United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Pesticides and
Toxic Substances
(TS-779)
Toxics in the Community
National and Local
Perspectives
The 1988 Toxics Release Inventory National Report
560490017
Printed on Recycled Paper
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COMMENTS ON THIS NATIONAL REPORT
EPA continually evaluates and tries to improve the Toxics Release Inventory and
the means by which it makes TRI available to the public. This National Report is
one of the key means of disseminating TRI data, and the Agency would greatly
appreciate feedback on the usefulness of this report, and of ways to improve it in
tne future.
We would like to learn the ways in which the general public, environmental
groups, industry, state governments and others are using TRI and the National
Report. Examples of successful efforts to put TRI to use will help us evaluate the
program's strengths. Examples of difficulties experienced by those attempting to
use the information in this report, or in TRI generally, will help us improve our
future efforts.
In particular, we would like to have your suggestions on the following:
Does the content of the report meet user needs? Are there areas that
are overly complex, under-developed, or where additional information
would be helpful?
Is the format of the report adequate? Are there other features, such
as an index or additional appendices, which users would find helpful?
Is the National Report readily available? Are there other means of
disseminating the report that EPA should consider?
Your comments will be very useful to us. Send them to;
NATIONAL REPORT COMMENTS
USEPA TS-779
401 M STREET SW
WASHINGTON DC 20460
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ERRATA SHEET
FOR
TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY: NATIONAL AND LOCAL PERSPECTIVES
THE 1988 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY NATIONAL REPORT
DATA APPEARING IN THE REPORT FOR TWO FACILITIES IS INCORRECT AND
SHOULD BE AS FOLLOWS:
FOR THE WESTVACO CORP. FACILITY IN COVINGTON, VIRGINIA, THE
CORRECT TOTAL FOR 1987 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS IS 5,887,774
POUNDS. ACCORDINGLY, THIS FACILITY SHOULD NOT BE INCLUDED IN
TABLE 7-10 (PAGE 199) OR FIGURE 8-3 AND TABLE 8-2 (PAGE 204).
OTHER TABLES AND FIGURES IN THE REPORT MAY BE AFFECTED AS WELL.
FOR THE LOGAN ALUMINUM FACILITY IN RUSSELVILLE, KENTUCKY, THE
CORRECT TOTAL FOR 1988 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS IS 408,265 POUNDS.
ACCORDINGLY, THIS FACILITY SHOULD NOT BE INCLUDED IN TABLE 3-3
(PAGE 61), TABLE 3-6 (PAGE 62), TABLE 7-10 (PAGE 199), FIGURE 9-9
(PAGE 261) OR TABLE 9-5 (PAGE 263). OTHER TABLES AND FIGURES IN
THE REPORT MAY BE AFFECTED AS WELL.
«PxEPA
WllllVU VJUfttWO I^IIVIBV/IIIIIWIIVHI A IXJbks^vl*
Office of Toxic Substances
Economics and Technology Division
Washington, DC 20540
September 1990
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC 20402
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
19SS National and Local Perspectives
PROJECT STAFF
PROJECT MANAGER: David Sarokin
EPA Office of Toxic Substances
Economics and Technology Division
DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORT PREPARATION
Hampshire Research Associates, Inc.
Jacqueline B. Courteau, Editor
Sheila A. Ferguson, Assistant Editor
Catherine G. Miller, Senior Analyst
Barbara F. Bass
Carroll L. Bastian
Carol M. Benes
Matthew J. Carlin
Donna Churyk
Michelle S. Cook
Richard Harrington
Kevin A. HLscock
Marcellus Hynes
Lauren E. Kenworthy
Laurie C Meree
Warren R. Muir
Minh Huu Son
Collene K. Spilker
Jan E. Storm
Nancy M. Waugh
John S. Young
Qinghua Zhao
COVER PHOTO BY: Daniel J. Kasztelan
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
CONTENTS
LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
FOREWORD
PREFACE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY 1
OVERALL INCREASES AND DECREASES 1
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TRI CHEMICALS 2
THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL STATES, LOCALITIES, AND FACILITIES 3
DATA QUALITY AND COMPLETENESS 4
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS 5
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION 6
CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS 6
COMPARING 1987 AND 1988 TRI TOTALS: MATCHED DATA 7
Matched Chemicals 7
OTHER ANALYSES 9
Waste Treatment 9
Volatile Organic Chemicals in Louisiana 10
Kanawha Valley, West Virginia 10
Santa Clara County, California 11
Risk Screening 11
CHAPTER 1. THE TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY: AN INTRODUCTION Li
THE LAW 14
WHO MUST REPORT TO TRI? 14
WHICH TOXIC CHEMICALS WERE REPORTED FOR 1988? 15
WHAT CONSTITUTES A TRI RELEASE? 15
WHAT TO REPORT? 16
EPCRA, TRI AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW 16
LIMITATIONS OF TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING 17
TRI Coverage of Toxic Chemical Releases and Transfers 17
Trade Secrets 17
FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH TRI REQUIREMENTS 19
TRI DATA AND RISK 19
TRI CHANGES FROM 1987 TO 1988 19
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
SCOPE OF THIS REPORT 20
CHAPTER 2. REVISION AND ADJUSTMENT OF 1987 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA 21
REVISIONS OF 1987 TRI DATA 24
HOW 1987 ADJUSTED DATA DIFFERS FROM 1987 REVISED DATA: HIGHLIGHTS 29
THE ADJUSTED 1987 TRI TOTALS: SUMMARY DATA FOR COMPARISON TO 1988 32
Environmental Distribution 32
Major Chemicals 32
Geographical Distribution 38
Industrial Distribution 40
Facilities 42
CHAPTER 3. OVERVIEW OF 1988 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA 4J
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 50
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION 51
WHERE TRI CHEMICAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS ORIGINATED 53
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION 57
Major Industries 57
Industrial Activities and Uses 58
TRI FACILITIES 60
RELEASES AND TRANSFERS GOVERNED BY EPA REGULATIONS 63
Air Emissions of Chemicals Regulated Under NESHAPs 63
Air Toxics 63
Discharges to Surface Water Covered by NPDES Regulations 64
Land Disposal and Off-Site Transfers Covered by RCRA Regulations 65
HOW FACILITIES ESTIMATED TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS 66
TRI DATA QUALITY 68
COMPLIANCE WITH TRI REQUIREMENTS 72
CHAPTER 4. TRI CHEMICALS 7J
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS 77
Major Chemicals 77
Other Chemicals 84
Chemical Classes 84
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION 91
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TRI CHEMICALS 94
CHAPTER 5. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TOXIC RELEASES AND TRANSFERS, 1988 Id
OVERALL DISTRIBUTION 107
States 107
Counties 109
Cities 112
Dominant Facilities 114
Comparison to 1987 115
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TRI TOTALS 115
Major Chemicals 115
Carcinogens 116
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION 119
Air Emissions 120
Discharges to Surface Water 121
On-Site Land Disposal 124
iv
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Underground Injection 127
Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants 127
Off-Site Transfers 128
Differential State and County Rankings by Type of Release 129
THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE IN TRI CHEMICAL WASTES 131
Cities and Facilities Receiving the Largest Amounts of TRI Wastes 133
INTERPRETING TRI TOTALS: Population and Land Area as Geographic Factors 136
The Density of TRI Direct Releases 136
Release Density Compared to Population Density 139
CHAPTER 6. INDUSTRIAL PATTERNS OF TOXIC RELEASES AND TRANSFERSr 1988 143
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 149
Major Chemicals 149
Chemical Classes 154
Carcinogens 156
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF RELEASES AND TRANSFERS BY INDUSTRY 158
Comparison of 1987 and 1988 160
THE INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY OF TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS 161
Geographic Concentration of Industrial Releases 162
FACILITIES AND PARENT COMPANIES 169
Individual Facilities' Contributions to Industrial Totals 169
Parent Companies 171
TOXIC RELEASES FROM NON-TRI SOURCES 173
Butadiene Air Emissions 174
Chloroform 174
Federal Facilities 176
CHAPTER 7. THE MATCHED DATA SET 181
MATCHING TRI FACILITIES 186
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS REPORTED BY MATCHED FACILITIES 187
Chemicals Reported Only in 1987 or Only in 1988 188
Matched Chemicals 189
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION 189
CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION 189
Chemicals Reported Only in 1987 192
Chemicals Reported Only in 1988 192
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 193
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION 193
Shifts among Industry Categories 193
INDIVIDUAL FACILITIES 197
CHAPTER 8. CHANGES IN TRI RELEASES, 1987-1988: MATCHED CHEMICAL DATA 201
AIR EMISSIONS 202
Chemical Distribution 202
Geographical Distribution 209
Industrial Distribution 211
DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATER 212
Chemical Distribution 212
Geographical Distribution 219
Industrial Distribution 220
ON-SITE LAND DISPOSAL 222
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Chemical Distribution 222
Chemical Classes 225
Geographical Distribution 228
Industrial Distribution 230
UNDERGROUND INJECTION 232
Chemical Distribution 232
Geographical Distribution 237
Industrial Distribution 238
CHAPTER 9. CHANGES IN TRI TRANSFERS. 1987-1988 24S
TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS 246
Chemical Distribution 247
Geographical Distribution 256
Industrial Distribution 259
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS 259
Chemical Distribution 260
Geographical Distribution 266
Industrial Distribution 269
CHAPTER 10. CHANGES IN TRI MATCHED DATA TOTALS, 1987-1988: SHIFTS AND CONTINUITIES 27S
FACILITIES 275
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION 278
CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION 280
Chemical Classes 282
Carcinogens 285
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 287
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION 291
rHAFTER 11. INTERPRETING WASTE DECREASES: WASTE MINIMIZATION 297
EXPLAINING THE TEN LARGEST DECREASES AT TRI FACILITIES 297
TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION DATA 299
FACILITIES REPORTING WASTE MINIMIZATION 300
MINIMIZATION DATA ON VOLUME REDUCTIONS, 1987-1988 302
Creating a Subset 302
Total Reductions in Waste Generation 302
Geographical Distribution 303
Industrial Distribution 307
Waste Minimization Methods 308
Reasons for Waste Minimization 309
Chemicals Subject to Waste Minimization 310
MATCHED FORMS REPORTING WASTE MINIMIZATIONrVOLUME REDUCTIONS, 1986-88 313
Creating a Second Subset 313
CHAPTER 12. OTHER ANALYSES 323
OZONE DEPLETERS 324
Chemicals 324
WASTE TREATMENT 328
On-Site Waste Treatment 328
On-Site Waste Treatment of Acids/Bases/Salts 328
Off-Site Treatment/Disposal 331
REGIONAL AND LOCAL ANALYSES 333
vi
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
REGIONAL AND LOCAL ANALYSES 333
Smog-Causing Chemicals in the Baton Rouge/Mississippi River Industrial Corridor 333
West Virginia's Kanawha Valley 337
Santa Clara County, California 342
Screening the Risks of TRI Releases 347
INDUSTRIES 356
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY 363
Peak Release 363
Expansion of the Reporting Universe 363
Expanded and Mandatory Reporting on Pollution Prevention 364
Mass Balance/Materials Accounting Data 364
APPENDIX A - TRI FORM R A-l
APPENDIX B - TRI CHEMICALS B-l
APPENDIX C - SIC CODES C-l
APPENDIX D - REFERENCE TABLES D-l
APPENDIX E - OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION E-l
vii
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: TOXICS IN OUR COMMUNITIES
CHAPTER 1. THE TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY: AN INTRODUCTION 11
CHAPTER 2. REVISION AND ADJUSTMENT OF 1987 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA 22
Figure 2-1. Environmental Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987: Comparison of Original, Revised,
and Adjusted Data 25
Figure 2-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987, Revised and Adjusted Data 30
Figure 2-3. The 20 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987: Revised and Adjusted Data. Rank-
ings based on revised data. Some states dropped out of the top 20 after data were adjusted for the six delisted chemi-
cals 31
Figure 2-4. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987 Adjusted Data 34
CHAPTER 3. OVERVIEW OF 1988 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA 4J
Figure 3-1. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers in 1987 and 1988 48
Figure 3-2. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1988 (A/B/S =
Acids/Bases/Salts) 54
Map 3-1. Facilities Reporting to TRI, 1988 55
Map 3-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 55
Figure 3-3. The 20 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 56
Figure 3-4. Industrial Activities and Uses Section of the 1988 TRI Form R 58
Figure 3-5. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industrial Activities and Uses, 1988. (Activities and Uses were not
Reported on 0.6% of all Forms—0.3% of the TRI Total.) 59
Figure 3-6. Basis of Estimate for TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 67
Figure 3-7. Basis of Estimate for TRI Releases and Transfers, 1988: Environmental Distribution 68
Figure 3-8. TRI Data Quality, 1987 69
CHAPTER 4. TRI CHEMICALS 71
Figure 4-1. The 10 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers Compared to Forms, 1988 77
Figure 4-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1988 86
Figure 4-3. Environmental Distribution of the 10 Chemicals with the Largest TRITotal Releases and Transfers 92
Figure 4-4. Environmental Distribution of TRITotal Releases and Transfers, 1988 92
CHAPTER S. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TOXIC RELEASES AND TRANSFERS. T9S8 1Q7
Figure 5-1. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers for 1988 Compared to 1987 109
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Map 5-2. The 100 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 110
Map 5-1. TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988. 110
Figure 5-2. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers and Selected Chemicals, 1988. (Chemi-
cals Rleased and Transferred in the Largest Amounts nationwide; shown in millions of pounds.) 116
Map 5-3. Total Releases and Transfers of TRI Carcinogens, 1988 118
Map 5-4. The 100 Counties with the Largest Total Releases and Transfers of TRI Carcinogens, 1988 118
Figure 5-3. Environmental Distribution of the 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers. (Releases
and Transfers Shown in Millions of Pounds.) 119
Map 5-5. TRI Total Air Emissions, 1988 120
Map 5-6. TRI Discharges to Surface Water, 1988 124
Map 5-7. TRI Total On-site Land Disposal, 1988 125
Figure 5-4. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Land Disposal, 1987 and 1988 126
Map 5-8. TRI Underground Injection, 1988 128
Map 5-9. TRI Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants, 1988 129
Figure 5-5. The 10 States with the Largest Intrastate Waste Shipments, 1988 132
Figure 5-6. The 10 States Sending the Largest Net TRI Waste Shipments to Other States, 1988. (Total amount shipped
out of state minus total amount received from both in-state transfers and from other states.) 134
Figure 5-7. ThelO States Receiving the Largest Net TRI Waste Shipments from Other States, 1988. (Total amount
received in state from both in-state transfers and from other states, minus total amount sent out.) 134
Figure 5-8. Population Densities of the 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases per Square Mile, 1988 139
Map 5-11. U.S. Population per Square Mile, 1987 Estimate 140
Map 5-10. TRI Total Releases per Square Mile, 1988 140
CHAPTER 6. INDUSTRIAL PATTERNS OF TOXIC RELEASES AND TRANSFERS, 1988 141
Figure 6-1. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry for 1988 and 1987 146
Figure 6-2. The 10 Industries with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers and Top 10 Chemicals. (Chemicals
released and transferred in the largest amounts, shown in million of pounds.) 152
Figure 6-3. The 10 Industries with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers and Selected Chemicals, (shown in mil-
lions of pounds) 155
Figure 6-4. Industrial Distribution of the Top 25 Carcinogens Compared to TRI Total Release and Transfers, 1988.. 156
Figure 6-5. Environmental Distribution of of TRI Releases and Transfers from the Top 10 Industries, 1988 158
Figure 6-6. TRI Air Emissions by Industry, 1988 159
Figure 6-7. TRI On-Site Land Disposal by Industry, 1988 159
Figure 6-8. The 10 Industries with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers (in Millions of Pounds) and Top 10
States. (States with the largest TRI total releases and transfers.) 161
Map 6-1. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Chemical Industry, 1988 165
Map 6-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Primary Metals Industry, 1988 165
Map 6-3. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Petroleum Refining Industry, 1988 166
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Map 6-4. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Transportation Industry, 1988 166
CHAPTER 7. THE MATCHED DATA SET 181
Figure 7-1. TRI Reporting for 1987 and 1988: The Matched Data Set 186
Figure 7-2. TRI Releases and Transfers for 1987 and 1988: The Matched Data Set. (Chemicals reported in both years
or in one year only are for matched facilities.) 187
CHAPTER 8. CHANGES IN TRI RELEASES, 1987-1988: MATCHED CHEMICAL DATA 2Q1
Figure 8-1. Changes in TRI Releases of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988 201
Figure 8-2. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Decreases in Matched Emissions to Air, 1987-1988. (Chemicals shown in
descending order according to rank for 1988 totals.) 202
Figure 8-3. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Air Emissions, 1987-1988 204
Figure 8-4. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Increases in Matched Emissions to Air, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in
descending order according to 1988 totals 205
Figure 8-5. Changes in TRI Matched Emissions to Air by Chemical Class, 1987-1988. Classes shown in descending
order according to 1988 totals 206
Figure 8-6. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched Air Emissions, 1987-1988. Carcinogens shown in
descending order according to 1988 totals 207
Figure 8-7. Changes in TRI Matched Air Emissions of NESHAPs Chemicals, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descend-
ing order according to 1988 totals 209
Figure 8-8. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Air Emissions, 1987-1988. (States shown in descending
order according to 1988 totals for air emissions.) 210
Figure 8-9. Changes in Matched TRI Air Emissions by Industry, 1987-1988. (Industries shown in descending order ac-
cording to 1988 air emissions totals.) 211
Figure 8-11. TRI Ricilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1987-1988. Facilities
shown in descending order according to 1988 TRI total discharges to surface water 213
Figure 8-10. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1987-1988. Chemi-
cals shown in descending order according to 1988 TRI total discharges to surface water 213
Figure 8-12. Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface Water by Chemical Class, 1987-1988. Chemical classes
shown in descending order according to 1988 total discharges 215
Figure 8-13. TRI Carcinogens and Priority Pollutants with the Greatest Changes in Matched Discharges to Surface
Water, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 total surface water discharges 217
Figure 8-14. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1988. States shown in des-
cending order by 1988 total discharges to surface water. 219
Figure 8-15. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1987-1988. Industries
shown in descending order according to total 1988 discharges 220
Figure 8-16. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched On-Site Land Disposal, 1987-1988. Chemicals
shown in descending order according to 1988 land disposal total 223
Figure 8-17. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched On-Site Land Disposal, 1987-1988. Facilities
shown in descending order according to 1988 land disposal total 223
Figure 8-18. Changes in TRI Matched On-Site Land Disposal by Chemical Class, 1987-1988. Chemical classes shown
in descending order according to 1988 land disposal totals 226
Figure 8-19. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched On-Site Land Disposal. Carcinogens shown in
descending order according to 1988 land disposal totals 227
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Figure 8-20. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched On-site Land Disposal, 1987-1988. States shown in des-
cending order according to 1988 land disposal totals 229
Figure 8-21. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched On-site Land Disposal, 1987-1988. Industries
shown in descending order according to 1988 land disposal totals 230
Figure 8-22. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection, 1987-1988. Chemicals
shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals 232
Figure 8-23. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection, 1987-1988. Facilities
shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals 234
Figure 8-24. Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection by Chemical Class, 1987-1988. Chemical classes shown
in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals 235
Figure 8-25. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection , 1987-1988. Car-
cinogens shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals 237
Figure 8-26. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection, 1987-1988. States shown in des-
cending order according to 1988 underground injection totals 238
Figure 8-27. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection, 1987-1988. Industries
shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals 239
CHAPTER 9. CHANGES IN TRI TRANSFERS. 1987-1988 245
Figure 9-1. Changes in TRI Transfers of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988 245
Figure 9-2. Matched Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in TRI Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants, 1987-
1988. Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 total matched public sewage transfers 247
Figure 9-3. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants, 1987-
1988. Facilities shown in descending order according to 1988 public sewage totals 250
Figure 9-4. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants by Chemical Class, 1987-1988.. 252
Figure 9-5. Priority Pollutants and Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage
Treatment Plants, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 public sewage totals 253
Figure 9-6. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants, 1987-
1988. States shown in descending order according to 1988 public sewage transfer totals 258
Figure 9-7. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants, 1987-
1988. Industries shown in descending order according to 1988 public sewage transfer totals 258
Figure 9-8. Matched Chemicals with the Greatest Decreases in TRI Off-site Transfers, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in
descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals 261
Figure 9-9. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Off-site Transfers, 1987-1988. Facilities shown in des-
cending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals 261
Figure 9-10. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Increases in Matched Off-site Transfers, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown
in descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals 264
Figure 9-11. Changes in TRI Matched Off-site Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987-1988. Classes shown in descending
order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals 264
Figure 9-12. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched Off-site Transfers, 1987-1988. Carcinogens
shown in descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer total 266
Figure 9-13. States with the Greatest Decreases in TRI Matched Off-Site Transfers, 1987-1988. States shown in des-
cending order according to 1988 total off-site transfers 268
Figure 9-14. States with the Greatest Increases in TRI Matched Off-Site Transfers, 1987-1988. States shown in des-
cending order according to 1988 total off-site transfers 268
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Figure 9-15. Changes in TRI Matched Off-site Transfers by Industry, 1987-1988. Industries shown in descending order
according to 1988 off-site transfer totals 269
CHAPTER 10. CHANGES IN TRI MATCHED DATA TOTALS, 1987-1988: SHIFTS AND CONTINUITIES 27S
Figure 10-1. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in TRI Total Releases and Transfers of Matched Chemicals,
1987-1988. Facilities shown in descending order according to totals for 1988 277
Figure 10-2. Environmental Distribution of Matched TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988 278
Figure 10-3. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988. Chemicals
shown in descending order according totals for 1988 281
Figure 10-4. TRI Chemical Classes with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988. Chemi-
cal classes shown in descending order according to 284
Figure 10-5. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988. Carcinogens
shown in descending order according to totals for 1988 286
Figure 10-6. States with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988 290
Figure 10-7. Industries with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988. Industries shown in
descending order according to totals for 1988 292
CHAPTER 11. INTERPRETING WASTE DECREASES: WASTE MINIMIZATION 297
Figure 11-1. The Optional Waste Minimization Section on TRI Form R, 1988 300
Figure 11-2. Absolute and Relative TRI Waste Minimization (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 303
Figure 11-3. The 20 States with the Largest Amount of TRI Waste Minimization, 1987-1988 307
Figure 11-4. Absolute and Relative TRI Waste Minimization by Industry (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 309
Figure 11-5. Absolute and Relative TRI Waste Minimization by Method (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 310
Figure 11-6. Absolute an dRelalive TRI Waste Minimization by Reason, (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 311
CHAPTER 12. OTHER ANALYSES 323
Figure 12-1. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers of Ozone Depleting Chemicals, 1987 and
1988 325
Map 12-1. Total Air Emissions of Ozone-depleting Chemicals Reported to TRI, 1988 327
Figure 12-2. TRI Releases and Transfers of Acids/Bases/Salts by On-Site Waste Treatment Method, 1987 and 1988.330
Map 12-2. Facilities Situated Between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana, that Reported to TRI, 1988 334
Map 12-3. Facilities located in the Kanawha Valley Region, West Virginia, that Reported to TRI, 1988 338
Figure 12-3. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers in Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, 1987 and
1988 341
Figure 12-4. Environmental Distribution of TRI Chemicals Released and Transferred in Santa Clara County, California
Compared to the Same Chemicals Released and Transferred Statewide 343
Figure 12-5. Toxicity Ranking of TRI Chemicals Emitted to Air in Santa Clara County, California, 1988 344
Map 12-4. Risk Screening Site Map: Showing Locations of TRI Facilities, Centers of Population , Hospitals, and
Schools. (Source: Personal Computer Graphical Exposure Modeling System—PC-GEMS, US. EPA.) 351
Figure 12-6. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers for the Inorganic Pigments Industry Compared
to the Chemical Industry as a Whole, 1988 359
xii
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Figure 12-7. TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class for the Inorganic Pigments Industry Compared to the
Chemical Industry as a Whole, 1988 360
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TOXICS IN THE COMMVNTTY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
LIST OF TABLES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: TOXICS IN OIJR COMMUNITIES
CHAPTER 1. THE TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY; AN INTRODUCTION 12
CHAPTER 2. REVISION AND AD.IUSTMENT OF 1987 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA 22
Table 2-1. Summary Comparison of Original, Revised, and Adjusted 1987 TRI Data 24
Table 2-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by State: Original, Revised, and Adjusted Data, 1987 26
Table 2-3. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry for Original, Revised, and Adjusted Data, 1987 27
Table 2-4. The 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers (1987 Original Data) Compared to
Revised and Adjusted Data 28
Table 2-5. TRI Releases and Transfers of Delisted Chemicals, 1987 Revised Data 28
Table 2-5, continued 29
Table 2-6. The 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987 Adjusted Data 33
Table 2-7. The 25 Carcinogens with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987 Adjusted Data 35
Table 2-8. Environmental Distribution of TRIReleases and Transfers by State, 1987 Adjusted Data 36
Table 2-8, continued 37
Table 2-9. The 25 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987 Adjusted Data 39
Table 2-10. The 25 Counties wlh the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers of Carcinogens, 1987 Adjusted Data
Table 2-11. The 50 Cities with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987 Adjusted Data 41
Table 2-12. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry, 1987 Adjusted Data 42
Table 2-12, continued 43
Table 2-13. The 50 facilities with the Largest TRITotal Releases and Transfers, 1987 Adjusted Data 44
CHAPTER 3. OVERVIEW OF 1988 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA 41
Table 3-1. Corrections to 1988 TRI Data 50
Table 3-2. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by State, 1988 52
Table 3-3. TRI Transfers to Off-site Locations by Type of Treatment or Disposal, 1988 53
Table 3-4. TRI Facilities and Forms by Industry, 1988 56
Table 3-4. continued 57
Table 3-5. The 50 TRI Facilities with the Largest Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 61
Table 3-6. The Top 5 TRI Facilities for Each Environmental Medium, 1988 62
Table 3-7. TRI Air Emissions of NESHAP Air Pollutants, 1988 64
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Table 3-8. TRI Facilities Reporting Surface Water Discharges with NPDES Permit Numbers, 1988 65
Table 3-9. TRI Facilities Reporting RCRA Identification Numbers, 1988 66
Table 3-10. Frequency of Errors in Non-Release Estimates for Each Release Category. 71
Table 3-11. Frequency of Errors in Zero Release Estimates for Each Release Category. 71
Table 3-12. Adjusted Compliance Measures by 2-Digit SIC Codes 73
Table 3-13. Adjusted Compliance Measures by Employee Size Category. 74
CHAPTER 4. TRI CHEMICALS 77
Table 4-1. The 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 78
Table 4-2. The 25 Chemicals Reported on the Most TRI Forms, 1988 79
Table 4-3. Comparison of 1987 and 1988 TRI Total Releases and Transfers of the Top 25 Chemicals 82
TABLE 4-4. The 54 TRI Chemicals With No Forms Reporting, 1988 85
Table 4-5. The 5 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers for Each Chemical Class,1988 88
Table 4-6. The 25 Mixtures and Trade Name Products with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 90
Table 4-7. TRI Facilities Claiming Trade Secrets, 1988 90
Table 4-8. Environmental Distribution of The 25 Chemicals With the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers 93
Table 4-9. Effects of the 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 95
Table 4-10. Health and Environmental Effects for the 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Trans-
fers, 1988 98
TABLE 4-11. Environmental Distribution of the 25 Carcinogens with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers 99
Table 4-12. The 25 Carcinogens with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers for 1988 Compared to 1987 101
Table 4-13. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers of Selected Carcinogens , 1988 102
Table 4-13, continued 103
Table 4-14. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers for the Top State for the Top 10 Carcinogens,
1988 104
CHAPTER S. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TOXIC RELEASES AND TRANSFERS, 1988 Ug
Table 5-1. Average and Total Releases and Transfers by State, 1988 108
Table 5-2. The 25 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 Ill
Table 5-3. Major Facilities in the 5 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 112
Table 5-4. The 50 Cities with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 113
Table 5-5. The 25 Counties with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers of Carcinogens, 1988 117
Table 5-6. TRI Facilities, Forms, and Environmental Distribution of Releases and Transfers by State, 1988 122
Table 5-6 Continued 123
Table 5-7. State Rankings for Types of Releases and Transfers, TRI 1988 130
Table 5-8. County Rankings for TRI Facilities and Types of Releases and Transfers, 1988 131
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Table 5-9. TRI Off-site Transfers Sent or Received by State, 1988 135
Table 5-10. The 10 Cities Receiving the Largest Amount of Off-site Transfers, 1988 136
Table 5-11. TRI Off-site Transfer Locations Receiving the Largest Amount of Wastes, 1988 137
Table 5-12. TRI Release and Population Density by State, 1988 138
CHAPTER 6. INDUSTRIAL PATTERNS OF TOXIC RELEASES AND TRANSFERS. 1988 1&
Table 6-1. TRI Facilities, Forms, and Releases and Transfers by Industry, 1987 and 1988 144
Table 6-1, continued 145
Table 6-2. The 25 Industries (Classified by 4-Digit SIC Code) with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers by
Type of Release or Transfer, 1988 151
Table 6-3. Industrial Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1988 155
Table 6-4. The 20 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry Rank , 1988 163
Table 6-5. The Facilities with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers for Each Industry, 1988 170
Table 6-6. Parent Companies with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988 172
Table 6-7. Parent Companies with the Largest Number of TRI Facilities, 1988 173
Table 6-8. Sources of Chloroform Releases as Estimated by the U.S. Public Health Service 175
Table 6-9. Federal Agencies that are conducting EPCRA Acticities, 1987 and 1988 177
CHAPTER 7. THE MATCHED DATA SET 181
Table 7-1. TRI Total Releases and Transfers for All Facilities, 1987 and 1988 183
Table 7-2. Sample TRI Data Set: Overall, Matched Facility, and Matched Chemical Data, 1987-1988. (Italics indicate
matched facilities and bold indicates matched chemicals.) 185
Table 7-3. TRI Releases and Transfers from Matched Facilities, 1987-1988 188
Table 7-4. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers 190
Table 7-5. The 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers in 1988 Showing the Matched Data
Set, 1987-1988 190
Table 7-4, continued 191
Table 7-5, continued 191
Table 7-6. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by State: The Matched Data Set, 1987-1988 194
Table 7-6, continued 195
Table 7-7. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry: The Matched Data Set, 1987-1988 196
Table 7-7, continued 197
Table 7-8. SIC Code Changes from 1987 to 1988 for Chemicals Reported in Both Years 198
Table 7-9. The 20 Facilities with the Greatest Decreases in Releases and Transfers for Chemicals Reported in 1987 and
1988 198
Table 7-10. The 20 Facilities with the Greatest Increases in Releases and Transfers for Chemicals Reported in 1987 and
1988 199
xvi
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
198S National and Local Perspectives
CHAPTER 8. CHANGES IN TRI RELEASES, 1987-1988: MATCHED CHEMICAL DATA Ml
Table 8-1. Changes in TRI Air Emissions of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988 203
Table 8-2. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Air Emissions 204
Table 8-3. Changes in Matched Air Emissions of Carcinogens, 1987-1988 208
Table 8-4. Changes in TRI Matched Air Emissions of NESHAPS Chemicals, 1987-1988 208
Table 8-5. Changes in TRI Discharges to Surface Water of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988 214
Table 8-6. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1987-1988 215
Table 8-7. Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface Water of Priority Pollutants and Carcinogens, 1987-
988 218
Table 8-8. Changes in TRI On-site Land Disposal of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988 224
Table 8-9. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched On-site Land Disposal, 1987-1988 225
Table 8-10. Changes in Matched On-Site Land Disposal of TRI Carcinogens, 1987-1988 228
Table 8-11. Changes in TRI Injection to Underground Wells of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988 233
Table 8-12. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Injection to Underground Wells, 1987-1988 234
Table 8-13. Changes for Matched Chemicals in Underground Injection of TRI Carcinogens, 1987-1988 236
Table 8-A.Changes in TRI Matched Releases by Chemical Class, 1987-1988 240
TABLE 8-C. Changes in TRI Matched Releases by Industry, 1987-1988 240
Table 8-A, continued 241
TABLE 8-C, continued 241
Table 8-B, Changes in TRI Matched Releases by State, 1987-1988 242
Table 8-B, continued 243
CHAPTER Q. CHANCES IN TRI TRANSFERS. 1087-1988 24S
Table 9-1. Changes in TRI Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants of Matched Chemicals , 1987-1988 249
Table 9-2. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants, 1987-
1988 251
Table 9-3. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants of Priority Pollutants and Car-
cinogens,* 1987-1988 254
Table 9-4. Changes in TRI Off-site Transfers of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988 262
Table 9-5. TRI Facilities with the Largest Changes in Matched Off-site Transfers 263
Table 9-6. Changes in Matched Off-Site Transfers of TRI Carcinogens, 1987-1988 267
Table 9-A. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987-1988 270
Table 9-B. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers by State, 1987-1988 271
Table 9-C. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers by Industry, 1987-1988 272
CHAPTER 10. CHANGES IN TRI MATCHED DATA TOTALS. 1987-1988: SHIFTS AND CONTINUITIES 27S
Table 10-1. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988 276
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Table 10-1, continued 277
Table 10-2. Environmental Distribution of the Changes in TRI Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988 279
Table 10-3. TRI Forms Reporting Increases and Decreases from 1987-1988 279
Table 10-4. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988 282
Table 10-4, continued 283
Table 10-5. Changes in TRI Matched Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987-1988 284
Table 10-5, continued 285
Table 10-6. Changes in Releases and Transfers of TRI Carcinogens with the Largest Decreases and Increases, 1987-
1988 286
Table 10-6, continued 287
Table 10-7. Changes in TRI Matched Releases and Transfers by State, 1987-1988 288
Table 10-7, continued 289
Table 10-8. Changes in Matched TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry, 1987-1988 292
Table 10-8, continued 293
CHAPTER 11. INTERPRETING WASTE DECREASES: WASTE MINIMIZATION 297
Table 11-1. The 10 Largest Decreases in TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988 298
Table 11-2. Waste Minimization Reporting Among the 50 Facilities with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Trans-
fers, 1988 301
Tablell-3. TRI Waste Minimization by State (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 306
Table 11-4.TRI Waste Minimization by Industry (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 308
Table 11-5. TRI Waste Minimization by Method (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 309
Table 11-6. Amount Of TRI Waste Minimization By Reason (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988 311
Table 11-7. TRI Chemicals with More than One Million Pounds of Absolute Waste Minimization (Subset of 956
Forms), 1987-1988 312
Table 11-8. Relative Change in Waste Generation of Carcinogens: Methods of Minimization, 1987-1988 312
Table 11-8 , continued 313
Table 11-9. Cumulative TRI Waste Minimization (Based on 126 Matching Forms), 1986-1988 314
Table 11-12. TRI Waste 1988 Waste Minimization Data* for Old Quaker Paint Co. (SIC Code 28), Carson, California.
315
Table 11-10. The 25 TRI Facilities with the Largest Cumulative Absolute Waste Reductions (Subset of 89 Facilities, 126
Forms), 1986-1988 316
Table 11-11. The 25 TRI Facilities with the Largest Cumulative Relative Waste Reductions (Subset of 89 Facilities, 126
Forms), 1986-1988 316
Table 11-10, continued 321
Table 11-11, continued 321
CHAPTER 12. OTHER ANALYSES 323
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
Table 12-1. States with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals, 1988 326
Table 12-2. TRI Releases and Transfers of Ozone Depleters by Industry, 1988 327
Table 12-3. Releases and On-site Waste Treatment for Acids/Bases/Salts, 1987 and 1988 329
Table 12-4. TRI Transfers to Off-Site Locations by Type of Treatment or Disposal, 1987 and 1988 332
Table 12-5. TRI Air Emissions of Volatile Organic Chemicals in an Eight-County Area of Louisiana, 1988 335
Table 12-7. TRI Underground Injection of Volatile Organic Chemicals in an Eight-County Area of Louisiana, 1988.336
Table 12-6. The 10 Facilities with the Largest TRI Air Emissions of Volatile Organic Chemicals in an Eight-County
Area of Louisiana, 1988 336
Table 12-8 TRI Releases and Transfers in the Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, 1987-1988 340
Table 12-8, continued 341
Table 12-9. TRI Chemicals with the Largest Releases and Transfers in Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, 1987-88 342
Table 12-10. TRI Releases and Transfers of Selected Chemicals in Santa Clara County, California, 1988 346
Table 12-11. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical in the Risk Screening Example,
1988 352
Table 12-12. Air Releases of Chemicals of High and Moderate Toxicity from TRI Facilities in the Risk Screening Ex-
ample, 1988 353
Table 12-13. Populations of Concern for Exposure to Chemicals Emitted to Air by TRI Facilities in the Risk Screening
Example 354
Table 12-14.Summary of Relative Risk Worksheets for Air Emissions from TRI Facilities in the Risk Screening Ex-
ample, 1988 356
Table 12-15. TRI Chemicals Released and Transferred by the Inorganic Pigments Industry (SIC Code 2816), 1988. 358
Table 12-16. Geographical Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Media for the Inorganic Pigments Industry
(SIC Code 2816), 1988 361
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
APPENDIX A - TRI FORM R A-l
APPENDIX B - TRI CHEMICALS B-l
APPENDIX C - SIC CODES C-l
APPENDIX D - REFERENCE TABLES D-l
TABLE D-l. Air Emissions of Chemicals on the Proposed Air Toxics List, 1988 D-l
TABLED-2. TRI Discharges to Surface Water of Priority Pollutants, 1988 D-4
TABLE D-3. TRI Point Source and Fugitive Air Emissions by State, 1988 D-6
TABLE D-4. Types of TRI Land Disposal by State, 1988 D-7
TABLE D-5. States Shipping and Receiving TRI Wastes (Off-Site Transfers), 1988 D-8
TABLE D-6. TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry for the Top 25 Chemicals, 1988 D-14
TABLE D-7. TRI Releases and Transfers for the Top 25 Carcinogens, 1988 D-16
TABLE D-8. Industrial Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers Within Each State, 1988 D-19
APPENDIX E - OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION E-l
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
FOREWORD
This marks the second year EPA has published the Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI) collected pursuant to the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986. TRI is an annual, publicly
available compilation of information on the release of toxic chemicals
by manufacturing facilities in the U.S. This report summarizes the
second year of TRI data-where, how much, and which types of toxic
chemicals are being released into the environment-and provides com-
parisons to the first year's releases.
This current report confirms my belief that, after nearly two decades
of progress toward better air and water quality through the treatment
and disposal of wastes, we still have a long way to go. As important as
it is, pollution control can bring us only so far. By emphasizing pollution
prevention-finding ways to eliminate the formation of toxic pollutants
in the first instance-we can improve protection of the environment,
reduce risk to health, and avoid much of the expense and frustration
inherent in managing or treating wastes.
You will read in this report that total releases in 1988 were lower than
in 1987. Despite the heightened awareness that TRI has encouraged,
and some voluntary reduction efforts by industry, this does not neces-
sarily mean less pollution. After the initial experience with the TRI
requirements, many facilities have refined the way they measure or keep
track of releases. Some reductions may have resulted from economic
downturns, or for other reasons. Inevitably, there is a shakedown period
at the start of something as ambitious as the Toxic Release Inventory
during which baseline measures are established.
The impact of TRI has far exceeded our expectations as a tool for
improving environmental management. This is a great tribute to the
vision of its Congressional sponsors. Experience to date demonstrates
the important role that the public and communities generally can play
in achieving environmental goals. Public involvement has been in-
strumental in raising the awareness of manufacturing facilities about the
toxic chemicals they release into the environment. Many companies
have begun to focus attention on reducing emissions. Some in industry
have found that TRI data can serve as a diagnostic tool to help them
identify and address sources of pollution.
xxi
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
19S8 National and Local Perspectives
EPA will use all means at our disposal to make pollution prevention the
watchword. We must involve all our partners in environmental protec-
tion-government, business, the environmental community. I will be
working with my colleagues in other Federal agencies and in the States.
Industry must vigorously pursue pollution prevention; individual com-
panies are often the best source of knowledge and ideas about pollution
prevention opportunities in their facilities.
The surest path to protecting human health and the environment lies in
our ability to achieve a steadily decreasing volume of and steadily
decreasing exposure to hazardous substances in the environment. We
know from experience that pollution prevention works: it can save
money, it can protect health, it can protect the environment. It requires
laws and policies that unleash American ingenuity to solve problems in
new ways. It requires that we think more carefully about the consequen-
ces of our actions. And it requires creativity and commitment from all
of us.
I am profoundly conscious of the many unmet environmental needs this
country faces, and of the unprecedented needs and expectations of the
American people. EPA cannot meet these needs and expectations alone.
I invite each of you to join us, to use the TRI data as effectively as you
possibly can.
William K. ReiUy
Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
XXII
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TOXICS IN THE COMMUNITY
1988 National and Local Perspectives
PREFACE
Even as we put the finishing touches on this report covering the 1988
data from the Toxics Release Inventory, the data for 1989 is already
being processed at EPA's reporting center. Both industry and the Agency
have become more conversant with the ins and outs of the entire TRI
system and our experience with the first year of reporting—in which
we lunged from crisis to crisis—has smoothed out considerably. The
Toxics Release Inventory, once described as a revolution, is becoming
something of an institution.
This National Report is part of that institution, and is one of the major
means by which EPA makes available to the public the information in
TRI. We have expanded the scope of the report this year, adding
information on health effects of TRI chemicals, focusing more analysis
on individual facilities, and incorporating data from sources other than
TRI. In addition, this is the first opportunity to compare data from year
to year, an analysis that presented unexpected complexities. It is our
hope that these changes further illuminate the broadening utility of the
Toxics Release Inventory. As always, we would be eager to have your
suggestions as to how the report can be made even more useful in the
future.
DAVID SAROKIN
National Report Project Manager
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Introduction and Review
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Photo: Daniel J. Kasztelan
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Toxics IN THE COMMUNITY
OVERALL INCREASES AND DECREASES
In the second year of reporting for the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), 19,762 TRI releases and
manufacturing facilities reported 6.2 billion pounds of environmental releases transfers in 1988
and off-site transfers of chemical wastes for 1988. Three quarters of this amount totalled 6.2 Billion
(4.5 billion pounds) was released directly into the air, water, land, or underground pounds.
wells; the other 1.7 billion pounds was transferred off-site from the originating
facilities to waste management facilities such as public sewage treatment plants,
incinerators or landfills.
While more facilities submitted more forms to TRI, total releases and transfers Total releases and
decreased 11 percent from 1987 to 1988 (from seven billion to 6.2 billion pounds), transfers decreased
In fact, all types of releases and transfers decreased from 1987 to 1988. Over from 1987. . .
one third (2.4 billion pounds) of the TRI total was emitted to air. This is a decrease
of 148.4 million pounds from 1987. Surface water discharges dropped from 403.1
million pounds to 361.6 million pounds from 1987 to 1988. On-site land disposal
dropped 23 percent between 1987 and 1988, from 730.9 to 561.6 million pounds.
Underground injection amounts dropped six percent (from 1.3 to 1.2 billion
pounds). Transfers to public sewage treatment plants dropped from 614.8 to 570.6
million pounds. Levels of off-site transfers dropped from 1.4 to 1.1 billion
pounds.
While some of the decrease in TRI totals is due to actual reductions in the quantity ... but much of the
of wastes generated or disposed of, much of the apparent decline between 1987 decrease is due to
and 1988 stems from "paper" changes, that is, from changes in how wastes were "paper" changes.
estimated or reported, rather than changes in waste generation practices. For
instance, some recycled materials that were inadvertently reported in 1987
(recycled material is generally not subject to TRI reporting requirements) were
not reported for 1988. For the facilities reporting the 10 largest decreases, at least
66 percent of the reduction is due to paper changes in the data.
Ten percent of TRI facilities filled out the optional waste minimization question Some reductions
on the form, including eight out of the top 50 largest volume facilities. California were brought about
and New Jersey had the largest number of responders. Facilities reporting through pollution
pollution prevention averaged a 22 percent (absolute) reduction in waste quantities prevention.
from 1987 to 1988. This reduction increased to 33 percent when production
indexes are factored in.
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Executive Summary
TRI totals increased
for 106 chemicals.
7 of the top 25 chem-
icals are highly toxic.
Carcinogens ac-
counted for 8% of
the TRI total.
Increases were reported for 106 chemicals (out of 253 that were reported in both
1987 and 1988). Manganese compounds and chlorine increased by 50 million and
27 million pounds respectively.
TRI totals increased in some heavily industrialized areas. For instance, releases
and transfers in Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, increased from 17 to 23 million
pounds. Much of the increase was from a Du Pont plant in Belle, West Virginia.
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TRI
CHEMICALS
Seven of the 25 chemicals with the largest TRI totals are considered highly toxic.
Four of these are toxic to humans or terrestrial animals on one or more of the
indices used to rank toxicity, and six are considered highly toxic to fish and other
aquatic organisms. On the other hand, four of the top 25 chemicals have not been
ranked for toxic health or environmental effects. The absence of a toxicity rating
does not necessarily indicate, however, that the chemical is not of concern. The
chemical may cause indirect effects or pose hazards not measured by these indices.
Releases and transfers of the 123 carcinogens on the TRI list constituted eight
percent of the TRI total releases and transfers for both 1987 and 1988 (with 562.8
and 464.4 million pounds, respectively). Dichloromethane was the carcinogen
released and transferred in the greatest amounts. Of the top 25 carcinogens, lead
and dichloromethane had the largest decreases in releases and transfers from 1987
to 1987 with decreases of 25 million and 21 million pounds, respectively. This
represents a 53 percent decrease for lead and a 14 percent decrease in the case
of dichloromethane.
Approximately 60 percent of the total amount of the top 25 carcinogens was
emitted to air, and another 24 percent was transferred off-site to treatment,
storage, and disposal facilities.
Altogether, facilities in 25 counties in 12 states generated almost one third of the
TRI carcinogen total for the nation. Dichloromethane was among the top ten
chemicals in California, Michigan, Florida and Indiana.
In keeping with the overall industrial distribution of total releases and transfers,
the Chemical industry was responsible for the largest amount of TRI carcinogen
releases and transfers. The carcinogens released in greatest amounts were the
most widely distributed among industries: no single industry contributed more
than half of any of the top four carcinogens.
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Toxics in Our Communities
Of the 322 chemicals on the TRI list, three are considered ozone depleters: TRI total* for ozone
1,1,1-trichloroethane, Freon 113, and carbon tetrachloride. These chemicals depleting chemical*
destroy the ozone molecules in the earth's protective ozone layer which lies were 254 million
between 10 and 20 miles above the earth's surface and may thus indirectly cause pound*.
human health effects such as increased cases of skin cancer
Releases and transfers of ozone depleters totalled 254.0 million pounds. The
ozone depleter with the largest total was 1,1,1-trichloroethane with 180.4 million
pounds or 71 percent of the total for ozone depleters. Freon 113 was the second
largest with 68.5 million pounds (27 percent) and carbon tetrachloride was
released the least with 5.1 million pounds (two percent). The total releases and
transfers of ozone depleters only decreased by two percent (6.1 million pounds)
in 1988.
The majority of releases (90 percent) of ozone depleters are emitted to air with
a smaller percentage transferred off-site (ten percent). California ranked first in
releases and transfers of ozone depleters. The Transportation Equipment industry
and the Electric and Electronic Equipment industry rank first and second,
respectively, for releases and transfers of ozone depleters.
THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL STATES, LOCALITIES, AND
FACILITIES
Louisiana facilities reported the largest total releases and transfers of TRI Louisiana and Texas
chemicals (741.2 million pounds or 12 percent of the national total). Texas had the nation's
facilities were a close second, with 724.5 million pounds. In general, facilities largest TRI totals.
in the Gulf Coast, Great Lakes, and mid-Atlantic states, as well as California,
had the largest TRI releases and transfers, while smaller amounts were generated
in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions. Ten states had totals greater
than 200 million pounds and accounted for over half (3.5 billion pounds) of TRI
total releases and transfers in 1988.
TRI state totals were often concentrated in one or several counties. Five Texas
counties were among the top 25, and accounted for 73 percent of total releases
and transfers in Texas. Louisiana had four counties in the top 25; releases and
transfers from the four accounted for 85 percent of the state's total. Together,
Texas and Louisiana had seven of the top ten counties and nine of the top 25. In
most cases, only a handful of individual facilities accounted for the majority of
the releases and transfers within the top-ranked counties. For example, two Texas
facilities operated by Du Pont and Monsanto accounted for 30 percent of all
releases and transfers in Texas and two facilities in Utah, Kennecott Utah Copper
and Amax Magnesium, reported 94 percent of the TRI total for the state.
Top-ranked cities, like top-ranked counties, often owe their large TRI totals to
only a few individual facilities. Westwego and Norco—both in Louisiana—led
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Executive Summary
50 (out of 20,000)
facilities accounted
for 1/3 of the TRI
total.
The number of TRI
forms increased in
1988.
EPA site audits found
aggregated TRI data
to be highly accurate
. . . but only 2 out of
3 facilities reported
to TRI as required.
TRI captures only a
portion of total toxic
releases.
nation's cities for total TRI amounts. American Cyanamid (a chemical facility in
Westwego) and Shell Oil (a diversified facility in Norco) each reported larger
TRI totals than did most states.
Just 50 individual facilities were responsible for over one third of all TRI releases
and transfers. Five facilities reported amounts of over 100 million pounds each,
and 11 more reported more than SO million pounds each. All but IS of the top
SO facilities were chemical facilities. Although these represented less than one
percent of all chemical facilities, they contributed 56 percent of the Chemical
industry's TRI releases and transfers, and slightly over one quarter of the national
TRI total. The Primary Metals industry filled nine of the remaining 15 slots on
the list of top SO facilities. Those facilities were less than one percent of all
Primary Metals facilities, but accounted for 38 percent of that industry's TRI
releases and transfers and five percent of the national TRI total.
DATA QUALITY AND COMPLETENESS
More facilities submitted more forms to TRI in 1988 than in 1987. The number
of facilities that reported to TRI increased five percent, while the number of forms
submitted increased seven percent. This difference stems in part from the fact
that reporting thresholds decreased from 75,000 to 50,000 pounds of chemical
manufacture, so facilities which fell under the cut-off in 1987 may have been over
the cut-off in 1988.
All told, the TRI data were found to be surprisingly accurate in the aggregate.
The total volume of reported TRI releases and transfers was just two percent lower
than the corrected figures arrived at by EPA's site visit teams. National totals for
air releases, water discharges, and other environmental media are generally within
plus or minus ten percent of the corrected data estimates. Almost 80 percent of
all release estimates were found to be without an error.
An EPA survey estimated that only two out of every three companies in the nation
that should have reported actually did so; an additional 10,000 facilities should
have reported to TRI. Compliance rate varied with industries. The Chemical
industry had the highest overall compliance rate of 88 percent—almost nine out
of ten chemical manufacturers that should have reported to TRI actually did so.
On the other hand, the Apparel industry and the Printing and Publishing industry
had unusually low compliance rates. These compliance figures are for 1987.
Compliance for 1988 reporting has not yet been evaluated. Improved compliance
is a high priority for the TRI program.
TRI reporting does not include all sources of releases and transfers of toxic
chemicals. Manufacturing facilities are exempt from reporting if they do not meet
threshold requirements, or if they have fewer than 10 employees. Non-manufac-
turing operations are currently exempt from reporting. For some chemicals used
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Toxics in Our Communities
exclusively in manufacturing operations, TRI may capture most of the releases
for that chemical. For others, TRI captures only a fraction of the total.
For example, TRI data for releases and transfers of 1,3-butadiene account for
only 15 percent of total releases of this chemical; the remainder comes primarily
from automobile emissions. For chloroform, TRI captures an estimated 66
percent of total releases, but significant quantities are also generated in non-
manufacturing settings such as drinking water chlorination plants.
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRI RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
The Chemical industry dominated total releases and transfers nationwide, ac- The Chemical in-
counting for almost half (46 percent) of the 1988 total reported to TRI for 1988. dustry accounted for
This industry was the source of 63 percent of all TRI discharges to surface water almost half of all TRI
and 80 percent of underground injection. Three chemical companies, with more releases and trans-
than 100 reporting facilities between them, accounted for more than 700 million fers.
pounds of TRI releases and transfers. The three are Du Pont (319 million pounds,
74 facilities), Monsanto (202 million pounds, 37 facilities) and American
Cyanamid (189 million pounds, 27 facilities).
Facilities in all but four industries emitted the largest share of their TRI totals to
air. Furniture manufacturers emitted 91 percent of their TRI total to air; Primary
Metals facilities used on-site land disposal and off-site transfers for almost two
thirds of their total. Three industries—Primary Metals, the Chemical industry,
and Diversified facilities—accounted for 93 percent of all on-site land disposal.
TRI releases and transfers from the Chemical and Petroleum industries were
concentrated in Louisiana and Texas. North Carolina had large releases and
transfers from its Furniture and Textiles industries. Fifteen percent of the
nationwide TRI total for the Primary Metals industry came from Utah. Petroleum
industry releases were concentrated in just three states, while Transportation
industry releases topped one million pounds in each of 34 states. A single Eastman
Kodak plant in Rochester, New %rk generated one third of the total for the
Measuring/Photographic industry.
Some of the chemicals with the largest TRI totals were released in significant
amounts by facilities in many industries, without one industry dominating. Three
particularly widespread chemicals were sulfuric acid, toluene, and acetone. TRI
totals for every industry contained at least 100,000 pounds of each.
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Executive Summary
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
Air emissions were
the largest segment
of the TRI total.
Of the 6.2 billion pounds of TRI releases and transfers, 39 percent (2.4 billion
pounds) were air emissions. Underground injection and off-site transfers ac-
counted for another 19 percent and 18 percent respectively.
Air emissions in Texas decreased from 1987 to 1988, while air emissions in Utah
increased. Other than Texas and Utah, air emissions in the top-ranked states
remained relatively constant. Discharges of TRI chemicals to surface water were
three times greater in Louisiana than those in any other state and were concen-
trated in a single parish (county). Florida facilities led the nation in the total
quantity of on-site land disposal, with 82.6 million pounds, or IS percent of the
national total. Together, Texas and Louisiana accounted for 67 percent of all
underground injection in the U.S. Missouri discharged the most TRI wastes to
public sewage treatment plants. The largest share of TRI off-site transfers
originated in Ohio.
The environmental distribution of TRI releases and transfers varied considerably
by industry. Facilities in all but two industries released a greater total amount of
chemicals directly into the air, water, land, or underground wells than they
transferred off-site to other facilities. Only the Leather and Leather Products
industry and the Food Products industry reported a majority of their TRI amounts
as transfers (rather than releases).
Ammonium sulfate,
hydrochloric acid and
methanol accounted
for 30% of the TRI
total.
CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRI RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Twenty-five chemicals constituted 83 percent of all TRI releases and transfers in
1988. Ammonium sulfate, hydrochloric acid and methanol made up 30 percent
of all releases and transfers. The chemicals released and transferred in the largest
amounts were not always those reported by the most facilities. For example,
toluene was the second most frequently reported chemical (listed on 3,553 forms),
but ranked fifth for total releases and transfers with 333 million pounds.
Ammonium sulfate, on the other hand, was released and transferred in larger
amounts than any other TRI chemical, yet ranked 42nd for the number of TRI
forms reporting releases and transfers (only 301 TRI forms).
TRI totals for phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid decreased 99 million pounds (29
percent) and 92 million pounds (19 percent), respectively—more than the
decreases for any other chemicals. Manganese compounds increased the most (in
absolute number of pounds), doubling to 114.9 million pounds. Manufacturers
reported small or no releases and transfers for one quarter of all TRI chemicals.
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Toxics in Our Communities
COMPARING 1987 AND 1988 TRI TOTALS: MATCHED
DATA
In order to factor out the impact of new facilities reporting to TRI for the first
time in 1988, and reports of new chemicals, EPA created subsets of the TRI data
for detailed comparisons of 1987 and 1988 releases. Matched facilities are those
that reported to TRI in both 1987 and 1988. Matched chemicals are those reported
in both 1987 and 1988 by matched facilities. The percentage of matched facilities
in each state ranged from 75 to 85 percent. Seventy-seven percent of the facilities
that reported to TRI in 1988 also reported in 1987. TRI facilities that reported
both years generated 96 percent of the total releases and transfers (by weight) in
each year.
Matched Chemicals
Copper and sulfuric acid were the matched chemicals that decreased the most.
Copper decreased 133.2 million pounds (83 percent) and sulfuric acid decreased
102.8 million pounds (22 percent). Matched facilities increased their discharges
of manganese compounds and chlorine by the largest amounts (50.1 million
pounds or 94 percent and 27.3 million pounds or 23 percent, respectively).
The industries with the largest decreases were the Chemical and Primary Metals
industries with decreases of 425.1 million pounds (13 percent) and 146.1 million
pounds (17 percent), respectively. The two industries exhibiting increases were
the Tobacco and Food industries with increases of 8.2 million pounds (123
percent) and 481,000 pounds (one percent), respectively.
Air emissions of matched chemicals decreased eight percent from 1987 to 1988. Air emissions of
Air emissions of ammonia and methyl ethyl ketone decreased the most. Air matched chemicals
emissions of chlorine, methanol, nitric acid, Freon 113, and phenol each decreased 8%.
increased by more than one million pounds.
Matched air emissions of carcinogens decreased by nine percent. Dichlorometh-
ane decreased the most, by seven million pounds (six percent). Few carcinogens
increased in sizable amounts from 1987 to 1988. Only 1,4-dichlorobenzene
increased by more than 500,000 pounds (55 percent) in 1988.
Facilities in the Chemical industry reduced air emissions more than any other
industry—132.0 million pounds (15 percent). The Primary Metals industry
increased emissions the most (25.8 million pounds, 14 percent).
Discharges to surface water decreased 42.0 million pounds (11 percent). Of the Discharges to surface
210 matched chemicals discharged to surface water, discharge amounts increases water decreased
for 80 TRI chemicals, decreased for 124, and stayed the same for six. Discharges 11%.
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Land disposal of
matched chemicals
decreased 29%.
Executive Summary
of each of ten chemicals decreased by more than one million pounds. Arsenic
compounds decreased the most, by 10.4 million pounds—nearly 100 percent.
Discharges of 65 out of a total of 144 matched carcinogens and/or water priority
pollutants decreased, while 37 increased, and four stayed the same. Three
carcinogens—formaldehyde, chloroform, and benzene—each decreased by more
than 100,000 pounds. Formaldehyde decreased by 20 percent (215,000 pounds).
Chloroform decreased by 14 percent (161,000 pounds). Benzene decreased by
77 percent (53,000 pounds).
The Chemical industry, which had the largest surface water discharges of matched
chemicals for 1988, was principally responsible for the net decrease of 58.1
million pounds. Chemical industry discharges dropped 53.3 million pounds (21
percent)—more than twice as much as the combined increases of all industries
that increased their discharges.
Matched facilities reported a net decrease of 188.1 million pounds (29 percent)
of land disposal of matched chemicals. Only the decrease in off-site transfers
exceeded that for land disposal. Land disposal of copper dropped by 125.5 million
pounds. Phosphoric acid disposal dropped 88.5 million pounds (48 percent), the
second largest decrease. Land disposal of manganese compounds more than
doubled, increasing by 47.2 million pounds (156 percent). Land disposal of
ammonium sulfate increased 6.8 million pounds (96 percent), the second largest
increase of any chemical.
Land disposal of carcinogens increased five percent overall (from 14.0 to 14.6
million pounds). Approximately half the net increase in carcinogens consisted of
chromium, whose land disposal increased 3.1 million pounds (131 percent), more
than any other carcinogen.
Underground injec- Underground injection of matched chemicals decreased by seven percent (90.2
tion of matched million pounds) from 1987 to 1988. Underground injection of hydrochloric acid
chemicals decreased dropped 17.2 million pounds (14 percent). Underground injection of carcinogens
7%. increased by 3.8 million pounds (12 percent).
Louisana's state total for underground injection dropped 61.4 million pounds (13
percent). Texas facilities cut their underground injection by 37.2 million pounds
(nine percent). In contrast, Kansas facilities increased matched underground
injections 24.7 million pounds (38 percent). The Chemical industry reported the
largest decrease in underground injection, 45.9 million pounds (six percent).
8
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Toxics in Our Communities
Transfer* to public
sewage treatment
plants of matched
chemicals decreased
10%.
Transfers of matched chemicals to public sewage treatment plants decreased 59.1
million pounds (ten percent) from 1987 to 1988. Transfers of sulfuric acid,
hydrochloric acid, and ammonia each decreased over ten million pounds, together
accounting for 91 percent (53.5 million pounds) of the decreases in transfers to
public sewage systems. The greatest increase was 2.0 million pounds for n-butyl
alcohol (79 percent). The Chemical industry reported the largest amount of
matched transfers to public sewage treatment plants amounting to 313.9 million
pounds (61 percent). Missouri, the state with the largest total matched sewage
transfers, also reported the greatest increase (6.9 million pounds, a ten percent
increase).
One-hundred-and-eight of the chemicals discharged to public sewage plants in
1988 were either water priority pollutants or carcinogens. The net decrease for
these 108 chemicals was only one-half of one percent. Of the 40 carcinogens and
water priority pollutants reporting the largest matched sewage transfers in 1988,
23 showed increases.
Off-site transfers decreased 255.8 million pounds (22 percent), a larger volume Off-site transfers of
decrease than any other type of release or transfer. Off-site transfers of sulfuric matched chemicals
acid decreased by 66.4 million pounds (40 percent) more. Transfers of hydro- decreased 22%.
chloric acid rose 29.3 million pounds (28 percent). Ethylene glycol and aluminum
(fume or dust) both increased by approximately ten million pounds.
In 1988, off-site transfers of carcinogens dropped 51.3 million pounds (35
percent) and accounted for ten percent of total off-site transfers. Off-site transfers
of most carcinogens dropped, with styrene and lead decreasing the most (18.6
million pounds, 70 percent and 10.8 million pounds, 52 percent, respectively).
Off-site transfers of only 21 carcinogens increased in 1988.
OTHER ANALYSES
In addition to the analyses of national patterns of TRI data, more specific analyses
can be carried out to illuminate details of regional, industrial or chemical releases
and transfers.
Waste Treatment
Many TRI chemical wastes are treated on-site before they are released to the
environment or receive treatment after being transferred off-site. Waste treatment
practices have been divided in TRI into seven major categories: treatment of air
emissions, biological treatment, chemical treatment, incineration or thermal
treatment, physical treatment, recovery or reuse, and solidification or stabiliza-
tion.
Half of all TRI facilities treat their chemical wastes on-site. Nearly 50 percent of
facilities also reported transferring some or all of their wastes containing TRI
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Executive Summary
chemicals to off-site waste management facilities (other than public sewage plants)
that treated, stored, or disposed of the wastes.
The largest portion (515.5 million pounds, 47 percent) of off-site transfers of TRI
chemical wastes in 1988 went to some type of treatment facility. The second
largest portion (378.5 million pounds, 34 percent) went to facilities that disposed
of the chemicals on land or through underground injection. Another 12 percent
(128.1 million pounds) of off-site transfers went to facilities where the treatment
was not specifically identified.
Volatile Organic Chemicals in Louisiana
TRI data can also be used for regional analysis. Eight Louisiana counties (known
as parishes) contain 81 TRI facilities, almost a third of all the facilities in the
state. These facilities released volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) known to
contribute to ozone formation, a major component of smog. In 1988, these
facilities submitted 606 TRI forms for VOCs, or more than seven forms per
facility (as compared to a national average of only four per facility for all
chemicals).
The eight counties released 28.6 million pounds of VOCs to the atmosphere in
1988, 53 percent of total VOC air releases in the state (54.4 million pounds), and
17 percent of national VOC air releases (1.7 billion pounds). Ten facilities in six
counties had VOC air emissions of over a million pounds each, accounting for
62 percent of the total from the 81 facilities. More than 40.3 million pounds of
VOCs were disposed of by underground injection in 1988.
Kanawha Valley, West Virginia
Another analysis was done on 16 facilities in the heavily industrialized Kanawha
Valley region of West Virginia. These facilities (13 are chemical plants) reported
releases and transfers of 23.0 million pounds (40 percent of all TRI releases and
transfers reported in West Virginia). Overall TRI releases and transfers in the
Kanawha Valley increased. The 7.1 million increase of ethylene glycol at the Du
Pont plant in Belle, West Virginia offset any decreases.
Air emissions made up 47 percent of the TRI totals in the Kanawha Valley in
1988. Off-site transfers increased from 630,000 pounds in 1987 to 7.4 million
pounds in 1988 (due to the Du Pont plant mentioned above). The number of
carcinogens released or transferred in Kanawha Valley dropped from 13 in 1987
to 12 in 1988 and decreased by 51 percent. Two chemicals largely responsible
for this drop were dichloromethane for which emissions dropped by more than
half, and styrene, for which 1988 emissions were only three percent of those in
1987 (514,000 pounds in 1987 to 2,000 pounds in 1988).
10
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Toxics in Our Communities
Santa Clara County, California
A final analysis was completed on the highly-populated Santa Clara County,
California. The 154 TRI facilities in this county reported releases and transfers
of 8.4 million pounds of TRI chemicals. Of this, 61 percent were released to the
air. The remainder was transferred to public sewage treatment plants or off-site.
Fifty percent of the air emissions reported by facilities in Santa Clara County
were of chemicals that are considered to be of low toxicity. The facilities released
45 percent of moderately toxic chemicals to air in 1988. Five percent of highly
toxic chemicals were also released to air in 1988.
The top four carcinogens listed—dichloromethane, styrene, formaldehyde, and
isopropyl alcohol—account for 95 percent of carcinogen releases to air. Facilities
in Santa Clara County released 34,781 pounds of other highly toxic, but
non-carcinogenic, chemicals to air in 1988.
Risk Screening
TRI data can be combined with information on population, meteorology, hydrol-
ogy and so on to provide an initial analysis known as a "risk screening", which
is used to identify those TRI releases that may pose a significant risk to human
health or the environment. The TRI data for a small community with three facilites
provides an example of this type of analysis.
11
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Photo: Daniel J. Kasztelan
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CHAPTER 1. THE Toxics RELEASE INVENTORY: AN INTRODUCTION
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), the first national database of information
on toxic pollution by manufacturing industries, has had far-reaching effects since
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the first year of TRI
data in June of 1989. TRI has evoked enthusiastic interest and attention in every
sector of public life—in Congress and in Federal and State government agencies,
from the press, from public interest groups, from industry, and from the public
itself. TRI is, literally, changing the way America does business. Below are a few
of the responses, randomly selected from among hundreds:
• Congress used TRI data when debating whether to enact new legislation
regulating air toxics;
• EPA has analyzed TRI data to determine which toxic chemicals ought to be
reviewed or regulated more strictly under such laws as the Toxic Substances
Control Act;
the State of New Jersey has relied on TRI data to set priorities for which
industries will be compelled to participate in the State's new pollution
prevention initiative;
• USA Today carried out an independent analysis of what TRI reveals about
national patterns of toxic pollutants, featuring the story for three consecutive
days;
the National Wildlife Federation used TRI to compile and publish a list of the
nation's Toxic 500—the 500 companies reporting the largest releases of toxic
chemicals;
• the Monsanto Corporation pledged to cut its toxic air releases by 90
percent—to 10 percent of its 1987 TRI levels—by 1992; and
requests for information from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET
system, where the TRI database is stored and through which the public can
gain access, have reached unprecedented levels.
Moreover, the data have contributed to scores of actions at communities across
the nation, where citizens newly armed with detailed information have been able
to ask operators of industrial plants the simple question: Is all this toxic pollution
really necessary?
What is TRI that it has prompted such a widespread response? The remainder of
this chapter answers the first part of the question, explaining TRI, the data it
contains, its limitations, and how it has been changed since its inception. The
report as a whole addresses the second part of the question, presenting a national
summary of TRI data on the patterns of industrial toxic pollution—the overall
geographical, industrial, and environmental distribution, as well as the specific
13
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Chapter 1
chemical composition. These national statistics paint a backdrop for the nation,
a standard of comparison against which more detailed analyses can be made. The
true distinction of TRI is that it offers detailed information at the community
level. TRI beckons to all interested citizens, charging them to conduct analyses
that will reveal the details of the toxic pollution in their communities.
THE LAW
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) was mandated by the "Emergency Planning
and Community Right-to-Know Act" (EPCRA) passed by Congress in October
of 1986. The law, also known as Title III of the Superfund Amendments, is based
on the premise that citizens have a "right-to-know" about the routine storage,
use, and emissions of toxic chemicals, and has two main purposes: to provide the
public and the government information about possible chemical hazards in their
communities; and to provide for planning for response to chemical accidents.
Section 313 of EPCRA requires manufacturers to report to the U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency (EPA) and to states the amounts of over 300 toxic chemicals
that they release directly to air, water, or land, or that they transferred to off-site
facilities that treat or dispose of wastes. In addition, the law specifies that EPA
must compile these reports into an annual inventory of releases and transfers—the
Toxics Release Inventory—and make the inventory available to the public in a
computerized database.
Other sections of EPCRA require that a broad spectrum of facilities, not just
manufacturers, report about the presence, accidental release, and storage of
hazardous chemicals to state and local entities. The law calls for each State to
establish a State Emergency Response Commission, and within the State, Local
Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs), to receive information now required
to be reported about the presence and accidental releases of certain extremely
hazardous substances in the community. Further information about storage and
inventories of more broadly defined hazardous chemicals is also collected. These
LEPCs are to use the information from all parts of the law to plan for response
to a chemical accident at the local level, and to examine the patterns of risk from
chemical hazards in the community and work to reduce that risk. The LEPCs
are to make the information reported locally available to the public.
WHO MUST REPORT TO TRI?
TRI requirements for 1988 covered all manufacturing facilities in the 50 states,
the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana
Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands that met all of the following conditions:
• they produced, imported, or processed 50,000 pounds or more of any of the
322 TRI chemicals or they used in any other manner 10,000 pounds or more
of a TRI chemical;
14
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The Toxics Release Inventory: An Introduction
• they were engaged in general manufacturing activities; and
• they employed the equivalent of ten or more full-time employees.
WHICH TOXIC CHEMICALS WERE REPORTED FOR 1988?
The 1988 TRI reporting requirements covered 302 individual toxic chemicals and
20 categories of chemical compounds. A complete list of these chemicals and
categories is contained in Appendix B.
The TRI chemicals vary widely in the frequency, amounts, and industrial
processes in which they are used. The list runs from familiar chemicals, such as
ammonia, benzene and copper, to more obscure chemicals, such as 4-
dimethylaminoazobenzene. TRI chemicals are manufactured not only as
products, but are also incorporated into a wide variety of other products such as
solvents, disinfectants, dyes, and catalysts, to name a few.
The chemicals also cover a gamut of toxicity, ranging from acutely lethal
chemicals to those that are not very toxic and are therefore subject to removal
from the TRI list as a part of EPA's ongoing review process (see Chapter 4, Boxes
4-C and 4-E). A few chemicals, such as copper, while essential to life in small
quantities, can be toxic in larger amounts.
WHAT CONSTITUTES A TRI RELEASE?
TRI calls for facilities to report the amounts of the listed toxic chemicals that are
released directly to air, water, or land. In addition, manufacturers must report
amounts of chemicals that are transported (transferred) off-site to facilities,
including public sewage treatment plants, that treat or dispose of the chemical
wastes. Releases and transfers include the following:
• emissions of gases or particles to the air;
wastewater discharges into rivers, streams or other bodies of water;
• disposal of wastes in on-site landfills;
• injection of liquid wastes into underground wells;
• transfers of wastewater to public sewage treatment plants; and
• transfers of wastes to off-site facilities for treatment, storage or disposal.
Both routine releases and accidental spills or leaks must be reported. Facilities
must report even if their releases comply with all environmental laws and permits.
Many of the chemicals are regulated for some types of releases and not others so
that TRI data is not necessarily an indication of regulatory violations.
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Chapter 1
WHAT TO REPORT?
EPA required that manufacturers submit a complete TRI data form (EPA Form
R) for each TRI chemical they manufactured or used in 1988 if they met the
threshold and other requirements established for TRI. In other words, a facility
that must report on four TRI chemicals must submit four separate forms. TRI
information is reported on a five-page form, a sample of which is reproduced in
Appendix A. The basic information required by the form falls into six categories.
• Facility Information. In addition to facility name and address, TRI requires
reporting of the following: a technical and public contact person, geographical
data (latitude, longitude and county name), and various business and
regulatory identifying numbers. Information on the facility's parent company
is also required.
• Off-Site Transfer Information. The names, addresses and other identifying
information for all sites to which the reporting facility transports TRI chemical
wastes.
• Chemical Use Information. The identity of the TRI chemical being reported,
along with information on the uses of the chemical at the facility and the
maximum quantity present on-site during the reporting year.
• Chemical Releases and Transfers. Annual quantities of TRI chemicals
released to air, water, or land and quantities transferred to off-site facilities.
• Waste Treatment. TRI also calls for data on the types of on-site methods
used to treat TRI chemicals and the efficiency of these methods.
• Waste Minimization. TRI forms include an optional section allowing
facilities to report activities that reduced their waste generation and the effect
these activities had on their TRI releases and transfers.
These are the types of data required to be reported to EPA under TRI, which
form the basis for all the summary and overview information presented in this
report.
EPCRA. TRI AND COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW
The primary intent of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act is to provide the public with information on toxic chemicals. This report is
one vehicle by which TRI data are being made available. The information may
also be obtained in either printed or electronic format through other means (Box
1-A).
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) has worked with EPA to establish a
publicly-accessible computer database of TRI information. The TRI data are part
of NLM's TOXNET system. Users with a personal computer or a terminal and
conventional communications software can call into the NLM system to obtain
TRI data.
16
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The Toxics Release Inventory: An Introduction
LIMITATIONS OF TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY
REPORTING
Subsequent chapters of this report show how TRI offers insights into industrial
sources of environmental releases of chemicals. Like any information system,
however, TRI has limitations that must be accounted for in any responsible use
of the data. Major limitations include the chemicals and facilities covered, the
protection for trade secrets, and the quality of the data estimated and reported.
TRI Coverage of Toxic Chemical Releases and Transfers
The set of chemicals identified for reporting under TRI was drawn from lists
developed independently by the states of Maryland and New Jersey for their own
reporting purposes. The chemicals vary widely in toxicity, thus in some cases,
small reported releases of highly toxic chemicals may be of more environmental
concern than larger releases of less toxic chemicals. Moreover, the list of
chemicals currently covered does not include all toxic chemicals of concern being
released by facilities into our environment. EPA has an on-going process to review
the TRI list of chemicals and add new chemicals of concern, or delete chemicals
that are no longer of concern.
Toxic chemical wastes are generated from many different sources, including
manufacturing and non-manufacturing industrial processes, use and disposal of
consumer products, agricultural uses of chemicals, and mobile sources such as
automobiles. TRI reporting requirements only cover manufacturing industries.
Other businesses, such as warehouses, photographic processing plants, dry
cleaners, and mining operations, may be substantial sources of chemical releases
and transfers, but are not included under TRI reporting requirements.
Furthermore, not all manufacturing releases of TRI chemicals are covered by the
reporting requirements. Facilities with fewer than ten full-time employees, and
those producing, importing, processing, or using the designated chemicals below
threshold amounts are not required to report. Federal facilities, including those
operated by the Department of Defense, are not legally required to report,
although EPA has encouraged them to do so (see Chapter 6).
Trade Secrets
TRI allows companies to claim the chemical identity on TRI forms as trade secret
if they can justify the need in advance. In these cases, facilities are required to
report all TRI information under a generic chemical name. As of this writing,
^only 23 trade secret claims are contained in the TRI database, a tiny fraction of
the more than 70,000 forms filed for 1988.
17
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Chapter 1
BOX 1-A.-GETTING ACCESS TO TRI DATA
The TRI Reporting Center is the national repository for all TRI reports submitted to EPA. The Center
can accommodate limited requests for information on individual facilities. TRI reports filed for 1988
are available from the Center and from the National Library of Medicine database described below.
Reports for 1989 should be available shortly after their July 1, 1990 due date. For specific requests,
write the name and address of the facility of interest and send it to:
EPA TRI Reporting Center
470 UEnfant Plaza
Suite 7103
Washington, D.C. 20022
Individual states can also provide copies of or access to TRI forms. Appendix E contains a list of
state offices that can be contacted for forms or further information.
TRI data are computer accessible through the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET database.
Detailed information oh using TOXNET is contained in Appendix E.
TRI data are also available in the following formats: magnetic tape; microcomputer floppy disk for
individual state data; CD—ROM (laser disk); and microfiche for both state data and the national
inventory. These versions of TRI data can be purchased from The National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) or the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO). For ordering information, contact
the EPCRA Hotline at 800-535-0202 (202-479-2449 in Washington D.C. and Alaska).
One or more of these versions of TRI data are also available to the public at Federal depository
libraries around the country. Your local library can help you locate the nearest federal depository
library.
18
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The Toxics Release Inventory: An Introduction
Data Quality
TRI only requires facilities to report data that are already known or reasonably
ascertainable to them. It does not require companies to measure or otherwise
verify the data they submit. Thus, much of the quantitative data reported were
estimated with unknown accuracy. In addition, some reporting facilities
misunderstood the intent of the form or made mistakes in reporting. EPA expects
data quality to improve each year as facilities gain experience in reporting.
FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH TRI REQUIREMENTS _
Facilities that fail to comply with the TRI reporting requirements may be
prosecuted by EPA and assessed civil penalties of up to $25,000 per day for each
violation. The penalty can be much higher if a facility failed to report several
TRI chemicals, because failure to report each single chemical is counted as a
separate violation. EPA enforcement efforts and the estimated compliance rate
are described in Chapter 3.
TRI DATA AND RISK _
This report contains aggregated information on releases of toxic chemicals to the
environment and transfer of these chemicals to off-site locations. This information
alone does not indicate the risk these chemicals pose to human health or the
environment. As mentioned above, small releases of highly toxic chemicals may
pose greater risks than very large releases of less toxic materials. A determination
of risk depends on the individual release conditions: type and frequency of release,
extent of exposure, environmental conditions, and so on. TRI data are best used
to suggest cases in which more detailed assessments of risk might be called for
(see Chapter 4). Throughout this report, readers should bear in mind the highly
variable nature of TRI chemicals, and the fact that large amounts of TRI releases
do not necessarily translate to a large potential for toxic effects.
TRI CHANGES FROM 1987 TO 1988 _
EPA made two major changes that affect how TRI forms for 1988 were to be
filled out. First, the TRI list of chemicals for 1988 was shorter than for 1987.
EPA removed (delisted) the following six chemicals from the TRI list because the
Agency determined that the chemicals were not sufficiently toxic to warrant
reporting:
• sodium sulfate
• sodium hydroxide ^
• aluminum oxide (non-fibrous) ->*;
, .
• melamine
• C.I. acid blue, disodium salt
• C.I. acid blue, diammonium salt
.
«
19
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Chapter 1
Second, the reporting threshold for manufacturing or processing a chemical was
lowered. In 1987, facilities were required to report to TRI if they manufactured
75,000 pounds or more of a listed toxic chemical. In 1988, the threshold was
reduced to 50,000 pounds.
In addition to these major changes, EPA also changed the instructions and format
of the TRI form to clarify the reporting requirements. For example, the 1987
form asked for the facility to supply one of four codes to describe the type of
on-site land disposal (landfills, land treatment, surface impoundments, or other—
see Chapter 10). The 1988 form actually listed the four possible choices so that
facilities could check one off. This change cut down the number of times the land
disposal method was either reported incorrectly or not at all. This reduced the
amount of on-site land disposal for which the specific disposal method is not
known. Other similar changes include clarification of the fact that releases of
acids and bases need not be reported if the chemicals were neutralized before
release (see Chapter 7), and new instructions noting that amounts of chemicals
transferred off-site need not be reported if they were sent to waste brokers for
recycling or reuse.
These and other minor changes caused some differences in how facilities reported
data in 1987 and 1988. The most significant difference, however, was produced
by the deletion of the six chemicals from the TRI list. The impact of this change
is explored in the next chapter.
SCOPE OF THIS REPORT
This report is divided into four major parts.
Fart I includes this chapter and the next, and presents an introduction to the
Toxics Release Inventory and an overview of the TRI data for 1987 (the first year
of reporting). Readers who are familiar with last year's data would nevertheless
benefit from a careful reading of Chapter 2, since the 1987 data have been
significantly revised as a result of the removal of several chemicals from the TRI
list, as well as from additions and corrections to the database.
Part II consists of Chapters 3 through 6, and is the overall presentation of the
TRI data for 1988, along with general comparisons to the revised 1987 data. This
section of the report gives particular attention to geographical, chemical and
industrial patterns of TRI releases and transfers, and also discusses the potential
health and environmental effects of TRI chemicals.
20
-------
The Toxics Release Inventory: An Introduction
Part III, Chapters 7 through 10, presents more detailed comparisons of 1988 and
1987 data, with particular emphasis on the role of individual facilities. Analyses
in this section rely on "matched" sets of data—data sets that compare releases
from facilities that reported in both reporting years, for chemicals reported both
years as well.
Part IV of the report, the final two chapters, presents a variety of other analyses
of the TRI data, including information on waste treatment, pollution prevention,
regional examinations of select types of releases, and additional perspectives on
health and environmental effects of TRI chemicals.
21
-------
-------
CHAPTER 2. REVISION AND ADJUSTMENT OF 1987 TOXICS RELEASE
INVENTORY DATA
In 1987, the first year of reporting for the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), Over 21 billion
manufacturing facilities reported over 21 billion pounds of releases and off-site pounds of toxic re-
transfers of the chemicals on the TRI list. EPA described the 1987 TRI data in a leases and transfers
June 1989 report, The Toxics Release Inventory: A National Perspective, 1987 were reported in
(1987 TRI National Report). Since then, EPA has revised the original 1987 1987 ...
database to incorporate revised or late reports filed by facilities and to correct
database errors.
In addition to data revisions and corrections, EPA has removed from the list ... but 3 chemicals
(delisted) six chemicals, which dramatically changed the amounts reported for discharged in large
1988. The exclusion of three chemicals—sodium sulfate, aluminum oxide, and amounts have since
sodium hydroxide—has particularly affected TRI totals. These three were the been deleted from
first-, second-, and sixth-ranked chemicals for total amount reported in 1987. the TRI list.
Three other chemicals—melamine, C.I. acid blue (disodium salt) and C.I. acid
blue (diammonium salt)—were also deleted from the TRI list. While their total
releases and transfers were small and did not have any effect on the aggregate
totals, they are also removed from the analyses in this chapter. This change cuts
the amount of total releases and transfers in the 1987 TRI database by two thirds.
Because the delisting of the three chemicals from the TRI list caused a large
apparent reduction of releases and transfers from 1987 to 1988, meaningful data
comparisons for the two years require an adjusted analysis of the 1987 data—that
is, an analysis of those chemicals common to both years.
This chapter briefly describes the revised 1987 data, then presents an adjusted
analysis of the data—one that shows how the picture for 1987 changes if the new
reporting requirements are taken into account, when the chemicals removed from
the TRI list for 1988 reporting are excluded from 1987 analyses. The chapter
then offers a new summary of the 1987 adjusted data that will be used for
comparisons to 1988 throughout the remainder of the report.
(1) Sodium hydroxide and aluminum oxide were delisted a/ferthe 1988 reporting deadline, so facilities
did submit forms describing their releases and transfers of each. This data has been excluded from
analyses throughout this report.
23
-------
Chapter 2
REVISIONS OF 1987 TRI DATA
EPA has made
20,000 revisions to
the database since
March 1989.
More facilities sub-
mitted more forms,
but the revised 1987
TRI total actually
decreased 6%.
Each TRI form entered into the database can have ten or more numerical entries
and as many name and address entries; the database as a whole incorporates
millions of individual data items, and is constantly being revised and corrected.
The 1987 TRI National Report was based on the March 15, 1989 version of EPA's
TRI database. Since then, EPA has made 20,000 revisions to the database,
including the following types of changes:
• changes of one or more items on some of the 70,000+ 1987 data forms
originally submitted by facilities and later revised;
• addition of data from late forms;
• corrections of data entry errors or other database problems; and
• standardization of company or county names and other such changes that did
not affect the numerical totals.
EPA accepted all revisions submitted by facilities, including revised estimates of
releases or transfers, as well as any forms submitted late. In addition, EPA notified
facilities whose reports contained major errors or contradictions, and revised the
database according to facilities' responses. EPA has also corrected database
problems ranging from occasional duplicate entry of forms into the database to
standardization of names or geographical information to data entry errors. As a
result, the 1987 data presented in this report differs from that used in the June
1989 report.2
Revised 1987 data includes 737 more facilities and 2,585 more forms. Despite
increases in numbers of facilities and forms, however, revisions resulted in a net
decrease of total TRI releases and transfers for 1987. The total dropped from
22.5 billion pounds to 21.3 billion pounds, a six-percent change. Total direct
releases to air, water, and land decreased four percent, from 18.0 billion pounds
to 17.2 billion pounds, while total off-site transfers to facilities that treat or dispose
of wastes dropped 11 percent, from 4.6 billion pounds to 4.1 billion pounds. (See
Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1.)
Table 2-1. Summary Comparison of Original, Revised, and Adjusted 1987 TRI Data.
Number of Facilities
Number of Forms
Total TRI Releases and Transfers
I ORIGINAL 1987 DATA | REVISED 1987 DATA | ADJUSTED 1987 DATA |
19,278 20,015 18,846
74,152 76,737 66,757
22,519,044,091 21,267,366,353 6,977,432,542
(2) This report is based on data retrieved from the April 6, 1990 version of EPA's TRI database (for
both 1987 and 1988).
24
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
Surfaea Water
43%
Underground
14%
Original Data Total:
22.5 Billion Pounds
Surface Water
43%
Underground
14%
Revised Data Total:
21.3 Billion Pound*
Public Sewage
9%
Surface Water
"Land
10%
Underground
19%
Off-aite
19%
Public Sewage
9%
Adjusted Data Total:
7 Billion Pounds
Figure 2-1. Environmental Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987:
Comparison of Original, Revised, and Adjusted Data.
25
-------
Chapter 2
Table 2-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by State: Original, Revised, and Adjusted Data,
1987.
STATE
:
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
ORIGINAL 1987 DATA
Bounds Rink
827,064,312 4
36,944,052 42
72,000 53
126,071,984 31
374,781,464 18
5,839,808,374 1
35,330,997 43
86,374,380 34
58,818,708 39
0 54
434,685,722 16
661,730,868 8
5,063,453 49
73,411,988 35
468,816,984 12
731,729,004 6
71,583,169 36
183,390,807 27
250,942,142 22
1,725,933,233 3
219,560,564 24
195,248,259 25
104,826,800 33
742,716,029 5
141,498,325 29
656,085,795 9
292,426,658 21
38,437,649 41
21,149,589 46
11,735,250 47
65,131,279 37
308,585,011 20
22,528,013 45
326,074,780 19
441,345,879 14
2,803,582 52
723,893,016 7
REVISED 1987 DATA
Pbutda Rank
866,618,039 4
36,118,006 42
72,000 53
79,841,444 34
371,686,338 15
5,787,339,367 1
35,759,884 43
87,784,330 33
62,741,340 38
0 54
433,588,035 12
696,955,156 6
8,039,142 47
71,636,925 36
453,830,077 9
725,848,460 5
73,385,728 35
184,282,677 26
250,587,489 23
1,717,394,594 3
222,169,070 24
195,521,605 25
114,749,148 32
376,944,397 14
168,313,365 29
285,965,564 21
ADJUSTED 198T DATA
1
Rnmfe Rink 1
137,371,499
36,116,006
56,250
73,393,460
80,819,715
227,243,845
20,686,628
61,782,879
16,380,748
0
303,881,804
144,537,387
3,251,517
17,295,379
266,457,734
256,797,097
53,410,874
134,864,113
120,587,051
844,168,455
20,014,629
43,296,676
72,617,029
268,882,394
63,726,041
164,281,523
286,037,115 20 194,188,617
39,311,772 41
21,655,269 46
5,526,066 49
34,470,134
19,464,420
2,288,293
66,405,974 37 19,145,059
313,052,815 19
22,590,475 45
172,675,162
21,775,058
318,720,115 18 194,344,217
444,238,684 1 1
138,049,052
3,590,612 52 1,072,921
659,839,164 7 411,114,056
129,781,423 30 133,185,625 30 56,767,725
120,604,568 32
437,634,494 15
121,592,089 31
36,115,002
332,526,932 17 228,145,364
42,927,540 40 42,963,369 40 23,742,284
26,622,622 44 27,684,339 44 13,692,203
518,127,600 11
3,518,226 51
410,058,415 13 85,655,766
3,659,593 51
3,093,401
602,148,025 10 598,502,821 8 293,726,678
2,799,768,533 2 2,626,282,276 2 883,548,503
249,743,154 23
260,471,551 22 252,944,126
4,889,666 50 5,012,856 50 2,565,828
7,424,628 48 7,424,628 48 2,123,058
444,049,924 13 447,367,668 10 216,151,241
407,078,587 17 358,404,851 16 41,533,699
170,571,053 28 175,703,733 27 66,618,005
184,957,138 26 169,525,412 28 96,712,911
62,596,791 38 58,859,954 39 33,789,026
19
34
53
25
24
11
40
29
45
54
4
17
47
44
7
8
31
20
21
2
41
32
26
6
28
16
14
36
42
50
43
15
39
13
18
52
3
30
35
10
38
46
23
48
5
1
9
49
51
12
33
27
22
37
GRAND TOTAL
22,519,044,091
21,267,366,353
6,977,432,542
26
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
Data revisions for most states were relatively small. In fact, two thirds of the net Data revisions by
decrease (66 percent) in TRI releases and transfers occurred in three states— facilities in 3 states
Michigan, Mississippi, and South Carolina. TRI totals decreased in Michigan by accounted for 2/3 of
50 percent, in Mississippi by 56 percent, and in South Carolina by 20 percent, the decrease.
Data changes for five states—California, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, and
Texas—accounted for 41 percent of the increase in number of facilities, and a
large share of the increase in forms. These changes did result in some shifts in
the overall patterns of geographical distribution. (See Table 2-2.)
Revisions to 1987 data scarcely affected the nationwide environmental and Data revisions did
industrial distribution of TRI totals. Off-site transfers as well as direct releases not significantly
to surface water and land decreased proportionally; only air emissions increased, change the environ-
Decreases also split evenly among industries, producing only minor shifts in the mental, industrial, or
industrial rankings. Similarly, few top-ranked chemicals were affected by data chemical distribution.
revisions. The chemical category manganese compounds was the only exception:
1987 totals of the category originally came to 114.7 million pounds, but revisions
halved the amount to 57.3 million pounds, dropping the chemical category from
21st to 28th largest for total TRI releases and transfers. (See Figure 2-1, Tables
2-3 and 2-4.)
Table
1
BICCO
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
2-3. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry for Original. Revised, and Adjusted Data, 1987.
H INDUSTRY
Food Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastic Products
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Goods
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 - 39
ORIGINAL 1987 DATA
Found< Rink
287,011,684 10
10,461,881 21
349,911,142 6
4,770,371 22
REVISED 1987 DATA
Pound! Rank
253,986,843 11
8,600,855 21
335,128,859 6
5,951,727 22
35,960,744 20 35,405,321 20
59,715,475 17
2,807,409,484 2
62,936,388 16
12,088,829,671 1
762,361,469 5
277,096,613 11
52,087,328 18
116,968,737 13
2,593,238,041 3
306,289,006 8
61,980,476 17
2,840,103,253 2
64,036,431 16
11,569,757,962 1
777,927,078 5
288,432,237 10
52,598,891 18
118,906,485 13
2,008,656,056 3
292,993,992 9
ADJUSTED 1987 DATA
Pounds Rank
67,048,081
7,268,625
68,613,808
2,650,724
31,804,406
61,182,687
377,958,408
63,380,815
3,331,892,430
182,108,630
190,996,017
41,965,475
57,634,258
947,963,814
233,597,136
99,091,372 14 103,310,261 14 78,172,754
297,117,232 9 295,372,011 8
332,397,007 7
81,141,337 15
36,324,473 19
327,920,474 7
88,448,010 15
37,349,964 19
1,709,984,714 4 1,549,709,489 4
220,944,128
296,186,174
78,145,426
35,558,546
579,638,062
147,939,922 12 150,789,678 12 22,722,138
13
21
12
22
19
15
4
14
1
9
8
17
16
2
6
10
7
5
11
18
3
20
TOTAL
22,519,044,091
21,267,366,353
6,977,432,542
27
-------
ei= I
Chapter 2
Table 2-4. The 25 Chemical* with the Largect TRI Total Release* and Transfer* (1987 Original Data) Com-
pared to Revised and Adjusted Data.
CHEMICAL
SODIUM SULFATE*
ALUMINUM OXIDE*
AMMONIUM SULFATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURIC ACID
SODIUM HYDROXIDE*
AMMONIA
METHANOL
TOLUENE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE
COPPER
ZINC COMPOUNDS
DICHLOROMETHANE
CARBON DISULFIDE
CHLORINE
AMMONIUM NITRATE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
NITRIC ACID
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
ETHYLENE
FREON 113
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
ORIGINAL 1987 DATA
Pound. Rank
12,079,565,192
2,434,973,644
917,843,516
656,744,356
642,751,448
626,849,514
444,484,887
419,546,588
344,565,192
343,922,311
234,592,029
217,664,213
192,748,517
181,918,560
177,878,091
176,576,887
152,289,040
136,715,512
131,235,577
114,848,028
114,736,785
98,136,781
91,347,809
69,472,028
62,361,207
21,063,767,712
1,455,276,379
22,519,044,091
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
REVISED 1987 DATA
Pound. Rank
11,692,909,597
2,054,070,045
814,932,127
644,856,938
478,195,883
541,123,005
402,143,039
435,550,127
362,178,333
340,343,982
252,961,335
224,213,405
197,310,127
189,130,017
170,892,545
193,484,430
155,627,785
136,423,873
121,511,240
115,406,312
57,269,705
75,078,121
97,538,784
60,942,381
64,410,204
19,878,503,340
1,388,863,013
21,267,366,353
1
2
3
4
6
5
8
7
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
14
17
18
19
20
28
22
21
25
23
ADJUSTED 1987 DATA
Pound* Rani
0 -
0 —
814,932,127 1
644,856,938 2
478,195,883 3
0 -
402,143,039 5
435,550,127 4
362,178,333 6
340,343,982 7
252,961,335 8
224,213,405 9
197,310,127 10
189,130,017 12
170,892,545 13
193,484,430 11
155,627,785 14
136,423,873 15
121,511,240 16
115,406,312 17
57,269,705 25
75,078,121 19
97,538,784 18
60,942,381 22
64,410,204 20
5,590,400,693
1,387,031,849
6,977,432,542
' Delisted chemicals
Table 2-5. TRI Releases and Transfers of Delisted Chemicals, 1987 Revised Data.
I CHEMICAL
FORMS
Number
AIR
Pound.
SURFACE WATER
Pound.
LAND
Pound»
UNDERGROUND
Pound.
TOTAL RELEASES
Pounds
SODIUM SULFATE 1,442
ALUMINUM OXIDE 1,381
SODIUM HYDROXIDE 7,066
MELAMINE 84
C.I. ACID BLUE
Disodium Salt 5
Diammonium Salt 2
SUBTOTAL 9,980
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 66,757
1987 REVISED TRI TOTAL 76,737
5,702,838 8,684,833,416 93,085,030
86,066,031 10,877,527 1,387,456,915
7,108,225 48,652,126 123,607,472
181,258 537,048 5,530
1,541 0 250
000
99,059,893 8,744,900,117 1,604,155,197
2,574,968,562 403,072,288 730,895,340
2,674,028,455 9,147,972,405 2,335,050,537
1,719,631,878
2,724,250
27,117,510
25,000
0
0
1,749,498,638
1,298,736,401
3,048,235,039
10,503,253,162
1,487,124,723
206,485,333
748,836
1,791
0
12,197,613,845
5,007,672,591
17,205,286,436
28
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRIData
HOW 1987 ADJUSTED DATA DIFFERS FROM 1987
REVISED DATA: HIGHLIGHTS
Data revisions affected the TRI totals in fairly minor ways, but the changes in
1988 TRI reporting requirements (described in Chapter 1) are far more influen-
tial. The following section describes the adjustments to 1987 data necessary to
compensate for these changes to make 1987 data more readily comparable to
1988 totals. The differences between revised and adjusted data are highlighted
here; the chapter concludes with a general summary of the adjusted data.
Since the 1987 reporting deadline, EPA removed (delisted) six chemicals from
the TRI list because the Agency determined the chemicals were not sufficiently
toxic to warrant reporting. Three of the six—sodium sulfate, aluminum oxide,
and sodium hydroxide—were originally among the top 25 chemicals for 1987,
together accounting for over two thirds of the TRI total for 1987. Four chemicals
were delisted before 1988 reports were due (sodium sulfate; C.I. Acid Blue,
diammonium salt; C.I. Acid Blue, disodium salt; and melamine) while two
(sodium hydroxide and aluminum oxide) were delisted after the 1988 reporting
deadline. (Note that forms were submitted for the latter two, but the data is not
included here.) Without these six chemicals, the portrait of TRI releases and
transfers for 1987 changes dramatically. (See Tables 2-4 and 2-5.)
Sodium sulfate accounted for 55 percent (11.7 billion pounds) of total releases The TRI total drop*
and transfers in 1987. Aluminum oxide accounted for ten percent (2.1 billion from 21.3 to 7.0 bil-
pounds), and sodium hydroxide accounted for another three percent (541.1
million pounds). The other delisted chemicals each accounted for much smaller
amounts. Without these six chemicals, total releases and transfers for 1987 drop
from 21.3 billion pounds to 7.0 billion pounds, or 67 percent. (See Tables 2-4
and 2-5.)
6 chemicals—includ-
ing sodium sulfate,
aluminum oxide, and
•odium hydroxide—
were deleted from
the TRI list since
1987.
lion pounds when the
delisted chemicals
are subtracted.
Table 2-5, continued.
CHEMICAL
SODIUM SULFATE
ALUMINUM OXIDE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
MELAMINE
C.I. ACID BLUE,
Disodium Salt
Diammonium Salt
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
1987 REVISED TRI TOTAL
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pound*
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS TOTAL TRANSFERS
Pounli
Pound*
TOTAL RELEASES ft TRANSFERS
Pcnnd> Percent
1,063,232,900
3,097,155
200,781,851
62,937
215,870
0
1,267,390,713
614,834,961
1,882,225,674
126,423,535
563,848,167
133,855,821
786,780
14,200
750
824,929,253
1,353,924,990
2,178,854,243
1,189,656,435
566,945,322
334,637,672
849,717
230,070
750
2,092,319,966
1,968,759,951
4,061,079,917
11,692,909,597
2,054,070,045
541,123,005
1,598,553
231,861
750
14,289,933,811
6,977,432,542
21,267,366,353
54.98
9.66
2.54
0.01
0.00
0.00
67.19
32.81
100.00
29
-------
Chapter 2
Acid«/B«««s/S«lt«
88%
Halo-organic*
3%
Halo-orginlci
8%
Non-metilt Mtttl*
3% 14%
Revised Data
Total: 21.3 Billion Pounds
Adjusted Data
Total: 7.0 Billion Pounds
Figure 2-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class. 1987. Revised and
Adjusted Data.
