99th Percentile = 389 gpd

(90th) < 130 gpd










Source:  CRITFC, 1994.pd < (95th) < 194 gpd
                                      2-279
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'
Table 2-177. Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by Ad
Number of Grams/Day
-------
Table 2-178. Children's Fish
Number of Grams/Day
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4.1
4.9
6.5
8.1
9.7
12.2
13.0
16.2
19.4
20.3
24.3
32.4
48.6
64.8
72.9
81.0
97.2
162.0
N = 194
Unweighted Mean = 19.6 grams/day (gpd)
Unweighted SW = 1.94
DRAFT
Consumption Rates - Throughout Year DO JJOT QUOJE OH
*8fc CITE

Unweighted Cumulative Percent
21.1%
21.6%
22.2%
24.7%
25.3%
28.4%
32.0%
33.5%
35.6%
47.4%
48.5%
51.0%
51.5%
72.7%
73.2%
74.2%
76.3%
87.1%
91.2%
94.3%
96.4%
97.4%
98.5%
100%

Source:  CRTTFC, 1994.
                                        2-281
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Table 2-179.

Sex
Female
Male
Total
18-39
40-59
60 & Older
Total
Location
On Reservation
Off Reservation
Total
Fish Intake Throughout
Respondents
N

278
222
500
287
155
58
500

440
60
500
the Year by Sex, Age,
Weighted Mean
(grams/day)

55.8
62.6
58.7
57.6
55.8
74.4
58.7

60.2
47.9
58.7
DRAFT
DO NOX QUOTE OR
.jAMl CITE
and Location by All Adult
Weighted SE

4.78
5.60
3.64
4.87
4.88
15.3
3.64

3.98
8.25
3.64
Source:  CRITFC, 1994.
                                         2-282
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                                                                     DRAFT
                                                               DO HOT QUOTE 01
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       •  It is possible that respondents living closer to the interview site were more willing
          to participate;
       •  More females were surveyed than males, although  the intake rate for males was
          higher;
       *  Hie survey was conducted during the low fish consumption months and may have
          underestimated actual consumption;
       •  Rates of consumption are based on fish consumed from all sources (Columbia
          River and other sources);
       •  Some of the respondents provided the same information for their children as their
          own; and
       *  The percentage for non-consumers was very low and there is a possibility that
          overall fish intake rates for the whole population including non-consumers were
          overestimated.
Although the author has noted these limitations, this study does present information on fish
consumption patterns and habits for the Native American subpopulation. It should be noted
that the number of surveys that address subsistence subpopulations are very limited.
Consumption patterns have also been affected by fish advisories and availability of fish.
       Wolfe and Walker - Subsistence Economies in Alaska: Productivity, Geography, and
Development Impacts - Wolfe and Walker (1987) analyzed a dataset from 98 communities for
harvests of fish, land mammals, marine mammals, and other wild resources. The analysis
was performed to evaluate the distribution and productivity of subsistence harvests in Alaska
during the 1980s. Harvest levels were used as a measure of productivity.  Wolfe and Walker
(1987) defined harvest to represent; a single year's production from a complete seasonal
round. The harvest levels were derived primarily from a compilation of data from
subsistence studies conducted between 1980 to 1985 by various researchers  in the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence.  Additional information was
gathered from 4 other research projects (Wolfe and Walker, 1987).
       The harvests for most communities (94) were documented through detailed
retrospective interviews with harvesters from a sample of households (Wolfe and  Walker,
                                       2-283
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                                                                  ••'•*  DRAFT
                                                                00  NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                  •*v   CITE
1987). Harvesters were asked to estimate the quantities of a particular species that were
harvested and used by members of that household during the previous 12-month period
(Wolfe and Walker,  1987).
      Since the data used in of the analysis were from 94 different datasets with differing
units of measure, harvests were converted to a common unit, pounds dressed weight per
capita per year. This conversion consisted of multiplying the harvests of household within
each community by standard factors; converting total pounds to dressed weight; summing
across households; and then dividing by the total number of members in that household over
the. previous 12-month sampling period (Wolfe and Water, 1987).  Dressed weight varies
among households, but was considered approximately 70 to 75 percent of pound weight for
fish and was that portion brought into  the kitchen for use (Wolfe and Walker, 1987).  It
represents an estimate of the pounds of useable wild resources harvested during the study
year by the sample households (Wolfe and Walker, 1987).
      Harvests for the  other four populations were developed from a statewide dataset
gathered by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Divisions of Game and Sports Fish.
Urban sport fish harvest estimates were derived from a survey that was mailed to a randomly
selected statewide sample of anglers (Wolfe and Walker, 1987).  Sports fish harvests were
disaggregated by urban residency and the dataset was analyzed by converting the harvests
into pounds and dividing by the 1983 urban population (Wolfe and Walker, 1987).
      For the overall analysis, each of the 98 communities were treated as a single unit of
analysis and the entire group of communities was assumed to be a sample of all communities
in Alaska (Wolfe and Walker, 1987).  Each, community was weighted the same, regardless of
the size of the population (Wolfe and Walker, 1987). Total annual per capita harvests were
calculated for each community. The harvest amounts varied between the communities and
ranged from 5 to 1,239  pounds per capita per day (6.2g/day to 1,541 g/day).  In most of the
98 communities analyzed, resource harvests for fish were greater than the other wildlife
harvests categories (land mammal, marine mammal, and others). The author noted that
although the group of communities is large, it represents an incomplete sample of all Alaska
communities.
                                       2-284
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                                                                        CITE
       A limitation of this study is that the data were based on 1-year recall and mail survey.
An advantage of the study is that it is one of the few studies that presents fish harvest
patterns for a subsistence population.  Another limitation is that the data are harvest data and
must be converted to intake rates.

2.6.9.  Recommendations
       The survey designs, data generated, and limitations/advantages of the studies
described in this report are summarized and presented in Table 2-180.  Fish consumption
rates are recommended based on the survey results presented in the key studies described in
the preceding sections.  A large variation exists in the fish consumption rates obtained from
these studies, and can be attributed to many factors including survey designs; type of
waterbody (i.e., marine, estuarine, freshwater); characteristics  of the survey population (i.e.,
general population, recreational anglers);  and methods of data  collection.  Based on these
study variations, it is not recommended to average data across  the studies. The assessors
should evaluate the individual study and select the mean or upper percentile value from the
study that closely matches  their needs.  One  should consider if the exposure being evaluated
are long-term or short-term.  In addition, regional, and seasonal variations should be
considered.  Recommendations for consumption rates were classified into the following
categories:
       *  General Population - Per Capita;
       *  Recreational Marine Anglers;
       *  Recreational Freshwater Anglers;  and
       »  Native American Freshwater Anglers.

For exposure assessment purposes, the selection of recommended fish consumption rates
from these categories will depend on the exposure scenario being evaluated. It should be
noted that the recommended rates are based on mean values which represent a typical intake
or central tendency for fish consumers (i.e.,  low and high consumers); and the upper
estimates (i.e., 90th-99th percentiles) represent the high end of fish consumers. However, in
some of the key studies, mean consumption rates were not presented.  The recommended fish
                                       2-285
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                                                                   Table 2-180. Summary of Fah Intake Studies
Study
General Population
Javitz 1980
Pao et »!., 1982
USDA 1987-88
Ruffle et tl., 1994
National Marine Fisheries Service, 1986m
Madam and Penfield, 198S
Population Surveyed

25,162 individuals -
general population
37,874 individual* -
general population
4,500 household! - general
population
23,213 participant! -
general population
Atlantic and Gulf Coasts -
41,000 field interview* and
58,000 telephone
intcrvicwi; Pacific Coast -
38,000 field interviews and
73,000 telephone
interviews
39 panelists of staff,
faculty and students at the
University of Tennessee
Survey Tinw Period/Type

Sept 1973-Aug. 1974 (1 year
survey). Completed
questionnaires on date of meal
consumption, species of fish,
packaging type, amount of fish
prepared, number of tervingi
consumed, etc.
Home interviews bated in 3-day
dietary recall
Survey based on 3-day dietary
recall
Data based on NMPS1 1973-
1974 survey (1 year period)
Field and telephone interviews
were conducted for National
recreational fishermen
Questionnaires were completed
by fish consumers only
Data Generated

Mean and distribution of fish
consumption rates grouped by
race, age, gender, census
region, fish specie*, community
type, and religion
Distribution of fish and shellfish
consumption rates for containers
only
Mean intake rate per capita of
fish and shellfish grouped by
age and gender; mean intake
rates for consumers only
grouped by age and gender
Mean and distributions of the
daily consumption rates of
shellfish, freshwater finfijh, and
saltwater finfish for adults,
teenagers, and children
Intake rates were not calculated;
total catch size grouped by
marine species, seasons, and
number of fishermen for etch
coastal region were presented
Distribution of intake rates were
not presented; frequency of fish
consumption data were
presented for the respondents
Limitations/Advantages

High response rate (80%);
population was large and
geographically representative;
however, consumption rates
represented one month data for
each sample segment because
questionnaires were administered
to l/12th of survey population
during each month of the 1 year
survey period.
Population was large and
geographically representative; data
were based on short-term dietary
recall
Population was Urge
geographically and seasonally
balanced; data based on short-term
dietary recall
Population was large
geographically and seasonally
balanced; over or under reporting
of fish consumed and portion size
by survey respondent*
Population was large
geographically and seasonally
balanced; no houseful data was
presented for exposure assessment
purposes
Population size was small and
does not represent the general
U.S. population; data bated on
short -term recall
31 1 Q ^*''
HO mons IOH oa
MVHCI
f
OO
Ch
-------
                                                       Table 2-180.  Summary of Fish Intake Studies (continued)
Study
Recreational-Marine Fish
Puffer et al., 1981
Pierce et «J., 1981
San Diego County, 1990
Santa Monica Bay Restoration Project, 1994
Price etal., 1994
Population Surveyed

1,067 anglers in the Los
Angeles area
3391 fishermen in
Commencement Bay,
Washington
369 anglen in San Diego
County, California
555 anglen in Santa
Monica Bay, California
Based on Puffer et al.
(1981) and Pierce etal,
(1981) creel surveys
Survey Time Period/Type

Creel surveys conducted for the
full 1980 calendar year
July-November 1980; creel
survey interviews conducted
consisting of 5 summer days
and 4 fall days
Oct. 1988-Oct. 1989; creel
surveys were conducted over a
1-year period
Survey design consisted of creel
census and questionnaires
administered to anglen;
sampling period consisted of
summer months (Sept. 1991
and June-Aug. 1992), fall,
winter and spring months (Oct.
1991-May 1992)
See Puffer et al. (1981) and
Pierce et al. (1981) above
Data Generated

Distribution of fish and shellfish
intake rates for sport anglen
(i.e., indicated eating the fish
they caught) including their
families/living groups grouped
by age, ethnicity, and fish
species were presented
Total weight of catch grouped
by species were presented for
only anglen that caught fish;
percent of fishing frequency was
presented for the summer and
&11; mean intake rates calculated
by the U.S. EPA (1993) were
also presented for individual and
group responses
Mean intake rates for San Diego
Bay anglen grouped by ethnicity
and species were presented;
cumulative fish intake rate of the
anglen was also reported
Mean and distributions of fish
consumption rates grouped by
ethnicity and income level were
presented for Santa Monica Bay
anglen
Recalculated median
consumption rates for the
surveyed population and the
total angler population
Limitations/ Advantages

Population was not representative .
of the U.S. population;
assumptions made in the intake
rate calculations may bias the
results obtained; creel surveys
tend to oversample frequent
anglen
Population does not represent
general U.S. population; intake
rates estimated were not
seasonally balanced; fish
advisories were in place, this may
have affected fish consumption
patterns among anglen
Population does not represent
general U.S. population; also
population size was small and
usable data from this sample size
was low (59 out of 369
interviews); on-lite interviews
were conducted which may
minimize recall bias
Population does not represent
general U.S. population;
frequency in fish consumption was
based on recall; random sampling
approach employed to conduct
surveys may minimize sampling
biases; survey accounted for all
fishing seasons
Raw data obtained were
incomplete; therefore, assumptions
were made which may affect the
results obtained; the findings of
this study supports the limitations
associated with creel surveys
N»
CO
                                                                                                                                          3X10
                                                                                                                                   so  aiont)  IOK oa
-------
                                                             Table 2-180.  Summary ofPUh Intake Studies (continued}
Study
Recreational Fresh Water Fuh
U.S. EPA, 1993 - Bued on lix surveys
a, West ct al., 1989
b. Smith and Enger, 1988
c. Connelly et al., 1990
d. Cox et al., 1990
e, Rote et al., 1989
Wort et al., 1989a
West et a!., 1993
West et al., 1989b
Supplement I
Population Surveyed

1,104 sport-anglers
694 angler*
4,573 respondent!
917 respondents
801 individuals with fish
or iporting licenses
1,104 households of
licensed iport fiihcnncn
3,670 individuals
consisting of 69 Blacks;
139 Native American*;
3^39 Whites; and 123
other minority group*
1,260 households of
respondent! and non-
respondents from West et
•1. (1989a) survey
Survey Tine Period/Type

January-May, 1988; anglers
completed questionnaires ba>ed
on 7-day and 1-year recall
May-Aug., 1987; creel surveys
conducted along fish sites;
based on 1-year recall period;
assumed meal size of l,45g
January-March, 1989;
responses were based on 1-year
recall period; assumed meal
size of 14Sg
Completed questionnaires based
on 1-year recall period
1985 summer; assumed meal
size of 145g
Jan.-June, 1988; stratified
random sampling approach;
completed mailed
questionnaires; based on 7-day
recall period; fishing frequency
based on 1-year recall period
Jan.-June, 1988; consumption
patterns based on 7-day recall;
mail survey based on stratified
random approach
Jan-June 1989; follow-up phone
survey; based on 7-day recall
period
Data Generated

Mean intake rates of self-caught
fish based on 7-day recall period
for consumers only and for
consumers and non-consumers
in Michigan
Mean intake rates of the tower
Tittabawassee anglers
(consumers only and consumers
and non-consumers)
Mean intake rates for New York
State anglers; mean intake rates
for Lake Erie and Lake Ontario
anglers (consumers only and
consumers and non-consumers)
Mean intake rates of sport-
caught fish
Mean intake rates for sport-
caught fish by Wisconsin anglers
Mean fish intake rate for all
respondents including household
members that consumed fish;
adjusted yearly fish intake rate
Mean fish intake rates for
Michigan sport anglers grouped
by race and age
Adjusted consumption rates
based on non-response bias
Limiiatioiu/Ad vantages

Estimated weights of the amount
of fish consumed were subjective
in nature for the most part;
predominant anglers were adult
males, therefore, data for women
and children may be biased; intake
rates were calculated based on a
large source of datasct




Low response rate (47.3%); data
based on recall; sampling period
only reflected Winter-Spring
season; sampling approach was
random which may minimize
sampling biases
Sampling size of each population
sub-group was small; same
limitations/advantages as West et
al. (1989a) apply to these dataset
because data used was obtained
from West et aL (1989a) survey
aiio **••
HO sionfc ion oa
WVHd

00
QO
-------
                                                               Table 2-180. Summary of Fish Intake Studies (continued)
                         Study
   Population Surveyed
   Survey Time Period/Type
        Data Generated
     Limitations/Advantages
              Supplement D
307 respondents
Comparison of data from
Winter-Spring, 1988 (West et
a!., 1989a) and Winter-Spring
1989 data
Indicated a decline in fish
consumption rate from 1988 to
1989
Fish advisories in place;
participation of respondents to
mail survey may have increased
awareness of risks associated with
fish consumption
      Chcmrislc, 1991
1,612 Maine anglers
1989-1990 ice fishing season
and 1990 open water season;
frequency of fishing trips and
number of fish species caught
were based on recall
Mean and distribution of fish
consumption rates by ethnic
groups; total consumption of
freshwater fish caught by survey
respondents
Does not represent general U.S.
population; data bated on recall
and self-reporting; high response
rate; area-specific consumption
patterns
      EbeitetaL, 1993
1,369 anglers
Survey data based on Chemrisk
(1991)
Mean and distribution of intake
rates for licensed iport anglers
in Maine during fee-fishing or
open water season grouped by
all anglers (consumers and non-
consumers) and consuming
anglers
Same limitations/advantages with
Chemrisk (1991) apply to dataset
      Subsistence Freshwater Stadia
oo.
      Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission
      (CRIFTC), 1994
513 tribal members; 18
yean old and above; 204
children, 5 yean old and
less
Fall and Winter of 1991-1992;
stratified random sampling
approach; 24-hour dietary recall
Weighted mean intake ratet
grouped by all adult respondents
(consumers and non-consumers),
adult consumers only, age,
gender, children (consumer! and
non-consumers)
Survey was conducted during low
fish consumption seasons;
respondents provided same
information for their children as
their own; data was based on
recall; study provides consumption
and habits for subsistence
Bubpopulation group
      Wolfe and Walker, 1987
Dataset based on 94
communities in Alaska by
various researchers
Surveys conducted between
1980 to 1985; data bated on 1-
y ear recall period
Range of total annual per capita
harvests1'
Author noted that sample of
Alaska communities were
incomplete; data based on  1-year
recall; data provided are harvest
data that must be converted to
intake rates
        NFMS - National Marine Fisheries Services.
        Harvest was defined as a single yean production of fish, land mammals, marine mammals, and outer wild resources from a complete seasonal round.
                                                                                                                  *8
                                                                                                                                                                         O
                                                                                                                                                                         *3
                                                                                                                                                                         M
                                                                                                                                                                         O
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intake rates based on means and upper-percentile values are presented accordinglyf
                           General Population - Per Capita
       Arithmetic Mean
           (g/day)
 Upper Percentile
      (g/day)
Reference
             17
             14
             11
             12
42 (95th percentile)
Javitz, 1980 (NMFS)
Javitz, 1980 (TRI)
USDA, 1992
Pao, 1982
      The key studies (Javitz, 1980; USDA, 1992; Pao, 1982) provided per capita intake
rates for numerous fish species from all waterbodies (i.e., marine, estuarine, freshwater) for
the general population (consumer and non-consumers). The studies shown above support
values of an average per capita intake for the general U.S. population ranging between 11-17
g/day. It is important to note that these values apply to consumption of fish from all sources
(e.g., store-bought, canned, self caught, etc.).  Javitz reported a 95th percentile value of 42
g/day based on the TRI data.  Although the TRI survey focused on consumption patterns
over the period of one month, it may not reflect the individual's usual long term
consumption.  However, the period of observation in the TRI survey (i.e., one month) is
longer than the typical food consumption surveys (e.g., few days).  It should be noted that
the TRI results presented by Javitz are based on the 94 percent of the population consuming
fish during the survey period. Distribution data are also available from Javitz, 1980 and are
presented in Tables 2-131 and 2-132.  In addition, Ruffle, 1994 developed a lognormal
distribution to fit the TRI data. Parameters for this distribution are presented in Table 2-146.

                        General Population - Consumers-Only
 Arithmetic Mean (g/day)
 Upper Percentile (g/day)
      Reference
          124
          117
  284 (95th percentile)1
      Pao et al., 1982
      USDA, 1992
1 This value is the 95th percentile serving size.
                                        2-290
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      The studies presented above (Pao et al., 1982; USDA, 1992) are based, on one day	
    and may be useful for acute exposure assessments.  Although upper percentile estimates

were not presented in these studies, these may be more appropriate for acute exposures.


                            Recreational Marine Anglers


 Arithmetic Mean/Median  (g/day)   Upper Percentile (g/day)           Reference

      37 (median)                  339 (95th percentile)     Puffer et al., 1981
      50 (mean); 21 (median)        107 (90th percentile)     Santa Monica,  1994
      39 (mean)	146 (95th percentile)     U.S. EPA,  1993 (Pierce)


The data presented above for recreational marine anglers are based on results from creel

surveys.  As discussed earlier, this survey methodology targets the population of active
fishermen.  The studies presented above  suggest that for that population of active fishermen,
a central estimate of consumption rate is in the range of 37-50 g/day.  Puffer presents a 95th

percentile value of 339 g/day, which is much higher than the values presented in the other

studies.  The methodology  used by Puffer, however, assumes that fishermen  will catch the
same amount of fish caught on the day of the interview other fishing trips. This
methodology will tend to overestimate consumption rate. Therefore, considering the
limitations of the data, 100 g/day is a reasonable estimate of the 95th percentile.


                          Recreational Freshwater Anglers


 Arithmetic Mean (g/day)           Upper Percentile (g/day)         Reference

 24 (West et al., 1989)                94 (95th percentile)     U.S. EPA, 1993
  7 (Smith and Enger, 1988)           21 (95th percentile)     U.S. EPA, 1993
  4 (Connelly et al., 1990)             15 (95th percentile)     U.S. EPA, 1993
 19 (Cox et al., 1990)                 73 (95th percentile)     U.S. EPA, 1993
  7 (Fiore et al., 1989)	24 (95th percentile)     U.S. EPA, 1993	


      The data presented above, with the exception of Smith and Enger, are based on mail
surveys.  The data obtained from the Smith and Enger were from a creel survey conducted in


                                       2-291
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the lower Tittabawassee River. These data may be a reflection of the low angler activity due
to the long history of industrial pollution, the resulting decrease in fishing population in the
river, and the fishing ban.  Focusing on the mail surveys, the studies summarized above
suggest that the average intake rate for recreational freshwater anglers ranges between 4-24
g/day. Upper percentile values range from 15-94 g/day.
       Based on the data presented above for recreational anglers (both marine and
freshwater), it appears that consumption of recreational freshwater fish is less than
consumption of marine fish.  It is important to note that these differences may be a result of
several factors.  First, marine fish are generally more abundant than freshwater fish.
Second, intake rates of freshwater fish may be a reflection of fish advisories. Third, the
survey methodology used in the studies presented for recreational marine anglers (i.e., creel
surveys) targets the population of active anglers resulting in higher estimates of fish
consumption.

                         Native American Freshwater Anglers

 Arithmetic Mean (g/day)	Upper Percentile (g/day)	Reference	
           63                                170             CRIFTC, 1994
	305	913	Wolfe and Walker, 1987

       Data for fish consumption rates for the native American population of freshwater
anglers are very limited. However, based on the studies summarized above, the mean fish
consumption rate for this subpopulation of freshwater anglers range between 63-305 g/day.
The upper percentile estimate ranges between 170-913 g/day. It is important to note that the
values calculated from Wolfe and Walker may be used to represent a subsistence population.
However, these values are based on harvest data and therefore may overestimate the actual
amount consumed.
       It should be noted that the average recommended fish consumption rates for the
various categories (general population, recreational marine anglers, recreational freshwater
anglers, and subsistence freshwater anglers) are based on available data in which many of the

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surveys were site limited.  Although, these rates are recommended in order tolie applied to
exposure assessments in any area with widespread contamination; the EPA has recommended
that site or region specific consumption estimates be used wherever possible (Ebert et al.,
1994). However, site specific information may not always be available. Therefore,
representative consumption rates selected should be derived from studies consistent with the
type of waterbody and target population being evaluated (Ebert et al., 1994).  Hence the
rates recommended in this report for the various categories are to be considered.
       Other factors to consider when using the data include location, climate, season,  and
ethnicity of the angler or consumer population. In addition, other factors to be considered in
exposure assessment studies in determining potential risk to a target population are the  parts
of fish consumed and the methods of preparation. For example, individuals who consume a
greater portion of the fish internal organs may be at a greater health risk.  Some studies have
indicated that there is a significant decrease of contaminants in cooked fish when compared
with raw fish (San Diego County, 1990). In addition, some contaminants have the affinity to
accumulate more in certain tissues such as the fatty tissue as well as in  certain internal
organs.
       In some cases,  the residue levels of contaminants in fish are reported as the
concentration of  contaminant per gram of fat. When using these residue levels,  the assessor
should ensure consistency in the exposure assessment calculations by using consumption rates
that are based on the amount of fat consumed for the fish species of interest.  Alternately,
residue levels for the "as consumed* portions of fish may be estimated  by multiplying the
levels based on fat by  the fraction of fat per product as follows:
               residue level/g product «
f residue level]  x f   g-rat  ]    0^ 2-i3)
[    g-fat   J    [g-product]
The resulting residue levels may then be used in conjunction with "as consumed"
consumption rates. Table 2-181 presents the total fat content for selected fish species.
       Additionally, intake rates may be reported in terms of units as consumed or units of
dry weight.  It is essential that exposure assessors be aware of this difference so that they

                                        2-293
-------
Table 2-181.  Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species*
BQ
                                                                 DRAFT
                                                                  CITE
Food
Moisture Content
(«)
Total Fat Content
(*)"
Comments
nNFISH
Anchovy, European

Bass
Bass, Striped
Blue fish
Butterfeh
Caip

Catfish

Cod, Atlantic



Cod, Pacific
Croaker, Atlantic

Dolphinfish, MahimaM
Drum, Freshwater
Flatfish, Flounder and Sole
specie*

Grouper

Haddock


Halibut, Atlantic & Pacific

Halibut, Greenland
73.37
50.30
75.66
79.22
70.86
74.13
76.31
69.63
76.39
58.81
81.22
75.61
75.92
16.14
81.28
78.03
59.76
77.55
77.33
79.06
73.16
79.22
73.36
79.92
74.25
71.48
77.92
71.69
70.27
4.101
8.535
3.273
1.951
3.768
NA
4.842
6.208
3.597
12.224
0.456
0.582
0.584
1.608
0.407
2.701
11.713
0.474
4.463
0.845
1.084
0.756
0.970
0.489
0.627
0.651
1.812
2.324
12.164
Raw
Canned in oil, drained solids
Freshwater, mixed species,
raw
Raw
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Channel, raw
Channel, cooked, breaded and
fried
Atlantic, raw
Canned, solids and liquids
Cooked, dry heat
Dried and salted
Raw
Raw
Cooked, hreaded and fried
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw, mixed species
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Smoked
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
                         2-294
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DRAFT
oo MOT 01 JOTS OIR
Table 2-181. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species (continued) ^ CUE
Food
Herring, Atlantic & Turbot,
domestic species



Herring, Pacific
Mackerel, Atlantic

Mackerel, Jack
Mackerel, King
Mackerel, Pacific & Jack
Mackerel, Spanish

Monkfish
Mullet, Striped

Ocean Perch, Atlantic

Perch, Mixed species

Pike, Northern

Pike, Walleye
Pollock, Alaska & Walleye

Pollock, Atlantic
Rockfiah, Pacific, mixed
species

Roughy, Orange
Salmon, Atlantic
Salmon, Chinook

Moisture Content
(%)
72.05
64.16
59.70
55.22
71.52
63.55
S3.27
69.17
75.85
70.15
71.67
68.46
83.24
77.01
70.52
78.70
72.69
79.13
73.25
78.92
72.97
79.31
81.56
74.06
78.18
79.26
73.41
75.90
68.50
73.17
72.00
Total Fat Qmteat
<*)"
7.909
10.140
10.822
16.007
12.552
9.076
15.482
4.587
1.587
6.816
5.097
5.745
NA
2.909
3.730
1.296
1.661
0.705
0.904
0.477
0.611
0.990
0.701
0.929
0.730
1.182
1.51S
3.630
5.625
9.061
3.947
Comments
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Kippered
Pickled
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Canned, drained solids
Raw
Canned, drained solids
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
Raw (Mixed species)
Cooked, dry heat (mixed
species)
Raw
Raw
Raw
Smoked

-------
DRAFT
Table 2-181. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species (continued) r TTF
Food
Salmon, Chum

Salmon, Coho

Salmon, Pink

Salmon, Red & Sockeye


Sardine, Atlantic
Sardine, Pacific
Sea Bass, mixed species

Seatrout, mixed species
Shad, American
Shark, mixed species

Snapper, mixed species

Sole, Spot
Sturgeon, mixed species


Sucker, white
Sunfifb, PwmpkinBwid
* *
Swordfish

Trout, mixed species
Trout, Rainbow
Moisture Content
75.38
70.77
72.63
65.35
76.35
68.81
70.24
68.72
61.84
59.61
68.30
78.27
72.14
78.09
68.19
73.58
60.09
76.87
70.35
75.95
76.55
69.94
62.50
79.71
79.50
75.62
68.75
71.42
71.48
Total Fat Content
3.279
4.922
4.908
6.213
2.845
5.391
4.560
6.697
9.616
10.545
11.054
1.678
2.152
2.618
NA
3.941
12.841
0.995
1.275
3.870
3.544
4.544
3.829
1.965
0.502
3.564
4.569
5.901
2.883
Comments
Raw
Canned, 
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DRAFT
JDO JDT07 OLfOTE OR
Table 2-181. Percent Moisture and Fat Contend for Selected Species (continued) .. PTJV
Food

Tuna, light meat

Tuna, white meat

Tuna, Bluefish, fresh

Turbot, European
WhiteEsh, mixed species

Whiting, mixed species

Yellowtail, mixed species

Crab, Alaska King


Crab, Blue



Crab, Dungeness
Crab, Queen
Crayfish, mixed species

Lobster, Northern

Shrimp, mixed species


Moisture Content
<*)
63.43
59.83
74.51
64.02
69.48
68.09
59.09
76.95
72.77
70.83
80.27
74.71
74.52
Total Fat Content
(*)"
3*o9o
7.368
0.730
NA
2.220
4.296
5.509
NA
5.051
0.799
0.948
1.216
NA
SHELLFISH

79.57
77.55

79.02
79.16
77.43
71.00
79.18
80.58
80.79
75.37
76.76
76.03
75.86
72.56
52.86
NA
0.854

0.801
0.910
1.188
6.571
0.616
0.821
0.732
0.939
NA
0.358
1.250
1.421
10.984
Comments

Cooked, dry heat
Canned in oil, drained solids
Canned in water, drained
solids
Canned in oil
Canned in water, drained
solids
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw
law
Smoked
Raw
Cooked, dry heat
Raw

Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Imitation, made from suiimi
Raw
Canned (dry pack or drained
solids of wet pack)
Cooked, moist heat
Crab cakes
Raw
Raw
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Canned (dry pack or drained
solids of wet pack)
Cooked, breaded and fried




2-297
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                   Table 2-181. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species (continued)
       DRAFT
DO MOT  QUOTE  (
   **»• CITE
Food

Spiny Lobster, mixed specie*
dim, mixed specie*




Mussel, Blue

Octopus, common
Oyster, Eastern



Oyster, Pacific
Scallop, mixed species


Squid

Moisture Content
(«)
77.28
74.07
81.82
63.64
97.70
61.55
63.64
80.58
61.15
80.25
85.14
85.14
64.72
70.28
82.06
78.57
58.44
73.82
78.55
64.54
Total Fat Content
(*)"
0.926
1.102
0.456
0.912
NA
10.098
0.912
1.538
3.076
0.628
1.620
1.620
11.212
3.240
1.752
0.377
10.023
NA
0.989
6.763
Comments
Cooked, moist heat
Imitation made from surimi,
raw
Haw
Canned, drained solids
Canned, liquid
Cooked, breaded and fried
Cooked, moist beat
Raw
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Raw
Canned (Solids and liquid
based) raw
Cooked, breaded and fried
Cooked, moist heat
Raw
Raw
Cooked, breaded and fried
Imitation, made from Surimi
Raw
Cooked, fried
-
m  Data are reported as is in the Handbook
fc  Total Fat Content - saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated
NA - Not available

Source:  U.S.D.A., 1979-1984 - U.S. Agricultural Handbook No. 8
                                                           2-298
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may ensure consistency between the units used for intake rates and those used for
concentration data (i.e., if the unit of food consumption is grams dry weight/day, then the
unit for the amount of pollutant in the food should be grams dry weight). If necessary, as
consumed intake rates may be converted to dry weight intake rates using the moisture content
percentages of fish presented in Table 2-181 and the following equation:
                                          [(100-W)/100]                   (Eqn. 2-14)

"Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to "as consumed" rates by using:

                              ffi^ = IR^KlOO-WyiOO]                   (Eqn. 2-15)

where:
              =  dry weight intake rate;
              =  as consumed intake rate; and
       W     =  percent water content.
       Hie moisture content (%) and total fat content (%) measured and/or calculated in
various fish forms (i.e., raw, cooked, smoked, etc.) for selected fish species are presented in
Table 2-181 based on data from USDA (1979-1984). The total percent fat content is based
on the sum of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat. The moisture content is
based on the percent of water present.
                                       2-299
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2.7.  INTAKE RATES FOR VARIOUS HOMEPRODUCED FOOD ITEMS
2*7.1. Background
      Ingestion of contaminated foods is a potential pathway of exposure to toxic chemicals.
Consumers of homeproduced food products may be of particular concern because exposure
resulting from local site contamination may be higher for this subpopulation.  According to a
survey by the National Gardening Association (1987), a total of 34 million (or 38 percent) U.S.
households participated in vegetable gardening in 1986. Table 2-182 contains demographic data
on vegetable gardening in 1986 by region/section, community size, and household size.  Table
2-183 contains information on  the types of vegetables grown by home gardeners in 1986.
Tomatoes, peppers, onions,  cucumbers, lettuce, beans,  carrots,  and corn are among  the
vegetables grown by the largest percentage of gardeners.  Homeproduced  foods can become
contaminated in a variety of ways.  Ambient pollutants in the air may be deposited on plants,
adsorbed or absorbed by  the plants, or dissolved in rainfall or irrigation waters that contact the
plants. Pollutants may also be adsorbed through plants roots from contaminated soil and water.
Finally, the addition of pesticides, soil additives,  and fertilizers to crops or gardens may result
in contamination of food products. Meat and dairy products can become contaminated if animals
consume contaminated soil, water, or feed crops.  Intake rates for homeproduced food products
are needed to assess exposure to local contaminants present in homegrown or  home caught
foods.   Recently, EPA analyzed data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's  (USDA)
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS)  to generate distributions of intake rates for
homeproduced foods. The methods used  and the results of these analyses are presented below.

2.7.2. Methods
      NFCS data were used to generate intake rates for homeproduced foods.  USDA conducts
the NFCS every 10 years  to analyze the food  consumption behavior and dietary status  of
Americans (USDA, 1992). The most recent jBcS was conducted in 1987-88.  The survey used
a statistical sampling technique designed to ensure that all seasons, geographic regions of the 48
coterminous States in the U.S.,  and socioeconomic and demographic groups were represented
(USDA, 1994), There were two components of the NFCS. The household component collected
information over  a seven-day period on the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of
                                       2-300
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Table 2-182

Total
Region/section
East
New England
Mid-Atlantic
Midwest
East Central
West Central
South
Deep South
Rest of South
West
Rocky Mountain
Pacific
Size of community
City
Suburb
Small town
Rural
Household size
Single, separated, divorced,
Married, no children
Married, with children
. 1986 Vegetable Gardening by Demographic Factors
Percentage of
total households
that have gardens
(%)
38

33
37
32
50
50
50
33
44
29
37
53
32

26
33
32
61

widowed 54
45
44
Number
of households
(million)
34

7.3
1.9
5.4
11.0
6.6
4.5
9.0
3.1
5.9
6.2
2.3
4.2

6.2
10.2
3.4
14.0

8.5
11.9
13.2
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987.
                                       2-301
-------
Table 2-183. Percentage of <
Growing Differ
Vegetable
Artichokes
Asparagus
Beam
Beets
Broccoli
Brunei sprouts
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Chard
Com
Cucumbers
Dried peas
Dry beans
Eggplant
Herbs
Kale
Kohlrabi
Leeks
Lettuce
Melon*
Okra
Onions
Oriental vegetables
Parsnips
Peanuts
Peas
Peppers
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Radishes
Rhubarb
Spinach
Summer squash
Sunflowers
Sweet potatoes
Tomato
Turnips
Winter squash
DRAFI
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Sardening Households 4Mfc CITE

Percent
0.8
8.2
43.4
20.6
19.6
5.7
29.6
34.9
14.0
5.4
3.5
34.4
49.9
2.5
8.9
13.0
9.8
3.1
3.0
1.2
41.7
21.9
13.6
50.3
2.1
2.2
1.9
29.0
57.7
25.5
10.2
30.7
12.2
10.2
25.7
8.2
5.7
85.4
10.7
11.1
Source: National Gardening Association, 1987.
                                   2-302
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households,  and  the  types,  value,  and sources of  foods  consumed by  the household
(USDA, 1994). Hie individual component collected information on food intakes of individuals ,
within each household over a three-day period (USDA, 1993). The sample size for the 1987-88
survey was approximately 4,300 households (over 10,000 individuals).  This is a decrease over
the previous survey conducted in 1977-78 which sampled approximately 15,000 households (over
36,000 individuals) (USDA, 1994). The sample size was lower in the 1987-88 survey as a result
of budgetary constraints and low response rate (i.e., 38 percent for the household survey and
31 percent for the individual survey) (USDA, 1993). However, MFCS data from 1987-88 were
used to generate homegrown intake rates because they were the most recent data available and
were believed to be more reflective of current eating patterns among the U.S. population.  For
the purposes  of this study, homeproduced foods were  defined  as  homegrown fruits  and
vegetables, meat and dairy products derived from consumer-raised livestock or game meat, and
home caught fish.  The food items/groups selected for analysis included major food groups (i.e.,
total fruits, total vegetables, total meats,  total dairy, total fish and shellfish), individual food
items for which > 30 households reported eating the homeproduced form of the item, fruits and
vegetables categorized as exposed, protected, and roots, and various USDA fruit and vegetable
subcategories (i.e., dark green vegetables,  citrus fruits, etc.). Food items/groups were identified
in the NFCS data base according to NFCS-defined food codes. Appendix 2-A presents the codes
used to determine the various food groups. The food intake analysis was accomplished using
the SAS statistical programming system (SAS, 1990).
      The analytical method used to determine the daily homegrown intake of each food
item/group was based on  the quantity of food used in the household that was reported as
homegrown, the number of meals eaten by each member of the household, and  the average
serving sizes for the food items/groups being evaluated.  The USDA household data were used
to determine (1) the amount of homegrown food used during a week by family members and
guests and (2)  the number of meals eaten by each household member.  Average serving sizes
for individuals in  specified age groups of the population were calculated separately from the
USDA individual intake survey data for each food item/group.
      Homegrown  household food usage was attributed  to the family members only.  The
USDA household survey data contains information on the number of member and guest meals
                                       2-303
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consumed during the week.  The portion of the household food item/group attributed to the
family members was determined by multiplying the fraction of meals consumed by  family
members only by the reported household amount. The fraction of meals consumed by household
members was determined by dividing the number of meals consumed in the household by the
total number of meals eaten in the household (i.e., including meals eaten by household guests).
The following equation was  used to calculate the fraction of meals consumed by household
members:
                               wf
                                         MEAL.
                                              'mmba*
                                          MEAL.
                                               (Eqn. 2-16)
where:
      Wf

      WT
      MEAL^,,
Amount of  food item/group used by family members only
(g/week);
Amount of food item/group reported for the household (g/week);
Number of household member meals; and
Total number of meals, including guest meals.
      Age-specific serving sizes in grams/day were calculated based on the USDA individual
survey data. The age categories used in the analysis included:  < 1 year; 1 to 2 years; 3 to 5
years; 6 to 11 years; 12 to 19 years;  20 to 39 years; 40 to 69 years; and over 70 years.  These
serving sizes were  used during subsequent analysis to generate homegrown intake rates for
household members.   Assuming that the  proportion of  die household quantity  of each
homegrown food item/group was a function of the number of meals and the mean age-specific
serving size for each family member, individual intakes were calculated for all members of the
survey population. The following general equation was used for calculating homegrown intake
for family members:
                                       2-304
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                                                                   "	—	i
                                                                         (Eqn. 2-17)
where:
      w{     =     Homegrown amount of food item/group attributed to member i during the
                   week (g/week);
      Wf    =     Total quantity of homegrown food item/group used by the family members
                   (g/week);
      nij     —     Number of meals of household food consumed by member i during the
                   week (meals/week); and
      qi     =     Serving size for an individual within the age and sex category of the
                   member (g/meal).
Daily intake of a homegrown food item/group was determined by dividing the weekly value
by seven.  The USDA data were adjusted by applying the sample weights calculated by USDA
to the data set prior to analysis. The USDA sample weights were designed to "adjust for survey
nonresponse and other vagaries of the sample selection process" (USDA, 1987-88). Also, the
USDA weights are calculated "so that the weighted sample total equals the known population
total, in thousands, for  several characteristics thought to be correlated with eating behavior"
(USDA, 1987-88). Intake rates were indexed to the body weight of the survey respondent and
reported in units of g/kg-day.  The results were then combined into a data set and homegrown
mean intake values and  quantile distributions were calculated using SAS.  Both weighted and
unweighted sample numbers were also tabulated for each data set.
       Data for each of the major food groups were analyzed for the entire dataset and according
to subcategories within each of the four census regions and for all regions combined.
Subcategories  included various  age  groups,  urbanization  categories,  seasons,  racial
classifications, and responses to selected survey questions.  Table 2-184 presents the codes,
definitions, and  a   description  of the  data included  in  each  of the  subcategories.

                                       2-305
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Table 2-184. Sub-category Codes and Definitions •*• CITE

Code

Definition

Description
Region*
1
2
3
4
Northeast
Midwest
South
West
Includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont
Includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,
Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and
Wisconsin
Includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and
West Virginia
Includes Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,
New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming
Urbanization
1
2
3
Central City
Suburban
Nonmetropolitan
Cities with populations of 50,000 or more that is the main city within
the metropolitan statistical area (MSA).
An area that is generally within the boundaries of an MSA, but is not
within the legal limit of the central city.
An area that is not within an MSA.
Race
1
2
3
4
5,8,9
Other/NA
White (Caucasian)
Black
Asian and Pacific Islander
Native American, Aleuts, and Eskimos
Don't know, no answer, some other race
Responses to Survey Questions
Grow
Raise
Animals
Fi&h/Hunt
Farm
Question 75
Question 76
Question 77
Question 79
Did anyone in the household grow any vegetables or fruit for use in
the household?
Did anyone in the household produce any animal products such as
milk, eggs, meat, or poultry for home use in your household?
Did anyone in the household catch any fish or shoot game for home
use?
Did anyone in the household operate a farm or ranch?
Season
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
-
April, May, June
July, August, September
October, November, December
January, February, March
         Alaska and Hawaii were not included.
Source:  USDA 1987-88.
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Seasonally/regionally adjusted values were also calculated for the major food groups to account
for the impact of seasonal/regional variability on the intake of homegrown foods. To calculate
a distribution of annual intake rates based on seasonal/regional intake, the per capita distribution
of intake was determined within each region, for each season.  First, seasonal intake rates at
each percentile of the distribution for each region were averaged to calculate annual intake rates.
This method assumes that a person's position in the distribution of homegrown intake is the same
for all seasons. For example, a person at the pth percentile during one season is also assumed
to be at the pth percentile during all other seasons. Next, the annual intake rates for each region
were averaged to calculate the per capita seasonally/regionally-adjusted intake rates.
       For individual food items for which  30 or more households reported  usage  of the
homeproduced food, distributions were generated based on the following subcategories of the
entire data set:  age groups, urbanization categories, seasons, racial classifications, regions, and
responses to the questionnaire.  Intake rates were not calculated for food items/groups for which
less than 30 households reported homeproduced usage because the number of observations may
be inadequate for  generating distributions that would be representative of that segment of
consumers.  Fruit and vegetables were also classified as exposed, protected, or roots, as shown
in Appendix 2A of this document.  Exposed foods are those that are grown above ground and
are likely to be contaminated by pollutants deposited on surfaces  that are eaten.   Protected
products are those that have outer protective coatings  that are  typically  removed  before
consumption.   Distributions of  intake were  tabulated  for these food classes for the same
subcategories listed above.  Distributions were also tabulated for the following USDA  food
classifications: dark green vegetables, deep yellow vegetables, other vegetables, citrus fruits, and
other  fruits.  Finally, the percentages of mean total intake of the food items/groups consumed
within survey households  that can  be attributed to home production were tabulated.  The
percentage of intake that was homegrown was calculated as the ratio of total  intake of the
homegrown food item/group by the survey population to the total intake of all forms of the food
by the survey population.
       It  should be noted that,  except for the seasonally/regionally adjusted values,  intake
distributions were calculated for consumers of the homeproduced item/group of interest.  These
data represent one-week average intake rates for family members of those survey households
                                        2-307
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                                                                     «•;-  CITE
who reported eating the homeproduced food item/group of interest during the survey period.
Seasonally/regionally adjusted intake rates for the major food groups were calculated on a per
capita basis.  The number of individuals consuming  any form of the product (i.e.,  both
homeproduced and commercially-produced) are presented in Tables 2-32 through 2-73 in Section
2.3, Tables 2-86 through 2-100 in Section 2.4, and Tables 2-141 through 2-145 in Section 2.6.
The total number of individuals in the data set (i.e., both individuals who ate the food item and
those who did not eat the food item during the survey period) were also tabulated.  These data
are presented in Table 2-185.   It should be noted that the total unweighted  number  of
observations in Table 2-185 is 9,852. This is somewhat lower than the number of observations
reported by USD A because this study only used observations for family members for which age
and body weight were specified.  The intake data for consumers of homeproduced foods and the
total number of individuals surveyed may be used  to calculate per capita intake rates for the
survey population as follows:

       Assuming that wp is the homegrown amount  of food item/group at the p* percentile, NH
       is the weighted number of households who are users of the homegrown food item, and
       NA is the weighted number of all households surveyed; then, (NA - NH) is the weighted
       number of households who reported zero homegrown consumption. There are (p/100)
       x NH households below the p* percentile.  Therefore, w, is the
                                                  percentile
of the per capita distribution of homegrown food consumption.

2.7.3. Results
      Intake rates are presented in Tables 2-186 through 2-190 for total homeproduced fruits;
Tables 2-191 through 2-195 for total homeproduced vegetables; Tables 2-196 through 2-200 for
                                        2-308
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                                                              '** DRAFT
                                                               Nor Quors OH
                                                               .-  CITE
total homeproduced meats; Tables 2-201 through 2-205 for homeproduced dairy products; and
Tables 2-206 through 2-210 for home caught fish and shellfish.  These tables are presented at
the end of Section 2.7. The intake rates for the major food groups vary according to region,
age,  urbanization code, race, and response to survey questions.  In general,  intake rates of
homeproduced foods are higher among populations in nonmetropolitan and suburban areas and
lowest in central city areas.  Results of the regional analyses indicate that intake of homegrown
fruits and vegetables  and  meat and dairy products is generally highest for individuals in ihe
Midwest and South and lowest for those in the Northeast regions of the United States. Intake
rates for homecaught fish  in the South was generally greater than the intake rate of consumers
in the other regions.  Homegrown intake varied according to the specific food item/group and
region for the various racial  subpopulations. Homegrown intake was generally higher among
individuals who indicated  that they operate a farm, grow their own vegetables, raise animals,
and catch their own fish. The results of the seasonal analyses for all regions combined indicated
that, in general, homegrown fruits and vegetables were eaten at a higher rate in summer, and
home caught fish was consumed at a higher rate in spring.  Seasonal intake varied based on
individual regions.  Seasonally/regionally-adjusted per capita intake rate distributions for the
major food groups are presented in Table 2-211.
       Tables 2-212 through 2-238 present distributions of intake for individual homeproduced
food items for households that reported consuming the homegrown form of the food during the
survey period.  Distributions of intake rates and demographic data for the population consuming
homegrown foods categorized as exposed fruits and vegetables, protected fruits and vegetables,
and root vegetables are presented in Tables 2-239 through 2-243.  Intake rates and demographic
data for the population consuming the foods items in various USDA classifications are presented
in Tables 2-244 through  2-248.   Table 2-249 presents the percentage  of household intake
attributed to homeproduced forms of the food items/groups evaluated for households using the
food items/groups during the survey period.

2.7.4.  Advantages and limitations
       The USDA MFCS data set is the largest publicly available source of information on food
consumption habits in the United States. The advantages of using mis date set are that it is
                                        2-309
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                                                                      DRAFT
                                                                DO  HOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                       CITE
expected to be representative of the U.S. population and that it provides information on a wide
variety of food groups.  However, the data collected by the USDA NFCS are based on short-
term dietary recall and may not accurately reflect long-term intake patterns. This is particularly
true for the tails of the distributions of homegrown intake.  Also,  the two survey components
(i.e., household and individual) do not define food items/groups in a consistent manner.  As a
result, some biases may be introduced into analyses such as  these because the two survey
components are linked.  The results of these data may also be biased by assumptions that are
inherent  to the analytical methods  used to generate intake rates from the NFCS data.  For
example, the household data used are based on the amount of homeproduced food used during
the survey week.  This amount may not be the actual amount consumed.  Factors for spoilage
and waste are not incorporated into the data.  The analytical method used may not capture high-
end consumers within a household because average serving sizes are used in the calculations to
represent the proportion of homegrown food consumed by each household  member.  Therefore,
individuals with serving sizes in the upper-percentile of the distribution who also reside in
households where household consumption is high may not be well represented in the distribution
of homegrown intake.  Also, the analyses assume that all family members consume a portion
of the homeproduced food used within the household.  However, the homeproduced food may
not be consumed by all family members and serving sizes may not be entirely representative of
the portion of household foods consumed by all family members.

2.7.5. Recommendations
      The distribution  data  presented in this study  may be used  to assess  exposure to
contaminants in foods grown, raised, or caught  at a specific site. The data presented here for
consumers of homeproduced foods represents average daily intake rates of food  items/groups
over the seven-day survey period and does not account for variations in eating habits during the
rest of the year. Thus, these data may not necessarily represent long-term intake patterns. For
assessing exposure to contaminants in homeproduced foods among  specific subpopulations, the
assessor should refer  to Tables 2-186 through 2-210.  Intake rates for individual food items or
classes of foods should be selected from Tables  2-212 through 2-248.
                                        2-310
-------
1 '**•
130 8
Table 2-185. Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations for NFCS DaU Used in Analysis~df Fw
At! Regiooi
wgtd unwgtd
Total
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Pall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanisation
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Othcr/NA
White
Respoaas to Questionnaire
Do you gardes?
Do you raias animals?
Doyoubuat?
Do you fish?
Do you farm?
188019000
2814000
5699000
8103000
16711000
20488000
61606000
56718000
15880000

47667000
46155000
45485000
48712000

56352000
45023000
86584000

2413000
21746000
1482000
4787000
157531000
68152000
10097000
20216000
39733000
7329000
9852
156
321
461
937
1084
3058
3039
796

1577
3954
1423
2898

2217
3001
4632

114
1116
91
235
8294
3744
631
1148
2194
435
Northeatt

wgtd unwgtd
41167000
545000
1070000
1490000
3589000
4445000
12699000
13500000
3829000

9386000
10538000
9460000
11783WO

9668000
5521000
25978000

333000
3542000
38000
1084000
36170000
12501000
1178000
3418000
5950000
830000
2018
29
56
92
185
210
600
670
176

277
803
275
663

332
369
1317

13
132
4
51
1818
667
70
194
321
42
Midwett

wgtd unwgtd
46395000
812000
1757000
2251000
4263000
5490000
15627000
13006000
3189000

14399000
10657000
10227000
11112000

17397000
14296000
14702000

849000
2794000
116000
966000
41670000
22348000
3742000
6948000
12621000
2681000
2592
44
101
133
263
310
823
740
178

496
1026
338
732

681
1053
858

37
126
6
37
2386
1272
247
411
725
173
South

wgtd unwgtd
64331000
889000
1792000
2543000
5217000
6720000
21786000
19635000
5749000

13186000
16802000
17752000
16591000

17245000
19100000
27986000

654000
13701000
162000
1545000
48269000
20518000
2603000
6610000
13595000
2232000
3399
51
105
140
284
369
1070
1080
300

439
1437
562
961

715
1197
1487

32
772
8
86
2501
1136
162
366
756
130
DRAFT
01 QUOTE OB
CITE
Xl 1I1UULC
West


wgtd unwgtd
36066000
568000
1080000
1789000
3612000
3833000
11494000
10577000
3113000

10696000
8158000
7986000
9226000

12042000
6106000
17918000

577000
1709000
1166000
1192000
31422000
12725000
2574000
3240000
7567000
1586000
184
3
5
9
20
19
56
54
14

36
68
2*
54

48
38
97

3
8
7
6
158
66
15
17
39
9
Source:  USDA1987-88.
                                               2-311
-------
                                                                Tiblo 2-116. ladle of Horaetrowa FrulU (t/k{-d*y) - All Rejioo* Combined
N>
Population N N
ToUl
Aje Group
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-49
70 +
Season
F4I
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbsnndcn
Central City
Noometropditan
Surburban
Race
Hack
Other/NA
White
Questionnaire Response
Do you garden?
Do you farm?
1474X000

185000
360000
550000
10440(0
1189000
3163000
5633000
2620000

3137000
2963000
4356000
428800)

3668000
4118000
6898000

450000
49000
14185000

12742000
1917000
(17

11
23
34
75
67
164
309
134

108
301
145
263

143
278
394

20
2
793

709
112
Men
2J6SB+00

6488+00
8.74E+00
407E+00
339E+00
1548+00
1558+00
2ftE+00
2258+00

1378+00
1388+00
3.86E+00
3088+00

231E+00
241E+00
3J07E+00

1.878+00
5318-01
2.73E+00

2.79E+00
2388+00
SB
140B-03

1I1E-02
2X4E-02
U7E-02
5.73E-03
2.74E-03
240B-03
2258-03
lj68E-03

9348-04
1388-03
3j69E-03
2j67E-03

ltfE-03
254E-03
243E-03

5A8E-03
U1E-03
M5E-03

157E-03
158E-03
PO
ODOE+00

5J1E-01
9.S9E-01
ODOE+00
ODOE+00
8.74E-02
5«»-02
2J7E-Q2
4J5E-02

2J63E-01
645E-02
ODOE+00
257E-02

4J5E-02
257E-02
3J3E-02

132E-01
4J04E-01
2J7E-02

OXIOE+00
5j60E-02
PI
626E-02

5J1E-01
9J9E-01
ODOE+00
ODOE+00
8.74E-02
8J4E-02
626E-02
4>«1E-02

2J63E-01
839E-02
ODOE+00
4>«1E-02

4rflE-02
626E-02
125E-01

132E-01
4WE-01
722E-02

5j60E-02
7.22E-02
PS
1J68B-01

1.78E+00
1J09E+00
ODOB+00
151E-01
li7E-01
128E-01
151E-01
224E-01

3WE-01
198E-01
9J8E-02
1.72E-01

1.82E-01
127E-01
230E-01

234E-01
4WE-01
1&E-01

1«E-01
2.76E-01
P10
2.788-01

2J2E+00
L30E+00
3JS1E-01
4J02E-01
2j67E-01
2J04E-01
2J6E-01
3KJE-01

390E-01
254E-01
1.S6E-01
2j69E-01

3J3E-01
232E-01
295E-01

4.55E-01
4.04E-01
2.82E-01

2^7E-01
4J3E-01
P25
4578-01

2.SOB+00
L64E+00
9.77E-01
6578-01
441E-01
3.74E-01
4j69E-01
6J1E-01

5.708-01
423E-01
445E-01
5368-01

5j67B-01
4JOB-01
4518-01

6J08E-01
4WE-01
5JOE-01

5JOE-01
7J3E-01
P50
1A7E+00

458E+00
3488+00
152E+00
1J1E+00
651E-01
7J03E-01
1038+00
U88+00

1J048+00
8J7E-01
1268+00
U5B+00

1J08E+00
U5E+00
9538-01

U3E+00
4WE-01
IJOTE+OO

102E+00
lj61E+00
P75
237E+00

7JOSE+00
758E+00
2.738+00
3J08B+00
2358+00
1.778+00
2338+00
235E+00

192E+00
1.708+00
3318+00
2j618+00

2/468+00
2428+00
2338+00

1.53E+00
4WE-01
2.46E+00

2JOE+00
3j62E+00
P90
5578+00

U3E+01
1538+01
602E+00
U8E+01
6.768+00
4J7B+00
5J18+00
5218+00

3408+00
4J07E+00
1J09E+01
8048+00

5348+00
4.46E+00
7268+00

2298+00
1318+00
6.108+00

6.10E+00
557E+00
P95
U1E+01

1438+01
6.06E+01
851E+00
1388+01
8348+00
6.848+00
1308+01
8J69E+00

4578+00
5JOE+00
146E+01
1J3E+01

1J05B+01
8348+00
1328+01

2298+00
1318+00
1.178+01

U88+01
7^28+00
P99
2408+01

143E+01
6068+01
4^38+01
3228+01
1.85B+01
lj61E+01
2388+01
U7B+01

1J068+01
8J2E+00
533E+01
2.49E+01

1438+01
240E+01
3.70E+01

153E+01
131E+00
240E+01

2.49E+01
1388+01
P100
6J06E+01

143E+01
6068+01
4.838+01
3228+01
1A5E+01
3.708+01
533E+01
1338+01

1068+01
3J7E+01
6068+01
4.838+01

193E+01
5338+01
6068+01

193E+01
131E+00
606E+01

6068+01
1388+01
-------
                                                                 Table 2-187.  Intake of Homegrown FniiU (g/kg-day) - Northeast Region
Population N N
Group wetd un*5!td
Total
Ag« Group
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
M
Spring
Sunnier
Winter
Urbaruotion
On tniQty
Nonmrtropoiitan
Suburban
Race
White
Questionnaire Ropcnse
Do you garden?
Do you tan?
1279000
14000
35000
91000
193000
252000
495000
199000
260000
352000
271000
M6000
50000
176000
1053003
127900)
943000
132000
72
1
3
6
10
16
22
14
g
31
9
24
3
10
59
72
59
4
Men
929E-01
2.75E400
130E400
9.83E-01
416E-01
5j67E-Ql
4J8E-01
2ME-HX)
6JXE-01
8.80E-01
WSE-KM
7JE-01
145E-01
438E-01
JUBE+00
939E-01
UHE-WO
745E-01
SB
1*5E-03
OjOOE-rtO
2J3E-03
&27E-04
5J01E-04
6JJ2EHK
253E-M
9.16E-03
3»E-04
2J8E-03
696E-03
8SE-04
1J1E-M
155E-03
157E-03
W5E-03
2ME-03
4J4E-04
PO
751E-K
2.75E-HO
936E-01
5j66E-01
8,74E-1
1.82E-01
2^2E-01
8J2E-01
7^2E-01
8J1E-01
8.90E-01
P90
129E-HX)
2.7SBMO
1.79E-MX1
1J8E44XI
6J2E-01
1D3E+00
753E-01
UTE-Wl
1A3E-HH
U3E-HM
147E+01
138E-WO
152E-01
1.8JE-KM
129E-M10
U9E-HM
1J8E400
1.03E-HW
P95
216E-HW
2.75E44M
1.79E+00
138E+00
8.81E-01
1J03E-HX)
753E-01
UTE-ffll
1J03E400
216E-HW
117E+01
1.79E+00
1&E-01
nSE-HM
2.75E-MIO
2J6E-KSO
2.75E-MW
lfl3E4flO
P99
1J7E+01
2.7XE+00
1.79E400
1J8E-HH
851B-01
156E400
851E-01
U7E+01
103E-HW
7J3E+00
urnm
2.75E+00
1«E-01
2J6E-HX)
U7E+01
U7E401
UTE+fll
1J03E-MX)
P100
U7B+«1
2.7JE40J
LTK+flO
1JSE-HB
M1E-«1
156E4DO
8.91E-01
U7E-HJ1
U03E-HH
7J»-«0
U7E+01
2.7K-HS
im-m
2J6E-MX)
1JWE+IM
UTE+Ol
U7E+01
103E+00
UJ
                                                                                                                                                                                 I
                                                                                                                                                                                     td

                                                                                                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                                                                                                     W
-------
                                                         TtbJe2-IM.
Population N N
Group Mt) uoocld
Tot»l
Aje
<01
01-02
03-os
06-It
tt-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seated
Fdl
Spring
Summer
Water
Urbmtatioo
CwtnJCify
HoanetropditBi
Sarbxtm
Race
White
Resptnie lo Questiainaire
Do jcu gotten?
Do you lam?
4K3003

53000
19500
214000
245000
401000
1190003
1627000
734000

1138000
1154000
1299000
1092000

105800)
1920000
1705000

4683000

4060000
694000
302

4
12
15
29
24
74
104
40

43
133
44
82

42
147
113

302

{• 267
57
Uem
Ml&WO

254E400
143E44U
3J9E«0
2J2B-HM
W9B-WO
2S9E-HX
196E400
156E400

154E400
149E400
7;03E400
U8E400

1J4E400
2J2E400
429E400

3D1E-KB

327E+00
2J9E400
SE
332B-03

4A3B-03
4iSB-02
1JMB-02
5388-03
449E-03
&ME-03
5.73B-03
248E-03

U5E-03
256E-03
1B3E-02
1^6E-03

Z^E-03
4.76E-03
7JOE-03

332E-03

3JOE-03
2.73E-03
ro
257B-C2

5J1E-01
1JOE+00
2J1B-01
132E-01
1ME-01
$£6-02
2J7E-02
415E-02

2j63E-01
645E-02
626E-02
237B-Q2

4.15E-02
257E-02
645E-fl2

257E-02

257E-02
5j60E-02
n
441B-02

5J1E-01
130G4CO
2J1B-01
1J2B-01
1«B-01
7.22E-OZ
626E-02
4J5E-02

2«E-01
8«e-02
6,268-02
2^7E-02

44SE-02
$j60E-02
9J8E-
-------
                                                              T»Me 2489. Intake of Homegrown Fiulu (g/kg-day) - Sou* B*g«»
s
Population N N
Group wctd unwctd
Total
Agt
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-49
70 +
Semaa
m
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
CentrdCity
Namticopditan
Surbtxfan
Race
Back
White
Response to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Do you km 7
4148000

80000
81000
71000
147000
270000
775000
178300)
941000

896000
620000
1328000
1304000

106*030
1548000
1S34000

332000
3816000

3469000
296000
208

3
5
4
8
15
31
93
49

29
59
46
74

39
89
89

12
IK

174
16
Mean
2S7E400

IJDIE-HJI
2.73E4DO
2.77E+00
5.73E+00
7.20E-01
l^E-MM
32SE400
2S8E+OB

1S9E-KIO
2J35E+00
2.84E+00
421E400

333E-WO
2.56EWO
3.14E+00

1.05E400
3.14E-HB

2S2E+00
531E+00
SE
2.12E-03

154E-02
7.75E-03
W3E-03
1.59E-02
148E-03
138E-03
3S7E-03
329E-03

2.50E-03
249E-03
3^3E-03
4.91E-03

336E-03
2S3E-03
435E-03

U1E-03
229E-03

2JB8E-03
822E-03
PO
333E-02

4J8E+00
1J09E400
8-84E-01
554E-01
1.12E-01
844E-Q2
3J3E-02
1S9E-01

3.92E-01
155E-01
814E-02
333E-02

236E-01
8.14E-02
333E-02

132E-01
333E-02

333E-02
3J7E-01
PI
1J2E-01

4J8E+00
1.09E-HM
8*E-01
5.94E-01
1.12E-01
814E-02
1-32E-01
1S9E-01

3.92E-01
U5E-01
8J14E-02
U2E-01

236E-01
8.14E-02
U2E-01

132E-01
1.12E-01

1J6E-01
35m-01
PS
2.42E-01

458E400
1J09E+00
8*tE-01
554E-01
155E-01
156E-01
2.73E-01
3.77E-01

427E-01
2KE-01
156E-01
236E-01

3S2E-01
UTE-Ol
156E-01

132E-01
242E-01

2-S4E-W
3.78E-01
P10
3J5E-01

4J8E4W
l/)9E4ffl!
8J4E-01
5.94E-01
267E-01
2A1E-01
357E-01
4,4ffi-01

4.4«E-01
311E-01
2J67E-01
352E-01

4J5E-01
338E-01
2.84E-01

ZME-Sl
3J5E-01

3J4E-01
3»E-01
P25
5S7E-01

4J8E4O)
1J09E-KB
8^4E-01
113E-KH
3J5E-01
557E-01
5.78E-01
8J4E-01

650E-01
4JOE-01
4.41E-01
8.92E-01

834E-01
6J2E-01
SflSE-Ol

SflSE-Ol
5S7E-01

65IE-01
zm-m
P50
135E+00

M3E+01
1«E+00
256E400
131E+00
4.41E-01
131E+00
120E-KO
122E-HD

113E400
1.06E+00
1J1E+00
1J8E400

255E+00
1.40E+00
1.10E-HX)

820E-01
138E400

139E+00
4J7E+00
P75
3J01E+00

U3E-MI1
3S7E400
4.46E-HW
1.18E+01
6I8E-01
1.98E400
2.87E-WO
3J3E4430

1.96E+00
4JJ9E+00
2S3E-MX)
3.71E+00

4.77E400
2^3E-HIO
229E400

146E400
337E400

2S4E-H10
640E+00
P90
8.18E+00

1.43E401
7^2E+00
602E+00
158E401
2J3E-HX)
4.91E+00
1WE-HJ1
8.18E+00

4.97E400
5D1E-HX)
6.10E400
1.41E401

8.18E+00
5S7B-WO
U8E4«1

229E-MK)
869E4TO

eaoE-Hw
1.18E4fll
F95
1.41E401

143E-WI
7«E4flO
6XI2E44»
158E+01
2«E+00
5S7E+00
155E+01
1J06E44U

8J8E+OD
658E+00
U3E401
157E+01

1J36E+01
1WE-HJ1
15SE+01

229E-WO
lj43E4«

W1E401
USE 401
P99
238E+01

1.43E+01
7SE+00
6JD2E400
158E401
253E-HW
610E+00
2.40E+01
153E+01

1D6E-H)1
7J05E-MIO
2.40E+01
238E+01

143E-MI1
2.40E+01
238E+01

229E400
2J8E+01

211E+01
13SE401
P100
2.40E+01

143E+01
7SE4OO
6ffiE-M»
158E-MJ1
2J3E-HU
6JOE-MB
2.40E+O1
U3B+01

1J06E+01
7flJE-M»
2*E-MJ1
238E-HU

1.43E+O1
2j»E+fll
238E+fll

229E+00
2.WE+C1

2.40E-H)!
lJ8E-Hn
                                                                                                                                                                  t
-------
                                                        Ttbto 2-190. Inl*toofHoojefrowaPnilU(t/kf-d*y)-'W«tRe|kw
Ui
Group ajjd
Total
^foi
awn
m-w
W-ll
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seucn
F*n
Spring

Witter
Urbaiiz3tioo
Central City
NoanettDpaGun
Surtxrbsn
Race
Bade
Oihcr/NA
: 'White
Retpcroe toQueuionaire
Do you garden?
Doyoutarm?
4574000
52000
66000
200000
511000
325000
946000
1721000
746000

843000
837000
1398000
1496000

1494000
474000
2606000

118000
49000
4407000

4170000
795000
N
233
4
5
11
31
11
43
90
31

28
78
44
13

59
32
142

I
2
223

207
35
MOB
2£2E+00
154E-HK
9J1E+00
6J3E+00
4 .415+00
3JL9E-WO
109B400
2XOE+00
l-WB+OO

1X7E+00
137E-MM
2X7E+00
410B+00

IWE-KB
224E-WO
3WE+00

4J16E+00
S.S1E-01
2£OE+00

2.76E+00
U55E-MM
SE
249B-03
742E-03
2SIB-VI
223E-Q2
951E-03
738E-03
128E-03
2JSE-03
1SOB-03

144E-03
U3E-03
245E-03
559E-03

2J66E-03
431E-03
341E-03

2JOOE-02
U1E-03
I20E-03

239E-03
1.72E-03
re
7J4E-
-------
                                                                    Table 2-191.  Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-
-------
                                                           Tibia 2-192.  loUfceofBoojefrownVefeUbldi^/kfsUy).
FopuWca N N
Oraup **y awtd
Total
*<«
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
704-
Seasooi
wi
Spring
Stumer
Winter
Urbaiizatiooi
CeattdCUy
Nmawtropditan
Sirturban
Race
Aaan
Other/NA
White
Reqxrae to Quetdonare
to Do you garden?
l^j Do you fern?
i— «
4883000
83000
75000
39000
254000
£21000
1233000
2055003
523000

1396003
1204000
1544000
739000

380000
787000
3716000

74000
145000
4«64000

4381000
352000
236
3
3
2
13
31
52
104
28

41
102
48
45

14
48
174

2
5
229

211
19
Mem
1.78E400
7.76E-KM
123E-KM
157E+00
1.53E400
143B«0
8.74E-01
2JOE400
154E-MX)

149E-HM
848E-01
2-83E-HXI
WTE+OO

9.89E~oi
3$5E+00
ism-mo

3.76E-HX)
559E4-00
1J51E400

132E-H»
1.88E400
SB
U7E-03
7X5E-03
8J9E-04
l^E-03
3JEE-03
3JB8E-03
U4E-03
2J4E-03
2JS2E-03

220E-03
9^SE-04
2JS1E-03
244E-03

9JOE-04
423E-03
U9E-03

U1E-02
450E-03
1J4E-03

128E-03
351E-03
n
OJOOE-HM
2A1E400
WKE-01
uo&wo
M2E-01
OflE-HM
2A4E-03
1A3E-03
423E-03

827E-02
OJJOE+OO
Uffi-01
323E-03

224E-01
OOE-fOO
W3E-03

747E-01
359E-MM
OjOOE-tOO

ODOE+OO
143E-03
n
118S-03
281E-KU
-------
                                                                  Table 2-193. Intake of Homegrown Vegetables (g/kg-day) - Midwest Region
s
Population
Group
Total
Age
xOl
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
• Suomer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
NoooKtropditflO
SrKrbai
Race
Hack
White
N
wetd u
12160000

181000
433000
581000
1108000
1080000
3513000
4274000
990000

4914000
2048000
3319000
1879000

3177000
5344000
3639000

376000
11784000
N \
mttd
699

11
26
39
69
64
189
246
55

180
246
115
158

113
379
207

14
685
Mean
226E+00

835E+00
5.72E-HJO
2S9E+00
2JOE-HW
1-S4E+00
1.70E400
215E+00
2j61E400

1.84E+00
lj65E400
338E+00
2XI5E400

136E+00
2.73E-MIO
235E+00

851E-01
230E+00
SE
9J09E-M

1.S4E-02
9.64E-03
3.73E-03
2.81E-03
1.89E-03
U8E-03
150E-03
2/48E-03

146E-03
1;64E-03
228B-03
242E-03

U4E-03
1.57E-03
W3E-03

U8E-03
934E-04
PO
OjOOE+00

259E-01
232E-02
3J4E-02
212E-02
OJOOE400
1ME-03
513E-03
lJME-01

OJOOE-HW
2.75E-02
7J02E-02
1J4E-03

OjOOE+00
5J3E-03
1ME-03

OJOOE+00
1ME-03
PI
1J9EHE

259E-01
232EHE
3ME-02
2J2E-02
OjOOE+O)
1ME-02
1A1E-02
1ME-01

1J01E-02
6JME-02
ljOSE-01
2.41E-03

OJOOE400
212E-02
326E-02

OJOOE400
2.12E-02
PS
7.77E-02

2J9E-01
U1E-01
4J4E-01
U9E-01
2J4E-02
6J05E-02
1J9E-01
1J1E-01

6J1E-02
1J3E-01
lj62E-01
214E-02

6XI5E-02
U3E-01
154E-01

OjOOE+00
1J05E-01
P10
IJOE-Oi

2J9E-01
245E-01
533E-01
l/ME-01
659E-02
M3E-01
2J01E-01
3J02E-01

lj60E-01
221E-01
3J02E-01
6J9E-02

UOE-01
2j61E-01
222E-01

7.77E-02
1WE-01
P25
4&E-01

3J06E+00
122E+00
7JOE-01
5.03E-01
327E-01
352E-01
4J7E-01
7^5E-01

416E-01
4J9E-01
8/«7E-01
3/52E-01

245E-01
558E-01
6J6E-01

139E-01
452E-01
PSO
U5E+00

5J5E+00
353E+00
1.66E+00
U5E+00
M9E-01
937E-01
U3E+00
1J3E+00

1J03E+00
9J3E-01
2j07E+00
8.77E-01

7J3E-01
1J1E+00
139E+00

5J3E-01
U6E+00
P75
258E+00

1J1E+01
1J09E+01
4J8E400
210E+00
lj65E+00
229E+00
232E+00
354E+00

210E+00
1.72E+00
394E+00
243E+00

1J67E+00
315E+00
2.75E+00

1J3E+00
2j61E+00
P90
5J54E+00

127E+01
1J66E+01
7J8E+00
4j63E+00
3J9E+00
448E+00
5J9E+00
6«E+00

527E+00
4/49E400
7.72E+00
5J2E+00

354E+00
7J9E+00
457E+00

1J5E+00
5.78E+00
P95
7.74E+00

liTE-Mtt
156E+01
7.74E+00
8J2E+00
7.S4E+00
5J4E+00
659E+00
7J9B+00

6J8E+00
5.83E+00
1.40E+01
7A3E+00

550E+00
1J06E+01
748E+00

150E+00
7.74E+00
P99 P100
1.75E+01 2J6E+01

1J7E+01 li7E+01
2J6E+01 2J6E-M1
128E+01 1^E-H>1
144E+01 1/4E-HJ1
7.71E+00 7.71E+00
956E+00 2J»E-H)1
1.75E+01 2i9E-H)l
U6E+01 USE-MI

131E+01 1J1E-MU
128E+01 2J6E401
156E+01 2i9E+fll
lj67E+01 2J)6E-M>1

956E+00 1/56E-H11
1.75E+01 2J6E-HJ1
156E+01 2J06E+01

150E+00 1JOE+00
1.7SE+01 2J6E+01
Ropcnse toQuotioanaire
Do you garden?
Doyoufann?
10927000
1401000
632
104
233E+00
3J7E+00
9j66E-04
3.71E-03
OJOOE+OO
7J69E-02
159E-02
lAOE-Ol
1J04E-01
3J5E-01
1.76E-01
5J1E-01
5D3E-01
8j67E-01
U8E+00
218E+00
2.74E+00
524E+00
5J1E+00
ijOSE-fOl
7.75E+00
1.44E+01
IjSTE-fOl 2J6E401
1.75E+01 2J6E+01
-------
Table 2-194. loUlc of Homeftown Vegetable* (g/kf-<6E+00
5j64E+00
810E+00

6J02E+00
4J1E+00
9.70E+00
5.35E+00

3.70E+00
955E+00
526E+00

837E-01
7J3E+00
158E-HX)
743E+00

7.43E+00
U8E+01
P99 P100
1.70E+01 170E+01

1J9E+01 1-89E+01
170E+01 2.70E+01
518E+00 5J8E-HX
234E+01 2J6E+01
614E+00 614E+00
U8E+01 U8E+01
U5E+01 1J5E+01
9.70E+00 9.70E+00

1J5E+01 1J39E+01
8J5E+00 1J03E+01
236E+01 2.70E+01
7.47E+00 8J6E+00

421E+00 458E+00
1J39E+01 2.70E+01
820E+00 820E+00

837E-01 837E-01
1 OOP »fti 1 PQfT t fii
l*O7C*Tvl LJoTCr'TvL
158B+00 158E+00
1.70E+01 2.70E+01

155E+01 2J6E+01
236E+01 236E+01
-------
                                                                  Table 2-195. Intake of Homegrown VegeUblei (g/kg-day) - West Region
tO
fc
Populadoo N N
Group *Etd unmgtd
Total
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seasons
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanizations
Central City
Nometropditan
Surburbai
Race
Asan
Back
Native American
Other/NA
White
Response to Questionnaire
Doyouprden?
Do you mm?
6035000

44000
95000
227000
710000
536000
1186000
2238000
999000

1841000
1192000
1885000
1117000

1482000
1112000
3441000

27000
207000
28000
56000
5717000

5402000
957000
300

3
5
14
40
27
58
112
41

72
99
59
70

56
65
179

3
15
1
4
277

276
48
Mean
1J1E+00

132E+00
4.80E+00
1/44E+00
132E+00
U6E+00
1J05E+00
1.83E+00
313E+00

2J01E+00
1J06E+00
239E+00
128E+00

l.SOE+00
1.52E+00
150E+00

UBE-01
1.5SE+00
6.80E-01
252E+00
1.82E+00

1S1E+00
2.73E+00
SB
9.70E-04

3.60E-03
1.52E-02
439E-03
1.70E-03
1.73E-03
U06E-03
132E-03
3.8SE-03

1.83E-03
1.58E-03
2.08E-03
136E-03

1.70E-03
1.71E-03
1.43E-03

4.92E-04
3.74E-03
OXWE+00
ljOSE-02
W1E-03

1J04E-03
332E-03
FO
148E-03

5J3E-01
9JJ8E-01
734E-03
555E-03
9JOE-03
1.48E-03
331E-03
4j67E-03

6.73E-02
1.48E-03
653E-02
U1E-02

8.53E-03
l^SE-03
331E-03

428E-02
9^3E-02
6JOE-01
9«E-03
l/WE-03

148E-03
U7E-01
PI
73SE-03

5J3E-01
9J08E-01
734E-03
55SE-03
9^0E-03
3.42E-03
73SE-03
UOE-01

9.83E-02
331E-03
6J93E-02
129E-02

2J8E-02
3.42E-03
129E-02

428E-02
9J3E-02
6JOE-01
9.80E-03
734E-03

8^3E-03
U7E-01
P5
9.85E-02

5J3E-01
9DSE-01
131E-01
7.70E-02
9.83E-02
739E-02
U04E-01
151E-01

1JOE-01
73SE-03
1XME-01
1^2E-01

739E-02
9«E-03
1J04E-01

428E-02
9«E-02
6JOE-01
9«E-03
UOE-01

1J04E-01
4J4E-01
P10
lj66E-01

5.13E-01
9.08E-01
2j49E-01
2JOE-01
155E-01
1.46E-01
2WE-01
3XWE-01

2J04E-01
4^6E-02
2.46E-01
159E-01

1J7E-01
2J04E-01
15ZE-01

428E-02
9JSE-02
6JOE-01
9^0E-03
1.99E-01

lj66E-01
4«E-01
P25
3.79E-01

1J9E+00
U3E+00
421E-01
338E-01
2^9E-01
2/44E-01
4^9E-01
5.81E-01

4J1E-01
155E-01
5.4SE-01
4.83E-01

4J1E-01
2^9E-01
354E-01

428E-02
1.42E-01
6.80E-01
322E-01
351E-01

433E-01
7j65E-01
P50
9J01E-01

2.48E+00
1ME+00
826E-01
6.14E-01
3.94E-01
5.74E-01
1.12E+00
153E+00

niE+oo
356E-01
137E+00
7j65E-01

UOE+00
6.75E-01
932E-01

4J66E-02
753E-01
6.80E-01
U5E+00
923E-01

1«7E+00
1.42E-MX)
P75
221E+00

2.48E+00
U4E+01
125E+00
221E+00
1.85E+00
132E+00
2.76E400
4J3E+00

221E+00
9J08E-01
323E+00
1.43E+00

2.95E+00
213E+00
220E+00

2J6E-01
1.96E+00
6.80E-01
554E+00
221E+00

237E+00
327E+00
P90
444E+00

2.48E+00
U4E401
2J1E-H10
4J9E+00
3.18E+00
25SE-HW
4^5E400
1J08E401

4^5E400
337E+00
4j67E400
2J1E400

4£4E400
4.13E400
4j63E+00

2J6E-01
3/44E400
6.80E-01
554E-HX)
443E+00

4j67E+00
6J94E400
P95
621E-HX)

248E+00
U4E401
816E-HX)
4JS4E-HW
3J8E-HW
3J3E+00
55SE-HW
li5E-H)l

7.72E+00
554E-KO
836E+00
542E+00

4^5E-H»
5J2E-HW
758E-HW

2J6E-01
5.80E+00
6JOE-01
554E+00
654E+00

621E-MW
1D9E401
P99
U4E401

2/48E-HX)
U4E401
8J6E-HX)
4j68E400
5JOE400
530E+00
8.60E+00
15SE401

125E401
8«E-H»
USE-HJ1
7.S7E+00

U4E401
8J6E400
125E401

2J6E-01
5.80E+00
6SQE-Q1
554E400
U4E401

125E401
1.55E+01
noo
155E4O1

2^8E+00
U4E401
8J6E+00
4£8E-HM
5JOE400
530E+00
8j(OE400
U5E4O1

125E401
8^06-HM
U5E+01
758E-HM

U4E+01
8.16E+00
1^5E+01

2J6E-01
5^0E-fOO
6.80E-01
554E400
1^5E-M)1

U5E+01
1^5E+01
-------
Title 2-196. IatitcofHooieproducodMe«U(g/ti-1
&78E400
9J7E400
550E+00
7X1E400

6.78E+00
1JB1E401
223E-HI1
lj09E401

3ME-HN
U3E-HJ1
7JSE400
2J1E4OD
243E+00
1.49E400
1.40E-KI1

l/IOE+01
imm
PICO
232E401

232E+01
1JSE+01
130E-HJ1
1J3E401
751E+00
1JB9B401
7.46E+03
7X1E+00

7*E4flO
130E+01
223E+01
232E+01

3WE-HJO
232E401
IfllE-Mtt
2J1E-MM
243E400
1.49E+00
232E+01

232E-M31
232E-W1
-------
                                                                        Table 2-197.  Intake of Homeproduced Meati (s/kjg-day) - Northeast Region
W


fc
W
Population N
Group v/md
Total
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seaiora
M
Spring
Summer
Winter
UrMratiora
Nonmctropditan
Suriwbai
Race
Wt«
Reqxnie to Questionnaire
Dojourasemtm
Dojwifetm?
U13000

30000
58000
85000
149000
456000
319000
16000

569000
66000
176000
302000

391000
722000

1113000

509000
373000
N
52

2
3
3
7
18
17
2

18
8
6
20

17
35

51

25
15
Mean
146E-WO

ISOB-m
210B+00
147E+OD
137E+00
1.42E-MM
1.44E-KC
723E-01

IJOE-rtO
1.41EWM
W5E+00
2JRE+00

143E-HM
W9E-HM

146E400

203E+00
2OK+00
SE
143E-03

427E-03
3J.5E-03
965E-04
234E-03
2.75E-03
2.71E-03
452E-04

U4E-03
427E-03
1.10E-03
4J3E-03

357E-03
1.07E-03

U3E-03

2.70E-03
358E-03
PO
2S2E-01

UlE+00
SjOTE-Ol
U1E400
4.70E-01
252E-01
3.40E-01
6.70E-01

343E-01
4J9E-01
3.40E-01
2.92E-01

3.40E-01
292E-01

23^-01

649E-01
6J9E-01
PI
2S2E-01

141E-HSO
8J07E-01
1J1E-HW
4.70E-01
252E-01
3.40E-01
6.70E-01

343E-01
4J9E-01
340E-01
2S2E-01

3.40E-01
252E-01

252E-01

6J9E-01
6J9E-01
P5
3.40E-01

U1E400
8fl7E-01
LllE+OO
4.70E-01
3.14E-01
3.40E-01
6.70E-01

3.43E-01
4J9E-01
3.40E-01
3.14E-01

3.40E-01
152E-01

3.40E-01

646E-01
6.46E-01
no
352E-01

1.11E-MB
8OTE-01
UlE+OT
4.70E-01
332E-01
3.43E-01
6.70E-01

352E-01
4J9E-01
3.40E-01
430E-01

3.43E-01
4JOE-01

3J2E-01

6.46E-01
6.46E-01
P2S
644E-01

1J1E+00
234E-MM
UlE+flO
7.70E-01
644E-01
430E-01
6.70E-01

6.44E-01
6.88E-01
852E-01
6J9E-01

644E-01
6.80E-01

6.44E-01

8.78E-01
8.78E-01
reo
894E-01

2&9E440
234E-HW
1.4SE+00
1JB5E400
8.52E-01
138E+00
723E-01

8j65E-01
7.76E-01
9j65E-01
1.11E-HK)

7.70E-01
l^E+00

8S4E-01

162E+00
151E400
P75
1J7E-HX) .

2j60E4flO
2-82E-HB
l^OE-MB
2.18E-M10
1J52E-HX)
1J7E+00
7.76E-01

2.12E-HW
2J8E+00
1.41E-HW
238E-MX)

WSE-MX)
234E+00

1J7E+00

' 238E+00
2.12E+00
F90
2/i8E-M»

240E400
ixm-m
lae-rto
2^9E+00
2£SE400
258E+OD
7.76E-01

2.68E-HW
3J&1E-KIO
1JOE400
293E+00

1JE400
2^+00

168E+00

193E+00
255E-KIO
P95
2.S9E+00

2iOE-MX)
2^2E+00
1JOE400
2.S9E4QO
293E+00
361E400
7.76E-01

2J9E-HX)
361E-KB
1JOE400
7.46E-K10

7.46E400
219E400

2S9E400

7.46E+OD
746E+00
F99
1JJ9E-KJ1

240E-KU
252E-MB
1JOE400
2J9E4DO
1J09E-MH
7.46E-HB
7.76E-01

2^9E+00
3£1E-HIO
l^OE+00
1J09E+01

lJWE+01
3ME400

liBE-Wl

1J09E+01
109E+01
MOO
1J09E-HJ1

l^E-HIO
ZSE+00
1JOE400
2JK-HJO
1J09E-HI1
7.4^E-fOO
7.74E-01

2.89E+00
3J&1E+00
1JOE400
iWE-wn

l/BE-Wl
3i61E-HK)

lfl9E-Ml

1J09EW1
im+ei
                                                                                                                                                                                        a
                                                                                                                                                                                        o
                                                                                                                                                                                         O *
                                                                                                                                                                                         *-3
                                                                                                                                                                                         w

                                                                                                                                                                                         o
-------
                                                                     Table 2-198. Intiie of Hoeneproducod Metti (f/kf-dty) - Mldwo* Ref too
to

u*
Popi»6m N N
Group wtd tumid
Totil
Age
<«
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-W
20-39
40-W
70 +
Seaiou
Ml
SE**!
SUJHKT
Winter
Urbanistiooi
COT treaty
NcametiopdiUn
Surbirban
Race
Wale
RoperoetoQuerticmaire
Doyouraiieaami
Do you (am?
3974000

159000
190000
154000
479000
4S2000
1249003
1112000
149000

1M1000
940000
930000
843000

4OOOO
2477000
103700]

3974000

2165000
1483000
246

9
14
11
33
30
79
«i
9

49
116
38
63

18
17$
73

266

165
10S
Kaa
2J5&KJO

SJSE-WO
4J6E-KO
424E+00
4JOOE+00
W7B400
1SOB400
2J02E-WO
W6E-01

l,7«-rtO
2J8E400
4JOB400
ZJOOB+OO

1J3E400
3J$E-H»
1.75E400

2JSE+00

320E400
JJ2E+00
ss
1XSE-03

1JOB-92
743E-03
8J5E-03
5.72B-03
2^38-03
14E-03
157B-03
143B-03

l/ME-03
249E-03
4.7«-03
2J08E-03

1JOE-03
2J7E-03
1«E-03

14IB-03

155E-03
2.48E-03
PO
92«E-02

424B-01
3JSE-01
8J01E-01
311E-01
244E-01
121B-01
1S3E-01
926E-02

210E-01
1S3E-01
9aSE-02
121E-01

142E-01
926B-02
1S3E-01

9JfiE-02

153E-01
3J6SE-01
B
12SE-01

424E-01
3ASE-01
8J01E-01
341E-01
2/HE-01
IJffi-Ol
237B-01
926E-02

2JOE-01
244B-01
926E-02
121E-01

1.82E-01
92SE-02
187E-01

125E-01

2AE-01
3£5E-Q1
M
2SE-01

434E-01
3A5E-01
8J01E-01
3.721-01
43K-W
2JOE-01
3J3E-01
926E-02

2J7E-01
311E-01
125E-01
237E-01

210E-01
2J5E-01
3£5E-01

257E-01

3J6E-01
543E-01
HO
3«E-01

424B-01
949B-01
8.01E-01
652E-01
4.78E-01
2J6E-01
456E-01
92SE-02

3.72E-01
4WE-01
S.78E-01
328E-01

2JOE-01
425E-01
4B8E-01

3«E-01

5.78B-01
SJSE-01
P2S
6J50E-01

136E+00
U9E-HJO
2.43E-KW
1J09E400
6SZ-01
4SSE-01
6S8E-01
12SE-01

455E-01
733E-01
853E-01
6/48E-01

432E-01
8J6B-01
6JSOE-01

6JSOE-01

IjOTE+flO
1J07E-MM
KO
140E-KIO

6JJE+00
252E+00
3J03E400
S54E-K10
123E+00
149E4«
1J7E400
4B8E-01

U9E-M10
1S8E-HM
2^7E«0
1J6E400

JJ4B-01
2J8E4CO
UlE-tOO

1.40E+00

2J6E+00
17SE-HM
TO
3J9B+00

720B+00
5JOE400
5.77E+00
smw>
33SE+00
2J9E400
237E+W
1J8E+00

2J66E^^» "
347E400
542E+00
2JWE+00

158E403
434E+00
2WE+00

339E400

442E400
4.71E400
BO
S.75E-H10

223E-W1
8J6SE400
1J01E401
7.79E+00
434E-MM
4ME4<»
548EWO
U1EWO

349E«0
SJ4E-M30
853E40)
4.11E+00

2.43E-M10
6J5E-HX)
4.16E-KX)

S,7ffi400

6OiE-H)0
6.7SE+00
t9$
720B4TO

2238401
uooe-HH
130B+01
1406401
S.75E4CO
542E409
S52E400
1^1E+00

606E+00
7.79E-HM
1J3EW1
SJOE+00

2S2E«0
9J7E400
539E-HW

7JOE+00

913E-HJO
917E-HJO
R9
153E+01

2i3E-H)l
LlSB-Wl
IJOE-fOl
lJ3E-Mn
&78E400
9J7E400
5SOE+00
1J1E+00

6.78E-HXI
ia$E«i
223E401
8JOE400

3ME400
153B401
720E+00

1J3E+01

153E-H)!
153E-W1
P100
213E-W1

223E-HJ1
11SE-HJ1
1306+01
L53E401
6.78EWO
9J7E4W
550E«0
U1E400

6.78E-KX)
130E-W1
223E+01
122E401

3WE+00
223E-M1
ljOlE+01

213E-W1

1J3E+01
153E-W1
                                                                                                                                                                                   c?
                                                                                                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                                                                                                   1-3
-------
                                                                     Table 2-199. Intake of Homeproduccd MeaU (g/kg-day) - South Region
to
Ul
Population N N
Group wgtd urwRtd
Total
Age

01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
SettCM
rat
Spring
Sutmer
Winter
Central Qtj
Noonetropditan
Surturtao
Race
Bade
White
Re^nne to Questionnaire
Doyouraieaoimt
Doyoufenn?
2355000

36000
19000
141000
216000
242000
£36000
873000
192000

758000
511000
522000
SS4808
40000
1687000
628000

44000
2311000

1222000
1228003
146

3
2
9
14
21
37
49
11

28
$3
18
47
1
97
48

2
144

74
72
Mean
2-24E-HX)

4JOE+00
241E+00
353E-MO
433E400
IJOE-KB
2JOE400
1.71E400
lATE+OO

121E+QO
233E-MB
324E-KB
UOB+flO
440E-01
24JE400
1.79E400

143E+00
226E+OO

3I6E+00
24SE+00
SB
L53E-03

911E-03
848E-03
S40E-03
UHE-02
349E-03
&67E-03
U5E-03
204E-03

1.74E-03
2.71E-03
5J02E-03
224E-03
OME+00
1S7E-03
2JJ1E-03

323E-03
155E-03

246E-03
2.48E-03
PO
111E-02

2JSLE-HB
1ME-KO
U1E+00
5£3E-Ol
150E-01
123E-01
1.81E-02
2j63E-01

123E-01
153E-01
1J1E-02
3.78E-02
4i60E-Ol
123E-01
U1E-02

'7J1E-01
1.81E-02

2J1E-01
15SE-01
PI
W1E-02

2.61E+00
1WE-KM
IJIE-MM
5J63E-01
150E-01
123E-01
U1E-02
263E-01

113E-01
153E-01
lflE-02
3.70E-02
440E-01
123E-01
W1E-02

751E-01
1J1E-02

2A3E-01
1SSE-01
PS
156E-01

2ilE+00
104E+00
U1E400
5i3E-01
1SOE-01
156E-01
250E-02
2j63E-01
•
136E-01
257E-01
W1E-02
1S7E-01
440E-01
L90E-01
2JOE-02

7J1E-01
156E-01

fijfiTE-Ol
459E-01
no
2S7E-01

241E+00
IME+OO
1-87E+00
721E-01
150E-01
2^0E-01
155E-01
547E-01

150E-01
4S9E-01
2SOE-02
2^1E-01
4«E-01
4JBE-01
3.70E-02

7J1E-01
280E-01

8JSE-01
558E-01
P2S
721E-01

2ilE-K»
104E-KB
2JOOE400
128E400
558E-01
6J3E-01
5*»E-01
IjOlE+OO

8J«-01
7J2E-01
558E-01
7J6E-01
4 -WE -01
7.77E-01
S18E-01

751E-01
721E-01

134E+00
IXllE+OO
P50
153E+00

543E400
341E400
252E+00
154E+00
7,?m-01
1.53B+00
127E+00
140E+00

153E400
1JOE400
207E+00
140E400
4j60E-01
liLE+00
140E400

1.43E-H»
153E+00

2J1E+00
153E-HIO
P75
3J07E-K»

6.40E+00
3.41E+00
458E400
7J2E+00
135E400
3.79E400
238E+00
2J3E+00

238E+00
2S2E+00
5fi7E+flO
24m+00
440E-01
349E400
231E400

2J1E400
3D7E+00

3.79E-H10
348E400
no
5C7E+00

6.40E+00
341E+00
7ME-HIO
140E401
307E-MW
&09E-HU
3J5E+00
2&E+00

3J9E400
SJ6B+00
623E+00
35SE+fl8
440E-01
6JJ9E-KB
4J6E+00

2.11E-HB
5JJ7E400

6£7E+00
623E400
P9S
6.71E+00

640E+00
341E400
?£4E+00
140E+01
6.71E+00
623E+00
SflTE+OO
3.71E+00

4.41E+O3
6.71E-H10
WSE-Wl
455E-HSO
440E-01
744E+00
4aE+00

2J1E+00
6.71E+00

847E+00
8.47E+00
P99
140E-HU

640E-H0
341E-WO
754E400
140E-W1
7J1E400
8.47E+00
5J6E+00
3.71E+00

7^4E+00
751E+00
140E+01
S47E+GO
440E-01
140E+01
6.40E+00

2.11E400
1.40E+01

1.40E401
1.40E+01
P100
140E4O1

6.40E-KW
3.41E+00
7i4E+00
140E+01
7J1E+00
847E+00
5J6E-HXI
3.71E+OX)

7A4E+00
751E+00
140E+01
847E+00
4«E-01
1.40E+01
6.40E-KW

2J1E4«
1.40E+O1

140E441
140E+01
                                                                                                                                                                                 i
                                                                                                                                                                                    s
                                                                                                                                                                                     HJ
                                                                                                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                                                                                                     sa
-------
Tikis 2-200. Intake of Hoswpwdtiesd Metii fc/ktnfcy) - We* Refioo
PopuUkn N
Onxv Mtd
Tod
Aje

01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
704
Sanaa
m
Spring
Summer
Water
Cen treaty
NonoKlropolitan
Surburbaa
Race
Hack
Native American
Ottaer/TiA
White
Response to Questianake
Do you rate amm
Dojoibm?
U15003

9009
37000
43000
284000
399000
391000
$68000
I4000

264000
209000
740000
602000
236000
377000
120200)

84000
24000
110000
1597000

1360000
758000
N
10$

1
4
3
15
20
24
32
6

12
20
27
46
9
26
70

4
3
4
94

79
48
Moo
1J9B400

232B401
U1E+00
3^678400
3218400
1J60E+00
1278400
132B400
1SOB400

5448-01
1«E400
220E400
2J1B400
1308400
2JE400
I3SE400

2458-01
124E400
gjOSE-01
2.07E400

242E+00
241E400
SB
1JSIE-03

OJQOB400
SJ2B-03
6.79E-03
3.71E-03
1JSE-03
249E-«3
124E-03
7J09E-03

5*78-04
222E-03
1S2E-03
358E-03
2348-03
SJ2E-03
U2E-03

3JME-04
5JSE-03
8.73E-04
1.78E-03

2«E-03
3J9E-03
PQ
1358-01

2328401
2408*09
155B400
9J6E-01
345E-01
1J1E-01
1358-01
7JOB-01

152E-01
2S9B-01
1J5E-01
13SE-01
1SSE-01
330E-01
135E-01

1J2E-01
425E-01
535E-01
135E-01

135E-01
13SB-01
n
1.S2S-01

232B401
240E400
1^58400
9A5E-01
3J5E-01
1J2E-01
135E-01
7JOB-01

1528-01
2S9B-01
13SE-01
135E-01
1BE-OI
330E-01
1J2E-01

1J2E-01
425E-01
535E-01
l.WE-01

1SE-01
135E-01
PS
2258-01

2328401
240E400
USE4CO
9J6E-01
3*78-01
1JZE-01
2J2E-01
7JOB-01

1328-01
4258-01
4J06E-01
3^6E-01
155E-01
330E-01
2258-01

1J2B-01
425E-01
535E-01
330E-01

225E-01
330E-01
HO
3SOB-01

2328401
2408400
155E400
1JB7E400
4jS7E-01
115E-01
2SJE-01
7JOE-01

2J2E-01
1708-01
535E-01
428E-01
1458-01
4*E-01
367E-01

1J2E-01
42SE-01
535E-01
4J06E-01

3508-01
4J7E-01
HS
65SB-01

2328401
240E400
3.72E400
1J5B400
6.5SE-01
3S1E-01
5218-01
740E-01

330E-01
1228400
1H7E4CO
6.72E-01
535E-01
6.72E-01
7JOE-01

lffiB-01
425E-01
535E-01
7.85E-01

U5E-01
715E-01
BO
M2E400

2318401
2-WE+OO
3.72E400
231E+00
149E400
740E-01
1J39E+00
9^2E-Ol

5218-01
1568400
IJ69E400
U9B400
74SE-OI
U9E400
1J2B400

248E-01
8.708-01
6.58E-01
1J5E400

15SE4W
UJE400
re
2498400

232E401
2ME400
3.72E400
444E400
235E400
156E400
1.77E400
142E400

730E-01
243E400
327E400
235E400
235E400
1.77E400
2.71E400

3JB7E-01
243E400
liT7E400
2.70E400

2.71E400
2WE400
no
346E400

2328401
457E+00
5j$7B4flO
4.718400
2^98400
2,71E4«I
3278400
7418400

9ASE-01
348E400
444E4QO
3j64E400
3.40E400
3.72E400
420B400

330E-01
2438400
1A7E400
3.T2E400

420E400
4.71E400
P95
4.718403

2328401
457B400
5578409
8JDOE+00
3468400
7D2E400
330E400
741E400

1J03E400
4208400
4.71E4M
7J02E400
364E40Q
497E4W
4.71E400

350E-01
243E400
1498400
4STE400

497E400
7JHE+00
F99
8036400

2328401
4STE400
5j67B400
SDOE+00
36SE+00
7J02E400
337E40J
741E400

1J33E+00
420E400
8iOOE400
232E401
344E400
232E401
800E400

3508-01
2.43E400
149E400
800E400

8DOE400
232E401
noo
232E401

2328401
4578400
5j$7E400
SjOOE+OO
3468400
7JSE400
337E400
7418400

1JX5E+00
4208400
8JOOE400
2328401
364E+00
232B401
8JOOB400

350E-01
2438400
U9E400
232E401

2328401
232E401
-------
Table 2-201. Intake of Homeproduced Daily (e/kj-day) - All Regions Combined
Population N N
Group WEtd unvtetd
Total
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seanm
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanizations
Central City
Ncometropditan
Surburban
Race
Asian
White
Response to Questionnaire
Do you raise animi
Do you farm?
1409000

20000
79000
57000
264000
84000
612000
216000
77000

211000
253000
549000
396000

115000
988000
306000

27000
1382000

1228000
1020000
89

2
6
5
16
5
36
16
3

7
27
22
33

7
59
23

3
86

80
63
Mean
1.40E+01

5J6E+01
4J02E+01
1J07E+01
2J66E-K)!
ItfE+Ol
741E+00
7J6E+00
1.82E+00

1.73E-KH
1.78E+01
IS3E.HII
8J08E+00

121E+00
1J68E401
9.86E+00

134E+00
M3E+01

1-59E-K11
1.71E401
SE
U9E-02

7J2E-02
ljOSE-01
3.71E-02
224E-02
2.78E-02
7.81E-03
6J6E-03
535E-03

3J1E-02
441E-02
1.73E-02
1.82E-02

2.87E-03
1J63E-02
2J06E-02

550E-03
131E-02

1.40E-02
1.56E-02
FO
l.SOE-01

5J»E-K)1
2.49E+00
IKE-WO
5J7E+00
2JOE-01
2J05E-01
1JOE-01
5J08E-01

216E+00
628E-01
4ASE-01
1JOE-01

1JOE-01
4.79E-01
356E-01

628E-01
1.80E-01

l^OE-01
356E-01
PI
1JOE-01

5J»E-K)1
2.49E+00
IffiE-fflO
SXIE^O
2.80E-01
2J05E-01
l^OE-01
5J08E-01

216E400
628E-01
4.46E-01
IWE-Ol

1JOE-01
4.79E-01
3.96E-01

6.28E-01
1JOE-01

1JOE-01
3.96E-01
P5
4^«E-01

5D9E+01
2.49E-KIO
1^2E+00
6.74E+00
2JOE-01
356E-01
1JOE-01
5D8E-01

216E+00
6J4E-01
4.46E-01
2J05E-01

1JOE-01
958E-01
356E-01

62&E-QI
4.46E-01

356E-01
7J6E-01
no
5D8E-01

5D9E-H11
249E400
1.82E400
USE-fOl
2JOE-01
4/WE-01
5J6E+00
548E-01

216E+00
6.72E-01
5j08E-01
2JOE-01

1.80E-01
1J9E+00
4/WE-01

628E-01
5J08E-01

1J9E+00
318E+00
P25
3J8E400

5J09E401
2J04E+01
2.71E+00
137E-H11
IJSTE+Ol
1J9E-H10
6.13E+00
5D8E-01

6J3E+00
5J06E+00
5J6E+00
7J6E-01

2J05E-01
6.74E+00
5.71E-01

628E-01
3.82E+00

6J3E+00
9XKE+00
P50
1J02E+01

5J09E+01
2J9E+01
IffiE-fOl
3J4E-H)1
150E-KU
6/WE-KIO
&43E+00
9i8E-01

L08E401
122E-KU
IffiE+Ol
547E-KO

6.72E-01
lj08E-f01
5J6E+00

6.72E-01
IJBE-fOl

IjOSE-fOl
UlE-Ktt
P75
155E-KU

726E+01
4/BE-KU
1J5E-KH
349E-KU
1S6E+01
121E+01
9J4E-KO
3J2E+00

3J4E-KU
155E+01
251E-KU
115E-f01

2J6E-KO
2J04E-HU
131E+01

2.71E+00
155E401

156E-KI1
2J04E-H11
P90
3.42E+01

726E-f01
8mE-f01
251E+01
4.40E+01
251E-H11
154E+01
UlE+01
3AE+00

4.40E+01
5j09E-f01
349E+01
158E-KU

2J6E-KO
3.49E401
2J1E-H11

2.71E+00
342E+01

349E+01
349E+01
P95
440E-f01

726E-HU
1.11E+02
2.81E+01
4>(OE-H)1
2J1E+01
155E-K11
129E-W1
3.82E+00

4.40E-f01
8B1E+01
3j67E-H)l
2J04E-HU

2.71E+00
4/WE+01
2«E-K)1

2.71E+00
4.40E+01

4.40E+01
4^0E+01
P99
726E+01

726E-KU
1.11E-HB
2J1E+01
4/WE-fOl
2J1E+01
2JOE+01
1«E+01
3SE-KO

4.40E+01
1.11E+02
468E+01
726E+01

2.71E+00
8fllE-f01
5D9E+01

2.71E+00
8A1E+01

8J01E-HU
8B1E+01
noo
UlE-KB

7.26E-HJ1
U1E-HE
2J1E+O1
4.40E+01
2J1E-M)!
2.30E+01
IfCE+n
IXE+m

4.40E-H)!
1J1E-ME
418E+01
12£E+m

2.71E-HW
1J1E-ME
5j09E-M)l

2.71E+00
1.11E+C2

1J1E-MB
1.11E-MB
                                                                                                                        O
                                                                                                                        k-3
-------
                                     TtMs 2-202.
Group njjd
Tout
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-W
Seaura
Fdl
Spring
Suoxser
Water
Urbaiiaticra
NonDdropciitaa
Suburixn
Race
White
Retpoue to Quotianaire
Doyurmeamu
Dojraubon?
312000
19000
19000
29000
29000
141000
75000
49000
36000
116000
112000
240000
72000
312000
312000
312000
N
16
1
1
1
1
7
S
2
4
4
6
10
6
16
16
16
Man
1J5E401
2ME4D1
UBE+01
3428401
1SOE+01
599B-HB
S43E-HM
7S2E+00
1J03E+01
1A5E-K11
62SE+00
134E+01
539E+00
1J5E+01
1I5E+01
11SE401
SE
1JS5E-C2
OJOOE400
OJOQE-HM
OJOOB-KO
ODOG-KIO
12SE-02
816E-03
U1E-02
2J4E-02
2JIE-02
151E-02
154E-02
W5E-02
145E-02
145E-02
ra
3S6E-01
2ME-KI1
1J2E-M!!
1SOE«1
356E-01
6J3E-HX
613E-HW
1J03E-H31
223E-HX)
356E-01
3MMI
3S6E-01
PI
356E-01
2J04E-MJ1
IXCE-fOl
M2B-H11
1506-KI1
356B-01
613E400
6i3E-H»
650E+00
1C3E-H)1
223E+00
356E-01
3S6E-01
396E-01
K
356E-01
2JME401
Iflffi-Mtt
342B-W1
150E-K11
6J3E-HX)
613E+00
6JOE-HX)
IWEWl
356E-01
223E-HX)
3S6E-01
3S6E-01
35«-01
HO
171E-01
2J04E-HH
1JD2E401
3X2E-HJ1
35SE-01
6J3E-HM
6J3E+00
6JOE400
lJ03E-t01
356E-01
318E-HX)
396E-01
5.71E-01
S.71E-01
5.71E-01
F2S
&13E400
2J04B-W1
1H2E+01
150E+01
5.71E-01
U3B+00
6A3E+00
756E+00
UWE-fOl
IHE-OI
4J4E-01
6J3E«0
613B400
6J3E+00
HO
1J02E401
2WE+01
W2BW1
3X2E-HJ1
150B+01
3.18E-KO
9J2E-M10
752E-KX)
1JD6E401
1X8E-K11
3J8E+00
1J03E401
3£9E-K«
IffiE-Wl
1JKE+01
lJtQE+01
m
131E-W1
2IHE+01
1J2E-W1
342E401
150E401
1J06E401
9.71E+00
9.71E-MW
126E401
2J56E+01
1JEE401
1SOE-W1
1J06E+01
131E-HJ1
131E+01
131EW1
BO
2ME401
2MB-KJ1
1U2E-W1
150E401
121E401
9.71E-MJO
UlE+01
3X1E+01
2J04E-W1
3.42E-H)!
131E-W1
2J04E401
2JME-HI1
2ME+01
m
3v42E-M)l
2J04E401
WHE-MJl
3X2E+01
150E+01
UlE+01
121E+01
9.71E-H10
131E+01
3X2E-HJ1
2ME+01
342E+01
131E+01
342E-W1
342E401
342E-W1
P99
3*E«1
2AE401
IffiE-Wl
342E401
ISOE-tOl
131E-W1
121E-M)!
9.71E+00
131E+01
3X2E-H31
224E-W1
342E-HU
131E401
M2B-KI1
urn-no.
342E-M11
P100
3X2E+01
2J34E-K11
1J02E-W1
3/(2E+fll
150E-H)1
UlE+01
121E+01
9.71E400
131E401
2JME+01
3X2E-KI1
131EW1
UBM
342E-HI1
342EW1
oo
                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                   ,8

                                                                                                                        •
                                                                                                                     W
                                                                                                                     o
-------
                                                         Table 2-203. Intake of Homeproduccd Dairy (g/li-day) - Midwest Region
Population N
Oraup vHi
Tola)
Age
01-02
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
Season
HI
Spring
Stunner
Winter
Urbanization!
Central City
Noonetropciilan
Sirburban
Race
While
Rejpooe to Qutsumnaire
DojQuniKnimi
Do you (km?
594000
8000
37000
99000
40000
304000
106000
163000
94000
252000
85000
43000
463000
88000
594000
490000
490000
N
mw>td
36
1
3
5
3
16
8
5
12
11
8
1
31
4
36
32
32
Mean
1&E+01
7J6E-HH
6J3E+01
3.41E+01
212E+01
952E400
8J4E+00
20JE-HJ1
24SE+01
Ij&OE+Ol
l.TOE+01
216E400
233E-MJ1
213E+00
imm
223E+01
2I3E+01
SE
MSE-02
OJOOE400
133B-01
2SOB-OZ
1<67E-02
125E-02
aS6E-03
3.75E-02
1J2E-01
2.77E-02
6JOE-02
ODOE400
2.7SE-OZ
7J9E-03
WSE-02
269E-02
2WE-02
PO
4.46E-01
726E401
137E+01
446E-01
536E400
246E400
654E-01
4.46E-01
425E+00
2J6E400
425E400
4X6E-01
4^E-m
425E+00
42SE400
n
446E-01
726E-H11
536E400
21CE400
6J4E-01
4/WE-01
415E400
216E400
425E^B
446E-01
446E-01
425E+03
425E-HM
PS
4.46E-01
726E+01
157E+01
4.46E-01
5J6E+00
2J6E400
654E-01
4A6E-01
425E400
2J6E400
827E-HJO
4.46E-01
SJ6E400
SJ6E400
P10
1S7E+00
4A8E-K11
158E-H31
4.46E-01
5J6E+00
2J6E+00
157E+00
446E-01
2J6E400
9JJ6E+00
4.46E-01
157E400
827E4CO
827E-MW
P25
827E-MM
726E-MJ1
3J4E-W1
1S6E-MJ1
2.16E400
536E400
2J6E-KM
827E400
536E+00
9J4E-HW
2J.6E4CO
121E401
4.46E-01
827E400
1HSE-HD1
1JKE+01
PSO
124E+01
726E-H11
1S6E-W1
121E401
9J06E400
1S5E-HJ1
lj60E401
121E-H)!
121E-HU
2J6E+00
654E-01
124E-H11
134E-MH
1-54E-KJ1
P75
230E+01
726E+01
8D1E-H51
440E-ri)l
2J1E-W1
133E-MH
914E40Q
344E-rtl
155E+01
1.96E-M)!
2J6E+00
3.14E+01
536E400
2JOE+01
3J4E401
3J4E+01
F90
4/ttE+Ol
726E-MJI
U1E-MS
251E401
155B401
129B401
4.40E+01
801E-MJ1
3A7E401
1J8E-M1
2J6E+00
4.40E4fll
5J6E400
4.40E-^1
4.40E401
440E401
P9S
46SE-K11
716E-MH
1J1E-MB
440E-HH
2J1E401
155E-W1
4AOE-KH
111E402
2J6E+00
536E+00
4.8E4<,1
4J8E441
P99
U1E-M8
726E-HJ1
U1E-KE
440E401
251E401
2JOE401
LGOE401
4/40E-M1
U1E-KI2
468E-H11
2J6E400
U1E+02
5J6E-HK
U IE-HE
U1E-HK
U1E-MB
P10C
Uffi-MB
7268+01
U1B4«2
2J1B+O1
2JOE+01
lj60B-HU
4.40E-K)1
U1E+02
4j68E4fll
216E-HX)
1.11E-MB
536E+00
U1E-MB
1.11E-HE
111E402
VO
                                                                                                                                                                          I
                                                                                                                                                                              o
                                                                                                                                                                              o
                                                                                                                                                                            ,§o
-------
Tibte 2-204. toUto of HoaepnxtacodDiliy (t/kj-
-------
                                                            Table 2-205. Intake of Homeproduccd Dairy (g/kg-day) - West Region
to
Population N N
Group «Etd unweld
Total
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seaiora
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanizations
Central City
Ncnmetropditan
Surburban
Race
White
Response to Questionnaire
Do you raise anim:
Doyou&rm?
261000

12000
12000
10000
68000
15000
59000
35000
50000

96000
50000
115000

45000
70000
146000

261000

211000
70000
20

1
1
1
6
1
5
3
2

8
2
10

3
4
13

20

18
7
Mean
lOOE+Ol

5J09E+01
2.89E+01
2.81E+01
M3E+01
2.80E-01
403E+00
3J64E+00
733E-01

1.88E+01
733E-01
6J69E+00

212E-01
2.30E+00
l/iTE+Ol

lOOE+Ol

122E+01
1J09E+01
SE
2.41E-02

O.OOE+00
OA3E400
OA3E400
127E-02
O.OOE+00
9.44E-03
ljWE-02
101E-03

4.58E-02
101E-03
231E-02

201E-04
9.42E-03
335E-02

241E-02

2.77E-02
2i5E-02
FO
1«)E-01

5XI9E401
2.89E401
2J1E401
lJOTE+01
2.80E-01
205E-01
1.80E-01
5J08E-01

454E+00
508E-01
1JOE-01

1.80E-01
508E-01
454E400

1JOE-01

1JOE-01
459E+00
PI
1«)E-01

5J09E401
2^9E+01
2.81E+01
IJOTE+OI
2JOE-01
20SE-01
150E-01
508E-01

454E-HOO
508E-01
1JOE-01

1JOE-01
5.08E-01
454E+00

1JOE-01

1JOE-01
459E+00
PS
1.80E-01

5J09E+01
2£9E-f01
2WE-HJ1
ijOTE-fOl
2JOE-01
2J05E-01
1JOE-01
5J08E-01

4S4E+00
5A8E-01
1JOE-01

1«)E-01
5J08E-01
454E+00

1JOE-01

1JOE-01
4.99E400
P10
2J05E-01

5X»E-H)1
2£9E-f01
2^1E-f01
lJOTE+01
2.80E-01
2D5E-01
1JOE-01
5J08E-01

454E+00
508E-01
1.80E-01

1«)E-01
508E-01
4.99E400

245E-01

205E-01
459E+00
F25
5J08E-01

5D9E401
2J9E401
2J1E401
U8E401
2«)E-01
205E-01
1JOE-01
5J08E-01

8.42E+00
5J08E-01
205E-01

1.80E-01
5J08E-01
6.46E-MW

5J38E-01

4.94E400
6JOE+00
P50
6JOE+00

5D9E401
2.89E-HH
2^1E+01
127E+01
2«E-01
459E400
6JOE+00
733E-01

USE-fOl
733E-01
6JOE+00

205E-01
9.58E-01
132E+01

6JOE+00

6.46E400
6.46E+00
P75
133E+01

5J09E401
2J9E401
2J1E401
lj69E-f01
2JOE-01
5J06E400
637E400
9.58E-01

2J45E+01
9J8E-01
ljOTE+01

2JOE-01
6JOE+00
2D1E+01

133E+01

1^9E+01
133E+01
P90
2J1E401

5D9E401
2«E401
2ilE+01
201E401
ZXDE-Ol
6.46E400
637E400
9J8E-01

5j09E-f01
958E-01
133E+01

2JOE-01
637EWO
2.89E401

2^1E401

2«E401
2J1E401
P95
2.S9E-HN

5J09E+01
2J9E401
2^1E-f01
2j01E-f01
ZWE-Ol
646E+00
637E400
9J8E-01

5D9E-HJ1
958E-01
2^1E-f01

ZXDE-Ol
637E400
5J09E-f01

2.89E+01

SWE-fOl
2^1E-f01
P99
5j09E-f01

5D9E-HJ1
2£9E-f01
2^1E-f01
201E+01
2JOE-01
6ME+QO
637E400
9J8E-01

5X»E-f01
958E-01
2JlE-f01

2«E-01
637E400
5j09E-f01

509E-f01

5jQ9E-f01
2^1E-f01
PICO
5J09E+01

5j09E+01
2.89E+01
2^1E-H)1
201E401
2JOE-01
6.46E+00
6J7E+00
9J8E-01

5J09E+01
9J8E-01
2J1E+01

2«E-01
637E-HIO
5J09E+01

5J09E+01

5J09E-M)!
2J1E+01
-------
K>

w
w
N>
TIM* Z-2UD. utaut w HOOD* uofix rwo «aa aowro«» u/i*-«»7J - AII jufxa VOTOWBW
roputadoa
Group
Total
A£C
^ 01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
FaM
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropditan
Suburban
Race
Aian
Hack
Native American
Otber/NA
White
N
Mid
3914000
26000
82000
142000
382000
346000
962000
157X000
450000