Subtracting the
delisted chemicals
alters the chemical
composition of 1987
TRI totals.
Discharges to surface
water drop from the
largest to the small-
est component of TRI
totals; air emissions
move into first place.
Because the delisted chemicals sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and aluminum
oxide all played large roles in 1987, adjusting for their removal from the TRI list
alters the overall chemical composition of TRI totals. For example, the delisted
chemicals sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide are both members of the
acids/bases/salts class (explained in Chapter 4). Because each contributed a
significant portion to the 1987 TRI total, subtracting the amounts for the two
causes the total for the class as a whole to drop from 14.7 to 2.5 billion pounds
(an 83-percent decrease), hi proportional terms, acids/bases/salts originally
comprised 69 percent of the 1987 total, but make up 36 percent of the adjusted
total. (See Figure 2-2.)
The adjustment for the delisted chemicals, most notably sodium sulfate and
aluminum oxide, also brings about marked changes in the environmental distribu-
tion of TRI releases and transfers. Because sodium sulfate alone made up 95
percent of the discharges to surface water, this category shifts from comprising
the largest share of original TRI totals (43 percent) to the smallest share of adjusted
totals (six percent). Likewise, aluminum oxide comprised 59 percent of the
original total for land disposal, so the adjusted proportion of land disposal is
smaller than the original. (See Figure 2-1, Tables 2-4 and 2-5.)
30
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
The geographical distribution of adjusted TRI totals for 1987 differs in several California drops out
notable ways from the original data. California, which originally had the largest of the top 10 states
amount of TRI chemical releases and transfers, drops to 11th in the nation (from for 1987 TRI totals in
5.8 billion pounds to 227.2 million pounds). This change arises from the fact that the adjusted data.
a single facility in California released 5.2 billion pounds of the delisted chemical
sodium sulfate in 1987—23 percent of total national TRI releases and transfers
in 1987 and 90 percent of California's total. In contrast, Utah facilities generated
few releases and transfers of the delisted chemicals, so that state increases in rank
from 22nd to ninth. (See Table 2-2 and Figure 2-3.)
A sizable number of facilities (1,169) reported only one or more of the six The 1987 adjusted
chemicals that have been removed from the TRI list. Thus, the adjusted number data contains 6%
of TRI facilities drops from 20,015 to 18,846. The overall geographical distribu- fewer TRI facilities.
tion of TRI facilities remains substantially the same, however. (See Table 2-2.)
Industrial rankings do not change significantly when 1987 data are adjusted to Adjustments scarcely
exclude delisted chemicals. The Chemical industry still accounts for a larger affect the industrial
amount of TRI releases and transfers than any other industry, with a total of 3.3 distribution.
billion pounds or 48 percent of the TRI total for all industries. Other shifts are
minor, suggesting that the reporting of the six delisted chemicals was evenly
distributed among industries. (See Table 2-3.)
Billions of Pounds
CA TX LA AL IN GA OH TN IL VA NC FL SC Ml AR WA PA NY NJ MO
I Revised Data
Total: 21.3
Billion Pounds
I Adjusted Data
Total: 7.0
Billion Pounds
Figure 2-3. The 20 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987: Revised and Adjusted
Data. Rankings based on revised data. Some states dropped out of the top 20 after data were adjusted for the
six delisted chemicals.
31
-------
Chapter 2
Facilities released
and transferred 7.0
billion pounds of TRI
chemicals in 1987.
Air emissions were
larger than surface
water and on-site
land releases com-
bined.
25 chemicals com-
prised 80% of the
1987 adjusted TRI
total.
THE ADJUSTED 1987 TRI TOTALS: SUMMARY DATA FOR
COMPARISON TO 1988
The 1987 adjusted data presented in the following sections are used throughout
this report whenever comparisons to 1988 data are made. A similar summary of
1988 data is presented in Chapter 3.
Manufacturing facilities reported releasing 5.0 billion pounds of TRI chemicals
directly into the air, water, land, or underground wells for 1987, and an additional
2.0 billion pounds of TRI chemicals transferred off-site to other facilities, such
as public sewage treatment plants or incinerators, for treatment or disposal.
Overall, TRI encompassed 7.0 billion pounds of releases and transfers in 1987.
(See Figure 2-1.)
Environmental Distribution
When 1987 TRI totals are adjusted for del is ted chemicals, manufacturers emitted
larger amounts of TRI chemicals to air than the combined total discharged to
surface water and disposed of on land. Facilities emitted 37 percent of their TRI
totals (2.6 billion pounds) to air. Facilities pumped an additional 1.3 billion pounds
(19 percent of the TRI total) into deep wells (underground injection) and disposed
of 730.9 million pounds (ten percent) on land on-site. Discharges to surface water
accounted for only six percent (403.1 million pounds).
Overall, total releases directly to air, water, and land added up to 5.0 billion
pounds, while total transfers were 2.0 billion pounds. The transfers were made
up of 1.4 billion pounds transferred to off-site facilities for treatment or disposal
and 614.8 million pounds of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems.
Major Chemicals
The 25 chemicals with the largest adjusted TRI totals accounted for 80 percent
(5.8 billion pounds) of all releases and transfers in 1987. Both ammonium sulfate
and hydrochloric acid were released and transferred in amounts greater than 500
million pounds. (See Table 2-6.)
The environmental distribution of TRI chemicals varied considerably. Am-
monium sulfate and hydrochloric acid accounted for the largest proportion of
underground injection (39 percent and 32 percent, respectively). Ammonium
sulfate also accounted for the largest proportion of discharges to public sewage
plants (31 percent). Phosphoric acid accounted for 32 percent of discharges to
surface water. Toluene accounted for more than ten percent of total air emissions
of TRI chemicals. (See Table 2-6.)
32
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
Table 2-6. The 25 Chemicals with the
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
CHEMICAL
AMMONIUM SULFATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURIC ACID
METHANOL
AMMONIA
TOLUENE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
ZINC COMPOUNDS
1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE
COPPER
DICHLOROMETHANE
CARBON DISULFIDE
CHLORINE
AMMONIUM NITRATE
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
ETHYLENE
STYRENE
GLYCOL ETHERS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
Largest TRI Total Releases and
TOTAL RELEASES AND 1
TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent!
814,932,127
644,856,938
478,195,883
435,550,127
402,143,039
362,178,333
340,343,982
252,% 1,335
224,213,405
197,310,127
193,484,430
189,130,017
170,892,545
155,627,785
136,423,873
121,511,240
115,406,312
97,538,784
75,078,121
64,410,204
62,206,897
60,942,381
59,433,848
58,622,937
57,269,705
5,770,664,375
1,206,768,167
6,977,432,542
11.68
9.24
6.85
6.24
5.76
5.19
4.88
3.63
3.21
2.83
2.77
2.71
2.45
2.23
1.96
1.74
1.65
1.40
1.08
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.84
0.82
82.70
17.30
100.00
AIR
Percent
0.25
2.42
0.64
7.64
10.77
10.64
0.06
7.42
5.56
5.81
0.23
6.14
0.10
4.98
5.27
4.16
0.29
0.17
0.27
2.14
2.00
2.36
1.21
1.62
0.07
82.24
17.76
100.00
Transfers
SURFACE 1
WATER
Percent
22.82
2.36
15.32
6.17
7.55
0.08
31.89
0.50
0.07
0.02
0.40
0.01
0.05
0.09
0.01
1.98
3.01
0.11
0.63
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.40
93.57
6.43
100.00
, 1987 Adjusted Data.
ON-SITE I
LAND
Percent
1.00
0.97
1.29
2.18
0.67
0.24
25.61
0.04
0.09
0.01
14.54
0.03
18.93
0.01
0.00
0.17
2.08
6.03
0.18
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.00
4.29
78.41
21.59
100.00
UNDER- 1
GROUND
Percent
38.67
31.82
10.38
1.51
3.68
0.12
0.00
0.18
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.01
4.51
0.01
0.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.65
92.45
7.55
100.00
PUBLIC 1
SEWAGE [I
Percent!
31.28
7.10
13.80
17.38
5.83
0.58
2.01
2.36
0.70
0.11
0.45
0.07
0.09
0.29
0.03
0.53
1.59
0.13
4.69
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.08
0.92
0.10
90.15
9.85
100.00
OFF-SITE 1
ntANSFERSj
Percent]
1.09
8.05
12.62
5.28
0.42
5.98
0.78
3.15
5.55
3.46
5.64
2.23
2.13
1.80
0.02
0.14
0.90
3.51
1.95
0.67
0.77
0.00
2.02
0.81
0.98
69.95
30.05
100.00
Chemical Classes
Two chemical classes—acids/bases/salts and non-halogenated organics—ac- Acids/bases/salts and
counted for 69 percent of the adjusted releases and transfers for 1987. (Chemical organic compounds
classes are defined in Chapter 4.) The ten chemicals classified as acids/bases/salts accounted for 70%
accounted for 36 percent of the TRI total, while the non-halogenated organics of the TRI total.
accounted for 34 percent. Discharges to surface water, underground wells, and
public sewage plants were still dominated by the acids/bases/salts class (76 percent
of discharges to surface water, 87 percent of releases to underground wells, and
61 percent of discharges to public sewage plants), while non-halogenated organics
comprise the largest share of TRI air emissions (59 percent) and off-site transfers
(36 percent). (See Figure 2-4.)
33
-------
Chapter 2
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Millions of Pounds
Air Surface Water Land Underground Public Sewage Off-site
Metals
^M A/B/S*
^H Non-metals
•A/B/S * Acids/Bases/Salts
CZH Halo-organics
K&3 Organics
Figure 2-4. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987 Adjusted Data.
Carcinogens made up
8% of the 1987 ad-
justed TRI totals.
Carcinogens
Of the TRI chemicals, 123 are considered carcinogens for the purpose of TRI
reporting (see Chapter 4 for details on carcinogenicity and other health and
environmental effects of TRI chemicals). Releases and transfers were reported
for 81 of these carcinogens in 1987, accounting for eight percent (574.6 million
pounds) of the adjusted total. The 25 top carcinogens accounted for 98 percent
of the adjusted total for all carcinogens. Dichloromethane alone accounted for
27 percent (155.6 million pounds) of the carcinogen total; the chemical ranked
14th among all TRI chemicals for 1987 adjusted totals. (See Table 2-7.)
34
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
Table 2-7. The 25 Carcinogens with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers,
1987 Adjusted Data.
TW
TOTAL CHEMICAL
RANK
14 DICHLOROMETHANE
23 STYRENE
28 LEAD
31 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
36 BENZENE
38 CHLOROFORM
42 FORMALDEHYDE
44 CHROMIUM
45 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
46 ACETONITRILE
51 NICKEL
52 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
56 ACRYLONFTRILE
61 1,3-BUTADIENE
69 ETHYLENE OXIDE
70 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
78 PROPYLENE OXIDE
81 DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
84 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PC*)
90 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
92 VINYL CHLORIDE
101 NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
107 DIAMINOTOLUENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
110 TOLUENE-2.4-DIISOCYANATE
113 ARSENIC
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR OTHER CARCINOGENS
CARCINOGEN TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS
Pounli Percent
PERCENT OF
CARCINOGEN
TOTAL
155,627,785
59,433,848
47,615,994
43,176,096
32,907,928
30,522,680
27,584,523
25,458,368
24,522,197
22,774,488
17,165,365
16,133,754
11,250,310
9,922,040
6,923,358
6,608,570
4,367,762
4,107,920
3,678,300
3,128,741
2,838,389
2,117,860
1,726,977
1,652,257
1,562,438
562,807,948
11,745,430
2.23
0.85
0.68
0.62
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.25
0.23
0.16
0.14
0.10
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
8.07
0.17
27.09
10.34
8.29
7.51
5.73
5.31
4.80
4.43
4.27
3.96
2.99
2.81
1.96
1.73
1.20
1.15
0.76
0.71
0.64
0.54
0.49
0.37
0.30
0.29
0.27
97.96
2.04
574,553,378
6,977,432,542
8.23
100.00
35
-------
Chapter 2
Table 2-8. Environmental Distribution of TRIReleases and Transfers by State, 1987 Adjusted Data.
TRI
TOTAL
RANK
19
34
53
25
24
11
40
29
45
54
4
17
47
44
7
8
31
20
21
2
41
32
26
6
28
16
14
36
42
50
43
15
39
13
18
52
3
30
35
10
38
46
23
48
5
1
9
49
51
12
33
27
22
37
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
FAdLmEs
Number
51 9
FORMS
Number
AIR
Pound.
1,362 98,217,855
SURFACE WATER
Pound.
14,234,456
/^~347 5
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRIData
Table 2-8. continued.
PUBLIC SEWAGE OFF-SITE TR
STATE
Pound* Poun
Alabama 1,221,042 16
Alaska 0
American Samoa 0
Arizona 5,711,265 1
ANSFERS TOTAL RELEASES * PERCENT OF TRI
TRANSFERS TOTAL
il Pound*
234,151 137,371,499 1.97
14,389 36,116,006 0.52
0 56,250 0.00
919,276 73,393,460 1.05
Arkansas 1,072,678 14,513,224 80,819,715 1.16
California 50,098,547 57,644,543 227,243,845 3.26
Colorado 1,500,669 3
Connecticut 2,551,002 21
Delaware 2,436,517 3
District of Columbia 0
Florida 17,015,621 13
Georgia r 11,263,094 23
Hawaii 931,250
Idaho 361,894
Illinois 68,964,021 61
Indiana 16,224,002 67
Iowa 5,840,484 6
Kansas 4,328,650 37
Kentucky 2,798,515 42
Louisiana 489,285 28
Maine 1,154,797 1
Maryland 6,511,069 6
,538,728 20,686,628 0.30
,162,043 61,782,879 0.89
,404,074 16,380,748 0.23
0 0 0.00
,534,264 303,881,804 4.36
,995,052 144,537,387 2.07
11,826 3,251,517 0.05
244,507 17,295,379 0.25
,015,042 266,457,734 3.82
,135,891 256,797,097 3.68
,498,576 53,410,874 0.77
,869,939 134,864,113 1.93
,788,824 120,587,051 1.73
,944,270 844,168,455 12.10
,763,930 20,014,629 0.29
,200,548 43,296,676 0.62
Massachusetts 12,555,083 27,882,036 72,617,029 1.04
Michigan 15,164,567 128
,818,360 268,882,394 3.85
Minnesota 6,606,949 7,228,609 63,726,041 0.91
Mississippi 5,817,590 45
,995,534 164,281,523 2.35
Missouri 72,741,613 17,470,590 194,188,617 2.78
Montana 1,087
167,082 34,470,134 0.49
Nebraska 730,232 2,411,251 19,464,420 0.28
Nevada 20,706
New Hampshire 886,552 4
153,643 2,288,293 0.03
,105,683 19,145,059 0.27
New Jersey 50,857,883 74,903,155 172,675,162 2.47
New Mexico 33,793
New York 25,999,580 65
North Carolina 6,053,034 21
North Dakota 92,226
621,955 21,775,058 0.31
,316,593 194,344,217 2.79
,082,173 138,049,052 1.98
147,733 1,072,921 0.02
Ohio 26,175,762 150,305,945 411,114,056 5.89
Oklahoma 485,686 11
,859,348 56,767,725 0.81
Oregon 8,679,082 6,212,455 36,115,002 0.52
Pennsylvania 13,804,122 104
Puerto Rico 5,656,580 4
Rhode Island 2,355,162 4
South Carolina 2,555,668 15
South Dakota 147,151
Tennessee 36,584,186 22
Texas 55,724,251 157
Utah 479,994 3
Vermont 124,424
Virgin Islands 0
,772,918 228,145,364 3.27
,862,427 23,742,284 0.34
,597,712 13,692,203 0.20
,810,122 85,655,766 1.23
445,610 3,093,401 0.04
,637,133 293,726,678 4.21
,555,196 883,548,503 12.66
,586,710 252,944,126 3.63
673,394 2,565,828 0.04
0 2,123,058 0.03
Virginia 45,096,952 16,861,767 216,151,241 3.10
Washington 926,489 5
,166,519 41,533,699 0.60
West Virginia 3,182,609 14,256,431 66,618,005 0.95
Wisconsin 14,821,546 29,502,217 96,712,911 1.39
Wyoming 0
TOTAL 614,834,961 1,353
81,592 33,789,026 0.48
,924,990 6,977,432,542 100
37
-------
Chapter 2
Texas and Louisiana
led the nation for TRI
totals.
Facilities in 25 coun-
ties generated 39%
of the 1987 adjusted
totals.
Similarly. 1/3 of the
carcinogen total
originated in just 25
counties.
Geographical Distribution
States
Texas and Louisiana ranked first and second for total adjusted TRI releases and
transfers, with 883.5 and 844.2 million pounds, respectively. Together, the two
states accounted for 25 percent of the 1987 TRI totals. Texas had top-ranked
levels of all types of releases except for discharges to surface water, and Louisiana
ranked among the top five for air emissions, discharges to surface water, and
underground injection. Texas manufacturers discharged the largest share of their
TRI totals to underground (47 percent) and the second largest share to air (24
percent). Louisiana facilities also discharged the largest share of their TRI totals
underground (57 percent), but the second largest share went to surface waters
(23 percent). (See Figure 2-3 and Table 2-8.)
The environmental distribution of TRI totals varied from state to state. Facilities
in two thirds of all states emitted the largest share of their toxic releases to air.
Facilities in four Western states (Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Utah),
disposed of most of their TRI wastes on land (91, 91, 79, and 65 percent,
respectively); in all, land disposal claimed the biggest fraction in seven states.
Underground injection was the leading category in five states. Missouri was the
only state in which facilities sent most of their TRI amounts to public sewage
treatment plants. Michigan facilities transferred most of their TRI wastes off site,
as did facilities in three other states.
Counties
A significant fraction of the 1987 TRI totals were concentrated in just 25 counties
(39 percent or 2.7 billion pounds). As might be expected from their status as
top-ranked states, Texas and Louisiana each had five counties on the list. Releases
and transfers were often concentrated into one or a few counties in a state. For
example, Tooele County and Sedgwick County, accounted for over two thirds of
TRI adjusted totals for Utah and Kansas, respectively. (See Table 2-9.)
Carcinogen releases and transfers were highly concentrated in some localities:
more than one third of the carcinogen total—193.7 of 574.6 million pounds-
originated in 25 counties (out of the more than 3,000 counties in the nation), hi
seven states, one third or more of the statewide carcinogen total was released or
transferred in a single county. There was no top-ranked county, however, in which
carcinogens made up more than six percent of the total for all TRI releases and
transfers in the state. (See Table 2-10.)
38
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
Table 2-9. The 25 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1987
Adjusted Data.
RANK COUNTY ST/
1 JEFFERSON LA
2 ST CHARLES LA
3 BRAZORIA TX
4 HARRIS TX
5 SALT LAKE UT
6 ASCENSION LA
7 ST JAMES LA
8 JEFFERSON TX
9 SEDGWICK KS
10 POLK FL
11 WAYNE MI
12 HAMILTON FL
13 LOS ANGELES CA
14 CALHOUN TX
15 COOK IL
16 TOOELE UT
17 HUMPHREYS TN
18 LAKE IN
19 ALLEN OH
20 GALVESTON TX
21 ST LOUIS MO
22 MOBILE AL
23 HOPEWELL CITY* VA
24 ST CLAIR IL
25 CALCASIEU LA
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
* Hopewell City is included here because it
any county.
TOTAL RELEASES A
iTE TRANSFERS
Pounds
218,170,633
208,921,838
205,072,687
193,044,053
162,917,736
148,850,046
PERCENT OF PERCENT OF
STATE TRI TRI TOTAL
TOTAL
25.84 3.13
24.75 2.99
23.21 2.94
21.85 2.77
64.41 2.33
17.63 2.13
134,483,324 15.93 .93
118,684,538
106,507,135
13.43 .70
78.97 .53
101,617,840 33.44 .46
95,882,689
35.66 .37
92,240,300 30.35 .32
89,076,930 39.20 .28
82,611,432 9.35 .18
77,603,996
29.12 .11
77,024,300 30.45 .10
75,102,727 25.57 .08
70,511,673
68,340,561
27.46 .01
16.62 0.98
66,931,784 7.58 0.96
63,613,504 32.76 0.91
62,665,012
45.62 0.90
59,723,642 27.63 0.86
56,285,932
21.12 0.81
55,779,734 6.61 0.80
2,691,664,046
4,285,768,496
38.58
61.42
6,977,432,542 100.00
is an independent city— that is, it does not belong to
Cities
A large share of the TRI total (44 percent) originated in 50 cities, although only
seven percent of all facilities that reported to TRI were located in these cities.
Some of these had large numbers of facilities that together accounted for the city's
top rank, while others had only one or a few facilities reporting very large releases
and transfers. For example, only two facilities reported from Westwego,
Louisiana, the city which topped the list for total releases and transfers. In
contrast, 235 facilities reported to TRI from Chicago, Illinois—more facilities
44% of the 1987 na-
tional TRI total was
generated by 7% of
all TRI facilities in 50
cities, but cities with
the most facilities did
not always have the
largest TRI totals.
39
-------
Chapter 2
The Chemical in-
dustry generated
48% of the TRI ad-
justed total for 1987.
than reported from any other top-ranked city—but the 35.1 million pounds of
TRI releases and transfers originating in Chicago ranked 32nd. Thus, the largest
city-wide releases and transfers did not necessarily originate in those cities with
the most facilities. (See Table 2-11.)
Industrial Distribution
The Chemical industry produced more TRI releases and transfers than any other
industry in 1987, with an adjusted total of 3.3 billion pounds or 48 percent of the
TRI total for all industries. Chemical facilities produced more releases and
transfers than any other industry in every environmental category except land
disposal. Only one other industry—Primary Metals—had a TRI total of more than
Table 2-10. The 25 Counties wth the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers of Car-
cinogens, 1 987 Adjusted Data
RANK COUNTY ST/
1 HARRIS TX
2 JEFFERSON LA
3 WAYNE MI
4 MONROE NY
5 LOS ANGELES CA
6 BRAZORIA TX
7 JEFFERSON MO
8 JEFFERSON TX
9 KALAMAZOO MI
10 BRADFORD PA
11 LAKE IN
12 POSEY IN
13 CASS IN
14 MARION IN
15 STARK OH
16 BROOME NY
17 CALCASIEU LA
18 BRADLEY TN
19 VERMILLION IN
20 ASCENSION LA
21 ALLEN OH
22 ORANGE CA
23 SALT LAKE UT
24 SAN DIEGO CA
25 COOK IL
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR OTHER CARCINOGENS
CARCINOGEN TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
CARCINOGEN TOTAL
WE RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound.
30,472,867
14,274,800
11,392,741
10,679,454
10,487,966
9,101,704
8,281,228
PERCENT OF
STATE CAR-
CINOGEN TOTAL
PERCENT OF
STATE TRI
TOTAL
42.90 3.45
39.37
37.25
1.69
4.24
33.02 5.50
39.42 4.62
12.81
1.03
52.80 4.26
7,753,964 10.92 0.88
7,416,476
7,183,946
6,890,985
24.25
2.76
20.59 3.15
16.06 2.68
6,726,700 15.68 2.62
5,911,362 13.78 2.30
5,375,436 12.53 2.09
5,337,375
15.60 1.30
5,329,356 16.48 2.74
5,190,727 14.32 0.61
5,016,935 27.69 1.71
4,754,600 11.08 1.85
4,599,175 12.69 0.54
4,571,607 13.36 .11
4,499,657 16.91 .98
4,286,495 82.80 .69
4,076,985 15.32 .79
4,056,318 21.81 .52
193,668,859 27.75
380,884,519 54.59
574,553,378 82.34
6,977,432,542 100.00
40
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
Table 2-11. The 50 Cities with
I RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
CTTY
WESTWEGO
NORCO
ALVIN
COPPERTON
GEISMAR
WICHITA
DONALDSONVILLE
BEAUMONT
WHITE SPRINGS
PORT LAVACA
ROWLEY
HOUSTON
NEW JOHNSONVILLE
MULBERRY
LIMA
PASADENA
TEXAS CITY
SAINT LOUIS
HOPEWELL
UNCLE SAM
FRONT ROYAL
PASS CHRISTIAN
LOUISVILLE
SAUGET
MEMPHIS
KINGSPORT
LEMOYNE
DETROIT
HERCULANEUM
HAYDEN
PURVIS
CHICAGO
GLENS FALLS
EAST CHICAGO
CHEYENNE
EAST HELENA
ROCHESTER
KENAI
ODESSA
CINCINNATI
ECORSE
VERNON
ASHTABULA
CLEVELAND
GONZALEZ
FERNANDINA BEACH
CARLYSS
PHILADELPHIA
BALTIMORE
PORTAGE
SUBTOTAL
the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers. 1987 Adjusted Data.
1 COUNTY
1
JEFFERSON
ST CHARLES
BRAZORIA
SALT LAKE
ASCENSION
SEDGWICK
ST JAMES/ ASCENSION
JEFFERSON
HAMILTON
CALHOUN
TOOELE
HARRIS
HUMPHREYS
POLK
ALLEN
HARRIS
GALVESTON
SAINT LOUIS CITY
HOPEWELL CITY
ST JAMES
WARREN
HARRISON
JEFFERSON
STCLAIR
SHELBY
SULLIVAN
MOBILE
WAYNE
JEFFERSON
GILA
LAMAR
COOK
WARREN
LAKE
LARAMIE
LEWIS AND CLARK
MONROE
KENAI-COOK INLET
ECTOR
HAMILTON
WAYNE
LOS ANGELES
ASHTABULA
CUYAHOGA
ESCAMBIA
NASSAU
CALCASIEU
PHILADELPHIA
BALTIMORE CITY
KALAMAZOO
1 STATE
LA
LA
TX
UT
LA
KS_
LA
TX
FL
TX
UT
TX
TN
FL
OH
TX
TX
MO
VA
LA
VA
MS
KY
IL
TN
TN
AL
MI
MO
AZ
MS
IL
NY
IN
WY
MT
NY
AK
TX
OH
MI
CA
OH
OH
FL
FL
LA
PA
MD
MI
FACILITIES] FORMS
Number | Nunfcer
2 23
TOTAL RELEASES ft 1
TRANSFERS (Fbwta) |
213,444,514
2 24 194,234,200
3 54 183,869,251
1 12 158,669,750
9 157 107,501,726
36 159 106,508,039
5 32 100,407,922
15 183
98,542,016
1 4 92,240,300
3 51
81,299,552
1 6 76,992,400
119 468 76,436,996
3 18 75,102,727
4 17 72,330,450
9 64 68,131,217
41 324 67,322,377
13 229 66,756,513
114 403 66,650,685
7 49 66,577,498
1 5
2 21
64,415,618
54,855,950
1 9 46,396,867
56 300 45,034,090
5 50 44,777,617
71 268 44,249,589
5 93 43,757,947
1 6 43,139,315
69 340 41,984,334
1 5 38,903,724
1 7 36,423,780
1 14 35,906,600
235 753 35,084,482
6 44 34,250,940
8 56 33,946,995
2 31
31,598,944
2 11 31,447,901
46 214 31,107,221
3 23 30,549,471
8 89 29,356,565
102 392 28,000,343
2 24 27,858,308
20 55 27,712,425
19 86 26,580,291
100 399 26,313,725
1 17 23,890,550
2 13 22,129,250
1 4 21,974,323
61 279 21,694,244
76 309 21,682,718
2 28 21,583,050
1,298 6,222 3,039,625,310
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
6.89 9.32 43.56
17,548 60,535 3,937,807,232
18,846 66,757 6,977,432,542
41
-------
Chapter 2
Environmental dis-
tribution varied from
industry to industry-
More than 1/2 of the
18,846 manufactur-
ing facilities that
reported to TRI in
1987 were located in
10 states.
500 million pounds. Together, the Chemical and Primary Metals industries
generated 61 percent of all adjusted releases and transfers for 1987. (See Table
2-12.)
Underground injection and air emissions comprised 31 percent and 27 percent of
the Chemical industry's total in 1987, while discharges to surface water comprised
only nine percent. Land releases and off-site transfers accounted for the largest
portion of the Primary Metals industry releases (43 and 28 percent, respectively).
The Paper industry, fourth ranked overall, reported air emissions as the largest
fraction (61 percent) of its TRI totals, making it the second largest emitter to air
behind the chemical industry.
Facilities
Excluding the 1,169 facilities that reported only delisted chemicals, a total of
18,846 facilities reported to TRI from 53 of the 55 jurisdictions covered by
TRI—from all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American
Samoa. No facilities reported from the District of Columbia or the Common-
wealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. More than half of the facilities were
located in ten states. California had the largest number of TRI facilities—1,650
Table 2-12. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry, 1987 Adjusted Data.
TRI INDUSTRY
RANK
13 Food Products
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
12 Textile Mill Products
22 Apparel
19 Lumber & Wood Products
15 Furniture & Fixtures
4 Paper Products
14 Printing, Publishing
1 Chemical Products
9 Petroleum Refining
8 Rubber & Plastic Products
17 Leather Products
16 Stone, Clay, Glass Products
2 Primary Metals
6 Fabricated Metals
10 Machinery, except Electrical
7 Electric & Electronic Equip.
5 Transportation Equipment
11 Measuring, Photographic
18 Misc. Manufacturing
3 Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
20 No SIC codes in 20 - 39
TOTAL
CODE
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
FORMS
Number
2,390
55
817
47
1,661
1,368
2,134
567
19,075
2,939
2,837
405
1,381
5,166
7,244
2,119
4,637
4,248
978
879
4,662
1,148
Number
1,274
21
386
26
599
366
573
290
3,786
333
1,188
116
516
1,327
2,443
809
1,468
927
320
349
1,336
393
AIR
Pound*
15,526,761
WATER
Pound.
3,232,312
LAND
Poundi
6,996,854
5,946,080 134,850 459
39,041,935
7,717,193
290,250
2,321,320 42,810 0
27,296,805
57,682 123,063
52,672,262 42,194
229,468,075
56,305,921
55,159,502 3,521
896,426,351
29,065
14,277,841
253
287,200,464 242,165,975
66,878,346 4,895,238 9,297,978
152,699,022 339,290 194,279
UNDERGROUND
Pound!
998,660
0
0
0
0
0
30,394
0
1,020,280,655
18,597,002
49,800
14,214,593 463,176 166,320 0
25,989,275 667,346 3,219,204 6,319,000
203,407,798 26,950,989 406,473,207 33,919,040
115,604,986 3,064,556 2,983,275
50,839,979 413,877 269,571
118,558,878 1,103,129 4,577,271
212,008,956 584,863 1,643,381
1,261,361
0
81,736
39,907
53,307,698 463,657 238,066 0
25,865,866 167,052 246,873
250
199,225,773 8,527,136 37,347,459 217,092,884
13,508,301
695,032 354,696 65,712
66,757 18,846 2,575,968,56 403,072,288 730,895,340 1,298,736,401
42
-------
Revision and Adjustment of 1987 TRI Data
facilities. Each of the top ten states had more than 650 facilities reporting, for a
total of 9,900 facilities. (See Table 2-8.)
Concentrations of TRI releases and transfers in states and counties are often due Just SO facilities
to individual facilities with large releases and transfers. The top 50 facilities for reported 38% of all
adjusted 1987 TRI total releases and transfers, reported a total of 2.6 billion adjusted releases and
pounds, or 38 percent of all releases and transfers reported by the close to 19,000 transfers in 1987.
facilities in the adjusted 1987 TRI. These top facilities contribute heavily to the
chemical, geographical, and industrial distribution patterns described throughout
this report; Part III shows their contribution to specific patterns in more detail.
(See Table 2-13.)
Table 2-12, continued.
INDUSTRY 1 SIC
1 CODE
Food Products 20
Tobacco Manufacturers 21
Textile Mill Products 22
Apparel 23
Lumber and Wood Products 24
Furniture and Fixtures 25
Paper Products 26
Printing, Publishing 27
Chemical Products 28
Petroleum Refining 29
Rubber and Plastic Products 30
Leather Products 31
Stone, Clay, Glass Products 32
Primary Metals 33
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pound.
36,104,044
oFF-srre
Pound.
4,189,450
989,740 197,496
16,281,396
119,831
140,554
542,935
45,525,233
TOTAL RELEASES & TRANSFERS
Poundi
67,048,081
7,268,625
5,283,034 68,613,808
166,763
4,186,302
7,896,231
2,650,724
31,804,406
61,182,687
32,350,944 377,958,408
2,671,867 5,545,672 63,380,815
347,691,106
538,127,879
3,331,892,430
14,339,237 68,100,829 182,108,630
8,536,865
23,619,843
1,617,778
29,176,761
3,501,543
19,821,655
16,239,994 260,972,786
190,996,017
41,965,475
57,634,258
947,963,814
Fabricated Metals 34 25,857,584 84,825,374 233,597,136
Machinery, except Electrical 35
Electric & Electronic Equip. 36
Transportation Equipment 3"
Measuring, Photographic 3!
Misc. Manufacturing 39
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 - 39
2,993,322 23,656,005
78,172,754
21,202,822 75,420,292 220,944,128
8,414,145
73,494,922 296,186,174
5,955,238 18,180,767 78,145,426
1,220,017 8,058,488 35,558,546
31,786,464
2,984,946
85,658,346
5,113,451
579,638,062
22,722,138
Percent
0.96
0.10
0.98
0.04
0.46
0.88
5.42
0.91
47.75
2.61
2.74
0.60
0.83
13.59
3.35
1.12
3.17
4.24
1.12
0.51
8.31
0.33
TOTAL
614,834,961 1,353,924,990 6,977,432,542
100.00
43
-------
Chapter 2
Table 2-13. The 50 Facilities with the Largest TRITotal Releases and Transfers, 1987 Adjusted Data.
1 UKI
RANK CODE FACILITY NAME
crrv
COUNTY ST/
1 28 American Cyanamid Co. Westwego Jefferson LA
2 M* Shell Oil Co. - Mfg.
3 28 Monsanto Co.
4 33 Kennecott Utah Copper
Morco
Alvin
Bingham Canyon
5 28 Occidental Chemical Corp. White Springs
6 28 Du Pont Beaumont Works
7 28 Bp Chemicals Green Lake
Beaumont
Port Lavaca
St Charles LA
Brazoria TX
Salt Lake UT
Hamilton FL
Jefferson TX
Calhoun TX
8 33 Amax Magnesium Tooele TooelE UT
9 28 Du Font Johnsonville Plant
10 28 Royster Co.
11 28 BP Chemicals Inc.
12 28 Vulcan Chemicals
13 28 Agrico Chemical Co.
14 28 Freeport McMoran
15 28 Arcadian Corp.
16 28 Inter esin Corp.
17 28 Avtex Fibers Front Royal Inc.
18 28 Allied-Signal Inc.
19 28 Columbian Chemicals Co.
20 28 Du Pont Delisle Plant
21 28 Courtaulds Fibers Inc.
22 28 Tennessee Eastman Co.
23 28 Sterling Chemicals Inc.
24 33 Herculaneum Smelter
25 28 Monsanto Co.
26 33 Asarco Inc.
27 29 Amerada Hess Corp.
28 28 CIBA-GEIGY Corp.
29 M* Inland Steel Co.
30 33 Asarco Inc.
31 28 Wycon Chemical Co.
32 28 Racon Inc.
33 28 Unocal Chemicals Div.
34 28 BASF Corp.
35 28 Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
36 28 Rexene Products Co.
37 33 National Steel
38 28 Du Pont Louisville Works
39 28 Filtrol Corp.
40 28 Monsanto Co.
41 M* Eastman Kodak CO.
42 26 ITT Rayonier Inc.
43 28 W. R. Grace & Co.
44 28 Upjohn Co.
45 28 Triad Chemical
46 28 Conserv Inc.
47 28 SCM Chemicals Inc.
48 28 Allied-Signal Inc.
49 36 3M Mag Media & Consumer
50 33 Midwest Steel Corp.
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
* M = Multiple SIC codes
Mew Johnsonville
Mulberry
Lima
Wichita
Uncle Sam
Donaldsonville
Geismar
Houston
Front Royal
Hopewell
Saint Louis
Pass Christian
Axis
Kingsport
Texas City
Herculaneum
Cahokia
Hayden
Purvis
Queensbury
East Chicago
East Helena
Cheyenne
Wichita
Kenai
Geismar
Pasadena
Odessa
Ecorse
Louisville
Vernon
Cantonment
Rochester
Fernandina Beach
Sulphur
Kalamazoo
Donaldsonville
Nichols
Ashtabula
Elizabeth
Hutchinson
Portage
Humphreys TN
Polk FL
TOTAL RELEASES
STE A TRANSFERS
ftoun*
213,444,502
194,233,955
175,647,400
158,669,750
92,240,300
PERCENT
OFTRI
TOTAL
3.06
2.78
2.52
2.27
1.32
85,470,600 1.22
77,757,150 1.11
76,992,400 1.10
72,474,201
1.04
72,028,250 1.03
Allen OH 67,392,200 0.97
Sedgwick KS
St James LA
St James LA
Ascension LA
Harris TX
Warren VA
Hopewell City VA
67,289,968
64,415,618
0.96
0.92
59,083,352 0.85
56,447,250 0.81
54,300,139 0.78
54,032,900 0.77
49,840,052 0.71
St Louis MO 48,914,262 0.70
Harrison MS 46,396,867 0.66
Mobile AL
Sullivan TN
Galveston TX
43,139,315
42,332,395
0.62
0.61
40,660,400 0.58
Jefferson MO 38,903,724 0.56
St Clair U.
Gila AZ
38,672,550 0.55
36,423,780 0.52
Lamar MS 35,906,600 0.51
Warren NY 33,109,650 0.47
Lake IN
31,466,950 0.45
Lewis & Clark MT 31,431,511
0.45
Laramie WY 31,429,332 0.45
Sedgwick KS
30,738,632 0.44
Kenai Penin. AK 30,416,150 0.44
Ascension LA
Harris TX
Ector TX
Wayne MI
29,881,283 0.43
28,802,500 0.41
28,610,810 0.41
27,652,318 0.40
Jefferson KY 26,113,000 0.37
Los Angeles CA
Escambia FL
26,035,250 0.37
23,890,550 0.34
Monroe NY 23,083,946 0.33
Nassau FL
Calcasieu LA
Kalamazoo M]
22,129,250 0.32
21,974,323 0.31
21,583,050 0.31
Ascension LA 20,521,651 0.29
Polk FL
20,101,371 0.29
Ashtabula OH 20,051,450 0.29
Union NJ
19,489,119 0.28
McLeod MN 18,385,527 0.26
Porter IN
17,332,792 0.25
2,647,340,295 37.94
4,330,092,247 62.06
6,977,432,542 100.00
44
-------
PART II
Status of TRI Releases and Transfers
-------
Photo: Daniel J. Kasztelan
-------
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
CHAPTER 3. OVERVIEW OF 1988 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY DATA
Overall, 19,762 manufacturing facilities reported to the Toxics Release Inventory 19,762 facilities
(TRI) a total of 6.2 billion pounds of environmental releases and off-site transfers released and trans-
of chemical wastes for 1988. Three quarters of this amount (4.5 billion pounds) ferred 6.2 billion
were released directly into the air, water, land, or underground wells; the other pounds of TRI chemi-
quarter (1.7 billion pounds) was transferred off site from the originating facilities cals in 1988.
to waste management facilities such as public sewage treatment plants, in-
cinerators or landfills. (See Box 3-A and Figure 3-1.)
While more facilities submitted more forms to TRI in 1988 than in 1987, the total More facilities
amount of releases and transfers decreased. The number of facilities that reported reported in 1988
to TRI increased five percent (916 facilities) from 18,846 facilities in 1987 to than in 1987 but TRI
19,762 facilities in 1988, while the number of forms submitted increased seven releases and trans-
percent (4374 forms) from 66,757 in 1987 to 71,131 in 1988. This difference fers decreased by
may stem from the fact that reporting thresholds decreased from 75,000 to 50,000 11%.
pounds of chemical manufacture (see Chapter 1), so facilities which fell under
the cut-off in 1987 may have been over the cut-off in 1988. Total releases and
BOX 3-A. TRI TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS DEFINED
Throughout this report, TRI data presentations often refer to "total releases and transfers," which
is more or less a measure of total wastes. While it is useful for comparative purposes to deal with
a single sum in this manner, the reader should recognize that this aggregated total ignores some
significant distinctions. "Releases" refer to discharges to the air, water, or land. Facilities determine
these numbers after taking into account any reductions in waste achieved by on-site treatment
methods. "Transfers" refer to wastes that are sent off-site for treatment or disposal. The "transfers"
are reported in two categories—transfers to publicly owned sewage treatment works (POTWs) and
other off-site transfers. The other off-site locations include incinerators, underground wells, landfills
and other treatment or disposal facilities that are not part of the facility submitting the report to TRI.
In many cases, these wastes will be reduced by treatment methods before any ultimate releases to
the environment.
Even within the category of releases, mere are further distinctions to bear in mind. Certain land
releases, for example, are placed in disposal facilities which are designed and permitted to receive
toxic materials. These wastes are therefore managed to significantly reduce potential for further
distribution to the environment. Releases to the air and water, on the other hand, are not subject to
further containment or control.
47
-------
Chapter 3
Surface Water
6%
Surface Water
6%
Off-site
18%
Underground
19%
Public Sewage
9%
Underground
Off-site
19%
1988 Total:
6.24 Billion Pounds
Public Sewage
9%
1987 Total:
6.98 Billion Pounds
Figure 3-1. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers in 1987 and 1988.
transfers decreased by 11 percent (737.4 million pounds) from 7.0 billion pounds
in 1987 to 6.2 billion pounds in 1988.
Air emissions were
the largest single
source of TRI
releases and trans-
fers in both 1987
and 1988.
The environmental distribution of releases and transfers did not change from 1987
to 1988. Air emissions were the largest single component of the 1988 total,
accounting for 2.4 billion pounds (39 percent) of all TRI releases and transfers.
Underground injection was the second largest form of release— 1.2 billion pounds
or 19 percent. And overall, direct releases to the environment were two and a
half times greater than total off-site transfers.
TRI data can be analyzed according to the environmental distribution of releases
of the chemicals, the geographical and industrial patterns of the releases and
transfers, and the particular chemical components of the TRI totals. This chapter
discusses the general patterns revealed by the 1988 data. Chapters 4, 5, and 6
take a more detailed look at the environmental distribution of releases and
transfers within the broader chemical, geographical and industrial patterns.
(1) No reports for the six chemicals deleted from the TRI list for 1988 are included in the data in
this or subsequent chapters (see Chapter 2). Keep in mind that national aggregates of TRI chemicals
do not directly indicate risks. (See Box 3-B and Chapter 4.)
48
-------
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
Analyses in this report are based on the April 6,1990 version of the TRI database.
EPA is constantly revising and updating die TRI database to add in late or revised
forms, and to correct data entry errors (see Chapter 2). Several changes have
been made since the statistics for this report were compiled; these changes, which
affect many analyses, are listed in Box 3-C and Table 3-1.
BOX 3-B. TRI DATA AND EXPOSURE
The 4.5 billion pounds of TRI releases and 1.7 billion pounds of transfers are not an indicator of
human or environmental exposure to these chemicals. Several factors should be kept in mind when
considering the impact of TRI releases and transfers.
First, environmental releases do not always result in exposure. Landfills and underground injection
are disposal methods designed to isolate wastes, and result in zero or low exposure unless they fail
unexpectedly. Even chemical releases that are not isolated in this manner require careful interpreta-
tion. TRI reveals that 2.4 billion pounds of TRI chemicals were released directly to the air, and
361.6 million pounds to surface water in 1988. These releases cannot be equated directly to exposure,
since each chemical in each individual release circumstance undergoes different transformations
after release. Dilution may render exposure concentrations so small as to be of no concern. Gaseous
emissions may be chemically transformed to harmless byproducts, or acidic wastewater discharges
may be effectively neutralized by the receiving body of water. On the other hand, some environmental
transformations lead to byproducts of even greater concern than the original releases. Each release
scenario has its own unique characteristics.
TRI chemicals were also transferred to public sewage treatment plants and other off-site facilities,
where they may undergo treatment (which can destroy or isolate a potentially toxic chemical) prior
to ultimate disposal. The transfers also shift the location of materials, so that TRI releases generated
in say, New Jersey, may be sent to Ohio for treatment and/or disposal. A knowledge of the ultimate
fate of these materials would be needed for any meaningful interpretation of potential risks.
Lastly, TRI chemicals cover a broad spectrum of toxicity concerns. Total release or transfer amounts
only give part of the story—a small release of a highly toxic chemical might be of much greater
concern than a large release of a low-toxicity substance. In all cases, more information is needed
to assess potential concerns than is provided by TRI data alone. TRI can only serve as an indicator
of toxic chemical releases and transfers that may warrant additional examination.
49
-------
Chapter 3
BOX 3-C. CORECTIONS TO 1988 TRI DATA
EPA is constantly revising the TRI database due to corrections sent in by facilities, late submissions
and data entry errors. As was seen for the 1987 TRI, more than 20,000 individual data items were
changed. The data for this report were extracted from the EPA 1988 TRI database on April 6,1990.
Since then EPA has continued to update the data. The following major corrections were made after
the data for mis report were compiled:
Table 3-1. Corrections to 1988 TRI Data.
sic
CODE
FACILITY
28
"iff
Couflaulds
Fibers
Du Pom Co.
ITT Rayioner
General
Electric
Georgia
Pacific
Monsanto Co.
Stone Container
Corp.
CfTY/COUNTY/
STATE
Axis, Mobile,
AL
Beaumont,
Jefferson, TX
Fernaodiru Beach,
Nassau, PL
Pliisffcld,
Berkshire, MA
Brunswick,
Olynn, GA
Alvin, Brazoris,
TX
Panama City,
Bay.FL
CHEMICAL
Carbon Disulfidc
Ammonium Sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate
Porychlorinated
Bipnenyb
Ammonium Sulfate
Methanol
POUNDS
BEFORE
100,000,000
54,000,000
4,444,438
11,420,461
100,000,000
8
POUNDS
AFTER
RELEASE OR
TRANSFER TYPE
DIFFERENCE
42,900,000 42,900,000 Point Source Air
110,000,000 10,000,000 Underground
•48,600,000 Surface Water
-4,440,000 Off-site
0
90,000,000 Underground
7,922,052 Public Sewage
5,400,000
4,438
ll,420,4«l
190,000,000
7,922,060
Total Releases And
Transfers
•Georgia Pacific corrected their SIC code from 21 (Tobacco) to 26 (Pulp Mills).
These corrections affect some of the detailed analysis of rankings of states, chemicals and industries
that are done in subsequent chapters in this report and are noted in footnotes with reference made
back to this box for the details.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
85% of the national
TRI total was com-
posed of just 25
chemicals. 40% of
the TRI chemicals
had TRI totals of
over 1 million pounds.
Twenty-five chemicals constituted 85 percent of all TRI releases and transfers in
1988 (see Chapter 4). Ammonium sulfate and hydrochloric acid made up one
fifth of all releases and transfers and were the only chemicals with a TRI total of
greater than 500 million pounds each. (The delisted chemical aluminum oxide
was also reported in large amounts—see Box 3-D and Chapter 2). A total of 121
of the 322 TRI chemicals and categories listed for 1988 were released and
transferred in quantities of over one million pounds, while 74 chemicals were in
amounts smaller than 1,000 pounds, or not at all.
Individual chemicals played distinctive roles in the distribution of releases and
transfers. Ammonium sulfate accounted for one third of discharges to under-
50
-------
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
ground wells, public sewage treatment plants, and surface water. Phosphoric acid
also represented one third of all discharges to surface water. Hydrochloric acid
represented one third of all discharges to underground wells. Zinc compounds
represented 20 percent of all on-site land releases. Toluene represented 11 percent
of total air releases. Chapters 8 through 10 detail the prominence of certain
chemicals in each form of release or transfer.
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
Larger amounts of TRI chemicals were emitted to air in 1988 than were released 39% of the TRI total
to the environment in any other form or transferred off-site. Over one third (2.4 wa» released to air.
billion pounds) of the TRI total was emitted to air. Underground wells received 19% to underground
1.2 billion pounds (19 percent). Facilities disposed of 561.6 million pounds (nine wells, 9% to land,
percent of the TRI total) on land at the facility site and discharged 361.6 million and 6% to surface
pounds (six percent) to surface water. (See Figures 3-1 and 3-2, and Table 3-2.) water.
BOX 3-D. THE ALUMINUM OXIDE STORY
Aluminum oxide releases and transfers of 1.5 billion pounds were far larger than any other chemical
reported to TRI for 1988. Aluminum oxide accounted for one fifth of total releases and transfers
for all TRI chemicals. Ninety-four percent of the aluminum oxide total was disposed of on land or
transferred to off-site locations other than public sewage plants. Aluminum oxide accounted for SO
percent of all on-site land releases and 39 percent of total off-site transfers (other than to public
sewage plants).
Aluminum oxide is a common by-product from numerous manufacturing processes, including the
production of pigments, ore processing, newsprint, clays, and so on. The compound may form fibers
or it may be found in the form of fumes or dust. EPA removed the nonfibrous forms of aluminum
oxide from the TRI list for 1989 reporting after concluding that the compound did not cause, nor
could be reasonably anticipated to cause, significant adverse human health or environmental harms
under normal industrial conditions.
If the 1988 data reported for aluminum oxide were included in analyses in this report, die distribution
of releases and transfers for 1988 would have been somewhat different, although the ranking of type
of release or transfer would not change: air emissions would still rank first; land disposal would still
rank third. For example, without aluminum oxide, the total for on-site land releases accounted for
9 percent of the TRI total in 1988. With aluminum oxide, on-site land releases would increase to
16 percent of total TRI releases and transfers in 1988. Similarly, off-site transfers other than to
public sewage plants, which accounted for 18 percent of the TRI total without aluminum oxide,
would represent 24 percent of the TRI total with aluminum oxide and total off-site transfers would
represent one quarter rather than one third of total TRI releases and transfers.
51
-------
Chapter 3
Table 3-2. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by State, 1988.
TRI
TOTAL
RANK
22
38
53
24
25
9
42
30
46
54
6
18
49
44
5
4
28
13
19
1
41
36
26
8
27
20
12
34
40
47
43
15
30
14
17
52
3
31
35
10
37
45
23
48
7
2
16
50
51
11
32
29
21
33
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound.
AIR SUR1
WB
Percent Per
84,062,842 64.50
26,476,465
83.08
29,500 100.00
74,657,306 19.80
72,272,458 64.76
201,568,789 40.48
21,132,981
52.66
53,449,946 44.81
10,692,005
45.58
1,000 25.00
249,655,746 21.27
131,410,860 62.81
2,964,331
29.49
15,105,613 26.36
251,302,153 41.62
276,346,921
39.83
58,668,674 73.52
174,468,243 14.12
131,319,642 33.31
741,206,814 17.95
21,965,123 75.36
33,340,174 52.14
70,821,565 37.41
231,681,301 41.28
65,506,519 75.39
120,820,916 44.67
184,627,555 26.34
35,467,330 6.72
22,649,337 77.26
4,874,292 14.87
15,171,504 76.82
162,741,774 22.44
24,398,821 7.72
172,106,105 53.92
136,857,071 64.55
1,394,580 88.65
375,989,294 36.29
51,720,309 60.13
33,604,243 59.18
201,102,129 40.27
28,842,935 53.96
12,568,955 45.94
82,177,534 76.19
3,059,629 81.02
249,417,227 53.60
724,477,706 23.46
137,472,389 86.86
2,374,596 63.98
1,633,634 91.26
196,619,903 60.82
50,338,221 54.84
57,901,379 55.07
105,049,429 42.28
45,464,978 6.43
FACE LAND
PER
ml Percent
8.22 5.47
16.14 0.01
0.00 0.00
0.01 72.01
10.30 2.68
5.47 9.01
0.42 12.41
UNDER-
GROUND
Percent
1.94
WJBLie
SEWAGE
Penxnt
1.46
OFF-SITE 1
Percent)
18.41
0.00 0.00 0.76
0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 6.06 2.11
9.74 1.53
10.99
0.47 24.12 20.46
0.00 8.89
13.67 3.14 0.00 5.23
5.37 2.35
25.62
33.16
0.00 21.24 25.46
25.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 25.00
22.35 33.07 13.88 3.51
5.92
4.95 6.98 0.04 6.59 18.62
0.34 6.06 35.47 28.18 0.46
1.96 67.35
0.01
3.41
0.90
5.69 4.17 2.92 23.54 22.06
1.76 22.81
2.67 0.41
12.60 4.37 18.62
0.00 10.67 12.73
0.46 0.28 52.02 1.94 31.18
1.29 4.37 22.85 1.80 36.39
21.23 0.27 57.11
0.48 2.95
2.00 4.35 0.00 12.44 5.84
11.27 8.00 0.00 11.88 16.72
0.99 1.28 0.01
23.51
36.81
0.50 7.59 2.42 6.83 41.37
4.21 1.36 0.00 10.01
9.03
1.64 7.45 38.74 1.13 6.37
2.22 21.76 0.00 42.03 7.64
0.35 92.79 0.00 0.00 0.13
1.37 0.24 0.30 3.87 16.96
0.01 71.61 0.00 0.40 13.12
3.19 2.83 0.00 3.32 13.83
0.62 1.77 0.00 33.07 42.10
0.00 91.27 0.00 0.15 0.86
1.21 0.66 0.00 14.90 29.30
0.51 14.33 0.00 5.48 15.14
0.26 0.05 0.00 3.78 7.26
1.57 8.03 15.14 5.90 33.07
0.70 3.46 12.28 0.82 22.60
0.90 3.07 0.00 21.03 15.81
2.21 8.17 0.00 7.68 41.67
0.43 0.38 0.00 27.85 17.39
3.07 1.26 0.00 15.36 34.38
1.95 1.59 0.00 3.27 17.00
0.08 0.00 0.00 5.13 13.77
2.57 5.30 20.01 9.87 8.65
0.59 4.26 53.95 5.58 12.16
0.19 11.17 0.00 0.65 1.12
4.76 1.03 0.00 3.06 27.17
0.15 8.59 0.00 0.00 0.00
10.06 2.57 0.00 19.68 6.86
26.84 1.82 0.00 1.94 14.56
5.39 1.23 0.17 5.77 32.38
0.51 6.61 0.00 21.33 29.27
0.09 33.60 59.64 0.02 0.22
TOTAL
6,241,030,746 38.90
5.79
9.00
19.47
9.14
17.70
52
-------
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
In addition to direct releases to die environment, manufacturers discharged 570.6
million pounds of TRI chemicals (nine percent of the TRI total) to public sewage
treatment plants and transferred another 1.1 billion pounds (18 percent) to off-site
facilities (other than public sewage treatment plants) for treatment or disposal.
Together, these off-site transfers comprised 27 percent of the TRI total. (See Box
3-A and Table 3-3 for details on how off-site transfers are handled after being
transferred.)
Facilities transferred
27% of the TRI total
off site.
Table 3-3. TRI Transfers to Off-site Locations by Type of Treatment or Disposal,
1988
TYPE OF TREXTNffiOT OR DISPOSAL
OFF-STTETRANSFEHS
Round!
LANDFILL OR OTHER DISPOSAL
Landfill/Surface Impoundment
Underground Injection
Other Land Disposal
STORAGE ONLY
TREATMENT
Incineration/Thermal Treatment
Wastewater Treatment (private)
Other Treatment
Solidification/Stabilization
Land Treatment
REUSE OR RECOVERY
Transfer to Waste Broker
Reuse as Fuel/Fuel Blending
Solvents/Organics Recovery
Other Reuse or Recovery
Metals Recovery
NOT SPECIFIC OR UNKNOWN
Other Off-Site Management
Not A Valid Code
Off-Site Management Unknown
TOTAL
378,507,589
275,908,221
85,759,098
16,840,270
16,675,642
515,496,839
249,147,950
114,604,368
93,808,137
54,956,422
2,979,962
65,648,826
42,617,215
22,714,105
211,868
87,845
17,793
128,058,411
82,729,255
29,578,983
15,777,173
1,104,414,307
34.27
24.98
7.77
1.52
1.51
46.68
22.56
10.38
8.49
4.98
0.27
5.94
3.86
2.06
0.02
0.01
0.00
11.60
7.49
2.68
1.43
100.00
WHERE TRI CHEMICAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
ORIGINATED
Overall, 19,762 facilities filed TRI reports for 1988. Facilities reported to EPA Over 19,000
from 53 of the 54 jurisdictions covered by TRI requirements—from all 50 states, facilities located in all
Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American SO states filed TRI
Samoa. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands was the only reports for 1988.
jurisdiction covered by the law from which no facilities reported.
The majority of facilities reporting TRI releases and transfers were located in the
industrial Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, and Gulf Coast states, and in California. The
Rocky Mountain area, southwestern states, and northern New England had
53
-------
Chapter 3
Louisiana and Texas
led the nation for TRI
totals, together ac-
counting for 24% of
the national total.
Louisiana had fewer
TRI facilities than 25
states, yet these
facilities reported
larger TRI totals than
those in any other
state.
Millions of Pounds
2600
2000 -
Surfu* Wmltr
Underground Public 8*wig* Off-tit*
l>ll CD Non-M«t«li
Figure 3-2. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical
Class, 1988 (A/B/S = Acids/Bases/Salts).
relatively few reporting facilities. California had the largest number of facilities
reporting (1,655 facilities), but over 1,000 facilities reported from each of four
other states—Ohio, Illinois, Texas, and Pennsylvania—as well. (See Map 3-1 and
Table 3-2.)
Facilities in Louisiana released and transferred 741.2 million pounds of TRI
chemicals—the largest total for any state—and accounted for 12 percent of the
TRI total for the nation. Texas facilities were a close second, with 724.5 million
pounds. Ten states had totals greater than 200 million pounds and together
accounted for over half (3.5 billion pounds) of TRI total releases and transfers in
1988. Facilities in the Gulf Coast, Great Lakes, and Mid-Atlantic states, as well
as California, generally had the largest TRI releases and transfers, while smaller
amounts were generated in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions of the
country. (See Figure 3-3 and Map 3-2.)
The number of facilities reporting is not necessarily proportional to the amount
of chemicals being released to the environment. Three of the states with the largest
TRI totals—Ohio, Illinois, and Texas—also had large numbers of TRI facilities,
ranking second, third, and fourth, respectively, with over 1,000 facilities each.
In contrast, Louisiana had the largest total releases and transfers, but ranked 26th
of all states based on the number of TRI facilities (286 facilities). Thus, Louisiana
54
-------
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
Number
> 1,000
H 500 to 1,000
100 to 500
1 to 100
Map 3-1. Facilities Reporting toTRI, 1988.
Map 3-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
55
-------
Chapter 3
800
600
400
200
Millions of Pounds
LA TX OH IN IL FL TN Ml CA PA VA MO KS NY NJ UT NC GA KY MS
I Releases
Transfers
Figure 3-3. The 20 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
Table 3-4. TRI Facilities and Forms by Industry, 1988.
FORMS
TRI
TOTAL
RANK
11
21
15
22
19
13
4
14
1
9
7
17
16
2
6
10
8
5
12
8
3
20
INDUSTRY
Food
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Measure./Photo.
Miscellaneous
Mult, codes 20-39
No codes 20-39
TOTAL
SIC tFACILmES
X>DEJ
1 Number
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
1,452
19
401
29
616
397
587
313
3,838
364
1,293
132
559
1,380
2,579
870
1,578
1,054
344
372
1,303
282
2,649
62
890
49
1,719
1,556
2,328
623
20,332
3,053
3,213
372
1,315
5,446
7,860
2,315
5,047
4,447
1,000
946
5,133
776
AIR
13,716,106
13,820,462
35,617,602
1,019,201
27,813,245
56,894,704
202,210,446
50,423,807
754,922,471
54,989,933
158,832,600
14,255,347
23,283,963
232,958,571
117,524,318
51,754,691
115,198,789
201,297,144
45,076,520
26,171,054
217,850,529
11,938,600
SURFACE WATER
Fbunb
3,633,426
118,812
4,693,758
250
101,014
1,850
86,518,400
35,150
228,105,753
3,471,886
733,598
680,505
874,242
18,987,700
1,518,379
548,021
714,367
331,889
685,863
54,173
8,547,184
1,238,018
LAND
12,454,502
14,751
191,896
40,599
198,009
56,511
9,925,423
316
164,564,318
3,153,767
155,662
353,215
2,029,808
277,003,090
4,742,417
257,368
1,454,389
1,256,795
490,993
304,149
80,320,516
2,588,388
UNDERGROUND
Poundi
1,017,909
0
0
0
0
0
0
40,000
973,706,836
19,846,879
3,004
0
6,580,250
41,020,432
286,120
52,800
43,720
21,384
250
0
172,724,324
0
19,762 71,131 2,427,570,103 361,594,238 561,556,882 1,215,343,908
56
-------
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
facilities released greater amounts, on average, than facilities in states such as
Ohio, Illinois, and Texas.
TRI totals were largely concentrated in several dozen cities and counties around Facilities in 25 coun-
the nation. For example, facilities in 25 counties produced over one third of the tie* generated 1/3 of
national TRI total for 1988 and 42 percent of the total was concentrated in just the TRI total; 42% of
SO cities. These localized concentration patterns, detailed in Chapter 5, are often the total was con-
due to one or several dominant facilities, as described below. centrated in 50 cities.
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION
Major Industries
The Chemical and Allied Products industry and the Primary Metals industry each
generated more TRI releases and transfers than any other industries in 1988,
together accounting for 60 percent of the TRI total. The Chemical industry
reported 2.9 billion pounds (46 percent of the national TRI total) and the Primary
Metals industry reported 8S7.9 million pounds (14 percent). No other industry fers; Primary Metals
generated more than 370 million pounds of TRI releases and transfers. The five facilities reported
industries with the smallest TRI totals (Apparel, Tobacco Manufacturing, Lumber another 14%.
and Wood Products, Miscellaneous Manufacturing, and Leather Products)
together accounted for less than two percent of the TRI total. (See Table 3-4.)
Chemical manufac-
turers reported nearly
1/2 of all TRI
releases and trans-
Table 3-4. continued
INDUSTRY
Food
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery
Electronics
Transportation
Measure. /Photo.
Miscellaneous
Mult, codes 20-39
No codes 20-39
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pound»
OFF-SFTE TOTAL
Pound!
39,117,332 2,962,616
791,940 312.982
15,274,101
3,547,714
692,897 166,748
952,592 4,303,183
390,551
39,743,943
5,451,673
31,944,839
3,460,704 6,581,949
323,874,071
13,060,813
438,305,845
9,713,429
4,957,837 24,443.360
20,340,615
1,294,091
2,176,552
21,120,356
19,088,232 268,808,482
18,342,883
2,993,295
72,698,383
19,725,887
18,711,626 46,261,903
7,502,020 50,770,863
5,415,110 12,698,912
452,222 9,061,758
30,813,971
69.259.997
3,280,462 4,096,876
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Pound.
72,901,891
15,058,947
59,325,071
1,919,695
33,368,043
62,795,289
370,343,051
60,541,926
2,883,479,294
104,236,707
189,126,061
37,806,234
55,182,710
857,866,507
215,112,500
75,332,062
182,384,794
261,180,095
64,367,648
36,043,356
579,516,521
23,142,344
Percent
1.17
0.24
0.95
0.03
0.53
1.01
5.93
0.97
46.20
1.67
3.03
0.61
0.88
13.75
3.45
1.21
2.92
4.18
1.03
0.58
9.29
0.37
TOTAL
570,551,308 1,104,414,307 6,241,030,746 100.00
57
-------
Chapter 3
9% of the TRI total
was generated by
facilities reporting
more than one in-
dustrial category.
Details on industrial distribution patterns are presented in Chapter 6. Appendix
C outlines the Standard Industrial Classification system used in this report and
lists industries that must report under TRI.
Facilities in more than one industrial category2 accounted for 579.5 million
pounds (nine percent) of total TRI releases and transfers. This group consists of
diversified facilities who manufacture or process products across a range of
traditional industrial sectors. For example, a facility that manufactured both
photographic chemicals and photographic equipment would be listed under two
SIC codes: 28 (Chemical and Allied Products) and 38 (Measuring/Photographic
Equipment). Likewise, a petrochemical company that both refines petroleum and
manufactures petroleum products would report under both the Chemical (SIC 28)
and Petroleum Refining (SIC 29) industries.
Industrial Activities and Uses
TRI facilities were required to indicate whether the chemical is manufactured,
processed or otherwise used at the facility. The TRI form contains three major
categories to indicate activities and uses to be checked by facilities: manufacture
(including production as well as importation into this country), process (including
repackaging and use as a reactant or component of a product), and other use
(including solvents, lubricants, and other ancillary uses such as cleaners or fuels).
The manufacture category is limited to manufacture (or import) of the chemical.
The chemical may be produced, for example, at a Chemical facility for sale to
others. However, a Plastics manufacturer can also "manufacture" TRI chemicals
as byproducts, or as inputs needed in the manufacture of the plastics. In this case,
the Plastics facility would most likely report a combination of uses for the
chemical. (See Figure 3-4.)
1. ACTIVITIES AND USES OF THE CHEMICAL AT THE FACILITY (Check al that apply I
9.1
3.2
3.3
Manufacture the
chemical: r i
a. I J Produce
b. [ ] Import
If produce or import:
[ 1 For on-rife \ 1 For sale/
c.l J use/processing d-l J distribution
e.[ ] At a byproduct l[ ] At an impurity
Procaaa the f 1 . . _ . f 1 Aa a formulation f 1 At an article
cnamlcal: "• 1 J At a reactant D.I J component c.l J component
d . 1 j Repackaging only
Olherwlae uae [ 1 At a chemical
the chemical: *l JP">O"""« M
b.l J Aa a manufacturing aid c.l J Ancillary or other use
Figure 3-4. Industrial Activities and Uses Section of the 1988 TRI Form R.
(2) Facilities were permitted to file under more than one Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
code. Facilities with more than one major (two-digit SIC) industry classification are categorized as
"Multiple" in this report. See Appendix C for a list of the industries (by SIC code) that are required
to report under TRI.
-------
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
60%
40%
30% -
Percent of Total
20% -
10% -
Manufacture Process
Other Use Combined Uses
I Releases & Transfers
I Forms
Figure 3-5. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industrial Activities and Uses, 1988.
(Activities and Uses were not Reported on 0.6% of all Forms-0.3% of the TRI Total.)
Facilities that reported manufacturing as their sole activity for a chemical Manufacture-only
comprised fewer than one percent of all TRI facilities and submitted six percent facilities generated
of the total number of forms, but generated 26 percent (1.6 billion pounds) of 26% of the TRI total.
the 1988 TRI total. In other words, chemicals only manufactured (and not
otherwise processed or used) at a facility had relatively high releases and transfers
associated with them. (See Figure 3-5.)
The 20 percent of TRI facilities that reported processing only for a chemical Processing and other
submitted 32 percent of all TRI forms that reported releases or transfers but uses generated rela-
accounted for only 12 percent of the total releases and transfers. Thus, the TRI tively smaller
chemical wastes generated during processing are lower, on average, than those amounts of TRI was-
reported on forms for manufacturing. Likewise, the 38 percent of facilities that tes per form.
reported other uses onfy for a chemical submitted the largest portion of forms
(43 percent) but accounted for only 26 percent of the total TRI releases and
transfers. Combined uses were reported on 18 percent of all TRI forms and
accounted for 36 percent of all releases and transfers. Thus, facilities engaged in
either only chemical processing or only other chemical uses report relatively low
releases and transfers, while facilities using chemicals in a combination of ways
report relatively high releases or transfers.
59
-------
Chapter 3
TRI FACILITIES
Just 50 individual
facilities were respon-
sible for over 1/3 of
all TRI releases and
transfers.
3 facilities in 3 states
were responsible for
nearly 25% of the
nationwide total for
land disposal of TRI
chemicals.
The overall patterns of geographical and industrial distribution described above
are heavily influenced by a small number of individual facilities reporting TRI
amounts that are larger by an order of magnitude (or more) than the releases and
transfers from most other TRI facilities. The SO facilities alone were responsible
for 2.3 billion pounds of TRI releases and transfers—36 percent of the nationwide
total. Five facilities reported amounts of over 100 million pounds each, and 11
more reported more than SO million pounds each. Four of these major facilities
are located in Louisiana and three in Texas. (See Table 3-5.)
Releases and transfers from these top facilities affect every geographical,
industrial, and chemical analysis presented throughout this report. The enormous
role played by individual facilities suggests that the most telling analyses of TRI
data will be those that focus on specific aspects of the data and that examine the
data at the facility level. This facility focus is carried out frequently in this report,
although the scope of the analysis herein—national summary statistics—some-
times precludes that level of detail.
For some types of TRI releases, individual states played a large role, often because
of one or a few facilities. For example, land disposal in Florida, Indiana, and
Arizona comprised 36 percent of the total TRI on-site land releases (199.4 million
pounds out of 561.6 million). These three states house the three facilities with
the largest land disposal (each over 30 million pounds): Inland Steel Co. (East
Chicago, Indiana), Occidental Chemical Corp. (White Springs, Florida), and
Asarco Inc. (Hayden, Arizona). Together, these three facilities disposed of 132.7
million pounds of TRI chemicals on land—an amount that represents two thirds
of the total for the three states, and 24 percent of the total land disposal nationwide.
(See Table 3-6.)
Similarly, Louisiana facilities discharged more TRI chemicals to underground
wells (423.3 million pounds) than any other state, releasing over one third of total
TRI underground well discharges nationwide and discharged more TRI chemi-
cals to surface water (157.3 million pounds) than any other state, representing
44 percent of total surface water releases. Ohio and Michigan manufacturers
reported more off-site transfers (to facilities other than public sewage treatment
plants) than any other states, accounting for 20 percent of such off-site transfers.
The connections between major facilities and top states will be discussed in more
detail in subsequent chapters.
(3) Facilities in many Midwestern and Western states and New England did not report any
underground injection; many states do not have the appropriate geological conditions to support this
method of chemical waste disposal.
60
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Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
Table 3-5. The 50 TRI Facilities with the Largest Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
RF/CIUTY NAME S
CO
C 1
DE crrv
1 American Cyanamid Co. 28 Westwego
2 Shell Oil Co. - Norco Mfg. Complex Mult Multorco
3 Du Pont Beaumont Works
4 Amax Magnesium
5 Monsanto Co.
6 Vulcan Chemicals
7 BP Chemicals Green Lake
28 Beaumont
33 Ooele
28 Alvin
28 Wichita
28 Ort Lavaca
8 Agrico Chemical Co. Div. - Freeport McMoran 28 Uncle Sam
9 Freeport Mcmoran - Agrico Chemical Co. Div. 28 Donaldsonville
10 Inland Steel Co. Mult East Chicago
1 1 BP Chemicals Inc.
12 ITT Rayonier Inc.
13 Du Pont Johnsonville Plant
14 Columbian Chemicals Co.
15 Racon Inc.
16 Occidental Chemical Corp.
17 Du Pont Delisle Plant
18 Allied-Signal Inc.
19 Sterling Chemicals Inc.
20 Tennessee Eastman Co.
21 Avtex Fibers Front Royal Inc.
22 BASF Corp.
23 Monsanto Co.
24 Asarco Inc.
25 Arcadian Corp.
26 Asarco Inc.
27 Du Pont Louisville Works
28 National Steel
29 Midwest Steel Corp.
30 Herculaneum Smelter
3 1 Allied-signal Inc.
32 Wycon Chemical Co.
33 Triad Chemical
34 Monsanto Co.
35 Filtrol Corp.
36 Phelps Dodge Mining Co.
37 Eastman Kodak Co.
38 Unocal Chemicals Div.
39 Ciba-Geigy Corp.
40 Conserv Inc.
41 Du Pont Victoria Site
42 Upjohn Co.
43 Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
44 BASF Corp. - Fibers Div.
45 Cyprus Miami Mining Corp.
46 Pfizer Pigments Inc.
47 3M Mag Media & Consumer Products
48 Logan Aluminum
28 Lima
26 Femandina Beach
28 New Johnsonville
28 Saint Louis
28 Wichita
28 White Springs
28 Pass Christian
28 Hopewell
28 Texas City
28 Kingsport
28 Front Royal
28 Geismar
28 Cantonment
33 Hayden
28 Geismar
33 East Helena
28 Louisville
33 Ecorse
33 Portage
33 Herculaneum
28 Elizabeth
28 Cheyenne
28 Donaldsonville
28 Cahokia
28 Vernon
33 Playas
38 Rochester
28 Kenai
28 - Queensbury
28 Nichols
28 Victoria
28 Kalamazoo
28 Pasadena
28 Lowland
33 Claypool
28 East Saint Louis
36 Hutchinson
33 Russellville
49 Union Camp Corp. Mult Savannah
50 SCM Chemicals Inc. 28 Ashtabula
SUBTOTAL
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
Box 3-C shows how corrections to the database affect
COUNTY
STATE
TRI
TOTAL RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS
Jefferson LA 176,418,250
St Charles LA 158,662,990
Jefferson TX
111,899,929
Tooele UT 109,750,090
Brazoria TX 103,333,180
Sedgwick KS 92,01 1,960
Calhoun TX 78,225,900
St James LA 63,327,150
St James LA 61,820,000
Lake IN 61,364,500
Allen OH 57,746,450
Nassau FL 54,369,100
Humphreys TN 52,691,910
St Louis MO 52,477,645
Sedgwick KS 51,215,854
Hamilton FL 50,342,021
Harrison MS 49,061,860
Hopewell City VA 44,758,492
Galveston TX 42,999,850
Sullivan TN 42,699,939
Warren VA 37,731,700
Ascension LA 37,264,998
Escambia FL 36,249,190
Gila AZ 35,930,150
Ascension LA 35,655,500
Lewis & Clark MT 32,968,162
Jefferson KY 31,305,496
Wayne MI 29,841,133
Porter IN 29,404,715
Jefferson MO 28,890,351
Union NJ 28,290,620
Laramie WY 28,135,426
Ascension LA 27,666,682
St Clair IL 26,346,278
Los Angeles CA 23,533,250
Hidalgo NM 22,836,754
Monroe NY 22,578,939
Kenai Peninsula AK 20,822,000
Warren NY 20,237,150
Polk FL 19,913,993
Victoria TX 19,305,153
Kalamazoo MI 18,302,800
Harris TX 17,297,340
Hamblen TN 17,215,000
Gila AZ 16,938,022
St Clair IL 16,760,052
Me Leod MN 16,645,979
Logan KY 16,408,569
Chatham GA 16,357,150
Ashtabula OH 15,889,750
2,261,899,372
36.24
3,979,131,374
6,241,030,746
releases from these facilities.
61
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Chapter 3
Table 3-6. The Top 5 TRI Facilities for Each Environmental Medium, 1988.
RANKKODE)
FACULTY NAME
CTTY
COUNTY
1
2
3*
4*
5
33
28
28
28
38
28
26
28
28
28
Mull
28
33
33
33
28
Mult
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
33
28
33
AIR EMISSIONS
Amax Magnesium
Tennessee Eastman Co.
Avtex Fibers Front Royal Inc.
Triad Chemical
Eastman Kodak Co.
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL FOR AIR EMISSIONS
SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES
Agrico Chem. Co. Div. - Freeport-McMoran
ITT Rayonier Inc.
Freeport McMoran - Agrico Chem. Co. Div.
Arcadian Corp.
Allied-Signal Inc.
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL FOR SURFACE WATER
ON-SITE LAND DISPOSAL
Inland Steel Co.
Occidental Chemical Corp.
Asarco Inc.
Asarco Inc.
Herculaneum Smelter
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL FOR ON-SITE LAND DISPOSAL
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
American Cyanamid Co.
Shell Oil Co. - Norco Mfg. Complex
Du Pont Beaumont Works
Monsanto Co.
Vulcan Chemicals
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL FOR UNDERGROUND INJECTION
TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE
Columbian Chemicals Co.
Allied-Signal Inc.
Filtrol Corp.
Monsanto Co.
Air Products A Chemicals Inc.
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL FOR PUBLIC SEWAGE
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Racon Inc.
Allied-Signal Inc.
National Steel
Ciba-Geigy Corp.
Logan Aluminum
Tooele
Kingsport
Front Royal
Donaldsonville
Rochester
Uncle Sam
Fernandina Beach
Donaldsonville
Geismar
Hopewell
East Chicago
White Springs
Hayden
East Helena
Herculaneum
Westwego
Norco
Beaumont
Alvin
Wichita
Saint Louis
Hopewell
Vemon
Cahokia
Pasadena
Wichita
Elizabeth
Ecorse
Queensbury
Russellvillc
Tooele
Sullivan
Warren
Ascension
Monroe
St James
Nassau
St James
Ascension
Hopewell City
Lake
Hamilton
Gila
Lewis and Clark
Jefferson
Jefferson
St Charles
Jefferson
Brazoria
Sedgwick
St Louis
Hopewell City
Los Angeles
StCl.ir
Harris
Sedgwick
Union
Wayne
Warren
Logan
I STATE
UT
TN
VA
LA
NY
LA
FL
LA
LA
VA
IN
FL
AZ
MT
MO
LA
LA
TX
TX
KS
MO
VA
CA
IL
TX
KS
NJ
MI
NY
KY
RELEASE OR TRANSFER
Pounds Percent I
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL FOR OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
* Box 3-C shows how corrections to the database affect releases from these facilities.
109,748,910
40,153,450
34,410,250
27,140,610
21,621,312
233,074,532
2,194,495,571
2,427,570,103
62,675,000
54,021,100
47,299,000
32,980,250
18,930,647
215,905,997
145,688,241
361,594,238
50,040,600
49,000,000
33,663,950
32,764,230
28,460,108
193,928,888
367,627,994
561,556,882
175,187,750
156,363,300
108,145,660
102,787,500
90,744,910
633,229,120
582,114,788
1,215,343,908
52,378,727
25,339,614
23,500,000
22,239,640
16,985,850
140,443,831
430,107,477
570,551,308
51,117,901
28,200,000
27,644,813
17,345,100
16,217,245
140,525,059
963,889,248
1,104,414,307
4.52
1.65
1.42
1.12
0.89
9.60
90.40
100
17.33
14.94
13.08
9.12
5.24
59.71
40.29
100
8.91
8.73
5.99
5.83
5.07
34.53
65.47
100
14.41
12.87
8.90
8.46
7.47
52.11
47.89
100
9.18
4.44
4.12
3.90
2.98
24.62
75.38
100
4.63
2.55
2.50
1.57
1.47
12.72
87.28
100
62
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Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
RELEASES AND TRANSFERS GOVERNED BY EPA
REGULATIONS
TRI is a reporting requirement only; it does not actually regulate chemical
discharges. Many TRI chemicals and TRI facilities are regulated under environ-
mental laws including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Air Emissions of Chemicals Regulated Under NESHAPs
Nine TRI chemicals and chemical categories are regulated under EPA's National Air emissions of
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), developed under NESHAP chemical*
the Clean Air Act. EPA sets these emissions standards for certain air pollutants formed 1% of the
that may pose serious human health hazards, but are not covered by the National 1988 total TRI air
Ambient Air Quality Standards. Emissions of these NESHAP chemicals ac- emission*.
counted for one percent of the total TRI air emissions. Few facilities report using
and/or releasing these chemicals. Only 471 facilities reported benzene, and the
other NESHAP chemicals were each reported by fewer than 250 facilities.
Benzene accounted for the largest total air emissions (28.3 million pounds, or 94
percent of the 1988 subtotal for NESHAP chemicals). Note, however, that
industry is only one source—and probably not the most important one—of benzene
emissions to the atmosphere. Benzene is also a component of gasoline, and is
emitted with escaping fumes at gas pumps, as well as in auto emissions. (See
Table 3-7.)
Air Toxics
The new Clean Air Act under consideration in Congress calls for EPA to regulate
191 air toxic chemicals, 171 of which are on the TRI list. These 171 chemicals
accounted for 81 percent (2.0 billion pounds) of total TRI emissions to air in
1988. Eight of the chemicals—toluene, ammonia, methanol, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, xylene, chlorine, methyl ethyl ketone, and dichloromethane—
were each emitted into the air in amounts exceeding 100 million pounds in 1988,
accounting for 71 percent of total air emissions of the 171 air toxic chemicals.
No air emissions were reported for 21 of the air toxic chemicals. As EPA develops
and imposes the regulations mandated by the new legislation, TRI data will be a
useful tool to monitor changes in air emissions of these chemicals and to measure
the impact of the new regulations. (See Appendix B for a list of the chemicals
(4) The six NESHAP chemicals covered by TRI are benzene, asbestos, arsenic, vinyl chloride,
beryllium, and mercury. Three of the six—arsenic, beryllium, and mercury—may also be reported as
TRI chemical categories. Thus, six NESHAPs chemicals are represented by nine different TRI
chemicals and chemical categories.
63
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Chapter 3
Table 3-7. TRI Air Emissions of NESHAP* Air Pollutants, 1988.
NESHAP CHEMICALS
BENZENE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
ARSENIC COUMPOUNDS
VINYL CHLORIDE
MERCURY
ARSENIC
BERYLLIUM
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
TM
FORMS
Nianber
471
131
243
46
34
72
11
15
6
POINT SOURCE
Rnndi
10,058,775
33,768
160,941
995,356
7,229
4,579
2,463
1,365
861
SUBTOTAL 1,029 11,265,337
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 70,102 1,679,710,716
GRAND TOTAL 71,131 1,690,976,053
* National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
FUGITIVE
Pound.
18,229,914
8,532
41,111
392,474
15,784
3,108
1,300
1,001
1
18,693,225
717,900,825
736,594,050
TOTAL
AIR
Pound,
28,288,689
42,300
202,052
1,387,830
23,013
7,687
3,763
2,366
862
29,958,562
2,397,611,54
2,427,570,10:
TRI TOTAL
RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound.
33,245,252
22,607,674
7,020,945
2,072,382
296,679
238,229
44,249
21,526
21,423
65,568,359
6,175,462,38'
i 6,241, 030, 74<
AIR EMISSIONS
AS PERCENT OF
TRI TOTAL
85.09
0.19
2.88
66.97
7.76
3.23
8.50
10.99
4.02
45.69
' 38.82
> 38.90
More than 99% of all
discharges to surface
water are from
facilities with a
NPDES permits.
covered by air toxics legislation and Appendix D, Table D-l which contains air
emissions data for those chemicals.)
Discharges to Surface Water Covered by NPDES Regulations
Discharges Reported with NPDES Numbers
Most TRI chemical forms reporting surface water discharges (6,957 out of 7,608
forms, or 91 percent) listed discharges along with a permit under the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).5 NPDES permits are issued
to individual facilities under the authority of the Clean Water Act by EPA or state
environmental agencies to control discharges of chemicals to surface waters.
Facilities that reported NPDES numbers discharged 357.4 million pounds to
surface waters, which constitute 99 percent of all such discharges. The remaining
4.2 million pounds (one percent) of chemical discharges to surface waters were
reported on the 651 forms (nine percent of forms) that did not include NPDES
permit numbers.To determine whether the amounts reported by a facility complied
with the allowed level, Federal and State authorities could compare TRI data with
the issued permit. The NPDES permit numbers contained in TRI should facilitate
the comparison. (See Table 3-8.)
(5) The permit numbers on 427 forms (six percent) of these forms, however, may be invalid because
they did not conform to the usual format for NPDES permit numbers. These 427 forms accounted
for six percent (13.4 million pounds) of direct releases to surface waters.
64
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Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
Priority pollutants
comprised 6% of the
1988 TRI discharges
to surface water.
Discharges of Priority Pollutants
NPDES permits limit over 1,500 types of pollutants. A subset of these con-
taminants (126) have been designated as priority pollutants. These toxic chemicals
are controlled in permits according to technology-based standards set for in-
dividual industrial categories. Of the TRI chemicals and chemical categories, 94
are also priority pollutants. TRI facilities reported discharging a total of 22.4
million pounds of 78 priority pollutants in 1988, or six percent of the total TRI
surface water discharges. Methanol accounted for 74 percent (16.6 million
pounds) of the surface water discharges of the priority pollutants; no releases
were reported for 12. (See Table 3-9. Also, Appendix D, Table D-2 lists the total
discharges to surface water of each priority pollutant.)
Land Disposal and Off-Site Transfers Covered by RCRA
Regulations
EPA assigns identification numbers to every waste-generating or handling facility
regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for land
disposal of chemicals. Of the 3,922 TRI forms that described on-site land
disposal, 90 percent (3,541 forms) listed a RCRA identification number. These RCRA permits.
forms reported on-site land disposal of 547.3 million pounds of TRI chemicals—
97 percent of the on-site land total. The remaining 14.2 million pounds (three
percent) of on-site land releases were reported on 381 forms (ten percent of forms)
without a RCRA identification number. (See Table 3-9.)
Over 95% of the TRI
on-site land disposed
were covered by
Table 3-8. TRI Facilities Reporting Surface Water Discharges with NPDES* Permit Numbers, 1988.
SURFACE WiTER DISCHARGES
Percent Pournfc Ptroenl
FORMS WITH NPDES PERMIT NO. 2,041 86.52 6,957 91.44 357,378,456 98.83
FORMS WITHOUT NPDES PERMIT NO. 318 13.48 651 8.56 4,215,782 1.17
TOTAL 2,359 100.00 7,608 100.00 361,594,238 100.00
* National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
FACILITIES
Number Percent
FORMS
Number
2,041 86.52 6,957
2
318 13.48
651
,359 100.00 7,608
(6) The identification numbers on 247 forms (six percent) of these forms, however, may be invalid
because they did not conform to the usual format for RCRA identification numbers. These 247 forms
accounted for six percent (64.1 million pounds) of on-site land releases.
65
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Chapter 3
Table 3-9. TRI Facilities Reporting RCRA* Identification Numbers. 1988.
FORMS WITH
RCRA ID
FORMS WITHOUT
RCRA ID
TOTAL
ON-SFTE LAND DISPOSAL
FORMS
Number PorceM
3,541 90.29
381 9.71
3,922 100.00
RELEASES
fVnnas PerooBl
547,319,945 97.46
14,236,937 2.54
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
FORMS 1
Number Percent |
26,232
958
561,556,882 100.00 27,190
96.48
3.52
100.00
TRANSFERS
Poumk
1,084,559,325
19,854,982
1,104,414,307
*-.
98.20
1.80
100.00
* Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
98% of off-site trans-
fers were covered by
RCRA permits.
RCRA regulations also cover the transfer of wastes off-site (other than to public
sewage treatment plants), requiring that off-site transfers be accompanied by a
manifest for tracking purposes, and that they be shipped to permitted treatment,
storage, or disposal facilities only. Of the 27,190 TRI forms reporting off-site
transfers, 96 percent (26,232) listed a RCRA identification number.7 Facilities
that reported a RCRA identification number transferred 1.1 billion pounds of TRI
chemicals off-site (98 percent of off-site transfers). The remaining 19.9 million
pounds (two percent) of off-site transfers were reported on 958 forms (four
percent of forms) without a RCRA identification number. Again, further analysis
of TRI data could reveal whether the chemicals for which the transfers were
reported without RCRA numbers violate RCRA standards. (See Table 3-9.)
Many, but not all, TRI chemicals are considered hazardous wastes under RCRA;
further analysis could be conducted to determine whether the amounts reported
without RCRA numbers are composed of chemicals not covered by RCRA
regulations and whether these releases violate RCRA standards. In addition,
Chapters 8 and 10 review the changes in TRI land disposal and off-site transfers
data, and suggest how some these changes might be linked to RCRA regulations.
HOW FACILITIES ESTIMATED TRI RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
TRI regulations require that facilities report chemical releases and transfers to
the extent that data are available or reasonably ascertainable, and to indicate how
they arrive at the reported amounts. Actual measurements are to be used if
available. Otherwise, facilities are to provide data based on estimates or calcula-
(7) The identification numbers on 1,157 forms (four percent) of these forms, however, may be invalid
because they did not conform to the usual format for RCRA identification numbers. These 1,157
forms accounted for four percent (39.8 million pounds) of off-site transfers.
66
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based on measure-
ments.
Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
tion. If more than one method is used to arrive at the reported amount, facilities
are to report the principal method by which the amount is derived.
The largest portion of the TRI data (2.3 billion pounds, or 37 percent) was based 32% of TRI releases
on "other" approaches such as engineering calculations or best engineering and transfers were
judgement. Another 32 percent (2.0 billion pounds) was based on monitoring
data or measurements, 22 percent (1.4 billion pounds) was based on mass
balance calculations, and a small fraction (2S9.4 million pounds, or 4 percent)
was based on published emission factors. Reporting methods for the remaining
five percent were not indicated. (See Figure 3-6.)
Facilities' accuracy in estimating their releases varies greatly both within and
between the different estimation methods. For example, measurements may seem
to be the most accurate basis for reporting release and transfer amounts, but if
they are performed for only a part of the year, with the amounts being extrapolated
to the full year, the accuracy may be reduced. Furthermore, even within each
general estimation method, facilities may develop widely varying estimates
according to available data and expertise. The issue of data quality is discussed
in more detail below.
Different methods prevailed in different environmental forms of releases. For
instance, 44 percent of all discharges to surface water were directly measured,
Measurement
32%
Mass Balance
22%
Emission Factor
4%
Not Reported
5%
Other
37%
Figure 3-6. Basis of Estimate for TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
67
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Chapter 3
while only 12 percent of air emissions were measured. The largest share of air
emissions was based on "other" approaches (43 percent). The largest share of
releases to underground wells was also based on measurement (52 percent).
Estimates of on-site land disposal were divided between measurement (40 percent)
and "other" approaches (40 percent). Off-site transfers were largely based on
measurements (48 percent). Transfers to public sewage plants were primarily
based on calculations (37 percent) and "other" approaches (35 percent). (See
Figure 3-7.)
Such differences are likely to arise from the fact that certain releases, such as
releases to surface water and land, are more readily contained and collected for
measurement, while others, such as air emissions, are more dispersed, uncon-
tained, and difficult to measure. Also, regulatory controls can play a role. For
example, public sewage treatment plants to which the wastes are transferred may
not require detailed monitoring while most permits to discharge to surface waters
do. Facilities are also more likely to know the amount of wastes that must be
physically transported off of the site (off-site transfers), because shipments by
barrel, rail, or truck have a built in source for estimates.
TRI DATA QUALITY
TRI facilities report release and transfer data to the best of their ability based on
information readily available at the facility. Such information may include
100%
75%-
50%
26%
Air Surface Water Land Underground Sewage
Off-site
E533 Measurement
Em Other
Mate Balance
Not Reported
fZZ! Emission Factor
Figure 3-7. Basis of Estimate for TRI Releases and Transfers, 1988: Environmental
Distribution.
68
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Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
Correctly-Omitted
Chemical Reports 59%
Incorrectly-Omitted
Chemical Reports 3%
Incorrectly-Included
4% Chemical Reports
^^ Correctly-Included
34% Chemical Reports
Figure 3-8. TRI Data Quality, 1987.
(Source: "Assessment of Data Quality in the 1987 Toxics Release Inventory: Site Visit Program," March 27, 1990. Prepared
for EPA by Radian Corp.)
monitoring data, chemical analyses, weights of raw materials or waste shipments,
flow volumes, changes in fluid levels, changes in pressure, and so on. Facilities
can also estimate releases based on known physical properties such as vapor
pressure — the ease with which a fluid evaporates — or from published "emissions
factors" which give typical releases from fairly standard industrial operations.
As a last resort, facility personnel may rely on "professional judgement" in the
absence of precise numerical information on which to base an estimate.
How good are the TRI data? To begin to address this question, EPA conducted
an extensive analysis, through site visits, of data estimation techniques used at
158 facilities who submitted a total of 728 TRI reports for 1987. The sample of
facilities was chosen to represent the broad universe of TRI reporters, and to
give a statistically valid view of data quality. For instance, the site teams visited
more chemical plants than facilities from any other industry, since the chemical
industry accounted for more TRI reports and releases than any other. The survey
only examined facilities that actually reported to TRI in 1987; a separate survey
was conducted to determine the extent to which facilities that should have reported
failed to do so. The results of that non-reporter survey are discussed below.
One important caveat about the data quality analyses: in many cases it is
impossible to be certain that TRI release data is an accurate reflection of the actual
volume of releases. The best that EPA's site visit teams could do, in many
instances, was to assess whether facilities did or did not use the best known
69
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Chapter 3
Site survey* found
aggregated TRI data
to be surprisingly ac-
curate.
16% of the "non-
zero* numbers had
large errors.
estimation techniques. However, the site visits did not attempt to evaluate whether
the estimation techniques themselves provided accurate data on TRI releases.
All told, the TRI data were found to be surprisingly accurate in the aggregate.
The total volume of reported TRI releases and transfers was just two percent lower
than the corrected figures arrived at by the site visit teams. National totals for air
releases, water discharges, and so on are generally within plus or minus ten
percent of the corrected data estimates. Almost 80 percent of all release estimates
were found to be without an error. However, the apparent accuracy of the data
is, in part, due to the fact that the 20 percent of the release and transfer data that
were in error—overestimates and underestimates, along with incorrect omissions
and submissions—had the net effect of cancelling each other out.
When examined in more detail, the site visit data provides a fuller picture of TRI
data quality. For instance, the survey concluded that most facilities made correct
determinations about whether they needed to report a given chemical or not.
However, four percent of the forms were submitted by facilities that thought they
must report a given chemical but were, in fact, not required to do so (because,
for example, they were below the reporting threshold for that chemical).
Conversely, three percent of TRI forms were not submitted because facilities
made a self-determination that reporting was not necessary when, in fact, it was.
(The percents are based on the number of determinations facilities made as to
whether they did or did not have to report a given chemical; this number is
considerably larger than the actual number of reports that facilities filed). The
net result was that facilities included about 8,000 TRI reports that did not have
to be submitted, and neglected to submit 6,000 reports that were required by TRI
regulations. (See Figure 3-8.)
Even when facilities correctly determined that a chemical should or should not
be reported, it was still possible to mistakenly report a given release. The mistake
could take the form of an incorrect release estimate, reporting a release that was
not actually taking place, or neglecting to report a release that was taking place.
These last sorts of errors were much more common. (See Tables 3-10 and 3-11.)
Of the 103,000 non-zero release (and transfer) numbers in the 1987 data base,
16,000 (16 percent) had large magnitude errors, which were defined in the study
as (a) release estimates that were off by more than a factor of ten, or (b) releases
that were reported when they should not have been (that is, either the true amount
was zero, or the reported release were actually exempt from TRI requirements).
Water discharges to surface waters or to public sewage treatment plants had higher
than average error rates of 37 percent and 33 percent, respectively, and on-site
land releases were also subject to frequent error (36 percent). Non-zero point
source air emissions had the lowest overall error rate of seven percent. The
majority of the non-zero errors were of the second type—TRI submissions that
were reported when they should not have been.
70
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Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
Table 3-10. Frequency of Errors in Non-Release Estimates for Each Release Category.
TYPE OF RELEASE
FUGITIVE AIR EMISSIONS
POINT SOURCE AIR EMISSIONS
SURFACE WATER DICHARGES
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
LAND DISPOSAL
TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
TOTAL
NON-ZERO RELEASES
REPORTED
Number
29,000
33,000
3,500
450
2,200
13,000
22,000
103,000
NON-ZERO RELEASES WITH A
LARGE ERROR
3,800
2,200
1,300
66
790
4,300
3,700
16,000
13.10
6.67
37.14
14.67
35.90
33.07
16.92
15.53
SOURCE: Assessment of Data Quality in the 1987 Toxics Release Inventory: Site Visit Program
(prepared for the U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency by Radian Corporation, 27 March
1990).
Table 3-11. Frequency of Errors in Zero Release Estimates for Each Release
Category.*
CHEMICAL RELEASE
TYPE OF RELEASE
FUGITIVE AIR EMISSIONS
POINT SOURCE AIR EMISSIONS
SURFACE WATER DICHARGES
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
LAND DISPOSAL
TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
TOTAL
Number
CHEMICALS ERRONEOUSLY
OMITTED FROM 1987TRI
Number ( Peroej*
30,000
25,000
58,000
62,000
60,000
47,000
35,000
317,000
4,200
3,900
400
0
300
1,600
4,000
14,400
14.00
15.60
0.69
0.00
0.50
3.40
11.43
4.54
*Number of zero chemical releases was based on 60,000 correctly-included chemical reports in
the 1987 tri data
Source: Assessment of Data Quality in the 1987 Toxics Release Inventory: Site Visit Program
(prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Radian Corporation, 27 March
1990).
Of the 317,000 release numbers reported as zero, five percent were found to be 5% of "zero* num-
in error; that is, 14,400 "zero" releases should have been reported as a positive bers were in error,
number. Here, the patterns of errors were somewhat reversed from the non-zero
reports: water discharges (surface, public sewage treatment plants and under-
ground injection) and on-site land releases had very low error rates. The highest
incidence of erroneously omitting releases occurred with air emissions; a 14
percent error rate for fugitive emissions and 16 percent for point source emissions.
and should have
been a positive, num-
ber
In general, large-quantity emitters (those in the 90th percentile for a particular
type of release) had significantly fewer errors than did smaller-quantity emitters.
Similarly, chemical industry facilities had a lower error rate than did non-chemical
facilities.
71
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Chapter 3
TRI compliance for
1987 was 66%; an
additional 10,000
facilities should have
reported.
The fabricated metals
industry had the
largest number of
non-reporting
facilities.
Overall, the net effect of the errors in TRI reporting was an almost perfect
cancellation of over- and underestimates, incorrect omissions and submissions.
Nevertheless, the TRI system will benefit from improved data quality. The TRI
form and instructions, as well as supporting documents prepared by EPA, have
all been modified to enhance data quality. As industries become more familiar
with TRI reporting, EPA expects data quality to continually improve, and will
continue to evaluate data quality, and to take steps to improve the TRI system.
COMPLIANCE WITH TRI REQUIREMENTS
There are almost 150,000 manufacturing facilities nationwide with ten or more
employees. Most of these facilities need not file TRI reports since they do not
meet all of the reporting requirements. Only facilities that manufacture or use
TRI chemicals in amounts that exceed reporting thresholds are required to report
to TRI. About 20,000, or 13 percent of the nation's manufacturing facilities,
actually reported.
How good is compliance with TRI? Do the facilities that reported represent almost
100 percent of the facilities that should report, or have only a fraction of those
required to do so actually submitted their TRI information? In order to begin to
answer these questions, EPA conducted a survey of facilities potentially subject
to TRI reporting.
The survey estimated that the overall TRI compliance rate for 1987 was 66
percent. That is, only two out of every three companies in the nation that should
have reported actually did so. EPA estimates that an additional 10,000 facilities
should have reported to TRI. Compliance rate varied with industries. The
Chemical industry had the highest overall compliance rate, 88 percent—almost
nine out of ten chemical manufacturers that should have reported to TRI actually
did so. Manufacturers of instruments and of electrical equipment also had
relatively high compliance rates, close to 80 percent, as did petroleum refineries.
On the other hand, the Apparel industry and the Printing and Publishing industry
had unusually low compliance rates, 13 percent and 31 percent respectively. (See
Table 3-12.)
The size of a given industry also affects the compliance picture. Even though the
Chemical industry had the best compliance rate, the large number of facilities in
the country still leaves the industry with an estimated 568 facilities that have not
reported to TRI, but should have. The Fabricated Metals industry, with a
compliance rate on par with the national average, nevertheless has the largest
number of estimated non-reporting facilities (1,290) since there are a very large
number of facilities in this industry category nationwide.
The greatest proportion of non-reporting is concentrated in medium-sized
facilities, those with 20-49 employees. Smaller facilities tended to be in com-
72
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Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
Table 3-12. Adjusted Compliance Measure* by 2-Digit
SIC CODE
20
mousnor poramALLY TRI si
SUBJECT TE
FACILITIES
Nuafcer Nun
FOOD 9,910
21 TOBACCO* 75
22 TEXTILES 3,964
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
APPAREL 7,609
LUMBER/WOOD 8,623
FURNITURE 4,311
PAPER 5,033
PRINT & PUB. 16,272
CHEMICALS 7,357
PETROLEUM REF. 1 ,094
RUBBER 7,297
LEATHER 857
STONE/CLAY 8,161
PRIMARY METALS 4,726
FABRICATED METALS 18,521
MACHINERY 19,264
ELECT. EQUIPMENT 9,632
TRANSPORT. EQUIP. 5,094
MEASURE./PHOTO. 4,966
MISCELLANEOUS 5,028
SIC Codes.
IBMTT- TOTAL NON- ADJUSTED
RS RESPONDENTS COMPLIANCE
RATE
gber Number Pereeal
1,683 1,164 59.1
25 0 -
501 367 57.7
45 311 ' 12.6
691 368 65.2
394 232 62.9
737 389 65.4
315 700 31.0
4,089 568 87.8
379 111 77.4
1,300 753 63.6
123 52 70.2
688 1,013 40.4
1,557 832 65.2
2,736 1,290 68.0
926 529 63.7
1,610 455 78.0
1,047 612 63.1
359 78 82.2
380 346 52.4
TOTAL
147,790
19,585
10,169
65.8
* Absence of non-respondents in the tobacco industry may be due to the small sample size of the
survey.
SOURCE:ABT Associates, Inc. "Analysis of Non-Respondents to Section 313 of EPCRA",
March 30, 1990. Report to the Economics and Technology Division of the Office of Toxic Sub-
stances at EPA.
pliance more frequently, probably due in large measure to the fact that fewer
small facilities handle TRI chemicals at above-threshold quantities. Larger
facilities had the best compliance rate, perhaps because they tend to be better
informed about their TRI reporting requirements. (See Table 3-13.)
These data are rough estimates, at best, based on a sampling of facilities conducted
over the phone. It is clear, however, that many facilities, either deliberately or
through a lack of awareness of their responsibilities, failed to fulfill their reporting
obligations under TRI for 1987. EPA will continue to evaluate the TRI compliance
rate for 1988 reporting, and is working on several fronts to improve the
compliance rate. The Agency conducts training sessions around the country,
provides explanatory literature on TRI, issues press releases explaining require-
ments, publishes articles, and works with trade associations to keep their industrial
membership informed.
EPA's most important compliance effort, however, is its aggressive enforcement
program. EPA conducts over 800 compliance inspections annually at facilities
suspected of not reporting. Since the inception of the enforcement program in
the latter part of 1988, 268 Civil Administrative Complaints have been issued for
73
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Chapter 3
Table 3-13. Adjusted Compliance Measures by Employee Size Category.
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES
10-19
20-49
SO OR MORE
TOTAL
POTENTIALLY
SUBJECT
FACILITIES
Number
TR1
SUBMITTERS
Number
TOTAL NON-
RESPONDENTS
Number
ADJUSTED
COMPLIANCE
RATE
40,723 3,878 2,077 65.1
47,425 3,486 3,560 49.5
59,643 12,221 4,532 72.9
147,790
19,585
10,169
65.8
SOURCE: ART Associates, Inc. "Analysis of Non-Respondents to Section 313 of EPCRA",
March 30, 1990. Report to the Economics and Technology Division of the Office of Toxic Sub-
stances at EPA
nonreporting of the required TRI forms. As of July 1, 1990, more than three
quarters of a million dollars in penalties have been collected in settlements. In
addition to penalties, the Agency has also frequently obtained environmentally
beneficial expenditures, such as reductions of toxic chemical releases, as condi-
tions in settlements.
EPA's efforts to assist industrial compliance through active outreach, and to
enforce TRI requirements, is continuing. The recently-available survey results
on noncompliance will enable EPA to better target its activities.
74
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Overview of the 1988 Toxics Release Inventory Data
READERS' COMMENTS
EPA is interested in readers* comments on the utility and value of this report We welcome
recommendations of other topics that should be included in future national reports. Please send
your comments and suggestions in writing to:
THE EMERGENCY PLANNING AND COMMUNITY RlGHT-TOKNOW INFORMATION HOTLINE
US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OS-120
401 M STREET, S.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
ATTENTION: NR COMMENTS
EPA
75
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-------
CHAPTER 4. TRI CHEMICALS
While the 6.2-billion-pound national total of TRI releases and transfers is large
by any standard, knowledge of the chemical make-up of individual releases and
transfers is important to interpret the health and environmental significance of
TRI totals. The nature of the effects associated with TRI chemicals vary widely.
For example, benzene is known to cause leukemia in humans, whereas the greatest
concern over Freon 113 is its potential to deplete stratospheric ozone. Similarly,
the potencies of TRI chemicals vary considerably—some have effects at low
levels, while relatively large amounts of other chemicals may be needed to cause
the same effects. This chapter provides a chemical overview of 1988 TRI totals.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TRI RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Major Chemicals
Facilities released larger amounts of ammonium sulfate than of any other chemical Facilities generated
in 1988 accounting for 12 percent of the TRI total (745.5 million of 6.2 billion more ammonium sul-
pounds). Ammonium sulfate, a chemical of relatively low toxicity, is produced fate than any other
for use as an agricultural fertilizer, and is also a non-commercial co-product of TRI chemical waste.
various chemical manufacturing processes involving sulfuric acid and ammonium
compounds and is a byproduct of coke ovens used to make steel (Primary Metals
industry). (See Figure 4-1 and Table 4-1.)
Ammonium Sulfate
Hydrochloric Acid
Methanol
Sulfuric Acid
Ammonia
Toluene
Acetone
Phosphoric Acid
Zinc Compound*
Xylenv-Mixed laomer
All Other
0% 10%
20% 30% 40% 60%
Percent of TRI Total
60% 70%
Relea*** I Tranafert
Form*
Figure 4-1. The 10 Chemicals wit
Compared to Forms, 1988.
rgest TRI Total Releases and Transfers
77
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Chapter 4
Table 4-1. The 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
CHEMICAL
1987
RANK
1988
FORMS WITH RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS
Number
Percent
TOTAL RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound*
Percent
AVERAGE
RELEASE/TRANS-
FER PER FORM
Pound*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
2
4
3
5
6
8
7
11
9
12
10
16
14
25
17
15
19
20
18
24
26
29
21
27
AMMONIUM SULFATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
METHANOL
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
TOLUENE
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
1 , 1 , 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CHLORINE
DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CARBON DISULFIDE
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
301
2,401
2,234
3,379
2,435
3,525
2,432
1,429
1,355
3,032
3,421
2,223
1,424
1,451
376
153
82
1,437
1,263
524
1,413
1,180
808
847
1,022
40,147
23,229
63,376
0.47
3.79
3.52
5.33
3.84
5.56
3.84
2.25
2.14
4.78
5.40
3.51
2.25
2.29
0.59
0.24
0.13
2.27
1.99
0.83
2.23
1.86
1.27
1.34
1.61
63.35
36.65
100.00
745,528,007
635,720,989
435,639,693
386,060,541
356,101,165
333,315,437
249,703,395
241,602,716
209,127,626
181,771,506
180,418,488
156,490,232
147,050,483
134,212,442
114,926,157
107,223,350
82,748,299
81,288,357
68,545,125
66,013,145
62,255,269
55,713,223
53,087,237
52,616,792
52,004,930
5,189,164,604
1,051,866,142
6,241,030,746
11.95
10.19
6.98
6.19
5.71
5.34
4.00
3.87
3.35
2.91
2.89
2.51
2.36
2.15
.84
.72
.33
.30
.10
.06
.00
0.89
0.85
0.84
0.83
83.15
16.85
100.00
2,476,837
264,773
195,004
114,253
146,243
94,558
102,674
169,071
154,338
59,951
52,739
70,396
103,266
92,497
305,655
700,806
1,009,126
56,568
54,272
125,979
44,059
47,215
65,702
62,121
50,885
Hydrochloric acid,
methanol, sulfuric
acid, and ammonia
made up 1/4 of the
national TRI total.
Sulfuric acid was the
chemical reported by
the most facilities.
Facilities also reported large amounts of hydrochloric acid, methanol, sulfuric
acid, and ammonia, each of which comprised six percent or more of the TRI
total. In all, the 25 chemicals released or transferred in the largest amounts
comprised 83 percent of the total reported for all chemicals. Thus, while TRI
covers more than 300 chemicals, the majority of emissions are composed of fewer
than one tenth of the chemicals on the list. (See Boxes 4-A and 4-B.)
Sulfuric acid was reported more often than any other chemical. Approximately
eight percent of all TRI forms submitted were for sulfuric acid, which is one of
the largest production volume chemicals manufactured by the chemical industry,
and which is used by a wide range of industries whenever there is a need for a
relatively inexpensive acid. For example, a major use is as a "pickling" chemical
to clean rust off of iron and steel prior to the application of any paint or coating.
(See Table 4-2.)
78
-------
TRI Chemicals
Table 4-2. The 25 Chemicals Reported on the Most TRI
ITRITOTAL pot
| RANK RA
4 1
6 2
11 3
10 4
2 5
5 6
7 7
3 8
8 9
12 10
18 11
13 12
33 13
14 14
9 15
21 16
22 17
19 18
34 19
27 20
25 21
44 22
60 23
28 24
23 25
:MS CHEMICAt 1
Forms. 1988.
TRI FORMS REPORTING
NK 1 Number florocnl
SULFURIC ACID
TOLUENE
1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE
XYLENE (MKED ISOMERS)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AMMONIA
ACETONE
METHANOL
PHOSPHORIC ACID
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
NITRIC ACID
CHLORINE
COPPER
DICHLOROMETHANE
ZINC COMPOUNDS
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
FREON 113
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
STYRENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
CHROMIUM
NICKEL
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
COPPER COMPOUNDS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
5,347
3,553
3,481
3,067
3,027
2,671
2,455
2,334
2,324
2,242
1,830
1,725
1,580
1,474
1,474
1,450
1,379
1,272
1,077
1,055
1,035
929
912
911
904
49,508
21,623
71,131
7.52
5.00
4.89
4.31
4.26
3.76
3.45
3.28
3.27
3.15
2.57
2.43
2.22
2.07
2.07
2.04
.94
.79
.51
.48
.46
.31
.28
1.28
1.27
69.60
30.40
100.00
Other commonly reported chemicals were toluene (an important chemical build-
ing block and solvent), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (a solvent often used to dissolve
greases and oils), xylene (another common solvent), and hydrochloric acid (an
inexpensive acid with a use pattern similar to that for sulfuric acid), all of which
were reported in four percent or more of the forms. In all, the 25 most frequently
reported chemicals accounted for more than two thirds of all TRI forms submitted.
Note that the most frequently reported chemicals were not necessarily those with
the largest releases and transfers. (Compare Tables 4-1 and 4-2.) Chemicals
reported under TRI were not always released or transferred. The use of TRI
chemicals did not always result in their releases or transfers. For example, the
use of sulfuric acid was reported on 5,347 forms, but only 3,379 of those forms
reported any releases or transfers of the chemical. This is not unexpected because
facilities may be using sulfuric acid in a totally enclosed manner; many facilities
use it to neutralize basic wastes, consuming all the acid in the process.
(1) The reporting thresholds described in Chapter 1 (50,000 pounds if the TRI chemical is
manufactured or processed, and 10,000 pounds if the chemical is otherwise used) apply even if no
releases or transfers result from the manufacture or use. Thus, of the 71,131 TRI forms submitted
for 1988, 11 percent (7,755) indicated that no releases or transfers of the chemical occurred.
79
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Chapter 4
BOX 4-A. CHANGES IN THE TRI CHEMICAL LIST
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act, which created TRI, originally listed
309 individual chemicals and 20 chemical categories. Since then, EPA has removed several chemicals
from the TRI list because the Agency concluded that these chemicals did not pose a significant toxic
threat to humans or the environment (see Box 4-E). Other chemicals have been added to the TRI
list. Still others have been proposed for deletion or addition, but final decisions have not yet been
made. These changes and proposals are summarized below:
Deletions to TRI made pr/br to 1988 reporting
C.I. Acid Blue f9, diammonium salt C.I. Acid Blue #9, disodium salt tnelamine crystal
sodium sulfate titanium dioxide
In addition, individual reporting for cyanide was combined with reporting for the chemical category
covering cyanide compounds, so all forms of cyanide are now reported together as cyanide
compounds.
Deletions to TRI made after 1988 reporting (will affect 1989 reporting)
sodium hydroxide aluminum oxide (non-fibrous forms)
In addition, ammonium sulfate (solution) was removed from the list but will be incorporated under
a broader definition of ammonia that will include ammonium sul&te and other aqueous ammonia
solutions. Thus, the chemical must still be reported, but under a different name.
Chemicals proposed for deletion
barium sulfate butyl benzyl phthalate phlhalic anhydride
terephthalic acid zinc sulfide copper pigments
C.I. Rgmenl Blue 15 C.I. Pigment Green 7 C.I. Pigment Green 36
Additions to TRI made after 1988 reporting (will affect 1990 reporting)
ally! alcohol creosote 2,3-dichloropropene
m-dinitrobenzene n-dinitrobenzene o-dinitrobenzene
dinitrotoluene (mixed isomers) isoiafrole toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers)
80
-------
TRI Chemicals
BOX 4-B. INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS VS. CHEMICAL CATEGORIES
The TRI list now includes 302 individual chemicals and twenty categories of chemical compounds.
Each chemical category incorporates closely-related individual chemicals. Thirteen categories are
built around heavy metals, such as lead compounds and mercury compounds, while others center
on types of organic compounds (glycol ethers, chlorophenols, and polybrominated biphenyls).
Appendix B contains a complete list.
Not all related chemicals are reported as categories, however. In some cases, different forms of a
chemical appear on the list as individual entries. For example, zinc (fume or dust), zinc compounds
(a chemical category), and Zineb (a chemical that contains zinc) are listed separately. Likewise, the
elemental form of chromium is to be reported separately from chromium compounds, and the
different forms of xylene—m-xylene, o-xylene, and p-xylene, and xylene (mixed isomers)—are all
listed individually. If reported amounts for all forms of xylene were combined, the total aggregated
xylene releases would rank higher.
Data presented in this report do not combine releases and transfers of related chemicals that are
listed individually. Chemical categories alone represent aggregates of related compounds.
The chemicals released and transferred in the largest amounts were not always Average release* and
those reported by the most facilities. For example, toluene was the second most transfers reported by
frequently reported chemical (listed on 3,553 forms)—and actually had the facilities varied con-
greatest number of reports indicating that releases and transfers occurred (3,525 siderably by chemical.
forms)—but ranked fifth for total releases and transfers with 333.3 million
pounds. Ammonium sulfate, on the other hand, was released and transferred in
larger amounts than any other TRI chemical, yet ranked 42nd for the number of
TRI forms reporting releases and transfers (only 301 TRI forms), indicating that
fewer facilities released larger amounts of ammonium sulfate than toluene.
These differences are shown more clearly by calculating the average amount
reported released or transferred per form. By this measure, ammonium sulfate
tops the list, with an average of 2.5 million pounds reported per form (for 301
forms). Carbon disulfide, which ranked 17th for total releases and transfers, ranks
third for average amounts reported per form: 82 facilities reported an average of
one million pounds per form. Carbon disulfide is a chemical intermediate used
in the manufacture of a wide range of products including rayon fiber, cellophane,
rubber, and pesticides. (See Table 4-1.)
(2) Corrections and changes to the TRI database since this analysis was prepared have increased the
amount of carbon disulfide by 42.9 million pounds, which leads to a larger average of 1.5 million
pounds per form (see Box 3-C).
81
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Chapter 4
Most chemical* with
the largest total* for
1988 also played a
major role in 1987
total*.
Total release* and
transfers decreased
11% . . .
Comparison to 1987
Similar chemicals made up a large share of the TRI totals for both 1987 and 1988,
after changes in the TRI chemical list are accounted for (See Box 4-C and Chapter
2). Only three chemicals that were among the top 25 in 1987 were not in the top
25 in 1988: copper dropped from a rank of 13 in 1987 to 33 in 1988; ethylene
from a rank of 22 to 30; and styrene from 23 to 27. The three chemicals new to
the top 25 list for 1988 are ethylene glycol, copper compounds, and n-butyl
alcohol. All three were near the top rankings in 1987. These changes are explored
in more detail in Part m (Chapters 7 through 10). (See Table 4-3.)
Total releases and transfers decreased 11 percent from 1987 to 1988 (from 7.0
billion to 6.2 billion pounds). Releases and transfers for the top 25 chemicals
(which accounted for 83 percent of all releases and transfers) decreased eight
percent from 5.6 to 5.2 billion pounds or 433.0 million pounds. All other
chemicals (accounting for only 17 percent of all releases and transfers), decreased
22 percent from 1.4 to 1.1 billion pounds or 303.4 million pounds. Thus,
chemicals with smaller TRI releases and transfers decreased proportionately
much more than the top chemicals on the list.
Table 4-3. Comparison of 1987 and 1988 TRI Total Releases and Transfers of the Top 25
Chemicals.
! 1988 I 1987 I
{RANK I RANK I
CHEMICAL
1988 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS I 1987 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS |
; Pounds Percent founds Percent
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
2
4
3
5
6
8
7
11
9
12
10
16
14
25
17
15
19
20
18
24
26
29
21
21
AMMONIUM SULFATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
METHANOL
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
TOLUENE
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CHLORINE
DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CARBON DISULFIDE
NITRIC ACID
FREON113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
745,528,007
635,720,989
435,639,693
386,060,541
356,101,165
333,315,437
249,703,395
241,602,716
209,127,626
181,771,506
180,418,488
156,490,232
147,050,483
134,212,442
114,926,157
107,223,350
82,748,299
81,288,357
68,545,125
66,013,145
62,255,269
55,713,223
53,087,237
52,616,792
52,004,930
5,189,164,604
1,051,866,142
6,241,030,746
11.95
10.19
6.98
6.19
5.71
5.34
4.00
3.87
3.35
2.91
2.89
2.51
2.36
2.15
1.84
1.72
1.33
1.30
1.10
1.06
1.00
0.89
0.85
0.84
0.83
83.15
16.85
814,932,127
644,856,938
435,550,127
478,195,883
402,143,039
362,178,333
252,961,335
340,343,982
193,484,430
224,213,405
189,130,017
197,310,127
121,511,240
155,627,785
57,269,705
115,406,312
136,423,873
75,078,121
64,410,204
97,538,784
58,622,937
50,002,667
44,740,593
62,206,897
48,018,185
5,622,157,046
1,355,275,496
100.00 6,977,432,542
11.68
9.24
6.24
6.85
5.76
5.19
3.63
4.88
2.77
3.21
2.71
2.83
1.74
2.23
0.82
1.65
1.96
1.08
0.92
1.40
0.84
0.72
0.64
0.89
0.69
80.58
19.42
100.00
82
-------
TRI Chemicals
BOX 4-C. THE TRI LIST OF TOXIC CHEMICALS
What is a toxic chemical? The question is difficult to answer, because toxic effects depend not only
on the intrinsic properties of a chemical, but also on the conditions in which people or the
environment are exposed to it. Chemicals vary greatly in their physical make-up, in the ways that
they travel through the environment, in the potential routes and amounts of exposure, and fate in
the environment or in biological systems. Furthermore, the issue of what effects are considered to
be toxic depends considerably on one's perspective: is drowsiness a toxic effect? Or is toxicity
defined by irreversibility? Thus, neither EPA, nor Congress, nor the scientific community have ever
created a universally-accepted list of toxic chemicals.
To circumvent the problem of defining toxic chemicals, Congress created the TRI list by combining
chemical lists previously developed for similar reporting laws in the States of New Jersey and
Maryland. These states had based their respective lists partly on toxicity information, but also on
considerations of the amount produced or used in the state, the regulatory status, the presence in
the environment, and professional judgement about potential hazards. Thus, the TRI list covers a
spectrum of toxicity concerns, from mildly toxic to acutely toxic. Some chemicals may not be toxic
at all, and will be removed from the TRI list in subsequent reporting years after careful review by
EPA. On the other hand, toxic chemicals not currently on the list will be added.
Readers should keep in mind that the amounts of chemicals reported in TRI do not translate directly
to concerns about toxic effects.
TRI totals for phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid decreased 99 million pounds (29
percent) and 92.1 million pounds (19 percent), respectively—more than the
decreases for any other chemicals. Because both chemicals are acids, facilities
could have decreased releases and transfers by neutralizing the chemicals, rather
than decreasing waste generation. That is, under TRI reporting requirements,
release and transfer amounts of a sulfuric acid pickling waste need not be reported
if neutralized by sodium hydroxide (lye) to form a sodium sulfate salt solution
prior to release. (Facilities would still have to submit a TRI form, however, if the
sulfuric acid was used in amounts greater than 10,000 pounds, but release or
transfer amounts could be reported as zero.) Chapter 12 discusses TRI data on
waste treatment to gauge whether neutralization does, in fact, appear to be
responsible for the decrease.
. . .with phosphoric
acid and sulfuric acid
decreasing the most.
(3) Prior to the reporting for 1988, EPA issued instructions to clarify that releases and transfers of
any acids and bases which have been neutralized before release or transfer need not be reported.
83
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Chapter 4
Manganese com-
pound* increased the
most from 1987 to
1988.
Manufacturer*
reported small or no
emissions for 1/4 of
all TRI chemicals.
Reported amounts for IS of the top 25 chemicals decreased while ten increased.
Manganese compounds increased the most (in absolute number of pounds),
doubling to 114.9 million pounds. Chlorine had the second largest increase—26
million pounds or 21 percent. Manganese compounds are used by the chemical
industry as reagents to make many different substances. Chlorine, also a common
reagent, is used to disinfect wastewater and drinking water. (Chapters 7-10
provide additional details on these increases.)
Other Chemicals
Manufacturers reported very small releases of 18 TRI chemicals. Two chemicals,
4-aminobiphenyl and bis(chloromethyl) ether, were each released or transferred
in amounts less than IS pounds, and 16 other chemicals were reported in total
amounts less than 1,000 pounds. In addition, facilities submitted TRI forms on
two chemicals (C.I. solvent yellow 14, and n-nitrosodimethylamine) reporting
chemical use, but with no associated releases to the environment or transfers
off-site. (See Appendix B.)
No forms were filed for 54 of the 322 TRI chemicals and chemical compounds.
Some unreported chemicals, such as poly brominated biphenyls and beta-naph-
thylamine are not believed to be in commerce in the United States. The use of
other unreported chemicals, among them the insecticides aldrin and toxaphene,
have been greatly restricted through pesticide regulations. (See Table 4-4.)
Other chemicals, such as 2-acetylaminofluorene and benzidine, both of which
are potent cancer-causing chemicals, are believed to be used for research purposes
only. Osmium tetroxide is a fixative used for electron microscopy in such small
quantities that it would be unlikely to trigger reporting thresholds. Mustard gas,
a chemical warfare agent, is no longer commonly manufactured; the existing
large stockpiles are planned for destruction.
Chemical Classes
In this report, TRI chemicals and categories have been grouped into the following
five classes based on their structural similarity:
• (simple) acids, bases, and salts (hereafter referred to as acids/bases/salts);
• halo-organics;
• metals and metal compounds;
• non-metallic inorganics; and
• organics (non-halogenated).
(Appendix 8 contains a list of the chemicals in each class.) The use of such classes
is an effort to reveal general patterns in the TRI data that are difficult to discern
when analyzing all 322 chemicals individually.
Although they are not chemically related, mixtures and trade secrets are treated
as classes, because they could not be merged into the other classes. Under TRI
84
-------
TRI Chemicals
TABLE 4-4. THE 54 TRI CHEMICALS WITH NO FORMS REPORTING. 1988.
ACIDS/BASES/8ALTS ORGANICS
ALL REPORTED
HALO-ORGAN1CS
ALDRIN
O-ANISIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE
CHLOROBENZILATE
1.2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE
DICHLOROBROMOMETHANE
HEXACHLORONAPHTHALENE
OCTOCHLORONAPHTHALENE
POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
0-TOLUIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE
TOXAPHENE
TRIS(2,3-DIBROMOPROPYL) PHOSPHATE
METALS AND METAL COMFOOUNDS
C.I. DIRECT BROWN 95
OSMIUM TETROXIDE
THALLIUM
NON-METALLIC INORGANICS
ALL REPORTED
2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE
2-AMINOATHRAQUTNONE
l-AMmO-2-METHYLANTHRAQUINONE
BENZIDINE
BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE
BETA-PROPIOLACTONE
C.I. ACID GREEN 3
C.I. BASIC RED 1
C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38
C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6
C..I. FOOD RED 5
C.I. SOLVENT ORANGE 7
C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 34
C.I. VAT YELLOW 4
DIALLATE
DIAZOMETHANE
DIEPOXYBUTANE
4-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZrDINE
3,3'-DIMETHYLBENZIDINE
DIMETHYLCARBAMYL CHLORIDE
1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDE
MUSTARD GAS
5-NrrRO-O-ANISIDINE
4-NrTROBIPHENYL
NrTROFEN
NITROGEN MUSTARD
N-NTTROSODI-N-BUTYLAMINE
N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE
N-NITROSO-N-ETHYLUREA
N-NITROSO-N-METHYLUREA
N-NITROSOMETHYLVINYLAMINE
N-NITROSOMORPHOLINE
N-NrTROSONORNICOTINE
N-NrTROSOPIPERIDINE
N-NrrROSODI-N-PROPYLAMINE
4,4'-THIODIANILINE
TRIAZIQUONE
requirements, facilities reported chemicals as mixtures if they used mixtures or
trade name products (such as a commercially-available cleaning solvent) known
to contain TRI chemicals, but could not identify the exact chemical contained in
85
-------
Chapter 4
the mixture. Thus, the release and transfer amounts of mixtures cannot be added
to the appropriate classes. Facilities claiming trade secrets were required to
provide generic names for the trade secret chemical, but these names do not
necessarily indicate enough information about chemical structure to classify them.
Mixtures and trade secret chemicals, however, make up only a small proportion
of TRI reporting.
Acids/bases/salts and Acids/bases/salts accounted for the largest percentage (36 percent) of total
organic compounds releases and transfers in 1988 with organics accounting for the second largest (34
percent). In contrast, 45 percent of all TRI forms reported releases or transfers
of organics, whereas acids/bases/salts were only reported on 16 percent of the
forms. Thus, acids/bases/salts were reported in relatively large amounts on few
forms, while organics were reported in relatively small amounts on many forms.
(See Figure 4-2 and Table 4-5.)
comprised 70% of
the 1988 TRI total
Acid>/Ba««t/Sill>
Aeid«/Blt«/8«lt»
36%
M«ttl(
18%
Non-metal*
7%
0r««nJCiH.lo-orfl.Blc.
Total Forms*:
63,376
Non-metal
9%
Total Releases and Transfers*
6.2 Billion Pounds
• Mixtures < 1%; Trade Secrets < 0.1%
Figure 4-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1988.
(4) Most suppliers are now required to notify their customers of the identities and amounts of TRI
chemicals in mixtures or trade name products sold to them.
86
-------
TRI Chemicals
Releases and transfers of chemicals in the acids/bases/salts class decreased by TRI totals of
306.0 million pounds or 13 percent, from 2.5 to 2.2 billion pounds. Releases of acids/bases/salt* and
organics also dropped, going from 2.4 billion pounds in 1987 to 2.1 billion pounds organic* decreased
in 1988—a reduction of 12 percent. (Compare Figure 4-2 with Figure 2-2 in 11% from 1987 to
Chapter 2.) 1988.
10 acids/bases/salts
made up 36% of all
TRI releases and
transfers.
Organic chemicals
made up the 2nd
largest share with
34%.
Acids/Bases/Salts
Facilities reported releases and transfers of nine TRI chemicals and one category
(cyanide compounds) classified as acids/bases/salts. These chemicals accounted
for 16 percent of all forms reporting releases and transfers and for 36 percent of
all releases and transfers. Within the acids/bases/salts class, five chemicals
accounted for 78 percent of TRI forms and 95 percent of all releases and transfers
by class. The acids/bases/salts with the largest TRI totals were ammonium sulfate,
sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and ammonium nitrate—the
same as for 1987. (See Table 4-5 and Appendix B.)
Organics
The largest number of TRI chemicals can be classified broadly as non-halogenated
organics: carbon-containing compounds that do not contain the elements com-
monly known as halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine). Facilities
reported releases and transfers of 144 organics. Organics were listed on 45 percent
of the total number of TRI forms that reported releases and transfers greater than
zero and accounted for 34 percent of the TRI total amount.
The top organics, both for number of forms and amount of releases and transfers,
were methanol, toluene, acetone, xylene (mixed isomers), and methyl ethyl
ketone. These chemicals were the top five in 1987 also. They accounted for 48
percent of all forms reported for the class and for 64 percent of all releases and
transfers for the class. (See Table 4-5 and Appendix B.)
Halo-organics
This report classifies organic chemicals that contain one or more halogen atoms
(fluorine, chorine, bromine, or iodine) in a separate class (apart from organics
that do not contain halogens)—the halo-organics. This class contains diverse
chemicals, including some chlorinated hydrocarbons that tend to be relatively
persistent in the environment and that have been the subject of extensive
environmental regulation (such as carbon tetrachloride or chloroform), as well
as lesser known chemicals. Halo-organics also include chemicals such as anisidine
hydrochloride and toluidine hydrochloride, which share few of the chemical
properties normally associated with halogenated organics. Hence, the name
"halo-organics" is used to distinguish this class from its more familiar subset.
The 67 halo-organics reported accounted for 14 percent of the TRI forms The 67 halo-organic
reporting releases and transfers and nine percent of the total TRI amount. The chemicals comprised
five halo-organics that accounted for the largest number of TRI forms and releases 9% of the TRI totals.
87
-------
Chapter 4
Table 4-5. The S Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers for Each
Chemical Class, 1988.
TRI
RANK
1
2
4
8
16
11
14
19
24
32
9
15
20
23
26
5
13
42
50
69
3
6
7
10
12
49
114
1 CHEMICAL
1
ACIDS/BASES /SALTS
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURIC ACID
PHOSPHORIC ACID
AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
HALO-ORGANICS
1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETH ANE
DICHLOROMETHANE
FREON113
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
METALS AND METAL COMPOUNDS
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
COPPER COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
NON-METALLIC COMPOUNDS
AMMONIA
CHLORINE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
ORGANICS (NON-HALOCENATED)
METHANOL
TOLUENE
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
MIXTURES
TRADE SECRETS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Forme
368
3,027
5,347
2,324
204
11,270
2,725
13,995
3,481
1,474
1,272
854
672
7,753
1,565
9,318
1,474
434
581
904
720
4,113
8,642
12,755
2,671
1,725
131
120
243
4,890
226
5,116
2,334
3,553
2,455
3,067
2,242
13,651
16,143
29,794
130
23
71,131
Pound.
745,528,007
635,720,989
386,060,541
241,602,716
107,223,350
2,116,135,603
115,190,509
2,231,326,112
180,418,488
134,212,442
68,545,125
52,616,792
35,879,858
471,672,705
105,413,724
577,086,429
209,127,626
114,926,157
66,013,145
53,087,237
44,155,819
487,309,984
252,808,244
740,118,228
356,101,165
147,050,483
22,607,674
13,561,237
7,020,945
546,341,504
4,562,707
550,904,211
435,639,693
333,315,437
249,703,395
181,771,506
156,490,232
1,356,920,263
769,761,485
2,126,681,748
13,607,176
1,306,842
6,241,030,746
Percent
11.95
10.19
6.19
3.87
1.72
33.91
1.85
35.75
2.89
2.15
1.10
0.84
0.57
7.56
1.69
9.25
3.35
1.84
1.06
0.85
0.71
7.81
4.05
11.86
5.71
2.36
0.36
0.22
0.11
8.75
0.07
8.83
6.98
5.34
4.0C
2.91
2.51
21. 14
12.33
34.03
0.22
0.02
100.0C
88
-------
TRI Chemicals
and transfers for the class in 1988 were 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichloromethane,
Freon 113, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. These were the same top
five chemicals for the class in 1987. The chemical 1,1,1-trichloroethane ac-
counted for the largest number of forms (38 percent) and for the largest amount
of releases and transfers (31 percent). (See Table 4-5 and Appendix B.)
Metals and Metallic Compounds
The 34 TRI chemicals classified as metals and metallic compounds accounted for Metal* and metallic
18 percent of TRI forms reporting releases and transfers, and for 12 percent of compound* made up
the TRI total amount. Zinc compounds, manganese compounds, zinc (fume or 12% of the 1988 TRI
dust), copper compounds, and manganese made up the largest share of releases total.
and transfers representing 66 percent of the releases and transfers by class. All
except manganese were in the top five as reported for 1987. Copper dropped out
of the top five due to a significant decrease in the releases and transfers reported
by Kennecott Utah Copper, Bingham Canyon, Utah. (See Table 4-5, Box 4-B,
and Appendix B. See also Box 7-A for an explanation of the decrease at Kennecott
Copper.)
Non-metallic Inorganics
The ten non-metallic inorganics accounted for seven percent of forms and for The 10 non-metallic
nine percent of all releases and transfers. The top five chemicals were ammonia, inorganics accounted
chlorine, asbestos (friable), chlorine dioxide, and arsenic compounds. These for 9% of the TRI
chemicals were the same top five for their class in 1987. Ammonia lead the class total.
both for number of forms (54 percent of the total for the class) and for releases
and transfers (65 percent). (See Table 4-5.)
Mixtures
TRI facilities reported 130 mixtures on 0.2 percent of all TRI forms submitted. Amounts reported as
This represented a significant decrease from the 283 mixtures reported in 1987. mixture* decreased
Releases and transfers of mixtures totalled 14 million pounds, or 0.2 percent of from 1987 to 1988;
all releases and transfers. This was a decrease from the 18 million pounds of mixture* make up
mixtures released or transferred in 1987. Given the small amount of releases and less than 0.5% of
transfers of mixtures, the inability to attribute them to the appropriate TRI the TRI total.
chemicals does not affect significantly the national conclusions presented in this
report. The 25 mixtures reported in the largest amounts in 1988 represented 98
percent of all releases and transfers for mixtures. However, when the chemical
composition of a mixture is known, facilities must provide separate reports for
each TRI chemical in it. (See Table 4-6.)
(5) Facilities are to report mixtures when they know the mixture contains a TRI chemical, but are
not certain of the identity. For example, a facility may use a trade name product that lists "chlorinated
hydrocarbons" among its ingredients, but does not indicate the specific chemicals.
89
-------
Chapter 4
Table 4-6. The 25 Mixtures and Trade Name Products with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
NAME OF MIXTURE
FORMS
Number
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Pounds Iterant
NONCHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN WASTE FUEL :
BRICKS/SOIL/W/ZINC 5000 PPM - CALIF REG WASTE
WASTE ZINC OXIDE/ROCK/WOOD/CALIF. REG. WASTE
SOLVENT BLEND - 5892
REFRACTORY MATERIAL - 56.7% ALUMINUM OXIDE
RESINS (20-62% STYRENE, CAS NO. 100-4205)
STAIN, LACQUER, SEALER, SOLVENTS :
KEMVAR TOP COAT VARNISH
CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN WASTE FUEL
DRYWALL PLASTER OF PARIS TALC, MICA, QUARTZ
NITRIC ACID/WATER BATH
MODIFIED NITROCELLULOSE SOLUTION
BLANK
CHEMSOLV 6610 SOLVENT
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MIXTURE
ALKANOLAMINE
CAUSTIC SODA - RAYONGRADE NAOH 50% SOLUTION
POLY FOAM B (CAS. NOS. 75-69-4, 25791-96-2, 75-71-8)
GELCOATS
CHLORINE
MDCTURE OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND KETONES
ALKANOLAMINE FORMULATION
UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN, STYRENE SUPPRESSED
CRESYLIC ACID/POLYURETHANE/POLYESTERIMIDE
GENESOLV 5535
SUBTOTAL 2<
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 10
GRAND TOTAL 13(
I 6,345,618
2,699,920
920,833
687,926
554,700
239,100
225,320
204,926
189,670
172,500
170,230
114,200
102,361
90,500
89,300
69,000
68,750
64,950
53,000
49,444
40,250
31,300
30,976
27,115
26,780
) 13,268,669
338,507
) 13,607,176
46.63
19.84
6.77
5.06
4.08
.76
.66
.51
.39
.27
.25
0.84
0.75
0.67
0.66
0.51
0.51
0.48
0.39
0.36
0.30
0.23
0.23
0.20
0.20
97.51
2.49
100.00
Table 4-7. TRI Facilities Claiming Trade Secrets, 1988.
F^ILTTY NAME
CHEMONICS INDUSTRIES INC.
PROTO CORP.
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS
FIRESTONE SYN. RUBBER A LATEX CO.
ADAMS PLANT
UNITED GLAZED PRODUCTS MARYLAND
LINCOLN PULP & PAPER CO. INC.
UNITED GLAZED PRODUCTS MICHIGAN
EAST SHORE CHEMICAL CO.
PFIZEER INC.
M. ARGUES04CO. INC.
TITANIUM BUSINESS OPERATION
JOHNSON MATTHEY
FIRESTONE SYN. RUBBER A LATEX CO.
DIXIE CHEMICAL CO. INC.
BASF CORP.
DIXIE CHEMICAL CO. INC.
ALLIED FIBERS TECHNICAL CENTER
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS
APPLETON PAPERS INC.
3M
3M CARBONLESS
PFIZER INC. WISCONSIN RAPIDS PLANT
TOTAL
* Tool Represents .02 Percent Of TRI Total Releases and Transfers
CITY
ORLAND
CLEARWATER
THOMSON
LAKE CHARLES
ADAMS
BALTIMORE
LINCOLN
LANSING
MUSKEGON
CLOQUET
MAMARONECK
MILWAUKIE
WAYNE
ORANGE
PASADENA
FREEPORT
STATE
CA
FL
GA
LA
MA
MD
ME
MI
MI
MN
NY
OR
PA
TX
TX
TX
PASADENA TX
CHESTERFIELD
MILFORD
APPLETON
NEKOOSA
NEKOOSA
WISCONSIN RAPIDS
VA
VA
WI
WI
WI
WI
GENERIC CHEMICAL NAME
AMIDE
INORGANIC FLAME RETARDANT
MINERAL ACID
HYDROCARBON CO1
QUENCHING AGENT
USATURATED ESTER
MULTI-PROTIC INORGANIC ACID
USATURATED ESTER
SUBSTITUTED PHENOL
QUENCHING AGENT
BENZENEDICARBOXLIC ACID
COMPOUND BETA (SOLID)
INORGANIC SALT
CYCLIC HYDROCARBON
ORGANIC NITRILE
PHENYL COMPOUND
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON
HALOGENATED ALKANE
MINERAL ACID
BISPHENOL
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON
AROMATIC ESTER
QUENCHING AGENT
TOTAL RELEASES
TRANSFERS
AND 1
Pounds Percent I
750
750
250
185,828
0
750
0
750
750
0
19,000
101,327
3,230
678,000
96,673
21,350
1,402
157,250
250
18,000
12,957
7,575
0
0.06
0.06
0.02
14.22
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.00
1.45
7.75
0.25
51.88
7.40
1.63
0.11
12.03
0.02
1.38
0.99
0.58
0.00
1,306,842* 100.00
90
-------
TRI Chemicals
Trade Secrets
TRI requirements allow facilities to claim only the chemical identity to be trade
secret on a TRI form, and then only under criteria that must be substantiated
when the report is filed (Chapter 1). Trade secret claims must be accompanied
by generic names describing the structure of the chemical. EPA received 23 forms
from 21 facilities in 1988, down from the 37 accepted in 1987.
In 1988 total releases and transfers for trade secrets amounted to 1.3 million Trade secret releases
pounds, down from the 2.4 million pounds in 1987. The 23 forms with trade and transfers
secret claims comprised 0.02 percent by weight of all releases and transfers declined by almost
reported in 1988. Four forms reported zero releases and four reported total 1/2 in 1988, drop-
releases and transfer greater than 100,000 pounds. The maximum amount of ping from 2.4 to 1.3
releases and transfers from an individual facility covered by a trade secret claim million pounds.
was 678,000 pounds of a "cyclic hydrocarbon" reported by Firestone Synthetic
Tire and Rubber Company, Orange, Texas. This amount accounted for 52 percent
of all releases and transfers claimed as trade secrets. Clearly, the small number
and weight of chemicals subject to trade secrecy claims does not significantly
affect the national conclusions presented in this report. (See Table 4-7.)
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
The environmental distribution varied considerably from chemical to chemical.
Some chemicals were released directly from the facility site, while others were
more often transferred off-site. Particular chemicals are most commonly released
in one or two forms—as air emissions, for example, or discharges to surface water
and to public sewage treatment plants. For example, ammonium sulfate was
predominantly injected underground (56 percent) or transferred to public sewage
systems (26 percent). On the other hand, 99 percent of the carbon disulfide
released took the form of on-site air emissions. (See Figure 4-3 and Table 4-8.)
Many organic, halo-organic, and non-metallic inorganic chemicals, such as
toluene, dichloromethane, and chlorine, respectively, evaporate readily, making
air emissions the most common form of release. Volatile solvents like
trichloroethylene and dichloromethane may escape to air when used in unsealed
containers for purposes such as cleaning parts or while being formulated into
products such as paints or inks. Furthermore, regulations prohibit the disposal
of many organic and halo-organic chemicals in landfills. If not properly con-
tained, these chemicals (many of which are quite toxic) may migrate into ground
water and eventually find their way into drinking water supplies. Overall, 83
percent of halo-organic, 71 percent of non-metallic inorganic, and 67 percent of
organic releases and transfers were emitted to the air. (See Figure 4-4.)
Organic, halo-
organic, and non-
metallic inorganic
chemicals were
emitted primarily to
air...
91
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Chapter 4
Figure 4-3. Environmental Distribution of the 10 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers.
1988.
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Millions of Pounds
A/B/S Halo-Organic* Metals
Non-metal* Organica
Air
Underground
Surface Water W& Land
Public Sewage E=l Off-site
Figure 4-4. Environmental Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
92
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TRI Chemicals
Table 4-8. Environmental Distribution of The 25 Chemicals With the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers.
RANK
1
2
CHEMICAL
AMMONIUM SULFATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
3 METHANOL
4
5
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
6 TOLUENE
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CHLORINE
DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CARBON DISULFIDE
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS
Pbmfa
745,528,007
635,720,989
435,639,693
386,060,541
356,101,165
333,315,437
249,703,395
241,602,716
209,127,626
181,771,506
180,418,488
156,490,232
147,050,483
134,212,442
114,926,157
AK
ferant
0.09
8.84
49.44
4.28
69.55
SURKACE
WATER
Betoan
15.94
0.68
LAND
rerooflt
1.93
0.63
3.82 2.79
11.76
6.45
3.41
1.71
UNDER-
GROUND
PerotM
55.81
62.30
5.47
35.77
13.77
79.04 0.08 0.26 0.43
78.28 0.46
0.17 1.18
0.67 48.42 41.69 0.02
3.44 0.50 54.80 0.05
PUBLIC
SEWAGE
tercet*
25.62
5.49
23.81
OFF-srrE
Pcroeat
0.60
22.05
14.67
16.04 28.74
6.83
1.05
5.68
1.67
19.14
14.23
5.60 3.60
0.73
40.49
77.17 0.16 0.48 0.07 2.28 19.85
89.61
0.07 0.06 0.00 0.18 10.08
80.59 0.05
90.15
0.07 0.03
4.56 0.25
85.54 0.20 0.11
1.41
107,223,350 3.55
82,748,299
99.43
81,288,357 13.51
68,545,125
66,013,145
91.71
0.07
0.23
0.62 72.98 5.93
8.23
0.05
15.62 63.36
0.05 0.02
0.57 18.68
2.13
2.83
1.90 12.01
1.58 17.48
7.08 2.15
0.19 0.26
3.99 1.76 19.80 28.69 32.25
0.05 0.02 0.01
4.82 0.65 39.38 0.23
0.15
8.07
1.26 53.66
62,255,269 73.33 0.36 0.16 0.58 13.38 12.18
55,713,223
23.74 7.00 1.70 5.30 29.21
53,087,237 7.51
33.05
0.33 64.72 0.26 0.78 26.40
52,616,792 88.18 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.15
11.61
52,004,930 69.50 0.25 0.34 5.78 8.66 15.47
5,189,164,604 38.34 6.80 8.32 21.69 10.08 14.76
1,051,866,142 41.62 0.84 12.34 8.52 4.51
32.18
6,241,030,746 38.90' 5.79 9.00 19.47 9.14 17.70
In 1988,47 percent of the releases and transfers of acids/bases/salts were injected .. .while acids/bases/
underground into deep wells. Metals and metallic compounds, such as zinc salts were primarily
compounds and manganese compounds, which do not evaporate easily, were injected underground
generally disposed of on land or transferred off-site to facilities where they and metals were
eventually are disposed of on land. In 1988, 50 percent of the releases and most often disposed
transfers of the metals were on-site land releases and another 44 percent were of on land.
transferred off site.
93
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Chapter 4
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TRI
CHEMICALS
Most data compiled in this report present various aggregations of releases and
transfers, broken down by chemical, by industry, by geography, or by the form
of release to the environment. None of these data aggregates, however, directly
reveal the health and environmental impacts of such releases. The health and
environmental impacts of TRI releases and transfers depend on, among other
factors, the types of toxicity effects associated with the chemical; those associated
with the top-ranked TRI chemicals are summarized in Table 4-9.
Numerous other factors influence the nature and extent to which any TRI release
or transfer causes health or environmental harm, among them the following:
• the degree of toxicity of the chemical;
« the route(s) of release;
• the route(s) of exposure;
• the persistence, bioconcentration, transport, and nature of the environmental
degradation of the chemical; and
• various local factors, such as human and wildlife population patterns,
atmospheric and climatic conditions, patterns of drinking water use, and
sources of the food supply.
As a result of these and other factors, a few pounds of a highly toxic chemical
released to the environment may be of far greater concern than a hundred thousand
pounds of a less toxic chemical. Furthermore, the same number of pounds of a
chemical released by different facilities may have different effects because of
differing local conditions.
Such complex factors are beyond the scope of this National Report. However,
EPA developed a two-volume book, Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Risk
Screening Guide, to assist state and local officials and others in evaluating the
potential risks posed by TRI releases at particular locales. The guide sets forth
a qualitative screening process designed to help "set priorities for follow-up
activities and to determine the data that would be most useful for such evalua-
tions." Follow-up work could include collecting data to be used for performing
a rigorous quantitative risk assessment for determining the actual risk posed to
humans and other environmental organisms. Chapter 12 provides an example of
the risk screening approach using TRI data.
(6) Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Risk Screening Guide, EPA 560/2-89-002 (Washington, DC:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1989).
94
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TRI Chemicals
Table 4-9. Effects of the 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
iRANKl CHEMICAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
AMMONIUM SULFATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
METHANOL
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
TOLUENE
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MIXED
ISOMERS)
1,1,1-
TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL
KETONE
CHLORINE
DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COM-
POUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CARBON DISULFIDE
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
IRRITATION TO LUNGS, SKIN, AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES
IRRITATION TO LUNGS, EYES, AND SKIN
NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS, BLINDNESS, RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS
IRRITATION TO LUNGS, EYES, AND SKIN
IRRITATION TO LUNGS, EYES, AND SKIN
NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS; IRRITATION TO NOSE AND EYES; CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SMOG FORMATION
LIVER AND KIDNEY EFFECTS; CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SMOG FORMATION
IRRITATION TO LUNGS, EYES, AND SKIN
EFFECTS VARY BY COMPOUND, INCLUDING NAUSEA, VOMITING, DAMAGE TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES
NOSE AND THROAT IRRITATION; EFFECTS ON NERVOUS SYSTEM, LIVER, KIDNEYS, SKIN, EYES,
BONE MARROW; BIRTH DEFECTS
LIVER, KIDNEY AND SKIN EFFECTS; CONTRIBUTES TO OZONE LAYER DAMAGE
NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS; BIRTH DEFECTS; CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SMOG FORMATION
IRRITATION TO LUNGS, EYES, AND SKIN
LUNG CANCER AND LIVER CANCER
AND
EFFECTS VARY BY COMPOUND, INCLUDING EFFECTS ON THE NERVOUS AND PULMONARY SYSTEMS
DIZZINESS, HEADACHE, VOMITING, CONVULSIONS, DEATH
NERVOUS SYSTEM, CARDIOVASCULAR, AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
DENTAL EROSION, NOSE AND LUNG IRRITATION
CONTRIBUTES TO OZONE LAYER DAMAGE
IRRITATION TO LUNGS AND SKIN, FEVER, CHILLS, COUGH, NAUSEA, AND VOMITING
MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS, BIRTH DEFECTS, IRRITATION TO LUNGS; CAN CON-
TRIBUTE TO SMOG FORMATION
BIRTH DEFECTS, LIVER AND KIDNEY EFFECTS; CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SMOG FORMATION
EFFECTS VARY BY COMPOUND, INCLUDING IRRITATION TO LUNGS, EYES, AND SKIN; EFFECTS ON
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND KIDNEYS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE EFFECTS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, SKIN, LIVER, AND KIDNEYS; BIRTH DEFECTS; LUNG AND LIVER
CANCER; CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SMOG FORMATION
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
EFFECTS ON LIVER, SKIN, HEARING, BALANCE, AND RED BLOOD CELLS; CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SMOG
FORMATION
Toxic Effects of Major TRI Chemicals
This chapter provides several summaries of reported releases and transfers based
upon the nature of the toxicity of the TRI chemical. There is, however, no single
accepted list of chemical toxicity and certainly no universally accepted "ranking"
of chemicals from most toxic to least toxic, as described in Box 4-C. In fact,
there are many different lists of toxic chemicals developed by different organiza-
tions and used for a wide range of purposes. A few of the lists used by EPA are
described in Box 4-D, and the criteria for requiring TRI reporting are summarized
in Box 4-E. Table 4-10 shows how EPA has ranked the top 25 TRI chemicals
according to whether they are of high, moderate, or low toxicity for health and
terrestrial effects, aquatic effects, and cancer. (See Boxes 4-C, 4-D, and 4-E.)
95
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Chapter 4
BOX 4-D. TOXICITY INDICES FOR SCREENING THE RISKS OF TRI
RELEASES
EPA has generated many different toxicity lists (toxicity indices) under various environmental laws,
including the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Each law requires EPA to consider
different types of toxic effects in different parts of the environment (air, water, land); the resulting
lists differ in various ways that are not due to divergent scientific views. The different lists referenced
in Table 4-10 are summarized below.
REPORTABLE QUANTITIES (RQS)
This list defines the minimum size of a chemical spill that must be reported to EPA under Superfund
requirements. RQs are determined for each chemical depending on the type of exposure and effects
of concern for spills, including the following effects: Human Health And Terrestrial Toxicity (acute Toxicity,
Chrome Toxicity, And Carrinogenk Potential); and Aquatic Toxicity (acute And Chronic).
THRESHOLD PLANNING QUANTITIES (TPQS)
This list applies to extremely hazardous chemicals that may pose a danger in the event of an industrial
accident. The list defines threshold planning quantities—the amounts of each of the 366 Extremely
Hazardous Substances (listed under Title III Section 302 of the Emergency Planning and Right-to-
know Act) that, if stored on-site at the facility, trigger requirements to develop plans to avoid and
respond to potential chemicals accidents. TPQs are based on acute toxicity as well as the tendency
of a chemical to become airborne. Therefore, if a chemical was ranked relatively high based upon
its acute toxicity, but has little tendency to become airborne and disperse in the environment, it
would be assigned a low TPQ ranking.
REFERENCE DOSES (RFDS)
Reference doses (RfDs) represent a threshold dose for noncarcinogenic effects below which no
adverse effect is expected to occur. They are estimates of a daily exposure to a substance, over a
lifetime, that is unlikely to result in harm. RfDs are meant to protect sensitive subpopulations as
well as the average population. RfDs are estimated for different types of exposures and effects:
Inhalation Exposure And Oral Exposure.
AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA (AWQC)
Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) are estimates of concentrations of chemicals in surface
waters (fresh or salt) that are not expected to harm the most sensitive aquatic organisms. AWQC
may be set depending on the length of exposure: Acute Toxicity and Chronic Toxicity
96
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TRI Chemicals
BOX 4-E. HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: The
Foundation of the TRI List
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) authorized EPA to change
the TRI list based on the Agency's determination of whether a chemical is toxic to humans or the
environment. EPCRA spelled out the criteria that EPA should use to define and evaluate toxic
chemicals for possible addition to the list:
• The chemical is expected to cause significant adverse acute human health effects at concentration
levels reasonably likely to exist beyond facility site boundaries as a result of releases. Acute
effects occur rapidly as a result of short-term exposure usually to high concentrations of a
chemical.
• The chemical is expected to cause in humans cancer, birth defects, nervous system effects,
gene mutations that can be passed on to the next generation, or other chronic health
effects—effects associated with repeated exposure to a chemical over a long period of time.
• The chemical is expected to cause significant and sufficiently serious adverse effects on the
environment due to its toxicity, its toxicity and persistence (its tendency to remain in an
unchanged form, rather than breaking down into smaller chemical parts), or its toxicity and
tendency to bioaccumulate (to become increasingly concentrated in plant and animal tissues).
(However, Congress imposed a limit for chemicals with adverse environmental effects: no more
man 25 percent of all TRI chemicals can be listed solely on the basis of such effects. Thus, the
law is designed to emphasize potential harm to humans.)
Conversely, if EPA finds that a chemical does not meet any of these three criteria, the Agency can
remove the chemical from the TRI list.
Seven of the top 25 chemicals are considered highly toxic on one or more of the
toxicity lists. Four of these are considered highly toxic to humans or terrestrial
animals; six are considered highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. On
the other hand, four of the top 25 chemicals have not been ranked for toxic health
or environmental effects. The absence of a toxicity rating does not necessarily
indicate, however, that the chemical is not of concern. The chemical may cause
indirect effects or pose hazards not measured by these indices. For example,
Freon 113 is a chlorofluorocarbon considered to be of relatively low toxicity to
humans and other organisms. However, its effect on the environment, particularly
the ozone layer, is of great concern. Freon is associated with the depletion of the
earth's protective ozone layer, which allows increased ultraviolet radiation from
the sun to strike the earth, which in turn may result in increased cases of skin
cancer.
\
The toxicity of chemicals varies according to the particular index. For example,
zinc is considered highly toxic to aquatic organisms, but of medium toxicity for
humans and terrestrial animals. One reason that zinc is a relatively potent toxicant
to aquatic species is that it tends to bioaccumulate (concentrate) in the tissues of
both fresh- and salt-water organisms. Conversely, carbon disulfide is considered
4 leading TRI chemi-
cals are highly toxic
to humans or ter-
restrial animals, and
6 are highly toxic to
fish and aquatic or-
ganisms.
97
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Chapter 4
Table 4-10. Health and Environmental Effects* for the 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and
Transfers, 1988.
1QS8 ruFMTfAl flAXS PHFUH-AI TYPP OF TOYiriTV
RANK
!
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
ACIDS/BASES/SALTS
ACIDS/BASES/SALTS
AMMONIUM SULFATE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ORGANICS METHANOL
ACIDS/BASES/SALTS SULFURIC ACID
NON-METALS AMMONIA
ORGANICS TOLUENE
ORGANICS
ACIDS/BASES/SALTS
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
METALS ZINC COMPOUNDS
ORGANICS XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
HALO-ORGANICS
ORGANICS
NON-METALS
HALO-ORGANICS
MIXTURES
ACIDS/BASES/SALTS
ORGANICS
ACIDS/BASES/SALTS
HALO-ORGANICS
METALS
ORGANICS
ORGANICS
MIXTURES
HALO-ORGANICS
ORGANICS
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CHLORINE
DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CARBON DISULFIDE
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
HBAITH/
ACUTEU)
MODERATE
LOW
MODERATE
MODERATE
LOW
LOW
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
LOW
MODERATE
MODERATE
MODERATE
LOW
LOW
^pRPCTHIAI
1 CHRONKfW
MODERATE
MODERATE
MODERATE
MODERATE
MODERATE
MODERATE
MODERATE
HIGH
HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
MODERATE
MODERATE
1AQI TATir
ACUTRc) | CHRONKId)
LOW
LOW
MODERATE
HIGH
MODERATE
LOW
LOW
HIGH HIGH
MODERATE
MODERATE
LOW
HIGH HIGH
LOW
HIGH HIGH
LOW
MODERATE
HIGH
HIGH HIGH
MODERATE LOW
CARCINO-
GENICrrY (e)
HIGH
•Based on data from The Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Risk Screening Guide (\fersion 1.0), Volume 2:Appendices, EPA 560/2-89-002 (Washington,,
DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1989). See related explanation and definitions in Box 4-F.
(a) Indicates toxic effects to humans or terrestrial animals associated with inhalation or ingestion of relatively high levels of the chemical over a short period
of time. Based on threshold planning quantities (TPQs) and importable quantities for acute toxicity (RQ Acute).
(b)ndicates toxic effects to humans or terrestrial animals associated with inhalation or ingestion of moderate or low levels of the chemicalover a long period
of time. Based on reportable quantities for chronic (RQCH), inhalation reference doses (RFDI), and oral reference doses (RQ Acute).
(c) Indicates toxic effects to aquatic organisms associated with exposure to relatively high levels of the chemical over a short period of time. Based on report-
able quantities for aquatic toxicity (RQ AQTX) and water quality criteria for acute toxicity (WQC Acute)
(d) Indicates toxic effecu to aquatic organisms associated with exposure to moderate or low levels of the chemical over a long period of lime. Based on
water quality criteria for aquatic toxicity (WQC CTX).
(e) According to the carcinogen list used for TRI reporting. (See Box 4-F and EPA form R, Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Form, (EPA Form
9350-1(1-89)).
to be of medium to low toxicity for acute exposures, but of high potency for
chronic effects. Acute exposure to carbon disulfide can cause stupor and
unconsciousness. Chronic exposure to carbon disulfide, however, is associated
with more severe effects, including birth defects and severe damage to the nervous
system. (See Box 4-G.)
98
-------
7R7 Chemicals
Carcinogens
Releases and transfers of the 123 carcinogens on the TRI list constituted Carcinogens com-
approximately eight percent (or 471.6 million pounds) of the TRI total releases prised 8% of the TRI
and transfers for 1988. (Box 4-F explains the definition of carcinogens used here total releases and
and throughout this report. Appendix 8 lists all TRI chemicals that are considered transfers.
carcinogens.) This represents a 102.9-million-pound decrease (18 percent) from
the amount of carcinogens reported in 1987. The top 25 carcinogens with the
largest releases and transfers accounted for 98 percent of all TRI individually
listed carcinogens. The top ten carcinogens accounted for almost 82 percent. (See
Table 4-11.)
TABLE 4-11. Environmental Distribution of the 25 Carcinogens with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers.
1988.
ICARKINOGEN
RANK
I 1988 1987
CHEMICAL
1 1 DICHLOROMETHANE
2 2 STYRENE
3 4 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
4 5 BENZENE
5 7 FORMALDEHYDE
6 6 CHLOROFORM
7 10 ACETONITRILE
8 9 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
9 3 LEAD
10 8 CHROMIUM
11 13 ACRYLONITRILE
12 19 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
13 11 NICKEL
14 12 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
15 14 1,3-BUTADIENE
16 16 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
17 15 BETHYLENE OXIDE
18 17 PROPYLENE OXIDE
19 18 DH2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
20 21 VINYL CHLORIDE
21 26 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
22 20 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
23 27 1,4-DIOXANE
24 28 ACRYLAMIDE
25 33 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR OTHER CARCINOGENS
CARCINOGEN TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
TRI TOTAL
Pounds
AIR
Per cert
SURFACE
WATER
Percent
LAND
Percent
UNDER-
GROUND
Percent
PUBLIC
SEWAGE
Percent
OFF-SITE
Percent
134,212,442
42,760,770
35,879,858
33,245,252
30,766,305
26,604,039
23,585,619
22,607,674
22,434,784
21,296,563
10,841,495
9,286,906
8,999,971
7,567,049
7,212,227
5,085,155
5,053,707
4,625,911
3,506,080
2,072,382
2,007,383
1,672,949
1,092,862
1,032,887
970,287
85.54
78.61
86.45
85.09
40.08
85.36
8.67
0.19
4.31
2.19
38.95
0.00
3.75
53.03
88.72
74.02
90.86
64.09
31.07
66.97
90.08
68.29
48.84
2.52
0.51
0.20
0.14
0.10
0.14
0.00
4.11
0.18
0.05
0.53
0.39
0.05
0.00
0.96
0.52
5.72
0.31
0.88
2.43
0.09
0.10
0.31
0.00
17.48
0.30
0.00
0.11
0.57
0.29
0.67
2.49
0.26
0.01
4.49
36.99
43.56
0.02
0.04
11.28
0.03
0.11
0.29
1.08
0.21
0.58
0.11
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.20
1.91
31.23
0.14
70.92
0.42
0.00
0.13
42.09
0.00
0.16
16.16
0.00
1.93
0.22
24.08
0.09
0.00
0.75
0.00
0.00
85.10
0.04
1.90
0.69
1.45
3.32
14.53
4.61
1.86
0.09
0.49
2.35
8.82
0.32
2.57
2.34
0.62
0.10
6.52
8.80
5.74
0.83
1.89
4.24
14.37
1.31
0.02
12.01
19.99
11.51
8.87
8.74
5.52
18.36
94.76
57.69
51.38
10.08
99.65
81.28
27.93
4.83
23.35
0.43
0.38
62.43
32.00
6.92
27.47
19.26
10.70
99.43
464,420,557 59.98 0.77
7,216,203 35.53 0.85
471,636,760 59.61 0.77
6,241,030,746 38.9 5.79
4.58
7.63 3.00 24.04
4.73 11.34 9.6 37.96
4.59 7.69 3.10 24.25
9.00 19.46 9.14 17.70
99
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Chapter 4
BOX 4-F. TRI CARCINOGENS
For the purposes of TRI reporting, EPA is using a list of carcinogens adopted from standards
developed by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This list is only one
of many in use in environmental and scientific communities to identify carcinogens. Each list relies
on somewhat different criteria as to which chemicals are or are not carcinogens (for instance, some
require a greater weight of evidence than others that a chemical has been confirmed as a carcinogen).
Indeed, at least 24 TRI chemicals which do not appear on the OSHA list as a carcinogen are
nevertheless classified as carcinogens in other EPA programs. The most significant chemical in this
category is trichloroethylene, which ranks 24th in terms of total TRI releases and transfers (52
million pounds). It is not listed as a carcinogen under TRI due to uncertainty regarding the
experimental and epidemiological evidence linking this chemical to any carcinogenic effects.
However, trichloroethylene is treated as a carcinogen under other regulatory programs.
Users of TRI data should also be aware that some of the individual chemicals included in the TRI
chemical categories may also be carcinogenic. For instance, some lead compounds are considered
carcinogens, while others are not. Since the chemical categories group together many individual
compounds in a single data set, there is no way of knowing how much of any given category consists
of carcinogenic compounds. Hence, these data are not included as carcinogens in this report.
BOX 4-G. TOXICITY: Additional Complexities
This chapter summarizes the toxcity of TRI releases and transfers based on several different EPA
lists of chemical toxicity, suggesting the nature of toxic effects that could be caused by TRI releases.
However, such lists invariably oversimplify reality. For example, some chemicals are significantly
more potent than others. The TRI chemical carbon disulfide is considered to be 20 tunes more potent
than xylene when chronic exposure occurs by ingestion (orally through eating, drinking, or
swallowing). Both were among the top-ranked TRI chemicals, with total releases and transfers of
181.8 million (xylene) and 82.7 million (carbon disulfide). Yet carbon disulfide is much more potent.
Therefore, depending on the degree and type of exposure to these two chemicals that occurs, one
might be more concerned about exposure to carbon disulfide than to xylene.
Furthermore, the same chemical may be more potent through one exposure route (such as inhalation)
than another (such as absorption through the skin). For example, tetrachloroethylene is 15 times
more potent when ingested than when inhaled, and nickel causes cancer when inhaled, but not when
ingested. Clearly, exposure data is vital to estimating the risks of TRI release. In the case of nickel,
only 2.4 percent (246,000 out of 10.4 million pounds) of its TRI total consisted of air emissions.
Chemical form is also important. For example, only the fibrous mineral form of asbestos is associated
with cancer. Likewise, only the hexavalent (not the trivalent) forms of chromium are considered
carcinogenic and, then, only if inhaled. Therefore, the summaries presented in this report, based
upon the various toxicity lists, provide only part of the story and should be used with care.
700
-------
TRI Chemicals
released and trans-
ferred in the greatest
Dichloromethane is the one chemical among the top 25 TRI chemicals with the Dichloromethane was
largest releases and transfers that is a listed carcinogen. Total releases and the carcinogen
transfers of dichloromethane far exceeded releases of other carcinogens, account-
ing for greater than 28 percent (134.2 million pounds) of the carcinogen total.
Releases and transfers of styrene, the second ranked carcinogen, accounted for amounts.
only about nine percent (42.8 million pounds) of all carcinogen releases and
transfers. (See Tables 4-10 and 4-11.)
Lead and dichloromethane were the carcinogens that decreased the most. Of the
top 25 carcinogens, lead and dichloromethane had the largest decreases in releases
and transfers from 1987 with decreases of 25.2 million and 21.4 million pounds,
respectively. This represents a 53-percent decrease for lead and a 14-percent-
decrease in the case of dichloromethane. (See Table 4-12.)
Table 4-12. The 25 Carcinogens with the
Compared to
CARCINOGEN
RANK
1988 1987
1 1
2 2
1987.
CHEMICAL
DICHLOROMETHANE
STYRENE
3 4 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
4 5
5 7
6 6
7 10
8 9
9 3
10 8
11 13
12 19
13 11
14 12
15 14
16 16
17 15
18 17
19 18
20 21
21 26
22 20
23 27
24 28
25 33
BENZENE
FORMALDEHYDE
CHLOROFORM
ACETONITRILE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
LEAD
CHROMIUM
ACRYLONITRILE
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
NICKEL
1 ,2-DICHLOROETHAN E
1,3-BUTADIENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
ETHYLENE OXIDE
PROPYLENE OXIDE
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
VINYL CHLORIDE
1 ,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
1,4-DIOXANE
ACRYLAMIDE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR OTHER CAR-
CINOGENS
CARCINOGEN TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
Largest TRI Releases and Transfers for 1 988
1988 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Pom* Percent
134,212,442 28.46
42,760,770 9.07
35,879,858 7.61
33,245,252 7.05
30,766,305 6.52
26,604,039 5.64
23,585,619 5.00
22,607,674 4.79
22,434,784 4.76
21,296,563 4.52
10,841,495 2.30
9,286,906 .97
8,999,971 .91
7,567,049 .60
7,212,227 .53
5,085,155 .08
5,053,707 .07
4,625,911 0.98
1987 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Pounds
155,627,785
59,433,848
43,176,096
32,907,928
27,584,523
30,522,680
22,774,488
24,522,197
47,615,994
25,458,368
11,250,310
3,678,300
17,165,365
16,133,754
9,922,040
6,608,570
6,923,358
4,367,762
3,506,080 0.74 4, 1071920
2,072,382 0.44
2,007,383 0.43
1,672,949 0.35
1,092,862 0.23
2,838,389
1,437,375
3,128,741
1.267.687
1,032,887 0.22 1,001,660
970,287 0.21
659,288
464,420,557 98.47 560,114,426
7,216,203 1.53
14,438,952
471,636,760 100.00 574,553,378
6,241,030,746
6,977,432,542
Percent
27.09
10.34
7.51
5.73
4.80
5.31
3.96
4.27
8.29
4.43
1.96
0.64
2.99
2.81
1.73
1.15
1.20
0.76
0.71
0.49
0.25
0.54
0.22
0.17
0.11
97.49
2.51
100.00
101
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Chapter 4
Table 4-13. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers of Selected Carcinogens*.
1988.
CARCINOGEN
RANK
1988 1987
CHEMICAL
1 1 DICHLOROMETHANE
2 2 STYRENE
3 4 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
4 5 BENZENE
5 7 FORMALDEHYDE
6 6 CHLOROFORM
7 10 ACETON1TRILE
8 9 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
9 3 LEAD
10 8 CHROMIUM
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
Ten.
Fbwb
Ohio
Powb
Pound.
New York
Pond.
Indira
Pound.
3,327,387
4,331,344
714,204
6,962,482
6,881,160
1,084,857
3,353,502
1,060,600
3,253,111
630,202
5,346,996
5,005,040
3,449,582
1,808,842
1,763,550
148,689
2,191,185
932,732
3,163,475
4,760,916
376,373
690,081
590,446
1,295,249
5,259,166
1,421,448
12,087,240
1,040,996
617,336
39,608
17,359,940
323,857
3,219,553
1,547,557
942,340
68,817
275,161
5,640,607
516,222
229,447
14,634,926
2,356,129
2,889,174
3,326,095
474,341
12,285
2,419,214
212,203
677,015
575,210
31,598,849 28,571,007
14,375,749 5,505,247
GRAND TOTAL 45,974,598 34,076,254
PERCENT OF STATE TOTAL 6.35 9.06
The 10 carcinogens with the largest TRI total releases and transfers.
23,417,943 30,123,501 27,576,592
8,113,169 951,830 1,487,310
31,531,112 31,075,331 29,063,902
4.25 18.06 10.52
60% of the top 25
carcinogens was
emitted to air.
Approximately 60 percent of the total amount of the top 25 carcinogens was
emitted to air, and another 24 percent was transferred off-site to treatment,
storage, and disposal facilities. Many TRI carcinogens are organic or halo-or-
ganic chemicals which, as mentioned above, are often quite volatile. Thus, it is
not surprising that the majority of releases are to air.
The number of pounds of a chemical that are released cannot be translated directly
into a quantitative assessment of risk to humans or other organisms. Route of
exposure is also important. For example, compare the releases and transfers of
carcinogens such as chromium and nickel. Approximately 21.3 million pounds
of chromium and 9.0 million pounds of nickel were released or transferred in
1988. (These amounts do not include releases and transfers for chromium and
nickel compounds.) Both of these chemicals are only associated with carcinogenic
effects when exposure occurs via inhalation. Given this consideration, it is
important to note that only a very small percentage of each is released to air (two
percent for chromium and four percent for nickel). Therefore, the potential for
releases of these two chemicals to pose a carcinogenic risk to the population
appears to be significantly less than what one might think if one were to focus
only on the total amount of releases and transfers. (See Table 4-11 and Box 4-G.)
102
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TRI Chemicals
Table 4-13, continued.
CHEMICAL
DICHLOROMETHANE
STYRENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
BENZENE
FORMALDEHYDE
CHLOROFORM
ACETON1TRILE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
LEAD
CHROMIUM
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
PERCENT OF STATE TOTAL
Femylvuua
Pounds
4,617,071
1,351,799
1,089,194
3,853,006
2,047,258
California
Rwnd.
7,368,021
2,007,158
5,054,221
425,097
598,246
706,032 753,731
142,850 10,665
1,676,756
3,411,963
863,774 1,434,463
4,276,359
242,889
Michigan
FMnd>
8,260,531
4,032,972
809,393
907,429
1,823,246
352,465
570,210
533,785
348,905
1,463,571
20,624,099 21,306,454 19,102,507
3,488,708
2,294,974 3,118,804
24,112,807 23,601,428
11.99 11.71
22,221,311
9.59
BJinoi.
ftnnb
TbnoM.ee
tank
4,443,937 2,792,920
2,310,047
2,216,062
1,836,797
534,845
68,476
62,151
2,014,018
599,496
222,590
38,716
382,700
0
1,990 5,885,555
1,287,312
1,073,604
13,835,221
756,621
150,690
12,843,306
3,417,700 2,086,612
17,252,921
14,929,918
6.87 5.99
Geographical Distribution of Carcinogens
Facilities in all jurisdictions except the District of Columbia and American Samoa Texas manufacturers
reported some releases and transfers of carcinogens for 1988. The top ten states generated most car-
accounted for 58 percent (or 273.8 million pounds) of the carcinogen total. Texas cinogens. accounting
facilities released and transferred the most carcinogens, accounting for ten percent for 10% of the na-
(46.0 million pounds) of the total carcinogens released or transferred. Ohio tional carcinogen
ranked second, with a total of 34.1 million pounds of carcinogens, and Louisiana total.
ranked third, with 31.5 million pounds. (See Table 4-13.)
The top ten states differed significantly in the amounts of the individual The top states dif-
carcinogens each released and transferred. New York manufacturer, which fered significantly in
generated the fourth-ranked amount of carcinogens, released the greatest amount the amounts of the in-
of dichloromethane—17.4 million pounds, with Indiana contributing another 14.6 dividual carcinogens
million pounds. Third-ranked Louisiana, only released 376,000 pounds of each released and
dichloromethane. New York had the largest percentage (18 percent) of car- transferred.
cinogens among its total releases and transfers. (See Table 4-14.)
New York manufacturers released or transferred the most dichloromethane (17.4 New York manufac-
million pounds), accounting for 13 percent of the total amount. Ohio facilities turers released and
released the most styrene and chromium, accounting for 12 and 22 percent of the transferred 13% of
total releases and transfers of these chemicals, respectively. Facilities in California the nationwide total
released the most tetrachloroethylene accounting for 14 percent of the total of dichloromethane.
amount. Texas facilities released the most benzene, formaldehyde, and lead
103
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Chapter 4
Table 4-14. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers for the Top State for the Top 10
Carcinogens, 1988.
1988 CHEMICAL
RANK
'
1 DICHLOROMETHANE
2 STYRENE
3 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
4 BENZENE
5 FORMALDEHYDE
6 CHLOROFORM
7 ACETONITRILE
8 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
9 LEAD
10 CHROMIUM
STATE
New York
Ohio
California
Texas
Texas
Alabama
Louisiana
Tennessee
Texas
Ohio
TOTAL RELEASES AIR
AND TRANSFERS
Pounds 1 Percent
WATER
Percent
17,359,940 84.40 0.12
5,005,040 59.17
0.01
LAND
Percent
UNDER-
GROUND
Percent
PUBLIC lOFF-SfTE
SEWAGE
Percent 1 Percent
0.69 0.00 8.60 6.18
0.35
0.00 1.16 39.31
5,054,221 91.00 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.02 8.51
6,962,482 73.05
0.26
2.39 8.19 3.28 12.83
6,881,160 19.80 0.10 0.07 78.42 0.70 0.92
2,389,139 97.02 2.66
0.21
0.00 0.00 0.11
12,087,240 1.22 0.02 0.00 98.45
5,885,555 0.18
0.00 0.30
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.82
3,253,111 2.78 0.18
4,760,916 2.03
91.25 0.00 0.12 5.67
0.06 68.57 0.00 0.41 28.92
accounting for 21 percent, 22 percent, and IS percent of the respective totals for
each. (See Table 4-14.)
Potential for Exposure to Top Carcinogens
The top four (dichloromethane, styrene, tetrachloroethylene, benzene), are
released primarily to the air, as is chloroform. Because air pollutants often
disperse over a wider geographical area than those released to other environmental
media, it is possible that a relatively larger population may be exposed to any one
of these chemicals. It is also possible that facilities may emit several carcinogenic
chemicals to air and therefore, people may be exposed to multiple carcinogens.
If these releases are concentrated in certain localities, the potential for cancer in
the exposed population may be greater than if releases were dispersed over a large
geographical area.
The following chapters detail the geographical and industrial distribution of the
chemicals discussed here—both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic—and sub-
sequent chapters focus on specific increases and decreases of chemicals released
to air, land, or water or transferred off-site, hi all cases, readers should remember
that national aggregates do not directly indicate risks. TRI does, however, offer
detailed information that can be used to examine risks at the local level.
104
-------
TRI Chemicals
105
-------
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
RFACE WATER
ERGROUND
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
AIR
EMISSIONS
-------
CHAPTER 5. THE GEOGRAPHY OF Toxic RELEASES AND TRANSFERS, 1988
OVERALL DISTRIBUTION
States
Louisiana facilities reported the largest total releases and transfers of TRI Facilities in Louisiana
chemicals in 1988. Louisiana's 741.2 million pounds of TRI releases and transfers and Texas together
represented 12 percent of the TRI total nationwide. Facilities in four parishes generated 24% of
(Jefferson, Saint Charles, Saint James, and Ascension) generated 85 percent of the national TRI total
the state's total. The releases and transfers in Jefferson and Saint James parishes for 1988.
were in turn almost exclusively due to releases and transfers from the two
top-ranked facilities in the nation for total releases and transfers: an American
Cyanamid plant (City of Westwego, Jefferson Parish), that released and trans-
ferred 176.4 million pounds of TRI chemicals in 1988 and a Shell Oil Company
facility (City of Norco, Saint Charles Parish) that released and transferred 158.7
million pounds in 1988. (See Map 5-1 and Table 5-1.)
Texas ranked second for total quantities of releases and transfers with 724.5
million pounds, or 12 percent of the national total. One quarter of Texas's total
came from facilities in Jefferson County, Texas, which were dominated by the
facility with the third largest releases and transfers in the nation: the Du Pont
Company facility in Beaumont reporting 111.9 million pounds of releases and
transfers. (However, corrections to the database made after the data for this report
was compiled added 100 million pounds of underground injection releases at this
facility, which boosts Texas to first place for TRI totals, above Louisiana. (See
Box 3-C in Chapter 3.)
Altogether, the ten states with the largest TRI releases and transfers accounted
for 56 percent of the national total. Among the jurisdictions with the smallest
quantities of TRI emissions were American Samoa and the District of Columbia,
with 30,000 and 1,000 pounds of TRI releases and transfers, respectively. (See
Figure 5-1.)
(1) Instead of dividing jurisdictions into counties, Louisiana designates "parishes," which are similar
to counties in other states.
107
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Chapter 5
Table 5-1. Average and Total Releases and Transfers by State, 1988.
STATE FACILITIES 1 FORMS t TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS 1 AVERAGE PER FACILITY*
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL
Nvntof 1 Nwniwt [
382
6
2
166
304
1,655
170
403
56
1
467
598
24
48
1,229
756
331
186
298
286
98
195
587
790
330
248
495
24
134
34
137
824
34
816
805
28
1,360
182
194
1,030
171
188
375
41
517
1,089
111
55
1
405
305
101
664
26
19,762
1,549
45
3
534
988
5,350
496
1,358
223
1
1,307
1,984
86
146
4,375
2,853
1,025
712
1,303
1,833
351
713
1,746
3,249
1,081
843
1,810
121
387
93
366
2,845
129
2,700
2,689
67
5,054
668
662
3,862
530
517
1,488
71
1,736
5,264
416
151
18
1,425
950
606
2,237
115
71,131
Pound. Rank |
84,062,842
26,476,465
29,500
74,657,306
72,272,458
201,568,789
21,132,981
53,449,946
10,692,005
1,000
249,655,746
131,410,860
2,964,331
15,105,613
251,302,153
276,346,921
58,668,674
174,468,243
131,319,642
741,206,814
21,965,123
33,340,174
70,821,565
231,681,301
65,506,519
120,820,916
184,627,555
35,467,330
22,649,337
4,874,292
15,171,504
162,741,774
24,398,821
172,106,105
136,857,071
1,394,580
375,989,294
51,720,309
33,604,243
201,102,129
28,842,935
12,568,955
82,177,534
3,059,629
249,417,227
724,477,706
137,472,389
2,374,596
1,633,634
196,619,903
50,338,221
57,901,379
105,049,429
45,464,978
6,241,030,746
22
38
53
24
25
9
42
30
46
54
6
18
49
44
5
4
28
13
19
1
41
36
26
8
27
20
12
34
40
47
43
15
39
14
17
52
3
31
35
10
37
45
23
48
7
2
16
50
51
11
32
29
21
33
faintl Rani
220,060
4,412,744
14,750
449,743
237,738
121,794
124,312
132,630
190,929
1,000
534,595
219,751
123,514
314,700
204,477
365,538
177,247
938,001
440,670
2,591,632
224,134
170,975
120,650
293,267
198,505
487,181
372,985
1,477,805
169,025
143,362
110,741
197,502
717,612
210,914
170,009
49,806
276,463
284,178
173,218
195,245
168,672
66,856
219,140
74,625
482,432
665,269
1,238,490
43,174
1,633,634
485,481
165,043
573,281
158,207
1,748,653
315,810
25
1
53
15
23
46
44
43
33
54
11
26
45
19
29
18
34
7
16
2
24
36
47
20
30
12
17
5
38
42
48
31
8
28
37
51
22
21
35
32
39
50
27
49
14
9
6
52
4
13
4C
1C
41
3
* Average total releases and transfers per facility.
108
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Millions of
3,000
2.500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
LA
TX
•Total relsases and
3ounde
I mmmmm^
I
OH IN IL FL TN Ml CA» PA All
Other
•• 1988 HI 1987
transfers for thia atato did not rank in the top 10 for 1987.
Figure 5-1. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers for
1988 Compared to 1987.
Counties
TRI state totals were often concentrated in one or a few counties. In fact, facilities
*y
in 25 counties (out of a nationwide total of more than 3,000 ) accounted for 37
percent of all TRI releases and transfers in the nation. Facilities in Jefferson and
Saint Charles Parishes, Louisiana, led the nation's counties in total releases and
transfers in 1988—as they did in 1987—with 181.2 and 173.5 million pounds of
total emissions respectively. These two counties accounted for 48 percent of
Louisiana's total and six percent of the national total. The third ranked county for
total releases and transfers, Sedgwick County, Kansas, released 85 percent of its
state's total. (See Table 5-2; compare Maps 5-1 and 5-2.)
Five Texas counties were among the top 25, and accounted for 73 percent of total
releases and transfers in Texas. Louisiana had four counties in the top 25; releases
and transfers from the four accounted for 85 percent of the state's total. Together,
Texas and Louisiana had seven of the top ten counties and nine of the top 25.
Facilities in two counties (in addition to Sedgwick, Kansas) released or transferred
More than 1/3 of the
TRI total originated in
just 25 counties.
(2) The term "counties" in this report includes counties, parishes, and similar governmental
jurisdictions such as independent cities that are not incorporated into any county.
109
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Chapter 5
Millions of Pounds
> 250
100 to 250
50 to 100
0 to 50
Map 5-1. TRI Total Releases and Transfers. 1988.
,° c»
Map 5-2. The 100 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
770
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 5-2. The 25 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
TRI
TOTAL
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
COUNTY STATE TOTAL RE
AND THAI
Fount
JEFFERSON LA 181
LEASES PERCENT OF PERCENT OF
SSFEKS TRI TOTAL STATE TOTAL
1> 1
,183,417 2.90 24.44
ST CHARLES LA 173,516,006 2.78 23.41
SEDGW1CK KS 148
JEFFERSON TX 145
,451,613 2.38 85.09
,089,539 2.32 20.03
ST JAMES LA 136,909,204 2.19 18.47
ASCENSION LA 136
HARRIS TX 123
BRAZORIA TX 122
TOOELE UT 109
LAKE IN 91
,879,232 2.19 18.47
,661,545 1.98 17.07
,892,064 .97 16.96
,750,090 .76 79.83
,319,837 .46 33.05
LOS ANGELES CA 89,930,560 .44 44.62
CALHOUN TX 83
WAYNE MI 75
ST LOUIS MO 71
,004,046 .33 11.46
,863,321 .22 32.74
,819,308 .15 38.90
COOK IL 67,657,587 1.08 26.92
ALLEN OH 61
,325,655 0.98 16.31
HOPEWELL CITY VA 59,390,698 0.95 30.21
HUMPHREYS TN 59,237,973 0.95 23.75
GALVESTON TX 57,911,864 0.93 7.99
NASSAU FL 57
GILA AZ 52
HAMILTON FL 50
,138,140 0.92 22.89
,868,172 0.85 70.81
,342,021 0.81 20.16
ST CLA1R IL 50,016,783 0.80 19.90
HARRISON MS 49,262,748 0.79 40.77
UNION NJ 47
,309,096 0.76 29.07
SUBTOTAL 2,302,730,519 36.90
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 3,938,300,227 63.10
GRAND TOTAL 6,241
,030,746 100.00
over half of their state's total: Tooele County, Utah, accounted for 80 percent of
Utah's total and Gila County, Arizona, accounted for 71 percent of Arizona's
total.
In most cases, only a handful of individual facilities account for the majority of Counties generally
the releases and transfers within the top-ranked counties. Indeed, only four ranked high because
counties that ranked high for total releases and transfers also ranked high for total a few individual
number of facilities reporting (Los Angeles, California, with 641 facilities; Cook facilities generated
County, Illinois, with 552 facilities; Harris County, Texas, with 222 facilities and large releases and
Wayne County, Michigan, with 148 facilities). The top five counties accounted transfers.
for 13 percent of all releases and transfers nationwide, and just 11 facilities within
these counties are responsible for 80 percent and more of these releases and
transfers—ten percent of the national total. (See Table 5-3.)
Ill
-------
Chapter 5
Table 5-3. Major Facilities in the 5 Counties with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
COUNTY | STATE | MAJOR MClLTrYOES) CFTY
JEFFERSON LA
ST CHARLES LA
SEDGWICK KS
JEFFERSON TX
ST JAMES
LA
AMERICAN CYANAMID
SHELL OIL CO.
MONSANTO CO.
WITCO CORP.-ARGUS DIV.
VULCAN CHEMICALS
RACON INC.
DU PONT BEAUMONT WORKS
OLIN CORP. BEAUMONT PLANT
FREEPORT MCMORAN-AGRICO DIV
FREEPORT MCMORAN-AGRICO DIV
TEXACO REFINING & MARKETING
TOTAL FOR 11 FACILITIES
WESTWEGO
NORCO
LULING
HAHNVILLE
SUBTOTAL
WICHITA
WICHITA
SUBTOTAL
BEAUMONT
BEAUMONT
SUBTOTAL
UNCLE SAM
DONALDSONVILLE
CONVENT
SUBTOTAL
RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Koundl
176,418,250
158,662,990
8,127,468
5,203,384
171,993,842
92,011,960
51,215,854
143,227,814
111,899,929
4,156,191
116,056,120
63,327,150
61,820,000
10,146,715
135,293,865
742,989,891
PERCENT OF
COUNTY
TOTAL
97.37
99.12
96.48
79.99
98.82
42% of the 1988 TRI
total came from
facilities in 50 cities.
Cities
The localized concentrations of TRI state totals are further shown by the fact that
facilities in just 50 U.S. cities accounted for 2.6 billion pounds, or 42 percent,
of the total national TRI releases and transfers in 1988. These 50 cities included
only seven percent of the total TRI facilities nationwide, however. (See Table
5-4.)
As in 1987, the most-highly industrialized cities—those with the most facilities
reporting to TRI—were not always those with the largest releases and transfers.
A small number of large facilities in some cities reported large emissions of a
small number of chemicals. For example, a single facility, Phelps Dodge Mining
Co., in Playas, New Mexico, (which ranked 40th with 22.8 million pounds of
releases and transfers) not only accounted for all of the city's releases and
transfers, but also for 94 percent of the state's releases and transfers in 1988. hi
contrast, 250 facilities in 29th-ranked Chicago, Illinois, reported a total of 30
(3) TRI facilities report individual city names, rather than standard metropolitan statistical areas
(SMSAs) which include a city and its surrounding suburbs. Facilities in large metropolitan areas may
be located in any of various suburbs, each with different names. Thus, many large metropolitan areas
do not appear on the list because the reporting TRI facilities are scattered in suburbs with different
names.
112
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The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 5-4. The 50 Cities with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
RANK
1
2
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
crfY
WESTWEGO
NORCO
WICHITA
BEAUMONT
TOOELE
ALVIN
DONALDSONVILLE
GEISMAR
PORT LAVACA
SAINT LOUIS
EAST CHICAGO
UNCLE SAM
LIMA
HOPEWELL
NEW JOHNSONVILLE
TEXAS CITY
FERNANDINA BEACH
WHITE SPRINGS
PASS CHRISTIAN
PASADENA
LOUISVILLE
KINGSPORT
FRONT ROYAL
CANTONMENT
HAYDEN
MEMPHIS
EAST HELENA
ECORSE
CHICAGO
ELIZABETH
PORTAGE
HERCULANEUM
CHEYENNE
ROCHESTER
CAHOKIA
VERNON
CINCINNATI
ASHTABULA
CLEVELAND
PLAYAS
DEER PARK
PHILADELPHIA
KALAMAZOO
KENAI
COVINGTON
QUEENSBURY
NICHOLS
VICTORIA
NEWARK
HOUSTON
SUBTOTAL
ffCIL
COUNTY STATE Nun
JEFFERSON LA
ST CHARLES LA
SEDGWICK KS
JEFFERSON TX
TOOELE UT
BRAZORIA TX
ST JAMES/ ASCENSION LA
ASCENSION LA
CALHOUN TX
SAINT LOUIS CITY MO
LAKE IN
ST JAMES LA
ALLEN OH
HOPEWELL CITY VA
HUMPHREYS TN
GALVESTON TX
NASSAU FL
HAMILTON FL
HARRISON MS
HARRIS TX
JEFFERSON KY
SULLIVAN TN
WARREN VA
ESCAMBIA FL
GILA AZ
SHELBY TN
LEWIS AND CLARK MT
WAYNE MI
COOK IL
UNION NJ
PORTER IN
JEFFERSON MO
LARAMIE WY
MONROE NY
ST CLAIR IL
LOS ANGELES CA
HAMILTON OH
ASHTABULA OH
CUYAHOGA OH
HILDALGO NM
HARRIS TX
PHILADELPHIA PA
KALAMAZOO MI
KENAI PENINSULA AK
ALLEGHANY VA
WARREN NY
POLK FL
VICTORIA TX
ESSEX NJ
HARRIS TX
rrtES FORMS TOTAL RELEASES PERCENT PERCENT
AND TRANSFERS OF STATE OF TRI
TOTAL TOTAL
iber Number Pound! | |
3 27 176,418,753 23.80 2.83
2 27 158,664,408 21.41 2.54
35 161 148,450,972 85.09 2.38
16 202 132,331,426 18.27 2.12
1 6 109,750,090 79.83 .76
4 55 107,358,017 14.82 .72
5 32 105,412,434 14.22 .69
9 157 93,083,044 12.56 .49
2 42 81,360,716 11.23 .30
119 462 74,809,580 40.52 .20
8 62 69,756,347 25.24 .12
1 5 63,327,150 8.54 .01
9 73 61,283,504 16.30 0.98
8 50 59,797,800 30.41 0.96
4 21 59,224,673 23.75 0.95
8 174 57,710,326 7.97 0.92
2 19 57,138,140 22.89 0.92
1 4 50,342,021 20.16 0.81
1 7 49,061,860 40.61 0.79
38 340 48,961,897 6.76 0.78
56 323 46,974,010 35.77 0.75
7 107 44,843,679 17.98 0.72
3 26 39,336,058 20.01 0.63
4 30 37,481,634 15.01 0.60
1 8 35,930,150 48.13 0.58
69 276 34,587,975 13.87 0.55
2 12 32,984,278 93.00 0.53
2 25 30,016,393 12.96 0.48
250 838 29,948,908 11.92 0.48
10 52 29,929,473 18.39 0.48
2 9 29,411,465 10.64 0.47
1 5 28,890,351 15.65 0.46
2 27 28,628,676 62.97 0.46
49 236 28,403 ,969 16.50 0.46
1 18 26,346,278 10.48 0.42
16 47 25,483,751 12.64 0.41
114 416 24,502,201 6.52 0.39
19 80 23,781,355 6.33 0.38
124 453 23,340,773 6.21 0.37
1 7 22,836,754 93.60 0.37
10 161 22,481,698 3.10 0.36
66 289 21,204,356 10.54 0.34
19 78 21,066,740 9.09 0.34
3 22 20,939,509 79.09 0.34
2 13 20,761,137 10.56 0.33
2 23 20,254,625 11.77 0.32
1 5 19,913,993 7.98 0.32
4 33 19,630,665 2.71 0.31
60 238 19,487,986 11.97 0.31
128 528 19,472,916 2.69 0.31
,304 6,311 2,593,114,914 41.55
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 18,458 64,820 3,647,915,832 58.45
GRAND TOTAL
19,762 71,131 6,241,030,746 100.00
113
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Chapter 5
Westwego and Norco
led the nation's cities
for total TRI amounts.
A single facility was
responsible for the
TRI totals in 9 of the
50 leading cities.
American Cyanamid
and Shell Oil in
Louisiana each
reported larger TRI
releases and trans-
fers than all facilities
in each of 39 other
states.
2 Texas facilities ac-
counted for 30% of
the state's total.
Amax Magnesium in
Utah reported 80%
of the TRI total for
the state.
million pounds of releases and transfers, accounting for 12 percent of the state
total. (Compare Tables 5-4 and 2-11.)
Two Louisiana cities were ranked first and second nationally for total TRI releases
and transfers in 1988: Westwego, with 176.4 million pounds of emissions and
Norco with 158.7 million pounds. These two cities were also ranked first and
second in 1987.
Top-ranked cities, like top-ranked counties, often owe their large TRI totals to
just a few individual facilities. For example, American Cyanamid in Westwego
and Shell Oil in Norco were responsible for more than 99 percent of the TRI
totals in each city. Other counties and cities show the same pattern. Nine of the
top 50 cities have only one TRI facility. (See Tables 5-3 and 5-4.)
Dominant Facilities
As suggested above, the dominant role playedby a few individual facilities appears
in many different analyses. The top two facilities in the country in total TRI
releases and transfers were located in Louisiana: American Cyanamid Company
in Westwego (with 176.4 million pounds of total releases and transfers) and Shell
Oil Company in Norco, Louisiana (158.7 million pounds). The releases and
transfers from each of these facilities alone exceeded the total from all facilities
in each of 39 other states or jurisdictions. Together, the two facilities reported 45
percent of the state's total releases and transfers, playing a significant role in
Louisiana's status as the top state for total TRI releases and transfers. (Yet even
if those facilities and their TRI amounts had not existed, Louisiana would have
still ranked fourth in the country because of large releases from other facilities
in the state.) (See Chapter 3, Table 3-5.)
Similarly, two Texas facilities dominated that state's TRI totals. The Du Pont
facility in Beaumont and the Monsanto Company plant in Alvin were the third-
and fifth-ranked facilities among all TRI facilities for total releases and transfers.
Utah was also dominated by one facility's releases and transfers. Amax Mag-
nesium in Tooele, which reported 109.8 million pounds, was the fourth-ranked
facility nationwide for total TRI releases and transfers; the city of Tooele was
fifth ranked for total releases and transfers, and the county of Tooele was ranked
(4) For both these facilities corrections were made to the TRI database after the data for this report
was compiled. (See Box 3-C.) For Monsanto, the correction increased their releases by 90 million
pounds, changing this Monsanto plant to the top-ranked facility in the nation, with 193.3 million
pounds of releases and transfers. The Du Pont plant's releases increased by ten million pounds, placing
this facility in third place rather than fourth. These changes also place Texas as first ranked, above
Louisiana, for total releases and transfers. Their total releases and transfers were 111.9 and 103.3
million pounds, respectively.
114
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The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
first in total air emissions and ninth for total releases and transfers among counties
nationwide. Amax Magnesium accounted for 80 percent of the total TRI releases
and transfers for the state of Utah.
Comparison to 1987
Total TRI releases and transfers dropped from 7.0 billion pounds in 1987 to 6.2 Most state* and
billion pounds in 19 88, and facilities in all but 18 U. S. jurisdictions reported lower counties had lower
releases and transfers in 1988 than in 1987. Texas facilities reported the largest TRI totals in 1988
drop in releases and transfers, from 883.5 million pounds in 1987 to 724.5 million than in 1987.
pounds in 1988. (See Figure 5-1; compare Tables 5-1 and 2-8.)
Other states reporting large drops included Utah, where releases and transfers
fell by almost half (from 252.9 to 137.5 million pounds) and Louisiana (from
844.2 to 741.2 million pounds). Utah was the only state among the top ten in
1987 but not in 1988, going from ninth place to sixteenth in the nation. This
decrease is due to a reporting change by a single facility, Kennecott Utah Copper
(see Box 7-A in Chapter 7). California facilities reported slight increases, moving
it from the 1 Ith-ranked TRI total for 1987 to the 9th-ranked for 1988, and making
it the only new state to appear among the top ten. Two other states reported
significant increases between 1987 and 1988: Kansas increased from 134.9 to
174.5 million pounds, shifting from 20th to 13th place in the nation, and Indiana
increased from 256.8 to 276.3 million pounds, moving from eighth to fourth
place.
Both the overall share of releases and transfers contributed by the top 25 counties
and the specific counties ranked high were relatively stable between 1987 and
1988. The proportion of releases and transfers accounted for by the top 25 counties
decreased two percent, from 39 percent in 1987 to 37 percent in 1988. Jefferson
and Saint Charles Parishes in Louisiana retained their first and second place
rankings over the two years, and eight of the top ten counties in 1988 were among
the top ten in 1987. The two newcomers were Polk County, Florida and Salt Lake
County, Utah.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TRI TOTALS
Major Chemicals
The chemical composition of TRI totals varies from state to state. Of the ten
chemicals with the largest TRI totals, toluene is prominent in all ten of the
highest-ranked states, and sulfuric acid is high in most. Some chemical releases
(5) However, corrections to the database made after the data for this report was compiled added 100
million pounds of underground injection releases to the total for Texas, so that the decrease was not
as significant. (See Box 3-C.)
115
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Chapter 5
Facilities in Califor-
nia, Michigan.
Florida, and Indiana
discharged a sig-
nificant proportion of
the carcinogen
dichloromethane in
their TRI wastes.
appear to follow geographic lines, probably indicating concentrations of similar
manufacturing operations. This is particularly true in the Midwestern/Mid-At-
lantic "rust belt" that stretches from Illinois to Pennsylvania. Toluene, for
example, appears among the top three chemicals for Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
and Pennsylvania, while ranking between sixth and tenth for the other states.
Hydrochloric acid ranked among the top ten chemicals in each of seven top states,
four of which are in the Midwest: Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio. Zinc
and manganese compounds each appear on the top ten lists for four states, three
of which are in the Midwest or Mid-Atlantic (Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania
for zinc and Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania for manganese). (See Figure 5-2.)
Carcinogens
Dichloromethane, a carcinogen, was among the top ten chemicals in California,
Michigan, Florida, and Indiana. (See Chapter 4 for the definition of carcinogen
used in this report.) In addition, the carcinogen asbestos (friable), was ranked
tenth among all chemicals in Tennessee. Like the overall TRI totals, carcinogens
were often concentrated in a small number of counties in each state. In all four
states with large totals of dichloromethane, releases and transfers were con-
centrated in one to three counties: Los Angeles and Orange Counties accounted
for 60 percent of California's total carcinogens; Kalamazoo and Wayne Counties
accounted for 46 percent of Michigan's total carcinogens; Posey, Marion, and
Lake Counties accounted for 51 percent of total carcinogens in Illinois; and
•^ -e
V
^
v*
Figure 5-2. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers and Selected Chemicals, 1988.