1220000
1112000
911000
671000

999000
1174000
1741000

16000
593000
22000
55000
3228000
N
UTftCfel
239
3
6
11
29
21
59
86
24

45
114
29
51

46
94
99

2
41
3
5
188
Men
2J07E+00
7.74E+00
143E+01
238+00
2.7SE+00
152E+00
1S1E+00
1.79E+00
122E+00

131E+00
3J08E+00
1J8E+00
2J05E+00

1.79E+00
305E+00
150E+00

819E+00
IJtlE+OO
2-40E-KO
2.80E+00
2J07E+00
SB,
1J6E-C3
334E-C2
SJffiHJZ
6&E-03
731E-03
3J7E-03
2JS2E-03
152E-03
1J68E-03

131E-03
5j62E-03
239E-03
321E-03

231E-03
5J4E-03
1.74E-03

5.78E-02
3J1E-03
6.82E-03
5X9E-03
2J4E-03
PO
U6E-C2
229E+00
121E+00
5JS3E-01
lj60E-01
155E-01
8J6E-02
9A7E-02
9^8E-02

1J4E-01
9J8E-02
8J6E-02
9A7E-02

9A7E-02
9J8E-C2
8J6E-02

8AE-01
1J4E-01
137E+00
1.58E+00
8J6E-02
PI
9J1E-02
229E+00
121E+00
563E-01
L60E-01
L95E-01
U6E-02
9A7E-02
9J8E-02

\ME-Ql
H6E-01
8J6E-02
9A7E-02

947E-02
U6E-01
8J6E-02

8.82E-01
1J4E-01
137E+00
13E+00
8J6E-02
PS
155E-01
229E+00
121E+00
5j63E-01
1ME-01
155E-01
9JUE-02
2JOE-01
2J3E-01

156E-01
3J08E-01
9J1E-02
UlE-01

lj60E-01
3JOE-01
lAtE-01

8^2E-01
2J01E-01
1.37E+00
13E+00
1J60E-01
F10
228E-01
229E+00
121E+00
6J03E-01
228E-01
155E-01
1J8E-01
2.75E-01
233E-01

2JOE-01
3j40E-01
2JME-01
lj60E-01

2^4E-01
3j62E-01
2J01E-01

SS2E-01
2J6E-01
137E+00
158E+00
227E-01
P25
431E-01
229E+00
121E+00
IflTE+OO
5X7E-01
3J1E-01
4A3E-01
3A5E-01
5j68E-01

3J8E-01
5J9E-01
3D1E-01
5JOE-01

6J08E-01
5£8E-01
2J6E-01

8SE-01
3J8E-01
137E+00
K1E+00
353E-01
P50
957E-01
5J9E+00
2.7SE+00
1.76E+00
1J03E+00
9^4E-01
1J06E+00
9i5E-01
7«E-01

9J6E-01
127E+00
7j64E-01
1J06E+00

IflTE+OO
1J8E+00
5^7E-01

819E+00
9*»E-01
2J9E+00
225E+00
957E-01
P75
2J7E+00
1.55E+01
5AE+00
232E+00
3£7E+00
1.79E+00
21SE+00
159E+00
1J6E+00

1.79E+00
2j64E+00
3J9E+00
2J09E+00

1J5E+00
3J6E+00
138E+00

1.55E+01
2J7E+00
3JOE+00
357E+00
216E+00
P90
4J6SE+00
1J5E+01
3.73E+01
4J7E+00
7J05E+00
4£8E+00
4X6E+00
4A3E+00
3.73E+00

2ME+00
6£SE+00
4A3E+00
5J9E+00

3.73E+00
652E+00
437E+00

U5E+01
4j68E+00
3.80E+00
4X7E+00
459E+00
F95
7J3E+00
155E+01
4J2B+01
1ME+01
7J5E+00
&67E+00
957E+00
6J6E+00
3.73E+00

3.73E+00
ljOSE+01
5j65E+00
7^5E+00

957E+00
7JOE+00
7D5E+00

U5E+01
957E+00
3JOE+00
4J7E+00
6j6SE+00
P» PKD
L55B+01 452E+01
L55E+01 1J5E+01
452E+01 452E+01
1ME+01 1J04E+01
2J3E+01 2-S3E+01
8/HE-HW M4E+00
1JOE+01 1JOE+01
IDtE+Ol L61E+01
5J2E+00 5J2E+00

656E+00 6J6E+00
3.73E+01 452E+01
957E+00 957E+00
1J1E+01 131E+01

957E+00 155E+01
3.73E+01 4J2E+01
1J08E+01 1JOE+01

1J5E+01 U5E+01
957E+00 957E+00
3JOE+00 3JOE+00
4X7E+00 4J(7E+00
U1E+01 4J2E+01
Response to Questionnaire
Do you fish?
3553000
220
222E+00
2J03E-03
8J6E-02
8J6E-02
1J4E-01
227E-01
4J66E-01
1J09E+00
223E+00
5ilE+00
7J15E+00
K1E+01 4J2E+01
                                                                                                                                                                                    .0
                                                                                                                                                                                    o
                                                                                                                                                                                    §
-------
                                                                Table 2-207. Intake of Home Caught Fi* and SheUfi* (g/kg-day) - Nortneatf Region
s
Population N
Group WEtd
Total
Age
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Nonmetropolitaa
Surbtrisi
Race
Native American
White
Retponie to Questionnaire
DoyouBih?
334000
7000
35000
58000
116000
118000
135000
14000
132000
53000
42000
292000
14000
320000
334000
N
12
1
1
2
5
3
4
2
3
3
4
8
2
10
12
Mean
545E-01
3.80E+00
155E-01
325E-01
5J04E-01
6J05E-01
419E-01
239E+00
3j63E-01
6JOE-01
1.59E+00
3S5E-01
239E+00
438E-01
545E-01
SE
1J06E-03
040E+00
OflOE+00
1.72E-03
131E-03
852E-04
735E-M
6.82E-03
757E-04
124E-03
538E-03
4S9E-04
6.82E-03
527E-04
1J06E-03
PO
9J1E-02
3.80E+00
1S5E-01
9J1E-02
2.82E-01
233E-01
155E-01
2.19E+00
9J1E-02
3.76E-01
717E-01
9J1E-02
2J9E+00
9J1E-02
9J1E-02
PI
9J1E-02
3JOE+00
1S5E-01
9J1E-02
2.82E-01
233E-01
155E-01
2J19E+00
9J1E-02
3.76E-01
717E-01
9J1E-02
2J9E+00
9J1E-02
9J1E-02
P5
9J1E-02
3JOE+00
155E-01
9J1E-02
2J2E-01
233E-01
155E-01
2J19E+00
9J1E-02
3.76E-01
727E-01
9J1E-02
2.19E400
9J1E-02
9J1E-02
P10
9J1E-02
3JOE+00
1.95E-01
9J1E-02
233E-01
155E-01
2J9E+00
9J1E-02
3.76E-01
727E-01
9J1E-02
2J19E+00
9.11E-02
9J1E-02
P25
233E-01
3JOE+00
155E-01
9J1E-02
IKE-Ol
233E-01
155E-01
219E+00
9.11E-02
3.76E-01
727E-01
155E-01
2J19E+00
233E-01
233E-01
P50
3.76E-01
3.80E+00
155E-01
9J1E-02
3.76E-01
2J2E-01
2J9E+00
233E-01
727E-01
1J06E+00
2J2E-01
259E+00
3.76E-01
3.76E-01
P75
7*»E-01
3.80B+00
155E-01
9J1E-02
3S3E-01
9J6E-01
353E-01
3JOE+00
1J06E+00
2J9E+00
75JE-01
3.80E+00
7j64E-01
F90
9J6E-01
3JOE+00
155E-01
1J06E+00
727E-01
9J6E-01
9J6E-01
3JOE+00
7j64E-01
1ME+00
3JOE+00
9.16E-01
3JOE+00
9J6E-01
9J6E-01
P95
1J06E400
3JOE+00
155E-01
1ME+00
2J19E+00
9.16E-01
9J6E-01
3JOE+00
7*»E-01
1;06E+00
3JOE+00
916E-01
3JOE+00
9J6E-01
1J06E+00
P99
3&E+00
3JOE+00
155E-01
1J06E+00
2J9E+00
9J6E-01
9J6E-01
3JOE400
1;06E+00
3JOE+00
9J5E-01
3JOE+00
1ME+00
3JOE+00
P100 	
3j»e+oo
3JOE+00
155E-01
1«6-H»
2J9E+00
9J6E-01
9J6E-01
3JOE+00
7j64E-01
IJKE+OO
3«E+00
9J4E-01
1J06E+00
3JOE+00
                                                                                                                                                                            O
-------
U)
Group *iid tz
Total
Age

01-02
03-05
06-11
12-tf
20-3»
40-69
70 +
Sessaa
m
Spricg
Saascr
Winter
Urbanization
Cental City
NOQDXllOpCHtiX)
Surburtsn
Race
AIM
Native American
White
Retpoiie toQuatiamaire
Dojoufijh?
1113000

18000
33000
39000
65000
13000
312000
505000
128000

362000
224000
264000
263000

190000
501000
422000

16000
8000
1089000

956000
N
i»*fel
71

2
2
3
7
1
20
27
9

13
27
8
23

9
40
22

2
1
68

60
Men
243E400

1J02E401
344E400
M6E400
6.79E400
209E400
1J6E400
2J3E+00
9.S6E-01

15SE400
345E-KM
1JOOE400
238B400

143E400
3.42E400
9J09E-01

8JSE400
1.3X400
205E400

235E400
SB
33»B-03

3.S6E-02
I97E-03
t29B-03
3J1E-02
OOOE400
103E-03
4WE-03
240E-03

356E-03
134E-02
3J07E-03
4«E-03

6£»E-03
641E-03
130E-03

5.78E-02
OJDOE+00
3J3B-03

3v84E-03
ro
S46E-02

5i9E400
178E400
6D3E-01
330E-01
209E400
8J6E-02
227E-01
2J4E-01

W6E-01
1J6B-01
816E-02
5JOE-01

234E-01
U6E-01
8J6E-02

8a2E-01
137E400
U6E-02

8J6E-Q2
H
U6E-02

5.89E400
2.7SE400
6J03B-01
330E-01
2XI9E-KO
U6E-Q2
227E-W
2J4E-01

156E-01
USE-01
8J6E-02
SJOE-01

2«E-01
U6E-01
8J6E-02

842E-01
137E400
846E-02

8J6E-02
PS
1S6B-01

SJ9E400
2.7SE400
6XOE-01
3JOE-01
2J39E+00
W6E-02
227E-01
2M&-61

156E-01
U8E-01
8J6E-02
5JOB-01

2^4E-01
330E-01
8J6E-Q2

8SE-01
137E400
1J.8E-01

1J8E-01
WO
227E-01

5J9E400
Z7SE400
603E-01
330E-01
109E+00
U6B-02
3J8E-01
2J4E-01

227E-01
340E-01
USB-m
SAtB-®

2*E-01
466E-01
1S6E-01

8J2B-01
137E400
227B-01

217E-01
BS
4.71E-fll

5J9E403
Z.7SE400
U3E400
82IE-01
2D9E+00
1S6E-01
533E-01
2J4E-01

3J8E-01
4-87E-01
2S4E-01
1A3E400

5/S8E-01
S33E-01
3J01E-01

&82E-W
137E400
4J56E-01

4J66E-01
pa
1S3E400

SJBE400
2J7SJ400
1.76E400
U03E400
2JD9E400
SD4B-01
1J07E400
5«E-01

U1E400
821E-01
466E-QI
LS6E400

6J08E-01
1J8E400
54SE-01

U9E400
13X400
1JD3E400

U2E400
F75
1S5E400

155E401
356E40D
1.76E400
131B401
2D9E+03
137B40J
1S1E400
1JME400

U6E400
liTE-KM
5JSSE-01
2J3E400

1J8E400
5j65E+00
U8E400

1J5E401
13X400
153E400

U6E400
BO
610E400

L5SE401
356E4O)
1.76E40Q
2J3E401
2J39E-HDO
2.16E-HM
&^E400
2J3E400

652E+00
1JSE4W
US400
ssmm

1J69E400
656E400
2A9E400

1J5B401
137E400
SJ9E400

6J2E400
P95
6J6B400

155E401
356E400
1.76B400
253E401
2D9E400
640E400
656E+00
226E400

6-56E+00
1J61E401
5J65E400
640B400

149E400
131E401
2.78E+00

1J5E401
137E400
6J6E400

656E400
m
W1E+01

155E401
356E+00
1.76E400
tS3B401
2J09E400
7J83E400
W1E401
226E400

656E400
253E401
SJ65E400
131E401

1S5E401
253E401
3.73E400

155E401
137E40D
1.61E+01

2J3E401
fWB
253E401

1J1$E401
356E+00
1.76E400
2J3E401
2ME400
7BE400
L61E+01
Z26E400

6J6E400
2J3E401
SJ65E400
131E401

155E401
2J3E401
173E400

1JSE401
137B400
253E401

253E401
-------
                                                               T»Me 2-209, Intake of HomeaughtKA wid SkeUtt* (g/kg-
-------
                                                         T*Us 2-210, XoUto oT Booe Cwijht Fob tad SbdUEtb (frt^-Ay) - We* Rejios
to
Group *fjd
Totrf
Age
01-02
03-05
05-11
12-19
20-39
«-#>
70 +
Season
Ml
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanizaticn
Central City
Hoxnetropditaa
Surtniban
Race
Hack
White
Ropctut toQuestionatre
Doyoufi*?
1027003

33000
18000
135000
151000
309000
275000
106000

449000
336000
139000
103000

523000
81000
418000

165000
862000

9S3000
N
5S

2
1
S
7
16
IS
6

17
27
4
7

21
9
25

9
46

53
Men
U7&KO

2X1E400
1J07E400
7.55E-01
150E+00
23«E-tOO
9j60E-01
l,7ffi-«»

127E-WO
135E-HXI
355E400
9.7SE-01

2J03E-H90
ijOBE-MX)
1D9E-HM

3.73E400
U6E-H30

143EWQ
SB
159E-03

1JKE-02
OjOOE+00
9.91E-04
326E-03
153E-03
lj60E-(6
4.79B-03

U1E-03
2J64E-03
109E-02
l^B-03

331E-03
6J1E-03
153E-03

922E-03
U3E-03

t06E-03
PO
9JS-02

121B+09
UJTE-HJO
1JMB-01
2J01E-01
L60E-01
210E-01
9JS-02

UME-01
918E-02
345E-01
lj60E-01

337E-01
9.ME-02
1«E-01

ms-oi
9«E-02

9JSE-02
PI
1J60E-01

121E+00
1XT7E-KO
114E-01
201E-01
1J60E-01
2JOE-01
9J8E-02

1J4E-01
9.88E-02
3X5E-01
1J60E-01

327E-01
9^8E-02
1-84E-01

154E-01
140E-01

UOE-U
PS
2DIE-01

121E400
UTE-fOO
1^4E-01
2JME-01
1«E-01
2JOE-01
94IE-02

2J01E-01
238E-01
3X5E-01
1.60B-01

433E-01
95^-02
2J»ffi-01

L84E-01
2iOE-01

2J01E-01
no
2388-01

121E400
1XT7E+00
1J4E-01
2J01B-01
441E-01
240B-01
SMZB-01

2JOE-01
327E-01
3X5E-01
lj60E-01

529E-01
1J60E-01
2JOE-01

201E-01
3JD3E-01

um-m.
P2S
443E-01

niE+oo
IJOTE+OO
S/«7E-01
8XT7E-01
SS5E-01
24SE-01
5,711-01

5^7E-01
4X3E-01
757E-01
S.71B-01

7J2E-01
ljSOE-01
3JOSE-01

248E-01
519E-01

547E-01
PSO
S3SE-01

121E-KO
1XT7E-MM
&OKE-01
9S7E-01
742E-01

757E-01

1B9E+00
6J08E-01
U5E+00
lOe-fOO

U5E+OD
SJSIE-OI
5.87E-01

2£9E4CO
8J87E-01

944E-01
P75
1.79BWO

541E400
IDTE+OO
9j64E-01
1.79E+00
1A5E-KO
U5E+00
3,73&K)0

145E400
l£8E-fOO
95TE+00
154E400

1A5E-KO
6.71E-01
121E-HX)

9S7E+00
1J4E-H50

1,79E-M»
KO
173E+CO

SilE+OQ
107E-KM
1D9B-MJO
4£IE+00
957E+00
221E-HX)
3,731-rtO

221E400
4J&8E400
957E+00
157E400

3.73E+00
Si67E+(»
250E+00

957E400
221B400

3.73E+OB
P95
5£7E+00

S41E+00
1J07E+00
1«E-H»
45SE+00
957E+00
2j69E-KW
3,73Ei«

3.73E400
5j61E400
957E+00
IJTE-WO

957E+OD
Sj57E400
4JS8E-MW

957E-M10
3.73E400

S67E400
P99
9J7B+00

Sj51E+00
iJ&TB-MX)
USJE+OO
468E+00
95B400
2J69B400
3.73E+00

3.73E-KIO
S^TE-KO
957E-KJO
157E+00

9J7E400
547E+OB
541E+00

957E-KO
547E-KO

95?E400
P100
9J7E+60

5jSlfi400
107E-H90
liSJ+CO
4JS8E+00
957E-MW
169E+03
3.73E-WO

3.73B+00
SJSTE-KW
957E+00
157B+00

9J7E-IOO
5j67E-KB
5«E+00

9J7E+00
SfiTE-rtO

9mm
-------
                                              Table 2-211.  Seasonally Adjusted Homegrown Per Capita Intake Rates (g/kg-day)
                             Mean
                                           PO
                                                                    PS
                                                                                P10
                                                                 P2S
P50
P75
                                                                                                                                   P90
P99
P100
Total Fruiu





Total Vegetables





Total Meati




Total Dairy




Total Fiih
0.21462193





 0.3657913




0.10911165




0.10782335





0.03858881
      0            0   0.16173552    0.87817648    5.34938313     16.89300





      0    0.07337184    0.93010498    2.05988803    6.78436291     14.35318





      000   0.49178472    2.88187144      9.22850




      0000    1.87397677     30.07SS8





      0000    0.95563983      8.76312
                                                                                                                                           I
                                                                                                                                                                          s
                                                                                                                                                                          S
-------
                                                             Tible 2-2IZ btolce ofHofflejrowii Appto (s/fcr
-------
Table 2-213.  Intake of Homegrown Peachei (g/kg-day)
Population N N
Group wtd unwEtd
Total
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring

Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropditan
Suburban
Race
Black
Other/NA
White
Regon
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Do you farm?
2941000

20000
103000
65000
329000
177000
573000
1076000
598000

485000
756000
1081000
619000

429000
1110000
1402000

39000
41000
2861000

824000
75000
852000
1190000

2660000
769000
193

2
8
6
26
13
35
70
33

19
91
35
48

12
99
82

1
1
191

75
5
51
62

174
54
Mean
lj67E+00

2j69E+00
2.40E-HW
6D1E-HXI
3J1E400
1.60E+00
U7E+00
1.53E+00
ljOlE+00

9J01E-01
1.67E+00
226E+00
125E+00

1.79E+00
1.87E+00
U7E+00

1/46E+00
225E-01
1.70E+00

139E+00
2.72E+00
lj67E+00
1.80E+00

1.75E+00
156E+00
SE
138E-03

2JOE-02
3.60E-03
2J45E-02
5.62E-03
333E-03
136E-03
229E-03
ljWE-03

123E-03
334E-03
2.72E-03
9J04E-04

5.44E-03
2.45E-03
134E-03

OXCE-HX)
O.OOE+00
M1E-03

2.78E-03
7.63E-03
139E-03
235E-03

M9E-03
2J09E-03
PO
352E-02

258E-01
230E-01
2.18E+00
9.75E-02
1.76E-01
5J07E-02
352E-02
9J3E-02

138E-01
5fl7E-02
1A5E-01
332E-02

138E-01
550E-02
3J2E-02

1/46E-HXI
225E-01
352E-02

6.79E-02
2J04E-01
352E-02
5J07E-02

3.52E-02
6.79E-02
PI
520E-02

258E-01
2JOE-01
2J8E-HW
9.75E-02
1.76E-01
5fl7E-02
5.87E-02
9.13E-02

138E-01
5fl7E-02
1A5E-01
352E-02

138E-01
5^7E-02
5XWE-02

1.46E-HXI
225E-01
520E-02

1.76E-01
2J04E-01
3J2E-02
507E-02

520E-02
6.79E-02
P5
lj65E-01

258E-01
2JOE-01
2J8E-KIO
ljfllE-01
3J6E-01
5JOE-02
1.90E-01
138E-01

138E-01
5^7E-02
225E-01
2J9E-01

138E-01
2£2E-01
1.40E-01

1.46E+00
2i5E-01
1J65E-01

220E-01
2JME-01
138E-01
140E-01

1«E-01
1.76E-01
P10
225E-01

2.S8E-01
2JOE-01
2J8E+00
1.40E-01
3j61E-01
225E-01
2J9E-01
1.79E-01

1.79E-01
IjOlE-Ol
3A1E-01
5J6E-01

1.79E-01
353E-01
2D4E-01

1/WE400
225E-01
2JOE-01

259E-01
2J04E-01
1.79E-01
225E-01

259E-01
226E-01
P25
4.74E-01

2.58E-01
139E400
3J06E400
625E-01
5J03E-01
4.74E-01
5J6E-01
2J2E-01

2j62E-01
2.76E-01
5j67E-01
7.79E-01

259E-01
6.46E-01
4A1E-01

1/46E400
225E-01
5J03E-01

4j60E-01
8.75E-01
6.43E-01
4j68E-01

526E-01
4.61E-01
P50
857E-01

2J8E-01
2j66E4«0
356E+00
U3E400
8S5E-01
8J09E-01
852E-01
822E-01

6.43E-01
7.74E-01
1J2E400
1A4E400

526E-01
IXttE+OO
920E-01

1.46E-HW
225E-01
857E-01

740E-01
3.79E400
1J02E400
8£3E-01

925E-01
9XBE-01
P75
1J8E400

633E400
322E+00
4j69E-H»
636E400
334E-HW
1JOE+00
lj61E+00
U9E-K10

U9E+00
U5E+00
259E-KIO
1.71E400

U4E+00
2J8E+00
1£7E4<)0

1.46E-HW
225E-01
156E-HW

U9E400
3.79E-KIO
156E-HW
1S4E-KW

156E-HW
202E+00
F90
3.79E400

633E+00
3£3E+00
223E401
853E400
350E400
252E+00
2j63E400
1J60E400

2J63E400
444E+00
636E+00
2J5E+00

123E401
3J6E+00
3.79E400

1.46E+00
225E-01
3.79E400

3J06E+00
7J3E400
3J3E+00
443E400

3.79E400
259E-MJO
P9S
636E+00

633E+00
3J6E+00
223E401
853E400
3JOE+00
259E-HW
443E+00
3.79E400

2j63E400
6.77E400
8J3E+00
2j60E+00

123E+01
636E+00
443E+00

1.46E+00
225E-01
6J6E+00

3J6E+00
713E+00
6J6E400
737E400

6J6E-KIO
6J6E-KIO
P99
123E401

633E+00
3J6E+00
223E+01
U5E401
3SOE400
527E-KIO
123E+01
7J3E400

3J06E+00
223E401
123E401
356E+00

123E401
U5E401
737E400

1.46E-KIO
225E-01
123E+01

1.15E401
7J3E400
853E+00
123E+01

123E+01
853E+00
PICO
223E-MJ1

6J3E+00
386E+00
223E-HM
U5E-HM
350E+00
527E-HM
123E-HM
7J3E+00

3J36E+00
223E4O1
123E-HW
3J6E+00

123E+01
223E+01
737E400

1.46E+00
225E-01
223E+01

223E401
7J3E400
853E400
123E401

223E+01
853E+00
-------
                                                                   Title 2-214.
RjpuWica N N
Group *tU unvsd
Tottl
Age
01-02
03-05
«-ll
12-19
20-39
n-ffi
70 +
Season
M
Spcmg
Sumer
Winter
Urbanization
Co** City
Ncometropditao
Suciuban
Race
Back
White
Rraon
Midwot
Northeast
Sou*
West
RetpmsetoQueuhnnaire
Do JDU garden?,
Dojcutarm?
1SUOOO

24000
45000
145CCO
1210CO
365000
557000
256000

308000
355000
474000
376000

222000
634000
657000

51000
140000

688000
18000
377000
430000

131200)
528000
94

3
3
10
7
23
33
15

11
39
16
28

11
44
39

3
91

57
2
13
22

85
35
Moo
937B-W

327E400
2J9E-KO
UD9E400
8«B-01
6J9E-01
657E-01
934E-01

1«E-H»
6SJE-QI
622E-01
lAK-m

1J64E400
7.81E-01
&50E-01

1.32E-01
9j6SE-«l

8.71E-01
8.70E-01
S32E-01
U4E-rtO

9.45E-01
1D9E400
SE
7J£3B-«

JU6E-03
1596-03
4J4E-03
2^4E-03
5JOE-«
42£E-04
153E-03

tS4E-03
827E-04
3JS2E-04
1XE-1S

3£4E-03
7JOE-04
898E-04

15SE-«
7.79E-04

&ME-04
4.73E-03
1J05E-03
2J07E-03

&40E-04
1.71E-03
TO
IjOlB-M

I^E-KIO
1J5E-KW
7J9E-01
lilE-ffl
1J3E-01
WlB-«
1J4E-01

1»E-01
lfllB-«
355E-01
1ME-01

1-84E-01
333E-01
1JHE-01

IfllB-Ol
1IKE-01

232E-01
235E-01
1J4E-01
IjOlB-Ol-

ljfllE-01
1J«-01
n
101B-01

133E-HDO
1JJE-KX)
7J9B-01
1S2E-W
113B-01
IfflB-OT
1«E-01

1«E-01
lfllE-01
336E-01
1«E-01

1ME-01
333E-W
UOlE-fll

lJ01E-«
IJOSE-OI

222E-01
235E-01
1.84E-01
1D1E-01

lJOlE-01
108E-01
B
U4E-01

123E400
U5E-KIO
709E-OI
1J2E-01
348E-01
1OE-01
1ASE-01

1ME-01
U3E-01
336E-01
ljOSE-01

1J4E-01
3-S2E-01
1J08E-01

IJOIB-OI
238E-01

338E-01
255E-01
1«E-01
1.08E-01

lffiE-01
222E-01
BO
23IE-01

1BB400
1J5E-MB
74SE-01
l^E-Ol
3J9E-01
333E-01
1.84B-01

1-84E-01
1J2E-01
3JK-01
3.79E-01

1«E-01
4J9E-01
mE-oi

lJOlE-01
332E-01

3.76E-01
235E-01
238E-01
1J3E-01

3J2E-01
3.76E-01
ns
42SE-CI

li3E-Kfl
1J6E+00
8J3E-01
4.72E-01
428B-01
423B-01
2J8E-01

3J2E-01
33SE-01
423E-01
645E-01

238E-01
4.43E-01
3-89E-01

W1E-01
4.43E-01

4.43E-01
235E-01
428E-01
356E-01

4J1E-01
4J8E-01
PSO
6
-------
                                                                  Table 2-215. Intake of Homegrown Stnwberriei (g/kg-day)
K)
PopulaUon N N
Group . *ctd un»0d
Total
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seam
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization •
Central Gty
Nometropditan
Surburban
Race
White
Region
Midmt
Nortbeait
South
Wot
Retpome to Questionnaire
Doyau garden?
Do you uuu?
20S70CO

9000
30000
66000
153000
201000
316000
833000
449000

250000
598000
388000
821000

505000
664000
888000

2057000
1123000
382000
333000
219000

1843000
87000
139

1
2
6
15
11
22
55
27

8
66
11
54

23
52
64

139
76
25
23
15

123
9
Mean
6.52E-01

1.84E-01
1J3E+00
UOE+00
1.02E+00
635E-01
321E-01
6.44E-01
6J6E-01

1.09E+00
830E-01
351E-01
5J3E-01

7.54E-01
6J8E-01
620E-01

6.52E-01
6.85E-01
635E-01
6j69E-01
4SOE-01

637E-01
3.51E-01
SE
423E-04

OJOOE+OO
2.74E-03
6J07E-03
1J7E-03
9.72E-04
535E-04
5J7E-04
857E-04

6.64E-04
1.09E-03
3.43E-04
520E-04

827E-04
929E-04
5XIOE-04

423E-04
6.82E-04
821E-04
659E-04
522E-04

4.48E-04
556E-04
PO
2/44E-02

1.84E-01
7J04E-01
3JOOE-01
1«E-01
852E-02
752E-02
2/14E-02
4J5E-02

6J4E-01
7S2E-02
6.53E-02
2/44E-02

4J5E-02
2.44E-02
752E-02

2.44E-02
2.44E-02
8.92E-02
133E-01
8j64E-02

2.44E-02
133E-01
PI
4.15E-02

1ME-01
7J04E-01
3JOOE-01
1«E-01
852E-02
752E-02
2.44E-02
4J5E-02

654E-01
752E-02
6J3E-02
2.44E-02

4J5E-02
2/ME-02
752E-02

4J5E-02
2.44E-02
852E-02
1J3E-01
8A4E-02

4J5E-02
1J3E-01
P5
8J6E-02

1^4E-01
7J04E-01
3JOOE-01
l^ZE-01
852E-02
816E-02
6J3E-02
4.41E-02

65»E-01
852E-02
6J3E-02
441E-02

4.41E-02
6J3E-02
U1E-01

8J6E-02
6J3E-02
1.59E-01
2fl5E-01
1.71E-01

752E-02
1J3E-01
P10
U8E-01

1^4E-01
7J04E-01
3JOOE-01
2.46E-01
1D6E-01
1J05E-01
1.75E-01
864E-02

6.77E-01
l^OE-01
653E-02
IflSE-Ol

852E-02
8J6E-02
221E-01

U8E-01
8J6E-02
1«E-01
3.77E-01
1JOE-01

1.18E-01
U3E-01
P25
2.55E-01

1^4E-01
7J04E-01
3^6E-01
437E-01
4J6E-01
U8E-01
355E-01
2£2E-01

8.12E-01
2.75E-01
125E-01
2J07E-01

3«E-01
125E-01
3.45E-01

2.55E-01
l^E-01
2J5E-01
5J5E-01
233E-01

228E-01
2J05E-01
P50
4^7E-01

1.84E-01
1J69E+00
5J5E-01
8J08E-01
5J69E-01
2J)5E-01
5«E-01
4j69E-01

IjOOE+OO
4J69E-01
428E-01
3^6E-01

4J8E-01
3i5E-01
5JOE-01

4j67E-01
4J6E-01
4J67E-01
621E-01
5JOE-01

4.53E-01
2S3E-01
P75
820E-01

1WE-01
lj69E+00
257E+00
1.46E+00
8J65E-01
4J9E-01
9.41E-01
7JOOE-01

133E+00
9.73E-01
557E-01
6J51E-01

133E+00
8J4E-01
6S6E-01

820E-01
IjOOE+OO
8£5E-01
656E-01
7JOOE-01

820E-01
5J5E-01
P90
H7E+00

1WE-01
IME+OO
4&E+00
2.43E-MW
133E+00
820E-01
1.42E+00
lj66E+00

1.47E-H10
153E-MW
621E-01
127E-H10

1.47E+00
1J66E+00
127E-H10

H7E-H10
1J66E+00
1.46E+00
1XWE-MW
8J2E-01

1.46E+00
7J04E-01
F95
1.77E+00

1^4E-01
1ME+00
4J3E+00
2.54E+00
133E+00
9.73E-01
1.47E+00
1J9E+00

lj66E+00
2J4E+00
656E-01
1^468+00

lj69E+00
2.16E+00
156E+00

l.TTE-fflO
153E+00
1J3E+00
lJOOE+00
802E-01

1.77E+00
7J04E-01
P99
2.72E+00

IME-Ol
1J69E+00
4J3E+00
25»E-H»
133E+00
156E+00
237E+00
2.72E+00

1J66E+00
4.83E+00
6S6E-01
237E+00

2J7E+00
4J3E+00
2S7E+00

2.72E+00
257E-MW
216E+00
2.72E+00
9.71E-01

2J4E+00
7J04E-01
P100
4J3E-HX)

1.84E-01
IME-fOO
4J3E-KM
2J4E+00
U3E+00
156E+00
237E+00
2.72E+00

1«E400
4i3E+00
656E-01
237E400

2J7E400
4J3E400
257E-KW

4A3E-KK)
4J3E-KM
216E-KM
2.72E400
9.71E-01

4.83E400
7WE-01
-------
Table 2-216. louic of Homejrown Other Beniet
Bopfcta N N
Group meld umJd
Toul
Aje
<01
01-02
(B-OS
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +•
Sewo
Wt
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urknizatioo
CwtrdCily
Ncnmttropdilan
Surturban
Race
Bad
While
Regan
Miches
Nertieast
Saudi
Wen
Respcnse to Quettjcmaire
Do you garden?
DojDufatm?
162SXO

8000
41000
53CCO
106000
79000
309000
871000
159000

379000
287000
502000
458000

178000
466000
722000

76000
1490000

736000
211000
204000
415000

1333000
219000
99

1
2
3
10
5
20
51
7

13
29
18
39

15
37
45

4
93

56
11
12
18

84
16
Men
4JOE-01

OJOOE-HJO
1.57E-KB
6.71E-01
327B-01
336E-01
39QB-01
4.89E-01
445E-01

444E-01
3D6B-01
536B-01
5-35E-01

4J5E-01
643E-01
448E-01

4J07E-01
5JB3E-01

457E-01
&50B-01
547B-01
4.71E-01

4.72E-01
5.76E-01
SE
3J1E-OI

ofloe+oo
L81E-03
3JS3B-03
UIE-04
831E-04
5JBE-04
43SE-04
4.72E-04

228B-04
413E-04
7S1E-04
6^2E-M

445E-04
7S8E-04
4^E-«

648E-04
3JOE-W

5.46E-04
U8E-03
8.78E-04
2.78E-04

3«E-04
&30E-04
BO
ox«e+«i

OjOOB-HU
131E-HM
OAE4O)
ODoe+oo
44IE-02
795E-02
im-u
2J8E-01

247B-01
4j68E-02
ODOE+OO
OJOOE400

4j68E-02
OOOE-HW
9J8B-02

1JS8E-01
OJOOE-HU

OJOOE400
2J4E-01
924E-02
1J4E-01

OJOOE400
OjOOE-HX)
n
oxioe-Kw

owe-too
1J1E-WO
OJ30E-HX
OJOOE400
468E-02
755E-02
7.69E-02
258E-01

2J61E-01
4JS8E-02
OOOE-KB
ojooe-rtio

4«E-02
OfiOE-KW
9J8E-02

U8E-01
4j68E-02

OJOOE-fO)
234E-01
934E-02
1J4E-01

OOE+00
OJOOE-MX)
K
4£SE-02

oroe+oo
131E+00
00DE-HX
OJOOE-HU
4j68E-02
9J8E-02
lJOlE-01
2J8E-01

24^-01
4j6ffi-02
OJOOE400
l/KE-Ol

4JS8E-02
924E-02
115E-01

1J8E-01
9J8E-02

749E-02
252E-01
924E-02
1.84E-01

OJOOE-KIO
755E-02
MO
924E-02

OJOOE400
IJIE-WO
OOE-KU
ODOG-KIO
4j68E-02
9J8E-02
134E-01
331E-01

251E-01
7J6K-02
ODOe-WO
139E-01

7J69B-02
1/2E-01'
L5SE-01

1J8E-01
lJOlE-01

9J8E-02
3XW-01
92AE-®.
2J1E-01

9J8B-02
1XEE-01
R5
232E-D1

ODOE40)
131EMO
osmm
OU06+00
44SB-02
125B-01
ZME-m
351E-01

3jCB-01
1J4E-01
IJOIE-OT
232E-01

ljOSE-01
2J1E-01
2J8E-01

230E-01
2J1E-01

125E-01
353E-01
2aE-01
331E-01

2JOOE-01
2S1E-01
BO
3JKE-n

OJOOE-KD
IJlE-iOO
OJOOE-MO
346E-«1
2S1E-01
3JOB-01
3«E-m
3ME-01

3S$E-«
25ffl-0l
S14E-01
359E-01

3S5E-01
4«B-01
1S4E-Q1

4.40E-01
3S5B-01

3JOOE-01
4J69E-4H
4fflE-«l
3S5E-01

3J3E-01
S4.4E-ra
P75
5J9E-C1

ODOE+O)
2jME-tO)
L95E-UO
S«E-01
179E-01
5SE-01
6J2E-01
535E-01

469E-01
4£«E-01
7J4E-01
623E-01

6.73E-01
1XEE-H50
S^35E-01

5.84E-01
&ME-01

S^TE-01
5j»3E-01
652E-01
6.73E-01

552E-01
724E-01
P90
1JJ7E-KW

OJXE+00
2D6E-KW
1S5E400
623E-01
5^9E-01
754B-01
7£8E-01
S35E-01

6.^-01
5XOE-^n
131B400
IXTTE-KW

724B-01
1J1E+00
5«E-01

S£9E-01
1U7E400

U2E400
1S5E-MB
1J1E400 '
724E-01

U07E-MX)
128E-HB
P95
1HE400

OXOE-fOO
2C8E-HM
155B-KD
9J2E-01
5J9E-01
IjOTE-HM
1288400
1JB7E-K»

7j68E-01
7.24E-01
221E+00
15SE+00

IjOTE+OO
t21E400
9J02E-01

5^^-01
131E+00-

128E400
2J08E400
131E-HB
7j68E-01

128E400
128E400
P99
221E4CO

OJ30E-HX5
2JKE-HM
1SSE-MB
9J2E-01
5»E-Ol
1J07E400
221E-KO
1B7E+00

7£ffi-01
1JD7E-K»
221E-KIO
2BSE-KO

IjOTE-HX)
221E+00
2DSE-HW

5«E-01
221E-HW

221E400
2ME+00
131E-HIO
7J68E-01

221E+00
128E400
PICO
Z21E-KO

onoe-KO
2JOSE400
195B-MB
9J02E-01
5«E-01
IDTE-HX)
221E-MH
1D7E400

7i6«-01
UJ7E+00
221E-HU
2D8E-HX)

IXWE+OO
221E400
2CSE-KW

s«e-oi
221E-MB

221E-MM
2C8E-KO
L31E4OI
748E-01

221E400
12SE+00
-------
                                                                    Table 2-217. Intake of Homegrown Asparagu* (g/kg-day)
t
Population N N
Group ngtd unwRlx)
Total
Af*
01 -OZ
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Sewn
Ml
Spring
winter
Urbsuzattoa
Coitriaty
Ndnmetrojxiitan
Surburban
Race
White
Regan
Mi dwcit
Northeast
Soutb
Wett
Reipaue to Questionnaire
Do J
-------
                                      TtW« 2-211.
K>
Fopohta N N
Group »Hd tmekl
Tout
Age
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40H»
70 +
Season
m
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urtenizaticn
CeoMGty
NonmempcUtao
SMuta
Race
Native Auieriean
White
Ream
Wdwett
Northeast
Sou*
West
Rejpoue to Quettianace
Dojwpideaf
Do|oa{aon?
2214003

27000
51000
167000
227000
3S3000
951000
408000

562000
558000
676000
418000

651000
758000
805000

28000
2186000

885000
230000
545000
554000

2107000
229000
125

2
4
10
13
22
51
23

21
55
22
27

27
51
47

1
124

53
13
31
28

120
11
Man
SJ2E-01

3.81E+CO
IHE+OO
3J67B-01
341B-01
3.81E-01
42SE-01
5306-01

54SE-01
4.70E-01
345E-01
730E-01

518E-fll
5.77E-01
44SE-01

737E-02
5J8E-01

630B-01
4J1E-01
4.51E-01
356E-01

536E-01
356E-01
SE
3.73B-04

lJME-03
4j68E-03
230E-04
608E-04
4.74E-04
3J8E-04
641E-04

5.72E-04
8S2E-04
259E-04
124E-03

738E-04
743E-04
441E-04

OJOOE400
3.76E-04

6.14E-04
854E-04
8i5E-04
5J1E-04

3.89E-04
4WE-04
TO
321E-02

3j69E-M»
4X7E-01
1S2E-01
106E-02
7J7B-02
5JOOE-02
121E-02

321E-02
746E-02
757E-02
731E-02

141E-01
5JOOE-02
311E-02

737E-02
321E-02

5JOOE-02
827E-02
7^6E-02
J21E-02

321E-02
W4B-01
n
321E-02

3£9E+00
4X7E-01
152E-M
JJ06E-02
7J7E-02
SjOOE-02
321E-02

321E-02
im-vt
757E-02
731E-02

1J1E-01
5JOOB-02
321B-02

737E-02
311E-02

5JOOE-02
827E-02
7^6E-02
321E-02

321E-02
14S4E-01
K
737B-02

3i9E-KO
447E-01
239E-01
806E-02
757E-02
731E-02
321E-02

4.76E-02
8J06B-02
120E-01
731E-02

135E-01
731E-02
4.76E-02

737E-02
7X6E-02

113E-01
120E-01
757B-02
4.76E-02

737E-02
1*E-01
WO
1JWB-01

3fi9G-fOO
447B-01
239B-01
U1E-01
122E-01
7X6E-02
4.76B-02

5OE-02
lJWE-01
122E-01
737E-02

1^3E-01
737E-02
8J06E-02

737E-02
U3E-01

133E-01
120E-01
8XJ6E-02
731E-02

9JK-02
1J4B-01
R5
1UE-01

3£9E'HSO
4X7B-01
2jS5E-01
1J90E-01
1X3E-01
205E-01
171E-01

2J7E-01
W3E-01
144E-01
2JOE-01

257B-01
l^OE-01
W3E-01

737E-02
2B5E-01

3JSE-01
138E-01
l^OE-01
121E-01

2JB5E-01
2JSE-01
PSO
357E-01

369E-KO
232E400
3£6E-01
2.73E-01
2i5E-01
357E-01
4/9E-01

3J6E-01
2,73E-01
3S7E-01
520E-01

401E-01
356E-01
357E-01

737E-02
357E-01

454E-01
3S7E-01
2j64E-01
2S6E-01

4J01E-01
2.86E-01
B5
5J7E-01 "

4J3SE400
2-WE4O)
431E-01
S,77E-01
5S6B-01
5X9E-01
9J09E-01

949E-01
4471-01
54JE-01
828E-01

549E-01
«j61E-01
S56E-01

737E-02
5^7E-01

9D9E-01
557E-01
454E-01
S49E-01

6JME-01
4S8E-01
m
imm

4ME400
2S7E+O1
54SE-01
9X9B-01
959E-01
925E-01
1J6E400

136E+00
8.73E-01
424E-01
1J3E+00

9D9E-01
136E400
9i5E-01

737E-02
W3E-fOO

U5E+00
959E-01
SilE-Ol
624E-01

1J03E400
S20E-01
P95
1368400

408E-H90
2S7E+00
5JBE-01
949E-01
9S9E-01
1I5E+CO
1J6E+00

136E+00
1.59E400
9JD9E-01
232E-H0

1J2B-MJO
1/WE+OO
959E-01

737E-02
136E400

136E+00
132E400
944E-01
7JD4E-01

136E400
1J33E+00
m
3mm

4ME400
257E+00
518E-01
9X9E-01
U2E400
140G400
U9E400

IvME+OO
4J08E+00
9JJ9E-01
3^9B+00

349E+00
4XWE-KX)
232E+00

737E-02
3j69E+00

349B400
159E400
4J08B400
232E400

369E-KO
1J03E400
noa
40E+03

4DSE-KO
197B+00
518B-01
949E-01
1J2E-MW
140B-H10
1J9E400

140E400
4flSE400
9D9E-01
3«E+09

3£9E-KO
4JOSE+00
232E+00

737E-02
4C6E+00

3i9E+00
139E+00
408E400
232E400

4ASE400
WBE+00
                                                                                                  iS
                                                                                                  •  o.
                                                                                                   H
                                                                                                   w

                                                                                                   o
-------
                                                                  Table 2-219. tolake of Homegrown Broccoli (g/kg-
-------
                                                                    Table 2-220. Wiko of Homeftown Ctbbtfe (f/k«-
Populated N
Orcuo Wtd
Total
^01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring

Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropditan
Surburban
Race
Hack
Other/NA
White
Region
Midweit
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Do )cu garden?
Doycufami?
20190CD
29000
14000
29000
61000
203000
391000
966000
326000

570000
126000
1142000
181000

157000
1079000
783000

7000
145000
1867000

884000
277000
616000
242000

1921000
546000
N
89
1
2
1
3
9
16
44
13

21
15
39
14

5
48
36

I 1
5
83

37
11
32
9

86
26
Mean
1X138+00
277E+00
L70E+00
U5E+00
454E-01
S45E-01
920E-01
1J4E+00
8X8E-01

128E+00
1JD2E+00
9j65E-01
701E-01

SAIE-OI
937E-01
1.26E+00

2JWE+00
699E-01
1XBE+00

7.42E-01
1S1E+00
1J1E+00
9J04E-01

IjOTE+OO
956E-01
SB
6j65E-04
OXBE+OO
235E-03
OjOOE+00
4.77E-04
6/46E-W
ljfllE-03
122E-03
939E-04

156E-03
lj66E-03
5X7E-04
133E-03

151E-03
5.89E-04
1.43E-03

OJJOE+00
5j66E-04
7J3E-04

4.76E-04
3.51E-03
9A7E-04
7.49E-04

6SOE-04
757E-04
PO
320E-02
2.77E+00
142E+00
W5E+00
351E-01
4J2E-01
lJOTE-01
320E-02
W6E-01

1J6E-01
2/J6E-01
2J01E-01
320E-02

156E-01
2J01E-01
320E-02

2J7E+00
4JOE-01
320E-02

urm-oi
2.46E-01
320E-02
4J3E-01

320E-02
2J01E-01
PI
1JQ7E-01
2.77E+00
M2E+00
U5E+00
351E-01
4J2E-01
1J07E-01
2J17E-01
1«E-01

156E-01
2j46E-01
2J01E-01
320E-02

1«E-01
2J01E-01
320E-02

2J7E+00
4JOE-01
1H7E-01

1XT7E-01
246E-01
320E-02
4J3E-01

ljOTE-01
2J01E-01
PS
2J03E-01
2.77E+00
M2E+00
U5E+00
351E-01
4J2E-01
2XI1E-01
222E-01
1J6E-01

1J6E-01
2^6E-01
222E-01
1H7E-01

1J6E-01
3J7E-01
222E-01

2J7E+00
4JOE-01
2J03E-01

1.86E-01
4JOE-01
2J01E-01
413E-01

2XI3E-01
206E-01
no
347B-01
2.77E+00
U2E+00
L45E+00
351E-01
555E-01
2X11E-01
325E-01
1.86E-01

2J03E-01
4D3E-01
325E-01
ljOTE-01

1.86E-01
340E-01
325E-01

2J7E+00
4JOE-01
2^6E-01

222E-01
4JOE-01
2J7E-01
4J3E-01

3J7E-01
351E-01
P25
421E-01
2.77E+00
U2E+00
U5E+00
351E-01
6.70E-01
4/9E-01
4DSE-01
454E-01

3J5E-01
525E-01
5i5E-01
3j67E-01

2X>3E-01
454E-01
4.49E-01

2J7E+00
5J9E-01
4J3E-01

355E-01
7JOOE-01
4.49E-01
5.55E-01

45IE-01
5JS7E-01
P50
7.76E-01
2.77E+00
1.70E+00
M5E+00
4.71E-01
7.76E-01
6.83E-01
7J3E-01
7-88E-01

542E-01
922E-01
828E-01
553E-01

3J5E-01
7J3E-01
1J05E+00

2J7E+00
7DOE-01
7«E-01

555E-01
1XI5E+00
850E-01
922E-01

7^8E-01
828E-01
P75
133E+00
2.77E+00
15SE+00
U5E+00
4.71E-01
1J05E+00
124E+00
U1E+00
137E+00

U9E+00
146E+00
124E+00
8JOE-01

5D9E-01
133E+00
137E+00

2J7E+00
7.76E-01
137E+00

1JOE+00
2J7E+00
1.79E+00
1J5E+00

137E+00
137E+00
F90
157E+00
2.77E+00
15SE+00
U5E+00
7D5E-01
U3E+00
157E+00
1^2E+00
1^6E+00

529E+00
158E+00
1.79E+00
157E+00

157E+00
1.79E+00
2J7E+00

2J7E+00
IJOSE+OO
157E+00

129E+00
5.43E+00
2J7E+00
156E+00

157E+00
1.79E+00
P95
235E+90
2.77E+00
155E+00
U5E+00
7J05E-01
M3E+00
235E+00
529E+00
157E+00

543E+00
2J7E+00
235E+00
157E+00

1S7E+00
235E+00
529E+00

2J7E+00
1XI5E+00
235E+00

U9E+00
543E+00
235E+00
156E+00

235E+00
235E+00
P99
543E+00
2.77E+00
153E+00
U5E+00
7J05E-01
U3E+00
235E+00
543E+00
157E+00

5.43E+00
2J17E+00
2.77E+00
157E+00

157E+00
2.77E+00
543E+00

2J7E+00
1XKE+00
5X3E+00

1JI2E+00
5.43E+00
2.77E+00
156E+00

543E+00
235E+00
noo
5X3E+00
2.77E+00
158C+00
1X5E+00
7J05E-01
L43E+00
235E+00
5X3E+00
157E+00

5X3E+00
2J7E+00
2.77E+00
157E+00

157E+00
2.77E+00
543E+00

2J7E+00
1XI5E+00
5X3E+00

158E+00
543E+00
2.77E+00
1J6E+00

543E+00
235E+00
-------
Ttble 2-221. Intake of Homegrown Canott (g/kg-day)
Population N
Group v*td a
ToJal
Age^
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
Spring
Summer
Winter
Urbanization
Central Gty
. Nonmetropditan
Surburten
Race
Aim .
Hack
Otfacr/NA
' While
Regon
Midwrt
Northeast
' South
Wai
Reipooie to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Do you fern 7
4322000
65000
51000
53000
299000
389000
1043000
1848000
574000
1810000
267000
1544003
701000
963000
1675009
1684000
74000
107000
171000
3970003
2001003
735000
378000
1208000
4054000
833000
N
IMRUl
193
3
4
3
14
17
46
82
24
66
28
49
SO
2S
94
70
2
7
6
178
97
29
20
47
182
40
Mean
438E-01
3/5CE+00
100E+00
651E-01
427E-01
2.82E-01
2.83E-01
425E-01
4.44E-01
4.61E-01
S.55E-01
3.88E-01
444E-01
2S2E-«l
518E-01
448E-01
913E-01
1J6E+00
1.13E-01
413E-01
4.57E-01
4J05E-01
627E-01
3J68E-01
404E-01
3J60E-01
SE
2.87E-04
1JB3E-02
437E-03
8.12E-04
620E-04
3.50E-04
2JOE-04
228E-04
3J5E-04
SSOE-04
103E-03
222E-04
629E-04
2.12E-04
6.73E-04
2J9E-04
2S2E-03
8J9E-03
2J8E-04
1.73E-04
2.78E-04
S.52E-04
2J02E-04
1.79E-04
4J2E-04
PO
350E-02
1.71E+00
2.72E-01
5.43E-01
756E-02
6.1SE-02
447E-02
3SOE-02
739E-02
909E-02
139E-01
4J2E-02
3SOE-02
350E-02
4I2E-02
6.74E-02
120E-01
9J1E-02
442E-02
350E-02
3.90E-02
4J2E-02
447E-02
6.74E-02
3SOE-02
9J09E-02
PI
4J2E-02
1.71E+00
2.72E-01
5.43E-01
7S6E-02
645E-02
4.47E-02
3SOE-02
739E-02
9J09E-02
139E-01
4I2E-02
3sm-m
3.90E-02
4.12E-02
6.74E-02
120E-01
9.11E-02
4J2E-02
434E-02
350E-02
4J2E-02
447E-02
6.74E-02
4J2E-02
9J09E-02
PS
635E-02
L71E+00
2.72E-01
543E-01
756E-02
6JSE-02
5i02E-02
6.74E-02
1.79E-01
UOE-01
U9E-01
5fl2E-02
4J4E-02
6J5E-02
5J6E-02
9XBE-02
120E-01
9.11E-02
4J2E-02
756E-02
800E-02
SJ6E-02
447E-02
9J1E-02
641E-02
9J4E-02
P10
923E-02
1.71E+00
2.72E-01
543E-01
1.79E-01
635E-02
8JOOE-02
123E-01
1S6E-01
120E-01
2J02E-01
6.74E-02
6JSE-02
8JJOE-02
6J1E-02
U6E-01
120E-01
911E-02
4J2E-02
U1E-01
137E-01
6JSE-02
5J02E-02
143E-01
934E-02
UOE-01
P25
1.T9E-01
1.71E-MM
2.72E-01
543E-01
1.94E-01
120E-01
2.1SE-01
zrn-oi
1.99E-01
216E-01
143E-01
2.00E-01
2JEE-01
120E-01
142E-01
53C-02
1S4E-01
2JOOE-01
9J4E-02
149E-01
156E-01
1.79E-01
1.79E-01
PSO
328E-01
1.71E+00
2.72E-01
7J07E-01
2^5E-01
200E-01
159E-01
3j67E-01
3.70E-01
3J08E-01
352E-01
3.76E-01
225E-01
2J09E-01
328E-01
3.77E-01
9I3E-01
254E-01
6J5E-02
3J3E-01
3.73E-01
149E-01
2.72E-01
333E-01
328E-01
228E-01
P75
52SE-01
7.79E+O)
2.11E400
7.07E-01
627E-01
426E-01
4WE-01
550E-01
S39E-01
S.09E-01
6fl9E-01
5.13E-01
6.4QE-01
3JSE-01
SJ3E-01
635E-01
1.71E+00
4«E-01
9A3E-02
S27E-01
539E-01
635E-01
4J09E-01
439E-01
5JB9E-01
4J9E-01
P90
7S5E^I1
7.79E-MM
2.94E-MW
1J05E+00
75SE-01
545E-01
56IE-01
9J64E-01
7.76E-01
9.94E-01
8.40E-01
1JOSE400
525E-01
9J5E-01
7.95E-01
L71E400
7.79E-KW
3SEE-01
7.76E-01
9JSE-01
149E400
542E-01
1X.-01
im-oi
6.19E-01
P95
1JQSE-WO
7.79E400
294E400
1J05E400
UOE+flO
649E-01
756E-01
U01E400
1A8E-HU
1J08E-HX)
2J1E+00
9«E-01
U3E-»00
U9E+00
109E-KM
1.71E+00
7.79E+00
352E-01
101E-XM
UOE+00
1.71E400
994E-01
8.40E-01
1J08E400
U9E+00

K9
221E400
7.79E+00
254E+OO
105E-MX)
1.S9E+00
IfllE+OO
U9E+00
U3E400
1XKE+00
1.71E+00
2S4E+00
UJE+00
9«E-01
7.79E+00
1.71E+00
1.71E+00
7.79E44JO
3S2E-01
1J9E+M
2.11E400
221E400
7.79E+00
9«E-01
1.71E400
2.11E+00
0
O
^ a;
s°|
O l-i
o
P100
7.79E4
-------
T«Wo 2-222. InUia of Hometown Com fc/ij-t3E-01
U9E-01
5J5E-02
1J66E-01
lj66E-01
337E-01
U3E-01
lj68E-01
1.86E-01
1J66E-01
1^2E-01
1J65E-01



P25
2X4E-01
3JME+00
6J3E-01
558E-01
i52E-01
242E-01
2J08E-01
1J8E-01
1J8E-01
2J64E-01
6.44E-01
222E-01
1.77E-01
2.49E-01
239E-01
337E-01
237E-01
247E-01
2X4E-01
2J3E-01
1.77E-01
244E-01
229E-01



F50
4JOE-01
338E+00
1XSE+00
UOOB-fOD
5I3E-01
3X3E-01
3.71E-01
5J6E-01
3J64E-01
3J7E-01
4X8E-01
936E-01
4J05E-01
5X6E-01
531E-01
3S6E-01
3J6E-01
4J6E-01
3J1E-01
5J61E-01
356E-01
5J02E-01
3J1E-01



P75
9J07E-01
354E+00
228B+00
121E+00
lJOSE+00
7J1E-01
7J08E-01
757E-01
5X6E-01
7j68E-01
213B+00
6.14E-01
929E-01
IJOOE+OO
935E-01
8ME-01
929E-01
935E-01
7.45E-01
9J4E-01
9.74E-01



P90
L88E400
857E400
lj67E+00
3I3E+00
1-55E+00
153E+00
U2E+00
134E+00
127E+00
121E+00
4.52E+00
U6E+00
204E+00
2I3B+00
134E+00
140E+00
1J8E+00
228E+00
134E+00
155E+00
223B+00
1J2E+00
337E+00



P95
3378+00
6J68E+00
857E+00
S35E+00
337E+00
2J04B+00
322E+00
649E+00
U2E+00
157E+00
6ME-KIO
U7E+00
223E+00
33SE+00
1.71E+00
5J69E+00
322E+00
322E+00
1.71E+00
337E+00
649E+00
313E+00
649E+00



F99 P100
7/ME+OO 9I3E-KO
6/5JE400 6£SE+00
857E40D 857E+00
535E+00 535E+00
452E+00 452B+00
1JSE+00 1.88E+00
3.70E+00 3.70E+00
7/ME-HX) 7X4E-KW
923E+00 923E+00
535E+00 SWB+OO
515B+00 6£8B+00
9i3E+00 923E+00
2ME+00 3ME+00
3ME+00
7/ME400
923E400
569E400
7X4E+00
3ME+00
897E+00
923E+00
569E+00
923E+00
6.84E+00 744E+00
1.71E+00 1.71E+00
569E400 &97E+00
923E400 923E+00
6J4E+00 923E+00
923E+00 923E+00
"~F~
«i«
O )-3
1-3
O



-------
Table 2-223 Intake of Homegrown Cucumbers (g/kg-day)
Population N N
Group «ctd unwtd






















to
i
U)
0




Total
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seaton
Fa1!
Spring
Summer
urbanization
Central Gty
Nonmelropcutan
Surburban
Race
Aian
Hack
Other/NA
White
Reaon
Midwot
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Doyoufaon?
3994000
132000
107000
356000
254000
864000
1882000
399000

370000
197000
3427000

640000
1530000
1824000

13000
86000
171000
3724000

9(9000
689000
1317000
1019000

3465000
710000
141
5
4
12
10
29
68
13

12
15
114

18
64
59

1
2
6
132

31
22
54
34

123
29
Mem
1JD2E+00
2J9E+00
851E-01
3.45E-01
135E+00
5J04E-01
133E+00
730E-01

5&E-01
121E+00
U06E+00

235E-01
1.74E+00
6.71E-01

837E-01
1.53E+00
2J64E+00
935E-01

l.OOE+00
1.92E+00
8.85E-01
6J01E-01

1J05E+00
659E-01
SE
921E-04
3j63E-03
7j60E-04
4.55E-04
2S6E-03
537E-04
U1E-03
828E-04

8.43E-04
230E-03
1J06E-03

256E-04
222E-03
428E-04

OJOOE+00
6.82E-04
2J08E-03
9j64E-04

222E-03
3.83E-03
6.75E-04
613E-04

1J04E-03
6.86E-04
PO
OjOOE+00
6.51E-01
5.64E-01
8.40E-02
OJOOE+00
3J08E-02
4J6E-02
1.78E-01

4.16E-02
190E-01
OjOOE+00

3J08E-02
IJOIE-OI
OJOOE+00

837E-01
133E+00
1.53E+00
OJOOE+OO

3J08E-02
233E-01
OOTE+OO
6.71E-02

3J08E-02
OjOOE+00
PI
3J08E-02
6.51E-01
5.64E-01
8.40E-02
OJOOE+00
3J08E-02
4J6E-02
1.78E-01

4J6E-02
190E-01
OJOOE+00

3J08E-02
IjOlE-Ol
OJOOE+OO

837E-01
133E+00
U3E+00
3J08E-02

3J08E-02
233E-01
OjOOE+00
6.71E-02

3J08E-02
OJOOE+00
PS
6.71E-02
651E-01
5j64E-01
8.40E-02
OOTE+OO
5.45E-02
7^6E-02
1.78E-01

4.16E-02
2.32E-01
7^6E-02

3J08E-02
121E-01
7.46E-02

837E-01
133E+00
1J3E+00
631E-02

4.16E-02
2.78E-01
121E-01
7.46E-02

6.71E-02
OjOOE-HW
P10
1J08E-01
651E-01
5£4E-01
8.40E-02
ODOE+00
631E-02
1.76E-01
1«E-01

4»E-02
2.40E-01
ljOSE-01

4J6E-02
150E-01
lj62E-01

837E-01
133E+00
U3E+00
IJOIE-OI

5.45E-02
2.78E-01
1J3E-01
IjOlE-Ol

IjOlE-Ol
U3E-01
P25
2.40E-01
121E+00
833E-01
135E-01
232E-01
1.83E-01
353E-01
3/47E-01

135E-01
3S3E-01
2.42E-01

8.40E-02
3.86E-01
2.78E-01

837E-01
133E+00
2J1E+00
222E-01

135E-01
4.75E-01
2.87E-01
2J09E-01

2.78E-01
1J8E-01
P50
5/ttE-Ol
213E+00
833E-01
234E-01
SjOlE-01
3J09E-01
6J4E-01
5.40E-01

432E-01
6.84E-01
5J8E-01

ISOE-Ol
1J06E+00
459E-01

837E-01
1J3E+00
2.79E+00
5J01E-01

453E-01
6.84E-01
7^3E-01
430E-01

5J8E-01
3J6E-01
P75
1.13E+00
229E+00
128E+00
454E-01
2.79E+00
6J7E-01
129E+00
127E+00

1J09E+00
2J1E+00
U3E+00

5.40E-01
lj67E+00
833E-01

837E-01
1.73E+00
3J09E+00
1J03E+00

1J03E+00
1.S3E+00
128E+00
7J01E-01

U3E+00
127E+00
F90
2J1E+00
4JOE+00
128E+00
647E-01
4J8E+00
135E+00
211E+00
1.73E+00

143E+00
327E+00
212E+00

6J07E-01
3J09E+00
134E+00

837E-01
1.73E+00
4.18E+00
1.49E+00

23SE+00
4J8E+00
1.73E+00
129E+00

2.11E+00
149E+00
P95
2.79E+00
450E+00
128E+00
1J08E+00
4J8E+00
1.49E+00
327E+00
1.73E+00

1^8E+00
327E+00
2.79E+00

7J01E-01
4JOE+00
1.73E+00

837E-01
1.73E+00
4.18E+00
2.40E+00

245E+00
U7E+01
2J3E+00
2J1E+00

2.79E+00
1.71E+00
P99
134E+01
4JOE+00
128E+00
lJOSE+00
4J8E+00
202E+00
137E+01
1.73E+00

148E+00
327E+00
134E+01

7J01E-01
137E+01
327E+00

837E-01
1.73E+00
4J8E+00
134E+01

134E+01
137E+01
450E+00
327E+00

134E+01
2J09E+00
PICO
137E+01
4JOE+00
128E+00
ljOSE+00
4.18E+00
2J2E+00
137E+01
1.73E+00

148E+00
327E+00
137E+01

7J01E-01
137E+01
327E+00

837E-01
1.73E+00
4.18E+00
137E+01

134E+01
137E+01
4JOE+00
327E+00

137E+01
2JD9E+00
                                                                                              I
                                                                                                  o
                                                                                                  W
                                                                                                  o
-------
                                                                    Ttblo 2-224.  lotiie of Homegrown Loauco (g/kj-day)
to
PopuUbco N
Group Wftd
Total 1520000
Age
<01 16000
01-02 54000
03-05 25000
06-11 173000
12-19 71000
20-39 379000
40-69 485000
70+ 317000
Season
Frit 214000
Spring 352000
Simmer 856000
Winter 98000
Urbanization
Centra! City 268000
Nonmelropolilan 566000
Suburten 686000
Race
Aian 9000
Back 51000
Other/NA 26000
White 1434000
Regon
Midmt 630000
Northeast 336000
South X5000
Wett ' 249000
Responses to Questionnaire
Do you garden? 1506000
Doyouferm? 304000








N
umctd
80

1
4
2
7
3
17
26
20

8
35
30
7

8
36
36

1
3
1
75
33
16
20
11

78
18









Men
3J7E-01

OJOOE+OO
5.S3E-01
606E-01
245E-01
2j64E-01
251E-01
4.84E-01
4.52E-01

6.87B-01
4.S2B-01
3J02E-01
236E-01

5265-01
3j67E-01
349E-01

1.74E-01
550E-01
454E-01
3.79E-01
3.83E-01
3.85E-01
352E-01
442E-01

350E-01
3.885-01









SB
231E-W

O.OOE+00
5S6E-04
1.84E-03
4X4E-04
1J3E-03
223E-04
4XSE-04
Sj69E-«

6SHE-04
4ME-04
235E-04
506E-04

5JOE-04
3.81E-04
3J3E-04

OOOE-HX)
6.545-04
OOOE-HX)
241E-04
401E-04
4S4E-04
4j65E-04
4J3E-04

232E-04
6J05E-04









PO PI PS P10 P25 PSO P75 P90 P95 P99 P100
OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO 4X9B-02 9X3E-02 1.70E-01 2J4E-01 5X5E-01 8J6E-01 1J03E+00 U05E+00 12JB+00

OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO O.OOE+OO OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO OOOE-HXI OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO
337E-01 337E-01 337E-01 337E-01 4WE-01 558E-01 558E-01 8J6E-01 836E-01 836E-01 836E-01
3^7E-01 3J7E-01 3.87E-01 3i7E-01 357E-01 3^7E-01 954E-01 954E-01 954E-01 954E-01 954E-01
4X9E-02 4X9E-02 4X9E-02 4X9E-02 453E-02 327E-01 4J06E-01 5X5E-01 5X5E-01 5/45E-01 5/45E-01
9X3E-02 9X3E-02 9X3E-02 9X3E-02 9X3E-02 9j68E-02 9j68E-02 758E-01 758E-01 758E-01 758E-01
158E-02 158E-02 158E-02 3J5E-02 2J01E-01 229E-01 2.75E-01 4JOE-01 538E-01 538E-01 538E-01
U5E-01 105E-01 115E-01 124E-01 221E-01 4S1E-01 634E-01 8£6E-01 1.05E+00 128E+00 128E+00
5J04E-02 504E-02 6.71E-02 1I2E-01 223E-01 2J8E-01 5j68E-01 1J03E+00 1J03E+00 1J03E+00 103E+00

1J6E-01 1.56E-01 156E-01 156E-01 4£OE-01 6£4E-01 103E-HX) 1J05E+00 1J05E+00 105E+00 105E+00
5J04E-02 5J04E-02 6.71E-02 124E-01 159E-01 4.53E-01 5.79B-01 758E-01 954E-01 128E+00 128E+00
158E-02 158E-02 335E-02 453E-02 H2E-01 2JOE-01 424E-01 558E-01 8J4E-01 8.86E-01 8J6E-01
OJWE+00 OJOOE+OO OjOOE+00 OJOOE+OO 127E-01 220E-01 3^7E-01 4i3E-01 4.83B-01 4J0E-01 4^3E-01

2J01E-01 2J01E-01 2J01E-01 2J01E-01 2WE-01 5£8E-01 9.42E-01 U03E+00 U03E+00 U03E+00 1B3E+00
158E-02 1SSE-02 335E-02 4.49E-02 123E-01 2J8E-01 5X5E-01 8J4E-01 8J6E-01 128E+00 128E+00
OJOOE+OO O.OOE+00 943E-02 9^8E-02 1^3E-01 230E-01 451E-01 7j67E-01 9S4E-01 U05E+00 l.OSE+00

1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01 1.74E-01
4JOE-01 4JOE-01 4JOE-01 4JOE-01 4«E-01 4S1E-01 758E-01 758E-01 758E-01 758E-01 758E-01
4S4E-01 454E-01 454E-01 4S4E-01 454E-01 454E-01 4S4E-01 4S4E-01 454E-01 4S4E-01 454E-01
OJOOE+OO OOOE-HX) 4X9E-02 943E-02 1J6E-01 2.75E-01 5.45E-01 8.86E-01 103E-HX) 105E+00 128E+00
158E-02 158E-02 335E-02 449E-02 156E-01 2J4E-01 5.68E-01 942E-01 U03E+00 U03E+00 lj03E+00
943E-02 943E-02 943E-02 9£8E-02 M2E-01 3J5E-01 625E-01 6«E-01 1JJ5E+00 ljOSE+00 ljOSE+00
OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO OJOOE+OO 127E-01 IWE-Ol 2.75E-01 4A3E-01 5.79E-01 1J04E+00 128E+00 128E+00
1.74E-01 1.74E-01 2.01E-01 2J01E-01 229E-01 4JOE-01 558E-01 7j67E-01 7S8E-01 7S8E-01 758E-01

OJOOE+OO OjOOE+00 449E-02 943E-02 1.74E-01 2«E-01 5455-01 8J6E-01 W3E+00 lj05E+00 128E+00
1585-02 1J98E-02 158E-02 3355-02 453E-02 2.755-01 5455-01 8J6E-01 lj04E+00 128E+00 128E+00

O '
0
aj
0
»~3 f-^ II
o ^
w
o
-------
                                                            Table 2-225. Inuke of Homepowa Lira Beua (g/fcj-d«y)
M
Population
Group «
Total
Age^
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seawa
F*
Spring
SUEDOJCT
Winter
IJrbaiizatioa
Cental C%
Surinrixn
Race
Back
White
Rea'oo
Midwat
Norttwtat
Saudi
Reqxne toQualiannaire
Do you garden?
Do you cm?





N
Ktd
1917000
35000
62000
35000
95000
108000
464000
757000
361000
375000
316000
883000
343000
204000
1075000
638000
213000
1704000
588000
68000
1261000
1610000
62000





N
109
2
3
2
7
6
20
44
25
14
39
29
27
8
0
32
9
100
36
6
67
97
6





Mean
4.53E-01
OJWE+03
URE400
1J5E+00
2-87E-01
249E-01
3ME-01
4S4E-01
523E-01
3IWE-01
449E-01
4S9E-01
527E-01
329E-01
2S9E-01
7J3E-01
1JKE+00
3J3E-01
428E-01
333E-01
4.72E-01
447E-01
307E-01





SE
3JQE-04
OJOOE400
1.46E-03
1.S8E-03
2.72E-04
4.92E-04
4.S1E-04
4JOE-04
8.77E-04
439E-04
641E-04
5.S5E-04
554E-04
2JB2E-04
2J8E-04
6JOE-04
144E-03
2.50E-04
4J3E-04
9JOOE-04
4jQ9E-04
349E-04
120E-03





re
OJOOE400
OJOOE400
950E-01
2fl7E-01
9J2E-02
323E-02
949E-02
820E-02
9J9E-02
&20E-02
ODOE+00
OJOOE400
t45E-01
OJXIE400
OJOOE400
2S8E-01
OME400
OXIOE400
820E-02
323E-02
OJOOE400
323E-02





n
OJOOE400
OOOE+00
9SOE-01
2J07E-01
9J02E-02
323E-02
810E-02
949E-02
820E-02
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
245E-01
323E-02
ODOE+O)
258E-01
OJIOE-HIO
OJ»E+00
820E-02
323E-02
323E-02
313E-02





K
9J9E-02
OJOOE400
7j69E-01
9SOE-01
2fl?E-01
9/HE-02
1J08E-01
1J06E-01
1J6E-01
919E-02
943E-02
323E-02
245E-01
943E-02
820E-02
2.98E-01
9.WE-02
OOOE-KK
820E-02
1A3E-01
943E-02
3Z3E-02





HO
121E-01
OJXJE+00
7j69E-01
9SOE-01
2fl7E-01
9XBE-02
1JOE-01
121E-01
1.88E-01
1J06E-01
U1E-01
U1E-01
1J08E-01
245E-01
121E-01
9.19E-02
2S8E-01
IJME-Ol
1.06E-01
820E-02
130E-01
121E-01
323E-02





K5
1.88E-01
7«E-01
950E-01
2J07E-01
943E-02
1.77E-01
2J04E-01
22SE-01
1J6E-01
3J05E-01
255E-01
1.71E-01
2.99E-01
1.77E-01
2.53E-01
9J02E-02
1.77E-01
1.77E-01
323E-02





PSO
250E-01
841E-01
950E-01
239E-01
1.S6E-01
234E-01
2S3E-01
256E-01
242E-01
3«E-01
2SOE-fll
539E-01
259E-01
242E-01
6.78E-01
8J5E-01
254E-01
3;06E-01
2.73E-01
249E-01
1J08E-01





P75
545E-01
OJ»E+00
1J3E+00
9ME-01
356E-01
340E-01
5SE-01
6.38E-01
3J7E-01
545E-01
7J8E-01
3J7E-01
320E-01
950E-01
1.71E400
4J5E-01
526E-01
634E-01
526E-01
7.48E-01





BO
950E-01
OJOOE400
1J3E400
1A9E+00
4JWE-01
524B-01
937E-M
8«E-01
1A5E+00
446E-01
7.48E-01
U3E4CO
8j61E-01
3J7E-01
1.71E+00
126E400
841E-01
9.90E-01
7JJ9E-01
I.IOE-KW
937E-01
849E-01





F95
169E+00
OJDOE-tOO
U3E400
169E+00
432E-01
524E-01
noE+oo
1.71E+00
UOE+0)
1J1E+00
1.71E400
8j69E-01
5J60E-01
749E-01
1J6E400
156E-HK
950E-01
1J3E+00
7B9E-01
L71E+00
1.71E+00
849E-01





W>
iss&m
OjOOE-HD
U3E400
iffiE-nn
432E-01
524E-01
1.10E400
151E400
1^6E400
140E400
1S1E-MB
1A5E+00
149E400
6fl9E-01
149E-HU
LS6E400
1J6E-HU
U3E-M10
1A9E+00
7J09E-01
1J6E400
1J6E-MX)
849E-01
O
O
1
1 °
1 fj >"3 \3
W0 t-3
W
§
nw
151E-HJO
OWE-H»
524E-01
140E-HX)
1.91E+00
140E-MM
1S1E-MU
l^E-HM
1A9E-HW
6JBE-01
1S1E+00
l^E-HM
1J6E-HX)
1.91E-HW
149E-MX)
1S1E+00
1.91E+00
849E-01





-------
Tible 2-226. fetal* of Hom«frownOfcn(tftf-4iy)
PopuMon N
Group *ttd
ToUl 1696000
Age
<01 29000
01-02 $3000
03-05 68000
06-11 218000
12-19 194000
20-39 417000
40-69 587000
70+ 130000
Seaton
Ml 228000
Spring 236000
Sunner 1144000
Winter 88000
totalization
OutrdQty 204000
Nonroetropditan 1043001
SMocta 449000
Race
Mm 41000
Back 236000
White 1419000
NJ Ream
,i> Midwat 113000
ME-01 144E-01 144E-01
I58E-02 25SE-02 4J8E-02 5J33E-02 U6E-01 2S8E-01 3H2E-01 4J8E-01 438E-01 438E-01 438E-01
OOOE+00 OOOE-KW 6J7E-02 9j60E-02 1.76E-01 330E-01 523E-01 U4E-MW 121E+00 153E+00 153E-MJO
2S8E-01 258E-01 2S8E-01 2S8E-01 259E-01 3J07E-01 4j05E-01 SXOE-01 S.70E-01 5.70E-01 5.70E-01
OJOOE+00 OJOOE400 5J03E-02 848E-02 1.44E-01 259E-01 438E-01 747E-01 U1E+00 1J3E-KO 153E400
1S1E-01 1S1E-01 1S1E-01 1S1E-01 4JOOE-01 523E-01 SffiE-01 1J4E-MIO 1J4E+00 U4E+00 1J4E-WO
OjOOE-WO OJOOE+00 $JB3E-02 9J9E-02 1^8E-01 238E-01 4J2E-01 W7E-HIO 121E400 1^3E-M» 1J3E-MIO
226E-01 226E-01 226E-01 343E-01 3«E-01 5.76E-01 7j04E-01 115E400 U5E-HIO 1JSE-MO USE-WO
O
O
-; as
o
1-3
O
M
-------
                                                                   Table 2-227, Intake of Homegrown Onions (g/kgntay)
M


Ul
Population n BJ
Group wRtd unwetd
Total
Age

01-02
03-0$
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-»
70 +
Season
Fall
Spring
Sooner
Winter
Urbanization -
CtntriQiy
Nourostropditao
Suiturban
Race
Hack
Native American
Otber/NA
White
Regan

Northeast
' South
Wert
Respase toQuatiaaQaire
Do you garden?
- Do you Don?
6718000

61000
291000
178000
530000
652000
1566000
2402000
1038000

1557000
1434000
2891000
836000

890000
2944000
2884000

253000
28000
171000
6266000

2487000
376000
1919000
14360U

6441000
1390000
370

3
17
9
31
37
78
143
52

59
147
101
63

37
177
156

16
1
8
345

143
52
107
68

356
81
Mean
296E-01

7S3E-02
421E-01
348E-01
303E-01
2J1E-01
2.88E-01
230E-01
433E-01

3.75E-01
158E-W
3«B-01
2J8E-01

2J6E-U1
334E-01
232E-01

1J4E-01
1JB2E-01
131E-01
3D8E-01

tTOE-01
2J2E-01
3J2E-01
332E-01

3JOOE-01
3.75E-01
SB
139E-04

1*E-04
SJ7E-M
633E-W
429E-04
2.75E-04
240E-04
ljSOE-04
637E-04

426E-04
1S9E-04
1.72E-04
335E-04

1.84E-04
1.60E-04
2.72E-04

342E-04
OJWE+OO
l/ME-04
147E-04

147E-04
341B-04
2J9E-04
4.74E-04

143E-04
253E-04
PO
2B1E-03

3.78E-02
lj06E-Ol
9.7SE-02
9^0E-03
5J4E-03
9j05E-03
2j01E-03
4.76E-03

3J68E-03
20E-03
836E-03
3XBE-03

4.76E-03
124E-03
2B1E-03

4J9E-03
IffiE-Ol
544E-03
2J01E-03

3j«E-03
2JB1E-03
3J03E-03
224E-03

2JS1E-03
2J4E-02
PI
3j68E-03

3.70E-02
lJOSE-01
9.75E-02
9JOE-03
5J4E-03
9J09E-03
3fl3E-03
4.76E-03

3J68E-03
2J01E-03
8J8E-03
3J03E-03

4.76E-03
8J2E-03
3XBE-03

4J9E-03
li02E-01
$J4E-03
3^7E-03

4J5E-03
2JWE-03
4.79E-03
3J7E-03

348E-03
3DOE-02
K
9j09E-03

3.70E-02
1OE-01
9.7SE-02
1J08E-02
836E-03
3.80E-02
4SE-03
6J68E-03

2J5E-02
S47E-03
li68E-02
4J9E-03

1JHE-02
3J4E-02
520E-03

5XME-03
1XEE-01
7H6E-02
9J09E-03

4J02E-02
3.73E-03
2.76E-02
6*8E-03

9i09E-03
404E-02
no
2.90E-02

3.70E-02
131E-01
9.75E-02
2.76E-02
8J8E-03
550E-02
1.11E-02
268E-02

SJOE-02
2£8E-02
422E-02
$j(ME-03

2J5E-02
6.75E-02
UOE-02

943E-03
1J02E-01
7J06E-02
3J06E-02

5.73E-02
8JSE-03
3.70E-02
lj68E-02

3J06E-02
Sa5E-02
P25
8.81E-02

3.70E-02
2.76E-01
liSE-01
1XKE-01
557E-02
9.40E-02
7j66E-02
135E-01

123B-01
S.73E-02
U58E-01
3«E-02

6«)E-(S
142E-01
5.85E-02

2.76E-02
lj02E-01
9J6E-02
9J6E-02

lj02E-01
ljOSE-02
146E-01
5j68E-02

9J1E-02
1.11E-01
P50
2D6E-01

IXBE-Ol
3J3E-01
246E-01
228E-01
142E-01
1S1E-01
1.72E-01
2J6E-01

255E-01
1J06E-01
228E-01
159E-01

1S3E-01
2J5E-01
130E-01

7D9E-02
lj02E-01
128E-01
224E-01

2J4E-01
ljOSE-01
2J1E-01
152E-01

2J3E-01
2.78E-01
TO
3.77E-01

1.24E-01
5X»E-01
436E-01
3.83E-01
255E-01
3JJ4E-01
3J8E-01
4J61E-01

436E-01
239E-01
3.76E-01
4«E-01

2.96E-01
433E-01
3J6E-01

149E-01
1JSE-01
1J9E-01
356E-01

343E-01
353E-01
3S3E-01
3J6E-01

351E-01
5i5E-01
F90
6J59E-01

124E-01
8J8E-01
6J03E-01
6.09E-01
5.74E-01
638E-01
5^E-01
5JS3E-01

6B3E-01
4KB-01
6SOE-01
6.42E-01

5.18E-01
630E-01
635E-01

247E-01
1J02E-01
1S2E-01
648E-01

5i3E-01
635E-01
690E-01
549E-01

6J09E-01
935E-01
P95
9J2E-01

124E-01
848E-01
ijDIE+OO
136E400
7J9E-01
935E-01
650E-01
268E-KX)

7^3E-01
523E-01
9«E-01
9J6E-01

Si3E-01
902E-01
9j69E-01

621E-01
U02E-01
2^8E-01
93SE-01

7a4E-01
IjOSE+OO
UJ8E+0)
9ME-01

9J6E-01
1J1E400
B9
U9E-MX)

134E-W
1.77E-M10
1JBE-H10
136E-KU
9J2E-01
1.49E440
niE+oo
3JIE+00

3J1E-HH
1.41E-HD
149E-M»
136E+00

5SE-01
1.49E+00
3J1E+00

6ilE-01
1J02B-01
2J8E-01
1.77E-H10

134E+00
136E-HB
1.49E+00
3.11E-KB

1.77E-MIO
1.49E400
pun
3J1B+00

114E-01
iT7E+00
1J05B-H10
136E+00
9J2E-01
1.49E-KM
141E+00
311E-KH

311E+00
1.77E-MIO
149E+00
136E-MO

5i3B-01
1.77E-MIO
3J1E-MM

621E-01
UJ2B-01
2.88E-01
3J1B-HX)

U4E-H90
141E+00
L77E-WO
311B4flO

3J1E+00
149E400
                                                                                                                                                                          t?
                                                                                                                                                                          O
                                                                                                                                                                          3
-------
                                                                           Tiblc 2-228.
it
PopUnica N N
Group «ttd OTwfd
Total
Age
<01
01-02
03-05
J6-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seataa
m
Spring
Summer
Winter
ufbsrazstioa
CeatnlGty
Noameitopalitan
Surburtel
Race
Aian
Black
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Reipome to Questi onair e
Do yw garden?
DojBufann?
4252000

112000
163000
140000
515000
377000
1121000
1366000
458000

1239000
765000
1516000
732000

558000
2028000
1666000

29000
355000
84000
3784000

1004000
241000
2449000
558000

3980003
884000
224

4
9
1
26
22
52
80
26

41
78
51
56

19
126
81

1
19
3
203

55
14
132
25

214
55
Mean
5J05E-01

1J1E-HW
9JSIE-01
621E-01
6B5E-01
4J08E-01
4488-01
4.58B-01
3.34E-01

3J03E-01
438E-01
5J5E-01
7.53E-01

5.73E-01
4J81E-01
5I3E-01

1.74E-01
6.78E-01
3.41E-01
455E-01

4WE-01
&01B-01
5j67E-01
3.T7E-01

SJ3E-01
4.59E-01
SB
235E-04

2J66E-03
9iOE-04
6j66E-04
633E-04
327E-04
423E-04
353B-04
420E-04

1.71E-04
430E-04
427E-04
7.7SE-04

U2E-03
2JOE-04
323E-04

OSBE-Ua
958E-04
742E-05
245E-04

536E-04
8.13E-04
3J6E-04
3.82E-04

2.48E-04
4.60E-04
PO
3MB.-®,

&OOE-01
JJ4E-01
228E-01
154E-01
5J1E-02
956E-02-
6.73E-02
3.48E-02

3.4IE-Q2
531E-02
6.78B-02
U7E-01

3.48E-02
urn-ai
6.78E-02

L74E-01
1^6E-01
3JBE-01
3.48E-02

3.48E-02
S51E-02
127E-01
6.78E-02

348E-02
3.48E-02
n
4J8E-02

6jOOE-01
354E-01
2281-01
154E-01
5^1E-02
956E-02
6.78E-02
3X8E-02

348E-02
5J1E-02
6k78E-02
1J7E-01

348E-02
842E-02
6.78E-02

1.74E-01
lj66E-01
3J09E-01
3.48E-02

348E-02
SME-02
127E-01
6.78E-02

3.4SE-02
3.48E-02
PS
122E-01

6JOOE-01
354E-
-------
                                                                       Table 2-229. Mike of Homegrown Peppert (g/kg-day)
X
Population N N
Group wen) urjwgtd
Total
^01
01-02
03-05
06-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seaion ,
Fall
Spring
Summer
Winter
Utbaniation
CratraiGty
Noomefropditan
Surbu-ban
Race
Asian
Ha*
White
Region
Midwest
Nonhead
Sou*
West
Response to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Do you (am?
5153000
47000
163000
108000
578000
342000
1048000
2221000
646000

1726000
255000
26720CO
500000

865000
1982000
2246000

74000
127000
4892000

1790000
786000
1739000
778000

4898000
867000
208
2
6
5
26
16
40
88
25

53
28
94
33

30
89
87

2
6
198

74
31
72
29

199
35
Mean
242E-01
ODOE-MX
S18E-01
U4E-01
216E-01
1SOE-01
224E-OI
2J0E-01
236E-01

157E-01
2SSE-01
2.77E-01
W1E-01

246E-01
2.42E-01
2.47E-01

IWE-Ol
241E-01
247E-01

234E-01
3J4E-01
230E-01
2J3E-01

235E-01
3J03E-01
SE
137E-04
OJOOE+OO
143E-03
32SE-04
2.74E-04
454E-04
3J7E-04
I.75E-04
3.87E-04

139E-04
749E-04
229E-04
2-8SE-84

249E-04
2j63E-04
1-87E-04

4D1E-04
8.11E-04
142E-04

2A1E-04
4J6E-M
1J6E-04
3D8E-04

1J3E-04
4.77E-04
TO
O^E^O
ODOE-HM
1J9E-01
OjQQE+OD
OjOOE+00
147E-02
I.74E-02
OJOOE-HW
1.73E-02

OflJE+OO
OAOE+00
OJME+00
OJOOE+OO

3J6E-02
OJOOE400
OJOOE+OO

OJOOE400
OJDOE-HIO
OJOOE+OO

OJBE+OO
OdOE-HIO
offlE-mo
1.73E-02

O.OOE+00
OflOE+00
n
OOOE400
OflOE+00
1«9E-01
OJOOE+OO
ODOE+00
147E-02
1.74E-02
532E-03
1.73E-02

ODOE+00
OJOOE+OO
OJME-rfO
OJOOE+OO

3.86E-02
S^E-03
OAOE+00

OOOE+00
OdOE+00
1.74E-02

532E-03
OjOOE+00
334E-02
1.73E-02

QjOQE+00
ODOE+OO
K
225E-02
OJOOE+OO
lj®E-01
ODOE+00
OJOOE+OO
159E-02
326E-02
3v40E-02
2J5E-02

326E-02
1.73E-02
2.70E-02
1.47E-02

5J66E-02
222E-02
2.70E-02

OJOOE+OO
OJDOE+OO
2SISE-02

212E-02
340E-02
6.74E-02
2JOE-02

2J2E-02
2.70E-02
no
350E-02
OjOOE+00
W9E-01
OJOOE+OO
3J03E-02
425E-02
5j66E-02
4J2E-02
230E-02

4J05E-02
3S6E-02
355E-02
1.74E-02

6.72E-02
334E-02
3JOE-02

OflOE+00
1J3E-01
4JBSE-02

326E-02
43ZE-02
7j60E-02
2.70E-02

340E-02
2S6E-02
P25
7j60E-02
OOCE+00
221E-01
OJOOE+00
859E-02
5S8E-02
8J5E-02
7J8E-02
747E-02

85SE-02
653E-02
838E-02
4J4E-02

UOE-01
653E-02
855E-02

OJOOE+OO
122E-01
8J5E-02

S58E-02
14IE-01
1JB7E-01
4J05E-02

738E-02
711E-02
P50
1J2E-01
OJOOE+00
2.72E-01
5J66E-02
1J62E-01
lJOOE-01
119E-01
1J56E-01
138E-01

1J66E-01
147E-01
1J2E-01
1JOE-01

1.S4E-01
149E-01
ljSOE-01

1J09E-01
1.99E-01
L54E-01

147E-01
2J7E-01
lj66E-
-------
TiM» 2-230.
Group nctd izmttd
Todl
*<01
01-02
03-05
OS-11
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Sewn
m
Spring
Summer
Winter
Central Gqr
Nonroetropditan
Sutntxn
Race
Back
White
Region
to Midwat
^j NoftDCait
Ui Soulb
"•* Wed
ReipaBe to CXwtitmaire
Do jeu garden?
Dojotium?
2041000
32000
73000
18000
229000
244000
657000
415000
373000

1345000
48000
405000
243000
565000
863000
613000

22000
2019000

1370000
15000
179000
477000

1987000
449000
a
I
4
2
9
10
26
20
IS

49
6
13
19
20
44
23

1
86

54
1
10
22

85
18
Mem
7JSE-01
133E+00
140E+OQ
313E+00
456E-OI
2J6E-01
801E-01
&22E-01
S99E-01

8J9E-01
722E-01
S.17E-01
9561-01
629E-01
644E-01
110B400

438E-OI
7.82E-01

821E-01
421E-01
4.S4E-01
7.S7E-01

7.70E-01
759E-01
SB
4*B-04
OJOOB-rtO
1J07E-03
1J2E-02
6.79E-04
254E-04
841E-04
1D9B-03
553E-04

S3SE-04
1.7IE-03
fiJ2E-M
1SE-03
641E-04
658E-04
820E-04

OJOOE+00
4JOE-04

6JOSE-04
OOOE+00
6.81E-04
6J6E-04

4J3E-04
933E-04
FO
135E-01
1J3EMO
1J2E+00
145E-K0
241E-01
125E-01
L76E-01
2JSE-01
247E-01

12SE-01
247E-01
1S4E-01
Z88E-01
UCHH
12JE-01
2J6E-01

43SE-01
12SE-01

115E-01
421E-01
165E-01
1.76E-01

125E-01
1.76E-01
n
125E-01
ismmo
1J2E+00
1458400
241E-01
125E-01
1.76E-01
2ASE-01
247E-01

12SE-01
247E-01
IWE-01
2JJE-01
1«E-01
12SE-01
2J6E-01

438E-01
liSE-01

125B-01
421E-01
lj65E-01
1.76E-01

liSE-01
1.76Emi
PS
1.S4E-01
133B400
1J2E+00
145E+00
241E-01
125E-01
1.84E-01
2J6E-01
421E-01

1.76E-01
247E-01
154E-01
349E-01
1J4E-01
liSE-01
2J8E-01

438E-01
1A4E-01

234E-01
421E-01
1A5E-01
1J9E-01

1J4E-01
1«-01
no
241E-01
1J3E400
1J2E400
U5E400
241E-01
ljSSE-01
301E-01
316E-01
42SE-01

2A1E-01
247E-01
240E-01
3£7E-01
241E-01
1£9E-01
3D1E-01

438E-01
241E-01

241E-01
421E-01
155E-01
3JBE-01

241E-01
2/WE-01
P25
3JSB-01
133E400
121E+00
14SE400
2jfi2E-01
1J9E-W
3.T7E-01
3.71E-01
5.72E-01

3.71E-01
4.S9E-01
241E-01
428E-01
2A1E-01
3JOE-01
4«E-01

438E-01
3J6E-01

3J8E-01
421E-01
310E-01
3.71E-01

3J«-01
3«-«
PSO
S.55E-01
133E-HM
121E+00
44SE+00
3WE-01
240E-01
4.77E-01
523E-01
940E-01

614E-01
6BE-01
3.7m-01
7.44E-01
3.7m-01
SJOE-01
104E400

4Jffi-01
5J5E-01

5.72E-01
421E-01
3S2E-01
7A4E-01

SJSE-01
5.79E-01
P75
L07E+00
133E+03
1.79E400
448E400
5,72E-01
401E-01
1J03B+00
942E-01
124E+00

U7E+00
800E-01
S.79E-01
121E+00
940E-01
6*5E-01
147E+00

4J8E-01
UOE400

1ME400
421E-M
438E-01
U7E+00

1J04E-HX)
UOE+00
BO
147B400
1J3E400
1.75E+00
448E+QO
928E-01
453E-01
1.73E+00
U7E400
135B+00

1.73E400
145E400
121E40Q
224E400
134E400
122E+00
1.79E+flO

438E-01
U7E+00

1.73E-MM
421E-01
8JOOE-01
147E-MM

146E400
13SE400
m
1.79B+00
133E-HJO
1.79E+00
44SB+00
1JJ7E+00
4.S3E-01
2J57E+00
3J02E+00
138E+00

1.79E+00
145E400
U7E+00
224E400
1J3E400
W5E+00
2j67E-K»

438E-01
1.79E+00

267E+flO
421E-01
122E400
U1E+00

1.79E+00
1J8E400
199
3JB2EMO
U3E400
l.TSe-Ktt
441E400
1*E-H»
6.6SE-01
2J57E+00
3JQ2E+00
138E+00

302E+00
145E+00
147E400
44SE400
224E400
448E-M90
267E400

438E-01
3A2E+00

302E+00
421E-01
122E+00
U1E+00

3JEE+00
3JD2E400
«W
44tE400
133E400
U79E+00
4/WE-K10
146E400
6jSSE-01
2£7E+00
3XEE+00
138E+00

3J02E400
145E+00
147E-M»
44SE-HU
224E-MO
448E400
2jS7E-M»

438E-01
4.48E-HH

448E+00
421E-01
122E-MX)
U1B400

448E400
3AE400
                                                                                                        SaS
                                                                                                        o
-------
Table 2-231.  Intake of Homegrown Snap Beam (g/kg-day)
Population
Group
Total
Age

01-02
03-05
06-11
. 12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seaton
Fill
Spring

Winter
Urbciiizsbon
OnlralCity
Nonnetropotitao
Surburban
lace
A«n
Hack
Other/NA
y White
W Region
08 Midwest
Northeast
South ,
West
N N
Wtd utnvtd
12308000
129000
246000
455000
862000
1151000
2677000
4987000
1801000

3813000
2706000
2946000
2843000

2205000
5696000
4347000

41000
634000
54000
11519000

4651000
990000
4755000
1852000
739
7
17
32
62
69
160
292
100

137
288
98
216

78
404
255

1
36
6
694

307
52
286
92
Mean
8JOOE-01
231E+00
lj69E+00
U9E+00
8S7E-01
638E-01
603E-01
7J9E-01
9J5E-01

8.12E-01
9DOE-01
633E-01
8.64E-01

557E-01
9j61E-01
7J04E-01

1.53E-01
7.55E-01
627E-01
8.10E-01

8J60E-01
5j66E-01
8.82E-01
S.92E-01
SB
234E-04
458E-03
224E-03
159E-03
9.77E-04
4.72E-04
3J6E-04
2.45E-04
8j61E-04

451E-04
Sj61E-04
2.78E-04
4j61E-04

332E-04
426E-04
2.88E-04

OJOOE+OO
1J07E-03
248E-03
2.42E-04

4S6E-04
4JOE-04
3J3E-04
3J06E-04
FO
O.OOE+00
1J04E+00
4j62E-01
O.OOE+00
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
7J05E-02
9J67E-02
533E-02

5j65E-02
OjOOE+OO
O.OOE+00
533E-02

5j65E-02
OJOOE+OO
847E-02

1.53E-01
2.51E-01
2J4E-01
OJOOE+OO

5j65E-02
OjQOE+00
533E-02
7J05E-02
PI
5J65E-02
1J04E+00
4j62E-01
OjOOE+00
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
7JJ5E-02
939E-02
Sj65E-02

5j65E-02
2.93E-02
OJOOE+OO
1J4E-01

5/15E-02
935E-02
9j67E-02

1.53E-01
2.51E-01
2J4E-01
7J05E-02

7^4E-02
OJOOE+OO
133E-01
7J05E-02
PS
W9E-01
1J04E+00
4.62E-01
OJOOE+OO
159E-01
U1E-01
131E-01
1J61E-01
1ME-01

1JOE-01
1J1E-01
U8E-01
1.80E-01

7.44E-02
1.77E-01
139E-01

U3E-01
2.51E-01
2.14E-01
1JOE-01

1J4E-01
9j66E-02
2.13E-01
1.43E-01
P10
1.88E-01
1J04E+00
4£2E-01
3.49E-01
221E-01
222E-01
1.57E-01
228E-01
1J1E-01

IS3E-01
2J9E-01
157E-01
244E-01

159E-01
229E-01
1.88E-01

1J3E-01
2.79E-01
2J4E-01
IfSE-Ol

1.89E-01
1J06E-01
2J1E-01
1J3E-01
P25
338E-01
1.72E+00
9JOE-01
9J01E-01
321E-01
320E-01
2/30E-01
3£2E-01
3j69E-01

2.72E-01
3.70E-01
331E-01
424E-01

2.56E-01
3J67E-01
3.41E-01

1J3E-01
2.99E-01
2.17E-01
349E-01

336E-01
1J1E-01
3.98E-01
2.72E-01
P50
5j69E-01
238E+00
134E+00
U6E+00
642E-01
5J04E-01
456E-01
5j61E-01
638E-01

539E-01
551E-01
5J04E-01
620E-01

5.12E-01
6.75E-01
520E-01

1.53E-01
4.78E-01
320E-01
S.73E-01

5JOE-01
451E-01
6.75E-01
S.14E-01
P75
1J04E+00
323E+00
153E+00
1J66E+00
121E+00
8J1E-01
7J5E-01
8J9E-01
122E+00

U8E+00
UlE+00
8JOE-01
112E+00

7J2E-01
U9E+00
932E-01

1J3E-01
1J04E+00
8J04E-01
1J06E+00

9J18E-01
8J5E-01
122E+00
741E-01
P90
U8E+00
4J2E+00
335E+00
320E+00
1.79E+00
134E+00
124E+00
U5E+00
1.70E+00

1J2E+00
1.72E+00
130E+00
1.72E+00

123E+00
1J9E+00
136E+00

1J3E-01
130E+00
1J3E+00
U3E+00

1.70E+00
128E+00
1.72E+00
120E+00
P95
2J01E+00
7J8E+00
335E+00
4J8E+00
2.75E+00
1.79E+00
1J64E+00
1.77E+00
2J01E+00

2J01E+00
2.85E+00
1.70E+00
2J02E+00

1J4E+00
2.70E+00
1.77E+00

U3E-01
134E+00
1J3E+00
2J01E+00

247E+00
136E+00
2J01E+00
U2E+00
P99
350E+00
7J8E+00
558E+00
650E+00
4^1E+00
2.72E+00
2J05E+00
2.70E+00
956E+00

4J2E+00
5j66E+00
2J05E+00
3J5E+00

153E+00
4J8E+00
298E+00

U3E-01
558E+00
U3E+00
350E+00

4J8E+00
1*7E+00
323E+00
2J9E+00
P100
956E+00
7J8E+00
558E+00
65CE+00
5/36E+00
2.72E+00
426E+00
423E+00
956E+00

956E+00
650E+00
2J63E+00
7J8E+00

335E+00
956E+00
6JOSE+00

1.53E-01
S98E+00
1J3E+00
956E+00

996E+00
3XI9E+00
558E+00
2.19E+00
Response to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Do you farm?
11843000
2591000
700
157
7SOE-01
7S5E-01
237E-04
3.72E-04
OJOOE+OO
Sj65E-02
5j65E-02
5j65E-02
M9E-01
127E-01
li7E-01
1.89E-01
331E-01
4J05E-01
5j63E-01
6J9E-01
102E+00
1.12E+00
1J60E+00
154E+00
2J01E+00
158E+00
3J5E+00
256E+00
996E+00
423B+00
                                                                                              i
                                                                                                  o
                                                                                                  H
                                                                                                  w
-------
                                                               TibJo 2-232. bl«t»ofHometiownToniitoei(f/k8-d«y)
to
fbpafatica
Group
Total
01-02
03-0$
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Season
WI
Spring
Summer
Wbter
Urbanization
Coi treaty
Noametropditan
Skitwbn
Race
Aian
Bad
NslivcAmcrican
Other/NA
White
Regoo
Midmat
South
Wot
N
vdd
16737030
229000
572000
516000
1093000
1411000
4169000
6758000
1989000
5516000
1264000
8122000
1835000
2680000
7389000
6668000
115000
743000
28000
193000
15658000
674700D
2480000
4358000
3152000
Retpame to Qustianffiure
Doyouganlen? 14791000
Do you Inn? 2269000










N
umtid
743
10
26
26
$1
61
175
305
«9
201
127
279
136
90
378
275
3
28
1
g
703
322
87
m
132
661
112





Mm
USE+00
S21E+00
314E+QQ
lJMB+00
IjHE+OO
71SE-01
854E-01
1D5E+00
126B+00
lj02E+00
I39E-01
130E+00
137E+00
tlOE+00
126E+00
1J3E+00
7J03E-01
6J4E-01
5J05E-01
5J9E-01
112E+00
liSE+QO
117E+00
115E+00
1.42E+00





SE
3SOE-04
7JME-03
3SJE-03
1.S3E-03
5j60E-04
645E-04
W1E-04
62JE-04
5J6E-04
627E-04
543E-04
152E-03
733E-04
526E-04
5^?E-04
2J5E-C3
52SE-04
OjOOE+00
8J2E-04
3.71E-04
9.70E-04
647E-04
6.41E-04
3S1E-04
U1E-03





W
OJDOE+00
i43E-«
726E-01
456E-01
247E-01
OJOOE+OO
634E-02
OjOOE+00
U3E-01
OfiOE+00
725E-02
OJOOE+00
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
U5E-01
O.OOE+00
5J05E-01
2/48E-01
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
757E-02
OJOOE+OO
1J54E-01
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO





B
7J7E-02
726E-01
2J7E-01
OjOOE+00
732E-02
U3E-01
U3E-01
732E-02
136E-01
1J05E-01
OjDOE+00
1J3E-W
7J7E-02
U5E-01
OjOOE+00
5J05E-01
2.4JE-01
lJOSE-01
634E-02
7-57E-02
OJOOE+OO
1JOE-01
7J7E-02
OjOOE+00





K
l^E-01
M3E-01
8J5E-01
5J07E-01
310E-01
OJOOE+00
131E-01
1.73E-01
236E-01
135E-01
1S9E-01
2J37E-01
U2E-01
2J6E-01
135E-01
W5E-01
OJOOE+OO
5JOSE-01
248E-01
lj68E-01
145E-01
135E-01
20TE-01
239E-01
U2E-01
1JOE-01





HO
234B-01
132E+00
934E-01
352E-01
147E-01
2JS1E-01
258E-01
223E-01
239E-01
236E-01
2J5E-01
225E-01
2JS2E-01
1.78E-01
145E-01
732E-02
5J05E-01
2.48E-01
241E-01
2j06E-01
1X8E-01
253E-01
2J4E-01
234E-01
226E-01





HS
352B-01
1.7SE+00
123E+00
754E-01
530B-01
2J68E-01
254E-01
357E-01
3X3E-01
3.73E-01
457E-01
3J4E-01
423E-01
3.70E-01
145E-01
236E-01
5J05E-01
2.73E-01
4D6E-01
3J62E-01
3JOE-01
423E-01
4J.1E-01
4JB6E-01
423E-01





KO
7/13E-01
4.74E+00
L66E+00
125E+00
755E-01
521E-01
5J5E-01
7X6E-01
U4E+00
595E-01
631E-01
8J03E-01
829E-01
754E-01
6/58E-01
2.53E-01
SjOTE-01
5J05E-01
350E-01
7JSE-01
6J2E-01
7J1E-01
746E-01
7J6SE-01
758E-01
7ASE-01





m
imm
617B+00
4JOOE+00
1JS5E-KIO
166E+00
8JOE-M
1XOE+00
U1E+00
1.77E+00
134E+00
1J1E+00
U5E+00
149E+00
131E+OD
147B+00
138E+00
1.76E+00
9.02E-01
SjOSE-01
S25E-01
1.49E+00
M1E+00
138E+00
1.43E+00
l«tE+00
1 JOE +00
1J56E+00





m
t$OB+00
USE+Ol
726E+00
3JOOE+00
520E+00
IfiTE+OO
1J3B+00
2XOE+00
251E+00
224E+00
1.7SE+00
3J05E+00
2X8E+00
2J6E+00
2.77E+00
235E+00
1.76E+00
U8E+00
SflSE-01
UlE+00
255E+00
2J1E+00
232E+00
2.78E+00
2J1E+00
3.55E+00





m
354E+00
1J09E+01
U07E+01
62SE+00
5.70E+00
1S4E+00
2.10E+00
3J05E+00
299E+00
2J7E+00
2JOOE+00
4J05E+00
338E+00
25SE+00
34SE+00
332E+00
1.76E+00
155E+00
5JOSE-01
U7E+00
3J9E+00
369E+00
3J2E+CO
3J67E+00
3D8E+00
3J2E+00
S20E+00





P99
7J6E+00
lJWE+01
IflTE+Ol
625E+00
9J4E+00
339E+00
5J2E+00
450E+00
3JS7E+00
625E+00
3.79E+00
726E+00
819E+00
726E+00
6J7E+00
5.5ZE+00
1.76E+OC
5J05E-01
M7E+00
726E+00
6.87E+00
1J09E+01
6SE+00
726E+00
726E+00
9J4E+00
§"

S


ROD
153E+01
U09E+01
lJBTE+01
6J5E+00
914E+00
339E+00
153E+01
5JOOE+00
3J57E+00
IJBTE+OI
528E+00
1J09E+01
153E+01
829E+00
ljOTE+01
1J3E+01
1.76E+00
1J66E+00
5J05E-01
W7E+00
153E+W
153E+W
914E+00
726E+00
153E+01
9i4E+00
g-S
«
o
O >-3
w
o
w
-------
                                                                    Table 2-233. Intake of Homegrown While PoUtoe* (g/kg-day)
to
8
Population N
Group wgtd
Total 5895000
Age
<01 70000
01-02 147000
03-05 119000
06-11 431000
12-19 751000
20-39 1501001
40-69 1855000
70+ 1021000
Season
Fall 2267000
Spring 527000
Summer 2403000
Winter 698000
Urbanization
Centraiafy 679000
Nonmetropditan 3046000
Surtwrbai 2110000
Race
Hack 140000
Othor/NA 145000
White 55500CO
Rerion
Midwest 2587000
Northeast 656000
South 1796000
West 796000
Response to Questkmaire
Do >cu garden? 5291000
Doyoutann? 1082000






N
umstd
281

4
10
6
24
31
66
95
45

86
58
81
56

25
159
95

5
$
269

133
31
84
31

250
62







Mean
166E+00

625E+00
3.68E+00
239E-HM
2J9E+00
126E+00
L24E+00
1MJ-HX3
127E+00

lj63E400
123E-MB
1J63E-HM
217E+00

9J60E-01
1S6E400
149E+00

136E+00
1.99E+00
lj67E+00

1.77E+00
128E+00
2.08E-H»
7j61E-01

145E+00
1.83E+00







SE
72SE-04

1J08E-02
6.40E-03
542E-03
2.87E-03
U9E-03
giME-04
1£4E-03
8J1E-04

137E-03
134E-03
1.06E-03
1.77E-03

9.17E-04
U2E-03
1J2E-03

4JBE-03
l.SOE-03
741E-04

ljOSE-03
1.40E-03
143E-03
6.53E-04

7.46E-04
135E-03







PO PI B HO RS P50 WS P90 P95 P99 HOO
OXME+00 OjOBE-M» ISJB-Ol 3J08E-01 55K-01 127E4W 2U7E400 3J1E-MB 4.76E-HM 9J2E400 128E+01

157E+00 157E+00 157E+00 1<»E-«B S25E+00 5.87E+00 943E+00 943E-WO 943E4« 943E-MW 943E+00
136E+00 1J6E+00 136E+00 147E4W 227E-KM 2j62E-H» 4J58E-K10 8.74E+00 8.74E-MM 8.74E-tOO 8.74E+00
OffitE+00 OOtE-HX) OjOOE+00 OflOE+00 OjOOE-H» 305E-«)0 3.77E400 4.76E+00 4.76E-HJO 4.76E-KW 4.76E+00
OJME-K10 OOOE+flO 000E+00 4.10E-01 720E-01 1.76E-N90 310E-H» 5.94E+00 6-S2E-HX) 652E-KW 652E440
6J67E-02 6j67E-02 1«7E-01 2J9B-01 3ME-01 122E400 1JOE+00 255E+00 3J1E-HIO 4J4E-KIO 414E+00
141B-01 1*»E-01 1&1E-01 W6E-01 4.77E-01 1JOOE4CO lj62E400 2J4E400 3j08E4«0 429E-KIO 5J8B+<»
WSE-01 127E-01 2S2E-01 3JOE-01 6S9E-01 131E400 2J04E400 343E+00 529E4W 128E+01 128E-MS1
2«E-01 2«E-01 2J7E-01 357E-01 5.5QE-01 121E400 1J69E-MB 2JSE+00 2J8E400 3S2E+00 352E-MO

1WE-01 1J64E-01 223E-01 2JS5E-01 4j61E-01 103E-H10 1.79E+00 343E-WO 4J4E400 128E+01 128E+01
647E-02 6.67E-02 WSE-01 W6B-01 4JOE-01 85JE-01 1S1E+00 2«E+00 3j08E4«0 428E+00 428E+00
OjOOE-MM OJWE+OO ISE-Ol 3.19E-01 62flE-^l 132B-H» 2S9E400 308E+00 S29E+«» 943E-MM 943E+00
141E-01 141E-01 3S5E-01 4S7E-01 &64E-ffl 2ffiE400 2S5E400 426E+00 S40E400 «jOOE400 6flB+TO

1AJE-01 1A1E-01 1«E-01 1.75B-01 3.75E-01 5JSE-01 1J2E-M10 2J07E+00 2.25E-MXJ 254E+00 254E-M»
1A1E-01 1.84E-01 2j65E-01 368E-01 767E-01 1JSOE-HM 2J8E-MW 355E-MW 5j64E+00 128E+01 128E-MJ1
6j67E-02 1.05E-01 1J7E-01 3J9E-01 5.40E-01 929E-01 16SE+00 311B-MM 4.76E-HM 943E+00 943E+00

4iSEmi 42SE^)1 425E-01 4aSE-01 6ME-01 722E-M IflSE-MIO 525E-M» 525E+00 S25E-HIO S25E+00
127E+00 127E+W UTE-rtO 127E-MB 158E-M» 1S7E+00 2J«-MM 2SSE+00 2S5E4W 2.95E+00 2.95E+W
6J67E-02 141E-01 2D6E-01 3D8E-01 55QE-01 128E+00 Iffte+O) 3.11E-KC 4.76E400 952E-HIO 128E441

141E-01 1.75E-01 236E-01 3J9E-01 641E-01 135E400 2J5E+00 3.77E-MB 529E+00 943E+00 943E+00
6j67E-02 667E-02 127E-01 WTE-Ol 3.48E-01 8*tE-01 157E-WO 255E-MM 3«E-M» 5JJ9E+00 SjOffi+OO
1«E-01 1J64E-01 3JOE-01 44B-01 924E-01 156E+00 240E-MB 344E4OJ 5«E+«I 128B+01 128E401
1A4E-01 1*(E-01 216E-01 2J9E-01 4J1E-01 543E-01 9«E-01 140E-MSO 1S5E+00 M1E+00 3.11E+OT

OjflOE+00 ODOE+00 2B6E-01 3J08B-01 555E-01 128E-HM 2j09E+O) 3JOE+00 428E-MB 952E+00 128E+01
667E-02 667E-02 2J06E-01 5.76E-01 924E-01 146E400 2J1E-KW 3JOE+00 5X»9E+00 652E-HH 652E+00

O
o
••• as
o
o«S
%f>>
o
-------
T»M*2-234. IaUi0ofHoa«producodBo«f(f/fcf-4}*y)
Grai*
Tetti
Ate

' 01-02
03-0$
06-11
12-19
24-39
40-»
70 +
Seiies
Fill
Sptl^
Stmact
Wills
UrbialutfoQ
CntnlCit;
NonDmopoitu
Siateha
IKC
Olhci/NA
Wkitc
Midwat
Nwtfceiit
South
Wwt
Reiponic to Qaeiiionsiiie
DoyonriiietBioilf?
Do you (urn?
H
495JOOO

90000
110300
234000
695000
656000
149SOOO
1490000
18SOOO

1404000
911000
1755000
UHOO

100)00
3070000
1788000

8000
4950000
2261000
586000
1042000
lOfflOOO

3699000
2850000
H
304

S
I
13
»
41
S3
105
11

SS
108
69
72

5
194
105

1
303
161
25
61
57

239
182
Mtu
MSB+00

lOJB+01
4371+00
3.9IBtM
3.77B+00
I.72B+00
2J4B+00
U4B+00
9J8B-OI

U5B+00
2J2B+00
3.1IB+00
U5B+00

8JOB-01
2JOB+00
I.93B+00

UQB+00
2.4SB+00
2J3B+00
1.44B+00
2.45E+00
210B+00

246B+00
2.63B+00
5B
U7B-03

2JWB-02
7.45B-03
4JKB-03
4J9B-03
U9E-03
1.49B-03
1.18E-03
1.42E-03

1J09B-03
1.77B-03
239B-03
2.47B-03

U1B-03
1.7IB-03
1.15B-03

QjOOE+00
U7B-03
1.95B-03
1J9B-03
2.65E-03
2.07E-03

U9B-03
1.S7B-03
ro
mt-m

5J5B+00
I.12B+00
7.47B-OI
354B-01
3.78B-01
2.69B-OI
3.93B-02
1JI2B-01

IJ3B-01
2JD2B-01
1JJ2B-01
3S3B-02

3.13B-0!
1.02B-01
3.93B-02

l.SOE+00
3A3B-02
U3B-01
3J2B-01
3.93B-02
3.13B-01

102B-01
U3B-01
PI
U3E-01

5J5B+00
1.12B+00
7.17B-01
3J4B-01
3.7IB-01
2.69E-01
U3B-01
U2B-01

1J3B-01
2.70B-01
1J32B-01
353B-02

3.13B-01
W3B-01
247B-01

UOB+00
1J3E-01
1.83E-01
3J2B-01
1JJ2B-0!
3.13B-OI

U3E-0!
2.70B-01
n
I.74E-8I

5151+00
I.12B+00
T^7B-01
6J3B-01
4.7IB-01
3J2B-OJ
3J1E-01
1J32B-01

3J2B-01
350B-01
6AIB-01
3.75B-01

3.13B-01
3.77B-01
3.75B-01

UOB+00
3.74B-01
3J4B-01
3J2B-01
3.90B-01
3.80E-01

3JSE-01
3.94B-01
FW
44SB-S1

S.25B+00
1.12EtOO
7.47B-01
7J3B-01
5.13B-01
3 .94 E- 01
4J5E-01
1K2B-01

3J1B-01
5.10B-01
7.45B-01
354B-OI

3.I3B-01
4J9B-01
4.16B-01

UOB+00
4J5B-01
4.16B-01
4,738-01
5.84E-01
5J6B-01

6.63B-01
5J5B-01
F25
8.7IB-01

6JKB+00
2.79B+00
2.46E+00
U2E+00
8ASE-01
6JOB-01
8J3E-01
5.47B-01

5.17B-01
1A4E+00
!J32BtOO
6.74B-01

3.94B-01
8i4E-01
9.07B-01

UOB+00
8.78E-01
S.47B-01
7.42B-OI
8.I6E-01
IJMBtOO

1.04 B+ 00
8.WB-01
rso
U1B+00

6JMB+00
4.41B+00
3J1B+00
2.11B+00
U1B+00
1 JOB tOO
U2B+00
8j$4E-01

U3B+00
1.96B+00
2.44 B+00
1J3B+00

8.96B-0!
U1B+00
1J2B+00

UOB+00
USlEtOO
2.01BtOO
l.MB+00
U9E+00
UOB+00

1.83B+00
1.64BtOO
F75
3A7B+M

1J7B+01
4J1B+00
5JOE+00
4.43B+00
2.44B+00
2.73B+09
2JIB+00
1.40B+00

2J318+00
3J9B+00
4.43B+00
2.14B+00

U3B+00
3J7B+00
2.44B+00

UOB+00
3.078+00
3ASB+00
USE tOO
2.4 IB tOO
2J6B+00

3.48B+00
3J25BtOO
no
5J9B+00

1.91Bt01
U9B+00
I.44B+00
1.14B+01
3J3B+00
4MB+00
4.10B+00
2J37B+00

2J6B+00
412B+00
73 IB tOO
4.23B+00

U2B+00
6.03EtOO
4JMB+00

UOB+00
5.29B+00
5.90 B tOO
2J2B+00
6J6E+00
4.06 B+00

5.39EtOQ
5.39B+00
K5
7J4B+00

154B+01
IJ9B+00
1^2 B+00
L25B+01
JJ7B+00
6JOB+00
5J9B+00
2XI7B+00

3.90B+OQ
5JJ3B+00
U4B+01
5J9B+00

IJ2B+00
S.44BtOO
5.10B+00

UOB+00
714B+00
BJ9BtOO
2^2BtOO
734B+00
4.42B+00

7J1B+00
7J1B+00
f«
U3B+01

I.94Bt01
IJ5B+00
9J$E+00
1J3B+01
42IE+00
«J6BtOO
5.90B+00
2.12B+00

7148+00
«J52BtOO
1J7B+01
1.94B+01

U2B+00
1J7B+01
7.S1B+00

UtB+00
1J3B+01
1J7B+01
6A3B+00
1.33B+01
7J1B+00

U5E+01
U3B+01
rwo
l.MB+01

1.94 B+ 01
IJ9B+M
WSEtOO
U3B+OI
41IB+00
IJ6B+00
S.flOB+00
2.12B+00

714S+00
918E+00
1J7B+01
I.94B+0!

U2B+00
1.94Bt01
9388+00

l.SOB+00
1.94B+01
U7B+01
6.03 E tOO
U3B+01
1.94B+01

1.94Bt01
1.94Et01
                                                                                              o
                                                                                              o
                                                                                              i.
                                                                                           t-3
ff>

1-3
-------
                                                                        Table 2-235.  Intake of Homeciught Came (g/kg-day)
u>
Population N N
Group *j>td umgfd Mean
Total 2707000 185 9j67E-01
Age
01-02 89000 8 U2E+00
03-05 94000 8 L81E+00
06-11 362000 28 USB+00
12-19 4«000 27 UME+00
20-39 844000 59 &24E-01
40-69 694000 41 9£4E-01
70+ 74000 7 145E+M
Season
Ml 876000 31 937E-01
Spring 554000 68 9«E-01
Stumer 273000 9 630E-01
Winter 1004000 77 lj07E+00
Urbanization
CentriCity 506000 20 6.89E-01
Nanmelropditan 1259000 101 9.45E-01
SurburbaB 942000 64 U5E+00
Race
Ofter/NA 102000 3 6SSE-01
White 2MSOOO 182 9.77E-01
Region
Midwest 1321000 97 8.83E-01
Northeast 394000 20 U3E+00
South 609000 47 126E+00
Weit 383000 21 628E-01
Retpoae to Questionnaire
Dojcubunl? ' 2357000 158 1D4E+00
SE
SJ08E-04
238E-03
1S7E-03
127E-03
U06E-03
9JME-0*
1J08E-03
212E-03
931E-04
9.72E-04
749E-04
949E-04
7S8E-04
758E-04
853E-C4
525E-04
7J3B-04
154E-03
143E-03
534E-04
S«.
n
ojooe+oo
140E-01
7.74E-01
U6E-01
240E-41
7J3EHE
124E-01
S58E-01
1J7E-01
OflOE+00
1£8E-01
OXIOE+00
OBOE+00
O/BE+OO
OjOOB+00
630E-01
OjQOB+0)
OJOOE+OO
OHOE+00
124B-01
OJOOE+OO
H
OJdOE+00
1.40E-01
7.74E-01
U6E-01
240E-^H
1J04E-01
124E-01
556E-01
U7E-01
or*E+oo
1£8E-01
orxe+oo
OJOOE+OO
OOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
630E-01
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
2J7E-01
OOOE+00
134E-01
OOOE+00
B
1J7E-01
140E-01
7.74E-01
231E-01
240E-01
U7E-01
1.72E-01
S56E-01
148E-01
lJJHE-01
1^8E-01
OJOOE+OO
OJOOE+OO
U7E-01
2J6E-01
630E-01
U7E-01
753E-02
2S7E-01
U7E-01
151E-01
1>40E-01
HO
2JOE-01
3J1E-01
7.74E-01
428E-01
138E-01
2.87E-01
S56E-01
2J8E-01
1.72E-01
14SE-01
1J65E-01
3J97E-01
6JOE-01
2JB2E-01
2J8E-01
321E-01
1J8E-01
2.77E-01
K5
3S7E-01
7.70E-01
1J9E+00
633E-01
630E-01
301E-01
342E-01
7.76E-01
428E-01
443E-01
320E-01
2.77E-01
320E-01
521E-01
630E-01
3.76E-01
430E-01
3.97E-01
442E-01
P»
7J09E-01
9j67E-01
153E+00
846E-01
631E-01
SJOE-01
1.75E+W
633E-01
7.46E-01
630E-01
848E-01
6JOE-01
659E-01
8J8E-01
6SE-01
729E-01
602E-01
7.74E-01
IJBE+OO
633E-01
7.46E-01
P7S
112E+00
127E+00
2J5E+00
1.48E+00
122E+00
1D9E+00
M1E+00
159E+00
1J9E+00
122E+00
7.74E-01
1J3E+00
7.74E-01
U9E+00
1J2E+00
7.74E-01
138E+00
IJOE+OO
U1E+00
153E+00
7.74E-01
144E+00
no
227E+QO
234E+00
220E+00
247E+QO
199E+00
l^E+00
2.51E-HW
1S9E+00
1.75E+00
U1E+00
tZOE+Ot
148E+00
227E+00
251E+00
234E+00
159E+00
3J3B+00
2J8E+09
1J2E+00
238E+00
m
2jS7E+00
234E+00
3JD5E+00
2v85E+00
3J3E+00
2^!E+00
319E+00
1S9E+00
152E+00
141E+00
247E+00
159E+CO
3J05E+00
255E+00
7.74E-41
2A5E+00
251E+00
3J3E+00
3J9E+00
122E+00
2JOE+00

199 P100
3£1E+00 4J9E+00
2.34E+00 234E+OD
305E+00 3i05E+00
2JOE+00 2SOE+00
3J3E+W 3J3E+00
459E+00 4J9E+00
159E+00 159E+00
3J9E+00 3J9E+00
3A1E+00 JjSlE+OO
141E+00 U1E+00
4J9E+00 4J9E+00
234E+00 2J4E+00
4J9E+00 4J9E+00
3J3E+00 3.61E-MB
7.74E-01 7.74E-01
361E+00 4J9E+00
4J9E+00 4J9E+00
361E+00 3.61E+00
3J9E+00 3J9E-KB
152E+00 1J2E+80
3A1E+00 4J9E+00

t>
O
HO
1-3
O
-------
                                                        TiMe 2-236. latikeofHoacpcxxSucodPorfcfe/kg-diy)
K>
r«frtKJ»i N M
Creep witi imtd
T»Ul
Ap
01-02
03-05
06-11
12- 19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Smon
Fill
Spring
Simmer
Winter
Urbiolulion
Ccotril Cltj
Nonmetropoitao
Surburbin
Rice
White
Region
Mldwett
Northeiit
South
Wot
Reipooie to Qaeitiooaaire
Do you riiie inimili?
Do you firm? ,
1732000

3SCOO
26000
129000
291000
511000
557000
110)00

362000
547000
379000
444000

90000
1178000
464000

1732000

844000
97000
554000
237000

1428000
1218000
121

5
3
11
20
32
31
12

13
59
15
34

2
77
42

121

64
5
32
20

100
82
Mm
U3B+00

2.10B+00
2J2B+00
UIB+00
U8E+00
UIB+00
UJ2B+00
UHB+00

I.41B+00
1.136+00
9.93B-01
1.40B+00

8.71B-01
U9E+00
8.77E-01

U3B+00

I.06B+00
2.22B+00
1.35B+00
1.15B+00

134B+00
UOB+00
SB
IJJSB-M

4.17B-03
5.71B-03
3J07B-03
2J1B-03
1.43E-03
9.51B-04
3^tB-03

1J2B-03
1J4B-03
1.13B-03
2JMB-03

1.09B-03
1.06B-03
1.14B-03

8J05E-04

1.04B-03
4J2B-03
1.11B-03
2J4B-03

8J5B-04
9.14E-04
M
9.26E-02

IJWBtOO
M6B+00
5J03B-01
3J05B-01
1.11B-01
1.19B-01
9J6B-02

4JWB-01
1.11B-01
9J6B-02
U6B-01

5.43E-01
9I6B-02
1.11B-01

9J6E-02

9I6E-02
6.46B-01
1J1B-01
U6B-01

U6B-01
U6B-01
PI
936B-02

IWBtOO
1.46B+00
5J03B-01
3JJ5B-01
1.11B-01
1.19B-01
OJ6B-02

40)96-01
1.11B-01
9.26B-02
U6B-01

5.43B-01
9J6B-02
1.11B-01

9.26E-02

9J6B-02
6.46B-01
U1E-01
U6B-01

1.40B-01
2.15E-01
rs
I.40B-01

ljMB+00
1.46B+00
5J03B-01
3J3B-01
2J3B-01
U1B-01
9J6B-02

4WB-01
1.40B-01
9I6B-02
2J8B-01

5.43B-01
2.15B-01
1.19E-01

1.40B-01

1.19B-01
6.46E-01
2.58B-01
3J3B-01

3J3E-01
3.42B-01
HO
3.05E-01

1JMB+00
1.46B+00
5J9E-01
3J7B-01
4J9B-01
2J2B-01
9J6B-02

5A5B-01
2.22B-01
U5B-01
3.77B-01

5.43B-01
4JJ5B-01
1J1B-01

3J)5B-01

2.13B-01
6.46B-01
3J7B-01
3.77B-01

4.05B-01
4.08B-01
W
5.4IB-01

1.47B+00
I.46BiOO
9JOE-01
5J4B-01
5J2B-01
4J05B-01
li5B-01

6.46B-01
3J2B-01
5J4B-01
5JJ3B-01

5.43B-01
6.17B-01
3J1B-01

5.41B-01

5B2E-01
6.46B-01
8.11B-01
4.40B-01

5J9E-01
5.85E-01
FSO
8.96E-01

2J)5BiM
2/IB+OO
U6B+00
8J5B-01
7J9B-01
8.11B-01
8.74B-01

U6B+00
8.96B-01
7.17B-01
U3B-01

B.71B-01
9.66B-01
5J9B-01

8.96B-01

6.72B-01
2J1B+00
U6B+00
7J9B-01

9A5B-01
9J4B-01
f75
L71B+00

2.45B+00
3^IBtOO
2.73B+M
1.75B+00
1.43B+00
1.71B+00
9JMB-01

1JS9B+00
130B+00
1.71B+00
2J1B+00

UOBtOO
1.75B+00
1.10B+00

1.71B+00

UOBtOO
3.16B+00
1.75B+00
l.lOBtOO

1.75B+00
1.71B+00
no
2.73B+00

3J7B+00
3JMB+00
328B+00
3^9B+00
2.90BiOO
1.78B+00
2J9B+00

3J8B+00
2J58B+00
1.78B+00
3JJ8B+00

UOB+00
3.16B+00
2J8B+00

2.73B+00

2.68B+00
4J3B+00
2.44B+00
1.75B+00

2.90B+00
3.08B+00
US
3J7B+00

3J7B+00
3MB+00
3J3B+00
3J9B+00
3J08B+00
2i»B+00
445B+00

3JS9B+00
3.6SB+00
2.44B+00
4.93B+00

UOB+00
3JS9B+00
2.73B+00

3J7B+00

3J7B+00
4J93B+00
3J08B+00
2.73B+00

3J7B+00
3JS9B+00
N9
4.93B+00

3J7B+00
3JMB+00
3.73B+00
4J9B+00
4.93B+00
3.16B+00
7.41B+00

3JS9B+00
4J9B+00
2.44B+00
7.4IB+00

UOB+00
4J3B+00
2.90B+00

4J3B+00

3JS9B+00
453B+00
4J9B+00
7.4 IB +00

4J9B+00
4.93B+00
PMO
7.41B+00

3J7B+00
3JS8B+00
3.73B+00
4J9B+00
4J93B+00
3.16B+00
7.41B+00

3.69B+00
4J9B+00
2.44B+00
7.41B+00

UOB+00
7.41B+00
2.90B+00

7.41B+00

3.73B+00
4.93B+00
4.29B+00
7.41B+00

4.93B+00
4J3B+00
                                                                                                                                          C3
                                                                                                                                       fS
                                                                                                                                          O 1-3
-------
                                                                        Table 2-237.  Intake of Homeptoduced Poultry (g/kg-day)
N)
Populition
Group
Total
Age
<01
01-02
OJ-OS
06-11
12- B
20-39
40-0
70 +
Seaton
Fill
Spring
Sufaffler
Winter
Urbanization
Central City
Nosaetropoitia
Surburban
Race
Black
White
Region
Midwtit
North cait
Soutk
W«t
Reiponie to Qseitionnaire
Do you raiie inimtli?
Do you farm?
N
wad
1816000

34000
91000
70000
20X00
194000
574000
568000
80000

562000
)74000
112000
56SC03

230000
997000
189000

44000
1772000

765000
£4000
£54000
333000

1333000
917000
N
••Kid.
10J

2
S
$
12
12
3!
30
3

23
34
11
37

8
56
41

2
103

41
4
38
22

81
59
Meu
1J7B+00

2.44B+00
3.I5B+00
3JJ1E+00
1.76B+00
U8B+00
I.17B+00
1 JIB* 00
1.89B+00

L8B+00
IJ7E+00
1J6B+W
U5B+M ,

1-04B+00
1.4SB+W
1.94 E tOO

1.43B+00
1J7B+00

I.50B+00
1.92E+00
U7B+00
124E+00

1.58B+00
U4B+00
SB
8.72E-04

1.49B-02
2.62B-03
3.49B-03
U9B-03
144B-03
1.11B-03
1.76E-03
2.12E-04

1.12B-03
2^6E-03
1J5B-03
U 1B-03

1.37B-03
9J8B-04
1.92B-03

W3B-03
8.90E-04

1.02B-03
3^2B-03
1.91E-03
1.46B-03

9.21E-04
1.44B-03
PO
1.73B-01

4.07B-01
2.45E+00
1.72B+00
4JOB-01
228B-01
1.73E-01
1.9SE-01
U3E+00

4.07E-01
1.73B-01
4.0IE-01
1.9SB-0!

4.60B-01
1.73B-01
2HE-01

7J1B-01
1.73E-01

4.07B-01
7.09B-01
I.73E-01
2j67E-01

1.73E-01
1.73B-01
PI
1.95B-01

4.07B-01
2.45EiCO
1.72E+00
4JOE-01
2J8B-01
1.7JB-01
1.95B-01
U3E+00

4WE-01
1.73E-01
4.02B-01
1.95B-01

4.SOE-01
I.95B-01
238B-01

7.51B-01
1.95E-01

4JJ7B-01
7.09B-01
1.73B-01
2^7B-OI

2.2SB-01
1.95E-01
PS
3.03B-01

4.07B-01
2.45E+00
1.72E+00
iSJB-01
2J8B-01
4JJ2B-01
L97E-01
U3E+00

4.18B-01
2^«B-OI
4JJ2B-01
157B-01

4.60E-01
2^2E-01
2^76-01

7.S1B-OI
3.03E-01

4.18B-01
7.09E-01
157B-01
247B-OI

4.07E-01
278B-01
no
4.18E-01

4.07E-01
2.45B+00
1.72B+00
SJSB-01
4.UB-01
4D2E-01
1031-01
1.83B+00

4JOB-01
W3B-OI
4J12B-01
4J3B-01

4iOE-01
4JJ7B-01
4J3E-01

7J1B-01
4.18E-01

5J7E-01
7.09B-01
3J13E-01
4J7E-01

4.72E-01
3JJ3E-01
P2S
6.37B-01

4.07E-01
2.63E+00
2J5E+00
1.19B+00
6JJ7B-01
5J7B-01
4.91B-01
U3B+00

8.11E-01
5J2B-OI
S.72B-OI
S.95B-01

4.72B-01
6.72E-01
6J4E-01

7J1B-01
6J4E-01

9.79B-01
1.04E + 00
4iOB-01
5j60B-01

7,096-01
5.95E-01
PSO
U3B+00

4.07B-01
2.71B+00
2.9SB
-------
to
in
Ji*0)O4-.£Jt* JfT^'"= •** ra»lr»^m»IT«-r^l ^^J;- 1J f^^Jf
Nftlidoi
Tot«l
Aje

01-02
OJ-05
06-11
G-B
20-39
40-6?
70 +
Seuoni
Fill
Sprlnj
Sunnier
Winter
Urhiolziiion
Central City
Nonmetropoitin
Snrbnrbu
RKC
BlKk
White
Rejlon
Mldwnt
Northeut
Sonth
Wat
Reipogieto Queitionntlre
Do yon raiie uimili?
Doyonhrn?
N
2075000

20COO
21000
20000
170000
163000
474000
718000
419000

542000
460000
723000
350000

251000
1076000
748000

63000
2012000

665000
87000
823000
500000

1824000
741000
H
•ntU
124

2
3
2
12
14
30
43
18

18
54
26
2«

9
65
50

9
115

37
7
44
36

113
44
Ueu
7JIB-01

M2B+00
5.70B+00
238B+00
U2EtOO
6DOB-01
4J2B-01
5J1B-01
3.63B-01

4.72B-01
UIB+00
4J6B-01
8.60B-01

3J3B-01
7J4B-01
8.S4B-01

4.20B-01
7.41B-01

753B-01
UHB+00
5J36B-OI
9JMB-01

7.46B-01
858B-01
SB
7J4B-04

4A9B-02
2.25B-02
Sj»7B-03
L09B-03
7JOB-04
7J4B-04
4.47B-04
4.27B-04

5JJ7B-04
3.12B-03
4J8B-04
S.19B-04

3.74B-04
938B-04
W2B-03

1J4B-03
7JJ7B-04

1.46B-03
239B-03
4.73B-04
2J3B-03

8.74E-04
U1B-03
re
7.ME-62

lj(9B+00
U4B+00
U2B+00
5.70B-01
1JMB-01
7.16B-02
U7B-01
1JOB-01

U2B-01
U7B-01
7.16B-02
L67B-01

U5B-01
7.16B-02
U7B-01

1J7B-01
7.16B-02

7.16B-02
1.75B-01
1J2B-01
1J57B-01

7.16B-02
1.52B-01
n
7.WB-02

149B+00
U4B+00
U2EtOO
5.70B-01
\S6Z~Ol
7.16B-02
U7B-01
1JOB-01

U2B-01
157B-01
7.16B-02
L67B-01

W5B-01
7.16B-02
U7B-01

157B-01
7.16B-02

7.16B-02
1.75B-01
1J2B-01
W7B-01

7.16B-02
U2B-01
F5
1JOB-01

1*38+00
L34B+00
U2B+00
6JOB-01
1J96B-01
7.16B-02
1.41B-01
1J7B-01

U2B-01
335B-01
U7B-01
1.75B-01

WSB-01
1.41B-01
130B-01

1J7B-01
130E-01

U7B-01
1.75B-01
1.77B-01
2J06B-01

130B-01
U5B-01
no
U5E-01

lj69E+00
U4B+00
U2B+00
6JOB-01
I.96B-01
2.15B-01
U2B-01
L65B-01

U5B-01
354B-01
1.41B-01
2.15B-01

1.65B-01
U7B-01
2J06B-01

U7B-01
1.75B-01

1.41B-01
U8B-01
1J6E-01
2JJ8E-01

1.65B-01
1.77B-01
ns
Z6IB-01

l*3BtOO
IJMBtOO
1.62B+00
1.1IB+00
4.11B-01
3DOB-01
3.17B-01
2JMB-01

2J08B-01
5JJ2B-01
2^0B-01
4J03B-01

2.17B-01
2ME-01
3JOB-01

2J1E-01
2.68B-01

2.17B-01
6.53B-01
2.60B-01
4J58B-01

2.S6E-01
2.72B-01
F50
4MB-01

U9B+00
6.S8B+00
U2B+00
1.19B+00
5.75B-01
4.16B-01
5.14B-01
2.60B-01

2.72B-01
6J56B-01
JJ2B-01
7J1B-01

339B-01
4.74B-01
5J8B-01

3J7B-01
4J2B-01

3J9B-01
8.14B-01
3A3B-01
6.66B-01

4J2B-01
6.66E-01
P75
9J02B-01

USBtOl
9.UB+00
336B+00
USSBtOO
6.91B-01
8.14B-01
8.44B-01
3J2B-01

I.HB-01
UIB+00
5X1B-01
1.17B+00

3J9B-01
9.16B-01
1.17B+00

4J07B-01
9.03B-01

UBB+OO
8JOB-01
555B-01
WSBtOO

9JJ2B-01
1.19B+00
no
U«B+00

USBtOl
9.16B+00
336B+00
1J5B+00
1JHB+00
U2B+00
UOB+00
1J05B+00

WSBtOO
2.10B+00
U6B+00
L62B+00

7.45B-01
IJMBtOO
U6B+00

IJMBtOO
U6B+00

UIB+00
2D7B+00
1.18B+00
U6E+00

IJMBtOO
L65BtOO
MS
IMBtOO

U5B+01
9.16B+00
3J26B+00
ZJ07B+00
IJMBtOO
1.93B+00
IJWBtOO
102B+00

!J2BtOO
3J26B+00
UIB+00
1J3B+00

7J7B-01
USB tOO
USB+00

U4B+00
1.69B+00

2.10B+00
3J26B+00
U2B+00
U6B+00

USB+00
U5B+00
nt
6J1B+00

USBtOl
9.16B+00
336B+00
122B+00
1.49B+00
2JOBtOO
IJMBtOO
U2B+00

U3B+00
USBtOl
USSBtOO
1.93B+00

7J7B-01
6J8B+00
USBtOl

IJMBtOO
6J8B+00

9.16B+00
3J6B+00
1J3B+00
USBtOl

6.5SB+00
6J58BtOO
FWO
USBtOl

USBtOl
9.16B+00
3J6B+00
202BtOO
1.49B+W
2JOB+00
USB+W
IJZJBtOO

U3B+00
USBtOl
USBtOO
1.93B+00

7J7B-01
9.16B+00
USBtOl

U4E+00
USBtOl

9.16E+00
3J26B+00
1.93E+00
U5B+01

USBtOl
9.16E+00
                                                                                                                                                                     W
                                                                                                                                                                     O
-------
                                                                      Table 2-239. Intake of Homegrown Exposed VegeUblei (g/kg-4ay)
10
8
fopulaen N
Group visfrj
Total 28762000
Age
<01 334MO
01-02 815030
03-05 1069000
06-11 2454000
12-19 2611000
20-39 6969000
40-69 10993000
70+ 3517000
Season
Pal 8865000
Sprhg 4863000
Summer 10151000
Wnttr 4883000
Urbanization
CmtralCity 4859000
NcnmSropolitTi 11577000
Surteten 12266000
Race
Asan 155000
Back 1713000
Native Amcncm 28000
Qhcr/NA 255000
Wiite 26551000
Recjoo
MUwot lOWMOO
Naflheat 4050000
South 9238000
West 5012000
Respon te to Qu«bcrmaire
Ebjoupnloi? 25737000
DopiUnn? 3596000






N
unwjjd
1511

17
43
62
134
143
348
579
185

314
487
34t
362

173
711
625

7
100
1
15
1386

570
191
503
245

1361
207







Men
15ZE+00

S.75E+00
3.4SE-MM
1.74E+00
139E+00
1WE+00
1D5E+00
1.6GE+00
148E+00

UlE+flO
1.14E+00
2J03E+00
UlE+flO

1.11E+00
1.87E+00
135E+00

im-W
123E+00
5j05E-01
2.87E+00
153E+00

1.48E+00
14Z+00
lJ5E+flO
143E+00

1J5E+00
2.17E+00







SB
349E-04

7J9E-03
3.73E-03
148E-03
1.305-03
6.98E-04
5.75E-04
6.04E-04
8.80E-04

5.83E-04
635E-04
7.4CE-04
8J8E-04

6.12E-04
6«E-04.
5jOCE-04

6J56E-03
9.72E-04
O.OOE+00
341E-03
3S1E-04

6JSE-04
122E-03
5.75E-04
743E-04

359E-04
122B-03







TO H PS F10 P25 P50 P7S P90 P95 P99 HOO
OJXB+00 3J5E-03 9J5E-02 1.72E-01 3.95E-01 8j6(E-01 1J3E+W 355E+00 5J2E+00 1J03E+01 2S6E+01

2*5E-01 2.9TE-01 2S7B-01 8.05E-01 2.81E+00 429E+00 WB+Ol 1.19E+01 122E+01 W9E+01 U9E+01
228B-02 226E-02 2SE-01 834E-01 12(E+flO 1J9E+00 423B+00 1WE+01 1.19E+01 1J1E+01 U1E+01
O.OtE+00 0.0(6+00 723E-03 4.85E-02 5.79E-01 l.KE+00 2J3B+00 347E+00 629E+00 73«E+00 8J6E+00
O.OOE+00 0/XE+OO 4A4E-02 9.42B-OI 3.12B-01 6.43E-01 1,605+00 322E+00 547E+00 133E+01 U3E+01
O.OOE+00 0«E+flO 252E-02 1.42E-01 3WE-01 6.56E-01 1AE+00 23JE+00 3.78E+00 Sj67E+00 547B+00
l^OE-03 82CE-03 6J«E-02 1.17E-01 2.55E-01 558S-01 124E+00 2J3E+00 332E+00 757E+00 2D6E+01
O.OOE+00 325E-03 1.41E-01 2.44E-01 4.796-01 9J1E-01 1.92E+00 359E+00 522E+00 859E+00 15CE+01
423E-03 521E-03 1.51E-01 2J9E-01 522E-01 U3E+00 238E+00 4JJ8E+00 456E+00 6S«E+00 UB2E+01

O.OOE+00 S24E-02 U1E-01 1.80E-01 333E-01 6.49E-01 156E+00 3.13E+00 4.45E+00 852E+00 122B+01
OflE+00 2J5E-03 453E-02 1J3E-01 3J8B-01 6JS5-01 139E+00 2.7«+00 4fl2E+00 751E+00 103E+01
OJXE+00 2.17E-03 1J3E-01 2XJ4E-01 6OTB-01 13CE+00 2J2E+W 4328+00 635E+00 U7E+01 1SCE+01
OfflE+00 423E-03 228E-02 137E-01 3.7iE-01 6-67E-01 142E+O) 2.76E+00 349E+00 8«E-M» 2flffi+01

0«E+00 ljOB-02 6J04E-02 8/BE-02 2J3B-01 7A1E-01 1,43E+
-------
                                                                   Table 2-240. loUioof HomcrrownProtoclad VefeliblciCf/lt-diy)
s
Group w*d
Total 1142MOO
Age
<01 191000
01-02 348000
03-05 440000
06-11 1052000
12-19 910000
20-39 322TOO
40-69 3818000
704- 1442000
Seaxn
Pal 390X00
Sprhg 2086000
Sinner 3559000
Water 1870)00
Urbanization
CmtralCity 1342000
NbrawUDpolta 5934000
Suttetai 4152000
Race
Aim 29000
Bade 479000
Oher/NA 84000
V*ilr 10836000
Region
Mii«e« 4359000
Northeat 807000
South , 4449000
Wet 1813000
Reroute to Questionnaire
D>yugsdm7 10285000
Doyufitm? 232SWO


N
imgd
656
10
21
32
63
51
164
226
89
143
236
118
159
49
391
216
1
27
3
625
273
48
253
82
£02
142


Mem
1J01E-WO
M1E400
130E-WO
UOE400
7.76E-01
930B-01
8.51E-01
7J02E-01
140E400
930E-01
9«E-01
IXTTE-fOO
l.SiE-01
1.SOEWO
327E-01
9S3E-01
7J01E-01
lJOSE+00
957E-01
1J01B400
130B4W


SB
3J7S-04
317B-03
341B-03
Ut2E-03
1JOC-03
6.52B-04
43E-04
5«E-04
127E-03
425E-04
4.74E-04
839E-04
7«B-04
9.10E-04
5JflE-04
5.7Z-04
O.CCE+00
149E-03
652E-05
3JIMB-04
5«E-04
fiS3E-04
S40B-04
3*2E-04
U3B-03


PO PI PS F10 P2S P» P75 P90 »5 P99 PICO
142E-02 lfflE-01 154E-01 1545-01 322E-01 625EH31 120B400 224E+05 3JS5B400 &49S400 942B400
M9E400 U9E400 U9E400 1&E400 2578400 2J3E400 4,7!E-fOO 4S5&400 5.73E400 63E+00 $393400
31SE-01 3J5E-01 3.15E-01 S38E-01 1J6E-KO 154E+CO I96E4DO 3AB400 942E400 94S400 9^2E-HM
«3B-01 233E-01 233B-01 322E-01 4JOE-01 1J04E400 14JE400 t51B4« S10E400 $316400 S3B400
1.18E-01 1J9E-01 2JME-01 3JSE-01 3£7E-01 751E-01 U1E+00 2J.4E+00 31ZE400 540E400 540E400
5ASE-02 5^8B-02 lj51E-01 239B-01 354E-01 5-CE-01 S24E-01 1JSB400 220E400 2j69B400 2JKG+00
14E-W U3B-01 1J2E-01 1.71B-01 241E-01 5«E-« 9j^-« 1.73E400 2J1E400 3£3E4«0 4.7«4«
6.7tE-02 6-87E-02 13X-01 1&E-01 3J(E-01 6U3E-01 111E+00 UB400 3J34E+00 6J4E400 744E400
820E-02 U9E-01 2JOE-01 242E-01 35E-01 5.72E-01 121E400 1.KE400 3fl5B400 9i3B400 923E400
U3E-01 1J9B-01 Ij6ffi-01 2J84E-01 322B-01 Sj6JE-01 UOE400 1,73B4«) 251E400 4.7E400 S3BS400
U2E-02 5«E-02 135E-01 1.70E-01 2J54E-01 450E-01 9D8E-01 144E400 1&E400 3.74E400 5.73B400
6^7E-02 1J03E-01 1.77E-01 233E-01 3.81E-01 7J1E-01 U59E-K» 3J05B400 540E400 923E+00 942E400
U09E-01 UB-01 14Z-01 1S2E-01 3J2E-01 «*1B-01 120E400 232E400 3*E4O! 4.76E400 6JSE400
102E-01 1J9B-01 153E-01 ljS7E-01 318E-01 721E-01 118E400 23SB400 t83E400 4.78B400 4.78E+00
5J8E-02 114E-01 1«E-01 2.14E-01 353E-01 <4«B-01 130E400 2J1B400 3JSE400 6«E«0 942E400
M2E-02 6m-n 1JOB-01 UaE-01 254E-01 544E-01 11X400 1AE-HW 2£IE400 649E400 923B400
1J3E-01 U1B-01 Uffl-01 1A1E-01 U1E-01 LI1E-01 1J1B-01 liffi-«l Wffl-01 U1E-01 Wffi-W
1JS2E-01 ljQB-01 2WE-01 331E-01 8«E-01 93SB-01 2iCE-HM 3XIS+00 313E+00 455E-HX) 4ME400
309E-01 3WB-01 3JME-01 3JBB-01 3JB9B-01 3J5B-01 354E-« 354E-01 3J4E-01 354E-01 3JC-01
142E-02 1.03E-01 153E-01 192E-01 321E-01 6JOE-01 120E400 2J7E+00 3XME400 (49E400 942E4QO
845E-02 U3E-01 1.71E-01 231E-01 3KE-01 5.72E-01 ljOS+00 24£400 3£8E400 6J4E400 744E400
$J8E-
-------
                                                                      Table 2-241. Intake of Homegrown Root Vegetables (g/kg-day)
s
o\
oo
Population N N
Group »Ktd unwtd Mean
Total 13750000 743 1.16E+00
Age
<01 167000 8 4.77E+00
01-02 371000 22 252E+00
03-05 390000 23 128E+00
06-11 1106000 67 132E+00
12-19 1465000 76 937E-01
20-39 3252000 164 8.74E-01
40-69 4903000 276 1.13E+00
70+ 2096000 107 122E+00
Season
Fal 4026000 153 U2E+00
.Sprhg 2552000 260 6XJE-01
Summer 5011000 169 1.19E+00
Wnter 2161000 161 U7E+00
Urbanization
CaitralCity 2385000 96 749E-01
Nonmdtopolitai 6094000 366 W3E+00
Surturban 5211000 279 1.06E+00
Race
Asian 83000 3 5.97E-01
Back 521000 31 8.83E-01
NatnreAmericai 28000 1 1.76E-01
Qher/NA 197000 9 1.69E+00
Wiile 12861000 697 1.18E+00
Region
Midwest 5572000 314 U1E+00
Northeast 1721000 92 838E-01
South 3842000 205 138E+00
West 2555000 130 7.6&E-01
Response to Questionnaire
Dbjougardm? 12578000 682 1.15E+00
Dbjoulartn? 2367000 136 139E+00
SE
429E-04
123E-02
4.70E-03
249E-03
1.67E-03
859E-04
525E-04
7.40E-04
728E-04
9.43E-04
6.13E-04
6.97E-04
1.03E-03
533E-04
7.60E-04
631E-04
1.82E-03
3.03E-03
O.OOE+00
233E-03
4.39E-04
7J6E-04
753E-04
1XHE-03
458E-04
421E-04
953E-04
PO
O.OOE+00
U4E-01
1.66E-01
OflE+00
O.OOE+00
5X)1E-03
853E-03
2J06E-03
534E-03
337E-02
2.06E-03
O.OOE+00
303E-03
1.02E-02
227E-03
2J06E-03
4.18E-02
4.72E-03
1.76E-01
5XHE-03
2J06E-03
1.73E-02
206E-03
3.02E-03
227E-03
OOE+00
7J07E-02
PI
4.72E-03
U4E-01
1J66E-01
OjOOE+00
O.OOE+00
759E-03
121E-02
334E-03
1.73E-02
5J5E-02
334E-03
O.OOE+00
323E-03
2j68E-02
857E-03
3.73E-03
4J8E-02
4.72E-03
1.76E-01
5X)1E-03
7.79E-03
337E-02
323E-03
UOE-02
4.72E-03
4.79E-03
U1E-01
P5
3AC-02
1.14E-01
1AE-01
O.OOE+00
139E-02
8JOOE-03
53SE-02
329E-02
2.90E-02
138E-01
1.73E-02
4.76E-02
857E-03
3.90E-02
6J7E-02
121E-02
4.18E-02
928E-03
1.76E-01
2.03E-01
458E-02
7/ME-02
7.79E-03
535E-02
224E-02
3*E-02
158E-01
P10
1J2E-01
6^9E-01
2.19E-01
U7E-01
3j$4E-02
6.84E-02
953E-02
U7E-01
lj69E-01
1.72E-01
3AOE-02
132E-01
434E-02
U3E-01
129E-01
7J7E-02
4J8E-02
3«E-02
1.76E-01
2.70E-01
129E-01
lj66E-01
8j69E-03
132E-01
U4E-01
U7E-01
1*E-01
P25
251E-01
U8E+00
359E-01
225E-01
232E-01
2j69E-01
2XKE-01
251E-01
3.76E-01
3J09E-01
1>ME-01
2.77E-01
23SE-01
223E-01
2.78E-01
2J2E-01
U7E-01
8.82E-02
1.76E-01
352E-01
2j61E-01
2j69S-01
U3E-01
2.77B-01
2J8E-01
258E-01
3j65E-01
P50
6j66E-01
l^OE+00
920E-01
4j62E-01
523E-01
5j65E-01
5j«4E-01
6.75E-01
851E-01
920E-01
365E-01
726E-01
557E-01
426E-01
758E-01
734E-01
M7E-01
5.42E-01
1.76E-01
1.71E+00
6XK-01
13K-01
4^1E-01
650E-01
5.70E-01
6.74E-01
8J3E-01
P75
M7E+00
1J9E+01
3j67E+00
lJSSE+00
lj62E+00
157E+00
124E+00
127E+00
1.71E+00
lj67E+00
7«E-01
151E+00
1J6E+00
9J6E-01
1J5E+00
U9E+00
1.18E+00
7J65E-01
1.76E-01
245E+00
1JOE+00
1J67E+00
1.18E+00
1.70E+00
9.77E-01
1JOE+00
1.85E+00
P90
2J1E+00
123E+01
725E+00
426E+00
3J3E+00
226E+00
2J1E+00
2.74E+00
2.86E+00
326E+00
lj69E+00
2.74E+00
3JME+00
151E+00
332E+00
234E+00
U8E+00
1J06E+00
1.76E-01
352E+00
2J2E+00
323E+00
2J05E+00
332E+00
1«E+00
2^1E+00
3J1E+00
P95
3.71E+00
123E+01
1XME+01
4.73E+00
559E+00
332E+00
3J38E+00
356E+00
321E+00
3A5E+00
2JOE+00
3j64E+00
4J4E+00
2.70E+00
424E+00
326E+00
U8E+00
1I5E+00
1.76E-01
332E+00
3.72E+00
426E+00
2.77B+00
3J3E+00
2.45E+00
344E+00
458E+00

P99 P100
952E+00 128E401
123E+01 123E+01
1XME+01 1WE+01
4.73E+00 4.73E+00
7A7E+00 7A7E+00
5J3E+00 5.13E+00
4j$4E+00 603E+00
952E+00 128E+01
4.01E+00 4.77E+00
123E+01 12E+01
424E+00 749E+00
1XME+01 1.19E+01
621E+00 U3E+01
356E+00 353E+00
U3E+01 128E+01
629E+00 1.19E+01
1.18E+00 U8E+00
123E+01 123E+01
1.76E-01 1.76E-01
332E+00 332E+00
952E+00 128E+01
IXME+Ol U9E+01
4.7JE+00 603E+00
123E+01 128E+01
3.72E+00 3.72E+00
7.47E+00 128E+01
747E+00 7ME+00

0
& °
1-3
0
-------
Tible 2-242. fctito of Homejroura Expo»ed Ftaiu (f/kj-diy)
fbpulaco
Group
IbUl
<*01
01-02
OS-OS
<*-!!
12-19
20-39
40-69
70 +
Seam
Pal
Sprfag
Summer
Wiiter
UrbHiizatico
Central City
Noc metropolitan
Stithvbaa
Race
lack
Ofaer/NA
Wiite
Reg on
Mitae*
North eat
Sou*
Wot
N
11730000
105000
306000
470000
915000
896000
2521000
4272000
2285000

2877000
2466000
3588X10
2839000

2552000
3891000
S2S7000

250000
49000
11411000

4429000
1219000
2532000
3530000
N
679
8
19
30
68
50
139
247
118

100
265
122
192

99
269
309

12
2
£63

293
69
141
174
Mean
U5B+00
349E+00
4 OH +00
240E400
2J2B+00
133B400

125E400
139E400

137E+00
M5E+00
1.75E400
127B+00

134B400
1.78B+00
136S400

144E+00
5X5E-01
1.51E+00

1&E+00
7J5B-01
U1E+00
liME+00
SE
6478-04
S28B-03
J28E-03
622E-03
3j65E-03
1.54E-03
lflTE-03
839E-04
8336-04

6.KE-W
1J7E-03
1.46E-03
8.72E-04

U3S-03
139E-03
&89E-04

1.41E-03
1ME-03
&35E-04

USE-03
8J5E-04
U7E-03
UXE-03
n
OJXE-HXt
S2€-01
UC400
QjOOB+00
OJXE-tOO
8X6E-02
5«E-02
W2E-02
415E-02

2SE-01
6m-m
OJOOB400
242E-02

4J5E-02
242B-02
345B-02

138E-01
4MB-01
2j6X-02

2fiE-W
8AB-02
345E-02
7J4E-02
PI
44JE-02
S24E-01
nc+oo
OJXE+00
OXIOE400
8.46E-C2
753E-02
6.4
-------
Table 2-243. Intake of Homegrown Protected Fniits (g/kg-day)
fcpulaion N N
Group wgtd unwEtd Men
Total 3855000 173 S.74E+00
Age
<01 80009 3 1J6E+01
01-02 79000 5 243E+Q1
03-05 80000 4 127E+01
06-11 181000 9 8A5E+00
12-19 377000 20 25tE+00
20-39 755000 29 45IE+00
40-69 1702000 77 S45E+00
70+ 601000 26 4.44E+00
Seam
Pal 394000 12 2.4ffi+00
Sprhg 497000 36 2JJ8E+00
Summer 1425000 47 7J9E+00
r Whter 1539000 78 M4E+00
Urbanization
CmlndCity 1312000 SO 3*E+W
Nonmanpolkai 506000 19 &MB+00
Surfurfaai 2037000 104 6.83E+00
Race
Bade 200000 8 173E+00
White 3655000 165 S31E+00
MHvwa 657000 24 lJOTE+01
Nmtheat 105000 5 2J7E+00
Sou* 1805000 74 4.77E+00
• West 1288000 79 4.8SE+00
Retponte to Questionnaire
DOjougsrfm? 3360000 146 S3CE+00
Dojwufcrm? 357000 14 U1E+00
SB
4J9E-03
1S4B-02
738E-02
61SE-02
255E-02
723E-03
6.72B-03
43CE-03
256E-03
833E-03
lJ3B-«2
6.7DB-03
120E-02
157E-02
9.76E-«3
$£E-03
459E-03
141B-03
ro
1J2E-01
5388+00
9JB8E-01
1.86E+00
4.S2E-01
U7E-01
141E-01
1J2E-01
2J2E-01
1.60E-01
1J2E-01
1J7E-01
ijoee+oo
U2B-01
4JE-01
142E-01
253B-01
3.78B-01
1J7E-01
1J2B-01
1J2E-01
142E-01
n
1SE-01
9«E-01
1AE+00
452E-01
U7E-01
1«1E-01
1J2E-01
2428-01
1AE-01
1J2E-01
1JE-01
UXSE+00
142E-01
4JE-01
U7E-01
2J3E-01
3.78B-01
1AE-01
142E-01
U7E-01
PS
2.66E-01
53SE+00
9WE-01
4^2E-01
140E-01
342B-01
24C-01
2j62E-01
2iS2B-01
2J66E-01
3JBE-01
2j62B-01
1ME+00
2J3E-01
4JE-01
2£2B-01
242E-01
3.7E-01
3j64E-01
1«E-«1
2*56-01
112E-01
no
335E-01
538E+00
9«E-01
1.86E+00
452E-01
2^3E-01
4«5E-01
2.85E-01
2«5E-01
2JZ-01
3S3B-01
3.7«E-01
333E-01
U8E+00
2S2B-01
4JOE-01
333E-01
2.85E-01
3.78E-01
43CE-01
33
-------
                                                             Tibfe 2-244. lauke of Homegrown Dtrfc Omen Vej«*Wo« 

k
-4
Rjputata N N
ORUP *EUJ umtfd Mem
Tbtit 8855000 421 Mffi-01
Age
<01 56003 3 2J1E400
01-02 19X00 8 4.84E-01
03-05 226000 12 1.7SB-01
06-11 826000 39 3JME-01
12-19 628000 32 410E-01
20-39 1976000 87 33CB-01
40-69 3710000 184 401E-01
704- 1253000 63 4J08E-01
Seam
Pal 2683000 88 4.4LE-01
Spctog 1251000 127 SJSE-01
Sunnier 3580000 124 U9E-01
Whter 1341000 89 t72E-01
UrbsDoafai
CnitraiCity 1298000 48 2j69E-01
Noomdropoltai 3218000 167 331E-01
Surtucbai 4279000 211 4.7SE-01
Race
Mm 74000 2 2J01E+00
Bade 724000 49 U04E+00
Qher/NA 34000 2 237B-01
White 7963000 373 321E-01
Region
MUwot '2668000 121 241E-Q1
Nottheat 1554000 76 &MB-01
South , 2945000 148 4.78E-01
Wet 1628000 81 318E-01
Retnoteto QuBtioraialrc
DOjougKden? 8521000 412 355E-C1
DOjouten? 1450000 66 3.8CE-01
SB
M5E-04
452E-03
liffi-03
4J68E-04
356E-04
1.05E-03
4XME-04
2.98E-04
SJ6E-04
42Z-04
756E-04
242E-04
3J9E-04
224E-04
2JJE-04
357B-04
558E-03
1-48E-03
659E-04
1JOE-04
238E-04
639B-04
5J1E-04
2.11E-04
4.10E-04
n
ODCE-HM
3.44B-01
2j01E-02
OJOOE400
OXXE+00
452E-03
1J63E-03
ODOE-HIO
254E-03
1J01E-02
1£2E-03
OJOOE-KH
OJOOE400
2J4B-03
OAE-fOO
W2B-03
452E-01
OJOOE400
4.92E-03
lj(S2E-03
2JOB-03
OflE+00
143E-03
O.OOE440
O.OOE+00
W
2J01E-03
2J01B-02
OXXE+OO
452E-03
221E-03
225E-03
WIE-ffi
W3E-03
OXIOB-HIO
2J01B-03
2J4E-03
22E-03
22SB-03
452E-01
O.OOE400
452E-03
225E-03
I.84E-03
2J7E-03
225B-03
U3E-03
142E-03
K
42SB-03
3/I4E-01
2J01E-02
OJXE-KO
634E-03
538E-03
3.74B-03
423E-03
4.46E-02
3«E-03
3S7E-03
4.7ffi-03
4j67E-03
521E-03
452E-01
452E-03
4j67E-03
4.77E-03
337E-03
423E-03
4j67E-03
BO
ism-m,
3XXE-01
OJXE-MB
M2B-02
6&SE-03
lJOOE-02
2JSOE-02
Sj6SE-03
8.70E-02
S.T2E-03
S21E-03
im-m
1.70E-02
2J5E-02
452E-01
U3B-01
452E-03
1J01E-02
62«E-03
423E-03
923E-I2
634E-03
W5E-02
53E-03
P25
8JOB-02
235E-HU
WJ5E-01
654E-03
9JOOE-02
Sj62E-02
8.70E-02
8J9E-02
UOB-01
UZ-01
IjOlB-fll
sm-m
230B-K
6£6B-02
922B-OZ
452E-01
221E-01
3«E-01
7.7Z-02
634E-02
L45E-01
3JE-K
8,7ffi-(S
648E-02
PS9
2J1E-01
3SB+00
427B-02
1.81E-01
2JJ3B-01
1.76E-01
233E-01
2J1E-01
238E-01
3JOS6-01
U1E-01
lilE-01
2J05E-01
1.72E-01
233E-01
5J2E-01
3XBE-01
159E-01
2J1E-01
2^7B-01
UOE-01
2J2E-01
231E-01
re
435B-W
3J3E440
3ASB-01
2268-01
3.73E-01
3.79E-01
4JOE-01
4«E-01
459B-01
53SE-W
4JOZ-01
3.71E-01
324B-01
4JSB-01
353E-MM
117E-MM
3J09B-01
3.79E-01
M8B-01
4S2E-01
6.43B-01
309E-01
4.48E-01
4J4E-01
BO
9J9E-01
14SB-MJO
550E-01
924E-01
6J69E-01
9.79E-01
929E-01
7JOB-01
12aE-«IO
9.79B-01
6J9E-01
632E-01
7J2B-01
1JL5E-WO
35X400
32SE400
309E-01
7.76E-01
125E+00
924E-01
63E-01
9J9E-01
94SE-01
F95
125E400
3J3E-KO
632E-01
1J)4E400
144E400
9J9E-01
125E+00
1J08E400
1AE440
ZilE-MX)
1.1E+00
U7E+
-------
Table 2-245. Intake of Homegrown Deep Yellow Vegetables (g/Vg-day)
Populttnt N
Group *Etd
Total S46WOO
Age
<01 97000
01-02 124000
03-05 61000
06-11 382000
12-19 493000
20-39 147SMO
40-69 2074000
70+ 761000
Seam
Fal 2664000
Sprng 315000
Summer 1619000
Wnter 869000
Urbanization
CailralCity 1308000
NmmctropoUtai 2100000
Surhirbai 2059000
Race
Asian 74000
Back 129000
Qher/NA 171000
. White 5093000
Region
MHweS 2792000
Nottheat 735000
South 557000
We* 1383000
Response to Questionnaire
Do >cu garden? 5177000
Cbjcufarm? 1088000




N
245
4
t
4
17
21
63
96
32
97
34
S2
62
43
118
84
2
a
6
229
128
29
30
58
233
51




Mem
6.43E-01
2.76E+00
1.48E+00
UlB+flO
6.70E-W
4.73E-01
532E-01
539E-01
7.81E-01
13S.-01
5J05E-01
62SE-01
5.07E-01
6&E-01
7.07E-01
753E-01
123E-HJO
113E-01
645E-01
7.522-01
53SB-01
557B-01
623E-01
6«E-01




SE
2.97E-04
6.10E-03
241E-03
542E-03
8.93E-04
5.99E-04
4.93E-04
3.50E-04
5.97E-04
4.94E-04
7.82E-04
341E-04
7.73E-04
4.0SE-04
5.7SE-04
447E-04
227E-03
6.05E-03
2.8SE-04
2.71E-04
4jtBE-04
5«E-04
1J2E-03
4.5SE-04
2J63E-04
5.83E-04




M PI PS KO P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 F99 PUB
3.90E-02 4J4B-02 6.70E-02 126E-01 212E-01 4.17E-01 7.74E-01 144E+«1 2/KE-KB 2*7E4«0 64S+00
137E+00 137E+00 137E-HM 137E+00 1J7E-MM 223E-MM 2J7E400 6j63E+ffl) 6j63E400 6j63E+00 6A3E+00
2.13E-01 2J3E-01 2.13E-01 2.13E-01 7.0E-01 U7E+00 241E-HX) 2j60E+00 2«E-H» 2AE+00 2AE-KM
513E-01 5J3E-01 513E-01 5JZ-01 5I3E-01 642E-01 U2E+00 437B+« 437B-KB 437E+00 437E+flO
7.74E-02 7.74E-02 7.74E-K 1.9CE-01 332B-01 4.78E-01 7J9E-01 1^3B-M» 159E400 223E4«0 22S-MW
6XIZ-02 6JBZ-02 6flSE-02 62«-(tt 9m-®, 3J63E-01 7.79E-01 IJii+flO 144E-HW UE+00 UB400
4.8«-02 4.I9E-02 5J5E-02 U5E-01 1£6E-01 3JJ5E-01 511E-01 122B-M» 2X)3E-HM WTE-tW 247E+00
3SOE-02 3SOE-02 922E-02 143E-01 221E-01 4JJ3E-01 65E-01 IXME-MO 133B+00 3JBE+00 SJGE+OO
7.6C-02 7j64E-02 2XHE-01 2.77E-01 3.70E-01 5.72E-01 124E-MW UlE-MM 159B-HW 1.9SB+00 159E+00
921E-02 921E-02 112E-01 143E-01 M1E-01 451E-01 9.74E-01 1.73B-MB 223B-MSO 3JU2E-MJO 6jS3E+00
1.43E-01 143B-01 145E-01 1.9SE-01 247E-01 445E-01 6.43E-01 ljBffi-M» 142E-WO 241E+00 241E-KW
4.WE-02 4J«E-02 549E-02 64C-02 2J6E-01 4JLOE-01 6JK-01 9&K-01 UTBm 231E4«0 2311-rtO
3«E-02 350E-02 43ffi-02 629B-02 1.72B-01 3SB-01 7S©-01 1SE-HH 223E-»«0 437E-HSO 437B-MSO
3.90E-02 3.90E-02 629E-02 143E-01 2J3E-01 358E-01 5.88E-01 9j64B-01 14ffi+flO 224E+00 224E+00
4J8E-02 4.16E-02 5J3E-02 9J07E-02 220E-01 3.70E-01 8j65E-01 139B+00 202E400 437E-MW «43E+«)
UUEr& 64S-02 912E-02 126E-01 2j62E-01 42JE-01 9.7C-01 IjSTE+OO 2JJ3E400 2jS7E4flO 2jS7E+«0
135E-01 13Z-01 135E-01 135E-01 135B-01 7J3E-01 131E+00 133E4W 137E-WO 137B4W 137E+00
929B-02 929E-02 925E-02 929E-02 221E-01 438E-01 4SIE-01 6j63E-M» 6iZ400 fiiSE+OO 6*36+00
4J6E-02 4.16E-02 4J6E-02 4J6E-02 555E-02 6D5E-02 9.07E-02 3S2E-01 3S2E-01 352E-01 3SJE-01
3.90E-02 4«E-02 921E-02 143E-01 241E-01 425E-01 7.96E-01 1JOE+OD 2J)3E+«) 2A7E+00 437E+00
350E-02 43C-02 13m-01 1.92E-01 tffl-Ol 5jOSE-01 9S5E-Q1 1,73E-M» 223B-MSO 3jBZE+CO 4J7B+00
4.1SE-02 4.16E-02 555E-02 6j05E-02 922E-02 l^E-01 635E-01 ljOB+00 131E+00 221E+00 221E400
4J9E-02 45SB-02 549E-02 7.74E-02 220E-01 3^055-01 4^E-01 7.74E-01 122E4O3 fi^E44» 6«E+00
6.4E-02 64Z-02 127B-01 1435-01 221E-01 4JOE-01 642E-01 144E+00 159E+O3 231E+00 231E+00
3.90E-02 416E-02 9i07E-02 132E-01 232E-01 415E-01 7JOE-01 142E+00 159E+00 2j67B+flO 4.37E+00
921E-02 921E-02 922E-02 122E-01 15C-01 340E-01 940E-01 128E-MJO 1.73E4O5 3j02E+00 3JB2E-M30
j

a
*5-
WOHJ
W
o
»
-------
                                                                  TiMs2-24S. fetaboTBocnetrowaOther VejeUblw (g/kj-dty)
to

<^
-J
ftwulaco H
Group wttd
To(al 25221000
Age
<01 2980X
01-02 613000
03-05 887000
06-11 2149000
12-19 2379000
20-39 6020000
40-69 9649000
70+ 3226000
Season
Pal 6934000
Sprhg 5407000
Summer 8454000
Wcler 4426000
Urbaiization
CmtralCity 4148000
Ncnmdropolitan 10721000
Suchicbai 10292000
Race
Aiaa 110000
Back 1347000
NiiveAmaicai 28000
Qher/NA 309000
White 23367000
Regon
Midwest 8296000
Nottbe* 2914000
South 9218000
West 4733000
Response to Questionnaire
Dojoueatdm? 22417000
DojouW 396SOOO





N
unvnJJ
1437

16
38
59
134
141
328
547
174

253
567
283
334

161
710
564

6
84
1
17
1327

522
162
51S
233

1291
239






Mem
13S+00

43SE+00
3&E+00
2J5E+00
L3CE+00
9JOE-01
930E-01
1/40E+00
. 158B+00

U9E+00
U6E+00
1.79E+00
U9B+00

9j66E-01
1.78E+00
U4E+00

2.79E-01
130E+00
1.76E-01
220E+00
139E+00

1.43E+00
133E+00
153E+00
1J08E+00

1.44E+00
155E+00






SB
3J7B-04

5505-03
4546-03
2J8E-03
1J09E-03
659E-04
4X3E-04
657E-04
1J04E-03

521E-04
6332-04
8.8C-04
633E-04

5.49E-04
731E-04
4X2E-04

6.71E-04
1.34E-03
O.OOE+00
3J18E-03
356S-04

734E-04
123E-03
5.86E-04
651E-04

358E-04
123E-03






PO PI K P10 P2S P50 P75 P90 P95 F99 P1CB
OJOOB+OO 944E-03 IJOTE-OI 1.76S-01 3.62E-01 7.7JE-01 lj6S5+CO 3j05E+00 452E+00 9558+00 1-JC+S1

1.11E-01 111E-01 6532-01 1.70E+00 221E+00 3532+00 6/4CE+00 1JOSS+01 lJOCB+01 UOE+01 UOE+01
152E-01 152E-01 2.73E-01 4WE-01 l.OC+00 2^1E+00 455E+00 7.74E+00 112E+01 1JOE+01 1JOE+01
OjOOE+00 OJOOE+OO 2iSE-01 3.72E-01 720E-01 L37E+00 3J6E+00 447E+00 556E+00 M1E+00 1XOE+01
OjOOB+00 OjOOB+00 UlE-Ol 153E-01 354E-01 8JXE-01 1^1E+00 3J04E+00 457E+00 9553+00 95SE+00
OJXE+00 OJOOE+OO 5.76E-02 U5E-01 3J7E-01 6XOE-01 1332+00 205E+00 H7E+00 5XIE+00 5X1E+00
&3C-03 3J56-02 937B-02 1.48E-01 2.432-01 5.OE-01 1J2E+00 2J9B+00 3DC+00 5JOE+00 7JXE+00
157E-03 520E-03 U1B-01 1J6E-01 355E-01 8X32-01 15SE+00 252E+00 46SH+00 U1E+01 1J4E+01
5556-03 1J5E-02 152E-01 238E-01 4.62E-01 9X8B-01 151E+00 3X6E+00 5.756+00 956E+00 1J4E+01

319E-02 452B-02 148E-01 l^E-01 32SE-01 7J6B-01 1X4E+00 2.74E+00 4JOOE+00 6.74E+00 956B+00
OJOOE+OO 3j66E-03 432E-02 1XME-01 3.10E-01 7JOE-01 139E+00 2j67E+00 421E+00 7J5E+00 1XOE+01
OJOOE+OO O.OOE+00 USE-Ol UlE-Ol 3^5E-01 9j68E-01 157E+00 413E+00 6J4E+00 1>(6E+01 1.84E+01
3J03B-03 4.79B-03 M1E-01 231E-01 4.09E-01 7332-01 1X9E+00 W1E+00 337E+00 7jOOE+00 UOE+01

838E-03 350B-02 937E-02 1.63E-01 324E-01 6J07E-01 123E+00 157E+00 322B+00 7JOOE+00 8J5E+00
OJOOE+OO 2.74E-02 140E-01 226E-01 4j68E-01 1XIIE+00 ZjOlE+00 405E+00 5.74E+00 U1E+01 1J4E+01
OJOOE+OO 4.79E-03 &98E-02 \A6E-0\ 3.06E-01 6.47E-01 1/ME+OO 2j69E+00 3.77E+00 6J1E+00 U4E+01

43C-02 434E-02 434E-02 4.73E-02 1^8E-01 2J6E-01 258E-01 837E-01 837E-01 837E-01 837E-01
187E-02 4X1E-02 1.74E-01 2D6E-01 350E-01 7J1E-01 U9E+00 3J8B+00 5X7E+00 &21E+00 7.72E+00
L76E-01 L76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76B-01
45SE-03 455E-03 2J09B-01 2.15E-01 354E-01 212E+00 3.73E+00 359E+00 541E+00 541E+00 541E+00
OJOOE+OO 1.29E-02 UOE-01 1.79E-01 3.76E-01 753S-01 lj6SS+00 30C+00 449E+00 956E+00 1«E+01

1.8SE-02 3J9E-02 UlE-Ol 150E-01 3.66E-01 729E-01 lj65S+00 305E+00 4j65E+00 1J2E+01 1WE+01
OJGOE+OO 157E-03 5J69E-02 1XI7E-01 2.44E-01 557E-01 lj64E+00 3XI7E+00 5X1E+00 120E+01 U1E+01
OjOOE+00 1.41E-02 lj68E-01 253E-01 4J7E-01 1D3E+00 1.76E+00 337E+00 4.70E+00 8332+00 1JOE+01
22SE-03 U1E-02 7J06E-02 122E-01 255S-01 5.73E-01 121E+00 2.41E+00 3.73E+00 8J02E+00 1J4E+01

OJDOE+OO U1E-02 UlE-Ol IJOE-Ol 3.84E-01 8.18E-01 I.TOE+OO 322E+00 4j65fi+00 955E+00 1JS4E+01
O.OOE+00 U1E-02 136E-01 234E-01 52CE-01 121E+00 2J04E+00 532E+00 7J02E+00 1.46E+01 159E+01

0
O
o
n
o
-------
                                                                        Table 2-247.  Intake of Homegrown Citiui Fniitt (g/kg-day)
a
Fbpulafcn N
Group wetd
Total 2530000
Age
<01 8000
01-02 54000
03-05 51000
06-11 181000
12-19 194000
20-39 402000
40-69 1183000
70+ 457030
Seam
Pal 280000
.' Sprtig 437000
Summer 334000
Winter 1479000
Urbaiizaticn
CmlralCity 1053000
Surhirbn 147DOO
Race
Bade 200000
mite 2330000
Rcgon
MHwest 64000
South 1240000
Wot 1226000
Release to Quettkmake
EbjouEatden? 2151000
Dojcutann? 130000






N
imsgtd
125

1
4
3
9
14
18
55
21

8
33
11
73

43
82

8
117

4
55
66

102
5







Men
4.7CE+00

7.SZ+00
114E+01
1OT-W1
7.8&S+00
3.12E400
2JJE-M30
4.5C-H30
4.43E+00

3JC+00
131E+00
1.7SE+00
6X7E+00

3.J7E+00
541E+00

2.83E+00
4.9E+W

5.81E-01
5.18E400
45«E+00

455E+00
34SE-01







SE
435E-03

O.OOE+00
34Z-02
8.84E-02
2.SOE-02
1.2SB-02
2.91E-03
5SE-03
5J4E-03

S.81E-03
1KE-03
4JE-03
649E-03

3J1E-03
6«E-03

1.2S5-02
4^7E-03

441E-04
451E-03
718E-03

4J8E-03
6.11E-04







n n re HO P25 P50 P75 F90 P95 199 MOO
7.82E-02 7.82E-02 U7E-01 2,8«E-01 7J6E-01 159E+00 5.10E-HM W1E-W1 1.97E-K11 3i2E+fll 4.7SE+01

7JE+00 752E400 7J2B-M30 7^2E-H» 7JE400 7J2E400 7^^400 7^m-N» 7^2E+«J ' 752E-WO 7^E-M»
l.OCE+00 1XME400 1AOE400 1.00E400 3.«E-K» 9.91E+W 2DOE+01 2XKE+01 2«E+01 2.0CE+01 2OE-MJ1
143E+00 1J3E+00 153E+00 1«E+00 U3E+00 8J5E+00 4.79E401 4.7SE+01 4.79E401 4.75E+01 4.7SE-W1
4.4JE-01 4X5E-01 4.45E-01 4.4Z-01 7J«E-01 L13E+00 1J6E+01 2j48E-H)l 322E+01 322E+01 3.22E+01
1JWE-01 l.lffi-01 U6B-M 157E-01 2.8SE-01 6J9E-01 136E+00 U3E+01 151E+01 1S1B-W1 151E-MJ1
144E-01 1AC-01 MSE-01 345E-01 U4E+00 158E400 3.4^+00 459E-HO 459E400 8.12E+O) 8J2E+00
8J1E-02 8.11E-02 1JE-01 247E-01 521E-01 1.74E+00 52ffi400 U2E+01 1.97E+01 238E401 238E+01
7J2E-02 7.82E-02 7J2E-02 454E-01 1SSE-K10 3J3E+00 6.94E400 8S7E+<» 853E+00 15!E-K)l 151E+01

4JCE-01 4JOE-01 45CE-01 4JCE-01 7.0E-01 122E+00 4.97E+00 8S7E-MJO 8,97E+<» 857E+00 8SE-M30
1J1E-01 157E-01 1*E-01 23SE-01 349E-01 13C+00 4JJE+00 SJOE-rtO 6JOE+00 7.SZE+00 75E-MO
7«B-02 7.82E-02 742E-02 8J1E-02 247E-01 736E-01 1.74B+00 3J05E+W 1J03E401 1J03B+01 1J03E+01
146B-01 1SE-01 333E-01 4SC-01 1*85+00 253E+00 859E+00 151E+01 238E+01 4.79E+01 4.79E+01

1JOE-01 1SE-01 3J3E-01 4JE-01 143E+00 3J01E+00 4SE+W 7.4C400 851E+00 2JOOE+01 2flOB+01
7.82E-02 74K-02 L14E-01 247E-01 S47E-01 U1E+00 J.12E+00 1,79E-H)1 2J8E401 4.79B+01 4.75E+Q1

4JOE-01 4JOE-01 4SE-OJ 4JOB-01 6*E-01 tME-Qi U2B+00 1J38E+01 2«E+01 2XXE+01 2OE4«1
7J2E-02 7^2E-«2 1JCE-01 2J«-01 7^2E-01 234B-HIO 53«+00 W1E+01 157E+01 32Z+01 4.75E+O1

5J03E-01 5J03E-01 5.03E-01 5J03E-01 5JOE-01 5J9E-01 65E-01 7.82E-01 7^2E-01 7«E-01 7«E-01
Uffi-01 1.57E-01 3.7«-01 6.44E-01 1-60E+00 342E+00 6.SOE+00 W1E+01 15TE+01 23SE+01 238E+01
7.82E-02 7«E-02 1J4E-01 235E-01 345E-01 142E+00 453E+00 124E+01 2«E+01 4.79E+01 4.7*401

7&E-Q2 7&E-02 15E-01 2AE-01 7J&-01 159E+00 459E+00 124E401 1.7SE401 32E401 4.79E+O1
1.14E-01 U4E-01 U4E-01 U4E-01 2/47E-01 2«E-01 4>«JE-01 75K-01 7J«E-01 1SG.-Q1 75(E-01

• 	 i
o
»o
M
"•flij
C)
w
o
w
-------
T«bJo 2-248. InUko of Hocnejtwo Other Fniitfc/kj-
-------
Table

2-249. Mean
Total
Fruits
Fraction of Food
Total
Vegetables
Intake That
Total
Meats
Is Homeproduced
SO
Total Total
Dairy Fish
DRAFf
U0T QUOTE
Kft CITE

OK

All Regions
Total
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Do you garden?
Do you raise animals?
Do you farm?
Do you fish?
Midwest
Total
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
Northeast
Total
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
South
Total
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
West
Total
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
0.041
0.027
0.052
0.047
0.000
0.007
0.000
0.001
0.049
0.101
0.161

0.059
0.018
0.088
0.097

0.005
0.000
0,004
0.008

0.042
0.045
0.046
0.038

0.062
0.053
0.038
0.073
0.070
0.027
0.144
0.058
0.013
0.027
0.001
0.034
0.081
0.173
0.308

0.112
0.043
0206
0.116

0.038
0.006
0.076
0.044

0.069
0.014
0.156
0.035

0.057
0.046
0.045
0.067
0.024
0.003
0.064
0.018
0.000
0.001
0.003
0.003
0.031
0.306
0.319

0.046
0.005
0.132
0.029

0.009
0.000
0.025
0.011

0.017
0.000
0.043
0.009

0.023
0.007
0.026
0.031
0.012
0.000
0.043
0.004
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.014
0.207
0.254

0.024
0.000
0.074
0.001

0.010
0.000
0.062
0.002

0.006
0.000
0.019
0.000

0.007
0.000
0.003
0.014
0.095
0.053
0219
0.075
0.029
0.063
0.095
0.060
0.110
0.325

0.133
0.028
0.382
0.103

0.008
0.000
0.035
0.009

0.126
0.041
0.197
0.150

0.108
0.186
0.072
0.057
2-376
-------
                                    Table 2-249.  Mean Fraction of Food Intake That is Homeproduced (continued)
Exposed
Vegetables
Protected
Vegetables
Root
Vegetables
Exposed
Fruits
Protected
Fruits
Dark: Green
Vegetables
Deep Yellow
Vegetables
Other
Vegetables
Citrus
Fruits
Other
Fruits
Total
0.095
0.069
0.043
                                                           0.050
                                                                      0.037
                                                                                             0.044
0.065
0.0(9
0.038
0.042
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surburban
Race
Asian
Black
Native American
Other/NA
White
Region
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
Response to Questionnaire
Do you garden?
Do you farm?

0.037
0.207
0.079

0.018
0.037
0.003
0.058
0.109

0.148
0.062
0.091
0.079

0.233
0.420

0.027
0.134
0.054

0.001
0.029
0.000
0.004
0.081

0.109
0.016
0.077
0.060

0.178
0.394

0.016
0.088
0.035

0.008
0.012
0.001
0.028
0.050

0.077
0.018
0.042
0.029

0.106
0.173

0.030
0.100
0.043

0.000
0.008
0.000
0.002
0.059

0.078
0.010
0.040
0.075

0.116
0.328

0.026
0.025
0.050

0.000
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.045

0.048
0.002
0.044
0.054

0.094
0.030

0.012
0.090
0.054

0.063
0.053
0.000
0.004
0.043

0.054
0.039
0.049
0.034

0.120
0.220

0.038
0.122
0.058

0.020
0.056
0.000
0.017
0.071

0.174
0.019
0.022
0.063

0.140
0.328

0.026
0.154
0.053

0.002
0.026
0.001
0.040
0.082

0.102
0.034
0.077
0.055

0.180
0.368

0.035
0.000
0.056

0.000
0.012
0.000
0.000
0.045

0.001
0.000
0.060
0.103

0.087
0.005

0.022
0.077
0.042

0.000
0.004
0.000
0.001
0.051

0.083
0.008
0.031
0.046

0.107
0.227
                                                                                                                                                I
                                                                                                                           t>
                                                                                                                           o

                                                                                                                           a
                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                                                  1 O H
-------
                                                   Table 2-249.  Mean Fraction of Food Intake That ts Homeproduced (continued)
to
-4
OC
Appls
Total
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Surbtrban
Race
Asian
Bbck
Native Am er can
Ottar/NA
White
Region
Midwest
North eat
South
Weft

RapotBetoQuectknaare
Do you garden?
Do you farm?

Total
Urbanization
Central City
Nonmetropolitan
Sbrbtrban
Race
As in
Black
Native Aner can
Otte^A
Whie
Region
Midwest
Nortbeast
South
Wat

Rejponse toQuestlanaare
0.030

0.017
0.066
0.024

0.000
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.035

0X152
0.004
0.024
0.043


0.070
0192
Okra
0170

0.068
0.411
0199

1.000
0.069
«
0.000
0.373

0.224
0.000
0191
0333


Peacha
0.147

0.087
0172
0.121

-
0.018
0.000
0X115
0.164

0.164
0.027
0.143
0.238


0316
0.461
Onions
0.056

0.017
0.127
0.050

0.000
0.009
0.006
0.015
0.068

0.098
0.022
0.047
0.083


Pean Strawberries Ottur Berries
0.067

0.038
0.155
0.068

0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.089

0,112
0.002
0.080
0.093


0.169
0.606
Peat
0.069

0.033
0.123
0.064

0.042
0.047
0.000
0.045
0.076

0.058
0.021
0.106
0.051


0.111

0.107
0.133
0.101

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.125

0109
0.085
0.072
0.044


0132
0.057
Peppers
0.107

0.067
0.228
0.086

0.042
0.039
0.000
0.000
0.121

0.188
0.067
0.113
0.082


0.217

0.228
0.282
0.175

0.000
0.470
-
0.000
0.214

0.231
0.205
0.177
0133
t;

0.306
0448
Pumpkin
0.155

0.130
0.250
0.127

0.000
0.022
0.000
0.000
0.187

0357
0X102
0.044
0.181






















Snap Beam
0.155

0.066
0307
0.118

0.007
0.046
0.000
0.029
0.186

0.243
0.052
0.161
0.108


AsparagiB
0.063

0.058
0.145
0.040

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.071

0.194
0.091
0.015
0.015


0.125
0.432
Tomatoes
0.184

0.100
0.313
0.156

0.046
0.060
0.015
0.040
0102

0.291
0.117
0.149
0.182


Been Broccoli
0.203

0112
0377
0.127

0.000
0.000
0.172
0.000
0.224

0.432
0.074
0.145
0102


0.420
0316
White Potatoa
0.038

0.009
0.080
0.029

0.000
0.007
0.000
0.034
0,044

0.065
0.016
0.042
0.013


0.015

0.004
0.040
0.016

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.008
0.018

0.025
0.020
0.013
0.006


0.043
0.159



















Cabbage
0.038

0.004
0.082
0.045

0.000
0.001
0.000
0.065
0.056

0.053
0.047
0.029
0.029


0.099
0119
Beef
0.038

0.001
0.107
0.026

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.048

0.076
0.014
0.022
0.041


Carrots
0.043

0.018
0.091
0.039

0.082
0.068
0.000
0.018
0.042

0.101
0.025
0.020
0.039


0.103
0.185
Game
0.276

0.146
0323
0.316

0.000
0.000

0.179
0.359

0513
0102
0.199
0.207


Cora
0.078

0.025
0.173
0.047

0.000
0.019
0.000
0.000
0.093

0.124
0.020
0.038
0.069


0.220
0.524
Pork
0.013

0.001
0.040
0.006

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.017

0.021
0.006
0.012
0.011


Cucumbers Lettuce Lima Bean
0.148

0.029
0377
0.088

0.019
0.060
0.000
O.S31
0.155

0.193
0.147
0.140
0.119


0349
0524
Poultry
0.011

0.002
0.026
0.011

0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.014

0.021
0.002
0.012
0.008


0.010

0.009
0.017
0.009

0.002
0.007
0.000
0.007
0.011

0.020
0.009
0.006
0.009


0.031
0.063
Egg*
0.014

0.002
0.029
0.014

0.000
0.002
0.000
0,000
0.017

0.019
0.004
0.012
0.021


0.121

0.037
0.13Z
0.165

0.000
0.103.
0.000
0.000
0.135

0.149
0,026
0.140
0.000


0158
0.103







_____^ 	 	
CJ
§o
°

35
'g^w
hi c Sa
O *-i
HT
.
o
td
             Do you garden?
             Do you race animals?
             Do you hoot?
             Do you farm?
0.618
0.821
0.148
          0361
                     0.193
                     0308
0.246
                               0.564
0.230
                                          0.824
0.384
                                                    0.623
0398
                                                               0.616
                                                                         0.090
                                                                         0.134
                                                                                    0.478

                                                                                    0.485
                                                                                                        0.729
                                                                                   0.239

                                                                                   0142
                                                                                   0.151

                                                                                   0.156
                                                                                   0.214

                                                                                   0.146
-------
                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                 DO NOT  QUOTE OR
2.8.   SOIL INGESTION AND MCA                              «* CITE
2.8.1. Background
       The ingestion of soil is a potential source of human toxics exposure.  The potential for
exposure to contaminants via this source is greater for children because they are likely to ingest
more soil than adults as a result of behavioral patterns present during childhood.  Inadvertent
soil ingestion among children may occur through the mouthing of objects or hands. Mouthing
behavior is considered to be a normal phase of childhood development.  Adults may also ingest
soil or dust particles that adhere to food, cigarettes, or their hands. Deliberate soil ingestion is
defined as pica and is considered to be relatively uncommon. Because normal inadvertent soil
ingestion is more prevalent and data for individuals with pica behavior are limited, this section
focuses primarily on normal soil ingestion that occurs as a result of mouthing or unintentional
hand-to-mouth activity.
       Several studies have been conducted to estimate the amount of soil ingested by children.
Most of the early studies attempted to estimate  the amount of soil ingested by measuring the
amount of dirt present on children's hands and making generalizations based on behavior. More
recently,  soil  intake studies have been conducted using a  methodology that measures  trace
elements  in feces  and soil which are believed to  be  poorly  absorbed in  the gut.   These
measurements are used to estimate the amount of soil ingested over a specified time period. The
available studies on soil intake are summarized in the following sections.  Studies on soil intake
among children  have been classified  as either key studies or relevant studies based  on their
applicability to exposure assessment needs. Recommended intake rates are based on the results
of key studies,  but relevant studies  are also presented  to provide  the  reader  with added
perspective on the current state-of-knowledge pertaining to soil intake.  Information on soil
ingestion among adults are presented based on available data from a limited number of studies.
Relevant information on the prevalence of pica and intake among individuals exhibiting pica
behavior are also presented.

2.8.2. Key Studies on Soil Intake Among-Children
       Binder et al. - Estimating Soil Ingestion:  Use  of Tracer Elements in Estimating the
Amount of Soil Ingested by Young Children - Binder et al. (1986) studied the ingestion of soil
                                        2-378a
-------
                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                 DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                    •*.  CITE
among children 1 to 3 years of age who wore diapers using a tracer technique modified from
a method previously used to measure soil ingestion among grazing animals. The children were
studied during the summer of 1984 as part of a larger study of residents living near a lead
smelter in East Helena, Montana.   Soiled diapers were collected  over a 3-day period from
65 children (42 males and 23 females), and composited samples of soil were obtained from the
children's yards.   Both excreta and soil samples were  analyzed for aluminum,  silicon, and
titanium. These elements were found in soil but were thought to be poorly absorbed in the gut
and to have been present in the diet only in limited quantities. This made them useful tracers
for estimating soil intake. Excreta measurements were  obtained for 59 of the children.  Soil
ingestion by each child was estimated based on each of the three tracer elements using a standard
assumed fecal dry weight of 15 g/day, and the following equation.

                                     Tt€ = •**•* * FI                         (Eqn. 2-19)
where:
       T; e    =     estimated soil ingestion for child i based on element e (g/day);
       fi(C     =     concentration of element e in fecal sample of child i (mg/g);
       Fj      =     fecal dry weight (g/day); and
       Si>e    =     concentration of element e in child i's yard soil (mg/g).

The analysis conducted by Binder et al. (1986) assumed that:  (1)  the tracer elements were
neither lost nor introduced during sample processing; (2) the soil ingested by children originates
primarily from their own yards; and (3) that absorption of the tracer elements by children
occurred in only small amounts. The study did not distinguish between ingestion of soil and
housedust  nor did it account for the presence of the tracer elements in ingested  foods or
medicines.
       The arithmetic mean quantity of soil ingested by the children in the Binder et al.  (1986)
study was  estimated to be 181 mg/day (range 25 to 1,324) based on  the aluminum tracer; 184
mg/day (range 31 to 799) based oa the silicon tracer; and 1,834 mg/day (range 4 to 17,076)

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based on the titanium tracer (Table 2-250).  The overall mean soil ingestion estimate based on
the minimum of the three individual tracer estimates for each child was 108 mg/day (range 4 to
708).  The 95th percentile values for aluminum,  silicon, and titanium were 584 mg/day, 578
mg/day, and 9,590 mg/day, respectively.  The 95th percentile value based on the minimum of
the three individual tracer estimates for each child was 386 mg/day.
       The authors were not able to explain the difference between the results for titanium and
for the other two elements, but speculated that unrecognized sources of titanium in the diet or
in the laboratory processing of stool samples may have accounted for the increased levels. The
frequency distribution graph of soil ingestion estimates based on titanium shows that a group of
21 children had particularly high titanium values (i.e., > 1,000 mg/day).  Hie remainder of the
children  showed  titanium  ingestion estimates  at  lower levels,  with a distribution more
comparable to that of the other elements.
       The advantages of this study are that a relatively large number of children were studied
and tracer elements were used to estimate soil ingestion. However, the children studied may
not be representative of the U.S. population and the study did not account for tracers ingested
via foods or medicines.  Also, the use of an assumed fecal weight instead of actual fecal weights
may have biased the results of this study.  Finally,  because of the short-term nature of  the
survey, soil intake estimates may not be entirely representative of long-term behavior, especially
at the upper-end of the distribution of intake.
       Clausing et al. - A Method for Estimating Soil Ingestion by Children - Clausing et al.
(1987) conducted a soil ingestion  study with Dutch children using a tracer element methodology
similar to that of Binder et al. (1986).  Aluminum,  titanium, and acid-insoluble residue (AIR)
contents were  determined for fecal samples from children,  aged 2 to 4, attending a nursery
school, and for samples of playground  dirt  at that school.  Twenty-seven daily fecal samples
were obtained over a 5-day period for the 18  children examined.  Using the  average soil
concentrations present at the school, and assuming a standard  fecal dry weight of 10 g/day,
Clausing et  al. (1987)  estimated soil ingestion for each tracer. Clausing et al. (1987) also
collected eight daily fecal samples from six hospitalized, bedridden children.   These children
served as a control group, representing  children who had very limited access to soil.
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       Table 2-250.   Estimated Daily Soil Ingestion Based on Aluminum, Silicon, and Titanium
                    Concentrations

Estimation
Method
Aluminum
Silicon
Titanium
Minimum

Mean
(mg/day)
181
184
1,834
108

Median
(mg/day)
121
136
618
88
Standard
Deviation
(mg/day)
203
175
3,091
121

Range
(mg/day)
25-1,324
31-799
4-17,076
4-708
95th
Percentile
(mg/day)
584
578
9,590
386
Geometric
Mean
(mg/day)
128
130
401
65
Source:  Binder et al., 1986.
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       The average quantity of soil ingested by the school children in this study was as follows:
230 rag/day (range 23 to 979 mg/day) for aluminum; 129 mg/day (range 48 to 362 mg/day) for
AIR;  and 1,430 mg/day (range 64 to 11,620 mg/day) for titanium (Table 2-251). As in the
Binder et al. (1986) study, a fraction of the children (6/19) showed titanium values well above
1,000 mg/day, with most of the remaining children showing substantially lower values. Based
on the limiting Tracer Method (LTM), mean soil intake was estimated to be 105 mg/day with
a population standard deviation of 67 mg/day (range 23 to 362 mg/day).  Use of the LTM
assumed that "the maximum amount of soil ingested corresponded with the lowest estimate from
the three tracers* (Clausing et al., 1987).  Geometric mean  soil intake was estimated  to be 90
mg/day. This assumes that  the maximum amount of soil ingested cannot be higher  than the
lowest estimate for the individual tracers.
       Mean soil intake for the hospitalized children was estimated to be 56 mg/day based on
aluminum (Table 2-252).  For titanium, three of the children had  estimates well in excess of
1,000 mg/day, with the remaining three children in the range of 28 to 58 mg/day. Using the
LTM method, the mean soil ingestion rate was estimated to be 49 mg/day with a population
standard deviation of 22 mg/day (range 26 to 84 mg/day). The geometric mean soil intake rate
was 45  mg/day. The data on hospitalized children suggest a major nonsoil source of titanium
for some children, and may suggest  a background nonsoil source of aluminum.  However,
conditions specific to hospitalization (e.g., medications) was not considered.  AIR measurements
were  not reported for the hospitalized children.  Assuming that the tracer-based soil ingestion
rates observed in hospitalized children actually represent background tracer intake from dietary
and other nonsoil sources,  mean soil ingestion by nursery school children was estimated to be
56 mg/day, based on the LTM (i.e., 105 mg/day for nursery school children minus 49 mg/day
for hospitalized children) (Clausing et al. 1987).
       The advantages of this study are that Clausing et al. (1987) evaluated soil ingestion
among two populations of children that had differences in  access to soil, and corrected  soil
intake rates based on background estimates derived from the hospitalized group.  However, a
smaller number of children were used in this study than in the Binder et al. (1986) study and
                                        2-382
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Table 2-251, Calculated Soil Ingestion by Nursery School Children

Child
1


2


3

4

5

6

7

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Arithmetic
Mean
Sample
Number
L3
L14
L25
L5
L13
L27
L2
L17
L4
Lll
L8
L21
L12
L16
L18
L22
LI
L6
L7
L9
L10
L15
L19
L20
L23
L24
L26

Soil Ingestion
as Calculated
fromTi
(mg/day)
103
154
130
131
184
142
124
670
246
2,990
293
313
1,110
176
11,620
11,320
3,060
624
600
133
354
2,400
124
269
1,130
64
184
1,431
Soil Ingestion
as Calculated
from Al
(mg/day)
300
211
23
-
103
81
42
566
62
65
-
-
693
-
-
77
82
979
200
-
195
-
71
212
51
566
56
232

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Soil Ingestion
as Calculated Limiting
from AIR Tracer
(mg/day) (mg/day)
107
172
-
71
82
84
84
174
145
139
108
152
362
145
120
-
96
111
124
95
106
48
93
274
84
-
-
129
103
154
23
71
82
81
42
174
62
65
108
152
362
145
120
7?
82
111
124
95
106
48
71
212
51
64
56
105
Source: Adapted from Clausing et al. 1987.
                                                2-383
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       Table 2-252.   Calculated Soil Ingestion by Hospitalized, Bedridden Children
Child
1

2
3

4
5
6
Arithmetic
Mean
Sample
G5
G6
Gl
G2
G8
G3
G4
G7

Soil Ingestion as
Calculated from Ti
(mg/day)
3,290
4,790
28
6,570
2,480
28
1,100
58
2,293
Son Ingestion as
Calculated from Al
(mg/day)
57
71
26
94
57
77
30
38
56
Limiting Tracer
(mg/day)
57
71
26
84
57
28
30
38
49
Source: Adapted from Clausing et al. 1987.
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these children may not be representative of the U.S. population. Tracer elements in foods or
medicines were not evaluated.  Also,  intake rates  derived  from this  study  may  not  be
representative of soil intake over the long-term because of the short-term nature of the study.
       Van WIfnen et al. - Estimated Soil Ingestion by Children - In a study by Van Wijnen et
al. (1990), soil ingestion among Dutch children ranging in age from 1 to 5 years was evaluated
using a tracer element methodology similar to that used by Clausing et al. (1987).  Van Wijnen
et al. (1990) measured three tracers (i.e., titanium, aluminum, and AIR) in soil and feces and
estimated soil ingestion based on the LTM.  An average daily feces weight of 15 g dry weight
was assumed.   A total of 292 children attending daycare centers were sampled during the first
of two sampling periods  and 18? children were sampled in the second sampling period; 162 of
these children were sampled during both periods (i.e., at the beginning and near the end of the
summer of 1986).  A total of 78 children were sampled at campgrounds, and IS hospitalized
children were sampled.  The mean values for these groups were: 162 mg/day for children in
daycare centers, 213 mg/day for campers and 93 mg/day for hospitalized children.  Van Wijnen
et al. (1990) also reported geometric mean LTM values because soil intake rates were found to
be skewed and the log transformed data were approximately normally distributed. Geometric
mean LTM values were estimated to be 1 1 1 mg/day for children in daycare centers,  174 mg/day
for children vacationing at campgrounds (Table 2-253) and 74 mg/day for hospitalized children
(70-120 mg/day based on the 95 percent confidence limits of the mean); a 5 mg/day represents
die midpoint. AIR was the limiting tracer in about 80 percent of the samples. Among children
attending daycare centers, soil intake was also found to be higher when the weather was  good
(i.e., <2 days/week precipitation)  than when the weather was  bad (i.e., >4 days/week
precipitation (Table 2-254).  Van Wijnen et al. (1990) suggest that the mean LTM value for
hospitalized infants represents background intake of tracers and should be used to correct the soil
intake rates based on LTM values for other sampling groups.  Using mean values, corrected soil
intake rates  were 69 mg/day (162 mg/day minus 93  mg/day)  for daycare children and 120
mg/day (213 mg/day minus 93 mg/day) for campers.  Corrected geometric mean soil intake was
estimated to range from 0 to 90 mg/day with a 90th percentile value of 190 mg/day for the
various age categories within the daycare group and 30 to 200  mg/day with a 90th percentile
value of 300 mg/day for the various age categories within the camping group.
                                        2-385
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Table 2-253.
Age(yrs)
<1

l-<2

2-<3

3^

4-<5

All girls
All boys
Total
Sex
Girls
Boys
Gkls
Boys
Gkls
Boys
Gkls
Boys
Gkls
Boys





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Geometric Mean (GM) and Standard Deviation (GSD) LTM Values for Children
at Daycare Centers and Campgrounds
Daycare Centers
n
3
1
20
17
34
17
26
29
1
4
86
72
162«
GMLTM
(mg/day)
81
75
124
114
118
96
111
110
180
99
117
104
111
GSD LTM
(mg/day)
1.09
-
1.87
1.47
1.74
1.53
1.57
1.32
-
1.62
1.70
1.46
1.60
Campgrounds
n GM LTM GSD LTM
(mg/day) (mg/day)
_
_
3 207
5 312
4 367
8 232
6 164
8 148
19 164
18 136
36 179
42 169
78b 174
.
-
1.99
2.58
2.44
2.15
1.27
1.42
1.48
1.30
1.67
1.79
1.73
*  Age and/or sex not registered for eight children.
b  Age not registered for seven children.

Source: Adapted from Van Wijnen et al., 1990.
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      Table 2-254.  Estimated Geometric Mean LTM Values of Children Attending Day-Care I
                   According to Age, Weather Category, and Sampling Period
First Sampling Period Second
Weather Category
Bad
(>4 days/week precipitation)


Reasonable
(2-3 days/week precipitation)



Good
(<2 days/week precipitation)



Age
(years)
n
<1 3
l-<2 18
2-<3 33
4-<5 5
<1
l-<2
2-<3
3-<4
4-<5
<1 4
l-<2 42
2-<3 65
3-<4 67
4-<5 10
Estimated
Geometric
Mean n
LTM Value
(mg/day)
94 3
103 33
109 48
124 6
1
10
13
19
1
102
229
166
138
132
Sampling Period
Estimated
Geometric
Mean
LTM Value
(mg/day)
67
80
91
109
61
96
99
94
61





Source:  Van Wijnen et al., 1990.
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       The  advantage of this  study  is that soil intake was  estimated for  three different
populations of children; one expected to have high intake, one expected to have "typical" intake
and one expected to have low or background-level intake.  Van Wijnen et al. (1990) used the
background  tracer measurements  to correct soil intake rates for the other two populations.
Tracer concentrations in food and medicine were not evaluated. Also, the population of children
studied was  relatively large, but may not be representative of the U.S. population. This study
was conducted over a relatively short time period. Thus, estimated intake rates may not reflect
long-term patterns, especially at the high-end of the distribution. Another limitation of this study
is that values were not reported  element-by-element which would be the preferred  way of
reporting.
       Davis et al.  - Quantitative Estimates of Soil Ingestion in Normal  Children Between the
ages of 2 and 7 years; Population-Based Estimates Using Aluminum,  Silicon, and Titanium as
Soil Tracer Elements - Davis et al. (1990) also used a mass-balance/tracer technique to estimate
soil ingestion among children.  In this study, 104 children  between the ages of 2 and  7 years
were randomly selected from a three-city area in southeastern Washington State. The study was
conducted over a seven day period, primarily during the summer.   Daily soil ingestion was
evaluated by collecting and analyzing soil and house dust samples, feces, urine, and duplicate
food samples for aluminum, silicon, and titanium. In addition, information on dietary habits and
demographics was collected in an attempt to identify behavioral and demographic characteristics
that influence soil intake rates among children. The amount of soil ingested on a daily basis was
estimated using the following equation:
                     .              ,  * t,
where:
       S; 0   =     soil ingested for child i based on tracer e (g);
       DWf  =     feces dry weight (g);
       DWp  =     feces dry weight on toilet paper (g);
       Ef    =     tracer amount in feces Oig/g);

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       E,,    =     tracer amount in urine
       DWfd =     food dry weight (g);
       £fd    =     tracer amount in food (pg/g); and
       E.OJI   =     tracer concentration in soil Gig/g).

The soil intake rates were corrected by adding the amount of tracer in vitamins and medications
to the amount of tracer in food, and adjusting the food quantities, feces dry weights, and tracer
concentrations in urine to account for missing samples.
       Soil ingestion rates were highly variable, especially those based on titanium.  Mean daily
soil ingestion estimates were 38.9 mg/day for aluminum, 82.4 mg/day for silicon and 245.5
mg/day for titanium (Table 2-255).  Median values were 25 mg/day for aluminum, 50 mg/day
for silicon, and 81 mg/day for titanium.  Davis et al. (1990) also evaluated the extent to which
differences in tracer concentrations in house dust and yard soil impacted estimated soil ingestion
rates.  The value used  in the denominator of the mass balance equation was recalculated to
represent a weighted  average of the tracer concentration in yard soil and house dust based on
the proportion of time the child spent indoors and outdoors.  The adjusted mean soil/dust intake
rates were 64.5 mg/day for aluminum, 160.0 mg/day for silicon, and 268.4 mg/day for titanium.
Adjusted median soil/dust intake rates were:  51.8 mg/day for aluminum,  112.4 mg/day for
silicon, and  116.6 mg/day for titanium.   Davis et al. (1990) also observed  that the following
demographic characteristics were  associated with high soil intake rates:  male sex, non-white
racial group, low income, operator/laborer as the principal occupation of the parent, and city
of residence. However, none of these factors were predictive of soil intake rates when tested
using multiple linear regression.
       The advantages of the Davis et al. (1990) study are mat soil intake rates were corrected
based on the tracer content of foods and medicines and mat a relatively large number of children
were sampled.  Also, demographic and behavioral information was collected for the survey
group. However, although a relatively large sample population was surveyed, these children
were all from a single area of the U.S. and may not be representative of the U.S. population as
a whole.  The study was conducted over a one-week period during the summer and may not be
representative of long-term (i.e., annual) patterns of intake.
                                        2-389
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       Table 2-255.   Average Daily Soil Ingestion Values Based on Aluminum, Silicon, and Titanium"	
                     as Tracer Elements*
Element
Aluminum
Silicon
Titanium
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
(mg/d)
38.9
82.4
245.5
38.9
245.5
Median
(mg/d)
25.3
59.4
81.3
25.3
81.3
Standard Error
of the Mean
(mg/d)
14.4
12.2
119.7
12.2
119.7
Range
(mg/d)b
279.0 to 904.5
-404.0 to 534.6
-5,820.8 to 6,182.2
-5,820.8
6,182.2
•  Excludes three children who did not provide any samples (N= 101).
b  Negative values occurred as a result of correction for nonsoil sources of the tracer elements.

Source: Adapted from Davis et al., 1990.
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       Calabrese et al. - How Much Soil do Young Children Ingest: An Epidemiologic Study -
 Calabrese et al. (1989) studied soil ingestion among children using the basic tracer design
developed by Binder et al.  (1986). However, in contrast to the Binder et al. (1987) study, eight
tracer elements (i.e., aluminum, barium, manganese, silicon, titanium, vanadium, ytrium, and
zirconium) were analyzed instead of only three (i.e., aluminum, silicon,  and titanium). A total
of 64 children between the ages of 1 and 4 years old were included in the study.  These children
were all selected from the greater Amherst, Massachusetts area and were predominantly from
two-parent households where the parents were highly educated.  The Calabrese et al. (1989)
study was conducted over eight days during a two week period and included the use of a mass-
balance methodology in which duplicate samples of food, medicines, vitamins, and others were
collected and analyzed on a daily basis, in addition to soil and dust samples collected from the
child's home and play area. Fecal and urine samples were also collected and analyzed for tracer
elements.  Toothpaste, low in tracer content, was provided to all participants.
       In order to validate the mass-balance  methodology used to estimate soil ingestion rates
among children and to determine which tracer elements provided the most reliable data on soil
ingestion, known amounts of soil (i.e., 300 mg over three days and 1,500 mg over three days)
containing eight tracers were administered to six adult volunteers (i.e.,  three males and three
females).  Soil samples and  feces samples from these adults  and duplicate food samples were
analyzed for tracer elements to calculate recovery rates of tracer elements in soil. Based on the
adult validation study, Calabrese  et al. (1989) confirmed that the tracer methodology could
adequately detect tracer elements in feces at levels expected to correspond with soil intake rates
in children.  Calabrese et al. (1989) also found that aluminum, silicon, and ytrium were the most
reliable of the eight tracer elements analyzed.  The standard deviation of recovery of these three
tracers was the lowest and the percentage of recovery was closest to 100 percent (Calabrese, et
al., 1989). The recovery of these three tracers ranged from  120 to 153 percent when 300 mg
of soil had been ingested over a three-day period and from 88  to 94 percent when 1,500 mg soil
had been ingested over a three-day period (Table 2-256).
       Using the three most reliable tracer elements, the mean soil intake rate for children,
adjusted to account for the amount of tracer found in food and medicines, was estimated to be
153 mg/day based on  aluminum, 154  mg/day based on silicon, and 85 mg/day based on ytrium
                                        2-391
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     Table 2-256. Mean and Standard Deviation Percentage Recovery of Eight Tracer Elements
Tracer Element
Al
Ba
Mn
Si
Ti
V
Y
Zr
300
Mean
152.8
2304.3
1177.2
139.3
251.5
345.0
120.5
80.6
mg Soil Ingested
SD
107.5
4533.0
1341.0
149.6
316.0
247.0
42.4
43.7
1500 mg Soil
Mean
93.5
149.8
248.3
91.8
286.3
147.6
87.5
54.6
Ingested
SD
15.5
69.5
183.6
16.6
380.0
66.8
12.6
33.4
Source:  Adapted from Calabrese et al., 1989.
                                          2-392
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(Table 2-257), Median intake rates were somewhat lower (29 mg/day for aluminum, 40 mg/day
for silicon, and 9 mg/day for ytrium).  Upper-percentile (i.e., 95th) values were 223 mg/day for
aluminum, 276 mg/day for silicon, and 106 mg/day for ytrium.  Similar results were observed
when soil and dust ingestion was combined (Table 2-257).  Intake of soil and dust was estimated
using a weighted average of tracer concentration in dust composite samples and in soil composite
samples based on the time children  spent at home and  away from  home, and  indoors and
outdoors.  Calabrese et al. (1989) suggested that the uie of titanium as a tracer in earlier studies
that lacked food ingestion data may have significantly overestimated soil intake because of the
high levels of titanium in food.  Using the median values of aluminum and silicon, Calabrese
et al. (1989) estimated the quantity of soil ingested daily to be 29 mg/day and 40 mg/day,
respectively.  It should  be  noted that soil ingestion for one child in the study ranged from
approximately 10 to 14 grams/day during  the  second week of observation.  Average soil
ingestion for this child was 5 to 7 mg/day, baaed on the entire study period.
      The advantages of this study are that intake rates were corrected for tracer concentrations
in foods and medicines and that the methodology was validated using adults. Also, intake was
observed over a longer time period in this study than in earlier studies and the number of tracers
used was larger than for other studies. A relatively large population was studied, but they may
not be entirely representative of the U,S, population because they were  wlected from a iingle
location.
2.8.3. Other Relevant Studies on Soil Intake Among Children
      Thompson and Burmaster -  Parametric Distributions for Soil  Ingestion by Children -
Thompson and Burmaster (1991) developed parameterized distributions  of soil ingestion rates
for children based on a reanalysis of the data collected by  Binder et al. (1986). In the original
Binder et al. (1986) study,  an assumed fecal weight of IS g/day was used. Thompson and
Burmaster reestimated the soil ingestion  rates from the Binder et al. (1986) study using  the
actual stool weights of the study participants instead of the assumed stool weights.  Because the
actual stool weights averaged only 7.S g/day, the soil ingestion estimates presented by Thompson
and Burmaster (1991) are approximately one-half of those reported by Binder et al.  (1986).
Table 2-258  presents the distribution of estimated soil ingestion rates calculated by Thompson
and Burmaster (1991) based on the three tracers elements (i.e., aluminum, silicon, and titanium),
                                        2-393
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Table 2-257.
Tracer Element
Aluminum
soil
dust
soil/dust combined
Silicon
soil
dust
soil/dust combined
Ytrium
soil
dust
soil/dust combined
Titanium
soil
dust
soil/dust combined
Soil and
N

64
64
64

64
64
64

62
64
62

64
64
64
Dust Ingestion

Mean

153
317
154

154
964
483

85
62
65

218
163
170
Estimates

Median

29
31
30

40
49
49

9
15
11

55
28
30
for Children Aget
Intake (mg/day)*
— — 	 . — .
DRAFf
20 SQT QUOTE OR
«** CITE
11-4 Years

95th
SD Percentile

852
1,272
629

693
6,848
3,105

890
687
717

1,150
659
691

223
506
478

276
692
653

106
169
159

1,432
1,266
1,059


Maximum

6,837
8,462
4,929

5,549
54,870
24,900

6,736
5,096
5,269

6,707
3,354
3,597
*  Corrected for Tracer Concentrations in Foods



Source: Adapted from Calabrese et al., 1989.
                                           2-394
-------
Table 2-258.
Trace Element Basis
Mean
Min
10th
20th
30th
40th
Med
60th
70th
80th
90th
Max
Estimated Soil Ingestion
Distributions Using Binder

Al
97
11
21
33
39
43
45
55
73
104
197
1,201
Rate Summary Statistic
et al. (1986) Data with Ad
Soil Intake (mg/day)
* DRAFT
DO JTOf Q.UOTE OR
CITE
$ and Parameters for
ual Fecal Weights

Si Ti AVE«
85 1,004 91
10 1
I 13
19 3 22
23 22 34
36 47 43
52 172 49
60 293 59
65 475 69
79 724 92
106 1,071 100
166 2,105 143
642 14,061 921
Lognormal Distribution Parameters
Median
Standard Deviation
Arithmetic Mean
45
169
97
60
95
85
59
126
91
Underlying Normal Distribution Parameters
Mean
Standard Deviation
*AVE = arithmetic ave
4.06
0.88
rage of soil ingestion based
4.07
0.85
on aluminum and silicon.
4.13
0.80

Source:  Thompson and Burmaster, 1991.
                                      2-395
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                        CITE
and on the arithmetic average of soil ingestion based on aluminum and silicon.  The mean soil
intake rates were 97 mg/day for aluminum, 85 mg/day for silicon, and 1,004 mg/day for
titanium. The 90th percentile estimates were 197 mg/day for aluminum, 166 mg/day for silicon,
and 2,105 mg/day for titanium.  Based on the arithmetic average of aluminum and  silicon for
each child, mean soil intake was estimated to be 91 mg/day and 90th percentile intake was
estimated to be 143 mg/day.
      Thompson and Burmaster (1991) tested the hypothesis that soil ingestion rates based on
the adjusted Binder et al. (1986) data for aluminum, silicon and the average of these two tracers
were lognormally distributed.  The distribution of soil intake based on titanium was not tested
for lognormality because titanium may be present in food in high concentrations and  the Binder
et al. (1986) study did not correct for  food  sources of titanium (Thompson and Burmaster,
1991). Although visual inspection of the distributions for aluminum, silicon, and the average
of these tracers all indicated that they may be lognormally distributed, statistical tests indicated
that only  silicon and the average of the silicon  and aluminum tracers were lognormally
distributed. Soil intake rates based on aluminum were not lognormally distributed. Table Soil-9
also  presents  the lognormal distribution  parameters  and  underlying  normal distribution
parameters (i.e., the natural logarithms of the data) for aluminum, silicon, and the average of
these  two  tracers.  According to  the authors, "the  parameters estimated from  the underlying
normal distribution are much more reliable and robust* (Thompson and Burmaster,  1991).
      The advantages of this study are that it provides percentile data and defines the shape of
soil intake distributions. However, the  number of data points used to fit the distribution was
limited.  In addition,  the study did not generate "new" data.  Instead, it provided a reanalysis
of previously-reported data using actual fecal weights.  No corrections were made for tracer
intake from food or medicine and the results may not be representative of long-term intake rates
because the data were derived from a short-term study.
      Lepow et al.  - Role of Airborne Lead in Increased Body Burden of Lead in Hartford
Children - Lepow et al. (1974) estimated ingestion of airborne lead fallout among urban children
by;  (1) analyzing surface dirt and dust samples from locations where children played; (2)
measuring hand dirt by applying preweighed adhesive labels to the  hands and weighing the
amount of dirt that was removed;  and (3) observing "mouthing* behavior over 3 to  6 hours of
                                       2-396
-------
                                                                       DKAfT
                                                                 2-0 NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                   •«*•  CITE
normal play.  Twenty-two children from an urban area of Connecticut were included  in the
study.  Lepow et al. (1975) found that the mean weight of soil/dust on the hands was 11 mg.
Assuming that a child would put fingers or other "dirty" objects into his mouth about 10 times
a day ingesting 11 mg of dirt each time, Lepow et al.  (1975) estimated that the daily soil
ingestion rate would be about 100 mg/day.  According to Lepow et al. (1975), the amount of
hand dirt measured with this technique is probably an underestimate because dirt trapped in skin
folds and creases was probably not removed by the adhesive label.  Consequently,  mean soil
ingestion rates may be somewhat higher than the values estimated in this study.
      Duggan and Williams - Lead in Dust in  City Streets - Duggan and Williams (1977)
assessed the risks associated with lead in street dust by analyzing street dust from areas in and
around London for lead,  and estimating  the amount of hand dirt that a child might ingest.
Duggan and Williams (1977) estimated the amount of dust that would be retained on the
forefinger and thumb by removing a small amount of dust from a weighed amount, rubbing the
forefinger and thumb together, and reweighing to determine the amount retained  on the finger
and thumb. The results of "a number of tests with several different people" indicated that the
mean amount of dust retained on the finger and thumb was approximately 4 mg with a range of
2 to 7 mg (Duggan and Williams, 1977).  Assuming that a child would suck his/her finger or
thumb 10 times a day and that all of the dirt is removed each time and replaced with new dirt
prior to subsequent mouthing behavior, Duggan and Williams (1977) estimated that 20  mg of
dust would be ingested per day.
      Day et al. - Lead in Urban Street Dust - Day et al. (1975) evaluated the contribution of
incidental ingestion of lead-contaminated street dust and soil  to children's  total daily intake of
lead by measuring the amount of lead in street dust and soil and estimating the amount of dirt
ingested by children. The amount of soil that might be ingested was estimated by measuring the
amount of dirt that was transferred to a "sticky sweet" during 30 minutes of play and assuming
that a child might eat from 2 to 20 such sweets per day.  Based on "a small number of direct
measurements", Day et al. (1975) found that 5 to 50 mg of dirt from a child's hands may be
transferred to a "sticky sweet" during 30 minutes of "normal playground activity. Assuming that
all of the dirt is ingested with the 2 to 20 "sticky sweets."  Day et al. (1975) estimated that
intake of soil  among children could range from 10 to 1000 mg/day.
                                       2-397
-------
       HawJey et al. - Assessment of Health Risk from Exposure to Contaminated,
existing literature, Hawley  (1985)  developed  scenarios for estimating exposure of young
children, older children,  and adults to contaminated soil.  Annual soil ingestion rates were
estimated based on assumed intake rates of soil and housedust for indoor and outdoor activities
and assumptions about the duration and frequency of the activities.  These soil ingestion rates
were based on the assumption that the contaminated area is in a region having a winter season.
Housedust was assumed to be comprised of 80 percent soil.
       Outdoor exposure  to contaminated  soil among young children (i.e., 2.5 years old) was
assumed to occur 5 days per week during only 6 months of the year (i.e.,  mid-April through
mid-October). Children were assumed to ingest 250 mg soil/day while playing outdoors based
on data presented in Lepow et al. (1974; 1975) and Roels et al.  (1980).  Indoor exposures
among this population were based on the assumption that young  children ingest 100 mg of
housedust per day while spending all of their time indoors during the winter months, and 50 mg
of housedust per day during the wanner  months when only a portion of their time is spent
indoors.  Based  on these assumptions, Hawley (1985) estimated that the annual average soil
intake rate for young children is 150 mg/day (Table 2-259).   Older children (i.e., 6 year olds)
were assumed to ingest 50 mg of soil per day from an area equal to the area of the fingers on
one hand while playing outdoors.  This assumption was based on data from Lepow et al. (1975).
Outdoor activities were assumed to occur each day over 5 months of the year (i.e., during May
through October).  These children were also assumed to ingest 3 mg/day of housedust from the
indoor surfaces of the hands during indoor activities  occurring over the entire year. Using these
data, Hawley (1985) estimated the annual average soil intake rate for older children  to be 23.4
mg/day (Table 2-259).

2.8.4.  Soil Intake Among Adults
       Information on soil ingestion among adults is very limited. Hawley (1985) estimated soil
ingestion among adults based on assumptions regarding  activity patterns and corresponding
ingestion amounts.  Hawley (1985)  assumed that adults ingest outdoor soil at a rate of 480
mg/day while engaged in  yardwork or other physical activity. These outdoor exposures were
assumed to occur 2 days/week during 5 months of the year (i.e., May through October).  The
                                        2-398
-------
                        Table 2-259.  Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Children
                                                                              DRAFT
                                                                       DO KOT QUOTE OR
                                                                              CITE
          Scenarios
Media
Exposure
(mg/day)
Days/Year
 Activity
Fraction Soil
  Content
   Annual
Average Soil
   Make
  (mg/day)
 Young Child (2.5 Years Old)
 Outdoor Activities (Summer)     Soil
 Indoor Activities (Summer)       Dust
 Indoor Activities (Winter        Dust
 TOTAL SOIL INTAKE
               250
                50
               100
                130
                182
                182
                 1
                 0.8
                 0.8
                  90
                  20
                 M
                 ISO
 Older Child (6 Years Old)
 Outdoor Activities (Summer)     SoE
 Indoor Activities (Year-Round)   Duet
 TOTAL SOIL INTAKE
                50
                 3
                 152
                 365
                 1
                 0.8
                  21
                                                      23,4
Source: Hawley, 1985.
                                        2-399
-------
                                                                            DRAFT
                                                                         HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                            fiXXE
ingestion estimate was based on the assumption that a SO /tin/thick layer of soil is Ingested from
the inside surfaces of the thumb and fingers of one  hand.  Ingestion of indoor housedust was
assumed to occur from typical living space activities such as eating and smoking, and work in
attics or other uncleaned areas of the house.  Hawley (1985) assumed that adults ingest an
average  of 0.56 mg housedust/day during  typical living  space activities and  110  mg
housedust/day while working in attics. Attic work was assumed to occur 12 days/year. Hawley
(1985) also assumed that  soil comprises 80  percent of household dust.   Based on these
assumptions about soil intake and the frequency of indoor and outdoor activities, Hawley (1985)
estimated the annual average soil intake rate  for adults to be 60.5 mg/day (Table 2-260).
       The soil intake value estimated by Hawley (1985) is consistent with adult soil intake rates
suggested by other researchers.  Calabrese et al. (1987) suggested that soil intake among adults
ranges from 1 to 100  mg/day.  According to Calabrese et al. (1987),  these values "are
conjectural and based on fractional estimates" of earlier Center for Disease Control  (CDC)
estimates. In a recently completed evaluation  of the scientific literature concerning soil ingestion
rates for children and adults (Krablin, 1989), Arco Coal Company suggested that 10 mg/day may
be an appropriate value for adult soil ingestion.  This value is based on "extrapolation from urine
arsenic epidemiological studies and information on mouthing behavior and time activity patterns"
(Krablin, 1989).
       Calabrese et al. - Preliminary Adult Soil Ingestion Estimates: Results of a Pilot Study-
Calabrese et al. (1990) studied six adults to evaluate the extent to which they ingest soil. This
adult study was originally part of the children soil ingestion study conducted by Calabrese and
was used to validate part of the analytical  methodology used in the  children study.   The
participants  were six healthy adults, three males and three females, 25-41  years old.   Each
volunteer ingested one empty gelatin capsule  at breakfast and one at dinner Monday, Tuesday,
and Wednesday during the first week of the study. During the second week, they ingested 50
mg of sterilized soil within a gelatin capsule at breakfast and  at dinner (a total of  100 mg of
sterilized soil per day) for  3 days.  For the third week, the participants ingested 250  mg of
sterilized soil in a gelatin capsule at  breakfast and at  dinner (a  total of 500 mg of soil per day)
during the three days. Duplicate meal samples (food  and beverage) were collected from the six
adults.  The sample included all foods ingested from breakfast Monday, through the evening
                                        2-400
-------
                                                                                   DRAFT
                                                                                HOI QUOTE OR
                                                                               m CITS
                         Table 2-260.  Estimates of Soil Ingestion for Adults
        Scenarios
Media
Exposure
(tag/day)
Days/Year
 Activity
                                                                  Fraction Soil     Animal
                                                                    Content    Average Soil
                                                                                 (mg/day)
Adult
Work in attic (year-round)       Dust
Living Space (year-round)       Dust
Outdoor Wort (summer)        Soil
               110
                 0.56
               480
                  12
                 365
                  43
                 0.8
                 0.8
                 1
                                                                                    3
                                                                                    0.5
 TOTAL SOIL INTAKE
                              60.5
Source: Hawley, 1985.
                                            2-401
-------
                                                                     ""  DRAFT
                                                                  00 NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                         CUE
meal Wednesday during each of the 3 weeks.  In addition, all medications and vitamins ingested
by the adults were collected. Total excretory output were collected from Monday noon through
Friday midnight over 3 consecutive weeks. Table 2-261 provides the mean and median values
of soil ingestion for each element by week.  Data obtained from the first week, when empty
gelatin capsules were ingested, may be used to derive an estimate of soil intake by adults.  The
mean intake rates for the eight tracers are; Al, 110 mg; Ba, -232 mg; Mh, 330 mg;  Si, 30 mg;
Ti, 71 mg; V, 1,288 mg; Y, 63 mg; and Zr,  134 mg.
       The advantage of this study is that it provides quantitative estimates of soil ingestion by
adults.  The study also corrected for tracer concentrations in foods and  medicines.  However,
a limitation of this study is that a limited number of subjects were studied.  In addition, the
subjects were only studied for one week before soil capsules were ingested.

2.8.5. Prevalence of Pica
       The scientific literature define pica as "the repeated  eating of nonnutritive substances"
(Feldman, 1986).  For the purposes of this handbook, pica is defined as an deliberately high soil
ingestion rate.  Numerous articles have been published that report  on the incidence of pica
among various populations. However, most of these papers describe pica for substances other
than soil including sand, clay, paint, plaster,  hair, string, cloth, glass, matches, paper, feces,
and various other items. These papers indicate that the pica occurs in approximately half of all
children  between the  ages  of 1  and 3 years (Sayetta, 1986).  The incidence of deliberate
ingestion behavior in  children has been shown  to differ for different  subpopulations.   The
incidence rate appears to be higher for black children than for white children.  Approximately
30 percent of black children aged 1 to 6 years are reported to have deliberate ingestion behavior,
compared with 10 to  18 percent of white children in  the same age group (Danford, 1982).
There does not appear to be any sex differences in the incidence rates for males  or females
(Kaplan and Sadock, 1985),  Lourie et al. (1963) states that the  incidence of pica is higher
among children in lower socioeconomic groups (i.e., 50 to 60 percent) than in higher income
families (i.e., about 30 percent). Deliberate soil ingestion behavior appears to be more common
in rural areas (Vermeer and Frate, 1979). A higher rate of pica has also been reported for
pregnant women  and individuals with poor nutritional status (Danford, 1982).  In  general,
                                        2-402
-------
           Table 2-261.   Adult Daily Soil Ingestion Estimates by Week and Tracer Element After Subtracting Food and Capsule Ingestion, Based on Median
                         Amherst Soil Concentrations: Means and Medians Over Subjects (rag)"
Week
Means
1
2
3
Medians
1
2
3
Al

110
98
28

60
85
66
Ba

-2.32
12,265
201

-71
597
386
Mn

330
1,306
790

388
1,368
831
Si

30
14
-23

31
15
-27
Ti

71
25
896

102
112
156
V

1,288
43
532

1,192
150
047
Y

63
21
67

44
35
60
Zr

134
58
-74

124
65
-144
N)

I
* Data were converted to milligrams

Source:  Calabrese et al., 1990
                                                                                                                                            3
                                                                                                                                            i
-------
                                                                   '"•"  DRAFT
                                                                CO HOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                  *»•  CITE
deliberate ingestion behavior is more frequent and more severe in mentally retarded children
than in children in the general population (Behrman and Vaughan 1983, Danford 1982, Forfar
and Ameil 1984, Blingworth 1983, Sayetta 1986).
      It should be noted that the pica statistics cited above apply to the incidence of general
pica and not soil pica.  Information on the incidence of soil pica is limited, but it appears that
soil pica is less common. A study by Vermeer and Frate (1979) showed that the incidence of
geophagia  (i.e., earth-eating)  was about  16 percent among children from a rural black
community in Mississippi.  However, geophagia was described as a cultural practice among the
community surveyed and may not be representative of the general population.  Average daily
consumption of soil was estimated to be SO g/day.  Bruhn and Pangborn (1971) reported the
incidence of pica for "dirt" to be 19 percent in children, 14 percent in pregnant women, and 3
percent  in nonpregnant women.  However, "dirt" was not clearly defined.   The Bruhn and
Pangborn  (1971) study was conducted among 91 non-black, low income families of migrant
agricultural workers in California.  Based on the data from the five key tracer studies (Binder
et al., 1986; Clausing et al., 1987; Van Wljnen et al., 1990; Davis et al., 1990; and Calabrese
et al., 1989) only one child out of the more than 600 children involved in all of these studies
ingested an amount of soil significantly greater than the range for other children. Although these
studies did not include all populations and were representative of short-term ingestions only, it
can be assumed that the incidence rate of deliberate soil ingestion behavior in the general
population is low.