(Chemicals RIeased and Transferred in the Largest Amounts nationwide; shown in millions of pounds.)
116
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The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Bradley County accounted for one quarter of Tennessee's total carcinogens. In
Bradley County, Tennessee, the one facility transferring asbestos off-site was
Allied Automotive-Bendix FMD, which transferred 3.7 million pounds off-site
to a facility in the same city owned by its parent company, Allied Signal. (See
Maps 5-3 and 5-4.)
Facilities in the 25 counties with the largest total release and transfers of TRI Facilities in 25 coun-
carcinogens generated 30 percent of the national TRI total of carcinogens in 1988. ties in 12 states
Jefferson County, Louisiana, ranked highest with 13.5 million pounds (43 percent generated almost 1/3
of the Louisiana total). Jefferson also ranked first for totals of all TRI chemicals, of the TRI carcinogen
Three other counties accounted for more than one third of their state's total total for the nation.
Table 5-5
. The 25 Counties with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers of
Carcinogens, 1988.
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
RELEASE
TRANS
COUNTY STATE Poun
JEFFERSON LA 13,
HARRIS TX 10
3 AND PERCENT OF PERCENT OF
FERS STATE CAR- STATE TOTAL
CINOGEN
it TOTAL
508,841 42.84 1.82
886,816 23.68 1.50
MONROE NY 10,458,082 33.65 6.08
LOS ANGELES CA 10,213,343 43.27 5.07
JEFFERSON TX 7,273,800 15.82 1.00
KALAMAZOO MI 6
POSEY IN 6
BRAZORIA TX 5
NUECES TX 5
807,107 30.63 2.94
737,697 23.18 2.44
877,392 12.78 0.81
333,638 11.60 0.74
ALBANY NY 4,883,829 15.72 2.84
MARION IN 4
640,833 15.97 1.68
BERKSHIRE MA 4,634,636 43.22 6.54
BROOME NY 4,557,858 14.67 2.65
ALLEN OH 4,495,022 13.19 1.20
OUACHITA LA 4,273,609 13.55 0.58
CUYAHOGA OH 4
ERIE PA 4
ORANGE CA 3
BRADLEY TN 3
ALLEGHENY PA 3
SALT LAKE UT 3
COOK IL 3
LAKE IN 3
WASHINGTON OH 3
WAYNE MI 3
SUBTOTAL 141
TOTAL FOR OTHER CARCINOGENS 329
CARCINOGEN TOTAL 471
GRAND TOTAL 6,241
151,708 12.18 1.10
141,068 17.17 2.06
990,421 16.91 .98
756,661 25.16 .51
687,578 15.29 .83
584,990 84.59 2.61
544,248 20.54 .41
543,096 12.19 .28
510,348 10.30 0.93
370,448 15.17 1.45
863,069
773,691
636,760
030,746
117
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Chapter 5
Map 5-3. Total Releases and Transfers of TRI Carcinogens. 1988.
Map 5-4. The 100 Counties with the Largest Total Releases and Transfers of TRI Carcinogens, 1988.
775
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
carcinogens in 1988: Salt Lake County, Utah (85 percent); Los Angeles County,
California; and Berkshire County, Massachusetts (43 percent each). The top 25
counties were located in only 12 states: Louisiana, Texas, New York, California,
Michigan, Indiana, Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, and
Illinois. Texas had four counties among the top 25, while both New York and
Indiana had three top-ranked counties each. (See Table 5-5.)
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
The overall geographical patterns described above vary according to the particular
form of release to the environment. Air emissions, for example, are the major
form of release in many areas, whereas underground injection is a major form
in just a few. The following section examines the variations in environmental
distribution in 1988 TRI totals nationwide. More detailed comparisons of shifts
in the prevalent types of environmental release and transfers from 1987 to 1988
are contained in Chapters 7 through 10, which examine data from facilities that
reported to TRI in both years. (See Figure 5-3.)
Figure 5-3. Environmental Distribution of the 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers.
(Releases and Transfers Shown in Millions of Pounds.)
(6) A data correction made after data analyses for this report were completed reduced the carcinogen
total for Berkshire County (Massachusetts) by 4.4 million pounds, decreasing the county's share of
the state total.
119
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Chapter 5
ions of Pounds
I > 100
50 to 100
25 to 50
D 10 to 25
n 0 to 10
Map 5-5. TRI Total Air Emission*. 1988.
Texas facilities
reported the largest
total air emissions in
the nation for 1988.
Air Emissions
Texas facilities reported the largest amounts of TRI air emissions for 1988: 169.9
million pounds, seven percent of the national total. Three Texas counties (Harris,
Brazoria, and Jefferson) accounted for 43 percent of the state's total. Almost half
of Brazoria's total air emissions were from a single Dow Chemical Company
facility in Freeport (7.7 million pounds). (See Map 5-5 and Table 5-6.)
Texas led the nation for fugitive air emissions (unintentional emissions that do
not have a clearly identifiable point of origin, such as equipment leaks and general
evaporation during industrial processes), with 74.4 million pounds or ten percent
of the national total. It did not, however, lead the nation for point source air
emissions (emissions intentionally released from a smokestack, vent, or other
discrete sources). Utah ranked first in this category, with 116.6 million pounds,
or seven percent of the national total, of point source air emissions: 92 percent
of Utah's total air emissions came from Tooele County, and all of Tooele County's
emissions came from one facility operated by Amax Magnesium in Tooele, Utah.
This plant was the top-ranked facility for air emissions in the nation, generating
more than four percent (109.7 million pounds) of total TRI air emissions in the
U.S. (See Table 3-6 and Table D-3, Appendix D.)
120
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The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
The distribution of point and fugitive emissions varied by state. Alaska and Utah
are the only two states in which facilities reported over 90 percent of total air
emissions under the point source category, hi addition, Alaska and Utah were
two of only six jurisdictions in which total air emissions in general make up over
eighty percent of total releases and transfers, or more than twice the national
average of 39 percent. Thus in Alaska and Utah, TRI releases and transfers are
concentrated to an extraordinary extent in point source air emissions.
Nationwide, air emissions decreased from 1987 to 1988, going from 2.7 billion Air emissions in
pounds to 2.4 billion pounds. Texas facilities reported a considerable drop in air Texas decreased
emissions, from 242.6 million pounds to 169.9 million pounds. In contrast, Utah from 1987 to 1988,
facilities reported a 34.9 million pound increase in air emissions. Other than Texas while air emissions in
and Utah, emission levels in the top-ranked states remained relatively constant. Utah increased.
(Compare Tables 5-6 and 2-8.)
Discharges to Surface Water
Louisiana facilities discharged 157.3 million pounds to surface water in 1988—43 Discharges of TRI
percent of the national total, almost three times more than the second ranked state chemicals to surface
for surface water discharges (Florida). Discharges in Louisiana were dominated water were 3 times
by individual counties and facilities. Facilities in Saint James Parish contributed greater in Louisiana
71 percent of Louisiana's and 31 percent of the nation's discharges to surface than those in any
water. Saint James's total was due to two facilities both belonging to the same other state, and were
company, Freeport McMoran's Agrico Division, with plants in Uncle Sam, largely due to a
Louisiana (62.7 million pounds) and Donaldsonville, Louisiana (47.3 million single company.
pounds). Thus, this one company contributed over 30 percent of the nation's total
TRI discharges to surface water. (See Map 5-6 and Table 5-6.)
Louisiana is one of only four states discharging more than a fifth of their TRI
releases and transfers to surface water. Nationally, surface water discharges make
up only six percent of total releases and transfers. Thus, both its overall high
levels of releases and transfers and its unusual reliance on discharges to surface
water contribute to Louisiana's striking dominance in this category.
Overall, surface water discharges dropped from 403.1 million pounds to 361.6
million pounds from 1987 to 1988. Maryland and Tennessee, which were
top-ranked for surface water discharges, cut their 1987 discharges, by more than
half in 1988, dropping out of the top ten. Facilities in Washington state, on the
other hand, more man doubled their surface water discharges in 1988, placing it
among the top ten for the first time. Arkansas also joined the top ten in 1988.
(7) Alabama reported a reduction of 44.0 million pounds. However, this is changed to 1.0 million
pounds when accounting for a correction that was made to the TRI database after the data was compiled
for this report. (See Box 3-C.)
121
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Chapter 5
Table 5-6. TRI Facilities, Forme, and Environmental
ITJU TOTAL
1 RANK
22
38
53
24
25
9
42
30
46
54
6
18
49
44
5
4
28
13
19
1
41
36
26
8
27
20
12
34
40
47
43
15
39
14
17
52
3
31
35
10
37
45
23
48
7
2
16
50
51
11
32
29
21
33
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
FACILITIES!
Number 1
382
6
2
166
304
1,655
170
403
56
1
467
598
24
48
1,229
756
331
186
298
286
98
195
587
790
330
248
495
24
134
34
137
824
34
816
805
28
1,360
182
194
1,030
171
188
375
41
517
1,089
111
55
1
405
305
101
664
26
FORMS I
Nunbor 1
1,549
45
3
534
988
5,350
496
1,358
223
1
1,307
1,984
86
146
4,375
2,853
1,025
712
1,303
1,833
351
713
1,746
3,249
1,081
843
1,810
121
387
93
366
2,845
129
2,700
2,689
67
5,054
668
662
3,862
530
517
1,488
71
1,736
5,264
416
151
18
1,425
950
606
2,237
115
Distribution of
Releases and Transfers by State, 1988.
AIR 1 SURPACE WATER |
Pound. 1
54,224,680
21,996,215
29,500
14,780,075
46,801,874
81,594,258
11,129,196
23,950,336
4,873,438
250
53,107,471
82,538,859
874,145
3,982,578
104,592,707
110,075,627
43,135,115
24,631,652
43,739,655
133,070,512
16,553,882
17,383,926
26,494,040
95,641,067
49,388,024
53,968,917
48,634,108
2,384,167
17,499,077
724,620
11,654,930
36,522,739
1,883,293
92,806,469
88,335,109
1,236,260
136,453,929
31,100,849
19,887,098
80,987,641
15,562,284
5,774,024
62,613,127
2,478,960
133,697,458
169,936,759
119,410,265
1,519,293
1,490,792
119,593,757
27,604,148
31,885,186
44,412,636
2,923,126
(bunk I
6,908,442
4,274,455
0
9,850
7,446,055
11,017,789
87,843
7,305,148
574,167
250
55,798,454
6,509,879
10,000
296,220
14,304,086
4,873,432
1,563,824
801,192
1,697,760
157,333,611
439,516
3,756,283
699,295
1,147,387
2,758,505
1,984,907
4,091,507
124,874
309,468
250
484,711
1,003,447
750
2,084,783
695,661
3,600
5,897,407
363,208
303,696
4,453,168
123,099
385,645
1,599,365
2,400
6,398,920
4,306,731
255,653
113,058
2,500
19,780,454
13,511,390
3,122,244
535,849
42,050
LAND
Pound.
4,597,573
UNDERGROUND
Pound.
1,634,717
1,467 1,018
0 0
53,764,405
0
1,938,400 7,036,201
18,163,490 946,853
2,621,705
0
1,676,468 0
251,208 0
0 0
82,552,586 34,651,596
9,178,212 52,800
179,745 1,051,509
10,173,306 1,400
10,469,190 7,340,184
63,043,385 34,820,650
240,030 0
482,324 90,766,710
5,736,357 30,000,250
2,019,803 423,320,002
955,633 0
2,666,276 2
906,657 4,000
17,593,984 5,617,060
889,448 0
9,000,495 46,806,563
40,182,059 500
32,910,607 0
55,018 68,208
3,490,521 0
428,868 0
2,874,575 2,750
22,267,882 0
1,141,102 251
19,607,668 250
752 0
30,202,247 56,920,293
1,787,909 6,353,464
1,032,032 1
16,424,639 750
109,825 0
157,968 0
1,306,263 0
1
0
13,210,057 49,906,110
30,837,047 390,826,922
15,360,002 0
24,341 0
140,342 0
5,059,278 1,373
914,424 C
710,117 97,712
6,944,824 25C
15,274,367 27,113,559
TOTAL
19,762 71,131 2,427,570,103 361,594,238 561,556,882 1,215,343,908
722
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Tabl* 5-6 Continued.
1
1 swre
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
PUBLIC SBWiCE
Pound. 1
1,223,368
1,000
0
4,524,493
1,108,236
48,609,149
1,879,125
2,795,903
2,271,089
250
8,756,017
8,658,999
835,250
515,514
59,151,864
12,067,445
6,262,070
3,387,911
2,358,242
3,565,551
2,733,459
3,959,217
16,649,263
15,833,193
6,557,312
1,366,669
77,606,284
1,312
875,885
19,505
504,434
53,823,264
36,116
25,643,490
7,493,240
52,681
22,193,113
424,512
7,067,786
15,437,749
8,032,040
1,930,025
2,688,403
156,884
24,623,468
40,459,590
900,304
72,765
0
38,704,548
977,544
3,338,844
22,406,583
10,350
oFF-srre 1
I
ftwnd. 1
15,474,062
202,310
0
1,578,483
7,941,692
41,237,250
5,415,112
17,722,091
2,722,103
250
14,789,622
24,472,111
13,682
136,595
55,444,122
51,466,382
7,467,635
54,398,454
47,787,378
21,897,335
1,282,633
5,574,470
26,068,310
95,848,610
5,913,230
7,693,365
14,113,097
46,370
3,841,681
639,396
2,098,561
68,514,999
210,780
50,430,010
20,725,143
101,287
124,322,305
11,690,367
5,313,630
83,798,182
5,015,687
4,321,293
13,970,376
421,384
21,581,214
88,110,657
1,546,165
645,139
0
13,480,493
7,330,715
18,747,276
30,749,287
101,526
TOTAL RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Hound.
84,062,842
26,476,465
29,500
74,657,306
72,272,458
201,568,789
21,132,981
53,449,946
10,692,005
1,000
249,655,746
131,410,860
2,964,331
15,105,613
251,302,153
276,346,921
58,668,674
174,468,243
131,319,642
741,206,814
21,965,123
33,340,174
70,821,565
231,681,301
65,506,519
120,820,916
184,627,555
35,467,330
22,649,337
4,874,292
15,171,504
162,741,774
24,398,821
172,106,105
136,857,071
1,394,580
375,989,294
51,720,309
33,604,243
201,102,129
28,842,935
12,568,955
82,177,534
3,059,629
249,417,227
724,477,706
137,472,389
2,374,596
1,633,634
196,619,903
50,338,221
57,901,379
105,049,429
45,464,978
Percent
1.35
0.42
0.00
1.20
1.16
3.23
0.34
0.86
0.17
0.00
4.00
2.11
0.05
0.24
4.03
4.43
0.94
2.80
2.10
11.88
0.35
0.53
1.13
3.71
1.05
1.94
2.96
0.57
0.36
0.08
0.24
2.61
0.39
2.76
2.19
0.02
6.02
0.83
0.54
3.22
0.46
0.20
1.32
0.05
4.00
11.61
2.20
0.04
0.03
3.15
0.81
0.93
1.68
0.73
TOTAL
570,551,308 1,104,414,307 6,241,030,746 100.00
123
-------
Chapter 5
Florida facilities
generated 15% of
the total on-site land
disposal nationwide.
California reduced discharges by more than half, but still remained among the
top ten. Over ten million pounds of the reduction was due to the elimination of
surface water discharges of arsenic compounds at one facility, the Kerr-McGee
plant in Trona, California. (Compare Tables 5-6 and 2-8.)
On-Site Land Disposal
Florida facilities led the nation in the total quantity of on-site land disposal, with
82.6 million pounds, or IS percent of the national total. A single facility in
Hamilton County—Occidental Chemical Corporation (White Springs, Florida)—
generated 59 percent (48.7 million pounds) of the state's total on-site land releases.
Indiana ranked second in this category, with 63.0 million pounds of on-site land
releases. Facilities in Lake County, Indiana, disposed of 90 percent of Indiana's
total and Inland Steel Company in East Chicago, Indiana, (50.0 million pounds)
accounted for almost all of Lake County's total. (See Map 5-7 and Table D-4,
Appendix D.)
Arizona was one of four states—including Nevada, Montana, and New Mexico,
all of which are in relatively arid, western locations—in which more than 70
percent of the state TRI total was disposed of on land. This high proportion of
on-site land releases contrasts sharply with the national average of only nine
percent. Because Arizona facilities disposed of 72 percent of their TRI chemicals
on land, they raised the state to prominence in this category despite the fact that
Arizona only ranks 24th in the nation for overall releases and transfers. Two
Millions of Pounds
• > 100
10 to 100
OE 2.5 to 10
D 0-5 to 2.5
n 0 to 0.5
Map 5-6. TRI Discharges to Surface Water, 1988.
124
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Map 5-7. TRI Total On-site Land Disposal, 1988.
facilities in Gila County: Asarco, Inc. in Hayden, Arizona, and Cyprus Miami
Mining Corporation in Claypool, Arizona, dominated land disposal in the state;
the two disposed of 33.7 and 16.9 million pounds respectively, accounting for 94
percent of the land disposal in the state.
Overall, on-site land releases dropped between 1987 and 1988, from 730.9 to Facilities reduced
561.6 million pounds, or 23 percent. Facilities in Utah and Florida reported their on-site land die-
decreases of 148.9 and 98.3 million pounds, respectively, while facilities in
Indiana registered the largest increase: 39.2 million pounds. The decrease
reported in Utah represents a 91 percent drop for on-site land disposal, due almost
entirely to the Kennecott Utah Copper facility mentioned earlier. Florida's
decrease was 54 percent for the state. (See Figure 5-4 and compare Tables 5-6
and 2-8.)
posal by 23% from
1987 to 1988.
725
-------
Chapter 5
1988 ON-SITE LAND DISPOSAL
200
150
100
50
Million* of Pound*
FL IN AZ MO MT TX OH NM NC CA All
200
150 -
100 -
FL UT MO AZ TX MT OH IN TN NM All
Other
• Landfill* W& Land Trulmant EZ2 Surfaca Impoundmanla
23 Other Land CD Land - No Code
(1987 Only)
Figure 5-4. The 10 States with the Largest TRI Land Disposal, 1987 and 1988.
126
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Underground Injection
Facilities in 32 jurisdictions reported injecting TRI chemical wastes into under- Louisiana and Texas
ground wells, making underground injection less geographically diverse than any reported 67% of the
other form of release. (Many states do not have appropriate geological conditions nation'* underground
to support this method of chemical waste disposal. ) Louisiana facilities led the injection of TRI wa«-
nation in the underground injection of wastes, releasing 423.3 million pounds or te*.
more than one third of the national total. Louisiana's underground injection
releases were dominated by two facilities: American Cyanamid Company in
Westwego (175.2 million pounds) and Shell Oil Company in Norco (156.4 million
pounds). Texas ranked second in underground injection releases with 390.8
million pounds. A Du Pont plant in Beaumont, Texas, injected 108.1 million
pounds of TRI chemicals underground, and a Monsanto facility in Alvin, Texas
injected 102.8 million pounds. Together, Texas and Louisiana accounted for 67
percent of all underground injection in the U.S. (See Map 5-8 and Table 5-6.)
Nationwide, underground injection amounts dropped by six percent between 1987
and 1988 from 1.3 billion to 1.2 billion pounds. Although the same ten states
ranked highest for underground injection in both 1987 and 1988, Louisiana and
Tennessee reported significant drops (13 and 28 percent, respectively), while
Kansas reported a 38 percent increase. (Compare Tables 5-6 and 2-8.)
Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants
Missouri led the nation in the quantity of TRI transfers to public sewage plants Missouri discharged
in 1988, with 77.6 million pounds or 14 percent of the national total. Facilities the most TRI wastes
in Illinois, New Jersey, California, Texas, and Virginia each discharged seven to public sewage
percent or more of the total transfer to public sewage nationwide. (See Map 5-9 treatment plants.
and Table 5-6.)
Missouri's dominance in this category is partially explained by the fact that 42
percent of all TRI toxics in the state were discharged to public sewage systems.
Almost 74 percent of Missouri's public sewage discharges occurred in Saint Louis
county; over 90 percent of Saint Louis county's discharges came from Columbian
Chemicals Company in St. Louis, Missouri, which accounted for nine percent
of me national total discharge to public sewage and discharged more than twice
as much (52.4 million pounds) to public sewage as any other facility in the nation.
(Chapter 8 provides further analysis of public sewage transfers in Missouri.)
Facilities in four other jurisdictions (District of Columbia, Hawaii, New Jersey,
and Puerto Rico) also discharged a quarter or more of their TRI totals to public
sewage.
(9) Underground injection requires special geological conditions, including a porous layer ap-
proximately one mile deep, through which wastes can disperse, topped by a layer of clay that seals
and separates the porous layer from the near-to-surface groundwater.
727
-------
Chapter 5
Millions of Pounds
•J > 250
50 to 250
1 to 50
\~\ 0 to 1
Q] None Reported
Map 5-8. TRI Underground Injection, 1988.
Transfer* to public
•ewage treatment
plant* dropped from
614.8 to 570.6 mil-
lion pounds.
The largest share of
TRI off-site transfers
originated in Ohio.
Total public sewage transfers dropped from 614.8 million pounds in 1987 to 570.6
million pounds in 1988. Transfers among the top ten states for public sewage
remained relatively constant with the exception of Wisconsin, where facilities
reported an increase from 14.8 million pounds to 22.4 million pounds (which
shifted Wisconsin into the top ten public sewage discharge states in 1988).
Discharges in four other states (Texas, Virginia, Illinois, and Tennessee) that
ranked among the top ten in both years decreased significantly, however.
(Compare Tables 5-6 and 2-8.)
Off-Site Transfers
Ohio ranked first in the nation for the quantity of transfers to off-site locations
(other than public sewage systems), with 124.3 million pounds or 11 percent of
the national total. Four Ohio counties accounted for just over half (51 percent)
of Ohio's off-site transfer total: Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Stark, and Richland.
Michigan, Texas, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey all transferred more than 100
million pounds of TRI chemicals off-site in 1988. Three of these top five states,
Michigan, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, were the only states in the nation to
transfer more than 40 percent of their total TRI releases and transfers off-site.
725
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Map 5-9. TRI Transfer* to Public Sewage Treatment Plants, 1988.
Overall levels of off-site transfers dropped from 1.4 to 1.1 billion pounds between
1987 and 1988. Facilities in eight of the top ten states reported decreases in off-site
transfers between 1987 and 1988, but Texas facilities reported the largest drop,
from 157.6 million pounds in 1987 to 88.1 million pounds in 1988. Off-site
transfers are discussed in more detail below.
Differential State and County Rankings by Type of Release
The differing patterns of environmental distribution are further shown in com- States with top-
paring the rankings of states and counties for the different forms of releases and ranked TRI totals did
transfers. Many top-ranked states for TRI totals ranked high for several forms not necessarily rank
of releases and transfers, but rarely did they have top-ranked amounts across the high for all forms of
board. For example, Louisiana led the nation for total releases and transfers, as releases and trans-
well as for discharges to surface water and underground injection, but ranked fers.
24th for transfers to public sewage. In contrast, Arizona ranked 24th for TRI
totals, but third for total land disposal. (See Table 5-7.)
129
-------
Chapter 5
Table 5-7. State Ranking* for Types of Release* and Transfer*. TRI 1988.
I AIR SURFACE LAI
WATER
Rttlk Rank IU
Alabama 16 9
Alaska 32 16
American Samoa 53 54
Arizona 38 47
Arkansas 21 7
California 13 6
Colorado 40 44
Connecticut 31 8
Delaware 42 3 1
District of Columbia 54 53
Florida 18 2
Georgia 12 10
Hawaii 51 46
Idaho 43 39
Illinois 8 4
Indiana 7 13
Iowa 24 25
Kansas 30 28
Kentucky 23 23
Louisiana 4 1
Maine 36 34
Maryland 35 18
Massachusetts 29 29
Michigan 9 26
Minnesota 19 20
Mississippi 17 22
Missouri 20 17
Montana 46 41
Nebraska 34 37
Nevada 52 52
New Hampshire 39 33
New Jersey 25 27
New Mexico 47 51
New York 10 21
North Carolina 11 30
North Dakota 50 48
Ohio 2 12
Oklahoma 27 36
Oregon 33 38
Pennsylvania 14 14
Puerto Rico 37 42
Rhode Island 41 35
South Carolina 15 24
South Dakota 45 50
Tennessee 3 1 1
Texas 1 15
Utah 6 40
Vermont 48 43
Virgin Islands 49 49
Virginia 5 3
Washington 28 5
West Virginia 26 19
Wisconsin 22 32
Wyoming 44 45
MD UNDER- PUBLIC OFF-SITE TRI TOTAL
GROUND SEWAGE C
ok Ruk Rink 1 Rmk 1 Ruk 1
23 15 35 20 22
50 25 51 46 38
54 54 54 54 53
3 45 22 39 24
29 12 36 26 25
10 17 4 11 9
27 41 33 32 42
31 44 27 19 30
42 42 31 37 46
53 34 52 52 54
1 8 15 21 6
18 20 16 14 18
44 16 40 51 49
17 23 41 47 44
16 11 2 6 5
2 7 14 8 4
43 40 21 28 28
40 3 25 7 13
21 9 30 10 19
28 1 24 15 1
35 52 28 41 41
26 31 23 31 36
37 21 11 13 26
11 14 12 2 8
38 50 20 30 27
19 6 34 27 20
4 27 1 22 12
5 46 50 50 34
48 19 39 36 40
24 49 48 43 47
41 48 42 38 43
25 22 3 5 15
8 47 47 45 39
33 28 7 9 14
9 30 18 17 17
51 33 46 49 52
7 4 10 1 3
30 13 43 25 31
34 32 19 33 35
12 26 13 4 10
47 39 17 34 37
45 37 32 35 45
32 51 29 23 23
52 35 44 44 48
15 5 8 16 7
62532
13 43 38 40 16
49 38 45 42 50
46 36 53 53 51
22 24 6 24 11
36 53 37 29 32
39 18 26 18 29
20 29 9 12 21
14 10 49 48 33
CAR-
INOGENS
Ruk I
16
44
53
34
29
7
32
13
40
54
21
12
48
41
9
5
26
39
18
3
37
36
14
8
30
25
22
45
38
52
35
15
51
4
11
46
2
27
33
6
19
42
24
49
10
1
31
47
43
23
28
17
20
50
130
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 5-8. County Rankings* for TRI Facilities and Typei
COUNTY STATE NO. OF 1 AIR SURFAf
FACnJTI WATEI
Rank 1 Rank Rank
JEFFERSON LA
ST CHARLES LA
SEDGWICK KS
JEFFERSON TX - 14
ST JAMES LA - 17
ASCENSION LA - 2
HARRIS TX 34
BRAZOR1A TX - 13
TOOELE UT - 1
LAKE IN
LOS ANGELES CA 1 5
CALHOUN TX
WAYNE MI 8 21
ST LOUIS MO
COOK IL 26
ALLEN OH
HOPEWELLCITY VA
HUMPHREYS TN
GALVESTON TX
NASSAU FL
GILA AZ
HAMILTON FL - 22
STCLAIR TL
HARRISON MS
UNION NJ
* Rankings for each category shown if among the top 25.
i of Releases and Transfers, 1 988.
:E LAND UNDER- PUBLIC OFF-STTE tTRl TOTAL
R GROUND sewa
Rank Rank Rank Rank | Rank
1 - - 1
2 - - 2
5-23
3-94
1 - 17 - - 5
3 - 8 - - 6
16 5 3 7
4 - - 8
9
16 1 23 - 13 10
4 7 11
6 - - 12
21 1 13
14
8 8 15
7 - - 16
4 - - 3 - 17
17 25 10 - - 18
9 - - 19
2 - - - - 20
2 - - - 21
3 - - - 22
23
11 - - 24
13 4 25
Although air emissions comprise the largest share of the national TRI total (39 Top county rankings
percent) and would be expected to dominate the releases and transfers in the top for TRI totals were
counties, this is not the case. The four counties with the largest TRI totals are primarily due to large
top-ranked because of large amounts of underground injection, rather than large underground injection
air emissions. Even though the underground injection total nationwide is half that releases.
of air (representing 20 percent of the TRI totals), underground injection releases
are less evenly distributed and therefore concentrated in a few counties, which
then appear on the list of top 25 for all releases and transfers. Fewer counties
with top-ranked amounts of the other release and transfer types, particularly
discharges to surface water and transfers to public sewage, appear on this list
because their overall share of the TRI totals is smaller. (See Table 5-8.)
THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE IN TRI CHEMICAL WASTES
Off-site transfers are often shipped across state borders to receiving facilities for
treatment, storage, and/or disposal. Seven states (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee) rank among the top ten both for
their total shipments of waste out of state (that is, TRI chemicals generated by
in-state facilities and sent out of state) and for their total receipts of TRI waste
(or, TRI chemical amounts generated by out-of-state facilities that are shipped to
131
-------
Chapter 5
Most states both
send wastes to and
receive wastes from
other states.
New York, Ohio, and
Pennsylvania conduct
an active interstate
commerce in TRI was-
tes.
receiving locations in the state for treatment, storage, and disposal). Thus, to a
large extent, states in which facilities sent a significant amount of waste across
the state border also received a significant amount of waste from elsewhere.
Most states both ship wastes out of state and have waste management facilities
that receive wastes from TRI facilities in other states. Facilities send their TRI
chemical wastes out of state for a variety of reasons. Waste management facilities
within the state may not handle the particular wastes needing off-site treatment
or disposal. Facilities may prefer to send their wastes to another facility owned
by the same parent company so that they can closely control how the waste is
handled. The distance (and cost of transporting the wastes) may be less to a nearby
facility that happens to be across state lines. (See Table D-5 in Appendix D for
a full tabulation of the amount of off-site transfers and where they were sent.)
TRI facilities in New York and Ohio send the majority of their TRI off-site
transfers to waste management facilities within their own state. Those in Pennsyl-
vania, on the other hand, send a majority out of state with 27 percent of off-site
transfers going to Ohio waste management facilities and another 28 percent
transported beyond Ohio or New York. However, the majority of the TRI chemical
wastes in all three states are received from facilities located within their own state
boundaries. New \brk receives 36.0 million pounds of off-site transfers from
in-state facilities out of a total of 51.7 million pounds, or 70 percent. Ohio and
Pennsylvania receive 57 percent (87.8 out of 154.6 million pounds) and 52 percent
(35.9 out of 69.4 million pounds), respectively. (See Figure 5-5 and Table 5-9.)
Figure 5-5. The 10 States with the Largest Intrastate Waste Shipments, 1988. (The states on the left are the
recipients of the wastes and those on the right the exporters.)
132
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
The net distribution of off-site transfers varied considerably. Some states were New Jersey was the
net recipients of TRI wastes—that is, the total amount received by the state's largest net shipper
off-site treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (both from in-state and out-of- out of state of TRI
state manufacturing facilities) exceeded the amount shipped out of state—while off-site transfers.
others were net shippers out of state. New Jersey, which was the largest net shipper
of waste to other states, sent 27.1 million more pounds of TRI chemicals out of
the state than it received from other states. (See Figure 5-6 and Table 5-9.)
Ohio was the largest net recipient of off-site transfers. Facilities located both in Ohio was the largest
Ohio and in other states sent 154.6 million pounds of wastes to locations in Ohio net recipient of off-
for treatment or disposal, while facilities in Ohio sent 124.3 million pounds to site transfers.
locations outside of Ohio. On balance, then, Ohio received 30.3 million pounds
more than its facilities sent out of state, the largest amount of any state. Five
other states (Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Indiana) all
were net recipients of more than ten million pounds of TRI wastes in 1988. Six
of the top ten net recipients in 1988 (Ohio, Louisiana, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois,
and Michigan) were also among the top ten states in the nation for total releases
and transfers, indicating that the already high TRI totals in these states were
increased by shipments of TRI wastes from other states. (See Figure 5-7 and
Table 5-9.)
No receiving state was reported for 40.1 million pounds (three percent) of off-site
transfers, which somewhat skews the statistics on waste receipts as well as on net
amounts. Some of these wastes were sent to locations out of the country, but 65
percent originated at one facility, an Allied Signal plant in Elizabeth, New Jersey,
that reported sending 26.3 million pounds of hydrochloric acid off-site to the
Atlantic Ocean.
Cities and Facilities Receiving the Largest Amounts of TRI
Wastes
Ten cities received 17 percent of the 1988 off-site transfers. Two are located in 10 cities-2 in
Wayne County, Michigan (Belleville and Detroit), and three others (Ashtabula, Wayne County.
Cleveland, and Grafton) are in Ohio. Seven of the top receiving cities are in states Michigan - received
that ranked high for TRI totals of all types. The exceptions are Wichita 17% of the 1988 off-
(Kansas)—the first-ranked city for receipts of off-site transfers—Emelle site transfers.
(Alabama) and Queensbury (New York). (See Table 5-10.)
Five facilities, including two in Wayne County, Michigan, received 136.8 million Just 5 facilities
pounds (12 percent) of all off-site transfers of TRI wastes in 1988. Vulcan received 12% of all
Materials Co. (Wichita, Kansas) received 51.1 million pounds, more than twice off-site transfers.
as much as second-ranked Michigan Disposal (Belleville, Michigan). Three of
the five facilities received larger amounts of hydrochloric acid than of any other
TRI chemical; hydrochloric acid accounted for 99 percent of the wastes received
by Vulcan Materials (Wichita, Kansas), 70 percent at Reserve Environmental
Services (Ashtabula, Ohio), and 64 percent at Dynecol, Inc. (Detroit, Michigan).
133
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Chapter 5
Millions of Pounds
NJ PA KY MA WV MO GA MS NC FL
Figure 5-6. The 10 States Sending the Largest Net TRI Waste Shipments to Other States. 1988. (Total
amount shipped out of state minus total amount received from both in-state transfers and from other states.)
36
30
25
20
15
10
Millions of Pounds
OH LA AL SC TN IN IL Ml KS UT
Figure 5-7. The 10 States Receiving the Largest Net TRI Waste Shipments from Other States, 1988. (Total
amount received in state from both in-state transfers and from other states, minus total amount sent out.)
134
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The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 5-9. TRI Off-site
STATE OF FACOJTY
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Other Transfer Locations
TOTAL
Transfers Sent or
Received
by State, 1988.
TRANSFERS SENT OFF-SITE
TOTAL
Ftounb
15,474,062
202,310
0
1,578,483
7,941,692
41,237,250
5,415,112
17,722,091
2,722,103
250
14,789,622
24,472,111
13,682
136,595
55,444,122
51,466,382
7,467,635
54,398,454
47,787,378
21,897,335
1,282,633
5,574,470
26,068,310
95,848,610
5,913,230
7,693,365
14,113,097
46,370
3,841,681
639,396
2,098,561
68,514,999
210,780
50,430,010
20,725,143
101,287
124,322,305
11,690,367
5,313,630
83,798,182
5,015,687
4,321,293
13,970,376
421,384
21,581,214
88,110,657
1,546,165
645,139
0
13,480,493
7,330,715
18,747,276
30,749,287
101,526
1,104,414,307
INSTATE
Percent
46.99
82.55
0.00
34.72
22.61
82.77
25.73
37.92
54.96
0.00
56.23
55.27
85.88
32.45
56.39
60.80
38.20
97.36
39.56
90.63
26.06
20.02
28.66
73.63
51.82
7.47
15.45
0.78
70.49
7.39
6.44
24.85
15.20
71.48
56.02
5.83
70.60
67.04
72.04
42.81
99.36
42.38
79.58
28.56
62.80
80.88
82.53
4.07
0.00
27.74
82.12
17.45
62.68
0.00
59.51
OUT OF
CT/ffE
53.01
17.45
0.00
65.28
77.39
17.23
74.27
62.08
45.04
100.00
43.77
44.73
14.12
67.55
43.61
TRANSFERS DECEIVED IN STATE
TOTAL
Rnnfa
31,325,279
282,989
0
1,908,751
9,956,284
36,174,806
1,715,847
13,909,134
1,496,039
750
8,742,078
16,131,585
11,750
456,174
60,508,541
39.20 62,005,792
61.80 2,927,873
2.64
60.44
9.37
73.94
79.98
71.34
26.37
48.18
92.53
84.55
99.22
29.51
92.61
58,218,327
34,178,605
45,096,545
339,472
2,986,070
12,611,402
100,083,996
7,644,660
937,625
3,450,129
398,337
2,814,771
286,464
93.56 484,427
75.15
41,416,735
84.80 162,042
28.52 51,683,509
43.98 14,075,650
94.17 5,910
29.40 154,585,374
32.96 11,607,169
27.96 4,521,082
57.19 69,438,570
0.64 4,983,693
57.62 1,889,238
20.42 26,399,010
71.44 163,083
37.20 32,828,025
19.12 83,766,658
17.47 4.702.356
95.93
52,033
0.00 0
72.26 7,461,279
17.88 6,554,322
82.55 5,403,600
37.32 25,540,338
100.00 29,700
40,060,429
40.49 1,104,414,307
FROM IN FROM OUT
STATE OF STATE
Perccrt Percent
23.21 76.79
59.01 40.99
0.00 0.00
28.71 71.29
18.03 81.97
94.35 5.65
81.19 18.81
48.32 51.68
NET EXCHANGE*
Pound.
-15,851,217
-80,679
0
-330,268
-2,014,592
5,062,444
3,699,265
3,812,957
100.00 0.00 1,226,064
0.00 100.00 -500
95.14 4.86 6,047,544
83.85 16.15
8,340,526
100.00 0.00 1,932
9.72 90.28 -319,579
51.67 48.33
50.47 49.53
-5,064,419
-10,539,410
97.43 2.57 4,539,762
90.97 9.03
-3,819,873
55.32 44.68 13,608,773
44.00 56.00 -23,199,210
98.48 1.52 943,161
37.37 62.63
59.25 40.75
2,588,400
13,456,908
70.52 29.48 -4,235,386
40.08 59.92 -1,731,430
61.31 38.69 6,755,740
63.19 36.81
0.09 99.91
96.21 3.79
16.49 83.51
10,662,968
-351,967
1,026,910
352,932
27.88 72.12 1,614,134
41.11 58.89 27,098,264
19.77 80.23 48,738
69.74 30.26 -1,253,499
82.48 17.52 6,649,493
100.00 0.00 95,377
56.78 43.22 -30,263,069
67.52 32.48 83,198
84.66 15.34 792,548
51.67 48.33 14,359,612
100.00 0.00 31,994
96.93 3.07 2,432,055
42.12 57.88 -12,428,634
73.80 26.20 258,301
41.28 58.72 -11,246,811
85.08 14.92 4,343,999
27.14 72.86 -3,156,191
50.50 49.50 593,106
0.00 0.00 0
50.12 49.88 6,019,214
91.85 8.15 776,393
60.54 39.46 13,343,676
75.47 24.53 5,208,949
0.00 100.00 71,826
59.51 40.49
-40,060,429
0
•Transfers sent minus transfers received.
135
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Chapter 5
Table 5-10. The 10 Cities Receiving the Largest Amount of Off-site Transfers. 1988.
cmr
WICHITA
DETROIT
DEER PARK
BELLEVILLE
ASHTABULA
EMELLE
CLEVELAND
QUEENSBURY
PALMERTON
GRAFTON
COUNTY
SEDGWICK
WAYNE
HARRIS
WAYNE
ASHTABULA
SUMTER
CUYAHOGA
WARREN
CARBON
LORAIN
1 SHIPPING
FACILITIES*
Ninher 1
KS 19
MI 356
TX 318
MI 347
OH 4
AL 519
OH 428
NY 5
PA 18
OH 156
OFF-SFTE TRANSFERS
I
Parate PercM 1
51,456,650 4.66
42,334,883 3.83
37,787,699 3.42
25,606,742 2.32
21,677,861 .96
20,410,521 .85
19,313,193 .75
17,339,850 .57
17,261,509 .56
15,918,226 .44
SUBTOTAL 269,107,134 24.37
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 835,307,173 75.63
GRAND TOTAL 9,644 1,104,414,307 100.00
•Number of facilities shipping wastes to each city. Note that because facilities can ship to more
than one off-site location,some facilities may be counted more than once.
Zinc compounds made up the largest share of wastes received by Michigan
Disposal, Inc. (Belleville, Michigan), and sulfuric acid was prominent at Chemi-
cal Waste Management, Inc. (Emelle, Alabama). Treatment of the wastes once
received ranged from underground injection to various methods of land disposal.
(See Table 5-11.)
INTERPRETING TRI TOTALS: Population and Land Area as
Geographic Factors
Data on population and land area (which can be combined to yield average
population density) offer a valuable tool for interpreting nationwide and statewide
TRI totals. Combining land area data with TRI release totals and with population
totals helps place TRI statistics into perspective. Such analyses should, however,
be used with caution. Averages may mislead. For example, a state may have a
very low density of TRI releases and of population, but if both the releases and
the population are concentrated in a single city or county, the statewide averages
will not clearly represent the actual situation.
The Density of TRI Direct Releases
The density of TRI direct releases in a specific geographic area represents the
average number of pounds of TRI chemicals released per square mile over the
course of a year. Release density data provide a general indication of levels of
136
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 5-11. TRI Off-«ite Transfer Location* Receiving the Largest Amount of Wastes, 1988.
CITY
COUNTY
STATE
WICHITA
BELLEVILLE
BELLEVILLE
ASHTABULA
EMELLE
DETROIT
SEDGWICK
WAYNE
WAYNE
ASHTABULA
SUMTER
WAYNE
KS
MI
MI
OH
AL
MI
FACILITY NAME
VULCAN MATERIALS CO.
MICHIGAN DISPOSAL, INC.
WAYNE DISPOSAL INC. *
RESERVE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
CHEMICAL WASTE MNGT., INC.
DYNECOL, INC.
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
seper
Note: The second largest single off-site transfer (not shown here) was to the Atlantic Ocean, reported by Allied-Signal, Inc.,
Elizabeth, NJ.
FACILITIES
SENDING
WASTES
Number
1
166
174
3
513
36
OFF-STTETKANSFERS
Pound.
51,093
22,482
2,512
21,535
20,335
18,793
136,751
967,662
,000
,349
,952
,242
,009
,329
,881
,426
9,644 1,104,414,307
environmental releases that can be useful for comparison with other states or with
statistics such as population. Keep in mind, however, that because release
densities are averaged over both space and time, they do not accurately indicate
the actual density of releases in any given local area. Furthermore, no average
measure, such as release density, should be confused with exposure— the amount
of chemicals that an individual citizen may actually come into contact with.
Chapter 4 details the differences between chemical releases and exposure, and
discusses the potential risks of TRI releases.
Louisiana facilities released to air, surface water, land, or underground an average Louisiana facilities
of 14,989 pounds of TRI chemicals per square mile, more than any other state released almost
and more than ten times the national average of 1,260 pounds of TRI releases 15,000 pounds of
per square mile. Facilities in the Virgin Islands, Connecticut, Indiana, Ohio, TRI chemicals per
Rhode Island, and New Jersey all released an average of more than 5,000 pounds square mile directly
of TRI chemicals per square mile. Five jurisdictions released less than SO pounds to the environment.
of TRI chemicals per square mile on average: Alaska, Nevada, South Dakota,
North Dakota, and the District of Columbia. (See Table 5-12.)
Overall, the high and low density states reflect the same pattern observed in the
data on quantities of releases and transfers: the industrialized midwest and
northeast, as well as Louisiana, had high densities of TRI chemical wastes while
the less industrialized, and less populated, west had much lower densities. Density
analyses also reveal the high concentrations of TRI releases in small states, such
as New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Puerto Rico, and the
137
-------
Chapter 5
Table 5-12. TRI ReleaM
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbi
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
and Population Density by State, 1988.
LANDAREA(a) POPULA
S(j. Mil» Thou
51,705
591,004
77
114,000
53,187
158,706
104,091
5,018
2,044
68
58,664
58,910
6,471
83,564
56,345
36,185
56,275
82,277
40,409
47,751
33,265
10,460
8,284
58,527
84,402
47,689
69,697
147,046
77,355
110,561
9,279
7,787
121,593
49,108
52,669
70,703
41,330
69,956
97,073
45,308
3,515
1,212
31,113
77,116
42,144
266,807
84,899
9,614
132
40,767
68,138
24,231
56,153
97,809
TION(.) DIRECT RELEASES^.)! POPULATION
DENSJTY(c)
unU Pound. J
4,083 67,365,412 79
525 26,273,155 1
29,500
3,386 68,554,330 30
2,388 63,222,530 45
RELEASE
DENSJTY(o)
1,303
44
383
601
1,189
27,663 111,722,390 174 704
3,296 13,838,744 32 133
3,211 32,931,952 640 6,563
644 5,698,813 315
2,788
626 500 9,206 7
12,023 226,110,107 205
3,854
6,222 98,279,750 106 1,668
1,083 2,115,399 167 327
998 14,453,504 12 173
11,582 136,706,167 206 2,426
5,531 212,813,094 153
5,881
2,834 44,938,969 50 799
2,476 116,681,878 30 1,418
3,727 81,174,022 92 2,009
4,461 715,743,928 93
14,989
1,187 17,949,031 36 540
4,535 23,806,487 434 2,276
5,855 28,103,992 707 3,393
9,200 119,999,498 157 2,050
4,246 53,035,977 50 628
2,625 111,760,882 55 2,344
5,103 92,908,174 73 1,333
809 35,419,648 6 241
1,594 17,931,771 21
232
1,007 4,215,391 9 38
1,057 12,568,509 114 1,355
7,672 40,403,511 985 5,189
1,500 24,151,925 12 199
17,825 96,032,605 363 1,956
6,413 108,638,688 122 2,063
672 1,240,612 10 18
10,784 229,473,876 261
5,552
3,272 39,605,430 47 566
2,724 21,222,827 28 219
11,936 101,866,198 263 2,248
3,274 15,795,208 931
4,494
986 6,317,637 814 5,213
3,425 65,518,755 110 2,106
709 2,481,361 9 32
4,855 203,212,545 115 4,822
16,789 595,907,459 63 2,233
1,680 135,025,920 20 1,590
548 1,656,692 57 172
1,633,634
12,376
5,904 144,434,862 145 3,543
4,538 42,029,962 67 617
1,897 35,815,259 78 1,478
4,807 51,893,559 86 924
490 45,353,102 f
464
TOTAL
3,622,425
246,051 4,566,065,131
68
1,260
(a) Land area and population statistics are from Tables 331 and 22 of Statistical Abstract of the United States,
(Washington DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1989).
(b) Direct releases include air emissions, surface water discharges, land disposal, and underground injection.
(c) Population density refers to people per square mile. Release density refers to pounds per square mile.
138
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Virgin Islands that are not so readily apparent when quantities alone are
considered. (See Map 5-10.)
Release Density Compared to Population Density
Six jurisdictions in the U.S. have population densities that are greater than 500 High population den-
people per square mile: New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, sities coincide with
Connecticut, and the District of Columbia. This list overlaps with the list of states high release densities
with the highest density of facilities. In addition, four jurisdictions with the highest in New Jersey, Puer-
population densities, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, to Rico, Rhode Is-
are also among the states with the highest density of TRI releases. (See Figure land, and
5-8, and compare Maps 5-10 and 5-11.) Connecticut.
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
I B_ mm In I mM I,
LA VI CT IN OH Rl NJ TN PR FL
•I Pounds/Sq. Mile People/Sq. Mile*
•Population baied on 1987 estimated data
Figure 5-8. Population Densities of the 10 States with the Largest TRI Total Releases per Square Mile, 1988.
139
-------
Chapter 5
./Sq. Mile
> 2,500
1,000 to 2,500
[jjTj 500 to 1,000
Q 100 to 500
1 to 100
Map 5-10. TRI Total Release* per Square Mile. 1988.
People/Sq.Mile
> 300
150 to 300
60 to 150
20 to 60
0 to 20
Map 5-11. U.S. Population per Square Mile, 1987 Estimate.
140
-------
The Geography of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
141
-------
Photo: DanielJ. Kasztelan
-------
CHAPTER 6. INDUSTRIAL PATTERNS OF TOXIC RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS, 1988
The Chemical industry dominated total releases and transfers nationwide, ac-
counting for almost half (46 percent) of the 1988 total reported to the Toxics
Release Inventory (TRI) for 1988. The 3,838 Chemical facilities that reported to
TRI represented 19 percent of all TRI facilities, with releases and transfers
prominent in many states. This chapter tells the tale of the leading role played by
the Chemical industry, but also looks at the more detailed patterns of industrial
releases hidden behind the overall totals, including where different industries
released TRI chemicals, how industrial releases and transfers are distributed to
the environment, and which chemicals constitute the various industry totals.
Industry groups discussed in this report are based on two-digit Standard Industrial
Classification code (SIC code), briefly described in Appendix C, unless otherwise
indicated. The SIC code system was developed by the U.S. Office of Management
and Budget to identify industrial sectors. Two-digit SIC code groups comprise
broad industrial sectors. For example, SIC 28, the Chemicals and Allied Products
category, covers the manufacture of everything from Pharmaceuticals to plastics
and synthetic rubber to printing inks. Note, however, that TRI forms request that
facilities indicate their SIC codes up to four digits, which allows for analysis of
more specific industrial sectors (see Chapter 12).
In 1988 as in 1987, the Chemicals and Allied Products industry generated more The Chemical in-
TRI releases and transfers than any other industry, with a total of 2.9 billion dustry generated al-
pounds or 46 percent of the TRI total for all industries. This was more than three most 112 of the
times that of the second-ranked industry: Primary Metals with 857.9 million 1988 TRI totals, and
pounds. Diversified facilities that reported more than one industry category the Primary Metals in-
(Multiple codes) ranked third, with 579.5 million pounds (nine percent), followed dustry produced
by the Paper and Allied Products industry (370.3 million pounds, or six percent), another 1/7.
(See Figure 6-1 and Table 6-1.)
Within the broad category of Chemical manufacturers (SIC 28), the Industrial
Organic sector (SIC 2869) and the Inorganic Pigments sector (SIC 2816)
generated the largest releases and transfers (305.3 and 218.9 million pounds,
(1) Facilities were permitted to list as many SIC codes as categorized their manufacturing activities.
Diversified facilities—those that reported more than one major (two-digit SIC) code—are categorized
in this report as Multiple (or Multiple SIC codes in 20-39) in this report.
143
-------
Chapter 6
Tabl* 6-1. TRI Facilities, Form*, and Reloace* and Transfer* by Industry. 1987 and 1988
Sic
CODE
INDUSTRY
FACILITIES
1988
19S7
FORMS
1988
19*1
AVERAGE MAXIMUM
NO. OF NO. OF
CHEMICALS CHEMICALS
20 Food
21 Tobacco
22 Textiles
23 Apparel
24 Lumber
25 Furniture
26 Paper
27 Printing
28 Chemicals
29 Petroleum
30 Plastics
31 Leather
32 Stone/Clay
33 Primary Metals
34 Fab. Metals
35 Machinery
36 Electrical
37 Transportation
38 Measure./Photo.
39 Miscellaneous
Mult, codes 20 - 39
No codes 20 - 39
TOTAL
1,452
19
401
29
616
397
587
313
3,838
364
1,293
132
559
1,380
2,579
870
1,578
1,054
344
372
1,303
282
19,762
1,274
21
386
26
599
366
573
290
3,786
333
1,188
116
516
1,327
2,443
809
1,468
927
320
349
1,336
393
18,846
2,649
62
890
49
1,719
1,556
2,328
623
20,332
3,053
3,213
372
1,315
5,446
7,860
2,315
5,047
4,447
1,000
946
5,133
776
71,131
2,390
55
817
47
1,661
1,368
2,134
567
19,075
2,939
2,837
405
1,381
5,166
7,244
2,119
4,637
4,248
978
879
4,662
1,148
66,757
10
11
14
5
14
18
16
8
86
35
28
11
33
45
21
26
23
25
63
16
45
39
86
(a) Average number of chemicals per facility is derived by dividing total number of forms submitted for an industry by the
total number of facilities in that industry.
(b) Maximum number of chemicals per facility indicates how many chemicals were reported by the facility submitting the
most forms in each industry.
respectively). Blast Furnaces (SIC 3312) were responsible for the largest share
of the Primary Metals industry total (219.3 million pounds). (See Table 6-2.)
In contrast to the large amounts generated by the top four manufacturing
industries, the nine industries with the smallest TRI releases and transfers together
accounted for slightly over five percent of the TRI total. The Apparel industry
reported the smallest amount, 1.9 million pounds—less than one percent of the
TRI total.
Reports from facilities in more than one industrial category may lead to
underestimates of the amounts of chemicals released or transferred by some
industries. For instance, the Chemical industry was frequently one of the two (or
more) industries reported by facilities with multiple classifications, but the
releases from those facilities cannot be assigned to the Chemical industry, since
it is not known what portion of the TRI data originated from chemical operations
and what portion from other activities. (See Box 6-A for examples of Multiple
Code facilities.)
Some 282 facilities that did not report a manufacturing SIC code (20-39) released
and transferred 23.1 million pounds of TRI chemicals (less than one-half of one
144
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 6-1. continued.
INDUSTRY
Food
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Primary Metals
Fab. Metals
Mach, except Electrical
Electrical
Transportation
Measure./Photo.
Miscellaneous
Mult, codes 20 - 39
No codes 20 - 39
Pound.
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
1968 1987
Percent Ruk
Pound.
Percent Ruk
AVERAGE RELEASES AND TRANS-
FERS (c)
1988 1987
Pound. Ruk Pound. Rjnk
72,901,891
15,058,947
59,325,071
1,919,695
33,368,043
62,795,289
370,343,051
60,541,926
2,883,479,294
104,236,707
189,126,061
37,806,234
55,182,710
857,866,507
215,112,500
75,332,062
182,384,794
261,180,095
64,367,648
36,043,356
579,516,521
23,142,344
1.17
0.24
0.95
0.03
0.53
1.01
5.93
0.97
46.20
1.67
3.03
0.61
0.88
13.75
3.45
1.21
2.92
4.18
1.03
0.58
9.29
0.37
11
21
15
22
19
13
4
14
1
9
7
17
16
2
6
10
8
5
12
18
3
20
67,048,081
7,268,625
68,613,808
2,650,724
31,804,406
61,182,687
377,958,408
63,380,815
3,331,892,430
182,108,630
190,996,017
41,965,475
57,634,258
947,963,814
233,597,136
78,172,754
220,944,128
296,186,174
78,145,426
35,558,546
579,638,062
22,722,138
0.96
0.10
0.98
0.04
0.46
0.88
5.42
0.91
47.75
2.61
2.74
0.60
0.83
13.59
3.35
1.12
3.17
4.24
1.12
0.51
8.31
0.33
15
21
14
22
20
17
4
16
1
5
9
18
11
2
7
12
8
6
13
19
3
10
50,208
792,576
147,943
66,196
54,169
158,175
630,908
193,425
751,297
286,365
146,269
286,411
98,717
621,642
83,409
86,589
115,580
247,799
187,115
96,891
444,756
82,065
22
1
12
20
21
11
3
9
2
7
13
6
15
4
18
17
14
8
10
16
5
19
52,628
346,125
177,756
101,951
53,096
167,166
659,613
218,555
880,056
546,873
160,771
361,771
111,694
714,336
95,619
96,629
150,507
319,510
244,204
101,887
433,861
57,817
22
7
11
16
21
12
3
10
1
4
13
6
15
2
19
18
14
8
9
17
5
20
TOTAL
6,241,030,746 100.00
6,977,432,542 100.00
(c) Average TRI releases/transfers per facility is derived by dividing the total pounds of releases and transfers for that industry
by its number of TRI facilities reporting. See text for discussion of how this average may be distorted by the influence of a few
facilities.
percent of the 1988 TRI total). Some of these facilities may not have been required
to report to TRI, while others may have filled out their forms incorrectly or
incompletely. Some were Federal facilities that, while not legally required to
report to TRI, did so voluntarily, as described below.
Data analyses presented in this chapter, as throughout the report, are based on
the April 6, 1990 version of EPA's TRI database; the statistics may differ slightly
from those in publicly-available data sources. In addition, various analyses are
affected by changes in the TRI database that have been made since data for this
report were compiled. These changes are summarized in Chapter 3, Box 3-A;
the change that most affects analyses of industrial distribution is detailed in Box
6-B.
(2) This category includes facilities with blank or incorrect SIC codes as well as ones with codes
other than 20-39. There are four possible reasons for which facilities might be included in this
category: 1) they did not fill out the SIC section of their TRI forms completely or correctly; 2) they
were not among SIC codes 20-39 but did not understand that they were not required to report; 3) they
were not among SIC codes 20-39 but they have voluntarily reported their use of TRI chemicals; 4)
they reported SIC codes in 20-39 but the data were entered into the EPA TRI database incorrectly.
145
-------
Chapter 6
19
Industry by SIC Code
Food (20
Tobacco (21
Textiles (22
Apparel (23
Lumber (24
Furniture (25
Paper (26
Printing (27
Petroleum (29
Plastic* (30
Leather (31
Stone/Clay (32
Primary Metals (33
Fab. Metals (34
Machinery (35
Electrical (36
Transportation (37
Measure./Photo. (38
Miscellaneous (39
Multiple Codes 20-3S
No Codes 20-3J
88
1
)
RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
500
1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
Millions of Pound*
1987 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Industry by SIC Coda
Food (20)
Tobacco
(21)
Textiles (22
Apparel (23
Lumber
24
Furniture (25
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
26
27
28
29
Plattics (30
Leather
(31
Stone/Clay (32
Primary Metals (33
B :::!::
I I ; i ; I ;
i I ; ; ; ; ;
i i ; : ; • :
•VB^ : : : : : :
p" ; i ; i ; i
^^^^^^m^mm \ \ \ ''.
Fab. Metsls (34)
Machinery
Eleotrioal
Transportation
Measure./Photo.
35)
36
37)
38)
Miscellaneous (39)
Multiple Codes 20-39
No Code* 20-39
•^ : :
B ;::;;:
•^ : : : i ;
BBBEZ ::::::
B ;;;;;;
';;;;;;
B^B^B^B^BV^I ' ' " ' ' '
500
1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Million* of Pounds
3,000 3,500
I Release*
I Trander*
Figure 6-1. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry for 1988 and 1987.
146
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
BOX 6-A. FACILITIES REPORTING MULTIPLE SIC CODES
TRI facilities reported as many as seven different four-digit SIC codes (see Appendix C). While
many of these were all in the same two-digit category, seven percent of the facilities reported multiple
SIC codes that fell into more than one two-digit category.
Shell Oil Company's Norco Manufacturing Complex in Norco, Louisiana, led the Multiple Codes
industrial group, with a 1988 total of 158.7 million pounds of releases and transfers, the second
greatest amount from any facility. It reported as both a Chemical Products facility (SIC 28) and as
a Petroleum Refiner (SIC 29). If it had been solely a Chemical facility, it would have ranked second
after American Cyanamid (also in Louisiana) in that industry; if it had been solely in the Petroleum
Refining category, it would have overwhelmed that industry, since it reported a greater amount than
all of the other facilities in that industry combined.
The facility reported releasing 24 chemicals, mostly through underground injection (156.4 million
pounds, 99 percent), making it the second-ranked facility nationwide for total underground injection.
Most of the plant's disposal (152.8 million pounds) was hydrochloric acid. Almost two million
pounds of fugitive air emissions were reported for 19 chemicals, with the greatest amount (42
percent) being propylene. Lesser amounts were distributed among all the other types of releases and
transfers, except there were no transfers to public sewage treatment plants.
Inland Steel Company, in East Chicago, Indiana, reported the next greatest TRI amounts from
Multiple Code facilities—61.4 million pounds—which made it the tenth-ranking TRI facility. It
reported under Primary Metals (SIC 33) (with the four-digit SIC code 3312 for Blast furnaces and
steel mills) and under Stone/Clay/Glass Products (SIC 32) (with the 3274 code for Lime operations).
The facility's total amounts exceeded those of all other Primary Metals facilities except the top one
(Amax Magnesium, Tooele, Utah, with 109.8 million pounds) and was more than nine times greater
than any facility solely reporting under SIC code 32. This facility also produced the second greatest
increase in TRI totals from 1987 to 1988—29.9 million pounds, a 95 percent increase.
Inland Steel's releases and transfers were only slightly more diversified than those of the Shell Oil
facility. Inland Steel reported more than one million pounds of releases or transfers for five chemicals.
The facility ranked first in the nation in total amounts of on-site land releases. Manganese
compounds, which accounted for 43.0 million pounds (70 percent of the total), were mostly disposed
of in on-site landfills. The other chemicals were released in amounts over one million pounds; their
principal means of disposal were underground injection (hydrochloric acid), on-site land (zinc
compounds and chromium compounds), and air, mostly fugitive, emissions (benzene).
147
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Chapter 6
BOX 6-B. WHAT AN ERROR IN THE DATABASE CAN DO: THE
GEORGIA-PACIFIC CASE
Because the TRI database contains detailed information on up to an average of four chemicals per
facility from over 19,000 facilities in 22 major industrial categories and in 54 states and territories,
occasional errors are not unexpected. These might be made by manufacturers when filling out the
reporting forms or they might be made when data are entered into the national database or extracted
and combined for further analysis. Chapter 2 explains some of the many corrections that have been
made to the 1987 database since the June 1989 published report.
Occasionally an error is of sufficient magnitude to distort even aggregate analyses. One such error
is 1988 data for Georgia-Pacific Corporation in Brunswick, Georgia. (Other changes and corrections
are briefly described in Chapter 3, Box 3-C.) That facility reported in 1987 under the two-digit SIC
code 26 (Paper and Allied Products), (although under the facility name of Brunswick Pulp and Paper
Company).
During preparation of this 1988 report, however, Georgia-Pacific kept appearing as an odd facility
in the Tobacco industry, SIC Code 21. Its 1988 TRI amounts, totaling 11.4 million pounds, would
not have attracted as much attention hi the large paper industry, where such an amount would be
about three percent of the industry total reported by 551 facilities. In the Tobacco industry, however,
it was one of only 19 facilities, and that amount represented 76 percent of the total. Once this was
observed, combined with the well-recognized identity of Georgia-Pacific as a major pulp and paper
company, the detailed TRI information for this facility was examined more closely. Apparently, the
comet four-digit SIC code of 2610 (Pulp Mills) had been inadvertently transposed to 2160, turning
it into a Tobacco facility.
The error was corrected too late to be incorporated into the major data analyses in this report. The
incorrect placement of the facility's data is reflected in all tables and figures in this report, but noted
in the text where it would make a major difference. Anyone using the TRI database in its present
form should be aware of this error when drawing conclusions about totals or rankings for these two
industries or the principal chemicals and types of releases reported (mostly point source air emissions
of methanol). The following is a summary of the 1988 Georgia-Pacific data and some of the changes
that would result in national observations from correction of the error.
1988 total for all chemicals at facility (in pounds):
• Fugitive air emissions 314,410 (310,000 is chloroform)
• Point source air emissions 11,072,410 (9,200,000 is methanol; acetone and chlorine are next
highest amounts)
• Surface water discharges 19,640 (16,000 is chromium compounds)
• On-site land disposal 14,001 (13,000 is chromium compounds)
• Total Releases/Transfers 11,420,461
148
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
BOX 6-B (continued).
Some Changes That Would Result From Correction:
• The facility would rank second in the Paper industry in total releases and transfers instead of first
in the Tobacco industry.
• The Tobacco industry TRI totals would decrease 76 percent, from 15.1 million to 3.6 million
pounds, but the Paper industry totals would increase only three percent, from 370.3 million to
381.8 million pounds. The rankings of both industries in total TRI amounts (twenty-first and
fourth) would remain the same.
• The Tobacco industry's average releases/transfers per facility would decrease from 792,576 to
202,138 pounds, changing its ranking in mat category from first to eighth. The average releases
per facility would increase slightly for the Paper industry but not affect its third-place ranking.
• Air emissions would account for 67 percent of the Tobacco total rather than 92 percent; the
Tobacco industry would continue to be in second-to-Iast place for total air amounts. The overall
effect of the additional air emissions to the Paper industry would be minimal. Changes to average
air releases per facility would be more dramatic: the Tobacco average would decrease from
727,393 to 135,202 pounds, so it would rank ninth by this criterion rather than first; the Paper
industry would now rank first in air releases per facility rather than second (with 386,952 pounds).
• The Tobacco industry would contribute 0.7 million pounds of methanol (0.2 percent of total TRI
methanol, the nineteenth greatest amount) rather than 9.9 million pounds (two percent, the seventh
greatest amount); the Paper industry share would increase slightly, from 27 to 29 percent, and it
would still be second to the Chemical industry in methanol amounts.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
The average number of different chemicals reported by each facility in a given TRI facilities reported
industry was four. However, the Petroleum Refining industry reported an average an average of 4
of eight different chemicals per facility in 1988, with a maximum of 35 chemicals chemicals per
reported from any one facility, and the Chemical industry reported an average of facility; for the
five chemicals per facility and a maximum of 86, from the Dow Chemical plant Petroleum industry
in Freeport, Texas. Overall, 18,746 facilities, or 95 percent of the total number the average was 8.
of reporting facilities, reported ten or fewer chemicals. (See Table 6-1 and Box
6-C.)
Major Chemicals
While the Chemical industry generated the top amounts of many chemicals, the Sulfuric acid,
industrial distribution of the 25 chemicals with the largest TRI totals (which toluene, and acetone
accounted for 83 percent of total releases and transfers nationwide) varied were released in sig-
considerably. Some of these chemicals, such as 1,1,1 -trichloroethane and methyl nif leant amounts by
ethyl ketone, were released in significant amounts by facilities in many industries, facilities in all in-
without one industry dominating. For example, 18 industries reported more than dustries . ..
149
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Chapter 6
BOX 6-C. FACILITIES REPORTING THE MOST TRI CHEMICALS
A Dow Chemical Company facility in Freeport, Texas, reported on the greatest number of TRI
chemicals in 1988 (86 chemicals), although its total TRI amount of 9.5 million pounds was not
particularly unusual for a chemical plant. (Each of the top ten TRI chemical plants in the country
reported over 60 million pounds of releases and transfers in 1988.)
This facility reported seven chemicals released or transferred in amounts greater than 500,000
pounds: hydrochloric acid (1.7 million pounds), ethylene (1.3 million pounds), chlorine (749,000
pounds), acetone (676,000 pounds), 4,4*-isopropylidenediphenol (570,000 pounds),
dichloromethane (560,000 pounds), and 1,1,1-trichIoroethane (521,000 pounds). At the other
extreme it reported zero pounds for five chemicals (that is, the chemicals were used in amounts that
needed to be reported to TRI but not released to the environment or transferred off-site in reportable
ways), and released or transferred under 1,000 pounds each of 26 other chemicals.
Most of Dow Chemical's releases were to the air: 5.3 million pounds of point source air emissions
and another 2.5 million pounds of fugitive air emissions, or a total of 81 percent of its TRI chemicals
going to the air. As a result, the facility ranked 22nd in the nation for total air releases, 21st for
fugitive air releases, and 27th for point source air releases. Another 1.3 million pounds were
transferred off-site, 509,000 pounds released to surface waters, and under 10,000 pounds released
on-site to land. The facility reported no underground injection or transfers to public sewage treatment
plants.
The amounts and distribution among media and chemicals were quite similar in 1987 and 1988. The
1988 total represented a decrease of four percent (356,000 pounds) compared to 1987. The facility
did not lead in number of chemicals reported in 1987, however, since that year it reported 76
chemicals.
Tennessee Eastman Company, an Eastman Kodak facility in Kingsport, Tennessee, reported on the
second greatest number of TRI chemicals in 1988 (81 chemicals). It had led in number of chemicals
reported in 1987 (82 chemicals, including ones since removed from the TRI list). Their total of 42.7
million pounds of total 1988 TRI releases and transfers ranked 16th for the Chemical industry and
20th for all types of TRI facilities. This represents a slight decrease of one percent since 1987.
This facility reported some of each type of release and transfer except underground injection. Despite
the number of chemicals and varieties of environmental methods of disposal of the wastes, most of
the amounts were fugitive air emissions of a single chemical: 30.8 million pounds of acetone, or 72
percent of the facility total. Tennessee Eastman reported five other chemicals in amounts of between
one and four million pounds each: methanol, ethylene glycol, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, and
butyraldehyde. The other 75 chemicals varied in amounts from zero releases to under ten pounds
to several hundred thousand pounds each.
150
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 6-2. The 25 Industrie* (Classified by 4-Oigit SIC Code) with the Largect TRI Total
Releaeee and Transfer* by type of Relsai
1 TRI 1 SIC
TOTAL! CODE
RANK!
r^"
1 2869
2 3312
3 2816
4 3339
5 2873
6 2819
7 3331
8 2611
9 2911
10 3711
1 1 2821
12 3079
13 2874
14 2834
15 2851
16 2621
17 2813
18 2823
19 3714
20 2865
21 3679
22 2631
23 3861
24 251 1
25 2899
B4DUCTRY
Industrial organic chemical*, nee*1*
Blast furnace! and steel mills
Inorganic pigments
Primary nonferrous, nee**
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Industrial inorganic chemical, nee**
Primary copper
Pulp mills
Petroleum refining
Motor vehicles and car bodies
Plastics materials and resins
Miscellaneous plastics products
Phosphatic fertilizers
Pharmaceutical preparations
Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels,
586
Paper mills
Industrial Gases
Celluosic manmade fibers
Motor vehicle parts and accessories
Cyclic crude and intermediates
Electronic components, nee**
Paperboard mills
Photographic equipment and supplies
Wood Household Furniture
Chemicals and Allied Products, nee**
e or transfer, 1988.
FAdU-'tORMS»| TRI TOTAL
TIES* [
Number 1 Number 1 Pounds
407 2,147 305,332,220
160 1,044 219,312,953
61 217 218,856,672
32 100 195,683,490
77 239 142,353,293
378 935 126,183,400
10 71 113,736,045
89 204 105,782,221
191 2,328 86,310,204
98 880 73,381,852
439 1,766 71,843,994
473 1,058 61,093,502
36 110 57,483,136
143 402 55,328,526
2,696 53,641 40.97
,800
159 544 53,414,908
132 197 53,218,118
3 27 47,696,335
353 1,056 44,781,891
111 566 41,294,579
267 690 41,290,330
74 265 40,905,315
57 285 40,705,368
191 853 39,363,005
316 1,007 38,833,002
AIR
Percent
20.30
15.34
8.02
57.90
87.40
18.99
4.65
15.42
48.98
84.05
58.96
86.58
17.55
40.98
0.01
67.81
3.42
91.92
57.35
22.73
81.03
59.77
66.95
95.89
9.87
SUR-
FACE
WATER
Percent
0.82
3.21
0.07
3.11
4.95
6.40
0.05
75.00
3.83
0.06
1.78
LAND 1 UNDER- [ PUBLIC
GROUND! SEWAGE
Percent 1 Percent 1 Percent
0.50 55.02 11.18
25.32 15.26 1.12
1.65 38.61 31.64
37.79 0.02 0.00
1.78 5.66 0.19
27.74 4.29 24.25
95.20 0.00 0.03
0.73 0.00 5.87
3.21 22.97 11.04
0.06 0.00 2.05
0.13 0.12 6.56
0.34 0.05 0.00 1.35
2.78
3.48
0.04
3.94
0.09
79.51 0.00 0.00
4.10 9.12 14.98
0.00 4.30 54.69
3.05 0.00 14.15
0.00 0.01 0.08
0.39 7.58 0.00 0.00
0.20
0.41
0.11
1.32
1.05 0.00 6.19
0.61 0.16 56.52
0.00 0.00 7.05
8.34 0.00 30.20
1.57 0.77 0.00 10.51
0.00
0.28
0.12 0.00 0.18
2.20 69.82 7.80
OFF-
SITE
Percent
12.18
39.75
20.02
1.18
0.03
18.33
0.06
3.00
9.97
13.79
32.45
11.67
0.15
27.35
11.05
96.40
0.12
35.22
19.57
11.81
0.37
20.21
3.81
10.02
SUBTOTAL 4,843 19,687 2,327,826,159
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 14,919 51,444 3,913,204,587
GRANDTOTAL 19,762 71,131 6,241,030,746
*Only facilities and forms reporting s single SIC code were counted.
**Not elsewhere classified
one million pounds of methyl ethyl ketone, and no one industry's share exceeded
13 percent. Three particularly widespread chemicals were sulfuric acid, toluene,
and acetone: TRI totals for every industry contained at least 100,000 pounds of
each. Although the Chemical industry contributed almost one quarter of the
toluene total, only three industry groups had industry-wide totals of less than one
million pounds of toluene releases and transfers. The Chemical industry also
provided the largest share of sulfuric acid releases and transfers (47 percent) and
of acetone (44 percent); Primary Metals facilities reported another 23 percent of
the sulfuric acid total. (See Figure 6-2 and Table D-6 in Appendix D.)
Other chemicals were reported by only a few industries. For example, overall the ... while other
Chemical industry generated 47 percent of the TRI totals. However, it generated chemicals were dis-
97 percent of the releases and transfers of ammonium nitrate, 90 percent of the charged primarily by
phosphoric acid, 84 percent of the carbon disulfide, 83 percent of the ammonium a single industry.
sulfate, 66 percent of the ammonia, and 62 percent of ethylene glycol.
151
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Chapter 6
70o
Figure 6-2. The 10 Industries with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers and Top 10 Chemicals.
(Chemicals released and transferred in the largest amounts, shown in million of pounds.)
TRI totals for chlorine
came primarily from
4 industries: Primary
Metals, Fabricated
Metals, Paper
Products, and Chemi-
cals and Allied
Products.
The Primary Metals industry contributed 12 percent of the total for the top 25
chemicals—or slightly less than its share of total TRI releases and transfers (14
percent)—including 171.8 million pounds of zinc compounds (82 percent of the
reported releases and transfers for that chemical category) and 53.8 million
pounds of zinc (81 percent), 41.0 million pounds of copper compounds (77
percent), and 106.7 million pounds of chlorine (73 percent). Releases and
transfers of chlorine originated almost entirely from three industries: Paper
Products (12 percent), Chemical Products (ten percent), and Primary Metals.
(See Figure 6-3.)
Diversified facilities (those reporting multiple SIC codes) reported 45 percent
(51.9 million pounds) of the total for manganese compounds and 27 percent
(169.8 million pounds) of the total for hydrochloric acid. (See Boxes 6-A and
6-D, and Table D-6 in Appendix D for additional details on the individual
chemicals that made up the TRI totals for each industry.)
752
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
BOX 6-D. ADDITIONAL CHEMICAL HIGHLIGHTS, 1988
While the 25 top chemicals made up 83 percent of total TRI releases and transfers for 1988 (Table
6-5 in Appendix D), other chemicals stand out because of the amounts they contribute to a particular
industry, or because one or only a few industries contribute most of the total reported TRI releases
and transfers. The following are highlights of the chemical distribution among and within some
industries. They are not intended to be inclusive or necessarily of greatest environmental or public
health importance.
Textile Mill Products: The 83,000 pounds of biphenyl reported by Textile facilities represented 0.9
percent of the total TRI releases and transfers for that chemical.
Apparel: This industry reported no chemicals (either in or out of the top 25) in amounts greater
than one-half million pounds. However, its 303,000 pounds of tetrachloroethylene, a carcinogen,
equaled 0.9 percent of the industry's total for all chemicals.
Paper Products: The two chemicals outside the top 25 that were reported by Paper industry facilities
in excess of ten million pounds represented substantial releases and transfers of those chemicals:
11.1 million pounds (82 percent) of chlorine dioxide and 18.4 million pounds (69 percent) of
chloroform, a carcinogen.
Chemical Products: This industry reported releases and transfers greater than ten million pounds
for an additional 12 chemicals outside the top 25. Of these, eight accounted for over half of the total
releases of the chemical: carbonyl sulfide (19.1 million pounds, just under 100.0 percent), acrylic
acid (23.3 million pounds, just under 100 percent), acetonitrile (23.1 million pounds, 98 percent),
acrylonitrile (10.3 million pounds, 95 percent), ethylene (36.9 million pounds, 89 percent),
propylene (15.9 million pounds, 68 percent), formaldehyde (18.1 million pounds, 59 percent), and
barium compounds (11.1 million pounds, 53 percent). (The others were phenol, styrene, n-butyl
alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone, and benzene.) In addition, Chemical manufacturers reported more
than one million pounds for 59 chemicals outside the top 25.
Petroleum Refining: This industry uses various chemicals in large quantities: Petroleum manufac-
turers reported amounts greater than one million pounds for ten chemicals outside of the top 25,
and for seven within the top 25. Among them were benzene (4.7 million pounds, 14 percent of total
releases and transfers for the industry) and propylene (4.4 million pounds, 19 percent).
Stone/Clay/Glass Products: This industry's 6.8 million pounds of releases and transfers of friable
asbestos, a carcinogen, comprised 30 percent of total TRI releases and transfers of that substance.
In addition, the industry accounted for almost half of all reported mixtures (6.6 million pounds).
Primary Metals: The Primary Metals industry reported eight chemicals outside the top 25 in excess
often million pounds, a number second only to die 12 of the Chemical industry. Not surprisingly,
153
-------
Chapter 6
BOX 6-D (continued).
many of these were metals. The industry reported 91 percent of TRI totals for aluminum fume or
dust (38.S million pounds), 69 percent of the lead compounds (24.9 million pounds) and another 71
percent of the lead (1S.9 million pounds), 61 percent of the manganese (27.1 million pounds), 55
percent of the copper (19.0 million pounds), and 38 percent of the chromium compounds (9.9 million
pounds). The industry also accounts for a sizable share of the metals within the top 25: zinc
compounds (148.6 million pounds, 81 percent) and zinc fume or dust (48.4 million pounds, 82
percent), copper compounds (41.0 million pounds, 77 percent), manganese compounds (39.4 million
pounds, 34 percent), and chromium (9.9 million pounds, 47 percent). The industry also contributed
34 percent (11.4 million pounds) of the carcinogen benzene.
Fabricated Metals: Seven chemicals outside the top 25 were reported in excess of one million
pounds, five of them metals (manganese, copper, chromium compounds, chromium, and nickel).
Transportation Equipment: This industry reported one chemical outside the top 25 in amounts
greater than ten million pounds: the carcinogen styrene (13.7 million pounds, 32 percent of that
chemical). Manufacturers in the industry also generated more than one million pounds of 10 other
chemicals outside the top 25 and 17 within the top 25.
Measuring/Photographic: This industry's 1.5 million pounds of ethylene oxide, a carcinogen, was
30 percent of the TRI total for that chemical and the only chemical reported by this industry outside
the top 25 in amounts greater than one million pounds.
70% of acids/
bases/salts came
from the Chemical in-
dustry, the Primary
Metals industry
generated 64% of
the metals; halo-or-
ganics and organic*
were more evenly dis-
tributed among in-
dustries.
Chemical Classes
The Chemical industry dominated total releases and transfers for all chemical
classes except metals, to which the Primary Metals industry understandably
contributed the most—64 percent. (See Chapter 4 for an explanation of chemical
classes.) The 1.6 billion pounds of acids/bases/salts reported from Chemical
facilities represented 70 percent of that class. Facilities reporting Multiple SIC
Codes reported the second highest amounts of acids/bases/salts, of metals and
metal compounds, and of halo-organics. The Paper industry was second for
organics, and Primary Metals was second for non-metallic inorganics. Most
mixtures were reported by the Stone/Clay/Glass industry (12 percent) and the
Primary Metals industry (49 percent). The distribution among industries varied
from class to class, but did not change significantly from 1987 to 1988.
Halo-organic and organic chemicals, for example, were distributed among many
industries, possibly because many of these chemicals are used as solvents and
degreasers, which have applications in many industrial sectors. (See Table 6-3.)
154
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 6-3. Industrial Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1988.
INDUSTRY
20 Food
21 Tobacco
22 Textile
23 Apparel
24 Lumber
25 Furniture
26 Paper
27 Printing
28 Chemicals
29 Petroleum
30 Plastics
31 Leather
32 Stone/Clay
33 Primary Metals
34 Fab. Metals
35 Machinery
36 Electrical
37 Transportation
38 Measure./Photo.
39 Miscellaneous
Mult. Codes 20-39
No codes 20-39
TRI TOTAL
found. I
72,901,891
15,058,947
59,325,071
1,919,695
33,368,043
62,795,289
370,343,051
60,541,926
2,883,479,294
104,236,707
189,126,061
37,806,234
55,182,710
857,866,507
215,112,500
75,332,062
182,384,794
261,180,095
64,367,648
36,043,356
579,516,521
23,142,344
A/B/S« IORGANKS
FtraM I Percent
61.85
4.71
17.83
13.58
3.62
0.57
28.13
5.40
53.83
6.37
2.35
45.43
21.27
18.97
24.08
7.96
13.44
5.16
5.04
1.76
35.28
28.68
11.16
81.17
60.82
62.84
86.93
93.47
55.10
83.94
30.90
57.08
69.11
38.13
27.88
5.89
38.30
29.80
36.64
61.01
42.04
61.06
30.39
37.52
METALS iHALO-OR-l NON-ME-
0.67
0.20
0.47
1.60
0.86
0.45
0.64
3.48
2.46
3.64
4.02
4.36
13.06
55.31
14.66
14.91
8.71
5.87
2.02
3.86
15.49
8.87
GANICS TALS
Perool 1 fcroa*
MIXTURES 1
1
ftrcat 1
1.53 24.47 0.32
5.79 8.12 0.00
14.54 6.35
20.92 0.01
0.00
1.05
3.23 2.16 3.21
5.13 0.02 0.36
6.36 9.76 0.00
6.97 0.17 0.05
3.89 8.86 0.00
0.38 32.53
23.19 1.31
0.00
0.02
1.93 10.14 0.00
6.61 19.18 12.00
3.34 16.00 0.49
22.24 0.65 0.07
46.64 0.67 0.01
39.61 1.59 0.00
25.61 2.12 0.23
50.46 0.44 0.00
31.88 0.77 0.67
12.83 6.01
0.00
17.30 7.62 0.00
TOTAL 6,241,030,746
* Acids/Bases/Salts
Note: Trade secrets accounted for less than 0.1 % in all industrial categories.
^:
^> ^^%-J^
^
^-*^ ^T_-L
A. <^ O^
%?<*£*>
^ ^
"&
S.
Figure 6-3. The 10 Industries with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers and Selected Chemicals.
(shown in millions of pounds).
755
-------
Chapter 6
The Chemical in-
dustry generated the
largest amounts of
TRI carcinogens.
Industry by SIC Code
Paper (26)
Chemicals (28)
Plastics (30)
Stone/Clay (32)
Primary Metals (33)
Fab. Metals (34)
Electrical (36)
Transportation (37)
Measure. /Photo. (38)
Multiple Codes 20-39
All Other
0
^•••••m^H
^£& ; i i ;
^^^ ; i ; ;
^S^^^ ': ':':'.
*- : | ; |
••••., j ; ;
% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Percent of TRI Total
•• Top Carcinogens HI Releases & Transfers
Figure 6-4. Industrial Distribution of the Top 25 Carcinogens Compared to TRI Total
Release and Transfers, 1988.
Carcinogens
As described in Chapter 4, carcinogens made up seven percent of all TRI releases
and transfers, and the 25 top carcinogens constituted 98 percent of the total
releases and transfers for all TRI carcinogens. The following analysis of
carcinogens is based on these 25 chemicals.
In keeping with the overall industrial distribution of total releases and transfers,
the Chemical industry was responsible for the largest amount of TRI carcinogen
releases and transfers. Chemical facilities reported over three times as many
pounds of the top 25 carcinogens as any other industry, but this was a smaller
share of carcinogens than its share of all TRI amounts (35 percent, compared to
46 percent for all TRI chemicals). Diversified facilities reporting Multiple SIC
codes generated the next largest amount of carcinogens (47.0 million pounds),
followed by Primary Metals (44.0 million pounds). This share of the top
carcinogens for the diversified facilities slightly exceeded their share of total TRI
chemicals (11 percent compared to nine percent); but the reverse is true for
Primary Metals facilities, which generated ten percent of the top carcinogens,
compared to 14 percent for total TRI chemicals. (See Figure 6-4 and Table D-7
in Appendix D.)
756
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Industries reporting a disproportionate share of TRI's carcinogens, and in amounts
exceeding ten million pounds, included the Rubber and Plastics industry,
Stone/Clay/Glass Products, the Electrical/Electronic industry, the Transportation
industry, and the Measuring/Photographic industry. Transportation, which ranked
fourth in amount of carcinogens released, had twice as large a share of
carcinogens as of total TRI chemicals (eight percent, compared to four percent).
The Measuring/Photographic industry ranked eighth for carcinogens but only
12th overall; its share of carcinogens was four times its share of all TRI releases
and transfers.
The Transportation in-
dustry ranked 4th in
amount of car-
cinogens, with twice
as large a share of
carcinogens as of
total TRI chemicals.
Many carcinogens were used and released primarily by the Chemical Products The carcinogen
industry, which contributed over half the releases and transfers for 14 out of the hexachlorobenzene
top 25 carcinogens. The most extreme case was hexachlorobenzene: Chemical was released only by
facilities contributed 100 percent of its total. Other carcinogens for which at least the Chemical industry.
75 percent of the total was released and transferred by the Chemical industry were
acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, 1-3-butadiene, carbon tetrachloride, propylene oxide,
vinyl chloride, 1-4-dichlorobenzene, and acrylamide.
The carcinogens released in greatest amounts were the most widely distributed Dichloromethane
among industries: no single industry contributed more than half of any of the top releases and trans-
four carcinogens. The Chemical industry generated the largest proportion of fers were common in
dichloromethane releases and transfers (32 percent, 43.1 million pounds), but various industries.
five other industries also reported sizable amounts (Rubber and Plastics; Multiple
SIC codes; Measuring/Photographic; Electrical/Electronic; and Transportation).
Benzene releases and transfers came primarily from the Chemical and Primary
Metals industries (37 percent and 34 percent respectively), with only three other
industry categories reporting over one million pounds (the Petroleum Refining,
Multiple SIC codes, and Transportation industries). (See Figure 6-3.)
The Measuring/Photographic industry had the largest proportion of carcinogens—
30 percent of its TRI total was made up of carcinogens. Dichloromethane
comprised 78 percent of this industry's carcinogens. The next highest share came
from the Stone/Clay/Glass industry (22 percent), followed by Rubber and Plastic
Products (19 percent). Only six percent of the TRI total reported by Chemical
facilities were carcinogens, a smaller percentage than for 16 other industries. The
Printing and Publishing industry had the lowest proportion of carcinogens (one
percent), followed by the Food, Furniture, and Leather industries (two percent
each). (See Table D-7 in Appendix D.)
The Measuring/
Photographic and
Stone/Clay/Glass in-
dustries reported the
highest percentage
of their TRI amounts
as carcinogens.
157
-------
Chapter 6
i,ooo
800
600
400
200
<.oo0
Figure 6-5. Environmental Distribution of of TRI Releases and Transfers from the Top 10 Industries, 1988.
Most industries
released the largest
share of their TRI to-
tals directly to the en-
vironment.
Facilities in 2 in-
dustries —Leather
and Food—shipped
more off-site than
they released directly
to the environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS BY INDUSTRY
The environmental distribution of TRI releases and transfers varied considerably
by industry. Facilities in all but two industries released a greater total amount of
chemicals directly into the air, water, land, or underground wells than they
transferred off-site to other facilities, such as public sewage systems or in-
cinerators, for treatment or disposal. (See Figure 6-5 and Table 3-4 in Chapter
3-)
Only the Leather Products industry and the Food Products industry reported a
majority of their TRI amounts as transfers, as opposed to releases, in 1988. The
Leather industry reported only 40 percent of its TRI total as releases; 54 percent
went to public sewage treatment plants and six percent to other off-site facilities.
Similarly, the Food industry released only 43 percent, transferring 54 percent to
public sewage treatment plants and four percent to other off-site facilities. The
next highest portions of transfers were those of the Apparel industry (45 percent),
Fabricated Metals (42 percent), and Stone, Clay, and Glass Products (41 percent).
158
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Industry by SIC Codes
Food (20)
Tobacco (21)
Textile* (22)
Apparel (23)
Lumber (24)
Furniture (26)
Paper (26)
Printing (27)
Petroleum (29)
Plaatica (30)
Leather (31)
Stone/Clay (32)
Prim. Metala (33)
Fab. Matala (34)
Machinery (36)
Electrical (36)
Tranaportation (37)
Measure. /Photo. (38)
Miscellaneous (38)
Multiple Code* 20-39
No Code* 20-39
(
1
1 \ '••
• ' :
&
) 200 400 600 8(
Millions of Pounds
)0
Figure 6-6. TRI Air Emissions by Industry, 1988.
Industry by SIC Codes
Food (20)
Tobacco (21)
Textile* (22)
Apparel (23)
Lumber (24)
Furniture (25)
Paper (26)
Printing (27)
1
1 i ! i
Chemical* (28) •HaV^Hi : I !
Petroleum (29)
Plaatlc* (30)
Leather (31)
Stone/Clay (32)
Prim. Metal* (33) ••^•^••^^^H
Fab. Metal* (34)
Machinery (35)
Electrical (36)
Tranaportation (37)
Measure./Photo. (38)
Miscellaneous (38)
Multiple Code* 20-39
No Code* 20-39
a*** i : •
1 f 1
0 200 400 600 800
Millions of Pounds
Figure 6-7. TRI On-Site Land Disposal by Industry, 1988.
159
-------
Chapter 6
Furniture manufac-
turer* emitted 91 %
of their TRI total to
air; Primary Metal*
facilities used on-cite
land disposal and off-
site transfers for al-
most 2/3 of their
total.
Facilities in all but 4
industries emitted
the largest share of
their TRI totals to air.
3 industries ac-
counted for 93% of
all on-site land dis-
posal.
Despite some shifts
within industries, the
environmental dis-
tribution of TRI
releases and trans-
fers did not change
significantly from
1987 to 1988.
Some industries generated only certain types of TRI releases or transfers, while
others reported significant portions in many categories. For example, Furniture
manufacturers emitted 91 percent of their industry-wide total to air. The Primary
Metals industry disposed of 32 percent of its total TRI amounts on land (on-site),
and transferred another 31 percent to off-site facilities for treatment or disposal.
On the other hand, Chemical facilities reported TRI chemicals across all sectors:
26 percent to air, eight percent to surface waters, six percent on-site to land, 34
percent to underground wells, 11 percent to public sewage, and 15 percent
transferred to other off-site facilities.
A larger fraction of TRI totals were emitted to air than released or transferred in
any other way, and all but four of the TRI industry groups emitted larger TRI
amounts to air than any other environmental medium. Although air emissions
represented only 27 percent of the Chemical industry's total releases and transfers,
that industry still dominated in total pounds. Its 754.9 million pounds of air
releases (31 percent of total air emission) were more than three times those of
the Primary Metals industry or of facilities reporting Multiple SIC codes, the
next two greatest contributors of air emissions. (See Figure 6-6.)
In contrast to the wide distribution of air emissions, land disposal from just three
industrial groups accounted for the majority of on-site land disposal nationwide:
Primary Metals (277.0 million pounds, or 49 percent of total on-site land
releases), Chemical Products (164.6 million pounds, 29 percent), and facilities
with Multiple Codes (80.3 million pounds, 14 percent). The Chemical industry,
which was responsible for 46 percent of total TRI releases and transfers,
accounted for 80 percent of all releases by underground injection and 63 percent
of on-site discharges to surface water. (Compare Figures 6-6 and 6-7 on previous
page.)
Comparison of 1987 and 1988
The overall pattern of environmental distribution did not change dramatically
between 1987 and 1988. Changes were more dramatic for individual industries,
however. The most noticeable change was the relative decrease in off-site transfers
by Petroleum Refiners, from 37 percent of their total TRI amounts in 1987 to
only nine percent in 1988. This was accompanied by relative increases in the
shares being released to air (from 37 percent in 1987 to 53 percent in 1988), and
injected in on-site underground wells (from ten percent to 19 percent). The
Electrical/Electronic industry also decreased the share of its TRI amounts being
transferred off-site, from 34 percent to 25 percent. Primary Metals decreased the
share of its TRI total being released on-site to land by ten percent (from 43 percent
to 32 percent; a change of 129.5 million pounds).
760
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
THE INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY OF TRI RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
While the Chemical industry played a major role across the board, different TRI releases and
industries dominated in different states. Facilities in ten states contributed 56 transfers from the
percent of total releases and transfers, the top five of which contributed 38 percent Chemical and
(see Chapter 5). The same states dominated the releases and transfers of certain Petroleum industries
TRI industries. Louisiana and Texas, which alone contributed 23 percent of total were concentrated in
TRI releases and transfers, also led the Chemical and Petroleum industries. Texas Louisiana and Texas.
led both of those industries, with Louisiana second. Chemical and Petroleum
facilities in these two Gulf States reported 1.1 billion pounds of releases and
transfers, or 38 percent of all releases and transfers for those industries and 18
percent of the grand TRI total. In addition, Louisiana ranked first among the
states for TRI releases and transfers from facilities reporting multiple SIC codes;
and fifth in both the Textiles and Paper industries. Texas ranked among the top
five in the Lumber, Fabricated Metals, and Machinery industries. (See Figure
6-8 and Table D-8 in Appendix D.)
^'" ,«*£&&*§
-*-£° -W*^Usc* t
tTL.*^.
o-^S^'
,-sv
^5^%^
?^V\VS?V"> "* IZf?^ ^^
^ ^"^^Ki^^L'^
^5
Figure 6-8. The 10 Industries with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers (in Millions of Pounds) and
Top 10 States. (States with the largest TRI total releases and transfers.)
767
-------
Chapter 6
Releases and trans-
fers from many dif-
ferent industries
were reported in In-
diana, Ohio, Califor-
nia, Tennessee, and
Pennsylvania.
North Carolina had
large releases and
transfers from its Fur-
niture and Textiles in-
dustries.
15% of the nation-
wide TRI total for the
Primary Metals in-
dustry came from
Utah.
Kansas ranked 3rd in
the nation for Chemi-
cal industry releases
and transfers.
Some top states had large TRI totals because of releases and transfers concentrated
in one or two industries, while others had the top-ranked amounts for numerous
industrial sectors. For example, Indiana appeared among the top five states in 11
of the 22 industrial categories and Ohio in ten of them. California, although only
in ninth place in total releases and transfers (up from llth place for 1987), led
in the Food Products industry and was also in the top five in the Petroleum,
Fabricated Metals, Machinery, Electrical/Electronic, Transportation, and
Measuring/Photographic industries. Seventh-place Tennessee and tenth-place
Pennsylvania each placed in the top five in seven industries. (See Table 6-4.)
North Carolina is an example of a state with diversified sources of TRI releases
and transfers, although it ranked only 17th in total TRI releases and transfers in
1988. It ranked first in the Furniture and Fixtures industry (with 18.3 million
pounds, which was 11 percent of North Carolina's total) and in the Textile Mill
Products industry (with 11.6 million pounds, or seven percent of the state total),
and placed in the top five for two other industries (Tobacco and Rubber/Plastics).
Its releases and transfers exceeded ten million pounds in four industrial categories
and exceeded one million pounds in another nine.
Utah, on the other hand, ranked 16th for total TRI releases and transfers, almost
entirely as a result of its Primary Metals industry. The 126.4 million pounds of
TRI releases and transfers from Primary Metals facilities in Utah were 15 percent
of the national total for that industry and accounted for 92 percent of the state's
TRI total. (These releases were in turn largely from one facility—Amax Mag-
nesium in Tooele.)
The Chemical industry put Kansas in 13th place in total TRI releases and transfers,
since 88 percent of the state total came from that industry (153.9 million pounds).
Almost 60 percent of the Kansas total (92.0 million pounds) originated at Vulcan
Chemicals in Wichita, the sixth highest facility in the nation for total TRI releases
and transfers. Most of Vulcan's releases were on-site injection into underground
wells, of hydrochloric and sulruric acids. Another Wichita chemical facility,
Racon Inc., ranked 15th in the nation in total TRI amounts for 1988 and second
in TRI transfers. Off-site transfers of hydrochloric acid accounted for 99 percent
of its 51.2 million TRI pounds. While Kansas ranked third in the Chemical
industry, Kansas facilities reported one million pounds or more from only six
other industries.
Geographic Concentration of Industrial Releases
The distribution of a given industry's releases and transfers—whether con-
centrated locally or scattered widely and evenly across the nation—may affect the
(3) SIC Code 38 is defined as "Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling Instruments; Photographic,
Medical, and Optical Goods; Watches and Clocks."
162
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 6-4. The 20 State* with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry Rank*, 1988.
SIC
CODE
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
INDUSTRY
Food
Tobacco
Textile
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastic*
Leather
Stone/Clay
Primary Metals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Measure./Photo.
M iscellaneous
Multiple codes 20-39
No code. 20-39
I LA ITX I OH
I
IN I IL I FL I TN I MI I CA
PA I VA iMOlKS |NY| NJ llTT |NC|OA|KY
MS
19
5
-
24
36
5
37
2
2
47
-
32
23
32
39
40
25
-
39
1
17
6
16
-
4
16
13
22
1
1
16
6
6
8
5
5
11
8
18
20
7
3
7
11
1
10
12
6
12
6
5
3
18
4
2
1
1
5
3
15
6
3
7
9
12
29
16
1
5
31
2
17
9
1
14
1
4
10
8
3
5
22
3
2
4
3
21
4
18
11
26
1
8
7
4
8
7
9
3
3
8
9
11
8
18
12
17
33
-
33
15
1
23
5
42
28
27
22
30
15
28
17
7
8
2
35
10
2
4
20
2
20
4
20
4
4
30
7
17
2
16
21
10
24
10
23
17
4
22
20
22
7
12
3
16
25
15
22
8
3
13
5
2
17
26
1
40
19
9
19
1
14
9
7
8
9
21
13
3
6
20
12
14
4
6
4
2
3
13
13
6
11
13
6
5
6
11
5
19
4
13
5
5
3
7
12
7
14
7
1
10
20
23
3
7
-
6
2
12
3
7
18
9
-
14
34
16
38
20
21
30
23
8
34
21
8
-
41
21
37
16
10
33
12
1
26
7
13
26
10
4
24
25
21
5
33
_
15
27
-
41
19
3
6
27
-
18
39
34
30
29
30
36
28
24
8
12
6
5
34
10
19
8
14
21
18
15
11
21
11
4
6
13
1
9
5
1
22
12
-
36
29
23
17
9
12
20
7
19
17
8
18
25
24
5
22
29
15
34
_
-
23
33
43
-
41
19
42
30
34
1
38
43
27
16
10
31
43
40
25
5
11
13
1
8
9
16
38
5
11
23
33
14
13
14
20
17
15
14
21
26
2
3
21
18
2
15
21
35
19
-
9
20
18
15
22
12
19
24
6
14
28
28
18
40
28
29
14
12
16
23
22
17
10
26
16
13
18
-
18
22
23
OTHER STATES I
AMONG TOP 5
FOR INDUSTRY I
IA (4), WI (5
WV(2)
SCO)
MN (2), OR (3)
WA (3), WI (4)
29
4
12
14
14
32
7
11
14
14
3
38
19 WI(5)
27 WI (2)
31 MN (1), MA (2)
33
31 MA (2), OK (4)
29 AZ (4), IA (5)
12
38 AL (2)
SC(2)
ME (2), WI (4)
TRI TOTAL RANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
*No rank U given if there were no reported releases or transfers in a state for a given industry.
strategy for controlling or preventing future toxic releases. If most releases
emanate from a few facilities in a few locations, to control releases at just a single
facility could reduce releases for the entire industry. If, on the other hand, the
TRI amounts originate in many facilities in diverse locations, methods that have
industry-wide applications might better serve to prevent or control releases.