2.8.6. Deliberate Soil Ingestion Among Children
      Information on the  amount of soil ingested by children with abnormal  soil ingestion
behavior is limited. However, some evidence suggests that a rate on the order of 5 to 10 g/day
may not be unreasonable.  Calabrese et al. (1991) estimated that upper range  soil ingestion
values may range from approximately 5-7 grams/day.  This estimate was based on observations
of one pica child among the 64 children who participated in the study. In the study, a 3.5-year
old  female exhibited extremely high soil ingestion behavior during one of the two weeks of
observation. Intake ranged from 74 mg/day to 2.2 g/day during the first week of observation
and 10.1 to 13.6 g/day during the second week of observation (Table 2-262).  These results are
                                        2-404
-------
                                                                     ••*- DRAFT
                                                                   DO  NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                     -H*  CITE

       Table 2-262.   Daily Soil Ingestion Estimation in a Soil-Pica Child by Tracer and by Week
                    (mg/day)
Weekl
Tracer Estimated Soil Ingestion
Al 74
Ba 458
Mn 2,221
Si 142
Ti 1,543
V 1,269
Y 147
Zr 86
Week 2
Estimated Soil Ingestion
13,600
12,088
12,341
10,955
11,870
10,071
13,325
2,695
Source:  Calabrese et al., 1991
                                       2-405
-------
                                                                      DRAFT
                                                                  O HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                   **?.  CITE
based on mass-balance analyses for seven (i.e., aluminum, barium, manganese, silicon, titanium,
vanadium, and ytrium) of the eight tracer elements used. Intake rates based on zirconium was
significantly lower but Calabrese et al. (1991) indicated that this may have "resulted from a
limitation in the analytical protocol."
       In conducting a risk assessment for TCDD, U.S. EPA (1984b) used 5 g/day to represent
the soil intake rate for pica children. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) also investigated
the potential for exposure to TCDD through the soil ingestion route. CDC used a value of 10
g/day to represent the amount of soil that a child with deliberate soil ingestion behavior might
ingest (Kimbrough et al.,  1984).   These  values  are consistent with those observed  by
Calabrese et al. (1991).

2.8.7. Recommendations
       The key studies described in this section were used to recommend values for soil intake
among children.   -The key  and relevant studies used different  survey designs  and study
populations. These studies are summarized in Table 2-263. For example, in some of the studies
food and nonfood sources of trace elements were considered, while other did not. In other
studies, soil ingestion estimates were adjusted to account for the contribution of house dust to
this estimate.  Despite these differences, the mean and upper-percentile estimates reported for
these studies are relatively consistent.
       It is important, however,  to understand the various uncertainties associated  with these
values.  First, individuals were not studied for sufficient periods of time to get a good estimate
of the usual intake.  Therefore,  the values presented in this section may not necessarily  be
representative of long term exposures.  Second,  the  experimental error in measuring soil
ingestion values  for individual  children is  another source of uncertainty.   For example,
incomplete sample collection of  both input (i.e., food and nonfood sources) and output (i.e.,
urine and feces) is a limitation for some of the studies conducted.  In addition, an individual's
soil ingestion value may be artificially high or low depending on the extent to which a mismatch
between  input and output occurs due to individual variation in the gastrointestinal transit time.
Third, the degree to which the tracer elements used in these studies are absorbed in  the human
body  is  uncertain.   Accuracy of the soil ingestion estimates depends on  how  good this
                                        2-406
-------
                                                 Table 2-263.  Soil Intake Studies
         Study
       Study Type
  Number of
 Observations
     Age
   Population
     Studied
       Comments
Binder et al., 1986
Tracer study using
aluminum, silicon, and
titanium
Calabrese et al., 1989      Tracer - mass balance
                          study using aluminum,
                          barium, manganese,
                          silicon, titanium,
                          vanadium, ytrium, and
                          zirconium

Calabrese et al., 1991      Tracer - mass balance
Clausing et al., 1987
Tracer study using
aluminum, acid insoluble
residue, and titanium
59 children      1-3 years
                            64 Children      1-4 years
                            1 pica child      3.5 years
18 nursery
school
children; 6
hospitalized
children
2-4 years
                Children living
                near lead smelter
                in Montana
Children from
greater Amherst
area of
Massachusetts;
highly-educated
parents

1 pica child from
greater Amherst
area of
Massachusetts

Dutch children
Did not account for tracer
in food and medicine;
used assumed fecal
weight of 15  g/day; short-
term study conducted
over 3 days

Corrected for tracer in
food and medicine; study
conducted over two-week
period; used adults to
validate methods; one
pica child in study group.

Child was observed as
part of the Calabrese et
al., 1989 study.


Did not account for tracer
in food and medicines;
used tracer-based intake
rates for hospitalized
children as background
values; short-term study
conducted over 5 days
                                                                                                                               i
                                                                                                        o
                                                                                                        «
                                                                                                                                   W
-------
                                                    Table 2-263.  Soil Intake Studies (continued)
                  Study
       Study Type
  Number of
 Observations
                    Age
   Population
     Studied
       Comments
         Davis et aL, 1990
£
oo
         Day et al.» 1977
         Duggan and Williams,
         19T7
         Hawley et al., 1985
         Lepow et al., 1974
Tracer - mass balance
study using aluminum
silicon and titanium
Measured dirt on sticky
sweets and assumed
number of sweets eaten
per day

Measured soil on fingers
and observed mouthing
behavior

Assumed soil intake rates
based on nature and
duration of activities
Measured soil on hands
and observed mouthing
behavior
104 children     2-7 years
                               Children from 3-
                               city area in
                               Washington State
Not specified    Not specified    Not specified
Not specified



Not specified
                Not specified
                Young
                children, older
                children,
                adults
Areas around
London


Not specified
22 children      2-6 years
                               Urban children
                               from Connecticut
                  Corrected for tracer in
                  food and medicine; short-
                  term study conducted
                  over seven-day period;
                  collected information on
                  demographic
                  characteristics affecting
                  soil intake.

                  Based on observations
                  and crude measurements
Based on observations
and crude measurements.


No data on soil intake
collected;  estimates based
on assumptions regarding
data from previous
studies.

Based on observations
over 3-6 hours of play
and crude measurement
techniques.
-------
                                            Table 2-263.  Soil Intake Studies (continued)
Study
Thompson and
Study Type
Re-evaluation of Binder et
Number of
Observations
59 children
Age
1-3 years
Population
Studied
Children living
Comments
Re-calculated soil intake
Burmaster, 1991
Van Wijnenetal., 1990
at., 19S6 data
Tracer study using
aluminum, acid insoluble
residue, and titanium
292 daycare
children; 78
campers; IS
hospitalized
children
1-5 years
                                 near lead smelter
                                 in Montana
Dutch children
rates from Binder et al.,
1986 data using actual
fecal weights instead of
assumed weights.

Did not account for tracer
in food and medicines;
used tracer-based intake
for hospitalized children
as background values;
evaluated population
(campers) with greater
access to soil; evaluated
differences in soil intake
due to weather
conditions.
-------
                                                                       JTOT QUOTB OR
                                                                          -CIII   ....
assumption is. Fourth, there is uncertainty with regard to the homogeneity of soil samples aUfl
the accuracy of parent's knowledge about their child's playing areas. Fifth, all the soil ingestion
studies presented in this  section with the exception of Calabrese et al. (1989) were conducted
during the summer when soil contact is more likely.
       Although the recommendations presented below are derived from studies which were
mostly conducted in the summer, exposure during the winter months when the ground is frozen
or snow covered should not be considered as zero. Exposure during these months, although may
be lower than the summer months, would not be zero  since some portion  of the house dust
comes from outdoor soil.
       Soil Ingestion Among Children - Estimates of the amount of soil ingested by children are
summarized below.
Mean (mg/day)
Al
181
230
3'
64.5k
153
154k
162-213«
Average
Si
184

82
ISO*
154
483k

SS
Am.1 Ti Y

129
245.5
268.4k
218 85.
170" 6511

165 mg/day soil
191 mg/day soil and dutt
combined
Upper Percentile (mg/day)
Al Si
584 578



223 276
478b 653b

545 mg/day soil
587 mg/day soil
Ti Y




1,432 106
l,059k 159*

and duct combined
References

Binder et al. 1986
Claming et al. 1987
Davy et al. 1990

Calabrese et al. 1989

Van Wyncn et al. 1990

   AIR "= Acid Insoluble Residue
   Soil and
   Range reported
The mean values ranged from 39 mg/day tS"245.5 mg/day with an average of 165 mg/day for
soil ingestion and 191 mg/day for soil and dust ingestion.   Results obtained using titanium as
a tracer  in  the Binder and Clausing studies were  not considered in the derivation of a
                                        2-410
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                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                      Hor QUOTE OR
                                                                         CITS
recommendation because these studies did not take into consideration other sources oi"TO
element in the diet which for titanium seems to be significant.  Therefore,  these values may
overestimate the soil intake.  One can note that this group of mean values is consistent with the
200 mg/day value that EPA programs have used as a conservative mean estimate.  Taking into
consideration that the highest values were seen with titanium, which may  exhibit greater
variability man the other tracers, and the fact that the Calabrese study included a pica child, 100
mg/day appears to represent  a central estimate of the mean for children under 6 years of age.
However, since the children  were studied for short periods of time and the prevalence of pica
behavior is not known, excluding the pica child from the calculations may underestimate soil
intake rates.  It is plausible that many children may exhibit some pica behavior if studied for
longer periods of time.  Over the period of study, upper percentile values  ranged from 106
mg/day to 1,432 mg/day with an average of 545 mg/day for soil ingestion and 587 mg/day for
soil and dust ingestion.  However, since the  period of study was short, these values are not
estimates of usual intake.
   Data on soil ingestion  rates for children who deliberately ingest soil  are also limited.
However, an ingestion rate of 10  - 14 g/day may not be an unreasonable assumption for use in
acute exposure assessments, based on the available information.  It should be noted, however,
that this value is based on only one pica child observed in the Calabrese et al. (1989) study.
   5027 Ingestion Among Adults - For adults, data on soil ingestion are limited.  The available
data are presented below:

Al
110
0.5-57*
Mean (mg/day)
Si Ti Y
30 71 63
_ _ _
Upper Percentile
(mg/day)

—
480
References

Calabreie
Hawky
* Range reported

The average soil intake rate ranged  from 0.5 mg/day to 110 mg/day.  This set of values is
consistent with the 50 mg/day value often used by the program offices to represent a mean soil
                                        2-411
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                                                                  BO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                        CITE
intake rate for adults.  A value of 480 mg/day was estimated by Hawley lor adults engaged in
outdoor activities.   However, this value should  be used in  conjunction with a short-term
exposure frequency and duration since this value represents soil ingestion per event and not an
annual average.
                                        2-412
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U.S. EPA. (1984a) Air quality for lead.  Vol H.  Washington, DC:  U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency. EPA-600/8-83-Q28B.

U.S. EPA.  (1984b)  Risk analysis of  TCDD contaminated  soil.  Washington, DC:  U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
      EPA 600/8-84-031,

U.S. EPA. (1984c)  Tolerance Assessment System: Crop  to Food Map. (Data analyzed was
      compiled in the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977-78)  Washington,
      DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs.

U.S. EPA. (1984d) An estimation  of the daily average food intake by age and sex for use in
      assessing  the radionuclide  intake  of  individuals  in the  general   population.
      EPA-520/1-84-021.
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U.S. EPA.  (1984e) An estimation of the daily food intake based on data from the 1977-1978
      USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey.  Washington, DC:  Office of Radiation
      Programs. EPA-520/1-84-015.

U.S. EPA.  (1985) Development of statistical distributions or ranges of standard factors used
      in exposure assessments.  Washington, DC:   Office of Health  and Environmental
      Assessment.   EPA No.  600/8-85-010.  Available  from:   NITS,  Springfield, VA.
      PB85-242667.

U.S. EPA.  (1986) Methods for assessing exposure to chemical substances.  Vol 8. Methods
      for assessing environmental pathways of food contamination. Washington, DC: U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency,  Office of Toxic Substances.  EPA 560/5-85-008.

U.S. EPA.  (1988)  Guidance manual for assessing human health risks  from  chemically-
      contaminated fish and shellfish.  Washington, DC: Office of Water.

U.S. EPA.  (1989a)  Development of risk assessment  methodologies for land application and
      distribution and marketing of municipal sludge.  Washington, DC EPA 600/-89/001.

U.S. EPA.  (19895)  Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume  1, Human Health
      Evaluation Manual, Part A. Washington, DC:  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
      Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.

U.S. EPA.  (1992a) Guidance for using scenarios in exposure assessment, Washington, D.C.
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Draft Report, September,  1992.

U.S. EPA.  (1992b)  Consumption surveys for fish and shellfish:  a review and analysis of
      survey methods.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. Washington,
      D.C.  EPA 822/R-92-001. February 1992.

U.S. EPA.  (1993)  Fish intake study. Review Draft.  Washington, D.C.  U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.

Van Wijnen, J.H.; Clausing, P.; Brunekreff, B.  (1990)  Estimated soil ingestion by children.
      Environ. Res. 51:147-162.

Vermeer, D.E.; Frate,  D.A.  (1979)  Geophagia in  rural  Mississippi:  environmental  and
      cultural contexts and nutritional implications.  Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:2129-2135.

Walker, B.S.; Boyd, W.C.; Asimov, I.  (1957) Biochemistry and human metabolism, 2nd ed.
      Baltimore, MD:  Williams & Wilkins Co.

Walker, C.E.; Roberts, M.C. (1983) Handbook of clinical child psychology.  New York: John
      Wiley & Sons.

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West,  P.C.; Fly, M.J.; Marans,  R.;  Larkin, F.   (1989b)   Michigan sport anglers fish
       consumption survey,  Supplement I: Non-response bias and consumption suppression
       effect adjustments and supplement n: test for stability of consumption rates over time.
       School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

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       consumption:  evidence from a state-wide survey of Michigan. In:  B.  Bryant and P.
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       Hazardous Waste.  Ann Arbor, MI:   University of Michigan,  School of Natural
       Resources.

White, S.B.; Peterson, B.; Clayton, C.A.; Duncan, D.P. (1983) Interim Report Number 1:
       The construction of a raw agricultural commodity consumption data base. Prepared by
       Research Triangle Institute for EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.

Whitehead, R.G.; Paul, A.A.  (1991) Dietary energy needs from 6 to 12  months of age.  In:
       Heird, W.C. ed., Nutritional Needs of the Six to Twelve Month Old Infant. New York,
       Raven Press Ltd.  pp. 135-148.

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       and development impacts. Arctic Anthropology 24(2):56-81.

Ziai, M. (1983) Bedside pediatrics. Rochester, NY: Mohsen Ziai.
                                       2-424
-------
                                              DRAFT
                                          DO WOT QUOTE OR
                                              CUE
                    APPENDIX 2A
Food Costs and Definitions Used in Analysis of 1987/88 USDA
                     NFCS Data
-------
-------
                                                / CO Roy CCJ3Z3 03
                     APPENIHX2D
National Marine Fisheries Service Recreational Fishing Data
-------
-------
                   Appendix 2-A.  Foods Code* and Definitions Uied in Anatynf of the 1987/88 USDA NFCS Data
Food Product
              Household Code/Definition
                                                                                            Individual Code
                                                       MAJOR FOOD GROUPS
Total Fruits
50-     Fresh Fruits
                 citrus
                 other vitamin-C  rich
                 other fruits
512-    Commercially Canned Fruits
522-    Commercially Frozen Fruits
533-    Canned Fruit Juice
534-    Frozen Fruit Juice
535-    Aseptically Packed Fruit Juice
536-    Fresh Fruit Juice
542-    Dried Fruits
(includes baby foods)	
6-       Fruits
                 citrus fruits  and  juices
                 dried fruits
                 other fruits
                 fruits/juices  &  nectar
                 fruit/juices baby  food
(includes baby foods)
Total
Vegetables
48-     Potatoes, Sweetpotatocs
49-     Fresh Vegetables  '
                 dark green
                 deep yellow
                 tomatoes
                 light green
                 other
511-    Commercially Canned Vegetables
521-    Commercially Frozen Vegetables
531-    Canned Vegetable Juice
532-    Frozen Vegetable Juice
537-    Fresh Vegetable Juice
538-    Aseptically Packed Vegetable Juice
541-    Dried Vegetables
(does not include soups,  sauces,  gravies,  mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners;  includes baby foods except
mi xtures/di nners)
7-      Vegetables  (all forms)
                 white potatoes  & PR  starchy
                 dark green vegetables
                 deep yellow vegetables
                 tomatoes  and torn, mixtures
                 other vegetables
                 veg. and  mixtures/baby food
                 veg. with meat  mixtures
(includes baby foods; mixtures,  mostly vegetables)
Total Heats
                44-     Heat
                                beef
                                pork
                                veal
                                lamb
                                mutton
                                goat
                                game
                                lunch meat
                                mixtures
                451-    Poultry
                (does not include  soups,  sauces,  gravies, mixtures,
                and ready-to-eat dinners;  includes  baby foods except
                mixtures)	
                                                        20-     Heat,  type not specified
                                                        21-     Beef
                                                        22-     Pork
                                                        23-     Lamb,  veal, game, carcass meat
                                                        24-     Poultry
                                                        25-     Organ  meats, sausages,  lunchmeats, meat
                                                                spreads
                                                        (excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items;
                                                        frozen plate meals; soups and gravies with meat,
                                                        poultry and fish base; and gelatin-based drinks;
                                                        includes baby foods)
Total Dairy
40-     Hi Ik Equivalent
                 fresh  fluid milk
                 processed milk
                 cream  and cream substitutes
                 frozen desserts with milk
                 cheese
                 dairy-based dips
(does not include soups,  sauces,  gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners)	
1-      Hi Ik and Hi Ik Products
                milk and milk drinks
                cream and  cream substitutes
                milk desserts,  sauces, and gravies
                cheeses
(includes regular fluid milk, human milk,  imitation
milk products,  yogurt,  milk-based  meal  replacements,
and infant formulas)
Total Fish
                452-    Fish, Shellfish
                                various species
                                fresh, frozen, commercial, dried
                (does not  include  soups, sauces,  gravies,  mixtures,
                and ready-to-eat dinners)
                                                        26-      Fish, Shellfish
                                                                         various species and  forms

                                                        (excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items;
                                                        frozen plate meals; soups and gravies with  meat,
                                                        poultry and fish base; and gelatin-based drinks)
                                                                                               ••f"  DRAFT
                                                                                            DO  NOT  QUOTE  OR
                                                                                                     CITE
                                                               2A-1
-------
                 Appendix 2-A. Foods Codes and Defiiritioni Used in Analysis of the 1987/8* USDA NFCS Data  (continued)
Food Product
               Household Code/Definition
                    Individual Code
                                                        INDIVIDUAL FOCDS
Potatoes
4811-   White Potatoes, fresh
4821-   White Potatoes, canrnercially canned
4831-   White Potatoes, commercialty frozen
4841-   White Potatoes, dehydrated
4851-   White Potatoes, chips, sticks, salad
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners)
71-     White Potatoes and PR Starchy Veg.
                 baked, boiled, chips, sticks, creamed,
                 scalloped, au grotin, fried, mashed,
                 stuffed,  puffs, salad, recipes, soups,
                 Puerto Riean starchy vegetables
(does not include vegetables soups;  vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)	
Peppers
4913-    Green/Red Peppers, fresh
5111201 Sweet Green Peppers, commercially canned
5111202 Hot Chili Peppers, commercially canned
5211301 Sweet Green Peppers, commercially-frozen
5211302 Green Chili Peppers, eornnercially frozen
5211303 Red Chili Peppers, commercially frozen
5413112 Sweet Green Peppers, dry
5413113 Red Chili Peppers, dry
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners)
7512100 Pepper, hot chili, raw
7512200 Pepper, raw
7512210 Pepper, sweet green, raw
7512220 Pepper, sweet red, raw
7522600 Pepper, green, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522601 Pepper, green, cooked, fat not added
7522602 Pepper, green, cooked, fat added
7522604 Pepper, red, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522605 Pepper, red, cooked, fat not added
7522606 Pepper, red, cooked, fat added
7522609 Pepper, hot, cooked, NS as to fat added
7522610 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat not added
7522611 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat added
7551101 Peppers, hot, sauce
7551102 Peppers, pickled
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)
Onions
4953-   Onions, Garlic, fresh
                 onions
                 chives
                 garlic
                 leeks
5114908 Garlic Pulp, raw
5114915 Onions, commercially canned
5213722 Onions, coranercially frozen
5213723 Onions with Sauce, coranercially frozen
5413103 Chives, dried
5413105 Garlic Flakes, dried
5413110 Onion Flakes, dried
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners)
7510950 Chives, raw
7511150 Garlic, raw
7511250 Leek, raw
7511701 Onions, young green, raw
7511702 Onions, mature
7521550 Chives, dried
7521740 Garlic, cooked
7522100 Onions, mature cooked, NS as to fat added
7522101 Onions, mature cooked, fat not added
7522102 Onions, mature cooked, fat added
7522103 Onions, pearl cooked
7522104 Onions, young green cooked, NS as to fat
7522105 Onions, young green cooked, fat not added
7522106 Onions, young green cooked, fat added
7522110 Onion, dehydrated
7541501 Onions, creamed
7541502 Onion rings
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)
Corn
4956-   Corn, fresh
5114601 Yellow Corn, commercially canned
5114602 White Corn, commercially canned
5114603 Yellow Creamed Corn, commercially canned
5114604 White Creamed Corn, commercially canned
5114605 Corn on Cob, commercially canned
5114607 Koroiny, canned
5115306 Low Sodium Corn, commercially canned
5115307 low Sodium Cr. Corn, commercially canned
5213501 Yellow Corn on Cob, commercially frozen
5213502 Yellow Corn off Cob, coramereially frozen
5213503 Yell. Corn with Sauce, commercially frozen
5213504 Corn with other Veg., eonmercially frozen
5213505 White Corn on Cob, commercially frozen
5213506 White Corn off Cob, commercially frozen
5213507 Wh. Corn with Sauce, commercially frozen
5413104 Corn, dried
5413106 Hominy, dry
5413603 Corn, instant baby food
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby food)
                           «* DRAFT
                        HO NOI  QUOTE  OR
                                CITB
7510960 Corn, raw
7521600 Corn, cooked, HS as to color/fat added
7521601 Corn, cooked, MS as to color/fat not added
7521602 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/fat added
7521605 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/cream style
7521607 Corn, cooked, dried
7521610 Corn, cooked, yellow/NS as to fat added
7521611 Corn, cooked, yellow/fat not added
7521612 Corn, cooked, yellow/fat added
7521615 Corn, yellow, cream style
7521616 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh./NS as to fat
7521617 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh./fat not added
7521618 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh./fat added
7521619 Corn, yellow, cream style, fat added
7521620 Corn, cooked,-white/NS as to fat added
7521621 Corn, cooked, white/fat not added
7521622 Corn, cooked, white/fat added
7521625 Corn, white, cream style
7521630 Corn, yellow, canned, low sodiun, NS fat
7521631 Corn, yell., canned, low sod., fat not add
7521632 Corn, yell., canned, low sod., fat added
7521749 Hominy, cooked
752175- Hominy, cooked
7541101 Corn scalloped or pudding
7541102 Corn fritter
7541103 Corn with cream sauce
7550101 Corn relish
76405-  Corn, baby
(does not* include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures; includesbaby food)
                                                            2A-2
-------
                   Appendix 2-A.  Foodi Codea and Definitions Uiedin AnaJyraof the 1987/S8 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food Product
              Household Code/Definition
                                                                                            Individual Code
Apples
5031-   Apples, fresh
5122101 Applesauce with sugar,  commercially canned
5122102 Applesauce without sugar,  conn,  canned
5122103 Apple Pie Filling, commercially canned
5122104 Apples, Applesauce, baby/jr., com. canned
5122106 Apple Pie Filling, Low Cal.,  comm. canned
5223101 Apple Slices, commercially frozen
5332101 Apple Juice, canned
5332102 Apple Juice, baby. Conn,  canned
5342201 Apple Juice, com. frozen
5342202 Apple Juice, home frozen
5352101 Apple Juice, aseptically packed
5362101 Apple Juice, fresh
5423101 Apples, dried
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
6210110 Apples, dried, uncooked
6210115 Apples, dried, uncooked, low sodium
6210120 Apples, dried, cooked, NS as to sweetener
6210122 Apples, dried, cooked, unsweetened
6210123 Apples, dried, cooked, with sugar
6310100 Apples, raw
6310111 Applesauce, NS as to sweetener
6310112 Applesauce, unsweetened
6310113 Applesauce with sugar
6310114 Applesauce with low calorie sweetener
6310121 Apples, cooked or canned with syrup
6310131 Apple, baked NS as to sweetener
6310132 Apple, baked, unsweetened
6310133 Apple, baked with sugar
6310141 Apple rings, fried
6310142 Apple, pickled
6310150 Apple, fried
6340101 Apple, salad
6340106 Apple, candied
6410101 Apple cider
6410401 Apple juice
6410405 Apple juice with vitamin C
6710200 Applesauce baby fd., NS as to str. or jr.
6710201 Applesauce baby food, strained
6710202 Applesauce baby food, junior
6720200 Apple juice, baby food
(includes baby food; except mixtures?	
Tomatoes
4931-   Tomatoes, fresh
5113-   Tomatoes, commercially canned
5115201 Tomatoes, low sodium,  commercially canned
5115202 Tomato Sauce, low sodium, com.  canned
5115203 Tomato Paste, low sodium, comm.  canned
5115204 Tomato Puree, low sodium, comm.  canned
5311-   Canned Tomato Juice and Tomato Mixtures
5321-   Frozen Tomato Juice
5371-   Fresh Tomato Juice
5381102 Tomato Juice, aseptically packed
5413115 Tomatoes, dry
5614-   Tomato Soup
5624-   Condensed Tomato Soup
5654-   Dry Tomato Soup
(does not include mixtures,  and ready-to-eat dinners}
74*     Tomatoes and Tomato Mixtures
                 raw, cooked,  juices, sauces, mixtures,
                 soups,  sandwiches
Snap Beans
4943-   Snap or Uax Beans, fresh
5114401 Green or Snap Beans,  commercially canned
5114402 Uax or Yellow Beans,  commercially canned
5114403 Beans, baby/jr., commercially canned
5115302 Green Beans, low sodium,  conn, canned
5115303 Yell, or Uax Beans, leu sod., comm.  canned
5213301 Snap, or Green Beans,  conn, frozen
5213302 Snap or Green w/sauce, comm.  frozen
5213303 Snap or Green Beans w/other veg., conn.  fr.
5213304 Sp. or Gr. Beans w/other veg./sc., comm. fr.
5213305 Wax or Yell. Beans, com, frozen
(does not include soi^is, mixtures, and ready-to-eat
dinners; includes baby foods)
7510180 Beans, string, green, raw
7520498 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/fat  added
7520499 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/no fat
7520500 Beans, string, cooked, NS color S fat
7520501 Beans, string, cooked, green/NS fat
7520502 Beans, string, cooked, green/no fat
7520503 Beans, string, cooked, green/fat
7520511 Beans, str., canned, low sod.,green/NS  fat
7520512 Beans, str., canned, low sod.,green/no  fat
7520513 Beans, str., canned, low sod.,green/fat
7520600 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/NS fat
7520601 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/no fat
7520602 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/fat
7560301 Beans, string, green, creamed
7540302 Beans, string, green, u/mushroom sauce
7540401 Beans, string, yellow, creamed
7550011 Beans, string, green, pickled
7640100 Beans, green, string, baby
7640101 Bean*, green,' string, baby, str.
7640102 Beans, green, string, baby, junior
7640103 Beans, green, string, baby, creamed
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby  foods)
    "**'  DRAFT
 20  NOT  QUOTE OR
          CITE
                                                                  2A-3
-------
                Appendix 2-A. Food* Coda and Definition* Vied in Analysis of the 1987/88 USDA NPCS Data (continued)
Food Product
               HoiMehold Code/Definition-
                    Individual Code
Beef
441-     Beef
(does not  include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners;  includes baby foods except
mixtures)
21-      Beef
                 beef, nfs
                 beef steak
                 beef oxtails,  neckbones,  ribs
                 roasts,  stew meat,  corned,  brisket,
                 sandwich steaks
                 ground beef, patties,  meatballs
                 other beef items
                 beef baby food
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items;
frozen plate meals; soups and gravies with meat,
poultry and fish base; and gelatin-based drinks;
includes baby food)	
Pork
442-     Pork
(does not  include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
22-      Pork
                 pork,  nfs;  ground dehydrated
                 chops
                 steaks,  cutlets
                 ham
                 roasts
                 Canadian bacon
                 bacon, salt pork
                 other  pork  items
                 pork baby food
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items;
frozen plate meals; soups and gravies with meat,
poultry and fish base;  and gelatin-based drinks;
includes baby food)	
CUroe
445-     Variety Heat,  Game
(does not  include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners;  includes baby foods except
mixtures)                                 	
233-     Game
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat items;
frozen plate meals; soups and gravies with meat,
poultry and fish base; and gelatin-based drinks)	
Poultry
451-     Poultry
(does not  include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
24-      Poultry
                 chicken
                 turkey
                 duck
                 other poultry
                 poultry baby food
(excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non-meat  items;
frozen plate meals; soups and gravies with meat,
poultry and fish base; and gelatin-based drinks;
includes baby food)	
Egg*
46-      Eggs  (fresh  equivalent)
                 fresh
                 processed eggs,  substitutes
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
Mixtures)
                                                                        3-
        Eggs
                                                                                         eggs
                                                                                         egg mixtures
                                                                                         egg substitutes
                                                                                         eggs baby food
                                                                                         froz. meals with egg as main  ingred.
                                                                        (includes baby foods)	
Broccoli
4912-    Fresh Broccoli  (and home camed/froz.)
5111203 Broccoli, conn, canned
52112-   Coon. Frozen Broccoli
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)	
722-    Broccoli (all forms)
(does not include vegetable soups;  vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)
Carrots
4921-    Fresh Carrots  (and home canned/froz.)
51121- Cairo. Canned Carrots
5115101 Carrots, Low Sodium, Conn. Canned
52121- Conn. Frozen Carrots
5312103 Com. Canned Carrot Juice
5372102 Carrot Juice Fresh
5413502 Carrots, Dried Baby Food
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)                       	
7310-   Carrots (all forms)
7311140 Carrots in Sauce
7311200 Carrot Chips
76201-  Carrots, baby
(does not include vegetable soups;  vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures;  includes baby foods
except mixtures)
          DRAFT
  DO NOT  QUOTE  OR
          CITE
                                                                2A-4
-------
                    Appendix 2-A*  Food* Codes and Definition* Used in Analysis of tt» 1987/88 USDA NPCS Date (continued)
 Food Product
              Household Code/Definition
                    Individual Code
 Pumpkin
4922-   Fresh Pumpkin, Winter Squash (and home
        canned/froz.)
51122-  Pumpkin/Squash, Baby or Junior, Com. Canned
52122-  Winter Squash, Com. Frozen
5413504 Squash,  Dried Baby Food
(does not include soups,  sauces,  gravies,  mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
732-    Pinpkin (all forms)
733-    Winter squash (all forms)
76205-  Squash, baby
(does not include vegetable soups;  vegetables mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures;  includes  baby  foods)
Asparagus
4941-   Fresh Asparagus (and hone canned/froz.)
5114101 Conn. Canned Asparagus
5115301 Asparagus, Lou Sodium, Comm.  Canned •
52131-  Conn. Frozen Asparagus
(does not include soups,  sauces,  gravies,  mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners;  includes baby foods except
mixtures)	
7510080 Asparagus, raw
75202- Asparagus, cooked
7540101 Asparagus, creamed or with cheese
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetables mixtures,
or vegetable with meat mixtures)
 Lima Beans
4942-   Fresh Lima and Fava Beans (and home
        canned/froz.)
5114204 Comm. Canned Mature Lima Beans
5114301 Comm, Canned Green Lima Beans
5115304 Com. Canned Low Sodium Lima Beans
52132-  Conn. Frozen Lima Beans
54111-  Dried Lima Beans
5411306 Dried Fava Beans
(does not include soups,  sauces, gravies,  mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures; does not Include succotash)	
7S10200 Lima Beans, raw
752040- Lima Beans, cooked
752041- Lima Beans, canned
75402-  Lima Beans with sauce
(does not include vegetable soups;  vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures; does not include
succotash)
 Cabbage
4944-   Fresh Cabbage (and home canned/froz.)
4958601 Sauerkraut, home canned or- pkgd
5114801 Sauerkraut, com. canned
5114904 Comn. Canned Cabbage
5114905 Comm. Canned Cabbage (no sauce; incl. baby)
5115501 Sauerkraut, low sodium., cornn.  canned
5312102 Sauerkraut Juice, com. canned
(does not include soups, sauces, gravies,  mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
7510300 Cabbage, raw
7510400 Cabbage, Chinese, raw
7510500 Cabbage, red, raw
7514100 Cabbage salad or coleslaw
7514130 Cabbage, Chinese, salad
75210-  Chinese Cabbage, cooked
75211-  Green Cabbage, cooked
75212-  Red Cabbage, cooked
752130- Savoy Cabbage, cooked
75230-  Sauerkraut, cooked
7540701 Cabbage, creamed
755025- Cabbage, pickled or in relish
(does not include vegetable soups;  vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)	
 Lettuce
4945-    Fresh Lettuce, French Endive (and home
         canned/froz.)
(does not include soups,  sauces,  gravies,  mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
75113-  Lettuce, raw
75143-  Lettuce salad with other veg.
7514410 Lettuce, Kilted, with bacon dressing
7522005 Lettuce, cooked
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)	
 Okra
4946-    Fresh Okra (and home canned/froz.)
5114914 Com. Canned Okra
5213720 Comn. Frozen Okra
5213721 Com. Frozen Okra with Oth. Veg.  S. Sauce
(does not include soups,  sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
7522000 Okra, cooked, NS as to fat
7522001 Okra, cooked, fat not added
7522002 Okra, cooked, fat added
7522010 Lufta, cooked (Chinese Okra}
7541450 Okra, fried
7550700 Okra, pickled
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)	
 Peas
4947-    Fresh Peas (and home canned/froz.)
51147-   Com Canned Peas (incl. baby)
5115310 Low Sodium Green or English Peas (canned)
5115314 Lou Sod. Blackeye,  Gr. or 1mm. Peas (canned)
5114205 Blackeyed Peas, conn, canned
52134-   Conn. Frozen Peas
5412-    Dried Peas and Lentils
(does not include soups,  sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
7512000 Peas, green, nu
7512775 Snowpeas, raw
75223-  Peas, eowpeas, field or blackeye, cooked
75224-  Peas, green, cooked
75225-  Peas, pigeon, cooked
75231-  SnoMpeas, cooked
7541650 Pea salad
7541660 Pea salad with cheese
75417-  Peas, with  sauce or creamed
76409-  Peas, baby
76411-  Peas, creamed, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods
except mixtures)	
       DRAFT
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        CITE
                                                 2A-5
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                   Appendix Z-A. Food! Cod« and Defciiom Used in Analysis of the 1917/88 USDANFCSD** (continued)
Food Product
              Household Code/Definition
                                                                                           Individual Code
Cucumbers
4952-   Fresh Cucumbers (and home canned/froz.)
(does not include soups,  sauces,  gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners;  includes baby foods except
mixtures)
7511100 Cucumbers,  ran
75142-  Cucurfcer salads
752167- Cucumbers, cooked
7550301 Cucwfcer pickles, dill
7550302 Cucunfeer pickles, relish
7550303 Cucunber pickles, sour
7550304 Cueujfcer pickles, sweet
755030S Cucuxber pickles, fresh
7550307 Cucumber, Kim Che*
7550311 Cucumber pickles, dill, reduced salt
7550314 Cucunber pickles, sweet, reduced salt
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures}	
Beets
49S4-   Fresh Beets (and home canned/froz.)
51145-  Conn. Canned Beets (incl. baby)
5115305 tow Sodium Beets (canned)
5213714 Com. Frozen Sects  '
5312104 Beet Juice
(does not include soups, sauces,  gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
7510250 Beets,  raw
752080- Beets, cooked
752081- Beets, canned
7540501 Beets,  harvard
7550021 Beets,  pickled
76403-  Beets, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures;  includes baby foods
except mixtures)	
Strawberries
5022-   Fresh Strawberries
5122801 Count. Canned Strawberries with sugar
51Z280Z Com. Canned Strawberries without sugar
5122803 Canned Strawberry Pie  Filling
5222-   Com. Frozen Strawberries
(does not include ready-to-eat dinners;  includes baby
foods except mixtures)	^___
6322-   Strawberries
6413250 Strawberry Juice
(includes baby food;  except mixtures)
Other Berries
5033-   Fresh Berries Other than Strawberries
5122804 Conn. Canned Blackberries with sugar
5122805 Com. Canned Blackberries without sugar
5122806 Cam. Canned Blueberries with sugar
5122807 Com. Canned Blueberries without sugar
5122808 Canned Blueberry Pie Filling
5122809 Com. Canned Gooseberries with sugar
5122810 Com*. Canned Gooseberries without sugar
5122811 Com. Canned Raspberries with sugar
5122812 Com. Canned Raspberries without sugar
5122813 Conn. Canned Cranberry Sauce
5122815 Conn. Canned Cranberry-Orange Relish
52233-  Conn. Frozen Berries (not strawberries)
5332404 Blackberry Juice (home and  com. canned)
5423114 Dried Berries (not strawberries)
(does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby
foods except mixtures)	_____
6320-   Other Berries
6321-   Other Berries
6341101 Cranberry salad
6410460 Blackberry Juice
64105-  Cranberry Juice
(includes baby food;  except mixtures)
Peaches
5036-   Fresh'Peaches
51224-  Com. Canned Peaches (incl. baby)
5223601 Cam. Frozen Peaches
5332405 Nome Canned Peach Juice
5423105 Dried Peaches (baby)
5423106 Dried Peaches
(does not include ready-to-eat dinners;  includes baby
foods except mixtures)	_________^^^__
62116-  Dried Peaches
63135-  Peaches
6412203 Peach Juice
6420501 Peach Nectar
67108-  Peaches,baby
6711450 Peaches, dry,  baby
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
Pears
5037-   Fresh Pears
51225-  Comm. Canned Pears (incl. baby)
5332403 Conn. Canned Pear Juice,  baby
5362204 Fresh Pear Juice
5423107 Dried Pears
(does not include ready-to-eat  dinners;  includes baby
foods except mixtures)	^^^^
62119-  Dried Pears
63137-  Pears
6341201 Pear salad
6421501 Pear Neett
67109-  Pears, baby
6711455 Pears, dry,  baby
(includes baby food; except mixtures)
    "*  DRAPT
 BO HOT  QUOTE  OR
         CITE
                                                2A-6
-------
                  Appendix 2-A,  Foode Code* and Defi-ation- Uacdia Analynsofthe 1987/88 USDA MFCS Data (continued)
Food Product
              HouHhold Code/Definition
                    Individual Code
                                      EXPOSED/PttOTECTH)  FRUITS/VEGETABLES, BOOT VEGETABLES
Exposed
Fruits
5022-   Strawberries, fresh
5023101 Acerola, fresh
5023401 Currants, fresh
5031-   Apples/Applesauce, fresh
5033-   Berries other than Strawberries, fresh
5034-   Cherries, fresh
5036-   Peaches, fresh
5037-   Pears, fresh
50381*  Apricots, Nectarines, Loquats, fresh
5033305 Dates, fresh
50384-  Grapes, fresh
50386-  Plums, fresh
50387-  Rhubarb, fresh
5038805 Persimmons,  fresh
5038901 Sapote, fresh
51221-  Apples/Applesauce, canned
51222-  Apricots, canned
51223-  Cherries, canned
51224-  Peaches, canned
51225-  Pears, canned
51228-  Berries, canned
5122903 Grapes with  sugar, canned
5122904 Grapes without sugar, canned
5122905 Plums with sugar, canned
5122906 Plums without sugar,  canned
5122907 Pluns, canned, baby
5122911 Prunes, canned, baby
5122912 Prunes, with sugar,  canned
5122913 Prunes, without sugar, canned
5122914 Raisin Pie Filling
5222-   Frozen Strawberries
52231-  Apples Slices, frozen
52233-  Berries, frozen
52234-  Cherries, frozen
52236-  Peaches, frozen
52239-  Rhubarb, frozen
53321-  Canned Apple Juice
53322-  Canned Grape Juice
5332402 Canned Prune Juiee
5332403 Canned Pear Juice
5332404 Canned Blackberry Juice
5332405 Canned Peach Juice
53421-  Frozen Grape Juice
5342201 Frozen Apple Juice, conn, fr.
5342202 Frozen Apple Juice, home fr.
5352101 Apple Juice, asep. packed
5352201 Grape Juice, asep. packed
5362101 Apple-Juice, fresh
5362202 Apricot Juice, fresh
5362203 Grape Juice, fresh
5362204 Pear Juice,  fresh
5362205 Prune Juice, fresh
5421-   Dried  Prunes
5422-   Raisins, Currants, dried
5423101 Dry Apples
5423102 Dry Apricots
5423103 Dates without pits
5423104 Dates with pits
5423105 Peaches, dry, baby
5423106 Peaches, dry
5423107 Pears, dry
5423114 Berries, dry
5423115 Cherries, dry
(includes baby foods)                    	
62101-  Apple, dried
62104-  Apricot, dried
62108-  Currants, dried
62110-  Data, dried
62116*  Peaches, dried
62119-  Peart, dried
62121-  Plum, dried
62122-  Prune, dried
6212S*  Raisins
63101-  Applet/applesauce
63102-  Vi-apple
63103-  Apricota
63111-  Cherries, maraschino
63112-  Acerola
63113-  Cherries, sour
63115-  Cherries, sweet
63117-  Currants, raw
63123-  Grapes
6312601 Juneberry
63131-  Nectarine
63135-  Peach
63137-  Pear
63139-  PersiBiaons
63143*  Plum
63146-  Quince
63147-  Rhubarb/Sapodillo
632-    Berries
64101-  Apple Cider
64104*  Apple Juice
64105-  Cranberry Juice
64116*  Grape Juice
64122*  Peach Juice
64132-  Prune/Strawberry Juice
6420101 Apricot Nectar
64205-  Peach Nectar
64215-  Pear Nectar
67102-  Applesauce, baby
67108-  Peaches, baby
67109-  Pears, baby
6711450 Peaches, baby,  dry
6711451 Pears, baby,  dry
67202-  Apple Juiee, baby
6720380 White Grape Juice, baby
67212-  Pear Juiee, baby
(includes baby foods/juices except mixtures;  excludes
fruit mixtures)
        DRAFT
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  «fefc  .CITE
                                                  2A-7
-------
                Appendix 2-A.  Food. Code, ted Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987/88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
food Product
              Household Code/Definition
                                                                                            Individual  Cade
Protected
Fruits
501-    Citrus Fruits, fresh
5021-   Cantaloupe, fresji
5023201 Mangoes, fresh
5023301 Guava, fresh
5023601 Kiwi, fresh
5023701 Papayas, fresh
5023801 Passion Fruit, fresh
5032*   Bananas, Plantains, fresh
5035-   Melons other than Cantaloupe, fresh
50382-  Avocados, fresh
5038301 Figs, fresh
5038302 Figs, cooked
5038303 Figs, hoftie canned
5038304 Figs, home frozen
50385-  Pineapple, fresh
5038801 pomegranates,  fresh
5038902 CheHmoya, fresh
5038903 Jaelcfruit, fresh   ,
5038904 Breadfruit, fresh
5038905 Tamarind, fresh
5038906 Carambola, fresh
5038907 Longan,  fresh
5121-   Citrus, canned
51226-  Pineapple, canned
5122901 Fig* with sugar, canned
5122902 Figs without sugar, canned
5122909 Bananas, canned, baby
5122910 Bananas and Pineapple,  canned,  baby
5122915 Utchis, canned
5122916 Mangos with sugar,  canned
5122917 Mangos without sugar,  canned
5122918 Mangos,  canned, baby
5122920 Guava with sugar, canned
5122921 Guava without  sugar, canned
5122923 Papaya with sugar,  canned
5122924 Papaya without sugar,  canned
52232-  Bananas, frozen
52235-  Helen, frozen
52237-  Pineapple, frozen
5331-   Canned Citrus Juices
53323*  Canned Pineapple Juice
5332408 Canned Papaya  Juice
5332410 Canned Mango Juice
5332501 Canned Papaya  Concentrate
5341-   Frozen Citrus Juice
5342203 Frozm Pineapple Juice
S351*   Citrus and Citrus Blend Juices, asep. packed
5352302 Pineapple Juice, asep,  packed
5361-   Fresh Citrus and Citrus Blend Juices
5362206 Papaya Juice,  fresh
5362207 Pineapple-Coconut Juice, fresh
5362208 Mango Juice, fresh
5362209 Pineapple Juice, fresh
5423108 Pineapple, dry
5423109 Papaya,  dry
5423110 Bananas, dry
5423111 Mangos,  dry
5423117 Litchis, dry
5423118 Tamarind, dry
5423119 Plantain, dry
-------
                 Appendix 2-A.  Foods Cede* and Defintfoos Uacd in Analysis of the 1987/88 USDA. NFCS Data (continued)
Food Product
                              Household Code/Definition
                                                                            Individual Cade
Exposed Veg.
491-    Fresh Dark Green Vegetables
493-    Fresh Tomatoes
4941-   Fresh Asparagus
4943-   Fresh Beans, Snap or Wax
4944-   Fresh Cabbage
4945-   Fresh Lettuce
4946-   Fresh Okra
49481-  Fresh Artichokes
49483-  Fresh Brussel Sprouts
4951-   Fresh Celery
4952-   Fresh Cucumbers
4955-   Fresh Cauliflower
4958103 Fresh Kohlrabi
4958111 Fresh Jerusalem Artichokes
4958112 Fresh Mushrooms
4958113 Mushrooms, home canned
4958114 Mushrooms, home frozen
4958118 Fresh Eggplant
4958119 Eggplant, cooked
4958120 Eggplant, home  frozen
4958200 Fresh Summer Squash
4958201 Sunnier Squash,  cooked
4958202 Summer Squash,  home canned
4958203 Sunnier Squash,  home frozen
4958402 Fresh Bean Sprouts
4958403 Fresh Alfalfa Sprouts
4958504 Bamboo Shoots
4958506 Seaweed
4958508 Tree Fern, fresh
4958601 Sauerkraut
5111-   Dark Green Vegetables (all are exposed)
5113-   Tomatoes-
5114101 Asparagus, conn, canned
51144-  Beans, green, snap, yellow, conn, canned
5114704 Snow Peas, conn, canned
5114801 Sauerkraut,  conn, canned
5114901 Artichokes,  conn, canned
5114902 Bamboo Shoots,  conn, canned
5114903 Bean Sprouts, conn, canned
5114904 Cabbage, conn,  canned
5114905 Cabbage, conn,  canned, no sauce
5114906 Cauliflower, conn, canned, no sauce
5114907 Eggplant, conn, canned, no sauce
5114913 Mushrooms, conn, canned
5114914 Okra, comm.  canned
5114918 Seaweeds, comm. canned
5114920 Summer Squash,  comm. canned
721-    Dark Green Leafy Veg.
722-    Dark Green Nonleafy Veg.
74-     Tomatoes and Tomato Mixtures
7510050 Alfalfa Sprouts
7510075 Artichoke,  Jerusalem,  raw
7510080 Asparagus,  raw
75101-  Beans, sprouts and green, raw
7510275 Brussel Sprouts,  raw
7510280 Buckwheat Sprouts,  raw
7510300 Cabbage,  raw
7510400 Cabbage,  Chinese,  raw
7510500 Cabbage,  Red,  raw
7510700 Cauliflower, raw
7510900 Celery, raw
7510950 Chives, raw
7511100 Cucumber, raw
7511120 Eggplant, raw
7511200 Kohlrabi, raw
75113-  Lettuce, raw
7511500 Mushrooms,  raw
7511900 Parsley
7512100 Pepper, hot chili
75122-  Peppers, raw
7512750 Seaweed,  raw
7512775 Snowpeas, raw
75128-  Summer Squash, raw
7513210 Celery Juice
7514100 Cabbage or cole slaw
7514130 Chinese Cabbage Salad
7514150 Celery with cheese
75142-  Cucumber salads
75143-  Lettuce salads
7514410 Lettuce,  wilted with bacon dressing
7514600 Greek salad
7514700 Spinach salad
7520600 Algae, dried
75201-  Artichoke, cooked
75202-  Asparagus, cooked
75203-  Bamboo shoots, cooked
752049- Beans, string, cooked
75205-  Beans, green, cooked/canned
75206-  Beans, yellow, cooked/canned
75207-  Bean Sprouts, cooked
752085- Breadfruit
752090- Brussel Sprouts, cooked
75210-  Cabbage, Chinese, cooked
75211-  Cabbage, green, cooked
          DRAFT
  DO HOT QUOTE OR
           CITE
                                               2A-9
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                 Appendix 2-A. Food* Coda and DefinkioM U»ed in Analysis of the 1987/88 USDA NPCS Dttm (continued)
Food Product
              HoiMhold Code/Definition
                                                                                            Individual Code
Exposed Veg.
(cent.)
5114923 Chinese or Celery Cabbage,  conn, canned
51152-  Tomatoes, canned, low sod.
5115301 Asparagus, canned, low sod.
5115302 Beans, Green, canned, low sod.
5115303 Beans, Yellow, canned, low sod.
5115309 Mushrooms, canned, low sod.
51154-  Greens, canned,  low sod.
5115501 Sauerkraut, low sodium
5211-   Dark  Gr. Veg., conn, frozen (all exp.)
52131-  Asparagus, comm. froz.
52133-  Beans, snap,  green, yellow, conn. froz.
5213407 Peapods, conn froz.
5213408 Pcapods, with sauce,  comm froz.
5213409 P.eipods, with other veg., comm froz.
5213701 Brussel Sprouts,  comm. froz.
5213702 Brutstl Sprouts,  comm. froz.  with cheese
5213703 Brussel Sprouts,  conn. froz.  with other veg.
5213705 Cauliflower,  conn. froz.
5213706 Cauliflower,  conn. froz. with sauce
5213707 Cauliflower,  conn. froz. with other veg.
5213708 Caul., comm.  froz. with other veg.  I sauce
5213709 Surrmtr Squash, conn.  froz.
5213710 Surrmtr Squash, conn.  froz.  with  other veg.
5213716 Eggplant,  conn. froz.
5213718 Mushroom with sauce, conn. froz.
5213719 Mushrooms, conn.  froz.
5213720 Okra, comm. froz.
5213721 Okra, comm. froz., with sauce
5311-   Canned Tomato Juice and Tomato Mixtures
5312102 Canned Sauerkraut Juice
5321-   Frozen Tomato Juice
5371-   Fresh Tomato  Juice
5381102 Aseptically Packed Tomato Juice
5413101 Dry Algae
5413102 Dry Celery
5413103 Dry Chives
5413109 Dry Mushrooms
5413111 Dry Parsley
5413112 Dry Green Peppers
5413113 Dry Red Peppers
5413114 Dry Seaweed
5413115 Dry Tomatoes
(does not include soups,  sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby  foods except
mixtures)
75212-  Cabbage, red, cooked
752130- Cabbage, savoy, cooked
75214-  Cauliflower
75215-  Celery, Chives, Christophine (chayote)
752167- Cucumber, cooked
752170- Eggplant, cooked
752171- Fern shoots
752172- Fern shoots
752173- Flowers of sesbania, squash or lily
7521801 Kohlrabi,  cooked
75219-  Mushrooms, cooked
75220-  Okra/lettuce, cooked
7522116 Palm Hearts,  cooked
7522121 Parsley, cooked
75226-  Peppers, pimento, cooked
75230-  Sauerkraut, cooked/canned
75231-  Snowpeas, cooked
75232-  Seaweed
75233-  Simmer Squash
7540050 Artichokes,  stuffed
7540101 Asparagus,  creamed or with cheese
75403-  Beans, green with sauce
75404-  Beans, yellow with sauce
7540601 Brussel Sprouts, creamed
7540701 Cabbage, creamed
75409-  Cauliflower, creamed
75410-  Celery/Chiles, creamed
75412-  Eggplant, fried, with sauce, etc.
75413-  Kohlrabi, creamed
75414-  Mushrooms, Okra, fried, stuffed, creamed
754180- Squash, baked, fried, creamed, etc.
7541822 Christophine, creamed
7550011 Beans, pickled
7550051 Celery, pickled
7550201 Cauliflower,  pickled
755025- Cabbage, pickled
7550301 Cucumber pickles, dill
7550302 Cucumber pickles, relish
7550303 Cucumber pickles, sour
7550304 Cucumber pickles, sweet
7550305 Cucumber pickles, fresh
7550307 Cucumber,  Kim Chee
7550308 Eggplant,  pickled
7550311 Cucumber pickles, dill, reduced salt
7550314 Cucumber pickles, sweet, reduced salt
7550500 Mushrooms,  pickled
7550700 Okra, pickled
75510-  Olives
7551101 Peppers, hot
7551102 Peppers,pickled
7551301 Seaweed, pickled
7553500 Zucchini,  pickled
76102-  Dark Green Veg., baby
76401-  Beans, baby (excl. most soups & mixtures)
           DRAFT
   BO NOT QUOTE  OR
            OITE
                                                                  2A-10
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                Appendix 2-A. Foods Codes sod Definition! Used in Analysis of the 1987/88 USDA NFCS Data (continued)
Food Product
                              Household Code/Definition
                                                                            Individual Code
Protected
Veg.
4922-   Fresh Pumpkin, Winter Squash
4942-   Fresh Lima Beans
4947-   Fresh Peas
49482-  Fresh Soy Beans
4956-   Fresh Corn
4958303 Succotash,  home canned
4958304 Succotash,  home frozen
4958401 Fresh Cactus (prickly pear)
4958503 Burdock
4958505 Bitter Melon
4958507 Horseradish Tree Pods
51122-  Com. Canned Pumpkin and Squash (baby)
51142-  Beans, conn, canned
51143-  Beans, lima and soy, conn, canned
51146-  Corn, com. canned
5114701 Peas, green, conn,  canned
5114702 Peas, baby, conn, canned
5114703 Peas, blackeye, com. canned
5114705 Pigeon Peas, com;  canned
5114919 Succotash,  com. canned
5115304 Lima Beans, canned. Ion sod.
5115306 Corn, canned,  low sod.
5115307 Creamed Corn,  canned, low sod.
511531- Peas and Beans, canned, low sod.
52122-  Winter Squash, conn. froz.
52132-  Lima Beans, conn. froz.
5213401 Peas, gr.,  com. fro*.
5213402 Peas, gr.,  with sauce, com. froz.
5213403 Peas, gr.,  with other veg.,  comn. froz.
5213404 Peas, gr.,  with other veg.,  com. froz.
5213405 Peas, blackeye, comn froz.
5213406 Peas, blackeye, with sauce,  comn froz.
52135-  Corn, com. froz.
5213712 Artichoke Hearts, conn.  froz.
5213713 Baked Beans, conm.  froz.
5213717 Kidney Beans,  com. froz.
5213724 Succotash,  conn. froz.
5411-   Dried Beans
5412-   Dried Peas and Lentils
5413104 Dry Corn
5413106 Dry Hominy
5413504 Dry Squash, baby
5413603 Dry Creamed Corn, baby
(does not include soups, sauces,  gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods  except
mixtures)
732-    Pumpkin
733-    Winter Squash
7510200 Lima Beans,  raw
7510550 Cactus,  raw
7510960 Corn, raw
7512000 Peas, raw
7520070 Aloe vera juice
752040- Lima Beans, cooked
752041- Lima Beans, canned
7520829 Bitter Melon
752083- Bitter Melon, cooked
7520950 Burdock
752131- Cactus
752160- Corn, cooked
752161- Corn, yellow, cooked
752162- Corn, white, cooked
752163- Corn, canned
7521749 Hominy
752175- Hominy
75223-  Peas, coupeas, field or blackeye,  cooked
75224-  Peas, green, cooked
75225-  Peas, pigeon, cooked
75301-  Succotash
75402-  Lima Beans with sauce
75411-  Corn, scat loped, fritter, with cream
7541650 Pea salad
7541660 Pea salad with cheese
75417-  Peas, with sauce or creamed
7550101 Corn relish
76205-  Squash,  yellow, baby
76405-  Corn, baby
76409*  Peas, baby
76411-  Peas, creamed, baby
(does not include vegetable soups;  vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures)
            DRAFT
     SO NOT  QUOTE
             CUE
         OR
                                                             2A-11
-------
                   Appendix 2-A.  Food* Code* and Definitions Used in Analyst! of the 1987/88 USDA MFCS Data (continued)
Food Product
               Household Cade/Definition
                    Individual Code
Root
Vegetable*
48-      Potatoes,  Sueetpotatoes
4921-    Fresh  Carrots
4953-    Fresh  Onions, Garlic
4954-    Fresh  Beets
4957-    Fresh  Turnips
495B101  Fresh Celeriac
4958102  Fresh Horseradish
4958104  Fresh Radishes, no greens
4958105  Radishes, home canned
495810o  Radishes, home frozen
4958107  Fresh Radishes, with greens
4958108  Fresh Salsify
4958109  Fresh Rutabagas
4958110  Rutabagas, home frozen
4958115  Fresh Parsnips
4958116  Parsnips, home canned
4958117  Parsnips, home frozen
4958502  Fresh Lotus Root
4958509  Ginger Root
4958510  Jicoma, including yanbean
51121-   Carrots, conn, canned
51145-   Beets, conn, canned
5114908  Garlic Pulp, conn, canned
5114910  Horseradish, conrn. prep.
5114915  Onions, conn, canned
5114916  Rutabagas, conm. canned
5114917  Salsify, com. canned
5114921  Turnips, corn*, canned
5114922  Water Chestnuts, conm. canned
51151-   Carrots, canned,  low sod.
5115305  Beets, canned, low sod,
5115502  Turnips, low sod.
52121-   Carrots, com. froz.
5213714  Beets, conn. froz.
5213722  Onions, conra. froz.
5213723 Onions, conn, froz., with sauce
5213725  Turnips, count, froz.
5312103  Canned Carrot Juice
5312104  Canned Beet Juice
5372102  Fresh Carrot Juice
5413105 Dry Garlic
5413110 Dry Onion
5413502 Dry Carrots, baby
5413503 Dry Sweet Potatoes, baby
Cdoes not include soups, sauces,  gravies,  mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures)
71-     White Potatoes and Puerto Rican St.  Veg.
7310-   Carrots
7311140 Carrots in sauce
7311200 Carrot chips
734-    Sueetpotatoes
7510250 Beets, raw
7511150 Garlic, rau
7511180 Jicaoa ,  raw
7511250 Leeks, rau
75117-  Onions, rau
7512500 Radish, rau
7512700 Rutabaga,  rau
7512900 Turnip, rau
752080- ieets, cooked
752081- Beets, canned
7521362 Cassava
7521740 Garlic, cooked
7521771 Horseradish
7521850 Lotus root
752210- Onions, cooked
7522110 Onions, dehydrated
752220- Parsnips, cooked
75227-  Radishes, cooked
75228-  Rutabaga, cooked
75229-  Salsify, cooked
75234-  Turnip, cooked
75235-  Water Chestnut
7540501 Beets, harvard
75415-  Onions, creamed, fried
7541601 Parsnips,  creamed
7541810 Turnips, creamed
7550021 Beets, pickled
7550309 Horseradish
7551201 Radishes,  pickled
7553403 Turnip, pickled
76201-  Carrots, baby
76209-  Sueetpotatoes, baby
76403-  Beets, baby
(does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures;
or vegetable with meat mixtures}
            DRAFf
     oo jror  QUOTE  OR
             CITE
                                                               2A-12
-------
                  Appendix 2-A.  Foods Code* and Definitioni Uwdin Analyiio of the 1987/88 USDANFCS Dan  (continued)
Food Product
              Household Code/Definition
                                                                                            Indivfduil Code
                                                      USDA SUBCATEGORIES
Dark Green
Vegetables
491 •    Fresh Dark Green Vegetables
5111-   Com. Canned Dark Green Veg.
51154-  Low Sodium Dark Green Veg.
5211-   Comm. Frozen Dark Green Veg.
5413111 Dry Parsley
5413112 Dry Green Peppers
5413113 Dry Red Peppers
(does not include 51x455,  sauces,  gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures/dinners; excludes vegetable juices and dried
vegetables)	•	   	-
72-     Dark Green Vegetables
                all forms
                leafy, nonleafy, dk. gr. veg. soups
Deep Yellow
Vegetables
492-    Fresh Deep Yellow Vegetables
5112-   Conro. Canned Deep Yellow Veg.
51151-  Lou Sodium Carrots
5212-   Comn. Frozen Deep Yellov Veg.
5312103 Carrot Juice
54135-  Dry Carrots, Squash, Sw. Potatoes
(does not include soups,  sauces, gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except
mixtures/dinners; excludes vegetable juices and dried
vegetables)	    	   	
73-     Deep Yellow Vegetables
                all forms
                carrots, pumpkin, squash,
                sueetpotatoes, dp. yell. veg. soups
Other
Vegetables
494-    Fresh Light Green Vegetables
495-    Fresh Other Vegetables
5114-   Conn. Canned Other Veg.
51153-  Lou Sodium Other Veg.
51155-  Lou Sodium Other Veg.
5213-   Comm. Frozen Other Veg.
5312102 Sauerkraut Juice
5312104 Beet Juice
5411-   Dreid Beans
5412-   Dried Peas, Lentils
541310- Dried Other Veg.
5413114 Dry Seaweed
5413603 Dry Cr.  Corn,  baby
(does not include soups, sauces,  gravies, mixtures,
and ready-to-eat dinners; includes  baby foods except
mixtures/dinners; excludes vegetable juices and dried
vegetables)                         	
                                                                        75-
        Other Vegetables
                all forms
Citrus Fruits
501-    Fresh Citrus Fruits
5121-   Comm. Canned Citrus Fruits
5331-   Canned Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice
5341-   Frozen Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice
5351-   Aseptically Packed Citrus and Citr. Blend
        Juice
5361-   Fresh Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice
(includes baby foods;  excludes dried fruits)	
61-     Citrus Fruits and Juices
6720500 Orange Juice,  baby food
6720600 Orange-Apricot Juice,  baby food
6720700 Orange-Pineapple Juice, baby food
6721100 Orange-Apple-Banana Juice, baby food
(excludes dried fruits)
Other Fruits
502-    Fresh Other Vitamin C-Rich Fruits
503-    Fresh Other Fruits
5122-   Conn. Canned Fruits Other than Citrus
5222-   Frozen Strawberries
5223-   Frozen Other than Citr. or Vitamin C-Rich Fr.
5332-   Canned Fruit Juice Other than Citrus
5342-   Frozen Juices Other than Citrus
5352-   Aseptically Packed Fruit Juice Other than
        Citr.
5362-   Fresh Fruit Juice Other than Citrus
542-    Dry Fruits
(includes baby foods;  excludes dried fruits?	
62-     Dried Fruits
63-     Other Fruits
64-     Fruit Juices and Nectars Excluding Citrus
671-    Fruits, baby
67202-  Apple Juice, baby
67203-  Baby Juices
67204-  Baby Juices
67212-  Baby Juices
67213-  Baby Juices
673-    Baby Fruits
674-    Baby Fruits
            DRAFT
     CO HOT QUOTE OR
             CITE
                                                               2A-13
-------
-------
                                               DRAFT
                                           DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                               CITE
                    APPENDIX 2B
Sample Calculation of Mean Daily Fat Intake Based on CDC
                     (1994) Data
-------
-------
                                                                            DRAFT
                                                                      DO NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                         -    CITE
         Sample Calculation of Mean Pallv Fat Intake Based on CDC (19941 Data
                          0.34 x 2,095 kcal x X = 82 g -fat
                                      - 0.115
                                               kcal
X is the conversion factor from kcal/day to g-fat/day.  An example of obtaining the grams of
fat from the daily TFEI (1591 kcal/day) for children ages 3-5 and their percent TFE1 from total
dietary fat (33%) is as follows:
                      1,591      x 0.33 x 0.12       - 63
                            day                kcal        day
                                           2B-1
-------
VttWNc.7
                              WMWR
/{«**£ Httf M*f>Won fxmtmllo* Sirup — CtfMnuni
iwa (USDA) StMvay Nuttlanl Oala tJata (SNOflfc titimatas wtia not cwnpwlad (or
muting Wants and chSdran or ter iicafceodid umilhWi of Ineomptil*.
   Of Ilia 20,277 pirsont safectad tor 1ha lurvty, 17,487 (BIS) wwa InlarvWwaJ, and
16,630 (77%) undtrwanl a sttrtditdkad pfcyikal auarokiilteft. Of Hroia axamfnid.
14,001195%) hadaeamplala and lalaMo 24-twtii dtalaiy raeall, faulting In an avsiall
anilylfc lasoonsa tata of 73V.. Data wara watghtid lo account loi turvay datlfn IIH!
nomijponsa,
   A computar-baiad, automated dialory Intanliw and coding fys)a«n (SI wat uiad
lo codtcl il 24-lwuf ditliry lacattt. Raipondants rapwttd tttth 1FEI tlui Ing Hit pl-
eading 24 houta (mUHtglit lo mkJo^iK. Pioxy nmondauH lartMlart IM lnfi»nl» Mid
clilldian agad 2 moollu-11 yaai* ond tor raapondanli who wna mietila lo aoll iapo«l

   During 1988-91, lha ovaiaU moon daily 1FEI tor Ilia population aged 22 monlli* was
2095 teal (tanga; 877-2533 kt»»| |Tabta 1). For aaisons agad 22 yiiia, 34% (82 gl ol
 tilth TFEI was Irom lolal diHary lal; 13% (29 •)was fiom saturalid fat (labla II. Mean
 dally 1FEI wai lilglur lor maha llwn lor Iwnela* Ifobta 2. poga I23L lltt oveiaU inaan
 paiciRlagas of TFEI dailvad liora lolal dittary fat and dam laturilid lal did not dillar
 bysBX|TaMa2,pagt123|,
 /T«pon«y bfr C tanfMt  W, Nim«, Ibltemrf lltart Iw*. ami moot kMWiiM, N»llwi«( huN.
 lotaa af ItoaHh, ttr of llMWi fmmhiiton Sw/iM», Mtfenat CaMw fo/ KaafA SMiMfe*. CUC.
 TABLE 1. MM* 4Uf iMil fa*4*RM8v inliltt flFEU* mil nuM (ntEtNtogn or TKI
 from tola! dMMY '•*' mi b
     S-llrao*'
     1-J»
   ,3-6
     Ml
    W-1S
    It-It
                 H)
Hi
                              ttmi
    90-31
    40-41
    60-S1
                1,141
                 T11
                 us
                t,fl»
     7«-79
      IM

     Ts!aJ
                1.778
                 «»
                1,100
                 151
                 III
1897
2211
2S11
7484
2372    1143.4)
2141    (144.11
1187    jtM.7)
1112    1131.14.
1134    II2S.3)
14i4    (177.41

vm
37.2
31.1
911
34.0
93.4
34.S
14.1
14.4
94.4
34.7
33.0
12.1
32.0
act
HOJi
(11,41
UOJ)
|ll 4|
l«0.l|
HO 4|
IW.4I
(10.41
111.11
(10.4)
KOJI
|IO 6)
110.31
111
111
12 »
12.6
11.2
12.4
IM
11.1
lit
11.1
1 1.2
tl.t
H.Q

».•
 11.9
                                        110.11
                                        (11.21
                                        (10.11
                                        til.31
                                        UO.Jt
                                        U04I
                                        UO.J)
                                        U«.2|
                                        (11.21
                                        U9«
                                        tiO)|
                                        110.71

                                        (11.11
                                        110. M
          Mtf bavw«|it
   lOtlrxd m *B M (1.*., inwalti md wnalocaitdl d«l"«d Worn cowumpilon el l»udi
    Source:  CDC, 1994.
                                                V»L43/f!ad di Inlata la lacs Ihin 1 W. c! c»tor(*i
                                                among paisont ag»d 22 yaan (basaltni: 3S>i ol calortai horn (Mai lal and 13% from
                                                TABIf 3. Main *My lal a) faod-antigy fntalia HFFJj*  u4 patcanlagaa at TFEI ham
                                                telal dialaty fat' and fiom aaiural ad lat, by aga |ioup and lax—Third National Haallh
                                                 and NutiUlon Enamloallon Survay, lima 1,1918-91
•0»tlnt* n •• mftlMtn 0 «, proMn. M. c»ikolir**lt, and ttraMI Arfytil hum tomumpllcn
        Mtf bavw«|it IficMI
       m *B M (1.*., inwalt
         ,, nmaiiad hi pM».
£>»Mpt
2-11 moil
1- 11
3- 1
0-11
13-15
1«-»
20-21
30-39
40-41
6i-5J
60-«9
70-71
tIB
Talal
a
Nmalti
2-1 lotos!
1-21
l-«
•-I1
12-15
11-19
20-21
3t-3l
4»-<»
BO-SI
CO-ff
70-71
2H
Talal
M
Stmpti
•lia
431
HI
744
Nt
311
301
•44
73S
i28
473
141
444
291
7122
•SH

431
130
103
•77
313
317
131
791
•02
4SI
sei
4(7
313
7471
I7TO
L Dairy TFEJ
No.
Ill
1133
1t<3
30M
2S7t
3U7
3028
1172
2C46
2941
1110
1S»7
1771
2410
2fl«

IS*
1231
1IIB
1763
1111
»sa
1157
1111
1764
1620
I&7I
143S
1329
17>2
171 f
ISE'I
It 13.3}
It 21.31
It 1I.SI
It 44.4)
li 76.41
II1M.4J
It H.I)
It IMI
It 14.4)
li tl.l|
It f 7.7|
(i 31.7)
U3I.7)
|1«.J»
(t 39.11

II KM
U16J)
It 21.»
U 2t.4)
li 4ft4|
(i 71.31
li 32.1)
11 37.0)
(t 3S.7|
(i 31.2)
(i IB 31
(i 21 I)
li 3MI
It MA»
ft IS.W
r.TFCIIiomlaUl
dlilwy M
f.
31.1
33.S
3IJ
31.1
31.1
*34.l
319
14.0
31.1
38.1
99.1
33.1
31J
11.1
Ml

374
34.1
33.1
34.1
33.7
34.4
34.0
34.2
34.1
31.1
32.1
32J
3U
JJ.f
Mi
|SE|
HO «
ItJil
(10.4)
110.11
UOJ)
Ii0.7|

liOJ)
1118)
(ill)
UOJ)
110.!)
uo.ei
1101)
IIO.JJ

Mil
IIO.S)

UAH
(19.71
Itl.T)
110.4)
111.41
UI.7I
UOJ)

JW.7I
119.4)
Ul.ll
|tft«
nifElliam
• f (Ulltlrf (ll
yt
16.1
13.8
12.1
12.8
12.4
12.1
12.0
111
11.4
11.1
11.3

IM
12.1
u.g

1SJ
13.1
1J.6
17.7
12.0
12.3
11.1
tl.f
11.1
IM
11.0
1B.I
10.8
11.9
IM
ISEI
110-21

HO, Jl
111.21
1*041
IU.2I

U0.3)

U0.2)
110.3)
lil.2]
110.2)
(tail
(to. il

lii.il
U0.2)
(IMI
IWJI
uo.j)
UI.4I
110.2)
litJ)
U0.2)
I1D.J)
U0.3I
KM
i».a ,
lli.ll 1
liO.1)
                                                                             al tomia and bov«ii|»(aadw**g phln aVtulJof *»'•'!. aMMwad InMocaMaa Heal,
                                                                             tOtRiwa* aa aN hi Ra, aalaratad and unutawtidl Anhaa* kern wmuirf*)* of laaia aaf
                                                                             h*vaia|«. maaawad h atama.
                                                                             lEKtailil HtntNl kdami aM cMMMA.
-------
                                       J     DRAFT
                                       I DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                       1     CITE
            APPENDIX 2C
Method of Calculation Used by Javitz, 1980
-------
-------
                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                  DO NOT  quois OR
                                                                    m*   CITE
                                 APPENDIX 2C
   METHOD OF CALCULATION USED BY JAVTTZ, 1980s  WEIGHTED MEANS
                              AND PERCENTILES
      The weighted mean of N respondents from the survey having weights W|»
W2, ..... Wn and monthly fish consumption Clf (2%, ...,Cn is computed as follows:

                                        N             N
                    Mean consumption  = £   W}  Cj / £  Ws
                                       i-i            i-i

The weight W| is the number of fish consumers represented by the ith survey respondent.
The sum of all the weights represents the average number of U.S. fish consumers during the
survey year.
      The 95th percentile of fish consumption was also computed on a weighted basis; no
assumptions about the data distribution were made. Using the same parameters described
above, the intake rates of individuals in a subset can be ordered so that Cj < Cj <  ... <
Cn. The 95th percentile of fish consumption for N respondents is defined as the consumption
of the jth individual such that:
                            j-i              N
                            £ Ws < (0.95) £   Wj
                            i-i              i-i

The sum of the weights of the individuals in the subset with consumption less than the jth
person is less than 95 percent of the total weight of the subset.
                            £ Wj * (0.95) £   W.
                            i-i              i-i
                                      2C-1
-------
-------
                                                    DRAFT
                                               ) DO NOT CUOZE
                                                  .,,   CI2E  »
                     APPENDIX 2D
National Marine Fisheries Service Recreational Fishing Data
-------
-------
                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                 DO NOT  QUOTS  OR
                                                                        CITE
              APPENDIX 2D

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
     RECREATIONAL FISHING DATA
      The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) estimated recreational marine catch
from intercept surveys of fishermen in the field and an independent telephone survey of
households.  In 1985, the marine recreational finfish catch in the United States, excluding
fish caught in Alaska and Hawaii and Pacific Coast salmon, was an estimated 425 million
fish weighing 717.3 million pounds (NMFS 1986a). The estimated number of marine
recreational fishermen, which has been relatively stable over the last few years, is 17
million. The size of the population that consumes the national recreational marine catch has
not been measured.
      Recreational marine fish catch data from  the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts for 1985 is
presented by species and region In Table 2D-1 (NMFS 1980}).  Catch quantities include
catch brought ashore in whole form and available for identification during the interview; fish
not available for identification and those released alive, discarded dead, filleted, or used for
bait are excluded. Weights (including inedible portions) and lengths of the identified fish
were measured.  Of the approximately 114 million kilograms of fish caught on the Atlantic
and Gulf Coasts,  the smallest  portion of the total catch was made in the North Atlantic.
Over one half of the recreational  marine catch occurred within 3 miles of the shore or in
inland waterways. The data in Table 2D-2 demonstrate the effect of season and local climate
on the size of recreational catch.  Total catch weight for the Atlantic declines significantly
from November throughout February, but the Gulf Coast catch rate remains fairly stable
throughout the year. Estimated total numbers of sport fishermen by state and subregion are
given in Table 2D-3.  These totals may include fishermen who participate but take no fish
home for consumption.
      Similar data for the Pacific Coast are presented in Tables 2D-4 through 2D-6 (NMFS
1986c).  Table 2D-4 shows that over 80 percent of the 12.7 million kg  total Pacific Coast
recreational catch (excluding Hawaii and Alaska) occurs along the California coast.  As in he
                                       2D-1
-------
                                                                            DRAFT
                                                                      DO NOT QUC
                                                                            CUE
Atlantic, the majority of the recreational marine catch is taken within 3 miles of the shore or
from inland waterways.  Table 2D-5 shows seasonal fluctuations in the recreational catch;
May through October are the peak recreational fishing months for the Pacific Coast.  The
estimated total number of participants is given according to regions in *?-'u 2D-6.
                                        2D-2
-------
Table 2D-1.      Estimated Weight of Fiih Caught (Catch Type A)1 by
                Marine Recreational Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion

.::.:.z  OH
Species Group
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Sharks
Sharks, Dogfish
Skates/Rays
Eels
Herrings
Freshwater Catfishes
Saltwater Catfishes
Toadfishes
Atlantic Cod
Atlantic Tomcod
Pollock
Silver Hake
Searobins
Sculping
White Perch
Striped Bass
Black Sea Bass
Groupers
Sea Basses
Bluefish
Jack Crevalle
Blue Runner
Greater Amberjack
Florida Pompano
Jacks
Dolphins
Gray Snapper
Red Snapper
Lane Snapper
Vermilion Snapper
Ycllowtail Snapper
Snappers
Pigfish
White Grunt
Grunts
Scup
Pinefish
Sheepshead
RedPorgy
Porgies
Spotted Scatrout
Weakfish
Sand Scatrout
Silver Peach
Spot
Kingfishes
Atlantic Croaker
Black Drum
Red Drum
North Mid South Gulf All Regions
Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic (1,000kg) (1,000kg)
(1,000 kg) (1,000 kg) (1,000 kg)
*t>
-°
-
22
19
*
*
• —
2,128
22
94
—
22
- .
—
169
9
*
—
9,283
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,441
*
*
*
*
*
— ,
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2,165
126
-
73
31
138
*
18
311
_
—
21
70
-
82
149
1,084
*
—
10,733
*
*
*
-
—
-






5
*
—
1,537
—
*
*
-
-
1,969
*
*
1,248
17
527
—
*
1,521
-
-
*
—
—
161
—





*
14
-
1,125
947
29
7,108
230
56
668
81
67
1,745
347
803
31
138
36
74
100
43
95
-
86
413
107
89
931
157
*
19
1,222
485
441
295
610
1,618
*
-
—
—
—
226
—
*



_


-
843
2,881
17
213
247
42
925
-
257
262
369
1,865
47
54
197
68
19
605
149
*
46
1,088
126
66
3,222
*
1,392
20
4
298
821
785
2,217
5,305
148
110
95
54
412
387
20
2,439
22
128
23
92
—
104
332
3,061
3,827
47
27,337
478
98
1,593
93
325
2,040
716
2,667
78
192
232
142
124
648
245
2,977
132
1401
233
156
4,178
2,218
1,392
39
2,473
800
1,788
1,311
2,828
                             2D-3
-------
                 Table 2D-1.
   Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A)* by
   Marine Recreational Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion  (continued)
Species Group
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
Drums
Mullets
Barracudas
Tautog
Gunner
LittleTunny/ATLBonito
Atlantic Mackerel
King Mackerel
Spanish Mackerel
Tunas/Mackerels
Summer Flounder
Gulf Flounder
Southern Flounder
Winter Flounder
Flounders
Triggerfishes/Filefishes
Puff en
Other Fishes
North Mid South Gulf All Regions
Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic (1,000kg) (1,000kg)
(1,000kg) (1,000kg) (1,000kg)
*
*
*
355
11
—
479
*
*
—
202
*
*
2,380
—
*
—
108
__
7
*
1,758
—
208
988
—
*
2,328
3,966
*
_
5,837
21
—
30
282
49
130
230
—
*
506
*
4,571
425
5,401
597
—
210
*
_
165
36
1,180
196
196
240
*
*
321
*
684
528
115
*
240
734
*
50
203
—
1,130
246
333
470
2,116
15
1,062
1,467
5,258
953
8,985
4,765
245
948
8,217
77
379
70
2,701
                                                                                                    DRAFT
                                                                                             'DO NOT QUOTE (
                                                                                                     CITE
               TOTALS
18,045
36,074
33,876
25,684
113,679
*  Catch Type A is an estimate of part of the total catch based on fish brought ashore in whole form, available for interviewer
   identification and enumeration, from which samples of lengths and weights were obtained.

k  As asterisk (*) denotes none reported.

0  A dash denotes no information available.


Source:  NMFS, 1986b
-------
Table 2D-2.  Estimated Wright of Fiih Caught (Catch Type A)* by Marine Recreational
            Fishermen by Wave and Subregion January 1985 - December 1985
 Wave
  Jan/Feb
Subregion
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
Weight
 2,345
.4J51
6,700
                                                               DO  WOT  QUOTE  OR
                                                                  **   CITE
 Mar/Apr
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
 1,348
 8,063
 9,884
                                                              21,609
 May/Jun
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
 3,818
 9,339
 6,325
 5.096
24,577
 Jul/Aug
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
 4,928
 6,221
 4,002
 5.403
20,554
 Sep/Oct
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
 7,516
10,259
 8,731
 4.720
31,227
 Nov/Deo
North Atlantic
Mid Atlantic
South Atlantic
Gulf
TOTAL
  436
 2,193
 2,588
 3.795
 9,012
                            GRAND TOTAL
                                  113,679
    Catch Type A is an estimate of part of the total catch based on fish brought ashore in whole form, available for interviewer
    identification and enumeration, from which samples of lengths and weights were obtained.
Source:  NMFS, 1986b
                                                      2D-5
-------
Tibto 2D-3.      Eitimatod Number of Participant! in Maine Recreational Pithing by State and Subrcgioi
               January 1989 - December 1989
                                                                                    DO
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                      NO IT  QUOTE
                                                                     •-V   CITE
                                                                                                       OR
 Subrcgioo
State
Coastal
Participant!
Non-
Coaatal
Partioipanti
Out of
State1
Total
Participanti l
 North Atlantio
Connecticut
Maine
                   Now Hampi hire
                   Rhode laland

                   TOTALS
 265
  99
 428
  73
                        957
 *
 31
 59
 13
               104
 46
 76
147
 86
105
 311
 206
 634
 172
 198
 Msd-tlantic
Delaware
Mazy land
New Jency
NewYoik
Virginia

TOTALS
 126
 417
 340
 525
 407

1,815
 *
 24
 12
 9
                                                        no
 144
 261
 233
  67
 151
 270
 701
 585
 602
 623
 South Atlantic
Florida
Georgia
N. Carolina
S. Carolina

TOTALS
 952
  46
 254
_a

1,324
 8
 16
269
JBL

340
 748
  16
 45S
 150
1,708
  78
 980
 Gulf of Mexico      Alabama                  64
                   Florida                  923
                   Louisiana                309
                   Miaataaippi                61

                   TOTALS               1,357

                   GRAND TOTALS        5,453
                                      54
                                       *
                                      46
                                      21

                                     120

                                     675
                              74
                             1,321
                              46
                              56
                               192
                             2,244
                               400
                               138
NOTE:    An asterik (*) denotes no participation from this area.
1.         Not additive across states. One person can be counted as "OUT OF STATE" for more than
           one state.

Source:    NMFS, 1986b.  "Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts,
           1987-1989," National Marine Fisheries Service
                                               2D-6
-------
Specie* Group end Subrqtion January 1985 to December 1985


01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.


Specie* Oroop
Spiny Dogfuh
Sharks, Other
Sturgeon*
Pacific HotiMjg
Northern Anchovy
Surf Smelt
Smetu, Other
Pacific Cod
Pacific Tomcod
Walleye Pollock
Pacific Hake
Sflverride*
Jaclnmelt
Striped Bail
Kelp Bail
Spotted Sand Bail
Barred Sand Ban
Sea Bute., Other*
Yellowtail
White Croaker
California Corbina
Queenfuh
Croaken, Other
Opaleye
Halfmoon
Shiner Perch
Stfyed Seaperch
Black Perch
Walleye Surfjperch
Silver Surfperch
White Seaperch
Pile Perch
Redlail Surfperch
Barred Surfperch
Surfperchet, Other
Pacific Barracuda
California Sheephead
Pacific Bonito
Chub Mackerel
Tunu
Brown Rockfuh

Widow Roekfuh
YeUowtaa Rockfuh
Chinpepper Rockfuh
QuOBwck Rockfuh
Black Rockfuh
Blue Rockfuh
Bocacck}
Canary Rockfuh

Southern
California
(1,000 kg)
_b
253


_





—
•
40
-
354
29
431
-
179
78
—
14
57
21
10
_
—
12
9
10
-
_
•
75
15
132
132
267
684
612
89
140
34
151
203
—
34
138
298
33

Northern
CaliforoU Oregon Waahington
(1.000 kg) (1,000 kg) (1,000 kg)
* 7
_ • •
_ _ _
7-0*
— _ •
46 2 1
• _ _
• • 78
— _ —
• • 158
49 • -
• _ •
7 . .
58 - •
• • •
• • •
• • •
- -
• • _•
142 • •
• • •
• • • •
— • •
• * •
• • •
1
20 27
_ • •
6
9
_ _ •
21 15
29 34 53
24 ••
7 - -
• • •
• • •
— • •
37 - •
333 • •
121 • 21
134 -78
18
238 45
159 ••
- _ 61
430 354 219
258 43
64
129 60
* *
DRAFT
Do KOT %::c:j oz.
•«•*:• C'..±J?<
All
Region
(1,000 kfl)
57
401
-
7
—
48
—
78
—
158
58
0
47
67.
3*1
29
431
-
179
-
-
14
58
21
10
1
55
15
20
20
10
60
116
99
22
132
132
268
721
945
231
355
54
441
362
78
1,037
451
366
229
235
                                       (Continued on the foOowinf page)
2D-7
-------
Tibia 2A-4. Ertiarted Wofchi of Fiih C«*ht (C«l
Specie* Oroop and Subrefion Jusuiy

51.
52.
53.
54,
55.
S?!
51,
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64,
65.
66.
67.
Specie, Droop
Orecupoaed Rockfuh
OtiveXoctitt
OopbrKockfiiri
C«ltfor«k Socrpianfiih
Xedk&fc*, Ofccr
Oifclarah
XtipGreealiof
Oreeoliofi, Otber
Obexaa
Seoipiu, Other
XockSoie
8tiny Floaodcr
Fbtfldm, Otboc
TOTALS
Southern
a.oookj)
108
104
63
601
128
29
11
227
1M
6,248
1985 to December 1985 (Ca&sact)
Northern
CtUftxui*
a.OOOkj)
75
28
30
*
280
28
760
39
39
4,064
a.OOOkj)
*
*
47
18
175
*
#
122
1,069
WaUnftaa
a.OOOki)
*
*
*
162
16
16
87
1,364
	 	 	 • 	 ~ 	
DRAFf
DO HOT QUOTE OR
CITE
An
Refiaai
(1,000 ki)
235
136
134
63
952
34
64
1,225
10
106
6
65
252
24
106
12,745
a  OlchiypoAii ice*tioj»»oof p«rtof thetoul catch bucd oo fiiii brmfht ubore io whole form,
   cvs&ible for ioterviewer ilcotificatko tod enumenliao, from which urople* of taflfaf Md weighu
   wcro obdioed.

b  A dull dawtM BO ioformiljoo nviikbk.

e  An uttriik O dcootei HOOD reported.

d  A x*o (0) faflif»fc« leu tiua aoo tfagouad.

e  Wl ppeclc* wu act «urvcycd during thii tkne period.


acurce: NMF3.19t6e
                                                           2D-8
-------
Table 2D-5.   Estimated Weight of Fish Caught (Catch Type A)' by  f
             Marine Recreational Fishermen by Wave and Subregi

             January 1985 to December 1985
                                                                  '  DRAFT
                                                              DO  NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                     CITE
 Wave
                        Subregion
Weight
 Jan/Feb
 Mar/Apr
 May/Jun
 Jul/Aug
 Sep/Oct
 Nov/Dec
                        Southern California
                        Northern California
                        Oregon
                        Washington
                        TOTAL

                        Southern California
                        Northern California
                        Oregon
                        Washington
                        TOTAL

                        Southern California
                        Northern California
                        Oregon
                        Washington
                        TOTAL

                        Southern California
                        Northern California
                        Oregon
                        Washington
                        TOTAL

                        Southern California
                        Northern California
                        Oregon
                        Washington
                        TOTAL

                        Southern California
                        Northern California
                        Oregon
                        Washington
                        TOTAL

                        GRAND TOTAL
 3,768

  921
 1,006
  505
 2,499

 1,047
  408
   86
                                                             1,576

                                                            12,745
   Catch Type A is an estimate of part of the total catch
   based on fish brought ashore in whole form, available for
   interviewer identification and enumeration, from which
   samples of lengths and weights were obtained.
Source:  NMFS, 1986c.
                            2D-9
-------
                                                                    BO
                                                                          DRAFT
•T'P
Table 2D-€.
Subxcgjoa
Southern California
Standard Error
Northern California
Standard Error
Oregon
Standard Error
Waahington
Standard Error
GRAND TOTALS-
Standard Erron
Estimated Number of Participants in Marine Recreational Fishing
by Subregion for the Pacific Coast January 1985 to December 1985
Coubd
(thouMflda)
994
1,427
624
7S3
188
234
252
2,058
1,682
Non-coaatal
p«rticip«ntf
(thouaanda)
SO
44
101
92
22
18
34
J2
208
108
Out of State
W
(thouaanda)
344
193
62
52
35
35
46
Jl

Total
puttcipttnCi
in Mate (a)
(thouaanda)
1,389
1,441
787
790
245
237
333
-25S

(a) = Not additive across states. One person can be counted as "out of state" for more
      than one state.
Source:  NMFS, 1986c.
                                2D-10
-------
3.    INHALATION ROUTE	
      Humans may be exposed to toxic chemicals by the inhalation route from various
sources.  Airborne chemicals may be inhaled in gaseous form as vapors, or as particulates.
This chapter discusses factors associated with exposure via inhalation.

3.1.  EXPOSURE EQUATION FORINHALATION
      The general equation for calculating average daily dose (ADD) for inhalation
exposure is:
                        ADD = [[C x IR x ED] / pw x AT]]               (Eqn, 3-1)
where:
      ADD  =      average daily dose (mg/kg-day);
      C     =      contaminant concentration in air (j*g/m3);
      IR    =      inhalation rate (m3/day);
      ED    =      exposure duration (days);
      BW   =      body weight (kg); and
      AT    =      averaging time (days), for non-carcinogenic effects AT = ED, for
                    carcinogenic effects AT = 70 years or 25,550 days.
      The average daily dose is the dose rate averaged  over a pathway-specific period of
exposure expressed as a daily dose on a per-unit-body-weight basis.  The ADD is used for
exposure to chemicals with non-carcinogenic non-chronic effects. For compounds with
carcinogenic or chronic effects, the lifetime average daily dose (LADD) is used.  The LADD
is the dose  rate averaged over a lifetime. The contaminant concentration  refers to the
concentration of the contaminant in inhaled air.  Exposure duration refers to the time an
individual is exposed at a particular location.  The inhalation rate (expressed as cubic meters
per hour) varies according to the exertion level and other factors.

3.2.  INHALATION RATE
3.2.1. Background
      The health risk associated with human exposure to airborne toxics is a function of
concentration of air pollutants, duration of exposure, and inhalation rate (m3/hr). Because
the estimation for exposure or inhaled dose for a given air pollutant is dependent on

                                         3-1
-------
inhalation rates, several published studies that provide information on inhalation rates are
presented in this section.  An extensive review of literature indicates that inhalation rate
commonly termed as ventilation rate (VR) or breathing rate is usually measured as minute
volume, i.e. volume (liters) of air exhaled per minute^B). The volume of air exhaled (V^
is the product of the number of respiratory cycles in a minute and the volume of air respired
during each respiratory cycle (tidal volume, VT).  Oxygen consumption, hence breathing
rates are affected by numerous individual characteristics which include: age,  gender, weight,
health status, and levels of various activity patterns (running, walking, jogging etc.) (Layton,
1993). Ventilation rates (VR) are either measured directly using a spirometer and a
collection system or indirectly from heart rate (HR) measurements. HR measurements
obtained  from Heart watches are usually correlated with VR in simple and multiple
regression analysis.
       In the Ozone Criteria Document prepared by the U.S. EPA's Environmental Criteria
and Assessment Office, the EPA identified the collapsed range of activities and its
corresponding VR as follows: light exercise (VE < 23 L/min or 1.4 m3/hr);
moderate/medium exercise (VE= 24-43 L/min or 1.4-2.6m3/hr); heavy exercise (VE= 2.6-
3.8 m3/hr); and very heavy exercise (VE> 64 L/min or 3.8 m3/hr), (CARB, 1993).  Also, in
the Ambient Water Quality Criteria documents (U.S. EPA, 1980) an average daily inhalation
rate for a reference man was reported to be 20 nrVday.  This value is widely used for
exposure assessment studies.
       The available studies on inhalation rates are summarized in the following sections.
Inhalation rates are reported for outdoor workers/athletes, adults and children including
infants performing various activities.  The activity levels are categorized as resting,
sedentary, light, moderate, and  heavy.  In most studies, the sample population kept diaries to
record their physical activities, locations, and breathing rates.  Ventilation rates were either
measured, self-estimated or predicted from equations derived using VR-HR calibration
relationships. These studies have been classified as key studies or other relevant studies
based on the applicability of the data to exposure assessments. The recommended inhalation
rate values are based on the results from key studies.  Section 3.2.4 presents inhalation rate
values recommended for use in  exposure assessments for adults, children, and outdoor
                                        3-2
-------
                                                                   !       DRAFT
                                                                    DO NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                           CITE   .*#,
workers/athletes.  For each study, inhalation rates that were reported as minute volume in
liters per minute have been converted to m3/hr.

3.2.2.  Key Inhalation Rate Studies
       Lay ton - Metabolicalty Consistent Breathing Rates for use in Dose Assessments -
Layton (1993), presented a new method for estimating metabolically consistent inhalation
rates for use in quantitative dose assessments of airborne radionuclides.  Historically, the
approach for estimating breathing rate of a specified time frame was to calculate a time-
weighted-average of ventilation rates associated with physical activities of varying durations
                                        •s
(Layton, 1993).  However, in this study, breathing rates were calculated based on oxygen
consumption associated with energy expenditures for short (hours) and long (weeks and
months) periods of time.  Layton (1993) used the following general equation in calculating
energy-dependent inhalation rates:
                                  VE  = E x H x VQ                         (Eqn. 3-2)
where:
       VE    =     ventilation rate (L/min or m3/hr);
       E     =     energy expenditure rate (KJ/min or MJ/hr);
       H     =     volume of oxygen (at standard temperature and pressure, dry air)
                    (STPD) consumed in the production of 1 KJ of energy expended (L/KJ
                    or m3/MJ); and
       VQ   =     ventilatory equivalent (ratio of minute volume (L/min) to oxygen uptake
                    (L/min)) unitless.
       Three alternative approaches were used in estimating daily chronic (long term)
inhalation rates for different age/gender cohorts of the U.S. population. In the first
approach, inhalation rates were estimated by multiplying average daily food energy intakes
for different age/gender cohorts, volume of oxygen (H), and ventilatory equivalent (VQ) as
shown in the equation above. The average food energy intake data (Table 3-1) were obtained
from the USDA  1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (USDA-NFCS). In the
USDA survey 14,035 households were randomly selected and food intake data were obtained
from 30,770 individuals. The food energy intakes were adjusted upwards by a constant
factor of 1.2  for all individuals 9 years and older (Layton, 1993).  This factor compensated
                                         3-3
-------
DO HOI QUOTE OR
CITE ,!?..
Table 3-1. Companion! of Estimated Basal Metabolic Ratea (BMR) with
Individual! Sampled in the 1977-78 MFCS (USDA 1984)
Cohort/Ago
(y)
CUMrtx
Under 1
Ito2
3to5
6 to 8
Afobs
9 to 11
12 to 14
IS to 18
19 to 22
23 to 34
35 to 50
51 to 64
65 to 74
75 +
FtmaJfs
9 to 11
12 to 14
15 to 18
19 to 22
23 to 34
35 to SO
51 to 64
65 to 74
75 +
* Calculated fro
Body Weight
*S

7.6
13
18
26

36
50
66
74
79
82
80
76
71

36
49
56
59
62
66
67
66
62
m the aoorooriate
BMR*
MJd'lb

1.74
3.08
3.69
4.41

5.42
6.45
7.64
7.56
7.87
7.59
7.49
6.18
5.94

4.91
5.64
6.03
5.69
5.88
5.78
S.82
5.26
5.11
aeeand gender-l
keald1"-

416
734
881
1053

1293
1540
1823
1804
1879
1811
1788
1476
1417

1173
1347
1440
1359
1403
1380
1388
1256
1220
used BMR equation
Avenge Food-energy Intalxa for
Energy Intake (EFD)
Mid"1

3J2
5.07
6.14
7.43

8.55
9.54
10.8
10.0
10.1
9.51
9.04
8.02
7.82

7.75
7.72
7.32
6.71
6.72
6.34
6.40
5.99
5.94
i riven in ADOC
kcalcT1

793
1209
1466
1774

2040
2276
2568
2395
2418
2270
2158
1913
1866

1849
1842
1748
1601
1603
1514
1528
1430
1417
ndix Table 3A-1.
Ratio
EFD/BMR

1.90
1.65
1.66
1.68

1.S8
1.48
1.41
1.33
1.29
1.25
1.21
1.30
1.32

1.58
1.37
1.21
1.18
1.14
1.10
1.10
1.14
1.16

b   MI d*1 - mega joulei/day
0   kcal tT1 - kilo cakmei/day
Source:  Layton, 1993.
                                                  3-4
-------
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                   BO  NOT  QUOT:!! OR
for reported food bias in USDA-NFCS (Layton, 1993).  The weighted average oxygen
uptake of O.OS L O2/KJ used in this study was calculated from data reported in the 1977-78
USDA-NFCS and the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES n).  The ventilatory equivalent (VQ) of 27 used was calculated as the geometric
mean of VQ data that were obtained from several studies (Layton, 1993).
       Table 3-2 presents the daily inhalation rate for each age/gender cohorts.  The highest
daily inhalation rates (10 m3/day) were reported for children between the ages of 6-8 years,
for males between 15-18 years  (17 m3/day), and females between 9-11 years (13 m3/day).
Estimated average lifetime inhalation rates for males and females 14 m3/day and 10 m3/day,
respectively (Table 3-2).  Inhalation rates were also calculated for active and inactive periods
for the various age/gender cohorts.
       The inhalation rate for inactive periods was estimated by multiplying the basal
metabolic rate (BMR) times the oxygen uptake times the ventilatory equivalent (H) (VQ).
BMR was defined as "the minimum amount of energy required to support basic cellular
respiration while at rest and not actively digesting food" (Layton, 1993). The inhalation rate
for active periods was calculated by multiplying the inactive inhalation rate by the ratio of
the rate of energy expenditure during active hours to the estimated BMR. This ratio is
presented as F in Table 3-2 (Layton, 1993). These data for active and inactive inhalation
rates are also presented in Table 3-2.  For children, inactive and active inhalation rates
ranged between 2-6 and 6-13 m3/day, respectively. For adult males (19-64 years old),  the
average inactive and active inhalation rates were  10 and 19 m3/day, respectively. Also, the
average inactive and active inhalation rates for adult females (19-64 years old) were 8 and 12
m3/day, respectively.
       In the second approach, inhalation rates were calculated by multiplying the BMR of
the population cohorts, A, which is the  ratio of total daily energy expenditure to daily BMR,
H, and VQ. The BMR data obtained from literature had been statistically analyzed and
regression equations were developed to  predict BMR from body weights of various
age/gender cohorts (Layton,  1993). The statistical data used to develop the regression
equations are presented in Appendix Table 3A-1.  The data obtained from the second
approach are presented in Table 3-3.  Inhalation rates for children (6 months  - 10 years)
                                         3-5
-------
Table 3-2.  Daily Inhalation Rates Calculated from Food-Energy Intakes
Cohort/Age
Children
<1
1-2
3-5
6-8
Males
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75+
Lifetimef
average
Ftnudes
9-11
12-14
15-18
19-22
23-34
35-50
51-64
65-74
75+
Lifetime
average
L«

1
2
3
3

3
3
4
4
11
16
14
10
1



3
3
4
4
11
16
14
10
1


Daily*
Inhalation
Rate
(m3/day)

4.5
6.8
8.3
10

14
15
17
16
16
15
15
13
11
14


13
12
12
11
11
10
10
9.7
M
10

Sleep
00

11
11
10
10

9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8



9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8


MET*
Ae

1.9
1.6
1.7
1.7

1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.6



1.9
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4


Value
F

2.7
2.2
2.2
2.2

2.5
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9



2.5
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6


Inhalation Rates
Inactive6 Active6
(m3/day) (m3/day)

2.35
4.16
4.98
5.95

7.32
8.71
10.31
10.21
10.62
10.25
10.11
8.34
8.02



6.63
7.61
8.14
7.68
7.94
7.80
7.86
7.10
6.90



6.35
9.15
10.96
13.09

18.3
19.16
21.65
19.4
19.12
18.45
17.19
15.01
15.24



16.58
15.20
13.84
12.29
12.7
11.7
11.8
10.65
11.04


                               3-6
-------
                                                                                          _
                                   Table 3-2. (Continued)

a  Daily inhalation rate was calculated by multiplying the EFD values (see Table 3-1) by H x VQ for
   subjects under 9 years of age and by 1.2 x H x VQ for subjects 9 years of age and older (See text
   for explanation).

b  MET = Metabolic equivalent

c  Inhalation rate for inactive periods was  calculated as BMR x H x VQ and for active periods by
   multiplying inactive inhalation rate by  F  (Table 3-2); BMR values are from Table 3-1.

d  L is the number of years for each cohort.

e  For individuals 9  years of age and older, A was calculated by multiplying the ratio for EFD/BMR
   (Table 3-1) by the factor 1.2  (see text  for explanation).

f  Lifetime average was calculated by multiplying individual inhalation rate by corresponding L values
   gumming the products across cohorts and dividing the result by 75, the total of the cohort age spans.

NOTE:       BMR  =     Basal metabolic rate (MJ/day) or (kg/hr)
              EFD   =     Food energy intake (MJ/day) or (KCal/sec)
              A      =     EFD/BMR (unitless)
              S      =     Number of hours spent sleeping each day (hrs)
              F      =     (24A ••  S)/(24 - S), ratio of the rate of energy expenditure during active
                            hours to the estimated BMR (unitless)
              H      =     Oxygen uptake = 0.05 LO^/KJ or M3O2/MJ, calculate as the weighted
                            average oxygen uptake factor from the 1977-78 MFCS and the second
                            National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESII)
              VQ    =     Ventilation equivalent = 27 = geometric mean of VQs obtained from
                            several studies (unitless)

Source: Adapted from Layton, 1993.
                                            3-7
-------
                   Table 3-3.  Daily Inhalation Rates Obtained from the Ratios j
                   of Total Energy Expenditure to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Gender/Age
(yrs)
Malt
0.5 -<3
3-<10
10- <18
18- <30
30-<60
60+
Female
0.5 -<3
3- <10
10 - < 18
18 - <30
30- <60
60+
Body
Weight*
(kg)

14
23
53
76
80
75

11
23
50
62
68
67
BMRb
(Ml/day)

3.4
4.3
6.7
7.7
7.5
6.1

2.6
4.0
5.7
5.9
5.8
5.3
VQ

27
27
27
27
27
27

27
27
27
27
27
27
A°

1.6
1.6
1.7
1.59
1.59
1.59

1.6
1.6
1.5
1.38
1.38
1.38
H
(m'Qz/MJ)
1
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Inhalation
Rate, VB
(m3/day)d

7.3
9.3
15
17
16
13

5.6
8.6
12
11
11
9.9
•  Body weight was based on the average weights for age/gender cohorts hi the U.S. population obtained
   from Najjar and Rowland (1987).

b  The BMRs (basal metabolic rate) are calculated using the respective body weights and BMR equations
   (see Appendix Table 3A-1).

0  The values of the BMR multiplier (EFD/BMR) for those 18 years and older were derived from the
   Basiotis et al. (1989) study: Male = 1.59, Female = 1.38. For males and females under 10 years
   old, the mean BMR multiplier used was 1.6. For males and females aged 10 to <  18 years, the
   mean values for A given in Table 3-2 for 12-14 years and 15-18 years, age brackets for males and
   females were used: male =1.7 and female =  1.5.

d  Inhalation rate = BMR x A x H x VQ; VQ = ventilation equivalent and H = oxygen uptake.

Source: Layton, 1993.
                                           3-8
-------
                                                                          DRAFT
                                                                    DO NOT aUOIE OB
                                                                           CITE
ranged from 7.3-9.3 m3/day and ages 10-18 was 15 m3/day, while adult femates-fli years	
and older) ranged from 9.9-11 m3/day and adult males (18 years and older) ranged from
13-17 m3/day. These rates are similar to the daily inhalation rates obtained using the first
approach. Also, the inactive inhalation rates obtained from the first approach are lower than
the inhalation rates obtained using the second approach.  This may be attributed to the BMR
multiplier employed in the second approach equation to calculate inhalation rates.
       In the third approach, inhalation rates were calculated by multiplying estimated energy
expenditures associated with different levels of physical activity engaged in over the course
of an average day by VQ and H for each age/gender cohort.  The energy expenditure
associated with each level of activity was estimated by multiplying BMRs of each activity
level by the metabolic equivalent (MET) and by the time spent per day performing each
activity for each age/gender population.  The data used in this approach were  obtained from
a time-activity survey.  The survey sampled 2126 individuals (1,120 women and 1,006 men)
ages 20-74 that were  selected randomly from California communities. Table 3-4 presents the
inhalation rates (VE) in m3/day and m3/hr obtained for adult males and females aged 20-74
years at five physical activity levels.   The total daily inhalation  rates ranged from 13-17
m3/day for adult males and 11-15 m3/day for adult females.  The rates for adult females were
higher when compared with the other two approaches.  In all three approaches, the range of
inhalation rates for adults were 9.6-17 m3/day, 9.9-17 m3/day, and 13-17 m3/day,
respectively.  Inhalation rates were also calculated for short-term exposures for various
age/gender cohorts and five energy-expenditure categories (rest, sedentary, light, moderate,
and heavy).  BMRs were multiplied by the product of MET,  H, and VQ.  The data obtained
for short term exposures are presented in Table 3-5.
       A limitation of the third approach employed is that the survey provided information
on physical activities  which were based on recall.  Another limitation  in utilizing dietary
surveys to estimate inhalation rates is that the diet of the population surveyed  is only
reflected for a particular period of time (1977-78). An advantage of this study is that the
survey sample size was large and represents the general U.S. population.  Another advantage
of this study is that inhalation rates for different age cohorts were also presented.  Also, the
methodology  used in  estimating inhalation rates characterized the dependent relationship
                                         3-9
-------
Table 3-4. Duly Inhalation Rates Btsed on Time-Activky Survey

Age(yri)
and Activity MET

20-34
Sleep 1
Light 1.5
Moderate 4
Hard 6
Very Hard 10
Totals
35-49
Sleep 1
Light 1.5
Moderate 4
Hard 6
Very Hard 10
Totals
V* 5044
0 stecP !
Light 1.5
Moderate 4
Hard 6
Very Hard 10
Totals
65-74
Sleep 1
Light 1.5
Moderate 4
Hard 6
Very Hard 10
Totals
Males
Body Weight* BMRb Duration6 E1 VE° Vgf
(kg) (KJ/hr) (hr/day) (mJ/day) (mj/day (mj/hr)

76 320 7.2 2.3 3.1 0.4
76 320 14.5 7.0 9.4 0.7
76 320 1.2 1.5 2.1 1.7
76 320 0.64 1.2 1.7 2.6
76 320 0.23 0.74 1.0 4.3
24 17 17

81 314 7.1 2.2 3.0 0.4
81 314 14.6 6.9 9.3 0.6
81 314 1.4 1.8 2,4 1.7
81 314 0.59 1.1 1.5 2.5
81 314 0.29 0.91 1.2 4.2
24 13 17

80 312 7.3 2.3 3.1 0.4
80 312 14.9 7.0 9.4 0.6
80 312 1.1 1.4 1.9 1.7
80 312 0.50 0.94 1.3 2.5
80 312 0.14 0.44 0.6 4.2
24 12 16

75 256 7.3 1,9 2.5 0.3
75 256 14.9 5.7 7.7 0.5
75 256 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.4
75 256 0.5 0.8 1.0 2.1
75 256 0.14 0.36 0.48 3.5
24 9.8 13
Body
Weight"

62
62
62
62
62


67
67
67
67
67


68
68
68
68
68


67
67
67
67
67


* Body weights were obtained from Najjar and Rowland (1987)
b The basal metabolic rates (BMRs) for the age/gender cohorts were calculated using the respective body weights and the
0 Duration of activities were obtained from Sallis et al (1985)
4 Energy expenditure rate (E) was calculated by multiplying BMR (KJ/hr) x (MJ/1000 KJ) x duration (hr/day) x MET
c VH (inhalation rate) was calculated by multiplying E (MJ/day) by H(0.05 m'Oj/MJ) by VQ (27)
* VE (ms/hr) was calculated by multiplying BMR (KJ/hr) x (MJ/1000 KJ) x MET x H (0.05 irfOj/MJ) x VQ (27)
Source: Layton, 1993.
Femakf
BMRb
(KJ/hr)

283
283
283
283
283


242
242
242
242
242


244
244
244
244
244


221
221
221
221
221



Duration0
(hr/day)

7.2
14.5
1.2
0.64
0.23
24

7.1
14.6
1.4
0.59
0.29
24

7.3
14.9
1.1
0.5
0.14
24

7.3
14.9
1.1
0.5
0.14
24


nd v 8 V f
c vi vs
(mJ/day) (m'/day) (mj/hr)

2.0 2.8 0.4
6.2 8.3 0.6
1.4 1.8 1.5
1.1 1.5 2.3
0.65 0.88 3.8
11 15

1.7 2.3 0,3
5.3 7.2 0.5
1.4 1.8 1.3
0.9 1.2 2.0
0.70 0.95 3.2
9.9 13

1.8 2.4 0.3
5.4 7.4 0.5
1.1 1.4 1.3
0.7 1.0 2.0
0.34 0.46 3.3
9.4 13

1.6 2.2 0.3
4.9 6.7 0.4
1.0 1.3 1.2
0.7 0.9 1.8
0.31 0.42 3.0
8.5 11
t?
0
BMR equations (Appendix Table 3A-1) &










_ h3 Q
W£> §.
8 o 3
3
§
-------
                     Table 3-5.  Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposures
                                                                             DRAFT
                                                                       BO NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                              CITE
   Gender/Age
       (yrs)
Weight
 (kg6)
 BMR*
(kl/day)
                  Activity Type

 Rest    Sedentary   Light    Moderate     Heavy

              MET (BMR Multiplier)

__!	L2	2^	£	IP*

             Inhalation Rate (m3/hr)f*«
Male
0.5- <3
3- <10
10 - < 18
18- <30
30- <60
60+
Female
0.5 - <3
3- <10
10 - < 18
18-<30
30- <60
60+

14
23
53
76
80
75

11
23
50
62
68
67

3.40
4.30
6.70
7.70
7.50
6.10

2.60
4.00
5.70
5.90
5.80
5.30

0.19
0.24
0.38
0.43
0.42
0.34

0.14
0.23
0.32
0.33
0.32
0.30

0.23
0.29
0.45
0.52
0.50
0.41

0.17
0.27
0.38
0.40
0.39
0.36

0.38
0.49
0.78
0.84
0.84
0.66

0.29
0.45
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.59

0.78
0.96
1.50
1.74
1.68
1.38

0.60
0.90
1.26
1,32
1.32
1.20

1,92
2.40
3.78
4.32
4.20
3.42

1.44
2.28
3.18
3.30
3.24
3.00
a  The BMRs for the age/gender cohorts were calculated using the respective body weights and the BMR
   equations (Appendix Table 3A-1).
b  Range of 1.5 - 2.5.
c  Range of 3-5,
d  Range of >5-20.
e  Body weights were based on average weights for age/gender cohorts of the U.S. population given in
   Najjar and Rowland (1987).
f  The inhalation rate was calculated by multiplying BMR (KJ/day) x H (0.05 L/KJ) x MET x YQ (27)
   x (d/1,440 min)
8  Original data were presented in L/min. Conversion to mP/hr was obtained as follows:
                               60min
                              ___
                         nr
                        looo
                   L  x
                 L
                min
Source:  Layton, 1993.
                                         3-11
-------
                                                                              DRAFT
                                                                        DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                              CITE
between breathing and food ingestion.  This approach increases the potentMTorTfiicfii
accurate results.
       Linn et al,  - Documentation of Activity Patterns in 'High-Risk' Groups Exposed to
Ozone in the Los Angeles Area -  Linn et al. (1992) conducted a study that estimated the
inhalation rates for "high-risk" subpopulation groups exposed to ozone (O3) in their daily
activities in the Los Angeles area. The population surveyed consisted of seven subject
panels: Panel 1: 20 healthy outdoor workers (15 males, 5 females, ages 19-50); Panel 2; 17
healthy elementary school students (5 males, 12 females, ages 10-12); Panel 3: 19 healthy
high school students (7 males, 12 females, ages 13-17); Panel 4; 49 asthmatic adults
(clinically mild, moderate,  and severe,  15 males, 34 females, ages 18-50);  Panel 5: 24
asthmatic adults from 2 neighborhoods of contrasting Qj air quality (10 males, 14 females,
ages 19-46); Panel 6: 13 young asthmatics  (7 males, 6 females, ages 11-16); Panel 7:
construction workers (7 males, ages 26-34).
       Initially, a calibration test  was conducted and was followed by a training session.
Finally, a field study was conducted which  involved subjects' collecting their own heart rate
(HR) and diary data.  The calibration exercise protocols varied for each panel subject:
Panel 1 had laboratory treadmill exercise tests, indoor hall-way walking tests at different
self-chosen speeds, and 2 outdoor tests each consisted of 1 hour cycles of rest, walking, and
jogging; Panel 2 and 3 performed outdoor  exercises that consisted each of 20 minute rest,
slow walking, jogging, and last walking; Panel 4 and S had treadmill and hallway tests;
Panel 6 had laboratory tests on bicycles and treadmills; Panel 7 performed similar exercises
as Panel 2 and 3, and also performed job-related tests including lifting and  carrying a 9-kg
pipe (Linn et al., 1992).  During  the calibration tests, ventilation rates  (VR) and HR were
measured simultaneously at each exercise level. A regression line was fed  to the calibration
data,  HR and lognormal VR,  and an  equation was developed to predict VR from measured
HR.
       In the field study, each subject (except construction workers) recorded in diaries their
daily  activities, change in locations (indoors, outdoors, or in a vehicle), self-estimated their
breathing rates during each activity/location, time spent at each activity/location. Healthy
                                         3-12
-------
                                                                             DRAFT
                                                                       D.O NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                         .«*•  CITE
subjects recorded their HR once every 60 seconds and asthmatic subjects recordedlheir diary
information once every hour with a Heart watch.  Construction workers dictated their diary
information to a technician accompanying them on the job. Subjective breathing rates were
defined as slow (walking at their normal pace); medium (faster than normal walking); and
fast (running or similarly strenuous exercise).  Table 3-6 presents the protocols for self-
monitoring of diary information for each subject panel.
       Table 3-7 presents the mean VR, the 99th percentile VR, and the VR at each
subjective activity level (slow, medium, fast).  The mean and 99th percentile VRs were
derived from the valid HR recordings excluding diary data.  Each of the three activity levels
were determined from diary data and HR recordings (Linn et al., 1992). The preliminary
data for construction workers indicated that during a 10-hr work shift, their mean VR (1.5
m3/hr) exceeded the VRs of other subject panels (Table 3-7).  Linn et al. (1992) reported
that the diary data showed that most individuals expect construction workers spent most of
their time (in a typical day) indoors at slow activity level.  During outdoor activities, VRs
were lower for asthmatics than for healthy subjects.  During slow activity  level, asthmatic
subjects had higher  VRs than healthy subjects  (Linn et al., 1992).  Also Linn et al. (1992),
reported that in every panel, the predicted VR correlated significantly with the subjective
estimates of activity levels.
       According to Linn et al. (1992), "Calibration results may overestimate the predictive
power of HR during actual field monitoring, because the wider variety of exercise in
everyday activities may result in  wider variation of the VR-HR relationship."  Another
limitation of this study is the small sample size of each subpopulation surveyed, therefore,
this may not be representative the U.S. population. Also, in the course of this study,
information on activity patterns were obtained, but the information was not presented. This
information could be useful for exposure assessments.  An advantage of these data  set is that
activities were recorded  in a diary and not generated based on recall.   Another advantage  is
that inhalation rates were presented for various subpopulations (i.e., healthy outdoor
workers, asthmatics, healthy adults,  and healthy children).
                                         3-13
-------
                            Table 3-6.  Protocols for Self-Monitoring of Activities Grouped by Subject Panels
                              Panel
                           Protocol
u>
        Panel 1 - Healthy Outdoor Workers - 15 female, 5
        male, age 19-50


        Panel 2 - Healthy Elementary School Students - 5
        male, 12 female, age 10-12

        Panel 3 - Healthy High School Students - 7 male, 12
        female, age 13-17

        Panel 4 - Adult Asthmatics, clinically mild, moderate,
        and severe - 15 male, 34 female, age 18-50
        Panel 5 - Adult Asthmatics from 2 neighborhoods of
        contrasting Oj air quality -10 male, 14 female, age
        19-46

        Panel 6 - Young  Asthmatics - 7 male, 6 female, age
        11-16
        Panel 7 - Construction Workers - 7 male, age 26-34
3 days in 1 typical summer week (includes most active workday and
most active day off); HR recordings and activity diary during waking
hours.

Saturday, Sunday and Monday (school day) in early autumn; HR
recordings and activity diary during waking hours and during sleep.

Same as panel 2, however, no HR recordings during sleep for most
subjects.

1 typical summer week, 1 typical winter week; hourly activity/health
diary during waking hours; lung function tests 3 times daily; HR
recordings during waking hours on at least 3 days (including most
active work day and day off).

Similar to panel 4, personal NO2 and acid exposure monitoring
included. (Panels 4 and 5 were studied in different years, and had 10
subjects in common).

Similar to Panel 4,  summer monitoring for 2 successive weeks,
including 2 controlled exposure studies with few or no observable
respiratory effects.

HR recordings and diary information during 1  typical summer work
day.
       Source:  Linn etal., 1992
                                                              1    5
                                                               i *  "••"
                                                               I    o
                                                               i o«:
                                                                                                                              HI
                                                                                                                              w
                                                                                                                              o
                                                                                                                              Sd
-------
       Table 3-7.  Subject Panel Inhalation Rates (IR) by Mean IR, Upper Percentiles, and Self-Estimated Breathing Rates
Inhalation Rates (m3/hr)
Panel
JL ***»V*X,

Health*
1 - Adults
2 - Elementary School Students
3 - High School Students
7 - Construction Workers*
Asthmatics
4 - Adults
5 - Adults*
6 - Elementary and High School Students

Mean


0.78
0.90
0.84
1.50

1.02
1.20
1.20

99th
Percentile

2.46
1.98
2.22
4.26

1.92
2.40
2.40

Slow


0.72
0.84
0.78
1.26

1.02
1.20
1.20

Medium6


1.02
0.96
1.14
1.50

1.68
2.04
1.20

Fast6


3.06
1.14
1.62
1.68

2.46
4.02
1.50
*    Construction workers recorded only on 1 day, mostly during work, while others recorded on ^ 1 work or school day and ^
     1 day off.
b    Excluding subjects also in Panel 4
c    Some subjects did not report medium and/or fast activity. Group means were calculated from individual means (i.e., give equal
     weight to each individual who recorded any time at the indicated activity level).

Source:   Linn et al., 1992.
                                                                                                                            o
                                                                                                                            53
                                                                                                                            §
-------
                                                                       DO  KOI' QUO 12  OR
                                                                         ...-   CITE
      Linn et al. - Activity patterns in Ozone Exposed Construction WorJsers -  Linn et al.
(1993) estimated the inhalation rates of 19 construction workers before and during a typical
work shift. The workers were employed at a hospital construction site in suburban Los
Angeles. The study was conducted between mid-July and early November, 1991. During
this period, ozone (Qj) levels were typically high in Glendale, Los Angeles.   Initially, each
subject was calibrated with a 25-minutes exercise test that included slow walking, fast
walking, jogging, lifting, and carrying.  All calibration tests were conducted in the mornings.
Ventilation rates (VR) and heart rates (HR) were measured simultaneously during the test.
The data were analyzed using the least squares regression to derive an equation for predicting
VR at a given HR.  Following the calibration tests and before beginning work, each subject
recorded their change in activity (i.e. sitting/standing, walking, lifting/carrying, and
"working at trade" - defined as tasks specific to the individual's job classification).
Location, and self-estimated breathing rates ("slow" similar to slow walking,  "medium"
similar to fast walking, and "fast" similar to running) were also recorded in the diary.
During work, an investigator recorded  the diary information dictated by the subjects. HR
was recorded minute by minute for each subject before work and during the entire work
shift.  Thus, VR ranges for each breathing rate and activity category were estimated from
the HR recordings by employing the relationship between VR and HR obtained from the
calibration tests.
      A total of 182 hours of HR recordings were obtained during the survey from the 19
volunteers; 144 hours reflected actual working time according to diary  records.  The lowest
actual working hours recorded  was 6.6 hours and the highest recorded  was 11.6 hours for a
complete work shift (Linn et al., 1993).  Summary statistics for HR and predicted VR
distributions for each individual, the complete group of all individuals,  and job or site
defined groups are presented in Table 3-8.  The data reflects all recordings before and during
work, and at  break times.  For all subjects the mean HR was 93 beats/minute and the mean
inhalation rate (IR) was 1.68 nrVhr as shown in Table 3-8.  In Table 3-8 for most subjects,
the 1st and 99th percentiles  of HR were outside of the calibration range (calibration ranges
are presented in Appendix Table 3A-2).  Therefore, corresponding IR percentiles were
extrapolated using the calibration data (Table 3-8).
                                         3-16
-------
                                                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                                                          ,
             Table 3-8.  Distribution* of Individual and Group Heaitnte and Inhalation/Ventilation Rate for Outdoor Worker*

Subject No.
1761
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1778
1779
1780
1781

Minutes
Recorded
583
456
635
447
776
559
756
638
645
647
617
727
125
652
654
682
146
56S
659
Group and Subgroup Meuu*
All Subjects
General Laborers

(GCW)
Iron Worker* (fat)
Carpenten (Car)
Office Site (Ofc)


Hospital Site (Hoip)
Heart Rate (HR)
(beats/nun)
Mean ± SD
88 ± 13
94 ±13
69 ± 10
91 ±23
83 ±9
78 ±21
74 ± 14
100 ±21
88 ± 17
110 ± 17
109 ± 16
100 ± 17
95 ± 19
99 ± 16
96 ± 16
101 ± 16
111 ± 13
88 ± 10
85 ±12

93 ± 15
86 ±15
96 ± 14
95 ±16
82 ±15
98 ± 16
1%
67
73
50
44
65
41
49
68
55
66
76
73
69
64
65
71
87
65
56

63
58
67
65
56
68
50%
86
93
68
91
82
79
73
96
87
113
110
99
91
100
96
100
110
89
87

92
86
96
94
82
98
99%
128
129
98
156
110
142
128
163
137
138
142
141
161
132
137
145
154
111
111

135
130
128
139
127
139
Ventilation Rate (VR)
(m3/hr)
Mean ± SD
1.5 ± 0.72
1.32 ± 0.66
1.56 ± 0,72
1.80 ± 0.96
1.14 ± 0.48
1.08 ± 0.48
1.08 ± 0.48
2.58 ± 1.38
1.62 ± 0.66
1.62 ± 0.78
2.58 ± 0.96
1.44 ± 0.66
1.56 ± 0.54
1.74 ± 1.02
1.74 ± 0.66
2.16 ± 0.96
2.58 ± 0.66
1.62 ± 0.36
1.38 ± 0.42

1.68 ± 0.72
1.44 ± 0.66
1.62 ± 0.66
1.86 ± 0.78
1.38 ± 0,66
1.86 ± 0.78
1%
0.54
0.48
1.02
0.72
0.30
0.72
0.30
0.66
0.96
0.30
1.08
0.30
1.08
0.30
0.48
0.84
1.50
1.20
0.36

0.66
0.48
0.60
0.78
0.60
0.72
50%
1.26
1.20
1.32
1.62
1.08
0.96
1.08
2.28
1.44
1.86
2.52
1.44
1.38
1.74
1.68
2.04
2.52
1.50
1.44

1.62
1.32
1.56
1.74
1.20
1.80
99%
4.2
3.48
4.02
5.52
2.58
3.24
2.88
7.08
4.26
2.58
5.04
2.88
3.96
5.94
3.6
5.28
4.98
2.82
2.22

3.90
3.66
3.24
4.14
3.72
3.96
*   Each group or subgroup mean was calculated from individual mean* above,- not from pooled data.

Source:   Linn ct aL, 1993.
                                                          3-17
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       The data presented in Table 3-9 represents distribution patterns ofIR "for "each subject,
total subjects, and job or site defined subgroups by self-estimated breathing rates (slow,
medium, fast) or by type of job activity. All data include working and non-working hours.
The mean inhalation rates for most individuals showed statistically significant increases with
higher self-estimated breathing  rates or with increasingly strenuous job activity (Linn et al.,
1993).  Inhalation rates were higher in hospital site workers compared with office site
workers (Table 3-9). However, hospital site workers reported a higher percentage of slow
breathing time (31 percent) than the office site workers (20 percent), and a lower percentage
of fast breathing time, 3 percent and 5 percent, respectively (Linn et al., 1993).  Based on
the subjects HR measurements  and IR predictions, individuals whose work was objectively
heavier than average tended to  describe their work as lighter than average. Linn et al.
(1993) attributed this observation to either a better physical conditioning in hardworking
individuals and/or a "macho effect" (reluctance to admit the degree of exercise stress they
felt).
       A limitation associated with this study is the small sample size which may not be
representative of construction worker subpopulation.   Another limitation of this study is that
calibration data were not obtained at extreme conditions (i.e., heat stress). Therefore, it was
necessary to predict IR values outside the calibration range which may introduce an unknown
uncertainty to the data set.  Also, subjective self-estimated breathing rates may be another
source of uncertainty in the inhalation rates estimated.  An advantage of these data set is that
activities were recorded in a diary and not generated based on recall.  Another advantage is
that this survey provides some values for a subpopulation of highly active individuals.
       Spier et al. - Activity Patterns in Elementary and High School Students Exposed To
Oxldant Pollution -  Spier et al. (1992) investigated activity patterns of 17 elementary school
students (10-12 years old) from the Seventh Day Adventist school and 19 high school
students (13-17 years old) in suburban Los  Angeles from late September to October (oxidant
pollution season).  Calibration tests were conducted in supervised outdoor exercise sessions.
The exercise sessions consisted of 5 minutes for each: rest, slow walking, jogging, and fast
walking. Heart rate (HR) and ventilation rate (VR) were measured during the last 2 minutes
of each exercise. Individual VR and HR relationships were determined by fitting a
                                          3-18
-------
Table 3-9.
Individual Mean Inhalation Rate (nvVhr) by Self-Estimated Bi|ea$ii
Category for Outdoor Workers
Self-Estimated
Breathing Rate (nr'/hr)
Subj. No. Site^
1761 Ofc
1763 Ofc
1764 Ofc
1765 Ofc
1766 Ofc
1767 Ofc
1768 Ofc
1769 Hosp
1770 Hosp
1771 Hosp
1772 Hosp
1773 Hosp
1774 Hosp
1775 Hosp
1776 Hosp
1778 Hosp
1779 Hosp
1780 Hosp
1781 Hosp
Job*
GCW
GCW
Car
GCW
Car
Car
GCW
Car
Car
Car
Car
Irn
Car
Irn
Car
Car
Car
Irn
Lab
Slow
1.32
1.20
1.44
1.32
0.96
1.08
0.78
2.10
1.38
1.02
2.34
1.26
1.32
1.32
1.38
1.86
2.40
1.50
1.38
Med
1.56
1.56
1.62
1.86
1.20
1.08
1.14
3.06
1.98
1.92
2.82
1.74
1.68
2.10
1.98
2.52
2.64
1.80
1.56
Fast
1.68*
2.04*
1.68*
1.68*
1.68*
1.38
1.32*
3.30*
2.70*
1.74*
3.54*
2.28*
' —J
2.22*
1.74*
2.52*
—
1.86*
1.74*
Job
Sit/Std
1.32
1.20
1.38
1.50
1.08
0.96
0.96
1.86
1.26
1.56
2.46
1.56
1.98
1.68
1.44
2.10
2.64
1.62
1.26
CITE""
Job Activity
fis osT J
Activity Category (nrVhr)
Walk
1.62
1.44
1.50
1.68
1.08
1.08
1.14
2.46
1.74
1.92
2.76
1.56
1.92
1.92
1.68
2.64
2.64
1.74
1.44
Carry
2.46
1.68
1.62
1.86
1.5
1.26
1.26
3.06
1.92
2.34
3.48
2.04
1.92
2.22
1.92
3.42
2.40
1.74
1.44
Trade6
1.50*
1.74*
1.62e
1.86
1.26*
1.08
1.20*
2.94*
1.92*
1.86*
3.06*
1.92*
1.68*
2.10f
1.98*
2.52*
2.64
1.74
1.44*
Group and Subgroup Means
All Subjects
GCW/Laborers
Iron Workers
Carpenters
Office Site
Hospital Site






1.44
1.20
1.38
1.62
1.14
1.62
1.86
1.56
1.86
2.04
1.44
2.16
2.04
1.68
2.10
2.28
1.62
2.40
1.56
1.26
1.62
1.62
1.14
1.80
1.80
1.44
1.74
1.92
1.38
2.04
2.10
1.74
1.98
2.28
1.68
2.34
1.92
1.56
1.92
2.04
1.44
2.16
1 Ofc - Office; Hosp - hospital building
b GCW - general construction worker; Car - carpenter; Irn - ironworker; Lab - labororer
c Trade - "Working at Trade* (i.e., tasks specific to the individual's job classification)
* Rate or category differences are significant, p< 0.001
e Rates or category differences are significant, P < 0.05
* "Pati* nr /*atoctn*ij> Aif£t*rti'nf*4*E «*w etcmififMStlf "P^O HI
Source:   Linn et al., 1993
                                                           3-19
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regression line to HR values and lognormal VR values.  Each subject recordecTtheir daily
activities change in location, and breathing rates in diaries for 3 consecutive days. Self-
estimated breathing rates were recorded as slow (slow walking), medium (walking faster  than
normal), and fast (running).  HR was recorded during the 3 days once per minute by wearing
a Heart watch.  VR values for each self-estimated breathing rate and activity type were
estimated from the HR recordings by employing the VR and HR equation obtained from  the
calibration tests.
       The data presented in Table 3-10 represents HR distribution patterns and
corresponding predicted VR for each age group during hours spent awake. At the same self-
reported activity levels for both age groups, inhalation rates were higher for outdoor
activities than indoor activities. The total hours spent indoors by high school students
(21.2 hours) were higher than for elementary school students (19.6 hours).  The converse
was true for outdoor activities; 2.7 hours for high school students, and 4.4 hours for
elementary school students (Table 3-11). Based on the data presented in Tables 3-10
and 3-11, the average inhalation specific-activity rate for elementary (10-12 years) and high
school (13-17 years)  students were calculated.  For elementary school students  the average
daily inhalation rates are 15.8 m3/day for light activities, 4.62 m3/day for moderate activities,
and 0.98 m3/day for heavy activities. Also, for high school students the daily inhalation  rate
during light, moderate, and heavy activities are estimated at 16.4 m3/day, 3.1 m3/day,  and
0.54 m3/day, respectively  (Table 3-12).
       A limitation of this study is the small sample size.  It may not be representative of all
children in these age groups.  Another limitation is that associated with the accuracy of the
self-estimated breathing rates reported by younger age groups.  This may affect the validity
of the data set generated.  An advantage of this study is that data was generated from diary
recordings and not based on recall. This approach appears to give more accurate estimates.
       California Air Resources Board (CARB) - Measurement of Breathing Rate and Volume
in Routinely Performed Daily Activities - The California Air Resources Board, CARB
(1993), conducted research to accomplish two main objectives: (1) identification of mean and
ranges of inhalation rates for various age/gender cohorts; and (2) derivation of simple linear
and multiple regression equations used to predict inhalation rates through other measured
                                         3-20
-------
Table 3-10. Distribution of HR
Elementary (EL) and
and Predicted IR, by Location and Self-Estimate
High School (HS) Students


'DRAFT
l]R}e4&N& ($8felferOR
CITE


Heart Rate. Beats/Min
Location/
Breathing Rate
In/slow
In/medium
In/fast
Out/slow
Out/medium
Out/fast

In/slow
In/medium
In/fast
Out/slow
Out/medium
Out/fast
* EL students
" BSknlntfln? ctti/fant Btifl ^^l/hr «fti" lifoli ei»luvt1
Percentile RankingB
1st 50th 99.9th
61
55
63
61
63
71
60
61
67
66
81
69
m3/hr
0.18
0.30
0.24
0.42
0.24
0.54
0.36
0.42
0.24
0.48
0.48
0.48
fihiHrait
95
85
98
93
100
105
102
96
113
103
118
109

0.78
0.72
0.84
0.84
0.84
1.08
0.78
0.90
0.96
1.08
0.96
1.02
nvff TJJbu
166
173
160
174
187
182
193
185
198
188
200

2.34
3.24
2.58
4.02
3.42
6.84°
4.32
5.28
3.36
5.70
3.60
5.94
• fidttfirylB
c    Highest single value.




Source: Spier et al,  1992.
                                                           3-21
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                                                                      1 DO KOI QUOTE OR
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       Table 3-11.   Average Hours Spent per Day In a Given Location and Activity Level by
                    Elementary (EL) and High School (HS) Students
                                                           Time (hrs/day)
                                                              Students
                                                      ELa                  HSb
 Indoor
   Slow
   Medium
   Fast
   TOTAL
 Outdoor
   Slow
   Medium
   Fast
   TOTAL
16.3
 2.9
 0.4
19.6

 2.2
 1.7
 0.5
19.5
 1.5
 0.2
21.2

 1.2
 1.3
 0.2
 4.4
 2.7
*  EL students were between 10-12 years old
b  HS students were between 13-17 years old
Source:  Spier et al., 1992.
                                       3-22
-------
Table 3-12.  Distribution Patterns of Daily Inhalation Rates for Elementary (EL) and High School Students (HS) Grouped by Activity Level














a
b
c
Location Activity Type*

Indoor Light

Moderate

Heavy

Outdoor Light

Moderate

Heavy

Students*

EL
HS
EL
HS
EL
HS
EL
HS
EL
HS
EL
HS
Average, IEC
(m3/day)

13.7
15.2
2.8
1.4
0.4
0.25
2.1
1.15
1.84
1.64
0.57
0.29
Percentile
1st
2.93
5.85
0.70
0.63
0.096
0.11
0.79
0.50
0.41
0.62
0.24
0.096
Bankings
50th
12.71
14.04
2.44
1.28
0.34
0.22
1.72
1.08
1.63
1.40
0.48
0.20

99th
38.14
63.18
7.48
6.03
1.37
1.37
9.50
6.34
5.71
7.41
1.80
1.19
In this report, activity type presented in Table 3-7 was redefined as light activity for slow, moderate activity for medium and heavy activity for fast.
EL students were between 10-12 years old; HS students were between 13-17 years old. 	 	
Daily inhalation rate was calculated by multiplying the hours spent at each activity level (Table 3-8) by the corresponding inhlation rate (Table 3-7}. w
Source: Generated using data from Tables


3-8 and 3-9.







o
§
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                                                                  J       DRAFT
                                                                   DO EOT QUO "2 OK
                                                                      •*»  CITE
variables: heart rate (HR), breathing frequency (fa), and oxygen
survey population consisted of 160 individuals (both genders) from California of various ages
(6-77 years) and ethnicity (CARB, 1993).  Further research was also conducted to validate
empirically derived equations for children engaged in selected field and laboratory studies.
The test subjects were 40 children from 6 to 12 years old.  Twelve children (3-5 years) were
subjects for pilot testing (CARB, 1993).
       Resting protocols conducted in the laboratory consisted of phases (25 minutes each) of
lying, sitting, and standing.  They were categorized as resting and sedentary activities.  Two
active protocols including moderate (walking) and heavy (jogging/running) phases were
performed on a treadmill over a progressive continuum of intensities made up of 6 minute
intervals, at 3  speeds ranging from slow to moderately fast. All protocols involved
measuring VR, HR, fB,  and V02.  Measurements were taken in the last 5 minutes of each
phase of the resting protocol (25 minutes), and the last 3 minutes of the 6 minutes intervals,
at each speed designated in the active protocols.
       In the field,  aU children completed spontaneous play protocols, while the older
adolescent population (16-18 years) completed car driving and riding, car maintenance
(males), and housework (females) protocols.  All adults (19-60 years) and most or the  senior
(60-77 years) females completed housework, yardwork, and car driving and riding protocols.
Adult and senior males only completed car driving and riding, yardwork, and mowing
protocols. HR, VR, and fB were measured during each protocol and most protocols were
conducted for 30 mins.  All the active field protocols were conducted twice.
       During all activities in either the laboratory or field protocols, inhalation rate (IR) for
the children's group revealed no significant gender differences and those for the adult groups
demonstrated gender differences.  Therefore, IR data presented in Appendix Tables 3A-3 and
3A-4 were categorized as young children, children, adult female, and adult male by  activity
levels (resting, sedentary, light, moderate, and heavy).  These categorized data for the
laboratory protocols are shown in  Table 3-13.  Table 3-14 presents the mean inhalation rates
by group and activity levels (light, sedentary, and moderate) in field protocols.   A
comparison of the data shown in Tables 3-13 and 3-14 suggest that during light and sedentary
activities in laboratory and field protocols similar inhalation rates were obtained for adult
                                         3-24
-------
                                                                             J 10
                                                                                     l.'RAFT
       Table 3-13.    Summary of Average Inhalation Rates (nr/hr) by Age Group and Activity Levels for"
                     Laboratory Protocols
        Age
                      Resting*        Sedentaryb
Light0
Moderate*1
Heavy*
Young Children^
Children11
Adult Females1
Adult Males'1
0.37
0.45
0.43
0.54
0.40
0.47
0.48
0.60
0.65
0.95
1.33
1.45
DNI*
1.74
2.768
1.93
DNP*
2.23
2.96>
3.63
a
b
k
Resting defined as lying (see Appendix Table 3A-3 for original data).
Sedentary defined as sitting and standing (see Appendix Table 3A-3 for original data).
Light defined as walking at speed level 1.5 - 3.0 mph (see Appendix Table 3A-3 for original data).
Moderate defined as fast walking (3.3 - 4.0 mph) and slow running (3.5 - 4.0 mph) (see Appendix Table
3A-3 for original data).
Heavy defined as fast running (4.5 - 6.0 mph) (see Appendix Table 3A-3 for original data).
Young children (both genders) 3 - 5.9 yrs  old.
DNP.  Group did not perform this protocol or  N was too small for appropriate mean comparisons.  All
young children did not run.
Children (both genders) 6 -12.9 yrs old.
Adult females defined as adolescent, young to middle aged, and older adult females.
Older adults not included in mean value since they did not perform running protocols at particular speeds.
Adult males defined as adolescent, young to middle aged, and older adult males.
Source:   GARB,  1993.
                                              3-25
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                                                                         DO NOT  QUOTE OR
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       Table 3-14.    Summary of Average Inhalation Rates (m3/hr) by Age Group and Activity Levels
                      in Field Protocols
Activity
Level
Light*
Sedentary*
Moderate*
Young Children*
DNF
DNF
0.68
Children11
DNP*
DNP>
1.07
Adult
Females0
1.10"
0.51
DNP6
Adult
Males4
1.40
0.62
1.78i
    Young children (both genders) = 3 - 5.9 yrs old.
    Children (both genders) = 6 - 12.9 yrs old.
    Adult females defined as adolescent, young to middle aged, and older adult females.
    Adult males defined as adolescent, young to middle aged, and older adult males.
    DNP. Group did not perform this protocol or N was too small for appropriate mean comparisons.
    Light activity was defined as car maintenance (males), housework (females),  and yard work (females)
    (see Appendix Table 3A-4 for original data).
    Sedentary activity was defined as car driving and riding (bom genders) (see Appendix Table 3A-4
    for original data).
    Moderate activity was defined as moving (males); wood working (males);  yard work (males); and
    play  (children), (see Appendix Table 3A-4 for original data).
    Older adults  not included in mean value since they did not perform this activity.
    Adolescents not included in mean value since they did not perform this activity.
Source: CATRB, 1993.
                                        3-26
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                                                                     j        DRAFT
                                                                      D.O HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                         ..-..  CITE
females and adult males. Accurate predictions of IR across all population groups and activity
types were obtained by including body surface area (BSA), HR, and fB in multiple regression
analysis (GARB, 1993).  CARB (1993) calculated BSA from measured height and weight
using the equation: BSA =  height<°-725) x weight(
-------
                                                                         DRAFT       !
                                                                   DO 2701 QUO IS OH '
walking, jogging, and fast walking.  The subjects' ventilation level and VR
however, no feedback was given to the subjects.  Electrocardiograms were recorded via
direct connection or telemetry and HR was measured concurrently with ventilation
measurement for all treadmill sessions.
       The second approach consisted of two protocol phases (indoor/outdoor exercise
sessions and field testing).  20 outdoor adult workers between 19-50 years old were
employed.  Indoor and outdoor supervised exercises similar to the protocols in the first
approach were conducted, however there were no feedbacks.  Also, in this approach
electrocardiograms were recorded and HR was measured concurrently with VR. During the
field testing phase, subjects were trained to record their activities during  three different 24-
hour periods within one week. These periods included their most active  working and non-
working days. HR was measured quasi-continuously during the 24-hour periods activities
were recorded.   The subjects recorded in a diary all changes in physical  activity, location,
exercise levels during waking hours.  Self-estimated activities in supervised exercises and
field studies were categorized as slow (resting, slow walking or equivalent), medium (fast
walking or equivalent), and fast (jogging or equivalent).
       Inhalation rates were not reported in the data presented by Shamoo et al. (1990).
Shamoo et al. (1990) reported that the first approach employed indicated that about 68% of
the sample population estimated their VR correctly. They also observed  that inaccurate  self-
estimates occurred in the younger male population who were highly physically fit and were
competitive aerobic trainers. This subset of sample population tended to underestimate their
own physical activity levels at higher VR ranges.   Shamoo et al.  (1990) attributed this to a
"macho effect."  In the second approach, a regression analysis was conducted that related the
logarithm of VR to HR.  The logarithm of VR correlated better with HR than VR itself
(Shamoo et al., 1990). Also, the effect of heat stress was observed on the HR data obtained
during the second hour of the exercise sessions.
       A limitation associated with this study is that the population sampled does not give a
representation of the general U.S. population. Also, ventilation rates were not presented.
Training individuals to estimate their  VR may contribute to uncertainty in the results because
the estimates are subjective. Another limitation is that heat stress was not accounted for in
                                         3-28
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  CO ITOT QUOTE
the equation used to predict VR from HR measurements. This may somewhat affect the
accuracy of the estimated VR.  An advantage of this study is that data sets were generated
from diary recordings of activities during the sampling period and were not based on recall.
The former approach appears to give more accurate responses.
       Shamoo et al. - Activity Patterns in a Panel of Outdoor Workers Exposed to Oxidant
Pollution - Shamoo et al. (1991) investigated summer activity patterns in 20 adult volunteers
(IS men and 5 women) outdoor workers in the Los Angeles area. They were exposed to
oxidant pollution.  The age of the subjects ranged from 19-50 years old. All volunteers
worked outdoors at least 10 hours per week.  The experimental approach involved two
stages: (1) indirect objective estimation of ventilation rate (VR)  from heart rate (HR)
measurements; and (2) self estimation of inhalation/ventilation rates  recorded by subjects in
diaries during their normal activities (Shamoo et al.,  1991). The approach consisted of
calibrating the relationship between VR and HR for each test subject in controlled exercise;
monitoring by subjects of their own normal activities with diaries and electronic HR
recorders; and then relating VR with the activities described in the diaries (Shamoo et al.,
1991).
       Calibration tests were conducted for indoor and outdoor  supervised  exercises to
determine individual relationships between VR and HR.  Indoors, each subject was  tested on
a treadmill at rest and at increasing speeds.  HR and VR were measured at the third minute
at each 3-minute interval speed. In addition, subjects were tested while walking a 90-meter
course in a corridor at 3 self-selected speeds (normal, slower than normal,  and faster than
normal) for 3 mins.
       Two outdoor testing sessions (one hour each)  were conducted for each subject, 7 days
apart.  Subjects exercised on a 260-m asphalt course.  The session involved 15 minutes each
of: rest, slow walking, jogging, and fast walking during the first hour.  The sequence was
also repeated during the second hour. HR and VR measurements were recorded starting at
the 8th minute of each 15-minute segment. Following the calibration tests, a field study was
conducted in which subject's self-monitored their activities (by filling out activity diary
booklets), self-estimated their breathing rates,  and HR. Breathing rates were defined as
sleep, slow (slow or normal walking), medium (fast walking), and fast (running) (Shamoo et
                                         3-29
-------
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                 L_       •••'_•.,	  !
al., 1991). Changes in location, activity, or breathing rates during three 2'4-lir periods within
a week were recorded. These periods included their most active working and non-working
days.  Bach subject wore Heart watches which recorded their HR once per minute during the
field study.  Ventilation rates were estimated for the following categories: sleep, slow,
medium, and fast.
       A regression line was fed to the calibration data, HR and lognormal VR, in order to
develop an equation to predict VR from measured HR.  The average measured VR were
0.48, 0.9, 1.68, and 4.02 m3/hr for rest, slow walking or normal walking,  fast walking and
jogging, respectively (Shamoo et al.,  1991).  Collectively, the diary recordings showed that
sleep occupied about 33 percent of the subject's time, slow activity 59 percent, medium 7
percent, and fast 1 percent.  The diary data covered an average of 69 hrs per subject
(Shamoo et al.,  1991). Table 3-15 presents the distribution pattern of predicted ventilation
rates and equivalent ventilation rates (EVR) obtained at the four activity levels.  EVR was
defined as the VR per square meter of body surface area, and also as a percentage of the
subjects average VR over the entire field monitoring period (Shamoo et al.,  1991).  The
overall mean predicted VR were 0.42 m3/hr for sleep; 0.71 m3/hr for slow activity; 0.84
m3/hr for medium activity; and 2.63 m3/hr for fast activity. The mean predicted VR and
standard deviation, and the percentage of time spent in each combination of VR, activity type
(essential and non-essential), and location (indoor and outdoor) are presented in Table 3-16.
Essential activities include income-related work, household chores, child care, study and
other school activities, personal care and destination-oriented travel.  Non-essential activities
include sports and active  leisure, passive leisure, some travel, and social or civic activities
(Shamoo et al.,  1991).
       The author noted that the methodology employed in this study and the previous study
by Shamoo et al. (1990) are similar.  Consequently, the same advantages and disadvantages
associated with the Shamoo et al. (1990) data set also apply to this data set.  According to
Shamoo et al. (1990), "These results confirm that subjective activity diary data can provide
exposure modelers with useful rough estimates of VR for groups of generally healthy people.
As a group, the subjects showed meaningful and highly statistically significant increases in
measured HR and predicted VR across the range of diary-recorded activity levels (sleep-
                                         3-30
-------
                             Table 3-15. Distribution Pattern of Predicted VR and EVR (Equivalent Ventilation Rate) for Outdoor Workers
w
VR(Ms/kr)t
Perceived Breaming
Sleep
Slow
Medium
Fast
Rate




N*
18,597
41,745
3,898
572
Arithmetic
Mean ± S.D.
0.42 ± 0.16
0.71 ± 0.4
0.84 ± 0.47
2.63 ± 2.16
Geometric
Mean ± S.D.
0.39 ± 0.08
0.65 ± 0.09
0.76 ± 0.09
1.87 ± 0.14
EVR (rf/hr/m2 body surface)
Arithmetic
Mean ± S.D.
0.23 ± 0.08
0.38 ± 0.20
0.48 ± 0.24
1.42 ± 1.20
Geometric
Mean ± S.D.
0.22 ± 0.08
0.35 ± 0.09
0.44 ± 0.09
1.00 ± 0.14
Percentile Rankings, VR

Sleep
Slow
Medium
Fast
1
0.18
0.30
0.36
0.42
5
0.18
0.36
0.42
0.54
10 50
0.24 0.36
0.36 0.66
0.48 0.72
0.60 1.74
90
0.66
1.08
1.32
5.70
95 99
0.72 0.90
1.32 1.98
1.68 2.64
6.84 9.18
99.9
1.20
4.38
3.84
10.26
Percentile Rankings, EVR

Sleep
Slow
Medium
Fast
1
0.12
0.18
0.18
0.24
5
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.30
10 50
0.12 0.24
0.24 0.36
0.30 0.42
0.36 ,0.90
1 Data presented by Sharooo were presented in liters/minute were converted to m3/hr.
b Number of minutes with valid appearing heart rate records and corresponding daily
« EVR = VR per square meter of body surface area.
Srmtw Shatnnnetfll 1001
90
0.36
0.54
0.72
3.24
records of breathing rate.
95 99
0.36 0.48
0.66 1.08
0.90 1.38
3.72 4.86

99.9
0.60
2.40
2.28
5.52
!*§„
-------
                             Table 3-16.  Distribution Pattern of Inhalation Rate by Location and Activity Type for Outdoor Workers
w
Location
Indoor



Indoor


Outdoor


Outdoor


Activity Type* Perceived Breathing
Rates
Essential Sleep
Slow
Medium
Fast
Non-essential Slow
Medium
Fast
Essential Slow
Medium
Fast
Non-essential Slow
Medium
Fast
% of Time
28.7
29.5
2.4
0
20.4
0.9
0.2
11.3
1.8
0
3.2
0.8
0.7
Inhalation rate (ra3/hr)
±S.D.
0.42 ± 0.12
0.72 ± 0.36
0.72 ± 0.30
0
0.66 ± 0.36
0.78 ± 0.30
1.86 ± 0.96
0.78 ± 0.36
0.84 ± 0.54
0
0.90 ± 0.66
1.26 ± 0.60
2.82 ± 2.28
%of Avg.b
69 ± 15
106 ±43
129 ± 38
0
98 ±36
120 ±50
278 ± 124
117 ±42
130 ±56
0
136 ±90
213 ± 91
362 ± 275
    a  Statistic was calculated by converting each VR for a given subject to a percentage of her/his overall average.
    b  Essential activities include income-related, work, household chores, child care, study and other school activities, personal care, and destination-oriented travel;
       Non-essential activities include sports and active leisure, passive leisure, some travel, and social or civic activities.
    Source: Shamoo et al., (1991).
                                                                                                                                                o
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slow-medium-fast).  At the same time, the results show high within-person ancTBeCweeiP
person variability in VR at each diary-recorded level, indicating that VR estimates from  diary
reports may be substantially misleading in individual cases."
       Shamoo et al. - Effectiveness of Training Subjects to Estimate Their Level of
Ventilation -  Shamoo et al. (1992) conducted a study where nine non-sedentary subjects in
good health were trained on a treadmill to estimate their own ventilation rates at four activity
levels: low, medium, heavy, and very heavy.  The purpose of the study was to train the
subjects self-estimation of ventilation in the field and assess the effectiveness of the training
(Shamoo et al., 1992). The subjects included 3 females and 6 males between 21 to  37 years
of age.  The tests were conducted  in four stages.  First, an initial treadmill pretest was
conducted indoors at various speeds until the four ventilation levels were experienced by each
subject, VR was measured and feedback was given to the subjects. Second, two treadmill
training sessions which involved seven 3-min segments  of varying speeds based on initial test
were conducted, VR was measured and feedback was given to the subjects.  Another similar
session was conducted, however, the subjects estimated their own ventilation level during the
last 20 seconds of each segment and VR was measured  during the last minute of each
segment.  Immediate feedback was given to the subject's estimate; and the third and fourth
stages involved 2 outdoor sessions of 3 hours each.  Each hour comprised IS minutes each of
rest, slow walking, jogging, and fast walking.  The subjects estimated their own ventilation
level at the middle of each segment. The subject's estimate was verified by a respirometer
which measured VR in the middle of each 15-mimite activity. No feedback was given to the
subject.
       For purposes of this study, inhalation rates were analyzed from the raw data provided
by Shamoo et al. (1992).  These data are presented in Appendix Table 3A-5.  Table 3-17
presents the actual  inhalation rates obtained at  four ventilation levels and two
microenvironments (i.e., indoors and outdoors).  The mean inhalation rates for all subjeccts
were  0.93, 1.92, 3.01, 4.80 for low, medium, heavy, and very  heavy activities.
       The population sample size used in this study was small and may somewhat affect the
distribution of the data set obtained. Another limitation is that the population selected does
not represent the general U.S. population.  The training approach employed may not be cost
                                         3-33
-------
Table 3-17.  Actual Inhalation Rates (VE) Measured at Four Ventilation Levels
Subject
0124


0720


1000


1200


1239


1240



1241


1242



Location
Indoor (Tm post/
Outdoor*
Total"
Indoor (Tm post)
Outdoor
Total
Indoor (Tm post)
Outdoor
Total
Indoor (I'm post)
Outdoor
Total
Indoor (Tin post)
Outdoor
Total
Indoor (Tm post)
Outdoor
Total

Indoor (Tm post)
Outdoor
Total
Indoor (Tm post)
Outdoor
Total

Low1"
1.46
1.18
1.22
1.48
0.98
1.05
1.01
0.53
0.60
1.01
0.65
0.71
1.10
0.75
0.83
0.92
0.58
0.68

1.25
0.91
0.93
1.28
1.08
1.12

MeanVF
(m3/hr)
Medium8
1.97
2.78
2.55
1.94
2.39
2.24
1.40
1.71
1.64
1.49
1.63
1.57
1.88
1.44
1.57
1.48
1.42
1.45

1.78
2.05
1.89
2.23
1.89
2.06

Heavy*
3.52
3.22
3.42
3.47
3.22
3.33
2.65
2.92
2.78
2.59
2.29
2.38
3.08
3.37
3.24
2.92
2.47
2.74

2.79
3.03
2.95
3.37
2.96
3.06

Very Heavy*
4.94
5.17
5.14
-
4.76
4.76
3.73
4.38
4.22
3.64
4.96
4.77
-
4.25
4.25
_
4.13
4.13 	
i
3.92 o '
4.21 a
4.16 • QH«
O *YJ i
4.37 w^^
6.40 §^
6.11 M
§
-------
      Subject
                  Table 3-17.  Actual Ventilation Rates (VE) Measured at Four Ventilation Levels  (continued)
Location
MeanVE*
 (m3/hr)
                                                   Low11
                                         Medium6
           Heavy4
Very Heavy*
1243


All subjects


Indoor (Tm post)
Outdoor
Total
Indoor (Tm post)
Outdoor
Total
1.53
1.01
1.09
1.23
0.88
0.93
2.27
2.32
2.29
1.83
1.96
1.92
3.80
2.92
3.17
3.13
2.93
3.01
4.20
5.87
5.63
4.13
4.90
4.80
     Original data were presented in L/min.  Conversion to m'/hr was obtained as follows:
                                                       x   m _____ x  L
                                                    hr    10001    min
     Low = 1A, IB (see Appendix Table 3A-5)
     Medium = 2A, 2B and 2C (see Appendix Table 3A-5)
     Heavy = 3A, 3B, 3CC and 3D (see Appendix Table 3A-5)
     Very heavy = 4A, 4B and 4C (see Appendk Table 3A-5)
     Indoor activities include Treadmill Post-test, TM post (see Appendix Table 3 A-5)
     Outdoor activities includes all rest, low walk, high walk and jog (see Appendk Table 3A-5)
     Total includes all indoor and outdoor activities (see Appendix Table 3 A-5)
Source;  Shamoo et at, 1992
                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                            |.0>
                                                                                                                             c •*
                                                                                                                             O J-3
                                                                                                                             M   ;
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effective because it was labor intensive, therefore, this approach may not be viable in field
studies especially for large sample sizes.
       17.5. EPA - Development of Statistical Distributions or Ranges of Standard Factors
Used in Exposure Assessments - Due to a paucity of information in literature regarding
equations used to develop statistical distributions of minute ventilation/ventilation rate at all
activity levels for male and female children and adults, the U.S. EPA (1985) compiled
measured values of minute ventilation for various age/gender cohorts from early studies.  In
more recent investigations, minute ventilations have been measured more as background
information than as research objective itself and the available studies have been for specific
subpopulations such as obese, asthmatics or marathon runners.  The data compiled by the
U.S. EPA (1985) for each age/gender cohorts were obtained at various activity levels.  These
levels were categorized as light, moderate, or heavy according to the criteria developed by
the Environmental Criteria and  Assessment Office of EPA for the Ozone Criteria Document.
These criteria were developed for a reference male adult with a body weight of 70 kg (U.S.
EPA, 1985). The minute ventilation rates for adult males based on these activity level
categories are detailed in Appendix Table 3A-5., Table 3-18 presents a summary of
inhalation rates by age, gender, and activity level found in Appendix Table 3A-6 .  A
description of activities included in each activity level is also presented in Table 3-18. Based
on data in Appendix Table 3A-7, at rest, the average adult inhalation rate is  0.5 m3/hr.  The
mean inhalation rate for children at rest, ages 6 and  10, is 0.4 m3/hr.
       The total amount of time spent indoors, outdoors, and in transportation vehicle at
three activity levels for both males and females of all age groups are presented in
Table 3-19. The total average hours spent indoors was 20.4, outdoors was 1.77, and in
transportation vehicle was 1.77. Based on the data presented in Tables 3-18 and 3-19, a
daily inhalation rate was calculated for adults and children by using a time-activity-ventilation
approach. The calculated average daily inhalation rates are  16 nvVday for adults. The
average daily inhalation rate for children (6 and 10 yrs) is 18.9 m3/day ([16.74 + 21.02]/2).
These data  are presented in Table 3-20.
       A limitation associated with this study is that many of the values used in the data
compilation were from early studies.  The accuracy and/or validity of the values used and
                                         3-36
-------
Table 348.
Subject Estimation of Ventilation Range
Di,/.FT
DO NOT CUOTE OH
CITE

% Correct % Incorrect
% Over % Under
All Levels
Total
Indoor 
-------
              Table 3-19.
                                          I        ..-HAFT
                                          { DO HOT QUOTE  OR
                                              •H*  CUE

Activity Pattern Data Aggregated for Three Micfoenviromnents by~~
Activity Level for all Age Groups
Microenvironment Activity Level
Indoors Resting
Light
Moderate
Heavy
TOTAL
Outdoors Resting
Light
Moderate
Heavy
TOTAL
In Transportation Vehicle Resting
Light
Moderate
Heavy
TOTAL
Average Hours Per Day in
Each Microenvironment at
Each Activity Level
9.82
9.82
0.71
0.098
20.4
0.505
0.505
0.65
0.12
1.77
0.86
0.86
0.05
0.0012
1.77
Source:  Adapted from U.S. EPA, 1985.
                                        3-38
-------
                        Table 3-20. Summary of Daily Inhalation Rates Grouped by Age and Activity level in a Microenvironment
Subject
Adult Male
Adult Female
Average Adult
Child (age 6)
Child (age 10)
Resting
7.83
3.35
5.60
4.47
4.47
Daily Inhalation Rate
Light
8.95
5.59
6.71
8.95
11.19
(nrVdayf
Moderate
3.53
2.26
2.96
2.82
4.51
Heavy
1.05
0.64
0.85
0.50
0.85
Total Daily IRb
(m3/day)
21.4
11.8
16
16.74
21.02
   In this report, inhalation rate was calculated by using the following equation:
               IR   =
               ffij  = inhalation rate at i* activity (Table 3-15)
               tj    = hours spent per day during 1th activity (Table 3-16)

b  In this report, total daily inhalation rate was calculated by summing the specific activity daily inhalation rate.

Source:  U.S. EPA, 1985.
                                                                                                                                                t>    i
                                                                                                                                                O    !
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                                                                      DO  NOT QUOTE OR
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data collection method were not presented in the U.S. EPA (1985) report. '"This may	
introduce some degree of uncertainty in the results obtained.  An advantage of this study is
that the data are actual measurement data for a large number of subjects and data are
presented for both adults and children.
       International Commission on Radiological Protection -  Report of the Task Group on
Reference Man -  The International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) estimated
daily inhalation rates for reference adult males, adult females,  children (10 years old), infant
(1 year old), and newborn babies by using a time-activity-ventilation approach.  This
approach for estimating inhalation rate over a specified period of time was based on
calculating  a time weighted average of inhalation rates associated with physical activities of
varying durations. ICRP (1981) selected  reference values (Appendix Table 3A-8) of minute
volume/inhalation rates from a compiled data of various literature sources.  ICRP (1981)
assumed the daily activities of a reference man, woman, and child consisted of 8 hours of
rest and 16 hours of light activities divided evenly between occupational and nonoccupational
activities, while an infant's and a newborn's daily activities consisted of 10 and 1 hour
resting and 14 and 23 hours light activities, respectively.  Table 3-21 presents the daily
inhalation rates obtained for all ages/gender. The estimated inhalation rates were 23 m3/day
for adult males, 21 m3/day for adult females,  15 m3/day for children (age  10), 3.8 m3/day
for infants  (age 1), and 0.8 m3/day for newborns.
       A limitation associated with this study is that the validity and accuracy of the
inhalation rates data used in the compilation were not specified.  This may introduce some
degree of uncertainty in the results obtained.  Also, the approach used involved assuming
hours spent by various age/gender cohorts in specific activities.  These assumptions may
                                                                                    if
over/under-estimate the  inhalation rates obtained.

3.2.4.  Recommendations
       The recommended inhalation rates for adults, children,  and outdoor workers/athletes
are based on the key studies described in  the preceding sections. Different survey designs
and populations were utilized by the studies described in this report. A summary of these
designs, data generated, and their limitations/advantages are presented in Table 3-22.
                                         3-40
-------
                        Table 3-21. Daily Inhalation Rates Estimated From Daily Activities for a Reference Man

Subject
Adult Man
Adult Woman
Child (10 yrs)
Infant (1 yr)
Newborn

Resting
(m3/hr)
0.45
0.36
0.29
0.09
0.03
Inhalation Rate (IR)
Light Activity
(m3/hr)
1.2
1.14
0.78
0.25
0.09

Daily Inhalation Rate
(m3/day)
22.8
21.1
14.8
3.76
0.78

(DIR)a





Assumptions made were based on 8 hours resting and 16 hours light activity for adults and children (10 yrs); 14 hours resting and 10 hours light

activity for infants (1 yr); 23 hours resting and 1 hour light activity for newborns.
          1 i'
IRj  = Corresponding inhalation rate at f* activity



tj    = Hours spent during the Ith activity



k    = Number of activity periods



T    = Total time of the exposure period (i.e. a day)



Source: ICRP, 1981
o

°
a
                                                                                                                                     §
-------
                                                      Table 3-22. Summary of Inhalation Rate Studies
                Study
      Population Surveyed
    Survey Time Period
     Data Generated
  Limitations/Advantages
       Laytonl992
       Linnetal., 1992
is
Based on data from dietary
surveys and other sources
including:  the NFCS survey
approximately 30,000 individuals
of various age/gender cohorts;
the NHANES survey
approximately 20,000 individuals;
and a time-activity survey
conducted by Sallis et al. (1985);
about 2,126 individuals (ages 20-
74) selected from California
communities.

Seven subject panels: Panel 1 -
healthy outdoor workers, 15
male, 15 female, ages 19-50;
Panel 2 - healthy elementary
school students, 5 male, 12
female, ages  10-12; Panel 3 -
healthy high school students, 7
male, 12 female, ages 13-17;
Panel 4 - adult asthmatics, 15
male, 34 female, ages 18-20;
Panel 5 -  adult asthmatics not
included in Panel  4, 10 male, 14
male, ages 19-46; Panel 6 -
young asthmatics, 7 male, 6
female, ages  11-16; Panel 7 -
construction workers, 7 male,
ages 26-34.
Late spring and early
autumn. Most subject
panels were involved in 3
days of HR and diary
recording. Construction
workers were involved in 1
working day of HR and
diary recording
                            Daily IR estimated from 3
                            methods for adult males,
                            females, children
                            (including infants) at
                            various activity levels.
                            Also estimated IR for
                            short-term exposures by
                            age/gender cohorts at
                            various activity level.
Mean and upper estimates
of IR for each subject
panel. Also, IR at three
self-estimated breathing
rates (slow, medium, and
fast)
                           The values were estimated
                           from several data sources
                           and not measured.  IRs
                           were estimated based on
                           energy expenditure at
                           various activity levels;
                           reported food biases in the
                           dietary surveys employed;
                           time activity survey was
                           based on recall.
Small sample size of
subpopulation surveyed.
Population may not
represent U.S. population.
Calibration data not
obtained over full HR
range (i.e., heat stress).
Activities based on short-
term diary data. Activity
patterns data not
presented.

                                                                                                                                                       O H
                                                                                                                                         (Continuec)
-------
                                                           Table 3-22.  (continued)
         Study
      Population Surveyed
    Survey Time Period
     Data Generated
  Limitations/Advantages
Linn et ai.; 1993
Outdoor workers; 19 construction
workers in suburban Los Angeles
Spier etal., 1992
26 students, ages 10-17, both
genders.
CARB1993
160 volunteers ages 6-77, both
genders
Shamoo et al., 1990
9 volunteers of both genders,
ages 21-37, 20 outdoor workers,
19-50 years old.
(Mid-July-early November,
1991) Diary recordings
before work, during work
and break times
(Late September - October)
Involved 3 consecutive days
of diary recording
Three 25 min phases of
resting protocol in the lab 6
mins of active protocols in
the lab. 30 min phases of
field protocols repeated
once.
Involved 3-min indoor
session/two 3-hr outdoor
session at 4 activity levels
Distribution patterns of
hourly IR by activity
level.
Distribution patterns of
hourly IR by activity
levels and location
Mean values of IR for
adult males and females
and children by their
activity levels.
No IR data presented.
Small sample population
size.  IR was predicted
from HR calibration data.
Estimated breathing rates
were subjective in nature.
Activities were based on
short-term diary date.
Population does not
represent U.S. population.

IR predicted from HR
calibration data; short-
term activity data based on
diary recordings;  accuracy
of self-estimated breathing
rate by younger
population; population
does not represent U.S.
population small sample
population size.

Population does not
represent general  U.S.
population; HR was
poorly correlated  with IR.
However,  from multiple
regression analysis FB and
BSA correlated better with
VR; small sample size.

Graphs presented in
original study were
difficult to read; no useful
data were presented for
exposure assessments
studies.

                                                                                                                                                 JO >
                                                                                                                                              3§3
                                                                                                                                  (Continued;
-------
                                                            Table 3-22. (continued)
          Study
      Population Surveyed
    Survey Time Period
     Datt Generated
  limitations/Advantages
 Shamoo et a]., 1991
 Shamoo et al.,  1992
 U.S. BPA, 1985
 ICRP, 1974
20 outdoor workers of both
gender, ages 19-50
9 non-sedentary subjects, both
genders, ages 21-37.
Based on data from several
literature sources
Based on data from other
references
Diary recordings of three
24-hr, periods within a
week.
3-mitt. intervals of indoor
exercises/two 3-hr outdoor
exercise sessions at 4
activity levels.
Distribution patterns of IR
and EVR by activity levels
and location.
Actual measured
ventilation rates presented.
                             Estimated IR for adult
                             males, adult females and
                             children (ages 6 and 10)
                             by various activity levels.

                             Reference daily IR for
                             adult females, adult males,
                             children (10 yrs), and
                             infant (1 yr)
Sample population does
not represent the general
U.S. population; small
sample size; short-term
diary data.

Small sample size;
population does not
represent general U.S.
population; training
approach may not be cost-
effective; VR obtained for
outdoor workers which are
sensitive subpopulation.

Validity and accuracy of
data set employed not
defined; IR was estimated
not measured.

Validity and accuracy of
data set employed not
defined; IR was estimated
not measured.
Note:   IR = inhalation rate; HR = heart rate; fB = breathing frequency; BSA = body-surface area; EVR = equivalent ventilation rate.
                                                                                                                                             o
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                                                                    DO 10T QUOTE OR
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Excluding the study by Layton (1993), the population surveyed in all
described in this report were limited to the Los Angeles area.  This limited population does
not represent the general U.S. population and may result in biases. However, based on other
aspects of the study design, these studies were selected as the basis for recommended
inhalation rates.  The selection of inhalation rates to be used for exposure assessment studies
depends on the age of the exposed population and the specific activity levels of this
population during various exposure scenarios. The recommended values for adults, children
(including infants), and outdoor worker/athlete for use in various exposure scenarios are
discussed below.
      Adults -  For purposes of this recommendation, adults include adolescent (13-18 yrs),
young to middle age adults (19-64 yrs), and older adults (65+ yrs).  The daily inhalation
rates reported for adults are summarized as follows:

                 Summary of Inhalation Rates for Long Term Exposure
Arithmetic Mean                  Upper percentile
  (m3/day)                         (m3/day)                 Reference
13   (1st approach)                    -                    Layton, 1993
13   (2nd approach)                   -                    Layton, 1993
14   (3rd approach)                   -                    Layton, 1993
20   (Calculated, See Table 3-11)     85.5                   Spier etal., 1992

The daily inhalation rate (20 m3/day) calculated from  the data generated by Spier et al.
(1992) is much higher when compared with the rates (13-14 m3/day)  obtained by
Layton (1993).  This discrepancy can be attributed to  the feet that the population surveyed by
Spier et al. (1992) only  represented individuals between 13-17 years old (adolescents), and
heart rate (HR) and diary information were collected during hours spent awake (i.e., sleep
was excluded in the activity level). Also, this age group of individuals tend to be more
active than older adults.  In contrast, the Layton (1993) study represented a wider
age/gender cohort (13 years and older) and sleep was  included in the activity level.
Therefore, 20 m3/day (Spier et al., 1992) may represent the daily inhalation rate during
active hours only. Based on this observations, the suggested daily inhalation rates for adults

                                         3-45
-------
                                                                          DRAFT
                                                                     <0  KOT QU':;I-E OR
                                                                      <,,f,v-  Oj-iTi  * ~5;".,"
ranges from 13-14 m3/day (Layton, 1993). Therefore, for continuous exposure assessments™
in which specific activity patterns are not known, 13.3 m3/day is the recommended average
daily inhalation rate for adults.
      The upper percentile estimate (85.5 m3/day) obtained from Spier et al. (1992) appears
very high and can be attributed to the same phenomena explained above.  Therefore, 85.5
m3/day may not be an appropriate as an upper percentile estimate.  For continuous exposure
assessment  studies,  20 m3/day (EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document) is the
widely used average daily inhalation rate. This value is much higher than the (13.3 nrVday)
recommended rate in the Layton (1993) study, but it is similar to the active daily rate (20
m3/day) obtained from the Spier et al.  (1992) study. Therefore, 20 nrVday is probably
representive of an upper percentile estimate among adults.
      For  exposure scenarios in which the distribution of activity patterns is known, the
following results, calculated from the studies referenced can be applied:

                 Summary of Inhalation Rates for Short-Term Exposure
      Arithmetic Mean (m3/hr)                             Reference
                   Activity level
Rest  Sedentary    Light        Moderate  Heavy
0.5
-
0.4
0.4
-
-
0.5
0.6
0.4
-
-
-
1.4
1.2
0.7
0.6
1.7
0.8
2.4
1.8
1.4
1.5
2.2
1.1
3.3
-
3.6
3.0
2.7
1.6
GARB, 1993 (Lab protocols)
CARB, 1993 (Field protocols)
Layton, 1993 (Short-term exposure)
Layton, 1993 (3rd approach)
Spier etal., 1992
Linn et al., 1992
Based on these key studies, the following recommendations are made: for short term
exposures in which distribution of activity patterns are specified, the recommended average
rates are 0.4m3/hr during rest; 0.5 m3/hr for sedentary activities;  1.1 m3/hr for light
activities; 1.7 m3/hr for moderate activities; and 2.8 m3/hr for heavy activities.
                                        3-46
-------
                                                                     !       DRAFT
                                                                     I T ~i 7"">T> ,'.-	--i
       Children (including Infants) - For purposes of this recommendation, children are
defined as males and females between the ages of 1-12 years old, while infants are
individuals less than 1 year old.  The inhalation rates for children are presented below
according to different exposure scenarios.  For continuous exposures the daily inhalation
rates are summarized as follows:

                         Summary of Long Term Exposure Data
Arithmetic Mean                  Upper Percentiles                 Reference
  (m3/day)	(m3/day)	
4.5 (less than 1 yr) 1st approach                                Layton, 1993
9.65 (1-11 yrs) 1st approach                                    Layton, 1993
7.7 (0.5-10 yrs) 2nd approach                                   Layton, 1993
21.4 (10-12 yrs) calculated         64.0 (99th)                  Spier et al., 1992
(Table 3-11)	

       Based on the key study results (i.e., Layton, 1993), the recommended daily inhalation
rate for infants (children less than 1 yr), during continuous exposure assessments is
4.5 m3/day.  The mean daily inhalation rate obtained from the Spier et al. (1992) study is
much higher than the values from the Layton (1993) study.  This can be attributed to the
survey methodologies used.  In addition, dairy information and heart rate (HR) recordings
were obtained when the children were awake (i.e., during active hours) in the Spier et al.
(1992) study.  In contrast, inhalation rates in the Layton (1993) study inhalation rates were
calculated either based  on basal metabolic rate (BMR) which includes resting or on food
energy intake. Also both studies represent different age groups.  Therefore, based on the
Layton (1993) study, the recommended average daily inhalation rate for children between the
ages of 1 and 12 years is 8.7 m3/day.  The same  observations discussed above can be
attributed to the upper percentile estimate (64 m3/day) obtained from the Spier et al.  (1992)
study.
       For exposure assessments in which activity patterns are known, the data summarized
below can be used:
                                         3-47
-------
                                                                    DO NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                          CITE
                         Summary of Short-Term Exposure Data
             Arithmetic mean (m3/hr)
Rest
0.4
_
0.2

-
Sedentary
0.4
-
0.3
-
-
Activity level
Light Moderate
0.8
0.9
0.5 1.0
1.8 2.0
0.8 1.0
Heavy
•0
-
2.5
2.2
1.1
Reference
GARB, 1993 (lab. protocols)
GARB, 1993 (field protocols)
Layton, 1993 (Short-term data)
Spier et al., 1992 (10-12 yrs)
Linn et al., 1992 (10-12 yrs)
For short term exposures, the recommended average hourly inhalation rates are based on
these key studies.  They are as follows: 0.3 m3/hr during rest; 0.4 m3/hr for sedentary
activities; 1.0 m3/hr for light activities; 1.2 m3/hr for moderate activities; and 1.9m3/hr for
heavy activities. The recommended short-term exposure data also includes infants (less than
iyr).
       Outdoor Worker/Athlete - Inhalation rate data for outdoor workers/athlete are limited.
However, based on the key studies (Linn et al., 1992 and  1993), the recommended average
hourly inhalation rate for outdoor workers  is 1.3 m3/hr and the upper-percentile rate is 3.5
m3/hr (see Tables 3-7 and 3-8). The recommended average inhalation rates for outdoor
workers based on their activity levels categorized as slow (light activities), medium
(moderate activities), and fast (heavy activities) are 1.1 m3/hr, 1.5 m'/hr, and 2.3 m3/hr,
respectively.  These values are based on the data from Linn et al. (1992 and 1993)  (see
Tables 3-7 and 3-9).
                                         3-48
-------
                                                                 '      DRAFT
                                                                  DO NOT QUOTE OH
3.3.  REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3
CARB.  (1993)  California Air Resources Board. Measurement of breathing rate and volume
      in routinely performed daily activities. Human Performance Lab.  Contract No.
      A033-2Q5. June 1993. 185 pgs.

ICRP.  (1981) International Commission on Radiological Protection. Report of the task
      group on reference man. New York: Pergammon Press.

Layton, D.W.  (1993) Metabolically consistent breathing rates for use in dose assessments.
      Health Physics 64(l):23-36.

Linn, W.S.; Shamoo, D.A.; Hackney, J.D. (1992) Documentation of activity patterns in
      "high-risk* groups exposed to ozone in the Los Angeles area. In:  Proceedings of the
      Second EPA/AWMA Conference on Tropospheric Ozone, Atlanta, Nov.  1991. pp.
      701-712. Air and Waste Management Assoc., Pittsburgh, PA.

Linn, W.S.; Spier, C.E.; Hackney, J.D. (1993)  Activity patterns in ozone-exposed
      construction workers. J. Occ. Med. Tox. 2(1): 1-14.

Shamoo, D.A.; Trim, S.C.; Little, D.E.; Linn, W.S.; Hackney, J.D. (1990) Improved
      quantitation of air pollution dose rates by improved estimation of ventilation rate. In:
      Total Exposure Assessment Methodology: A New Horizon,  pp. 553-564. Air and
      Waste Management Assoc., Pittsburgh, PA.

Shamoo, D.A.; Johnson,  T.R.; Trim, S.C.; little, D.E.; Linn, W.S.; Hackney, J.D.  (1991)
      Activity patterns in a panel of outdoor workers exposed to oxidant pollution. J.
      Expos. Anal. Environ. Epidem. l(4):423-438.

Shamoo, D.A.; Trim, S.C.; Little, D.E.; Whynot, J.D.; Linn, W.S. (1992)  Effectiveness of
      training subjects to estimate their level of ventilation. J. Occ. Med. Tox.  l(l):55-62.

Spier, C.E.; Little, D.E.; Trim, S.C.; Johnson,  T.R.; Linn, W.S.; Hackney, J.D. (1992)
      Activity patterns in elementary and high school students exposed to oxidant pollution.
      J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epid. 2(3):277-293.

U.S. EPA.  (1980) Water Quality Criteria Documents; Availability.  Federal Register
      45(231):  79318-79379.

U.S. EPA.  (1985) Development of statistical distributions or ranges of standard factors used
      in exposure assessments. Washington, DC:  Office of Health and  Environmental
      Assessment; EPA  report No. EPA 600/8-85-010. Available  from: NTJ.S,
      Springfield, VA;   PB85-242667.

                                          3-49
-------
-------
APPENDIX 3-A
Ventilation Data
                            DRAFT
                      | DO NOT QUOTE OR
                            CITE
-------
-------
Table3A-l.
Gender/Age
Males
Under 3
3 to < 10
10 to < 18
18 to < 30
30 to < 60
60 +
Females
Under 3
3 to < 10
10 to < 18
18 to < 30
30 to < 60
60 +
Statistics of the Age/Gender Cohorts Us
Predicting Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) (ft
BMR
MJ d'1 ±SD

1.51
4.14
5.86
6.87
6.75
5.59

1.54
3.85
5.04
5.33
5.62
4.85

0.918
0.498
1.171
0.843
0.872
0.92S

0.915
0.493
0.780
0.721
0.630
0.603
CV"

0.61
0.12
0.20
0.12
0.13
0.17

0.59
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.11
0.12
Body
Weight

6.6
21
42
63
64
62

6.9
21
38
53
61
56
N"

162
338
734
2879
646
50

137
413
575
829
372
38
ed to Dcvelc
torn Schoficld,
DRAFT
DO MOT QUOTE OB
CITE
p Regression
1985)
BMR Equation*


0.249 bw- 0.127
0.095 bw
0.074 bw
0.063 bw
0.048 bw
0.049 bw

+ 2.110
+ 2.754
+ 2.896
+ 3.653
+ 2.459

0.244 bw- 0.130
0.085 bw
0.056 bw
0.062 bw
0.034 bw
0.038 bw
+ 2.033
+ 2.898
+ 2.036
+ 3.538
+ 2.755
Equations for
i*

0.95
0.83
0.93
0.65
0.6
0.71

0.96
0.81
0.8
0.73
0.68
0.68
*   Coefficient of variation (SD/mcan)
b   N = number of subjects
c   Body weight (bw) is in kg
d
Source:   Layton, 1993.
                                           3A-1
-------




DRAFT
DO JJOf QUOTE OR
CUE
Tabk3A-2. Characteristics of Individual Subjects; AnthroponH*ik Date, Job Citegoriei, Calibration
Reauta*
Calibration
Subj. t
1761
17®
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1778
1779
1780
1781
Mean
S.D.
Age
26
29
32
30
31
34
32
32
26
39
32
39
23
42
29
35
40
37
38
33
5
HL (in.)
71
63
71
73
67
74
69
77
70
66
71
69
68
67
70
76
70
75
65
70
4
wt
-------
Table 3A-3.
Activity
Lying
Sitting
Standing
Walking







Running




Mean Minute Ventilation (Ve, L/min) by Group and Activity f




1.5 mph
1.875 mph
2.0 mph
2.25 mph
2.5 mph
3.0 mph
3.3 mph
4.0 mph
3.5 mph
4.0 mph
4.S mph
5.0 mph
6.0 mph
Young Children*
6.19
6.48
6.76
10.25
10.53
DNP
11.68
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
Children
7.51
7.28
8.49
DNP
DNP
14.13
DNP
15.58
17.79
DNP
DNP
26.77
31.35
37.22
DNP
DNP
DRAFT
DO HOT QUOTE OR
I CITE
w Laboratory Protocols
Adult Females
7.12
7.72
8.36
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
20.32
24.20
DNP
DNP
DNP
46.03b
47.86*
50.78b
DNP
Adult Males
8.93
9JO
10.65
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
24.13
DNP
27.90
36.53
DNP
DNP
57.30
58.45
65.66*
1    Young Children, male and female 3-5.9 yr olds; Children, mate and female 6-12.9 yr olds; Adult Females, adolescent,
     young to middle-aged, and older adult females; Adult Males, adolescent, young to middle-aged, and older adult males;
     DNP, group did not perform this protocol or N was too small fin" appropriate mean comparisons
b    Older adults not included in the mean value since they did not perform running protocol at particular speeds.

Source:    CARB, 1993.
                                        3A-3
-------
                                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                                DO HOT  QUOTE  OR
                                                                                   •«»•  CITE
                 Table 3A-4.      Mem Minute Ventilation (VE, L/min) by Group and Activity for Rdd Protocol!
Activity
Play
Car Driving
Car Riding
Yardwork
Housework
Car Maintenance
Mowing
Woodworking
Young Children*
11.31
DNP
DHP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
Children
17.89
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
DNP
Adult Females
DNP
8.95
8.19
19.23'
17.38
DNP
DNP
DNP
Adult Malet
DNP
10.79
9.83
26.07b/31.89c
DNP
23.21*
36.55s
24.42"
11    Young Children, male and female 3-5.9 yr oldi; Children, male and female 6-12.9 yr oldi; Adult Femalet, adolescent,
     young to middle-aged, and older adult female*; Adult Males, adolescent, young to middle-aged, and older adult males;
     DNP, group did not perform this protocol or N was too small for appropriate mean companion*;
b    Mean value for young to middle-aged adults only
e    Mean value for older adults only
d    Olderadults not ineludedin the mean value since they did not perform this activity; +, adolescents not included in mean
     value lince they did not perform this activity

Source:    CARB,  1993.
                                           3A-4
-------
Table 3A-5, Ventilation Data for Training Subjects (Raw
CRAff
DO HOT QUOTE
CITS
Data)

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                        3A-5
-------
                                                                                            DO
                                                                                                    DRAFT
                                                                                                 HOT  QUOTE
                                                                                                 ft   CITE
                                                                                                               OB
                        Table 3A-5. Ventilation Data for Training Subjects (Raw Data)  (continued)
     SUBJ _TEST-.DflTE— ACTIVITY — SPED-SPEEB-CHaSEH,WE
                                                                           «CTU«_-VP*1-BIFFERENC£-RES P
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                  73.OO  44.0O
                                                                                            '.jo	o.oo
                                                                                           JJ.OO—O.
                                                                                                                  OO —44.OO
                                                                                                                  OO—*4,rOO
        -lg-EEP-Ba
""• *-720-lS-3B'-BB—
:U	72O J5-6EP-B8—LOULK-1.2
                        DG17
                                                                                                            09— 3kOfr-.44.40
        -13-8EP-BB	HIM_K1~1
  	720	
                   	RESTJZ.
        -29-SCP-88 -LOWUC.2.2
~1	720 -2f-BEP-BB	REST ~S:
                                                                                                    .OO  .  -149— 73. OO   M. OP
                                                                                                   4. '00     I3t ........... H5'.O
                                                                                                           39 — 73. OO — 44.OO
                                                                                                           43 — aSTOO — 27rOO
                                                                                                              - sa, oojz37. .00
         29-reP-8B
         JSf -iSCF-fia
                                 O—O.OO
                                 O -O.'OO
       71 — 85.OO — 27, OO
-OO - 143 — B3700 — 27700
                     . 00
00 - 130 — 83.00 — 27. OO
'CO - 10B — T27OO — 30700
OOH~}03 " 72. OO" 30.00
00 - 122— J!2. 00— 30.00
OO --- 131 — 727OO— 3O.OO
OO  '180  -72.OO  '30.OO
OO - 178 —72. OO —30. OO
OO -- 182— 72100— 30rt>O
OO               '
OO ----- 11O_ 72.00. -30.OO
OO - 138 — 72.OO— 30.-OO
           72. OO  '30.00
       B6..J2. 00 —30.00
              .-OO— SOrOO
       38 .
       138 -.72. OO — 30. OO
       86 — 7270O— 307OO
         2»-SEP-e8
         2f-SEP-«B
         31-AUS-BB
         31-AUO-8B
         31-flOB-BB
         Sl-AOB-88
         31-flUe-flB
         31-flOO-BO
OO— SO
OO -- 0
OO — O
00"~0
00 —O
OO """O
OO — -O
00— O
OO'"'"O
    1OOO
    1000
    1000
    10OO
    1000
    1000
   2."30
3 .3.40
4  4.20
S  S.'OO
   3.5O
7 -6.OO
    100O Of-BEPHM
    1OOO Of-SEP-BB
    10OO Of-8CP-Bfl
                                  . l.BO
                                   -4.40
                                  _14.60
                                  15m 70
                                3  -S.OO
00  ..O
00  -34
OO-^_O
OO" -0
OO - O
'OO _ 24
OO ---- O
OO  -3&
    iOOO_Of-EEP-aB
    1000-Ot-8EP-B8
                                                        3A-6
-------
                                                                                               DRAFT
                                                                                       DO  NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                                                CITE
                       Table 3A-S.  Ventilation Data for Training Subjects (Raw Data)  (continued)
"  8UBJ TEST DATE  ACTIVITY  UffB SPEED CHOSEN VE  PERVCD VPN ACTUAL VE  ACTUAL VPN DIFFERENCE REBP R  ' HM
                     -TMPOST
                     ~~TM TR
	10OO- 09-SEP-BB-
   11000 09-SEP-BB
  • / 10OO ."O9-8EP-8B  ".~. TMPOST
	/-1OOO. O9-SEP-B8	TM TR
 ~l 1OOO "p9-SEP-8B "-^""TMPOBT
    • lOOO"i4-8EF-B8 ."1—30B "1.2
—J • -1000 14-6EP-BB	JOS -Iv
   ~lOp07)l'4=8EP-BB ~UOWUK~lT2
    lObO'14-SEP-BB  'REST.1.2'
  —100O-14-8EP-BB — LOWUK  1.1-
   "1000 "14-SEP-BB  "REST  l.Z
   "ibbb'"i4Hffip-B8 "HIWUK  i.i
  —-looo- 14-sEP-aa	JOB
  "lpOO~14-SEP-8B "HIWLKTl.2
    "1000 "14-BEP-BB '"REST  Ul
  	1OOO 14-S£P-flB • -LOWUK • 1*3
   ~1000 "rt-SEP-BBjTHIWLK  1. 3
    TlOOO 21-:€EP-B8 "-IJOG 2.1
  — 1000 21-BEP-BB —REST-2r2
   "IpOO^l-^SEP-BB ~]COWUK"2.2
    ibOO 21-SEP-88 "-  "JOG ~2.3
    1000-21-SEP-8B -LOWLK-2.-3
  I  I'OOO 21^SEP-BB 7T)IWtR"2.'3
    1000 2i-sEp-B8 "HIWLK 2.1
   -tOOO-21-6EP-aa 	JOG-2.-2
    100P~21-SEP-8B   REBT 2.T
    ibobT2i-sEp-BB "HIWUK.2.2
    •1OOO-21-SEP-8B —UOWLK-2-1
    "1000 •21=SEP-BB ~~REST 2.3
          6-^EP-BB  ~   .TMPRE
 1 — 1200 OA-SEP-BB	TMPRE
    1200 O6-SEP-a8
    12OO O6-SEP-88
 	12OO ,-O6-SEP-98
    1200 06-SEP-BB
    1200 06-SEP-98
   •12OO O8-SEP-BB
    1200 OB-SEP-B8
    1200 O8-8EP-8B
   -1200 oa-sEP-aa
   ~12OO OB-SEP-S8
    1200 08-SEP-BB
    12OO O8-SEP-BB
    1200 OB-SEP-BB
    1200 08-SEP-BB
    1200 08-SEP-BB
                                                                                           O.-OO
 ... .  TMPRE

~  ~TMPRE
    . TMPRE
	TM TR
"'   TMPOBT
     TM TR
 	-TMPOST
    TMPOBT
     TM TR
	TMPOST
    "TM TR
  .   TM TR
	TMPOBT
                   0 —72rvO —gOrOO-
                             30.00
                -134 -72. OO -'.90. 00
                 32—72TOO—gOTOO-
                                                                                           0.00  _0.0p.	120	Z2'J>P_gp.._00
                                                                                          16,70—39.OO	189	O.OO	2. OO
                                                                                            i.-OO—42.-OO    189—71TOO—48rOO-
                                                                                                	?.Op	 _119	71.OO  48.OO
                                                                                                ..-O'.'OO  —117  7.1 TOO  48.00
                                                                                                               71TOO-^4B.-OO"
                                                                                          .*• 7O   O.OO	107 _71.00__48.00.
                                                                                           0.40 -20.00-	167—7-1.00—48.00
                                                                                           OrOO —27rOO	>*71 —?lTOO—*8.-QQ-
                                                                                           2.20 _14.pO_    139  71. OO  48.00_
                                                                                             JO"	0. 00 -^	193' ~~7~lVbO' -48". OO
                                                                                           .O.OO
                                                                                          12.-90	0.00
                                                                                                          119 —71TOO—48.-OQ-
                                                                                       	4.2O  13.OO
                                                                                       '	14.30ll27.OO.
                                                                                           O;-OO —O.-OO
                 196   71.00   48.00
                -137—6B.OO-Uo.OO •
                ^-as—asroo'  4O.OQ-
 O.00_ O.OO
          "'
                                                                                                           96  68.00  4O. OO
                                                                                                          i79 ~6B.bb _4O.bb "
                                                                                                          Tt9— feflrOO — 4OTOO—
                                                                                           1..4O _14.OO   	148  68.00 _4p.OO
                                                                                            .OO—1O.OO 	127.—A3.00 .-4O.OO '
                                                                                          llrgQ—42.-OO   "186—6BTOO  4O.OQ-
                                                                                            .00	O.OO	82  63.00  4O. OO
                                                                                            !.3O—13.00	147—6B.OO--40.OO
                                                                                           OrOO  ..OrOO~^  '. 93  SBrOO  4OrtX>~
                                                                                          JB.qp 	9_.OO _ 113  63.OO  4O.OO
                                                                                         ' 0.00 —0.00	_7l -172.00 '^30. 00
                                                                                            j.OO	0;OO    • 73—72.-QO—90rOQ-
                                                                                                _O.OO  _1O2  72.00  30. OO
                                                                                        -Z-OVdb:^—0.00 	128-72,00-^30.00
                                                                                         —Di OO	O.-OO    162—72rOO—90rOO-
                                                                                           p.00 _O.OO
                                                                                           6. OO'.. -O.OO
                                                                                           0.00 - 0.00
                                                                                           "bVbo  _o.6o
                                                                                           O'.OO :  48.OO
                                                                                           l.OO— O.OO
                                                                                               —
                                                                                           b.oo .".-lo.oo .
                                                                                             OO — O.OO
                                                                                             Sb — oroo
                                                                                           O.OO -48. 00
                                                                                           O.OO — O.OO
                178   72.00_3O.OO
               -198 -72.00 -30. OO
               —63—72rOO—SOrOO -
                1O7   72. OO  30. OO
               .133 .72.00-30.00
                    —72iOO—gOrOO-
                  '8   72.00  SO. 00
               ..US .-72.00  30.00
               -t63—72.-OO—30;OO -
               -Isa-^fZVS-sbT*~
               .174 ,72.00  90.00
               -134—72.-OO—30*00 ••
  1200 08-SEP-SB
  1200 Oa-SEP-88
 _120O OB-fll
-S/l HAA I •—Bl
 w. w  *tA. w     I/v   /A. w  aw. ww
-4.0O   O.PO     161   72. OO  90.00
 2.00   0.00     123   72.00  90.00
 O.OO   O.OO     131   72.00  30.00
                                                                                          -5.30  30.00	137-73.00  44.00
                                                                                          .0.00   0.00  ••-109—73.00—44.00
                                                                                                               Tsroo—wroo
                                                        3A-7
-------
                                                                                              DMFT
                                                                                       DO  NOT  O.UOIE OR
                                                                                         <«*   CITE
                     Table 3A-5.  Ventilation Data far Training Subjects (Raw Data) (continuei)	
—§U8J .TEST DATE  ACTIVITY. SPED SPEED CHOSEN VC -FERVCO-W^-flCTUW—«E—«dU«~WN -DIFFERENCE,REBP-R	HR,
                                                                                                            -TEMP  	,.RK^_
    12OO 13-SEP-BB
   •12OO 13-SEP-B8
    12OO 13-SEP-BB
   -i20o_i3-sEp-aa
   -120O-IS-SEP-BB
   .1200 .13-!
   .1200 -is~:
   -12OO 1S-SEP-BB
    12OO 13-SEP-BB
    1200 22-SEP-Bfl
    12OO 22-SEP-aa
    12OO 22-SEP-8B
   .-1200 22-SEP-iB
   -12OO-22-SEP-68
    1200 22-SEPrBB
 ,_i 12OO 22-SEP-BB
 -\ 1200 -22-SEP-BB
 ,  112OO 22-SEP-BB
	J 12OO..22-SEP-BB
	I1200 22-SEP-B8
 _;/12OO .22-BEP-Bfl
   r*l239 -2i-JU_-BB
   3-1239 26-JUL-Ba
    1237 24-JUL-BB
   ,,1237 .2A-JU.-BB
    1239 24-JU.-88
    1237 07-SEP-BB
   , 1237 07-SEP-BB
   •1239 O7-SEP-B8
    1239 O7-SEP-B8
   .1237 07-SEP-B8
  LDWLX 1.2
  --JOO 1.3
  HIWUK 1.2
  LOMLK-1. 1-
 	-JOS 1-2"
  JlEBT.I.'i:
  .-JOG 1.1.
 •LOWLK irl-
   REST 1.2
  HIULK 2.1.
 -REST 2.2 '
	JOO 2.3
  LOWLK .2.2-
-HIWLK-2.-3
  UWCK'2.3
  HIMLX-2.2
  LOWUC 2.

 ,~3OS z"."l
 —REST 2.1-
 1REST 2.3
..TM PRE PT.
—TM PRE PT
  .0  O.OO
  - o  o.oo
  _o _o.oo
	0 -O.OO
—o—o.-oo
,jz:o_o.oo
	0..O.OO
— -o -o.oo
   0 .0.00
  .0  O.OO
— o -o.oo
	.0 _O.OO
—o. -o.oo
—o -o.oo
:iLoiro.oo
    —O.OO
       ."OO
~ ;.o m
	0-..O.OO
	0 -OJOO
-l-O.'-p.OO
	1—1.70
	2—2.30
—TH PRE.PT.
—TO PRE PT
  ~" TM TW
	TM POST
 -•  - TM TR
    TM POST
   .TM POST
                                                                                                         8?—reroo—Mroo-
                                                                                                                 _144. 00
                                                                                                          7	73.OO—44JXX.
                                                                                        .O.OO - O.OO
                                                                                        •SOrOO — *3;rOO
                                                                                        18.00—42.00
                                                                                         ;TOO — 01-00
                                                                                        at.00— 37...00
                                                                                          troo — oroo
                                                                                         0.00—34.00
                                                                                               "O700
                                                                                          .OO—42.00
                                                                                          iroo
                                                                                         74 — 74.00 — 31 . 00
                                                                                             4TQ0 — 31TOO
                                                                                        XI.OO— -O.OO
                                                                                          ?oo — oroo
                                                                                                         93—72.00 — 30.00
                                                                                                         78
                                                                                a  --  "»rao -- o.-aa -tr-ioo— ra-Tao-ao.
                                                                                in       n^an - n.nn    ty;  Tg."ff  W !K-
                                                                                         t)-oO - O700 - 1*B — 72700 — SO
                                                                                                         80— ZZ_OO_30»00.
 1239 'O7-SEP-BB
 1237 07-5EP-BB
 1239
      TH TR
   TM POST
   TM POST
                                 4  3.20
                                 4  3.20
                                    4.00
                                                                         O.OO    O.OO
                                                                         O.OO   24. OO
                                                                         O.OO    O.OO
                                                                           ' 138  72.00"  90.00
                                                                            163  72.00  90.00
                                                                            14*  72.OO  3O.OO
    1237
    1239
    1239
   ,1239
    1239
    1237
   .1237
    1239
    1237
   .1239
    1237
   .1239
 '1239 12'
      O7-SEP-aa
      07-SEP-B8
      07-BEP-BB
      07-SEP-B8
      12-SEP-8B
      12-SEF-BB
      12-SEP-BB
      12-SEP-BB
      12-SEP-8B
      12-SEP-BB
      '12-SEP-Ba
      12-SEP-BB
      12-5EP-BB
      12-BEP-ea
 1259-12-SEP-BD
      In  TR
  ..TM POST
    •  TM  TR
  _TM POST
 . . - TM  TR
  REST l.S
  .JOS 1.3
 HIWLK 1.2
 LOWLK 1.2
 '.REST1.1
 HIULK 1.5
 -REST 1.2
 LOULK 1.3
 — JOG 1.2
 • —JOG l.l
 LOULK 1.1
 HIUCK-1.1
                                                                                         75—72.OO .-3O.OO
                                                                                         6*—72^00—30. OO
                                                                                         S—72?00—SOtTJO"
                                                                                                   3O. 00
                                                                                         42—72.00—30«OO
                                                                                             zroo—Sf.T»
                                                                                                      '
                                                     3A-7b
-------
Table
; SUBJ.TEBT DATE. ACTIVITY-
., .. 1235
I ---1239
• 1239
" --. 1239
•1239
" 1239
	 1239
- ' 1239
'" 1239
— 1239
	 1239
' 1240
— 124O
	 —1240
	 124O
	 1240
124O
124O
1240
1 ...124O
I 	 124O
« 	 1240
1 — 1240
I 	 124O
• 1240
* . -1240
! 	 1240
» 124O
* " 124O
» 1240
" . 1240
J 	 -124O-
» 1240
» . 1240
• 	 1240
» "124O
» 124O
, -• 	 1240
« 124O
; • "—1241
* 	 1241
a ~ 1241"
0 ~ -1241 .
» — 	 i'24"l~
' -"""1241"
• 	 _1241-
m *"" 1"241
19-BEP-BB
19-6EP-BB
19-SEP-B8
19-SEP-8B
19-8EP-8B
19-SEP-BB
19-SEP-88
19-BEP-BB
19-SEP-88
19-BEP-BB
01-AUB-BB
Ol-AUO-88
01-AUQ-B8
01-AUB-8B
O9-SEP-SB
Of-SEP-B8
09-8EP-88
O9-BEP-8B
O9-SEP-8B
09-SEP-8B
Of-SEP-88
O9-SEP-SS
Of-SEP-88
o9-SEP-ee
09-SEP-ee
13-SEP-8B
13-SEP-BB
13-SEP-8B
13-SEP-ae
13-SEP-68
13-SEP-88
13-sEp-es
13-SEP-aa
13-6EP-88
13-8EP-88
13-SEP-8B
13-SEP-88
O7-SEP-8B
07-sEP-ee
frJ-SEP-^B
O7-SEP-B8
O7-SEP-SB
"07-SEP-BB
O7-SEP-8B
O7-6EP-88
« 	 11241. 13-SEP-88
» 	 _-1241-l-3-SEP-8B
u 1241 1*:sirp-SH~
i

-...JOS 2.2
— JOQ 2.3
REST 2.2
HIWLK 2.3
LOWLK 2.3
REST' 2.1
.LJDWUC.2.2
— MIWLK2.2
HIWLK 2.1
LDWLK 2.1
TM PRE PT
- TM -PRE PT
— TM PRE PT
TH PRE PT
	 TM .POST
TM TR
TM POST
TH TR
— TM POST
	 TM -POST
TM'TR
' 1"TM' POST
	 TM -TR
TM TR
	 TO POST
	 	 TH-TR
TM "POST
HIWLK 1.2
• -REST 1.2
UOWLK "1.3
-.REST 1.3
LOWLK 1.2
"""JOB 1.1
LOMLK '1.1
— JOB 1.2
HIWLK 1.3
JOB 1.3
	 JOS 1.1
""REST l.l
V-L.TH PP.E
• — TM-PRE
TH PRE
'.""".TH PRE
~~"~*TM"PRE"
3 A-5. Ventilation Data for Training Subjects (Raw Data)
-SPED SPEED-CHOSEN -VE -PERVCO-VPN-ACTUAL-VE— ACTUAL_yPN-O;
0
0
• o
0
•o
...'0
	 0
— o
• -ft
— 0
— o
..._1
2
	 	 3
' ' 4
	 1
2
2
3
	 3
" 4
3
•- 5
' "6
Illl T"
7
:. o
0
"' : io
— o
-0.00 . . . _ .
o.oo 	
0.00
0.00 .-
—o.oo 	
ro.oo
— 0.00 	
--o.oo 	
0.00
o.oo 	
1-70 . . :
2.30
""3,40 ""' 	
4.2O
--2.0O
4.4O
3.20
3.4O
— 4.4O 	
4.80
"3.40 _ I."."
4.00 	
4.60
-4.6O '"- ~~.~"-
2.00
o.oo :""• "
-Q.OO 	 "
"o.oo "" 1
o.oo 	
o o.oo
-6 O.OO
o o.oo • -
o o.oo
o o.oo
--o- -o.oo 	 •
	 2
"3
~.1'4
o.oo
1.7O
—2. SO 	
3.4O 	 " 	
-4.20.~~" — )-' .'.-
— 5.OO 	
	 -TM PRE— 7 	 4.00.-—.-."" "
	 TM -PRE 	 B — -7r20 	
. LbwucTriT. .o.
-HIWi-K- ljr-1 	 O-
"TTOwOTl 72 	 n~


.O.O07.- 	
-O.OO 	

.... o.
-• o
0
._0
— 0 '
o_:
0
— o —
...0 -
• o —
0 .
0 -
— o -
1- -
3
1
2
— 4. _
—3 —
3
" .2 ~
— 4 —
- 3 —
."S ".'
o

— 0 —
o
— o- -
o*
o
o -
0 ~
0
•o —
0 "
o
~o —
o
.lib -
— o —

o
— o— -

3B 	 =
~1B 	
2T - -
28
_ """r^A 	
	 	 2A
	 IB •
,,,,„ 	 _„ 	 „, ._ ._ 	 ..„
	 ..IB... -
2B
	 2C 	

9R

" " ^_-.
- — S""*-

	 	 4A
— — — 4A —
' 	 ""."IB 	
	 4A
DRAFT
DO HOT QUOTE 01
CITE
(continued)
FFERENCE-flESP— R— {^W-i 	
JEHP 	 	 RH —
— 1-23, OO— 72. OO 	 169—68. OO— S7,-00
"*"~fc18n?0 81TOO - 171"~""fi8rOO 3J.OO~
""" " O.OO 	 OiOO ..' ,'87
	 ,UO"
" "0.00." 0.00.;_Z_103 r72.00, Z30. 00
	 O.OO 	 -0.00 	 120—72.00 — 30.00-
OTOO U.UO 	 T70 7S7OO 	 3OTTXJ"
"* ' 	 O^OO 	 O.OO — 180 "72. OO ' "30.00
	 O.OO 	 0-00 	 —U.6—Z2.-OO— 30. OO
"O.OO 42. OO 165
6.OO O.OO 131
•O.OO O.OO 118
72.OO "30.00
72, OO SO.OO
72. OO SO.OO
. — — -3C 	 O.OO 	 O.OO 	 194— 72.OO — SO.OO
3C ' -17.-OO— O-.-OO 185— y2rOO— SOrOO
3C 	 "
,' 7C
4A 	
3C
"*B

	 IB —

	 4A —
1ft-
	 IB —
	 _2A 	
	 OT 	
*2. *V -5B
=H^
~«9r2O

• I, i IB —
""• "- 	 "•.SP'—I-

O.OO 42.00 178
— 3.00 0.00 244
72.OO__SO.OO
	 O.-OO— 42.OO ——199 — 72.-00— SO.'OO
O.OO 42. OO 190 72. OO SO.OO
-3.OO — -O.OO . .190—72. OO 3O.OO
2.OO O.OO 142 72. OO SO.OO
— .^14.BO.-i7..OO 	 193 71.OO.-44.0O
O.OO 	 O.OO 131 —
vwoo— " *A;OU
71. OO 44.OO
"71.OO' .44.00
•71-rOO — *tt;OO
-4.60 28. OO 1B4'">1.0O 44. OO
	 O.OO /-.O.OO 	 90 . 71. OO -44.00
---4O. OO—39.OO 	 21O ~7tTOO— 44.00
	 0;00~ 24 ."60" 	 £7r~>'i:oo~~44700
-13.00 39.0O .'--'203 71.00 44.00
	 O.OO -42.OO 	 207 — 71iOO— 44.0O
O.OO O.OO 71 71. OO 44.00
	 0.00—0.00 	 6S .-72.OO SO.OO
OiOO — O.'OO 7a-—72rt>O •• SQrOQ
	 p. oo _p. oo ioo
•-- .O*OO 	 OrOO l^l^^
_72.OO _SO. OO
-?2?OO— SOrOO-
O.OO O.OO 126 , /z.pR._=u.««
	 O.OO —O.OO 	 142 — 72. OO — SO.OO.
	 O;oo 	 OrOO 	 1*2— TZroo — soroo-


3!'4»OOi^.<4.OO-
71. OO 44.OO

3A-8
-------
                                                                                               DRAFT
                                                                                        00 HOT QUOTE OB
                                                                                          •i*^  CITE
                       Table 3A-5.  Ventilation Data for Training Subjects (Raw Data)  (continued)
    -1241-J3-EEP-Ba
    ""i24f	iS"SEI
	RE8T-1.1
  Um.1. i.-
                                                                                      -tTflO—OrOO-
                                                                                             -unjtr
                                                                                                      67—f 1.00 ""46TOO
               •8ff
     1241  13-SEP-S8
     1241  13-IEP-BB
    _134I  I3-SO»H
         II^IIP-II1"
    JOG 2.2
  HIWLK 2.2
    JOB 1.3
                                                                 68. SO
                                                                 SB. 10
                                                                   "•Xgw
                                                                   '-7.SO" 37,00
                                                                    -9.10  36.00
                                                                   -22.00  39.00
                                                                        132 "71.00 "44.00
                                                                        1S2  71.00  44.00
                                                                        1BO  71.00  46.00
   -. 1241 13-SEP-BB
   —1241 -J3-SCP-BB
 ._1"1241 '13-SEP-88
 	 1241 l3-EEP-a8
 — 1241 is-sep-aa
  —. 1241 13-EEP-8B
 	1241- 13-EEP-Ofl
 	1241 "I 3-SEP-BS
  ™.i241 13-8EP-B8
 	1241 13-SCP-BB
  " 1241 13-SEP-88
 " "1241
 	1241..13-SIP-8B
 	1241 I3-SEF-B8
 '™I 1241 IS-SEP-aa
 	1241 13-SEP-BB
 111	~_f 1241 -22-SEP-BB

 .—. . 124l-22-«EP-Ba
 ——1241 -22-SEP-B8

 ,Hn 1241 _22-S£P~BB.
 	1241 22-SEP-BB
  •;i 1241 22-SEP-BB
 	1241,22-SEP-BB
 	1241- 22-SEP-BB
  _ "1241 22-BEP-B8
 	1241 22-SEP-B8
 	1242 20-JUL-fiB
  ".1242.20-JU.-B8
  . 1242 20-JUL-flB

   ~*1242 20-JU.-BB
 , —1242.20-JW-~«8
	1242 Of-8£P-B8

 —Mj242 'of-BEP-08
   —1242 -Ot-«P~B8
                              ...0 -0.00
                                                                                        .00	0.00-
                                                                                     -1B. 60 —30.00 -
                                                                                   1O9—71UX)...*t. 00
                                                                                   473—71.00—4A.OC
                                                                                                     13V  /t.UU
 .-•TM POST
  	TMTR
  	^TM POST .
 	TM POST
 —	THTR

 ""H'fSTposT
                              —1  -2.00
                              ~2  '3.0O
                                .2 .'3.AO
                              —3  -7.00
                                             	1
                                                                     o.oo—o.oo-
                                                                     DiOO~24.lOO~
                                                            as z;
                                                                                     __».oo_—o.oo-
                                                                                         Do-~^roo~
                                                                        -90—72.00—«OL 00
                                                                        J30—W/OTTTSOrOC

                                                                        160—72rOO—So!oC
                                                                                                     itfjg*  72,00
                   	TMTR
                   	m'PCST
    1242 J>f -ItRrflB.
    1242-O*-BtFHI« '
==t|;
 	TN POST
 —REST 2.1-

..HIWLK 2.1
 -HIWUC-2.3
2...
	
	JOG 2.2
-U3WU<-2.3
 J.REST 2.3
 	JDG 2.1.
—REST 2.2
 LOWJC 2.2
 . .JOG 2.3
 •TM Pf«E PT
 'TM PRE PT
 TM PRE PT
 •TH P*£ PT
 TM PRE PT
 TM PRE PT
 —-TM POST
 -"—..—TM TR
 	TM TR

 T3U? fOST

 H!-fM POST
 	TM'POST
 "'"-'-'  • iM'-nt'
 — 4  3.00
 - 3  7,00 '
 ;^_s ..3.40.
 —A.-S.OO..
J776--3.50-

"— 7^12120 ."
—o —o.-oo -
-izro .ro.oo •
 —o  o.oo
—o —o.oo
mo ~ro.oo".
—o -.0.00
—o—o.oo
 _zo,_ro,oo .
	0. .O.OO -
 - -0--O.OO"
 .".0 .O.OO..
   0  0.00
 —o  o.oo
 " 11 JU.70
 --a  2.so
   3  3.40
 .. 4_.4.20
 ,. .5 .S.OO
 — t -2. OO
  •1.12.00..
 —2 .S.OO-
	2—4.2O"
 „ s ;_-4.20 .
~.S _4.?0_
 	4 -Si-00 '
nazis.-oo.
                                                                              -3B-
                                                                                        .00
                                                                                              o.oo
                                                                                                     »4o —72,00—
                                                                                                                  D.OC
                                       	aorro"
                                       2e.~u.'"^SK3!E:
                                       	31. .oo_zro.-oo:
                                                                                   140—72.OO — SO.OC
                                                                                   144  72. oo ........ seroc
                                                                                                             oo — so. o<
                                                                                        . OO—O. 00 - 102 —72. OO— SO.OC
                                                                                        ^ OO ...... O.'OO   ...... ' ' SU ...... 74.' UO ' "'*S1 . UC
                                                                                        .oomo.oo :rzz73jz7!4."oor3i;oc
                                                                                        . 00 —27. 00 - 137 — 74 .450 —31 . OC
                                                                   _ir2.00—39.00-
                                                                   —oroo——o.-oo *
                                                                                                                 i . oc
                                                                                                     iaz— 74_00_3KOC
                                                                                                      ?7~T4rOO ""'Sl;UC
                                                                                       s.-oo •
                                                                          33.00
                                                                           o.-oo
                                                                                                     184
                                                                                                          7*UX)_ 31.OC
                                                                                                          r*roo — SITOC
                                                               —47.20—
                                                               —75.40"
                                                               I139.-SO'."
                                                                           	!«--
                                                                           -'	3fl ~
                                                                                     Tll.OO-4O.00
                                                                                     —oroo—oro
                                                                    -o.oo ..o.oo
                                                                    -o.oo—o;oo-
                                                       	143.20	
                                                                                       0.00 —0.00
                                                                                      ~q.'oe —o.oo
                                                                  5. 10—
                                                                             -2*™
                                                        -38-
     a42*OT-«li»
                                                                  	0.00  .48.00
                                                                  	*;OO— OrOO'
                                                                  r^ro;oo.z3).oo
                                                                  	0.00—0.00.
                                                                  —o.oo—o.-oo*
                                                                  ^r.s^oo._3o.oo
                                                                  —ayl.OO —0.00-
                                                                  	O.-OO—34.00-
              -187—7*. 00—31.OC

                           Q.'OC
             	114—72. OO—SO.OC
             	1*4—72rOO—50.-OC
             .^172 -72.00 ..SO. Or
             	IBS —72. 00 —SO. Ot
             	81 —72rOO—S0."0«'
             -ZT.63..X2.0O  SO.O'
             	11A —3S. 00 -JO. 0.
             	101—72TOO—SOW
             .'.Z_?6 .72.00 ISO. Oi
             	143—72. 00—30. 0>.
             	122—72rOO—SO.' 0'
             11^122 _T72. 00  SO.OC
             —103—za^»_so. ov
             	143 —72?OO—30.'0<:
                         "SO. Of
                        Zao.o-.
                    rni««  B9io
                                                         3A-9
-------
                                                                                                    DRAFT
                                                                                            DO  HOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                                                    CITE
                        Table 3A-5.  Ventilation Data for Training Subjects (Raw Dati)  (continued)
	SUBJ-TEST^DATE -ACTIVITY—SPED -SPEED-CHOSEN-VE -PERVCT-VPN-^CTUU. VE  flCTJJAt—VPN-OIFFERENCE-REEP-«-
                                                                                                         -HR-
                                                                                                               -TEKP-
                                                                                                                       -RH-
 	1142 09-S1P-8S - —TH POST-
 '•	1242 16-BEP-BB  HIWUC-171-
  •":'1242-16=6EP-eB ' .J" RE8T1 i'l
 -  —1242 16-SEP-BB -REST—1.2
  '—1242-16-SEP-BB - LOWUO"1I3"
  ~'.12«2.'t*TBBP-a8 "UMiX"
 	1242 16-SEP-BB -MIMLK~1.2.
 	1242 •16-SEP-88 -UOTU«-
    _1242 1A-SEP-8B .7_3DO 1.1
 	1242_l6r*£Pr"BB -HIWUC-1.3-
 	1242-16-8EP-BB —REST 1.3'
  . .' .1242 16-SEP-B8'    JOB 1.2
 	1242-16-SEP-B8 —JOB 1.3.
 	1242 23-SEP-BB  ---JOS 2.3-
 	1242-23-^BEP-aa  HIHLX 2i'l '
 	1242_23-S£firBS_HIWUC_2.2..
 	1242 • 23-SEP-BS —LOMLK* 2V3 •
    -1242 23-SEP-BS JTJJW-K.12..1
 	1242 23-SEP-BQ . JlEST-2.2-
 	-1242 23-8EP-8B	REST2.3 •
  "1 1242 23-SEP-BB    JGO 2.2
 	1242.23-BEP-B8 "iREST .2.1 .
  —1242 -23-SEP-88  HIWt-K 2.'3 •
   '• 1242 23-SEP-S8- UIWUC 2.2
 - _.Ii242 23-SEP-B8 "_JO8 2,1 -
  	1243 14-JUL-BB -TH-PRE PT-
    1243 14-JU.-88 TM PRE PT
 	1243 .i4-JUL-BB JM PRE.PT-
	1243-14-JUU-88 TM PRE'PT-
   _j243 j4-oyL-aa JJIJW'PTJ:
 	1243 08-AilG-8B ___TH -TR
 	1243 Oa-AUS-88 	TH-POST
  .  1243 08-AUQ-Ba    TH -POST
 	1243 OB-AUQ-B3 ~——TH TR
 	1243 OB-WJB-BB	TH 'POST
   11243 OB-AUB-flB 	TH TR
 	1243 08-Aue-aa "	TH-TR
                                 7—2.4O
                                                                                                                  .OO— J50.00-
                                                                                                                         *&&
                                                                                                    .00	83 —73,00—43 .-OO -
                                                                                            4.-00	0^00	T09—T3.-00—43HJO'
                                                                                              OO-^proo	-981-.7S.-00 ^43700
                                                                                               0—3iU>0	142—73,00—43. 00 -
                                                                                             »O	OTOO	73—TSTOO—43TOO~
                                                          B	11.30
                                                        -2A	23.60
                                                        ~"1B ' ..1_34.8O
                                                                -32.10
                                                          B	19.30
                                                         ZD —^•looroo
                                                                 48.80
                                                         IB	10.-4O
                                                                                          jclO. OO — 3AU10 - 143
                                                                                                             S — 73700 ......... 43.OO-
                                                                                       3a.OO_60.OO
                                                                                         .OO— 48.OO
                                                                                        4.-QQ— 3&.00
                                                                                         .SO — 34.00
                                                                                                            99 —73.00 — 43.OO,
                                                                                                            78— 7S.-00 — 4S.-OO"
                                                                                                            19 ' 73.00"-i>g. OO_
                                                                                                                .73-00 — 43~OO-
                                                                                                                       43"00 *
                                                                                                              30—«5;
                                                                                                              .00__43.OO-
                                                                                                        74 —73. 00—43rtX>-
                                                                                                        75  TS.'OO —43.OO
                                                                                                          _7S. 00—43.00-
                                                                                                        19 —737OO
                                                                                                    .00
                                                                                           •7.-OO—4Sf OO
                                                                                                            73—73.00 — 45.00
                                                                                                            03 — 72.-OO — soroo
                                                                                        O.OO - O.OO
                                                                                        •oroo — oroo
                                                                                         .-oo— -o, oo
                                                                                                            74— 72. OO — 5O~OO
                                                                                                            97— 72n>o— aoroo
                                                                                                            1 i;i22,-oar350. .00
                                                                                         •TOO— OHJO
                                                                                         ".'OO 7IP.PO
                                                                                         .00 - O.OO
                                                                                         •-00 - OrOO
                                                                                                   8.00
                                                                                                           130 — 72.-OO — S07WJ-
                                                                                                          335 ".72. 00 J30. 00.
                                                                                                           148 —72. CO — 5O.OO-
                                                                                                           192~72."X» — 50700'
                                                                                                                5;OO_T5O.OO
                                                                                                                72.OO — 3O.OO-
1243
1243
1245
         08-A4JO-BS
         OB-AU8-aa
         OB-OUB-BB
        08-AUB-8B
        OB-AUS-SB
        OB-flUS-ea
        16-BEP-S8
        16-SB»-BB
        •16-SEP-BB
                        TM  TR
                      TM POST
                            TR
6.00
4.00
               . - TH POST
               	TH POST
                	TH TR
                LOWLK 1.3
               —JOB 1.1
                ""JOB 1.2
                -JDG 1.3
                LOWUC-1.1
                  "3OOT72
                        2C
                                                                  64.90
                                                                  39.70
                                                    3D
                                                    2C
                                                    an
                                    O.OO  36.00
                                    O.OO   O.OO
                                    0.00  3&.00
                                        183  72.00  SO.OO
                                        158  72. OO  SO.OO
                                        IBS  72.00  80.00
.1243
-1243
"1243
-1243
-1243
"1243
.1243
-1243
 -6  3.40
~7—2»OO

H.6TO.OO
—O --O.OO
 "O  O.OO '
.._ ,3C
	-IB'
                                                          , —2A
                                                            ~2C
                                                           ~JC
                                                                                                                73.00  43. OO
                                                                                                                ~ .OO _43".6b~
—66.OO
 •28.40
 '36.00
 rza.so
 •too.oo
 "98.50
 1OO.OO
  .7.4O-
    ''.30"
  J9.SO.
 g7r^O'
                                                                                           -3.00	O.OO
                                                                                             ,00—0.00
                                                                                             rod   oTo'o"
                                                                                           _o".so —o.oo"
                                                                    	182 ..72.OO.-ao. OO
                                                                       ISO —f2fOO—30.-OO -
                                                                              	SO.OO
                                                                       129 -Z79. OO - J43. OO
                                                         .00—ai?oo——202—Ts.-oo-^tsroo-
                                                         .30~39.'0d    207  73.00 43.00
                                                     I2S7. OO. 139. OO"	201—TS.'OO --*3. OO
                                                         ,..40—.	
                                                         7?6  24*785"
                                                          3A-10
-------
                                                                                             DR.
                                                                                       BO  NOT  c-.:,
                                                                                        ,ttfc  CUE
                    Table 3A-5.  Ventilation Data for Training Subjects (Raw Data) (continued)
-SUW-TEST-DATE-ACTIVITY  SPED  SPEED CHOSEN VE—PSWCD-VPN-ACTUAIr-VE—ACTUAb-VI^<-fllFFERENCE-gEBP;R!-
                                                                                                                 -HM-
                                                                                      •2.-10—ZTfpO-
                                                                                      Q.QO   Q. OO
                                                                                      ~'.OO -,24'.'OO"
                                                                                       _70—
                                                                                      o.oo   o.oo
                                                                                  —-28.00  .39.00
                                                                                      1O.-OO—24.OO
                                                                                     ^."70  1S."S6"
                                                                                     ?«.ob"'Z.b.ob
                                                                                        i«0—24.OO
                                                                                                     *6ft—T3;
                                                                                                           IrOQ-
                _6¥ _7aigO__43. C
                -.157—73.00—43. C
•^i~ps—^troo~
 loIoonZo.oo
   .OO—30.OO-
                 14S__7S.OO _42.C
              •—201... -73. OO —42. 0
              ——1-78—73.-«O-r42?C
                 171  79.0O  42.0
              i—ibs  'rs.'ob _42.o
                 •149—J8rSS!T42rO
                                                                                                     203  73.0O  42.0
                                                                                                          	        .-0'
                                                                                                     IW  73.OO  4^7B«
                                                                                                   .^117—73.00.^42.0
      Source: Shamoo et al., 1992. Effectiveness of Training Subjects to Estimate Their Level of Ventilation.
                                               3A-11
-------
                                                                                DRAFT
                                                                          DO  NOT QU0EE OR
                                                                                 CUE

       Table 3 A-6.     Estimated Minute Ventilation Associated with Activity Level for Average Male Adult!*
Level
of woik
Light
Light
Light
L/min
13
19
25
Representative activities
Level walking at 2 mph; washing clothes
Level walking at 3 mph; bowling; scrubbing floors
Dancing; pushing wheelbarrow with 15-kg load;
Moderate
30
simple construction; stacking firewood

Easy cycling; pushing wheelbarrow with 75-kg load;
Moderate
Moderate
Heavy
Heavy
Very heavy
Very heavy
Severe
35
40
55
63
72
85
100+
Climbing stairs; playing tennis; digging with spade
Cycling at 13 mph; walking on snow; digging trenches
Cross-country skiing; rock climbing; stair climbing
with load; playing squash or handball; chopping
with axe
Level running at 10 mph; competitive cycling
Competitive long distance running; cross-country
alriing
*   Average adult assumed to weigh 70 kg.
Source:   Adapted from U.S. EPA, 1985
                                     3A-12
-------
Table 3 A-7. Minute Ventilation Ranges by Age, Sex, and Activity Level

Age

Infants
2
3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10



12

13

14



Sex Rettine
n Range
M/F 316 0.25-2.09
F _
M —
F _
Ml """"""
F _
Ml —
p —
M, —
p _
M 8 5.0 - 7.0
p _
M —
F —
M —
p _
M —
F —
M 10 5.2-8.3
p _
M —
F 54 4.1 - 16.1
M 56 7.2-16.3
F 5 7.2 - 15.4
M 16 3.1 - 15.4
F 53 3.1 - 15.6
M 77 3,1 - 27.8

Ventilation range*
fliteri/minute)
Lteht Moderate
Mean n Range Mean n Range Mean n
0.84 —
— —
— 2
_ _ _ 4
— — ' 3
,. , _ 3
— - — 2
6.5 16 5.0-32.0 13.9 4 28.0-43.0 33.3 3
11 ILU — j
... 2
— — 4
	 __ 3
— — 27
__ y
__ ")1
	 	 irl
7.1 20 5.2-35.0 17.2 9 41.0-68.0 53.4 6
, __ *j
20 — 20.3 20 — 33.1 9
15.4 — 4 19.6-46.3 26.5 31
15.4 — 6 18.5-46.3 34.1 9
9.9 — 5 18.5-46.3 30.3 7
8.9 30 3.1-24.9 16.4 29 14.4-48.4 32.8 38
14.9 — 3 21.6-37.1 28.1 5
14.2 — 24 24.7-55.0 39.7 16





Heavy
Range


32,0-
39.3-
31.0-
30.9-
35.9-
35.5-
48.2-
44.1-
51.2-
59.3-
55.8-
59.5-
46.2-
63.9-
49.7-
47.6-
65.5-
58.1-
67.6-
27.8-
80.7-
42.2-



32.5
43,3
35.0
42.6
38.9
43.5
51.4
55.8
67.6
62.2
63.4
75.2
71.1
74.6
80.9
77.5
79.9
84.7
102.6
105.0
100.7
121.0

Mean


32.3
41.2
32.8
37.5
37.4
40.3
49.6
50.0
57.6
60.7
50.9
65.7
60.4
70.5
63.5
65.5
71.8
67.7
87.7
57.9
8S.9
86.9

(Continued)


























a
O
Kj
O
-------
                                                                   Table 3A-7. (Continued)

Afe
(yr)

15

16

17

18

Adults
Adults


Sex

F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M


Resting
n Range
1 • -
8 3.1 - 26.8
50 —
50 —
—
12 5.8 - 9.0
—
—
595 4.2-11.66
454 2.3 - 18.8



Mean
6.2
11.1
15.2
15.6

7.3


5.7
12.2
Ventilation ranges
(liters/minute)

Light Moderate
n Range Mean n Range Mean
— 1—26.8
— 7 27.8-46.3 39.3
— — —
— —
— —
— 12 40.0-63.0 48.6
— —
— —
786 4.2-29.4 8.1 106 20.7-34.2 26.5
102 2.3-27.6 13.8 102 14.4-78.0 40.9



n
6
6
8
3
2
3

9
211
267


Heavy
Range
68.4 - 97.1
48.4-140.3
73.6-119.1
79.6 - 132.2
91.9-95.3
89.4 - 139 3
—
99.7 - 143.0
23.4-114.8
34.6 - 183.4



Mean
87.1
110.5
93.9
102.5
93.6
107.7

120.9
47.9
80.0
n — number of observations


Note:     Values in liters/minute can be converted to units of mVhour by multiplying by the conversion factor, 60 minutes/hour

                                                                                                    1000 liters/in3


Source;   Adapted front U.S. EPA, 1985.
                                                                                                                                                               t)
                                                                                                                                                               O
                                                                                                                                                               o
-------
                                                 T*bk3A-S. Reference VatoeiObtiamed From IJtcrtture Source*
 CoL
                                                     Resting                   Light Activity                 Heavy Work             Miximd Work During
 Line             Subject            W (kg)                                                                                               Exerciie
	f       VT       V*	f       VT       V*	f       VT       V*	f       VT       V*
         Adult
  1      Man                         68.5     12      750        7.4      17     1670       29        21     2030        43
  2      1.7m2SA                            12      500        6
  3'     30y;170cmL                        15      500        7.5      16     1250       20
  4      20-33 y                      70.4                                                                                        40     3050      111
  5      Woman                      54      12      340        4.5      19      860       16        30      880        25
  6      30 y; 160 cm L                        15      400        6       20      940       19
  7      20-25 y;  165.8 cm L           60.3                                                                                        46     2100       90
  8      Pregnant (8th mo)                      16      650        10
         Adolescen^
  9      male, 14-16 y                         16      330        5.2                                                             S3     2520      113
  10     mate, 14-15 y                 59.4
  11     female, 14-16 y                        15      300        4.5
  12     female, 14-15 y; 164.9 cm L     56                                                                                         52     1870       88
         Children
  13     10 y; 140 cm L                        16      300        4.8      24      600        14
14 males, 10-11 y 36.5 58 1330 7
15 males, 10-11 y; 140.6 cm L 32.5 61 1050 6
(Cent


I
a
o
ss
o
niSl) g
W O H
8
-------
                                                                              Table 3A-8. (continued)
sy>
Col.
Line

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1
Subject

females, 4-6 y
females, 4-6 y; 111.6 cm L
Infant, 1 y
Newborn
10 h-13 wk
9.6 h
6.6 d
2
W(kg)
f
20.8
18.4
30
2.5 34
2.5-5.3
3.6 25
3.7 29
3 4
Resting Light Activity
VT V* f VT V*


48 1.4*
15 0.5

21 0.5
21 0.6
5 6

Heavy Work Maximal Work During
Exercise
f VT V* f VT
70 600
66 520


ggfc SI**


V*
40
34


3.5*


       Values in column 2 are body weights referable to the dimension quoted in column 1.  f = frequency (breathi/min); VT = tidal volume (ml); V* = minute volume (1/min); SA = surface area.



       1   Calculated fiom V* = f x VT.

       b   Crying.  '



       Source:   ICRP, 1981.
                                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                                                       o
-------
-------
4.    DERMAL ROUTE
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                   DQL.HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                     «j*  CITE
      Dermal exposure to environmental contaminants can occur during a variety of
activities and may be associated with a number of different environmental media
(U.S. EPA, 1992). These media include:
      •      Water (e.g., bathing, washing, swimming);
      •      Soil (e.g., outdoor recreation, gardening, construction);
      *      Sediment (e.g., wading, fishing);
      •      Liquids (e.g., use of commercial products);
      •      Vapors (e.g., use of commercial products); and
      •      Indoor dust (e.g., children playing on carpeted floors).
      The major factors that must be considered when estimating dermal exposure include
the amount of or concentration of contaminant contacting the skin, the duration of exposure,
the rate at which the material is absorbed, and the size of the exposed body surface area.
This chapter focuses primarily on measurements of the body surface areas and various factors
for estimating dermal exposure to contaminants in water and soil. U.S. EPA (1992), Dermal
Exposure Assessment;  Principles and Applications, provides detailed information concerning
dermal exposure using a stepwise guide for the exposure assessment process.