163
-------
Chapter 6
TRI totals from the
Chemical Product*
and Primary Metal* In-
dustrie* were dis-
tributed nationwide,
with heavy concentra-
tions in a few states.
Petroleum industry
releases were con-
centrated in just 3
states, while
Transportation in-
dustry release*
topped 1.0 million
pounds in each of 34
states.
Diversified facilitie*
had large releases
and transfers in 13
states, including
169.4 million pounds
in Louisiana and 74.4
million pounds in In-
diana.
The top two TRI industries, Chemical Products and Primary Metals, are each
geographically spread out with many facilities reporting substantial releases in
many states. However, Texas and Louisiana facilities together contributed 38
percent of the Chemical industry's TRI releases and transfers (with 574.0 million
pounds and 519.5 million pounds, respectively), and seven other states reported
more than 100 million pounds each. In the Primary Metals industry, only Utah
contributed more than 100 million pounds, but numerous facilities in another 17
states reported more than ten million pounds in each state. (See Maps 6-1 and
6-2 and Table D-8 in Appendix D.)
TRI data for the Petroleum and the Transportation industries show contrasting
distributions. Releases and transfers in three states—Texas, Louisiana and
California—accounted for 60 percent of the Petroleum industry's TRI total.
Another 27 percent came from Midwestern facilities. In contrast, 1,005 facilities
in 34 states reported more than one million pounds in each state of TRI releases
and transfers from the Transportation Equipment industry; seven states had totals
greater than ten million pounds. Because of the wide distribution of this industry,
the top three states together only contributed 35 percent of the total despite their
large releases (Michigan, 42.8 million pounds; California, 24.8 million; and
Ohio, 23.4 million). (See Maps 6-3 and 6-4.)
Facilities that reported multiple industrial categories constituted an important
source of the releases and transfers of many states. These diversified facilities
reported more than one million pounds of releases and transfers in each of 39
states, of which 13 exceeded ten million pounds, and one, Louisiana, reported
169.4 million pounds. In fact, diversified facilities in Louisiana contributed
almost one-quarter of the total TRI releases and transfers in the state, and 30
percent of the national total for facilities reporting multiple SIC codes. Most of
this (152.8 million pounds) came from the Shell Oil Company-Norco Manufac-
turing Complex, in Norco, which reported under both Chemical Products (SIC
28) and Petroleum Refining (SIC 29) and was the second highest facility in the
nation for total TRI releases and transfers. Likewise, most of the Indiana amount
of 74.4 million pounds came from a single facility: the Inland Steel Company in
East Chicago, which reported 61.4 million pounds under both the Primary Metals
and Stone/Clay/Glass industries, accounted for 82 percent of the state's total from
diversified facilities and ranked tenth in the nation for total TRI releases and
transfers.
Box 6-E presents further observations about the geographical distribution of the
TRI releases and transfers, by industry. The prominent role played by individual
facilities in the state-wide patterns is discussed in more detail below.
164
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Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Millions of Pounds
> 100
25 to 100
H3 10 to 25
Q 1 to 10
0 to 1
Map 6-1. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Chemical Industry, 1988.
Millions of Pounds
•I > 100
^ 25 to 100
H 10 to 25
[] 1 to 10
0 to 1
Map 6-2. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Primary Metals Industry, 1988.
765
-------
Chapter 6
Map 6-3. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Petroleum Refining Industry, 1988.
Map 6-4. TRI Total Releases and Transfers by the Transportation Industry, 1988.
166
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
BOX 6-E. ADDITIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL HIGHLIGHTS, 1988
Table 6-2 (in Appendix D) detail the geographic distribution patterns of TRI releases and transfers
within each industry. What follows are highlights for TRI total releases and transfers of selected
industries other than the top-ranked ones.
Food Products: California and Tennessee led in TRI releases and transfers. Their 23.3 million
pounds accounted for more man one third of TRI amounts from this industry.
Textile Mill Products: The top two states (North Carolina, 11.6 million pounds; and Georgia, 9.8
million) accounted for 36 percent of this industry's TRI amounts.
Apparel: This industry reported relatively low TRI releases were concentrated in certain areas.
Only 19 states reported any TRI amounts, and only seven of these reported more man 100,000
pounds each. Those seven (Ohio, Tennessee, Georgia, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, and
Michigan) contributed 1.5 million pounds, or 79 percent of the total 1.9 million pounds for this
industry.
Lumber and Wood Products: Indiana, with 3.8 million pounds, led the 13 states each contributing
more than one million pounds of TRI releases and transfers. Not all leaders in this industry are those
usually identified as "lumber" states: Oregon was indeed third, but Washington and Maine ranked
only llth and 13th.
Furniture and Fixtures: The two states that each contributed more than ten million pounds (North
Carolina, 18.3 million; and Virginia, 10.7 million) together contributed 46 percent of the industry
total of 62.8 million pounds.
Paper Products: This industry's TRI amounts were both widespread and concentrated. Fifteen states
each contributed more than ten million pounds, but the top two each contributed more than 20 million
(Florida, 73.5 million; and Georgia, 22.0 million). Together, their 95.5 million pounds represented
26 percent of the industry total of 370.3 million pounds.
Printing and Publishing: The top four TRI states each contributed more than five million pounds
(Illinois, 14.7 million; Indiana, 7.1 million; Virginia, 5.4 million; and Tennessee, 5.1 million),
which together equaled 52 percent of the industry's total 60.5 million pounds. Four of the top ten
facilities in this industry were affiliated with R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company; together they
represented one percent of the facilities and contributed 18 percent of the total releases and transfers
from this industry.
Petroleum Refining: Facilities from the top three states together reported 60 percent of the total of
104.2 million pounds from this industry: Texas, 30.0 million; Louisiana, 21.0 million; and
California, 11.5 million.
167
-------
Chapter 6
BOX 6-E (continued).
Rubber and Plastic Products: Perhaps the least geographically concentrated, this industry's TRI
amounts came from diverse areas, with 31 states each contributing more than one million pounds
and four of these each contributing more than ten million pounds. No single state stood out: TRI
amounts from the top two states (Indiana and South Carolina) totaled 17.0 million pounds and 16.1
million pounds, or nine percent each of the industry total.
Leather Products: Facilities in Missouri, the leading TRI state for this industry, reported 12.0
million pounds of TRI releases and transfers—more than two and a half times that of the 4.7 million
pounds each reported by manufacturers in the second-and third-ranked states, Maine and Michigan.
In fact, a single Missouri facility, Blueside Company, Inc. in St. Joseph, was responsible for
Missouri's prominence in this industry, by contributing 30 percent of the 37.8 million national total
for this industry.
Stone/Clay/Glass Products: Three states accounted for 38 percent of the industry's 55.2 million
pounds of TRI releases and transfers: Indiana, with 7.4 million, Tennessee, with 7.2 million, and
Mississippi, with 6.6 million. The rest of the industry's TRI amounts were widely distributed, with
nine other states each contributing more than one million pounds.
Fabricated Metals: The six states whose TRI facilities reported more than ten million pounds for
each state collectively contributed 46 percent of the industry's 215.1 million-pound total. Ohio led,
with 26.1 million pounds (12 percent of the industry total). Between one and ten million pounds
came from each of another 25 states.
Machinery, except Electrical: Three states had TRI totals of more than five million pounds each.
Together the three contributed 29 percent of the 75.3 million-pound industry total: Ohio, 8.9 million;
Wyoming, 7.5 million; and Illinois, 5.8 million. Another 21 states had TRI totals of more than one
million pounds each from this geographically dispersed industry.
Electric and Electronic Equipment: Of the 33 states from which manufacturers reported TRI totals
of more than one million pounds, four showed more than 10 million. The combined total from
Minnesota (21.9 million pounds), Massachusetts (15.3 million), Indiana (14.0 million), and
California (11.9 million) represented 35 percent of the industry's 182.4 million pounds of total TRI
releases and transfers.
Measuring, Photographic Goods: Facilities in New York state reported 29.9 million pounds, 47
percent of the total releases and transfers (64.4 million pounds) for this industrial category. New
York's total was over five times that of second-ranked Massachusetts, which had 5.1 million pounds.
The Eastman Kodak facility in Rochester (on Lake Avenue) that reported 21.8 million pounds was
responsible for three-fourths of the New York industry total and over one third of the nationwide
total for the industry. Two other New York facilities placed in the top ten facilities for the industry:
Anitec Image Corporation in Binghamton (4.5 million pounds) and another Eastman Kodak facility
in Rochester (the Elmgrove Plant, with 0.9 million pounds).
168
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Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
FACILITIES AND PARENT COMPANIES
35 Chemical plant*
released 56% of that
industry'* TRI total
and over 25% of the
national TRI total.
Individual Facilities' Contributions to industrial Totals
One way of comparing the disparate numbers of facilities and total releases across
industries is to compute the average release per facility for each industry. The
calculation suggests, for instance, that although facilities in the Food industry had
large total releases and transfers, their average releases and transfers were smaller
than those of any other industry. (See Table 6-1.)
Average statistics, however, tend to hide the fact that a few large individual
facilities dominate several industrial sectors. Even in industries with a large
number of facilities spread across the nation, a comparatively few of those with
unusually large TRI releases and transfers can bring the numerical average well
above the amount that is typical for most facilities across the industry.
All but 15 of the top SO facilities in the nation for total TRI releases and transfers
in 1988 were chemical facilities. Although these represented less than one percent
of all chemical facilities, they contributed 56 percent of the Chemical industry's
TRI releases and transfers and slightly over one quarter of the national TRI total.
Three of the top five facilities were Chemical facilities in the Gulf states:
American Cyanamid Company in Westwego, Louisiana, with 176.4 million
pounds; Du Pont in Beaumont, Texas, with 111.9 million pounds; and Monsanto
Company in Alvin, Texas, with 103.3 million pounds. The releases and transfers
from each of these facilities alone exceeded the total releases and transfers of all
facilities nationwide in each of 13 other industries. All three released more than
90 percent of their TRI chemicals to underground wells. Ammonium sulfate
solution constituted 96 percent and 89 percent of the TRI chemicals of the
Monsanto and Du Pont facilities and 36 percent at American Cyanamid, which
also reported another 47 percent as sulfuric acid. (See Table 6-5 and Table 3-5
in Chapter 3.)
The Primary Metals industry filled nine of the remaining 15 slots on the top 50 Just 9 Primary Me-
facilities for total TRI releases and transfers. Those facilities, which were less tals plants released
than one percent of that industry's facilities, accounted for 38 percent of the 38% of the industry
industry's TRI releases and transfers and five percent of the national TRI total, total and 5% of the
One of these, Amax Magnesium, in Tooele, Utah, ranked fourth in total TRI TRI total.
amounts and third in TRI releases, exceeding the TRI totals of all facilities in
each of 14 other industries. Its releases were primarily air emissions of chlorine
and hydrochloric acid.
The second-ranked facility was Shell Oil Company (Norco Manufacturing
Complex) in Norco, Louisiana, a company reporting in SIC codes for both
Chemical Products and Petroleum Refining, whose 158.7 million pounds ex-
ceeded total TRI amounts of all facilities in each of 14 industries, including
169
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Chapter 6
Table
SIC
CODE
6-5. The Facilities with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers for Each Industry, 1988.
INDUSTRY
20 Food
21 Tobacco
22 Textile
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastic*
Leather
Stone/Clay
Primary Metals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Measure. /Photo.
Miscellaneous
Multiple codes
20-39
No codes 20 -
39
TOTAL
FACIL-
ITIES
Number
1,452
19
401
29
616
397
587
313
3,838
364
1,293
TOTAL
RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound*
72,901,891
15,058,947
59,325,071
1,919,695
33,368,043
62,795,289
370,343,051
60,541,926
2,883,479,294
104,236,707
189,126,061
132 37,806,234
559
1,380
2,579
870
1,578
1,054
344
55,182,710
857,866,507
215,112,500
75,332,062
182,384,794
261,180,095
64,367,648
TOP 10 LARGEST FACILITIES
FACILITIES
RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pounds
<
31.388.7I2DELANO GROWERS GRAPE
PRODUCTS
KRAFT FOOD INGREDIENT
14,876,9I4GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP.
ARISTECH CHEMICAL CORP.
21,567,724GENCORP POLYMER PRODUCTS
KING FINISHING CO.
1,509,814BUSTER BROWN APPAREL INC
CROWN CRAFTS INC.
8,374,855ANDERSEN CORP.
AMERICAN WOODMARK CORP.
10,012,501STEELCASE INC.
SINGER FURNITURE CO.
11 8,299,77 irrr RAYONIER INC.
WESTVACO CORP.
25.918.808MAX WELL COMMUNICATION
R.R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO.
849,952,374AMERICAN CYAN AM ID CO.
DU PONT BEAUMONT WORKS
44,343,651CITGO PETROLEUM CORP.
AMOCO OIL CO.
36,992,923WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC
3M NEVADA PLANT
26,479,959BLUESIDE CO. INC.
EAGLE OTTAWA LEATHER CO.
28,376,252COPLAY CEMENT CO.
HARSHAW CHEMICAL CO.
337,324, 941AMAX MAGNESIUM
ASARCO INC.
25,231, 993 AJAX METAL PROCESSING
PLATECO
13.897.753LINCOLN ELECTRIC CO.
UNC NAVAL PRODUCTS
40,031 ,6273M MAG MEDIA & CONSUMER
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.
28,368,6200 EN ERAL MOTORS
BOEING COMMERCIAL AIR.
39,673,657 EASTMAN KODAK CO.
ANITEC IMAGE CORP.
372 36,043,356 16,056,427TRICIL RECOVERY SERVICES INC.
1,303
579,516,521
282 23,142,344
CONGOLEUM CORP.
303.262.892SHELL OIL CO.-NORCO MFG.
INLAND STEEL CO.
12,657,775OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP.
GULF STATES STEEL INC.
crrv
DELANO
MEMPHIS
BRUNSWICK
KENOVA
COLUMBUS
DOVER
CHATTANOOGA
CALHOUN
BAYPORT
MOOREFIELD
GRAND RAPIDS
LENOIR
FERNANDINA
BEACH
LUKE
BROADVIEW
WARSAW
WESTWEGO
BEAUMONT
LAKE CHARLES
TEXAS CITY
HAMPTON
NEVADA
SAINT JOSEPH
GRAND HAVEN
LOGANSPORT
JACKSON
TOOELE
HAYDEN
WARREN
REEDSBURG
EUCLID
UNCASVILLE
HUTCH1NSON
PITTSFIELD
VAN NUYS
EVERETT
ROCHESTER
BINGHAMTON
BARTOW
MARCUS HOOK
NORCO
EAST CHICAGO
NIAGARA FALLS
GADSDEN
HATE
CA
TN
GA
WV
MS
GA
TN
GA
MN
WV
MI
NC
FL
MD
IL
IN
LA
TX
LA
TX
SC
MO
MO
MI
IN
MS
UT
AZ
MI
WI
OH
CT
MN
MA
CA
WA
NY
NY
FL
PA
LA
IN
NY
AL
SUBTOTAL 2,034,599,943
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
4,206,430,803
GRAND TOTAL 6,241,030,746
TRI RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS
Pounds
9,618,700
6,062,300
11,420,461
1,594,870
5,648,672
3,459,954
331,863
257,243
1,534,810
905,329
2,169,326
1,185,150
54,369,100
9,107,754
4,281,006
3,949,052
176,418,250
111,899,929
11,153,343
9,092,476
9,328,292
3,933,312
11,377,169
3,740,757
6,534,320
6,306,550
107,750,090
35,930,150
4,572,313
3,975,750
3,657,194
1,366,630
16,645,979
4,839,169
3,651,260
3,048,905
22,578,939
4,544,29
3,668,250
2,454,938
158,662,990
61,364,500
3,164,989
2,416,710
909,973,042
5,331,330,704
6,241,303,746
Box 3-C shows how corrections to the database affect releases from these facilities.
170
-------
Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
A single Eastman
Kodak plant in
Rochester, New York,
generated 113 of the
total for the Measur-
ing/Photographic in-
dustry.
Petroleum Refining. Remaining facilities in the top 50 came from the Paper
industry, Electrical/Electronics industry, Measuring/Photographic industry, and
diversified facilities reporting Multiple SIC Codes. (See also Box 6-A.)
The important role of individual facilities is further shown by the fact that releases
and transfers from the top facilities accounted for relatively large proportions of
the totals for some industries. For example, an Eastman Kodak facility in
Rochester, New York, contributed 35 percent of the TRI total for the Measuring
and Photographic industry, and Blueside Company Inc. in St Joseph, Missouri,
reported 11.4 million pounds, which was 30 percent of the Leather industry's
total. Blueside transferred almost all of its TRI chemicals to public sewage, and
these were mostly ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. The lowest
percentage that any number one facility for a given industry reported of that
industry's total releases and transfers was one percent, for the General Motors
facility in Van Nuys, California, which lead the TRI totals for the Transportation
industry. (See Table 6-5 and Box 6-C.)
The top ten facilities of five other industries did account for more than half of 10 of 1,303 facilities
the industry's releases and transfers, however: Apparel (79 percent), Leather (70 in the multiple in-
percent), Measuring/Photographic (62 percent), and Stone/Clay/Glass Products
(51 percent), plus facilities reporting Multiple industrial categories (52 percent)
and those reporting No Codes within the required range (55 percent). Although
most of these industry groups are relatively small, and thus more likely to be
dominated by the releases of their top facilities, the Multiple SIC Codes category
is not. The top ten facilities in that group, accounting for 52 percent of total TRI
amounts, constituted less than one percent of the 1,303 diversified facilities. In
contrast, the top ten of the Transportation industry (one percent of its facilities)
contributed 11 percent of that industry's total, and the top ten of the Furniture
industry (three percent of its facilities) contributed 16 percent.
dustrial category
reported 1/2 the total
pounds.
Parent Companies
A total of 338 facilities (fewer than two percent of all TRI facilities) operated by
ten major companies, contributed 25 percent (1.6 billion pounds) of the 1988 TRI
total. Du Pont, the top-ranked company, had 74 facilities that together generated
TRI releases and transfers of 319.6 million pounds—five percent of the national
total. Other top-ranked companies included Monsanto, American Cyanamid,
Shell, and BP America. (See Table 6-6.)
Facilities operated by
10 parent companies
contributed 25% of
the TRI total for
1988.
(4) The top ten facilities of the Tobacco industry (one-half of its facilities) appear to be responsible
for 99 percent of the industry's total. However, when the SIC code of one plant is corrected (changed
from the Tobacco industry to the Paper industry—see Box 3-C in Chapter 3) the proportion is less
than one quarter.
171
-------
Chapter 6
Table 6-6. Parent Companies with the Largest TRl Total Releases and Transfers, 1988.
BMtENT COMPANY NAME
DUPONT
MONSANTO CO.
AMERICAN CYANAMID CO.
SHELL CHEMICAL CO.
BP AMERICA INC.
FREEPORT MCMORAN INC.
AM AX INC.
ALLIED SIGNAL INC.
ASARCO INC.
OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORP.
FACILITIES
Number Percent
74 0.37
37 0.19
27 0.14
14 0.07
18 0.09
7 0.04
11 0.06
91 0.46
11 0.06
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Pound! Percen
319,570,681 5.12
201,858,822 3.23
188,986,177 3.03
AVERAGE
RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound.
4,318,523
5,455,644
6,999,488
170,808,409 2.74 12,200,601
151,255,881 2.42
150,465,176 2.41
112,897,662 1.81
99,517,146 1.59
8,403,105
21,495,025
10,263,424
1,093,595
98,162,489 1.57 8,923,863
48 0.24 87,488,225 1.40 1,822,671
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR FACILITIES
338
1.71
1,581,010,668 25.33
4,677,546
INDICATING NO PARENT COMPANY
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
6,343 32.10
13,081 66.19
19,762 100.00
872,979,730 13.99
3,787,040,348 60.68
6,241,030,746 100.00
137,629
289,507
315,810
Allied-Signal facilities
generate average TRl
totals of 1.1 million
pounds per facility,
while Freeport Mc-
Moran facilities
generated an average
of 21.5 million
pounds.
Companies operating
the most facilities did
not necessarily
generate the largest
TRl totals.
The number of facilities reporting from the major parent companies ranged from
seven (Freeport McMoran) to 91 (Allied Signal). As a consequence, the average
releases and transfers per facility for these top companies varied considerably.
Du Font's 74 facilities, while generating the top-ranked TRl total, produced an
average of 4.3 million pounds of releases and transfers per facility. In contrast,
facilities operated by sixth-ranked Freeport McMoran generated an average of
21.5 million pounds per facility. Facilities owned by eighth-ranked Allied Signal
contributed the lowest average per facility—1.1 million pounds.
The variation of total releases and transfers per facility within different companies
is further shown by the fact that only two of the ten companies from which the
most facilities reported to TRl were also among the top-ranked companies for
TRl totals. A total of 135 General Motors facilities reported to TRl, generating
a TRl total of 87.3 million pounds (an average of 647,000 pounds per facility)—
which falls just below the top-ranked amounts. Borden's 74 facilities produced a
TRl total of only 7.0 million pounds (an average of 94,000 pounds per facility),
in contrast to the 319.6 million pounds produced by the 74 Du Pont facilities.
Altogether, the ten companies with the most facilities reporting represented four
percent of the TRl facilities and contributed ten percent of the TRl total. (See
Table 6-7.)
172
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Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 6-7. Parent Companies with the Largest Number of TRI Facilities, 1988.
PARENT COMPANY NAME
GENERAL MOTORS CORP.
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO.
ALLIED SIGNAL INC.
BORDEN INC.
DUPONT
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.
PHILIP MORRIS CO. INC.
COOPER INDUSTRIES INC.
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES INC.
AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN CO.
FACILITIES
Number fere
135
122
91
74
74
72
71
64
57
56
a*
0.68
0.62
0.46
TOTAL RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pmrndu Pen
87,328,338
43,223,992
99,517.146
0.37 6,957;425
0.37 319,570,681
0.37 16,366.501
0.36
0.36
5,942,397
3,787.002
0.32 10,357;592
0.29
13,424,454
XOL
1.40
0.69
1.59
0.11
5.12
0.26
0.10
0.06
0.17
0.22
AVERAGE RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS
PtXMKfa
646,877
354,295
1,093,595
94,019
4,318,523
227,313
83,696
59,172
181,712
239,722
SUBTOTAL 816 4.13
TOTAL FOR FACILITIES INDICAT- 6,343 32.10
ING NO PARENT COMPANY
606,475,528 9.72
872,979,730 13.99
TOXIC RELEASES FROM NON-TRI SOURCES
TRI reporting does not include all sources of toxic chemicals. Manufacturers
whose chemical use falls below the thresholds established by law, who have less
than ten employees, or non-manufacturing operations are not currently included
within the scope of TRI. EPA is, however, considering expanding TRI reporting
to include certain non-manufacturing operations in the future. Federal facilities
are not covered by the requirements, although some have volunteered to report.
(Note, however, that private contractors operating Federal facilities are covered
by the requirements.)
The intentional limits applied to TRI raises an obvious question: How much of
the releases of any given toxic chemical are "captured" by the TRI reporting
system? Some chemicals are used almost exclusively in large-scale chemical
manufacturing operations, and thus have no sources of releases other than
manufacturers. It is reasonable to suppose that releases and transfers of these
chemicals—acrylonitrile is an example—are reasonably well-captured by TRI
reporting. Other chemicals are widely used in non-manufacturing settings.
Benzene and toluene, for instance, are both components of gasoline; automobile
exhaust is a significant source of releases for these two chemicals that are not
covered by TRI reporting.
The following two examples attempt to answer the question of "How much is
covered by TRI for releases of chemicals" as a means of illustrating the role of
TRI and non-TRI releases under a variety of chemical manufacture and use
743,230
137,629
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
12,603
19,762
63.77
100.00
4,761,575,488
6,241,030,746
76.29
100.00
377,813
315,810
773
-------
Chapter 6
circumstances. The final section reviews the status of Federal facilities reporting
toTRI.
Butadiene Air Emissions
Butadiene is a high-volume production chemical (3.0 billion pounds in 1989) used
chiefly for the manufacture of several types of plastics and rubber. Its major use
is as a component in tires, but it is also used in the manufacture of appliance
housings, carpet backings, paper coatings, adhesives, plastic toys, footwear,
construction items, and so on.
EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) estimated that
industrial point source air emissions of butadiene are 3.4 million pounds per year
(estimates were based largely on 1984 data). This compares with TRI point source
releases of 2.6 million in 1988 and 3.7 million pounds in 1987—a reasonably
close agreement. OAQPS did not estimate fugitive emissions, but TRI data reveal
them to be on generally the same scale.
Industrial sources of butadiene emissions are only a small fraction of total
nationwide butadiene emissions of 54.9 million pounds per year. More than 90
percent of butadiene emissions to the atmosphere stem from the mobile sources—
cars, trucks, and buses. Although butadiene is not ordinarily present in gasoline
in significant quantities, it is formed in internal combustion engines by the
incomplete burning of fuel.
Although mobile source emissions of butadiene far outweigh sources reporting
to TRI, this does not mean that industrial sources do not make a significant
contribution, especially at a local level. Depending on a wide variety of
conditions—population, weather patterns, the height of emission sources, fre-
quency of releases—these and other industrial emissions of butadiene may add
significant quantities of the chemical to that emitted by mobile sources.
Chloroform
TRI facilities reported releases of 23.9 million pounds of chloroform in 1988, 95
percent of which was due to air emissions. An additional 2.7 million pounds was
transferred to off-site locations. Chloroform is used chiefly in industrial settings
as a raw material and tends to be used in fairly large quantities, so that TRI can
reasonably be assumed to capture most of the primary releases of chloroform.
However, chloroform is also commonly formed as a byproduct of many chemical
reactions when organic chemicals and chlorine (which are needed to chemically
form chloroform) are present. Thus, there are many secondary sources of
(5) Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of 1,3-Butadiene, EPA-450/2-89-021,
December 1989.
174
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Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
chloroform releases, only some of which are reportable under TRI. Some of the
possible sources of chloroform are summarized below.
The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) has estimated overall environmental
releases of chloroform from anthropogenic sources. Although the estimates are
only preliminary, they provide a useful perspective on TRI data for this chemical.
Overall releases of chloroform./ro/n both TRI and non-TRI sources are estimated
at 23.0 million pounds, based largely on estimates made in 1982. Releases that
originated from manufacturing facilities were estimated at 15.1 million pounds.
The USPHS estimate is 63 percent of the quantity actually reported released by
TRI facilities in 1988 (mostly from the Chemical and Paper industries). Even
though the numbers for manufacturing releases are in the same ballpark, the TRI
releases are considerably larger. Bear in mind, however, that the USPHS data are
based largely on 1982 data, and were only meant as a rough estimation of the
scale of chloroform releases from different sources. (See Table 6-8.)
Table 6-8. Sources of Chloroform Releases as Estimated by the U.S. Public Health Service (Based on 1982
Data).
SOURCE
AIR
Pound.
I SURFACE WATER
Pouoit
LAND DISPOSAL
Pouni»
TOTAL RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS
Pound.
MANUFACTURING SOURCES
METHYL CHLORIDE/CHLORINE
HYPALON
CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE
METHANE CHLORINATION
ETHYLENEDICHLORIDE
PHARMACUETICALS
PULP AND PAPER
431,200
120,780
305,800
154,440
1,672,000
1,254,000
9,048,600
SUBTOTAL 12,986,820
TCI PHOTODEGRADATION
AUTO EXHAUST
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER CHLORINATION
DRINKING WATER CHLORINATION
GRAIN FUMIGATION
1,716,000
396,000
0
0
62,480
17,600
TRACE
TRACE
7,260
TRACE
101,200
655,600
781,660
0
0
704,000
4,180,000
0
SUBTOTAL 2,174,480 4,884,000
11,880
TRACE
4,400
TRACE
477,400
844,800
0
1,338,480
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
460,680
120,780
310,200
161,700
2,149,400
2,200,000
9,704,200
15,106,960
1,716,000
396,000
704,000
4,180,000
62,480
7,058,480
COOLING WATER CHLORINATION
LOADING/TRANS LOSSES
PRODUCT CONTAMINATION
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL
418,000
198,220
21,560
637,780
15,799,080
158,400
0
1,320
159,720
5,825,380
0
0
440
440
1,338,920
576,400
198,220
23,320
797,940
22,963,380
(6) Toxicological Profile for Chloroform, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
ATSDR/TP-88/09, January 1989.
175
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Chapter 6
Manufacturing facilities account for most (66 percent) of the USPHS estimates
for chloroform releases from all sources. There are also significant contributions
from non-manufacturing activities: 4.2 million pounds are estimated to be formed
during the chlorination of drinking water (along with another 0.7 million pounds
from the chlorination of wastewater); the degradation of trichloroethylene in the
atmosphere (which is itself released from both TRI and non-TRI sources) is a
secondary source of chloroform estimated to contribute 1.7 million pounds of
releases.
Unlike the TRI data, which is dominated by chloroform air emissions, the USPHS
data contains a sizable quantity—5.8 million pounds or 25 percent of total
releases—of releases to water that originate largely from water chlorination
operations in non-manufacturing settings.
Federal Facilities
Facilities operated by the Federal government are not legally required to report
under TRI, or under other provisions of the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). However, EPA has encouraged Federal agencies
to voluntarily comply with EPCRA reporting requirements. EPA conducted a
survey of EPCRA-related activities of Federal agencies, which included not only
TRI activities, but emergency planning and local reporting provisions as well.
Agency policies regarding TRI are summarized in Table 6-9. EPA has not yet
received survey responses from the Department of Education and the Department
of State on their EPCRA activities.7
(7) Summary of Federal Agency Title III Programs: Interim final Report (EPA 130 9-90 001, February
1990).
776
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Industrial Patterns of Toxic Releases and Transfers, 1988
Table 6-9. Federal Agenciee that are conducting EPCRA Acticitiec, 1987 and 1988.
AGENCY
Dept. of Agriculture
Central Intelligence Agency
Defense: Dept. of the Air Force
Defense: Dept. of the Army
Defense Logistics Agency
Defense: Dept. of the Navy
Dept. of Energy
Environmental Protection Agency
General Services
Administration
SUMMARY
No USDA facilities use TRI chemicals in excess of threshold amounts.
No formal policy yet regarding TRI.
Facilities are not required to report to TRI.
Facilities are not required to report to TRI.
DLA facilities are not within manufacturing
SIC codes, and therefore do not report to TRI.
Facilities are not required to report to TRI.
26 facilities use TRI chemicals in excess of the 10,000 pound threshold; 14 are
planning to report to TRI, 8 are not within manufacturing SIC codes and will not
report, 4 are of uncertain status.In addition, 4 facilities use TRI chemicals at below-
threshold amounts will report.
EPA policy is for facilities to comply if they meet reporting criteria.
However, no EPA facilities are above the threshold.
Policy regarding TRI is under development.
NUMBER
OF TRI )
FACHJTIBl
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
Dept. of Health and Human Services DHHS facilites are being surveyed to determine if they should report to TRI.
Dept. of the Interior
Dept. of lustice
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
National Science Foundation
U.S. Postal Service
DOI facilities are encouraged to voluntarily comply with TRI.
No DOJ facilities are currently known to meet TRI requirements.
NASA has 7 facilities with TRI chemcials at above-threshold amounts, 3 of these
are operated by private contractors and have submitted TRI reports.
No facilities meet TRI reporting requirements.
Facilities that meet TRI criteria are
required to comply. However, USPS operations will meet TRI criteria.
No facilities meet TRI thresholds.
TVA policy is that all facilities meeting TRI criteria should report.
No DOT facilities meet TRI reporting criteria.
Policy regarding TRI is in preparation.
Policy regarding TRI is in preparation.
FEDERAL AGENCIES THAT HAVE DETERMINED THAT THEIR FACILITIES ARE NOT AFFECTED BY EPCRA REQUIREMENTS
Department of Commerce
Federal Emergency Management Authority
Department of Housing and Urban Development
National Archives and Records Adminstration
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Smithsonian Institution
Tennessee Valley Authority
Dept. of Transportation
Dept. of the Treasury
Dept. of Veterans Affairs
177
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Chapter 6
o o
Jfl.
178
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PART III
Changes In TRI Releases and transfers;
-------
Photo: M,G&D Muir, Ltd.
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CHAPTER 7. THE MATCHED DATA SET
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) data described in previous chapters disclose
the overall increases and decreases in toxic chemical wastes from manufacturing
facilities nationwide from 1987 to 1988. However, overall comparisons of TRI
totals do not clearly reveal all changes in chemical use and releases for various
reasons:
• Large changes at a few individual facilities mask thousands of other changes
by other facilities.
• Changes in interpretation or estimation of releases may show apparent, rather
than real, increases or decreases in the amounts of chemicals reported.
• Clarifications in the TRI reporting rule may also have led to reporting
differences that represent apparent, rather than actual, changes.
• Changes in the TRI chemical list may have allowed some facilities that
reported in 1987 to cease reporting in 1988 (if the delisted chemicals were
the only ones used in threshold amounts).
• The TRI threshold reporting requirements were lowered between 1987 and
1988. The reduction of the reporting threshold from 75,000 to 50,000 pounds
probably compelled more facilities to report in 1988 than in 1987.
(See Box 7-A.)
Approximately 20 percent of the facilities that reported to TRI in 1988 had not Facilities that
reported in 1987. Likewise, approximately 20 percent of the facilities that filed reported in both
reports in 1987 did not file again in 1988. However, these facilities that reported 1987 and 1988
in only one year accounted for a small fraction of the TRI releases and transfers generated 96% of
in either year. TRI facilities that reported both years generated 96 percent of the the TRI total* in each
total releases and transfers in 1987 and 1988. (See Table 7-1; see also Box 7-B year.
for information on why a facility may have reported in one year only.)
181
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Chapter 7
BOX 7-A.-INTERPRETING OVERALL CHANGES IN TRI TOTALS FROM
1987 TO 1988
Some changes in TRI releases and transfers may not represent actual changes in the amount of toxic
chemicals manufactured, used, and released. Instead, changed totals may have arisen from changes
in how facilities interpreted the requirements or estimated their totals. Any analysis of changes in
the TRI totals should keep in mind the following possibilities.
• Facilities may have changed or refined their techniques for estimating their totals. That is, a
facility that did not change the amount of A chemical manufactured or used from 1987 to 1988,
but used a different method or equation to estimate its releases and transfers would report a
different amount in 1988 than in 1987.
• TRI reporting instructions indicate that acid and bases that have been neutralized do not need to
be reported. Some facilities that reported in 1987 may not have understood this provision, which
would result in overstated releases and transfers of these chemicals in 1987.
• The 1987 instructions on how to report off-site transfers specified that off-site locations to which
TRI chemicals were sent for recycling or reuse did not have to be reported; the form and
instructions did not, however, clearly state that the amounts sent off-site for recycling and recovery
did not need to be reported. The 1988 instructions did clearly state that facilities were "not required
to report quantities of the chemical sent off-site for purposes of recycle or reuse" and also removed
recycle/reuse from the list of codes for types of off-site treatment. Thus, some facilities may have
reported amounts sent off-site for recycle or reuse in 1987 but not in 1988, leading to apparent
reductions in the amount of TRI chemicals transferred off-site.
• Only facilities that are primarily manufacturing facilities, as defined in SIC codes 20 through 39
(Appendix B), were required to report to TRI. Facilities may have shifted most of their activities
to an industrial sector other than manufacturing, or they may have determined that manufacturing
was not their primary activity, so they either did not report to TRI in 1988 at all or reported
smaller amounts.
A prime example of this last type of change is the reporting by Kennecott Utah Copper, a copper
mining company that also manufactures some Primary Metals products (SIC Code 33). Kennecott
reported disposing of nearly 130 million pounds of copper in 1987. After further examination of
EPA guidance documents, however, the facility determined that its primary activity was mining, an
industrial sector not covered by TRI reporting requirements. For 1988, then, Kennecott Copper
reported only copper wastes generated by the manufacturing part of the plant—approximately four
million pounds—rather than also from the mining areas. Thus, the 100-million-pound reduction of
Kennecott's copper wastes, which was due to a reinterpretation of TRI regulations, represents a
"paper" or accounting change rather than any actual change in waste generation or waste
management.
752
-------
The Matched Data Set
Table 7-1. TRI Total Release* and Transfer* for All Facilities. 1987 and 1988
I I9S8 TRI DATA I I967TRJ MTA
FACILITIES FORMS TOTAL RELEASES AND FA3LTTIES FORMS TOTAL RELEASES AND
[ TRANSFERS | TRANSFERS
I Number Number Pound. Percent | Ninber Number Pound. feraeat
Facilities that repotted in 1987 4,477 9,505 254,245,025 4.07 3,561 8,413 264,088,493 3.78
only or 1988 only (unmatched)
Facilities that reported in both 15,285 61,626 5,986,785,721 95.93 15,285 58,344 6,713,344,049 96.22
1987 and 1988 (matched)
Total Facilities
19,672 71,131 6,241,030,746 100.00 18,846 66,757 6,977,432,542 100.00
BOX 7-B.-FACILITIES THAT REPORTED TO TRI IN ONLY ONE YEAR
Reasons why a facility may have reported in 1987 only:
• The facility may have gone out of business. (The facility would still be required to report any
amounts over the threshold for the time between January 1, 1988 and when it ceased operations.)
« The facility may have changed ownership and now reports under a different name.
• The facility may no longer meet TRI reporting requirements: a) it may no longer retain ten or
more full-time employees; b) its industrial activities may have changed from a manufacturing
(SIC Codes 20-39, shown in Appendix C) to a non-manufacturing sector; c) it may have not
manufactured, processed, or used any TRI chemicals during 1988; or d) it did not manufacture,
process, or use any of the TRI chemicals in quantities exceeding the reporting thresholds.
• The facility may have reported in 1987 when in fact it was not required to report and thus did
not report in 1988.
Reasons why a facility may have reported in 1988 and not in 1987:
• The facility may be new—that is, it may have started operations after the 1987 reporting deadline.
• The facility may not have manufactured or processed TRI chemicals in amounts greater than the
1987 reporting threshold of 75,000 pounds, but did manufacture or process the chemicals in
amounts exceeding the lower reporting threshold in effect for 1988 (50,000 pounds). (Note that
the reporting threshold for other uses of TRI chemicals remained unchanged—10,000 pounds in
each 1987 and 1988.)
• A facility that did not meet reporting requirements in 1987 may have grown or shifted into
manufacturing activities so that it did meet TRI reporting requirements for 1988: a) the facility
may have employed ten or more workers full-time in 1988 (but not 1987); b)the facility may have
changed industrial activities from a non-manufacturing sector (industrial classifications outside
SIC Codes 20-39, listed in Appendix C) to an industrial sector; or c) the facility started
manufacturing, processing, or using one or more of the TRI chemicals in 1988 even though it
did not in 1987.
183
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Chapter 7
BOX 7-C.-MATCHED DATA: A SAMPLE DATABASE
The rationale for creating subsets of the overall TRI data can be seen by examining a greatly simplified
TRI data set consisting of only four chemicals and six facilities. Total releases and transfers for 1987
and 1988, summarized in Table 7-2, clearly detail the important differences between overall TRI
totals, and the totals from the subsets of matched facilities and matched chemicals.
In the sample data set, six facilities reported all together, although only five reported for any given
year, and only four reported in both years—these four are the matched facilities. There were a total
of 11 chemical reports for 1987 and 11 for 1988. Eight of these were reported in both years from
the matched facilities; these are the matched chemicals.
Overall, the total releases and transfers from these six facilities decreased 59 percent from 139.0 to
57.6 million pounds. Most of this decrease is due to the large release of 66.1 million pounds of
phosphoric acid from Royster Phosphates, Inc. in 1987 that dropped to zero in 1988. Looking just
at the matched facility data tells a similar overall story, although totals for the year are lower than
the overall totals: releases from the four facilities that reported both 1987 and 1988 decreased by
60 percent (from 132.6 to 53.1 million pounds). The matched chemical totals are lower still
(decreasing from 66.5 to 48.4 million pounds) and report a smaller decrease of only 27 percent.
Depending on the mix of facilities that do and do not report and the chemicals reported, total releases
for individual chemicals can vary in different ways. The 1988 totals for sulfuric acid are identical
for overall, matched facilities and matched chemicals data. In contrast, phosphoric acid totals are
the same for matched facilities and matched chemicals, but not the overall data. Ammonium nitrate
totals are the same for the overall and matched facilities, but much lower for matched chemicals.
The different data sets also affect the picture of change for individual chemicals. Copper compounds,
for instance, decreased dramatically in 1988 (98 percent) if one considers data from all facilities,
but actually increased by 44 percent if one examines the matched data. Similarly, ammonium nitrate
releases and transfers increased from 1987 to 1988 from 2.4 to 6.4 million pounds; however, looking
at the matched chemical data, ammonium nitrate releases and transfers decreased from 1987 to 1988
from 2.4 to 1.7 million pounds.
Analyzing TRI data three different ways admittedly creates a potential for confusion in a system
already brimming with numerical results. There are solid reasons for pursuing these analyses,
however.
OVERALL TRI DATA: This is the most readily accessible form of the data, and provides the most
straightforward answer to questions such as: has the TRI data for a particular state, or for a particular
chemical increased or decreased since last year? The overall data does not take into account the fact
that facilities are entering the system for the first time or that facilities have dropped out; the results
Could mask trends in the data.
184
-------
The Matched Data Set
BOX 7-C, continued.
MATCHED FACILITIES DATA: This creates a set of facilities that have reported in all reporting years, thus
filtering out the impacts of facilities which enter and leave the system for any number of reasons (some
of which have little to do with actual changes in chemical handling or waste generating practices—see
Boxes 7-A and 7-B). As TRI data accumulates over time, the matched facilities data (which will be
facilitated by incorporating a standard facility identification number in TRI) will provide a clear picture
of which areas, industries and environmental media are experiencing the largest changes in their levels
of TRI releases and transfers.
MATCHED CHEMICALS DATA: This provides a "core" set of data of chemicals consistently reported by
facilities that have also consistently reported. This documents changes in patterns of waste generation for
an unchanging set of chemicals. This set of data avoids the complicating influence of chemical substitutions
that do not genuinely reduce waste generation (for example, substituting one acid for another) but, by the
same token, fails to include the impact of changes which have successfully eliminated use of TRI chemicals.
For the 1987-1988 data, the three data sets are not dramatically different from one another, and any one
can be thought to provide a fairly representative picture of the changes taking place in the TRI data. As
data accumulates over the course of several years, however, the availability of matched facilities and
matched chemical data sets may reveal important distinctions that are masked by the full TRI data set.
Table 7-2. Sample TRI Data Sat: Overall, Matched Facility, and Matched Chemical Data,
1987-1988. (Italics indicate matched facilitie* and bold indicates matched chemicals.)
FACILITY
1 988 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
PHOS-
PHORIC
ACID
AMMONIUM SULFUR1C COPPER
NITRATE ACID COM-
POUNDS
Pound! Pound* Pound*
TOTAL
Pound*
1987 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
PHOS-
PHORIC
ACID
Poundt
AM- SULFUR1C COPPER
MONIUM ACID COM-
NrTRATE POUNDS
Pound* Pound* Pound*
TOTAL
Pound*
Orcadian Corp.
[Getunar, LA)
17,*M,*M 1,(4*,M* 14,*21,*M
— 32,«72,«
[Queenstown, NY)
toyster Co.
[Mulberry, FL)
«»,4N 1S,500,0»0 74,20*
^^ ft* AMt
[Beaumont, TX»
^oyster Phoshatei
[Palmetto, FL)
C'hino Mines
[Hurley, NM)
Ibtal Matched
Thems
Ibtal (Matched
facilities)
total (All
facilities))
4,500,000
— 22,000
2»,5*»,2l* 74.20*
17.0H.M0 6,410,422 29,569,110 74,300
21,511,000 6,420,422 29,591,210 74,200
15,<34,«00
17,600
4,751,232
4,522,000
48,354,810
S3.074.U2
57,59«,832
2»,0U,«M 2430,000 22,M4,MO —
— 270,000 12,850,000 SI 300
66,141,000
— 27,000
— 43,200
— — 519,400 5,882,059
2»,OI«,000 2/400,900 35,004,200 51,500
95.157,000 3,400,900 35,004,200 51,500
95,157,000 2,400,000 35,004,300 5,933,559
53,230,000
13,171,500
66,161,000
43,200
«,«1,439
«,471,78fl
131,612,700
139,014,159
185
-------
Chapter 7
In order to take into account the effect of some of these year-to-year changes,
Chapters 7 through 10 analyze two subsets of the overall TRI data. The matched
facilities data set compares all data from all facilities that reported in both 1987
and 1988. The matched chemicals data set compares only those chemicals
reported in both years by the matches facilities. The strengths of each data set
are explained more fully in Box 7-C.
MATCHING TRI FACILITIES
TRI forms did not require facilities to indicate whether they had also reported in
1987. Thus, to track changes at facilities that reported to TRI in both 1987 and
1988, EPA had to "match" facilities and forms by examining the facility name,
street address, and zip code on all forms submitted to TRI. As shown in Figure
7-1 and further explained in Box 7-C, this analysis yields three groups of
facilities:
• facilities that reported in 1987 only;
• facilities that reported in 1988 only; and
• facilities that reported in both 1987 and 1988 (matched facilities).
Matched chemicals Chemical uses and releases reported by this last group (matched facilities) may
are those reported in have varied from one year to the next, according to production levels, types of
both 1987 and 1988 chemical processes, and other changes. A facility that reported to TRI in both
by matched facilities.
Matched facilities are
those that reported
to TRI in both 1987
and 1988.
Facilities Reporting to TRI
\
Chemicals Reported
T
Figure 7-1. TRI Reporting for 1987 and 1988: The Matched Data Set.
186
-------
The Matched Data Set
1987 and 1988 may have reported different chemicals for the two years, which
can be sorted into three groups:
• chemicals used or released in 1987 only;
• chemicals used or released in 1988 only; and
• chemicals used or released in both 1987 and 1988 (matched chemicals, also
referred to as chemicals reported both years).
The rest of this chapter summarizes the comparison between data on matched
chemicals, data on matched facilities, and the full set of data for 1987 and 1988.
The following three chapters present more detailed comparisons of the data on
matched chemicals only, noting significant shifts in the proportion of certain
chemicals or industries or types of releases.
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS REPORTED BY
MATCHED FACILITIES
A total of 15,285 facilities of the 19,762 facilities (77 percent) that reported to 77% of TRI facilities
TRI in 1988 also reported in 1987. These matched facilities, however, reported reporting in 1987
96 percent of all TRI releases and transfers in both 1987 and 1988. They also and 1988 generated
submitted proportionately more forms (87 percent) in both years. (See Table 7-1.) 96% of the TRI total.
Billions of Pounds
wssssssssssss/sss.
1987 Releaaea/Trans.
1988 Releases/Trans.
3 Chemical* VZ& Chemicals •
Reported In Reported in
Both Years One Year Only
I Chemicals
Rsporttd by
Unmatched Facilities
Figure 7-2. TRI Releases and Transfers for 1987 and 1988: The Matched Data Set.
(Chemicals reported in both years or in one year only are for matched facilities.)
757
-------
Chapter 7
Table 7-3. TRI Release* and Transfer* from Matched Facilities 1987-1988.
1988
FORMS
Number
RELEASES*
TRANSFERS
ftjund.
1987
FORMS
Number
RELEASES*
TRANSFERS
Pound.
1987-1988 CHANGE
FORMS
Number Pefoeat
RELEASES A TRANSFERS
Pninil* Bcramt
Chemical Reported in
Only One Year
Chemical Reported in
Both Years*
Total For Matched
Facilities
11,634 384,769,859 7,932 294,176,891 3,702 46.67 90,592,968 30.80
49,992 5,602,015,862 50,412 6,419,167,158 -420 -0.83 -817,151,296 -12.73
61,626 5,986,785,721 58,344 6,713,344,049 3,282 5.63 -726,558,328 -10.82
* The number of forms for matched chemicals was not always exactly the same in 1987 and 1988 because some facilities
submitted more than one form per chemical in one year, but not the other.
Matched facilities
reported more chemi-
cals but decreased
total release and
transfers.
Matched facilities
had a net gain in the
number of chemicals
reported, but a net
decrease in total
pounds of releases
and transfers.
Matched facilities reported releases and transfers of more individual chemicals
per facility, submitting 3,282 (six percent) more chemical-specific forms in 1988
than in 1987. However, these facilities decreased their TRI totals by 726.6 million
pounds (6.7 to 6.0 billion pounds) or 11 percent. In other words, despite the fact
that, on average, matched facilities reported more chemicals per facility (probably
due in part to the decrease in the reporting threshold—see Chapter 1), the
reductions in releases and transfers were large enough to offset the increase from
the additional chemicals reported. (See Figure 7-2 and Table 7-3.)
Chemicals Reported Only in 1987 or Only in 1988
TRI matched facilities submitted 7,932 forms describing releases and transfers
of 294.2 million pounds of chemicals reported only in 1987 (14 percent of the
forms and four percent of the TRI total for matched facilities). The fact that these
chemicals were only reported in 1987 suggests that facilities managed to cut their
manufacture of some chemicals by at least 25,000 pounds to avoid the lower
reporting threshold (which dropped from 75,000 to 50,000 pounds) or they
decreased their use of chemicals to below 10,000 pounds. Alternatively, they may
have quit using or producing certain TRI chemicals altogether. (See Figure 7-2
and Table 7-3.)
TRI matched facilities submitted 11,634 forms describing 384.8 million pounds
of releases and transfers for chemicals reported only in 1988 (19 percent of the
forms and six percent of the total releases and transfers from the matched
facilities). That more chemicals were reported in 1988 than in 1987 suggests that
some of these chemicals met the lower reporting threshold of 50,000 pounds.
TRI totals of chemicals reported in 1988 only were 31 percent greater than those
reported in 1987 only, the number of forms was 47 percent greater, indicating a
smaller average release or transfer per form. Indeed, the average release or
transfer per form for chemicals reported in 1987 only was 37,000 pounds, while
the average per form for chemicals submitted in 1988 only was 33,000 pounds.
188
-------
The Matched Data Set
Matched Chemicals
Most of the TRI total for 1988 consisted of matched chemicals (those reported Matched chemicals
both years by matched facilities), 90 percent, or 5.6 out of 6.2 billion pounds of reported by matched
the 1988 totals reported by all TRI facilities. The matched chemicals also facilitie* made up
accounted for 70 percent (49,992) of the forms submitted in 1988 by all TRI over 90% of the TRI
facilities. That matched chemicals made up a larger share of total releases and totals for 1988.
transfers than of forms seems to indicate that these chemicals were in general
reported in larger amounts per form than those chemicals reported only in 1988.
Facilities that reported on the same chemicals in both 1987 and 1988 reduced TRI totals for
their releases and transfers of these chemicals overall from 6.4 billion pounds to matched chemical*
5.6 billion pounds, a decrease of 817.2 million pounds or 13 percent. These decreased by 13%.
decreases may arise from either actual changes in industry practices from 1987
to 1988 or revised methods of calculating releases compared with those used in
1987. (See Figure 7-2 and Table 7-3.)
The following sections show how the data on matched chemicals compares to the
overall data on the environmental, chemical, geographical, and industrial dis-
tribution of TRI totals. The subsequent three chapters then focus exclusively on
data on matched chemicals reported by matched facilities, examining the
decreases and increases of each type of release.
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
Most of the 1988 total underground injection was composed of matched chemi-
cals—chemicals reported both years by matched facilities. The high proportion
may reflect the specialized conditions needed for underground injection, as well
as suggesting that when underground injection is used, large amounts of the same
chemicals are generally disposed of in this manner. In contrast, 81 percent of the
total on-site land disposal and 84 percent of the total off-site transfers consisted
of matched chemicals; the lower proportions of matched chemicals indicate that
the amounts or particular chemical composition of wastes diverted through these
routes is more variable than that for underground injection. (See Table 7-4.)
CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION
Matched chemical data makes up the largest share of TRI totals for all of the 25
chemicals released and transferred in the largest amounts in 1988. Ammonium
sulfate, the top-ranked chemical for 1988, was generated almost entirely by
matched facilities that reported it in both years—728.1 out of 745.5 million pounds
of the total (98 percent) was matched chemical data. The statistics are similar for
hydrochloric acid (98 percent), methanol (93 percent), sulfuric acid (92 percent),
and most of the other top-ranked chemicals. In fact, for only five of the top 25
chemicals did totals for amounts reported only in 1987 or only in 1988 make up
more than 20 percent of the overall data: copper compounds (44 percent was
The percentage of
TRI release types con-
sisting of matched
chemicals ranged
from 81% for on-site
land disposal to 98%
for underground injec-
tion.
189
-------
Chapter 7
Table 7-4. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers.
TYPE OF RELEASE OR
TRANSFER
Air Emissions
Surface Water Discharges
Land DispoMl
Underground Injection
Transfers to Public Sewage
Off-site Transfers
Total Releases A Transfers
ALLF/CILTTIES
: 987 DATA j 1988 DATA
Forms Pounds I Forms farads
53,302 2,575,968,562 54,736 2,427,570,103
8,998 403,072,288 7,608 361,594,238
5,384 730,895,340 3,922 561,556,882
709 1,298,736,401 631 1,215,343,908
16,051 614,834,961 14,137 570,551,308
28,588 1,353,924,990 27,190 1,104,414,307
65,976 6,977,432,542 63,376 6,241,030,746
FACILITIES REPORTING ONE YEAR ONLY
1987 DATA 1 1988 DATA
Fbnns Pounds j Forms toundf
9,597 130,303,990 7,306 123,198,113
1,931 8,256,686 559 4,406,130
1,386 15,997,785 344 24,455,708
106 8,106,685 19 309,929
4,701 25,081,916 1,795 35,656,471
5,602 76,341,431 3,385 66,218,674
15,135 264,088,493 8,720 254,245,025
Table 7-6. The 25 Chemicals with the Largest TRI Total Releases and Transfers in 1988 Showing the Matched
Data Set, 1987-1988.
CHEMICAL
AMMONIUM SULFATE(a)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
METHANOLtb)
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
TOLUENE
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
'1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
'METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CHLORINE
-DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CARBON DISULFIDE(c)
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
tRICHLOROETHYLENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
ALL FACILITIES
1987 DATA 1988 DATA
Forms Pounds Forms Pounds
FACILITIES REPORTING ONE YEAR ONLY
1987 DATA 1 1988 DATA
Forms Pounds | Form. Pound.
328 814,932,127 368 745,528,007 32 7,534,216 30 4,273,308
3,000 644,856,938 3,027 635,720,989 356 3,966,119 362 8,903,034
2,128 435,550,127 2,334 435,639,693 228 9,804,501 257 6,695,153
5,112 478,195,883 5,347 386,060,541 536 13,482,318 634 25,911,138
2,526 402,143,039 2,671 356,101,165 383 9,851,630 399 11,338,588
3,340 362,178,333 3,553 333,315,437 490 24,160,863 561 24,075,873
2,225 252,961,335 2,455 249,703,395 323 18,459,067 407 17,107,931
2,131 340,343,982 2,324 241,602,716 273 6,875,609 357 9,445,754
1,182 193,484,430 1,474 209,127,626 123 2,818,673 236 5,317,554
2,905 224,213,405 3,067 181,771,506 404 18,237,887 449 11,926,156
3,267 189,130,017 3,481 180,418,488 503 18,209,592 608 18,634,483
2,218 197,310,127 2,242 156,490,232 312 12,752,900 327 10,104,160
1,784 121,511,240 1,725 147,050,483 213 3,324,845 178 2,413,866
1,487 155,627,785 1,474 134,212,442 200 8,747,288 205 6,872,107
356 57,269,705 434 114,926,157 43 551,211 74 228,138
191 115,406,312 204 107,223,350 37 2,562,476 47 306,120
86 136,423,873 87 82,748,299 5 4,020,222 6 1,312,913
1,752 75,078,121 1,830 81,288,357 180 5,596,047 235 2,472,334
1,100 64,410,204 1,272 68,545,125 150 6,278,652 219 6,674,295
611 97,538,784 581 66,013,145 96 2,306,193 95 1,242,779
1,138 58,622,937 1,450 62,255,269 105 3,303,357 181 3,851,855
1,244 50,002,667 1,379 55,713,223 148 1,905,195 170 1,532,288
751 44,740,593 904 53,087,237 101 7,006,014 152 18,992,198
899 62,206,897 854 52,616,792 112 5,797,498 104 3,503,740
930 48,018,185 1,035 52,004,930 100 3,579,054 111 2,464,228
42,691 5,622,157,046 45,572 5,189,164,604 5,453 201,131,427 6,404 205,599,993
24,066 1,355,275,496 25,559 1,051,866,142 2,960 62,957,066 3,101 48,645,032
66,757 6,977,432,542 71,131 6,241,030,746 8,413 264,088,493 9,505 254,245,025
(a) Corrections to the data add 51.4 million pounds to 1988 releases and transfers: (see Box 3-C).
(b) Corrections to the data add 7.9 million pounds to 1988 releases and transfers: (see Box 3-C).
(c) Corrections to the data add 42.9 million pounds to 1988 refeases and transfers: (see Box 3-C).
190
-------
The Matched Data Set
Table 7-4. continued.
TYPE OF RELEASE OR
TRANSFER
Air Emissions
Surface Water Discharge*
Land Disposal
Underground Injection
Transfers to Public Sewage
Off-site Transfers
Total Releases & Transfers
FACILmES REPORTING BOTH YEARS
rHPMIfilSBKPOIITpnONFYFARONIY 1
1587 DATA j
Form*
5,337
857
581
58
1,576
3,417
6,876
Pound* 1
91,467,058
9,620,973
73,945,354
5,004,046
19,339,279
94,800,181
294,176,891
1988 DATA 1
Forms
8,259
1,140
634
60
2,540
4,753
10,306
Pound*
131,732
13,974
84,583
1
,962
,347
,962
19,645,697
23,574
111,258
384,769
,784
,107
,859
rHPMH-AI * RFPOBTCTI BOTH YKARS
1987 DATA |
Forms*
38,368
6,210
3,417
545
9,774
19,569
43,965
2
1
1
6
Pound* 1
,354,197,514
385,194,629
640,952,201
,285,625,670
570,413,766
,182,783,378
,419,167,158
RHH
39
5
2
9
19
44
1988 DATA
sr»
,171
,909
,944
552
,802
,052
,350
Pound*
2,172,639,028
343,213,761
452,517,212
1,195,388,282
511,320,053
926,937,526
5,602,015,862
Table 7-5. continued
CHEMICAL
FACILITIES REPORTING BOTH YEARS
CHEMICALS REPORTED ONE YEAR ONLY
1987 DATA
Forms Pountt
1988 DATA
Forms Pound*
CHEMICALS REPORTED BOTH YEARS
1987 DATA
Forms* Pound*
1988 DATA
27
265
172
284
203
267
199
198
156
226
249
246
146
227
63
19
8
174
66
197
133
181
154
107
126
4,259,931
5,041,719
3,376,011
7,196,617
8,786,018
9,646,824
4,445,223
2,380,140
15,530,766
6,375,223
5,805,033
6,967,370
1,868,413
15,081,657
3,479,827
1,349,295
4,926
1,217,616
2,622,378
40,652,511
5,667,004
5,703,264
5,941,513
4,045,678
1,993,449
70
299
344
432
343
409
347
308
380
361
382
259
129
212
119
24
9
196
176
170
434
296
273
73
227
13,112,388
5,737,880
22,042,466
5,446,072
11,229,244
11,054,093
10,841,192
2,894,942
59,085,563
8,001,124
10,940,736
4,926,742
1,018,126
4,854,523
11,372,030
5,462,354
3,562,251
13,479,603
5,519,936
15,365,462
12,806,937
4,018,686
4,534,254
3,246,689
5,920,073
269
2,379
1,728
4,292
1,940
2,583
1,703
1,660
903
2,275
2,515
1,660
1,425
1,060
250
135
73
1,398
884
318
900
915
496
680
704
803,137,980
635,849,100
422,369,615
457,516,948
383,505,391
328,370,646
230,057,045
331,088,233
175,134,991
199,600,295
165,115,392
177,589,857
116,317,982
131,798,840
53,238,667
111,494,541
132,398,725
68,264,458
55,509,174
54,580,080
49,652,576
42,394,208
31,793,066
52,363,721
42,445,682
268
2,366
1,733
4,281
1,929
2,583
1,701
1,659
858
2,257
2,491
1,656
1,418
1,057
241
133
72
1,399
877
316
835
913
479
677
697
728,142,311
621,080,075
406,902,074
354,703,331
333,533,333
298,185,471
221,754,272
229,262,020
144,724,509
161,844,226
150,843,269
141,459,330
143,618,491
122,485,812
103,325,989
101,454,876
77,873,135
65,336,420
56,350,894
49,404,904
45,596,477
50,162,249
29,560,785
45,866,363
43,620,629
AMMONIUM SULFATE(a)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
METHANOL(b)
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
TOLUENE
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MKED ISOMERS)
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CHLORINE
DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CARBON DISULFIDE(c)
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
GLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
SUBTOTAL 4,093 169,438,406 6,272 256,473,366 33,145 5,251,587,213 32,896 4,727,091,245
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 3,839 124,738,485 5,362 128,296,493 17,267 1,167,579,945 17,096 874,924,617
GRAND-TOTAL 7,932 294,176,891 11,634 384,769,859 50,412 6,419,167,158 49,992 5,602,015,862
* The number of forms for chemicals reported both years was not always the same in both years because some facilities submitted more than one form per
chemical in one year, but not the other.
191
-------
Chapter 7
Zinc and zinc com-
pound* were
reported in large
amount* in 1987,
but not in 1988 . .
... as were the or-
ganic solvents,
dichloromethane and
toluene.
Zinc compounds,
methanol, and zinc
were reported in rela-
tively large amounts
in 1988 by facilities
that did not report
them in 1987.
reported in one year only); zinc (31 percent reported in one year only); glycol
ethers (27 percent); zinc compounds (25 percent); and nitric acid (20 percent).
The majority of TRI data represents chemicals that were reported by the same
facilities in both 1987 and 1988. (See Table 7-5.)
Chemicals Reported Only in 1987
Of the chemicals that were reported only in 1987 by matched facilities, 25
chemicals with the largest 1988 totals accounted for 58 percent of the 1987 total
(169.4 out of 294.2 million pounds) in 1987. Many chemicals reported in large
amounts in 1987 only were metals and metallic compounds: zinc (40.7 million
pounds) and zinc compounds (15.5 million pounds).
TRI data alone do not indicate why large amounts of some chemicals were
reported in 1987 but not 1988 because, if facilities no longer report on a chemical,
no information need be submitted to indicate why. It may be that facilities reported
some metals as individual chemicals in one year but as members of a chemical
category in the other (see Box 4-D in Chapter 4). For example, 40.7 million
pounds of zinc and 15.5 million pounds of zinc compounds were reported only
in 1987, but 59.1 million pounds of zinc compounds and 15.4 million pounds of
zinc were "newly" reported in 1988. If not reported in exactly the same way each
year, amounts for zinc and for zinc compounds would not appear to correspond.
Several organic solvents, such as dichloromethane and toluene, were also among
the chemicals with the largest releases and transfers reported only in 1987 by
matched facilities. (Of course, many facilities continued to manufacture or use
both chemicals and reported them again in 1988.) Total releases and transfers
from matched facilities reporting these chemicals only in 1987 were 15.1 million
pounds of dichloromethane and 9.6 million pounds of toluene. These facilities
reduced the amount they manufactured or used of these chemicals below the
reporting thresholds either through reductions or by ceasing their use or produc-
tion altogether.
Chemicals Reported Only in 1988
Of the chemicals reported by matched facilities in 1988 only, the 25 with the
largest releases and transfers accounted for 67 percent (256.5 million pounds) of
the 384.8 million pounds of the total. Among the chemicals reported in the largest
amounts in 1988 only were zinc compounds (59.1 million pounds), methanol
(22.0 million pounds), and zinc (15.4 million pounds). (Again, remember that
other matched facilities manufactured and used these chemicals in 1987 as well.)
The fact that these chemicals were first reported in 1988 by some facilities may
be partly explained by changes in whether the metal was reported individually or
as a member of a chemical category, as mentioned above. Alternatively, these
changes may reflect new production or the lower threshold for reporting in 1988.
792
-------
The Matched Data Set
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
The percentage of facilities in each state reporting in 1988 that also reported in The percentage of
1987 (i.e. matched facilities) ranged from 70 to 85 percent (except for a few matched facilities in
states and territories that had only a small number of TRI facilities where a small each state ranged
increase or decrease results in a large percentage change). (See Table 7-6.) from 70 to 85%.
In most states, the matched facilities made up a majority of the facilities that
reported to TRI and accounted for most of the releases and transfers in 1988. For
example, in Montana, 99.9 percent of the releases and transfers in 1988 (35.4
million pounds out of 35.5 million pounds) were from matched facilities. For
other states, newcomers to TRI played a more important role. In Wisconsin in
1987, for example, the matched facilities reported 92 percent of the totals but
accounted for 77 percent in 1988. Facilities reporting for the first time in 1988
accounted for nearly one quarter of the releases and transfers in Wisconsin and
any analysis of matched facilities for that state will have to recognize the greater
influence of facilities reporting for the first time, possibly due to the lower
reporting thresholds.
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION
Nearly the entire amount of TRI releases and transfers for the Chemical industry
was generated by matched facilities and consisted of matched chemicals. The
96-percent share of matched chemicals suggests that the industry had a high
proportion of facilities that generated amounts of TRI wastes sufficient to meet
the higher threshold reporting requirements of 1987, and that they continued to
generate the same chemicals in sizeable amounts in 1988. In contrast, the Apparel
industry TRI total for 1988 was characterized by a significantly lower proportion
of matched chemicals; almost 950,000 pounds for matched chemicals (49 percent)
out of 1.9 million pounds for all chemicals from all facilities. This may indicate
that the new lower reporting threshold required facilities to report more chemi-
cals, or that facilities in the industry generated significant amounts of different
chemicals in 1988 than in 1987. (See Table 7-7.)
Shifts among Industry Categories
Approximately 13 percent of the forms (6,594) submitted by matched facilities
on matched chemicals reported different industry categories in 1987 and 1988.
These forms accounted for 571.5 million pounds of releases and transfers reported
in 1988. Such shifts in industry category may be the result of a product change
at the facility where the same chemical was used in both products, or may be a
correction in the reporting of the industry category. These shifts changed the
distribution of releases and transfers between industry categories. Of the 6,594
forms that reported different industry categories in 1987, 4,225 changed their
two-digit SIC code (the category used in this report). These forms accounted for
Matched chemical*
made up share* rang-
ing from 49% of the
Apparel industry TRI
total for 1988 to
96% for the Chemi-
cal industry.
13% of matched
chemical form* listed
a different industry in
1987 than 1988.
193
-------
Chapter 7
Table 7-6. TRI Total Release* and Transfers by State: The Matched Data Set. 1987-1988.
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
ALL FACILITIES
RcUUes
348
7
2
151
287
1,649
159
382
JO
0
407
600
27
43
1,167
699
305
185
283
254
89
189
557
763
303
237
481
25
133
38
134
857
34
754
762
27
1,264
187
190
987
156
176
374
34
486
994
99
51
1
385
294
104
652
24
1987 DATA
Fora*
1,362
56
3
482
884
5,224
463
1,294
217
0
1,153
1,932
95
133
3,928
2,537
934
683
1,215
1,614
327
652
1,657
3,104
1,060
801
1,727
128
387
84
402
2,986
112
2,540
2,403
65
4,712
619
603
3,640
508
467
1,454
69
1,663
4,873
364
136
21
1,301
934
603
2,032
114
Pounds
137,371,499
36,116,006
56,250
FaouWss
382
6
2
73,393,460 166
80,819,715
304
227,163,400 1,655
20,686,628
170
61,782,879 403
16,380,748
0
56
1
303,881,804 467
144,617,832 598
3,251,517 24
17,295,379 48
266,457,734 1,229
256,812,797 756
53,410,874
331
134,864,113 186
120,587,051
298
844,168,455 286
20,014,629 98
43,296,676 195
72,617,029 587
268,882,144 790
63,726,041
330
164,281,523 248
194,188,867 495
34,470,134 24
19,464,420 134
2,288,293 34
19,145,059 137
172,675,162 824
21,766,436 34
194,344,217 816
138,049,052 805
1,072,921
28
411,114,056 1,360
56,767,725 182
36,115,002 194
228,145,364 1,030
23,742,284 171
13,692,203 188
85,655,766 375
3,093,401
41
293,726,678 517
883,532,803 1,089
252,944,126 111
2,565,828 44
2,123,058 12
216,151,241
405
41,533,699 305
66,618,005 101
96,712,911 664
33,797,648 26
1988 DATA
Form.
1,549
45
3
534
988
5,350
496
1,358
223
founds
FACFLmES REPORTING ONE YEAR ONLY
Facuilk.
84,062,842 75
26,476,465
1
29,500 0
74,657,306 27
72,272,458
49
201,568,789 377
21,132,981
36
53,449,946 62
10,692,005
11
1 1,000 0
1,307
1,984
86
146
4,375
2,853
1,025
712
1,303
1,833
351
713
1,746
3,249
1,081
843
1,810
121
387
93
366
2,845
129
2,700
2,689
67
5,054
668
662
3,862
530
517
1,488
71
1,736
5,264
416
151
18
1,425
950
606
2,237
115
249,655,746 86
131,410,860 133
2,964,331
7
15,105,613 8
251,302,153 162
276,346,921
116
58,668,674 50
174,468,243 35
131,319,642 41
741,206,814 34
21,965,123 17
33,340,174 47
70,821,565 93
231,681,301
144
65,506,519 50
120,820,916 49
184,627,555 89
35,467,330 5
22,649,337 32
4,874,292 8
15,171,504 27
162,741,774 187
24,398,821
6
172,106,105 114
136,857,071
151
1,394,580 7
375,989,294 206
51,720,309 46
33,604,243 34
201,102,129 191
28,842,935 42
12,568,955 36
82,177,534 88
3,059,629 6
249,417,227 97
724,477,706 181
137,472,389 17
2,374,596 7
1,633,634 0
196,619,903 70
50,338,221 54
57,901,379 21
105,049,429 125
45,464,978 4
1987 DATA
180
7
0
43
119
879
72
164
25
0
173
303
11
10
350
272
92
100
120
72
40
99
187
357
117
112
239
19
82
17
57
495
15
270
310
11
615
95
58
461
91
71
224
11
245
511
47
10
0
145
95
51
257
7
Pounds Faoiltttt
7,582,978 109
109 0
0 0
1,253,114 42
3,089,409 66
13,542,696 383
783,765 47
4,984,636 83
2,724,846 17
0 1
2,784,286 146
15,297,001 131
89,879 4
181,759 13
7,797,397 224
10,455,605 173
1,377,884 76
3,663,048 36
7,923,026 56
1,277,481 66
316,412 26
1,816,633 53
3,426,120 123
21,847,185 171
2,938,528 77
3,027,923 60
8,253,878 103
105,750 4
4,569,325 33
1,341,678 4
1,684,786 30
8,146,720 154
7,392,690 6
6,751,071 176
7,743,728 194
208,771 8
16,300,196 302
6,405,861 41
630,312 38
13,379,680 234
1,007,107 57
2,479,164 48
5,574,738 89
333,425 13
9,612,205 128
29,898,257 276
960,523 29
175,507 0
0 11
2,749,973 90
1,434,708 65
1,862,263 18
6,851,677 137
52,780 6
1988 DATA
Forms Pounds
251
0
0
59
139
770
77
183
35
1
277
244
7
21
496
436
134
90
179
168
50
115
236
384
133
113
250
5
64
12
59
321
13
373
398
8
654
88
79
525
110
108
210
15
280
603
72
17
0
216
96
50
274
7
4,033,659
0
0
900,395
2,686,166
13,895,610
1,539,629
4,289,247
544,077
1,000
14,981,843
5,901,159
11,046
99,075
10,860,070
12,943,862
1,726,488
2,086,453
4,717,766
7,196,783
998,556
2,253,428
3,329,233
22,550,01 1
3,143,530
3,789,206
5,040,633
38,000
1,488,129
488,452
1,400,324
4,841,670
38,925
9,295,922
7,806,936
221,266
18,585,444
1,725,821
1,254,822
14,043,855
3,101,064
681,468
3,960,695
216,702
8,221,752
10,360,686
609,646
478,340
0
7,218,533
3,833,420
820,286
23,982,292
11,650
TOTAL
18,846 66,757 6,977,432,542 19,762 71,131 6,241,030,746 3,561 8,413 264,088,493 4,477 9,505 254,245,025
194
-------
The Matched Data Set
Table 7-6, continued
STATE ffCl
Nv
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
FACILITIES REPORTING
LITIES CHEMICALS REPORTEE
1*87 DATA |
rater Forma*
273 128
« 3
2 0
124 32
238 88
1,272 633
123 31
320 150
39 28
0 0
321 119
4«7 227
20 11
35 19
1,005 489
583 29«
255 105
150 «3
242 156
220 159
72 31
142 65
464 216
619 457
253 134
188 133
392 229
20 6
101 37
30 10
107 85
670 342
28 11
640 271
611 300
20 5
1 ,058 576
141 72
156 81
796 470
114 55
140 70
286 186
28 7
389 212
813 421
82 32
44 13
1 2
315 160
240 118
83 73
527 241
20 14
Pouxb 1
5,313,748
22,000
0
968,986
1,955,149
15,920,197
1,049,100
2,127,851
775,70«
0
3,123,479
5,156,809
84,326
7,644,769
15,991,373
16,515,445
1,523,541
402,243
3,936,828
8,183,261
877,145
897,419
5,733,867
13,348,814
1,841,687
3,115,730
44,266,697
73,066
447,863
109,250
1,217,671
5,671,458
113,192
12,238,319
6,229,342
223,581
16,197,576
996,505
4,497,907
20,207,773
596,234
740,620
2,276,692
52,416
17,404,407
25,351,539
1,677,156
382,559
1,200
5,203,418
2,392,936
4,480,552
4,392,031
225,458
BOTH YEARS
IN ONE YEAR ONLY 1
1988 DATA |
Forna
253
6
0
90
169
929
79
209
24
0
185
359
11
22
805
494
168
100
192
237
51
110
272
562
148
181
318
13
57
25
46
410
29
369
489
11
912
128
124
670
80
83
252
5
256
736
53
22
0
226
137
75
436
16
rHpvnrALS RFPOBTED BOTH YEARS
1987 DATA I
Pounds | forms*
7,569,874
2,317,923
0
7,915,972
5,050,127
18,735,077
858,031
3,956,161
188,641
0
6,765,035
8,761,425
129,183
302,698
19,429,187
26,381,565
5,225,173
1,860,860
3,750,490
7,453,140
2,361,031
870,882
6,079,651
10,583,360
3,095,581
4,196,303
32,581,682
2,145,505
752,917
517,796
846,125
6,968,880
12,251,566
6,037,905
9,738,971
244,416
32,805,432
4,903,170
4,395,660
19,557,544
1,114,646
2,348,267
3,881,190
46,602
8,605,784
45,845,596
3,012,428
160,565
0
4,541,167
9,407,015
7,359,889
10,749,890
111,881
1,054
46
3
387
677
3,692
340
980
164
0
861
1,402
73
104
3,089
1,969
737
520
939
1,383
256
488
1,254
2,290
809
556
1,259
103
268
57
260
2,149
86
1,999
1,793
49
3,521
452
464
2,709
362
326
1,044
51
1,206
3,941
285
113
19
996
721
479
1,534
93
Pounds 1 1
124,474,773
36,093,897
56,230
71,171,360
75,775,157
197,700,507
18,853,763
54,670,392
12,880,196
0
297,974,039
124,164,022
3,077,312
9,468,851
242,668,964
229,841,747
50,509,449
130,798,822
108,727,197
834,707,713
18,821,072
40,582,624
63,457,042
233,686,145
58,945,826
158,137,870
141,668,292
34,291,318
14,447,232
837,365
16,242,602
158,856,984
14,260,554
175,354,827
124,075,982
640,569
378,616,284
49,365,359
30,986,783
194,557,911
22,138,943
10,472,419
77,804,336
2,707,560
266,710,066
828,283,007
250,306,447
2,007,762
2,121,858
208,197,850
37,706,055
60,275,190
85,469,203
33,519,410
1988 DATA
vrmi* •
1,045
39
3
385
680
3,651
340
966
164
0
845
1,381
68
103
3,074
1,923
723
522
932
1,428
250
488
1,238
2,303
800
549
1,242
103
266
56
261
2,114
87
1,958
1,802
48
3,488
452
459
2,667
340
326
1,026
51
1,200
3,925
291
112
18
983
717
481
1,527
92
Pound.
72,459,309
24,158,542
29,500
65,840,939
64,536,165
168,938,102
18,735,321
45,204,538
9,959,287
0
227,908,868
116,748,276
2,824,102
14,703,840
221,012,896
237,021,494
51,717,013
170,520,930
122,851,386
726,556,891
18,605,536
30,215,864
61,412,681
198,547,930
59,267,408
112,835,407
147,005,240
33,283,825
20,408,291
3,868,044
12,925,055
150,931,224
12,108,330
156,772,278
119,311,164
928,898
324,598,418
45,091,318
27,953,761
167,500,730
24,627,225
9,539,220
74,335,649
2,796,325
232,589,691
668,271,424
133,850,315
1,735,691
1,633,634
184,860,203
37,097,786
49,721,204
70,317,247
45,341,447
TOTAL
15,285 7,932 294,176,891 11,634 384,769,859 50,412 6,419,167,158 49,992
5,602,015,862
* The number of forms for chemicals reported in both years was not always exactly the same in both years, probably because some facilities submitted more
than one form per chemical in one year, but not the other.
195
-------
Chapter 7
Table 7-7. TRI Total Releaees and Transfer* by Industry: The Matched Data Set, 1987-1988.
SIC CODE
Food (20)
Tot»cco(21)
Textile (22)
Appirel (23)
Lumber (24)
Furniture (25)
Ptper (26)
Printing (27)
Cbemictb (28)
Petroleum (29)
Plutict (30)
Luther (31)
Stone/Clay (32)
PrknuyMeUli<33)
F.b. Meul. (34)
M.cflinery (35)
Electrical (36)
AIJ FATI
TTTIES
1987 DATA 1
Ficffiln
1,274
21
386
26
599
366
573
290
3,786
333
1,188
116
516
1,327
2,443
809
1,468
Transportation (37) 927
Mewure/PSoto(38) 320
MUcelbneou. (39)
349
MulBpfe code. 30-39 1,336
No code. 20-39
TOTAL
393
18,846
Faniu
2,390
55
817
47
1,665
1,369
2,133
567
19,080
2,922
2,836
405
1,380
5,164
7,247
2,124
4,635
4,248
978
881
4,659
1,155
66,757
Pound. |
67,048,081
7,268,625
68,613,808
2,650,724
32,099,975
61,245,023
377,865,941
63,380,815
3,331,595,305
181,573,172
190,945,529
41,965,475
57,615,356
947,918,364
233,694,668
78,270,180
220,912,001
296,142,988
78,145,426
35,578,434
579,543,188
23,359,464
6,977,432,542
FicBitiM
1,452
19
401
29
616
397
587
313
3,838
364
1,293
132
559
1,380
2,579
870
1,578
1,054
344
372
1,303
282
19,762
1988 DATA
FOOB*
2,648
62
889
49
1,721
1,555
2,327
623
20,318
3,048
3,212
371
1,316
5,439
7,860
2,320
5,048
4,447
1,000
946
5,135
797
71,131
Pound.
72,810,091
15,058,947
59,243,571
1,919,695
33,981,003
62,774,758
370,309,801
FAnrrnra RFPowif
1C ONE YEAR ONLY
log? DATA 1
Ficiltioi Form.
288 469
6 8
97 150
9 13
134 312
86 207
77 143
60,541,926 66 102
2,882,863,657 588 1,871
104,348,924 65 191
189,009,353
262 523
37,464,076 22 97
55,264,210 98 242
856,630,71 1
203 509
215,112,500 452 1,047
75,386,239 181 376
182,388,044 255 520
261,212,945 132 455
64,367,648 62 112
36,043,356 77 158
580,675,921
219 473
23,623,370 182 435
6,241,030,746 3,561 8,413
Pound. |
8,037,921
568,862
5,698,720
325,791
3,770,944
6,946,917
11,583,622
4,478,567
71,718,027
8,937,669
20,339,133
833,527
10,353,961
22,711,432
22,509,357
10,073,335
11,802,295
17,928,779
2,897,897
3,120,998
15,152,625
4,298,114
264,088,493
RuiUtin
459
3
111
13
137
116
90
92
633
89
357
38
149
246
584
221
359
259
81
105
222
113
4,477
jagg DATA
Form
671
4
191
16
276
350
131
142
1,786
204
648
90
257
614
1,309
421
728
552
150
231
522
212
9,505
Pound.
12,320,607
58,661
8,024,544
725,467
4,177,129
10,582,220
8,971,465
7,039,561
29,020,486
3,646,061
16,911,774
2,990,748
3,339,288
43,565,169
32,871,097
7,339,865
15,308,530
24,481,101
3,145,954
5,636,504
9,483,382
4,605,412
254,245,025
461.0 million pounds (seven percent) of the total releases and transfers in 1987
and 403.4 million pounds (seven percent) of the matched total releases and
transfers in 1988. (See Table 7-8.)
Many of the facilities with increases or decreases in releases and transfers greater
than one million pounds and a SIC code change shifted between SIC codes 28,
33, 36, and the multiple category. For example, the Xidex Corporation located
in Sunnyvale, California, reported under multiple industry categories (the
Measuring/Photographic Goods—SIC 38—and the Machinery industry—SIC 35)
in 1987 but reported only under a single industry code in 1988 (the Electric and
Electronic industry—SIC 36). Thus, the 1.4 million pounds of releases and
transfers the company reported in 1987 were reported under multiple categories
in 1987 and the 217,324 pounds reported in 1988 were reported under only the
Electric and Electronic industry in 1988. Conversely, the Automated Electro-
Plating Co. in Newark, New Jersey, reported as a Chemical Products facility (SIC
28) in 1987 and as both a Chemical Products facility and a Fabricated Metals
facility (SIC 34) in 1988. Thus, the reported 3.3 million pounds of releases and
transfers in 1987 are tabulated under SIC code 28, while the 5.0 million pounds
reported in 1988 from this facility are included in the multiple SIC code category.
196
-------
The Matched Data Set
Table 7-7, continued.
INDUSTRY
Food (20)
Tobacco (21)
Textile (22)
Apparel (23)
Lumber (24)
Furniture (25)
Paper (26)
Printing (27)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum (29)
Plastics (30)
Leather (31)
Stone/Clay (32)
Prinary Metals (33)
Fab. Metals (34)
Machinery (35)
Electrical (36)
Transportation (37)
Mewurc./Phoo .(38)
Miscellaneous (39)
MuBptcctfa 20-39
No codes 20-39
FACILITIES
1987(0) I988M
Number Number
986 993
15 16
289 290
FACILITIES REPORTING BOI
:CHFM1CALS REPORTED ONE YEAR ONLY
1987 DATA
ronns
209
3
107
17 16 5
465 479 265
280 281
496 497
224 221
3,198 3,205
268 275
926 936
94 94
169
194
71
1,699
289
301
58
418 410 232
1,124 1,134 756
1,991 1,995
628 649
1,213 1,219
795 795
258 263
272 267
1,117 1,081
987
276
591
787
132
124
588
211 169 89
Pound*
2,492,040
1,692
5,019,867
74,964
2,822,202
3,576,346
9,949,344
3,613,960
52,363,338
7,705,144
9,983,675
1,403,918
3,215,438
85,922,741
15,111,834
5,309,410
16,796,565
24,326,697
8,720,814
2,634,105
31,354,118
1,778,679
1988 DATA
Forms
267
8
148
7
335
230
413
100
3,107
403
528
45
189
1,009
1,434
414
788
933
130
142
922
82
Pounds
3,581,747
65,044
3,984,914
246,897
4,707,425
5,628,726
31,578,212
3,237,891
71,762,034
3,287,669
12,724,915
2,092,262
9,905,774
121,082,650
21,176,192
10.264,938
16,235,529
23,764,883
2,301,622
2,854,432
32,861,170
1,424,933
H YEARS
CHEMICALS REPQ
1987 DATA
Forms(b)
1,712
44
560
29
1,088
993
1,796
394
15,510
2,442
2,012
250
906
3,899
5,213
1,472
3,524
3,006
734
599
3,598
631
Pounds
56,518,120
6,698,071
57,895,221
2,249,969
25,506,829
50,721,760
356,332,975
55,288,288
3,207,513,940
164,930,359
160,622,721
39,728,030
44,045,957
839,284,191
196,073,477
62,887,435
192,313,141
253,887,512
66,526,715
29,823,331
533,036,445
17,282,671
iRTED BOTH YEARS
1988 DATA
Formsfl.)
1,710
50
550
26
1,110
975
1,783
381
15,425
2,441
2,036
236
870
3,816
5,117
1,485
3,532
2,962
720
573
3,691
503
Pound.
56,907,737
14,935,242
47,234,113
947,331
25,096,449
46,563,812
329,760,124
50,264,474
2,782,081,137
97,415,194
159,372,664
32,381,066
42,019,148
691,982,892
161,065,211
57,781,436
150,843,985
212,966,961
58,920,072
27,552,420
538,331,369
17,593,025
TOTAL
15,285 15,285 7,932
294,176,891 11,634 384,769,859 50,412 6,419,167,158 49,992 5,602,015,862
(a) The number of matched facilities per industry is not always the same for 1987 and 1988 because some facilities reported different SIC codes each year.
(b) The number of matched chemical forms was not always exactly the same in 1987 and 1988 because some facilities submitted more than one form per
chemical in one year and not the other.
Overall, then, some increases or decreases appearing in a particular industrial
category will be due to changes in how SIC codes were reported, but increases
in one are balanced by decreases in another category. The overall impact is seven
percent of the 1988 totals.
INDIVIDUAL FACILITIES
Many changes in releases and transfers can be traced to large changes at a few Large decreases by
individual facilities and these changes significantly affect the overall pattern of just 20 facilities
releases and transfers for chemicals, states, industries, and environmental media, significantly affect
The 20 matched facilities reporting the largest decreases accounted for 710.9 the general patterns
million pounds of total releases and transfers in 1988, nearly all of which (99.8 shown in TRI data.
percent) was for chemicals also used in 1987. The combined decreases of 701.3
million pounds from these 20 facilities is two and a half times greater than the
total increases reported by the 20 matched facilities reporting the greatest
increases. These facilities play a large role in explaining the distribution of
changes reported by matched facilities in Chapters 8 through 10. (See Tables 7-9
and 7-10.)
797
-------
Chapter 7
Table 7-8. SIC Coda Change* from 1987 to 1988 for Chemicals Reported in Both Year*.
SIC CODE REPORTED,
1987 and 1981
4-digit same
2-digit same/4-digit different
2-digit different
TOTAL
FORMS
Number Percent
42,745 86.64
2,369 4.80
4,225 8.56
1 987 RELEASES 4 TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent
5,723,739,781
234,407,043
461,020,334
89
3
7
17
65
18
49,339 100.00 6,419,167,158 100.00
1988 RELEASES 4 TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent |
5,030,496,967 89.80
168,104,274 3.00
403,414,321 7.20
5,602,015,562 100.00
Table 7-9. The 20 Facilities with the Greatest Decreases in Releases and Transfers for Chemicals Reported in
1987 and 1988.
EACttJTY
Kennecott Utah
Copper (a)
Royster Co.
Monsanto Co. (b)
Interesin Corp.
Occidental
Chemical Corp.
Courtaulds Fibers
Inc. (c)
American
Cyanamid Co.
Amerada Hess
Corp.
Shell Oil Co. -
Norco Mfg.
Rexene Products
Arcadian Corp.
Du Pont
Johnsonville Plant
W. R. Grace
4 Co.
Avlex Fibers
Front Royal Inc.
Lukens Steel Co.
Monsanto Co.
Air Products &
Chemicals Inc.
C1BA-GEIOY
Corp.
Eli Lilly ft Co
Kerr-McGee
Chemical Corp.
CTTY, COUNTY,
STATE
Singham Canyon,
Salt Lake, UT
Mulberry,
Polk, FL
Ab/in,
Brazoria, TX
Kouston,
Harris, TX
While Springs,
Hamilton, FL
Axis,
Mobile, AL
Westwego,
Fefferson, LA
Purvis,
Lamar, MS
Norco,
St. Charles, LA
Odessa,
Ector, TX
Geismar,
Ascension, LA
New Johnsonville ,
Humphreys, TN
Sulphur,
Calcasieu, LA
Front Royal,
Warren, VA
Coatesville,
Chester, PA
Cahokia,
St. Clair, IL
Pasadena,
Harris, TX
Queensbury,
Warren, NY
Clinton,
Vermillion, IN
Trona,
San Bernardino, CA
1987 DATA
CHEMI-
CALS
REPORTED
1987 ONLY
Pounds
250
0
2,052,950
0
0
0
0
0
1,097,305
11,600
0
0
0
0
14,460
608,450
0
1,381,250
124,500
1,205,933
CHEMICALS
REPORTED
BOTH YEARS
Pounds
158,669,500
72,028,250
173,594,450
54,300,139
92,240,300
43,139,315
213,444,502
35,906,600
193,136,650
28,599,210
56,447,250
72,474,201
21,974,323
54,032,900
13,261,204
38,064,100
28,802,500
31,728,400
15,811,200
13,232,667
TOTAL
RELEASES*
TRANSFERS
Pounds
158,669,750
72,028,250
175,647,400
54,300,139
92,240,300
43,139,315
213,444,502
35,906,600
194,233,955
1988 DATA
CHEMI-
CALS
REPORTED
1988 ONLY
Pounds
172,250
0
0
0
0
0
22.000
750
28,350
28,610,810 0
56,447,250 0
72,474,201
21,974,323
500
57,000
54,032,900 410,000
13,275,664 46,240
38,672,550 501,900
28,802,500 1,950
33,109,650 0
15,935,700 0
14,438,600 10,846
CHEMICALS
REPORTED
BOTH YEARS
Pounds
12,352,600
715,250
103,333,180
2,274
50,342,021
1,244,655
176,396,250
1,191,950
158,634,640
4,447,064
35,655,500
52,691,410
5,006,700
37,321,700
629,31 1
25,844,378
17,295,390
20,237,150
4,341,800
1,941,010
TOTAL
RELEASES &
TRANSFERS
Pound*
12,524,850
715,250
103,333,180
2,274
50,342,021
1,244,655
176,418,250
1,192,700
1987-1988
DECREASE FOR
MATCHED CHEM
Pounds I
146,316,900
71,313,000
70,261,270
54,297,865
41,898,279
41,894,660
37,048,252
34,714,650
158,662,990 34,502,010
4,447,064
24,152,146
35,655,500 20,791,750
52,691,910 19,782,791
5,063,700 16,967,623
37,731,700 16,711,200
675,551
26,346,278
12,631,893
12,219,722
17,297,340 11,507,110
20,237,150 11,491,250
4,341,800 11,469,400
1,951,856 11,291,657
ICALS
troom
92.21
99.01
40.47
100.00
45.42
97.11
17.36
96.68
17.86
84.45
36.83
27.30
77.22
30.93
95.25
32.10
39.95
36.22
72.54
85.33
TOTAL
6,496,698 1,410,887,661 1,417,384,359 1,251,786 709,624,233 710,876,019 701,263,428 49.70
(a) Changes in accounting by the facility are responsible for most of this decrease (see Box 7-A).
(b) Corrections to the data change this facility's decrease to an increase of 55,497,990 (see Box 3-C).
(c) Corrections to the data change this facility's decrease to an increase of 1,005,340 (see Box 3-C).
Note: Data are shown for all chemicals reported by the facility, but the decrease is only cslculaled for chemicals reported in both years.
198
-------
The Matched Data Set
Table 7-10. The 20 Facilities with the Greatest Increases in R<
1987 and 1988.
1987 DATA
FACILITY NAME
CITY, COUNTY.
STATE
Amax Magnesium Tooelc,
CHEMI-
CALS
REPORTED
1987 ONLY
Pounds
0
CHEMICALS
REPORTED
BOTH YEARS
Pounds
76,992,400
TOTAL
RELEASES A
TRANSFERS
FOR 1987
Pounds
76,992,400
ileases and Transfers
1968 DATA
CHEMICALS
REPORTED
1988 ONLY
Pounds
0
CHEMICALS
REPORTED
BOTH YEARS
Pounds
109,750,090
for Chemic
TOTAL
RELEASES*
TRANSFERS
FOR 1988
Pounds
109,750,090
ils Reported in
1987-1988
INCREASE FOR MATCHED
CHEMICALS
Pound* PC
32,757,690
font
42.55
Tooele, UT
ITT Rayonier (b) Femandina Beach,
23,300
22,105,750
22,129,250
123,000
54,246,100
54,369,100
32,140,350
145.39
Naaaau, FL
Inland Steel Co. Eaat Chicago,
0
31,466,950
31,466,950
53,800
61,310,700
61,364,500
29,843,750
94.84
Lake, IN
Vulcan Chemicals Wichita,
9,915
67,280,053
67,289,968
27,000
91,984,960
92,011,960
24,704,907
36.72
Sedgwick, KS
Du Pont Beaumont
ieaumont,
967,300
84,503,300
85,470,600
6,064,532
105,835,397
111,899,929
21,332,097
25.24
Works (a) Jefferson, TX
Racon Inc. Wichita,
8,200
30,730,432
30,738,632
0
51,215,854
51,215,854
20,485,422
66.66
Sedgwick, KS
Logan Aluminum RusseUville,
0
641,450
641,450
36,835
16,371,734
16,408,569
15,730,284 2,452.30
Logan, KY
Chevron Chemical Rock Springs,
0
1 19,449
119,449
0
15,384,002
15,384,002
15,264,553 12
,779.14
Co. Sweetwaler, WY
Monsanto Co. Cantonment,
Mid west Steel
Occidental Chemical
Corp.
Allied-Signal Inc.
Delano Growers
Escambia, FL
Portage, Porter, IN
Deer Park,
Harris, TX
Elizabeth,
Union, NJ
Delano,
23,600
0
500
411
0
23,866,950
17,332,792
3,728,950
19,488,708
1,295,780
23,890,550
17,332,792
3,729,450
19,489,119
1,295,780
0
37,895
40,580
32
37,720
36,249,190
29,366,820
12,574,194
28,290,588
9,580,980
36,249,190
29,404,715
12,614,774
28,290,620
9,618,700
12,382,240
12,034,028
8,845,244
8,801 ,880
8,285,200
51.88
69.43
237.20
45.16
639.40
Grape Products Kern, CA
BASF Corp.
Geismar,
44,713
29,836,570
29,881,283
4,480
37,260,518
37,264,998
7,423,948
24.88
Ascension, LA
Triad Chemical
Donaldsonville,
0
20,521,651
20,521,651
0
27,666,682
27,666,682
7,145,031
34.82
Ascension, LA
Du Pont Belle Plant
Belle,
337,618
2,394,438
2,732,056
0
9,099,913
9,099,913
6,705,475
280.04
Kanawha, WV
Westvaco Corp. Covington,
Chemical Div.
USS Fairless Works
Uniroyal Plastics Co.
Alleghany, VA
Fairless Hills,
Bucks, PA
Mishawaka,
0
2,918,216
18,200
1,657,779
5,935,271
1,545,306
1,657,779
8,853,487
1,563,506
0
700
135,703
7,425,647
11,460,120
6,767,182
7,425,647
11,460,820
6,902,885
5,767,868
5,524,849
5,221 ,876
347.93
93.09
337.92
Inc. St. loseph, IN
Du Pont Louisville
Louisville,
0
26,113,000
26,113,000
0
31,305,496
31, 305,496
5,192,496
19.88
Works Jefferson, KY
TOTAL
4,352,173 467,556,979 471,909,152 6,562,277 753,146,167 759,708,444 285,589,188
(a) Corrections to the data change this facility's increase to a decrease of 5,769,100 pounds (see Box 3-C).
(b) Corrections to the data change this facility's increase from 21,332,097 pounds to 31,332,097 pounds (see Box 3-C).
Note: Data are shown for all chemicals reported by the facility, but the increase is only calculated for chemicals reported in both years.
61.08
199
-------
ON VI
H31VM aovdyns
aiv
-------
CHAPTER 8. CHANGES IN TRI RELEASES, 1987-1988: MATCHED
CHEMICAL DATA
This chapter continues the analysis of matched chemicals (those reported in both
1987 and 1988 by facilities that reported in both years) and focuses exclusively
on environmental releases to air, water, land or underground. Off-site transfers
are examined in detail in the next chapter. (See Figure 8-1.)
2,500
Millions of Pounds
Air Surface Water Land
•11988 MM 1987
Underground
Figure 8-1. Change* in TRI Release* of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988.
201
-------
Chapter 8
Air emissions of
matched chemicals
decreased by 8%.
Ammonia, methyl
ethyl ketone, and
ethylene decreased
the most.
AIR EMISSIONS
Ninety-four percent (2.2 billion pounds) of total 1988 air emissions (2.3 billion
pounds) were of chemicals also emitted to air in 1987. The remaining six percent
(131.7 million pounds) of 1988 air emissions was of chemicals not previously
reported. (See Table 7-4 in Chapter 7.) Total air emissions of matched chemi-
cals—those reported both years—dropped eight percent (181.6 million pounds).
Fugitive air emissions decreased more than point source emissions, dropping by
106.3 million pounds (14 percent), while point source emissions dropped 75.3
million pounds (five percent).
Chemical Distribution
Air emissions of 18 chemicals decreased by one million pounds or more from
1987 to 1988. Ammonia decreased by the greatest amount, from 266.4 to 233.4
million pounds, a decrease of 33.0 million pounds or 12 percent. Air emissions
of methyl ethyl ketone decreased by the second greatest amount, from 135.9 to
114.9 million pounds (21.0 million pounds, or 16 percent). Ethylene and
propylene also dropped significantly. (See Figure 8-2 and Table 8-1.)
Toluene
Ammonia
1,1,1trlchloroethane
Xylene (mixed)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Olehloromethan*
•Carbon Diaulfide
Hydrochloric Acid
Trlchloroethylene
Ethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Propylene
Chloroform
Formaldehyde
1,3-but*dlene
2-Methoxyethanol
Ammonium Sulfale
Ammonium Nitrate
-60
-50
-40 -30 -20
Millions of Pounds
•1988 data correction adds 42.9 M I be. (see Box 3-C).
-10
Figure 8-2. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Decreases in Matched Emissions to Air,
1987-1988. (Chemicals shown in descending order according to rank for 1988 totals.)
(1) Carbon disulfide appears to have the largest decrease in Table 8-2, but corrections made to the
TRI database after analyses for this report were completed eliminated that decrease. (See Box 3-C.)
202
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Table 8-1. Changes in TRI Air Emissions of Matched Chemicals,* 1987-1988.