4.1.   EQUATION FOR DERMAL DOSE
      The average daily dose (ADD) is the dose rate averaged over a pathway-specific
period of exposure expressed  as a daily dose on a per-unit-body-weight basis.  The ADD is
used for exposure to chemicals with non-carcinogenic non-chronic effects.  For compounds
with carcinogenic or chronic effects, the lifetime average daily dose (LADD) is used.  The
LADD is the dose rate averaged over a lifetime.  For contact with contaminated water,
dermally absorbed average daily dose can be estimated by (U.S. EPA  1992):
                                         BWx AT
                                        4-1
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                        CITE
where:
      ADD    =   average daily dose (mg/kg-day);
      DAevent  =   absorbed dose per event (mg/cm2-event);
      EV      =   event frequency (events/yr);
      ED      =   exposure duration (years);
      EF      =   event frequency (days/year);
      SA      =   sMn surface area available for contact (cm2);
      BW     =   body weight (kg); and
      AT      =   averaging time (days) for noncarcinogenic effects, AT = ED and for
                   carcinogenic effects, AT = 70 years or 25,550 days.
For example, this method is used when calculating absorbed dose for a swimmer.  The total
body surface area (SA) is assumed to be exposed to contaminated water for a period of time
(ED). The DAevent is estimated taking in consideration the permeability coefficient from
water, the chemical concentration in water and event duration.  The approach for estimating
DA^ent is different for inorganics and organics.  The nonsteady-state approach for estimating
the dermally absorbed  dose from water is recommended as the preferred approach for
application to organics which exhibit oetanol-water partitioning (U.S. EPA, 1992).  First, the
method more accurately reflects normal human exposure conditions since the short contact
times associated with bathing and swimming generally mean that steady state will not occur.
Second, the method accounts for the dose that can occur after the actual exposure event due
to absorption of contaminants stored in skin lipids.  It is recommended that the traditional
steady-state approach be applied to inorganics (U.S. EPA, 1992).  Use of the nonsteady-state
model for organics has implications for how to select Kp values for these chemicals (U.S.
EPA, 1992).  The reader is referred to U.S. EPA (1992) for detailed information for
estimating the absorbed dose per event  (DAevent).
      For contact with contaminated soil, a variation of Equation 4-1 is used.  Dermally
absorbed dose is calculated using the equation below:
                                  DA,vmr x EF x ED x SA                 ~    ,0,
                           ADD « 	—	                 (Eqn- 4'2)
                                         BWxAT
                                        4-2
-------
where:
                                                                   JJ.D ISO? QUO 13 OR
    ADD     =    average daily dose (mg/kg-day);
    DAevent   =    absorbed dose per event (mg/cm2-event);
    SA       =    skin surface area available for contact (cm2);
    EF       =    exposure frequency (events/year);
    ED       =    exposure duration (years);
    BW      =    body weight (kg); and
    AT       =    averaging time (days), a non-carcinogenic effects, AT — ED, and for
                    carcinogenic effects, AT  = 70 years or 25,550 days.

       Estimation of the DAevent for contaminated soil exposure is based on the concentration
of the contaminant in the soil, the adherence factor of soil to skin, and the absorption
fraction,
       The apparent simplicity of the absorption fraction (% absorbed) makes this approach
appealing, but it is not practical to apply it to water contact scenarios, such as swimming,
because of the difficulty in estimating the total material contacted (U.S. EPA, 1992). There
is essentially an infinite thickness of material available, and the contaminant will be
continuously replaced, thereby increasing the amount of available material by some large, but
unknown, amount. Therefore, the permeability coefficient-based approach is advocated over
the absorption fraction approach for determining the dermally absorbed dose of compounds in
an aqueous media (U.S. EPA, 1992).  In contrast, not all of the soil contaminant in a thick
layer of dirt applied to the skin can be considered to be bioavailable, nor can it be considered
to constitute a dose.  However, if the amount of contaminant in the adhered soil can be
established, the absorption fraction approach may be practical.  Because of the lack  of Kp
data for compounds bound to soil, and reduced uncertainty in defining an applied  dose, the
absorption fraction-based approach is suggested for determining the dermally absorbed dose
of soil contaminants. The reader is referred to U.S. EPA (1992) for a more detailed
explanation of the equations, assumptions, and approaches,  that have been are presented in
this section.
                                         4-3
-------
4.2.   SURFACE AREA
                                                                    DRAFT
                                                               DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                     CITE
4.2.1. Background
       Dermal exposure to contaminants is an important pathway that warrants consideration
in many exposure assessments. The size of the exposed surface area is a necessary
component of any dermal exposure scenario. Upon determination that a contaminant can
gain access to the body through topical (skin) exposure, the assessor may use estimations of
total body surface area or, depending upon the exposure scenario, estimations of specific
body part surface areas to calculate the contact rate for the contaminant. Information on soil
adherence to human skin may also be needed, depending  on the scenario. This section
presents values for total body surface area and  the surface area of component body parts that
may be exposed to contaminated media, information on the application of surface area data,
and dermal adherence data.  The available studies are summarized in the following sections.
Studies on surface area and adherence have been classified as either key studies or relevant
studies based on their applicability to exposure assessment needs.  Recommended values are
based on the results of key studies, but relevant studies are also presented to provide the
reader with added perspective on the current state-of-knowledge pertaining to dermal
exposure factors.

4.2.2. Measurement Techniques
       Direct measurement techniques that have been used to measure total body surface area
include direct coating, triangulation, and surface integration (U.S. EPA, 1985). The coating
methods consist of coating either the whole body or specific regions with a substance of
known or measured area. Triangulation consists of marking the area of the body into
geometric figures, then calculating the figure areas from their linear dimensions.  Surface
integration is performed by using a planimeter and adding the areas.
       Using the triangulation measurement technique, surface area of the body can be
estimated using geometric approximations by assuming that parts of the body resemble
geometric solids (Boyd,  1935). More recently, Popendorf and Leffinwell (1976), and
Haycock et al. (1978) have developed geometric methods for estimating body surface area
                                         4-4
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO  HOT  QUOT2 OB
                                                                    ;,*,   CUE
(U.S. EPA,  1985).  Both methods assume that body parts correspond to geometric solids,
such as the sphere and cylinder.  A linear method was proposed by DuBois and DuBois
(1916) (U.S. EPA, 1985). It was based on the principle that the surface areas of the parts of
the body are proportional, rather than equal, to the surface area of the solids they resemble.
       In addition to direct measurement techniques, several formulae, including that of
Gehan and George (1970), have been proposed for estimating body surface area from
measurements of other major body dimensions (i.e., height and weight) (U.S. EPA, 1985).
Generally, the formulae are based on the principles that body density and shape are roughly
the same and that the relationship of surface area to any dimension may be represented by
the curve of central tendency of their plotted values or by the algebraic expression for the
curve (U.S.  EPA, 1985).  A discussion and comparison of formulae to determine total body
surface area are presented in Appendix 4A.
       Determination of the surface areas of the component body parts has been performed
by a number of authors as part of their determination of whole body surface areas.  The
surface areas of anatomical parts have  been reported by gender, age,  and ethnic group.
Early studies have reported surface areas for such component parts as head, trunk, upper
arms, forearms, hands, thighs, legs,  and feet.  Several investigators have estimated body
surface area and reported their results in terms of surface areas of different parts of the body
as well as total surface area (U.S. EPA, 1985).  The literature contains surface area of body
parts as both direct measurements and  as estimates using the linear and geometric methods.

4.2.3. Key  Surface Area Studies
       U.S.  EPA  (1985) - Development of Statistical Distributions or Ranges of Standard
Factor Used in Exposure Assessments - U.S. EPA (1985) analyzed the direct surface area
measurement data of Gehan and George (1970) using the Statistical Processing System (SPS)
software package  of Buhyoff et aL (1982). The data of Gehan and George (401
observations) were selected from the data of Boyd (1935) where the data were complete for
surface area, height, weight, and age.  Although Boyd (1935) reported surface area estimates
for 1,114 individuals, only 401 observations were used by Gehan and George (1970) in their
analysis. These observations were those obtained by direct coating, triangulation  or surface
                                         4-5
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                        ^ Q'JOT". OR
integration methods (Gehan and George, 1970).  SPS was used to generafe'eqiSlions for
calculating surface area as a function of height and weight.  These equations were then used
to calculate surface area distributions of the U.S. population using the height and weight data
obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) n and the
computer program QNTLS of Rochon and Kalsbeek (1983) (U.S. EPA, 1985).  A
description of the computer program is provided in Appendix B of U.S. EPA (1985).
      The equation proposed by Gehan and George (1970) was determined in U.S. EPA
(1985) as the best choice for estimating total body surface area.  However, the paper by
Gehan and George gave insufficient information to estimate the standard error about the
regression.  Therefore,  the 401 direct measurements of children and adults (i.e., Boyd,  1935)
were reanaly2ed in U.S. EPA (1985) using the formula of Dubois and Dubois (1916) and
SPS to obtain the standard error.
      Regression equations using the Dubois  and Dubois (1916) formula were also
developed for specific body parts by U.S. EPA (1985) using the  surface area of various body
parts provided by Boyd (1935) and Van Graan (1969), and SPS.  Regression equations for
adults were developed for the head, trunk (including the neck), upper extremities and lower
extremities.  Upper extremities comprise arms and hands; arms are further divided into upper
arms and forearms.  Lower extremities include legs and feet, with legs further divided into
thighs and lower legs. Table 4-1 presents  a summary of the equation parameters developed
in U.S. EPA (1985) for calculating  surface area of adult body parts. Equations to estimate
the  body part surface area of children were not developed because of insufficient data.
      Percentile estimates of total surface area and surface area  of body parts developed by
U.S. EPA (1985) using the regression equations and NHANES n height and weight data are
presented in Table 4-2 and 4-3 for adult males and adult females, respectively.  The
calculated mean surface areas of body parts for men and women  are presented in Table 4-4.
The standard deviation, the minimum value, and the maximum value for each body part are
included. The median total body surface area for men and women and the corresponding
standard errors about the regressions are also  given.  It has been  assumed  that errors
associated with height and weight are negligible (U.S. EPA, 1985). The data in Table 4-5
present the percentage of total body surface by body part for men and women.
                                        4-6
-------
                                                                                                 £>RAPf
                                                                                         CO  HOT  quors OR
                                                                                                 CITE
                Table 4-1,  Summary of Equation Parameters for Calculating Adult Body Surface Area
Equation for surface area* (m2)
Body Part
Head
Female
Male
Trunk
Female
Male
Upper Extremities
Female
Male
Anns
Female
Male
Upper Arms
Male
Forearms
Male
Hands
Female
Male
Lower Extremities0
Legs
Thighs
Lower legs
Feet
«0
0.0256
0.0492
0.188
0.0240
0.0288
0.00329
0.00223
0.00111
8.70
0.326
0.0131
0.0257
0.00286
0.00240
0.00352
0.000276
0.000618
W
0.124
0.339
0.647
0.808
0.341
0.466
0.201
0.616
0.741
0.858
0.412
0.573
0.458
0.542
0.629
0.416
0.372
H-2
0.189
-0.0950
-0.304
-0.0131
0.175
0.524
0.748
0.561
-1.40
-0.895
0.0274
-0.218
0.696
0.626
0.379
0.973
0.725
P
0.01
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.001
0.25
0.05
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
R2
0.302
0.222
0.877
0.894
0.526
0.821
0.731
0.892
0.576
0.897
0.447
0.575
0.802
0.780
0.739
0.727
0.651
S.E.
0.00678
0.0202
0.00567
0.0118
0.00833
0.0101
0.00996
0.0177
0.0387
0.0207
0.0172
0.0187
0.00633
0.0130
0.0149
0.0149
0,0147
N
57
32
57
32
57
48
13
32
6
6
12"
32
105
45
45
45
45
«  SA  = a,  W1 H*2
   W   = Weight in kilograms; H «= Height in centimeters; P = Level of significance; R2 «= Coefficient of determination;
   SA  =  Surface Area; S.E. = Standard error; N = Number of observations

11  One observation for a female whose body weight exceeded the 95 percentile was not used.

c  Although two separate regressions were marginally indicated by the F test, pooling was done for consistency with individual components
   of lower extremities.
Source:  U.S. EPA,  1985.
                                                     4-7
-------
                                                     Table 4-2. Surface Area of Adult Males in Square Meiers
00
Percentile
Body part
Total
Head
Trunk11
Upper extremities
Arms
Forearms
Hands
Lower extremities
Legs
Thighs
Lower legs
Feet
* Standard error for the
fc Trunk includes neck.
5
1.66
0.119
0.591
0.321
0,241
0.106
0.085
0,653
0.539
0.318
0.218
0.114
5-95 percentile
10
1.72
0.121
0.622
0.332
0.252
0.111
0.088
0.676
0.561
0.331
0.226
0.118
of each
15
1.76
0.123
0.643
0.340
0.259
0.115
0.090
0.692
0.576
0.341
0.232
0.120
body part.
° Percentile estimates exceed the maximum measured values upon
Source: U.S. EPA, 1985.








25
1.82
0.124
0.674
0.350
0.270
0.121
0.093
0.715
0.597
0.354
0.240
0.124

which die equations


50
1.94
0.130
0.739
0.372
0.291
0.131
0.099
0.761
0.640
0.382
0.256
0.131

are based.


75
2.07
0.135
0.807
0.395
0.314°
0.144°
0.105
0.810
0.686C
0.411°
0.272
0.138





2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85
.14
.138
.851
.408
.328C
.151°
.109
.838
0.714°
0
0
0




.429°
.282
.142




90
2.20
0.140
0.883
0.418
0.339°
0.157°
0.112
0.858
0.734°
0.443°
0.288
0.145




95
2.28
0.143
0.935=
0.432°
0,354"
0.166=
0.117
0,888°
0.762°
0.463°
0.299
0.149




S.E.8
0.00374
0.0202
0.0118
0.00101
0.00387
0.0207
0.0187
0.00633
0.0130
0.0149
0.0149
0.0147


B '
• O
* a
* o
W o >-3
1-3
tel
o
•D
-------
Table 4-3.  Surface Area of Adult Females in Square Meters
Percentile
Body part
Total
Head
Trunk"
Upper extremities
Arms
Hands
Lower extremities
£Legs
Thighs
Lower legs
Feet
5

1.45
0.106
0.490
0.260
0.210
0.0730
0.564
0.460
0.271
0.
186
0.100
1 Standard error for the 5-95
b Trunk includes neck.
° : Percentile estimates exceed
Source: U.S. EPA, 1985.


percentile
the maxim

10 15
1.49 1.53
0.107 0.108
0.507 0.518
0.265 0.269
0.214 0.217
0.0746 0.0757
0.582 0.595
0.477 0.488
0.281 0.289
0.192 0.197
0.103 0.105
of each body part.
nun measured values upon which


25 50 75 85 90 95
S.B.'
1.58 1.69° 1.82 1.91 1.98 2.09 0.00374
0.109 0.111 0.113 0.114 0.115 0.117 0.00678
0.538 0.579 0.636 0.677 0.704 0.752 0.00567
0.274 0.287 0.301 0.311 0.318 0.329 0.
00833
0.221 0.230 0.238° 0.243° 0.247° 0.253° 0.00996
0.0777 0.0817 0.0868° 0,0903° 0.0927° 0.0966° 0.
0172
0.615 0.657 0.704 0.736 0.757 0.796 0.00633
0.507 0.546 0.592 0.623 0.645 0.683° 0.0130
0.300 0.326 0.357 0.379 0.394 0.421° 0.0149
0.204 0.218 0.233 0.243 0.249 0.261 0.0149
0.108 0.114 0.121 0.126 0.129 0.134 0.0147
the equations are based.


0
a
tl
-------












Table 4-4.


Body part
Head
Trunk (incl. nock)
Upper extremities
Amu
Upper aims
Forearms
Hands
Lower extremities
Legs
Thighs
Lower legs
Feet
TOTAL


Mean
0.118
0.569
0.319
0.228
0.143
0.114
0.084
0.636
0.505
0.198
0.207
0.112
1.94


(«.d.)«
(0.0160)
(0.104)
(0.0461)
(0.0374)
(0.0143)
(0.0127)
(0.0127)
(0.0994)
(0.0885)
(0.1470)
(0.0379)
(0.0177)
(0.00374)'

Men
Min.
0.090
0.306
0.169
0.109
0.122
0.0945
0.0596
0.283
0.221
0.128
0.093
0.0611
1.66



Surface Area


- Max.
- 0.161
- 0.893
- 0.429
- 0.292
- 0.156
- 0.136
- 0.113
- 0.868
- 0.656
- 0.403
- 0.296
- 0.156
- 2.28d



by Body Part


N»
32
32
48
32
6
6
32
48
32
32
32
32




for Adults


Mean
0.110
0.542
0.276
0.210
-
-
0.0746
0.626
0.488
0.258
0.194
0.0975
1.69



(m*)


(s.d.)
(0.00625)
(0.0712)
(0.0241)
(0.0129)
-
-
(0.00510)
(0.0675)
(0.0515)
(0.0333)
(0.0240)
(0.00903)
(0.00374)*

DRAFT
CO NOT QUOTE
•$«


Women
Min.
0.0953
0.437
0.215
0.193
-
-
0.0639
0.492
0.423
0.258
0.165
0.0834
1.45
CITE



- Max.
- 0.127
- 0.867
- 0.333
- 0.235
-
-
- 0.0824
- 0.809
- 0.585
- 0.360
- 0.229
- 0.115
- 2.09'

OR




N
57
57
57
13
-
-
12
57
13
13
13
13

* standard deviation.
* number of observations.
* median (standard error).
* percentiles (5th - 95th).
Source: Adapted fiom U.S. EPA, 1985.
                                                    4-10
-------












Table 4-3.

Body part
Head
Trunk
Upper extremities
Arms
Upper aims
Forearms
Hands
Lower extremities
Legs
Thighs
Lower tegs
Feet

Mean
7.8
35.9
18.8
14,1
7,4
5.9
5.2
37.5
31.2
18.4
12.8
7.0

(s.d.)-
(1.0)
(2-1)
(1.1)
(0.9)
(0.5)
(0.3)
(0.5)
(1-9)
(1.6)
(1-2)
(1.0)
(0.5)

Min.
6.1
30.5
16.4
12.5
6.7
5.4
4.6
33.3
26.1
15.2
11.0
6.0



Percentage of Total
Men
Max.
10.6
41.4
21.0
15.5
8.1
,6.3
7.0
41.2
33.4
20.2
15.8
7.9



Body

N"
32
32
48
32
6
6
32
48
32
32
32
32



Surface Area by

Mean
7.1
34.8
17.9
14.0
-
-
5.1
40.3
32.4
19.5
12.8
6.5



DRAFT
DO HOT QUOTE
CITE

OB

Part for Aduns 	

Women
(s.d.) Min. - Max.
(0.6) 5.6 - 8.1
(1.9) 32.
(0.9) 15.
(0.6) 12.
-
-
8 - 41.7
6 - 19.9
4 - 14.8
-
-
(0.3) 4.4 - 5.4
(1.6) 36.
(1.6) 29.
(1.1) 18.
(1.0) 11.
0 - 43.2
8 - 35.3
0 - 21.7
4 - 14.9
(0.3) 6.0 - 7.0

N
57
57
57
13
-
-
12
57
13
13
13
13
*   Standard deviation.
k   Number of observations.

Source:    Adapted from U.S. EPA, 1985.
                                                   4-11
-------
                                                                  !       DRAFT
                                                                   DO  KOI  QUOTE OR
                                                                      . .   CITS
       Percentile estimates for total surface area of children for males ancTfemales are
presented in Tables 4-6 and 4-7 were calculated using the total surface area regression
equation, NHANES n height and weight data, and using QNTLS.  Estimates are not
included for children younger than 2 years old because NHANES height data are not
available for this age group.  For children, the error associated with height and weight
cannot be assumed to be zero because of their relatively small sizes.  Therefore, the standard
errors of the percentile estimates cannot be estimated, since it cannot be assumed that the
errors associated with the exogenous variables (height and weight) are independent of that
associated with the model; there are insufficient data to determine the relationship between
these errors.
       Available measurements of the surface area of children's body parts are summarized
as a percentage of total surface area in Table 4-8.  Because of the small sample size, the data
cannot be assumed to represent the average percentage of surface area by body part for all
children. Note that the percent of total body surface area contributed by the head decreases
from childhood to adult status, whereas that contributed by the leg increases.
       An advantage of this study is that it provides statistical distributions based on a large
number of observations for adults.  It also provides data for total surface and body parts by
gender for adults.  In addition, data are also provided (with limitations described previously)
for children.  Any disadvantages of this study are those associated with the data sets used. A
possible limitation is that more than half the 401 observations used in the analyses  are for
children. In addition, the data may not be representative of the general U.S. population.
However,  the results from the analyses by U.S. EPA  (1985) have been  generally accepted as
the most recommended to use.
       Phillips et al, - Distributions of Total Skin Surface Area to Body Weight Ratios -
Phillips et al. (1993) observed a strong correlation (0.986) between surface area and body
weight and studied the effect of using these factors as independent variables in the LADD
equation.  Phillips et al.  (1993) concluded that, because of the correlation between these two
variables, the use of surface area to body  weight (SA/BW) ratios in human exposure
assessments is more appropriate than treating these factors as independent variables.  Direct
measurement (coating, triangulation, and surface integration) data from  the scientific
                                         4-12
-------
                                                                                         DRAFT
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                         Table 4-6. Total Body Surface Area of Male Children in Square Meters*
Percentile
Age
(yr)b
2 < 3
3 < 4
4 < 5
5 < 6
6 < 7
7 < 8
8 < 9
9 < 10
10 < 11
11 < 12
12 < 13
13 < 14
14 < 15
15 < 16
16 < 17
17 < 18
3 < 6
6 < 9
9 < 12
12 < 15
15 < 18
5
0.527
0.585
0.633
0.692
0.757
0.794
0.836
0.932
1.01
1.00
1.11
1.20
1.33
1.45
1.55
1.54
0.616
0.787
0.972
1.19
1.50
10
0.544
0.606
0.658
0.721
0.788
0.832
0,897
0.966
1.04
1.06
1.13
1.24
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.56
0.636
0.814
1.00
1.24
1.55
15
0.552
0.620
0.673
0.732
0.809
0.848
0.914
0.988
1.06
1.12
1.20
1.27
1.45
1.52
1.61
1.62
0.649
0.834
1.02
1.27
1.59
25
0.569
0.636
0.689
0.746
0.821
0.877
0.932
1.00
1.10
1.16
1.25
1.30
1.51
1.60
1.66
1.69
0.673
0.866
1.07
1.32
1.65
50
0.603
0.664
0.731
0.793
0.866
0.936
1.00
1.07
1.18
1.23
1.34
1.47
1.61
1.70
1.76
1.80
0.728
0.931
1.16
1.49
1.75
75
0.629
0.700
0.771
0.840
0.915
0.993
1.06
1.13
1.28
1.40
1.47
1.62
1.73
1.79
1.87
1.91
0.785
1.01
1.28
1.64
1.86
85
0.643
0,719
0,796
0.864
0.957
1.01
1.12
, 1.16
1.35
1.47
1.52
1.67
1.78
1.84
1.98
1.96
0.817
1.05
1.36
1.73
1.94
90
0.661
0.729
0.809
0.895
1.01
1.06
1.17
1.25
1.40
1.53
1.62
1.75
1.84
1.90
2.03
2.03
0.842
1.09
1.42
1.77
2.01
95
0.682
0.764
0.845
0.918
1.06
1.11
1.24
1.29
1.48
1.60
1.76
1.81
1.91
2.02
2.16
2.09
0.876
1.14
1.52
1.85
2.11
        Lack of height measurements for children <2 years in NHANES II precluded calculation of surface areas for this age group.
                             1 using NHANES II data.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1985.
                                                4-13
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                        Table 4-7. Total Body Surface Area of Female Children in Square Meters*
Percentile
Age
(ytp
2 < 3
3 < 4
4 < 5
5 < 6
6 < 7
7 < 8
8 < 9
9 < 10
10 < 11
11 < 12
12 < 13
3 < 14
14 < 15
15 < 16
16 < 17
17 < 18
3 <6
6 < 9
9 < 12
12 < 15
15 < 18
S
0.516
0.555
0.627
0.675
0.723
0.792
0.863
0.897
0.981
1.06
1.13
1.21
1.31
1.38
1.40
1.42
0.585
0.754
0,957
1.21
1.40
10
0.532
0.570
0.639
0.700
0.748
0.808
0.888
0.948
1.01
1.09
1.19
1.28
1.34
1.49
1.46
1.49
0.610
0.790
0.990
1.27
1.44
15
0.544
0.589
0.649
0.714
0.770
0.819
0.913
0.969
1.05
1.12
1.24
1.32
1.39
1.43
1.48
1.51
0.630
0.804
1.03
1.30
1.47
25
0.557
0.607
0.666
0.735
0.791
0.854
0.932
1.01
1.10
1.16
1.27
1.38
1.45
1.47
1.53
1.56
0.654
0.845
- 1.06
1.37
1.51
50
0.579
0.649
0.706
0.779
0.843
0.917
1.00
1.06
1.17
1.30
1.40
1.48
1.55
1.57
1.60
1.63
0.711
0.919
1.16
1.48
1.60
75
0.610
0.688
0.758
0.830
0.914
0.977
1.05
1.14
1.29
1.40
1.51
1.59
1.66
1.67
1.69
1.73
0.770
1.00
1.31
1.61
1.70
85
0.623
0.707
0.777
0.870
0.961
1.02
1.08
1.22
1.34
1.50
1.62
1.67
1.74
1.72
1.79
1.80
0.808
1.04
1.38
1.68
1.76
90
0.637
0.721
0.794
0.902
0.989
1.06
1.11
1.31
1.37
1.56
1.64
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.84
1.84
0.831
1.07
1.43
1.74
1.82
95
0.653
0.737
0.820
0.952
1.03
1.13
1.18
1.41
1.43
1.62
1.70
1.86
1.88
1.83
1.91
1.94
0.879
1.13
1.56
1.82
1.92
    Lack of height measurements for children <2 years in NHANES II precluded calculation of surface areas for this age group.
                         : using NHANES D data.
Source: U.S. EPA, 1985.
                                                4-14
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                                                                  Table 4-8.  Percentage of Total Body Surface Area by Part for Children
                                                                                                      Percent of Tola!
4*.
                                           Head
Tnink
                                                                                             Anna
                                                                                                                     Hand*
Leg«
Feet
Age(yr>
< 1
1 < 2
2 < 3
3 <4
4 <5
5 <6
6 <7
7 <8
8 <9
9< 10
10 < 11
11 < 12
12 < 13
13 < 14
14 < 15
15 < 16
16 < 17
17 < 18
N
M:F
2:0
1:1
1:0
0:5
1:3

1:0


0:2


1:0
1:0

1:0
1:0
Mean Min-Max
18.2 18.2-18.3
16.5 16.5-16.5
14.2
13.6 13.3-14.0
13.8 12.1-15.3

13.1


12.0 1 1.6-12.5


8.74
9.97

7.96
7.58
Mean
35.7
35.5
38.5
31.9
31.5

35.1


34.2


34.7
32.7

32.7
31.7
Min-Max Mean Min-Max Mean Min-Max Mean Min-Max Mean Min-Max
34.8-36.6 13.7 12.4-15.1 5.3 5.21-5.39 20.6 18.2-22.9 6.54 6.49-«.S9
34.5-36.6 13.0 12.8-13.1 5.68 5.57-5.78 23.1 22.1-24.0 6.27 5.84-6.70
11.8 5.30 23.2 7.07
29.9-32.8 14.4 14.2-14.7 6.07 5.83-6.32 26.8 26.0-28.6 7.21 6.80-7.88
30.5-32.4 14.0 13.0-15.5 5.70 5.15-6.62 27.8 26.0-29.3 7.29 6.91-8.10

13.1 4.71 27.1 6.90


33.4-34.9 12.3 11.7-12.8 5.30 5.15-5.44 28.7 28.5-28.8 7.58 7.38-7.77


13.7 5.39 30.5 7.03
12.1 5.11 32.0 8.02

13.1 5.68 33.6 6.93
17.5 5.13 30.8 7.28
M* Niiftittmr i^f diHi^j-f a m*\f tn fkmat* mftrt*
















1
*
!
        Source:    U.S. EPA 1985.
                                                                                                                                                                                                 *
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literature were used to calculate surface area to body weight (SA/BW) ratios for three age
groups (infants aged 0-2 years; children aged 2.1-17.9 years; and adults 18 years and older)
of the population.  These ratios were calculated by dividing surface areas by corresponding
body weights for the 401 individuals provided in Gehan and George (1970), and ultimately
summarized in U.S. EPA (1985).  Distributions of SA/BW ratios were developed and
summary statistics were calculated for the three age groups and the entire data set was then
combined.  Summary statistics for these populations are presented in Table 4-9. The shapes
of these SA/BW distributions were determined using D'Agostino's test.  The results indicate
that the SA/BW data for infants are lognormally distributed and the SA/BW data for adults
and all ages combined are normally distributed (Figure 4-1).  SA/BW ratios for children
were neither normally nor lognormally distributed.  According to Phillips et al. (1993),
SA/BW ratios should be used  to calculate LADDs by replacing the  surface area factor in the
numerator of the LADD equation with the SA/BW ratio and eliminating the body weight
factor in the denominator of the LADD equation.
       The effect of sex and age on SA/BW distribution was also analyzed by classifying the
401 observations by sex and age.  Statistical analyses indicated no significant  differences
between SA/BW ratios for males and females. SA/BW ratios were found  to decrease with
increasing age.
       Advantages of this study is that it uses direct measurement data for the analyses and it
provides distribution data for calculating LADD.  Any limitations with this study are those
associated with the data set  that were used to generate this distribution.  In addition, data are
not provided for body parts in this study.

4.2.4.  Other Relevant Surface Area Studies
       Murray and Burmaster (1992) - Estimated Distributions far Total Body Surface Area
of Men and Women in the United States - In this study distributions of total body surface area
for men and women ages 18 to 74 years were estimated using Monte Carlo simulations based
on height and weight distributions.  Four different formulae for estimating surface area as a
function of height and weight were employed.
                                        4-16
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                                                Table 4-9.  Descriptive Statistics for SA/BW Ratios (m2/kg)
I
^3
Percentiles
Age (yrs.)
0-2
2.1 - 17.9
Ss 18
All ages
Mean
0.0641
0.0423
0.0284
0.0489
S.D.
0.0114
0.0076
0.0028
0.0187
S.E.
7.84e-4
1.05e-3
7.68e-6
9.33e-4
Range
0.0421-0.1142
0.0268-0.0670
0.0200-0.0351
0.0200-0.1142
5
0.0470
0.0291
0.0238
0.0253
10
0.0507
0.0328
0.0244
0.0272
25
0.0563
0.0376
0.0270
0.0299
50
0.0617
0.0422
0.0286
0.0495
75
0.0719
0.0454
0.0302
0.0631
90
0.0784
0.0501
0.0316
0.0740
95
0.0846
0.0594
0.0329
0.0788
1   Standard deviation.
b   Standard error of the mean.

Source:  Phillips et al., 1993.
                                                                                                                                         t
                                                                                                                                                    te:
                                                                                                                                                    o
                                                                                                                                                    «o  :••>
                                                                                                                                                 H r
                                                                                                                                                 " o
                                                                                                                                                    §
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                            Infant SA/BW Ratios:  Loonormf 0.0641,0.0114 j        CITE
                                                            Expccmd V«iu«-
                                                              6.410E-02
                                                                        it
                                                                                17
                           A1! Ages SA/BW Ratios: NormaHO.0489.0.0187)
                                                             Expccud Value •
                                                               4.S90E-02
                                                                         14
           0.2S


            0.2


           0.1 $

            0.1


           0.01 •


             O •
              12
                           Adult SA/BW Ratios: NormaKO.0284,0.0028)
                        17
                                         Vatun in 10*-3
        Figure 4-1.  SA/BW Distributions for Infants, Adults, and All Ages Combined
Source:  Phillips et at, 1993.
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      Dubois and Dubois (1916), Boyd (1935), and U.S. EPA (1989) usechfomraisrtFIIga
on height and weight.  These are presented in Appendix 4A. Costeff (1966) developed a
formula based on 220 observations that estimate surface area based on weight only.
      The formula for calculating total body surface area developed by Costeff (1966) is as
follows:
                                 SA= 4W+7/W+90                       (Eqn. 4-3)
where:
      SA — Surface Area (m2); and
      W  - Weight (kg).

These formulae for estimating surface area (as a function  of height and weight) were
compared and the effect of the correlation between height and weight on the surface area
distribution was analyzed.
      Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to estimate surface area distributions.  They
were based on the bivariate distributions as estimated by Brainard and Burmaster (1992) for
height and natural logarithm of weight and the formulae described above.  A total of 5000
random  samples each for men and women were selected from the two correlated bivariate
distributions. Surface area calculations were made, for each sample and for each surface
area formula, resulting in surface area distributions.
      Murray and Burmaster (1992), found mat the surface area frequency distributions
were similar for the four models (Table 4-10).  Using the U.S. EPA (1985) formula, the
median  surface area values were calculated by Murray and Burmaster (1992) to be 1.96 m2
for men and 1.69 m2 for women. The  median value for women is identical to that generated
by U.S. EPA (1985) but the median value for men differs from the U.S. EPA (1985) value
by approximately 1 percent.  Surface area was found to have lognormal distribution for both
men and women (Figure 4-2). It was also found that assuming correlation between height
and weight influences the final distribution by less than 1 percent.
      Advantages of this study is that  it provides frequency distributions for surface area of
men and women based on a large data set.  It also produced results similar to the results of
                                        4-19
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Mean
Median
Mode
Standard
Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis


Mean
Median
Mode
Standard
Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis
Table 4-10. Statistical

U.S. EPA
1.97
1.96
1.96
0.19
0.27
3.08

U.S. EPA
1.73
1.69
1.68
0.21
0.92
4.30
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Results for Total Body Surface Area Distributions
Men
Boyd DuBois and Costeff
DuBois
1.95 1.94 1.89
1.94 1.94 1.89
1.91 1.90 1.90
0.18 0.17 0.16
0.26 0.23 0.04
3.06 3.02 2.92
Women
Boyd DuBois and Costeff
DuBois
1.71 1.69 1.71
1.68 1.67 1.68
1.62 1.60 1.66
0.20 0.18 0.21
0.88 0.77 0.69
4.21 4.01 3.52
Source:  Murray and Bunnaster, 1992
                                          4-20
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   .08


33 -06


1 -04
o
°- .02

   .00
            1.00
         .00
            1.00
                           Surface Area:  Men
                            Frequency Distribution
                 1.50
2.00
2.50
                            Area in m2, n=5,000, LHS


                        Surface Area: Women
                           Frequency Distribution
                 1.SO
2.00
2.SO
                           Area in m2, n=5,000, LHS
                                Figure 4-2
Source: Murray and Burmaster, 1992.
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                                                               424
3.00
                                                              46S
3.00
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the U.S. EPA, 1985 analyses.  Limitations associated with the study are that the results
cannot be applied to children, and it does not provide data for body parts.

4,2.5.  Application of Body Surface Area Data
       For many exposure settings, it is likely that only certain areas of the body are at risk
of exposure.  To estimate the total surface area of the body dermally exposed to the
contaminant, all body parts that come in contact with a contaminant must be determined.
The data in Table 4-4 may be used to estimate the total surface area of the particular body
part(s) exposed.  For example, to assess exposure to contaminants in a cleaning product for
which only the hands are exposed, surface area values for hands on Table 4-4 may be used.
For cleaning products for which both the hands and arms are exposed,  mean surface areas
for these parts may be summed to estimate the total surface area exposed for. that exposure
scenario (Table 4-4). The mean surface area of these body parts for men and women is as
follows:
                                                        Surface Area  Cm2)
                                                       Men           Women
       Arms (includes upper forearms)                   0.228           0.210
       Hands                                          0.084           0.075
       Total area                                      0.312           0.285
Therefore, the total body part surface area that may be in contact with the contaminant
contained in the cleaning product is 0.312  m2 for men  and 0.285 m2 for women.
       According to U.S. EPA (1992), one inherent assumption of many exposure  scenarios
developed in the past is that clothing prevents dermal contact and subsequent absorption of
contaminants.  This assumption may in fact be faulty in cases where the contaminant is
carried in a fine dust or liquid suspension, which may  be able to penetrate clothing. Studies
using personal patch monitors placed beneath clothing of pesticide workers show that a
significant proportion of the dermal exposure may occur at anatomical sites covered by
clothing (U.S. EPA, 1992).  In addition, it has been demonstrated that a "pumping" effect
can occur which causes material to move under clothing (U.S. EPA, 1992).  Furthermore,
studies have demonstrated that hands cannot be considered  to be protected from exposure

                                         4-22
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even if waterproof gloves are worn.  This may be because of contamination on the ulterior
surface of the gloves, removal of gloves during machine adjustments, and handling of the
outside of the gloves while putting them on or taking them off (U.S. EPA, 1992).
Depending on their specific tasks, pesticide workers have been shown to experience 12
percent to 43 percent of their total exposure through their hands, approximately 20 percent to
23 percent through their heads and necks, and 36 percent to 64 percent through their torsos
and arms, despite the use of protective gloves and clothing (U.S. EPA, 1992). These studies
were conducted with fine mists and vapors.
      For swimming and bathing scenarios, past exposure assessments have assumed that 75
percent to 100 percent of the skin surface is exposed (U.S. EPA,  1992).  As shown in
Table 4-4,  total adult body surface areas can vary from about 17,000 cm2 to 23,000 cm2.
The mean is reported as about 20,000 cm2.  For default purposes, adult surface areas of
20,000 cm2 (central estimate) to 23,000 cm2 (upper percentile) are recommended in U.S.
EPA (1992).  Tables 4-2 and 4-3 can also be used when the default values are not preferred.
U.S. EPA (1992) recommends that default values for children should be derived from
Table 4-6 or 4-7 using the 50th and 95th percentile values for the ages of concern to
represent central and upper-percentile values.
      Clothing is expected to limit the extent of the exposed surface area in cases of soil
contact.  The 1989 Exposure Factors Handbook, U.S.  EPA  (1989) presented two adult
clothing scenarios for outdoor activities:
        Central tendency mid range:                  Individual wears long sleeve shirt,
                                                     pants, and shoes.  The exposed skin
                                                     surface is limited to the head and
                                                     hands (2,000 cm2);
        Upper percentile:                            Individual wears a short sleeve
                                                     shirt,  shorts, and shoes.  The
                                                     exposed skin surface is limited to
                                                     the head, hands, forearms, and
                                                     lower legs (5,300 cm2).
The clothing  scenarios presented  above,  suggest that roughly 10 percent to 25 percent of the
skin area may be exposed  to soil.  Since some  studies have suggested that exposure can occur
under clothing, the upper end of this range  was selected in EPA,  1992 for deriving defaults.
                                         4-23
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Thus, taking 25 percent to the total body surface area results in defaults for adults of 5,000
cm2 to 5,800 cm2. The range of defaults for children can be derived from multiplying the
50th and 95th percentiles by 0.25 for the ages of interest.
       When addressing soil contact exposures, assessors may also want to refine estimates
of surface area exposed on the basis of seasonal conditions. For example, in moderate
climates, it may be reasonable to assume that 5 percent of the skin is exposed during the
winter, 10 percent during the spring and fall, and 25 percent during the summer.

4.3.   DERMAL ADHERENCE OF SOIL
4.3.1.  Background
       Dermal adherence of soil to the surface of the skin is a parameter needed for
calculating dermal dose when the exposure scenario involves dermal contact with
contaminated soil. A number of studies have attempted to  determine the magnitude of
dermal soil adherence.  These studies are described in detail in U.S. EPA (1992).
                                                                       i
4.3.2.  Past Studies on Dermal Adherence  of Soil
       Lepow et al.  (1975) - Investigations into Sources of Lead in the Environment of Urban
Children - This study was conducted to identify the behavioral and environmental factors
contributing to elevated lead levels in ten preschool children. The study was performed over
a period of 6-25 months (Lepow et al., 1975).  Samples of dirt from the hands of the study
subjects were collected during the course of  play around the areas that they lived. The study
used preweighed self-adhesive labels to sample a standard area on the palm of the hands of
16 male and female children.  The preweighed labels were pressed on a single area, and
often pressed several times on the given area to obtain an adequate sample. In the
laboratory, labels were equilibrated in a desiccant cabinet for 24 hours (comparable to the
preweighed desiccation), then the total weight was again recorded. The mean weight of hand
dirt for the 22 hand samples was 11 mg; on  a 21.5 cm2 preweighed label, this amounts to
0.51 mg/cm2.  Lepow et al. (1975) stated that this amount  (11 mg) represented only a small
fraction (percent not specified) of the total amount of surface dirt present on the hands,
                                        4-24
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                                                                  I       DKATf
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because much of the dirt may be trapped in skin folds and creases; moreover, there may
have been patchy distribution of the dirt on the hands,
       Roels et al.  - Exposure to Lead by the Oral and the Pulmonary Routes of Children
Living in the Vicinity of a Primary Lead Smelter - Roels et al. (1980) examined blood lead
levels among children living in the vicinity of a large lead smelter in Brussels, Belgium
during five different study periods.  The overall age group ranged from 9-14 years.  The
total number of study subjects was 661 children.  This study assessed lead levels removed
from 661 children's hands by rinsing the hands in 500  mL dilute nitric acid.  The amount of
lead on the hands was divided by the concentration of lead in soil to estimate the amount of
soil adhering to the hands. The mean soil amount adhering to the hands was 0.159 g.
       Sedman - The Development of Applied Action Levels for Soil Contact; A Scenario for
the Exposure of Humans to Soil in a Residential Setting - Sedman (1989) used the estimate
from Roels et al. (1980) and  the average surface area of the hand of an 11 year old (i.e., 307
cm2) to estimate the amount of soil adhering per unit area of skin (0.9 mg/em2). The
Sedman (1989) estimate assumed that approximately 60%  (185 cm2) of the lead on the hands
was recovered by the method employed by Roels et  al. (1980).
       Sedman (1989) used the previously presented estimates from Lepow et al. (1975),
Roels et al. (1980), and Que  Hee et al. (1985) to develop  a maximum soil load that could
occur on the skin given the types  of procedures employed in each study.  A rounded
arithmetic mean of 0.5  mg/cm2 was calculated from  the three studies.  According to Sedman
(1989), this was near the maximum load of soil that could occur on the skin depending on
the type of method used to determine the measurement. Also, it is unlikely that most skin
surfaces would be covered with this amount of soil (Sedman,  1989).
       Gallacher et al,  1985 - To be added later
       Que Hee et al. - Evolution of Efficient Methods to Sample Lead Sources, Such as
House Dust and Hand Dust,  in the Homes of Children - Que  Hee et al. (1985) used
household dust (collected with a vacuum cleaner) having particle sizes ranging from ^ 44 to
833 fj.m diameters, fractionated into six size ranges,  to estimate the amount of dust adhering
to sMn.  For each range of particle size, the amount of dust that adhered to the palm of the
hand of a small adult was determined by applying approximately 5 g of soil for each size
                                        4-25
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fraction, removing excess dust by shaking the hands, and then measuring theHHierence in
weight before and after dust application. On average, 31.2 mg of dust adhered to the small
adult palm.  The exposed surface area was approximately 20 cm2.  Based on these
assumptions, 1.5 mg of dust adhered to 1 cm2 of skin.
       Driver et a/. - Soil Adherence to Human Skin - This study conducted soil adherence
experiments which involved the use of various soil types collected from sites in Virginia.  A
total of five soil types were collected: Hyde, Chapanoke, Panorama, Jackland, and
Montalto. Both top soils and subsoils were collected for each  soil type. The soils were also
characterized by cation exchange capacity, organic content, clay mineralogy, and particle  size
distribution.  The soils were dry sieved to obtain  particle sizes of £250 /xm and  £ 150  /xm.
For each soil type, the amount (mg) of soil adhering to adult male hands, using both sieved
and unsieved soils, was determined gravimetrically (i.e., measuring the difference in soil
sample weight before and after soil application to the hands).   An attempt was made to
measure only the minimal or "monolayer" of soil adhering to the hands. This was  done by
mixing a pre-weighed amount of soil over the entire surface area of the hands for a period of
approximately 30 seconds, followed by removal of excess soil  by gently rubbing the hands
together after contact with the soil.  Excess soil that was removed from the hands was
collected and thexweight compared with the original soil sample weights.  Driver et al.
(1989) measured average adherences of 1.40 mg/cm2 for particle sizes less than  150 /*m,
0.95 mg/cm2 for particle sizes less than 250 /*m and 0.58 mg/cm2 for unsieved soils.  The
analysis of variance statistics showed that the most important factor affecting adherence
variability was particle size, with a variance (F) ratio far in excess of the 0.999 significance
value (p < 0.001). The next most important factor is soil type and subtype with an F ratio
also in excess of 0.999 significance level (p < 0.001).  The interaction of soil type and
particle size was also significant, but at a lower 0.99 significance level  (p < 0.01).
       Driver et al. (1989) found statistically significant increases in adherence with
decreasing particle size; whereas, Que Hee et al.  (1985) found relatively small changes over
particle size. Also, the amount of adherence found by Driver  et al.  (1989)  was greater  than
that of Que Hee et al. (1985).  Although it appears that  soil particle size may affect
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adherence, exact quantitative relationships cannot be derived at this time because of
insufficient data. It is suggested that this is an area for further study (Driver et al. 1989).
       Yang et al. - In vitro and In vivo Percutaneous Absorption of Benzo[a]pyrene from
Petroleum Crude - Fortified Soil in the Rat - Yang et al. (1989) evaluated the percutaneous
absorption of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in petroleum crude oil sorbed on soil using a modified
in vitro technique.  This method was used in preliminary experiments to determine the
minimum amount of soil adhering to the skin of rats (Yang et al.,  1989).  Based on these
preliminary results from soil evaluation, percutaneous absorption experiments with the crude-
sorbed soil were conducted-with soil particles of < 150 ^m only (Yang et al. (1989).  This
particle size  was intended to represent the composition of the soil adhering to the skin surface
(Yang et al., 1989).  Approximately 9  mg/cm2 of soil was found to be the minimum amount
required  for a "monolayer" coverage of the skin surface in both in vitro and in vivo
experiments. This value is larger than the < 1 mg/cm2 of soil (dust) reported for human skin
in the studies of Lepow et al. 1975; Roels et al. 1980; and Que Hee et al., 1985 (Yang et
al., 1989).  Yang et al. 1985 suggested that the differences between the rat and human soil
adhesion findings may be the result of differences in rat and human skin texture, the types of
soils used, soil moisture content or possibly the methods of measuring soil adhesion.

4.3.3  New  Soil Adherence Research
       Kissel et al, - Dermal Soil Exposure: Investigation of Soil  Contact and Skin Coverage
- Kissel et al. (1995) conducted soil adherence experiments using five soil types: Canyon
Park (sandy  loam,"CP"), Day Creek (silt loam, "72"), Blewett Pass King Creek (loamy
sand, "85"), Darrington (sand, "211"), and Nooksack Middle Fork (sandy loam, "228").
The soils were analyzed by hydrometer to determine composition,  and to characterize them
by organic content.  The soils were dry sieved to obtain particle size ranges of < 150, 150-
250, and >250 /ttm. For each soil type, the amount (mg) of soil adhering to adult male
hands, using both sieved and unsieved  soils, was determined by measuring the difference in
soil sample weight before and after hands were pressed in the soil.  Loadings were estimated
by dividing the recovered soil mass by total hand area, although loading occurred primarily
on only one side of the hand.  Adherence was found to be directly correlated with moisture
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content, inversely correlated with particle size and independent of clay content, and organic
carbon content.
       Kissel et al. (1995) used a fluorescent marking technique and video imaging to assess
the percentage of skin coverage in several soil contact trials in a greenhouse setting, and an
irrigation pipe laying trial (Table 4-11).  The investigators concluded that adjusted loadings,
averaged over fluorescing area only, may be two to three orders of magnitude larger than
average loadings if average loadings are small.
       Further experiments by Kissel et al. (1995) estimated soil adherence associated with
various indoor and outdoor activities: greenhouse gardening, tae kwon do students, soccer,
rugby, reed gathering, irrigation installation, truck farming, and playing in mud.  Subjects'
body surfaces (forearms, hands, lower legs in  all cases, faces and/or feet pairs in some
cases) were washed before and after target activities.  Paired surfaces were pooled into
single samples. Mass recovered was converted to loading using allometrie models of surface
area. These 'data are presented in Table 4-12.

4.3.4  Advantages and Limitations of the Soil Adherence Studies
       The soil adherence value from the Yang et al. (1989) study which used rat skin was
not included for consideration because of the uncertainties associated with using this value
for human dermal exposure scenarios.  Among the remaining studies, the Lepow (1975) and
the Roels (1980) studies have the advantage that they were  conducted under actual field
conditions and the disadvantage that they involved collection methods with unknown
efficiencies. The use of coEection methods that were less than 100% efficient suggest that
the estimates may be low. However, only hand samples were collected which suggests that
the estimates may be high for other parts of the body that probably have less soil contact.
Finally, only children were surveyed, and they may not be representative of adults.  The Que
Hee et al. (1989)  and Driver et al. (1989) studies used the gravimetric methods which do not
involve a collection method with unknown efficiency and should, therefore, provide accurate
estimates of adherence potential. However, these studies were conducted under laboratory
conditions and examined adherence to hands only after intimate contact with soil.  Such
contact may not be representative of normal behavior.  Parts of the body that have less
                                         4-28
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                                                Table 4-11. Skin Coverage with Soil by Body Part and Activity
                    Exposure Trial
                                             Hands
                                             N"
Percent Skin Coverage by Body Part

    Lower    N*            Forearms   N*
     legs
                    Face   N"
             Children playing in wet soil          80        24

             Adults transplanting plants in         70        28
             wet soil

             Pipe laying trials                36-52 (M)*    3
             dry soil, 15-30 min. duration     54-62 (W)b    3

             Pipe laying trials                75-82 (M)     4
             wet soil, 15-30 min. duration     56-86 (W)     3
                                                                 20

                                                                 10
             18

             24
                                                              6-12 (M)    3
                                                              15-33 (W)   3

                                                              12-25 (M)   4
                                                              4-14 (W)    3
10

0
18

26
0

0
                                                     0
                                                     0

                                                     0
                                                     0
13

15
fe
*    N = number of subjects
b    M = men; W = women

Source:   Kissel et al. 1995.

-------
                                      Table 4-12. Mean Soil Adherence by Activity and Body Region
Activity
Tae Kwon Do
Greenhouse Workers
Soccer Players
Grounds keepers
Irrigation Installers
4^
w Rugby Players
Farmers
Reed Gatherers
Kids-in-mud
Body Part (mg/cm2)
Hands
0.0062
0.043
0.035-0.11
0.030-0.15
0.19
0.4
0.41 - 0.47
0.66
35-58
Arms
0.0019
0.0064
0.0011-0.0043
0.0021-0.023
0.18
0.27
0.059-0.13
0.036
11
Legs
0.0020
0.0015
0.0081 - 0.031
0.0008 - 0.0012
0.0054
0.36
0.0059 - 0.037
0.16
9.5 - 36
Face
—
0.0051
0.012 - 0.016
0.0021 - 0.01
0.0063
0.059
0.018 - 0.041
—
—
Feet
0.0024
—
_
0.0041-0.018
«_
_
0.63
6.7-24
N»
7
2
23
29
6
8
10
4
12
*   N = number of subjects



Source: Kissel et al., 1995
                                                                                                                                    &
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                                                                                                                                    H3

                                                                                                                                    W




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intimate contact with the soil will likely have lower values. The new studies by Kissel have
the advantages of measuring soil adherence on all exposed skin areas, for both children and
adults and under actual field conditions.

4.4.    RECOMMENDATIONS
       This chapter has reviewed the available data on parameters needed to characterize
dermal contact scenarios involving water and soil.  Table 4-13 summarizes the surface area
studies presented in this chapter. For most dermal exposure scenarios concerning adults, it is
recommended that the body surface areas presented in Table 4-4 be used after determining
which body parts will be exposed.  Table 4-4 was selected because using these data will be a
straightforward determination for most scenarios. However, for others, additional
considerations may need to be addressed. For example, (1) the type of clothing worn could
have a significant effect on the surface area exposed, and (2) climatic conditions will also
affect the type of clothing  worn and, thus, the skin surface area exposed.  Frequency and
event and exposure duration for water activities and soil contact are presented in the Activity
Patterns section of Chapter 5 of this report.  For each parameter, a range of default values
were derived corresponding to average and upper pereentile values.  Each of these
considerations are also discussed in more detail in U.S. EPA (1992).  Data in Tables 4-2 and
4-3 can be used when distributions are preferred. A range of default values for surface area
children may be taken from Tables 4-6 and 4-7 using the 50th and 95th pereentile values for
age(s) of concern. A range of recommended default values for adult  skin surface area were
provided in U.S.  EPA (1992) and are as follows:
                                    Water Contact
Bathing and Swimming
Outdoor Activities
Central
20,000 cm2
Soil Contact
Central
5,000 cm2
Upper
23,000 cm2
Upper
5,800 cm2
                                         4-31
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                                                                 Table 4-13. Su rice Area Studies
Surface Area
Study
No. of Individuals
U.S. EPA (-1985)
Phillips et a!. (1993) Based on data from
USEPA(1985): 401
individuals
Murray & Burmaster Based on data from
(1992) USEPA: 401
DuBois & Dubois: 9
Boyd: 231
Costaff: 220
*.
tk Boyd (1935) 231
to
Gehan & George (1970) 401
Type of Surface Area
Measurement
Based on Gehan &
George (1970)
NA
Calculated based on
regression equation using
the data of USEPA, 1985
Direct measurements
using data for coating,
surface integration, and
triangulation methods
only
Based on Boyd, 1935
Recommended
Formulae Used
SA=0.0239»W8-5"*H°-4"
calculated surface area to
body weight ratios
Various
SA=0.0178*W° *»*H°-483i
SA^O.0235*^-31456*^-422*6
Population
Surveyed
Children
Adults
Children
Adults
Children
Adults
Children
Adults
Children
Adults
Comments
Provides, statistical distribution data for
total S A and S A of body parts
Developed distributions of SA/BW and
calculated summary and statistics for 3
age groups and the combined data set
Analysis of and comparision of four
models developed by Dubois & Dubois
(1916), Boyd (1935), U.S. EPA (1985),
and CostefT (1966). Presents frequency
distribtions
Reviewed all methods and data used to
measure or estimate SA
Used 401 observations from Boyd'i data
where direct measurement for SA,
 Dubois & Dubois (1916)   9
Linear
SA=0.0178*W0425*H°-725
Children
 Adults
height, and weight were compiled.
Used feast squares method to develop
constants for equation. > 50 percent of
data were for children < 5 years old.

Direct measurement
* Based on height weight data presented in report

                                                                                                                                                               o
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       Table 4-14 summarizes the available soil adherence studies.  The adherence value
represents the amount of soil on the skin at the time of measurement.  Assuming that the
amount measured on the skin represents its accumulation between washings and that people
wash at least once per day, then these adherence values could be interpreted as daily contact
rates (U.S. EPA, 1992). However, since the residence time of soils on skin has not been
studied and the adherence studies are independent of time, this is not recommended.  Instead,
it, is recommended that these adherence values are interpreted on an event basis  (U.S.
EPA, 1992).
       The data in Table 4-14 were reviewed for the purposes of recommending a default
value.   In summary, all of the early studies have the disadvantage that they measured
adherence values to hands only.  The new studies by Kissel measured adherence on all
exposed body parts under actual field conditions.  Therefore, these studies now offer the best
data base for deriving estimates of soil adhernece.  Based on Kissel et al. 1995, the following
generalizations about soil adherence can be drawn:
              Soil properties can influence adherence.  Adherence increases with moisture
              content, decreases with particle size, and is relatively unaffected by clay or
              organic carbon content.
              Adherence levels vary considerably across  different parts of the body.
              Logically, the highest levels were found on common contact points such as
              hands, knees and elbows.  Generally the least adherence was detected on the
              face.
              Adherence levels vary with activity. In general, the highest levels of soil
              adherence were seen for outdoor workers such as farmers and irrigation
              installers, followed by outdoor recreation,  and then gardening activities.  Very
              high adherence levels were seen for individuals contacting wet soils such as
              might occur during wading or other shore  area recreational activities.
       These generalizations suggest that changes are needed to the recommendations in U.S.
EPA, 1992 regarding soil adherence.  The earlier recommendations suggested applying an
average of 0.2 to 1.0 mg/cm2 to the entire exposed skin surface area without consideration of
the type of activity.  The new studies suggest a more site-specific approach is needed which
                                          4-33
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                          Table 4-14.  Soil Adherence Values
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Reference
                                          Size Fraction
Soil Adherence    Subject
 (mg/cm2)         Type
                  (number
Lepow et al., 1975
Roelsetal., 1980
QueHeeetal., 1985*
Driver etal., 1989b
Yang etal., 1989°
Kissel etal., 1995d
0.5
0.9 - 1.5
1.5
< 150 1.40
< 250 0.95
unsieved 0.58
< 150 9
See Table 4-12
children
children
adult
adult
adult
adult
rats
adult
children
* Assume exposed area = 20 cm2.
b Five different soil types and 2-3 soil horizons (top soils and subsoils).
c Rat skin "monolayer" (i.e., minimal amount of soil covering the skin).
d Adherence values are presented by body part (see Table 4-12).

Source:  U.S. FJ>A, 1992.
                                        4-34
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considers the type of activity and uses different estimates for different regions of the body.
Further research is needed to reach final conclusions about how such recommendations
should be made.  Meanwhile, assessors can use the data presented in Table 4-12 to select
adherence values  for activities which best match those of the population being assessed.
                                          4-35
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4.5.   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4
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Boyd, E.  (1935) The growth of the surface area of the human body.  Minneapolis,
     Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.

Driver, J.H.; Konz, J.J.; Whitmyre, O.K. (1989) Soil adherence to human sMn.  Bull.
     Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 43:814-820.

Dubois, D.; Dubois, E.F.  (1976)  A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if
     height and weight be known.  Arch, of Intern. Med. 17:863-871.

Gehan, E.; George, G.L.  (1970) Estimation of human body surface area from height and
     weight. Cancer Chemother. Rep. 54(4):225-235.

Haycock, G.B.; Schwartz, G.J.; Wisotsky, D.H. (1978) Geometric method for measuring
     body surface area: A height-weight formula validated in infants,  children, and adults.
     J. Ped. 93(l):62-66.

Kissel, L; Richter, K.; Duff, R.; Shirai, J.; Johnson, J,; Fenske, R. (1995) Dermal Soil
     Exposure: Investigation of Soil Contact and SMn Coverage.  Cooperative Agreement
     R819052-01-0, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,  U.S. EPA.

Lepow, M.L.;  Bruckman, L.; Gillette, M.; Markowitz, S.; Rubino, R.; Kapish, J.  (1975)
     Investigations into sources of lead in the environment of urban children.  Environ. Res.
     10:415-426.

Murray, D.M.; Burmaster, D.E. (1992)  Estimated distributions for total surface area of
     men and women in the United States.  J. Expos.  Anal. Environ.  Epidemiol.  3(4):451-
     462.

Phillips, L.J.; Fares, R.J.; Schweer, L.G.  (1993)  Distributions of total skin surface area to
     body weight ratios for use in  dermal exposure assessments.  J. Expos. Anal. Environ.
     Epidemiol. 3(3):331-338.

Popendorf, W.J.; Leffinwell, J.T.  (1976)  Regulating OP pesticide  residues for farmworker
     protection.  In:  Residue Review 82.  New York, NY:  Springer-Verlag New York,
     Inc., 1982. pp.  125-201.

Que Hee, S.S.; Peace, B.; Clark, C.S.; Boyle, J.R.; Bornschein, R.L.; Hammond, P.B.
     (1985) Evolution of efficient methods to sample  lead sources,  such as house dust and
     hand dust, in the homes of children.  Environ. Res. 38: 77-95.
                                        4-36
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                                                                  ttfr  CITE
Roels, H.A.; Buchet, J.P.; Lauwenys, R.R.; Branx, P.; Claeys-Thoreau, F.; Lafontaine, A.;
     Verduyn, G.  (1980) Exposure to lead by oral and pulmonary routes of children living
     in the vicinity of a primary lead smelter.  Environ.  Res. 22:81-94.

Sedman, R.M. (1989) The development of applied action levels for soil contact: a scenario
     for the exposure of humans to soil in a residential setting. Environ.  Health Perspect.
     79:291-313.

U.S. EPA.  (1985) Development of statistical distributions or ranges of standard factors
     used in exposure assessments.  Washington, DC: Office of Research and
     Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.  U.S. EPA No.
     600/8-85-010.  Available from:  NTIS, Springfield, VA. PB85-242667.

U.S. EPA.  (1988) Superfund exposure assessment manual.  Washington, DC:  Office of
     Remedial Response.  U.S. EPA/540/1-88/001.

U.S. EPA.  (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund.  Human health evaluation
     manual: Part A.  Interim Final. Washington, DC:  Office of Solid  Waste and
     Emergency Response.  NTIS:  PB-90-155581.

U.S. EPA.  (1991) Guidelines  for Exposure Assessment.  Washington, DC:  Office of
     Health and Environmental Assessment.

U.S. EPA.  (1992) Dermal exposure assessment: principles and applications. Washington,
     DC: Office of Research  and Development, Office of Health and Environmental
     Assessment/OHEA.  U.S. EPA/600/8-9-91.

Van Graan, C.H.  (1969) The  determination of body surface area.  Supplement to the South
     African J. of Lab. and Clin.  Med. 8-2-69.

Yang, J.J.;  Roy, T.A.; Krueger, A.J.; Neil, W.; Mackerer, C.R.   (1989)  In vitro and in
     vivo percutaneous absorption of benzo[a]pyrene from petroleum crude-fortified soil in
     the rat.  Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43: 207-214.
                                       4-37
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APPENDIX 4A
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                                  APPENDIX 4A                 - —

                FORMULAE FOR TOTAL BODY SURFACE AREA


    Most formulae for estimating surface area (SA), relate height to weight to surface area.
The following formula was proposed by Gehan and George (1970):


                                    SA = KW2/3                         (Eqn. 4A-1)

where:

        SA   = surface area in square meters;
        W   = weight in kg; and
        K   = constant.

While the above equation has been criticized because human bodies  have different specific
gravities and because the  surface area per unit volume differs for individuals with different
body builds, it gives a reasonably good estimate of surface area.


    A formula published in  1916 that still finds wide acceptance and use  is that of DuBois
and DuBois. Their model can be written:
                                                                (Eqn. 4A-2)
where:
        SA  =     surface area in square meters;
         H  =     height in centimeters; and
         W  =     weight in kg.

The values of a*, (0.007182), a, (0.725), and a2 (0.425) were estimated from a sample of
only nine individuals for whom surface area was directly measured.  Boyd (1935) stated that

                                       4A-1
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the Dubois formula was considered a reasonably adequate substitute for measuring surface
area.  Nomograms for determining surface area from height and mass presented in Volume I
of the Geigy Scientific Tables (1981) are based on the DuBois and DuBois formula.  In
addition, a computerized literature search conducted for this report identified several articles
written in the last 10 years in which the DuBois and DuBois formula was used to estimate
body surface area.

    Boyd (1935) developed new constants for the DuBois and DuBois model based on 231
direct measurements of body surface area found in the literature.  These data were limited to
measurements of surface area by coating methods (122 cases), surface integration (93 cases),
and triangulation (16 cases).  The subjects were Caucasians of normal body build for whom
data on  weight, height, and age (except for exact  age of adults)  were complete.  Resulting
values for the constants in the DuBois and DuBois model were %  = 0.01787, at = 0.500,
and % = 0.4838.  Boyd also developed a formula based exclusively on weight, which was
inferior  to the DuBois and DuBois formula based  on height and weight.

    Gehan and George (1970) proposed another set of constants for the DuBois and DuBois
model.  The constants were based on a total of 401 direct measurements of surface area,
height, and weight of all postnatal subjects listed in Boyd (1935).  The methods used to
measure these subjects were coating (163 cases), surface integration (222 cases), and
triangulation (16 cases).

    Gehan and George (1970) used a least-squares method to identity the values of the
constants.  The values of the constants chosen are those that minimize the sum of the squared
percentage errors of the predicted values of surface area. This approach was used because
the importance of an error of 0.1 square meter depends on the surface area of the individual.
Gehan and George (1970) used the 401 observations summarized in Boyd (1935) in the least-
squares  method. The following estimates of the constants were  obtained: % = 0.02350,
aj «= 0.42246, and a2 = 0.51456.  Hence, their equation for predicting surface area (SA) is:
                                         4A-2
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                            SA = 0.02350 H°'42246 W°-51456                 (Eqn. 4A-3)

or in logarithmic form:

                   In SA= -3.75080 + 0.42246 In H + 0.51456 In W        (Eqn. 4A-4)

where:
       SA    =     surface area in square meters;
       H    =     height in centimeters; and
       W    =     weight in kg.
This prediction explains more than 99 percent of the variations in surface area among the 401
individuals measured (Gehan and George,  1970).

       The equation proposed by Gehan and George (1970) was determined by the U.S. EPA
(1985) as the best choice for estimating total body surface area.  However, the paper by
Gehan and George gave insufficient information to estimate the standard error about the
regression. Therefore, the 401 direct measurements of children and adults (i.e., Boyd,  1935)
were reanalyzed in U.S.  EPA (1985) using the formula of Dubois and Dubois (1916) and the
Statistical Processing System (SPS) software package to obtain the standard error.

       The Dubois and Dubois (1916) formula uses weight and height as independent
variables to predict total  body surface area (SA), and can be written as:
                                 SAj = a
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where:
          SAi   =   surface area of the i-th individual (m2);
          Hi   =   height of the i-th individual (cm);
          Wi   =   weight of the i-th individual (kg);
       ^Ot al>
       and az   =   parameters to be estimated; and
          6;    =   a random error term with mean zero and constant
                    variance.
       Using the least squares procedure for the 401 observations, the following parameter
estimates and their standard errors were obtained:

     ao = -3.73 (0.18),  aj = 0.417 (0.054), a2 = 0.517 (0.022).

The model is then:

                               SA = 0.0239 H°-417 W°-517                   (Eqn. 4A-7)

or in logarithmic form:

       In SA = -3.73 + 0.417 In H + 0.517 In W                            (Eqn. 4A-8)

with a standard error about the regression of 0.00374. This model explains more than
99 percent of the total variation in surface area among the observations, and is identical to
two significant figures with the model  developed by Gehan and George (1970).

     When natural logarithms of the measured surface areas are plotted against natural
logarithms of the surface predicted by  the equation, the observed surface areas are
symmetrically distributed around a line of perfect fit,  with only a few large percentage
deviations. Only five subjects differed from the measured value by 25 percent or more.
Because each of the five subjects weighed less than 13 pounds, the amount of difference was

                                         4A-4
-------
                                                                           DRAFT
                                                                     DO NOT QUOTE OR
•SB-
                                                                            CITE
small.  Eighteen estimates differed from measurements by 15 to 24 percent.  Of these, 12
weighed less than 15 pounds each, 1 was overweight (5 feet 7 inches, 172 pounds),  1 was
very tMn (4 feet 11 inches, 78 pounds), and 4 were of average build.  Since the same
observer measured surface area for these 4 subjects, the possibility of some bias in measured
values cannot be discounted (Gehan and George 1970).
    Gehan and George (1970) also considered separate constants for different age groups:
less than 5 years old, 5 years old to less than 20 years old, and greater than 20 years old.
The different values for the constants are presented below:

           Table 4A-1.  Estimated Parameter Values for Different Age Intervals
Age
group
All ages
<5 years old
^ 5 - <20 years old
> 20 years old
Number
of persons
401
229
42
130
«o
0,02350
0.02667
0.03050
0.01545
»i
0.42246
0.38217
0.35129
0.54468
a2
0.51456
0.53937
0.54375
0.46336
     The surface areas estimated using the parameter values for all ages were compared to
surface areas estimated by the values for each age group for subjects at the 3rd, 50th, and
97th percentiles of weight and height. Nearly all differences in surface area estimates were
less than 0.01 square meter, and the largest difference was 0.03 m2 for an 18-year-old at the
97th percentile.  The authors concluded that there is no advantage in using separate values of
BO, alf and a2 by age interval.

     Haycock et al. (1978) without knowledge of the work by Gehan and George (1970),
developed values for the parameters %, aj, and a2 for the DuBois and DuBois model.  Their
                                         4A-5
-------
                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                 DO NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                       CITE
interest in making the DuBois and DuBois model more accurate resulted from their work in
pediatrics and the fact that DuBois and DuBois (1916) included only one child in their study
group, a  severely undernourished girl who weighed only 13.8 pounds at age 21  months.
Haycock et al. (1978) used their own geometric method for estimating surface area from 34
body measurements for 81 subjects.  Their study included newborn infants (10 cases), infants
(12 cases), children (40 cases), and adult members of the medical and secretarial staffs of
2 hospitals (19 cases). The subjects all had grossly normal body structure, but the sample
included  subjects of widely varying physique ranging from thin to  obese.  Black, Hispanic,
and white children were included in their sample. The values of the model parameters were
solved for the relationship between surface area and height and weight by multiple regression
analysis.  The least squares best fit for this equation yielded the following values for the
three coefficients:  ao = 0.024265, a, =  0.3964, and a2 = 0.5378. The result  was the
following equation for estimating surface area:

                             SA = 0.024265 H°J964 W°-5378                 (Eqn. 4A-9)

expressed logarithmically as:

                   In SA = In 0.024265 + 0.3964 In H + 0.5378 In W       (Eqn. 4A-10)

The coefficients for this  equation agree remarkably with those obtained by Gehan and George
(1970) for 401 measurements.

    George et al. (1979) agree that a model more complex than the model of DuBois and
DuBois for estimating surface area is unnecessary. Based on samples of direct measurements
by Boyd  (1935) and Gehan and George (1970), and samples of geometric estimates by
Haycock et al. (1978), these authors have obtained parameters for  the DuBois and DuBois
model  that are different than those originally postulated in 1916. The DuBois and DuBois
model  can be written logarithmically as:
                                        4A-6
-------
        In SA = In % + EJ In H + a2 In W
      DRAFT
D,0  NOT QUOTE  OR
  -*••/  CITE
      (Eqn. 4A-11)
The values for a<>, aj, and a2 obtained by the various authors discussed in this section are
presented to follow:

Table 4A-2.  Summary of Surface Area Parameter Values for the DuBois and DuBois Model
Author
(year)
DuBois and DuBois (1916)
Boyd (1935)
Gehan and George (1970)
Haycock et al. (1978)
Number
of persons
9
231
401
81
%
0.007184
0.01787
0.02350
0.024265
ai
0.725
0.500
0.42246
0.3964
a2
0.425
0.4838
0.51456
0.5378
    The agreement between the model parameters estimated by Gehan and George (1970)
and Haycock et al. (1978) is remarkable in view of the feet that Haycock et al. were unaware
of the previous work.  Haycock et al. used an entirely different set of subjects, and used
geometric estimates of surface area rather than direct measurements.  It has been determined
that the Gehan and George model is the formula of choice for estimating total surface area of
the body since it is based on the largest number of direct measurements.

Nomogtams

    Sendroy and Ceeehini (1954) proposed a graphical method whereby surface area could
be read from a diagram relating height and weight to surface area.  However, they do not
give an explicit model for calculating surface area.  The graph was developed empirically
based on 252 cases, 127 of which were from the 401 direct measurements reported by Boyd
                                        4A-7
-------
                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                 CO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                   ••   CITE
(1935).  In the other 125 cases the surface area was estimated using the linear method of
DuBois and DuBois (1916). Because the Sendroy and Cecchini method is graphical, it is
inherently less precise and less accurate than the formulae of other authors discussed above.
                                        4A-8
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                 DO WOT QUOTE OR
                                                                        CITE
5.     OTHER FACTORS FOR EXPOSURE CALCULATIONS  '	—
       In previous chapters, intake rate, inhalation rate, and information for dermal uptake
(body surface area) have been addressed.  Other factors are needed to perform the exposure
calculation using equation for average daily potential dose are life expectancy, body weight
and activity patterns data.  These factors are addressed in this chapter.

5.1.   LIFETIME
       Statistical data on life expectancy are published annually by the U.S. Department of
Commerce in the publication:  "Statistical Abstract of the United States."  The latest year for
which statistics are available is 1992. Preliminary data for 1992 show that the life
expectancy for an average person born in the United States in 1992 is 75.7 years (U.S.
Bureau of the Census, 1994).  The average life expectancy for males is 72.3 years, and 79
years for females.  Life expectancies for various subpopulations born in the years 1970 to
1992 are presented in Table 5-1.  Table 5-1 also indicates that life expectancy for white
              /
males (73.2 years) is longer than for Black males (65.5 years). Additionally, it indicates that
life expectancy for White females (79.7 years) is longer than for Black females (75.6).
Although current data suggest that 75 years would be an appropriate value to reflect the
average life expectancy of new members of the population, 70 years has been widely
accepted for conducting exposure assessments, and is the recommended value. However, it
should be noted that if gender is a factor considered in the assessment, the average life
expectancy value for females is higher than for males.  Also, if race is a consideration in
assessing exposure to male individuals, note that the life expectancy is about 8 years longer
for Whites than for Blacks.

5.2.   BODY WEIGHT STUDIES
       The purpose of this section is to describe published studies on body weight for the
U.S. population. The studies have been grouped as either key or relevant studies. The
classifications of these studies have been based on their applicability of the data to exposure
assessments.
                                         5-1
-------
Ttbk 5-1. Expectation of Life «1 Birth, 1970 to 1992, ind Projeclimt, 1995 to 20IO«
TOTAL
YEAR
Total Male Female
1970,, 	 , 	 70.8
1975 	 72.6
1980 	 	 	 73.7
1981 	 74.1
1982 	 74.5
1983 	 	 	 74.6
1984 	 74.7
1985 	 	 	 	 	 74.7
1986 	 74.7
1987 	 	 	 74.9
1988 	 74.9
1989 	 75.1
1990 	 75.4 ,
1991.... 	 75.5
1992 pel... 	 75.7
Projedionsb 1995 76.3
2000 76.7
2005 77.3
2010 77.9
67.1
68.8
70.0
70.4
70.8
71.0
71.1
71.1
71.2
71.4
71.4
71,7
71.8
71.0
72.3
72.8
73.2
73.8
74.5
74.7
76.6
77.4
77.8
78.1
78.1
78.2
78.2
78.2
78.3
78.3
78.5
78.8
78.9
79.0
79.7
80.2
80.7
81.3
* Exclude* deaths of nonresidents of the United States
b Based on middle mortality assumptions; for details, see U.S.
Source: Bureau of the Census, 1994.
Told
71.7
73.4
74.4
74.8
75.1
75.2
75.3
75.3
75.4
75.6
75.6
75.9
76.1
76.3
76.5
77.0
77.6
78.2
78.8
Bureau of the
WHITE
Male
68.0
69.5
70.7
71.1
71.5
71.6
71.8
71.8
71.9
72.1
72.2
72.5
72.7
72.9
73.2
73.7
74.3
74.9
75.6
Female
75.6
77.3
78.1
78.4
78.7
78.7
78.7
78.7
78.8
78.9
78.9
79.2
79.4
79.6
79.7
80.3
80.9
81.4
81.0
Census, Current Population
BLACK AND OTHER
Total Male Female
65.3
68.0
69.5
70.3
70.9
70.9
71.1
71.0
70.9
71.0
70.8
70.9
71.2
71.5
71,8
72.5
72.9
73.6
74.3
Reports,
61.3
63.7
65.3
66.2
66.8
67.0
67.2
67.0
66.8
66.9
66.7
66.7
67.0
67.3
67.8
68.2
68.3
69.1
69.9
Series P-25, No.
69.4
72.4
73.6
74.4
74.9
74.7
74.9
74.8
74.9
75.0
74.8
74.9
75.2
75.5
75.6
76.8
77.5
78.1
78.7
1018.
Total
64.1
66.8
68.1
68.9
69.4
69.4
69.5
69.3
69.1
69.1
68.9
68.8
69.1
69.3
69.8
70.3
70.2
70.7
71.3

BLACK
Male Female
60.0
62.4
63.8
64.5
65.1
65.2
65.3
65.0
64.8
64.7
64.4
64.3
64.5
64.6
65,5
65.8
65.3
65.9
66.5
,
i
68J
71.3
72.5
73.2
73.6
73.5
73.6
73.4
73.4
73.4
73.2
73.3
73.6
73.8
73.9
74.8
75.1
75.5
76.0
cr
o
o
f-j 1-3 O
H
O
-------
                                                                              DRAFT
                                                                       ! £..;• re?.1 CL/orz OR
5.2.1.  Key Body Weight Studies
       NCHS - Anthropometric Reference Data and Prevalence of Overweight, United States,
1976-80 - Statistics on anthropometric measurements, including body weight, for the U.S.
population were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) through the
second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). NHANES H was
conducted on a nationwide probability sample of approximately 28,000 persons, aged 6
months to 74 years, from the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the United States.
Of the 28,000 persons, 20,322 were interviewed and examined, resulting in a response rate
of 73.1 percent.  The survey began in February 1976 and was completed in February 1980.
The sample was selected so that certain subgroups thought to be at high risk of malnutrition
(persons with low incomes, preschool children and the elderly) were oversampled. The
estimates were weighted to reflect national population estimates.  The weighting was
accomplished by inflating examination results for each subject by the reciprocal of selection
probabilities adjusted to account for those who were not examined and post  stratifying by
race, age, and sex (NCHS,  1987).
       NHANES n collected anthropometric information on 20,322 individuals. Standard
body measurements, including height and weight, were made at various times of the day and
                                                        ;
in different seasons of the year.  This technique was used because one's weight may vary
between winter and summer and may fluctuate with recency of food and water intake and
other daily activities (NCHS, 1987). Mean body weights of adults, by age, and their
standard deviations are presented  in Table 5-2 for men, women, and both sexes combined.
Mean body weights and standard  deviations for children, ages 6 months to 19 years, are
presented in Table 5-3 for boys, girls, and boys and girls combined.  Percentile distributions
of the body weights of adults by age and race for males are presented  in Table 5-4, and for
females in Table 5-5.  Data for children by age are presented in Table 5-6 for males,  and for
females in Table 5-7.
       Results shown in Tables 3 and 4 indicate that the  mean weight  for adult males is 78.1
kg and for adult females, 65.4 kg.  It also shows that the mean weight for White males (78.5
kg) is greater than for Black males (77.9 kg). Additionally, mean weights are greater for
Black females (71.2 kg) than for White females  (64.8 kg).  From Table 5-3, the mean body
                                         5-3
-------
                        Table 5-2.  Body Weights of Adults' (kilograms)
Men
Age
18 < 25
25 < 35
35 < 45
45 < 55
55 < 65
65 < 75
18 < 75
Mean
73.8
78.7
80.9
80.9
78.8
74.8
78.1
Std.
Dev.
12.7
13.7
13.4
13.6
12.8
12.8
13.5
Women
Mean
60.6
64.2
67.1
68.0
67.9
66.6
65.4
Std.
Dev.
11.9
15.0
15.2
15.3
14.7
13.8
14.6
Men and women
Mean
67.2
71.5
74.0
74.5
73.4
70.7
71.8
*  Includes clothing weight, estimated as ranging from 0.09 to 0.28 kilogram.



   Source:  Adapted from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 1987.
                                             5-*
-------
Table 5-3. Body WrighU of CUikina' (kikgrtm*) '
Boyi
Age
6-11 months
1 yew
2 yean
3 years
4 years
5 yean
6 yean
7 yean
8 yean
9 yean
10 yean
11 yean
12 yean
13 yean
14 yean
IS yean
16 yean
17 yean
18 yean
19 yean
Mean
9.4
11.8
13,6
15.7
17.8
19.8
23.0
25.1
28.2
31.1
36.4
40.3
44.2
49.9
57.1
61.0
67.1
66.7
71.1
71.7
Std.
Dev.
1.3
1.9
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
3.9
6.2
6.3
7.7
10.1
10.1
12.3
11.0
11.0
12.4
11,5
12.7
11.6
Girli
Mean
8.8
10.8
13.0
14.9
17.0
19.6
22.1
24.7
27.9
31.9
36.1
41.8
46.4
50.9
54.8
55.1
58.1
59.6
59.0
60.2
Std.
Dev.
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.4
3J
4.0
5.0
5.7
8.4
8.0
10.9
10.1
11.8
11.1
9.8
10.1
11.4
11.1
11.0
I V; f T.V.,
U • .-:•'-->..,
••••--•- • . .- 1 o.
i " '• v •' . ;.- .-s^,.
Boyi and girli
Mean
9.1
11.3
13.3
15.3
17.4
19.7
22.6
24.9
28.1
31.5
36.3
41.1
45.3
50.4
56.0
58.1
62,6
63.2
65.1
66.0
Includes clothing weight, estimated as ranging from 0.09 to 0.28 kilogram.
Source:  Adapted from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 1987.
                                       5-5
-------
                         Table 5-4.   Weight in Kilograms for Males 18-74 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean, Standard
                                       Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Race and Age:  United States, 1976-1980'

Race and Age
Allrace*b
18-74 yean 	
18-24 yean 	
25-34 yean 	
35-44 yean 	
45-54 yean 	
55-64 yean 	
65-74 yean 	
White
18-74 yean 	
18-24 yean 	
25-34 yean 	
35-44 yean 	
45-54 yean 	
55-64 yean 	
65-74 yean 	
Black
18-74 yean 	
18-24 yean 	
25-34 yean 	
35-44 yean 	
45-54 yean 	
55-64 yean 	
65.74 yean 	


Number of
Examined
Persons
	 5,916
	 988
	 1,067
	 745
	 690
	 1,227
	 1,199
	 5,148
	 846
	 901
	 653
	 617
	 1,086
	 1,045
	 649
	 121
	 139
.... 70
	 62
.... 129
	 128


Mean
78.1
73.8
78.7
80.9
80.9
78.8
74.8
78.5
74.2
79.0
81.4
81.0
78.9
75.4
77.9
72.2
78.2
82.5
82.4
78.6
73.3


Standard
Deviation
13.5
12.7
13.7
13.4
13.6
12.8
12.8
13.1
12.8
13.1
12.8
13.4
12.4
12.4
15.2
12.0
16.3 .
15.4
14.5
14.7
15.3


5th
58.6
56.8
59.5
59.7
50.8
59.9
54.4
59.3
56.8
59.9
62.3
62.0
60.5
55.5
58.0
58.3
58.7
*«
*
56.8
52.5


10th
62.3
60.4
62.9
65.1
65.2
63.8
58.5
62.8
60.5
63.7
66.6
66.1
64.5
59.5
61.1
60.9
63.4
61.7
64.7
61.4
56.7


15th
64.9
61.9
65.4
67.7
67.2
66.4
61.2
65.5
62.0
65.9
68.8
67.3
66.6
62.5
63.6
62.3
64.9
65.2
67.0
64.3
58.0

Perccnti
25th
68.7
64.8
69.3
72.1
71.7
70.2
66.1
69.4
65.0
69.8
72.9
71.9
70.6
67.0
67.2
64.9
68.4
697
73.2
680
61.0

He
50th
76.9
72.0
77.5
79.9
79.0
77.7
74.2
77.3
72.4
78.0
80.1
79.0
78.2
74.7
75.3
70.8
75.3
83 1
81.8
770
71.2


75th
85.6
80.3
85.6
88.1
89.4
85.6
82.7
85.6
80.6
85.6
88.2
89.4
85.6
83.0
85.4
77.1
84.4
94.8
93.0
86.5
81.1


85th
91.3
85.1
91.1
94.8
94.5
90.5
87.9
91.4
85.5
91.3
94.6
94.2
90.4
87.9
92.9
81.8
90.6
100.4
100.0
93.8
90.8


90th
95.7
90.4
95.1
98.8
99.5
94.7
91.2
95.5
91.0
95.3
98.7
99.0
94.5
91.2
98.3
83.7
92.2
104.2
102.5
98.6
97.3


95th
102.7
99.5
102.7
104.3
105.3
102.3
96.6
102.3
100.0
102.7
104.1
104.5
101.7
96.0
105.4
93.6
106.3
* .
* •
104.7'
105.1

* Includes clothing weight, estimated as ranging from 0.09 to 0.28 kilogram.
b Includes all other races not shown as separate categories.
c Data not available.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 1987.
-------
                               Table 5-5,   Weight to Kilograms for Females 18-74 Years of Age—Number Examined, Mean, Standard
                                           Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Race and Age: United States, 1976-1980"
Ul
Race and Age
AH races'1
18-74 years 	
18-24 yean 	
25-34 years 	
35-44 yean 	
45-54 yean 	
55-64 yean 	
65-74 yean 	
While
18-74 yean 	
18-24 yean 	
25-34 yean 	
35-44 yean 	
45-54 yean 	 	
55-64 yean 	
65-74 yean 	 	
Black
18-74 yean 	
18-24 yean 	
25-34 yean 	
35-44 yean 	
45-54 yean 	 	
55-64 yean 	
65.74 yean 	

Number of
Examined
'Persons
	 6,588
	 1,066
	 1,170
	 844
	 763
	 1,329
	 1,416
	 S(686
	 892
	 1,000
	 726
, 	 647
	 1,176
	 1,245
	 ?g2
	 147
	 145
	 103
	 100
	 135
	 152



Standard
Mean Deviation
65.4
60.6
64.2
67.1
68.0
67.9
66.6
64.8
60.4
63.6
66.1
67.3
67.2
66.2
71.2
63.1
69.3
75.3
77.7
75.8
72.4
* Includes clothing weight, estimated as ranging from 0.09 to
* Includes an other races not shown as separate categories.
Source: National Center for Health Statute, 1987.
14.6
11.9
15.0
15.2
15.3
14.7
13.8
14,1
11.6
14.5
14.5
14.4
14.4
13.7
17.3
13,9
16.7
18.4
18.8
16.4
13.6
0.28 kilogram.

5th
47.7
46.6
47.4
49.2
48.5
48.6
47.1
47.7
47.3
47.3
49.3
48.6
48.5
47.2
48.8
46.2
48,3
50.7
55.1
54.2
52.9


10th
50.3
49.1
49.6
52.0
51.3
51.3
50.8
50.3
49.5
49.5
51.8
51.3
50.7
50.7
51.6
49.0
50.8
55.2
60.3
55.2
56.4


15th
52.2
50.6
51.4
53.3
53.3
54.1
53.2
52,2
50.8
51.3
52.9
53.4
53.7
52.9
55.1
50.6
53.1
57.2
60.8
57.6
60.3

Percentile
25th 50th
55.4 62.4
53.2 58.0
54.3 60.9
56.9 63.4
57.3 65.5
57.3 65.2
57.4 64.8
55.2 62.1
53.3 57.9
54.0 60.6
56.3 62.4
57.0 65.0
57.1 64.7
57.2 64.3
59.1 67.8
53.8 60.4
57.8 65.3
63.0 70.2
64.5 74.3
65.4 74.6
64.0 70,0


75th
72.1
65.0
69.6
73.9
75.7
75.3
73.8
71.1
64.8
68.9
71.9
74.8
74.5
72.9
80.6
70.0
80.2
85.2
83.6
83.4
82.2


85th
79.2
70.4
78.4
81.7
82.1
82.3
79.8
77.9
69.7
76.3
79.7
81.1
81.8
79.2
87.4
75.8
87.1
95.3
94.5
91.9
84.4


90th
84.4
75.3
84.1
87.5
87.6
87.5
84,4
83.3
74.3
81.5
85.8
85.6
86.2
84.3
94.9
79.1
91.5
103.5
98.2
95.5
86.5


95th
93.1
82.9
93.5
98.9
96.0
95.1
91.3
91,5
82.4
89.7
94.9
94.5
92.8
91.2
105.1
89.3
102.7
113.1
117.5
108.5
98 T~
o
w
£1
C3
O
§
i-i d
*>$
S3
%
O
M
-------
                          Table 5-6.   Weight in Kilograms for Males 6 Months-19 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean, Standard
                                      Deviation, and Selected Perceatiles, by Sex and Age: United States,  1976498CP
<5o
Sex and Age
Male
6-11 Months
1 Yean ....
2 vcan ....
3 yean ...
4 yean ....
5 vean ....

7 yean ....
8 vean ....
9 yean . . .
10 yean . . .
11 yean . . .
12 yean . .
13 yean . .
14 yean . .
15 yean , .
16 yean • .
17 yean . .
18 yean . .
19 yean . .

Number of
Examined
feaooM
	 179
	 370
	 	 375
	 	 	 	 418
	 404
	 397
	 133
	 148
	 147
	 145
	 157
	 	 155
	 145
	 	 173
	 	 , 	 186
	 184
	 178
	 173
	 164
	 148



Standard
Mean Deviation
9.4
11.8
13.6
15.7
17,8
19,8
23.0
25.1
28.2
31.1
36.4
403
44.2
49.9
57.1
61.0
67.1
66.7
71.1
71.7
* Includes doming weight, estimated as ranging from 0.09
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 1987.
1.3
1.9
1.7
2.0
2.5
3,0
4.0
3.9
6.2
63
7.7
10.1
10.1
123
11.0
11.0
12.4
11.5
12.7
11.6
to 0.28

5th
7.5
9.6
11.1
12.9
14.1
16.0
18.6
19.7
20.4
24.0
27.2
26.8
30.7
35.4
41.0
46.2
51.4
50.7
54.1
55.9
kilogram.

10th
7.6
10.0
11.6
13.5
15.0
16.8
19.2
20.8
22.7
25.6
28.2
28.8
32.5
37.0
44.5
49.1
543
53.4
56.6
57.9


15th
8,2
10.3
11.8
13.9
15,3
17,1
19.8
21.2
23.6
26.0
29.6
31.8
35.4
38.3
46.4
50.6
56.1
54.8
603
60.5

Peieentile
25th 50th
8.6 9,4
10.8 11,7
12.6 13.5
14.4 15.4
16.0 17.6
17.7 19.4
20.3 22.0
22.2 24.8
24.6 27.5
27.1 30.2
31.4 34.8
33.5 37.3
37.8 42.5
40.1 48.4
49.8 56.4
54.2 50.1
58.7 64,4
578.7 65.8
61.9 70.4
63.8 69.5


75th
10.1
12.6
14J
16.8
19.0
213
24.1
26.9
29.9
33.0
39.2
46.4
48.8
563
633
64.9
73.6
72.0
76.6
77.9


85th
10.7
13.1
15.2
17.4
19.9
22.9
26.4
28.2
33.0
35.4
43.5
52.0
52.6
59.8
66.1
68.7
78.1
76.8
80.0
84.3


90th
10.9
13.6
15.8
17,9
20.9
23.7
28.3
29.6
35.5
38.6
463
57.0
58.9
64.2
68.9
72.8
82.2
823
83.5
86.8


95th
11.4
14.4
16,5
19,1
22.2
25.4
30.1
33.9
39.1
43.1
53.4
61.0
67,5
69.9
77.0
813
91.2
88.9
953
92.1
i- °
^ §a
H3'° '^
^ O »-J
M
O
-------
Table 5-7.   Weight in Kilograms for Females 6 Months-19 Years of Age-Number Examined, Mean, Standard
            Deviation, and Selected Percentiles, by Sex and Age:  United States, 1976-1980P
Sex and Age
Female
6-11 Months 	
1 yean 	
2 yean 	
3 Yean 	
4 yean 	 	 	
5 wan iiiiiiiiij,.
6 yean 	 	
7 yean 	
8 yean 	
9 yean . 	 	 	
10 years 	
11 yean 	
12 yean 	 	 	
13 yean ..»,,...,»,
14 yean 	 	 	
15 yean 	
16 yean 	 	
17 yean 	 	
18 yean 	
19 yean 	

Number of
Examined
Persons
	 177
	 336
	 336
	 366
	 396
	 364
...... 135
	 157
	 123
...... 149
...... 136
	 140
	 147
	 162
...... 178
	 145
	 170
	 134
170
	 158

* Includes clothing weight, estimated as ranging from
Source: National Center for Health Statistic*, 1987.


Standard
Mean Deviation
8.8
10.8
13.0
14.9
17.0
19.6
22.1
24.7
27.9
31.9
36.1
41.8
46.4
50.9
54.8
55.1
58.1
59.6
59.0
60.2
0.09 to
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.4
3.3
4.0
5.0
5.7
8.4
S.O
10.9
10.1
11.8
11.1
9.8
10.1
11.4
11.1
11.0
0.28 kilogram.

5th
6.6
8.8
10.8
11.7
13.7
15.3
17.0
19.2
21.4
22.9
25.7
29.8
32.3
35.4
40.3
44.0
44.1
44.5
45.3
48.5


10th
7.3
9.1
11.2
12.3
14.3
16.1
17.8
19.5
22.3
25.0
27.5
30.3
35.0
39.0
42.8
45.1
47.3
48.9
49.5
49.7


15th
7.5
9.4
11.6
12.9
14.5
16.7
18.6
19.8
23.3
25.8
29.0
31.3
36.7
40.3
43.7
46.5
48.9
50.5
50.8
51.7

Percentfle
25th 50th
7.9 8.9
9.9 10.7
12.0 12.7
13.4 14.7
15.2 16.7
17.2 19.0
19.3 21.3
21.4 23.8
24.4 27.5
27.0 29.7
31.0 34.5
33.9 40.3
39.1 45.4
44.1 49.0
47.4 53.1
48.2 53.3
51.3 55.6
52.2 58.4
52.8 56.4
53.9 57.1


75th
9.4
11.7
13.8
16.1
18.4
21.2
23.8
27.1
30.2
33.6
39.5
45.8
52.6
55.2
60.3
59.6
62.5
63.4
63.0
64.4


85th
10.1
12.4
14.5
17.0
19.3
22.8
26.6
28.7
31.3
39.3
44.2
51.0
58.0
60.9
65.7
62.2
68.9
61.4
66.0
70.7


90th
10.4
12.7
14.9
17.4
20.2
24.7
28.9
30.3
33.2
43.3
45.8
56.6
60.5
66.4
67.6
65.5
73.3
71.6
70.1
74.8


95th
10.9
13.4
15.9
18.4
21.1
26.6
29.6
34.0
36.5
48.4
49.6
60.0
64.3
76.3
75.2
76.6
76.8
81.8
78.0
78.1
._ _..__
1 ,- °
1 -i
'••' O K-3
t-j
o
j a
-------
                                                                     I       DRAFT
                                                                      DO NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                         --..   CITE
weights for girls and boys are approximately the same from ages 6 months to 14 years.
Starting at years 15-19, the difference in mean body weight ranges from 6-11 kg.

5.2.2. Other Relevant Body Weight Studies
       Burmaster et al. (Submitted 2/19/94 to Risk Analysis for Publication) - Lognormal
Distributions of Body Weight as a Function of Age for Female and Male Children in the
United States - Burmaster et al. (1994), performed data analysis to fit normal and lognormal
distributions to the body weights of female and male children at  age 6 months to 20 years
(Burmaster et al., 1994).
       Data used in this analysis were from the second survey of the National Center for
Health Statistics (NHANES n) of 4,079 females and 4,379 males 6 months to 20 years of
age in the U.S. (Burmaster  et al., 1994).  The data of NCHS had been statistically adjusted
for non-response and probability of selection and stratified by age, sex, and race to reflect
the whole U.S. population prior to reporting (Burmaster et al., 1994).  Burmaster et al.
(1994) conducted exploratory and quantitative data analyses, and fit normal and lognormal
distributions to percentiles of body weight for children. Cumulative distribution functions
(CDFs) were plotted for female and male body weights on both linear and logarithmic  scales.
       Two models were used to assess the probability density functions (PDFs) of children's
body weight. Linear and quadratic regression lines were fitted to the data.  A number of
goodness-of-fit measures between the two models were conducted.  Burmaster et al. (1994)
found that lognormal distributions give strong fits to the body weights of children, ages 6
months to 20 years.  Statistics for the lognormal probability plots are presented in Tables 5-8
and 5-9. These data can be used for further analyses,  i.e., Monte Carlo.
       Brainard and Burmaster - Bivariate Distributions for Height and Weight of Men and
Women in the  United States - Brainard and Burmaster (1992) examined data on the height
and weight of adults published by the U.S. Public Health Service and fit bivariate
distributions to the tabulated values for men and women, separately.
       Height and weight of 5,916 men and 6,588 women in the age range of 18-74 years
were taken from the NHANES n Study and statistically adjusted to represent the U.S.
population aged 18-74 years with regard to age structure, sex, and race. Estimation
                                        5-10
-------
                                                                         •DRAFT
                                                                   £0 HOT QUOTS OR
                                                                      «*  CITE
      Table 5-8.   Statistics  for  Probability Plot Regression Analyses; Female's  Body
                   Weights 6 Months to 20 Years of Age
              	Lognormal Probability Plots	
                                 	  Linear Curve	

               Age                            PZ                         02*
6 months to 1
Ito2
2to3
3to4
4 to 5
5to6
6to7
7to8
8 to 9
9 to 10
10 to 11
11 to 12
12 to 13
13 to 14
14 to 15
15 to 16
16 to 17
17 to 18
18 to 19
19 to 20
2.16
2.38
2.56
2.69
2.83
2.98
3.10
3.19
3.31
3.46
3.57
3.71
3.82
3.92
3.99
4.00
4.06
4.08
4.07
4.10
0.145
0.128
0.112
0.137
0.133
0.163
0.174
0.174
0.156
0.214
0.199
0.226
0.213
0.216
0.187
0.156
0.167
0.165
0.147
0.149
*   A*2> °2 " correspond to the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the lognormal
    distribution.

Source; Burmaster etal., 1994.
                                       5-11
-------
                                                                    I       DRAFT
                                                                    ' C.O  FOT  QUOl-jE  CR
       Table 5-9.    Statistics for Probability Plot Regression Analyses; Male's Body Weights
                    6 Months to 20 Years of Age
                              Lognormal Probability Plots

                                                Linear Curve
Age j*2* °2*
6 months to 1
1 to2
2to3
3 to 4
4to5
5to6
6to7
7to8
8 to 9
9 to 10
10 to 11
11 to 12
12 to 13
13 to 14
14 to 15
15 to 16
16 to 17
17 to 18
18 to 19
19 to 20
2.23
2.46
2.60
2.75
2.87
2.99
3.13
3.21
3.33
3.43
3.59
3.69
3.78
3.88
4.02
4.09
4.20
4.19
4.25
4.26
0.132
0.119
0.120
0.114
0.133
0.138
0.145
0.151
0.181
0.165
0.195
0.252
0.224
0.215
0.181
0.159
0.168
0.167
0.159
0.154
*   /*2» °2 " correspond to the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the lognormal
    distribution.

Source: Burmaster et aL, 1994.
                                        5-12
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO NOI QUOTE OR
                                                                    YK-  CITE
techniques were used to fit normal distributions to the cumulative marginal data and          '
goodness-of-fit tests were used to test the hypothesis that height and lognormal weight follow
a normal distribution for each sex. It was found that the marginal distributions, of height
and lognormal weight for both men and women, are Gaussian in form. This conclusion was
reached by visual observation and the high R2 values obtained using linear regression.  The
R3 values for men's height and lognormal weight are reported to be 0.999.  The R2 values
for women's height and lognormal weight are 0.999 and 0.985, respectively.
       Brainard and Burmaster fit bivariate distributions to estimated numbers of men and
women aged 18-74 years in cells representing 1 inch intervals in height and 10 pound
intervals in weight.  Adjusted height and lognormal weight data for men were fit to a single
bivariate normal distribution with an estimated mean height of 69.2 inches and an estimated
mean weight of 173.2 pounds. For women, height and lognormal weight data were fit to a
pair of superimposed bivariate normal distributions (Brainard and Burmaster, 1992).  The
average height and weight for women were estimated from the combined bivariate analyses.
Mean height for women was estimated to be 63.8 inches and mean weight was estimated to
be 145.0 pounds.  For women, a calculation using a single bivarite normal distribution gave
poor results (Lloyd and Burmaster, 1994).  According to Brainard and Burmaster,  the
distributions are suitable for use in Monte Carlo simulation.

5.2.3.  Recommendations
       The mean body weight for all adults (male and female, all age groups) combined is
71.8 kg as shown in Table 5-2.  The mean values for each age group in Table 5-2 were
derived by adding the body weights for men and women and dividing by 2. The 71.8 kg
value can be rounded to 70 kg and is the recommended as the body weight to be used for
adults if distribution data are not needed.  If age and sex distribution of the  exposed
population is known, the mean body weight values in Table 5-2 can be used. If percentile
data are needed or if race is a factor, Tables 5-4 and 5-5 can be used to select the
appropriate data for percentiles or mean values. For children, appropriate mean values for
weights may be selected from Table 5-3. If percentile values are needed, these data are
presented in Table 5-6 for male children  and in Table 6 for female children. Using the body
                                       5-13
-------
                                                                 I       DHAFT
                                                                 j BO EfOT QUOTE OR
                                                                    -.    CITS
weight data in Table 5-3, and the corresponding population percentages in TaBle 5-6, the'~r"~
average body weight for the entire population of individuals age 6 months to 19 years was
calculated to be 36 kg. This value may be used as a default body weight value for the entire
population of children under 19 years if specific age groups are not used.

5.3.   ACTIVITY PATTERNS
       In exposure assessments, a person's average daily dose can be determined from a
combination of variables including the pollutant concentration, exposure duration, and
frequency of exposure. These variables can be dependent on human activity patterns and
time spent at each activity/location.  A person's total exposure can be predicted using
indirect approaches such as computerized models.  This indirect approach of predicting
exposure also requires activity patterns (time use) data.
       The purpose of this section is to describe published time use studies that provide
information on  time-activity patterns of the national population and various sub-populations in
the U.S. The studies involve survey designs where time diaries were used to collect
information on  the time spent at various activities and locations for children, adolescents, and
adults, and for  certain demographic and socioeconomic data. Available studies on time-
activity data are summarized in the following sections, and they are grouped as key studies
or other relevant studies.  The classifications of these studies are based on the applicability of
their data to exposure assessments.  It should be noted that other site-limited studies, based
on small sample sites, are available,  but are not presented in this section.  The studies
presented in this section are ones believed to be the most  appropriate for the purpose of the
Handbook.

5.3.1. Key Activity Pattern Studies
      Robinson - Changes in Americans' Use of Time: 1965-1975 - Robinson (1977)
compared time  use data obtained from two national surveys mat were conducted in 1965-
1966 and in 1975. Each survey used the time-diary method to collect data. The 1965-66
survey excluded the people in the following categories:  (a) non-SMSA's (Census Bureau
areas with no city more than 50,000 population); (b) households where no adult members
                                         5-14
-------
                                                                !       DRAFT       '
                                                                 C.D K3T QUOTE OB
                                                                   •«»,  GUIS
were in the labor force for at least 10 hours per week; (c) age 65 and over; and (d) farm-
related occupations (Robinson, 1977). The 1,244 respondents in the 1965-66 study included
either employed men and women or housewives (Robinson, 1977).  The survey was
conducted between November-December 1965 and March-April 1966. Respondents recorded
their daily activities in time diaries by using the "tomorrow" approach.  In this approach,
diaries were kept on the day following the interviewer's initial contact.  The interviewer then
made a second call to the respondent to determine if the information in diaries were correct
and to obtain additional data. Only one person per household was interviewed.  The survey
was designed to obtain information on time spent with family members, time spent at various
locations during activities, and time spent performing primary and secondary activities.
       A similar study was conducted in 1975.  Unlike the 1965-1966 survey, the 1975
survey included rural areas, farmers, the unemployed, students, and retirees. The 1975
survey was conducted October through December.  Time diary data were collected using the
"yesterday" approach.  In this approach, interviewers made only one contact with
respondents (greater than 1500) and the diaries were filled out based on a 24-hour recall
(Robinson, 1977).  Time diary data were also collected from the respondents spouses.
       In both surveys, the various activities were coded into 96 categories, and then were
combined into  five major categories.  Free-time activities were grouped into 5 sub-categories
(Appendix Table 5A-1).  In order to compare data obtained from both surveys, Robinson
(1977) excluded the same population groups in the 1975 survey that were excluded in the
1965-66 survey (i.e., fanners, rural residents).
       Results obtained from the surveys were presented by gender, age,  marital and
employment status, race, and education. Robinson  (1977) reported the data collected in
hours/weeks, however, the method for converting daily activities to  hours/weeks were not
presented. Table 5-10 shows the differences in time use by gender, employment, and marital
status for five major activity categories and five subcategories for 1965 and 1975.  Time
spent on  work related activities (i.e. work for pay and family care) was lower in 1975 than
in 1965 for employed men and women.  Table 5-10 also shows mat there was an overall
increase in free time activities for all the six groups.  The difference in time use in 1965 and
1975 are presented by  age, education, and race in Tables 5-11, 5-12, and 5-13, respectively.
                                        5-15
-------
                  Table 5-10.    Differences in Time Use (hours/week)* Grouped by Sex, Employment Status, and Marital Status for the Surveys
                                Conducted in 1965 and 1975
0\
Employed Men
Urban Data
1965
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total Time
(Free)

1975
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Married
(N=448)
53.1
51.3
9.0
20.9
33.7
2.6
17.1
7.2
1.4
5.4
168.0
03.7)

(N=245)
53.4
47.4
9.7
21.4
Single
(N=73)
50.6
51.4
7.7
22.2
36.1
3.6
13.9
10.4
1.3
6.9
168.0
(36.1)

(N=87)
54.1
40.0
9.0
20.0
Employed Women
Married
(N=190)
53.8
38.4
28.8
20.3
26.7
1.4
10.7
7.9
0.6
6.1
168.0
(26.7)

(N=117)
55.1
30.1
24.9
26.2
Single
(N=152)
52.6
39.8
20.6
21.7
33.3
3.7
11.1
9.6
0.5
8.4
168.0
(33.3)

(N=108)
54.3
38.8
16.6
21.9
Housewives
Married
(N=341)
53.9
0.5
50.0
22.6
41.0
3.4
15.3
12.6
0.6
9.1
168.0
(41.0)

(N=141)
56.8
1.1
44.3
21.4
Single
(N=14)
58.8
1.6
45.7
23.0
38.9
3.4
19.1
10.2
1.1
5.1
168.0
(38.9)

(N=28)
58.6
0.0
42.8
19.2
Total
Sample

(N=1218)
53.3
33.0
25.4
21.5
34.8
2.8
14.7
9.4
0.9
7.0
168.0
(34.8)
.*•••*""" *** •• -•"••""» 	 "i
(N=726) 1 £ "
54.7! .jji-?
32.s! i/^
20.5; '':•''
21.8! G
-------
I
(-»

-J
                    Table 5-10.    Differences in Time Use (hours/week)* Grouped by Sex, Employment Status, and Marital Status for the Surveys

                                  Conducted in 1965 and 1975  (continued)
Employed Men
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total Time
(Free)
36.1
3.7
18.9
6.4
1.3
5,8
168.0
(36.1)
44.9
4.8
18.5
8.9
4.1
8.6
168.0
(44.9)
Employed
31.7
1.1
15.6
6.6
0.8
6.5
168.0
(31.7)
Women
36.4
4.4
14.5
8.9
0.5
8.1
168.0
(36.4)
Housewives
44.4
4.8
20.4
10.1
0.7
8.4
168.0
(44.4)
47.4
3.0
27.2
9.1
0.4
7.7
168.0
(47.4)
Total
Sample
38.5
3.8
18.2
7.8
1.3
7.4
168.0
(38.5)
      *  Data weighted to ensure equal days of the week.



      Source: Robinson, 1977.
                                                                                                                                          D
                                                                                                                                          O

                                                                                                                                          a
                                                                                                                                          i
-------
                                   Tiblc5-ll. Tune Ute flwuri/week)1 Difference* by Age for Iks Surveys Contacted ia 1965 and 1975
00
Mean Duration (hn/wk)
Age Group
18-25

Activity
Sleep
Wo* for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Free Time

Organization*
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other
Leisure
Total (Free)
Time
1 'Data weighted to

Source; Robinson,


1965
(N=200)
54,2
32.6
21.2
20.9
39.1
4.8

13.8
11.3
0.9
8.3

168.0
(39.1)
1975
(N=149)
55.4
27.0
15.3
20.3
50.0
8.4

18.5
10.7
2.6
9.8

168.0
(50.0)
25-35
1965
(N=321)
52.5
29,2
30.4
20.3
35.6
3.0

14.6
10.3
1,2
6.5

168.0
(35,6)
1975
(N=234)
53.9
33.4
21.6
20.8
38.4
4.2

17.2
1.7
1.3
7.0

168.0
(38.4)
3645
1965
(N=306)
53.1
33.1
25.4
22.5
33.8
3.0

14.5
8.4
0.8
7.1

168.0
(33.8)
1975
(N-1SO)
54.7
34.4
20.4
21.1
37.3
3.3

18.3
7,8
1.0
6.9

168.0
(37.3)
46-55
1965
(N=252)
53.9
33.4
24.9
22.4
33.4
2.0

15.3
8.6
0.6
6.9

168.0
(33.4)
1975
(NM141)
55,4
-31.0
23.2
23.1
35.2
3.1

18.8
5.4
1.3
6.6

168.0
(35.2)
ensure equal dayi of the week.

1977.






























56-65
1965 1975
(N=156) (N=lll)
53.6 56.0
35.9 20,4
20.4 23.2
20.9 26.6
37.1 41.8
2,9 3.2

17.4 22.6
8.1 6.2
1.1 1.3
7.6 8.5

168.0 168.0
(37.1) (41.8) |~" ^
* °
" 0
S.o > i
^ O i-3
>-3
O
-------
                                        Table 5-12. Time Use (hours/week)1 Differences by Education for the Surveys Conducted in 1965 and 1975
V
Mean duration (hours/week)
Age Group
Activity
Steep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total (Free) Time
* Data weighted to
Source: Robinson,



1965
(N=171)
54.9
31.6
24.7
20.8
35.9
1.8
19.3
7.7
0.9
6.3
168.0
(36.0)
0-8
1975
(N=75)
57.0
30.0
18.7
22.9
39.4
3.0
18.0
8.4
1.3
8.7
168.0
(39.4)
9-11
1965
(N=220)
52.3
33.1
25.4
20.9
36.1
1.5
16.5
9.8
1.4
7.0
168.0
(36.2)
1975
(N=114)
53.7
32.0
21.7
22.0
38.6
2.2
20.7
7.9
0.7
7.1
168.0
(38.6)
1965
(N=452)
53.0
30.9
28.9
21.1
34.1
2.5
14.2
9.5
0.7
7.2
168.0
(34.1)
12
1975
(N=319)
55.5
26.9
23.5
22.1
40.0
3.7
19.0
8.5
1.3
7.5
168.0
(40.0)
13-15
1965
(N=195)
53.6
34.4
21.7
21.7
36.5
5.8
13.3
9.0
1.1
7.4
168.0
(36.6)
1975
(N=137)
53.6
27.5
18.9
10.5
47.5
9.1
19.7
7.7
2.0
9.0
168.0
(47.5)
ensure equal days of the week.
1977.
















16+
1965 1975
(N=191) (N=144)
53.6 54.8
34.5 38.0
21.2 16.8
22.7 22.3
35.9 36.1
4.7 4.1
12.5 16.2
10.2 8.1
0.9 1.3
7.7 6.4
168.0 168.0
(36.0) (36,1)
i t)
o
1-3
§
-------
    Table 5-13.  Time Use (hours/week)* Differences by Race for the Surveys ConducisdJ
                                                                                DRAFT
                                                                          DO  NOT QUOTE  OR !
                                                                                 CITS
Mean duration (hours/week)
Activity
Sleep
Work for Pay
Family Care
Personal Care
Free Time
Organizations
Media
Social Life
Recreation
Other Leisure
Total (Free)
1965
(N - 1030)
53.4
31.9
26.0
21.8
34.9
2.8
14.8
9.3
1.1
6.9
168.0
(34.9)
White
1975
(N = 680)
54.5
30.0
21.1
22.1
40.3
4.4
18.7
8.2
1.5
7.5
168.0
(40.3)
1965
(N - 103)
50.9
36.6
23.6
20.0
36.9
3.0
15.7
9.1
0.6
8.4
168.0
(36.8)
Black
1975
(N = 77)
54.8
30.0
17.6
21.0
44.6
4.9
19.6
9.8
0.4
9.9
168.0
(44.6)
    Data weighted to ensure equal days of die week.
Source: Robinson, 1977.
                                             5-20
-------
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                   DO J?0r QUOTE OH
                                                                          CITE
These tables include data for students and certain employed respondents that were excluded
in Table 5-10 (Robinson, 1977).  In 1975, the eldest group (ages 56-65) showed a decline in
paid work, and an increase in family care, personal care and sleep (Table 5-11). Education
level comparisons across the ten-year interval indicated that the less educated had a decrease
in paid work, an increase in sleep and personal care; the most educated had an increase in
work time and a decrease in other leisure (Table 5-12). For racial comparisons, Blacks spent
less time at paid work than Whites across the ten-year interval (Table 5-13).  Table 5-13 also
shows that Blacks spent more time man Whites for free time activities in 1975.
      A limitation of this study is that statistical analysis of the data set were not provided.
Additional  limitations are that the time use data are old and the data may not reflect current
changes in time use.  The 1965 and  1975 data set excluded certain population groups and,
therefore, may not be entirely representative of the U.S. population.  An advantage of this
study is that time use data were presented by age, gender, race, education level, and
employment and marital status.  Another advantage is that earlier investigations on the study
method  (24-hr recall) employed in the 1965 study revealed no systematic biases in reported
activities (Robinson,  1977).  Robinson (1977) also noted that the time-diary method provides
a "zero-sum" measure (i.e., since there are only 24 daily  hours or 168 weekly hours, if time
on one activity increases then time on another activity must decrease). Another limitation
that is these are short-term studies and may not necessarily represent long-term activity
patterns.
      luster et al - 1975-1981 'lime Use Longitudinal Panel Study - The Time Allocation
data series  in the U.S. began with the first survey in 1965-66 as part of a multinational
project.  Time use was measured by a single 24-hour diary (luster et al., 1983). A second
national time use survey was conducted in 1975-1976 and another in 1981 (luster et al.
1983).  luster et al.  (1983) provided study descriptions of the second and third surveys.  The
surveys  included a probability sample of adult population  (18 years and older) and children
             i
between the ages of 3 and 17 in the United States. In both surveys, time use was measured
from 24-hour recall diaries administered to respondents and their spouses.  The 1975-1976
survey involved four waves of interview: wave 1, October-November 1975; wave 2,
February 1976; wave 3, May-June 1976; wave 4, September 1976. The first wave was a
                                        5-21
-------
                                                                      DRAIT
                                                                DO NOT QUOfE OR
                                                                       CITE
personal interview and the other three waves were telephone interviews.  The 1975-1976
survey sample consisted of 2,300 individuals, and of that sample,  IS 19 respondents.  Four
recall diaries (one from each wave of interviews) were obtained from 947 respondents with
data on time use measures for two weekdays, one Saturday, and one Sunday. The survey
was designed to gather information for: employment status; earnings and other income;
"consumption benefits for activities of respondents and their spouses;" health, friendships and
associations of the respondents; stock technology available to the household, house repair,
and maintenance activities of the family; division of labor in household work and related
attitudes; physical characteristics of the respondents housing structure, networth and housing
values; job characteristics; characteristics of mass media usage on a typical day (luster
etal., 1983).
       The 1981 survey was a follow-up of respondents and spouses who had completed at
least three waves  of interview in the  1975-1976 survey. For the 1981 survey, 920
individuals were eligible.  The survey design was similar to the 1975-1976 survey, however
in this survey, the adult population was 25 years  and older and consisted of 620 respondents.
Four waves of interviews were conducted between February - March  1981 (wave 1), May -
June 1981 (wave 2), September 1981 (wave 3), and November - December (wave 4). The
1981 survey included the respondents* children between the ages of 3 and 17. The survey
design for children provided information on time use measures from two time diary reports:
one school day and one non-school day. In addition, information for  academic achievement
measures, school and family life measures, and ratings from the children's teachers were
gathered during the survey.
      luster et al. (1983) did not report the time use data obtained for the 1975-1976 survey
or the 1981  survey.  These data are stored in four tape files and can be obtained from the
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) in Michigan. The
response rate for the first wave of interview (1975-76 survey) based on the original sample
population was 66 percent, and the subsequent waves ranged from 42 percent (wave 4) to 50
percent  (wave 2). In the 1981 survey, the response rate based on  eligible respondents was
67 percent for the first interview, and ranged from 54 percent (wave 4) to 60 percent (wave
2) in the subsequent interviews (Juster et al., 1985).  The 1975-1976 survey included 87
                                        5-22
-------
                                                                  !       DRAFT
                                                                  ' DO NOT  QUOTE OR
activities. In the 1981 survey, these 87 activities were broken down into ^mallei	
components, resulting in 223 activities (luster et al., 1985). The activity codes and
descriptors used for the adult time diaries in both surveys are presented in Appendix
Table 5A-1.
       A limitation of this study is that time use data which would be useful in exposure
assessments were not presented. Another limitation is that time use data collected were
based on a 24-hour diary recall. This may somewhat bias the data set obtained from this
survey. An advantage associated with this survey is that it provides a data base of
information on various human activities.  This information can be used to assess various
exposure pathways and scenarios associated with these activities. Also, some of the data
from these surveys were used in the studies conducted by Timmer et al.  (1985) and Hill
(1985). In addition, the activity descriptor codes developed in these studies were used by
Timmer et al (1985), Hill (1985), and Robinson and Thomas (1991). The studies are also
presented in this section.  Another advantage of this survey is that the data are based on a
national survey and conducted over a one year period, resulting in a seasonally balanced
survey and one representative of the U.S. population.
       Timmer et al. - How Children Use Time - Timmer et al. (1985) conducted a study
using the data obtained on children's time use from a 1981-1982 Panel follow-up of 1975-
1976 households.  Respondents (922) in this study were those that completed at least three
out of four waves of interview in the 1975 - 1976 survey.  The survey was conducted
February through December 1981, and households were contacted four times during a 3
month interval of the survey period. The first contact was a personal interview, followed by
subsequent telephone interviews for most of the respondents. However,  families with
children were contacted personally and questionnaires were administered to three children per
household.
       The children  surveyed were between the ages of 3 through 17 years old and were
interviewed twice.  The questionnaires administered to children had two components: a time
diary and a standardized interview. The time diary involved children reporting their
activities beginning at 12.00 a.m. the previous night; the duration and location of each
activity; the presence of another individual; and whether they were performing other
                                        5-23
-------
                                                                         DRAFT
                                                                       2:01  eu •.:•:::•! or<
activities at the same time. The standardised interview administered to tfie children was to
gather information about their psychological, intellectual (using reading comprehension tests),
and emotional well-being; their hopes and goals; their family environment; and their attitudes
and beliefs.
       For preschool children, parents provided information about their previous day
activities.  Children in first through third grades completed the time diary with their parents
and, in addition, completed reading tests. Children in the fourth grade and above provided
their own diary information and participated in the interview.  Parents were asked to assess
their children's socioemotional and intellectual development.  A survey form was sent to a
teacher of each school-age child to evaluate each child's socioemotional and intellectual
development.
       The mean time spent performing major activities on weekdays and weekends by age
and sex, and type of day is presented in Table 5-14.  On weekdays, children spend about 30
percent of their time sleeping, 20 percent in school, and  10 percent eating, washing,
dressing, and performing other personal activities (Timmer et al., 1985).  The data in
Table 5-14 indicates that girls spend more time than boys performing household work and
personal care activities, and less time playing sports.  Also, children spend most of their free
time watching television.  Table 5-15 presents the mean time children spend during weekdays
and weekends performing major activities by five different age groups.  Also, the significant
effects of each variable (i.e.,  age, sex) are shown in Table 5-15.  Older children spend more
time performing household and  market work, studying and watching television, and less time
eating, sleeping, and playing. Timmer et al. (1985) estimated thai on the average, boys
spend 19.4 hours a week watching television and girls spend 17.8 hours per week performing
the same activity.
       A limitation associated with this study is that the data reflect only  the time of the year
when children attend school; time use during school vacation was not accounted for.
Therefore, the data does not provide an overall annual estimate of children's time use.
Another limitation is that a distribution pattern of children's time use was not provided.  In  .
addition, the survey was conducted in 1981  and because activity patterns in children may
have changed significantly from that period  when compared with recent times. Therefore,
                                         5-24
-------
                   i able 3-14. Mean rune spent (Minutes) rertornung Major Activities urouped by Age, sex and Type ot Day
Activity
Age (3-11)
Duration of Time (mins/day)
Weekdays Weekends

Market Work
Household Work
Personal Care
Eating
Sleeping
School
Studying
Church
Visiting
Sports
Outdoors
Hobbies
Art Activities
Playing
TV
Reading
Household Conversations
Other Passive Leisure
NA«
Percent of Time Accounted for by
Activities Above
Boys
(n=118)
16
17
43
81
584
252
14
7
16
25
10
3
4
137
117
9
10
9
22
94%
Girls
0
21
44
78
590
259
19
4
9
12
7
1
4
115
128
7
11
14
25
92%
Boys
(n=118)
7
32
42
78
625
—
4
53
23
33
30
3
4
177
181
12
14
16
20
93%
Girls
4
43
50
84
619
—
9
61
37
23
23
4
4
166
122
10
9
17
29
89%
Age (12-17)
Duration of Time (mins/day)
Weekdays Weekends
Boys
(a=77)
23
16
48
73
504
314
29
3
17
52
10
7
12
37
143
10
21
21
14
93%
Girls
(n=83)
21
40
11
65
478
342
37
7
25
37
10
4
6
13
108
13
30
14
17
92%
Boys
(n=77)
58
46
35
58
550
—
25
40
46
65
36
4
11
35
187
12
24
43
10
88%
Girls
(n=83)
25
89
76
75
612
—
25
36
53
26
19
7
9
24
140
19 £
30 l K;
33 -;"
4
89% ;'
t (
'  NA = Unknown
Source:   Timmer et al., 1985.
-------
                             Table 5-15. Mem Tims Spent ia Major Activities Grouped by Type of Day for Five Different Age Groups

Age
Activities
Market Work
Personal Care
Household Work
Eating
Sleeping
School
Studying
Church
t/i
N> Visiting
o\
Sports
Outdoor activities
Hobbies
Art Activities
Oder Passive
Leisure
Playing
TV
Reading
Being read to
NA


3-5

—
41
14
82
630
137
2
4
14
5
4
0
5
9
218
111
5
2
30


6-8

14
49
15
81
595
292
8
9
15
24
9
2
4
1
111
99
5
2
14

Weekday
9-11

8
40
18
73
548
315
29
9
10
21
8
2
3
2
65
146
9
0
23


12-14

14
56
27
69
473
344
33
9
21
40
7
4
3
6
31
142
10
0
25
Time Duration (mint)

15-17

28
60
34
67
499
314
33
3
20
46
11
6
12
4
14
108
12
0
7
3-5

—
47
17
81
634
_
1
55
10
3
8
1
4
6
267
122
4
3
52


6-8

4
45
27
80
641
_
2
56
8
30
23
5
4
10
180
136
9
2
7

Weekend
9-11

10
44
51
78 .
596
-
12
53
13
42
39
3
4
7
92
185
10
0
14


12-14

29
60
72
68
604
—
15
32
22
51
25
8
7
10
35
169
10
0
4


15-17

48
51
60
65
562
-
30
37
56
37
26
3
10
18
21
157
18
0
9
Sig Effects*



A,S,AxS (F>M)
A,S, AxS (F>M)
A
A

A
A
A (Weekend only)
A,S (M>F)
o
S3
ra°H
if |
jflt fart
0
A,S, AxS(M>F)
A
A
A
*   Effects are significant for weekdays and weekends, unless otherwise specified A * age effect, P<0.05, for both weekdays and weekend activities; S = sex effect P<0.05,
    F>M, M>P *" females spend more tune than males, or vice versa; and AxS = age by sex interaction, P<0.05.

Source:   Timmer et ah. 1985.
-------
                                                                        DRAFT
                                                                  DO NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                 I        CITE
application of these data for current exposure situations may bias exposure assessments
results.  An advantage of this survey is that diary recordings of activity patterns were kept
and the data obtained were not completely based on recall. Another advantage is that parents
assisted younger children with keeping their diaries and during interviews; this helped to
minimize any bias that may have been created by having younger children record their data.
      Hill - Patterns of Time Use -  Hill (1985) investigated the total amount of time
American adults spend in one year performing various activities  and the variation in time use
across three different dimensions: demographic characteristics, geographical location, and
seasonal characteristics.  In this  study, time estimates were based on data collected from time
diaries in four waves (1  per season) of a survey conducted in the 1975-1976 Time Allocation
Study. The survey was  conducted from fall 1975 through fall 1976. The sampling periods
included two weekdays,  one Saturday, and one Sunday.  The 1975-1976 Time Allocation
Study provided information on the amount of time spent performing primary activities.  The
information gathered were responses to the survey question ("what were you doing?").  The
survey also provided information on secondary activities (i.e., respondents performing more
than one activity at the same time). Hill (1985) analyzed time estimates for 10 broad
categories of activities based  on  data collected from 87 activities. These estimates included
seasonal variation in time use patterns and comparisons of time use patterns for different
days of the week.  The 10 major categories and ranges of activity codes are listed in
Appendix Table 5A-2.  Hill (1985) collected data on time use for the major activity patterns
in four different age groups (18-24, 25-44, 45-64, and 65 and older).  However, the time use
data were summarized in graphs rather than in tables.
      Analysis of the 1975-76 survey data revealed very small regional differences in time
use among the broad activity patterns (Hill, 1985).  The weighted mean hours per week spent
performing the 10 major activity categories presented by region are shown in Table 5-16. In
all regions, adults spent  more time on personal care (included night sleep).  Adults in the
North Central region of the country spent more time on market work activities than adults in
other regions of the country.  Adults in the South spent more time on leisure activities
(passive and active combined) than adults elsewhere (Table 5-16).  Table 5-17 presents the
time spent per day, by the day of the week for the  10 major categories.  Time spent on the
                                        5-27
-------
              Table 5-16.    Mean Time Spent (hours/week)1  in 10  Major Activity Categories
                             Grouped by Regions
Total
1^=975

Activity
Market Work
House/yard work
Child care
Services/shop
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social
entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
Total Time
West
N=200
23.44
14.64
2.50
5.22
79.23
2.94
3.42
8.26

5.94
22.47
168.00
Norm
Central
N=304
29.02
14.17
2.82
5.64
76.62
1.43
2.97
8.42

5.28
21.71
168.00
Northeast
N=185
27.34
14.29
2.32
4.92
78.11
0.95
2.45
8.98

4.77
23.94
168.00
South
N=286
24.21
15.44
2.66
4.72
79.38
1.45
2.68
8.22

5.86
23.47
168.00

Mean
26.15
14.66
2.62
5.15
78.24
1.65
2.88
8.43

5.49
22.80
168.00

S.D.6
23.83
12.09
5.14
5.40
12.70
6.34
5.40
8.17

7.81
13.35
0.09
*  Weighted for day of week, panel loss (not defined in report), and correspondence to Census.  Data
   may not add to totals shown due to rounding.

b  N = surveyed population

0  S.D. = standard deviation

Source: Hill, 1985.
                                            5-28
-------
Table 5-17.  Total Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Type of Day
Activity Category

Market Work
House/Yardwork
Child Care
Services/Shopping
Personal Care
Education
Organizations
Social Entertainment
Active Leisure
Passive Leisure
Total Time
a N = Number of respondents
() = Numbers in parentheses
Source: Hill, 1985.





Weekday
[N* = 831]
288.0 (257.7)
126.3(119.3)
26.6 (50.9)
48.7 (58.7)
639.2 (114.8)
16.4 (64.4)
21.1 (49.7)
54.9 (69.2)
37.9 (71.11)
181.1 (121.9)
1,440
are standard deviations





Time Duration (mins/day)
Saturday
[N« = 831]
97.9 (211.9)
160.5 (157.2)
19.4 (51.5)
64.4 (92.5)
706.8 (1S9.S)
5.4(38.1)
18.4 (75.2)
1,114.1 (156.0)
61.4 (126.5)
191.8(161.6)
1,440







Sunday
[N" = 831]
58.0 (164.8)
124.5 (133.3)
24.8 (61.9)
21.6 (49.9)
734.3 (156.5)
7.3 (48.0)
58.5 (104.5)
110.0(151.2)
64.5 (120.6)
236.5(167.1)
1,440


ti
O
SB
M»0 U--
O
M
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                                                                    WO! QUOTE OR
                                                                    •   CITE
87 activities (components of the 10 major categories) are presented in Appendix T
Adult time use was dominated in descending order by personal care (including sleep), market
work, passive leisure, and house work. Collectively,  these activities represent about 80
percent of available time (Hill, 1985).
       According to Hill (1985), sleep was the single  most dominant activity averaging about
56.3 hours per week.  Television watching (passive leisure) averaged about 21.8 hours per
week, and housework activities averaged about 14.7 hours per week.  Weekdays were
predominantly market-work oriented. Weekends (Saturday and Sunday) were predominantly
devoted to household tasks ("sleeping in," socializing, and active leisure) (Hill, 1985).
Table 5-18 presents the mean time spent performing these  10 groups of activities during each
wave of interview (fell, winter, spring, and  summer).  Adjustments were made to the data to
assure equal distributions of weekdays, Saturdays, and Sundays (Hill,  1985). The data
indicates that the time adults spent performing market  work, child care, shopping,
organizational activities, and active leisure were fairly constant throughout the year (Hill,
1985).  The mean hours spent per week in performing the 10  major activity patterns are
presented by gender in Table 5-19 (time use patterns for all 87 activities are presented in
Appendix Table 5A-4) . The data in Table 5-19 indicates that time use patterns from the
mid-1970's survey show gender differences. Men spent more time on activities  related to
labor market work and education, and women spent more time on household work activities.
      A limitation associated with  this study is that the time data were obtained from an old
survey conducted in the mid-1970s.  Because of dynamic changes in the present society,
applying these data to current exposure assessments may result in some biases.  Another
limitation is that time use data were not presented for children.   An advantage  of this study
is that time diaries were kept and data were not based  on recall.  The former approach may
result in a more accurate data set. Another advantage of this study is that the survey is
seasonally balanced since it was conducted throughout the year and the data are from a large
survey sample.
      Carey - Occupational Tenure in 1987:  Many Workers  Have Remained in Their Fields
- Carey (1988) presented median occupational and employer tenure for different age groups
(16-24, 25-34, 35-44,  45-54, 55-64, and 65  and older), gender, earnings, ethnicity, and
                                         5-30
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Table 5-18.  Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in 10 Major Activity Categories During Four Waves of Interviews*
Activity Category
Market work
House/yard work
Child care
Services/shop
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
Total Tune
Fall
Wave 1
(Nov. 1, 1975)^
N=861
222.94
133.16
25.50
48.98
652.95
22.79
25.30
63.87
42.71
210.75
1440.00
' Weighted for day of week, panel loss (not defined in
b Dates by which 50% of the interviews for each wave
Source: Hill, 1985.





Whiter Spring
Wave 2 Wave 3
(Feb. 28, 1976)" (June 1, 1976)"
N=861
226.53
135.58
22.44
44.09
678.14
12.57
22.55
67.11
47.46
183.48
1440.00
report), and correspondence
were taken.



210.44
143.10
25.51
44.61
688.27
2.87
23.21
83.90
46.19
171.85
1440.00
to Census.



Summer
Wave 4
(Sept. 21, 1976)"
N=861
230.92
119.95
21.07
47.75
674.85
10.76
29.91
72.24
42.30
190.19
1440.00




Range of
Standard
Deviations
272-287
129-156
49-58
76-79
143-181
32-93
68-87
102-127
96-105
144-162
—
I f
i
j 0^
W 0 H
I J
M
0
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                                                                     DRAFT
                Table 5-19.  Mean Time Spent (hours/week) in 10 Major
                        Activity Categories grouped by Gender*
Activity Category
                 Time duration (hours/week)
Men
n = 410
Market work
House/yard
Child care
Services/ shop
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
35.8
8.5
1.2
3.9
77.3
2.3
2.5
7.9
5.9
22.8
(23.6)b
(9.0)
(2.5)
(4.5)
(13.0)
(7.7)
(5.5)
(8.3)
(8.2)
(14.1)
Women
n = 561
17.9
20.0
3.9
6.3
79.0
1.1
3.2
8.9
5.2
22.7
(20.7)
(11.9)
(6.4)
(5.9)
(12.4)
(4.8)
(5.3)
(8.0)
(7.4)
(12.7)
Men and
n =
26.2
14.7
2.6
5.2
78.2
1.7
2.9
8.4
5.5
22.8
Women
971
(23.8)
(12.1)
(5.2)
(5.4)
(12.7)
(6.4)
(5.4)
(8.2)
(7.8)
(13.3)
Total time
168.1
168.1
168.1
*   Detailed components of activities (87) are presented in Table 5A-4.

b   () = Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations.
Source:  Hffl, 1985.
                                       5-32
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educational attainment. Occupational tenure was defined as "the cumulativenumber of years
a person worked in his or her current occupation, regardless of number of employers,
interruptions in employment, or time spent in other occupations" (Carey, 1988). The
information presented was obtained from supplemental data to the January 1987 Current
Population Study, a U.S. Bureau of the Census publication.  Carey (1988) did not present
information on the survey design.
       The median occupational tenure by age and gender, ethnicity, and employment status
are presented in Tables 5-20, 5-21, and 5-22, respectively.  The median occupational tenure
of the working population (109.1 million people) 16 years of age and older in January of
1987, was 6.6 years (Table 5-20).  Table 5-20 also shows that median occupational tenure
increased from  1.9 years for workers ages  16-24 to 21.9 for workers 70 years and older.
The median occupational tenure for men 16 years and older was higher (7.9 years) than for
women of the same age group (5.4 years).  Table 5-21 indicates that whites had more
occupational tenure (6.7 years) than blacks (5.8 years), and Hispanics (4.5 years).  Full-time
workers had more occupational tenure than part-time workers 7.2 years and 3.1 years,
respectively (Table 5-22).
       Table 5-23 presents the median occupational tenure among major occupational groups.
The median tenure ranged from 4.1 years for service workers to 10.4 years for people
employed in farming,  forestry, and fishing.  In addition, median occupational tenure among
detailed occupations ranged from 24.8 years for barbers to 1.5 years for food counter and
fountain workers (Appendix Table 5A-5).
       The strength of an individual's attachment to a specific occupation usually is
dependent on the individual's investment in education (Carey, 1988).  Carey (1988) reported
the median occupational tenure for the surveyed working population by age and educational
level.  Workers with 5 or more college years had the highest median occupational tenure of
10.1 years. Workers that were 65 years and older with 5 or more college years had the
highest occupational tenure level of 33.8 years. The median occupational tenure was 10.6
years for self-employed workers and 6.2 years for wage and salary  workers (Carey, 1988).
       A limitation associated with this study is that the survey design employed in the data
collection was not presented. Therefore, the validity and accuracy of the data set cannot be
                                        5-33
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Table 5-20.

Age Group
16-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40^4
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70 and older
Total, 16 years and
older
Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals by Aj

All Workers
1.9
4.4
6.9
9.0
10.7
13.3
15.2
17.7
19.4
20.1
21.9
6.6
Median Tenure (years)
Men
2.0
4.6
7.6
10.4
13.8
17.5
20.0
21.9
23.9
26.9
30.5
7.9
DRAFT
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[ CITE
Tlff^jTIff- C J»T
JC? CUiU UVA. 	 •'•"—

Women
1.9
4.1
6.0
7.0
8.0
10.0
10.8
12.4
14.5
15.6
18.8
5.4
Source:  Carey, 1988.
                                            5-34
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                                                                       DO J70?  '••;:•--: c.~j.
       Table 5-21.  Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by~Sex aricTRace"

Race
White
Black
Hispanics

All Individuals
6.7
5.8
4.5
Median Tenure (Years)
Men
8.3
5.8
5.1

Women
5.4
5.8
3.7
Source:  Carey, 1988.
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 Table 5-22.  Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Employment Status

Employment Status
Full-Time
Part-Time

All Individuals
7.2
3.1
Median Tenure
(Years)
Men
8.4
2.4

Women
5.9
3.6
Source:  Carey, 1988.
                                         5-36
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                                                                                  DRAFT
                                                                          1 DO HOT  niJO
OR
  Table 5-23.  Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals Grouped by Major Occupational Groups and_Age
Median Tenure (years)
Age Group
Occupational Group
Executive, Administrative and
Managerial
Professional Specialty
Technicians and Related Support
Sales Occupations
Administrative Support, including
Clerical
Service Occupations
Precision Production, Craft and
Repair
Operators, Fabricators and Laborers
Farming, Forestry and Fishing
Total"
8.4
9.6
6.9
5.1
5.4
4.1
9.3
5.5
10.4
16-24
2.4
2.0
2.2
1.7
2.1
1.7
2.6
1.7
2.9
25-34
5.6
5.7
5.7
4.7
5.0
4.4
7.1
4.6
7.9
35-44
10.1
12.0
10.9
7.7
7.6
6.9
13.5
9.1
13.5
45-54
15.1
18.2
17.7
10.5
10.9
9.0
19.9
13.7
20.7
55-64
17.9
25.6
20.8
15.5
14.6
10.6
25.7
18.1
30.5
65+
26.3
36.2
22.2
21.6
15.4
10.4
30.1
14.7
39.8
' Includes all workers 16 years and older

Source: Carey, 1988.
                                              5-37
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                                                                     DO  MOT  QUOTS-
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determined. Another limitation is that only median values were reported in~m"e~study. An
advantage of this study is that occupational tenure (years exposed to a specific occupation)
was obtained for various age groups by gender, ethnicity, employment status, and educational
level.  Another advantage of this study is that the data were based on a survey population
which appears to represent the general U.S. population.
       Carey - Occupational Tenure, Employer Tenure, and Occupational Mobility -  Carey
(1990) conducted another study similar in scope to the study of Carey (1988). The January
1987  Current Population Study (CPS) was used.  This study provided data on occupational
mobility and employer tenure in addition to occupational tenure.  Occupational tenure was
referred in Carey (1988) as the "the cumulative number of years a person worked in his or
her current occupation, regardless of number of employees,  interruptions in employment, or
time spent in other locations."  Employer tenure was defined as "the length of time a worker
                                                                       /"
has been with the same employer," while occupational mobility was defined as "more or less
a mirror image of occupational tenure; it measures the number of workers who change from
one occupation to another" (Carey, 1990). Occupational mobility was measured by asking
individuals who were employed both in January 1986 and January 1987 if they were doing
the same kind of work in each of these months (Carey, 1990).  Carey (1990) further
analyzed the occupational mobility data and obtained information on entry and exit rates for
occupations. These rates were defined as "the percentage of persons employed in an
occupation who had voluntarily entered it from another occupation; conversely, an exit rate
is the percentage of persons employed in an occupation who had voluntarily left for a new
occupation" (Carey, 1990).
       Table 5-24 shows the voluntary occupational mobility rates in January 1987 for
workers 16 years and older.  For all workers, the overall voluntary occupational mobility
rate was 5.3 percent. These data also show that younger workers left occupations at a higher
rate than older workers. Carey (1990) reported that 10 million of the 100.1 million
individuals employed in January 1986 and in January  1987 had changed occupations during
that period, resulting in an overall mobility rate of 9.9 percent.  Executive, administrative,
and managerial occupations had the highest entry rate of 5.3 percent, followed by
administrative support including clerical at 4.9 percent. Sales had the highest exit rate of 5.3
                                        5-38
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        Table 5-24.  Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers Age 16 and Older

 Age Group	Occupational Mobility Rate
 16-24                                                                   12.7
 25-34                                                                    6.6
 35-44                                                                    4.0
 45-54                                                                    1.9
 55-64                                                                    1.0
 64 and older                                                              0.3
 Total, age 16 and older	5.3
Source:  Carey,  1990.
                                          5-39
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percent and service had the second highest exit rate of 4.8 percent (Carey7T990)T"In January
1987, the median employer tenure for all workers was 4.2 years.  The median employee
tenure was 12.4 years for those workers that were 65 years of age and older (Carey, 1990).
      Because the study was conducted by Carey (1990) was in a similar manner to that of
the previous study (Carey, 1988), the same advantages and disadvantages  associated with
Carey (1988) also apply to this data set.
      Robinson and Thomas - Time Spent in Activities, Locations, and Microenmronments:
A California-National Comparison - Robinson and Thomas (1991) reviewed and compared
data from the 1987-88 California Air Resources Board (CARB) tune activity study and from
a similar 1985 national study, American's Use of Time. Data from the national study were
recorded similarly to the CARB code categories,  in order to make data comparisons
(Robinson and Thomas, 1991).
                                                   j>
      The CARB study involved residents who lived in the state of California. One adult
18 years or older was randomly sampled in each household and was asked to complete a
diary with entries for the previous day's activities and the location of each activity.  Time
use patterns for other adults 12 years and older in the households contacted were also
included in the diaries. Telephone interviews based on the random-digit-dialing procedure
were conducted for approximately 1,762 respondents in  the CARB survey. These interviews
were distributed across all days of the week and across different months of the year  (between
October 1987-August 1988).
      In the 1985 national study, single day diaries were collected from over 5,000
respondents across the United States, 12 years of age and older.  The study was conducted
January through December, 1985. Three modes of time diary collection were employed for
this survey: mailback, telephone interview, and personal interview.  Data obtained from the
personal interviews were not used in this study (Robinson and Thomas, 1991). The sample
population for the mail-back and telephone interview was selected based on a random-digit-
dialing (RDD) method. The RDD was designed to represent all telephone households in the
contiguous United States (Robinson and Thomas,  1991). In addition to estimates of time
spent at various activities and locations, the survey design provided information on the
employment status, age, education, race, and gender for each member of the respondents
                                        5-40
-------
household.  The mail-back procedure was based on a "tomorrow" approach and the telephone'
interview was based on recall.
       Data comparisons by Robinson and Thomas (1991) were based on 10 major activity
categories (100 sub-category codes) and 3 major locations (44 sub-location codes) employed
in both the  CARB and the 1985 national study.  In order to make data comparisons,
Robinson and Thomas (1991) excluded responses from individuals of ages 65 years and older
and 18 years or less in both surveys. In addition, only mail-back responses were analyzed
for the 1985 national study.  The data were then weighted to project both the California and
national population in terms of days of the week, region, numbers of respondents per
household,  and 3 monthly seasons of the year (Robinson and Thomas, 1991).
       Table 5-25 shows the mean time spent in the 10 major activities by gender and for all
respondents between the ages of 18-64 years (time use data for the individual activities are
presented in Appendix Table 5A-6).  In both studies respondents spent most of their time
(642 mins/day) on personal needs and care (i.e., sleep). Californians spent more time on
paid work,  education and training, obtaining goods and services, and communication and less
time on household work, child care, organizational activities, entertainment/social activities,
and recreation  than the national population.  The male and female population followed almost
the same trend as the general population.  Table 5-26 shows the mean time spent at 3 major
locations for the CARB and  national study grouped by total sample and gender, ages 18-64
(time use data for the 44 detailed microenvironments are presented in Appendix Table 5A-7).
Respondents spent most time at home, 892 mins/day for the CARB and 954 mins/day for the
national study.  Californians spent more of their time away from home and traveling
compared to the national population.
       In addition,  Robinson and Thomas (1991) defined a set of 16 microenvironments
based on the activity and location codes employed in both studies. The analysis included
data for adolescents (12-17 years) and adults (65 years and older) in both the CARB study
and the mail-back portion  of the  1985 national study (Robinson and Thomas, 1991). The
mean duration  of time for total sample population, 12 years and older, across three types of
locations are presented in Table 5-27 for both studies.  Respondents spent most of their time
indoors, 1255 and 1279 mins/day for the CARB and national study, respectively.
                                        5-41
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         Table 5-25.    Mean Time Spent in 10 Major Activity Cateogries Grouped by Total Sample and Gender for the CARB and National Studies (Age 18-64)
to
Time Duration (mins/day)
Activity Category*


Paid Work
Household Work
Child Care
Obtaining Goods and Services
Personal Needs and Care
Education and Training
Organizational Activities
Entertainment/Social Activities
Recreation
Communication
Activity
Codes'*


00-09
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
CARB
(1987-88)
Total
n = 1,359
273
102
23
61
642
22
12
60
43
202
National
(1985)
Sample
n = 1,980
252
118
25
55
642
19
17
62
50
196

Men
n = 639
346
68
12
48
630
25
11
57
53
192
CARB
(1987-88)
Women
n = 720
200
137
36
73
655
20
13
55
31
214

Men
n = 921
323
79
11
44
636
21
12
64
69
197
National
(1985)
Women
n = 1,059
190
155
43
62
645
16
20
62
43
194
  «,b      _ TJ^ use for components of activity categories and codes are shown in Appendix Table 5A-6.



  n = total diary days.



  Source  Adapted from U.S. EPA, 1991.
                                                                                                                                      o
-------
       Table 5-26.    Total Mean Time Spent at 3 Major Locations Grouped by Total Sample and Gender for the GARB and National Study

                    (Ages 18-64)
Location*


At Home
Away From Home
Travel
Not Ascertained
Total Time
Code*


WC01-13
WC21-40
WC51-61
WC99

CARB
(1987-88)
Total
n* = 1359
892
430
116
2
1440
National
(1985)
Sample
n* = 1980
954
384
94
8
1440
CARB
(1987-88)
Men Women
n* = 39 n* = 720
822 963
487 371
130 102
1 4
1440 1440

Men
National
(1985)
Women
n* = 921 n* - 1059
886
445
101
8
1440
1022
324
87
7
1440
*n Total Diary Days.
*»b = Time use data for the 44 comoonents of location and location codes are nresented in Aimendix Table 5A-7.
Source:  Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
                                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                                           o

                                                                                                                           58!
                                                                                                                            §
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       Table 5-27.    Mean Time Spent at Three Locations for both CARB and National Studies (Ages
                     12 and Older)
Location Category
Indoor
Outdoor
In-VeMde
Total Time Spent

CARB
(n* = 1762)
1255°
86d
9Jf
1440
Mean duration (mins/day)
National
S.E.« (n* = 2762)*
28 1279°
5 74d
4 Wt
1440

S.E."
21
4
2

*  S.E. = Standard Error of Mean
b  Weighted Number - National sample population was weighted to obtain a ratio of 46,5 males and 53.5
   females, in equal proportion for each day of the week, and for each quarter of the year.
0  Difference between the mean values for the CARB and National studies is not statistically significant.
d  Difference between the mean values for the CARB and National studies is statistically significant at
   the 0.05 level.

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
                                           5-44
-------
       Table 5-28 presents the mean duration of time and standard mean error for the 16
microenvironments grouped by total sample population and gender, respectively.  Also
included is the mean time spent for respondents (Doers) who reported participating in each
activity.  Table 5-28 shows that in both studies men spend more time in autoplaces, garages,
motor and other vehicles, physical outdoor activities, outdoor sites and work locations. In
contrast, women spend more time cooking, engaging in other kitchen activities, performing
other chores and shopping.  The same trend holds on a per participant basis as well.
       Table 5-29 shows the mean time spent in various microenvironments grouped by type
of the day in both studies. Generally, respondents spent most of their time during the
weekends in restaurants/ bars (CARB study), motor vehicles, outdoor activities, social-
cultural settings, leisure/ communication activities, and sleeping.  Microenvironmental
differences by age are presented in Table 5-30. Respondents in the age group 18-24 and 25-
44 spent most of their time in restaurants/bars  and traveling. The oldest age group  65 years
and older spent most of their time in the kitchen (cooking and other kitchen related  activities)
and communication activities.
       Limitations associated with this study are that the CARB survey was based on recall
and the survey was performed in California only.  This may somewhat bias  the CARB data
set obtained.  Another limitation is that the 1985 national study and the CARB studies were
conducted independently. Therefore,  survey designs (i.e., locational coding system) were
different which may have resulted in varying estimates obtained from both studies, including
the data that was recorded by Robinson and Thomas (1991). Other limitations are that time
distribution patterns (statistical analysis) were not provided in both studies and the data are
short term data.  An advantage of this study is that the 1985 national study represent the
general U.S. population.  Also, it provides time estimates by activities, locations,
microenvironments grouped by age, gender, and type of day.  Another advantage is within
the data comparisons, overall, both data sets showed similar patterns of activity (Robinson
and Thomas, 1991).
       California Air Resources Board (CARB) - Study of Children's Activity Patterns - The
California children's activity pattern survey design provided time estimates of children (11
years old or less) in various activities and locations (microenvironments)  on a typical day
                                        5-45
-------
         Tkble 5-28.   Mean Tune Spent (mint/Day) in Various Microenvironmenu Grouped by Total Population and
uena
icr {L£ years ana ove
i) m me wane
UtaiUAKB U
ata
National Data
Mean Duration (standard error)*
Mkroenvironment
Autoplacei
Rcftaui*nt/bar
In-vchklo
In-Vehkle/othcr
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Worfc/study-residence
Work/study-other
Cooking
Other actividcj/ldtchen
Chores/chM
Shop/errand
Other/outdoors
Soc/cuHural
Lctiure-eat/indoors
Sleep/indoors

Microcnvironmcnt
Autoplacei
Restaurantfbar
In-vchick
In-Vehkfc/other
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Wofk/itudy-ftsidenee
Work/study-othcr
Cooking
Other »ctivitic4/kitchcn
Chores/child
Shop/errand
Other/outdoors
Soc/oultural
Ldiure-eat/indoors
Slecp/indoora
N - 1284*
Men
5(1)
22 (2)
92(3)
1(1)
24 P)
11(1)
17©
221 (10)
14(1)
54(3)
88 P)
23(2)
70(6)
71(4)
235(8)
491 (14)


N = 867*
Men
31(8)
45(4)
105(7)
4(1)
25(3)
8(1)
14(3)
213 (14)
12(1)
38(3)
66(4)
21(3)
95(9)
47(4)
223(10)
492(17)
"Doer"
Men
90
73
99
166
139
84
153
429
35
69
89
56
131
118
241
492
N = 1478*
Women
1(0)
20(2)
82(3)
1(0)
11(2)
6(1)
15(2)
142(7)
52(2)
90(4)
153(5)
38(2)
43(4)
75(4)
215(7)
496 (11)
Women
35
79
94
69
101
57
150
384
67
102
154
74
97
110
224
497
«">
a
o r_t
N « 2762* "Doer" H ,.O K
Total Total W £ ^
3 (0) 66 g
21 (1) 77 0
87 (2) 97
1 (0) 91
17 (2) 135
8 (1) 74
16 (1) 142
179 (6) 390
34 (1) 57
73 (2) 88
123 93) 124
31 (1) 67
56 (4) 120
73 (3) 118
224 (5) 232
494(9) 495
CARS Data
Mean Duration (standard error)"
"Doer"e
Men
142
106
119
79
131
63
126
398
43
65
75
61
153
112
240
499
N = 895*
Women
9(2)
28 P)
85(4)
3(2)
8(1)
5(1)
11(2)
156 (11)
42(2)
60(4)
134(6)
41(3)
44(4)
59(5)
251 (10)
504(15)
"Doer"
Women
50
86
100
106
86
70
120
383
65
82
140
78
82
114
263
506
N = 1762* "Doer"
Total Total
20(4) 108
36 (3) 102
95 (4) 111
3(1) 94
17 (2) 107
7(1) 68
13 (2) 131
184 (9) 450
27 (1) 55
49 (2) 74
100 (4) 109
31 (?) 70
69 (5) 117
53 (3) 112
237(7) 250
498 (12) 501
*   Standard error of the mean
*   Weighted number
*   Doer * The mean time fetpondenti who reported participating in each activity/location spent in micrcenvixonments.
Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
-------
                            Table 5-29.  Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in Various Microenvironmeats by Type of Day
                                                 (Sample Population Ages 12 and Older)
Weekday
Microenvironment


1 Autoplaces
2 Restaurant/Bar
3 In- Vehicle/Internal Combustion
4 fe-Vehiele/Othsr
5 Physical/Outdoors
6 Physical/Indoors
7 Work/Study-Residence
8 Work/Study-Other
9, Cooking
10 Other Activities/Kitchen
11 Chores/Child
12 Shop/Errand
13 Other/Outdoors
14 Social/Cultural
15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors
16 Sleep/Indoors




Mean Duration (standard
(mins/day)
CARS
(n=12S9)»
21(5)
29(3)
90(5)
3(1)
14(2)
7(1)
14(2)
228 (11)
27(2)
51 (3)
99(5)
30(2)
67(6)
42(3)
230(9)
490 (14)




eaosf
NAT
(n=1973)*
3(1)
20(2)
85(2)
1(0)
15(2)
8(1)
16(2)
225(8)
35(2)
73(3)
124(4)
30 (2)
51(4)
62(3)
211 (6)
481 (10)




Mean Duration for
(mins/day)
'
CARB
108
83
104
71
106
64
116
401
58
76
108
67
117
99
244
495




•Doer'

NAT
73
73
95
116
118
68
147
415
57
87
125
63
107
101
218 	
483 § '
S3 ;
o i
*~J,o >
1-3
w
o
-------
                                                                Table 5-29. (Continued)
       Weekend
en
Microenviroomeni


1 Autoplaces
2 Restaurant/Bar
3 In-Vehicle/Intomal Combustion
4 In-V«Aicle/Oth«
5 Physical/Outdoors
6 Physical/Indoors
7 Work/Study-Reffldeocc
8 Wodc/Stud;-Other
9 Cooking
10 Other Activities/Kitchen
11 Chores/Child
12 Shop/Errand
13 Other/Outdoors
14 Social/Cultural
15 Leisure-Eat/Indoors
16 Sleep/Indoors
1 Standard Error of Mean
* Weighted Number
Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.

Mean Duration (standard error)*
(mins/day)
CARS
(n-503)*
19(4)
55(6)
108(8)
5(3)
23(3)
7(1)
10(2)
74(11)
27(2)
44(3)
103(7)
35(4)
74(7)
79(7)
256(12)
520(20)



NAT
(n«789)*
3(1)
23(2)
91(6)
0(0)
23(4)
9(2)
15(3)
64(6)
34(2)
73(4)
120(5)
35(3)
67(7)
99(6)
257(11)
525(17)



Mean Duration for "Doer"
(mins/day)

GARB
82
127
125
130
134
72
155
328
60
71
114
81
126
140
273
521




NAT
62
84
100
30
132
80
165
361
55
90
121
75
132
141
268
525 1 M
! o
*g
wo ^
HJ
O
W
-------
                                  Table 5-30. Mean Time Spent (mins/day) in Various Microenvironments by Age Groups
Ul
Mieroenvironment
Autoplaces
Restaurant/bar
In-vehicle/intemal
combustion
In-vehicle/other
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Work/study-residence
Work/study-other
Cooking
Other activities/kitchen
Chores/child
Shop/errands
Other/outdoors
Social/cultural
Leisure-eat/indoors
Sleep/indoors


National Data
Mean Duration (Standard Error)1'
Age 12-17
N=340»
2(1)
9(2)
79(7)
0(0)
32(8)
15(3)
22(4)
159 (14)
11(3)
53(4)
91(7)
26(4)
70 (13)
87 (10)
237(16)
548 (31)


"Doer"6
73
60
88
12
130
87
82
354
40
64
92
68
129
120
242
551


Age 18-24
N=340"
7(2)
28(3)
103 (8)
1(1)
17(4)
8(2)
19(6)
207(20)
18 (2)
42(3)
124(9)
31 (4)
34(4)
100 (12)
181 (11)
511 (26)


•Doer"0
137
70
109
160
110
76
185
391
39
55
125
65
84
141
189
512


Age 24-44
N=340«
2(1)
25(3)
94(4)
1(0)
19(4)
7(1)
16(2)
220(11)
38(2)
70(4)
133 (6)
33(2)
48(6)
56(3)
200(8)
479 (14)


"Doer"6
43
86
101
80
164
71
181
422
57
86
134
66
105
94
208
480


Age 45-64
N=340*
4(1)
19(2)
82(5)
1(1)
7(1)
7(2)
9(2)
180 (13)
43(3)
90(6)
121(6)
33(3)
60(7)
73(6)
238 (11)
472 (15)


"Doer"
73
67
91
198
79
77
169
429
64
101
122
67
118
116
244
472


Age 65 +
N=340»
4(2)
20(5)
62(5)
1(1)
15(4)
7(1)
5(3)
35(6)
50(5)
108(9)
119(7)
35(5)
82 (13)
85(8)
303(20)
507(26)


"Doer"c
57
74
80
277
81
51
297
341
65
119
121
69
140
122
312
509 M " j
o
o
S3
-------
                            Table 5-30. Mem Time Spent (miasAky) is Various Mwroeawrofflneots by Age Grasps (centime*!)
a
Microeaviroameot
Autoplftces
Restaurant/bar
In-vehicle/intemal
combustion
In-vehicle/otber
Physical/outdoors
Physical/indoors
Work/study-residence
Work/study-other
Cooking
Other activities/kitchen
Chores/child
Shop/errands
Other/outdoors
Social/cultural
Leisure-eat/indoors
Sleep/indoors
* Weighted number.
b Standard error.
CARBDiU
Mesa Duration (Standard Error)1'
Age 12-17
N=183«
16(8)
16(4)
78 (11)
1(0)
32(7)
20(4)
25(5)
1% (30)
3(1)
31(4)
72(11)
14(3)
58(8)
63 (14)
260(27)
557 (44)

"Doer"0
124
44
89
19
110
65
76
339
19
51
77
50
78
109
270
560

Age 18-24
N=2SO«
16(4)
40(8)
111(13)
3(1)
13(3)
5(2)
30(11)
201(24)
14(2)
31(5)
79(8)
35(7)
80(15)
65 (10)
211(19)
506 (30)

c The mean time respondents who reported participating in each
"Doer"8
71
98
122
60
88
77
161
344
40
55
85
71
130
110
234
510

Age 24-44
N=749*
25(9)
44(5)
98(5)
5(2)
17(3)
6(1)
7(2)
215 (14)
32(2)
43(3)
110(6)
33(4)
68(8)
50(5)
202(9)
487(17)

"Doer"8
114
116
111
143
128
61
137
410
59
65
119
71
127
122
215
491

Age 45-64
NM06*
20(5)
31(4)
100(11)
2(1)
14(3)
5(1)
10(3)
173(20)
31(3)
62(6)
99(8)
32(3)
76(12)
50(5)
248(15)
485(23)

"Doer"8
94
82
117
56
123
77
139
429
68
91
109
77
134
107
261
491

Age 65+
N-158»
9(2)
25(7)
63(8)
2(1)
15(4)
3(1)
5(3)
30(11)
41(7)
97(14)
123(15)
35(5)
55(7)
49(7)
386(34)
502(31)

"Doer"0
53
99
89
53
104
48
195
336
69
119
141
76
101
114
394
502 — |
O
SS
activity /location spent in nucroemviroaments. *~* £> >
Scarce: Robinson sad Thomas, 1991.










M 0 H3
t-3
w
o
-------
                                                                 !       DRAFT
                                                                 | 20 NOT  QU07JS OH
                                                                     *»*   CITE
(CARB, 1991). The sample population consisted of 1,200 respondents (including cliilUien—
under 11 years of age and adult informants residing in the child's household) was selected
using Waksberg random-digit-dialing methods. The population was also stratified to provide
representative estimates for major regions of the state. The survey questionnaire included a
time diary which provided information of the children's activity and location patterns based
on a 24-hour recall period.  In addition, the survey questionnaire included questions about
potential exposure to sources of air pollution (i.e., presence of smokers) on the diary day and
the socio-demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, marital status of adult) of children
and adult respondents.  One child was randomly selected from an English-speaking
household.  If the selected child was 8 years old or less, the adult in the same household who
spent the most time with the child  responded. However, if the selected child was between 9-
11 years old, that child responded.  The questionnaires and the time diaries were
administered via a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CAT!) technology (CARB
1991).  The telephone interviews were conducted April 1989 to February 1990 over four
seasons: Spring (April-June, 1989), Summer (July-September,  1989), Fall (October-
December,  1989), and Winter (January-February, 1990).
       The data obtained from the survey interviews resulted in ten major activity categories,
113 detailed activity codes, 6 major categories of locations, and 63 detailed location codes.
The average time respondents spent during the 10 activity categories for all children are
presented in Table 5-31.  Also included in this table are the detailed activity, including its
code, with the highest mean duration of time; the percentage of respondents who reported
participating in any activity (% doing); and the mean, median, and maximum time duration
for "doers." The dominant activity category, personal care (night sleep being the highest
contributor), had the highest time expenditure of 794 mins/day (13.2 hours/day).  All
respondents reported  sleeping at night, resulting in a mean daily time per participant of 794
mins/day. Activity category (don't know) resulted in about 2 mins/day and only 4 percent of
the respondents reported missing activity time.
       Table 5-32 presents the mean time spent in the 10 activity categories by age and
gender. Differences in activity patterns for boys and girls tended to be small.  Table 5-33
presents the mean time  spent in the 10 activity categories grouped by seasons and California
                                        5-51
-------
Table 5-31. Mean Tiine Children Spent in 10 Major
       Activity Categories for ill Respondents

Activity Category
Work-related*
Household
Childcare
Goods/Services
Personal Care
Education
Organizational
Entertain/Social
Recreation
ComnrunicatioQ/PasEive
Leisure
Don't know/Not coded
All Activities0

Mean
Duration
(Mins)
10
53
< 1
21
794
110
4
15
239
192
2
1441

% Doing
25
86
< 1
26
100
35
4
17
92
93
4

Mean
Duration
for Doers*
(mins)
39
61
83
81
794
316
111
87
260
205
41

* Includes eating at school or daycare, an activity not grouped under the "education activities*
b "Doers* indicate the respondents who reported participating in each activity category.
* Column total may sum to 1440 due to rounding error

Source: CARS, 1991.










Median Maximum
Duration Duration
for Doers1' for Doers*
(mins) (mins)
30
40
30
60
770
335
105
60
240
180
IS

(codes 50-59, 549).



405
602
290
450
1440
790
435
490
835
898
600





Detailed Activity with
Highest Avg. Minutes
(code)
Eating at work/school/daycare
(06)
Travel to household (199)
Other child care (27)
Errands (38)
Night sleep (45)
School classes (50)
Attend meetings (60)
Visiting with others (75)
Games (87)
TV use (91)
_

i-
; * ..*
\ i ^ £j
\ ' ' • •• vxl I
1 ':' \
.! ;-j
! P
-------
                                           Table 5-32. Mean Time Children Spent in 10 Major Activity Categories
                                                              Grouped by Age and Gender
Wl
Activity
Category

Woik-related
Household
Childcare
Goods/Services
Personal Care
Education
Organizational
Entertainment/Social
Recreation
Communication/Passive Leisure
Don't know/Not coded
All Activities*
Sample Sizes
Unweighted N's
Mean Duration (nuns)

0-2 yra
4
33
0
20
914
60
1
3
217
187
1
1440
172

3-5 yrs
9
45
0
22
799
67
3
15
311
166
4
1441
151
Boys
6-8 yra
14
55
0
19
736
171
7
5
236
195
1
1439
145

9-11 yrs
12
65
1
14
690
138
6
34
229
250
1
1440
156
All
Ages
10
48
<1
19
792
106
4
13
250
197
2
1442
624

0-2 yrs
5
58
0
22
906
41
6
5
223
171
3
1440
141

3-5 yrs
12
44
0
25
816
95
1
16
255
173
1
1438
151
Girls
6-8 yrs
11
51
0
23
766
150
4
9
238
189
<1
1441
124

9-11 yrs
10
76
4
22
701
176
6
36
194
213
3
1441
160
All
Ages
10
57
1
23
797
115
4
17
228
186
2
1440
576
     * The column totals may differ from 1440 due to rounding error.

     Source:  CARB, 1991.
-------
                                       Table 5-33. Mesa Time Children Spent in 10 Major Activity Categories

                                                        Grouped by Seasons ind Regions
Activity Category
Work-related
Household
Cbjldcare
Goods/Services
Personal Care
Education
Organizational ,
m *
& Entertainment/Social
4k.
Recreation
Communication/Passive
Leisure
Mean Duration (nrins)

Winter
(Jan-Mar)
10
47
<1
19
799
124
3
14
221
203

Spring
(Apr-June)
10
58
1
17
774
137
5
12
243
180
Season
Summer
(July-Sept)
6
53
<1
26
815
49
5
12
282
189
Region
Fall
(Oct-Dec)
13
52
<1
23
789
131
3
22
211
195
All
Seasons
10
53
<1
21
794
110
4
15
239
192
So. Coast
10
45
<1
20
799
109
2
17
230
206
Bay Area
10
62
<1
21
785
115
6
10
241
190
Rest of
State
8
55
1
23
794
109
6
16
249
175
All
Regions
10
53
<1
21
794
110
4
15
239
192
 Don't know/Not coded
 <1
                           <1
 All Activities*
1442
1439
1441
1441
1441
1440
1442
1439
1441
 Sample Sizes

 (Unweighted)
 318
 204
 407
* The column totals may not be equal to 1440 due to rounding error.
Source:  CARS, 1991.
 271
1200
 224
 263
 713
                                                                                                                                            o
                                                                                                                                            o
                                                                                                                                            o
                                                                                                                                            H
                                                                                                                                            O
                                                                                                                                            »
-------
                                                                           DRAFT
                                                                     DO 270T- QUOTE OR
                                                                            CITE
regions.  There were seasonal differences for 5 activity categories:  personat~care,—	
educational activities, social/entertainment, recreation, and communication/passive leisure.
Time expenditure differences in regions were minimal for childcare, work-related activities,
shopping, personal care, education, social life, and recreation.
       Table 5-34 presents the distribution of time across six location categories. The
participation rates (%) of respondents, the mean, median, and maximum time for "doers."
The detailed location with the highest average time expenditure are also shown.  The largest
amount of time spent was at home (1,078 mm/day); 99 percent of respondents spent time at
home (1086 mins/participant/day).  Tables 5-35 and 5-36 show the average time spent in the
six locations grouped by age and gender, and season and region, respectively.  There are age
differences in time expenditure in educational settings for boys and girls (Table 5-35). There
are no differences in time expenditure at the six locations by regions,  and time spent in
school decreased in the summer months compared to other seasons (Table 5-36). Table 5-37
shows the average potential exposure  time children (grouped by age and gender) spent in
proximity to tobacco smoke, gasoline fumes, and gas oven fumes.  The sampled children
spent more time closer to tobacco smoke (77 mins/day) than gasoline fumes (2 mins/day) and
gas oven fumes (11 mins/day).
       A limitation of this study is that the sampling population was restricted to only
English-speaking households; therefore,  the data obtained does not represent a diverse
population group present in  California.  Another limitation is that time use data obtained
from mis survey was based  on 24-hr recall, which may somewhat create a bias on the
dataset. Other limitations are:  the  survey was conducted in California and is not
representative of the national population, and the significance of the observed differences in
the data obtained (i.e., gender, age, seasons, and regions) were not tested statistically. An
advantage of this study is that time expenditure in various activities and locations were
presented  for children grouped by age, gender, and seasons.  Also, potential exposures of
respondents to pollutants were explored in the survey.  Another advantage is the CAT!
program employed in obtaining time diaries.  This program allows automatic coding of
activities and locations onto a computer tape, and allows activities forgotten by respondents
to be inserted into its appropriate position during interviewing (CARB, 1991).
                              '   .     •.: 5-55    •"      :   "   •.;  :•
-------
Table 5-34.  Mean Time Children Spent in Six Major Location Categories for All Respondents

Location Category
Home
School/Childcare
Friend's/Other's House
Stores, Restaurants, Shopping Places
In-transit
Other Locations
Don't Know/Not Coded
All Locations
Source: CARB, 1991.






Mean Mean Median Maximum
Duration Duration Duration Duration Detailed Location with Highest
(mins) % Doing (mins) (mins) (mins) Avg. Time
1,078 99 1,086 1,110 1,440 Home -bedroom
109 33 330 325 1,260 School or daycare fccility
80 32 251 144 1,440 Friend's/other's house - bedroom
24 35 69 50 475 Shopping mall
69 83 83 60 1,111 Traveling in car
79 57 139; 105 1,440 Park, playground
<1 1 37 30 90
1,440

; . ^
0 ."'
^£
Z: <.- '--1
• J C: HI
I--J
i
q
i i
-------
                                 Table 5-35. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Age and Gender
Oi
Si
Mean Duration (nrins.)
Boys
Location Category
Home
School/Childcare
Friend's/Other's House
Stores, Restaurants, Shopping Places
In-transit
Other Locations
Don't Know/Not Coded
0-2 yrs
1,157
86
67
21
54
54
<1
3-5 yrs
1,134
88
73
25
62
58
<1
6-8 yrs
1,044
144
77
22
61
92
<1
9-11 yrs
1,020
120
109
15
62
114
<1
All
Boys
1,094
108
80
21
59
77
<1
0-2 yrs
1,151
59
56
23
76
73
<1
Girls
3-5 yrs
1,099
102
47
35
88
68
<1
6-8 yrs
1,021
133
125
27
53
81
<1
9-11 yrs
968
149
102
26
93
102
-------
                               Table 5-36. Mean Time Children Spent in Six Location Categories Grouped by Season and Region
Ui
-------
          Table 5-37.  Mean Time Children Spent in Proximity to Three Potential Exposures Grouped by All Respondents, Age, and Gender
Mean Duration (mins.)

Potential Exposures
Tobacco Smoke
Gasoline Fumes
Gas Oven Fumes
Sample Sizes
(Unweighted N's)
* Respondents with mis

All
Children
77
2
11
1,166*
sine data were

0-2 3-5 yrs
yrs
115 75
2 1
10 15
168 148
excluded.
Boys
All
6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Boys
66 66 82
1 4 2
12 11 12
144 150 610

Girls
All
0-2 yrs 3-5 yrs 6-8 yrs 9-11 yrs Girls
77 68 71 74 73
11311
12 10 10 7 10
140 147 122 147 556

Source:  GARB, 1991.
                                                                                                                                      o
                                                                                                                                      &;
                                                                                                                                    -  O
                                                                                                                                      i--'1
                                                                                                                                      FJ

                                                                                                                                      O
                                                                                                                                      LU
-------
                                                                                      t
       Tarshis - The Average American Book - Tarshis (1981) compiled aTboot addressing
 the habits, tastes, lifestyles and attitudes of the American people.  In that book, Tarshis
 reported data for personal grooming. The data presented are gathered from small surveys,
 the Newspaper Advertising Bureau and magazines.  Tarshis reported frequency and
 percentage data by gender and age for performing grooming activities such as showers and
 baths as the following:

       *      90 percent take some sort of a bath in an average 24-hour period;
       *      5 percent average more than 1 shower or bath a day;
       •      75% of men shower, 25% take baths;
       •      50% of women take showers, 50% take bams;
       «      65% of teenage girls 16-19 shower daily;
       *      55% of teenage girls take at least one bath a week;
       *      50% of women use an additive in their bath every time they bath;
       *      Younger and richer people are more likely to shower than bath; and
       *      Showering is more popular than baths in large cities.

       Limitations of this study is that the data are compiled from small surveys,
newspapers, and magazines and the data are old.  These data may not reflect the current
trends of general population.  An advantage is that is present frequency data that are useful
in exposure assessment especially concerning volatilization of chemicals from water.
       U.S. EPA - Dermal Exposure Assessment:  Principles and Applications - U.S. EPA
(1992a) addressed the variables exposure time, frequency, and duration that are needed to
calculate dermal exposure as related to activity. The reader is referred to  the document for a
detailed discussion of these variables in relation to soil and water related activities. The
suggested defaults values that can be used for dermal exposure are presented in Table 5-38.
Limitations of this study is that the default values  are based on small datasets and a limited
                                         5-60
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                                 Table 5-38. Range of Recommended Defaults for Dermal Exposure Factors
Water Contact
Bathine Swimmine

Event time and
frequency1
Exposure
duration
Central
10 mm/event
1 event/day
350 days/yr
9 years
Upper
15 mm/event
1 event/day
350 days/yr
30 years
Central
0.5 hr/event
1 event/day
5 days/yr
9 years
Upper
1.0 hr/event
1 event/day
150 days/yr
30 years
Soil Contact
Central Upper
40 events/yr 350events/yr
9 years 30 years
•  Bathing event time is presented to be representative of baths as well as showers.



Source: U.S. EPA 1992a.
-------
number of studies. An advantage is that it presents default values for: frequency" and duration
when this specific data are not available.
       James and Knuiman - In 1987, James and Knuiman provided a distribution of the
amount of time spent showering.  This distribution was based on diary records of 2,500
households.  Using these data, a cumulative frequency distribution was derived and is
presented in Table 5-39. Based on these results, the mean shower length is approximately 8
minutes, the median shower length is approximately 7 minutes and the 90th percentile is
approximately 12 minutes.
       A Imitation of the study is that the data are from households in Australia and may not
be representative of U.S. households.  An advantage is that it is present  cumulative
distribution data.

5.3.2. Other Relevant Activity Pattern Studies
       Sexton and Ryan - Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution: Methods,
Measurements and Models - Sexton and Ryan (1987) addressed the state of the art air
pollution exposure assessment and identified gaps for future research. Exposure assessments
are dependent on pollutant concentration, exposure duration, and frequency of exposures
(Sexton and Ryan, 1987). There are two basic approaches employed in  assessing air
pollution exposure: (1) air monitoring which involves direct (personal monitors) and indirect
measurements; and (2) biological measurements in which biological markers are used to
assess exposure (Sexton and Ryan, 1987). In the direct air monitoring approach, personal
monitors are worn or carried during an individual's daily activities.   Generally, participants
maintain records of activities during the test periods. However, this approach is expensive
and inconvenient depending on the size and weight of the monitor.  In the indirect approach
air pollution exposure is integrated by combining pollutant concentrations at fixed locations
(i.e., outdoors, indoors) with time diaries, i.e. time spent in various  specific micro-
environments (Sexton and Ryan, 1987).  Examples of biological measurements include
immunoassay,  bioassay specific for mutagenicity, and sister chromatid exchange rate.
       Sexton and Ryan (1987) reported that there is a paucity of information on time
budgets and activity patterns as they relate to exposure. They suggested the need for
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  Table 5-39.  Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Average
              Shower Duration for 2,500 Households
  Shower duration            Cumulative frequency
    (minutes)                (percentage)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.2
0.8
3.2
9.8
22.6
38.2
52.6
63.8
73.4
81.0
86.2
90.2
92.4
94.2
95.6
96.8
97.6
98.6
99.4
100.0
Source:  James and Knuiman, 1987.
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investigators to conduct mom studies relating time-activity patterns to exposures and studies——
relating factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and occupation to time-activity
patterns.  Sexton and Ryan summarized two earlier studies in which time-activity patterns
were measured over a 24-hour period.  These data are presented in Table 5-40.  The
respondents spent most of their time indoors, 21.95 hours (65 percent of total time) and
22.41 hours (70 percent of total time) for studies 1 and 2, respectively.
       A imitation associated with this study is that the accuracy and the validity of the data
presented were not discussed.  In addition, the data presented are old, from studies in 1972
and 1974.  There may have been significant changes in time expenditure in various
microenvironments over two decades ago compared with recent times.  Therefore, applying
this data set to current exposures may bias the results  obtained.
       Sell - The Use of Children's Activity Patterns in the Development of a Strategy for
Soil Sample in West Central Phoenix - In a report prepared for the Arizona Department of
Environmental Quality, Sell (1989) investigated the activity patterns of preschool  and school
age children in Phoenix.  The survey was conducted in two parts:  (1) most of the school age
children were  interviewed personally from May through June, 1989 in three schools; and
(2) survey questionnaires were mailed to parents of preschool children.
       In the first survey, 15 percent of the total school population (2,008) was sampled with
111 children in grades K-6 participating (response rate of 37 percent).  The surveyed
population was 53.2 percent male and 46.8 percent female. Of this population, 41 percent
were  Hispanics, 49.5 percent Anglos, 7.2 percent Blacks, and 1.7 percent Asians. The
children interviewed were between the ages of 5-13 years old. Within each school, the
children in grades K-6 were stratified into two groups, primary  (grades K-3) and  intermediate
(grades 4-6), and the children were selected randomly from each group. However, younger
children in grades K-2 were either interviewed in school or at home in the presence of a
parent or an adult care-provider,  to the course of the interview, children were asked to
identify locations of activity areas, social areas  (i.e., places they went with friends), favorite
areas, and locations of forts or clubhouses. Aerial photographs  were used to mark these
areas.
                                         5-64
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Table 5-40. Summary
Location
Indoors
Home
Work
Other
Subtotal
Outdoors
Home
Work
Other
Subtotal
In Transit
All Modes
Total
; DRAFT 1
"* "*'''_.. x* ^ _'_" "^ 1
'>-•' ., j. lit j
of Mean Time-Activity Patterns Over a 24-Hour~Perlod~
Time Duration (Hours)
Study 1" Study 2b

16.03 16.75
4.61 4.03
1.31 1.63
21.95 22.41

0.27 0.23
_ _
0.27 0.12
0.54 0.35

1.16 1.25
23.65° 24.01
b  Study 2 - Szalai (1972)
c  Shortfall from 24-hr, not explained by author

Source:  Sexton and Ryan 1987
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       The second survey involved only preschool children. Parents completed
questionnaires which provided information on the amount of time their children spent
outdoors, outdoor play locations, favorite places, digging areas, use of park or playgrounds,
and swimming or wading locations.  This survey was conducted between June-July,  1989.
One thousand (1,000) parents were sampled, but only 211 questionnaires were usable out of
886 questionnaires received.  Therefore, the response rate for the preschool's survey was
about 24 percent (based on the 886 valid sample units).  The sample population consisted of
children 1 month and  up to preschool age.  Of this population, S3 percent were Anglos, 18
percent Hispanics, 2 percent Blacks, and 3 percent Asians.
       The survey design emphasized the kind of activities children engaged in, but  not the
amount of time children spent performing each activity.  Therefore, Sell (1989) presented the
data obtained from the survey in terms of percent of respondents who engaged in specific
activities or locations.  A summary of percent responses of the preschool and  school-age
children's activities at various locations in the Maryvale study areas are presented in
Table 5-41.  Also included in mis table is a ranking of children's play locations based on
other existing research works. Based on the survey data, Sell (1989) reported that the
median time preschool children spent outdoors on weekdays was 1-2 hours, and on weekends
the median time spent outdoors was 2-5 hours. Most of these children played outside in their
own yards, and some played in other people's yards or parks and  playgrounds (Sell,  1989).
       A limitation associated with this study is that the survey design did not report the time
spent in various activities or locations.  Another limitation of this  study is that the response
rates obtained from the surveys were low and may result in biased data.  In addition, the
survey was conducted in Arizona, therefore, the surveyed population does not represent the
children's population on a national basis.  An advantage of this study is that various  activities
children engage in and locations of these activities were examined. It provides for time spent
outdoors.  This information is also useful in determining exposure pathways to toxic
pollutants for children.
                                         5-66
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                        Table 5-41. Percent Responses of Children's "Play" (activities) Locations in Maryvale, Arizona*
Location

Residential Yards
School Playgrounds
Parks and Recreation Areas
Commercial
Industrial
<* Institutional
s Streets
Alleys
Parking Lots
Vacant Lots/Canals/Fields

* Survey was conducted hi
b Percentages greater than
£ 1?
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5.4.   POPDIATIONMOBILHY
5.4.1. Background
       An assessment of population mobility can assist in determining the length of time a
household is exposed in a particular location. For example, the duration of exposure to
site-specific contamination, such as a polluted stream from which a family fishes or
contaminated soil on which children play or vegetables are grown, will be directly related to
the period of time residents Eve near the contaminated site.
       Information regarding population mobility is compiled and published by the  U.S.
Bureau of the Census (BOC). Banks, Insurance Companies, Credit Card Companies, Real
estate and housing associations use residence history information.  However, this information
is mostly confidential.  Information gathered by the BOC provides information about
population mobility.  However, it is difficult to determine the average residence time of a
homeowner or apartment dweller from this information.  Census data provide representations
of a cross-section of the population at specific points in time, but the  surveys are not
designed to follow individual families through time.  The most current Bureau of the Census
information about annual geographical mobility and mobility by State is summarized in
Appendix SB. Figure 5-1 graphically displays the proportion of movers who made each type
of move.
       Available information was provided by the Oxford Development Corporation, The
National Association of Realtors, and the Bureau of the Census. According to Oxford
Development Corporation, a property management firm, the typical residence time for an
apartment dweller for their corporation has been estimated to range from 18 to 30 months (S.
Cameron Hendricks, Sales Department, Oxford Development Corporation, Gaithersburg,
MD, personal communication with P. Wood (Versar) August 10, 1992).

5.4.2.  Population Mobility Studies
       The National Association of Realtors (NAR) (1993) the Home Buying and Selling
Process -  The survey was conducted by mailing a questionnaire to 15,000 home buyers
throughout the U.S. who purchased homes during the second half of 1993. The survey was
conducted in December 1993 and 1,763 usable responses were received, a response rate of
                                       5-68
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                                                                     DRAFT
                                                                D.O i:OT  O..UOIE CR
                                                                  <#*
       Different County
         Same State
            18.5%
                                                Different State
                                                    16.8%
                            Local Movers, Within
                                Same County
                                  61.95%
Abroad
 2.9%
       Figure 5-1. Distribution of individuals moving by type of move: 1991-92
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993
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12 percent.  Of the respondents, forty-one percent were first time buyers.  HdmeDuyer"""
names and addresses were obtained from Dataman Information Services.  Dataman compiles
information on residential real estate transactions from more than 600 counties throughout the
United States using the Courthouse deed records. Most of the 250 Metropolitan Statistical
Areas are also covered in Dataman's date compilation.
      The survey results indicate that the average tenure of home buyers is 7.1 years based
on an overall residence history of the respondents.  These results are presented in
Table 5-42.  The home buyers were questioned on the length of time they owned their
previous home. A typical repeat buyer was found to have lived in their previous home
between four and  seven years.  The results of the survey are presented in Table 5-43. The
median length of residence in respondents' previous homes was found to be 6 years.
      The number of miles the respondents moved to their new homes were typically short
distances.  Seventeen (17) percent of the respondents purchased homes over 100 mites from
their previous homes.  However, 49 percent purchased homes less than 10 miles away.
These date are presented in Table 5-44.
      Israeli and Nelson (1992) - Distribution and Expected Time of Residence for U.S.
Households - In risk assessments, the average current residence time (time since moving into
current residence) has often been used as a substitute for the average total residence time
(time between moving into and out of a residence) (Israeli and Nelson, 1992). Israeli and
Nelson (1992) have estimated distribution and expected time of residence for U.S.
households.  Distributions and averages for both current and total residence times were
calculated for several housing categories using the 1985 and  1987 Bureau of the Census
housing survey date.  The total residence time distribution was estimated from current
residence time date by modeling the moving process (Israeli and Nelson, 1992).  Israeli and
Nelson estimated the average total residence time for a household to be approximately 4.6
years or 1/6 of the expected life span (see Table 5-45).  The maximal total residence time
that a given fraction of households will live in the same residence is presented
in Table 5-46. For example, only 5 percent of the individuals in the "All Households"
category will live in the same residence for 23  years and 95 percent will move in less than
23 years.
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            Table 5-42.  Summary of Residence Time of Recent Home Buyers	—
            Number of years lived
                in previous house                        Percent of Respondents
                1 year or less                                          2
                     2-3                                            16
                     4-7                                            41
                     8-9                                            31
                10 years or more                                      32
Source:  NAR, 1993.
                                      5-71
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                Table 5-43. Tenure in Previous Home (Percentage Distribution)—~
                                                                           DRAFT
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Percent

One year or less
2-3 Years
4-7 Years
8-9 Years
10 or More Years
Total
Median
1987
5
25
36
10
24
100
6
1989
8
15
22
11
34
100
6
1991
4
21
37
9
29
100
6
1993
2
16
40
10
32
100
6
Source: NAR, 1993
                                         5-72
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Less


Miles
than 5 miles
5 to 9 miles
10 to
20 to
35 to
51 to
Over



19 miles
34 miles
50 miles
100 miles
100 miles
Total
Median
Mean
Table 5-44. Number
All Buyers

29
20
18
9
2
5
17
100
9
200
of Miles Moved
First-Time
Buyer

33
25
20
11
2
2
6
100
8
110
(Percentage
Repeat
Buyer
Percent
27
16
17
8
2
6
24
100
11
270
I
1 DO
Distribution^ —
New Home
Buyer

23
18
20
12
2
6
19
100
11
230
DRAFT
WOT C.UOT3 OR
CITE

Existing
Home Buyer

31
20
17
9
3
4
16
100
8
190
Source:  NAR, 1993
                                        5-73
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                           Table 5-45.  Vataea cad Their Staadard Errors for Avenge Total Readenee Time, T, for Each Group in Survey*
Ul
Average total
residence
time
Households
All households
Reuters
Owners
Farms
Urban
Rural
Northeast region
Midwest region
South region
West region
T (years)
4.55
2.35
11.36
17.31
4.19
7.80
7.37
5.11
3.96
3.49
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
0.60
0.14
3.87
13.81
0.53
1.17
0.88
0.68
0.47
0.57
S.D.
ST
(years)
8.68
4.02
13.72
18.69
8.17
11.28
11.48
9.37
8.03
6.84
Avenge cnrreai
residence
tiros
TCR (years)
10.56
4.62
13.96
18.75
10.07
1X06
12.64
11.15
10.12
8.44
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.38
0.10
0.23
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.11
Households
(percent)
1985
100.0
36.5
63.5
2.1
74.9
25.1
21.2
25.0
34.0
19.8
1987
100.0
36.0
64.0
1.9
74.5
25.5
20.9
24.5
34.4
20.2
•   Values of the average current residence tune,'



    Source: Israeli and Nelson, 1992.
                                                          are given for comparison.
                                                                                                                                                   .d
                                                                                                                                                    O H3
                                                                                                                                                    i J
                                                                                                                                                    t-j
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                            Table 5-46. Total Residence Time, t (years), Corresponding to Selected Values of 11(1)* by Housing Category
R(t) =
All households
Renters
Owners
Farms
Urban
Rural
Northeast region
Midwest region
South region
West region
0.05
23.1
8.0
41.4
S8.4
21.7
32.3
34.4
25.7
20.7
17.1
0.1
12.9
5.2
32.0
48.3
10.9
21.7
22.3
15.0
10.8
8.9
0.25
3.7
2.6
17.1
26.7
3.4
9.1
7.5
4.3
3.0
2.9
0.5
1.4
1.2
5.2
10.0
1.4
3.3
2.8
1.6
1.2
1.2
0.75
0.5
0.5
1.4
2.4
0.5
1.2
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.4
\n     *     R(t) ^ rractioa of households living ui the same residence for t years or more.


6?
       Source: Israeli and Nelson, 1992.
                                                                                                                                             if.
S3

O


tT=>
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                                                                    00 »02
                                                                           CITE
       The authors note that the data presented are for the expected time a household will
 stay in the same residence.  The data do not predict the expected residence time for each
 member of the household, which is generally expected to be smaller (Israeli and
 Nelson, 1992). These values are more realistic estimates for the individual total residence
 time, than the average time a household has been living at  its current residence.  The
 expected total residence time for a household is consistently less than the average current
 residence time. This is caused by greater weighting of short residence time when calculating
 the average total residence time than when calculating the average current residence time
 (Israeli and Nelson, 1992).  When averaging total residence over a time interval, frequent
 movers may appear several times, but when averaging current residence times, each
 household appears only once (Israeli and Nelson, 1992).  According to Israeli and Nelson,
 the residence time distribution developed by the model is skewed and the median values are
 considerably less than the means (T), which are less than the average current residence
 times.
       U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993) - American Housing Survey for the United States in
 1991 -  This survey is a national sample of 55,000 interviews in which collected data were
 presented by owners, renters, black householder,  and hispanic householder.  The data
 reflects the number of years a  unit has been occupied and represent all occupied housing
 units that the residents  rented or owned, at the time of the survey.
       The results of the survey pertaining to residence time of owner/renter occupied units
 in the U.S. is presented in Table 5-47.  Using the data in Table 5-47,  the percentages of
 householders living in houses for specified time ranges were determined and are presented in
 Table 5-48. Based on the Bureau of the Census data in Table 5-47, the 50th percentile and
 the 90th percentile values were calculated for the  number of years lived in the householder's
 current house.  These values were calculated by apportioning the total sample size (93,147
 households) to the indicated percentile associated with the applicable range of years lived in
 current home.  Assuming an even distribution within the  appropriate range, the 50th and 90th
percentile values for years living in current  home were determined to be 9.1 and 32.7 years,
respectively.  These were then rounded to 9 and 33 years.  Based on the above data,  the
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                 Table 5-47.  Residence Time of Owner/Renter Occupied Units
                                                                           Total occupied
             Year householder                                                 units
             moved into unit                                         (numbers in thousands)
                1990-1994                                                       24,534
                1985-1989                                                       27,054
                1980-1984                                                       10,613
                1975-1979                                                        9,369
                1970-1974                                                        6,233
                1960-1969                                                        7,933
                1950-1959                                                        4,754
                1940-1949                                                        1,772
                1939 or earlier                                                      885
                                                              Total             93,147
Source:  U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
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                   OR
    Table 5-48. Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified Ranges oi Time
             Years lived in
             current home
   Percent of
total households
                0-4
                5-9
                10-14
                15-19
                20-24
                25-34
                35-44
                45-54
                > 55
     26.34
     29.04
     11.39
     10.06
       6.69
       8.52
       5.1
       1.9
       0.95
Source:  Adapted from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993.
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range of 9 to 33 years is assumed to best represent a central tendency estimate oTTength of
residence and upper percentile estimate of residence time, respectively.
       A limitation associated with the above analysis is the assumption that there is an even
distribution within the different ranges.  As a result, the 50th and 90th percentile values may
be biased.
       Johnson and Capel (1992) - A Monte Carlo Approach to Simulating Residential
Occupancy Periods and it's Application  to the General U.S. Population - Johnson and Capel
developed a methodology to estimate the distribution of the residential occupancy period
(ROP) in the national population. ROP  denotes the time (years) between a person moving
into a residence and the time the person  moves out or dies.  The methodology uses a Monte
Carlo approach to simulate a distribution of ROP for 500,000 persons using data on
population, mobility, and mortality.
       The methodology consists of six  steps.  The first step defines the population of
interest and categorizes them by location, gender, age, sex and race. Next the demographics
groups are selected and the fraction of the specified population that falls into each group is
developed using Bureau of the Census (BOC) data.  A mobility table is developed based on
BOC data.  This table provides the probability that a person with  specified demographics did
not move during the previous year.  The fifth step uses data on vital statistics published by
the National Center for Health Statistics and develops a mortality  table which provides the
probability that individuals with specific demographic characteristics would die during the
upcoming year. As a final step, a computer based algorithm is used to apply a Monte Carlo
approach to a series of persons selected  at random from the population being analyzed.
       Table 5-49 presents the results for residential occupancy periods for the total
population and by gender. The estimated mean ROP for the total population is 11.7 years.
The distribution is skewed (Johnson and Capel, 1992):  the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles
are 4, 9, and 16 years, respectively.  The 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles are 26, 33, and 47
years, respectively.  The mean ROP for males is 11.1 years and 12.3 years for females, and
the median value is 8 years for males and 9 years for females.
       Descriptive statistics for subgroups defined by current ages were also calculated.
These data, presented by gender, are shown  in Table 5-50. The mean ROP  increases from
                                         5-79
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                    Table 5-49. Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period —-	<	
Statistic
Number of •Smuiated persons
Residential occupancy period, years
Mean
5th percentile
10th percentile
25th percentile
50th percentile
75th percentile
90th percentile
95th percentile
98th percentile
99th percentile
99.5th percentile
99.8th percentile
99.9th percentile
Second largest value
Largest value
Value of statistic
Both genders
500,000

11.7
2
2
3
9
16
26
33
41
47
51
55
59
75
87
Males only
244,274

11.1
2
2
4
8
15
24
31
39
44
48
53
56
73
73
Females only
255,726

12.3
2
2
5
9
17
28
35
43
49
53
58
61
75
87
Source:  Johnson and Capel, 1992.
                                               5-80
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                    Table S-SO.  Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age!.

Current
age, years
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
All ages

Residential occupancy
period, years
Percentile
Mean
6.5
8.0
8.9
9.3
9.1
8.2
6.0
5.2
6.0
7.3
8.7
10.4
12.0
13.5
15.3
16.6
17.4
18.3
19.1
19.7
20.2
20.7
21.2
21.6
21.5
21.4
21.2
20.3
20.6
18.9
11.7
25 50
3 5
4 7
5 8
5 9
5 8
4 7
2 4
2 4
3 5
3 6
4 7
5 8
5 9
6 11
7 13
8 14
9 15
9 16
10 17
11 18
11 19
12 20
12 20
13 20
13 20
12 19
11 20
11 19
10 18
8 15
4 9
75
8
10
12
13
12
11
8
6
8
9
11
13
15
18
20
22
24
25
26
27
27
28
29
29
29
29
29
28
29
27
16
90
13
15
16
16
16
16
13
11
12
14
17
21
24
27
31
32
33
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
37
39
40
26
95
17
18
18
18
18
19
17
15
16
19
23
28
31
35
38
39
39
40
41
40
41
41
42
43
43
44
45
44
46
47
33
99
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
25
27
32
39
47
48
49
52
52
50
50
51
51
51
50
50
53
53
53
55
56
57
56
47

Source:  Johnson and Capel, 1992.
                                               5-81
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                                                                    DO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                       -..:..   CITE
age 3 to age 12 and there is a noticeable decrease at age 24.  However, there is a steady
increase from age 24 through age 81.
       There are a few biases within this methodology which have been noted by authors.
The probability of not moving is estimated as a function only of gender and age.  The Monte
Carlo process assumes mat this probability is independent of (1) the calendar year to which it
is applied, and (2) to the past history of the person being simulated. These assumptions,
according to Johnson and Capel are not entirely correct. They believe that extreme values
are a function of sample size and will, for the most part, increase as the number of simulated
persons increases.
       Lehman - Homeowners Relocating at Faster Pace - Lehman (1994) presents data
gathered by the Chicago Title and Trust Family Insurers.  The data indicates that in 1993,
the average U.S. homeowners moved every  12 years.  In 1992, homeowners moved every
13.4 years and in 1991, every 14.3 years. Data from the U.S. Bureau of the Census indicate
that 7 percent of the owner population moved in 1991.  Based on this information, Lehman
has concluded that it would take 12 years for 100 percent of owners to move. According to
Lehman, Bill Harriett of the U.S. Bureau of the Census has been quoted to state that 14
years is a closer estimate for 100 percent of home owners to move. Other data presented in
the article state that homeowners in Virginia moved ever 11.1 years and in Maryland every
11.7 years. An advantage of this study is that it provides percentile data for the residential
occupancy period.
                                        5-82
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                                                                  DO  NOT  QUOTE  OR
5.5   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5                          I        CITE
Andelman, J.B.; Meyers, S.M.; Wilder, L.C.  (1986) Volatilization of organic chemicals
     from indoor uses of water. In: Lester, J.N.; Perry, R.; Sterritt, R.M.; eds. Chemicals
     in the environment. London:  Selper Ltd.

Brainard, J.; Burmaster, D. (1992) Bivarite distributions for height and weight of men and
     women in the United States. Risk Anal. (12)2:267-275.

Burmaster, D.E.; Lloyd, K.J.; Crouch, E.A.C.  (1994) Lognormal distributions of body
     weight as a function of age for female and male children in the United States.
     submitted to Risk Anal. pp. 1-11.

California Air Resources Board (CARB). (1991) California Environmental Protection
     Agency, Air Resources Board Research Division.

Carey, M.  (1988)  Occupational tenure in 1987: Many workers have remained in their
     fields.  Monthly Labor Review.  October 1988. 3-12.

Carey, M.  (1990)  Occupational tenure, employer tenure, and occupational mobility.
     Occupational Outlook Quarterly.  Summer 1990:  55-60.

Chapin,  S. (1974)  Human activity patterns in the city: things people do in time and in
     space.  New York: Wiley  Interscience.

Hill, M.S.  (1985)  Patterns of time use.  In:  luster, F.T.; Stafford, P.P., eds. Time,
     goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Survey Research
     Center, Institute for Social Research,  pp.  133-166.

Israeli, M; Nelson, C.B.  (1992)  Distribution and expected time of residence for U.S.
     households. Risk Anal. 12(l):65-72.

James, I.R.; Knuiman, M.W.  (1987)  An application of Bayes methodology to the analysis
     of diary records from a water use study. J. Am. Sta. Assoc.
     82(399):705-711.

Johnson, T. and Capel, J.  (1992)  A monte carlo approach to simulating residential
     occupancy periods and its  application to the general  U.S. population.  Research
     Triangle Park, NC:  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and
     Standards.
                                        5-83
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                                                                  ;       DRAFT
                                                                   DO  NOT fUOTS OR
                                                                          CITE
luster, F.T.; Hill, M.S.; Stafford, F.P.; Parsons, I.E.  (1983) Study deseriptifMi.-
     1975-1981 time use longitudinal panel study.  Ann Arbor, MI:  The University of
     Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research.

luster, F.T. (1985) A note on recent changes in time use. In: luster, F.T.; Stafford, F.P.;
     eds.  Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor,  MI: University of Michigan, Survey
     Research Center, Institute for Social Research, pp. 313-330.

luster, F.T.; Stafford, F.P.; eds.  (1985) Time, goods, and well-being.  Ann Arbor, MI:
     University of Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research.

Kalton, G. (1985) Sample design issues in time diary studies. In: luster, F.T.;
     Stafford,F.P., eds.  Time, goods, and well-being. Ann Arbor, MI: University of
     Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research,  pp. 93-108.

Keavon, 1. (1989) The home buying and selling process. National Association of
     Realtors.

Lehman, H.l.  (1994)  Homeowners relocating at foster pacce. Virginia Homes Newspaper,
     Saturday, lune 15, P. El.

National Association of Realtors (NAR). (1993)  The homebuying and selling process:  1993.
     The Real Estate Business Series.  Washington, DC:  NAR.

National Center for Health Statistics.  (1987) Anthropometric reference data and prevalence
     of overweight, United States, 1976-80.  Data from the National Health Survey, Series
     11, No. 238. Hyattsville, MD:  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
     Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics.  DHHS Publication No.
           87-1688.

Robinson, J.P.  (1977) Changes in Americans' use of time: 1965-1975.  A progress report.
     Cleveland, OH: Cleveland State University, Communication Research Center.

Robinson, l.P; Thomas, 1. (1991) Time spent in activities, locations, and microenvironments: a
     California-National Comparison Project report. Las Vegas, NV: U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory.

Sell, 1. (1989) The use of children's activity patterns in the development of a strategy for soil
     sampling in West Central Phoenix. The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality,
     Phoenix, Arizona.
                                         5-54
-------
                                                                       DRAFT
                                                                  Do KOT ci:c-'i~; c
                                                                        CIV;-1.
Sexton, K; Ryan, P.B.  (1987) Assessment of human exposure to air poliutioiir meffiods,   ~
     measurements, and models. In: Watson, A.; Bates, R.R.; Kennedy, D., eds. Air
     pollution, the automobile and public health: research opportunities for quantifying risk.
     Washington, DC:  National Academy of Sciences Press.

Spencer, G.  (1989) Projections of the populations of the United States by age, sex, and
     race: 1988 to 2080. Washington, DC:  U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
     Census.  Series, P-25, No.  1018.

Szalai, A.; ed.  (1972) The use of time: daily activities of urban and suburban populations
     in twelve countries. Paris:  Mouton, The Hague.

Tarshis, B.  (1981) The "Average American" book. New York, NY:  New American
     Library, p. 191.

Timmer, S.G.; Eccles, L; O'Brien, K.  (1985) How children use time. In: luster, F.T.;
     Stafford, P.P.; eds. Time,  goods, and well-being.  Ann Arbor, MI:  University of
     Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research,  pp. 353-380.

University of Michigan.  (1976) Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.  Unpublished
     data.

U.S. Bureau of the Census.  (1984) Statistical abstract of the United States: 1985.  105th
     ed.  Washington, DC:  U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Bureau of the Census.  (1989a) Current Population Reports, Population Characteristics;
     Series P-20, No. 430 Geographical Mobility:  March 1986 to March 1987. Washington,
     DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Bureau of the Census.  (1989b) American Housing Survey for the United States in
     1987.  Survey for the United States in 1987.  Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
     Office.

U.S. Bureau of the Census.  (1990) Statistical abstract of the United States: 1990.  110th
     ed.  Washington, DC:  U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993) Geographical mobility: March 1991 to March 1992.
     Current population reports P.20-473.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1994) Statistical abstracts of the United States, 1994.  114th
     edition.  The National Data Book.
                                         5-85
-------
                                                                    DRAFT
                                                               DO NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                              j       CITE
U.S. EPA.  (1985) Development of statistical distributions or ranges of standard  factors used in
     exposure assessments.  Washington, DC: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
     EPA No. 600/8-85-010.  Available from: NTTS, Springfield, VA. PB85-242667.

Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. (1990) Water conservation, saving time, money '
     and a critical resource. Laurel, MD:  WSCS.
                                        5-86
-------
                                            DRAFT
                                        DO KOT QUOTS OH
                                            CITE
                 APPENDIX 5-A
Activity Patterns Codes and Occupational Tenure Data
-------
-------
                                                                                       DR/iFT
                                                                                DO  NOT  QUOTE  OR
                                                                                       CITE
                 Table 5A-1.  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries                  ~


WORK AND OTHER INCOME-PRODUCING ACTIVITIES

       Paid Work

01   -   Normal work: activities at the main job including work brought home, travel that is part of the job, and
         overtime; "working,"  "at work"
         Work at home; work activities for pay done in the home when home is the main workplace (include travel
         as above)

02   -   Job search; looking for work, including visits to employment agencies, phone calls to prospective
         employers, answering  want ads
         Unemployment benefits; applying for or collecting unemployment compensation
         Welfare, food stamps; applying for or collecting welfare, food stamps

05   -   Second job; paid work activities that are not part of the main job (use this code only when R* clearly
         indicates a second job or "other" job); paid work for those not having main job; garage sales, rental
         property

06   -   Lunch at the workplace; lunch eaten at work, cafeteria,  lunchroom when "where" = work (lunch at a
         restaurant, code 44; lunch at home, code 43)
         Eating, smoking, drinking coffee as a secondary activity while working (at workplace)

07   -   Before and/or after work at the workplace;  activities at the workplace before starting or after stopping
         work; include "conversations," other work.  Do not code secondary activities with this primary activity
         Other work-related

08   -   Coffee breaks and other breaks at the workplace; unscheduled breaks and other nonwork during work
         hours at the workplace; "took a break"; "had coffee" (as  a primary activity). Do not code secondary
         activities with this primary activity

09   -   Travel; to and from the workplace when R's travel to and from work were both interrupted by stops;
         waiting for related travel
         Travel to and from the workplace, including time spent awaiting transportation


HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES

     Indoor

10   -   Meal preparation: cooking, fixing lunches
         Serving food, setting table, putting groceries away, unloading car after grocery shopping
                                                                      (continued on the following page)
11   -   Doing cKgheg, rinsing dfoheg, loading dishwasher
         Meal cleanup, clearing table, unloading dishwasher
                                               5A-1
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                                                                                    DR.*. FT -••• —
                                                                             D.O HOI  QUO IS OR
                                                                                .%.,   CITE
           Table 5A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Tine Diaries~TcoHtfSSiM0


HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES (continued)

     Indoor (continued)

12   -   Miscellaneous, "worked axound house." NA if indoor or outdoor - Routine indoor cleaning and chores,
         picking up, dusting, making beds, washing windows, vacuuming, "cleaning," "fall/spring cleaning,"
         "housework"

14   -   Laundry and clothes care - wash
         Laundry and clothes care - iron, fold, mending, putting away clothes ("Sewing" code 84)

16   -   Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing appliances
         Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furniture
         Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furnace, plumbing, painting a room

17   -   Care of houseplants

19   -   Other indoor, NA whether cleaning or repair; "did things in house"

     Outdoor

13   -   Routine outdoor cleaning and chores; yard work, raking leaves, mowing grass, garbage removal, mow
         shoveling, putting on storm windows, cleaning garage, cutting wood

16   -   Repair, maintenance, exterior; fixing repairs outdoors, painting the house, fixing the roof, repairing the
         driveway (patching)
         Home improvements: additions to and remodeling done to the house, garage; new roof
         Improvement to grounds around house; repaved driveway

17   -   Gardening; flower or vegetable gardening; spading, weeding, composting, picking, worked in garden"

19   -   Other outdoor; "worked outside, * "puttering in garage


MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES

16   -   Car care; necessary repairs and routine care to cars; tune up
         Car maintenance; changed oil, changed tires, washed cars; "worked on car" except when clearly as a
         hobby - (code 83)

17   -   Pet care; care of household pets including activities with pets; playing with the dog; walking the dog;
         (caring for pets of relatives, Mends, code 42)
                                                                     (continued on the following page)
                                                5A-2
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                                                                                  DO  NOT  QUOTE  OX
                                                                                |          CITS
           Table 5A-1.  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries "(continued)        ~~


MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES (continued)


19   -   Household paperwork; paving bills, balancing the checkbook, making lists, getting the mail, working on
         the budget
         Other household chores; (no travel), picking up things at home,  e.g., "picked up deposit slips" (relate
         travel to purpose)

CHILD CARE

     O'^d fnm fof ffi jldren of Household

20   •   Baby care; care to children aged 4 and under

21   -   Child care; care to children aged 5+-17
         Child care; mixed ages or NA ages of children

22   -   Helping/teaching children learn, fix, make things; helping son bake cookies; helping daughter fix bike
         Help with homework or supervising homework

23   -   Giving children orders or instructions; asking them to help; telling the*i*n to behave

         Disciplining child; yelling at kids, spanking children; correcting children's behavior
         Reading to child
         Conversations with household children only; listening to children

24   -   Indoorplaying;otherindc>oractivitieswithchUdien(includinggames ("playing") unless obvioudyoutdcK>r
         games)

25   -   Outdoor playing; outdoor activities with children including sports,  walks, biking with, other outdoor
         games
         Coaching/leading outdoor, nonorganizational activities

26   -   Medical care at home or outside home; activities associated with children's health; "took son to doctor,"
         "gave daughter medicine"

     Other Child Care

27   -   Babysitting (unpaid) or child care outside R's home or for children not residing in HH
         Coordinating or facilitating child's social or instructional nonschool activities; (travel related, code 29)
         Other child care, including phone conversations relating to child care other than medical

29   -   Travel related to child's «ccial and instructional nonschool activities
         Other travel related to child care activities; waiting for related travel


                                                                         (continued on the following page)
                                                  5A-3
-------
                                                                                         DHAFT
                                                                                '  DO  Ff,:o  QU.'}1*E OR

            Table 5A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries (continued)


OBTAINING GOODS AND SERVICES

     Goods (include phone calls to obtain goods)

30   -   Groceries; supermarket, shopping for food
         All other  shopping for goods; including for clothing, small appliances; at drugstores, hardware stores,
         department stores, "downtown" or  "uptown," "shopping,"  "shopping center," buying gas,  "window
         shopping"

31   -   Durable household goods; shopping for large appliances, cars, furniture
         House, apartment: activities connected to buying, selling, renting, looking for house, apartment, including
         phone calls; showing house,  including traveling around looking at real estate property (for own use)

     Services (include phone conversations  to obtain services)

32   -   Personal care; beauty, barber shop; hairdressers

33   -   Medical care for self; visits to doctor,  dentist, optometrist, including making appointments

34   -   Financial services; activities related to taking care of financial business; going to the bank, paying utility
         bills (not by mail), going to accountant, tax office, loan agency, insurance office
         Other government services:  post  office, driver's license, sporting licenses, marriage licenses, police
         station

35   -   Auto  services; repair and other auto services including waiting for such services
         Clothes repair and cleaning;  cleaners, laundromat, tailor
         Appliance repair: including  furnace, water heater, electric  or battery operated appliances;  including
         watching repairperson
         Household repair services: including furniture; other repair services NA type; including watching repair
         person

37   -   Other professional services; lawyer,  counseling (therapy)
         Picking up food at a takeout place - no travel
         Other services, "going to the dump*

38   -   Errands; "running errands,"  NA whether for goods or services; borrowing goods

39   -   Related travel; travel related to obtaining goods and services and/or household activities except 31;
         waiting for related travel


PERSONAL NEEDS AND CARE

     Cire.-tCL.Se1f

40   -   Washing,  showering, bathing
         Dressing;  getting ready, packing and unpacking clothes, personal hygiene, going to the bathroom
                                                                        (continued on the following page)


                                                  5A-4
-------
           Table SA-1 .  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries -(continued) --- — , __


PERSONAL NEEDS AND CARE (continued)

     Care to Self (continued)

41   -   Medical care at home to self


43   -   Meals at home; including coffee, drinking, smoking, food from a restaurant eaten at home, "breakfast,"
          •lunch"

44   -   Meals away from home; eaten at a friend's home (including coffee, drinking, smoking)
         Meals away from home, except at workplace (06) or at friend's home (44); eating at restaurants, out for
         coffee

45   -   Night sleep; longest sleep for day; (may occur during day for night shift workers) including "in bed, * but
         not asleep

46   -    Naps and resting; test periods, "dozing," "laying down" (relaxing code 98)

48   -    Sex, making out
          Personal, private; 'none of your business"
          Affection between household members; giving and getting hugs, kisses, sitting on laps
                        t
     Help and Care to Otfaere

41    -    Medical care to adults in household (HH)

42   -    Nonmedical care to adults in HH; routine nonmedical care to adults in household; "got my wife up, " "ran
          a bath for my husband"
          Help and care  to relatives not living in HH; helping care for, providing for needs of relatives; (except
          travel) helping move, bringing food, assisting in emergencies, doing housework  for relatives; visiting
          when sick
          Help and care  to neighbors, friends
          Help and care  to others, NA relationship to respondent
      Other Personal aTfd j-felping

 48   -   Other personal; watering personal care activities

 49   -   Travel (helping); travel related to code 42, including travel that is the helping activity; waiting for related
          travel
          Other personal travel; travel related to other personal care activities; waiting for related travel; travel, NA
          purpose of trip - e.j., "went to Memphis" (no further explanation given)

                                                                         (continued on the following page)
                                                  5A-5
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                                                                                   CITE
           Table 5A-1.  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries  ^continued)


EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

50   -   Student (full-time); attending classes, school if full-time student; includes daycare, nursery school for
         children not in school

51   -   Other classes, courses, lectures, academic or professional; R not a full-time student or NA whether a
         student; being tutored

54   -   Homework, studying, research, reading, related to classes or profession, except for current job (code 07);
         'went to the library"

56   -   Other education

59   -   Other school-related travel; travel related to education coded above; waiting for related travel; travel to
         school not originating from home


ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVrniS

     Volunteer. Ifelping Organizations: hospital volunteer group, United Fund, Red Cross, Big Brother/Sister

63   -   Attending meetings of volunteer, helping organizations
         Officer work; work as an officer of volunteer, helping organizations; R must indicate he/she is an officer
         tobecoded here
         Fund raising activities as a member of volunteer helping organization,  collecting money, planning a
         collection drive

         Direct help to individuals or groups as a member of volunteer helping organizations; visiting, bringing
         food, driving

         Other activities as a member of volunteer helping organizations, including social events and meals

     Religious Practice

65   -   Attending services of a church or synagogue, including participating in the service; ushering, singing in
         choir, leading youth group, going to church, funerals
         Individual practice; religious practice carried out  as  an  individual or in a small group;  praying,
         meditating, Bible study group (not a church), visiting graves

     Religious Groups

64   -   Meetings: religious helping groups; attending meetings of helping - oriented church groups -ladies aid
         circle, missionary society, Knights of Columbus
         Other activities; religious helping groups; other activities as a member of groups listed above, including
         social activities and meals
         Meetings: other church groups; attending meetings of church group, not primarily helping-oriented, or
         NA if helping-oriented
                                                                       (continued on die following page)


                                                  5A-€
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                                                                            j DO NOT QUOTE  OR
                                                                                     CITE
           Table 5A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries- ^continued) -


ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES (continued)

     Religious Groups (continued)

         Other activities,  other  church groups; other activities as  a member of church groups mat are mot
         helping-oriented or NA if helping, including social activities and meals; choir practice; Bible class

     Professional/Union Organizations^ State Education Association;  AFL-CIO; Teamsters
                                  i-                                  •
60   -   Meetings; professional/union; attending meetings of professional or union groups
         Other activities, professional/union; other activities as a member of professional or union group including
         social activities and
     Child/Youtfr/Pamtlv Organizations: PTA, PTO; Boy/Girl Scouts;  Little Leagues; YMCA/YWCA; school
     volunteer

67   -   Meetings, family organizations; attending meetings of child/youth/family4>-oriented organizations
         Other activities, family organizations;  other activities as a  member of child/youth/family-oriented
         organizations including social activities and meals

     Fraternal Organizations; Moose, VFW, Kiwanis, Lions, Civitan, Chamber of Commerce, Shriners, American
     Legion

66   -   Meetings, fraternal organizations; attending meetings of fraternal organizations
         Other activities, fraternal organizations; other activities as a member of fraternal organizations including
         social activities and helping activities and meals

     Political Party and Civic Participation; Citizens' groups, Young Democrats, Young Republicans, radical
     political groups, civic duties

62   -   Meetings, political/citizen organizations; attending meetings of a political party or citizen group, including
         city council
         Other activities, political/citizen organizations; other participation in political party and citizens' groups,
         including social activities, voting, jury duty, helping with elections, and meals

     Special Interest/Identity Organizations (including groups based on sex, race, national origin); NOW; NAACP;
     Polish-American Society; neighborhood, block organizationo; CR groups; senior citizens; Weight Watchers

61   -   Meetings: identify organizations; attending meetings of special interest, identity organizations
         Other activities, identity organizations; other activities as  a member of a  special interest,  identity
         organization, including social activities and meals
     Other Miscellaneous Organizations, do not fit above

68   -   Other organizations; any activities as a member of an organization not fitting into above categories;
         (meetings and other activities included here)

                                                                       (continued on the following page)


                                                5A-7
-------
                                                                                       DEAL  .
                                                                                    NOT 0.:'
                                                                                        ClJ.'..
           Table 5A-1.  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries ~(cohtinUgd} -------------


ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES (continued)

     Travel Related to Organizational Activities

69   -   Travel related to organizational activities as a member of a volunteer (helping) organization (code 63);
         including travel that is the helping activity, waiting for related travel
         Travel (other organization-related); travel related to all other organization activities; waiting for related
         travel


ENTERTAINMENT/SOCIAL ACTIVITIES

     Attending Spectacles. Events

70   -   Sports; attending sports events - football, basketball, hockey, etc.

71   -   Miscellaneous spectacles, events: circus, fairs, rock concerts, accidents

72   -   Movies; "went to the show"

73   -   Theater, opera, concert, ballet

74   -   Museums, art galleries, exhibitions, zoos
75   -   Visiting with others; socializing with people other man R's own HH members either at R's home or
         another home (visiting on the phone, code 96); talking/chatting in the context of receiving a visit or
         paying a visit

76   -   Party; reception, weddings

77   -   At bar; cocktail lounge, nightclub; socializing or hoping to socialize at bar, lounge
         Dancing

78   -   Other events; other events or socializing, do not fit above

79   -   Related travel; waiting for related travel


SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE

     ActiveSporta

80   -   Football, basketball, baseball, volleyball, hockey, soccer, field hockey
         Tennis, squash, racquetball, paddleball
         Golf, miniature golf
                                                                       (continued oil the following page)


                                                 5A-8
-------
                                                                                   DRA~T
           Table 5A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries (continued)'


SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE (continued)

     Active Sports (continued)

80   -   Swimming, waterskiing
         Skiing, ice skating, sledding, roller skating
         Bowling; pool, ping-pong, pinball
         Frisbee, catch
         Exercises, yoga (gymnastics - code 86)
         Judo, boxing, wrestling

     Out of Doors

81   -   Hunting
         Fishing
         Boating, sailing, canoeing
         Camping, at the beach
         Snowmobiling, dune-buggies
         Gliding, ballooning, flying
         Excursions, pleasure drives (no destination), rides with the family
         Picnicking

     Walking. Biking

82   -   Walking for pleasure
         Hiking
     -   Jogging, running
         Bicycling
         Motorcycling
         Horseback riding
83   -   Photography
         Working on cars - not necessarily related to their running; customizing, painting
         Working on or repairing leisure time equipment (repairing the boat, "sorting out fishing tackle")
         Collections, scrapbooks
         Carpentry and woodworking (us a hobby)

     Domestic Crafts

84   -   Preserving foodstuffs (canning, pickling)
         Knitting, needlework, weaving, crocheting (including classes), crewel, embroidery, quilting, quilling,
         macrame
         Sewing                           '                                           ..,-.-
         Care of animals/livestock when R is not a farmer (pets, code 17; "farmer", code 01, work)

                                                                       (continued on the following page)

                                                 5A-9
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           Table 5A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries (confinuetfj


SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE (continued)

     Art and Literature,

85   -   Sculpture, painting, potting, drawing
         Literature, poetry, writing (not letters), writing a diary

     Musicmieater/Darice

86   -   Playing a musical instrument (include practicing), whistling
         Singing
         Acting (rehearsal for play)
         Nonsocial dancing (ballet, modem dance, body movement)
         Gymnastics (lessons - code 88)
87   -   Playing card games (bridge, poker)
         Playing board games (Monopoly, Yahtzee, etc.), bingo, dominoes
         Playing social games (scavenger hunts), "played games* - NA kind
     -   Puzzles

     Clissee/LessonB for Active Leisure Activity

88   -   Lessons in sports activities: swimming, golf, tennis, skating, roller skating
         Lessons in gymnastics, dance, judo, body movement
         Lessons in music, singing, instruments
         Other lessons, not listed above

     Travel

89   -   Belated travel; travel related to sports and active leisure; waiting for related travel: vacation travel


PASSIVE LEISURE

90   •   Radio

91   -   TV

92   -   Records, tapes, "listening to music," listffling to others playing a imiffiicfll instrument

93   -   Reading books (current job related, code 07; professionally or class related, code 54)

94   -   Reading magazines, reviews, pamphlets
         Reading NA what; or other

                                                                      (continued os the following page)


                                                5A-10
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           Table 5A-1.  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries- (eoariawd)-
PASSIVE LEISURE (continued)

95   -   Reading newspapers

96   •   Phone conversations - not coded elsewhere, including all visiting by phone
         Other talking/conversations; face-to-face conversations, not coded elsewhere (if children in HH only, code
         23); visiting other than 75
         Conversations with HH members only - adults only or children and adults
         Arguing or fighting with people other than HH members  only, household and nonhousehold members,
         orNA
         Arguing or fighting with HH members only

97   -   Letters (reading or writing); reading mail

98   -   Relaxing
         Thinking, planning; reflecting
         "doing nothing,"  "sat"; just sat;
         Other passive leisure, smoking dope, pestering, teasing, joking around, messing around; laughing

99   -   Related travel: waiting for related travel
MISSING DATA CODES

         Activities of others reported •• R's activity not specified
         NA activities; a time gap of greater than 10 minutes.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN "OTHER" CATEGORIES

     Other Work Related

07   -   Foster parent activities

     Other Household

19   -   Typing
         Wrapping presents
         Checked refrigerator for shopping list
         Unpacked gifts from shower
         Packing/unpacking car
         "Settled in" after trip
         Hooked up boat to car
         Showed wife car (R was fixing)
         Packing to move
         Moved boxes
         Looking/searching for things at home (inside or out)
                                                                      (continued on the following page)
                                                5A-11
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           Table 5A-1.  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time DianesTicontinued)      ~
EXAMPLES OF ACTIVmES IN •OTHER" CATEGORIES (continued)

     Other Child C«re

27   -   Waited for son to get hair cut
         Picked up nephew at sister's house
         "Played with kids' (R's children, from previous marriage not living with R)
         Called babysitter

     Other Services

37   -   Left clothing at Goodwill
         Unloaded furniture (just purchased)
         Returned books (at library)
         Brought clothes in from car (after laundromat)
         Delivered tome stuff to a Mead
         Waited for father to pick up meat
         Waited for stores to opes
         Put away things from swap meet
         Sat in car waiting for rain to stop before shopping
         Waiting for others while they are shopping
         Showing mom what I bought

           Personal
48   -   Waiting to hear from daughter
         Stopped at home, NA what for
         Getting hysterical
     -   Breaking up a fight (not child care related)
         Waited for wife to get up
         Waiting for dinner at brother's house
         Waiting for plane (meeting someone at airport)
     -   Laughing
         Crying
         Moaning - head hurt
         Watching personal care activities ("watched dad shave")

     Other Education

56   -   Watched .film
         In discussion, group
                                                                     (continued on the following page)
                                              5A-12
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           Table 5A-1.  Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time DiarieF*(cofltiinied) - ~


EXAMPLES OF ACnVITIES IN "OTHER* CATEGORIES (continued)

     Other
68   -   Attending "Club House coffee klatch"
         Waited for church activities to begin
     -   •Meeting" NA kind
         Cleanup after banquet
         Checked into swap meet - selling and looking

     Other Social. Entertainment

78   -   Waiting for movies, other events
         Opening presents (at a party)
         Looking at gifts
         Decorating for party
         Tour of a home (friends or otherwise)
     -   Waiting for date
         Preparing for a shower (baby shower)
         Unloaded uniforms (for parade)

     Other Active Leisure

88   -   Fed birds, bird watching
         Astrology
         Swinging
     -   At park
         Showing slides
         Showing sketches

     Other Active Leisure (continued)

     -   Recording musk
         Hung around airport (NA reason)
         Picked up fishing gear
         Inspecting motorcycle
         Arranging flowers
         Work on model airplane
         Picked asparagus
         Picked up Softball equipment
         Registered to play golf
         Toured a village or lodge (coded 81)
                                                                     (continued on the following page)
                                               5A-13
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           Table 5A-1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used For Adult Time Diaries  (continued)


EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN 'OTHER' CATEGORIES (continued)

     Other Passive Leisure

98   -  Lying in sun
        Listening to birds
     -  Looking at slides
        Stopped at excavating place
        Looking at pictures
        Walked around outside
     -  Waiting for a call
        Watched plane leave
        Girl watching/boy watching
        Watching boats
     -  Wasted time
     -  In and out of house
        Home movies
*R »• Respondent
HH - Household.

Source: luster et al., 1983.
                                             5A-14
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                       Table 5A-2,  Major Time Use Activity Categories*""""	
Activity code
01-09
10-19
20-29
30-39
4(M9
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
Activity
Market work
House/yard work
Child care
Services/shopping
Personal care
Education
Organizations
Social entertainment
Active leisure
Passive leisure
*  Appendix Table 5A-1 presents a detailed explanation of the coding and activities.

   Source:  Hill, 1985.
                                          5A-15
-------
Table 5A-3, Mean Time Spent (mini/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day c
Weekday
N-831
Activity
01-NormaI Work
02-UDonployroeat Acts
OS-Second Job
06-Lunch At Work
07-Bcforc/Afier Woxk
OS-Coffee Breaks
09-Travcl: To/From Work
10-Meal Preparation
11-Mcal Cleanup
12-Indoor Cleaning
13-Outdoor Cleaning
14-Laundiy
16-Repaiii/MaintenaiJce
17-Garden/Pet Care
19-Other Household
20-BabyCare
21-ChildCare
22-Hclp ing/Teaching
23-Reading/TaIking
24-Iodoor Haying
25-Outdoor Playing
26-ModicaI Cany-Child
27-BabyiMng/Other
29-Travel: Child Care
30-Eveiyd»y Shopping
31-DurtbWHouie Shop
32-Pcnonal Cam Service!
33-Modioal Appointments
34-Govt/Flnancial Servieei
35-Rcptir Servioci
37-Otber Services
38-Emndj
39-Travd: Ooodt/Servioet
40-Waahing/Dresiing
41-Medical Care R/HH Adults
42-Help & Care
43-Mc*l» At Home
44-MealxOi*
45-Night Sleep
46-N»p*/Rcjting
48-N.A. Activities
Mean
240.54
0.98
3.76
10.00
3,51
5.05
24.03
42.1S
12.48
26.37
7.48
13.35
9.61
8.52
6.26
6.29
6.26
1.36
2.47
1.75
0.73
0.64
2.93
4.18
19.73
0.58
1.93
3.43
1.90
1.33
1.13
0.74
17.93
44.03
0.77
8.43
53.45
19.55
468.49
22.07
7.52
Std. Dev.
219.10
9.43
25.04
15.81
10.05
11.53
30.37
46.59
19.25
43.84
25.45
30.39
35.43
25.15
20.62
22.91
16.34
8.28
8.65
8.72
6.33
7.42
14.S6
10.97
30.28
4.83
10.04
14.49
6.07
7.14
7.17
8.03
23.58
29.82
6.19
28.17
35.57
31.20
79.42
43.92
22.32
Saturday
N-831
Mean
82.43
0.00
2.84
1.82
1.45
1.59
7.74
40.37
12.07
38.88
15.71
11.48
17.36
14.75
9.82
5.89
5.38
0.23
1.71
0.90
1.23
0.16
2.16
1.71
33.52
1.46
3.42
0.60
0.66
1.25
1.55
0.35
21.61
44.25
1.29
12.19
57.86
31.13
498.40
30.67
11.72
Std. Dev.
184.41
0.00
32.64
7.88
9.79
7J2
22.00
59.82
22.96
80.39
58.00
31.04
72.50
49.17
37.58
30.72
21.58
3.64
10.84
7.82
13.03
2.79
19.11
8.72
61.38
14.04
18.94
6.63
4.34
10.24
9.57
5.27
36.35
41.20
15.90
52.58
49.25
56.03
115.55
74.98
41.61
DRAFT
DO NOT QUOTE OR
CITE
iFIBeWdek

Sunday
N=831
Mean
46.74
0.00
2.65
1.43
1.66
0.93
4.60
42.38
13.97
21.73
9.01
7.79
13.56
8.47
7.60
6.26
7.09
0.76
1.53
2.45
0.91
0.44
3.28
2.08
10.13
1.65
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.52
0.72
0.04
8.45
47.54
1.45
14.32
61.84
25.95
528.86
27.56
8.18
Std. Dev.
139.71
0.00
27.30
8.29
13.76
8.52
17.55
57.42
25.85
48.70
39.39
25.43
62.12
37,54
32.17
33.78
23.15
6.52
9.97
15.11
10.30
7.20
24.89
10.56
30.18
17.92
0.69
0.06
0.43
5.61
4.34
1.04
21.64
40.15
29.18
55.13
49.27
47.60
115.84
66.01
35.79
5A-16
-------
Table 5A-3. Mean Time Spent (mint/day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the W
Weekday
N=831
Activity
49-Tiavek Personal
50-Students' Classes
51-Othcr Classes
54-Homework
56-Other Education
59-Travcl: Education
60-Professional/Union Orgs.
61-Identity Organizations
62-Political/Citizen Orgs
63-Volunteer/Helping Orgs
64-Religious Groups
65-Religioui Practice
66-Fratemal Organizations
67-Child/Famfly Organizations
68-Other Organizations
69-Traves: Organizations
70-Sport Events
71-Miscellaneous Events
72-Movies
73-Theater
74-Museumi
75-Viaiting w/Others
76-Partiet
77-Bars/Lounges
78-Other Events
79-Travel: Events/Social
80-Actxve Sports
81-Outdoors
82-WaIking/Biking
83-Hobbies
84-Domestic Crafts
85-Axt/Literature
86-Music/Drama/Dance
87-Games
88-Classes/Other
89-Travel: Active Leisure
90-Radio
91-TV
92-Records/Tapes
93-Reading Books
94-Rcading Magazines/N.A.
Mean
14.07
6.33
2.6S
4.S6
0.53
2.29
0.51
1.53
0.14
1.08
2.96
4.98
0.85
1.70
3.91
3.41
2.22
0.32
1.65
0.69
O.H9
33.14
2.81
3.62
1.39
8.90
5.30
5.11
2.08
1.78
11.18
0.99
0.45
5.06
2.65
3.31
2.89
113.01
2.58
4.41
13.72
Std. Dev.
27.76
33.79
17.92
24.35
5.91
10.36
7.27
11.19
1.25
10.08
17.33
19.92
9.28
11.69
22.85
9.83
13.45
4.89
11.03
7.13
3.32
51.69
16.49
18.07
11.55
16.19
19.60
33.00
9.70
11.73
37.03
10.84
4.91
22.91
15.83
14.77
12.19
103.89
20.26
18.09
31.73
Saturday
N=831
Mean
19.33
0.96
0.40
3.48
0.15
0.35
0.13
1.24
0.07
0.02
3.05
7.13
1.73
1.04
1.31
2.66
6.29
1.94
4.74
2.66
0.90
56.78
12.63
7.23
1.33
19.55
9.23
11.58
5.87
3.20
8.67
0.86
0.83
10.14
2.56
8.50
3.53
118.99
2.40
2.76
16.33
Std. Dev.
50.42
18.17
11.52
27.98
2.75
4.26
3.64
35.63
1.91
0.45
27.73
30.12
27.71
17.83
20.28
12.22
42.05
19.90
27.04
27.79
13.62
95.61
56.11
35.09
15.52
43.38
43.69
55.07
36.38
32.43
40.49
13.59
8.83
45.11
29.92
48.72
23.42
131.24
16.09
17.85
46.24
DRAFT
j DO NOT QUOTE OR
1 -* CITE
eeJC (COnuiiuGu/ -
Sunday
N=831
Mean
18.58
0.96
0.27
5.40
0.45
0.21
0.44
0.48
0.19
0.41
8.59
34.05
0.31
0.26
1.71
12.07
3.44
1.96
3.35
0.77
0.72
69.65
7.16
3.91
1.00
18.02
11.39
15.52
5.92
4.10
6.41
1.13
0.63
7.89
3.37
8.19
2.88
149.67
2.03
5.23
17.18
Std. Dev.
46.36
20.07
5.63
38.68
9.85
3.14
8.34
7.58
5.55
7.09
33.31
62.06
6.67
7.63
17.52
37.64
27.78
19.75
22.65
10.37
11.17
114.58
39.02
26.95
10.80
34.45
48.66
62.68
32.28
31.55
34.82
15.07
8.32
40.45
23.60
38.11
18.50
141.43
16.08
30.13
51.01
5A-17
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                                                                         !       DRAFT
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                                                                         |        CITE
        Table 5A-3. Mean Time Spent (mini/day) for 87 ActivMca Grouped by Day of the W«*~tBWUiHBed)	
Activity
95-Rctding Ncwipapen
96-Convcrwtioni
97-Lcttcn
9S-CHber Btuive Leiiure
99-Tmvcl: Puiive Leiiure
Wedcday
N-831
Mow Std. Dev.
12.03 22.65
18.68 28.59
2.83 12.23
9.72 25.02
1.26 5.44
Satwday
N*831
Main Std.
12.19
15.45
1.61
17.24
1.32

Dev.
34.96
35.27
10.80
57.21
6.80
Sunday
N-831
Mean Std.
26.01
14.57
1.96
15.28
1.72

Dev.
44.47
34.60
12.39
47.86
f.87
Source:  Hill, 1985.
                                           SA-18
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(
DO
Table 5A-4. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender 87 Activities and KTSul
. Men
N=410
Activity
01 - Normal work
02 - Unemployment acts
05 -Second job
06 - Lunch at work
07 - Before/after work
08 - Coffee breaks
09 - Travel: to/from work
10 - Meal preparation
11 - Meal cleanup
12 - Indoor cleaning
13 - Outdoor cleaning
14 - Laundry
16 - Repairs/maintenance
17 - Gardening/pet care
19 - Other household
20 -Baby care
21 - Child care
22 - Helping/teaching
23 - Reading/talking
24 - Indoor playing
25 - Outdoor playing
26 - Medical care - child
27 - Babysitting/other
29 - Travel: child care
30 - Everyday shopping
31 - Durables/house shopping
32 - Personal care services
33 - Medical appointments
34 - Govt/financial services
35 - Repair services
37 - Other services
38 -Errands
39 - Travel: goods/services
Mean
29.78
0.14
0.73
1.08
0.51
0.57
2.98
1.57
0.33
0.85
1.59
0.13
2.14
0.94
0.92
0.24
0.24
0.07
0.07
0.13
0.06
0.01
0.14
0.23
1.45
0.19
0.06
0.15
0.15
0.11
0.11
0.04
1.60
Std. dev.
20.41
1.06
3.20
1.43
1.27
1.05
2.87
2.61
0.83
2.01
3.59
0.72
4.29
2.78
2.42
1.20
0.78
0.61
0.35
0.69
0.37
0.09
0.78
0.67
2.18
1.39
0.42
0.75
0.44
0.45
0.61
0.41
2.02
Women
N=561
Mean
14.99
0.08
0.17
0.65
0.23
0.36
1.45
7.25
2.30
5.03
0.56
2.44
0.68
1.00
0.72
0.90
0.99
0.15
0.30
0.18
0.12
0.09
0.64
0.50
2.78
0.08
0.35
0.37
0.19
0.17
0.13
0.06
2.14
Std. dev.
17.62
0.75
1.62
1.21
0.69
1.03
2.17
5.04
2.19
5.05
1.59
3.34
3.43
2.19
1.84
3.04
2.11
0.76
0.86
0.82
0.72
0.67
2.58
1.21
3.25
0.51
1.14
1.63
0.61
0.78
0.61
0.68
2.17
DRAFT
NOT QUOTE
CITE
Men and women
N=971
Mean
21.82
0.11
0.43
0.85
0.36
0.46
2.16
4.63
1.39
3.10
1.03
1.38
1.35
0.97
0.81
0.60
0.64
0.11
0.19
0.16
0.09
0.05
0.41
0.38
2.17
0.13
0.22
0.27
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.05
1.89
Std. dev.
20.33
0.90
2.49
1.33
1.01
1.04
2.63
4.98
1.97
4.46
2.75
2.75
3.92
2.48
2.13
2.40
1.68
0.70
0.68
0.76
0.58
0.50
1.98
1.00
2.89
1.01
0.90
131
0.54
0.65
0.61
0.57
2.12
                          (Continued on the following page)
5A-19
-------
Table 5A-4. (continued^


	 	 ^, 	
Men
N=410
Activity
40 - Washing/dressing
41 - Medical care - adults
42 - Help and care
43 - Meals at home
44 * Meals out
45 - Night sleep
46 - Nips/resting
48 - N.A. activities
49 - Travel: persont!
50 - Students* classes
51 - Other classes
54 - Homework
56 - Other education
59 - Travel: education
60 - Professional/union
organizations
61 - Identity organizations
62 - Political/citizen
organizations
63 - Volunteer/helping
organizations
64 - Religious groups
65 - Religious practice
66 - Fraternal organizations
67 - Child/family organizations
68 - Other organizations
69 - Travel: organizations
70 - Sports events
71 - Miscellaneous events
72 - Movies
73 - Theatre
74 - Museums
75 - Visiting with others
76 -Parties
77 - Bars/lounges
78 - Other events
79 - Travel: events/social
Mean
4.33
0.09
1.02
6.59
2.72
55.76
2.94
1.77
2.06
0.92
0.23
0.76
0.11
0.29
0.04

0.14
0.01

0.02

0.38
0.89
0.16
0.10
0.34
0.43
0.30
0.07
0.31
0.13
0.04
4.24
0.64
0.71
0.12
1.40
Std. dev.
2.39
0.67
2.84
3.87
3.48
8.43
5.18
6.12
2.59
4.00
1.68
3.48
0.86
1.07
0.46

0.97
0.08

0.32

1.82
2.05
1.17
0.88
2.40
1.04
1.31
0.52
1.25
0.93
0.37
5.72
2.05
2.21
0.72
1.82
	 , 	 _^

Women
N=
Mean
5.43
0.18
1.30
6.32
2.24
56.74
3.19
1.99
1.61
0.38
0.15
0.38
0.02
0.16
0.04

0.18
0.02

0.14

0.41
1.31
0.05
0.21
0.32
0.52
0.26
0.08
0.26
0.06
0.03
5.84
0.44
0.46
0.18
1.26
=561
Std. dev.
3.24
1.00
3.04
3.53
2.73
8.49
4.70
5.70
2.51
2.51
1.05
1.87
0.22
1.06
0.62

1,55
0.15

1.05

1.61
2.97
0.66
1.33
1.53
1.02
1.28
0.59
1.13
0.48
0.35
6.42
1.65
2.09
1.18
1.67
DRAFT
DO NOT QUOTE OR
CITE


Men and women
N=971
Mean
4.92
0.14
1.17
6.44
2.46
56.29
3.08
1.89
1.82
0.63
0.18
0.56
0.06
0.22
0.04

0.16
0.01

0.09

0.40
1.12
0.10
0.16
0.32
0.48
0.28
0.07
0.28
0.09
0.03
5.10
0.53
0.57
0.15
1.32
Std. dev.
2,93
0.86
2.95
3,69
3.10
8.47
4.93
5.89
2.56
3.29
1J8
2.74
0.61
1.07
0.55

1.31
0.12

0.80

1.71
1.60
0.93
1.15
1.98
1.03
1.29
0.56
1.19
0.72
0.36
6.16
1.84
2.15
0.99
1.74
                          (Continued on the following page)
5A-20
-------






Activity
80 - Active sports
81 - Outdoors
82 - Walking/biking
83 - Hobbies
84 - Domestic crafts
85 - Art/literature
86 - Music/drama/dance
87 - Games
88 - Classes/other
89 - Travel: active leisure
90 - Radio
91 -TV
92 - Records/tapes
93 - Reading books
94 - Reading magazines/N.A.
95 - Reading newspapers
96 - Conversations
97 - Letters
98 - Other passive leisure
99 - Travel: passive leisure


Table 5A-4.