I CHEMICAL
I
TOLUENE
AMMONIA
METHANOL
ACETONE
1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE
CHLORINE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
DICHLOROMETHANE
CARBON DISULFIDE
FREON 113
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
ETHYLENE
GLYCOL ETHERS
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
BENZENE
STYRENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
PROPYLENE
CHLOROFORM
CARBONYL SULFIDE
SULFURIC ACID
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
NITRIC ACID
FORMALDEHYDE
CYCLOHEXANE
PHENOL
CHLOROMETHANE
1,3-BUTADIENE
P-XYLENE
ACETALDEHYDE
2-METHOXYETHANOL
VINYL ACETATE
ETHYLBENZENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
196* AIR I
Fund. 1
234,717,650
233,376,811
195,594,094
173,190,213
135,415,391
132,109,750
123,942,700
114,921,167
104,744,440
77,405,878
51,893,405
51,388,510
40,786,431
38,627,794
34,871,647
30,356,227
27,076,996
26,657,097
26,458,335
24,200,832
21,620,208
21,277,951
18,043,351
15,476,189
12,262,662
11,827,439
10,863 ,964
9,824,543
9,290,683
9,132,017
8,530,144
7,911,048
6,355,467
6,218,049
5,674,040
5,601 ,964
5,546,472
5,227,265
2,068,418,824
104,220,204
2,172,639,028
* Chemicals with the largest matched air emissions for
1987 AIR
Ptxnb
248,022,025
266,414,033
189,916,229
172,829,125
1987- 1988 CHANGE
Poundl ]
-13,304,375
-33,037,222
5,677,865
361,088
139,423,607 -4,008,216
104,979,703
126,475,654
135,941,308
27,130,047
-2,532,954
-21,020,141
111,726,722 -6,982,282
131,851,244
49,464,207
-54,445,366
2,429,198
58,437,467 -7,048,957
45,462,780 -4,676,349
58,151,828
-19,524,034
35,614,250 -742,603
30,839,190 -482,963
27,783,382 -706,386
26,920,142 -263,045
28,693,809 -2,235,474
25,615,131
37,234,235
24,640,476
-1,414,299
-15,614,027
-3,362,525
19,860,170 -1,816,819
15,251,506
11,843,461
13,363,675
11,193,481
6,403,606
224,683
419,201
-1,536,236
-329,517
3,420,937
11,651,030 -2,360,347
9,740,274
7,421,135
9,236,166
9,124,033
-608,257
1,109,009
-1,325,118
-2,768,566
6,254,450 -36,401
5,705,252
7,734,502
6,166,503
5,433,098
2,232,818,889
121,378,625
-31,212
-2,132,538
-620,031
-205,833
-164,400,065
-17,158,421
2,354,197,514 -181,558,486
1988.
PeroM
-5.36
-12.40
2.99
0.21
-2.87
25.84
-2.00
-15.46
-6.25
-41.29
4.91
-12.06
-10.29
-33.57
-2.09
-1.57
-2.54
-0.98
-7.79
-5.52
-41.93
-13.65
-9.15
1.47
3.54
-11.50
-2.94
53.42
-20.26
-6.24
14.94
-14.35
-30.34
-0.58
-0.55
-27.57
-10.05
-3.79
-7.36
-14.14
-7.71
These decreases are almost always attributable to large decreases at one or two A few facilities with
facilities. For example, two of the five facilities with the largest reductions in air large decreases
emissions were primarily responsible for the decrease of ammonia: Unocal dominated the pat-
Chemicals (Kenai, Alaska) and Farmland Industries, Inc. (Enid, Oklahoma) terns of change.
decreased ammonia emissions by 9.5 and 6.5 million pounds, respectively.
Similarly, Rexene Products Co. (Odessa, Texas) reported a decrease of 18.1
million pounds in air emissions of ethylene and 6.9 million pounds of propylene;
it was almost completely responsible for the net reduction of these two com-
pounds. (See Figure 8-3 and Table 8-2.)
203
-------
Chapter 8
Facility Name
AMAX Magnaalum (UT) -
WTEX Fiber* (VIM
Triad Chemical (LA)
Unocal Chamlcala(AK)
Wettvaco Corp.
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Methanol
Chlorine
Nitric Acid
Freon 113
Phenol
10 15 20
Millions of Pounds
25
Figure 8-4. TRI Chemical* with the Greatest Increases in Matched Emissions to Air. 1987-1988. Chemicals
shown in descending order according to 1988 totals.
Matched air emissions of five chemicals increased by more than one million
pounds. Air emissions of chlorine increased 26 percent (27.1 million pounds),
more than any other chemical. As with decreases, most large increases originated
at just a few facilities. Amax Magnesium (Tooele, Utah) increased its air
emissions of chlorine by 34.0 million pounds, making it largely responsible for
the net increase. A 5.7-million-pound (three percent) increase of methanol was
due mostly to an increase of 5.6 million pounds by a Westvaco Corporation facility
(Covington, Virginia). Nitric acid emissions increased 3.4 million pounds (53
percent), mostly produced by increases of 3.0 million pounds by Wil-gro Fertilizer
Inc. (Pryor, Oklahoma). (See Figure 8-3.)
Other chemicals that increased by more the one million pounds were Freon 113
and phenol. Freon 113 emissions were up 2.4 million pounds (five percent) in
1988 from a total of 49.5 million pounds in 1987. No single facility accounted
for the increase of this chemical. (When emitted to air, Freon 113 depletes the
ozone layer, damaging the protective barrier that absorbs much of the sun's
radiation before it strikes the earth. The increased radiation received by the earth's
surface may raise the risks of skin cancer. See Chapter 12.)
Air emissions of
chlorine, methanol,
nitric acid, Freon
113, and phenol
each increased by
more than 1 million
pounds.
205
-------
Chapter 8
Air emissions
decreased for all
chemical classes; or-
ganics and halo-or-
ganics decreased the
most.
Chemical Classes
Air emissions of all chemical classes decreased from 1987 to 1988. The large
changes in air emissions of one or more individual chemicals noted above
dominated the changes in each class. Air emissions of organics dropped ten
percent (138.8 million pounds), more than the decrease for any other class.
Emissions of four out of the 144 organic chemicals—methyl ethyl ketone,
ethylene, propylene, and toluene—accounted for nearly half of the net decrease
(69.4 million pounds). Halo-organic chemicals decreased by 21.3 million pounds
(five percent), due to decreased air emissions of dichloromethane,
trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and chloroform totaling 19.0 million
pounds that outweighed the 2.4-million-pound increase of Freon 113. (See Figure
8-5 and Table 8-A (at end of chapter). See also Chapter 4 for an explanation of
chemical classes and Appendix B for a complete list of the chemicals in each
class.)
Air emissions of the acids/bases/salts class decreased 13.0 million pounds (12
percent) with hydrochloric acid, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate
playing the leading roles. Decreases of the three totaled 16.4 million pounds, but
were somewhat diminished by the 3.4-million-pound increase of nitric acid.
Organics
Halo-organics
Non-metals
Acids/Bases/Salts
Metals
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-5. Changes in TRI Matched Emissions to Air by Chemical Class, 1987-1988.
Classes shown in descending order according to 1988 totals.
206
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Dichloromethane
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chloroform
Formaldehyde
1,3-Butadiene
Acrylonitrile
1,2-Dichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachlorlde
Propylene Oxide
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
-8 -6 -4 -2 0
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-6. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched Air Emissions,
1987-1988. Carcinogens shown in descending order according to 1988 totals.
Carcinogens
Air emissions of 75 of the 123 carcinogens on the TRI list were reported in 1987 Matched air emi«-
and 1988, but only seven dropped by one million pounds or more, sions of carcinogens
Dichloromethane decreased the most, by 7.0 million pounds (six percent), decreased by 9%.
Emissions of chloroform decreased 3.4 million pounds (14 percent), and 1,3-
butadiene decreased 2.8 million pounds (30 percent). (See Figure 8-6 and Table
8-3.)
Few carcinogens increased in sizable amounts from 1987 to 1988. Only 1,4- 1,4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene increased by more than 500,000 pounds in 1988, expanding from emissions increased
1.2 million pounds in 1987 to 1.8 million pounds in 1988 (55 percent). 600,000 pounds.
Acetonitrile increased 200,000 pounds, the next largest gain for any carcinogen.
NESHAPs
The eight TRI chemicals and chemical categories regulated by National Emissions Hazardous air pol-
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) accounted for one percent lutants (NESHAPs)
of total air emissions of matched chemicals in 1988, as in 1987. Emissions of decreased by 1.0 mil-
these chemicals decreased 1.0 million pounds (three percent). Benzene and vinyl lion pounds (3%).
chloride decreased by the largest amounts, dropping to 706,000 and 282,000
pounds (3 and 18 percent respectively). In both cases, however, a decrease in
fugitive emissions was accompanied by an increase in point source emissions.
(See Figure 8-7 and Table 8-4.)
207
-------
Chapter 8
Table 8-3. Change* in Matched Air Emission* of Carcinogens. 1987-1988.
I CHEMICAL
I I
DICHLOROMETHANE
BENZENE
STYRENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHLOROFORM
FORMALDEHYDE
1,3-BUTADIENE
ETHYLENE OXIDE
ACRYLONmULE
1 ,2-DICHLOROETHANE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
PROPYLENE OXIDE
ACETONITRILE
1 ,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
VINYL CHLORIDE
LEAD
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
2-NITROPROPANE
CHROMIUM
ETHYL ACRYLATE
1,4-DIOXANE
NICKEL
TOLUENE-2,4-DnSOCYANATE
URETHANE
DICHLOROBENZENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
1 ,3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE
1 ,2-DIBROMOETHANE
0-TOLUIDINE
1 , 1 ,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
TOLUENE-2.6-DIISOCYANATE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
4,4'-METHYENEDIANILINE
BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE
BENZOIC TRICHLORIDE
HYDRAZINE
ACRYLAMIDE
DIAMINOTOLUENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR NONCARCINOGENS
GRAND TOTAL
1988 AIR
Pound. 1
104,744,440
27,076,996
26,657,097
26,458,335
21,277,951
9,290,683
6,355,467
4,213,564
4,207,505
3,830,078
3,734,094
2,873,616
1,850,311
1,805,797
1,302,317
736,968
659,168
396,182
373,394
209,322
200,548
181,079
170,454
147,495
140,000
76,052
50,110
45,842
45,017
44,918
32,424
32,210
30,000
28,239
24,963
24,130
22,040
19,800
249,368,606
1,923,270,422
2,172,639,028
1987 AIR
Pound. 1
111,726,722
27,783,382
26,920,142
28,693,809
24,640,476
11,651,030
9,124,033
4,584,426
5,406,313
5,039,275
4,429,594
3,390,265
1,603,800
1,161,430
1,584,336
815,158
1,147,262
345,934
415,541
223,436
220,245
219,951
178,453
353,760
419,450
67,909
34,070
51,026
53,754
40,474
374,957
35,470
42,747
93,346
23,760
22,849
32,932
48,627
273,000,144
2,081,197,370
2,354,197,514
1987-1988 CHAN
GE 1
Pound. 1 Percent j
-6,982,282
-706,386
-263,045
-2,235,474
-3,362,525
-2,360,347
-2,768,566
-370,862
-1,198,808
-1,209,197
-695,500
-516,649
246,511
644,367
-282,019
-78,190
-488,094
50,248
-42,147
-14,114
-19,697
-38,872
-7,999
-206,265
-279,450
8,143
16,040
-5,184
-8,737
4,444
-342,533
-3,260
-12,747
-65,107
1,203
1,281
-10,892
-28,827
-23,631,538
-157,926,948
-181,558,486
-6.25
-2.54
-0.98
-7.79
-13.65
-20.26
-30.34
-8.09
-22.17
-24.00
-15.70
-15.24
15.37
55.48
-17.80
-9.59
-42.54
14.53
-10.14
-6.32
-8.94
-17.67
-4.48
-58.31
-66.62
11.99
47.08
-UU6
-16.25
10.98
-91.35
-9.19
-29.82
-69.75
5.06
5.61
-33.07
-59.28
-8.66
-7.59
-7.71
Table 8-4. Changes in TRI Matched Air Emissions of NESHAPS Chemicals, 1987-1988.
I CHEMICAL
BENZENE
VINYL CHLORIDE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
MERCURY
ARSENIC
BERYLLIUM
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
1988 TOTAL AIR 1
Pound. 1
27,076,996
1,302,317
180,962
32,210
21,514
3,651
2,703
1,616
612
28,622,581
2,144,016,447
2,172,639,028
1987 TOTAL AIR 1
Pound. J
27,783,382
1,584,336
175,704
35,470
21,389
4,071
2,751
2,335
501
29,609,939
2,324,587,575
2,354,197,514
1087-1081 THAN
Pound! |
-706,386
-282,019
5,258
-3,260
125
-420
-48
-719
111
-987,358
-180,571,128
-181,558,486
r,f iw AIR 1
Percent j
-2.54
-17.80
2.99
-9.19
0.58
-10.32
-1.74
-30.79
22.16
-3.33
-7.77
-7.71
208
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Benzene
Vinyl Chloride
Arsenic Compounds
Asbestos (Friable)
Mercury
Arsenic
Beryllium
Mercury Compounds
Beryllium Compounds
-8
! : —
i ! 1 -0.42
; ; ; -o.oe
! i I -°72
i i i
0.13
0.11
00 -600 -400 -200 0 200
Thousands of Pounds
Figure 8-7. Changes in TRI Matched Air Emissions of NESHAPs Chemical*,
1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 totals.
Fugitive air emissions of all NESHAPs decreased by 2.1 million pounds (11 Point tourc* air emis-
percent), but were offset by an increase of 1.2 million pounds (12 percent) in sions of all NESHAP
point source emissions. Indeed, point source emissions of all NESHAP chemicals chemicals except as-
except asbestos and mercury compounds increased. Benzene point source emis- bestos and mercury
sions increased by 1.1 million pounds (13 percent). Increases in point source increased.
emissions of NESHAP chemicals are of potential concern because these hazard-
ous air pollutants may pose serious human health hazards. Benzene, vinyl
chloride, arsenic and beryllium are all carcinogens. Mercury is associated with
central nervous system toxicity. Arsenic compounds and beryllium compounds
are both associated with a wide range of toxic effects.
Geographical Distribution
Matched facilities in Texas, which generated the largest total air emissions in both Air emissions in
1987 and 1988, reported a larger decrease2 (40.5 million pounds, 21 percent) Texas decreased by
than any other state. Rexene Products Co. (Odessa, Texas), reported decreases 40.5 million pounds
of 25.8 million pounds (comprised mostly of ethylene and propylene), which .. .
(2) Table 8-A shows that Alabama facilities reported the largest decrease (44.0 million pounds), but
this decrease was eliminated by corrections to the TRI database after analyses for this report were
prepared. (See Box 3-C.)
209
-------
Chapter 8
Texas
Louisiana
Ohio
Utah
Virginia
Indiana
New York
Michigan
North Carolina
Georgia
Pennsylvania
Alabama
Florida
Wisconsin
New Jersey
West Virginia
Oklahoma
Alaska
Nebraska
-60 -40 -20 0
Millions of Pounds
20
40
Figure 8-8. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Air Emissions, 1987-1988. (States shown in
descending order according to 1988 totals for air emissions.)
alone accounted for a large share of the decreases in the state. (See Figure 8-8
and Table 8-B (at end of chapter). See also Table D-3 in Appendix D for data on
fugitive and point source emissions by state.)
. . . but the decrease
was largely offset by
a 35.6-million-pound
increase in Utah.
Utah facilities reported the largest net increases in air emissions. Matched
chemical emissions increased from 82.7 to 118.2 million pounds—an increase of
35.6 million pounds (43 percent). Most of the increase for the state originated at
just one facility, an Amax Magnesium plant (Tooele, Utah), that augmented
chlorine emissions by 34.0 million pounds (although the facility did reduce other
chemicals, so its net increase was 32.8 million pounds).
Net emissions increases were considerably smaller in each of the ten other states
where emissions were reported. For example, Triad Chemicals (Donaldsonville,
Louisiana), increased its air emissions by 7.3 million pounds—one of the
top-ranked individual increases—but the increase was outweighed by decreases
from other Louisiana facilities, so emissions for the state as a whole dropped 4.1
million pounds (3 percent). (See Tables 8-2 and 8-B.)
210
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Industrial Distribution
Facilities in 17 industries reported decreases in air emissions of matched
chemicals from 1987 to 1988. The largest increases and decreases were generated
by industries producing the greatest proportion of air emissions. Facilities in the
Chemical industry generated the largest share of air emissions in both 1987 and
1988 (36 and 33 percent respectively). They also generated the largest decreases,
cutting emissions from 856.4 to 724.4 million pounds (132.0 million pounds, or
15 percent). The five individual facilities with the largest air emissions decreases,
all Chemical plants, together reported emissions reductions of 102.5 million
pounds, accounting for over three quarters of the industry-wide decrease. Paper
manufacturing facilities produced the next largest decrease, cutting emissions
from 215.9 million pounds in 1987 to 178.0 million pounds in 1988 (37.9 million
pounds, or 18 percent). (See Figure 8-9 and Table 8-C, at end of Chapter.)
Facilities in five industries reported increases in air emissions from 1987 to 1988. Primary Metals plants
The Primary Metals industry increased emissions the most from 189.0 to 214.8 increased air •mis-
million pounds (14 percent), largely due to the 32.8-million-pound increase sions by 26 million
reported by Amax Magnesium plant (Tooele, Utah). Facilities with multiple SIC pounds.
codes reported an increase of 17.9 million pounds (ten percent), the second largest
of any industry group.
Facilities in the
Chemical industry
reduced air emissions
more than any other
industry-132.0 mil-
lion pounds (15%);
Paper manufacturers
cut emissions by
37.9 million pounds.
Industry by SIC Code
Chemical! (28)
Primary Metals (33)
Paper (26)
Transportation (37)
Plastics (30)
Electrical (36)
Fab. Metala (34)
Petroleum (29)
Furniture (25)
Machinery (35)
Printing (27)
Moaeure./Photo. (38)
Textile* (22)
Miao. Manulaot.(39)
Lumber (24)
Stone/Clay (32)
Tobacco (21)
Leather (31)
Food (20)
Apparel (23)
Multiple Code* 20-39
No codea 20-39
i ! : : ^"^^^^^saijsj
•sW*^"'"5
:::::; ••
m
!::;:; 1
I:::;: pjpj
::::::|
\l\\\\m
: •
; : : ! ; ; I
,,,!!>!
•
• i
mm\
i
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Million* of Pound*
Figure 8-9. Change* in Matched TRI Air Emissions by Industry, 1987-1988. (Industries shown in descending
order according to 1988 air emissions totals.)
211
-------
Chapter 8
DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATER
Discharges to surface
water decreased 42
million pound*
(11%).
Mora chemicals
decreased than in-
creased.
Discharges of arsenic
decreased by nearly
100%. due to reduc-
tions reported by a
Kerr-McGee plant.
Few chemicals in-
creased in amounts
larger than 100,000
pounds.
Discharges of non-
metallic inorganics
decreased by 42%.
mostly due to Kerr-
McGee's reduction of
arsenic compounds.
Discharges of matched chemicals to surface water decreased by 42.0 million
pounds (11 percent) from 1987 to 1988. Overall, surface water releases comprised
the same percentage (six percent) of the total matched releases and transfers for
1987 and 1988.
Chemical Distribution
Of the 210 matched chemicals discharged to surface water, discharge amounts
increased for 80 TRI chemicals, decreased for 124, and stayed the same for six.
No matched discharges to surface water were reported for the other TRI
chemicals.
Discharges of ten chemicals decreased by more than one million pounds each.
Arsenic compounds decreased the most, by 10.4 million pounds—nearly 100
percent. The decreases originated at a single facility, Kerr-McGee Chemical
Corporation (Trona, California), which reported decreasing discharges by 10.5
million pounds. Other chemicals that decreased in notable amounts were phos-
phoric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid. (See Figures 8-10 and 8-11
and Tables 8-5 and 8-6.)
Surface water discharges of ammonium sulfate, the top-ranking TRI chemical
overall in 1988 appeared to increase the most—from 88.8 million pounds in 1987
to 110.8 million pounds in 1988. However, the increase was due largely to an
error in the TRI database that was corrected after analyses for this report were
completed (see Box 3-C, Chapter 3). Outside of this apparent increase, net
increases in surface water discharges were all less than 800,000 pounds.
Discharges of nitric acid went up 764,000 pounds, and sec-butyl alcohol, which
had the next largest decrease, went up 120,000 pounds.
Chemical Classes
Discharges to surface water decreased for all five classes of chemicals. Non-
metallic inorganics decreased by 19.2 million pounds (42 percent), reducing
surface water releases of this class from 45.7 million pounds in 1987 to 26.5
million pounds in 1988. This was the largest of any decrease and was sufficient
to cut the class's contribution from 12 to eight percent of the surface water total.
Much of the decrease resulted from the 10.5-million-pound decrease in surface
water discharges of arsenic compounds by the Kerr-McGee facility mentioned
above. (See Figure 8-12 and Table 8-A, at end of Chapter.)
212
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Phosphoric Acid
•Ammonium Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Ammonia
Methanol
Ammonium Nitrate
Chlorine
Hydrochloric Acid
Ethylene Glycol
Nitric Acid'
Acetone
Manganese Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
-15 -10 -50 5 10 15
Millions of Pounds
•1988 data correction subtracts 48.6 M Ibs.
Figure 8-10. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched Discharges to
Surface Water, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988
TRI total discharges to surface water.
Facility Name
•ITT Hayonler (FL)
Freeport McMoran(LA)
Arcadian Corp. (LA)
Allied-Signal (W)
Weyerhaeuser (WM
US Vanadium (AR)
W.R. Grace (LA)
W.R. Grace (MD)
Kerr-McQee (CA)
Internal'! Paper(AL)
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Millions of Pounds
•1988 data correction subtracts 48.6 M Ibs.
Figure 8-11. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Discharges to
Surface Water, 1987-1988. Facilities shown in descending order according to 1988
TRI total discharges to surface water.
213
-------
Chapter 8
Table 8-5. Change* in TRI Discharges to Surface Water of Matched Chemicals,* 1987-1988.
CHEMICAL
PHOSPHORIC ACID
AMMONIUM SULFATE**
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
METHANOL
AMMONIUM NITRATE
CHLORINE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
NITRIC ACID
CHLOROFORM
ACETONE
FORMALDEHYDE
ZINC COMPOUNDS
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
1,3-BUTADIENE
DIETHANOLAMINE
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
DICHLOROMETHANE
PHENOL
TOLUENE
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
SEC-BUTYL ALCOHOL
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
GLYCOL ETHERS
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
1,4-DIOXANE
LEAD COMPOUNDS
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
4,4'-ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL
2-ETHOXYETHANOL
PROPYLENE OXIDE
CHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE
LEAD
BENZENE
1 ,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
MIXTURES
TRADE SECRETS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
1988 SURFACE WATER 1987 SURFACE WATER) 1987-1988 CHANGE
Pound* Pound! | Pound* Percent
116,647,186 126,493,709 -9,846,523 -7.78
110,790,003 88,849,585 21,940,418 24.69
44,544,556 57,798,546 -13,253,990 -22.93
21,432,316 28,774,738 -7,342,422 -25.52
14,536,204 24,812,465 -10,276,261 -41.42
8,519,966 11,208,090 -2,688,124 -23.98
5,014,497 6,337,846 -1,323,349 -20.88
4,049,507 8,908,629 -4,859,122 -54.54
3,389,765 3,895,227 -505,462 -12.98
2,899,230 2,134,768 764,462 35.81
1,013,545 1,174,743 -161,198 -13.72
1,009,904 2,023,802 -1,013,898 -50.10
869,605 1,084,207 -214,602 -19.79
813,773 1,130,794 -317,021 -28.04
761,792 1,101,942 -340,150 -30.87
585,290 1,590,105 -1,004,815 -63.19
412,503 432,417 -19,914 -4.61
343,510 335,838 7,672 2.28
329,209 394,532 -65,323 -16.56
284,874 272,385 12,489 4.59
261,903 359,885 -97,982 -27.23
244,725 378,634 -133,909 -35.37
221,152 321,046 -99,894 -31.12
209,985 300,502 -90,517 -30.12
190,190 70,054 120,136 171.49
175,896 198,050 -22,154 -11.19
166,427 93,315 73,112 78.35
163,700 123,907 39,793 32.12
159,707 131,151 28,556 21.77
. 145,346 102,874 42,472 41.29
138,771 64,815 73,956 114.10
126,433 149,845 -23,412 -15.62
121,172 13,315 107,857 810.04
120,154 133,244 -13,090 -9.82
112,503 68,499 44,004 64.24
112,048 104,489 7,559 7.23
109,361 326,830 -217,469 -66.54
103,131 34,599 68,532 198.08
46,020 198,926 -152,906 -76.87
31,563 141,538 -109,975 -77.70
5,355 10,469,081 -10,463,726 -99.95
27,000 0 27,000 —
0 0 0 —
341,239,777 382,538,967 -41,299,190 -10.80
1,973,984 2,655,662 -681,678 -25.67
343,213,761 385,194,629 -41,980,868 -10.90
'Chemicals with the largest matched surface water discharges for 1988, or with the greatest change from 1987 to
1988.
"Corrections to data subtract 48,600,000 pounds from 1988 surface water discharges (see Box 3-Q.
A 10-million-pound
reduction of
methanol contributed
to the 35% net
decrease in dischar-
ges of organics.
The organics class decreased the next largest amount, dropping from 37.0 to 24.0
million pounds (35 percent). Although this class contains the greatest number of
TRI chemicals, it constituted only seven percent of the pounds of matched surface
water releases in 1988. The largest share of organics reductions was a 10.3-mil-
lion-pound cut in methanol, much of which originated with a 6.6-million-pound
cut by an International Paper mill (Mobile, Alabama). (See Table 8-6.)
214
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Table 8-6. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1987-1988.
SIC t FACILITY NAME |C1TY, COUNTY, STATE] 1987 SURFACE WATER
CODE) 1 1 Pound! 1 Percent*
THE FIVE FACILITIES REPORTING THE LARGEST DECREASES
1988 SURFACE WATER 1
Pounds (Percent*!
28 Arcadian Corp. Geismar, 53,990,000 95.65 32,980,250
Ascension, LA
28 W. R. Grace & Co. Sulphur, 19,813,203 90.17 3,006,400
Calcasieu, LA
28 Kerr-McGce Chemical Trona, 11,206,144 79.26 842,826
Corp. San Bernardino, CA
26 International Paper Mobile, Mobile, AL 6,911,871 89.11 315,000
28 W.R. Grace 4Co. Baltimore, 7,047,036 67.72 2,487,110
Baltimore City, MD
THE FIVE FACILITIES REPORTING THE LARGEST INCREASES
26 ITT Rayonier** Femandina Beach, 16,195,000 73.18 54,011,100
Nassau, PL
26 Wcyerhauscr Paper Co. Cosmopolis, 3,351,400 90.44 6,442,900
Grays Harbor, WA
28 Freeport McMoran, Donaldsonville, 44,401,510 75.15 47,299,000
Agrico Chemical St. James, LA
33 US Vanadium Corp. Hot Springs Nafl Park, 3,400,750 73.23 6,000,750
Garland, AR
28 Allied-Signal Inc. Hopewell, 17,259,000 34.63 18,930,647
Hopewell City, VA
92.50
59.37
43.18
25.85
58.37
99.34
95.95
76.51
74.15
42.30
MAJOR CHEMICAL®)
Hamfe 1 Pound*
Phosphoric acid
Sulfur ic acid
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonia
Arsenic
Nickel compounds
Methanol
Phosphoric acid
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonia
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Sulfuric acid
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium sulfate
-12,000,000
-8,000,000
-16,758,000
-48,803
-10,465,153
-6,687
-6,595,000
-46,989
-3,323,97«
-1,224,019
38,000,000
11,100
3,100,000
2,124,000
746,000
2,600,000
8,354
2,200,00
* Percent that suface water discharges comprise of the facility's total TRI releases and transfers.
** Corrections to the data subtract 48.6 million pounds from this facility's 1 988 discharges to surface water.
Acids/Bases/Salts
Non-metals
Organics
Metals
Halo-organics
_ i
a^H
i H
•
•i
im
•
•
•
i
J5 -20 -15 -10 -5
!
0
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-12. Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface Water by Chemical
Class, 1987-1988. Chemical classes shown in descending order according to 1988
total discharges.
215
-------
Chapter 8
Acids/bases/salts —
the largest com-
ponent of discharge*
to surface water-
dropped only 3%.
Discharges of 65 car-
cinogens and priority
pollutants decreased;
37 increased.
Formaldehyde
decreased by 20%;
benzene decreased
by 77%.
7 priority pollutants
were reduced by
over 100,000
pounds each.
Discharges of the acids/bases/salts class dropped by 7.9 million pounds. This
amount represented only a three-percent decrease in surface water releases of
acids/bases/salts, however, reducing these releases from 295.7 to 287.8 million
pounds. In fact, discharges of other chemical classes decreased more, the
proportion of acids/bases/salts in surface water discharges actually increased: the
class comprised 84 percent of all matched releases to surface water in 1988 and
77 percent of surface water releases in 1987.
Carcinogens and Water Priority Pollutants
Among the matched chemicals discharged to surface water in 1988, 106 are either
carcinogens, water priority pollutants, or both. Of these, 29 are carcinogens but
not designated water priority pollutants, 56 are water priority pollutants but not
carcinogens, and 21 are both. Water priority pollutants are the 126 chemicals,
mostly metallic and organic, that receive special regulatory attention as toxic
chemicals under the Clean Water Act. (Chapter 4 defines TRI carcinogens, and
Appendix B lists all TRI chemicals that are considered carcinogens and/or priority
pollutants). Discharges of 65 carcinogens and/or water priority pollutants
decreased from 1987 to 1988, while 37 increased, and four stayed the same.
Three carcinogens—formaldehyde, chloroform, and benzene—each decreased by
more than 100,000 pounds. Formaldehyde discharges decreased the most,
dropping from 1.1 million pounds to 870,000 pounds (20 percent). Chloroform,
which accounted for a larger portion of the surface water total than any other
carcinogen, decreased by 161,000 pounds (14 percent), from 1.2 million pounds
to 1.0 million pounds. Benzene had one of the largest proportional decreases—a
77-percent reduction that cut discharges from 199,000 to 46,000 pounds. (See
Figure 8-13 and Table 8-7.)
Discharges did not increase by more than 100,000 pounds for any TRI carcinogen.
The largest increase was a 69,000 pound addition to the discharges of lead (198
percent increase). Only two other carcinogens, propylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane,
increased by more than 20,000 pounds.
Surface water releases were reported for 77 out of the 94 TRI chemicals
designated as water priority pollutants. Discharges of arsenic compounds and
methanol each dropped more man ten million pounds, both due to large decreases
by single facilities (Kerr-McGee and International Paper), as described above.
Five other priority pollutants decreased more than 100,000 pounds. (See Table
8-7.)
216
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Methanol
Ch lorolor m
Formaldehyde
Zinc compound*
Zinc (fume or duct)
Dichloro methane
Phenol
To 1 u e n e
Chromium compound*
Lead
B e n ze n e
1,2.4-trichlorobenze
Tetrachloroethylene
Arsenic compounda
Copper compounda
Copper
1,2-Dlchloroe thane
Lead
• • ! ; e
: . . : *
• • • m
: i : '
• • : : I
: : : : •
i : : : 1
: : : : '
; ; • ! e
: : : : '
: '• 'I
: : ; "
: : : •
: : : : c
i i i i i S
-12 -1O -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
Millions of Pounds
DETML
Chloroform : ^^_^^
Fo r m al d ohydo : * ' ' ' ' ' f
Zlno (fumo or du*l) : ^
Dl e h lo rom • t h a no : ,
Phonal ~™"
To I u • n • : ^™
Load ;
B • n zo n o : .
1,a.4-lrloh lorobonzo ^"~
Copper compound* : ^^^^
Coppor : ^^^~
1.2-Dloh loro«t h«n« ^^^^
Load , i
_
-1 -O.5 O O.6
Million* of Pound*
•• Priority Pollutant Efr/3 Carcinogen ^^ Both
Figure 8-13. TRI Carcinogen* and Priority Pollutant* with th* Greatest Change* in Matched Discharge* to
Surface Water, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 total surface water
discharges.
277
-------
Chapter 8
Table 8-7. Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface
Water of Priority Pollutants and
Carcinogens,* 1987-1988.
RATING**
P
C,P
c
P
c
P
C,P
P
P
P
P
c
P
c
P
C, P
P
P
P
P
P
C, P
C, P
P
c
C, P
c
c
C, P
P
P
P
P
C,P
c
P
C, P
P
P
P
P
P
C, P
P
P
P
c
CHEMICAL
METHANOL
CHLOROFORM
FORMALDEHYDE
ZINC COMPOUNDS
1,3-BUTADIENE
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
DICHLOROMETHANE
PHENOL
TOLUENE
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
1,4-DIOXANE
LEAD COMPOUNDS
PROPYLENE OXIDE
CHLOROMETHANE
LEAD
2,4-DINITROPHENOL
CHLOROBENZENE
COPPER
COPPER COMPOUNDS
1,1, 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
NICKEL
CHROMIUM
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
STYRENE
BENZENE
ETHYLENE OXIDE
ACETONITRILE
1 ,2-DICHLOROETHANE
1 ,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
1 ,2-DICHLOROPROPANE
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
NAPHTHALENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
THIOUREA
ETHYLBENZENE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
DIBUTYL PHTHALATE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
2,4-DINITROTOLUENE
1 ,2-DICHLOROBENZENE
DIETHYL PHTHALATE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
ANTIMONY
NITROBENZENE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
HYDRAZINE
1988 SURFACE WATER] 1987 SURFACE WATER
Pound* |
14,536,204
1,013,545
869,605
813,773
412,503
329,209
261,903
244,725
221,152
209,985
163,700
159,707
145,346
112,503
112,048
103,131
98,692
97,851
97,804
77,281
75,193
69,522
68,497
68,217
58,154
46,020
44,601
41,655
35,680
31,563
23,795
23,644
20,837
17,611
16,951
15,222
15,117
13,425
13,032
12,055
11,844
11,272
10,449
8,927
5,639
5,355
2,399
Pounds
24,812,465
1,174,743
1987-1 988 CHANGE 1
Pound.
-10,276,261
-161,198
1,084,207 -214,602
1,130,794 -317,021
432,417 -19,914
394,532 -65,323
359,885
-97,982
378,634 -133,909
321,046 -99,894
300,502 -90,517
123,907 39,793
131,151
28,556
102,874 42,472
68,499 44,004
104,489 7,559
34,599 68,532
86,700 11,992
62,494 35,357
79,332 18,472
109,238 -31,957
29,632 45,561
70,820 -1,298
70,423 -1,926
45,657 22,560
106,476 -48,322
198,926 -152,906
42,391
2,210
69,924 -28,269
65,405 -29,725
141,538 -109,975
34,115 -10,320
20,747 2,897
26,001
-5,164
91,560 -73,949
16,090 861
20,059 -4,837
10,483 4,634
22,435 -9,010
28,826 -15,794
11,270 785
19,220 -7,376
1,220 10,052
19,879 -9,430
36,489 -27,562
17,074 -11,435
10,469,081 -10,463,726
31,309 -28,910
Percent 1
-41.42
-13.72
-19.79
-28.04
-4.61
-16.56
-27.23
-35.37
-31.12
-30.12
32.12
21.77
41.29
64.24
7.23
198.08
13.83
56.58
23.28
-29.25
153.76
-1.83
-2.73
49.41
-45.38
-76.87
5.21
-40.43
-45.45
-77.70
-30.25
13.96
-19.86
-80.77
5.35
-24.11
44.20
-40.16
-54.79
6.97
-38.38
823.93
-47.44
-75.54
-66.97
-99.95
-92.34
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHER
CARCINOGENS & PRIORITY
POLLUTANTS
91,097
122,626
-31,529 -25.71
SUBTOTAL 20,938,440 43,132,184 -22,193,744 -51.46
GRAND TOTAL 343,213,761 385,194,629 -41,980,868 -10.90
* Carcinogens and priority pollutants reported with 1988 matched surface water discharges greater than 10,000
pounds and/or changes greater than 10,000 pounds.
**Ratings: C = Carcinogen; P = Priority Pollutant.
218
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Geographical Distribution
Discharges to surface water in Louisiana—which were nearly three times those Louisiana facilities
of any other state—decreased more than those of any other state from 1987 to reduced discharges
1988, dropping 19 percent from 192.8 to 155.9 million pounds. The net decrease to surface water by
stemmed from reductions at two facilities, Arcadian Corporation (Geismar) and 1/5 (37 million
a W. R. Grace and Company plant (Sulphur) which together reported decreases pounds)...
of 37.8 million pounds. Arcadian cut discharges of phosphoric acid and sulfuric
acid, while most of W.R. Grace's reduction was of ammonium sulfate. Nine other
states had decreases of over one million pounds. Overall, discharges decreased
in 36 jurisdictions, decreased in 15, and remained the same in two. (See Figure
8-14, Table 8-7 and Table 8-B, at end of chapter.)
Facilities in Florida appear to have increased their surface water discharges from
19.3 million pounds to 55.7 million pounds. However, corrections to the database
after analyses for this report were complete subtracted 48.6 million from the state
total, which actually results in a net decrease of 12.1 million pounds for the state
(see Box 3-C). Thus, surface water discharges increased by more than one million
pounds in just three states: Washington state facilities generated an increase of
2.6 million pounds (54 percent); discharges in Arkansas increased by 1.5 million
pounds (29 percent); and facilities in Virginia added 1.1 million pounds (six
percent).
. . . while facilities in
only 3 states
generated net in-
creases of more than
1 million pounds.
Louisiana
Florida
Virginia
California
Washington
Connecticut
Arkansas
Alabama
Georgia
Tennessee
Ohio
Maryland
Alaska
Delaware
Kansas
Mississippi
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
Millions of Pounds
40
Figure 8-14. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1988. States
shown in descending order by 1988 total discharges to surface water.
219
-------
Chapter 8
The Chemical in-
dustry reported
greater decreases in
surface water dischar-
ges than all other in-
dustries combined
. . . largely due to
decreases by just 4
facilities.
Industrial Distribution
The Chemical industry, which generated the largest matched chemical discharges
to surface water for 1988, was principally responsible for the net decrease of 58.1
million pounds. Chemical industry discharges dropped 53.3 million pounds (21
percent), from 255.0 to 201.5 million pounds. Four other industries cut discharges
by more than one million pounds: Primary Metals, Textiles, Petroleum, and
Fabricated Metals. Each was a major contributor to surface water totals in both
1987 and 1988, ranking third, fifth, sixth, and eighth, respectively. The Apparel
industry, which ranked 20th for 1987, cut discharges by 100 percent, dropping
from 42,000 pounds in 1987 to zero in 1988. (See Figure 8-15 and Table 8-C,
at end of Chapter.)
As with other distribution patterns, individual facilities predominated: four of the
five facilities that reported the largest decreases to surface water were Chemical
plants. Together, these facilities reduced their discharges by 52.7 million pounds,
accounting for nearly all of the decrease for the industry. Arcadian Corporation
diminished phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid discharges at its Geismar, Louisiana,
plant by 21.0 million pounds. One W. R. Grace & Company facility (Sulphur,
Louisiana) cut discharges by 16.8 million pounds (primarily ammonium sulfate),
while a second W. R. Grace plant (Baltimore, Maryland) reported another 4.6
million pounds in reductions (again, primarily ammonium sulfate). The 10.4
Industry by SIC Code
Chemicals (28)
Paper(26)
Primary Metals (33)
Multiple Codes 20-39
Textiles (22)
Petroleum (29)
Fab. Metals (34)
No codes 20-39
Electrical (36)
Transportation (37)
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
Millions of Pounds
10 20 30
Figure 8-15. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Discharges to Surface Water, 1987-1988.
Industries shown in descending order according to total 1988 discharges.
220
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
million-pound decrease in arsenic compounds by Kerr-McGee Chemical Cor-
poration also contributed to the industry-wide decrease. (See Table 8-6.)
Despite the overall 11 percent decrease in surface water discharges of matched Despite net
chemicals, ten industries reported increases. Paper manufacturing plants, which decreases, 10 in-
generated the second largest amount of discharges, appear to have reported the dustries reported in-
largest increases from 1987 to 1988; industry-wide discharges rose from 52.6 to creases in their
78.6 million pounds (49 percent). However, corrections to the TRI database after discharges to surface
statistics for this report were compiled revised that number downward by 48.6 water.
million pounds (See Box 3-C), resulting in a net decrease instead. Other increases
were for relatively small amounts.
221
-------
Chapter 8
ON-SITE LAND DISPOSAL
Matched facilities
reported a marked
decrease in on-site
land disposal . . .
. . . mostly due to
decreases in land dis-
posal of copper by
Kennecott Utah Cop-
per.
Land disposal of
phosphoric acid
dropped by 88 mil-
lion pounds to nearly
half the 1987 level.
Land disposal of man-
ganese compounds
more than doubled,
from 30 to 77 million
pounds.
Land disposal of matched chemicals decreased by 188.1 million pounds, or 29
percent. Only the decrease reported for off-site transfers exceeded that of land
disposal (See Chapter 9). Despite this large decrease, on-site land disposal
comprised approximately the same proportion of matched total releases and
transfers in 1988 as in 1987 (11 percent).
The decrease in land disposal was largely the result of dramatically reduced
reporting of copper by Kennecott Utah Copper, a Primary Metals facility located
in Bingham Canyon, Utah. This facility accounted for more than 80 percent of
the decrease (146.5 million pounds), and affected every analysis of on-site land
disposal. Copper became the chemical with the largest decrease; Utah became
the state with the largest decrease; and Primary Metals became the industry with
the largest decrease. Kennecott's reduction arises primarily from accounting
changes (explained in Box 7-A). If land releases reported by Kennecott are not
included in this analysis, on-site land releases would have been 482.6 million
pounds in 1987 and 440.7 million pounds in 1988, a decrease of 41.9 million
pounds (nine percent).
Chemical Distribution
Decreases in on-site land disposal of matched chemicals of greater than one
million pounds were reported for 11 chemicals. In nearly every case, a large
share of the net decrease came from just one or two facilities.
For example, phosphoric acid disposal dropped 88.5 million pounds (48 percent),
the second largest decrease after copper. Two Florida facilities—Royster Co. in
Mulberry and Occidental Chemical Corp. in White Springs—cut land disposal of
phosphoric acid by a total of 108.0 million pounds, outweighing a 14.6-million-
pound increase by Chevron Chemical Co. (Rock Springs, Wyoming). Zinc
compounds dropped 20.5 million pounds (21 percent); the decrease originated
primarily at Kennecott Utah Copper and Wheeling Nissin Corp. (Follansbee,
West Virginia), which together reported reductions of 12.5 million pounds. (See
Figures 8-16 and 8-17 and Tables 8-8 and 8-9.)
Increases in on-site land disposal of greater than one million pounds were reported
for eight chemicals. The greatest increase, 47.2 million pounds (156 percent) was
reported for manganese compounds. Two facilities generated much of the
increase: Inland Steel Co. (East Chicago, Indiana) reported an increase of 32.0
million pounds; and USS Fairless Works (Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania), increased
5.5 million pounds.
222
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Phosphoric Aold
Zinc Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Copper Compounds
Zinc (Fume or Oust)
Ammonium Nitrate
Chromium Compounds
Ammonium Sullats
Sulluric Acid
Methanol
Copper
Lead
Chromium
Arsenic Compounds
Hydrochloric Acid
Ammonia
Pentsehlorophenol
Barium Compounds
Terephthalic Aoid
-150
-100
-50 0
Millions of Pounds
100
Figure 8-16. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched On-Site Land Disposal, 1987-1988.
Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 land disposal total.
Facility Name
Inland Steel (IN)
Occidental Chem.(FL)
Chevron Chem. (WY)
Kennecott Copper(UT)
Delsno Growers (CA)
USS Fairless (PA)
Kerr MoQeo (ID)
Bowater (TN)
Wheeling-Nisehin(WV)
Roystsr (FL)
-200 -150 -100 -50
Millions of Pounds
50
Figure 8-17. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched On-Site Land Disposal, 1987-1988.
Facilities shown in descending order according to 1988 land disposal total.
223
-------
Chapter 8
Table 8-8. Changes in TRI On-site Land Disposal of Matched
CHEMICAL
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
COPPER COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
SULFURIC ACID
METHANOL
LEAD COMPOUNDS
COPPER
MANGANESE
LEAD
BARIUM
CHROMIUM
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE)
AMMONIA
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
BARIUM COMPOUNDS
TEREPHTHALIC ACID
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
ALUMINUM (FUME OR DUST)
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
PHENOL
NITRIC ACID
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
ANTIMONY
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
TOLUENE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
NICKEL
fQKM ALDEHYDE
ACETONE
CHLORINE
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
ETHYLBENZENE
STYRENE
BENZENE
ACETALDEHYDE
BIPHENYL
DICHLOROMETHANE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
NAPHTHALENE
METHYLENEBIS(PHENYLISOCYANATE)
GLYCOL ETHERS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
1988 LAND [
Pound! |
96,044,796
78,080,624
77,510,955
20,536,529
20,135,929
16,578,614
15,847,614
14,004,354
12,555,328
10,858,924
10,462,467
9,922,538
9,019,327
6,186,207
5,895,576
5,518,253
5,375,683
3,829,054
3,696,350
3,042,893
3,002,215
2,874,435
2,792,409
2,265,553
2,103,728
1,924,970
1,735,351
1,306,768
971,825
841,126
837,615
817,561
774,103
594,751
444,945
391,718
326,985
252,364
251,253
227,787
220,611
165,751
153,374
151,581
145,722
110,538
109,092
83,836
83,260
451,063,242
1,453,970
452,517,212
Chemicals,*
1987 LAND
Pound!
184,591,585
98,607,987
30,264,068
22,552,681
1987-1988.
1987-1988 CHANGE 1
Pound, 1
-88,546,789
-20,527,363
47,246,887
-2,016,152
14,446,400 5,689,529
13,075,798
17,741,721
3,502,816
-1,894,107
7,161,042 6,843,312
8,965,160 3,590,168
15,888,037 -5,029,113
11,125,129
-662,662
135,405,127 -125,482,589
9,469,507 -450,180
8,625,965
-2,439,758
5,770,657 124,919
2,388,604 3,129,649
11,045,215
-5,669,532
6,739,857 -2,910,803
3,816,868 -120,518
4,804,460 -1,761,567
34,916 2,967,299
7,518,687 -4,644,252
10,500 2,781,909
2,036,285
229,268
2,628,599 -524,871
2,055,845 -130,875
1,041,774 693,577
1,100,722 206,046
856,400 115,425
596,858 244,268
671,480 166,135
1,748,157 -930,596
683,383 90,720
663,335 -68,584
259,525 185,420
247,168 144,550
1,085,413 -758,428
634,701
-382,337
105,429 145,824
320,016 -92,229
207,581
1
13,030
165,750 16
22,918 130,456
64,482 87,099
434,974 -289,252
45,500 65,038
135,109 -26,017
82,975 861
26,732 56,528
637,805,333 -186,742,091
2,846,868 -1,392,898
640,652,201
-188,134,989
Percent |
-47.97
-20.82
156.12
-8.94
39.38
26.79
-10.68
95.56
40.05
-31.65
-5.96
-92.67
-4.75
-28.28
2.16
131.02
-51.33
-43.19
-3.16
-36.67
8,498.39
-61.77
26,494.37
11.26
-19.97
-6.37
66.58
18.72
13.48
40.93
24.74
-53.23
13.28
-10.34
71.45
58.48
-69.87
-60.24
138.31
-28.82
6.28
,575,000.00
569.23
135.07
-66.50
142.94
-19.26
1.04
211.46
-29.28
-0.09
-29.37
* Chemicals with the largest matched land disposal for 1988.
Ammonium sulfate Land disposal of ammonium sulfate increased 6.8 million pounds (96 percent),
disposal rose by 7 the second largest increase of any chemical. Much of this increase originated at
million pounds (96%).
224
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Table 8-9. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched
SIC I FACILITY NAME I CITY, COUNTY,
OK
STATE
t«7 ON-SrfE LAND
Itereent"
Pound.
On-site Land Disposal, 1987-1988.
1988 ON-SITE LAND I CHEMICALS WITH GREATEST CHANGE
nispnsAi. ,
Pound. | Perm** |
Nil
T
founds
THE FIVE FACILITIES WITH THE LARGEST DECREASES
33 Kennecotl Uuh Copper Bingham Canyon,
Salt Lake, UT
28 Roystcr Co. Mulberry, Polk, FL
28 Occidental Chemical Corp. While Springs,
Hamilton, FL
»» Wheeling-Nisshin Inc.
26 Bowater Inc.
Follansbee, Brooke, WV
C.Ihoun , McMinn, TN
158,357,750 99.80 11,828,750
68,600,000 95.24 0
91,000,000 98.66 49,000,000
8,056,945 71.79 346,900
5,688,177 83.23 1,112,000
94.44 Copper
Areaenic Compounds
0.00 Phosphoric Acid
Ammonia
97.33 Phosphoric Acid
9.73 Zinc compounds
Nickel compounds
48.32 Melhanol
Phenol
-125,899,750
-5,699,750
-66,000,000
-2,600,000
-42,000,000
-8,000,000
-28,200
-4,580,000
-3,674
THE FIVE FACILITIES WITH THE LARGEST INCREASES
M Inland Steel Co.
28 Chevron Chemical Co.
20 Delano Groc.Grape Prod.
28 Kerr McGee Vanadium
33 USS Fairless Work*
East Chicago, Lake, IN
Rock Springs,
Sweetwaler, WY
Delano, Kem, CA
Soda Springs, Caribou, ID
Fairless Hills, Bucks, PA
12,131,100 38.55 50,039,000
36,457 30.52 15,046,400
1,295,780 100.00 9,580,980
4,000 1.86 5,022,691
4,643,000 52.44 9,000,020
81.54 Manganese Compounds
Zinc
97.81 Phosphoric Acid
Sulfuric acid
99.61 Sulfuric Acid
Ammonium sulfate
95.05 Ammonium sulfate
Chromium compounds
78.53 Manganese Compounds
32,000,000
4,356,000
14,642,643
367,300
8,224,685
60,515
5,018,500
241
5,500,000
* Percent that land disposal comprises of the facility's matched releases and transfers.
»« SIC Code 33 (Primary metals) in 1987, multiple SIC codes in 1988.
M = multiple SIC codes.
a Kerr-McGee Vanadium Facility (Soda Springs, Idaho), which added 5.0 million
pounds of ammonium sulfate to 1987 disposal amounts.
In proportional terms, pentachlorophenol and terephthalic acid increases were
especially marked. Land disposal of pentachlorophenol rose from 0.03 to 3.0
million pounds (8,000 percent), while terephthalic acid went from 0.01 to 2.8
million pounds (26,000 percent).
Chemical C/asses
Land disposal decreased in every chemical class except halo-organics. Metals Land disposal of me-
and metallic compounds, which comprised the largest share of chemicals disposed tals/metallic com-
of on land for both 1987 and 1988, decreased by the greatest amount—102.5 pounds decreased
million pounds (28 percent). The decrease is almost entirely due to the Kennecott more than any other
Utah Copper facility described above. (See Figure 8-18 and Table 8-A, at end chemical class.
of chapter.)
Other metals and metal compounds for which sizeable decreases were reported
were zinc compounds, barium compounds, lead, copper compounds, and
chromium compounds. Decreases in these metals plus copper totaled 157.0
million pounds, but were partially offset by increases in on-site land disposal of
other metals—mostly manganese compounds, zinc (fume or dust), and
225
-------
Chapters
Land disposal of
acid*/bases/*alts
decreased by more
than 1/3.
chromium—which totaled 56.1 million pounds. Increases in manganese com-
pounds alone came to 47.2 million pounds. Thus, the net decrease in land disposal
in this class was only 102.5 million pounds.
Acids/bases/salts decreased by 35 percent, compared to the 29-percent reduction
for land disposal overall. Of all acids/bases/salts, phosphoric acid decreased the
most, down 48 percent from the 184.6 million pound total in 1987. Royster Co.
(Mulberry, Florida) and Occidental Chemical Corp. (White Springs, Florida)
decreased land disposal of phosphoric acid by 66.0 and 42.0 million pounds,
respectively. The large decrease of phosphoric acid was offset by increases in
land disposal of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and sulfuric acid. These
compounds increased by 6.8, 3.5, and 3.5 million pounds, respectively.
Non-metallic inorganics decreased 38 percent, the largest proportional decrease
of any class, dropping from 21.7 million pounds in 1987 to 13.5 million pounds
in 1988. The bulk of the net decreases consisted of reductions of arsenic
compounds and ammonia, which dropped by 5.7 and 1.8 million pounds,
respectively. Kennecott Utah Copper reduced land disposal of arsenic compounds
by 5.7 million pounds, and Royster Company reduced land disposal of ammonia
by 2.6 million pounds.
Metals
Acids/Bases/Salts
Organics
Non-metals
Halo-organics
-120 -100
-80 -60 -40 -20
Millions of Pounds
20
Figure 8-18. Changes in TRI Matched On-Site Land Disposal by Chemical Class,
1987-1988. Chemical classes shown in descending order according to 1988 land
disposal totals.
226
-------
Changes in ITU Releases
Land disposal of halo-organics rose three million pounds. The increase was almost Halo-organic* was
entirely due to a 3.0-million-pound increase of pentachlorophenol, which for the only class for
exceeded the 100,000 pound decrease of the five halo-organics with large which land disposal
decreases (trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform, increased.
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene).
Carcinogens
Land disposal of carcinogens increased from 14.0 million pounds in 1987 to 14.6 Land disposal of car-
million pounds in 1988. Carcinogens made up three percent of the total land cinogens increased
disposal in each year; the proportion did not go up despite the increase. 5% ...
Approximately half the increase in carcinogens consisted of chromium, for which ... and chromium
land disposal increased 3.1 million pounds (131 percent), more than any other played a leading role.
carcinogen. Inland Steel Company (East Chicago, Indiana) reported a 1.2-mil-
lion-pound increase of chromium, accounting for a large share of the increase.
Land disposal of each of 20 other carcinogens increased by 200,000 pounds or
less. (See Figure 8-19 and Table 8-10.)
While land disposal of 21 carcinogens increased, others diminished. Lead Land disposal of lead
dropped 2.4 million pounds, or 28 percent, with Kennecott Utah Copper, alone, diminished by 1/4.
decreasing land disposal of lead by 1.8 million pounds. Land disposal of the 21
other carcinogens decreased by 300,000 pounds or less.
Lead
Chromium
Asbestos (Friable)
Nickel
Formaldehyde
Styrene
Benzene
Dichloromethane
Ethylene Oxide
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
DEHP
Carbon Tetrachloride
Propylene Oxide
Acrylonltrile
Thiourea
-2
-1012
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-19. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched On-Site Land
Disposal. Carcinogens shown in descending order according to 1988 land disposal totals.
227
-------
Chapter 8
Utah had the largest
reductions in land dis-
posal, due to a report-
ing change by
Kannecott Utah Cop-
per.
Geographical Distribution
Land disposal in Utah dropped from 164.0 to 13.5 million pounds (92 percent).
Once again, the main factor was Kennecott Utah Copper: its 146.5-million-pound
decrease shifted Utah from second place in 1987 (when it accounted for 26 percent
of nationwide total for land disposal) to eleventh place in 1988 (when it accounted
for only three percent). (See Figure 8-20 and Table 8-B, at end of Chapter.)
1987-1988 CHANGE
fond* I hunt
Table 8-10. Changes in Matched On-Site Land Disposal of TRI Carcinogens, 1987-1988.
I CHEMICAL I 1988 LAND I 1987 LAND I
| [ Pou«J. I Pound. [
LEAD 6,186,207 8,625,965
CHROMIUM 5,518,253 2,388,604
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE) 971,825 856,400
NICKEL 594,751 663,335
FORMALDEHYDE 444,945 259,525
STYRENE 227,787 320,016
BENZENE 220,611 207,581
DICHLOROMETHANE 151,581 64,482
CADMIUM 71,045 72,116
ETHYLENE OXIDE 54,420 1,445
BERYLLIUM 37,000 27,870
CHLOROFORM 34,296 44,717
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE 29,491 3,970
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE 20,498 34,294
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE 14,746 3,134
ARSENIC 10,053 8,820
PROPYLENE OXIDE 9,680 336,353
1,3-BUTADIENE 7,812 4,496
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID 6,800 4,300
O-TOLUIDINE 5,024 525
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) 2,702 250
VINYL CHLORIDE 2,180 733
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 2,166 2,673
ACRYLONITRILE ,825 14,948
ACETONrrRILE ,750 1,260
4,4'-METHYENEDIANILINE ,140 2
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE ,050 740
TOLUENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE ,040 1,000
EPICHLOROHYDRIN 524 2,480
TOLUENE-2,6-DIISOCYANATE 510 1,000
ACRYLAMIDE 506 914
THIOUREA 500 16,500
P-CRESIDINE 500 1,678
DIAMINOTOLUENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 295 500
ETHYL ACRYLATE 265 1,013
1,2-DIBROMOETHANE 259 752
DIETHYL SULFATE 250 500
0-ANISIDINE 250 250
DIMETHYL SULFATE 50 0
HYDRAZINE 29 1,088
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 29 10
1,3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE 0 490
BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE 0 250
SUBTOTAL 14,634,645 13,976,979
TOTAL FOR NONCARCINOGENS 437,882,567 635,675,222
GRAND TOTAL 452,517,212 649,652,201
-2,439,758
3,129,649
115,425
-68,584
185,420
-92,229
13,030
87,099
-1,071
52,975
9,130
-10,421
25,521
-13,796
11,612
1,233
-326,673
3,316
2,500
4,499
2,452
1,447
-507
-13,123
490
1,138
310
40
-1,956
-490
-408
-16,000
-1,178
-205
-748
-493
-250
0
50
-1,059
19
-490
-250
657,666
-188,792,655
-188,134,989
-28.28
131.02
13.48
-10.34
71.45
-28.82
6.28
135.07
-1.49
3,666.09
32.76
-23.30
642.85
-40.23
370.52
13.98
-97.12
73.75
58.14
856.95
980.80
197.41
-18.97
-87.79
38.89
56,900.00
41.89
4.00
-78.87
-49.00
-44.64
-96.97
-70.20
-41.00
-73.84
-65.56
-50.00
0.00
-97.33
190.00
4.71
-17.44
-12.73
225
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Florida facilities, which reported the greatest amounts of land disposal in both Land disposal
1987 and 1988, reported the second largest decreases—105.0 million pounds (58 decreased more in
percent). The Royster Company and Occidental Chemical Corporation together Florida than in any
reduced land disposal of TRI chemicals by 110.6 million pounds, all of which other state except
was phosphoric acid and ammonia. (See Table 8-9.) Utah.
Indiana facilities reported the largest increases, from 23.0 to 62.9 million pounds The largest increases
(173 percent). The change originated largely from a 37.9-million-pound increase were reported in In-
reported by Inland Steel Company (East Chicago, Indiana), mostly of manganese diana.. .
compounds. This increase shifted Indiana from the sixth-ranked state for land
disposal for 1987 to the second-ranked for 1988.
Wyoming manufacturers expanded land disposal by a factor of 40, reporting the
second largest increase by weight, and by far the greatest in proportional terms:
an increase from 400,000 to 15.2 million pounds (3,884 percent). Chevron
Chemical Company (Rock Springs) figured prominently in the net increase,
reporting increases of 15.0 million pounds, mostly phosphoric acid. This increase
shifted Wyoming from 38th place in 1987 to ninth in 1988. New Hampshire
facilities also reported a sizeable increase in proportional terms: land disposal in
that state went from 0.1 to 3.1 million pounds—an increase of 2,318 percent.
. . . and Wyoming
plants reported 1988
levels 40 times those
reported in 1987.
Florida
Indiana
North Carolina
Ohio
California
Wyoming
Pennsylvania
1 1 tah
utan
Tennessee
Idaho
New Mexico
Georgia
Illinois
Kentucky
Michigan
Alabama
Nevada
Colorado
New York
West Virginia
; ; ^^"^"^^"^""l^^MI
: ; 1
i i i i i i 1
1
:
• ;
^H :
1
1 i
;
i
-175 -150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-20. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched On-site Land Disposal. 1987-1988. States
shown in descending order according to 1988 land disposal totals.
229
-------
Chapter 8
Decreases in the
Primary Metals in-
dustry and the Chemi-
cal industry
exceeded those in
every other industry.
Industrial Distribution
The Primary Metals and Chemical industries were responsible for the largest
share of land disposal. However, the two industries accounted for a considerably
smaller proportion of land releases in 1988 than in 1987—their share dropped
from 91 to 78 percent. Land disposal by facilities in the Primary Metals industry
accounted for 55 percent (351.9 million pounds) in 1987, but dropped to 44
percent (200.3 million pounds) for 1988. Facilities in the Chemical industry cut
their share of the total from 36 to 34 percent, reducing land disposal from 231.8
to 154.8 million pounds. (See Figure 8-21 and Table 8-C, at end of Chapter.)
Land disposal for the Primary Metals facilities dropped 151.6 million pounds (43
percent), once again displaying the influence of the 146.5-million-pound
decreases reported by Kennecott Utah Copper. Decreases for the Chemical
industry—77.0 million pounds (33 percent)—originated at two Florida plants,
Royster Co. and Occidental Chemical Corp., which together reported decreases
amounting to 110.6 million pounds. These two decreases far outweighed the
marked increases by Chevron Chemical Corp. (Wyoming) and Kerr McGee
Vanadium (Idaho), which together reported increases of 20.0 million pounds.
Industry by SIC Coda
Primary Metals (33)
Chemicals (28)
Food (20)
Paper(26)
Petroleum (29)
Stone/Clay (32)
Electrical (36)
Measure./Photo. (38)
Machinery (35)
Multiple codes 20-39
No codes 20-39
-176 -160 -126 -100 -75 -50 -25
Million! of Pounds
25 60
Figure 8-21. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched On-site Land
Disposal, 1987-1988. Industries shown in descending order according to 1988 land
disposal totals.
250
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Diversified facilities—those reporting multiple SIC codes—reported a 42.0
million-pound increase in matched land disposal. In 1987, they accounted for
only four percent of total on-site land disposal (23.5 million pounds), but in 1988
they accounted for 14 percent (65.5 million pounds). The Inland Steel Co. (East
Chicago, Indiana) reported multiple SIC codes, and was thus responsible for much pound*.
of the increase, for it alone contributed 37.9 million pounds.
Food Products manufacturers increased land disposal by 7.1 million pounds.
Delano Growers Grape Products (Delano, California) reported disposing of 8.3
million pounds more of matched chemicals on land in 1988 than in 1987, but this
increase was partially offset by decreases elsewhere.
Diversified facilities
nearly tripled their
land disposal with an
increase of 42 million
231
-------
Chapter 8
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
Underground injec-
tion of 8 chemicals
decreased by more
than 1 million
pounds.
Underground injection remained a major disposal method for TRI chemicals in
both 1987 and 1988, accounting for about 20 percent of matched total releases
and transfers in each year. (See Figure 8-1.)
Chemical Distribution
Underground injection of eight chemicals decreased by more than one million
pounds, including an apparent 86.1 million-pound decrease of ammonium
sulfate—the largest reported for any chemical (See Box 3-C). Corrections to the
TRI database after analyses for this report were completed added 100.0 million
pounds to the total for the chemical, however, switching the largest apparent
decrease into an increase of 13.9 million pounds. (See Figure 8-22 and Table
8-11.)
•Ammonium Sulfate
Hydrochloric Acid
Sullurlc Acid
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonia
Methanol
Acrylic Acid
Formaldehyde
Manganeae Compound*
Cyanide Compound*
Nitric Acid
Phenol
Aniline
Vinyl Acetate
Ethylene glycol
N-butyl alcohol
Diethanolamine
Araenic Compound*
Ethylene oxide
Ill III I I . j I I ^^^
! \ \ \ •
ill;'
i ! i : I
I i ; ! •
\\l\l
•
i ; ; ; I
i i i i I
•
•
1
•
•
1
1
1
1
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
Millions of Pounds
•1988 data correction adds 100M IDS. (see Box 3-C).
Figure 8-22. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection, 1987-1988.
Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals.
Underground injec- Hydrochloric acid decreased by four percent, from 413.2 million pounds in 1987
tion of hydrochloric to 396.0 million pounds in 1988. Shell Oil Co. (Norco, Louisiana) and DuPont
acid dropped 17.2 Johnsonville Plant (New Johnsonville, Tennessee) together cut their underground
million pounds. injections by 47.2 million pounds, which outweighed increases totaling 31.3
252
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Table 8-11. Change* in TRI Injection to Underground Well* of Matched Chemical*,* 1987-1988.
CHEMICAL
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)*
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
AMMONIA
METHANOL
ACRYLIC ACID
ACETONITRILE
FORMALDEHYDE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
NITRIC ACID
PHENOL
ACRYLON1TRILE
ANILINE
VINYL ACETATE
ACETONE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
ACETALDEHYDE
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
TOLUENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
PROPYLENE OXIDE
ACRYLAMIDE
NITROBENZENE
CRESOL (MIXED ISOMERS)
TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL
BENZENE
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
CYCLOHEXANE
4,4'-METHYENEDIANILINE
HYDROQUINONE
CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE
GLYCOL ETHERS
HYDRAZINE SULFATE
DIBUTYL PHTHALATE
METHYL METHACRYLATE
DICHLOROMETHANE
2-NTTROPROPANE
PYRIDINE
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
DIETHANOLAMINE
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE
CHLOROMETHANE
P-CRESOL
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
COPPER COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
CHLORINE
2,4-DINITROTOLUENE
TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
1988 UNDER-
GROUND
Foiadt
416,076,931
396,042,477
138,056,346
64,641,000
49,031,646
1987 UNDER-
GROUND
found*
502,216,019
J 987-1 988 CHANGE
Fbinh | PoicoM
-86,139,088
413,249,144 -17,206,667
133,738,197 4,318,149
58,565,000 6,076,000
47,016,070 2,015,576
23,545,120 18,477,387 5,067,733
22,262,010 27,264,250 -5,002,240
16,652,800 15,962,292 690,508
9,348,274 6,089,150 3,259,124
6,810,250 8,500,550 -1,690,300
5,711,281
4,047,763
1,663,518
4,647,860 5,698,912 -1,051,052
4,568,523
4,562,705
3,582,975
7,657,968 -3,089,445
4,237,962 324,743
1,280,878 2,302,097
3,211,259 2,109,378 1,101,881
2,946,461
2,256,693 689,768
2,883,434 4,812,603 -1,929,169
2,505,109 1,568,090 937,019
1,699,650 979,650 720,000
1,390,416
1,512,494 -122,078
1,306,660 210,984 1,095,676
1,222,484 1,051,494 170,990
1,113,780 120,000 993,780
879,000 918,000 -39,000
819,024 561,000 258,024
719,437 1,295,345 -575,908
674,798 363,379 311,419
627,774 393,072 234,702
560,250 583,000 -22,750
477,951
331.942 146,009
460,000 456,000 4,000
375,400 402,050 -26,650
371,000 63,000 308,000
357,823
200,000 157,823
355,000 139,000 216,000
350,000 270,000 80,000
327,221
227,300 99,921
312,750 482,750 -170,000
257,000 167,501
89,499
256,250 303,650 -47,400
240,000 250 239,750 95
227,000 3,159,500 -2,932,500
-17.15
-4.16
3.23
10.37
4.29
27.43
-18.35
4.33
53.52
-19.88
41.10
-18.44
-40.34
7.66
179.73
52.24
30.57
-40.09
59.76
73.50
-8.07
519.32
16.26
828.15
-4.25
45.99
-44.46
85.70
59.71
-3.90
43.99
0.88
-6.63
488.89
78.91
155.40
29.63
43.96
-35.21
53.43
-15.61
,900.00
-92.82
195,865 0 195,865 -
165,250 132,050 33,200
152,000 96,000 56,000
140,010 131,750 8,260
130,000 130,000 0
122,820 335,684 -212,864
116,650 60,450 56,200
115,535
78,421
114,727 586,501
107,624 82,951
37,114
-471,774
24,673
106,400 203,000 -96,600
25.14
58.33
6.27
0.00
-63.41
92.97
47.33
-80.44
29.74
-47.59
1,193,934,010 1,280,776,474
1,454,272
1,195,388,282
4,849,203
1,285,625,677
-86,842,464
-3,394,931
-90,237,395
-6.78
-70.01
-7.02
* Chemicals with the largest matched underground injection for 1988.
** 1988 data corrections add 100.0 million pounds.
233
-------
Chapter 8
Facility Name
Amar'n Cyanamid(LA)
Shall Oil (LA)
Du Pont (TX)
•Monsanto Co. (TX)
Vulcan Chamicals(KS)
BP Chemictla (OH)
Du Pont (TN)
BASF Corp. (LA)
Monsanto Co. (FL)
Midwast Steal (IN)
-80
-60
-40 -20 0
Millions of Pounds
•1988 data correction adds 90 M Ibs (see Box 3-C).
20
40
Figure 8-23. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground
Injection, 1987-1988. Facilities shown in descending order according to 1988
underground injection totals.
Table 8-12. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Injection to Un-
derground Wells, 1987-1988.
FACttJTYNAME
crry, COUNTY,
STATE
11987 UNDERGROUND
I Pound*
THE FIVE FACILITIES WITH THE LARGEST DECREASES
28
28
M
28
Monsanto Co.1"111
American Cyanamid Co.
Ahrin, Brazoria, TX
Westwego, Jefferson, LA
Shell Oil Co. - Norco Mfg. Norco, St. Charles, LA
Du Pont Johnsonville Plant New Jonnsonville,
Humphreys, TN
28 BP Chemicals Inc.
Lima, Allen, OH
THE FIVE FACILITIES WITH THE LARGEST INCREASES
28 Vulcan Chemicals Wichita, Sedgwick, KS
Du Pont Beaumont Works*** Beaumont, Jefferson, TX
Monsanto Co
Midwest Steel Corp
Cantonment,
Escambia, FL
Portage, Porter, IN
1988 UNDERGROUND
Pounds | Percent* |
GREATEST CHANGE
Name
I
172,985,200 98.48 102,787,500
212,092,250 99.37 175,176,250
190,313,000 97.98 156,363,300
99.47 Ammonium sulfate
Formaldehyde
99.30 Ammonium sulfate
Sulfuric acid
98.55 Hydrochloric Acid
Diethanolaminc
62,200,000 85.82 44,000,000 83.50 Hydrochloric Acid
Manganese compounds
58,587,250 86.93 50,010,250 86.60 Acrylic Acid
Ammonium sulfate
65,942,760 98.00 90,717,910 98.59Hydrochloric Acid
Melhanol
81,900,150 95.82 103,545,540 92.53 Ammonium sulfate
Hydrogen cyanide
95.11 Ammonium sulfate
Dibutyl phthalate
92.09Sulfuric Acid
22,397,400 93.75
15,983,340 92.21
27,983,300 93.65
BASF Corp. Geismar, Ascension, LA
•Percent thant undergreound injection comprises of the facility's matched releases and transfers.
** Corrections to the data add 90,000 pounds to 1988 underground (see Box 3-C).
*** Corrections to the data add 10,000,000 pounds to 1988 underground (see Box 3-C).
M = multiple SIC codes.
34,478,262
27,077,730
35,550,965
Chromium compounds
95.40HydrochloricAcid
Pounds
-70,000,000
-400,000
-36,000,000
-2,700,000
-29,200,000
-2,967,000
-16,000,000
-2,200,000
-6,600,000
-3,000,000
23,700,000
894,000
21,000,000
600,000
12,000,000
80,000
11,091,911
2,382
7,567,970
234
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
creased by 6 and 5
million pound*.
million pounds reported by Vulcan Chemicals (Wichita, Kansas) and BASF Corp.
(Geismar, Louisiana). Hydrochloric acid remained the second-ranked chemical
in 1988, making up one third (396.0 million pounds) of the total underground
injection of matched chemicals. (See Figure 8-23 and Table 8-12.)
Underground injection of nine chemicals increased by more than one million Ammonium nitrate
pounds. Ammonium nitrate increased the most, rising from 58.6 million pounds and methanol in-
in 1987 to 64.6 million pounds in 1988 (ten percent). Monsanto Company
(Cantonment, Florida) contributed nearly all of the increase, expanding under-
ground injection of ammonium nitrate by 12.0 million pounds. Methanol in- respectively.
creased 27 percent, from 18.5 to 23.5 million pounds, with increases by various
facilities.
Chemical Classes
Underground injection of the classes acids/bases/salts, halo-organics, and me- Acids/bases/salts
tals/metallic compounds decreased in 1988. Acids/bases/salts, which accounted dropped 8%;...
for the largest share of the total, decreased the most, from 1.1 to 1.0 billion
pounds (However, see Box 3-C concerning corrections to the data in this
category.) (eight percent). (See Figure 8-24 and Table 8-A, at end of Chapter.)
Acids/Bases/Salts
Organic*
Non-metals
Metals
Halo-organics
-100 -80
-60 -40 -20
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-24. Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection by Chemical Clat
1987-1988. Chemical classes shown in descending order according to 1988
underground injection totals.
255
-------
Chapter 8
Table 8-13. Change* for Matched Chemical* in Underground Injection of TRI Carcinogen*. 1987-1988.
CHEMKAL
[ 1W8 UNDERGROUND
FMnfe
1917 UNDERGROUND
PouoU
1987-198* CHANGE
feundi j Iterant
ETHYLENE OXIDE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
DICHLOROMETHANE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLOROFORM
ACRYLAMIDE
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
1 ,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
VINYL CHLORIDE
LEAD
CHROMIUM
TOLUENE-2,6-DnSOCYANATE
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
4-AMINOAZOBENZENE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
STYRENE
4-AMINOBIPHENYL
O-TOLUIDINE
P-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
METHYL IODIDE
TfflOUREA
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
NICKEL
4,4'-METHYENEDIANILINE
1 ,3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE
1 ,2-DIBROMOETHANE
2-NTTROPROPANE
1 ,2-DICHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
ACRYLONTTRILE
ACETONITRILE
PROPYLENE OXIDE
FORMALDEHYDE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR NONCARCINOGENS
GRAND TOTAL
11,125
72,250
312,750
94,800
98,054
36,002
879,000
68,300
15,000
12,000
53
0
330
0
0
537
410
165
4
250
2,000
250
5,940
3,091
9,855
460,000
5,000
6,882
257,000
1,222,484
627,774
4,562,705
16,652,800
1,113,780
9,348,274
35,878,865
1,159,509,417
1,195,388,282
1,205,323
354,000
482,750
252,000
211,000
80,500
918,000
73,000
19,000
15,500
700
500
640
250
250
693
522
250
6
250
2,000
55
5,400
500
5,913
456,000
0
44
167,501
1,051,494
393,072
4,237,962
15,962,292
120,000
6,089,150
32,106,517
1,253,519,153
1,285,625,670
-1,194,198
-281,750
-170,000
-157,200
-112,946
-44,498
-39,000
-4,700
-4,000
-3,500
-647
-500
-310
-250
-250
-156
-112
-85
-2
0
0
195
540
2,591
3,942
4,000
5,000
6,838
89,499
170,990
234,702
324,743
690,508
993,780
3,259,124
3,772,348
-94,009,736
-90,237,388
-99.08
-79.59
-35.21
-£2.38
-53.53
-55.28
-4.25
-6.44
-21.05
-22.58
-92.43
—
-48.44
—
—
-22.51
-21.46
-34.00
-33.33
0.00
0.00
354.55
10.00
518.20
66.67
0.88
—
15,540.91
53.43
16.26
59.71
7.66
4.33
828.15
53.52
11.75
-18.77
-7.02
. . . metallic com-
pound* and halo-or-
ganic* also
decreased.
Underground injec-
tion of the organics
and non-metallic inor-
ganics classes in-
creased.
Metals and metallic compounds decreased 1.7 million pounds (18 percent), the
next largest decrease. However, since this accounted for less than one percent of
total underground injections in 1987 and 1988, this decrease has little impact on
total underground injection.
Underground injection of organics increased by 2.8 million pounds (three
percent), and non-metallic inorganics increased by 0.4 million pounds or one
percent. Both classes, however, account for less than ten percent of total
underground injections each year, so these increases had little impact on total
underground injection.
236
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Acetonitrile
Formaldehyde
Acrylonitrlle
1,2-dichloroethane
Propylene Oxide
Benzene
Dichloromethane
Carbon Tetrachloride
Asbestos (Friable)
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene Oxide
-1
0 1 2
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-25. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection , 1987-1988.
Carcinogens shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals.
Underground injec-
tion of carcinogens in-
creased by 12%.
Carcinogens
Despite the net decrease in underground injection, carcinogens increased, going
from 32.1 to 35.9 million pounds (3.8 million pounds, 12 percent). Injection
increased for 14 carcinogens, remained the same for two, and decreased for 19.
Formaldehyde alone increased 3.3 million pounds, from 6.1 to 9.4 million pounds
(54 percent), outweighing a 1.2-million-pound reduction of ethylene oxide. (See
Figure 8-25 and Table 8-13.)
Geographical Distribution
Louisiana facilities reported the largest total amounts of underground injection Underground injec-
in both 1987 and 1988, and likewise reported the largest decreases. The statewide tion decreased more
total dropped from 484.7 million pounds in 1987 to 423.3 million pounds in 1988 in Louisiana than in
(61.4 million pounds, or 13 percent). The reduction was accomplished primarily any other state . . .
by American Cyanamid Co. (Westwego) and Shell Oil Co. (Norco), which
together reported decreases totaling 70.9 million pounds. Another Louisiana
facility, BASF Corp. (Geismar), offset a portion of this decrease with an increase
of 7.6 million pounds. (See Figure 8-26 and Table 8-B, at end of Chapter.)
In contrast, Kansas facilities reported increasing matched underground injections . .. while Kansas
from 66.0 to 90.7 million pounds (38 percent). Vulcan Chemicals (Wichita) added facilities generated
24.8 million pounds to 1987 levels, accounting for much of the statewide increase, the largest increases.
Florida facilities increased their matched underground injections by fewer pounds
237
-------
Chapter 8
Louisiana
Texas
Kansas
Ohio
Tennessee
Mississippi
Indiana
Florida
Kentucky
Wyoming
Illinois
Arkansas
Oklahoma
Michigan
Alabama
California
West Virginia
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
Millions of Pounds
20 30
Figure 8-26. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection, 1987-1988. States
shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals.
(12.1 million) but by a larger percentage (53 percent). The Monsanto Company
facility (Cantonment, Florida) contributed more than 90 percent of that increase
(12.1 million pounds).
The Chemical in-
dustry reported the
largest decreases in
underground injection
Industrial Distribution
Facilities in the Chemical industry, which produced the largest underground
injection totals for both 1987 and 1988, also contributed the greatest reductions.
The industry cut underground injection from 1.0 billion pounds in 1987 to 9S4.1
million pounds in 1988 (six percent), but because other industries decreased by
even larger percentages, the Chemical industry's share actually increased some-
what in proportional terms. (See Figure 8-27 and Table 8-C, at end of Chapter.)
Diversified facilities—those reporting multiple SIC codes—contributed a large
share of the underground injection total, and reported the second greatest decrease
(43.1 million pounds, 20 percent), decreasing from 215.7 to 172.7 million
percent. A single diversified facility in Louisiana—Shell Oil Co. (Norco)—
decreased underground injection by 33.9 million pounds.
(3) Two facilities affected by 1988 data corrections belong to the Chemical industry; taking the
corrections into account transforms the apparent decrease for the industry into an increase of over 50
million pounds. (See Box 3-C.)
238
-------
Changes in IN Releases
Industry by SIC Code
Chemical (28)
Primary Metals (33)
Petroleum (29)
Stone/Glass (32)
Multiple codes 20-39
-60 -50
-40 -30 -20 -10
Millions of Pounds
Figure 8-27. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Underground Injection, 1987-1988.
Industries shown in descending order according to 1988 underground injection totals.
Primary Metals plants generated three percent of the underground injection total
for 1987 and 1988, reporting an increase of 7.0 million pounds (21 percent).
Midwest Steel Corp. (Portage, Indiana) produced most of the increase, expanding
underground injection by 11.1 million pounds in 1988 (mostly of sulftiric acid),
which was partially offset by decreases at other facilities.
. . . while the
Primary Metals in-
dustry reported in-
creases over 1987
levels.
239
-------
Chapters
Table 8-A.Chan
CHEMICAL CLASS
Acidi/Btses/Sslu
Halo-organic*
Metal*
Non-metal*
Organic*
Mixture*
Trade Secret*
TOTAL
jes in TRI Matched Releases
An vuvxiraf
95,025,578
415,273,010
19,530,390
378,008,846
1,264,457,614
323,372
20,218
2,172,639,028
tW j
Found* r
107,987,623
436,614,296
22,522,335
383,503,218
1,403,246,416
306,973
16,653
2,354,197,514
by Chemical Clasi
-12,962,045 -12.00
-21,341,286 -4.89
-2,991,945 -13.28
-5,494,372 -1.43
-138,788,802 -9.89
16,399 5.34
3,565 21.41
-181,558,486 -7.71
, 1987-1988.
TlgfaTF WATPB EMl.ttinNS
287,792,344
1,772,532
3,092,229
26,480,756
24,048,900
27,000
0
343,213,761
IM7 1 (-HA^IHE
Pound* 1 Bound* 1
295,717,104 -7,924,760
2,280,446 -507,914
4,565,894 -1,473,665
45,660,460 -19,179,704
36,970,725 -12,921,825
0 27,000
0 0
385,194,629 -41,980,868
-2.68
-22.27
-32.28
-42.01
-34.95
-10.90
TABLE 8-C. Changes in TRI Matched Releases by Industry, 1987-1988.
I $JT t IttntTSTBY t AIH CMlXSIfWS SFIRFAPP WATFR nTWTTABnP^
r
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
1 (
Food Product*
Tobacco Manufacturer*
Textile Mill Product*
Apparel
Lumber/ Wood Product*
Furniture and Fixture*
Panel Product*
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Product*
Petroleum Refining
Rubber / PU.lic Product*
Leather Product*
Stone, Clay, Class
Products
Primary Metal*
Fabricated Metal*
Machinery, except
Electrical
Electric and Electronic
Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic
Goods
Miac. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC code* in 20 -
39
No SIC code* in 20 - 39
TOTAL
1988 1
Pound* 1
9,676,428
13,727,377
31,466,822
626,250
20,248,026
42,615,430
178,032,473
41,851,648
724,358,875
53,085,562
134,168,450
11,115,165
19,693,614
214,811,117
93,710,870
41,933,227
98,979,793
168,342,338
41,650,684
20,342,303
203,713,541
8,489,035
2,172,639,028
1987 1
Pound* 1
12,905,500
5,390,428
35,853,260
1,992,857
21,597,670
44,309,562
215,918,707
47,791,141
856,406,293
62,379,183
128,791,036
13,399,941
22,383,504
189,040,203
95,921,605
41,699,809
106,259,100
185,532,517
47,474,313
22,688,496
185,842,010
10,620,379
2,354,197,514
ZrHANfil
Pounds 1
-3,229,072
8,336,949
-4,386,438
-1,366,607
-1,349,644
-1,694,132
-37,886,234
-5,939,493
-132,047,418
-9,293,621
5,377,414
-2,284,776
-2,689,890
25,770,914
-2,210,735
233,418
-7,279,307
-17,190,179
-5,823,629
-2,346,193
17,871,531
-2,131,344
-181,558,486
Percent
-25.02
-54.66
-12.23
-68.58
-6.25
-3.82
-17.55
-12.43
-15.42
-14.90
4.18
17.05
1988 I
Pounds f
2,593,257
118,812
4,500,157
0
68,817
1,600
78,568,002
2,740
223,990,442
3,178,802
276,542
580,232
-12.02 519,631
13.63
17,646,768
-2.30 1,380,624
0.56 286,271
-6.85
550,923
-9.27 184,549
-12.27 684,211
-10.34 51,986
9.62 6,915,811
-20.07 1,113,584
-7.71
343,213,761
1987 1
Pound* 1
2,542,297
134,850
7,223,949
42,810
53,253
41,661
52,584,444
424
282,102,178
4,755,535
251,061
398,744
442,938
21,782,119
2,528,619
184,008
1,004,696
436,116
462,564
161,880
7,794,004
266,479
385,194,629
i-HANrqp
Pound* 1
50,960
-16,038
-2,723,792
-42,810
15,564
40,061
25,983,558
2,316
-58,111,736
-1,576,733
25,481
181,488
76,693
-4,135,351
-1,147,995
102,263
453,773
-251,567
221,647
-109,894
-878,193
847,105
-41,980,868
Percent
2.00
-11.89
-37.71
-100.00
29.23
96.16
49.41
546.23
-20.60
33.16
10.15
45.51
17.31
-18.99
-45.40
55.58
-45.17
-57.68
47.92
-67.89
-11.27
317.89
-10.90
240
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Table 8-A, continued.
CHEMICAL CLASS
Ackb/BaeM/SalU
Halo-organic!
Metali
Non-met.!.
Organic!
Mixture.
Trade Secreu
TOTAL
Irausm r xun nr XWMAI
1981 I
Pound* 1
144,391,139
3,407,886
270,263,641
13,472,376
20,981,720
250
0
1987 J_
pood, r
222,200,907
417,216
372,780,305
21,703,811
23,849,012
750
0
I-HANHP
Pound! I
-77,809,768
2,990,670
-102,516,864
-8,231,235
-2,867,292
-500
0
fena*
-35.02
716.82
-27.50
-37.93
-12.02
-66.67
0.00
InfnraiRRnriNn INTR-TWIN ;
1,027,845,505
2,461 ,756
7,498,853
49,264,870
108,317,298
0
0
1987 l_
Pound* 1
1,119,273,830
2,796,803
9,179,359
48,810,056
105,565,622
0
0
r-UANRP
Pound. 1
-91,428,325
-335,047
-1,680,506
454,814
2,751,676
0
0
Percent
-8.17
-11.98
-18.31
0.93
2.61
0.00
0.00
452,517,212 640,962,201 -188,444,989 -29.40 1,195,388,282 1,285,625,670 -90,237,388
-7.02
TABLE 8-C, continued.
ISK I
20 Food Product.
21 Tobacco Manufacturer!
22 Textile MU1 Product!
23 Apparel
24 Lumber /Wood Product!
25 Furniture and Fixture!
26 Paper Product!
27 Printing, Publishing
28 Chemical Product!
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber / Plutic Product!
31 Leather Product!
32 Stone, Clay, Glaa! Product!
33 Primary Metab
34 Fabricated Metali
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric and Electronic
Equip.
37 Tranlportation Equipment
38 Meaauring, Photographic
Good!
39 Mwc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC code, in 20 - 39
No SIC codei in 20 - 39
TOTAL
nNJtmM Jkwn niswwAT
1988 1
Pound. |
11,213,892
14,251
184,331
0
34,036
41,896
8,370,617
313
154,809,405
2,874,352
116,435
17,704
1,781,433
200,291,841
2,674,942
2,834
1,093,042
808,706
368,228
27,950
65,476,500
2,314,504
1987 |
Pound* |
4,094,519
69
150,250
0
83,570
22,908
13,994,979
253
231,791,765
6,982,268
149,272
58,468
2,265,326
351,917,162
2,524,281
252,211
1,794,164
923,384
45,833
128,568
23,453,403
319,548
rHANfJP
Pound! |
7,1 19,373
14,182
34,081
0
-49,534
18,988
-5,624,362
60
-76,982,360
-4,107,916
-32,837
-40,764
-483,893
-151,625,321
150,661
-249,377
-701,122
-114,678
322,395
-100,618
42,023,097
1,994,956
Percent
173.88
20553.62
22.68
—
-59.27
82.89
-40.19
23.72
-33.21
-58.83
-22.00
-69.72
-21.36
-43.09
5.97
-98.88
-39.08
-12.42
703.41
-78.26
179.18
624.31
1988
Pound! 1
1,017,909
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
954,058,132
19,846,879
3,000
0
6,580,250
40,928,870
263,100
0
32,403
1,623
250
0
172,655,866
0
• 1987 1
Pound! 1
998,660
0
0
0
0
0
30,144
0
1,010,651,600
17,662,132
35,250
0
6,319,000
33,855,900
250,411
0
80,498
0
0
250
215,715,363
26,462
1-HANflB
Pound! 1
19,249
0
0
0
0
0
-30,144
0
-56,593,468
2,184,747
-32,250
0
261,250
7,072,970
12,689
0
-48,095
1,623
250
-250
-43,059,497
-26,462
Percent
1.93
-5.60
12.37
-91.49
4.13
20.89
5.07
-59.75
-
_
-19.96
x —
452,517,212 640,952,201 -188,434,989 -29.40 1,195,388,282 1,285,625,670 -90,237,388 -7.02
241
-------
Chapter 8
Table 88. Changes in TRI Matched Releases by State. 1987-1988.
STATE* TrtTAT AIR HKI FASEX SI
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida**
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
M issouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
1988 T
Pounds 1
47,357,108
21,931,445
29,500
12,880,650
41,923,719
67,993,782
9,503,941
20,120,268
4,723,358
42,170,627
75,495,433
740,348
3,734,114
90,162,497
91,168,533
40,594,977
22,575,271
41,197,448
129,078,997
15,041,527
16,024,906
22,522,055
83,421,102
44,943,731
48,722,356
42,750,662
2,239,432
15,719,566
614,626
10,192,683
31,780,720
1,821,663
84,444,828
78,051,959
845,718
121,170,657
26,294,828
17,589,111
67,231,434
14,319,458
4,768,727
57,144,672
2,255,638
123,280,281
149,744,197
118,237,428
1,071,727
1,490,792
110,408,578
24,335,248
30,597,002
37,266,306
2,913,394
1987
Pounds 1
91,429,852
31,306,063
56,250
15,738,035
45,833,111
69,608,529
9,337,185
23,885,020
5,732,124
47,343,376
82,611,269
924,580
3,262,688
93,936,353
95,312,997
37,790,610
22,444,347
42,359,894
133,187,968
15,356,446
17,079,800
25,962,061
101,090,105
42,749,715
51,870,105
42,350,805
2,657,648
11,094,698
615,826
11,394,737
36,443,263
2,147,455
88,459,103
85,825,196
562,700
126,082,305
30,916,583
18,507,842
77,714,295
12,181,959
5,205,128
59,036,088
2,310,098
126,847,725
190,269,235
82,657,614
1,163,267
2,032,103
124,285,770
26,960,054
34,825,417
43,080,567
2,361,550
l-HANr.p
Pounds 1
-44,072,744
-9,374,618
-26,750
-2,857,385
-3,909,392
-1,614,747
166,756
-3,764,752
-1,008,766
-5,172,749
-7,115,836
-184,232
471,426
-3,773,856
-4,144,464
2,804,367
130,924
-1,162,446
-4,108,971
-314,919
-1,054,894
-3,440,006
-17,669,003
2,194,016
-3,147,749
399,857
-418,216
4,624,868
-1,200
-1,202,054
-4,662,543
-325,792
-4,014,275
-7,773,237
283,018
-4,911,648
-4,621,755
-918,731
-10,482,861
2,137,499
-436,401
-1,891,416
-54,460
-3,567,444
-40,525,038
35,579,814
-91,540
-541,311
-13,877,192
-2,624,806
-4,228,415
-5,814,261
551,844
Percent
1988
Pounds 1
-48.20 6,778,725
-29.95
2,221,867
-47.56 0
-18.16
-8.53
-2.32
1.79
-15.76
-17.60
-10.93
-8.61
-19.93
14.45
1,750
6,810,306
10,856,920
87,664
7,286,999
477,871
55,666,121
6,273,054
9,500
279,020
-4.02 14,072,807
-4.35
4,750,814
7.42 1,235,706
0.58
766,582
-2.74 1,526,338
-3.09
-2.05
-6.18
-13.25
155,880,982
392,998
3,587,795
255,448
-17.48 1,092,203
5.13
2,717,195
-6.07 1,602,081
0.94 3,751,347
-15.74 110,944
41.69 295,336
-0.19
250
-10.55 484,711
-12.79 895,349
-15.17
250
-4.54 1,935,142
-9.0«
560,517
50.30 3,600
-3.90 5,473,673
-14.95 332,852
-4.96 169,066
-13.49
3,606,120
17.55 74,661
-8.38 73,876
-3.20 1,196,460
-2.3«
-2.81
-21.30
2,400
6,265,405
3,213,500
43.04 253,153
-7.81
77,058
-26.64 2,500
-11.1"
19,701,276
-9.74 7,420,257
-12.14
2,120,751
-13.50 520,811
23.37 41,750
IRFATE WATiqi f)T.«;fHA1!fiES
1987 I
Pounds 1
13,386,457
4,760,765
0
2,250
5,288,462
23,326,917
231,966
9,996,258
1,504,378
19,268,256
9,144,976
23,750
540,749
13,455,353
5,623,363
1,141,651
1,463,708
1,221,415
192,846,901
760,866
9,925,721
135,253
968,543
2,747,132
2,572,291
2,768,275
136,122
167,883
0
819,891
1,341,428
4,316
2,809,516
1,438,563
3,600
7,528,267
391,329
331,911
4,034,275
265,927
54,459
1,140,879
3,698
10,213,323
4,021,875
103,744
134,195
3,000
18,632,210
4,824,697
2,177,642
1,414,986
91,237
THANfiP
Pounds 1
-6,607,732
-2,538,898
0
-500
1,521,844
-12,469,997
-144,302
-2,709,259
-1,026,507
36,397,865
-2,871,922
-14,250
-261,729
617,454
-872,549
94,055
-697,126
304,923
-36,965,919
-367,868
-6,337,926
120,195
123,660
-29,937
-970,210
983,072
-25,178
127,453
250
-335,180
-446,079
-4,066
-874,374
-878,046
0
-2,054,594
-58,477
-162,845
-428,155
-191,266
19,417
55,581
-1,298
-3,947,918
-808,375
149,409
-57,137
-500
1,069,066
2,595,560
-56,891
-894,175
-49,487
Percent
-49.36
-53.33
-22.22
28.78
-53.46
-62.21
-27.10
-68.23
188.90
-31.40
-60.00
-48.40
4.59
-15.52
8.24
-47.63
24.96
-19.17
-48.35
-63.85
88.87
12.77
-1.09
-37.72
35.51
-18.50
75.92
—
-40.88
-33.25
-94.21
-31.12
-61.04
0.00
-27.29
-14.94
-49.06
-10.61
-71.92
35.65
4.87
-35.10
-38.65
-20.10
144.02
-42.58
-16.67
5.74
53.80
-2.61
-63.19
-54.24
TOTAL
2,172,639,028 2,354,197,514 -181,558,486 -7.71
343,213,761
385,194,629 -41,980,868 -10.90
* The District of Columbia is not included because it had no matched facilities.
** Corrections to the data subtract 48,600,000 pounds from 1988 surface water discharges in Florida (see Box 3-C).
242
-------
Changes in TRI Releases
Table 8-B, continued.
1 STATE* nta.sn
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florda*«
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
M assachusetui
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL
1988 1
Pounds 1
4,248,355
1,462
0
47,606,748
967,691
16,539,680
2,575,955
1,633,511
250,717
75,824,140
8,942,420
179,495
10,159,315
7,276,607
62,859,565
92,490
477,924
5,575,702
909,524
331,071
2,650,502
808,613
4,355,053
870,188
8,946,098
11,564,602
30,890,407
49,830
3,096,319
428,868
2,163,630
10,128,301
981,853
19,425,065
502
18,856,373
842,586
845,556
13,684,956
109,726
82,307
1,191,403
1
12,239,591
25,322,902
13,538,253
0
140,342
4,740,478
887,892
688,750
1,303,534
15,230,359
452,517,212
1987
Pounds
5,496,833
12,680
0
48,088,436
1,192,254
8,540,127
5,240,022
1,036,403
317,546
180,825,893
6,372,921
121,463
5,242,357
5,865,818
23,049,347
319,286
313,409
3,503,932
1,416,384
315,432
2,014,297
765,569
1,759,256
705,076
9,236,972
11,733,567
31,364,637
261 ,650
128,050
516,240
1,811,698
11,562,057
3,648,204
15,042,285
500
22,526,105
944,778
1,263,611
11,143,642
72,100
66,913
1,367,004
1
11,149,536
24,769,858
164,032,205
151
86,755
4,441,653
1,332,859
8,330,198
1,221,956
382,275
640,952,201
rHAMr.c
Pounds 1
-1,248,478
-11,218
0
-481,688
-224,563
7,999,553
-2,664,067
597,108
-66,829
-105,001,753
2,569,499
58,032
4,916,958
1,410,789
39,810,218
-226,796
164,515
2,071,770
-506,860
15,639
636,205
43,044
2,595,797
165,112
-290,874
-168,965
-474,230
-211,820
2,968,269
-87,372
351,932
-1,433,756
-2,666,351
4,382,780
2
-3,669,732
-102,192
-418,055
2,541,314
37,626
15,394
-175,601
0
1,090,055
553,044
-150,493,952
-151
53,587
298,825
-444,967
-7,641,448
81,578
14,848,084
-188,434,989
PP J ANT*
Percent
-22.71
-88.47
—
-1.00
-18.84
93.67
-50.84
57.61
-21.05
-58.07
40.32
47.78
93.79
24.05
172.72
-71.03
52.49
59.13
-35.79
4.96
31.58
5.62
147.55
23.42
-3.15
-1.44
-1.51
-80.96
2,318.05
-16.92
19.43
-12.40
-73.09
29.14
0.40
-16.29
-10.82
-33.08
22.81
52.19
23.01
-12.85
0.00
9.78
2.23
-91.75
—
61.77
6.73
-33.38
-91.73
6.68
3,884.14
-29.40
U
1988 1
Pounds 1
1,634,717
1,018
0
0
7,036,201
895,568
0
0
0
34,640,279
0
1,051,509
1,400
7,299,783
34,815,450
0
90,739,460
30,000,250
423,296,460
0
0
4,000
5,484,260
0
46,803,000
500
0
0
0
0
2,500
0
1
250
0
56,888,700
6,294,383
0
0
0
0
0
0
49,897,310
371,388,389
0
0
0
1,373
0
97,712
250
27,113,559
1,195,388,282
1987 1
Pounds 1
1,428,391
0
0
0
9,416,128
1,532,739
250
0
0
22,572,490
19,500
1,074,269
0
13,416,438
32,976,374
0
65,957,160
25,000,000
484,655,681
0
750
250
4,969,730
0
43,614,250
0
0
0
0
0
280
0
250
0
0
64,925,648
6,863,944
0
250
0
0
0
0
67,671,200
408,557,558
0
0
0
250
250
319,219
750
30,651,671
1,285,625,670
jK7not*
Pounds I
206,326
1,018
0
0
-2,379,927
-637,171
-250
0
0
12,067,789
-19,500
-22,760
1,400
-6,116,655
1,839,076
0
24,782,300
5,000,250
-61,359,221
0
-750
3,750
514,530
0
3,188,750
500
0
0
0
0
2,220
0
-249
250
0
-8,036,948
-569,561
0
-250
0
0
0
0
-17,773,890
-37,169,169
0
0
0
1,123
-250
-221,507
-500
-3,538,112
-90,237,388
Percent
14.44
—
—
—
-25.28
-41.57
—
—
—
53.46
-2.12
_
-45.59
5.58
—
37.57
20.00
-12.66
—
1.500.00
10.35
—
7.31
—
—
—
—
792.86
—
-99.60
—
—
-12.38
-8.30
—
_
—
-26.27
-9.10
449.20
-69.39
-66.67
-11.54
-7.02
* The District of Columbia is not included because it had no matched facilities.
** Corrections to the data add 100,000,000 pounds to underground injection in Texas (see
Box 3-C).
243
-------
-------
CHAPTER 9. CHANGES IN TRI TRANSFERS, 1987-1988
As in the previous chapter, this chapter analyzes the set of matched chemicals
(those reported in both 1987 and 1988 by facilities that reported in both years).
It focuses first on transfers to publicly operated sewage treatment plants and men
on off-site transfers to other waste management facilities for treatment, storage
and disposal. (See Figure 9-1.)
1,400
Millions of Pounds
Public Sewage
Off-site
11988
1987
Figure 9-1. Change* in TRI Transfer* of Matched Chemicals, 1987-1988.
245
-------
Chapter 9
Public sewage trans-
fer* of matched
chemical* decreased
10% from 1987 to
1988.
TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
Facilities discharging toxic chemicals to public sewage treatment plants are
subject to many Federal, State, and local regulations, as are the receiving plants.
The national Pretreatment Program, developed under the Clean Water Act,
regulates industrial wastewater discharges in several ways:
• it requires certain industries to treat their wastes before sending them to the
public sewage treatment plant;
• it prohibits certain discharges that would either interfere with a sewage
treatment plant's operation or pass through untreated; and
• it issues standards regulating the level of certain pollutants that various
industries can discharge to the plants.
The program also requires approximately 1,500 public sewage treatment plants
to establish and enforce their own pollutant-specific discharge limitations for
industrial users through an EPA- or state-approved pretreatment program.
Together, Federal and local limitations combine general and site-specific con-
siderations: the capability of technology to remove certain pollutants from
industrial effluents, the ability of the treatment plant to handle certain quantities
and types of incoming wastes, and local health and environmental objectives for
water and sludge quality.
Transfers to public sewage treatment plants are only one of many ways that TRI
chemicals may eventually end up in surface water or affect water quality, and
only part of those transfers end up in the water. TRI data indicates only what goes
to a sewage treatment plant, not the degree of treatment the chemicals receive
there or what portion of them are ultimately discharged to air, land, or water.
Transfers of TRI chemicals to public sewage treatment plants from matched
facilities of matched chemicals decreased 59.1 million pounds (ten percent) from
1987 to 1988. This is less than the 13-percent decrease overall for matched
chemicals. Similar to the pattern for total TRI releases and transfers, most
matched facilities reporting transfers to public sewage systems reported on the
same chemicals in both years. Releases and transfers of these matched chemicals
were 570.4 million pounds (97 percent) of the 589.8 million total in 1987 and
511.3 million pounds (96 percent) in 1988. (See Figure 9-1.)
246
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Chemical Distribution
The net decrease in pounds of public sewage transfers between 1987 and 1988 Overall, public
tends to mask the ups and downs of individual chemicals. More chemicals *ewage transfer*
decreased between the two years than increased, and the total decreases were decreased for more
greater in amount than the increases. National totals do not reflect what is TRI chemical* than in-
happening in individual communities, however, and may mask considerable creased, but local
variation at the local level. The significance of the national net decrease compared variation* may be
to local variations depends on one's perspective. The net decrease may suggest more extreme.
progress in the national Pretreatment Program and indicate a reduced burden of
industrial wastes on public sewage treatment plants nationwide, but citizens or
public officials will more likely be interested in local increases than in the
nationwide net decrease. (See Box 9-A.)
Transfers to public sewage of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and ammonia each 3 chemical* ac-
decreased over ten million pounds from 1987 and 1988, together accounting for counted for 90% of
S3.5 million pounds of the total 59.1 million pounds (91 percent) of decreases in the decrease in trans-
transfers to public sewage systems. Discharges of sulfuric acid dropped 40 fer* to public sewage
percent, from 77.6 to 46.2 million pounds; hydrochloric acid was down 29 percent systems .. .
(from 41.9 to 30.0 million pounds); and ammonia decreased by one third (from
31.7 to 21.5 million pounds). (See Figure 9-2 and Table 9-1.)
Ammonium sulfate
•Methanol
Sulfuric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Nitric acid
Ethylene glycol
Phosphoric acid
Ammonium nitrate
N-butyl alcohol
Manganese compounds
-40 -30 -20 -10
Millions of Pounds
1988 Data correction adds 7.9M Ib*. (sie Box 3-C)
Figure 9-2. Matched Chemical* with the Greatest Change* in TRI Transfers to Public
Sewage Treatment Plants, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descending order
according to 1988 total matched public sewage transfers.
247
-------
Chapter 9
BOX 9-A. INTERPRETING TRENDS IN PUBLIC SEWAGE TRANSFERS
TRI data raise many questions about the reasons for and effects of changes in transfers to public
sewage treatment plants—questions that are more effectively addressed at the local level, looking
at specific situations for particular manufacturing facilities and the public sewage treatment plants
that receive their wastes, than on a nationwide scale. Among the factors to consider in evaluating
local changes are the following:
• Do new or revised pretreatment standards for a particular industry cause a reduction in discharges?
As of 1988, EPA has issued categorical pretreatment standards for 42 industrial categories, and
many other new and revised standards were under development. Pretreatment standards generally
affect specific subsets of the broad industrial categories indicated by two-digit SIC codes. For
example, Storage Battery manufacturers (SIC 3691) are one subset of the larger Electrical and
Electronic Machinery industry (SIC 36), and separate pretreatment requirements have been
developed for six different subcategories of Storage Battery manufacturers.
« Did a reported decrease result from a TRI facility's actual reductions in the use of particular TRI
chemicals, from more extensive treatment prior to discharging to sewage systems, or from a shift
to a different route (such as off-site transfers to facilities other man sewage treatment plants or
direct on-site releases to surface water)?
• Did sewage transfers increase because of new restrictions in other areas (such as a land ban under
RCRA or tighter controls on air emissions that curbed on-site releases)? If so, did the change
represent a short-term response to the immediate problem or a longer-term decision about waste
management?
* Did an increase/decrease correspond to a proportional change in the facility's production or use
of the TRI chemical(s), or was it the result of stronger or weaker environmental controls over
the same amount of production levels? (Facilities may have provided data on the change in
production levels in the optional waste minimization section—see Chapter 11.)
• Can the mix of TRI chemicals discharged by the manufacturing facility be effectively or efficiently
removed by the treatment plant without producing large amounts of hazardous sludge or other
emissions there? The removal rate for different pollutants varies from 0 to 99 percent.
• Are alternative means of reuse, treatment, and disposal of TRI chemical discharges available?
What are the environmental pluses and minuses of sewage transfer compared to the alternatives?
• Did locally-established pretreatment standards (local limits) reduce pollutant discharges? Over
1,500 publicly owned treatment works (POTWs—the regulatory term for public sewage plants)
nationwide have approved local pretreatment programs to control industrial discharges to sewers.
Among other requirements, these POTWs set local limits that may be more stringent than EPA
categorical pretreatment standards. These local limits take into account site-specific considerations
(such as the size and capability of the wastewater treatment plant) and are designed to protect the
POTW treatment plant, its municipal sewage sludge, and the receiving stream.
248
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Tabla 9-1. Change* in TRI Tranafar* to Public Sawag* Traatmant Plant* of Matchad Chamical**, 1987-1988.
CHEMICAL
AMMONIUM SULFATE
METHANOL**
SULFURIC ACID
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AMMONIA
NITRIC ACID
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
AMMONIUM NITRATE
PHENOL
GLYCOL ETHERS
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
FORMALDEHYDE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
TOLUENE
DICHLOROMETHANE
CHLORINE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ANILINE
DIETHANOLAMINE
TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL
METHYL BOBUTYL KETONE
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHLOROFORM
BENZENE
BIPHENYL
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
CATECHOL
ZINC COMPOUNDS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
1988 TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pound* I
183,036,850
101,196,379
46,235,560
29,879,626
21,470,187
21,431,073
14,772,427
13,323,211
8,424,992
7,263,605
5,261,667
4,735,941
4,429,428
4,023,210
4,008,227
3,373,474
2,505,482
2,134,878
1,768,141
1,660,626
1,644,975
1,639,476
1,497,696
1,337,223
1,175,493
1,098,997
1,056,411
1,053,011
1,033,543
790,963
493,262,772
18,030,370
511,320,053
1987 TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWACE
Pound*
184,147,838
104,018,198
77,572,532
41,909,682
31,733,384
27,521,500
12,873,305
13,670,526
10,324,600
9,320,380
5,249,861
4,745,361
2,479,214
3,158,616
4,043,576
2,872,700
1,694,302
2,069,757
546,519
1,825,742
738,753
1,519,336
1,271,859
894,264
889,736
718,346
947,391
700,680
1,248,959
1,633,775
552,340,692
18,039,787
570,413,766
1987-1988 CHANGE
Pound!
-1,110,988
-2,821,819
-31,336,972
-12,030,056
-10,263,197
-6,090,427
1,899,122
-347,315
-1,899,608
-2,056,775
11,806
-9,420
1,950,214
864,594
-35,349
500,774
811,180
65,121
1,221,622
-165,116
906,222
120,140
225,837
442,959
285,757
380,651
109,020
352,331
-215,416
-842,812
-59,077,920
-9,417
-59,093,713
-0.60
-2.71
-40.40
-28.70
-32.34
-22.13
14.75
-2.54
-18.40
-22.07
0.22
-0.20
78.66
27.37
-0.87
17.43
47.88
3.15
223.53
-9.04
122.67
7.91
17.76
49.53
32.12
52.99
11.51
50.28
-17.25
-51.59
-10.70
-0.05
-10.36
•Chemicals with the largest matched transfers to public sewage for 1988.
•"Corrections to data add 7,922,052 to 1988 transfers to public sewage.
Decreases generated by one or two facilities played significant roles in making
up the net decrease for individual chemicals, although not always as large a role
as individual facilities played in decreasing the releases described in the previous
chapter. A Monsanto facility (Cahokia, Illinois) that reported the largest decreases
cut discharges of sulfuric acid by 5.3 million pounds, accounting for 17 percent
of the net decrease for the chemical. Monsanto's role in the reduction of
hydrochloric acid public sewage transfers was larger—the facility's 7.0-million-
pound decrease constituted 58 percent of the 12.0-million-pound net decrease of
. . . and large
decrease* at a few in-
dividual facilitie* «ig-
nificantly affected
the reduction*.
249
-------
Chapter 9
The net decrease of
1.1 million pounds of
ammonium sulfate
masks major fluctua-
tions . . .
. . . but the chemical
still accounted for
more than 113 of the
1988 amount.
the chemical. As for the 10.3-million-pound reduction in ammonia discharges, a
1.3-million-pound cut by a Du Pont facility (Shelby, Tennessee) and a 6.6-mil-
lion-pound cut by Crown Central Petroleum combined to make up 78 percent of
the net decrease. (See Figure 9-3 and Table 9-2.)
Ammonium sulfate, one of the major components of discharges to public sewage
systems, was subject to considerable fluctuation. Two facilities with the largest
decreases—Du Pont (Memphis, Tennessee) and Allied-Signal (Hopewell, Vir-
ginia)—managed to cut discharges of ammonium sulfate by 11.4 million pounds,
but the decreases were outweighed by increases totaling 15.2 million pounds at
four facilities with the largest increases. The net decrease was thus produced by
smaller changes at other facilities. (See Tables 9-1 and 9-2.)
Overall, the 183.0 million pounds of matched public sewage transfers of
ammonium sulfate was 1.1 million pounds (under one percent) less than 1987
levels, but still represented 36 percent of the matched sewage total. Much of the
ammonium sulfate probably results from the addition of sulfuric acid to an
ammonia-laden wastestream to neutralize it. The neutral salt thus produced
(ammonium sulfate) is not a particularly toxic chemical and would not ordinarily
be expected to cause problems at the sewage treatment plant. It primarily affects
water quality by the introduction of ammonia. Whether additional ammonia would
Facility Name
Columbian Chema.(MO)
Allied-Signal
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Table 9-2. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Transfers to
Public Sewage Treatment Plants. 1987-1988.
SIC CODE
FACHJTYNAME
CITY, COUNTY,
STATE
1987 TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pounb Percent
1988 TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pound* Percent
CHEMICAL
TOP FIVE FACILITIES REPORTING DECREASES
TOP FIVE FACILITIES REPORTING INCREASES
28 Monsanto Co. St. LouU, St.
Louis City, MO
28 Pfizer Pigments Inc. EMI St. Lou in,
St. Clair, IL
28 Columbian Chemicals Co. St. Louis, St.
Louis, MO
26 International Piper Co. Erie, Erie, PA
28 Union Oil Co. of CA DBA Wilmington, Los
Unocal Angeles, CA
"Percent that transfers to public sewage comprises of the facility's total releases and transfers.
"•Corrections to the data add 7,922,052 pounds to 1988 transfers to public sewage (see Box 3-C).
GREATEST
CHANGE
Pounds
28
Mult
26
29
28
Monsanto Co.
Du Pont Memphis Plant
Stone Container Corp.**
Crown Central Petroleum
Allied-Signal Inc.
C.hokia, St.
Clair, IL
Memphu, Shel-
by, TN
Panama City,
Bay, FL
Pasadena, Harris,
TX
Hopewell,
Hopewell City,
VA
33,520,750
11,565,270
7,607,791
6,972,950
31,981,500
86.68
71.89
69.65
96.55
64.17
21,829,640
3,878,230
270,946
278,446
25,339,614
82.86
49.41
11.70
22.93
56.61
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Ammonia
Ammonium sulfate
Melhanol
Chloroform
Ammonia
Phenol
Ammonium sulfate
Phenol
-7,000,000
-5,300,000
-1,330,000
-6,360,000
-7,349,445
-8,492
-6,643,775
-84,587
-5,000,000
-50,000
1,555,000
8,160,495
48,862,080
97,200
741,100
67.63
73.12
99.89
11.85
61.92
6,735,084
13,106,119
52,378,727
3,459,400
2,802,000
97.09
78.20
99.81
77.09
98.12
Ammonium sulfate
Melhanol
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfate
Zinc compounds
Melhanol
Chloroform
Ammonium sulfate
Chromium compounds
4,720,000
210,000
4,968,894
3,484,106
32,541
3,350,000
12,200
2,060,000
900
create an aquatic environmental problem depends on the characteristics of a
particular receiving body of water, especially on the amount and form of nitrogen
already present. Ammonium sulfate and the other ammonia chemicals are
controlled by national and state regulations and standards relating to their nutrient
impact, oxygen demand, and toxicity.
Although there was a net reduction of ten percent, a large number of chemicals N-butyl alcohol in-
increased by more than one million pounds. The greatest increase was 2.0 million creased the most-
pounds for n-butyl alcohol (79 percent). Ethylene glycol and manganese com- 2.0 million pounds.
pounds each increased by over one million pounds. Transfers to public sewage
systems of manganese compounds in 1988 were more than triple the amount in
1987 (1.8 million pounds versus approximately 550,000 pounds). This is ac-
counted for by one facility, the Givaudan Corp. (Clifton, New Jersey), which
increased its sewage transfers of matched chemicals by 1.3 million pounds.
257
-------
Chapter 9
Acid*/ba*e*/*alto
dropped S4.5 million
pound*, the largest
decrease for any
chemical class . . .
. . . but non-metallic
organic* decreased
by the greatest
proportion (30%).
Chemical Classes
The class of acids/bases/salts comprised the largest portion of sewage transfers
for matched chemicals—58 percent (whereas acids/bases/salts comprised only 38
percent of all releases and transfers of matched chemicals). However, the same
class registered the largest decrease of all the chemical classes, a drop of 54.5
million pounds or 15 percent from 1987 to 1988. Six of the eleven chemicals that
decreased more than one million pounds are in this chemical class: sulfuric acid,
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, phosphoric acid, and am-
monium sulfate. (See Figure 9-4 and Table 9-A, at end of Chapter. See also
Chapter 12 for further analysis of the role of waste treatment (neutralization) in
reducing discharges of acids/bases/salts.)
The largest proportional decrease (30 percent) was for the non-metallic inor-
ganics, a class with considerable variability in chemical properties and environ-
mental concerns. Ammonia led the decreases for the class, dropping 10.3 million
pounds—32 percent—from 1987 to 1988. Ammonia is a common chemical found
in both household and industrial wastes. It is also generated within typical sewage
treatment plants as a result of biological transformations of organic matter. This
chemical is highly toxic to fish, but its toxicity depends on the pH and temperature
of the receiving waters.
Acide/Basea/Salts
Organic*
Non-metals
Metals
Halo-organic*
10
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
Millions of Pounds
Chomiol cl«*«*a shown In descending ord»r according to 1988 public i«w«g* tr*n*(*r rank.
Figure 9-4. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants by Chemical Cla
1987-1988.
252
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Matched sewage transfers of the organics class increased by the largest amount— Organic* increased
5.4 million pounds (three percent). The largest change in the class was a 5.4 million pounds,
2.8-million-pound reduction in methanol, but this was offset by other increases, led by increases of
among them the 2.0-million-pound rise of n-butyl alcohol (79 percent) and the n-butyl alcohol and
1.9-million-pound increase of ethylene glycol (15 percent). ethylene glycol.
The only other class that increased was the halo-organics, with a 15-percent Halo-organics in-
increase (794,016 pounds). The change resulted primarily because of the 48-per- creased 15%, largely
cent increase (811,180 pounds) in dichloromethane, a cleaning solvent that is a due to the increase
liver toxin and suspected human carcinogen. of 1 carcinogen
Priority Pollutants and Carcinogens
Of the major matched chemicals transferred to public sewage systems, methanol
is the water priority pollutant that decreased the most, by 2.8 million pounds
(three percent). While the EPA regulates over 1,500 pollutants being discharged
into waterways, 126 chemicals are designated as "priority pollutants." These are
toxic metallic and organic compounds that are regulated through technology-
based standards for facilities discharging directly to surface waters and through
categorical pretreatment standards for specific industries discharging indirectly
through public sewage systems.
Of all priority pol-
lutants and car-
cinogens, only
methanol ranked
among the major
chemicals for which
large decreases were
reported.
•Methanol
Formaldehyde
Toluene
Dichlorometh&n*
Chromium compound*
Chloroform
Benzene
Cyanide compound*
Acrylonltrlle
Zinc compound*
Naphthalene
Zinc (fume or du*t)
4-Nitrophenol
Chromium
Copper compound*
Copper
1,2-Dlchloro«than«
Lead
: : ^^""^"^
i i »uuu,,,u,u.
• I ^
• ; ^
: '; EZZZ
i i ezzzzzzzzz
— —
— —
Hzaza
r^rrm
""•^~
ZBiZB
•^^^™
^™
^^™
-3 -2-10 1
Millions of Pounds
*• Water Priority £22 Carcinogen %M Both
• 1988 Data correction add 7.9M Ibs. (cee Box 3-C).
Figure 9-5. Priority Pollutants and Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public
Sewage Treatment Plants, 1987-1988. Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 public
sewage totals.
255
-------
Chapter 9
Table 9-3. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants of Priority Pollutants and
Carcinogens,* 1987-1988.
RATING** CHEMICAL
P METHANOL***
P PHENOL
C FORMALDEHYDE
P TOLUENE
C, P DICHLOROMETHANE
P CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
C, P CHLOROFORM
C, P BENZENE
P CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
C, P ACRYLONTTRILE
P ZINC COMPOUNDS
P NAPHTHALENE
P ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
P 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE
P CHLOROBENZENE
P 4-NTTROPHENOL
P DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
C, P TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
C ACETONITRILE
C PROPYLENE OXIDE
P ETHYLBENZENE
C, P CHROMIUM
C ETHYLENE OXIDE
P COPPER COMPOUNDS
C STYRENE
P 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
P COPPER
C, P DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
C DICHLOROBENZENE
C, P 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
P 2,6-DINTTROTOLUENE
C, P NICKEL
P 2-NTTROPHENOL
P 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
P NICKEL COMPOUNDS
C 1,4-DIOXANE
P 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE
TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHER PP AND
CARCINOGENS
PP AND CARCINOGEN TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
| IMS PUBUC SEWUE j 1987 PUBUC SEMHOE |
1987-1988 CHANGE
Itowdt Percent
101,196,379
5,261,667
4,023,210
3,373,474
2,505,482
1,337,223
1,175,493
1,098,997
1,053,011
938,904
790,963
767,917
758,576
700,000
578,664
560,428
507,511
496,379
413,413
403,656
325,943
323,858
254,269
252,079
247,024
226,502
199,905
194,987
181,853
176,951
170,000
162,738
149,000
144,105
140,268
139,971
136,772
131,367,572
869,985
132,237,557
511,320,053
104,018,198
5,249,861
3,158,616
2,872,700
1,694,302
894,264
889,736
718,346
700,680
6*81,301
1,633,775
140,252
500,570
770,000
559,923
183,450
380,907
367,633
365,918
383,390
166,832
921,361
404,715
463,731
270,760
328,070
426,419
155,292
137,957
409,035
200,000
164,267
127,684
164,903
193,171
92,267
91,510
130,881,796
2,045,329
132,927,125
570,413,766
-2,821,819
11,806
864,594
500,774
811,180
442,959
285,757
380,651
352,331
257,603
-842,812
627,665
258,006
-70,000
18,741
376,978
126,604
128,746
47,495
20,266
159,111
-597,503
-150,446
-211,652
-23,736
-101,568
-226,514
39,695
43,896
-232,084
-30,000
-1,529
21,316
-20,798
-52,903
47,704
45,262
485,776
-1,175,344
-689,568
-59,093,713
-2.71
0.22
-27.37
17.43
47.88
49.53
32.12
52.99
50.28
37.81
-51.59
447.53
51.54
-9.09
3.35
205.49
33.24
35.02
12.98
5.29
95.37
-64.85
-37.17
-45.64
-8.77
-30.96
-53.12
25.56
31.82
-56.74
-15.00
-0.93
16.69
-12.61
-27.39
51.70
49.46
+0.37
-57.46
-0.52
-10.36
* Priority pollutants and carcinogens with the largest 1988 matched transfers to public sewage.
"Ratings: C — Carcinogen; P = Priority pollutant.
"'Corrections to the data add 7.9 million pounds to 1988 transfers to public sewage (see Box 3-C).
254
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Among the chemicals transferred both years to public sewage systems from TRI 108 TRI chemicals
matched facilities were 108 chemicals that are either water priority pollutants, discharged to public
carcinogens, or both. Of these, 36 are carcinogens but not designated water «ewage plants were
priority pollutants, 54 are water priority pollutants but not carcinogens, and 18 either water priority
are both. The reported amounts for 56 of these decreased between the two years, pollutants or car-
44 increased, and eight remained the same. Only one of the top ten of these cinogens.
chemicals—methanol—decreased in 1988. (See Table 9-3 and Figure 9-5. See
Chapter 4 for the definition of carcinogens used in this report. Appendix B lists
the TRI chemicals that are priority pollutants and/or carcinogens.)
Methanol is an organic toxin causing adverse nervous system effects at moderately
high levels, which is widely used industrially in surface treatment of painted
products, as well as in a variety of consumer goods. It is not generally a serious
problem for public sewage treatment plants as it can usually be removed fairly
efficiently from the treatment plant's effluent and sludge. However, it could be a
problem for aquatic toxicity in high concentrations because it is semi-volatile and
degrades readily. Decreases of other water priority pollutants and carcinogens
were much less dramatic than for methanol, and were somewhat offset by
increases for other such chemicals.
The net decrease for the 108 carcinogens and water priority pollutants transferred Carcinogens and
to public sewage was only one half of one percent, and the net decrease for the water priority pol-
top 40 of this list was ten times less than that (0.05 percent). This decrease is lutants decreased by
much smaller than the ten percent decrease for all matched chemicals discharged
to public sewage. The discrepancy may arise from the fact that acids/bases/salts,
none of which are designated priority pollutants or carcinogens, constituted by
far the largest share of the discharges, as well as the largest amounts of decreases.
less than 1%, com-
pared to the 10%-
decrease for other
chemicals.
Matched sewage transfers of 17 of the 40 major carcinogens and water priority
pollutants decreased, with seven chemicals decreasing by more than 200,000
pounds. All seven decreasing chemicals are water priority pollutants; three are
also carcinogens. The largest drop was a 2.8 million-pound reduction in methanol.
More chemicals on this list showed increases, 23 out of 40, with 11 registering 23 carcinogens and
increases greater than 200,000 pounds. Ten of the eleven are water priority water priority pol-
pollutants, and four are also carcinogens. Formaldehyde, considered a car- lutants increased in
cinogen, increased by the greatest amount, 900,000 pounds, but is not usually a 1988.
problem in the concentrations normally found at sewage treatment plants.
Some chemicals raise sewage treatment concerns for reasons in addition to
toxicity: they may be difficult to remove or transform by usual treatment methods,
or may degrade very slowly; or they may pass through the treatment plant
processes and be discharged with the effluent to the surface waters or accumulate
in the sludge. The higher the level of toxic constituents in the sludge, the less
likely it can be reused beneficially and the more of a disposal problem it becomes.
255
-------
Chapter 9
State* with the
largest TRI totals
were not necessarily
among the highest
for public sewage.
14 states accounted
for 85% of public
sewage totals;
Missouri's alone ex-
ceeded the combined
matched amount
from the other 39
jurisdictions.
Facilities in 13
states, led by Texas,
decreased transfers
to public sewage by
more than 1 million
pounds.
Sewage transfers in
Missouri, Mass-
achusetts, and Penn-
sylvania increased by
more than 1 million
pounds each.
Among the carcinogens and water priority pollutants that increased from 1987
and 1988, cyanide compounds and chloroform are relatively resistent to effective
removal at sewage treatment plants. Among the decreasing chemicals, the metals
(such as lead, copper, and copper compounds) can often be removed effectively
from the effluent water, but tend to accumulate in the resulting sludge solids.
The significant increases in zinc (fume or dust) and chromium compounds are
difficult to assess, because other forms of these metals (zinc compounds and
chromium) decreased. The type of treatment performed at sewage treatment plants
is the key to interpreting the potential harms of TRI discharges. National TRI
data listing net changes in pounds can indicate possible trends and give back-
ground information for examining individual situations, but do not definitively
measure environmental progress in wastewater management.
Geographical Distribution
The states with the largest matched transfers to public sewage treatment plants
were quite different than those with the largest total releases and transfers. Only
five states ranked in the top ten for both sewage transfers and TRI totals: Illinois;
Texas; Virginia; Tennessee; and Ohio. Missouri, the leading state for sewage
transfers, only ranked 15th for total matched releases and transfers. (See Table
9-B, at end of Chapter.)
Missouri is one of 14 states in which 1988 sewage transfers were greater than ten
million pounds. Those 14 states accounted for 85 percent of the total for the year
(434.7 million pounds). Missouri's 77.3 million pounds alone exceeded the 76.6
million pounds of matched sewage transfers of the remaining 39 jurisdictions.
The Missouri totals were greatly affected by the large amounts from various St.
Louis facilities (see Box 9-B). Missouri's matched facilities sent 53 percent of
their matched TRI amounts to sewage treatment plants, compared to 33 percent
and 29 percent for the next highest states (New Jersey and Hawaii).
Thirteen states had decreases of more than one million pounds. Facilities in Texas
reported the greatest reduction (15.0 million pounds, 28 percent), followed by
Illinois (10.4 million pounds, 15 percent). Facilities in those states reporting the
greatest decreases were the Monsanto Company in Cahokia, Illinois (in the St.
Louis metropolitan area) and Crown Central Petroleum in Pasadena, Texas. (See
Figure 9-6 and Table 9-B, at end of Chapter.)
Facilities in only three states increased matched sewage transfers by more than
one million pounds from 1987 and 1988. Missouri, which had the largest total,
also reported the greatest increase (6.9 million pounds, ten percent), followed by
Massachusetts (3.1 million pounds, 25 percent), and Pennsylvania (1.8 million
pounds, 14 percent). The International Paper Company plant in Erie, Pennsyl-
vania increased methanol by 3.4 million pounds (3,459 percent), contributing
significantly to the net increase for that state.
256
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
BOX 9-B. DISCHARGES TO PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS IN THE ST.
LOUIS AREA
Facilities in the St. Louis area dominated transfers to public sewage. Three Chemical industry
facilities in the St. Louis area reported the largest increases in matched sewage transfers from 1987
to 1988. The largest absolute increase (in pounds) for sewage transfers was reported by a Monsanto
facility in St. Louis, Missouri—a 5.2-million-pound increase, three times greater than its 1987
transfers of 1.6 million pounds. Pfizer Pigments Inc. (East St. Louis, Illinois) reported the next
largest increase, 4.9 million pounds (61 percent over its 8.2 million pounds in 1987), followed by
Columbian Chemicals in St. Louis, Missouri, with a 3.5-million-pound increase, or seven percent
more than its 48.9 million pounds itt 1987. The two Missouri facilities accounted for 84 percent of
that state's 77.6 million pounds of 1988 matched public sewage transfers to public sewage, which
earned it first position among all states in the amount of such transfers. (See Table 9-2.)
The largest decreases in matched sewage transfers surpassed the increases, however. Decreases for
the five facilities reporting the greatest matched sewage decreases totaled 49.8 million pounds or
68 percent of the total decrease of 59,1 million pounds. Again, the role of St. Louis'is prominent.
Another Monsanto Company facility in the St. Louis metropolitan area, this one in Cahokia, Illinois,
reported the largest decreases for matched public sewage transfers, cuttbg its 33.5 million-pound
total for 1987 by 11.7 million pounds (35 percent), or over twice the amount of the increase from
the Monsanto facility in St. Louis, Missouri. Two facilities among the top five for greatest decreases
reported a 96-percent reduction in their matched sewage transfers: Stone Container Corporation in
Panama City, Florida, and Crown Central Petroleum in Pasadena, Texas. (Note, however, that data
Corrections for Stone Container Corp. have increased the reported amounts by 7,9 million pounds,
eliminating the apparent decrease—see Box 3-C.)
The prominence of the St. Louis area in total amounts, increases, and decreases of matched public
sewage transfers is unusual and warrants closer examination. St. Louis facilities generally tend to
use the sewage system for disposal of toxic chemicals as opposed to other methods. Although sewage
transfers made up only nine percent of total TRI amounts in 1988 for matched facilities, the
percentage for the St. Louis facilities showing large increases was many times that amount: 99.8
percent for Columbian Chemicals, 97 percent for Monsanto, and 78 percent for Pfizer Pigments.
The two facilities in St. Louis discharged their TRI wastes to two different sewage treatment plants
of the St. Louis Metropolitan Sewer District. Columbian Chemicals discharged to the Le May
Treatment Plant and its 52.3 million pounds accounted for 99 percent of the 52.4 million pounds of
TRI wastes received at this plant from all TRI facilities during 1988. Likewise, the Monsanto
Company discharged to the Bissell Point Treatment Plant and its 6.7 million pounds accounted for
97 percent of all TRI wastes received at the Bissell Point plant in 1988.
257
-------
Chapter 9
Missouri
Illinois
California
Texas
Virginia
Tennessee
Massachusetts
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
Florida
Oregon
Georgia
Arizona
Maryland
Kansas
Mississippi
-20
-10 -5 0
Millions of Pounds
10
Figure 9-6. States with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment Plants,
1987-1988. States shown in descending order according to 1988 public sewage transfer totals.
Chemical* (28)
Paper (26)
Food (20)
Multiple Codes 20-39
Leather (31)
Electric*! (36)
Fib. Metal* (34)
Petroleum (29)
Textiles (22)
Primary Metal* (33)
Transportation (37)
Mea*uro./Photo. (38)
Plastic* (30)
Printing (27)
No Codes 20-39
Machinery (35)
Stone/Clay (32)
Lumber (24)
Tobaooo (21)
Furniture (26)
Miscellaneous (39)
Apparel (23)
No Code* In 20-39
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i I BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB^
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•
•
•
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-20 -15 -10 -505
Millions of Pounds
Industries shown In descending order according to 1988 public sewage transfer rank.
Figure 9-7. Industries with the Greatest Changes in TRI Matched Transfers to Public Sewage Treatment
Plants, 1987-1988. Industries shown in descending order according to 1988 public sewage transfer totals.
255
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
The Chemical in-
dustry accounted for
61% of the total
transfer* to public
sewage system* . . .
. . . and cut its total
by 18.7 million
pound* (10%).
Industrial Distribution
The Chemical industry reported by far the largest amount of TRI transfers to
public sewage treatment plants of chemicals reported in both years from matched
facilities: 313.9 million pounds in 1988, or 61 percent of all such transfers. The
next largest contributors did not come close to approaching those of the Chemical
industry. Paper Products reported 38.0 million pounds (seven percent), followed
by Food Products with 30.1 million pounds (six percent) and Multiple Codes with
27.8 million pounds (six percent). These top four contributors of public sewage
transfers ranked the same in 1987. (See Figure 9-7 and Table 9-C, at end of
Chapter.)
Although the Chemical industry dominated matched transfers to public sewage
treatment plants, those transfers represented only 11 percent of that industry's
total matched TRI amounts. The Leather Products and Food Products industries
relied much more heavily on public sewage, reporting 59 percent and S3 percent,
respectively, of their total matched TRI amounts. In all, 18 industries cut public
sewage transfers, contributing to the overall reduction of 59.1 million pounds
(ten percent). The largest reduction (in pounds) came from the Chemical industry
(18.7 million pounds, six percent); the greatest proportional reduction came from
Miscellaneous Manufacturing (600,000 pounds, 73 percent).
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Off-site transfers to waste management facilities other than public sewage Off-site transfers
treatment plants of matched chemicals decreased 255.8 million pounds (22 decreased 255.8 mil-
percent). This decrease accounted for about one-third, 31 percent, of the net lion pounds, more
decrease of TRI releases and transfers of matched chemicals. Despite the than any other type
relatively large decrease, off-site transfers accounted for nearly one fifth of total of release.
releases and transfers in both 1987 and 1988. (See Figure 9-1.)
259
-------
Chapter 9
Moat decreases were
associated with
reuse/recovery, and
wara largaty tha
rasult of rule clarifica-
tion.
Sulfuric acid
dacraaaad by 66.4
million pounds, more
than off-site transfers
of any other chemical.
Intaresin Corp.
produced 1 /5 of the
net decrease in off-
site transfers,
eliminating 54.3 mil-
lion pounds of naph-
thalene, atyrane. and
xylene.
For 1987 reporting, many facilities reported off-site transfers of materials sent
for recycling or reuse, even though such transfers are exempt from TRI reporting
(because the recycled/reused materials are considered products rather than
wastes). Clarifications to the TRI reporting rule for 1988 prompted many facilities
to quit reporting such transfers. Hence, there is a substantial "paper" reduction
in off-site transfers, even though facility practices may not have changed greatly
between 1987 and 1988. The impact of this rule clarification is examined in
Chapter 12.
Chemical Distribution
Matched off-site transfers of 17 chemicals decreased by more than 5.0 million
pounds each. Sulfuric acid garnered the largest decrease, by far, dropping 40
percent from 164.2 to 97.8 million pounds. This 66.4-million-pound decrease
shifted sulfuric acid from the largest component of off-site transfers in 1987 to
the second-ranked chemical in 1988. As in many cases, a single facility was
behind the change: Amerada Hess Corporation (Purvis, Mississippi) generated
half of the decrease by nearly eliminating off-site transfers of sulfuric acid, for
a decrease of 34.8 million pounds. (See Figures 9-8 and 9-9, and Tables 9-4 and
9-5.)
Xylene decreased the second largest amount. Off-site transfers of xylene dropped
52 percent, from 67.6 to 32.7 million pounds (a decrease of 34.9 million pounds).
Much of the decrease originated at a single facility, Interesin Corporation
(Houston, Texas), which decreased off-site transfers of xylene by 18.1 million
pounds. Interesin also contributed to the net decrease of off-site transfers of
naphthalene and styrene. Off-site transfers of naphthalene decreased 25.1 million
pounds, with Interesin responsible for 72 percent (18.1 million pounds) of the
decline. Styrene decreased 18.6 million pounds, of which 18.1 million pounds
(95 percent) represented a decline by Interesin. hi fact, Interesin's 100-percent
reductions of naphthalene, styrene and xylene totaled 54.3 million pounds,
representing 21 percent of the net decrease in off-site transfers.
Decreases of methanol and ammonium sulfate also stemmed primarily from
individual facilities. Eli Lily & Company (Clinton, Indiana), decreased off-site
transfers of methanol by 8.9 million pounds, which was somewhat offset by other
facilities for a total net methanol decrease of 8.1 million pounds. The net decrease
of ammonium sulfate came to 10.7 million pounds, with Ciba-Geigy Corporation
(Queensbury, New York) cutting its transfers by 11.2 million pounds.
260
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Sulfuric Acid
Methanol
Zinc Compounds
Toluene
Xylene
Acetone
Zinc (Fume or Dust)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Copper
1.1,1-Trichloroethane
Lead
Chromium
Styrene
Nickel
Ammonium Sulfate
Naphthalene
Ammonium Nitrate
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
Millions of Pounds
-10
Figure 9-8. Matched Chemicals with the Greatest Decreases in TRI Off-site Transfers, 1987-1988. Chemicals
shown in descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals.
Facility Name
Racon Inc. (KS)
Allied-Signal (NJ)
CIBA-Oelgy (NY)
Logan Aluminum (KY)
Occidental Chem.(FL)
Du Pont Belle (WV)
Eli Lilly & Co. (IN)
Lukens Steel Co.(PA)
Amerada Hess (MS)
Interesln Corp. (TX)
-60 -40 -20 0
Millions of Pounds
20
40
Figure 9-9. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Off-site Transfers, 1987-1988. Facilities
shown in descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals.
261
-------
Chapter 9
Table 9-4. Change* in TRI Off-site Transfers of Matched Chemical*,* 1987-1988.
CHEMICAL
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURIC ACID
METHANOL
ZINC COMPOUNDS
TOLUENE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
ACETONE
ALUMINUM (FUME OR DUST)
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
NITRIC ACID
MANGANESE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
1 , 1 , 1-TRICHLOROETHANE
DICHLOROMETHANE
BARIUM COMPOUNDS
LEAD
LEAD COMPOUNDS
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
CHROMIUM
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
STYRENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS**
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
COPPER COMPOUNDS
NICKEL
GLYCOL ETHERS
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
AMMONIA
CHLOROBENZENE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
PHENOL
FREON 113
CHLORINE
ACETONITRILE
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HEXACHLORO-1 ,3-BUTADIENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
METHYL METHACRYLATE
BENZENE
TEREPHTHALIC ACID
ETHYLBENZENE
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
1 ,2-DICHLOROETHANE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
1988 OFF-SITE |
TRANSFERS
tomb [
135,890,901
97,835,352
61,171,353
60,935,059
57,665,218
32,656,083
30,892,765
27,809,220
26,098,667
25,441,535
25,226,946
17,120,757
16,562,320
16,515,081
15,231,555
15,214,859
15,042,051
14,509,656
11,403,607
9,869,637
9,296,071
9,213,890
9,086,784
8,507,153
7,904,143
7,256,159
7,153,407
6,735,308
6,636,600
6,516,277
6,118,850
6,018,269
5,381,379
5,285,157
5,179,480
5,016,561
4,992,532
4,872,609
4,347,585
3,924,757
3,743,112
3,703,951
3,520,640
3,443,311
3,083,399
2,915,985
2,830,844
2,379,866
2,273,291
2,066,803
872,496,795
54,440,731
926,937,526
1987 OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
fond*
106,604,321
164,191,007
1987-1988 CHANGE
toind* |
29,286,580
-66,355,655
69,257,299 -8,085,946
68,662,908 -7,727,849
73,894,224 -16,229,006
67,550,699 -34,894,616
39,029,731
-8,136,966
18,124,402 9,684,818
36,590,131
-10,491,464
40,821,342 -15,379,807
25,404,950 -178,004
18,753,104 -1,632,347
14,552,776 2,009,544
6,766,015 9,749,066
21,826,333
10,512,303
-6,594,778
4,702,556
25,209,738 -10,167,687
17,470,699 -2,961,043
10,925,199 478,408
20,723,650 -10,854,013
12,748,724 -3,452,653
11,667,123 -2,453,233
16,287,648 -7,200,864
10,071,623 -1,564,470
26,519,104 -18,614,961
8,331,475 -1,075,316
1,715,128 5,438,279
7,313,923 -578,615
8,153,887 -1,517,287
3,098,730 3,417,547
5,814,231 304,619
13,174,598 -7,156,329
8,972,918 -3,591,539
7,446,715 -2,161,558
4,762,706 416,774
5,214,287 -197,726
6,667,355 -1,674,823
6,947,504 -2,074,895
5,904,808 -1,557,223
1,762,312 2,162,445
3,540,148 202,964
14,388,585 -10,684,634
1,984,287 1,536,353
7,358,344 -3,915,033
4,353,547 -1,270,148
2,923,083 -7,098
2,098,576 732,268
3,572,754 -1,192,888
2,350,911 -77,620
6,826,181 -4,759,378
1,078,842,046 -206,345,251
103,941,332 -49,500,601
1,182,783,378 -255,845,852
fetoonl
27.47
-40.41
-11.68
-11.25
-21.96
-51.66
-20.85
53.44
-28.67
-37.68
-0.70
-8.70
13.81
144.09
-30.21
44.73
-40.33
-16.95
4.38
-52.38
-27.08
-21.03
-44.21
-15.53
-70.19
-12.91
317.08
-7.91
-18.61
110.29
5.24
-54.32
-40.03
-29.03
8.75
-3.79
-25.12
-29.87
-26.37
122.71
5.73
-74.26
77.43
-53.21
-29.18
-0.24
34.89
-33.39
-3.30
-69.72
-19.13
-2.50
-21.63
'Chemicals with the largest matched off-site transfers for 1988.
"Corrections to the data subtract 4,440,000 pounds from 1988 off-site transfers (see Box 3-C).
262
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Table 9-5. TRI Facilities with the Largest Changes in Matched Off-site Transfers.
SK FACILITY NAMB
CODE
CTTY, COUNTY.
STATE
1987OFF-SITE TRANS-
FERS
Pound. Percent*
l9*80FF-SrTE TRANS-
FERS
Pounds Percent*
MAJOR CHEMICAL CHANGE
Name |
Pound*
Top Flv« Facilities Reporting Decreases
28 Inleresin Corp. Houston, Harris, TX
29 Amerada Hess Corp. Purvis, Lamar, MS
33 Lukcns Steel Co. Coatesville, Erie, PA
28 Eli Lilly A Co. Clinton, \fermillion,
IN
28 Ciba-Geigy Corp. Queensbury, Warren,
NY
Top Five facilities Reporting Incre
BSCf
28 Racon Inc. Wichita, Sedwick, KS
33 Logan Aluminum Russellville, Logan,
KY
28 Occidental Chemical Corp Deer Park, Harris, TX
28 Allied-Signal Inc. Elizabeth, Union, NJ
28 Du Pont Belle Plant Belle, Kanawha, WV
34,299,619 100.00
35,250,000 98.17
13,148,204 99.04
10,402,000 65.27
26,737,850 80.76
30,572,619 99.46
190,250 29.66
2,588,000 69.39
19,400,000 99.54
439,930 16.10
391 17.19
511,000 42.84
554,060 82.02
660,700 15.22
17,345,100 85.71
51,117,901 99.81
16,199,865 98.73
11,923,680 94.52
28,200,000 99.68
7,380,110 81.10
Naphthalene
Xylene (mixed iaomers)
Sulfuric acid
Zinc (Fume or Dust)
Manganese
Methanol
Ammonium sulfate
Hydrochloric acid
Antimony compounds
Aluminum (Fume or dust)
Manganese
Hydrochloric acid
Hexachloro-l,3-bul*diene
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen fluoride
Ethylene glycol
•18,099,731
-18,099,902
-34,760,000
-8,139,800
-2,080,000
-8,900,000
-11,233,100
20,677,700
18,049
14,658,369
1,320,263
6,443,750
1,612,050
8,300,000
8,300,000
7,093,520
•Percent that off-site transfers comprises of the facility's total releases and transfers.
Off-site transfers of four chemicals, hydrochloric acid, ethylene glycol, aluminum Off-site transfers of
(fume or dust), and PCBs, increased by greater than five million pounds; six hydrochloric acid in-
more increased by one to five million pounds. Hydrochloric acid transfers rose creased by 29.3 mil-
from 106.6 to 13S.9 million pounds (28 percent), a larger increase than for any lion pounds in 1988.
other chemical, and enough to boost it from the second-ranked component of
off-site transfers in 1987 to the top-ranked in 1988. Three facilities were behind
the increase: Racon Incorporated (Wichita, Kansas), Occidental Chemical Cor-
poration (Deer Park, Texas), and Allied-Signal Incorporated (Elizabeth, New
Jersey) increased off-site transfers of hydrochloric acid by 20.7, 6.4 and 8.3
million pounds, respectively. (See Figure 9-10 and Table 9-4.)
Ethylene glycol and aluminum (fume or dust) both increased by approximately
ten million pounds. Logan Aluminum (Russellville, Kentucky) increased off-site
transfers of aluminum from nothing in 1987 to 14.7 million pounds in 1988, but
decreases by several other facilities reduced the net increase to 9.7 million pounds.
Du Pont Belle Plant (Belle, West Virginia) increased off-site transfers of ethylene
glycol by 7.1 million pounds in 1988, generating much of the 9.8-million-pound
increase for this chemical.
(1) Corrections made to the TRI database after the data for this report were compiled eliminates this
large apparent increase (see Box 3-Q.
265
-------
Chapter 9
Hydrochloric Acid
Aluminum (Fume/Dust)
Asbestos (Friable)
Ethylene Glycol
Manganese Compounds
•PCBs
Phthalic Anhydride
Chlorine
Hexachloro-butadiene
P-xylene
i= 1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Millions of Pounds
1986 D«U correction tubtnot 4.4M Ib*. (••• Box 3-C).
30
Figure 9-10. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Increases in Matched Off-site Transfers. 1987-1988.
Chemicals shown in descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals.
Organics
Acids/Bases/Salts
Metals
Halo-organics
Non-metals
-160 -140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40
Millions of Pounds
-20
20
Figure 9-11. Changes in TRI Matched Off-site Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987-1988. Classes shown in
descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals.
264
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Chemical Classes
Acids/bases/salts, metals and metallic compounds, and organics each accounted Off-*ite transfer* of
for about one fourth to one third of matched off-site transfers. Decreases in off-site organics decreased
transfers, which occurred for each of these chemical classes, however, were not by 1/3 (134.7 million
equally distributed. The largest decrease occurred for organics, which declined pounds), more than
30 percent from 445.8 million pounds in 1987 to 311.0 million pounds in 1988, the decreases of any
for a decrease of 134.7 million pounds. Toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, other class.
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane were among the chemicals constituting the decrease.
(See Figure 9-11 and Table 9-A, at end of Chapter.)
Acids/bases/salts dropped 18 percent, from 340.6 to 279.1 million pounds.
Sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate (solution), and ammonium nitrate decreased the
most, by a total of 88.4 million pounds. The greatest offsetting increase in off-site
transfers was for hydrochloric acid, which increased by 29.3 million pounds.
Off-site transfers of metals and metallic compounds decreased by 16 percent, or
43.0 million pounds. However, the 50.0-million-pound decrease of metals,
including zinc compounds, zinc (fume or dust), copper, lead, chromium, and
nickel was partially balanced by a 14.4-million-pound increase of others, among
them aluminum (fume or dust) and manganese compounds.
Non-metallic inorganics, which accounted for only three percent of matched Off-site transfers of
off-site transfers in 1988, went from 21.9 to 26.S million pounds (a 21-percent non-metallic inor-
increase). Increases of asbestos (friable) and chlorine produced most of the net ganics increased.
increase (4.2 million pounds).
Carcinogens
Carcinogens accounted for seven percent of matched total releases and transfers
(Chapter 7), but accounted for a greater proportion of off-site transfers. In 1987,
off-site transfers of carcinogens were 145.4 million pounds or 12 percent of total
off-site transfers. In 1988, off-site transfers of carcinogens dropped 51.3 million
pounds, or 35 percent, to 94.1 million pounds and accounted for only ten percent
of total off-site transfers. (See Figure 9-12 and Table 9-6.)
Of the 64 carcinogens transferred off-site in either 1987 or 1988, off-site transfers
of 40 decreased in 1988; seven decreased by 1.0 million pounds or more. Off-site
transfers of styrene decreased the most, from 26.5 to 7.9 million pounds (70
percent). As noted previously, Interesin Corporation decreased its off-site trans-
Off-site transfers of
carcinogens dropped
. . . styrene and lead
decreased the most
265
-------
Chapter 9
Asbestos (Friable)
Dlchloromethane
Lead
Chromium
Styrene
PCBs-
Nickel
Tetrachloroethylene
1,2-Dichloroethane
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Millions of Pounds
1988 Data correction subtract 4.4M lb». (see Box 3-C).
10
Figure 9-12. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched Off-site Transfers, 1987-1988.
Carcinogens shown in descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer total.
fers of styrene by 18.1 million pounds. Off-site transfers of lead decreased by the
next greatest amount—10.8 million pounds, or 52 percent.
. . . while friable as-
bestos increased.
Off-site transfers of one top-ranked carcinogen, friable asbestos, increased due
to expanded transfers by the Nuturn Corporation (Smithville, Tennessee). Off-site
transfers of 20 other carcinogens increased in 1988, but by amounts of 300,000
pounds or less.
Geographical Distribution
In keeping with the large net decrease in off-site transfers, facilities in 37 states
reported smaller off-site transfers in 1988 than in 1987. Only 14 reported changes
(either increases or decreases) of greater than one million pounds. Increases or
decreases in off-site transfers by one or two facilities played major roles in many
states.
(2) Corrections to the TRI database after analyses for this report had been prepared reduced the
amount of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by 4.4 million pounds, eliminating the apparent increase.
(See Box 3-C.)
266
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
The greatest decrease in off-site transfers occurred in Texas, the top-ranked state Off-site transfers in
for off-site transfers in 1987, when off-site transfers totaled 147.6 million pounds. Texas decreased by
In 1988, off-site transfers in Texas were 80.5 million pounds, a decrease of 67.1 67.1 million pounds
million pounds or 45 percent, and Texas was the third ranked state for off-site (45%).
transfers. Decreases in off-site transfers by Interesin Corporation (Houston),
alone, totaled 54.3 million pounds, but were offset by an increase of 9.3 million
pounds reported by Occidental Chemical Corporation (Deer Park). (See Figure
9-13 and Table 9-B, at end of Chapter.)
The second largest decrease in off-site transfers occurred in Mississippi and is Off-site transfers in
almost solely attributable to decreases in off-site transfers by Amerada Hess Mississippi decreased
Corporation (Purvis, Mississippi). Total off-site transfers in Mississippi were by 39.6 million
45.1 million pounds in 1987 and 5.5 million pounds in 1988, a decrease of 39.7 pounds (88%).
million pounds (88 percent). As a result, Mississippi dropped from the tenth to
the 27th ranked state for off-site transfers totals. Amerada Hess Corporation,
alone, decreased off-site transfers by 34.7 million pounds.
Table 9-6. Changes in Matched Off-Site Transfers of TRI Carcinogens,* 1987-1988.
I CHEMICAL
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
DICHLOROMETHANE
LEAD
CHROMIUM
STYRENE
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
NICKEL
ACETONITRILE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
BENZENE
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
FORMALDEHYDE
CHLOROFORM
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
ACRYLONTTRILE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
VINYL CHLORIDE
DIAMINOTOLUENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
1,3-BUTADIENE
4,4'-METHYENEDIANILINE
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE
1,4-DIOXANE
NrTRILOTRIACETIC ACID
TOLUENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE
BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL ALL OTHER CARCINOGENS
CARCINOGEN TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL
TRANSFERS
1987 OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Founli
16,562,320
14,509,656
9,869,637
9,086,784
7,904,143
7,153,407
6,018,269
3,743,112
3,443,311
2,915,985
2,066,803
1,915,225
1,826,170
1,237,047
1,167,556
979,218
964,719
662,587
590,122
346,958
233,263
224,205
200,411
190,753
164,510
146,500
94,122,671
949,738
95,072,409
926,937,526
14,552,776
17,470,699
20,723,650
16,287,648
26,519,104
1,715,128
13,174,598
3,540,148
7,358,344
2,923,083
6,826,181
1,976,830
2,520,358
2,126,218
1,888,843
788,107
656,847
798,692
1,477,475
214,052
202,101
6,309
547,487
170,443
744,855
186,592
145,396,568
1,555,640
146,952,208
1,182,783,378
1987-1988 CHANGE
Pound.
Percent
2,009,544
-2,961,043
-10,854,013
-7,200,864
-18,614,961
5,438,279
-7,156,329
202,964
-3,915,033
-7,098
-4,759,378
-61,605
-694,188
-889,171
-721,287
191,111
307,872
-136,105
-887,353
132,906
31,162
217,896
-347,076
20,310
-580,345
-40,092
-51,273,897
-605,902
-51,879,799
•255,845,852
13.81
-16.95
-52.38
-44.21
-70.19
317.08
-54.32
5.73
-53.21
-0.24
-69.72
-3.12
-27.54
-41.82
-38.19
24.25
46.87
-17.04
-60.06
62.09
15.42
3,453.73
-63.39
11.92
-77.91
-21.49
-35.26
-38.95
-35.30
-21.63
' Carcinogens with the largest matched off-site transfers for 1988.
267
-------
Chapter 9
Ohio
Michigan
T«XM
Pennsylvania
New J«rt»y
New York
Illinois
Indians
California
Massachusetts
Wisconsin
Louisiana
North Carolina
Connecticut
South Carolina
Virginia
Missouri
Arksnsss
Mississippi
Minnesota
Iowa
Maryland
New Hampshire
Utsh
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
Millions of Pounds
-10
Figure 9-13. States with the Greatest Decreases in TRI Matched Off-Site Transfers, 1987-1988. States
shown in descending order according to 1988 total off-site transfers.
Kansas
Kentucky
Georgia
West Virginia
Oklahoma
Colorado
Nebraska
10
Millions of Pounds
15
20
Figure 9-14. States with the Greatest Increases in TRI Matched Off-Site Transfers, 1987-1988. States
shown in descending order according to 1988 total off-site transfers.
268
-------
Changes in TR1 Transfers
Facilities in Kansas reported the greatest increase in off-site transfers, from 36.4 Kansas facilities
to 53.5 million pounds (17.1 million pounds). As a result, Kansas shifted from reported the greatest
being the llth ranked state for off-site transfers in 1987 to being the sixth ranked increase in off-site
in 1988. A single facility in Wichita, Kansas, Racon Incorporation, increased transfers-17.1 mil-
off-site transfers by 20.5 million pounds. (See Figure 9-14 and Table 9-B, at end lion pounds.
of Chapter.)
Facilities in Kentucky reported the next greatest increase in off-site transfers. In
1987, off-site transfers in Kentucky were 34.8 million pounds and in 1988 they
were 42.6 million pounds, an increase of 7.8 million pounds, or 22 percent.
Logan Aluminum in Russellville, Kentucky increased off-site transfers by 16.0
million pounds.
Industrial Distribution
Facilities in all industries except the Tobacco, Miscellaneous Manufacturing and Facilities in the
Stone/Clay/Glass industries, reported decreases in off-site transfers from 1987 Chemical industry
to 1988. The greatest change occurred in the Chemical industry, which accounted decreased off-site
for 42 percent (494.2 million pounds) and 44 percent (411.5 million pounds) of transfers by 82.6 mil-
all off-site transfers in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Facilities in this category lion pounds (17%).
reported an 82.6-million-pound (17-percent) decrease in off-site transfers. (See
Figure 9-15 and Table 9-C, at end of Chapter.)
Chemicals (28)
Primary Metals (33)
Fab. Metals (34)
Transportation (37)
Electrical (36)
Paper Products (26)
Plastics (30)
Machinery (35)
Stone/Clay (32)
Measure. /Photo.(38)
Petroleum (29)
Miscellaneous (39)
Printing (27)
Furniture (25)
Lumber (24)
Textile (22)
Food (20)
Leather (31)
Tobacco (21)
Apparel (23)
Multiple Codes 20-39
No Codes 20-39
: ; ; ^••••^
! : i BMele^s^
i : : elsle^ele^e^
! : : •^•^•••l
i '\ \ i I
i i ! i •
i ; ; •
\\l\l
I
• "^^^"""""4
•
\\l\l
! ; ; ; I
! i ! ! '
: ^H
i i i i I
I
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
Millions of Pounds
Figure 9-15. Changes in TRI Matched Off-site Transfer* by Industry. 1987-1988. Industries shown in
descending order according to 1988 off-site transfer totals.
269
-------
Chapter 9
Petroleum Refining
facilities decreased
their off-site trans-
fers by 86% (51.0
million pounds).
The next greatest decrease in off-site transfers was reported by facilities in
Petroleum Refining, which dropped from 59.4 to 8.4 million pounds in 1988, a
decrease of 51.0 million pounds, or 86 percent. However, this decrease had
minimal effect on total off-site transfers in either year since facilities in this
industry accounted for only five percent of off-site transfers in 1987 and less than
one percent in 1988. Amerada Hess Corporation, a Petroleum Refining facility
located in Purvis, Mississippi, was responsible for a large part of the decrease
since it alone reduced off-site transfers by 34.7 million pounds.
Table 9-A. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers by Chemical Class,
CHEMICAL CLASS
Acids/ Bases/Salts
Halo-organics
Metals and Metal
Compounds
Non-metallic
Inorganics
Organics (non-
halogenated)
Mixtures
Trade Secrets
TOTAL
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC
SEWGE 1988
Pound.
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
1987
Pound.
297,889,604 352,367,295
6,142,441
6,691,529
5,348,425
CHANGE IN TRANSFERS
TO PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pound* 1 Percent
-54,477,691 -15.46
794,016 14.85
7,188,890 -497,361 -6.92
23,633,612 33,967,446 -10,333,834 -30.42
176,935,956 171,508,423 5,427,533 3.16
000
26,911
33,287 -6,376 -19.15
511,320,053 570,413,766 -59,093,713 -10.36
1987-1988.
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
1988
Pound.
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
1987
Pound!
CHANGE IN OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Poundi 1 Percent
279,125,491 340,555,342 -61,429,851 -18.04
74,725,303
96,131,072
-21,405,769 -22.27
234,833,521 277,801,057 -42,967,536 -15.47
26,538,529
21,871,862 4,666,667 21.34
311,017,715 445,755,953
605,411
-134,738,238 -30.23
587,206 18,205 3.10
91,556 80,886 10,670 13.19
926,937,526 1,182,783,378 -255,845,852 -21.63
270
-------
Changes in TRI Transfers
Table 9-B. Change* in TRI Matched Transfer* by State,
STATE*
Alabama
Alaska
nSFERSTO
JBLIC
IVWiGE
SL
1,083,489
1000
American Samoa 0
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
4,161,992
616,528
45,453,249
1,666,900
2,217,184
2,177,232
7,373,041
6,513,223
832,250
432,255
56,719,939
11,310,790
5,659,519
2,486,815
1,989,230
90,938
1,821,106
3,860,870
15,311,483
14,259,042
5,683,537
1,292,005
77,254,008
1,312
692,159
8,305
252,645
49,500,687
19,856
23,210,438
5,821,437
27,579
17,712,787
386,546
6,856,554
14,251,742
5,593,901
821,855
1,838,168
123,632
23,597,614
38,064,896
625,046
53,295
0
37,430,519
531,962
2,983,202
10,646,291
0
TRANSFERSTO
PUBLIC
SEWAGE
1987
Pound.
1,010,243
1987-1988
CHAN GEM TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pound! ] Percent
73,246
7.25
0 1,000
0 0 -
5,663,619 -1,501,627
535,108 81,420
48,296,991
-2,843,742
1,319,445 347,455
2,187,668 29,516
2,367,877 -190,645
15,323,557 -7,950,516
9,267,534 -2,754,311
927,250 -95,000
261,394 170,861
67,105,192 -10,385,253
11,950,535 -639,745
5,454,348 205,171
4,245,976 -1,759,161
1,864,696 124,534
429,988 -339,050
902,588 918,518
6,196,346 -2,335,476
12,229,147 3,082,336
14,769,209 -510,167
6,194,653 -511,116
5,725,948 -4,433,943
70,315,618 6,938,390
1,087 225
650,026 42,133
8,429 -124
231,054 21,591
49,168,244 332,443
30,943 -11,087
23,983,079 -772,641
5,186,882 634,555
38,226 -10,647
18,185,710 -472,923
470,701
-84,155
8,565,442 -1,708,888
12,462,289 1,789,453
5,549,795 44,106
1,198,283 -376,428
1,957,881
147,151
-119,713
-23,519
32,641,744 -9,044; 130
53,070,709 -15,005,813
451,424 173,622
85,629 -32,334
-26.51
OFF-srrE
TRANSFERS
1988
Pound.
11,356,915
1,750
0
1,189,799
OFF-srrE
TRANSFERS
1987
Pound.
CHANGES IN OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Pound. 1 Percent
11,722,997 -366,082
14,389
-12,639
-3.12
-87.84
0 0 -
1,679,020 -489,221
15.22 7,181,720 13,510,094 -6,328,374
-5.89
26.33
1.35
-8.05
27,198,903
4,900,861
13,946,576
2,330,109
46,475,649
2,724,895
17,565,043
2,958,271
-19,276,746
2,175,966
-3,618,467
-628,162
-51.88 12,234,660 12,640,467 -405,807
-29.72 19,524,146
-10.25
16,667,377 2,856,769
11,000 6,000 5,000
65.37 97,736
-15.48 45,481,263
161,663
-63,927
48,889,810 -3,408,547
-5.35 32,116,342 60,913,431
3.76 4,134,321
-41.43
53,474,878
6.68 42,562,418
-78.85
-28,797,089
5,803,554 -1,669,233
36,374,222 17,100,656
34,777,260 7,785,158
17,299,990 22,170,791
-4,870,801
101.76 1,018,834 1,485,740 -466,906
-37.69 4,091,791
25.20 22,511,082
-3.45
-8.25
5,365,710 -1,273,919
24,364,762 -1,853,680
89,936,270 110,129,552 -20,193,282
5,052,757 6,549,250 -1,496,493
-77.44 5,469,867 45,118,304 -39,648,437
9.87 11,684,121
14,499,777 -2,815,656
20.70 41,730 131,824 -90,094
6.48 3,651,400 2,272,975
1,378,425
-1.47 148,544 85,060 63,484
9.34 1,566,148
3,280,680 -1,714,532
0.68 66,588,338 70,092,071
-3,503,733
-35.83 138,260 524,405 -386,145
-3.22 46,200,016 56,454,675 -10,254,659
12.23
15,451,936
-27.85 51,499
16,583,056 -1,131,120
35,543
15,956
-2.60 104,496,228 139,368,249 -34,872,021
-17.88 10,940,123
9,778,024 1,162,099
-19.95 2,493,474 2,317,977 175,497
14.36 68,726,478
0.79 4.529.479
-31.41
-6.11
-15.98
-27.71
3,792,455
12,964,946
89,203,160 -20,476,682
4,069,162 460,317
3,947,636 -155,181
14,302,484 -1,337,538
414,654 246,612 168,042
17.309,490 18.186,538 -877,048
-28.28 80,537,540 147,609,472 -67,071,932
38.46 1,196,435
-37.76 533,611
0 0 -
44,763,389 -7,332,870
375,552 156,410
2,983,026 176
13,662,141
-3,015,850
3,061,460 -1,865,025
624,520 -90,909
-29.14
-46.84
-41.48
79.86
-20.60
-21.23
-3.21
17.14
83.33
-39.54
-6.97
-47.28
-28.76
47.01
22.39
-21.97
-31.43
-23.74
-7.61
-18.34
-22.85
-87.88
-19.42
-68.34
60.64
74.63
-52.26
-5.00
-73.63
-18.16
-6.82
44.89
-25.02
11.88
7.57
-22.96
11.31
-3.93
-9.35
68.14
-4.82
-45.44
-60.92
-14.56
0 0 0 —
-16.38 12,577,979 16,074,578 -3,496,599
41.65 3.922.427 4.212.643 -290.216
0.01
13,233,787 11,639,688 1.594,099
-22.07 20,580,055
00
42,385
26,088,803
24,055
-5,508,748
18,330
-21.75
-6.89
13.70
-21.12
76.20
TOTAL
511,320,053 570,413,766 -59,093,713 -10.36 926,937,526 1,182,783,378 -255,845,852 21.63
* The District of Columbia is not included because it had no matched facilities.
277
-------
Chapter 9
Table 9-C. Changes in TRI Matched Transfers by Industry, 1987-1988.
1 SKj INDUSTRY
CODS
1 1
1 1
20 Food Product!
21 Tobacco Manufacturera
22 Textile Mill Producta
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Product!
25 Furniture and Fixture!
26 Paper Producta
27 Printing, Publiahing
28 Chemical Product!
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber and Plastic Product!
31 Leather Product!
32 Stone, Clay, Gl.s. Producta
33 Primary Metato
34 Fabricated Metal.
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric and Electronic
Equip.
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring, Photographic
Gooda
39 Miac. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20-39
No SIC code, in 20-39
TOTAL
TRANSFERS TO
PUBUC SEWAGE
1988
Pound!
30,138,523
769,320
7,998,550
206,316
907,039
255,311
38,014,160
3,421,325
313,941,742
9,892,976
4,354,340
19,220,324
1,016,163
7,867,634
14,358,266
2,204,076
14,591,979
6,301,741
4,994,960
235,476
27,761,072
2,868,760
511,320,053
TRANSFERS
TO PUBUC
SEWAGE 1987
Pounoi
32,705,067
976,328
10,028,023
81,129
132,068
446,449
44,365,990
2,442,952
332,682,047
14,255,078
8,133,262
22,931,930
1,238,234
10,601,157
23,241,927
CHANGE TO PUBUC
SEWAGE
Pound! 1 Percent
-2,566,544 -7.85
-207,008 -21.20
-2,029,473 -20.24
125,187 154.31
774,971 586.80
-191,138 -42.81
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
1988
Pound!
2,359,528
305,482
3,165,753
114,765
3,225,571
3,670,106
-6,351,830 -14.32 26,808,122
978,373 40.05 4,988,448
-18,740,305 -5.63
411,538,178
-4,362,102 -30.60 8,424,406
-3,778,922 -46.46
-3,711,606 -16.19
-222,071 -17.93
-2,733,523 -25.79
-8,883.661 -38.22
2,268,724 -64,648 -2.85
18,671,653
6,667,145
5,671,385
-4,079,674 -21.85
-365,404 -5.48
-676,425 -11.93
20,570,605
1,789,799
12,346,557
211,672,458
48,677,409
13,300,851
35,592,595
37,295,154
11,221,739
859,374 -623,898 -72.60 6,894,705
30,118,766 -2,357,694 -7.83 60,649,179
1,895,078 973,682 51.38 2,326,116
570,413,766 -59,093,713 -10.36 926,937,526
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
1987
Pound!
3,272,077
196,396
4,639,739
133,173
3,344,699
5,838,844
29,531,178
5,053,518
494,177,182
59,431,621
23,313,328
2,938,947
11,415,857
232,133,100
71,509,102
18,385,257
64,535,157
60,371 ,536
12,872,620
5,964,875
70,207,773
3,517,399
1,182,783,378
CHANGE W OFF-Srre
TRANSFERS
Pound! 1 Percent
-912,549 -27.89
109,086 55.54
-1,473,986 -31.77
-18,408 -13.82
-119,128 -3.56
-2,168,738 -37.14
-2,723,056 -9.22
-65,070 -1.29
-82,639,004 -16.72
-51,007,215 -85.83
-2,742,723 -11.76
-1,149,148 -39.10
930,700 8.15
-20,460,642 -8.81
-22,831,693 -31.93
-5,084,406 -27.65
-28,942,562 -44.85
-23,076,382 -38.22
-1,650,881 -12.82
929,830 15.59
-9,558,594 -13.61
-1,191,283 -33.87
-255,845,852 -21.63
272
-------
Photo: Daniel J. Kasztelan
-------
-------
Summary of Changes in ITU Releases and Transfers
CHAPTER 10. SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN TRI MATCHED DATA TOTALS,
1987-1988: SHIFTS AND CONTINUITIES
The previous two chapters detailed the changes in each separate type of TRI
releases and transfers of matched chemicals: air emissions, discharges to surface
water, on-site land disposal, underground injection, transfers to public sewage
treatment plants, and off-site transfers (to waste management facilities other than
public sewage treatment plants). A comprehensive description of the nation's TRI
totals requires going beyond the separate statistics on net changes, however, to
place the changes in context by examining all types of releases and transfers
together. Has toxic pollution decreased overall or has it in some cases shifted
from one form to another? For example, were the increased amounts of
carcinogens disposed of on land and through underground injection offset by
decreases elsewhere, say, in air emissions?
This chapter combines information on the net decreases and increases reported
in the previous sections to examine whether the addition of thousands of small
increases and decreases from manufacturing facilities around the nation represents
a continuous pattern of decreased releases, or whether the overall statistics mask
shifts among the types of releases.
FACILITIES
As noted repeatedly throughout this report, individual facilities play a significant,
often dominant, role in formulating the overall distribution, as well as the specific
increases and decreases, of TRI releases and transfers. The facilities with the
greatest decreases and increases crop up again and again as major contributors
to the changes described herein. However, the particular facilities that are
prominent vary according to the type of release.
Overall, most large changes at individual facilities were changes of a single
chemical being discharged through a single route. For example, the 146.3-mil-
lion-pound decrease reported by Kennecott Utah Copper in Bingham Canyon,
Utah (a 92-percent drop from their 1987 levels), arose chiefly from a 125.9-mil-
lion pound decrease in the amount of on-site land disposal of copper. (See Box
7-A for an explanation of Kennecott's reduction.) Similarly, 96 percent of the
71.3-million-pound overall decrease reported by the Royster Company (Mulberry,
Florida) was a reduction in on-site land disposal, consisting of phosphoric acid
(66.0 million pounds) and ammonia (2.6 million pounds). Interesin Corp.
(Geismar, Texas) reported a 54.3-million-pound decrease (approximately 100
percent), which was made up of decreases in off-site transfers of naphthalene
Large change* at in-
dividual facilities
generally consisted
of increases or
decreases of only
one type of release
or transfer and of 1
or 2 chemicals.
275
-------
Chapter 10
(18.1 million pounds), styrene (18.1 million pounds), and xylene (mixed isomers)
(18.1 million pounds). An Occidental Chemical Corp. facility (White Springs,
Florida) reported a 41.9-million-pound cut (45 percent) in on-site land disposal
of phosphoric acid. (See Figure 10-1 and Table 10-1.)
Likewise, the facilities that reported the largest total increases generally had large
changes of a single chemical through one form of release. Amax Magnesium
(Tooele, Utah) generated a 32.8-million-pound increase (43 percent), 32.0 million
pounds of which consisted of air emissions of chlorine. Inland Steel (East
Chicago, Indiana) reported a 29.8-million-pound increase (95 percent) associated
with a 37.9-million-pound increase in on-site land disposal, 32.0 million pounds
of which consisted of manganese compounds. The increase was, however,
partially offset by a 6.2-million-pound decrease in underground injection of
hydrochloric acid. Vulcan Chemical Corp. (Wichita, Kansas) produced a 24.7-
million-pound increase (37 percent) in their releases and transfers which was
attributable to a 23.7-million-pound increase in hydrochloric acid releases via
underground injection. Lastly, Du Pont Beaumont Works (Beaumont, Texas)
reported a 21.3-million-pound increase (25 percent) which was due to a 21.0-
million-pound increase in underground injection of ammonium sulfate.
Table 10-1. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988.
SIC I FACttJTY NAME
33 Kennccoll Utth Copper
28 Royaler Co.
28 Monsanto Co.(a)
28 Interesin Corp.
28 Occidental Chemical Corp.
28 Courtaulds Fibers Inc.(b)
28 American Cyanamid Co.
29 Amerada Heaa Corp.
Mult Shell OU Co.
28 Rexene Producti Co.
33 Midwest Steel Corp.
28 Monsanto Co.
28 Chevron Chemical Co.
33 Logan Aluminum
28 Racon Inc.
28 Du Pont Beaumont Works(c)
28 Vulcan Chemical*
Mult Inland Steel Co.
26 ITT Rayonier Inc.(d)
33 Amax Magnesium
CITY, COUNTY, STATE
Bingham Canyon.Salt Lake, UT
MulberryPolk, PL
Alvin, Brazoria, TX
Geismar, Ascension, TX
White Sprints, Hamilton, FL
Axis, Mobile, AL
Westwego, Jefferson, LA
Purvis, Lamar, MS
Norco, St. Charles, LA
Odessa, Ector, TX
Portage, Porter, IN
Cantonment, Escambia, FL
Rock Springs, Sweetwater, WY
Russellville, Logan, KY
Wichita, Sedgwick, KS
Beaumont, Jefferson, TX
Wichita, Sedgwick, KS
East Chicago, Lake, IN
Fernandina Beach, Nassau, FL
Tooele, Tooele, UT
CHANGE IN AIR
Pound*
174,450
-2,560,000
14,280
1,363
-88,229
-41,861,150
-214,902
25,750
-634,960
-25,836,796
-861,208
318,590
254,610
-279,098
-59,860
25,664
-111,380
-842,950
-5,675,00
32,789,960
Percent
58.54
-79.18
3.10
CHANGE IN SURFACE
WATEF
Pound*
37,650
-153,000
NR
262.12 NR
-7.17 189,950
-98.98
21.55
4.21
-23.05
-90.99
7,920
113,000
0
26,000
NR
75.87 -120,780
31.81
1,370
306.79 NR
62.26 -1,200
37.93 NR
1.84
-8.34
-84,003
NR
-23.70 -1,076,400
-96.04 37,816,100
42.61
NR
I
Percent
273.82
-78.46
NR
NR
1,890.05
11.10
37.56
0.00
40.09
NR
-94.30
137.00
NR
-82.76
NR
-37.81
NR
-47.23
233.50
NR
CHANGE IN LAND J
Bound.
•146,529,000
-68,600,000
-25,800
NR
-42,000,000
-41,420
500
-1,400
29,150
-7,750
1,360,715
NR
15,009,943
967
NR
2,373
NR
37,907,900
-750
-32,270
Percent 1
-92.53
-100.00
-26.88
NR
-46.15
-5.35
66.67
-50.00
825.78
-77.50
1,862.46
NR
41,171.64
64.47
NR
Ml
NR
312.49
-100.00
-96.47
NR - No release or transfer reported either year.
* Releases reported in 1988 only.
(a) Corrections to data add 90,000,000 pounds to 1988 underground injection (see Box 3-C)
(b) Corrections to data add 42,900,000 pounds to 1988 air emissions (see Box 3-C)
(c) Corrections to data add 10,000,000 pounds to 1988 underground injection (see Box 3-C)
(d) Corrections to data subtract 48,600,000 pounds from 1988 surface water discharges (see Box 3-C)
275
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
Facility Name
Du Pont (TX)(a)
AMAX Magnailum (UT)
Monsanto Co. (TXMb)
Vulcan Chemicala(KS)
Inland Staal (IN)
ITT Rayonier (FL)(c)
Occidental Chem.(FL)
Kennecott Copper(UT)
Royater Co. (FL)
Interesin Corp. (TX)
-150 -100 -60 0
Millions of Pounds
1988 Data Correction*: (a) add 10M Ib*. (b) add 90M Iba. (c) aubtract 4B.6M Iba.
Figure 10-1. TRI Facilities with the Greatest Changes in TRI Total Releases and Transfers of Matched
Chemicals, 1987-1988. Facilities shown in descending order according to totals for 1988.
Table 10-1, continued.
SIC 1 FACItTTYNAME
CODE!
33 Kennecott Utah Copper
28 Royster Co.
28 Monsanto Co.(a)
28 Inlcrcsin Corp.
28 Occidental Chemical Corp.
28 Couruulds Fibers Inc.(b)
28 American Cyanamid Co.
29 Amerada Heas Corp.
Mult Shell Oil Company
28 Rexene Product! Co.
33 Midwest Steel Corp.
28 Monsanto Co.
28 Chevron Chemical Co.
33 Logan Aluminum
28 Racon Inc.
28 Du Pont Beaumont Worka(c)
28 Vulcan Chemical.
Mult Inland Steel Co.
26 ITT Rayonier lnc.(d)
33 Amax Magnesium
CHANGE IN UNDER-
GROUND
Pound« Percent
CHANCE tN PUBLIC
SEWAGE
Pound! Percent
NR
NR
-70,197,700
NR
NR
NR
-36,916,000
NR
-33,949,700
1,691,100
11,094,390
12,080,862
NR
NR
NR
21,645,390
24,775,150
-6,160,250
NR
NR
NR
NR
-40.58
NR
NR
NR
-17.41
NR
17.84
884.93
69.41
53.94
NR
NR
NR
26.43
37.57
-51.33
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
-156,200
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
-86.30
NR
NR
CHANCE IN opF-srre
TRANSFERS
Pound! Percent
NR
NR
-52,050
-54,299,228
NR
-10
-30,850
-34,739,000
27,500
1,300
560,911
-18,582
NR
16,009,615
20,545,282
-257,327
41,137
171,650
0
NR
NR
NR
-100.00
100.00
NR
-100.00
-57.61
•98.55
NR
96.30
4250.29
-3.98
NR
8415.04
67.20
-26.06
2509.88
13.01
0.00
NR
CHANGE IN RELEASES
ANDTRANSFERS
Pound* Percent
-146,316,900
-71,313,000
-70,261,270
-54,297,865
-41,898,279
-41,894,660
-37,048,252
-34,714,650
-34,502,010
-24,152,146
12,034,028
12,382,240
15,264,553
15,730,284
20,485,422
21,332,097
24,704,907
29,843,750
32,140,350
32,757,690
-92.21
-99.01
40.47
-100.00
-45.42
-97.11
-17.36
-96.68
-17.86
-84.45
69.43
51.88
12,779.14
2,452.30
66.66
25.24
36.72
94.84
145,39
42.55
277
-------
Chapter 10
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
Decreases in
matched chemical
totals did not sig-
nificantly change the
environmental
distribution.
Matched land dis-
posal decreased the
most, dropping by
29%, while under-
ground injection
decreased the least,
dropping by 7%.
The environmental distribution of matched chemicals shifted only slightly from
1987 to 1988. Air emissions increased from 37 percent of the 1987 total to 39
percent of the 1988 total, while underground injection increased from 20 to 21
percent. Land disposal and transfers off-site decreased from ten to eight percent
and from 18 to 17 percent, respectively. Discharges to public sewage plants and
to surface water each remained the same percentage of the total—nine and six
percent, respectively. (See Figure 10-2 and Table 10-2.)
Releases and transfers of matched chemicals decreased across the board from
1987 to 1988. The largest percentage decrease was for on-site land disposal,
which decreased by 29 percent (188.4 million pounds) from 641.0 million pounds
to 4S2.S million pounds. Off-site transfers decreased by 22 percent, dropping
255.8 million pounds (from 1.2 billion to 926.9 million pounds)—a larger
decrease by weight than that for on-site land disposal, but a smaller percentage
because the overall totals are larger.
Transfers to public sewage plants decreased by approximately ten percent (59.1
million pounds) from 570.4 million pounds to 511.3 million pounds; discharges
to surface water decreased by 11 percent, dropping 42.0 million pounds from
385.2 to 343.2 million pounds. Air emissions decreased by eight percent (181.6
Surface Wafer
6%
Surface Wate
e%
Public Sewage
9%
Public Sewage
9%
1988 Total:
5.6 Billion Pounds
1987 Total:
6.4 Billion Pounds
Figure 10-2. Environmental Distribution of Matched TRI Releases and Transfers,
1987-1988.
275
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
Table 10-2. Environmental
Transfers. 1987-1988.
TYPE OF RELEASE OR TRANSFER
Total Air Emissions
Surface Water Discharges
Total On-site Land Disposal
Underground Injection
Transfers To Public Sewage
Off-site Transfers
TotalReleases And Transfers
Distribution of the Changes in TRI Matched Releases
1987 RELEASE OR
TRANSFER
Pound.
1988 RELEASE OR
TRANSFER
PouKta
2,354,197,514 2,172,639,028
385,194,629 343,213,761
640,952,201 452,517,212
1,285,625,670 1,195,388,282
570,413,766 511,320,053
1,182,783,378 926,937,526
6,419,167,158
5,602,015,862
CHANGE
-181,558,486
-41,980,868
-188,434,989
-90,237,388
-59,093,713
-255,845,852
-817,151,296
and
•0011
-7.71
-10.90
-29.40
-7.02
-10.36
-21.63
-12.73
Table 10-3. TRI Forms Reporting Increases and Decreases from 1987-1988.
ITYPI
'E OF RELEASE OR TRANSFER
1988 MATCHED CHEMICAL FORMS REPORTING
TOTAL I DECREASES [ INCREASES I SAME AMOUNT
Number I Peroral I Percent Perm*
Air Emissions
Surface Water Discharges
Land Disposal
Underground Injection
Transfers To Public Sewage
Off-site Transfers
Total Releases And Transfers
39,171
5,909
2,944
552
9,802
19,052
44,350
37.0
32.2
28.4
37.1
29.0
39.5
43.8
41.3
42.4
47.7
51.4
40.8
50.4
43.4
21.7
25.5
23.9
11.4
30.2
10.0
12.8
million pounds) from 2.4 billion pounds to 2.2 billion pounds. And total amounts
of TRI chemicals pumped into underground wells by the same facilities both years
decreased proportionally less than any other release or transfer route, dropping
seven percent (90.2 million pounds) from 1.3 billion pounds to 1.2 billion
pounds.
The proportion of increases and decreases also varied for each type of release or More TRI forms
transfer. While 90 percent of all forms reporting off-site transfers reported reported increases,
changes, 50 percent of them were increases. This was also true for underground but fewer large
injection releases. For the other media, more forms showed increases than showed
decreases. Given the fact that TRI totals as well as each of the media totals
decreased while the number of forms showing increases was greater means that
some large decreases from individual facilities offset the smaller, but more
numerous, increases. (See Table 10-3.)
decreases offset the
increases.
(1) This apparent reduction is offset by corrections made to the 1988 database (see Box 3-C).
279
-------
Chapter 10
None of the facilities
reporting the greatest
increases in total
matched releases and
transfers sent any sig-
nificant amount of
their chemicals to
public sewage.
TRI totals increased
for 106 chemicals,
decreased for 142,
and remained the
same for 5.
Copper, sulfuric acid,
and phosphoric acid
decreased the most.
For facilities that reported large increases or decreases in matched sewage
transfers, these changes translated into similar increases or decreases in their total
matched TRI amounts because sewage tended to represent a high portion of those
amounts. The reverse was not true, however. Many facilities changed their
matched TRI total amounts, without a corresponding change in matched sewage
transfers. Only three of the top 20 matched facilities for total TRI decreases
reported any public sewage transfers. These decreases in reported sewage
transfers were one of 9.4 million pounds (Ciba-Geigy Corporation in Queensbury,
New York), one of 6.5 million pounds (Air Products & Chemicals Inc., in
Pasadena, Illinois), and one of 2.6 million pounds (the Monsanto facility in
Cahokia, Illinois). Similarly, only three of the top 20 total TRI increasers reported
any transfers to public sewage treatment plants, and those were each less than
200,000 pounds.
CHEMICAL DISTRIBUTION
Total releases and transfers of 22 matched chemicals either increased or decreased
by over ten million pounds from 1987 to 1988. The chemicals accounted for 90
percent of the net change in releases and transfers from 1987 to 1988 (738.1 out
of 817.2 million pounds of the net decrease). The chemicals that changed in the
largest amounts from 1987 to 1988 were not all among the top chemicals for
overall TRI totals from all facilities in 1988, but many were. (See Figure 10-3
and Table 10-4.)
Of the 253 chemicals reported both years by the matched facilities (matched
chemicals), total releases and transfers increased from 1987 to 1988 for 106
chemicals, decreased for 142, and remained the same for five. (An additional 21
chemicals reported on in 1987 and/or 1988 were not reported both years by any
matched facilities.) Of the 44,350 matched chemical forms, about the same
number reported increases as reported decreases (over 43 percent) with just 13
percent reporting the same amount of releases and transfers both years. Thus, 87
percent of all forms reported a change in total releases and transfers from 1987
to 1988. (See Table 10-4.)
Copper, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid showed the largest decreases in
"matched" total releases and transfers (those chemicals reported both years by
the matched facilities) with decreases of 133.2 million pounds (83 percent), 102.8
million pounds (22 percent), and 101.8 million pounds (31 percent), respectively.
Fifty-five chemicals decreased by over one million pounds, and 20 chemicals
decreased by over ten million pounds.
The 133.2-million-pound decrease in copper releases and transfers is the result
of a 125.5-million-pound decrease (93 percent) in on-site land releases and a
6.6-million-pound decrease (30 percent) in off-site transfers. This significant
decrease is primarily due to the decrease in copper releases and transfers reported
by one facility, Kennecott Utah Copper, Bingham Canyon, Utah. This decrease—
280
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
Ammonium Sulfate(a)
Sulfurie Acid
Ammonia
Toluene
Phosphoric Acid
Xylene
Zino Compound*
Chlorine
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Manganese Compounds
Carbon Dlsulllde(b)
Copper
-150
-100
-50 0
Millions of Pounds
1988 Data Corrections: (a) 100.0M Ibs. (b) add 42.9M Ibs. (see Box 3-C).
50
100
Figure 10-3. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988.
Chemicals shown in descending order according totals for 1988.
due to a change in the way the facility accounted for its releases—totalled 125.9
million pounds. (See Box 7-A for a discussion of Kennecott's reporting of
copper.)
The 102.8-million-pound decrease seen in releases and transfers of sulfuric acid
was primarily due to a 66.4-million-pound (40 percent) decrease in off-site
transfers and a 31.3-million-pound (40 percent) decrease in transfers to public
sewage treatment plants. One facility that contributed to the decrease in off-site
transfers for this chemical was Amerada Hess, Purvis, Mississippi, which had a
decrease of 34.8 million pounds in off-site transfers of sulfuric acid. In the case
of phosphoric acid, the 101.8-million-pound decrease was attributable to a
decrease of 88.5 million pounds (48 percent) in on-site land releases and a
9.8-million-pound (eight percent) decrease in surface water discharges. The
Royster Company, in Mulberry, Florida, reported a very large decrease in on-site
land disposal of phosphoric acid—66.0 million pounds.
Manganese compounds increased by 50.1 million pounds (94 percent) from 1987 Matched facilities in-
to 1988 at facilities that reported the chemical both years primarily due to a creased their
47.2-million-pound (156 percent) increase in on-site land disposal. Part of this discharges of man-
increase can be attributed to a 32.0-million-pound increase by Inland Steel, East ganese compounds
Chicago, Indiana, in on-site land releases of these compounds. Chlorine, and chlorine by the
aluminum, and ethylene glycol also increased significantly, by 27.3 million largest amounts.
pounds (23 percent), 9.0 million pounds (38 percent), and 7.8 million pounds
281
-------
Chapter 10
Table 10-4. TRI Chemicals with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers. 1987-1988.
CHANGE IN AIR
Pound.
-910,251
224,683
-13,571
-5,844,689
-54,445,366
•33,037,222
-2,532,954
-21,020,141
-983,309
-13,304,375
-1,098
-3,260
-1,815
-1,658
291,688
-250
-1,536,236
-97,912
27,130,047
-388,628
Percent
-41.42
1.47
-0.92
-91.68
-41.29
-12.40
-2.00
-15.46
-19.36
-5.36
-30.67
-9.19
-12.23
-0.31
68.30
-100.00
-11.50
CHANGE IN SURFACE
WATER
Pound*
18,472
-13,253,990
-9,846,523
21,940,418
16,447
-7,342,422
12,489
-7,335
-317,021
-99,894
-36
-9,430
Percent
23.28
-22.93
-7.78
CHANGE IN LAND
Pound*
-125,482,589
3,590,168
-88,546,789
24.69 6,843,312
72.17
39,706
-25.52 -1,761,567
4.59 166,135
-9.79 65,038
-28.04 -20,527,363
-31.12 -930,596
-19.05
-1
-47.44 115,425
-688 -21.82 2,967,299
-783
-52,542
-250
-505,462
-3.16 30,494
25.84
-21.29
-1,323,349
-1,004,815
-43.43 -542
-68.75 2,781,909
-96.15 2,452
-12.98
90,720
56.07 -524,871
-20.88 -758,428
-63.19 47,246,887
Percent
-92.67
40.05
-47.97
95.56
1,140.98
-36.67
24.74
142.94
-20.82
-53.23
-100.00
13.48
8,498.39
-34.81
26,494.37
980.80
13.28
-19.97
-69.87
156.12
CHEMICAL
Copper
Sulfuric >cid
Phosphoric acid
Ammonium .ulfate (a)
Carbon disulfide(b)
Ammonia
Xylene (mixed iiomen)
Methyl ethyl ketone
Zinc compound.
Toluene
Hexachloro- 1,3-butadiene
Asbestos (friable)
Pentachlorophenol
Phthalic anhydride
Terephthalic acid
Porychlorinaled biphenyU (c)
Ethylene glycol
Aluminum (fume or du«t)
Chlorine
Manganese compound.
NR - No releaae or transfer reported either year.
* Release reported in 1988 only.
(a) Correction, to the data add 51.4 million pound, to 1988 release. (MC Box 3-C).
(b) Correction, to the data add 42.9 million pound, to 1988 air emissions (see Box 3-C).
(c) Correction, to the data subtract 4.4 million pound, from 1988 off-site transfers (see Box 3-C).
CHANGE IN UNDER- \
GROUND
Bomb
-19,959
4,318,149
-2,435
-86,139,088
-76,100
2,015,576
-471,774
-25,455
-12,128
-122,078
150
-157,200
11,480
0
0
-250
-1,929,169
250
24,673
-1,690,300
Pawn ]
-56.46
3.23
-4.26
-17.15
-85.03
4.29
-80.44
-33.83
-57.01
-8.07
214.29
-62.38
134.74
NR
NR
-100.00
-40.09
*
29.74
-19.88
A Du Pont plant cut
water discharges of
manganese com-
pounds by over 1 mil-
lion pounds, but
shifted much of the
difference to off-site
transfers.
Metals decreased by
22% . . .
(18 percent), respectively. Releases and transfers of 18 chemicals increased by
more than one million pounds, while two increased by over 10 million pounds.
Some chemicals had increases in total releases and transfers, but decreases in
discharges to surface water. For example, the total matched releases and transfers
of manganese compounds increased from 53.2 to 103.3 million pounds (95
percent), while surface water discharges dropped 1.0 million pounds (63 percent).
The facility reporting the largest decrease in surface water discharges of man-
ganese compounds was the Du Pont Edgemoor facility (Wilmington, Delaware),
which reported a decrease of over one million pounds. However, the overall
decrease in releases and transfers reported by this facility for manganese
compounds was 300,000 pounds. The difference (700,000 pounds) was instead
transferred off-site for disposal in 1988.
The 9.0-million-pound increase in aluminum releases and transfers was the result
of a 9.7 million pound (53 percent) increase in off-site transfers. Logan Aluminum
in Russellville, Kentucky, contributed significantly to this increase reporting a
14.7-million-pound increase in their off-site transfers of aluminum.
Chemical Classes
Matched releases and transfers of metals/metallic compounds decreased by 22
percent (152.1 million pounds), the largest percentage decrease of any chemical
class. Again, much of the decrease for metals and metal compounds is due to the
change in interpretation of reporting requirements by Kennecott Utah Copper,
described in Box 7-A.The facility also reported a 20.5-milUon-pound decrease
252
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
Table 10-4, continued.
I CHEMICAL
SuUuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Ammonium sulfate (a)
Carbon disulfide(b)
Ammonia
Xylene (mixed Uomera)
Methyl elhyl kelone
Zinc compound*
Toluene
Hexachloro-1,3 -butad iene
Asbestos (friable)
Pentachlorophenol
Phthalic anhydride
Terephlhalic acid
Pot/chlorinated biphenyla (c)
Elhylene glycol
Aluminum (fume or dust)
Chlorine
Manganese compounds
CHANGE IN PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pounds Percent
-226,514
-31,336,972
-1,899,608
-1,110,988
-21,142
-10,263,197
-35,349
237,173
-842,812
500,774
175
-133,369
-18,082
6,999
1,637
0
1,899,122
-48,027
65,121
1,221,622
-53.12
-40.40
-18.40
-0.60
-11.71
-32.34
-0.87
37.55
-51.59
17.43
140.00
-86.70
-80.15
15.32
3.13
0.00
14.75
-83.53
3.15
223.53
CHANGE IN OFF-SITE
Percent
-6,594,778
-66,355,655
•1,517,287
-10,684,634
-39,135
416,774
-34,894,616
-15,379,807
-7,727,849
-16,229,006
1,536,353
2,009,544
400,783
3,417,547
732,268
5,438,279
9,749,066
9,684,818
2,162,445
4,702,556
CHANGE IN RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
-30.21
-40.41
-18.61
-74.26
-15.58
8.75
-51.66
-37.68
-11.25
-21.96
77.43
13.81
381.92
110.29
34.89
317.08
144.09
53.44
122.71
44.73
-133,215,619
-102,813,617
-101,826,213
-74,995,669
-54,525,590
-49,972,058
-37,756,069
-36,130,527
-30,410,482
-30,185,175
1,535,543
1,821,710
3,358,977
3,421,563
3,754,960
5,439,981
7,768,041
9,044,752
27,300,509
50,087,322
-83.28
-22.47
-30.76
-9.34
-41.18
-13.03
•18.92
-20.34
-17.36
-9.19
77.23
11.48
1,777.93
93.01
140.90
316.94
18.32
37.75
23.47
94.08
in releases of arsenic compounds, barium compounds, zinc compounds,
chromium compounds, and lead. These decreases clearly had a significant impact
on the overall decrease seen in the metals class. (See Figure 10-4 and Table 10-5.)
Releases and transfers for other chemical classes also decreased. Matched ... while
facilities cut their releases and transfers of acids/bases/salts by 306.0 million acids/bases/salts and
pounds, or 13 percent. The decrease was notable for several types of releases and organic* each
transfers: on-site land disposal, underground injection, transfers to public sewage dropped by 13 par-
treatment plants, and off-site transfers. This decrease may be partly due to cent.
neutralization of these wastes. If acids and bases are neutralized, the amount of
releases and transfers do not have to be reported to TRI. Such changes could
either be from a change in interpretation of the reporting requirements or from
the institution of neutralization operations; Chapter 12 analyzes the role of waste
treatment methods, including neutralization, in cutting the amount of total waste
generated that is eventually released or transferred.
Organics decreased by 281.1 million pounds, or 13 percent. Nearly half of the
decrease in releases and transfers for the organics was a reduction in air emissions
of 138.9 million pounds. Most of the remaining decrease was a drop in off-site
transfers of 134.7 million pounds. This may, in part, be a correction in reporting
from 1987 to 1988 to account for organics sent off-site for recycling or reuse
(facilities are not required to report off-site transfers of chemicals sent for
recycling or reuse, see Box 7-B).
253
-------
Chapter 10
Acld»/Bas««/Salte
Organic*
Metals/Metal Cmpd.
Non-metal Inorganic*
Halo-organics
-350 -300 -250 -200 -160 -100
Millions of Pounds
-50
Figure 10-4. TRI Chemical Classes with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases
and Transfers, 1987-1988. Chemical classes shown in descending order according to
The non-metallic inorganics and halo-organics decreased by smaller amounts—
38.1 million pounds (seven percent) and 39.8 million pounds (seven percent),
respectively. One non-metallic inorganic category exhibiting a significant
decrease in its releases and transfers is arsenic compounds which totalled
17.6-million-pound decrease (74 percent). Interestingly, this decrease was at-
tributable to a 10.5-million-pound decrease (nearly 100 percent) in surface water
Table 10-5. Changes in TRI Matched Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987-1988.
CHEMICAL CLASS
CHANGE IN AIR
Pounds Percent
CHANGE IN SURFACE WATER
Pound* Percent
CHANGE IN LAND
Pound* Percent
Acids/bases/salts
Halo-organics
Metals
Non-metals
Organics
Mixtures
Trade Secrets
TOTAL
-12,962,045
-21,341,286
-2,991,945
-5,494,372
-138,788,802
16,399
3,565
-12.00
-4.89
-13.28
-1.43
-9.89
5.34
21.41
-181,558,486 -7.71
-7,924,760
-507,914
-1,473,665
-19,179,704
-12,921,825
27,000
NR
-41,980,868
-2.68
-22.27
-32.28
-42.01
-34.95
*
NR
-77,809,768
2,990,670
-102,516,864
-8,231,235
-2,867,292
-500
NR
-35.02
716.82
-27.50
-37.93
-12.02
-66.67
NR
-10.90 -188,434,989 -29.40
NR - No release or transfer reported either year.
'Release reported in 1988 only.
284
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
discharges and a 5.7-million-pound decrease (57 percent) in on-site land releases.
In general, metals and metal compounds as a class are not released to surface
water in significant amounts. Arsenic compounds appear to have been an
exception in 1987. The 10.5-million-pound decrease in surface water discharges
is attributable to a 10.5-million-pound decrease in surface water discharges of
arsenic compounds reported by Kerr-McGee in Trona, California. The 5.7-mil-
lion-pound decrease in on-site land disposal of arsenic compounds was produced
entirely by Kennecott Utah Copper.
Carcinogens
Of the 123 TRI chemicals that are considered carcinogens (TRI carcinogens are Matched releases
defined in Chapter 4 and listed in Appendix B), 75 were reported both years by
the matched facilities. These 75 chemicals accounted for 87 percent of the 1988
total for carcinogens (411.6 million pounds out of 471.6 million pounds).
Matched releases and transfers of these carcinogens decreased by 15 percent (70.9
million pounds) from 1987 to 1988. (See Figure 10-5 and Table 10-6.)
Styrene, lead, dichloromethane, and nickel decreased the most, dropping 19.0
million pounds (35 percent), 13.7 million pounds (45 percent), 9.3 million pounds
(seven percent), and 7.2 million pounds (51 percent), respectively. The 19.0-mil-
lion-pound net decrease in styrene is due to a 18.6-million-pound decrease (70
percent) in off-site transfers which can primarily be attributed to an 18.1-million-
pound decrease (approximately 100 percent) in styrene off-site transfers reported
by Interesin Corporation in Houston, Texas. The 13.7-million-pound decrease in
lead releases and transfers was due primarily to a 10.9-million-pound decrease
(52 percent) in off-site transfers. The dichloromethane decrease of 9.3 million
pounds was for the most part attributable to a decrease of 7.0 million pounds (six
percent) in total air emissions.
and transfers of car-
cinogens decreased
by 15% from 1987
to 1988.