Men
N=410
Mean Std. dev.
1.05 2.62
1.49 4.59
0.52 1.31
0.69 3.88
0.30 1.59
0.05 0.45
0.06 0.49
0.60 2.00
0.41 1.75
0.76 1.91
0.39 1.40
14.75 12.14
0.46 2.35
0.37 1.52
1.32 2.81
1.86 2.72
1.61 2.19
0.20 1.06
1.68 3.53
0.18 0.49


(continued)





Women
N=561
Mean
0.50
0.48
0.23
0.06
2.00
0.13
0.07
0.99
0.28
0.43
0.39
13.95
0.33
0.56
1.97
1.47
2.18
0.31
1.41
0.13
Std. dev.
1.68
1.67
0.98
0.43
4.72
1.03
0.47
3.16
1.50
1.43
1.55
10.67
2.13
1.83
3.67
2.27
2.74
1.12
3.32
0.49
DRAFT
DO EOT
C

Men and
N =
Mean
0.76
0.94
0.36
0.35
1.21
0.09
0.07
0.81
0.34
0.58
0.39
14.32
0.39
0.47
1.67
1.65
1.91
0.26
1.53
0.15
QUOTE OR
I'i'S

women
971
Std. dev.
2.18
3.39
1.16
2.67
3.93
0.81
0.48
2.69
1.62
1.68
1.49
11.38
2.23
1.70
3.32
2.49
2.52
1.10
3.42
0.49
Source: Hill, 1985.
                                                 5A-21
-------
                                                                                      DBA FT
                                                                              DO  s:c::  c•;•:.•:
                Table 5A-5. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure
                Occupation
 Median yean of
occupational tenure
Barbers
Farmers, except horticultural
Railroad conductors and yardmasters
Clergy
Dentists
Telephone line installers and repairers
Millwrights
Locomotive operating occupations
Managers;  farmers, except horticultural
Telephone installers and repairers
Airplane pilots and navigators
Supervisors: police and detectives
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators
Tailors
Civil engineers
Crane and tower operators
Supervisors, n.e.c.
Teachers, secondary school
Teachers, elementary school
Dental laboratory and medical applicance technicians
Separating,  filtering, and clarifying T*"gfr«tiP oeprators
Tool and die makers
Lathe and turning »n»^1iiff* operators
Machinists
Pharmacists
Stationary engineers
Mechanical engineers
Chemists, except biochemists
Inspectors, testers, and graders
Electricians
Operating engineers
Radiologic technicians
Electrical power installers and repairers
Supervisors; mechanics and  repairers
Heavy equipment mechanics
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics
Physicians
Construction inspectors
Cabinet makers and bench carpenters
Industrial machinery repairers
Automobile body and related repairers
     24.8
     21.1
     18.4
     1S.S
     15.7
     15.0
     14.8
     14.8
     14.4
     14.3
     14.0
     13.8
     13.3
     13.3
     13.0
     12.9
     12.9
     12.5
     12.4
     12.3
     12.1
     12.0
     11.9
     11.9
     11.8
     11.7
     11.4
     11.1
     11.0
     11.0
     11.0
     10.9
     10.8
     10.7
     10.7
     10.7
     10.7
     10.7
     10.6
     10.6
     10.4
                                                                        (Continued on the following page)
                                                 5A-22
-------
                                                                                  DO
Table 5A-5. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure  (continued)
                          DRAFT
                        NOT OUO!
                           CITS
!E OR
                Occupation
 Median yean of
occupational tenure
Electrical and electronic engineers
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
Licensed practical nurses
Brickmasons and stonemasons
Truck drivers, heavy
Tile setters, hard and soft
Lawyers
Supervisors: production occupations
Administrators, education and related fields
Engineers, n.e.c.
Excavating and loading machine operators
Firefighting occupations
Aircraft engine mechanics
Police and detectives, public service
Counselors, educational and vocational
Architects
Stuctural metal workers
Aerospace engineers
Miscellaneous aterial moving equipment operators
Dental hygienists
Automobile mechanics
Registered nurses
Speech therapists
Binding and twisting machine, operators
Managers and administrators, n.e.c.
Personnel and labor relations managers
Office machine repairer
Electronic repairers, commercial and industrial equipment
Welders and cutters
Punching and stamping press tnm*™* operators
Sheet metal workers
Administrators and officials, public admixu'straion
Hairdressers and cosmetologists
Industrial  engineers
Librarians
Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction
Upholsterers
Payroll and timekeeping clerks
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food
Surveying and mapping technicians
Chemical  engineers
     10.4
     10.4
     10.3
     10.2
     10.1
     10.1
     10.1
     10.1
     10.1
     10.0
     10.0
     10.0
     10.0
      9.7
      9.7
      9.6
      9.6
      9.6
      9.4
      9.4
      9.3
      9.3
      9.3
      9.3
      9.1
      9.0
      9.0
      9.0
      9.0
      9.0
      8.9
      8.9
      8.9
      8.9
      8.8
      8.8
      8.6
      8.6
      8.6
      8.6
      8.6
                                                                        (continued on the following page)
                                                5A-23
-------
                                                                               DRAFT
                                                                        DO NOT Q.UOTE  OR
                                                                                CITE
Table 5A-5. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure
   Occupation
                                                                       Median yean of
                                                                       occupational tenure
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers
Concrete and terrazzo finishers
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale
Supervisors:  general office
Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.
Stenographers
Typesetters and compositors
Financial managers
Psychologists
Teachers:  special education
Statistical clerks
Designers
Water and Sewage Treatment plant operators
Printing machine operators
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics
Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks
Insurance sales occupations
Carpenters
Public transportation attendants
Drafting occupations
Butchers and meatcutters
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers
Dressmakers
Musicians and composers
Supervisors and proprietors; sales occupations
Painters, Sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmaken
Mechanics and repairers, not specified
Engineering technicians, n.e.c.
<^?|tpfc-nl laboratory technologists *n<^ technicians
Purchasing managers
Purchasing agents and buyers,  n.e.c.
Photographers
Chemical technicians
Managers; properties and real estate
Accountants and auditors
Religious workers, n,e.c.
Secretaries
Social workers
Operations and systems researchers and analysts
Postal clerks, except mail carriers
Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations
                                                            8.6
                                                            8.6
                                                            8.6
                                                            8.6
                                                            8.5
                                                            8.5
                                                            8.5
                                                            8.4
                                                            8.4
                                                            8.4
                                                            8.3
                                                            8.3
                                                            8.3
                                                            8.2
                                                            8.1
                                                            8.1
                                                            8.1
                                                            8.0
                                                            8.0
                                                            8.0
                                                            8.0
                                                            7.9
                                                            ^•9
                                                            7.9
                                                            7.9
                                                            7.9
                                                            7.7
                                                            7.7
                                                            7.7
                                                            7.7
                                                            7.7
                                                            7.6
                                                            7.6
                                                            7.6
                                                            7.6
                                                            7.6
                                                            7.5
                                                            7.5
                                                            7.4
                                                            7.4
                                                            7.3
                                                               (continued on the following page)
                                       5A-24
-------
                                                                                      DRAFT
                                                                              DO  WOT  Q';ors  OR
                                                                                       CITE
         Table SA-S.  Ranking of Occupations by Median Yean of Occupational Tenure (cbntinuea}~
                Occupation
Median yean of
occupational tenure
Farmworkers
Managers; medicine and
Data processing equipment repairers
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing «n»«iiin« operators
Management related occupations, n,e.c.
Supervision; cleaning and building service workers
Management analysts
Science technicians, n,e.c.
Mail carriers, postal service
Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators
Electrical and electronic t
-------
                                                                                •  DRAFT
                                                                         i  DO  EOT  QUOTE
                                                                         I  '        CITE
Table 5A-5. Banking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure ' (continued)
                                                                                                       OR
                Occupation
                                                      Median yean of
                                                      occupational tenure
Billing clerks
Drywall installers
Construction trades, n.e.c.
Telephone operators
Authors
Nursing aides, orderlies, sad attendants
Dental assistants
Timber cutting and logging occupations
Molding and casting tnaefrina operators
Miscellaneous hand-working occupations
Production coordinators
Public relations specialists
Personnel clerks, except payroll and bookkeeping
Assembler!
Securities and financial services sales occupations
Stlcflworken,  furniture and home furnishings
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators
Pressing machine operators
Roofers
Graders and sorters, except agricultural
Supervisors; related agricultural occupations
Typists
Supervisors; motor vehicle operators
Personnel,  training, and labor relations specialists
Legal assistants
Physical therapists
Advertising and related sales occupations
Pvccords clerks
Economists
Technicians, n.e.c.
Expediters
Sales occupations, other business services
Computer operators
Computer programmers
Investigators and adjusters, except insurance
Underwriters
Sslesworkers,  parts
Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.
Teachers' aides
Maids and housemen
Sawing machine operators
Machine operators, not specified
Weighers, measurers, and checkers
                                                            5.8
                                                            5.7
                                                            5.7
                                                            5.7
                                                            5.6
                                                            5.6
                                                            5.6
                                                            5.5
                                                            5.5
                                                            5.5
                                                            5.5
                                                            5.5
                                                            5.4
                                                            5.4
                                                            5.4
                                                            5.4
                                                            5.3
                                                            5.3
                                                            5.3
                                                            5.3
                                                            5.2
                                                            5.2
                                                            5.2
                                                            5.2
                                                            5.2
                                                            5.2
                                                            5.1
                                                            5,1
                                                            5.1
                                                            5.0
                                                            5.0
                                                            4.9
                                                            4.8
                                                            4.8
                                                            4.8
                                                            4.8
                                                            4.8
                                                            4.8
                                                            4.6
                                                            4.6
                                                            4.6
                                                            4.5
                                                            4.5
                                                                        (continued on the following page)
                                                5A-26
-------
                                                                                    fco  F:
          Table 5A-S. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure- (continued)
        Occupation
 Median yean of
 occupational tenure
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks
Salesworkers, hardware and building supplies
Biological technicians
Athletes
Bill and account collectors
Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs
Slicing and cutting ™»ofrinft operators
Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.
Mixing and blending """*«'"« operators
Waiters and waitresses
Janitors and cleaners
Production helpers
General office clerks
Machine feeders and offbearers
Interviewers
Bartenders
Eligibility clerks, social welfare
Bank tellers
Cooks, except short-order
Health aides, except nursing
Laborers, except construction
Welfare service aides
Salesworkers, motor vehicles and boats
Cost and rate clerks
Construction laborers
Hand packers and packagers
Transportation ticket and reservation agents
Animal caretakers, except farm
Photographic process machine operators
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c.
Data-entry keyers
Bakers
Dispatchers
Guards and police, except public service
Packaging and rilling machine operators
Receptionists
Library clerks
Truckdrivers, light
Salesworkers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances
Salesworkers, apparel
Sales counter clerks
Salesworkers, other commodities
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
                                                                          (continued on the following page)
                                                  5A-27
-------
                                                                                 L'C ''.'•".: ". '.".-'".1  C".

          Table 5A-5. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure* '(continued)
                                                                Median years of
                 Occupation                                     occupational tenure

Small engine repairers                                                  3.1
Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations                     3.0
Health record technologists and technicians                               2.9
Helpers, construction trades                                            2.9
Attendants, «mmu».mMit and recreation facilities                           2.8
Street and door-to-door salesworkers                                    2.7
Child-care workers, private household                                   2.7
Child-care workers, except private household                             2.7
Information clerks, n.e.c.                                               2.7
Hotel clerks                                                           2.7
Personal service occupations, n.e.c.                                      2.7
Saleeworken, shoes                                                    2.6
Garage and service station related occupations                            2.6
Short-order cooks                                                     2.5
File clerks                                                             2.5
Cashiers                                                              2.4
Mail clerks, except postal service                                       2.3
Miscellaneous food preparation occupations                              2.3
News vendors                                                         2.3
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners                                 2.3
Messengers                                                            2.3
Kitchen workers, food preparation                                      2.1
Stock handlers and baggers                                             1.9
Waiters and waitresses  assistants                                        1.7
Food counter, fountain, and related occupations                          1.5
* n.6.c. - not elsewhere classified

Source: Carey, 1988.
                                                 5A-28
-------
                       ! DO MOT QllOTl OH
                              CITE
Table SA-6. Differences in Average Tune Spent in Different
and National Studies (Minutes Per Day for Age
00-49
00-09
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10-19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20-29
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30-39
30
NON-FREE TIME
PAID WORK
(not tued)
Main Job
Unemployment
Travel during work
(not used)
Second job
Eating
Before/after work
Breaks
Travel to/from work
HOUSEHOLD WORK
Food Preparation
Meal Cleanup
Cleaning Home
Outdoor Cleaning
Clothes Care
Car Repair/Maintenance
-------
                              DRAFT
                        I DO NOT QUOTE OR
1
Table 5A-6. Difference* in Avenge Time Spent in Different Activities Between California —
and National Studies (Minutes Per Day for Age 18-64) (continued)
00-49
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
4049
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
NR-
* K
Source:
California National
NON-FREE TIME 1987-88 1985
(1359) (1980)
Durable/House Shop
Personal Service*
Medical Appointments
Govt/Financial Service
Car Repair services
Other Repair services
Other Services
Errands
Travel, Goods and Services
PERSONAL NEEDS AND
CARE
Washing, Etc.
Medical Care
Help and Care
Meals At Home
Meals Out
Night Sleep
Naps/Day Sleep
Dressing, Etc.
NA Activity
Travel. Personal Care/NA
Not Recorded in National
Survey
Less than 0.5 Min. per day
Robinson and Thomas, 1991.
19
1
2
3
2
*
2
*
24

21
3
3
44
27
480
16
24
2
22



20
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
20

25
1
4
50
20
469
16
32
12
13


50-59
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90-99
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99



CITE



California National
Free Time 1987-88 1985
(1359) (1980)
Outdoor
Walking/Hiking
Hobbies
Domestic Crafts
Art
Music/Drama/Dance
Games
Computer Use/Other
Travel, Recreation
COMMUNICATION
Radio
TV
Records/Tapes
Read Books
Reading
Magazines/Other
Reading Newspaper
Conversations
Writing
Think, Relax
Travel. Communication
Total Travel
(Codes 09, 29, 39, 49,
59, 69, 79, 89, 99)

3
5
1
3
*
3
5
3
5

1
130
3
4
16
11
15
8
9
5
108


7
4
1
6
1
2
7
3
6

3
126
1
7
10
9
25
9
6
*
90


5A-30
-------





Code Description

AT HOME
Kitchen
Living Room
Dining Room
Bathroom
Bedroom
Study
Garage
Basement
Utility Room
Pool, Spa
Yard
Room to Room
Other NR Room




Men
N =639
California

46
181
18
27
481
8
14
<0.5
1
1
33
9
3


Table 5A-7,


' DRAFT
DC ZTOT QUO:
Time Spent in Varioui Micro-environment* 0 - i &
Mean duration
Women Total*
N-814 N = 720 N - 1059 N = 1980
National

56
136
10
27
478
10
5
4
0
NR

160"

California National California

98 135 72
98 180 189
22 18 19
38 43 33
534 531 508
677
6 1 19
<0.5 6 <0.5
352
1 NR* 1
21 27
34 116 21
4 3

:s OH
	


N = 1359
National

104
158
IS
38
521
8
2
5
4
NRb
37
40
22
   Total at home      822

AWAY FROM HOME

Office                78
Rant                 73
Grocery Store          12
Shopping Mall         30
School                25
Other Public Placet     18
Hospital               9
Restaurant            35
Bar-Night Club        15
Church                7
Indoor Gym            4
Other'i Home          60
Auto Repair           18
Playground            16
Hotel-Motel            7
Dry Cleaners          <0.5
Beauty Parlor          <0.5
Other Location*         3
Other Indoor          17
Other Outdoor         60
               888



               261

                18

                13

               NR
                22

                 8
               NR
                42
               NR
                27
               NR
               NR
               NR
               NR
                41
               NR
                 963
                  94
                  12
                  14
                  40
                  29
                  10
                  24
                  25
                   5
                   5
                   4
                  61
                   4
                   8
                   8
                   1
                   4
                   1
                   7
                  13
               1022



                155

                 33

                 11

                NR
                 18

                 11
                NR
                 45
                NR
                 16
                NR
                NR
                NR
                NR
                 24
                NR
                 892
                  86
                  42
                  13
                  35
                  27
                  14
                  17
                  30
                  10
                   6
                   4
                  61
                  11
                  12
                   8
                   1
                   2
                   2
                  12
                  37
               954
               193

                30

                15
                12
                 3
                23

                10
               NR
                43
               NR
               NR
               NR
               NR
               NR
               NR
                24
                 6
Total away
from home
487
445
371
324
430
383
                                                    5A-31
-------
                                                                                ,         DRAFT
                                Table 5A-7.  Time Spent in Various Micro-environments  DO  NOT  QUOTE OR
                                                                                         CITE
                            Men
                                        Mean duration

                                        Women
                                                        Total1
Code Description
N - 639
California
N -914
National
                                                    California
N = 1059
National
N * 1980
California
N » 1359
National
TRAVEL

Car                   76
Van/Truck             30
Wafting               10
Bui Stop              <0.5
Bui                    6
Rap id Train             1
Other Travel            2
Airplane                1
Bicycle                 1
Motorcycle             2
Other or Mining         1
                 86
                 IS
                  77
                  11
                   8
                   1
                   2

                   1
                 
-------
                              DRAFT
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    APPENDIX 5-B
Population Mobility Data
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                                                                                DRAFT
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                    Table 5B-1.  Annual Geographical Mobility Bates, by Type of Movement for
                               Selected 1-Year Periods: 1960-1992 (Numbers in Thousands)
Residing in tta United States at beginning of period
Mobility
period
NUMBER
1991-92
1990-91
1989-90
1988-89
1987-88
1986-87
1985-86
1984-85
1983-84
1982-83
1981-82
1980-81
1970-71
1960-61
PERCENT
1991-92
1990-91
1989-90
1988-89
1987-88
1986-87
1985-86
1984-85
1983-84
1982-83
1981-82
1980-81
1970-71
1960-61
Total
movers

42,800
41,539
43,381
42,620
42,174
43,693
43,237
46,470
39,379
37,408
38,127
38,200
37,705
36,533

17.3
17.0
17.9
17.8
17.8
18.6
18.6
20.2
17.3
16.6
17.0
17.2
18.7
20.6
Total

41,545
40,154
41,821
41,153
40,974
42,551
42,037
45,043
38,300
36,430
37,039
36,887
36,161
35,535

16.8
16.4
17.3
17.2
17.3
18.1
18.0
19.6
16.8
16.1
16.6
16.6
17.9
20.0
Different
house,
same
county

26,587
25,151
25,726
25,123
26,201
27,196
25,401
30,126
23,659
22,858
23,081
23,097
23,018
24,289

10.7
10.3
10.6
10.9
11.0
11.6
11.3
13.1
10.4
10.1
10.3
10.4
11.4
13.7
Total

14,957
15,003
16,094
15,030
14,772
15,355
15,636
14,917
14,641
13,572
13,959
13,789
13,143
11,246

6.0
6.1
6.6
6.3
6.2
6.5
6.7
6.5
6.4
6.0
6.2
6.2
6.5
6.3
Different
Same
State

7,853
7,881
8,061
7,949
7,727
8,762
8,665
7,995
8,198
7,403
7,330
7,614
6,197
5,493

3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.1
3.1
County
Different
State

7,105
7,122
8,033
7,081
7,046
6,593
6,791
6,921
6,444
6,169
6,628
6,175
6,946
5,753

2.9
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.7
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.2
Different
Region

3,285
3,384
3,761
3,258
3,098
3,546
3,778
3,647
3,540
3,192
3,679
3,363
3,936
3,097

1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
2.0
1.7
Residing
outside the
United States
at the
beginning of
period

1,255
1,385
1,560
1,467
1,200
1,142
1,200
1,427
1,079
978
1,088
1,313
1,544
988

0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.6
kmrce:
U.S. Bureau of Census, 1993.
                                                 5B-1
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j DRAFT
I DO WOT QUOTE OR
** CITE
* aDie 3D-*. MOOlilCy OI me KeSJuenC JrOpUlSQOn Dy 2KUC" J."oU "*'""' 	 ' 	 ' — ~
Percent diitribution -
reiidenoein 1975*




Region, division,
and state
United SOU*
Northeast
New England
Milne
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode bland
Connecticut
Middle Atlantic
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Midwest
East North Central
Ohio
Indiana
niiaou
Michigan
WUcoiuin
We«t North Central
MinnetoU
Iowa
Miuouri
North Dakota
So Uh Dakota
Ncbn&ka
Kansas
Penons
5 yean
old, and
ova*
1980
(1,000)
210,323
46,052
11,594
1,047
857
476
5398
891
2,925
34,458
16,432
6,904
11,122
54,513
38,623
10,015
5,074
10393
8,582
4,360
15,890
3,770
2,693
4,564
598
633
1,448
2,184
Same
home
in
1980
as
1975
53.6
61.7
59.1
56.9
51.6
54,4
61.0
60.5
59.0
62.6
61.5
61.5
65.0
55.4
56.0
56.7
54.8
55.5
56.4
56.2
53.9
55.6
55.6
54.0
51.7
52.9
53.1
50.2


Different
house,
tame
county
25.1
22.3
23.4
24.0
22.8
23.9
22.7
23.9
24.4
21.9
22.6
20.0
22.0
26.4
27.4
27.9
27.5
28.5
26.2
25.5
24.0
22.8
25.0
24.1
23.1
23.2
24.4
25.1


Different
county,
same
Mate
9.8
8.0
6.7
7.5
6.2
6.5
7.6
5.0
5.5
8.4
9.3
8.6
7.1
10.2
9.6
9.0
9.6
8.1
11.3
11.0
11.8
13.3
10.9
11.8
11.4
12.1
11.0
10.7


Different
county,
different
state
9.7
6.1
9.2
10.8
18.5
14.3
7.0
8.7
9.3
5.0
3.8
7.8
5.2
7.0
6.0
5.7
7.6
6.1
5.1
6.7
9.4
7.3
7.9
9.4
12.7
11.1
10.5
12.6
                          (Continued on die following page)
5B-2
-------
Table 5B-2. (continued)
                                        DRAFT
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                                        CITE
Percent distribution -
residence in 1975*




Region, division,
and state
South
South Atlantic
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
East South Central
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
West South Central
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
West
Mountain
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Persons
S years
old, and
over*
1980
(1,000)
69,880
34,498
555
3,947
603
4,99i
1,806
5,476
2,884
5,052
9,183
13,556
3,379
4,269
3,601
2,307
21,826
2,113
3,847
2,793
13,074
39,879
10,386
722
852
425
2,676
1,188
2,506
1,272
745
Same
house
in
1980
as
1975
52.4
52.7
57.0
55.5
58.2
51.0
60.9
56.9
57.5
52.5
46.2
56.0
54.4
54,2
57.6
59.0
49.6
53.1
57.0
47.6
47.3
43.8
42.7
47.3
44.4
38.4
39.8
50.3
41.9
45.8
34.8


Different
house,
same
county
24.1
22.4
26.3
21.9
22.7
17.9
23.4
23.5
22.3
22.8
23.7
25.9
27.2
27.2
25.3
22.5
25.6
24.8
24.3
24.9
26.2
28.3
2S.1
24.5
24.7
23.6
22.7
23.2
27.1
27.8
27.4


Different
county,
same
state
10.0
9.7
2.0
10.3
NA
15.0
6.6
8.9
7.7
12.2
7.8
7.9
8.6
7.4
7.4
8.6
11.8
9.1
9.2
12.3
12.9
11.0
9.1
12.3
9.5
8.6
14.8
7.2
5.0
8.4
3.6


Different
county,
different
itate
12.0
13.6
13.3
10.4
16.3
13.9
8.6
9.8
11.5
11.5
19.6
9.5
9.0
10.6
8.9
9.2
11.0
12.4
8.4
13.7
11.0
13.4
21.1
15.0
20.0
28.3
20.6
17.4
23.9
16.0
31.5
                              (continued on the following page)
      5B-3
-------
                                             Table 5B-2. (continued)
                                                                                        DRAFT
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                                                                                         CITE
                                                                   Percent distribution -
                                                                   residence in 1975*




Region, diviiion,
and state
Pacific
WashingUm
Oregon
California
Alaska
Hawaii
Pcraoni
5 yemn
old, and
ova*1
1980
(1,000)
29,493
3,825
2,437
21,980
363
888
Same
home
in
1980
at
1975
44.2
43.7
41.4
44.6
32.2
49.3


Different
home,
same
county
29.4
27.7
26.6
30.2
27.6
25.2


Different
county,
same
Mate
11.6
io.i
13.4
12.1
8.7
2.8


Different
county,
different
state
10.7
16.2
16.9
8.5
29.1
16.9
* Survey assessed changes in residence between 1975 and 1980.
k Includes persons residing abroad in 1975.
NA "» not applicable.
Source:  U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract, 1984.
                                                  5B-4
-------
6.     CONSUMER PRODUCTS
                                                                     DRaFT
                                                               DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                     CUE
6.1.  BACKGROUND
      Consumer products may contain toxic or potentially toxic chemical constituents to which
humans  may be exposed as a result of their use.  Exposure to chemical constituents released
from consumer products can occur via ingestion, inhalation, and through dermal contact. This
chapter focuses on consumer products commonly used in homes:  cleaning products, painting
products, and household products that contain solvents.
      Three national surveys have been conducted by Westat (1987a,  b, and c) that provide
usage data for household solvent products, household cleaning products, paint, and paint-related
products.  The primary purpose of these surveys was to gather usage data  needed to assess
exposure to consumers  from chemicals in common household products.  The data that can be
obtained from these studies are: frequency of use, duration of use, and amount used. For each
survey, participants were selected based on a random digit dialing (HDD) procedure. Using this
procedure, sample blocks of numbers that included residential telephone number (published, and
nonpublished) were made available within a certain exchange, and random telephone numbers
were dialed within those blocks of numbers. If a person in that particular household agreed to
participate, a questionnaire was mailed to  the participant.  To complete the questionnaires,
respondents were required to recall product usage behavior  over the previous 12 months.  A
follow-up telephone  call  was made to  those respondents  who  did not respond  to  the
questionnaires within  a 4-week  period.   If these  respondents  agreed to participate,  the
questionnaire was administered to them over the telephone.
      The Waksberg Method  of RDD was used for all  surveys.   This  method provides an
unbiased sample  of households with telephones, with  most of the households having the same
probability of selection (Westat, 1987a, b,  c).  The method was also designed  to reduce the
number of nonproductive calls considering that a high proportion of nonworkmg and commercial
numbers occur in consecutive  sequences (Westat,  1987a, b,  c).   Data obtained from these
surveys are summarized in the following sections. The reader is referred to Westat (1987a, b, c)
for brand names, more explanation of the statistical procedures, and data for protective measures
taken during use of these products.
                                         6-1
-------
                                                                !       DRAFT
                                                                jDO HOT QUOTE OR
                                                                    iK$  CITE
6.2.   CONSUMER PRODUCTS STUDIES	
       Westat - Household Solvent Products: A National Usage Survey -  Westat  (1987a)
surveyed 4,920 individuals (18 years of age or older) nationwide to  determine  consumer
exposure to common household products believed to contain methylene chloride or its substitutes
(trichloroethane,  trichloroethylene,  carbon tetrachloride,  perchloroethylene,  and  1,1,2-
trichlorotrifluoroethane).  Survey questions included how often the products were used; when
they were last used; what was the amount of time spent using a product (per occasion or year)
and the time the respondent remained in the room after use; how much of a product was used
per occasion or year; and what protective measures were used (Westat, 1987a).  Thirty-two
categories of common household products were included in the survey  and are presented in
Table 6-1.  Tables 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4 provide means, medians, and percentile rankings for
the following variables: frequency of use, exposure time, amount of use, and time exposed after
use.
       An advantage of this study is that the random digit dialing procedure (Waksberg Method)
used in identifying participants for this survey enabled a diverse selection of a representative,
unbiased, sample of the U.S. population (Westat 1987a). Also, empricial data generated from
this study will provide more accurate calculations of human exposure to consumer  household
products than estimates previously used.  However, a limitation associated  with this study is that
the data generated were based on recall  behavior.  Participants were asked  to recall  product
usage data from the previous  12 months.   This may degrade the response accuracy of the
participants. Another limitation is that extrapolation of these data to long-term use patterns may
be difficult.
       Westat - National Usage Survey  of Household Cleaning Products -  Westat  (1987b)
collected use data from a nationwide survey to assess the magnitude of exposure of consumers
to various household cleaning products. One hundred ninety-three (193) households participated
                                                                       -s    ••  •    •  ~
in the survey.  A telephone interview was conducted to obtain data from the person who did the
majority of the cleaning in each household.  Of those respondents, 83 percent were female, 16
percent were male, and the sex of the remaining 1 percent was not ascertained (Westat,  1987b).
A random  digit dialing procedure, previously  mentioned, was used to generate  telephone
numbers. The survey was designed to generate data on the frequency of performing 14 different
                                         6-2
-------
Table 6-1.  Frequency of Use For Household Solvent Products
Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Use/Year
Products
Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellents/Protectors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids or Degreasers
Wood Floor and Paneling Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesives
Adhesive Removers
SUiconc Lubricants
Other Lubricants (excluding Automotive)
Specialized FJectronic Cleaners (for TVs, Etc.)
Latex. Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Stains, Varnishes, and
Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thinners
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primes and Special Primers
Aerosol Rust Removers
Outdoor Water Repellents
(for Wood or Cement)
Glass Frostings, Window Tints, and Artificial
Snow
Mean
10.28
3.50
15.59
16.46
8.48
40.00
8.89
4.22
10.32
10.66
13.41
3.93
5.66
4.21
3.6S
6.78
4.22
3.43
6.17
2.07
2.78
Std. dev.
20.
11.
43.
44.
20.
74.
10
70
34
12
89
78
26.20
12.30
25.
25.
38.
20.
23.
12.
9.
22.
15.
8,
9.
3.
21.
44
46
16
81
10
19
10
10
59
76
82
71
96
Min.
1.00
1.00
LOO
LOO
1.00
LOO
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
LOO
LOO
1.00
1.00
0.03
LOO
LOO
LOO
1.00
LOO
1%
1.00
1.00
1.00
LOO
LOO
LOO
LOO
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
LOO
1.00
1.00
LOO
0.03
LOO
LOO
LOO
LOO
LOO
5%
LOO
1.00
LOO
LOO
1.00
1.00
1.00
LOO
1.00
1.00
LOO
LOO
LOO
LOO
1.00
0.10
LOO
LOO
LOO
LOO
LOO
10%
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
LOO
1.00
1.00
LOO
1.00
LOO
1.00
1.00
LOO
0.23
LOO
1.00
LOO
LOO
LOO
25%
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
NA
4.00
2.00
LOO
2.00
2.00
2.00
LOO
LOO
LOO
4.00
1.00
LOO
LOO
LOO
1.00
LOO
50%
4.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
2.00
12.00
3.00
LOO
3.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
LOO
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
LOO
2.00
LOO
LOO
75%
8.00
3.00
10.00
12.00
6.00
40.00
6.00
3.00
10.00
10.00
10.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
3.00
6.00
2.00
LOO
90%
24.30
6.00
40.00
46.00
24.00
100.00
15.00
6.00
20.00
20.00
24.00
6.00
6.00
7.00
6.00
12.00
6.10
6.00
15.00
3.00
2.00
95%
52.00
10.00
52.00
52.00
50.00
200.00
28.00
16.80
46.35
50.00
52.00
10.00
12.00
12.00
11.80
23.00
12.00
10.00
24,45
5.90
2.00
99%
111.26
35.70
300.00
300.00
56.00
365.00
100.00
100.00
150.00
100.00
224.50
30.00
139.20
50.80
44.56
100.00
31.0S
50.06
50.90
12.00
27.20
Max.
156.00
300.00
365.00
365.00
350.00
520.00
500.00
100.00
300.00
420.00
400.00
800.00
300.00
250.00
100.00
352.00
365.00
104.00
80.00
52.00
365.00
















O
O
«§»
w
o
-------
                                             Table 6-1. Frequency of Use For Household Solvent Product*  (Continued)
                 Product*
Mean   Std. dcv.    Min.    1%    5%
Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Use/Year
    25%     50%    75%      90%      95%
99%
Max.
Engine Dpgreasers
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Cars
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Cars
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake Quieten Cleaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
Ignition and Wire Dryers
4.18
3.77
4.50
6.42
10.31
2.28
3.95
3.00
2.50
11.18
3.01
13.72
7.10
9.71
33.89
30.71
3.55
24.33
6.06
4.39
18.67
5.71
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
NA
1.00
NA
NA
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
4.00
2.00
3.25
3.00
4.00
3.75
6.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
12.00
3.00
6.70
6.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
3.00
4.00
6.00
5.00
30.00
5.00
12.00
12.00
15.00
15.00
40.00
9.00
6.55
10.40
6.50
50.00
9.70
41.70
47.28
60.00
139.00
105.60
NA
41.30
NA
NA
77.00
44.52
300.00
100.00
100.00
500.00
365.00
26.00
365.00
52.00
30.00
200.00
60.00
NA•- Not Available
Source:   Westat, 1987a
-------
Table 6-2.  Exposure Time of Use For Household Solvent Products
Percentile Rankings for Duration of Use
(mins)

Products
Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellents/Protectors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids or
Degreasers
Wood Floor sad Paneling Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesives
Adhesive Removers
Silicone Lubricants
Other Lubricants (excluding
Automotive)
Specialized Electronic Cleaners (for
TVs, Etc.)
Latex Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Stains, Varnishes, and
Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thinnen
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primers and Special Primers
Aerosol Rust Removers

Mean
(mins)
7.49
14.46
10.68
29.48
74.04
7.62
15.58
121.20
10.42
8.12
9.47
295.08
194.12
117.17
125.27
39.43
39.54
91.29
18.57


Std. dev.
9.60
24.10
22.36
97.49
128.43
29.66
81.80
171.63
29.47
32.20
45.35
476.11
345.68
193.05
286.59
114.85
87.79
175.05
48.54


Min.
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.02


1%
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.03
1.08
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
1.00
0.51
0.74
0.38
0.08
0.17
0.24
0.05


5%
0.25
0.50
0.08
1.00
5.00
0.03
0.08
1.45
0.08
0.05
0.08
22.50
15.00
5.00
5.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
0.17


10%
0.50
1.40
0.25
2.00
10.00
0.03
0.33
3.00
0.17
0.08
0.17
30.00
30.00
10.00
5.00
2.00
5.00
5.00
0.25


25%
2.00
3.00
2.00
5.00
20.00
0.17
1.00
15.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
90.00
60.00
30.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
2.00


50%
5.00
10.00
5.00
15.00
30.00
1.00
4.25
60.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
180.00
120.00
60.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
5.00


75%
10.00
15.00
10.00
30.00
90.00
2.00
10.00
120.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
360.00
240.00
120.00
120.00
30.00
45.00
120.00
20.00


90%
18.00
30.00
30.00
60.00
147.00
10.00
30.00
246.00
20.00
15.00
20.00
480.00
480.00
140.00
240.00
60.00
60.00
240.00
60.00


95%
30.00
60.00
30.00
120.00
240.00
32.00
60.00
480.00
45.00
30.00
30.00
810.00
579.00
360.00
420.00
180.00
120.00
360.00
60.00


99%
60.00
120.00
120.00
300.00
480.00
120.00
180.00
960.00
180.00
90.00
93.60
2880.00
1702.80
720.00
1200.00
480.00
300.00
981.60
130.20


Max.
60.00
480.00
360.00
1800.00
2700.00
480.00
2880.00
960.00
360.00
900.00
900.00
5760.00
5760.00
280.00
4320.00 o
2400.00 g
1800.00 2 H ?ct
1920.00 W § £j
720.00 w
O
-------
Table 6-2. ExpowreTimo of Uie For Household Solvent Product* (Continued)
Percentile Rankings for Duration of Use
(mint)
Products
Outdoor Water Repellents (for Wood
or Cement)
Glass Frostings, Window Tints, and
Artificial Snow
Engine Degreasers
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Can
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Cars
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake Quieten/Cleaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
Ignition and Wire Dryers
NA = Not Available
Source: Westat, 1987a




Mean
(mini)
104.94
29.45
29.29
13.57
42.77
51.45
9.90
27.90
9.61
23.38
23.57
22.66
7.24






Std. dev.
115.36
48.16
48.14
23.00
71.39
86.11
35.62
61.44
18.15
36.32
27.18
23.94
8.48






Min.
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.17
0.03
0.07
0.33
0.08
0.02






1*
0.05
0.14
0.95
0.08
0.19
0.22
0.03
NA
0.04
NA
NA
0.71
0.02






5*
5.00
2.00
2.00
0.33
1.00
2.00
0.08
0.35
0.08
0.50
0.50
3.00
0.08






10%
15.00
3.00
5.00
1.00
3.00
5.00
0.17
1.80
0.23
1.00
2.00
5.00
0.47






25%
30.00
5.00
10.00
3.00
10.00
10.00
1.00
5.00
1.00
5.00
6.25
10.00
1.50






50%
60.00
15.00
15.00
7.00
20.00
27.50
5.00
15.00
5.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
5.00






75%
120.00
30.00
30.00
15.00
60.00
60.00
10.00
30.00
10.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
10.00






90%
240.00
60.00
60.00
30.00
120.00
120.00
15.00
60.00
20.00
49.50
60.00
60.00
15.00






95%
300.00
96.00
120.00
45.00
145.00
180.00
30.00
60.00
30.00
120.00
60.00
60.00
25.50






99%
480.00
268.80
180.00
120.00
360.00
529.20
120.00
NA
120.00
NA
NA
120.00
48.60






Max.
960.00
360.00
900.00
300.00
900.00
600.00
720.00
450.00
180.00
240.00
180.00
240.00
60.00


o !
1 0^
w
o
-------
Table 6-3.  Amount of Products Used For Household Solvent Products
Products

Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellents/Protectors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids
or Degreasers
Wood Floor and Paneling
Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesives
Adhesive Removers
Silicone Lubricants
Other Lubricants (excluding
Automotive)
Specialized Electronic Cleaners
(for TVs, Etc.)
Latex Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Stains, Varnishes, and
Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thinner*
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primers and Special Primers
Aerosol Rust Removers
Mean
(ounccs/yr)

9.90
11.38
26.32
58.30
28.41
4.14
7.49
34.46
12.50
9.93
9.48
371.27
168.92
65.06
63.73
69.45
30.75
68.39
18.21
Std. dcv

17.90
22.00
90.10
226.97
57.23
13.72
55.90
96.60
27.85
44.18
55.26
543.86
367.82
174.01
144.33
190.55
52.84
171.21
81.37
PercentUe Rankings for Amount of Products Used
(ounces)
Min.
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.25
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.12
0.64
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.09
1%
0.20
0.47
0.24
0.50
0.80
0.02
0.02
0.29
0.20
0.18
0.05
4.00
0.33
1.09
1.50
0.45
0.75
0.09
0.25
5%
0.63
0.98
0.60
2.00
2.45
0.06
0.05
1.22
0.69
0.30
0.13
12.92
4.00
4.00
4.00
3.10
2.01
1.30
1.00
10%
1.00
1.43
1.00
3.00
3.50
0.12
0.12
2.80
LOO
0.52
0.25
32.00
8.00
4.00
8.00
4.00
3.25
3.23
1.43
25%
2.00
2.75
2.00
6.50
7.00
0.30
0.35
6.00
2.25
1.00
0.52
64.00
25,20
8.00
16.00
8.00
7.00
8.00
2.75
50%
4.50
6.00
5.50
16.00
14.00
0.94
LOO
10.88
4.50
2.25
2.00
256.00
64.00
16.00
32.00
20.48
13.00
16.00
8.00
75%
10.00
12.00
16.00
32.00
30.00
2.40
3.00
32.00
12.00
8.00
6.00
384.00
148.48
64.00
64.00
64.00
32.00
60.00
13.00
90%
24.00
24.00
48.00
96.00
64.00
8.00
8.00
64.00
24.00
18.00
12.65
857.60
384.00
128.00
128.00
128.00
65.00
128.00
32.00
95%
36.00
33.00
119.20
192.00
96.00
18.00
20.00
138.70
41.20
32.00
24.00
1280.00
640.00
256.00
256.00
256.00
104.00
256.00
42.60
99%
99.36
121.84
384.00
845.00
204.40
67.44
128.00
665.60
192.00
128.00
109.84
2560.00
1532.16
768.00
512.00
640.00
240.00
867.75
199.80
Max.
180.00
450.00
1600.00
5120.00
1144.00
181.80
1280.00
1024.00
312.00
1280.00
1024.00
6400.00
5120.00
3840.00 	
0
2560.00 jg
o
3200.00 0^5
w ,o S-
1053.00 g C ^ j
1920.00 g
1280,00 g
-------
                                                        Table 6-3.  Amount of Products Used For Household Solvent Product* (Continued)
00
Product*

Outdoor Water Repellent* (for
Wood or Cement)
Glass Frostings, Window Tints,
and Artificial Snow
Engine Degreasers
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Cars
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Cars
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake Quieten/Cleaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
Ignition and Wire Dryers
NA = Not Available
Source: Westat, 1987a



Mean
(ounces/yr)

148.71
13.82
46.95
22.00
44.95
70.37
18.63
35.71
16.49
11.72
13.25
31.58
9.02





Std. dev

280.65
14.91
135.17
50.60
89.78
274.56
54.74
62.93
87.84
13.25
22.35
80.39
14.59





Percentile Rankings for Amount of Products Used
(ounces)
Min. 1%
0.01 0.37
1.00 1.40
0.04 1.56
0.10 0.50
0.04 0.14
0.12 0.77
0.08 0.40
2.00 NA
0.12 0.13
0.50 NA
0.50 NA
0.12 0.50
0.13 0.32





5%
3.63
2.38
4.00
1.50
1.50
3.00
0.96
3.75
0.58
1.00
1.00
1.82
1.09





10%
8.00
3.25
6.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
1.00
4.00
1.00
2.00
1.00
3.00
1.50





25%
16.00
6.00
12.00
5.22
6.12
9.00
2.75
8.00
2.00
3.02
3.75
6.00
3.00





50% 75%
64.00 128.00
12.00 14.00
16.00 36.00
12.00 16.00
16.00 48.00
16.00 48.00
6.00 15.50
15.00 32.00
4.00 8.00
8.00 14.25
7.75 16.00
12.00 28.00
6.00 10.75





90%
448.00
28.00
80.00
39.00
100.80
128.00
36.00
77.00
15.00
32.00
24.00
64.00
16.00





95%
640.00
33.00
160.00
75.00
156.00
222.00
64.00
140.00
24.60
38.60
58.40
96.00
20.55





99%
979.20
98.40
480.00
212.00
557.76
1167.36
240.00
NA
627.00
NA
NA
443.52
113.04





Max.
3200.00
120.00
2560.00
672.00
900.00
3840.00
864.00
360.00
1050.00
78.00
160.00
960.00
120.00

i 0
O
53
^ o >-i
i-j
o
-------
Table 6-4,  Time Exposed After Duration of Use For Household Solvent Products
Products

Spray Shoe Polish
Water Repellents/Protectors
Spot Removers
Solvent-Type Cleaning Fluids or
Degreasers
Wood Floor and Paneling
Cleaners
Typewriter Correction Fluid
Adhesives
Adhesive Removers
Silicons Lubricants
Other Lubricants (excluding
Automotive)
Specialized Electronic Cleaners
(for TVs, Etc.)
Latex Paint
Oil Paint
Wood Stains, Varnishes, and
Finishes
Paint Removers/Strippers
Paint Thinoers
Aerosol Spray Paint
Primers and Special Primers
Aerosol Rust Removers

Mean
(mins)

31.40
37.95
43.65
33.29
96.75
124.70
68.88
94.12
30.77
47.45
117.24
91.38
44.56
48.33
31.38
32.86
12.70
22.28
15.06

Std. dev.

80.50
111.40
106.97
90.39
192.88
153.46
163.72
157.69
107.39
127.11
154.38
254.61
155.19
156.44
103.07
105.62
62.80
65.57
47.58

Percentilc Rankings for Time Exposed After Duration of Use
(mins)
Min.
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

1%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

5%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

10%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

25%
0.00
0.00
i.oo
0.00
5.00
30.00
1.00
1.75
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

50%
5.00
3.00
5.00
3.00
30.00
60.00
10.00
20.00
0.00
2.00
60.00
5.00
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

75%
20.00
20.00
30.00
28.75
120.00
180.00
60.00
120.00
10.00
30.00
180.00
60.00
30.00
30.00
20.00
15.00
1.00
10.00
5.00

90%
120.00
120.00
120.00
60.00
240.00
360.00
180.00
360.00
60.00
120.00
300.00
240.00
120.00
120.00
60.00
60,00
30.00
60.00
60.00

95%
120.00
240.00
240.00
180.00
480.00
480.00
360.00
480.00
180.00
240.00
480.00
480.00
240.00
240.00
180.00
180.00
60.00
120.00
60.00

99%
480.00
480.00
480.00
480.00
1062.00
600.00
720.00
720.00
480.00
485.40
720.00
1440.00
480.00
694.00
541.20
480.00
260.50
319.20
190.20

Max.
720.00
1800.00
1440.00
1440.00
1440.00
1800.00
2100.00
720.00
1440.00
1440.00
1440.00
2880.00
2880.00
2880.00
1440.00
i
1440.00 !
1440.00
720.00
600.00















D
•I
?='«
L-J f.
i-i
O
-------
T*Mo 6-4. Time Exposed After Duration of U«e For Houtebold Solvent Product* (Continued)
Product!

Outdoor Water Repellents (for
Wood or Cement)
Glass Frosting!, Window Tints,
and Artificial Snow
Engine Degreasers
Carburetor Cleaners
Aerosol Spray Paints for Can
Auto Spray Primers
Spray Lubricant for Can
Transmission Cleaners
Battery Terminal Protectors
Brake Quitters/Cleaners
Gasket Remover
Tire/Hubcap Cleaners
Ignition and Wire Dryers
NA = Not Available
Source: Westat, 1987a





Mean
(mini)

8.33

137.87

4.52
7.51
10.71
11.37
4.54
5.29
3.25
10.27
27.56
1.51
6.39






Std.dev.

43.25

243.21

24.39
68.50
45.53
45.08
30.67
29.50
17.27
30.02
58.54
20.43
31.63






Percentile Rankings for Time Exposed After Duration of Use
(mint)
Mia.
0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00






1%
0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.00
0.00






5% 10% 25% 50% 75%
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 3.00 60.00 180.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.50
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00






90%
5.00

360.00

0.00
0.10
17.50
20.00
2.00
5.00
2.90
30.00
120.00
0.00
0.10






95%
58.50

480.00

15.50
30.00
60.00
77.25
15.00
22.50
15.00
120.00
180.00
0.00
30.00






99% Max.
309.60 420.00

1440.00 1800.00

120.00 360.00
120.60 1800.00
282.00 480.00
360.00 360.00
70.20 420.00
NA 240.00
120.00 180.00
NA 120.00
NA 240.00
30.00 480.00
216.60 240.00

O
te!
0
o *"* S
il^
ra 0 t-3
W
O
-------
                                                                      '       DRAFT
                                                                      ' DO NOT QUOTE OR
                                                                              CITE
cleaning  tasks;  the amount of time  (duration) spent at each task; the cleaning praJucrmosT"	
frequently used; and the type of product (liquid, powder, aerosol or spray pump) used (Westat,
1987b).  In addition, some demographic,  product brand, and protective measure data were
requested.
       The data are presented in Tables 6-5, 6-6, 6-7, 6-8, and 6-9.  Table 6-5 presents the
mean and median total exposure time of use for each  cleaning task and the product type
preferred for each task. The percentile rankings for the total time exposed to the products used
for 14 cleaning tasks are presented  in Table 6-6. The mean and percentile rankings of the
frequency in performing each task are presented in Table 6-7.  Table 6-8 shows the mean and
percentile rankings for exposure time per event of performing household tasks.  The mean and
percentile rankings for total number of hours spent per year using the top 10 product groups are
presented in Table 6-9.
       The methodology used to generate data in this survey and the survey reported by Westat
(1987a) is similar. Therefore, the same advantages and disadvantages associated with the Westat
(1987a) data also apply to this study.
       Westat - National Household Survey of Interior Painters - Westat, (1987c) conducted a
study to obtain usage information for household painting.  Painting and painting related products
generally contain chemicals that may be toxic. Therefore, consumer exposure to these chemicals
may be harmful.  The survey involved 208 participants (households),  and  the person in each
household who did most of the interior painting during the last 12 months was interviewed over
the telephone.  The random digit dialing procedure previously described was used to generate
sample blocks of telephone numbers.  Questions were asked on frequency and  time spent for
interior painting activities; the amount of paint  used; and protective measures used. Fifty-three
percent of the  primary painters in the households interviewed were  male, 46 percent were
female, and the sex of the remaining 1 percent was not ascertained.  Three types of painting
products  were used in this study; latex paint, oil-based paint, and wood stains  and varnishes.
Of the respondents, 94.7 percent used latex paint, 16.8 percent used oil-based paint, and 20.2
percent used wood stains and  varnishes.
       Date generated from this survey are summarized in Tables 6-10, 6-11, and 6-12.  Table
6-10 presents the mean, standard duration, and percentile rankings for the total exposure time
                                         6-11
-------
TfRf
DO NOT q
CI
iFT
iUOTE OR
IE
Table 6-5. Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type Used by Talk For Household Cleaning Producu
Mean Median Product Type
Talks (hn/year) (hn/year) Used
dean Bathroom Sinki and Tubs 44 26 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Clean Kitchen Sinks 41 18 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Clean Iniido of Cabinet! 12 5 Liquid
(such at kitchen) Powder
Aeroiol
Spray pump
Other
Clean Outside of Cabinets 21 6 Liquid
Powder
Aeroiol
Spray pump
Other
Wipe Off Kitchen Counters 92 55 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Thoroughly Clean Counters 24 13 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
Clean Bathroom Floors 20 9 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
dean Kitchen Floors 31 14 Liquid
Powder
Aeroiol
Spray pump
Other
Clean Bathroom or Other Tilted or Ceramic Walls 16 9 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
29%
44%
16%
10%
1%
31%
61%
2%
4%
2%
68%
12%
2%
16%
2%
61%
8%
16%
13%
2%
67%
13%
2%
15%
3%
56%
21%
5%
17%
1%
70%
21%
2%
4%
3%
70%
27%
2%
1%
-
37%
18%
17%
25%
3%
6-12
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                                                                                      *•  CITE
     Table 6-5. Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type Used by Task For HouseuuUl Cleaning Piudutui—
                                               (continued)
    t


ouseira
Tasks
Clean Outside of Windows


Clean Inside of Windows


Clean Glass Surfaces Such as Mirrors & Tables


Clean Outside of Refrigerator and Other Appliances


Clean Spots or Dirt on Walls or Doors
Finishes


Mean Median Product Type
(hrs/year) (hrs/year) Used
13 6 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
18 6 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
34 13 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
27 13 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump
Other
19 8 Liquid
Powder
Aerosol
Spray pump -
Other

27 %
2%
6%
65%
24%
1%
8%
66%
2%
13%
1%
8%
76%
2%
48%
3%
7%
38%
4%
46%
15%
4%
30%
4%
Source:  Westat, 1987b.
                                                   6-13
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Table 6-6. P«ceati!e Ranking*tot Total ExpowtoTime in Performing T«k
PerccntiJo Rankings for Total Exposure
Exposure Time Performing Task
(hn/yr)
Ttsks
Clean Bathroom Sinks ud Tub*
Clean Kitchen Sinks
Clean Inside of Kitchen Cabinets
Clean Outside of Cabinets
Wipe Off Kitchen Counters
Thoroughly Clean Counters
Clean Bathroom Floors
Clean Kitchen Floors
Clean Bathroom or Other Tilted or Ceramic Walls
Clean Outside of Windows
Clean Inside of Windows
Clean Glass Surfaces Such as Mirrors & Tables
Clean Outside Refrigerator and Other Appliances
Clean Spots or Dirt on Walls or Doors
Source: Westat, 1987b.



100th
365
547.5
208
780
912.5
547.5
365
730
208
468
273
1460
365
312




95th
121.67
121.67
48
78.66
456.25
94.43
71.49
96.98
52
32.6
72
104
95.29
78




90th
91.25
97.6
32.48
36
231.16
52
36.83
52
36
24
36
60.83
91.25
52




75th
52
60.83
12
17.33
91.25
26
26
26
26
11.5
19.5
26
30.42
24




50th
26
18.25
4.75
6
54.75
13
8.67
14
8.67
6
6
13
13
8




25th
13
8.67
2
2
24.33
6
4.33
8.67
3
2
3
6
4.33
2




10th Oth
5.2 0.4
3.47 0.33
1 0.17
0.967 0.07
12.17 1.2
1.75 0.17
2 O.I
4.33 0.5
1 0.17
1.5 0.07
1.15 0.07
1.73 0.17
1.81 0.1
0.568 0.07

O
O
as
o
W o *-3
O
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Table 6-7. Mean Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Use in Performing Household Tasks
Talks
Clean bathroom sinks and tubs
Clean kitchen sinks
Clean inside of cabinets such as
those in the kitchen
Clean outside of cabinets
Wipe off counters such as those
in the kitchen
Thoroughly clean counters
Clean bathroom floors
Clean kitchen floors
o\ Clean bathroom or other tiled
i_i or ceramic waUs
Ui
Clean outside of windows
Clean inside of windows
Clean other glass surfaces such
as mirrors and tables
Clean outside of refrigerator
and other appliances
Cletn spots or dirt on walls or
doors
Source: Westat, 1987b.


Mean
3 x per week
7 x per week
9 x per year
3 x per month
2 x per day
8 x per month
6 x per month
6 x per month
4 x per month
5 x per year
10 x per year
7 x per mourn
10 x per month
6 x per month



Percentile Rankings
Oth
0.2 x per week
Ox per week
1 x per year
0.1 x per month
0 x per day
0.1 x per month
0.2 x per month
0.1 x per month
0.1 x per month
1 x per year
1 x per year
0.1 x per month
0.2 x per month
0.1 x per month



10th
1 x per week
1 x per week
1 x per year
0.1 x per month
0.4 x per day
0.8 x per month
1 x per month
1 x per month
0.2 x per month
1 x per year
1 x per year
1 x per month
1 x per month
0.2 x per month



25th
1 x per week
2 x per week
1 x per year
0.3 x per month
1 x per day
ix per month
2 x per month
2 x per month
1 x per month
1 x per year
2 x per year
2 x per month
2 x per month
0.3 x per month



50th
2 x per week
7 x per week
2 x per year
1 x per month
1 x per day
4 x per month
4 x per month
4 x per month
2 x per month
2 x per year
4 x per year
4 x per month
4 x per month
1 x per month



75th
3.5 x per week
7 x per week
12 x per year
4 x per month
3 x per day
4 x per month
4 x per month
4 x per month
4 x per month
4 x per year
12 x per year
4 x per month
13 x per month
4 x per month



90th
7 x per week
15 x per week
12 x per year
4 x per month
4 x per day
30 x per month
13 x per month
13 x per month
9 x per month
12 x per year
24 x per year
17 x per month
30 x per month
13 x per month



95th
7 x per week
21 x per week
52 x per year
22 x per month
6 x per day
30 x per month
30 x per month
30 x per month
13 x per month
12 x per year
52 x per year
30 x per month
30 x per month
30 x per month



100th
42 x per week
28 x per week
156 x per year
30 x per month
16 x per day
183 x per month
30 x per month
30 x per month
30 x per month
156 x per year
156 x per year
61 x per month
61 x per month
152 x per month
. 	 __.. 	 	
I * °
* 53
o
B||;
-------
Table 6-8, Mow and PerceotUe Rankings for Expoiure lime Per Event of Performing Household Tasks
Tasks -
Clean bathroom sinks and tubs
Clean kitchen sinks
Clean inside of cabinets such as those in the kitchen
Clean outside of cabinets
Wipe off counters such as those in the kitchen
Thoroughly clean counters
Clean bathroom floors
Clean kitchen floors
Clean bathroom or other tiled or ceramic walls
Clean outside of windows
Clean inside of windows
Clean other glass surfaces such as mirrors and tables
Clean outside of refrigerator and other appliances
Clean spots or dirt on walls or doors
Source: Westat, 1987b.


Mean
(minutes/event)
20
10
137
52
9
25
16
30
34
180
127
24
19
50



Percentile Rankings (minutes/event)
Oth
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
4
1
1
1



10th
5
2
24
5
2
5
5
10
5
30
20
5
4
5



25th
10
3
44
15
3
10
10
15
15
60
45
10
5
10



50th
15
5
120
30
5
15
15
20
30
120
90
15
10
20



75th
30
10
180
60
10
30
20
30
45
240
158
30
20
60



90th
45
15
240
120
15
60
30
60
60
420
300
60
30
120



95th 100th
60 90
20 480
360 2,880
180 330
30 120
90 180
38 60
60 180
120 240
480 1,200
381 1,200
60 180
45 240
216 960

4.".
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                                              Table 6-10.  Total Exposure Time of Painting Activity of Interior Painters (hrs)
Types of Paint Mean Std. dev.
(his)

Latex 12.2 11.28
Oil-based 10.68 15.56
Wood Stains and Varnishes 8.5? 10.85
Percentile Rankings for Duration of Painting Activity
(hrs)
Min. 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 95% Max.
1 3 4 9 15 24 40 248
1 1.6 3 6 10 21.6 65.6 72
1 1 2 4 9.3 24 40 42
           Source:  Westat, 1987c.
                                                                                                                                                             o
                                                                                                                                                             >-3
                                                                                                                                                             tei

                                                                                                                                                             o
-------
              Table 6-11.  Exposure Time of Interior Painting Activity/Occasion (hrs) and Frequency of Occasions Spent Painting Per Year
Types of Paint

Latex
Oil-based
Wood Stains and
Varnishes
Duration of
Painting/Occasion
(hrs)
Mean
2.97
2.14
2.15
Median
3
3
2
Frequency of
Occasions Spent
Painting/Year
Mean
4.16
5.06
4.02
Std. dev.
5.54
11.98
4.89
Percentile Rankings for Frequency
Min 10%
1 1
1 1
1 1
25%
2
1
1
50%
3
2
2
of Occasions Spent Painting
7596
4
4
4
90%
9
8
9
95%
10
26
20
Max.
62
72
20
Source: Westat,  1987c.
                                                                                                                                                K3
                                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                                H
                                                                                                                                                M

                                                                                                                                                O
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                                                   Table 6-12. Amount of Paint Used by Interior Painter*
      Types of Faint        Median     Mean    Std. dev.

                          (gallons)    (gallon*)
Percentile Rankings for Amount of Paint Used

               (gallons)
                                                                   Min    10%
    25%
50%
75%
90%
95%
Max.
Latex
Oil-based
Wood Stains and
Varnishes
3.0
2.0
0.75

3.89
2.55
0.88

4.56
3.03
0.81

0.13
0.13
0.13

1
0.25
0.14

2
0.5
0.25

3
2
0.75

5
3
1

8
7
2

10
12
2

50
12
4.25

Source:  Westat, 1987c.
                                                                                                                                                       as



                                                                                                                                                    s°i

                                                                                                                                                    tB C t^i
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for painting activity by paint type. Table 6-11 presents the mean and standard exposure time
for the painting activity per occasion for each paint type.  A "painting occasion" is defined as
a time period from start to cleanup (Westat 1987c). Table 6-11 also presents the frequency and
percentile rankings of painting occasions per year.  Table 6-12 presents the total amount of paint
used by interior painters.
       The methodology used to generate data in this survey is similar to the methodology used
in the survey reported  by Westat (1987a).  Therefore, the same advantages and disadvantages
associated  with the Westat (1987a) data also apply to this study.

6.3.    MECOMMENDATIONS
       In  order  to estimate consumer  exposure to household  products,  several types  of
information are needed for the exposure equation. The information needed include frequency
and duration of use, amount of product used, percent weight of the chemical found  in the
product, and for dermal exposure, the amount of the solution on the sMn after exposure. The
studies of Westat (1987a, b,  and c) provide information on amount, duration, and frequency of
use of household consumer products. The frequency and duration of use and amount of product
used for some household products can be obtained from Tables 6-1 through 6-10.  Exposure to
chemicals  present in common  household products can be estimated by utilizing these data
presented in these tables and the appropriate exposure equation.  It should be noted  that if these
data are used to model indoor air concentrations, the values for time of use, time exposed after
use, and frequency in the indoor air, should be the same values used in the dose equation for
frequency  and contact time for a given individual.
                                        6-21
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                     FOR CHAPTER 6                       		
Westat (1987a) Household solvent products - a national usage survey. Under Subcontract to
      Battelle Columbus Div., Washington DC. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection
      Agency, Washington, DC.  Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA. PB88-132881.

Westat (1987b) National usage survey of household cleaning products.  Prepared for U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances and Office of Pesticides
      and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC.

Westat (1987c) National household survey of interior painters. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances and  Office of Pesticides and Toxic
      Substances, Washington DC.
                                       6-22
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7.     REFERENCE RESIDENCE
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7.1    INTRODUCTION
       Within a residence, exposures occur not only by the inhalation route, but also by the
ingestion and dermal routes.  The factors needed to assess many aspects of these last two
routes (e.g., food consumption, product use information, etc.) are contained in other
chapters.  The role of human activity patterns is discussed hi Chapter 5, and factors related
to product use are summarized in Chapter 6.  The purpose of this chapter is to provide
information on various residential factors that are needed to assess inhalation exposures—
whether those exposures occur alone or in conjunction with dermal and/or ingestion
exposures.
       Exposure assessments to residential settings require information to define: (1) the
availability of the chemical(s) of concern at a given place within the building, (2) the nature
and degree of human presence at that location and time, and (3) certain characteristics of the
residence.  Very often, indoor exposure assessments must be undertaken with little or no
direct knowledge of the environmental abundance of the chemical(s) of concern and only
sketchy information to define the human presence.  As a consequence, such exposure
assessments must be assembled from a mix of observational, physical and chemical
measurement data coupled to "theoretical and empirical assumptions to fill information gaps.
In residential exposure  scenarios, definition of source-receptor relationships can take on
special complexities because: (1) chemical concentrations can vary over time due to
building-specific as well as chemical- and source-specific factors, (2) the human who incurs
the exposure very often exerts some influence over these factors (particularly for the source),
(3) for some types of indoor sources, room-to-room differences in concentration are likely to
prevail, and (4) people tend to move from room to room and to come and go from the
exposure scene.
       The chemical mass balance of the house provides a deterministic framework for
considering the interactions among sources and fates for each chemical of concern (Figure
7-1).  The fate, in particular, tells the exposure analyst whether concerns may arise from the
perspectives of inhalation, dermal, or ingestion exposure, or some combination thereof.  For
                                          7-1
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                                                 no zrr.r r.vDrs OR
                                                       CITS
       Figure 7-1. Elements of Residential Exposure
                     OTHER INDOOR
                       VOLUMES
  6
                 INDOOR VOLUME
   TRANSPORT
   1NDCX3R
   SOURCES
J pJ  REVERSIBLE
 jf      SINKS
                  OUTDOOR
                CONTAMINANTS
                                DECOMPOSITION
                                     AND
                                  DEPOSITION
1
                         1-2
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example, use of a tod surface cleaner with volatile constituents can result in inhalation of
chemicals that volatilize during/after application as well as dermal contact in the course of
applying the cleaner.  For a chemical conveyed by the residential water supply, both
inhalation and dermal exposure can occur while showering, in addition to direct ingestion
when drinking the water.
       Hie extent of human exposure by these various routes depends on a number of
factors.  Some residential exposure factors are related to features of the building itself, such
as total and room-specific volumes, surface areas, and airflow rates.  Other factors are
related to human presence,  such as location/activity patterns and use of various consumer
products that can release chemicals of concern.  The focus of this chapter is on the
characteristics of the residence.  Residential construction and finishing materials and interior
furnishings also are of interest because they can emit or absorb some chemicals of concern,
but these factors generally are beyond the current scope of this document.
       The remainder of this chapter provides information on various residential factors that
can affect human exposure while indoors.  Section 7.2 summarizes existing data on whole-
house and room-specific volumes. Section 7.3 lists indoor-outdoor air exchange rates and
provides a basis for defining airflows within a residence that affect chemical transport.
Section 7.4 provides information on one type of indoor source—the water supply—whose
configuration is defined by the residence rather than the occupant.  For completeness, factors
related to occupant uses of the water are also presented.

7.2    INDOOR VOLUMES
7.2.1  Volumes of Residences
       Residential Energy Consumption Survey  (RECS) - No measurement surveys have been
conducted to directly evaluate the range and distribution of residential volumes.  Related
data, however, are regularly collected through the U.S. Department of Energy's Residential
Energy Consumption Survey (USDOE 1992).  In addition to collecting information on energy
use, this triennial survey collects data on housing characteristics, including direct
measurements of total and heated floorspace for buildings visited by survey specialists.  For
a recent survey (1990), a statistical sample of over 5000 residences was surveyed,
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representing 94 million households nationwide. Table 7-1 summarizes indoor volumes
estimated from this survey for leading categories of housing; these volumes were derived
from the floorspace data contained in the USDOE report using an assumed ceiling height of 8
ft (2.44 m).
       The data in Table 7-1 also indicate a relationship between residential volume and both
housing type and ownership.  The predominant housing type-single-family detached home-
also has the largest volume.  Multifamily units and mobile homes have volumes averaging
about half that of single-family detached homes, with single-family attached homes about
halfway between these extremes. Within each category of housing type, owner-occupied
residences average about 50 percent greater volume than rental units.  The owner-occupied
residences collectively account for two-thirds of the U.S.  housing stock.
       The relationship of other factors—household size and structure age—to residential
volumes is shown in Table 7-2.  The relationship with household size is of particular interest
for purposes of exposure assessment;  for example, one-person households would not include
children. The data indicate that multi-person households occupy residences with volumes
averaging about 50 percent greater than residences occupied by single-person households.
Data on year of construction indicate a slight decrease in residential volumes between 1950
and 1980, followed by an increasing trend over the next decade.

7.2.2  Room Volumes and Surface Areas
       Volumes and Areas of Research Houses - Room volumes and surface areas have not
been well characterized for the U.S.  housing  stock. However, there is information on
several well-characterized houses that have been used for  energy conservation and indoor air
quality research. Four examples are given in Table 7-3; all houses were built in the late
1970s or early 1980s.  Two of the houses—a two-story style and a ranch style—have been
used by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly National Bureau
of Standards) for energy conservation and air quality research.  The buildings were specified
by NIST as  "being typical of modern residential construction in 1977" (Emmerich and
Persily 1994).  A ranch style house used by EPA for indoor air quality research (Tichenor et
al.  1990), like that specified by NIST, consists of a single story, and the two houses have
                                         7-4
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                   Table 7-1. Average Estimated Volumes of U.S. Residences
                                                   Ownership
                        Owner-Occupied
                                Rental
                                           All Units
 Housing Type
 (5+ Units)
 Mobile Home
 All Types
Volume1
Percent
of Total
Volume
Percent
of Total
Volume
  221
  494
  4.5
 66.2
  177
  239
  1.1
 33.8
  213
  408
Percent
of Total
Single-Family
Detached
Single-Family
Attached
Multifamily
(2-4 units)
Multifiumly
534
436
394
274
53.2
3,9
2.7
1.9
349
284
224
170
8.9
2.4
8.0
13.4
508
378
267
183
62.1
6.4
10.6
15.3
   5.5
 100.0
1 Volumes calculated from floor anas assuming a ceiling height of 8 feet.
Source: U.S. DOB 1992.
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  Table 7-2.  Residential Volumes in Relation to Household Size and Year of Construction
                                       Volume1             Percent of Total
     	             (m3)                    	

      Household Size

      1 Person                            301                       24.9
      2 Persons                           422                       32.6
      3 Persons                           420                       16.8
      4 Persons                           504                       14.8
      5 Persons                           464                        7.1
      6 or More Persons                   450                        3.8
      All Sizes                            408                      100.0

      Year of Construction
1939 or before
1940 to 1949
1950 to 1959
1960 to 1969
1970 to 1979
1980 to 1984
1985 to 1987
1988 to 1990
All Years
430
373
418
400
383
384
411
562
408
22.9
7.4
14.3
15.7
22.8
8.5
5.4
3.0
100.0
1 Volumes calculated from floor areas assuming a ceiling height of 8 feet.

Source:  U.S. DOE 1992.
                                    7-6
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1
Table 7-3. Room
Room or Zone


Volumes and Surface
Indoor Air Quality
Volume (m*)


Areas From Energy Co
Research Houses
CRAFT-
ED 10!? QUDI-Z 03
•«* CITE
nservation and
Surface Area
Floor (m2)
Walls (m2)
N1ST Two-Story Style1 (Total Habitable Volume = 420 m1)
Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen/Family Area
Half-Bath
Large Closet
Utility Closet
Attached Garage
Matter Bedroom
Master Closet
Master Bath
Hall
Bedroom 2
Bedroom3
Bedroom 4
Bath
61
42
75
8
12
5
131
69
22
11
11
35
29
29
11
25
17
31
3
5
2
54
28
9
4
4
15
12
12
4
49
40
55
18
22
14
73
52
30
20
28
45
34
34
20
NIST Ranch Style1 (Total Habitable Volume = 250 m3)
LR/DR
Kitchen
Hall
Master Bedroom
Master Bath
Bedroom 2
Bedroom3
Hall Bath
Attached Garage
75
28
13
44
11
33
31
15
89
31
12
5
18
5
14
13
6
37
60
34
35
42
24
36
36
24
62
EPA Ranch Style2 (Total Habitable Volume = 293 m5)
Dcn/Kit./LR
Hall
Middle Bedroom
Comer Bedroom
Master Bedroom
Master Bath
Hall Bath
150
12
34
33
42
10
12
63
5
14
14
18
4
5
81
24
27
27
36
8
7
GEOMET Split Foyer Style1 (Total Habitable Volume * 311 m*)
LR/KiL/DR
Hall
Front Bedroom
Comer Bedroom
Master Bedroom
Master Bath
Hall Bath
Downstairs
Integral Garage
100
11
23
21
35
8
9
104
108
41
5
8
9
14
3
4
43
44
36
24
28
34
36
18
20
59
65
1 Emmerich and Persfly, 1994.
2 Sparks, 1988.
* GEOMET, 1982.
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similar volumes, in the range of 250 to 300 m3. A two-story split-foyer house used by
GEOMET (Koontz and Nagda 1989) for air quality and energy research has a habitable
volume of 311 m3.  The house also includes an integral garage in the lower level; if the
option for habitable space had been chosen instead of the garage, then the habitable volume
would have been virtually identical to that of the two-story NIST residence (420 m3).  Thus,
both the two-story residences have volumes very close to the national average (408  m3)
previously shown in Table 7-1.
       Volumes of specific rooms are a function of both total house volume and interior
design/layout. Across the four structures, the bedroom volumes varies by a factor of three,
from 21 m3 to 69 m3, averaging 35 m3. Bathroom volumes vary by a factor of two, from
8 m3 to 15 m3, averaging 11 m3. The range of hallway volumes across these houses is quite
narrow, from 11 m3 to 13 m3. Kitchen and living room volumes were not reported
separately for two of the four houses because they are part of a series of interconnected
rooms, but the cases where they were reported separately indicate a kitchen volume on the
order of 30 m3 and living room volume near 60 m3.  The surface-to-volume ratio for the
floor (and, by analogy, the  ceiling) is consistently 0.41 for these residences because a ceiling
height of 8 feet (2.44 meters) was assumed in computing the volumes.  The surface-to-
volume ratio  for walls varies from about 0.5 for open and interconnected areas (e.g.,
kitchen/dining room/living room) to about 2.0 for smaller enclosed areas such as closets,
bathrooms, and hallways.
       Surface Materials - Table 7-4 shows examples of assumed amounts (Tucker  1991) of
selected products or materials used in constructing or finishing residential surfaces.  Products
used for floor surfaces include adhesive, varnish and wood stain, and materials used for
walls include paneling, gypsum board, and wallpaper.  Particleboard and chipboard most
likely would be used for interior furnishings such as cabinets or shelves, but also could be
used for decking or underlayment.
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             Table 7-4. Examples of Products and Materials Assoekted~wll
                        Moor and Wall Surfaces in Residences1
                                                                        Qf
  Material Sources                                          Surface Covered

  Silicone caulk                                                0.2 m2
  Floor adhesive                                               10.0 m2
  Floor wax                                                  50.0 m2
  Wood stain                                                  10.0 ma
  Polyurethane wood finish                                     10.0 m2
  Floor varnish or lacquer                                      SO.O m2
  Plywood paneling                                           100.0 m2
  Chipboard                                                 100.0m2
  Gypsum board                                              100.0 m2
  Wallpaper _ ^ _ .        _ 100.0 m2

1 After Tucker, 1991.
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7.3    AIRFLOWS
7.3.1  Background
       Major air transport pathways for airborne substances in residences include the
following:

       •     Air exchange—Air leakage through windows, doorways, intakes and exhausts,
             and "adventitious openings"  (i.e., cracks and seams) that combine to form the
             leakage configuration of the building envelope plus natural and mechanical
             ventilation;
       •     Interzonal airflows—Transport through doorways, ductwork, and service
             chaseways that interconnect rooms or zones within a building; and
       •     Local circulation—Convective and adjective air circulation and mixing within a
             room or within a zone.

       The distribution of airflows across the building envelope that contribute to air
exchange and the interzonal airflows along  interior flowpaths is determined by the interior
pressure distribution.  The forces causing the airflows are temperature differences, the
actions of wind, and mechanical ventilation systems.  Basic concepts have been reviewed by
ASHRAE (1993). Indoor-outdoor and room-to-room temperature differences create density
differences that help determine basic patterns of air motion.  During the heating season,
wanner indoor air tends to rise to exit the building at upper levels by stack action. Exiting
air is replaced at lower levels by an influx of colder outdoor air.  During the cooling season,
this pattern is reversed: stack forces during the cooling season are generally not as strong as
in the heating season because the indoor-outdoor temperature differences are not pronounced.
       The position of the neutral pressure level (i.e., the point where indoor-outdoor
pressures are equal) depends on the leakage configuration of the building envelope.  The
stack effect arising from indoor-outdoor temperature  differences is also influenced by the
partitioning of the building interior.  When there is free communication between floors or
stories, the building behaves as a single volume affected by a generally rising current during
the heating season and a generally falling current during the cooling season. When vertical
communication is restricted,  each level essentially becomes an independent zone.  As the

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wind flows past a building, regions of positive and negative pressure aze created; positive
pressures induce an influx of air, whereas negative pressures induce an outflow.  Wind
effects and stack effects combine to determine a net inflow or outflow.
       The final element of indoor transport involves the actions of mechanical ventilation
systems that circulate indoor air through the use of fans. Mechanical ventilation systems
may be connected to heating/cooling systems that, depending on the type of building,
recirculate thermally treated indoor air or a mixture of fresh air and recirculated air.
Mechanical systems also may be solely dedicated to exhausting air from a designated area, as
with some kitchen range hoods and bath exhausts, or to recirculating air in  designated areas
as with a room fan.  Local air circulation also is influenced by the movement of people and
the operation of local heat sources.

7.3.2   Air Exchange
       Air exchange is the balanced flow into and out of the building, and is composed of
three processes:  (1) infiltration — air leakage through random cracks, interstices and other
unintentional openings in the building envelope;  (2) natural ventilation — airflows through
open windows, doors, and other designed openings in the building envelope; and (3) forced
or mechanical ventilation — controlled air movement driven by fans.  For nearly all indoor
exposure scenarios, air exchange is treated as the principal means of diluting indoor
concentrations because outdoor levels are generally assumed to be zero. The air exchange
rate is generally expressed in terms of air changes per hour (ACH, with units of h"1), the
ratio of the airflow (m3 h"1) to the volume (m3).
       Measurements with Perfluorocarbon Tracers - No measurement surveys have been
conducted to directly evaluate the range and distribution of residential air exchange rates.
Although a significant number of air exchange measurements have been carried out over the
years,  the diversity of protocols and study objectives make the formation of a representative
database problematic. Since the early 1980s, however, an inexpensive perfluorocarbon tracer
(PFT)  technique  (Dietz et al. 1986) has been used to measure time-averaged air exchange
and interzonal airflows in more than 4,000 occupied residences using essentially similar
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protocols. These measurement results have been compiled to allow various researchers to
access the data (Versar 1990).
      While the residences represented in the PFT database do not constitute a random
sample of those across the United States, they nonetheless represent a compilation of homes
visited in the course of about 100 separate field-research projects by various organizations,
some of which involved random sampling and some of which involved judgmental or
fortuitous sampling. Further analysis on the assembled data (Koontz and Rector 1995)
indicate that the 10th percentile value of 0.18 ACH would be appropriate as a conservative
estimator for air exchange in residential settings, and that a value of 0.45 ACH would be
appropriate when a typical air exchange rate is desired.  Statistical summaries of the data are
presented in
Table 7-5.
      In applying conservative or typical values of air exchange rates it is important to
realize the limitations of the underlying data base.  Although the estimates are based on
thousands of measurements, the residences represented in the database are not a random
sample of the United States housing stock. The sample population is not balanced in terms
of geography or time of year. Statistical techniques were applied to compensate for some of
these imbalances. Despite such limitations, the estimates in Table 7-5 are believed to
represent the best available information on the distribution of air exchange rates across
United States residences throughout the year.
      Earlier Studies - Prior to the Koontz and Rector (1993)  study, Nazaroff et al. (1987)
aggregated the data from two earlier tracer-gas decay studies that, at  the time they were
conducted, were the largest U.S. studies to include air exchange measurements.  The first
(Grot and Clark 1981) was conducted in 255 dwellings occupied by low-income families in
14 different cities.  The geometric mean ± standard deviation for the air exchange
measurements in these homes, with a median house age of 45 years,  was 0.90 ± 2.13 ACH.
The second study (Grimsrud et al. 1983)  involved 312 newer residences, with a median age
of less than 10 years. Based on measurements taken during the heating season, the
geometric mean ± standard deviation for these homes was 0.53 ± 1.71 ACH. Based on an
aggregation of the two distributions with proportional weighting by the  respective number of
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                 Table 7-5. Summary Statistics for Air Exchange Rates
                      (Air Changes Per Hour-ACH), by Region

Arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic
Standard Deviation
Geometric Mean
Geometric
Standard Deviation
10th Percentile
50th Percentile
90th Percentile
Maximum
West
Region
0.66
0.87

0.47
2.11

0,20
0.43
1.25
23.32
Norm
Central
Region
0.57
0.63

0.39
2.36

0.16
0.35
1.49
4.52
Northeast
Region
0.71
0.60

0.54
2.14

0.23
0.49
1.33
5.49
South
Region
0.61
0.51

0.46
2.28

0.16
0.49
1.21
3.44
All
Regions
0.63
0.65

0.46
2.25

0.18
0.45
1.26
23.32
Source:  Koontz and Rector, 1993.
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houses studied, Nazaroff et al. (1987) developed an overall distribution witli a "geometric
mean of 0.68 ACH and a geometric standard deviation of 2,01.

7.3.3  Interzonal Airflows
       Background - Residential structures consist of a number of rooms that may be
connected horizontally, vertically, or both horizontally and vertically. With some exceptions,
the major variations in general residential layouts arise from the location of bedrooms
relative to the area containing the kitchen, living room, and dining room (Rector and
Koontz 1987).  As illustrated in Figure 7-2, bedrooms usually are located either on the same
floor as the kitchen or on a floor that is partly or completely above the kitchen.  In some
residences there is a basement below the kitchen floor, usually containing a recreation or
family room, other special purpose rooms, and sometimes additional bedrooms.  Before
considering residential structures as a detailed network of rooms, it is convenient to divide
mem into one or more zones. At a minimum, each floor is defined as a separate zone. For
indoor air exposure assessments, further divisions are sometimes made within a floor,
depending on (1) locations of specific contaminant sources and (2) the presumed degree of
air communication among areas with and without sources.
       Defining the airflow balance for  a multiple-zone exposure scenario rapidly increases
the information requirements as rooms or zones are added. As depicted in  Figure 7-3, a
single zone system (considering the entire building as a single well-mixed volume) requires
only two flows to define air exchange.   Further, because air exchange is balanced flow (air
does not "pile up" in the building, nor is a vacuum formed), only one number — the air
exchange rate — is needed.  With two zones, six airflows are needed to accommodate
interzonal airflows plus air exchange; with three zones, twelve airflows are required. In
some cases, the complexity can be reduced using judicious (if not convenient) assumptions.
Interzonal airflows connecting nonadjacent rooms can be set to zero, for example, if flow
pathways do not exist.  Symmetry also can be applied to the system by assuming that each
flow pair is balanced.
       Relationship to House Volume and Air Exchange - A heuristic relationship between
interzonal airflows and house volume and air exchange was developed by Koontz and Rector
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Figure 7-2.  Residential Configurations (after Rector and Koontz 1993)
         Single-story

BRs
K, DR, LR

                                       Single-story plus Lower Level
BRs
K, DR, LR
FR, BR(S), SPR(s)
   Two-story Above Grade
             BRs
          K, DR, LR, FR
        FR, BR(s), SPR(s)
                                             Split-level
                                       K, DR, LR
                                                       BRs
                                                    FR, BR(s),
                                                      SPR(s)
                             KEY:

             K   =  Kitchen      FR =  Family Room or
             DR »  Dining Room         Recreation Room
             LR =  Living Room  SPR=  Special-Purpose
             BR =  Bedroom            Room
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     Figure 7-3. Airflows for multiple-zone systems
Single-zone
  System
 Two-zone
  System












Three-zone
  System
        N-Zone System Defined by N-(N+1) Airflows
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(1995) using selected cases from the PFT database.  Two situations werelnVesfipted:~~
(1) bedrooms, for which communication with the remainder of the house may be restricted
by the presence of doorways; and (2) the kitchen, which generally has a more open
communication path with adjacent areas.  The PFT database contained approximately 1000
cases where researchers labeled a bedroom or the kitchen as separate zones.  These cases
were analyzed by normalizing the average interzonal airflows (Qz, m3 h*1) into and out of the
zone by the volume (V, m3) of the house (i.e., dividing the airflows by the house (volume)
and regressing the normalized airflows against the whole-house air exchange rate. This
averaging also served to symmetrically balance each set of inflow-outflow pairs.  For the
bedroom cases,  the relationship between the normalized interzonal airflow (Q,, m3 h'1 m"3)
and air exchange rate (N, h"1) was:     Q
                              Qi = £2 = 0.078 + 0.31 N                          CD
                                "    v

where:
       N    =     Whole-house air exchange rate
       Vz    =*     Volume of house

For the kitchen  cases, relationship between the normalized internal airflow and the air
exchange rate was:

                                 Qam$Z =0.046 +0.39/V                            <2)
       Example Calculations - Based on typical values and relationships given above,
characteristic airflows can be postulated for two-zone situations conceptualized as "bedroom
versus remainder of the house" and "living room versus remainder of the house."  For
example, using Equation (1) and assuming a whole-house volume of 408 m3 (Table 7-1), an
average bedroom volume of 35 m3 (Table 7-3), and an air exchange rate of 0.45 h'1 (Table
7-5), the estimated interzonal airflow (Q*) for the bedroom would be (0.078 + 0.31 x 0.45
h'1) x 408 m3, or 88.7 m3 h'1.  The living room, like the kitchen, is assumed to have freer
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air communication with the rest of the house.  Using Equation (2) above, the estimated
interzonal airflow for the living room would be (0.046 + 0.39 x 0.45 hf1) x 408 m3, or 90.4
m3 h"1.  Multiplying the zone-specific volumes by the air exchange rate gives their respective
indoor-outdoor airflow rates. For example, the living room volume of 60 m3, multiplied by
0.45 h"1, gives an indoor-outdoor airflow rate  of 27.0 m3 for the living room.  Hie volumes
and estimated airflows for these situations are  summarized in Figure 7-4.
                                                1           ,i
      One cautionary note is in order when using the heuristic relationships described
above.  Some or many of the researchers contributing measurements to the PFT database
used for the analysis may have defined a zone as a group of adjacent bedrooms, rather than
an individual bedroom.  If so, then the interzonal airflow rate for an individual bedroom is
likely to be lower than indicated by the above relationship. Similarly, the living room,
which generally has open communication with the rest of the house like the kitchen but also
has a larger volume than the kitchen, might be expected to have a higher interzonal airflow
rate than indicated by the above relationship.

7.3.4 Variability Within Zones
      Many exposure measurements are predicated on the assumption of uniform mixing
within a room or zone of a house. Recent experimental work by Baughman et al. (1994)
indicates that, for an instantaneous release from a point source in a room, fairly complete
mixing is achieved within 10 minutes when convective flow is induced by solar radiation but
up to 100 minutes is required under quiescent  (nearly isothermal) conditions.  Similar
findings might be expected for a continuously  emitting area source such as  carpeting or a
freshly painted wall.
      Experiments in a Research House - Hie situation changes, however, if a human
invokes a point source for a more prolonged period and remains in the immediate vicinity of
that source.  A series of experiments conducted by GEOMET (1989) for the USEPA
involved controlled point-source releases of carbon monoxide (CO), each for a duration of 30
minutes, on several occasions in both the master bedroom  and the kitchen.  A "breathing-
zone" monitoring array was constructed using eight miniaturized  continuous CO monitors
arranged at the corners of a cube centered on  the release point, with each detector located
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Figure 7-4. Characteristic Volumes and Airflow Rates for Two-zone Situations
            Bedroom
         Volume = 35 m3
             Remainder of House
              Volume = 373 m3
      15.8 m3 h-1
88.7 m3 h-1
167.9
                  Bedroom versus Remainder of House
          Living Room
        Volume = 60 m3
            Remainder of House
             Volume = 348 m3
       27.0 m3 h-'
    90.4 m3 rr1
156.6m»h-1
                Living Room versus Remainder of House
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approximately 0.4 m from the release point.  Monitoring was also conducted elsewhere  in the
release rooms and in the remainder of the house.  Although a fairly uniform mixing was
achieved soon after the release was completed, during the release the breathing-zone
concentrations were as much as 2 to 3 times higher for the bedroom case (with the central air
conditioner off) and as much as 10 times higher for the kitchen case (again with the air
conditioner off). Because the kitchen has freer communication with the remainder of the
house, a more distinct concentration gradient between the breathing zone and remainder of
the kitchen zone was apparent.
      Experiments in an Environmental Chamber - A more recent USEPA-sponsored
investigation by Furtaw et al. (1994)  involved a series of experiments in a controlled-
environment room-sized chamber to study spatial concentration gradients around a continuous
point source.  Sulfur hexafluoride (SFg) tracer gas was used to simulate the point source.
SF6 was sampled at the wearer's breathing zone, using a sampling tube connected to a
harness, and at numerous points throughout the chamber. In close proximity (about 0.4 m)
to the source, the average monitored  concentration was found to exceed concentrations
several meters away by a factor that varies inversely with the ventilation intensity in the
room.  At typical room ventilation rates, the ratio of source-proximate to slightly-removed
concentration was on the order of 2:1.  Of the cases studied by GEOMET, this chamber
study would most closely resemble the bedroom case (i.e., limited communication with other
rooms), for which a similar ratio was obtained.

7.4   WATER SUPPLY AND USE
7.4.1 Background
      As noted in the introduction to this chapter, the residential water supply may convey
certain chemicals to  which occupants can be exposed through ingestion, dermal contact,  or
inhalation.  Among indoor water uses, showering, bathing and handwashing of dishes or
clothes provide the primary opportunities for dermal exposure.  Virtually all indoor water
uses  will result in some volatilization of chemicals, leading to inhalation exposure.
      The exposure potential for a given situation will depend on the source of water, the
types and extents of water uses, and the extent of volatilization of specific chemicals.
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According to the results of the 1987 Annual Housing Survey (U.srBureau 6TTfie~Censas
1992), 84.7% of U.S. housing units receive water from a public system or private company
(as opposed to a well). Across the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census Bureau
(Northeast, South, Midwest, and West), the percentage varies from 82.5 in the Midwest
region to 93.2 in the West region (the Northeast and South regions both are very close to the
national percentage). Water use is discussed separately below.

7.4.2  Water Use
       The primary types of water use indoors can be classified as showering/bathing, toilet
use,  clothes washing, dishwashing, and faucet use (e.g., for drinking, cooking, general
cleaning, or washing hands).  Substantial information on water  use has been collected in
California households by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD
1991) and by the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD  1992).  An earlier study by
the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (USDHUD 1984) monitored water
use in 200 households over  a 20-month period.  The household selection process for this
study was not random; it involved volunteers from water companies and engineering
organizations, most of which were located in large metropolitan areas.   Nazaroff and Nero
(1988) also assembled the results of several  smaller surveys,  typically involving between 5
and SO households each.
       A common feature of the various studies cited above is that the results were all
reported in gallons per capita per day (gcd), or hi units that could be easily converted to gcd.
Most studies also provided estimates by type of use—shower/bath, toilet, laundry,
dishwashing, and other (e.g., faucets). A summary of the various study results is provided
in Table 7-6. There is generally about a threefold variation across studies for total in-house
water use as well as each type of use.  Central values for total  use, obtained by taking the
mean and median across the studies for each type of water use  and then summing these
means/medians across uses, are listed at the bottom of the table.  The means and medians
were summed across types of uses to obtain the mean for all uses combined because only a
subset of the studies reported values for other uses.
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Table 7-6. In-house Water Use Rates (gcd), by Study and Type of Use
Total, Shower
Study all Uses or Bath Toilet
MWD1 93 26
EBMUD2 67 20
USDHUD5 40 15
Cohen4 52 6
Ligoan4
Rural 46 11
Urban 43 10
Laalc4 42 9
Bennett4 45 9
Milne4 70 21
Reid4 59 20
USEPA4 40 10
Partridge4 52-86 20-40
Mean Across 59 17
Studies5
Median Across 53 15
Studies5
30
28
10
17
18
18
20
15
32
24
9
4-6
18
18
Laundry
20
9
13
11
14
11
7
11
7
8
11
20-30
13
11
Dishwashing
5
4
2
18
3
4
4
4
7
4
5
8-10
6
4
Other
12
6
-
—
—
2
6
3
3
5
—
5
5
1 Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 1991.
3 East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1992.
3 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1984.
4 r*it«v1 in WnTomfF »nrJ M*m 10RR
The average value from each range reported in Partridge, as cited in Nazaroff and Nero
(1988), was used to calculate the median across studies.  The mean and median for the
"Total, all Uses" column were obtained by summing across the means and medians for
individual types of water use.
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7.5   REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 7
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ASHRAE. (1993) ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating,
      Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.

Baughman, A.V.; Gadgil, A.J.; Nazaroff, W.W. (1994) Mixing of a point source pollutant
      by natural convection flow within a room, Indoor Air, vol. 4, pp. 114-122.

Dietz, R.N.; Goodrich, R.W.; Cote, E.A.; Wieser, R.F. (1986)  Detailed description and
      performance of a passive perfluorocarbon tracer system for building ventilation and
      air exchange measurements.  Measured Air Leakage of Buildings, ASTM STP 904,
      H.R. Trechsel and P.L. Lagus, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials,
      Philadelphia, PA, pp. 203-264.

EBMUD. (1992) Urban water management plan. East Bay Municipal Utility Water
      District, in written communication to J.B. Andelman, July 1992.

Emmerich, S.J.; Persily, A.K.  (1994) Indoor Air Quality Impacts of Residential HVAC
      Systems Phase I Report: Computer Simulation Plan.  Report No. NISTR 5346,
      National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.

Furtaw, E.J.; Pandian, M.D.; Behar, J.V.  (1994) An indoor personal air exposure model
      enhancement to account for proximity to emission sources. Presented at Sixth
      Conference of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology and Fourth
      Conference of the International Society for Exposure Analysis (Joint Conference),
      Research Triangle Park, NC, September  1994.

GEOMET.  (1982)  Energy use, infiltration, and indoor air quality in tight, well-insulated
      residences:  Characterization of test site and facilities. Contract RP-2042, Electric
      Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

GEOMET.  (1989)  Assessment of indoor air pollutant exposure within building zones.
      Report Number IE-2149, prepared for USEPA Office of Health and Environmental
      Assessment under Contract No. 68-02-4254, Task No. 235. GEOMET Technologies,
      Inc., Germantown, MD.

Grot, R.A.; Clark, R.E. (1981) Air leakage characteristics and weatherization techniques
      for low-income housing. In: Proceedings of the American Society of Heating,
      Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Conference.  Thermal Performance of
      Exterior Envelopes of Buildings.  ASHRAE SP28, Atlanta, GA, pp. 178-194.
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Grimsrud, D.T.; Sherman, M.H.; Sondereggen, R.C. (1983) Calculating Infiltration:   ~
      implications for a construction quality standard. In:  Proceedings of the American
      Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Conference.
      Thermal  Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Buildings n. ASHRAE SP38,
      Atlanta, GA, pp. 422-449.

Koontz, M.D.; Nagda, NX.  (1989) Experimental Design and Protocols for Research at
      GEQMETs Test Houses:  A Case Study. Design and Protocol for Monitoring Indoor
      Air Quality, ASTM STP 1002, N.L. Nagda and J.P. Harper, Eds., American Society
      for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 148-165.

Koontz, M.D.; Rector, H.E.  (1993) Estimation of distributions for residential air Exchange
      rates, EPA Contract No. 68-D9-0166, Work Assignment No. 3-19, U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics,
      Washington, DC.

MWD.  (1991)  Urban water use characteristics in the metropolitan water district of southern
      California.  Draft Report, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, August
      1991.

Nazaroff, W.W.; Nero, A.V. (eds.). (1988)  Radon and its decay products in indoor air,
      John Wiley & Sons, New  York, NY.

Rector, H.E.; Koontz, M.D.  (1987) Scoping and Feasibility Study:  Room-to-room
      contaminant migration and OTS indoor air exposure assessments. Report Number IE-
      1820, prepared for USEPA Office of Toxic Substances under Contract No. 68-02-
      4254, Task No. 59.  Germantown, MD, GEOMET Technologies, Inc.

Sparks, L.E.  1988. Indoor Air Quality Model Version  1,0. Report
      No. EPA-600/8-88-097a., Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S. Environmental
      Protection Agency.

Tichenor, B.A.; Sparks, L.A.; White, J.B.; Jackson, M.D.  (1990) Evaluating sources of
      indoor air pollution, The Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, vol.
      40, pp. 487-492.

Tucker,  W.G. (1991) Emission  of organic substances from indoor surface materials.
      Environment International, 17:357-363.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1992) Statistical Abstract of the United States:   1992 (112th
      edition).  Table No. 1230, p. 721, Washington, DC.
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                                                          i
USDHUD.  (1984) Residential water conservation projects:
      Number HUD-PDR-903, Washington, DC:  U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
      Development, Office of Policy Development and Research.

USDOE.  (1992)  Housing Characteristics 1990, Report No. DOE/ETA-0314 (90),
      Washington, DC: U.S. Department c" En^v, Energy Information Administration.
USEPA.  (1992) Guidelines For Exposure Assessment, Federal Register, vol. 57, no. 104,
      pp. 22888-22938 (May 29).

Versar.  (1989)  Database of PFT Ventilation Measurements:  Description and User's
      Manual, EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254, Task No. 178, Washington, D.C:
      U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.

Versar.  (1990)  Database of PFT Ventilation Measurements:  Description and User's
      Manual, EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254, Task No. 39, Washington, D.C:
      U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances.

Wilkes, C.R.  (1994)  Modeling human inhalation exposure to VOCs due to volatilization
      from a contaminated water supply. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Civil
      Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, April 1994.
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8. ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTIES
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      Previous chapters have discussed exposure factors and algorithms for estimating
exposure.  Exposure factor values can be used to obtain a range of exposure estimates such
as average exposure estimates, high-end estimates, and bounding estimates.  This section
discusses methods that can be used to evaluate and present the uncertainty associated with
exposure estimates.
      According to U.S. EPA (1992), uncertainty characterization and uncertainty
assessment are two ways of describing uncertainty that may have different degrees of
sophistication. Uncertainty  characterization usually involves a qualitative discussion of the
thought processes used to select or reject specific data, estimates, scenarios, etc. Uncertainty
assessment is a more quantitative process that may range from simpler measures (i.e.,
ranges) and simpler analytical techniques (i.e., sensitivity analysis) to more complex
measures and techniques. Its goal is to provide decision makers with information concerning
the quality of an assessment, including the potential variability in the estimated exposures,
major data gaps, and the effect these data gaps have on the exposure estimates developed.
Uncertainty analysis allows  the user or decision maker to better evaluate the assessment in
the context of available data and assumptions.  Thus, the decision  making process can
account for data integrity and completeness.  The following subsections briefly describe
procedures for analyzing and presenting the uncertainties in exposure assessments.

8.1.  TYPES OF UNCERTAINTY
      Uncertainty in exposure assessment can be classified into three broad categories (U.S.
EPA, 1992):
       1.    Uncertainty regarding missing or incomplete information needed to fully define
             exposure and dose (Scenario Uncertainty).
       2.    Uncertainty regarding some parameter (Parameter Uncertainty).
       3.    Uncertainty regarding gaps in scientific theory required to make predictions on
             the basis of casual inferences (Model Uncertainty).
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       Exposure assessments often are developed in a phased approach.  The initial phase
usually screens the scenarios that are not expected to pose much risk to eliminate them from
more detailed, resource-intensive review.  These often represent exposures that would fall on
or beyond the high-end of the expected exposure distribution.  Because screening-level
analyses are usually included in the final exposure assessment, the final document may
contain scenarios that differ quite markedly in sophistication, date quality, and amenability to
quantitative expressions of uncertainty.
       Identification of the sources of uncertainty in an exposure assessment is the first step
in determining how to reduce that uncertainty.  The types of uncertainty mentioned above
can be further defined by examining their principal causes.  The following sections discuss
sources, characterization, and analytical methods.

8.1.1.  Scenario Uncertainty
       The sources of scenario uncertainty include descriptive errors, aggregation errors,
errors in professional judgment, and incomplete analysis.
       Descriptive errors include information errors such as the current producers of the
chemical and its industrial, commercial, and consumer uses.  Information of this type is the
foundation for fate-and-transport analysis and the eventual development of exposure
pathways, scenarios, exposed populations, and exposure estimates.
       Aggregation errors arise as a result of lumping approximations.  Included among
these are assumptions of homogeneous populations, and spatial and temporal approximations
such as assuming steady-state conditions or using a 2-dimensional mathematical model to
represent a 3-dimensional aquifer.
       Professional judgment comes into play in virtually every aspect of the exposure
assessment process, including defining appropriate exposure scenarios, selecting
environmental fate models, determining representative environmental conditions, etc.
Judgment errors can be the result of limited experience, or can arise when the assessor has
difficulty separating opinion from fact.  Errors in professional judgment are also a source of
uncertainty.
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       A potentially serious source of uncertainty in exposure assessments arises Ironi
incomplete analysis.  For example, the exposure assessor may overlook an important
exposure pathway due to lack of Information regarding the use of a chemical in a consumer
product.  Although this source of uncertainty is essentially unquantifiable, it should not be
ignored.  At a minimum, the assessor should describe the rationale for excluding particular
exposure scenarios; characterize the uncertainty in these decisions as high, medium, or low;
and state whether they were based on data, analogy, or professional judgment.  Where
uncertainty is high, a sensitivity analysis can be used to establish credible upper Emits on
exposure by way of a series of "What if. .  . ?" questions.
       The uncertainty associated with non-numerical assumptions (such as the assessment's
direction and scope) is generally characterized  in a qualitative discussion of the rationale for
selecting specific scenarios.

8.1.2. Parameter Uncertainty
       Sources of parameter uncertainty include measurement error, sampling error,
variability, and use of generic or surrogate data.  Measurement error may be random or
systematic.  Random error results from imprecise measurements. Systematic error is a bias
or tendency to measure something other than what was intended.
       Sampling error tends to reduce sample representativeness. The purpose of sampling
is to measure some subset of a population to make an inference about the entire group.  If
the exposure assessment uses data that were generated for another purpose, such consumer
product preference surveys or compliance monitoring  surveys,  uncertainty will arise if the
data do not represent the exposure scenario being analyzed.
       The inherent variability in environmental and exposure-related parameters is a major
source of uncertainty. For example, meteorological and hydrological conditions change
seasonally at a given location, soil characteristics exhibit large  spatial variability, and human
activity patterns depend on the age, sex, and geographic location of the population.
       Generic or surrogate data ace commonly used when site-specific data are  not
available. Examples include standard emission factors for industrial processes, generalized
descriptions of environmental settings, and data pertaining to structurally-related chemicals as
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surrogates for the chemical of interest  Since surrogate data introduce additional uncertainty,
they should be avoided if actual data can be obtained.
       Several approaches can be used to characterize uncertainty in parameter values.
When uncertainty is high, the assessor may use bounding estimates of parameter ranges.
Another method describes the range for each parameter including the lower- and upper-bound
and "best estimate" values determined by available data or professional judgement.
Sometimes the parameter range can be described with a probabilistic distribution.  The
appropriate characterization depends on several factors, including whether sensitivity analysis
indicates that the results are significantly affected by variations within the range.
       When a single parameter profoundly influences exposure estimates, the assessor
should develop a probabilistic description of its range.  If there are enough data to support
their use, standard statistical methods are preferred.  If the data are inadequate,  expert
judgment can be used to generate a subjective probabilistic representation.  Expert judgments
should be developed in a consistent, well-documented manner. Morgan et al. (1979 and
1984) and Bish (1988) describe techniques to solicit expert judgment.
       Most approaches for analyzing uncertainty examine how uncertainty in parameter
values translates into overall uncertainty in the assessment.  Details may be found in reviews
such as Cox and Baybutt (1981), Whitmore (1985), Mman and Helton (1988), Seller (1987),
and Rish and Marnicio (1988). These approaches can generally be described (in order of
increasing complexity and data needs) as:  (1) sensitivity analysis, (2) analytical uncertainty
propagation, (3) probabilistic uncertainty analysis, or (4) classical statistical methods.
       Sensitivity analysis is the process of changing one variable while leaving the others
constant to determine its effect on the output.  This procedure fixes each uncertain quantity at
its credible lower and upper bounds (holding all others at their medians) and computes the
results of each combination of values. Hie results identify the variables that have the
greatest effect on exposure and help focus further information-gathering efforts.  However,
they do not indicate the probability of a variable being at any point within its range;
therefore, this approach is most useful at the screening level to determine the need and
direction of further analyses.
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       Analytical uncertainty propagation examines how uncertainty in individual parameters
affects the overall uncertainty of the exposure assessment. The uncertainties associated with
various parameters may propagate through a model very differently, even if they have
approximately the same uncertainty.  Some parameters are more important than others, and
the model should be designed to account for their relative sensitivity. Since uncertainty
propagation is a function of both the data and the model structure, this procedure evaluates
both input variances and model sensitivity.  Application of this approach to exposure
assessment requires explicit mathematical expressions of exposure, estimates of variance for
each variable of interest, and the ability to obtain a mathematical (analytical or numerical)
derivative of the exposure equation.
       Although uncertainty propagation is a powerful tool, it should be applied  with
caution:  It is difficult to generate and solve the equations for the sensitivity coefficients.
The technique is most accurate for linear equations, so any departure from linearity must be
carefully evaluated. In addition, assumptions such as variable independence and error
normality must be verified.  Finally, the information to support required parameter variance
estimates may not be readily available.
       The most common example of probabilistic uncertainty analysis is the Monte Carlo
method.  This technique assigns a probability density function to each parameter, then
randomly selects values from these distributions and inserts them into the exposure equation.
Repeated calculations produce a distribution of predicted values that reflects the overall
uncertainty in the inputs to the calculation.
       The principal advantage of the Monte Carlo method is its very general applicability.
There is no restriction on the form of the input distributions or the relationship between input
and output, and computations are straightforward.  However, Monte Carlo analysis does
have its disadvantages: The  exposure assessor should only consider using it when  there are
credible distribution data (or ranges) for most key variables.  Even if these distributions are
known, it may not be necessary to apply this technique.  For example, if only average
exposure values are needed,  they can be computed as accurately by  using average  values for
each input parameter.  In addition, it is not necessary to use this technique if a bounding
exposure estimates indicates that the particular pathway or chemical being assessed does not
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present a significant risk.  Also, it is somewhat cumbersome to assess the sensitivity of the
results to input distributions:  Changing the distribution of only one parameter requires
rerunning the entire calculation several hundreds or thousands of times.  Monte Carlo
analysis does not tell the assessor which variables contribute the most to overall uncertainty,
so it does not identify effective ways to reduce uncertainty. Finally,  Monte Carlo analysis
assumes that the distributions of each variable are independent.  Any dependencies among
variables need to be considered in the analysis.
       Classical statistical methods can be used to analyze uncertainty in measured
exposures. Given a data set of measured exposure values for a series of individuals, the
population distribution may be estimated directly, provided that the sample design captures a
representative sample.  Measured exposure values can also  be used to directly compute
confidence intervals for percentiles of the exposure distribution  (ACS, 1989). When the
exposure distribution is estimated from measured exposures for a probability sample of
population members, confidence interval estimates for percentiles of the exposure distribution
are the primary uncertainty characterization. Data collection, survey design, and the
accuracy and precision of measurement techniques should also be discussed.
       Often the observed exposure distribution is skewed because many points within the
sample distribution fall at or below the detection limit, or because few points fall at the upper
end of the distribution. Fitting the data to a distribution type can be problematic in these
situations because (1) there is no way to determine the distribution of values below the
detection limit and (2) data are usually scant in low-probability areas  (such as upper-end
tails) where numerical values may vary widely. Thus, for many data sets, means and
standard deviations  may be good approximations, but the tails of the distribution will be
much less well-characterized.  For data sets where sampling is still practical, the statistical
population may be stratified in order to oversample the tail and  increase the precision and
confidence in that portion of the distribution.

8.1.3.  Model Uncertainty
       At a minimum, the exposure assessor should qualitatively describe the rationale for
selection of conceptual and mathematical models. This discussion should address their
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verification and validation status, how well they represent the situation being assessed (e.g.,
average or high-end estimates), and any plausible alternatives in terms of their acceptance by
the scientific community.
       Relationship and modeling errors are the primary sources of model uncertainty.
Relationship errors include flaws in environmental fate models and poor correlations between
chemical properties or between structure and reactivity. Even though performance statistics
for test chemicals may be available and can guide the selection process, the exposure
assessor must select the methodology most appropriate to the goals of the assessment.
       Modeling errors arise because models are  simplified representations of reality.  Even
after the exposure assessor has selected the most appropriate model, he or she still faces the
question of how well the  model represents actual  conditions.  This question is compounded
by the overlap between modeling uncertainties and other uncertainties (e.g., natural
variability in environmental inputs, model representativeness, aggregation errors). The
dilemma facing exposure assessors is that many existing models (particularly the very
complex ones) and the hypotheses contained within them cannot be fully tested (Beck,  1987),
although certain components of the model may be testable.  Even if a model has been
validated under a particular set of conditions, its application in cases beyond the test system
will introduce uncertainty.
       A variety of approaches can be used to quantitatively characterize the uncertainty
associated with model constructs.  One approach  uses different modeling formulations
(including the preferred and plausible alternatives) and assumes that the range of outputs
represents the range of uncertainty.  This strategy is most useful when available data do not
support any "best" approach, or when a model must be used to extrapolate beyond the
conditions for which it  was designed.
       Where the data base is sufficient, the exposure assessor should characterize the
uncertainty in the selected model by describing the validation and verification  efforts.  The
validation process compares the performance of the model to actual observations  under
situations representative of those being assessed.  Bums (1985) discusses approaches for
model validation. The  verification process confirms that the model computer code produces
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the correct numerical output.  In most situations, only partial validation~l5"po«able due to—
data deficiencies or model complexity.
8.2.   PRESENTATION OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS RESULTS
       Comprehensive qualitative analysis and rigorous quantitative analysis are of little
value for use in the decision-making process, if their results are not clearly presented.  To
clarify, it should be emphasized that variability (the receipt of different levels of exposure by
different individuals) is being distinguished from uncertainty (the lack of knowledge about the
correct value for a specific exposure measure or estimate). Most of the data that have been
presented in this document deal with variability directly. The uncertainty of the exposure
factor data present is discussed qualitatively by describing the limitations and assumptions of
each study or data set.  Associated with each exposure estimate, will be assumptions about
the setting, chemical, population characteristics, and how contact with the chemical occurs
through the various exposure routes and pathways.  The exposure assessor will have to
examine many sources of information that bear either directly or indirectly on these
categories. In addition, the assessor will be required to make many decisions regarding the
use of existing information in constructing scenarios and setting up the exposure equations.
It is not sufficient to merely present the results of these many decisions using different
exposure descriptors.  A discussion must be included describing key assumptions and
parameters which have the greatest impact on the exposure estimate. The exposure assessor
should strive to address questions such as:

       •     What is the basis or rationale for selecting these assumptions/parameters such
             as data, modeling, scientific judgment, Agency policy, "what if*
             considerations, etc.?
       •     What is the range or variability of the key parameters?  How were the
             parameter values selected for use in the assessment?  Were average, mean, or
             upper-percentile values chosen? If other choices had been made, how would
             the results have differed?   -
       •     What is the assessor's  confidence (including qualitative confidence aspects) in
             the key parameters and the overall assessment? What are the quality and the
             extent of the data base supporting the selection of the chosen values?
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In presenting the scenario results, the assessor should strive for a balanced and impartial
treatment of the evidence bearing on the conclusions with the key assumptions highlighted.
For these key assumptions, one should cite data sources and explain any adjustments of the
data.
       Although assessors have always used descriptors to communicate the kind of scenario
being addressed, the 1992 Exposure Guidelines establish clear quantitative definitions for
these risk descriptors. These definitions were established to ensure that consistent
terminology is used throughout the Agency.  The risk descriptors defined in the Guidelines
include descriptors of individual risk and population risk.  Individual risk descriptors are
intended to address questions dealing with risks  borne by individuals within a population,
including not only measures of central tendency (e.g., average or median), but also those
risks at the high end of the distribution.  Population risk descriptors refer to an assessment of
the extent of harm to the population being addressed. It can be either an estimate of the
number of cases of a particular effect that  might occur in a population (or population
segment), or a description of what fraction of the population receives exposures,  doses, or
risks greater than a specified value. The data presented in the Exposure Factors  Handbook is
one of the tools available to exposure assessors to construct the various risk descriptors.
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8.3,  REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 8
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American Chemical Society (ACS). (1989) Principles of environmental sampling. ACS
      Professional Reference Book, Laurence H. Keith, ed.  Washington, DC.

Beck, M.B. (1987) Water quality modeling: A review of the analysis of uncertainty. Water
      Resour. Res. 23(8): 1393-1442.

Burns, L.A.  (1985) Validation methods for chemical exposure and hazard assessment
      models.  EPA/600/D-85/297.

Cox, B.C.; Baybutt, P.C. (1981)  Methods for uncertainty analysis.  A comparative survey.
      Risk Anal. l(4):251-258.

Inman, R.L.; Helton, J.C. (1988)  An investigation of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
      techniques for computer models.  Risk Anal. 8(1):71-91.

Morgan, M.G.; Henrion, M.; Morris, S.C. (1979) Expert judgements for policy analysis.
      Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY.  BNL51358.

Morgan, M.G.; Morris, S.C.; Henrion, M.; Amaral, D.A.L.; Rish, W.R. (1984) Technical
      uncertainty in quantitative policy analysis - a sulfur air pollution  example.  Risk Anal.
      4(3):201-213.

Rish, W.R. (1988) Approach to uncertainty in risk analysis.  Oak Ridge National
      Laboratory. ORNL/TM-10746.

Rish, W.R.;  Mamicio, RJ. (1988) Review of studies related to uncertainty in risk analysis.
      Oak Ridge National Laboratory.  ORNL/TM-10776.

Seller, F.A. (1987) Error propagation for large errors. Risk Anal. 7(4):509-518.

U.S. EPA (1992)  Guidelines for exposure assessment notice.  57FR11888, May 29, 1992.

WMtmore, R.W. (1985)  Methodology for characterization of uncertainty in exposure
      assessments. EPA/600/8-86/009.
      *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTINQ OFFICE: 1995- 882 - 916 I 29018
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