Table 10-5, continued
I CHEMICAL CLASS
Acids/bases/salts
Halo-organics
Metals
Non-metals
Organics
Mixtures
Trade Secrets
CHANGE IN UNDER-
GROUND
Pound* Percent
CHANGE IN PUBLIC
SEWAGE
Pound* Percent
CHANGE IN OFF-SITE j
TRANSFERS
Paind* fferottil \
-91,428,325 -8.17 -54,477,691 -15.46 -61,429,851 -18.04
-335,047 -11.98 794,016 14.85 -21,405,769 -22.27
-1,680,506 -18.31 -497,361 -6.92 -42,967,536 -15.47
454,814 0.93 -10,333,834 -30.42 4,666,667 21.34
2,751,676 2.61 5,427,533 3.16 -134,738,238 -30.23
NR NR NR MR 18,205 3.10
NR NR -6,376 -19.15 10,670 13.19
CHANGE IN RELEASES AND 1
TRANSFERS
Poundi Percent |
-306,032,440 -12.55
-39,805,330 -7.32
-152,127,877 -21.92
-38,117,664 -6.86
-281,136,948 -12.86
61,104 6.83
7,859 6.01
TOTAL -90,237,388 -7.02
NR - No release or transfer reported either year.
-59,093,713 -10.36 -255,845,852 -21.63 -817,151,296 -12.73
255
-------
Chapter 10
Dlohloromethane
Slyrene
Tetrachloroetltylene
Formaldehyde
Acstonitrlls
Asbestos (Friable)
Lead
1,2-Dlchloroethsna
RGB's-
Nickel
-20
-15
-10 -6 0
Millions of Pounds
•1988 data corrections subtract 4.4 million pounds (see Box 3-C).
10
Figure 10-5. TRI Carcinogens with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988.
Carcinogens shown in descending order according to totals for 1988.
Table 10-6. Changes in Releases and Transfers of TRI Carcinogens with the Largest Decreases and Increases,
1987-1988.
CHEMICAL
CHANGEW AIR
Pound» Percent
CHANGE IN SURFACE
WATER
FDundt Percent
Styrene -263,045 -0.98
Lead -78,190 -9.59
Dichloromethane -6,982,282 -6.25
Nickel -7,999 -4.48
Tetrachloroethylene -2,235,474 -7.79
1,2-Dichloroethane -1,209,197 -24.00
Chromium -14,114 -6.32
Chloroform -3,362,525 -13.65
1,3-Butadiene -2,768,566 -30.34
Ethylene oxide -370,862 -8.09
2-Nitropropane -42,147 -10.14
Acrylamide -10,892 -33.07
Propylene oxide -516,649 -15.24
3,3f-Dichlorobenzidine -752 -74.68
Hexachlorobenzene 3,190 176.83
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 644,367 55.48
Formaldehyde -2,360,347 -20.26
Acetonitrile 246,511 15.37
Asbestos (friable) -3,260 -9.19
Pblychlorinated -250 -100.00
biphenyls(a)
MR - No release or transfer were reported either year.
(a) Corrections to the data subtract 4,440,000 pounds
-48,322
68,532
-97,982
-1,298
-73,949
-29,725
-1,926
-161,198
-19,914
2,210
200
-1,882
44,004
-1,300
-5,904
-214,602
-28,269
-9,430
-250
-45.38
198.08
-27.23
-1.83
-80.77
-45.45
-2.73
-13.72
-4.61
5.21
4.88
-39.62
64.24
-63.35
-33.33
-52.22
-19.79
-40.43
-47.44
-96.15
CHANGE IN LAND
founds
Percent
-92,229
-2,439,758
87,099
-68,584
25,521
-507
3,129,649
-10,421
3,316
52,975
NR
-408
-326,673
NR
NR
310
185,420
490
115,425
2,452
-28.82
-28.28
135.07
-10.34
642.85
-18.97
131.02
-23.30
73.75
3,666.09
NR
-44.64
-97.12
NR
NR
41.89
71.45
38.89
13.48
980.80
CHANGE IN UNDERGROUND
found! Perceol
-85 -34.00
-500 -100.00
-170,000 -35.21
3,942 66.67
-281,750 -79.59
170,990 16.26
-310 -48.44
-44,498 -55.28
NR NR
-1,194,198 -99.08
89,499 53.43
-39,000 -4.25
993,780 828.15
NR NR
-112 -21.46
-4,000 -21.05
3,259,124 53.52
690,508 4.33
-157,200 -62.38
-250 -100.00
from off-site transfers in 1988 (See Box 3-C).
286
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
Matched releases and transfers of 25 carcinogens increased from 1987 to 1988 Release* and trans-
and 47 decreased. The three carcinogens with the greatest increases in releases for* of 25 car-
and transfers were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), asbestos (friable) and cinogens increased.
acetonitrile with increases of 5.4 million pounds (317 percent), 1.8 million pounds
(11 percent), and 1.2 million pounds (five percent), respectively.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
While total releases and transfers decreased from 1987 to 1988 at matched
facilities nationwide, changes in releases and transfers in individual states differed
markedly. Releases and transfers decreased in 40 states and increased in 13 states.
Increases in Kansas, Kentucky, and Wyoming were the largest: 39.7 million
pounds (30 percent), 14.1 million pounds (13 percent), and 11.8 million pounds
(35 percent), respectively. Texas, Utah, and Louisiana had the largest decreases
in releases and transfers for matched chemicals: 160.0 million pounds (19
percent), 116.5 million pounds (47 percent), and 108.2 million pounds (13
percent), respectively. These increases and decreases may reflect shifts in
production (e.g. added or increased production, discontinued product lines, shifts
in batch operations, chemical substitution, etc.) or refinements or corrections of
release and transfer estimations (see Box 7-A).
Utah's 116.5-million-pound overall decrease was primarily the result of a
150.5-million-pound decrease (92 percent) in on-site land disposal, which was
Matched chemical to-
tals decreased in 40
states and increased
in 13 states.
Table 10-6, continued.
CHEMICAL
CHANGE IN PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pouoto Percent
CHANGE IN OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Poumb Percent
CHANGE IN RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound* Perea*
(2) Corrections to the TRI database since analyses for this report were completed effectively
eliminated the apparent increase of PCBs (see Box 3-C).
Styrene
Lead
Dichloromethane
Nickel
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Chromium
Chloroform
1,3-BUtadiene
Ethylene oxide
2-Nitropropane
Acrylamide
Propylene oxide
3 ,3 -Dichlorobenzidine
Hexachlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Formaldehyde
Acetonitrile
Asbestos (friable)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (2)
-23,736
-350,301
811,180
-1,529
128,746
-232,084
-597,503
285,757
-11,375
-150,446
0
1,506
20,266
-470
51
-49,058
864,594
47,495
-133,369
0
-8.77
-79.09
47.88
-0.93
35.02
-56.74
-64.85
32.12
-20.22
-37.17
0.00
15.08
5.29
-43.24
46.79
-56.35
27.37
12.98
-86.70
0.00
-18,614,961
-10,854,013
-2,961,043
-7,156,329
-3,915,033
-4,759,378
-7,200,864
-889,171
132,906
-1,931
-19,219
83,353
-8,118
217,896
307,872
24,682
-694,188
202,964
2,009,544
5,438,279
-70.19
-52.38
-16.95
-54.32
-53.21
-69.72
-44.21
-41.82
62.09
-35.04
-58.79
562.02
-31.39
3453.73
46.87
21.66
-27.54
5.73
13.81
317.08
-19,042,378
-13,654,230
-9,313,028
-7,231,797
-6,351,939
-6,059,901
-4,685,068
-4,182,056
-2,663,633
-1,662,252
28,333
32,677
206,610
215,374
310,999
610,397
1,040,001
1,159,699
1,821,710
5,439,981
-35.17
-44.56
-7.07
-50.72
-17.23
-45.24
-23.55
-14.44
-27.09
-26.62
4.55
3.33
4.78
2,060.01
47.17
43.80
4.20
5.38
11.48
316.94
257
-------
Chapter 10
Table 10-7. Changes in TRI Matched Releases and Transfers by State, 1987-1988.
I STATE
I
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
YT ™"
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
I CHAN GEW AIR (CHANGE W SURF/CE WATERl
I Ibuttto
-44,072,744
-9,374,618
-26,750
-2,857,385
-3,909,392
-1,614,747
166,756
-3,764,752
-1,008,766
-5,172,749
-7,115,836
-184,232
471,426
-3,773,856
-4,144,464
2,804,367
130,924
-1,162,446
-4,108,971
-314,919
-1,054,894
-3,440,006
-17,669,003
2,194,016
-3,147,749
399,857
-418,216
4,624,868
-1,200
-1,202,054
-4,662,543
-325,792
-4,014,275
-7,773,237
283,018
-4,911,648
-4,621,755
-918,731
-10,482,861
2,137,499
-436,401
-1,891,416
-54,460
-3,567,444
-40,525,038
35,579,814
-91,540
-541,311
-13,877,192
-2,624,806
-4,228,415
-5,814,261
551,844
Btntoi 1 ftwdi
-48.20
-29.95
-47.56
-18.16
-8.53
-2.32
1.79
-15.76
-17.60
-10.93
-8.61
-19.93
14.45
-4.02
-4.35
7.42
0.58
-2.74
-3.09
-2.05
-6.18
-13.25
-17.48
5.13
-6.07
0.94
-15.74
41.69
-0.19
-10.55
-12.79
-15.17
-4.54
-9.06
50.30
-3.90
-14.95
-4.96
-13.49
17.55
-8.38
-3.20
-2.36
-2.81
-21.30
43.04
-7.87
-26.64
-11.17
-9.74
-12.14
-13.50
23.37
-6,607,732
-2,538,898
NR
-500
1,521,844
-12,469,997
-144,302
-2,709,259
-1,026,507
36,397,865
-2,871,922
-14,250
-261,729
617,454
-872,549
94,055
-697,126
304,923
-36,965,919
-367,868
-6,337,926
120,195
123,660
-29,937
-970,210
983,072
-25,178
127,453
250
-335,180
-446,079
-4,066
-874,374
-878,046
0
-2,054,594
-58^77
-162,845
-428,155
-191,266
19,417
55,581
-1,298
-3,947,918
-808,375
149,409
-57,137
-500
1,069,066
2,595,560
-56,891
-894,175
-49,487
Jfentai |
-49.36
-53.33
NR
-22.22
28.78
-53.46
-62.21
-27.10
-68.23
188.90
-31.40
-60.00
-48.40
4.59
-15.52
8.24
-47.63
24.96
-19.17
-48.35
-63.85
88.87
12.77
-1.09
-37.72
35.51
-18.50
75.92
*
-40.88
-33.25
-94.21
-31.12
-61.04
0.00
-27.29
-14.94
-49.06
-10.61
-71.92
35.65
4.87
-35.10
-38.65
-20.10
144.02
-42.58
-16.67
5.74
53.80
-2.61
-63.19
-54.24
CHANCE INLAND
Pbtadt
-1,248,478
-11,218
NR
-481,688
-224,563
7,999,553
-2,664,067
597,108
-66,829
-105,001,753
2,569,499
58,032
4,916,958
1,410,789
39,810,218
-226,796
164,515
2,071,770
-506,860
15,639
636,205
43,044
2,595,797
165,112
-290,874
-168,965
-474,230
-211,820
2,968,269
-87,372
351,932
-1,433,756
-2,666,351
4,382,780
2
-3,669,732
-102,192
-418,055
2,541,314
37,626
15,394
-175,601
0
1,090,055
553,044
-150,493,952
-151
53,587
298,825
-444,967
-7,641,448
81,578
14,848,084
PbKHtt
-22.71
CHANGE IN UNDERGROUND 1
tauatt
206,326
-88.47 1,018
NR
NR
-1.00 NR
-18.84 -2,379,927
93.67 -637,171
-50.84 -250
57.61
-21.05
NR
NR
-58.07 12,067,789
40.32 -19,500
47.78
-22,760
93.79 Ii400
24.05
-6,116,655
172.72 1,839,076
-71.03
NR
52.49 24,782,300
59.13 5,000,250
-35.79 -61,359,221
4.96 NR
31.58 -750
5.62 3,750
147.55 514,530
23.42 NR
-3.15 3,188,750
-1.44 500
-1.51
NR
-80.96 NR
2318.05 NR
-16.92 NR
19.43 2,220
-12.40 NR
-73.09 -249
29.14 250
0.40 NR
-16.29 -8,036,948
-10.82 -569,561
-33.08 NR
22.81 -250
52.19 NR
23.01 NR
-12.85 NR
0.00 NR
9.78 -17,773,890
2.23 -37,169,169
-91.75 NR
-100.00 NR
61.77 NR
6.73 1,123
-33.38 -250
-91.73 -221,507
6.68 -500
3884.14 -3,538,112
(tenant j
14.44
NR
NR
NR
-25.28
-41.57
-100.00
NR
NR
53.46
-100.00
-2.12
*
-45.59
5.58
NR
37.57
20.00
-12.66
NR
-100.00
1500.00
10.35
NR
7.31
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
792.86
NR
-99.60
NR
NR
-12.38
-8.30
NR
-100.00
NR
NR
NR
NR
-26.27
-9.10
NR
NR
NR
449.20
-100.00
-69.39
-66.67
-11.54
NR - No release or transfer reported either year.
•Release reported in 1988 only.
Note: The District of Columbia is not included because it had no matched facilities.
255
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
Table 10-7, continued.
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
CHANGE IN PUBLIC SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
Pounfe 9
73,246
1,000
NR
-1,501,627
81,420
-2,843,742
347,455
29,516
-190,645
-7,950,516
-2,754,311
-95,000
170,861
-10,385,253
-639,745
205,171
-1,759,161
124,534
-339,050
918,518
-2,335,476
3,082,336
-510,167
-511,116
-4,433,943
6,938,390
225
42,133
-124
21,591
332,443
-11,087
-772,641
634,555
-10,647
-472,923
-84,155
-1,708,888
1,789,453
44,106
-376,428
-119,713
-23,519
-9,044,130
-15,005,813
173,622
-32,334
NR
-7,332,870
156,410
176
-3,015,850
NR
trooM
7.25
CHANGE IN OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Poundi P
-366,082
NR -12,639
NR NR
-26.51
-489,221
15.22 -6,328,374
-5.89
26.33
1.35
-8.05
-19,276,746
2,175,966
-3,618,467
-628,162
-51.88 -405,807
-29.72 2,856,769
-10.25
5.000
65.37 -63|927
-15.48
-5.35
3.76
-41.43
6.68
-78.85
101.76
-37.69
-3,408,547
-28,797,089
-1,669,233
17,100,656
7,785,158
-4,870,801
-466,906
-1,273,919
25.20 -1,853,680
-3.45
-8.25
-20,193,282
-1,496,493
-77.44 -39,648,437
9.87 -2,815,656
20.70 -90,094
6.48
1,378,425
-1.47 63,484
9.34 -1,714,532
0.68 -3,503,733
-35.83
-386,145
-3.22 -10,254,659
12.23
-27.85
-1,131,120
15,956
-2.60 -34,872,021
-17.88 1,162,099
-19.95
175,497
14.36 -20,476,682
0.79 460,317
-31.41
-6.11
-155,181
-1,337,538
-15.98 168,042
-27.71
-877.048
-28.28 -67,071 ;932
38.46 -1,865,025
-37.76 -90,909
NR NR
-16.38 -3,496,599
41.65
0.01
-290,216
1,594,099
-22.07 -5,508,748
NR 18,330
ferceol
CHANGE IN TOTAL RELEASES £
TRANSFERS
Pbund.
-3.12 -52,015,464
-87.84 -11,935,355
NR
-26,750
-29.14 -5,330,421
-46.84 -11,238,992
-41.48 -28,842,850
79.86 -118,442
-20.60 -9,465,854
-21.23
-3.21
-2,920,909
-70,065,171
17.14 -7,335,301
83.33
-253,210
-39.54 5,234;989
-6.97 -21,656,068
-47.28 7,195,447
-28.76
47.01
1,207,564
39,722,108
22.39 14,124,189
-21.97 -108,150,822
-31.43
-215,536
-23.74 -10,366,760
-7.61
-2,044,361
-18.34 -35,138,465
-22.85
321,582
-87.88 -45,302,463
-19.42 5,337,198
-68.34 -1,007,493
60.64 5,961,059
74.63
3,030,679
-52.26 -3,317,547
-5.00 -7,925,760
-73.63
-2,160,846
-18.16 -18,582,549
-6.82 -4,764,818
44.89 288,329
-25.02 -54,017,866
11.88 -4,274,041
7.57 -3,033,022
-22.96 -27,057,181
11.31
-3.93
-9.35
2,488,282
-933,199
-3,468.687
68.14 88,765
-4.82 -34,120,375
-45.44 -160,027,283
-60.92 -116,456,132
-14.56 -272,071
NR -488,224
-21.75
-23.337.647
-6.89 ^6081269
13.70 -10,553,986
-21.12 -15,151,956
76.20 11,830,659
Percent
-41.79
-33.07
-47.56
-7.49
-14.83
-14.58
-0.63
-17.31
-22.68
-23.51
-5.91
-8.23
55.29
-8.92
3.13
2.39
30.37
12.99
-12.96
-1.15
-25.54
-3.22
-15.04
0.55
-28.65
3.77
-2.94
41.26
361.93
-20.42
-4.99
-15.14
-10.60
-3.84
45.01
-14.27
-8.66
-9.79
-13.91
11.24
-8.91
-4.46
3.28
-12.79
-19.32
-46.53
-13.55
-23.01
-11.21
-1.61
-17.51
-17.73
35.30
259
-------
Chapter 10
-200
-160
-100 -60 0
Millions of Pounds
•1988 data correction! rtduct thl» dtcreite by 100.0 million pound* (••• Box 3-C).
60
Figure 10-6. States with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988.
States shewn in descending order according to totals for 1988.
partly offset by a 35.6-million-pound increase (43 percent) in total air emissions.
As previously discussed, this decrease was primarily due to the decrease of 146.5
million pounds in on-site land releases reported by Kennecott Utah Copper,
Bingham Canyon, Utah. Also, 100.0 million pounds of the decrease in Texas is
eliminated by corrections made to the date base (see Box 3-C). The Interesin
Corporation facility in Houston, Texas contributed significantly (54.3 million
pounds) to the remaining decreases. (See Figure 10-6 and Table 10-7.)
Louisiana's 108.2-million-pound decrease is the result of a 61.4-million-pound
(13 percent) decrease in underground injection releases and a 37.0-million-pound
(19 percent) decrease in surface water discharges. The decrease in underground
injection releases is due primarily to a 36.9-million-pound decrease at American
Cyanamid in Westwego, Louisiana, and a 33.9-million-pound decrease in under-
ground injection releases of Shell Oil Co. in Norco, Louisiana. The 37.0-million-
pound decrease in surface water discharges is attributable to a 21.0-million-pound
decrease by Arcadian Corp. in Geismar, Louisiana, and a 16.8-million-pound
decrease by W. R. Grace & Co. in Sulphur, Louisiana.
While the majority of states showed decreases in their overall releases, several
exhibited increases. Kansas, Kentucky, and Wyoming had the largest increases
of 39.7 million pounds (30 percent), 14.1 million pounds (13 percent), and 11.8
million pounds (35 percent), respectively. The increase for Kansas was due
primarily to a 24.9-million-pound increase (38 percent) in underground injection
290
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
releases and a 17.1-million-pound increase (47 percent) in off-site transfers. Two
facilities played significant roles in these increases: Vulcan Chemicals (24.7
million pounds) and Racon, Inc. (20.5 million pounds), both in Wichita, Kansas.
Kentucky's 14.1-million-pound increase can be attributed to a 7.8-million-pound
increase (22 percent) in off-site transfers, a 5.0-million-pound increase (20
percent) in underground injection, and a 2.1-million-pound increase (59 percent)
in total on-site land disposal. Logan Aluminum in Russellville, Kentucky, had a
15.3-million-pound increase in its releases and transfers. Wyoming's 11.8-mil-
lion-pound increase was due to a 15.0-million-pound increase in on-site land
releases reported by Chevron Chemical Co. (Rock Springs, Wyoming).
In some states, relatively small net changes in total releases and transfers
concealed large shifts between media. For example, total releases and transfers
in Indiana increased by only three percent (7.2 million pounds). Yet the cross-
media changes were significant: a 28.8-million-pound decrease (47 percent) in
off-site transfers, which was offset by a 39.8-million-pound increase (173 percent)
in on-site land releases.
INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION
The industries with the largest decreases in releases and transfers included the The Chemical in-
Chemical industry decreasing by 42S.4 million pounds (13 percent) from 3.2 dustry reported the
billion pounds to 2.8 billion pounds; the Primary Metals industry decreasing by largest absolute
147.3 million pounds (18 percent) from 839.3 million pounds to 692.0 million decrease, and the Ap-
pounds; and the Petroleum industry decreasing by 67.5 million pounds (41 parel industry
percent) from 164.9 million pounds to 97.4 million pounds. Despite the decreases, reported the largest
these industries still ranked among the industries with the largest releases, ranking percentage decrease.
first, second, and ninth in both 1987 and 1988 for the matched chemical data.
The Apparel industry had the largest percentage decrease, 58 percent, dropping
from 2.2 million to 947,000 pounds. (See Figure 10-7 and Table 10-8.)
The 425.1-million-pound decrease in releases and transfers of the Chemical
industry was accounted for by decreases in all media releases across the board.
In the case of the Primary Metals industry, however, the 146.1-million-pound
decrease is primarily attributable to a 151.6-million-pound decrease (43 percent)
in on-site land releases which was partly offset by a 25.8-million-pound increase
(14 percent) in total air releases. The decrease in releases and transfers of the
Petroleum Refining industry exhibits even another variation with the 68.2-mil-
lion-pound decrease primarily attributable to a 51.0-million-pound decrease (86
percent) in off-site transfers and a 9.3-million-pound decrease (15 percent) in
total air emissions.
297
-------
Chapter 10
Table
src
CODE
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
2»
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
10-8. Changes in Matched TRI Releases and Transfers
INDUSTRY
Food Product!
Tobacco Manufacturer*
Tex tile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber & Plastic
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric, Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equip.
Measuring, Photographic
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20-39
No SIC codes in 20-39
CHANGE IN AIR
Pounds
-3,229,072
8,336,949
-4,386,438
-1,366,607
-1,349,644
-1,694,132
-37,886,234
-5,939,493
-132,047,418
-9,293,621
5,377,414
-2,284,776
-2,689,890
25,770,914
-2,210,735
233,418
-7,279,307
-17,190,179
-5,823,629
-2,346,193
17,871,531
-2,131,344
Iterant
by Industry. 1987-1988.
CHANGE IN SURFACE I
WATEt
Pbtnds
-25.02 50,960
154.66 -16,038
-12.23
-68.58
-6.25
-3.82
-17.55
-12.43
-15.42
-2,723,792
-42,810
15,564
-40,061
25,983,558
2,316
-58,111,736
-14.90 -1,576,733
4.18
25,481
-17.05 181,488
-12.02 76,693
13.63 -4,135,351
-2.30 -1,147,995
0.56
102,263
-6.85 -453,773
-9.27
-251,567
-12.27 221,647
-10.34 -109,894
9.62 -878,193
-20.07 847,105
i 1
ttttxai |
2.00
-11.89
-37.71
-100.00
29.23
-96.16
49.41
546.23
-20.60
-33.16
10.15
45.51
17.31
-18.99
-45.40
55.58
-45.17
-57.68
47.92
-67.89
-11.27
317.89
CHANGE W LAND t
Pounds
7,119,373
14,182
34,081
NR
-49,534
18,988
-5,624,362
60
-76,982,360
-4,107,916
-32,837
-40,764
-483,893
-151,625,321
150,661
-249,377
-701,122
-114,678
322,395
-100,618
42,023,097
1,994,956
Percent [
173.88
20,553.62
22.68
NR
-59.27
82.89
-40.19
23.72
-33.21
-58.83
-22.00
-69.72
-21.36
-43.09
5.97
-98.88
•39.08
-12.42
703.41
-78.26
179.18
624.31
CHANGE IN UNDER-
GROUND
Pounds Percent
19,249
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
-30,144
NR
-56,593,468
2,184,747
-32,250
NR
261,250
7,072,970
12,689
NR
-48,095
1,623
250
-250
-43,059,497
-26,462
1.93
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
-100.00
NR
-5.60
12.37
-91.49
NR
4.13
20.89
5.07
NR
-59.75
NR
NR
-100.00
-19.96
-100.00
NR - No release or transfer reported either year.
Industry
Chemicals (28)
Primary Metals (33)
Multiple Codes 20-39
Paper (26)
Transportation (37)
Fab. Metals (34)
Plastics (30)
Electrical (36)
Petroleum (29)
Measure. /Photo. (38)
Machinery (35)
Food (20)
Printing (27)
Textiles (22)
Furniture (25)
Stone/Clay (32)
Leather (31)
Miscellaneous (39)
Lumber (24)
No Codes 20-39
Tobacco (21)
Apparel (23)
: : •
: \ Hi
i sV
i : ^H
: ; ; BJBJB^
1
i : ; i 1
\l\\\
1
I i i 1 i
\\l\\
i i i i
i
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100
Millions of Pounds
Figure 10-7. Industries with the Greatest Changes in Matched Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988.
Industries shown in descending order according to totals for 1988.
292
-------
Summary of Changes in TRI Releases and Transfers
Table 10-8, continued.
SIC INDUSTRY
CODE
20 Food ProducU
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile MU1 Product!
23 Appirel
24 Lumber ud Wood
25 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper Products
27 Printing, Publishing
28 Chemical Products
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber A Plastic
31 Leather Products
32 Stone, Clay, Glass
33 Primary Metals
34 Fabricated Metals
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric, Electronic Equip.
37 Transportation Equip.
38 Measuring, Photographic
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20-39
No SIC codes in 20-39
1 CHANGE IN PUBLIC SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
Pouadt Pe
-2,566,544
-207,008
-2,029,473
125,187
774,971
-191,138
-6,351,830
978,373
-18,740,305
-4,362,102
-3,778,922
-3,711,606
-222,071
-2,733,523
-8,883,661
-64,648
-4,079,674
-365,404
-676,425
-623,898
-2,357,694
973,682
neat
-7.85
CHANGE IN OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
-912,549 -27.89
-21.20 109,086 55.54
-20.24 -1,473,986 -31.77
154.31
586.80
-42.81
-14.32
40.05
-5.63
-18,408 -13.82
-119,128 -3.56
-2,168,738 -37.14
-2,723,056 -9.22
-65,070 -1.29
-82,639,004 -16.72
-30.60 -51,007,215 -85.83
-46.46 -2,742,723 -11.76
-16.19
-17.93
-1,149,148 -39.10
930,700 8.15
-25.79 -20,460,642 -8.81
-38.22 -22,831,693 -31.93
-2.85
-21.85
-5.48
-5,084,406 -27.65
-28,942,562 -44.85
-23,076,382 -38.22
CHANGE IN TOTAL RELEASES j
AND TRANSFERS
Paints . PcMtnt j
481,417
8,237,171
-10,579,608
-1,302,638
-727,771
-4,075,081
-26,632,068
-5,023,814
-425,114,291
-68,162,840
-1,183,837
-7,004,806
-2,127,211
-146,110,953
•34,910,734
-5,062,750
-41,504,533
-40.996,587
-11.93 -1,650,881 -12.82 -7,606,643
-72.60 929,830 15.59
-7.83
51.38
-9,558,594 -13.61
-1,191,283 -33.87
-2,251,023
4,040,650
466,654
0.85
122.98
-18.27
-57.90
-2.89
-8.04
-7.47
-9.09
-13.25
-41.19
-0.74
•17.63
-4.83
-17.41
•17.81
-8.06
-21.58
-16.14
-11.43
-7.55
0.76
2.80
293
-------
Photo: Daniel J. Kasztelan
-------
PART IV
Other Analyses
-------
-------
CHAPTER 11. INTERPRETING WASTE DECREASES: WASTE MINIMIZATION
The previous three chapters detailed the decreases in toxic chemical wastes from
1987 to 1988 that facilities reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI),
concluding that the bulk of those changes was due to very large changes at just
a few facilities. An attempt to interpret raises various questions: How and why
did facilities accomplish the apparent decreases? Do they represent actual
reductions, or do they arise instead from "paper changes"—changes in accounting
methods or in how facilities interpret reporting requirements? Do the decreases
arise from successful pollution prevention, or do they stem instead from decreased
production levels?
To determine what was behind the apparent decreases, EPA surveyed the ten
facilities reporting the largest decreases from 1987 to 1988; the results are
reported below. In addition, the TRI reporting form has an optional waste
minimization section on which facilities can voluntarily report information on
their efforts to minimize chemical waste generation. For those facilities that
provided the data, TRI waste minimization indicates whether apparent decreases
reflect real reductions, and suggests the methods and reasons for minimizing
wastes that have proved most successful.
EXPLAINING THE TEN LARGEST DECREASES AT TRI
FACILITIES
The 10 facilities reporting the largest decreases of TRI releases (exclusive of
transfers) accounted for a reduction of almost 500 million pounds. In order to
verify the accuracy of the reported data, and to better understand the significance
of these decreases, EPA contacted facilities with the largest changes in their TRI
data, to learn more about the reasons for these changes. (See Table 11-1.)
Kennecott Utah Copper generated the largest TRI decrease: the amount reported The largest single
in 1988 dropped 146.1 million pounds from the 1987 levels. The decrease was decrease arose entire-
due entirely to the company's reinterpretation of TRI reporting requirements, as ly from accounting
explained in detail in Box 7-A. In brief, the facility had reported wastes from changes; overall,
both its mining and manufacturing operations in 1987, but only from manufac- such changes ac-
turing in 1988. "Paper" changes such as this one (as opposed to actual changes counted for 66% of
in waste generation) are responsible for the major portion of the reported the 10 largest
decreases at these ten facilities. Altogether, at least 321 million pounds (66 decreases.
percent) of the decreases at the ten facilities are due to changes either in estimation
techniques or, as in the case of Kennecott, a reinterpretation of reporting
requirements.
297
-------
Table 11-1. The 10 Largest Decreases in TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987-1988.
F/ClLTTY j
KENNECOTT
UTAH COPPER
Bingham Canyon,
UT
MONSANTO CO.
Alvin, TX
ROYSTER CO.
Mulberry, FL
OCCIDENTAL
CHEMICAL CO.
White Springs, FL
AMERICAN
CYAN AMID CO.
Westwego, LA
SHELL OIL CO.
Noreo, LA
REXENE
PRODUCTS CO.
Odessa, TX
ARCADIAN CORP.
Geismar, LA
DUPONT
New lohnsonville,
TN
W.R. GRACE & CO.
Sulphur, LA
1988
RELEASES
1987
RELEASES
AMOUNT OF
DECREASE
MAIN CHEMICAL
(AND AMOUNT*)
12,524,850 158,669,750 146,144,900 COPPER
(130.0 to 4.2)
103,333,180 175,595,350 72,262,170 AMMONIUM
SULFATE
(170.0 to 100.0)
715,250 72,028,250 71,313,000 PHOSPHORIC
ACID
(66.1 to 0.0)
50,342,021 92,240,300 41,898,279 PHOSPHORIC
ACID
(91.0 to 49.0)
176,386,400 213,390,952 37,004,552 AMMONIUM
SULFATE
(100.0 to 64.0)
158,635,490 193,136,655 34,501,165 HYDROCHLORIC
ACID
(182.0 to 152.8
4,444,414 28,602,260 24,157,846 ETHYLENE
(18.9 to 0.7)
35,655,500 56,447,250 20,791,750 PHOSPHORIC
ACID
(29.0 to 17.0)
52,691,910 72,474,201 19,782,291 HYDROCHLORIC
ACID
(56.1 to 40.0)
4,853,700 21,974,323 17,120,623 AMMONIUM
SULFATE
(19.7 to 3.0)
REASON FOR THE REPORTED
DECREASE
Company determined that mining
operations at facility are not re-
quired to report.
Data entry error caused 1987
releases to be overstated.
(Information pending — data not
available at the time of report
preparation.)
Reinterpretation of reporting re-
quirements; recirculated chemical
was not reported in 1988.
Once per year testing leads to vari-
able annual estimates which ac-
count for the change.
Some acid is now recycled and
marketed rather than disposed of
through underground injection.
Decrease was chiefly due to revised
estimation techniques.
Release is due to rainwater runoff
from wastepiles; 1988 was a drier
year than 1987.
Releases vary according to quality
of raw material; partial change due
to improved estimation techniques
Initiated an ammonia recycling
project.
TOTAL 599,582,715 1,084,559,291 484,976,576
* Shown in millions of pounds.
Only 2 top decreases
were due to new
waste management
practices.
Only two of the top ten facilities reported actual changes in waste management
as the major reason for the reported decreases. Shell Oil in Louisiana now recycles
and markets spent acid, which reduced underground injection and other wastes
by 34.5 million pounds. W.R. Grace, also in Louisiana, initiated an ammonia
recycling project which helped decrease their TRI releases by 17.1 million
298
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
pounds. These practices accounted for 11 percent of the total decrease (48.5
million pounds) reported by the ten facilities.
Two of the reported decreases appear tied more to happenstance than to explicit 2 other decrease* of
attempts at pollution prevention. Arcadian Corp.'s facility in Louisiana reduced 40 million pound* ap-
discharges of phosphoric acid by 20.8 million pounds, but the reduction is due pear to be transient.
to the unusual nature of the waste generation. Arcadian stores gypsum piles on
site outdoors; rainwater runoff from these piles creates acid which is a major
contributor to the plant's waste stream. Because 1988 was a drier year than 1987,
less waste was generated. Increased rainfall in future years may well result in a
subsequent increase in waste generation.
A Du Pont facility in Tennessee reported that 19.8 million pounds of decreases
were chiefly due to variations in the quality of the raw material used at the plant
(although some of the decrease was also due to revised estimation techniques).
Continued variations in raw material quality may result in variable increases and
decreases in waste generation in future reporting.
TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION DATA
While the survey described above explains the decreases reported by fewer than
a dozen facilities, TRI itself provides some information on waste management
changes at a greater number of facilities. An optional section of the TRI form
requests information on how and why a facility attempted to minimize its wastes,
production levels, and the change in waste generation between the current and
prior year. (See Figure 11-1.)
Ten percent of TRI facilities that filed forms for 1988 (1,940 out of 19,762) 10% of all TRI
reported attempts to minimize TRI chemical wastes. This represents six percent facilities voluntarily
of the chemical-specific TRI forms submitted for 1988(4,140 outof71,131 forms submitted waste mini-
filed). These numbers are approximately the same as for 1987. The distribution mization data.
of forms among states, industries, and chemicals, as well as the number of forms
indicating various methods and reasons for waste minimization, is also quite
similar to the pattern established in 1987, so it is not further detailed here.l
Because waste minimization information was voluntarily submitted, these data
have several limitations. The data do not provide reliable national estimates of
the total quantity of waste minimized, nor do they provide a reliable basis for
making conclusions regarding the most commonly used minimization methods
nationwide or the reasons for which waste minimization was undertaken. Rather,
these data are presented to show the response to this voluntary section and to
(1) See Chapter 11, "Waste Minimization," in The Toxics Release Inventory: A National Perspective,
1987(Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 1989), EPA 560/4-89-005.
299
-------
Chapter 11
«. OPTIONAL INFOBfc
(tooleata action* taken
items and an oioianat*
A. TypOOf
Moomeation
lamar coa*|
[M[]
IATION ON WASTE MINIMIZATION
in of what Information la inciida. i ""
8. Quantity el the Chemical In Wane*
Prior to Treatment or Ditpoul
Currant Prior ( Or percent
reporting year , change
year (»«/yr| -iB»/yri ,
1
1 *
i
from me faoMy. So* »* tnetructtoni tor eodod
c. moex
n.n
0. Haaaon for Action
lamar codol
ED
Figure 11-1. The Optional Waste Minimization Section on TRI Form R, 1988.
Only 8 of the top 50
TRI facilities reported
waste minimization
for any TRI chemicals
in 1988.
provide insights into the areas and ways in which waste minimization can be
achieved, the reasons for implementation, and ways to understand and document
the success of programs to reduce waste generation. The data are also useful for
examining individual facilities.
The remainder of this chapter is divided into three distinct analyses. The first
briefly discusses the top facilities that reported waste minimization. The second
section analyzes quantities of waste minimization achieved between 1987 and
1988, as reported on waste minimization forms. Finally, the third section looks
at cumulative quantities of waste minimization over the three year period from
1986 through 1988, which can be derived from a subset of forms from facilities
that reported waste minimization on the same chemical in both 1987 and 1988.
FACILITIES REPORTING WASTE MINIMIZATION
Only eight of the SO facilities with the largest total releases and transfers in 1988
reported waste minimization on any of the TRI chemicals they submitted. Three
of the top five facilities did report waste minimization. American Cyanamid Co.,
the top facility (a chemical products manufacturer in Westwego, Louisiana),
reported waste minimization on five of its 25 chemicals in 1988. Second-ranked
Shell Oil Co. (a chemical facility and petroleum refinery in Norco, Louisiana),
which had a TRI total of 159 million pounds, did not report waste minimization
on any of its 24 TRI forms. (See Table 11-2.)
The third- and fourth-ranked facilities for releases and transfers—a Du Pont
Chemical manufacturer (Beaumont, Texas) and an Amax Magnesium Primary
Metals facility (Tooele, Utah) both reported some waste minimization, Du Pont
on two of its 29 TRI forms and Amax on three of its six TRI forms. The
300
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
Table 11-2. Waste Minimization Reporting Among the BO Facilitiec with the Largest TRI Total Release* and
Transfers, 1 988.
RANK FACILITY SIC CTTY
CODE
1 American Cyanamid Co. 28 Wcatwego
2 Shell Oil Co Norco Mfg. Mult Noroo
3 Du Pont Beaumont Works (a) 28 Beaumont
4 Amax Magnesium 33 Tooele
5 Monsanto Co. (b) 28 Ahrin
6 Vulcan Chemicals 28 Wichita
7 BP Chemicals Green Lake 28 Port Lavaca
8 Ajrico Chemical Co., Freeport McMoran 28 Uncle Sam
9 Ajrico Chemical Co., Freeport McMoran 28 Donaldsonville
10 Inland Steel Co. Mult East Chicago
11 BP Chemicals Inc. 28 Lima
12 nr Rayonier Inc. (c) 26 Femandina Beach
13 Du Pont Johnsonville Plant 28 New Johnsonville
14 Columbian Chemicals Co. 28 Saint Louis
15 Raconlnc. 28 Wichita
16 Occidental Chemical Corp. 28 White Springs
17 Du Pont Delisle Plant 28 Pass Christian
18 Allied-Signal Inc. 28 Hopewell
19 Sterling Chemicals Inc. 28 Texas City
20 Tennessee Eastman Co. 28 Kingsport
21 Avlex Fibers Front Royal Inc. 28 Front Royal
22 BASF Corp. 28 Geismar
23 Monsanto Co. 28 Cantonment
24 Asarco Inc. 33 Hayden
25 Arcadian Corp. 28 Geismar
26 Asarco Inc. 33 East Helena
27 Du Pont Louisville Works 28 Louisville
28 National Steel 33 Ecorae
29 Midwest Steel Corp. 33 Portage
30 Herculaneum Smelter 33 Herculaneum
31 Allied-Signal Inc. 28 Elizabeth
32 Wycon Chemical Co. 28 Cheyenne
33 Triad Chemical 28 Donaldsonville
34 Monsanto Co. 28 Cahotia
35 FiltrolCorp. 28 Vemon
36 Phelps Dodge Mining Co. 33 Playas
37 Eastman Kodak Co. 38 Rochester
38 Unocal Chemicals Div. 28 Kenai
39 Ciba-Geigy Corp. 28 Queensbury
40 Conserv Inc. 28 Nichols
41 Du Pont Victoria Site 28 Victoria
42 Upjohn Co. 28 Portage
43 Air Products & Chemicals Inc. 28 Pasadena
44 BASF Corp. - Fibers Div. 28 Lowland
45 Cyprus Miami Mining Corp. 33 Claypool
46 Pfizer Pigments Inc. 28 East Saint Louis
47 3M Mag Media & Consumer 36 Hutchinson
48 Logan Aluminum 33 Russellville
49 Union Camp Corp. Mult Savannah
50 SCM Chemicals Inc. Ashlabula 28 Ashtabula
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
COUNTY STATE! TOTAL TDI
RELEASES AMD KM
TRANSFERS
1 Pounds Nu.
Jefferson LA 176,418,250
St Charles LA 158,662,990
Jefferson TX 111,899,929
Tooele UT 109,750,090
Brazoria TX 103,333,180
Sedgwick KS 92,011,960
Calhoun TX 78,225,900
Si James LA 63,327,150
St James LA 61,820,000
Lake IN 61,364,500
Allen OH 57,746,450
Nassau FL 54,369,100
Humphreys TN 52,691,910
St Louis MO 52,477,645
Sedgwick KS 51,215,854
Hamilton FL 50,342,021
Harrison MS 49,061 ,860
Hopewell City VA 44,758,492
Garvcslon TX 42,999,850
Sullivan TN 42,699,939
Warren VA 37,731,700
Ascension LA 37,264,998
Escambia FL 36,249,190
Gila AZ 35,930,150
Ascension LA 35,655,500
Lewis and Clark MT 32,968,162
Jefferson KY 31,305,496
Wayne MI 29,841,133
Porter IN 29,404,715
Jefferson MO 28,890,351
Union NJ 28,290,620
Laramie WY 28,135,426
Ascension LA 27,666,682
Si Clair IL 26,346,278
Los Angeles CA 23,533,250
Hidalgo NM 22,836,754
Monroe NY 22,578,939
Kenai Peninsula AK 20,822,000
Warren NY 20,237,150
Polk FL 19,913,993
Victoria TX 19,305,153
Kalamazoo MI 18,302,800
Harris TX 17,297,340
Hamblen TN 17,215,000
Gila AZ 16,938,022
St Clair IL 16,760,052
McLeod MN 16,645,979
Logan KY 16,408,569
Chatham GA 16,357,150
Ashtabula OH 15,889,750
2,261,899,372
PAL FORMS
IMS WITH
WASTE
MtN.
nber Number
25 5
24 0
29 2
6 3
19 0
29 18
19 0
5 0
9 0
35 0
24 0
9 0
11 1
5 0
8 2
4 0
7 0
17 0
36 0
81 0
5 0
30 0
16 0
8 0
9 3
10 0
12 0
23 0
7 0
5 0
10 0
11 0
6 0
18 0
5 0
7 0
63 0
7 0
21 0
5 0
26 8
27 0
11 0
9 0
11 0
8 0
17 0
14 0
13 0
6 0
822 42
3,979,131,374 70,309 914
6,241,030,746 71,131 956
(a) Corrections to the data add 10,000,000 pounds to Total Releases and Transfers for this facility (see Box 3-C).
(b) Corrections to the data add 90,000,000 pounds to Total Releases and Transfers for this facility (see Box 3-C).
(c) Corrections to the data subtract 48,600 pounds from Total Releases and Transfers for this facility (See Box 3-C).
fifth-ranked Monsanto chemical facility in Alvin, Texas reported no waste
minimization on any of its 19 TRI forms. Five other facilities on the top 50 list
reported waste minimization.
507
-------
Chapter 11
Some Du Pont
facilities reported
waste minimization,
but top Monsanto
and Eastman Kodak
facilities did not.
A subset of 956
forms had sufficient
waste minimization
data for quantitative
comparisons.
The subset averaged
a 22% absolute
reduction in waste
generation
Five Du Pont facilities are among the top SO facilities; three reported some waste
minimization. The three top Monsanto facilities did not report on waste mini-
mization. Two Eastman facilities, Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, New
York and Tennessee Eastman of Kingsport, Tennessee submitted the largest
number of forms of any top-ranked facilities (63 and 81, respectively), but none
contained waste minimization data.
MINIMIZATION DATA ON VOLUME REDUCTIONS,
1987-1988
Creating a Subset
Although six percent of all TRI forms submitted in 1988 had some waste
minimization data, the full set of waste minimization forms could not be analyzed
for information on the volumes of waste reduced. Many forms did not contain
volume data or contained incomplete data. Others gave numbers that were
obviously in error. (EPA has substantially revised the instructions for reporting
waste minimization data for 1989 and expects that reporting will improve for
1989.) For this reason, a subset of waste minimization forms was chosen. Forms
that met the following criteria were included in the subset:
• contained volume data on current and prior year waste generation;
• contained data on production index; and
• reported waste generation numbers that were larger than, or equal to, the total
releases and transfers reported on the same form.
A total of 956 forms out of the 4,140 waste minimization forms, met the above
criteria and were included in the subset.
Total Reductions in Waste Generation
The 956 waste minimization forms included in the subset reported amounts of
TRI chemical waste for both 1987 and 1988. TRI waste generation for the subset
was 172.8 million pounds in 1987, and only 134.9 million pounds in 1988 for an
overall reduction of 22 percent (37.9 million pounds). (See Figure 11-2.)
Companies in the waste minimization subset also provided production index data
with their forms. The production index is an indicator selected by the facility
(such as number of cars, square feet of tape, pounds of chemicals, and so on as
appropriate) to quantify overall levels of production activity. The production index
is reported as a ratio of current year to prior year production: if production has
doubled, the production index is 2.0; if it has halved, the index is 0.5.
(2) Subsequent to the preparation of this report, EPA uncovered and corrected a data entry error
concerning the Eastman Kodak plant in Rochester, NY. The plant did submit waste minimization data
for at least one of its TRI chemicals.
302
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
The availability of the production index provides an important additional perspec- The subset averaged
tive on TRI waste minimization data. The volumes reported above represent a 38% relative reduc-
absolute quantities of waste minimization, that is, changes in waste at a facility tion in waste genera-
without regard to changes in production. Another way to examine the data is to tion from 1987 to
use production indices to generate relative quantities of waste minimization. 1988.
(See Box 11-A.)
Factoring in the impact of production indices leads to a projected 1988 waste
generation of 200 million pounds. Hence, the relative amount of waste minimiza-
tion is the difference between projected and actual waste generation for 1988 or
a reduction of 64.7 million pounds or 38 percent. The difference between the
amount of relative and absolute waste minimization is due to the fact that the
effect of production increases (production index greater than 1.0) outweighs the
impact of production decreases (production index less than 1.0). (See Figure
11-2.)
Geographical Distribution
Within the waste minimization subset, facilities in Tennessee reported the largest Tennessee facilities
overall amounts of absolute and relative waste minimization. North Carolina produced the largest
facilities reported the second highest level of absolute waste minimization, while both absolute and
California facilities reported the second highest level of relative waste minimiza- relative waste reduc-
tion. Fourteen of the top 20 waste minimization states had greater relative than tions in the subset.
absolute waste minimization (indicating increased levels of production in those
250
Millions of Pounds
1987
TRI Wastes Generated
Relative Waste Mln.
1988 Projected 1988
iHi Absolute Waste Win.
Figure 11-2. Absolute and Relative TRI Waste Minimization (Subset of 956 Forms),
1987-1988.
303
-------
Chapter 11
BOX 11-A. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE WASTE MINIMIZATION: The
Impact of Production Index Data
Production index data lends additional perspective to an understanding of waste minimization. As
an example, consider the waste minimization data reported by one facility for propylene.
• WASTE GENERATION IN 1986: 3,900,000 pounds
. WASTE GENERATION IN 1987: 540,000 pounds
. WASTE GENERATION IN 1988: 73,000 pounds
. PRODUCTION INDEX, 1986-87: 2.0
. PRODUCTION INDEX, 1987-88: 1.0
. METHOD, 1986-87 and 1987-88: On-site recycling
. REASON, 1986-87: Cost reductions
• REASON, 1987-88: Self-initiated review
In absolute terms, the waste minimization achieved was simply the difference between waste
generation in each of the years reported:
3,900,000 - 540,000 = 3,360,000
actual 1986 waste actual 1987 waste absolute waste min.
540,000 - 73,000 = 467,000
actual 1987 waste actual 1988 waste absolute waste nun.
3,900,000 - 73,000 = 3,827,000
actual 1986 waste actual 1988 waste cumulative absolute
waste minimization
In other words, this facility reduced its waste generation by 3.8 million pounds between 1986 and
1988 through on-site recycling.
However, the production index of 2.0 in 1986-87 tells us that the level of activity at the plant doubled
in 1987. If waste generation had followed suit, it too would have doubled from 3.9 to 7.8 million
pounds. Hence the relative amount of waste minimization between 1986 and 1987 is the difference
between the waste produced in 1987 and a projection of what would have been produced based on
production index information:
7,800,000 - 540,000 = 7,260,000
projected 1987 waste actual 1987 waste relative waste nun.
This facility's waste generation was 7.26 million pounds less in 1987 than it would have been if the
waste generation had increased at the same pace as production increased. Between 1987 and 1988,
however, production did not increase (the production index was 1.0, indicating no change in levels
of production). In this case the absolute and relative levels of waste minimization were the same.
While increases in production activity lead to larger relative than absolute amounts of waste
minimization, decreases in production activity achieve just the opposite, as can be seen from the
following 1987-88 example on glycol ethers:
304
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
. WASTE GENERATION IN 1987: 565,060 pounds
• WASTE GENERATION IN 1988: 441,532 pounds
. PRODUCTION INDEXt 0.7
• METHOD: Housekeeping
* REASON: Regulation
In this case, the absolute reduction of glycol ether waste was 123,528 pounds. However, the
production index of 0.7 indicates activity was reduced in 1988, reducing the projected waste
generation figure from 565,060 to 395,542 (or 565,060 x 0.7).
/
395,542 - 441,532 - -45,990
projected 1988 waste actual 1988 waste relative waste min.
The actual waste generation in 1987 was greater than what would be expected based on the production
index alone, resulting in a negative quantity of waste minimization. In this case, even though overall
quantities of waste decreased, the amount of waste per unit of production increased.
states); California had by far the largest discrepancy between the two measure-
ments of waste minimization, with six times more relative than absolute waste
minimization. (See Figure 11-3 and Table 11-3.)
In addition to Tennessee and North Carolina, facilities in five other states reported
more than two million pounds of absolute waste reduction: Louisiana, Texas,
West Virginia, Michigan and California. Facilities in four states reported reducing
their TRI-subset wastes by more than half: Virginia, Colorado, West Virginia,
and North Carolina. (North Carolina, which reduced waste generation by 4.9
million pounds between 1987 and 1988, has one of the oldest active state programs
designed to encourage voluntary waste minimization in the nation.)
The states with largest amounts of waste minimization differ from those with the
most forms reporting waste minimization data. Much of the reason for this
difference is the impact of individual large-volume reductions on the overall data:
a single form from Tennessee, for example, reported absolute waste minimization
of 10.8 million pounds, more than half of the total for that state. Bear in mind,
also, that the two sets of data are based on a different universe of forms, and must
be interpreted with caution.
305
-------
Chapter 11
Table! 1-3. TRI Waete
STATE k>OH
f
Minimization by State (Subeet
MSl
I Number I
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
8
0
0
16
16
84
7
33
1
0
15
18
0
2
69
24
14
10
7
24
6
17
22
31
5
20
19
0
2
0
7
73
3
33
39
0
74
13
12
36
9
12
16
1
28
54
3
2
0
14
18
12
26
1
RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
touab
394,806
0
0
305,933
528,868
2,061,502
96,135
1,181,349
30,277
0
179,925
of 956 Forme). 1987-1988.
WASTE GENERATED
IBS tank
426,020
0
0
1,012,454
602,982
5,431,790
99,303
1,366,679
175,002
0
295,424
697,600 939,988
0 0
62,399
2,220,941
1,141,529
348,819
62,399
4,246,571
1,340,026
5,174,944
1,153,322 1,197,690
55,198
14,790,171
283,584
20,755,198
57,044 98,868
896,583
747,141
661,653
1,005,094
874,870
3,257,715
196,292 196,541
565,676 634,451
12,960,359 17,264,913
0 0
2,000 156,000
0 0
576,336 611,567
4,015,954 11,933,177
5,400 122,698
1,043,342 1,434,742
3,362,840 4,409,890
0 0
4,854,334 9,585,108
288,496 456,809
522,149 742,336
1,591,435 2,049,469
111,721
1,826,627
155,954 250,296
590,264 712,297
24,700 25,000
15,401,251
15,519,046
3,888,928 5,199,983
7,599,030 7,602,180
6,200 113,028
0 0
352,605 379,609
356,146 398,442
2,061,924 2,319,000
1,092,278 2,303,828
750 10,000
ltt?fomfr
418,969
ABSOLUTE CHANGE («)
Ftandi
7,051
ht mnlnt
nufOMX
1.68
0 0 -
0 0 -
1,040,240 -27,786
1,003,893
-400,911
7,545,110 -2,113,320
209,235
-109,932
1,620,047 -253,368
193,005
-18,003
-2.67
-39.94
-28.01
-52.54
-15.64
-9.33
0 0 -
415,487 -120,063
1,829,449 -889,461
Projected 1988
VluuOamfoe
(b)
fond.
429,916
feUlivt Change (c)
fbind*
-3,896
Percent
-0.93
0 0 -
0 0 -
1,193;773
1,223,544
18,154,286
125,832
1,666,065
173,705
-181,319
-620,562
-12,722,496
-26,529
-299,386
1,298
-17.43
-61.82
-168.62
-12.68
-18.48
0.67
0 0 -
-28.90 451,843
-48.62
0 0 -
69,550 -7,151
5,295,973
2,258,995
3,631,011
-1,049,402
-918,969
1,543,933
1,913,126 -715,436
337,505
-53,921
24,210,659 -3,455,461
91,914 6,954
1,200,207 -195,113
1,105,518 -230,648
5,481,800 -2,224,085
333,406 -136,865
788,223 -153,772
15,740,872 1,524,041
-10.28
-156,419
1,052,832 -112,844
-37.65
-6.17
0 0 -
85,675
-23,276
-19.82 5,138,029 -891,458
-40.68
1,163,441
176,585
42.52 3,968,856 1,206,088
-37.40 1,952,192 -754,502
-15.98
338,971
-55,387
-14.27 26,246,069 -5,490,871
7.57 393,049 -294,181
-16.26
-20.86
1,097,026 -91,932
1,199,528 -324.658
-40.57 6,336,576 -3,078;861
-41.05
-19.51
307,906 -111,365
816,506 -182,055
9.68 17,116,653 148,260
0 0 -
195,000 -39,000
-33.47
-16.83
7.82
33.22
-39.44
-16.41
-22.68
-320.06
-7.66
-29.37
-56.17
-33.40
-23.10
0.94
0 0 -
-20.00 249,000 -93,000
0 0 -
971,794 -360,227
12,463,037 -529,860
122,798 -100
1,632,825 -198,083
9,351,558 4,941,668
-47.69
0 0 -
-37.07 947,379 -335,812
-4.25
14,765,388 -2,832,211
-34.56
-22.72
-0.08 122,698 0 -
-12.13 1,388,320 46,422
-52.84 9,797,352 -5,387,462
0 0 -
9,592,069 -6,961
442,707 14,102
881,223 -138,887
3,463,208 -1,413,739
2,117,059 -290,432
269,606 -19,310
1,113,419 -401,122
32,000 -7,000
26,330,167 10,811,121
8,591,394 3,391,411
8,873,200 -1,271,020
106,320 6,708
2.84
-57.61
0 0 —
-0.07 9,927,433 -342,325
3.19 525,885 -69,076
-15.76 895,902 -153,566
-40.82 3,642,562 -1,593,093
-13.72 1,263,163 563,464
-7.16 253,807 -3,511
-36.03 1,940,704 -1,228,407
-21.88 275,200 -250,200
-41.06 30,817,250 -15,298,204
-39.47 10,063,542 -4,863,559
-14.32 11,535,160 -3,932,980
6.31
0 0 -
886,168 -506,559
601,390 -202,948
5,067,897 -2,748,897
2,908,938 -605,110
8,500 1,500
474,980 -361,952
-3.57
-15.60
-17.43
-46.00
26.62
-1.30
-110.33
-781.88
-58.10
-56.61
-44.32
-340.44
0 0 -
-57.16 997,906 -618,297
-33.75 971,508 -573,066
-54.24 5,544,867 -3,225,867
-20.80 2,626,510 -322,682
17.65 10,200 -200
-69.77
-95.29
-63.65
-11.09
-2.35
TOTAL
956 89,237,559 134,903,638 172,756,471 -37,852,833 -21.91 199,668,985 -64,765,347 -37.49
(a) Absolute Waste Reduction =
(b) Projected Waste Generated
(c) Relative Waste Generated =
1988 Waste Generated - 1987 Waste Generated
= 1987 Waste Generated x Production Index
1988 Waste Generated - 1988 Projected Waste Generation
306
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
Millions of Pounds
TN NC LA IX WV Ml CA PA UT IL IN QA KS Wl NJ VA SC AR NH PR
Absolute Waste Min.
Relative Waste Min.
Figure 11-3. The 20 States with the Largest Amount of TRI Waste Minimization,
1987-1988.
largest reduction in
the subset.
Industrial Distribution
Diversified facilities—those covered by more than one Standard Industrial Diversified facilities
Classification (SIC) code —reported the largest amounts of absolute waste and the Chemical in-
minimization (12.1 million pounds, for a 52 percent reduction), and the second dustry had the
largest amounts of relative waste minimization in the subset (17.1 million pounds,
for a 73 percent reduction) in 1988. The Chemical industry reported the second
highest levels of absolute waste minimization (11.6 million pounds or 18 percent)
and the largest amount of relative waste minimization (23.4 million pounds or 36
percent). The Lumber industry had the highest percentage of relative waste
minimization (83 percent or 139,000 pounds). Facilities from several industries
reported overall increases in absolute waste generation. They were the Textiles,
Printing, Leather, and Machinery industries. The Printing and Leather industries
were the only ones that showed an increase in relative waste generation. (See
Figure 11-4 and Table 11-4.)
(4) Appendix C lists the Standard Industrial Classification codes for industries required to report to
TRI.
307
-------
Chapter 11
Equipment changes
accounted for the
largest absolute
reductions; on-site
recycling achieved
the largest relative
reductions.
Waste Minimization Methods
Within the waste minimization subset, equipment changes achieved the largest
amount of absolute waste minimization, accounting for 15.6 million pounds of
overall reductions in waste. On-site recycling achieved the largest amount of
relative waste minimization, reducing wastes by 21.9 million pounds. Improved
housekeeping, followed by on-site recycling, was the most frequently reported
waste minimization method in this subset, but it accounted for only 2.4 million
pounds in absolute reductions. (See Figure 11-5 and Table 11-5.)
The two methods cited least often were product reformulation/redesign (48
forms, or five percent of the total) and substitution of raw materials (65 forms,
or seven percent of the total). These two methods also achieved the lowest
quantities of both absolute and relative waste minimization: only relative reduc-
tion due to chemical substitution accounted for more than one million pounds of
waste minimization.
Relative waste minimization was larger than absolute waste minimization for each
method except product reformulation, where, although an absolute reduction of
438,000 pounds was reported, the relative measure of waste minimization showed
an increase in TRI wastes of 332,000 pounds. While this drop is not explained
on the TRI forms, it may be indicative of the complexity of reformulating a
product and the waste generated while the reformulation process is under way.
Table 11 -4 .TRI Waste
Minimization by Industry (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988.
I S(C I INDUSTRY [ form 198S Release.
fcoDfl [
Ard Transfers
I I [Number Pound!
20 Food
21 Tobacco
22 Textile.
23 Apparel
24 Lumber
25 Furniture
26 Paper
27 Printing,
28 Chemical!
29 Petroleum
30 Plastic.
31 Leather
32 Stone/Clay
33 Primary Metal.
34 Fab. Metali
35 Machinery!
36 Electrical
37 Traniportation
38 Measure./ Photo.
39 MuceUancoui
Mult, codci 20 - 39
No codei 20 - 39
TOTAL
(a) Absolute wute reduction *
(b) Projected watte generation
(c) Relative watte reduction -
27 994,903
VWto Generated
1988 Pound! 1987 Pound.
Abaolute Change (a)
Pound! Percent
1,187,365 1,536,282 -348,917 -22.71
Projected 1988 Vfete
Generation (b)
Pound.
1,529,694
5 1,594,870 1,594,870 3,972,879 2,378,009 -59.86 4,370,167
15 2,017,987 2,061,390 1,564,574 496,816 31.75 2,617,098
0 0
14 89,534
25 724,307
25 802,408
8 189,320
271 34,744,968
0 0
90,032 167,755
0 -
-77,723 -46.33
0
229,473
944,384 956,307 -11,923 -1.25 1,041,645
1,790,845 2,302,373 -511,528 -22.22 1,847,152
301,900 223,880 78,020 34.85 232,418
54,144,930 65,745,682
11,600,752 -17.64
77.560,423
15 1,405,664 1,412,896 3,378,830 1,965,934 -58.18 2,108,035
50 4,393,681
5,049,550 5,953,295 -903,745 -15.18 6,682,328
12 11,556,426 15,875,442 15,403,118 472,324 3.07 15,507,883
14 114,178
121,366 182,014 -60,648 -33.32 184,671
Relative Change (b)
Pound.
-342,329
-2,775,297
-555,708
0
-139,441
-97,261
-56,307
69,482
-23,415,493
-695,139
-1,632,778
367,559
-63,305
55 10,094,059 12,193,029 14,968,318 -2,775,289 -18.54 20,098,772 -7,905,743
116 1,911,080 5,329,095 9,085,067 -3,755,972 -41.34 12,038,667 -6,709,572
32 740,554 7,480,175 7,364,320 115,855 1.57 8,129,816 -649,641
94 2,866,314 6,733,351 7,495,710 -762,359 -10.17 8,043,647 -1,310,296
33 2,025,889 3,513,649 4,044,032 -530,383 -13.12 4,634,399 -1,120,750
33 2,148,040 2,462,824 3,357,228 -894,404 -26.64 2,812,260 -349,436
27 644,091
1,008,164 1,284,344 -276,180 -21.50 1,320,696 -312,532
77 10,101,329 11,258,984 23,403,878 -12,144,894 -51.89 28,322,357 -17,063,373
8 77,957 349,397 366,585 -17,188 -4.69 357,383 -7,986
956 89,237,559 134,903,638 172,756,471
-37,852,833 -21.91
199,668,985 -64,765,347
Percent
-22.28
-69.86
-35,52
—
-83.12
-10.17
-2.45
31.04
-35.62
-20.57
-27.43
2.39
-34.78
-52.82
-73.85
-8.82
-17.48
-27.71
-10.41
-24.33
-72.91
-2.18
-37.49
1988 watte generated - 1987 watte generated
- 1987 waste gener
ated x production index
1988 waale generated - 1988 projected wane generation
308
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
Reasons for Waste Minimization
Self-initiated review was the most frequently cited reason for implementing waste Self-initiated review
minimization (335 forms) in the subset, and also produced the largest proportion was the most impor-
of reductions (the absolute reduction was 38 percent, and the relative reduction tant reason for reduc-
was 63 percent) and the greatest overall absolute and relative amounts of waste ing wastes.
Food (20)
Tobacco (21)
Textiles (22)
Apparel (23)
Lumber (24)
Furniture (25)
Paper (26)
Printing (27)
Petroleum (29)
Plastic (30)
Leather (31)
Stone/Clay (32)
Fab. Metals (34)
Machinery (35)
Electrical (36)
Transportation (37)
Instruments (38)
Misc. Manufact. (39)
No Codes in 20-39
_ <
• -ill
— : : : : JHHJj^.
Ilia
I : I •
_ : : : ^M
; ™*,*,,,jmimm
'• -a
: '• •
~ . . ^Z
\ '\ A
\ I 1
; I 1
i i i i
30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 (
Millions of Pounds
••Absolute Waste Win. HI Relative Waste
•
1
) «
Min.
Figure 11-4. Absolute and Relative TRI Waste Minimization by Industry (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988.
Table 11-5. TRI Waste Minimization by Method (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988.
WASTE MINIMIZATION
METHOD
Recycling/Reuse On-Site
Recycling/Reuse Off-Site
Equipment Changes
Process Changes
Reformulation
Substitution
Improved Housekeeping
Other
Unknown
TOTAL
FORMS [TOTAL RELEASES] TRI WASTES GENERATED ABSOLUTE CHANGE (a) I PROJECTED [RELATIVE CHANCE (c) j
AND TRANSFERS WASTE (b) [
Number i Pound. I 1988 Ponds 1987 Pounds I Pounds Percent I Pounds \ Pounds Percent I
166
105
115
136
48
65
197
69
55
956 89,237,559 134,903,638 172,756,471 -37,852,833 -21.91 199,668,985 -64,765,347 -37.49
22,031,306
3,144,876
20,790,584
25,891,184
2,329,862
2,751,533
6,790,978
3,292,650
2,214,586
43,381,652
7,475,642
21,684,157
30,379,486
3,820,847
4,293,775
10,374,813
10,963,308
2,529,958
50,039,113
9,403,017
37,279,257
35,792,924
4,258,528
5,254,454
12,738,309
15,612,049
2,378,820
-6,657,461
-1,927,375
-15,595,100
-5,413,438
-437,681
-960,679
-2,363,496
-4,648,741
151,138
-13.30
-20.50
-41.83
-15.12
-10.28
-18.28
-18.55
-29.78
6.35
65,259,966
10,190,228
43,260,322
38,574,180
3,488,571
5,544,028
14,276,035
16,465,919
2,609,736
-21,878,314
-2,714,586
•21,576,165
-8,194,694
332,276
-1,250,253
-3,901,222
-5,502,61 1
-79,778
-43.72
-28.87
-57.88
-22.89
7.80
-23.79
-30.63
-35.25
-3.35
(a) Absolute waste reduction = 1988 waste generated - 1987 waste generated..
(b) Projected waste generation = 1987 waste generated x production index.
(c) Relative waste reduction - 1988 waste generated - 1988 projected waste generation.
309
-------
Chapter 11
Waste generation of
ammonium sulfate
was reduced the
most.
minimization (20.9 and 35.1 million pounds, respectively). The category of cost
reductions (e.g. process costs) was cited on 155 forms, and produced absolute
reductions in waste of 9.0 million pounds, an 18-percent reduction. Reduction
in treatment and disposal costs was cited more often (197 forms) but produced
a much smaller quantity (1.9 million pounds) and percent (9 percent) of absolute
waste minimization. (See Figure 11-6 and Table 11-6.)
Waste minimization motivated by regulatory requirements, cited on 87 forms,
yielded 2.5 million pounds of absolute waste minimization. Other reasons, such
as the discontinuation of a product line, was cited on 139 forms and resulted in
an absolute waste minimization of 3.7 million pounds (13 percent). The only
reason associated with increased levels of waste was the unknown category,
although this category, like all the others, yielded relative waste minimization.
Chemicals Subject to Waste Minimization
Ammonium sulfate, cited on eight forms, accounted for the greatest absolute and
relative waste minimization in the subset (6.9 and 8.9 million pounds respective-
ly). Of the 12 chemicals with at the least one million pounds of absolute waste
minimization, chemical mixtures ranked 12th. Yet, they accounted for the second
highest relative waste minimization with 8.5 million pounds. Waste minimization
of mixtures was reported on a total of seven forms. (See Table 11-7.)
ON-SITE RECYCLING
OFF-SITE RECYCLING
EQUIPMENT CHANGES
PROCESS CHANGES
REFORMULATED PRODUCT
CHEM. SUBSTITUTION
IMPROVE HOUSEKEEPING
OTHER
_ ,
; : : •••••••I
wmmmmmmmmMMMMM
- \ ; ; jj
wmmmmzmmmmmmimmmh
I \ I ^^••l
: j '. . y
>5 -20 -15 -10 -505
Millions of Pounds
•i Absolute Waste IB Relative Waste
Figure 11-5. Absolute and Relative TRI Waste Minimization by Method (Subset of 956 Forms). 1987-1988.
570
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
Cadmium, a carcinogen, was cited on only one form, but reported the largest
percentage of absolute waste minimization among the top 12, dropping from 2.0
million pounds in 1987 to 57 pounds in 1988, virtually a 100 percent decrease.
Toluene was reported on 61 forms, with a 1.5-million-pound absolute waste
minimization. Four chemicals had absolute waste minimization of less than one
million pounds, but relative waste minimization of more than one million pounds:
acetone, trichloroethylene, xylene (mixed isomers) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Table 11-6. Amount Of TRI Waste Minimization By Reason (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988
PROJECTED 1988 RELATIVE CHANGE (c)
WASTE MINIMIZATION
REASON
Regulation
Treatment/Disposal Cost*
Process Costs
Self-initiated Review
Other
Unknown
(FORMS
f
1 Number
RELEASES
AND TRANS-
FERS
Pound*
87 13,113,238
197 9,794,887
155 25,941,283
335 22,027,416
139 16,989,256
43 1,371,479
WASTES GENERATED
1987 Pound*
15,778,521
18,438,662
40,633,662
34,564,243
23,830,895
1,657,655
1988 Pound*
ABSOLUTE CHANGE
(a)
Pound* Percent
18,235,730 -2,507,209 -13.71
20,365,248
49,594,462
-1,926,586 -9.46
-8,960,800 -18.07
55,468,082 -20,903,839 -37.69
27,512,397 -3,681,502 -13.38
1,530,552 127,103 8.30
WASTEGENERA-
21,059,440
25,180,630
53,918,920
69,620,563
28,204,939
1,684,493
Pound*
-5,280,919
-6,741,968
-13,285,258
-35,056,320
-4,374,044
-26,838
Percent
-28.88
-33.11
-26.79
-63.2
-15.9
-1.75
TOTAL
956 89,237,559 134,903,638 172,756,471 -37,852,833 -21.91
199,668,985 -64,765,347 -37.49
(a) Absolute Waste Reduction = 1988 waste generated - 1987 waste generated.
(b) Projected waste generation - 1987 waste generated x production index.
(c) Relative waste reduction = 1988 waste generated - 1988 projected waste generation.
REGULATION
TREATMENT COSTS
COST REDUCTION
SELF-INITIATED
OTHER
-40
-30 -20 -10
Millions of Pounds
I Absolute Waste Min.
i Relative Waste Min.
Figure 11-6. Absolute an dRelative TRI Waste Minimization by Reason, (Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988.
311
-------
Chapter 11
Table 11-7. TRI Chemicals with More than One Million Pound* of Absolute Waste Minimization
(Subset of 956 Forms), 1987-1988.
CHEMICAL
Ammonium Sulfate (solution)
Ammonia
Methanol
Sulfuric Acid
Methyl Ethyl Kelonc
Propylene
Cadmium
Hydrochloric Acid
Elhylene Olycol
Toluene
Cartxmyl Sulfide
Total For Mixture!
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
8
34
28
56
45
8
1
43
17
61
1
7
RELEASES
AND TRANS-
FERS
Pound.
9,190,559
19,292,711
3,522,714
4,572,068
3,257,260
1,449,501
57
7,873,989
613,968
5,669,304
8,500,000
2,260
TRI WASTES GENERATED
1988 Pound, 1987 Pounds
9,250,559
19,523,838
4,796,949
7,990,109
4,075,340
6,689,711
57
8,707,105
2,281,574
11,170,050
8,500,000
1,891,094
ABSOLUTE CHANGE (a)
16,106,641
23,972,223
7,689,485
10,418,747
6,492,101
8,811,222
2,001,983
10,519,135
3,975,331
12,692,403
10,000,000
3,056,191
309 63,944,391 84,876,386 115,735,462
647 25,293,168 50,027,252 57,021,009
956 89,237,559 134,903,638 172,756,471
(a) Absolute waste reduction = 1988 waste generated - 1987 waste generated.
(b) Projected waste generation =* 1987 waste generated x production index.
(c) Relative waste reduction = 1988 waste generated - 1988 projected waste generation.
Pounds
-6,856,082
-4,448,385
-2,892,536
-2,428,638
-2,416,761
-2,121,511
-2,001,926
-1,812,030
-1,693,757
-1,522,353
-1,500,000
-1,165,097
-30,859,076
-6,993,757
-37,852,833
Percent
PROJECTED
1988 WASTE
GENERATION
RELATIVE CHANGE (c)
-42.57
-18.56
-37.62
-23.31
-37.23
-24.08
100.00
-17.23
-42.61
-11.99
-15.00
-38.12
-26.66
-12.27
-21.91
18,106,171
24,795,569
6,771,912
13,091,192
5,466,092
10,708,515
2,802,776
13,507,310
5,371,911
14,744,789
11,000,000
10,391,049
136,757,285
62,911,700
199,668,985
Pounds
-8,855,612
-5,271,731
-1,974,963
-5,101,083
-1,390,752
-4,018,804
-2,802,719
-4,800,205
-3,090,337
-3,574,739
-2,500,000
-8,499,955
-51,880,899
-12,884,448
-64,765,347
Percent
-54.98
-21.99
-25.68
-48.96
-21.42
-45.61
-140.00
-45.63
-77.74
-28.16
-25.00
-278.12
-44.83
-22.60
-37.49
Table 11-8. Relative Change in Waste Generation of Carcinogens: Methods of Minimization, 1987-1988.*
CHEMICAL NAME
Cadmium
Dichloromelhane
Tctrachloroelhylcne
1,3-Butadiene
Carbon Tctracbloride
Di-(2-«lhylhexyl) Phthalate
Lead
Elhylene Oxide
Nickel
Benzene
1,4-Dioxane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Propylene Oxide
Porychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Chloroform
Acrylonilrile
Arsenic
Isopropyl Alcohol (manufacturing)
Dimethyl Sulfate
Ethyl Acrylate
Bis(2-elhylhexyl) Adipale
Formaldehyde
Asbestos (friable)
Styrene
SUBTOTAL FOR CARCINOGENS
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
* Based on subset of 956 forms.
1 1988 RELEASES
[AND TRANSFERS
I Pounds
ON-SITE
RECYCLE
Pound!
57 -2,802,719
2,121,180
472,105
-90,900
-395,778
266,590 0
451,504
4,045
82,972
-241,798
-250,490
-103,982
12,394 0
179,001
0
17,954 -1,500
73,681
37,640
-17
-16,085
18,569 0
54,055 0
47,854 0
68,465 0
3,813 0
312
0
80 -275
690 0
MFTHOPl
OFF-SITE 1
RECYCLE
Pounds 1
0
-182,473
7,432
0
0
-2,124
0
-48,413
1,811
-3,662
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
432 0 0
0 94
380,21 1
0
0 0
190,995 0 0
1,439,204 -114,694 0
5,923,803 -4,018,144 -227,429
83,313,756 -17,860,174
-2,487,157
89,237,559 332,273 -2,714,586
OF WA.CTF V41NlMT7ATtnN
EQUIPMENT 1 PROCESS
CHANCES I CHANCES
Pounds 1 Pounds
0 0
-186,603 -65,949
-103,471 -29,196
0 -453,055
-38,700 0
-3,878 1
-8,800 0
-20,656 -27,102
-60,828 0
-8,355 -18,197
0 0
0 0
0 0
-15 0
0 0
-1,000 0
0 -3,047
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
REFORMULA-
TION
Pound!
0
4,314
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8,815
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
000
32,479 0 107,527
0 -32,546 309
0 406,853
-399,827 -222,238
-21,176,339 -7,972,458
-30,308
73,027
259,246
-21,576,166 -8,194,696 332,273
312
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
Statistics on total reductions can be further broken down according to the methods A *ingle form indicat-
of and reasons for achieving the reductions. For example,total relative reduction ing close to complete
in waste generation of carcinogens was 4.8 million pounds for 1987-88; over half reduction of cad-
of those reductions were due to the 2.8-million-pound relative reduction in mium waste*
cadmium waste. Much of the relative reduction (4.0 out of 4.8 million pounds,) dominated waste
in carcinogens was use of on-site recycling. Although the cadmium reduction is reduction* of car-
responsible for 2.8 million pounds of that reduction, on-site recycling would be cinogen*.
the leading method of carcinogen reduction even without the cadmium reduction.
(See Table 11-8.)
MATCHED FORMS REPORTING WASTE
MINIMIZATION:VOLUME REDUCTIONS, 1986-88
Creating a Second Subset
A second subset of waste minimization data was created by compiling matched
forms that provided waste minimization data in both 1987 and 1988, and thus
allowed a cumulative, three-year estimate of waste minimization. As in the case
above, several criteria were used to exclude apparently incorrect forms from this
subset. Each of the forms retained in the subset:
• contained volume data on waste generation for the years 1986,1987 and 1988;
• contained data on production index, method, and reason;
Table 11-8 , continued.
CHEMICAtNAME
Cadmium
Dichloromethlne
Tetrachloroelhylene
1,3-Buudiene
Cirbom Telrmchloride
Chromium
Di-(2-elhylhexyl) Phthalale
Lead
Ethyfene Oxide
Nickel
Benzene
1 ,4-Dioxane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Propylene Oxide
For/chlorinated Biphcnyla (PCBa)
Chloroform
Acrylonilrile
Araenk
[sopropy! Alcohol (manufacturing)
Dimethyl Sulfate
Ethyl Acryltte
Bif(2-ethylhexyl) Adipale
Formaldehyde
Afbeatoa (friable)
Sty rent
SUBTOTAL FOR CARCINOGENS
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
* Baaed on aubaet of 956 forma.
METHOD OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
SUBst n tfl ION 1
Fbundi 1
0
-171,449
-23,721
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-5,710
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-28,940
267,71 1
-19,825
18,
-------
Chapter 11
Absolute waste
reduction slowed in
the second year for
this subset.
• reported waste generation numbers that were larger than, or equal to, the total
releases and transfers reported on the same form; and
• reported equal amounts of waste generated in the "current year" in 1987 and
in the "prior year" in 1988 (both these amounts should refer to waste generated
in 1987).
Based on these criteria, 126 matching forms, representing 89 facilities were
available for analysis. This analysis constitutes a sample investigation of waste
minimization between 1986 and 1988. Because it covers such a small number of
forms, and because the waste minimization section itself is a voluntary part of
TRI, these data can not be used to generalize to the nation as a whole. However,
they do provide a sample of waste minimization activity over the course of three
years. (See Table 11-9.)
Combining amounts of waste minimized between 1986-1987 and 1987-1988
provides a cumulative measure of the levels of waste minimization achieved over
the three years from 1986 to 1988. The 126 forms in this subset reported a total
of 6.8 million pounds of absolute waste reductions between 1986 and 1988, but,
because some forms indicated that waste generation had increased, they also
reported a total of 2.4 million pounds of increases in waste generation over the
same years. Therefore, the cumulative total waste minimization achieved was 4.4
million pounds. The amount of relative waste minimization was much higher,
with 21.2 million pounds of waste minimization reported and 0.3 million pounds
of increased waste generation reported for a total cumulative relative waste
minimization of 20.9 million pounds. The fact that the amounts of relative waste
minimization are so much larger than the amounts of absolute waste minimization
indicates that production levels increased significantly on the whole between 1986
and 1988 at these facilities.
The matched data set suggests that total absolute waste minimization was much
higher in 1986-1987 (4.0 million pounds) than in 1987-1988 (444,000 pounds).
Relative waste minimization dropped less, from 12.8 million pounds in 1987 to
8.1 million pounds in 1988. In other words, it appears that within this subset of
126 forms there was a decline in levels of waste minimization at the same time
as production levels increased. Both factors combined to reduce the amount of
absolute waste minimization reported in 1988.
Table 11-9. Cumulative TRI Waste Minimization (Based on 126 Matching Forms), 1986-1988.
TOTAL REDUCTIONS
TOTAL INCREASES
TOTAL
1986-1988 REPORTING
ABSOLUTE 11
WASTE MINIMIZA-
TION
Pound! |
-6,794,278
2,378,069
-4,416,209
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
The 25 facilities reporting the largest cumulative decreases in waste generation
reported absolute reductions of 6.5 million pounds and relative reductions of 16.7
million pounds. The Exxon facility mentioned above reported by far the highest
quantities of both absolute (7.7 million pounds) and relative (3.8 million pounds)
waste minimization. It reported full data on the reduction of only one chemical
between 1986 and 1988, however. In contrast, the second ranked facility for
absolute waste minimization, the chemical manufacturer Old Quaker Paint
Company of Carson, California, reported waste minimization on ten matched
forms, more than any other facility among the top 25. It also ranked second for
relative waste minimization with 5.1 million pounds (it reported 396,000 pounds
of absolute reductions). (See Tables 11-10 and 11-11 on the following pages.)
Data from the Old Quaker Paint Company serve as an example of the type of
waste minimization data available through the voluntary reporting section. Old
Quaker Paint Company achieved all its reductions with one method of waste
minimization: on-site recycling. Two reasons motivated its actions: self initiated
review and reducing treatment and disposal costs. The table also demonstrates
why this company's relative reductions are so much higher than its absolute
reductions: production increased by a factor of 3.4 between 1987 and 1988.
Finally, it is interesting to note that in addition to waste minimization, which
occurs before the treatment of chemicals, Old Quaker Paint Company treated
substantial amounts of the wastes it did generate, as indicated by the fact that it
released and transferred much smaller quantities of waste than it generated. In
other words, it reduced overall emissions first by reducing the amount of wastes
it produced and then by treating those wastes it did produce. (See Table 11-12.)
An Exxon facility
reported the largest
cumulative waste
reduction*, both ab-
solute and relative,
but an Old Quaker
Paint facility reported
reducing more chemi-
cals.
Table 11-12. TRI Waste 1988 Waste Minimization Data* for Old Quaker Paint Co. (SIC Code 28), Carson,
California.
CHEMICAL
Methanol
Acetone
N-butyl Alcohol
Ethyfene Glycol
Toluene
Ammonia
Mixture (5036 Oil Mod. Alkyd Resin)
Mixture (5684 Oil Hue Re>in)
Mixture (5766 Oil Bale Resin)
Mixture (Oil Base Resin 5308)
TOTAL FOR THESE CHEMICALS
RELEASES
ANDTRANS-
FEF
1987
Pound.
502
502
502
502
502
0
1,502
1,502
1,502
502
RJ»
1988
Pounds
750
750
750
750
502
750
252
252
252
750
REASON
Trtment/disposal Cosls
Trtment/disposal Costs
Rtment/disposal Cosls
Trtment/disposal Costs
Trtment/disposal Cosls
Trtment/disposal Cosls
Self-initialed Review
Self-initialed Review
Self-initialed Review
Trtment/disposal Costs
WASTE GENERATED
1988
>bund»
4,377
98,692
18,583
514,962
61,447
9,313
253,826
93,490
758,262
128,742
1987 I
Pound* 1
26,400
94,169
18,118
490,046
58,599
8,861
262,560
100,000
792,990
• 120,742
1986
Pounds
33,105
79,094
13,520
479,544
12,300
1,494
400,000
350,000
820,000
149,000
ABSOLUTE
CHANGE
1987- 1988 11986- 1988
Percenl 1 Percent
-83.42 -86.78
4.80 24.78
2.57 37.45
5.08 7.39
4.86 399.57
5.10 523.36
-3.33 -36.54
-6.51 -73.29
-4.38 -7.53
6.63 -13.60
RELA-
TIVE
CHANGE
1986-1988
Percent
-96.11
-63.30
-59.57
-68.42
46.93
83.34
-81.34
-92.14
-72.80
-74.59
7,518 6,006
1,941,694 1,972,485 2,338,057 -1.56 -16.95 -75.57
* Only data that meets criteria for matched waste minimization data a included here.
** The production index for all 1988 chemical forms was 3.4, and 1.0 for all 1987 chemical forms.
Note: All 1988 chemical forms reported on-site recycling as the method used for waste minimization.
315
-------
Chapter 11
Table 11-10. The 25 TRI Facilities with the Largest
Cumulative Absolute Waste Reduction*
(Subset of 89 Facilities, 126 Forms), 1986-1988.
RANK
1
FAODUFTYNAME
Exxon Chemical Americas
2 Old Quaker Paint Co.
3 Champlin Refining A Chemicals
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Blueside Co. Inc.
Nekoosa Mill
Spruance Southern Inc.
Quantum Chemical Corp.
Roehr Chemicals Inc.
Showell Farms Inc.
Friction Material Co. Inc.
Campbell Soup Co.
Becton Dickinson Acutecare
3eco Corp.
Los Angeles Galvanizing Co.
Phoenix Marine Ent.
J ft S Tin Mill Products Co.
Devoe ft Raynolds Co.
Ketema A ft E Div.
LJarco Inc.
Teledyne Relays
[ntergy Inc.
F.B. Leopold Co. Plastics Shop
United States Surgical Corp.
Filtration Sciences Corp.
Emerson Motor Co.
TOTAL
crnr ISTATE
1
1
Baytown TX
Carson CA
Corpus Chriiti TX
Saint Joseph MO
Nekoosa WI
Winston-Satan NC
La Porte TX
Long Island City NY
De Funiak Springs FL
Hunlington IN
Fayetteville AR
Hancock NY
Milwaukie OR
Huntington Park CA
Hialeah FL
Franklin Park IL
Tampa FL
EL Cajon CA
Watseka IL
Hawthorne CA
Pen Argyl PA
Zelienople PA
North Haven CT
Madisonville KY
Oxford MS
RELATIVE
REDUCTION
1986-1988
Pounds
-7,727,000
-5,130,327
-492,000
-1,159,082
-7,000
-7,280
-130,900
-124,963
-1,649
-59,417
-90,700
113,769
-88,443
-1,386,952
-77,245
-2,145
-29,760
-130,240
-13,180
-26,000
450
-19,000
-22,481
-21,301
-26,180
-16,659,026
ABSOLUTE
REDUC-
TION
1986-1988
Pound*
-3,827,000
-396,363
-366,000
-360,326
-313,000
-165,192
-147,600
-124,963
-107,552
-88,876
-85,000
-71,031
-52,684
-47,466
-44,702
-39,822
-34,600
-31,900
-26,500
-26,000
-23,644
-22,200
-20,362
-19,975
-19,180
-6,461,938
WASTE GENERATION AS
BEpnBTpnrN IMT
Current Vfaar I Prior War
1987 198«
Boundl 1 Pound*
540,000 3,900,000
1,972,485 2,338,057
470,000 420,000
11,081,910 11,687,555
290,000 370,000
117,923 214,754
167,000 206,000
132,866 168,851
48,135 151,222
64,400 104,889
1 16,000 175,000
231,000 231,000
65,792 97,266
148,517 176,853
38,675 46,690
178,562 158,920
70,200 92,000
66,000 59,400
33,300 47,000
135,000 132,000
34,420 35,000
32,000 43,200
23,599 21,192
6,630 23,120
66,000 70,000
16,130,414 20,969,969
ABSOLUTE
CHANGE
1986-1987
Pounds
RELATIVE
CHANGE
1986-1987
Pounds
-3,360,000 -7,260,000
-365,572 -365,572
50,000 -76,000
-605,645 1,404,401
-80,000 -6,000
-96,831
-10,931
-39,000 -39,000
-35,985 -35,985
-103,087 -1,998
-40,489 231
-59,000
-41.500
0 0
-31,474 -60,654
-28,336 -46,021
-8,015 -17,353
19,642 3,750
-21,800 -31,000
6,600 660
-13,700
-13.700
3,000 3,000
-580 -580
-11,200
-11.200
2,407 288
-16,490 -16,490
-4,000 -11,000
-4,839,555 -9,441,456
Table 1 1-1 1 . The 25 TRI Facilitie* with the Largest
Cumulative Relative
Waste Reductions
(Subset of 89 Facilities, 126 Forms), 1986-1988
HANK
t
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
FACILITY NAME
Exxon Chemical Americas
Old Quaker Paint Co.
Porycast Technology Corp.
Lo* Angele* Galvanizing Co.
Blueside Co. Inc.
Alcan Powders ft Pigments
Champlin Refining ft Chemicals
Mimonl USA Inc.
M-Tron Industires, Inc.
Quantum Chemical Corp.
Ketema A ft E Div.
Roehr Chemicals Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron
Campbell Soup Co.
Oeco Corp.
AAI Corp.
Phoenix Marine Ent.
Gould Inc. Foil Div.
Friction Material Co. Inc.
Tribol
Advanced Printed Circuit
Devoe ft Raynolds Co.
Emerson Motor Co.
Teledyne Relays
United States Surgical Corp.
crrv ISTATE
1
1
Baytown TX
Canon CA
Hackensack NJ
Huntington Park CA
Saint Joseph MO
Union NJ
Corpus Christi TX
Lake Charles LA
Yanklon SD
La Porte TX
EL Cajon CA
Long Island City NY
Fountain Inn SC
Fayetleville AR
Milwaukie OR
Cockeysville MD
Hialeah FL
McConnelsviUe OH
Huntington IN
Hawthorne CA
Tempe AZ
Tampa FL
Oxford MS
Hawthorne CA
North Haven CT
RELATIVE
REDUCTION
1986-1988
Pounds
ABSOLUTE
REDUC-
TION
1986-1988
Pounds
WASTE GENERATION AS
RPPDRTPniN 1097
Current Year I Prior \fcar
1987 1986
Pounds 1 Pounds
ABSOLUTE
CHANGE
1986-1987
Pounds
-7,727,000 -3,827,000 540,000 3,900,000 -3,360,000
-5,130,327 -396,363 1,972,485 2,338,057 -365,572
-2,522,694
433,396 591,907 557,096 34,811
-1,386,952 -47,466 148,517 176,853
-1,159,082
-360,326 11,081,910 11,687,555
-28,336
-605,645
-758,916 18,419 86,327 90,250 -3,923
-492,000 -366,000 470,000 420,000 50,000
-294,000 0 490,000 490,000 0
-281,100 -12,000 32,000 37,000 -5,000
-130,900 -147,600 167,000 206,000 -39,000
-130,240 -31,900 66,000 59,400 6,600
-124,963 -124,963 132,866 168,851
-35.985
RELATIVE
CHANGE
1986-1987
Pound*
-7,260,000
-365,572
-2,862,088
-46,021
-1,404,401
-12,948
-76,000
-147,000
-30,900
-39,000
660
-35,985
-112,000 -10,000 64,000 70,000 -6,000 -76,000
-90,700 -85,000 116,000 175,000 -59,000 -41,500
-88,443 -52,684 65,792 97,266 -31,474
-79,207 986 45,867 50,848 -4,981
-77,245
-44,702
38,675 46,690
-8,015
-64,770 12,018 187,445 205,539 -18,094
-60,654
-79,298
-17,353
-38.648
-59,417 -88,876 64,400 104,889 -40,489 231
-42,502 -12,531
67,492 82,365 -14,873
-31,346
-30,375 42,750 101,250 75,000 26,250 3,750
-29,760 -34,600 70,200 92,000 -21,800 -31,000
-26,180 -19,180 66,000 70,000 -4,000 -11,000
-26,000 -26,000 135,000 132,000 3,000 3,000
-22,481
-20,362 23,599 21,192 2,407 288
TOTAL
-20,887,254 -5,199,984 16,824,732 21,353,851 -4,529,119 -12,658,785
316
-------
Interpreting Waste Decreases: Waste Minimization
Table 11-10 , continued
SACUJTY NAME
Exxon Chemical Americas
Old Quaker Fatal Co.
Champlin Refining & Chemicals
Blucsidc Co. Inc.
Nekoosa Mill
Spruance Southern Inc.
Quantum Chemical Corp.
Roehr Chemicals Inc.
Showell Farms Inc.
Friction Material Co. Inc.
Campbell Soup Co.
Becton Dickinson Acutecare
Oeco Corp.
Los Angeles Galvanizing Co.
Phoenix Marine Ent.
J & S Tin Mill Products Co.
Devoe & RaynoUs Co.
Ketema A & E Div.
Uarco Inc.
Teledyne Relays
Intergy Inc.
F.B. Leopold Co. Plastics Shop
United States Surgical Corp.
Filtration Sciences Corp.
Emerson Motor Co.
TOTAL
WASTE GENERATION AS
BFPOBTFnlN IOJJ8
Current Yfcsr Prior Tear
1988 1987
Pounds Pounds
73,000 540,000
1,941,694 1,972,485
54,000 470,000
11,327,229 11,081,910
57,000 290,000
49,562 117,923
58,400 167,000
43,888 132,866
43,670 48,135
16,013 64,400
90,000 116,000
159,969 231,000
44,582 65,792
129,387 148,517
1,988 38,675
119,098 178,562
57,400 70,200
27,500 66,000
20,500 33,300
106,000 135,000
11,356 34,420
21,000 32,000
830 23,599
3,145 6,630
50,820 66,000
14,508,031 16,130,414
ABSOtUTE
CHANGE
1987-1988
Pounds
-467,000
-30,791
-416,000
245,319
-233,000
-68,361
-108,600
-88,978
-4,465
-48,387
-26,000
-71,031
-21,210
-19,130
-36,687
-59,464
-12,800
-38,500
-12,800
-29,000
-23,064
-11,000
-22,7«9
-3,485
-15,180
-1,622,383
RELATIVE
REDUCTION
1987-1988
Pounds
-467,000
-4,764,755
-416,000
245,319
-1,000
3,651
-91,900
-88,978
349
-59,648
-49,200
113,769
-27,789
-1,340,931
-59,892
-5,895
1,240
-130,900
520
-29,000
1,030
-7,800
-22,769
-4,811
-15,180
-7,217,570
RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
1987 Pounds 1988 Pounds
538,000 73,000
7,518 6,006
120,000 54,000
11,081,070 11,327,229
290,000 57,000
94,861 37,479
167,000 58,400
124,366 42,636
48,134 43,670
64,400 16,013
115,200 90,000
160 22
27,647 27,657
0 0
500 500
38,572 22,627
714 580
50,400 22,500
8,715 20,500
52,400 72,000
250 250
32,000 21,000
23,599 830
2,553 2,525
65,800 15,180
12,953,859 12,011,604
FORMS
1987 1988
Number Number
1 1
10 10
1 1
> 3 3
1 1
5 5
1 1
1 1
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
44 44
Table 11-11, continued.
FACILITY NAME
Exxon Chemical Americas
Old Quaker Paint Co.
Polycast Technology Corp.
Los Angeles Galvanizing Co.
Blueside Co. Inc.
Alcan Powders & Pigments
Champlin Refining & Chemicals
M imont USA Inc.
M-Tron Indmtires, Inc.
Quantum Chemical Corp.
Ketema A & E Div.
Roehr Chemicals Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron
Campbell Soup Co.
Oeco Corp.
AAI Corp.
Phoenix Marine Ent.
Gould Inc. Foil Div.
Friction Material Co. Inc.
Tribol
Advanced Printed Circuit
Devoe & Raynolds Co.
Emerson Motor Co.
Teledyne Relays
United Slates Surgical Corp.
TOTAL
WASTE GENERATION AS
BFpnDTFn IN loss
Current tear Prior tear
1988 1987
Pounds Pounds
73,000 540,000
1,941,694 1,972,485
990,492 591,907
129,387 148,517
11,327,229 11,081,910
108,669 86,327
54,000 470,000
490,000 490,000
25,000 32,000
58,400 167,000
27,500 66,000
43,888 132,866
60,000 64,000
90,000 116,000
44,582 65,792
51,834 45,867
1,988 38,675
217,557 187,445
16,013 64,400
69,834 67,492
117,750 101,250
57,400 70,200
50,820 66,000
106,000 135,000
830 23,599
16,153,867 16,824,732
ABSOLUTE
REDUCTION
1987-1988
Pound*
-467,000
-30,791
398,585
-19,130
245,319
22,342
-416,000
0
-7,000
-108,600
-38,500
-88,978
-4,000
-26,000
-21,210
5,967
-36,687
30,112
-48,387
2,342
16,500
-12,800
-15,180
-29,000
-22,769
-670,865
RELATIVE
REDUCTION
1987-1988
Poundi
-467,000
-4,764,755
339,394
-1,340,931
245,319
-745,968
-416,000
-147,000
-250,200
-91,900
-130,900
-88,978
-36,000
-49,200
-27,789
91
-59,892
-26,122
-59,648
-11,156
-34,125
1,240
-15,180
-29,000
-22,769
-8,228,469
RELEASES AND FORMS
TRAN5fFFH.
-------
Photo: Daniel J. Kasztelan
-------
CHAPTER 12. OTHER ANALYSES
Most of this report has been devoted to summarizing the major national
perspectives of the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). This chapter is intended to
provide illustrative examples of some of the other applications of TRI data.
The first example looks at TRI releases of chemicals believed to deplete the ozone
in the stratosphere which protects us from harmful solar radiation.
The next example discusses treatment of TRI chemical wastes that takes place
either at the TRI facility before releases or transfers occur, or at waste manage-
ment facilities where the wastes are transferred. The TRI database has detailed
information on whether a facility treats its wastes and on the types of treatment
used.
Then, four regional examples follow which use TRI data to analyze smaller
geographic areas, and show how the data might be used by a state agency or local
community to identify and interpret potential problems. These examples include:
• Emissions of volatile organic chemicals in the Mississippi River industrial
corridor in the vicinity of Baton Rouge, Louisiana;
• The Kanawha Valley in West Virginia, a 30 mile stretch along the Kanawha
River above and below Charleston, that has a concentration of large chemical
manufacturing plants and that accounts for 40 percent of all TRI releases and
transfers for the state of West Virginia;
• The "Silicon Valley" (Santa Clara County, California), world renowned for
its concentration of computer and electronics industries; ^
• A type of analysis known as a "Risk Screening Analysis" for a small
community with three TRI facilities.
The final example is of one subset of the Chemical industry (SIC 28)—Inorganic
Pigments manufacturers (SIC 2816)—illustrating the insights that can be gained
from the more detailed industrial information (i.e. four-digit Standard Industrial
Code data) that TRI has to offer.
The chapter ends by briefly mentioning some of the regulatory issues related to
TRI, along with problems and proposed solutions and their impact on future TRI
reporting.
323
-------
Chapter 12
OZONE DEPLETERS
3 chemicals on the
TRI list are suspected
ozone depleters.
Releases and trans-
fers of ozone
depleters totalled
254.0 million pounds.
Releases and trans-
fers of ozone
depleters decreased
by only 2% from
1987 to 1988.
90% of TRI ozone
depleting chemicals
are emitted to air.
Chemicals
Releases of certain halo-organic chemicals have been linked to reactions in the
upper atmosphere that diminish the amount of ozone that protects the earth from
harmful ultraviolet radiation. Concern over potential ozone depleting chemicals
extends to all industrial releases from manufacture as well as to all uses of these
chemicals (as all uses of these chemicals ultimately result in atmospheric
releases). TRI releases and transfers of ozone depleters are an important
component of total releases to the atmosphere from the manufacture of these
chemicals, and more importantly, from their use in the manufacture of other
products (e.g. as gases used to produce plastic foams and as solvents used to clean
electronic circuit boards.) Most non-TRI releases to the atmosphere come from
end-use applications, such as in air conditioners and refrigerators.
Of the 322 chemicals on the TRI list, three are considered ozone depleters:
1,1,1-trichloroethane, Freon 113, and carbon tetrachloride. Large-scale
manufacturers, particularly in the electronics and aerospace industries, reported
to TRI total releases and transfers of 254.0 million pounds of the ozone depleters
in 1988. The chemical 1,1,1-trichloroethane is often used as a cleaning solvent
in these industries. Freon 113 (a chlorofluorocarbon) is used as a refrigerant,
aerosol, and solvent. Carbon tetrachloride is most often used as raw material for
the manufacture of other chlorinated chemicals, including chlorofluorocarbon
refrigerants.
The 1988 releases and transfers of 254.0 million pounds represent four percent
of total releases and transfers of all TRI chemicals. The ozone depleter with the
largest releases and transfers was 1,1,1-trichloroethane with 180.4 million pounds
or 71 percent of the total for ozone depleters. Freon 113 was the second largest
with 68.5 million pounds (27 percent) and carbon tetrachloride was released the
least with 5.1 million pounds (two percent). Both 1,1,1 -trichloroe thane and Freon
113 are in the top 25 TRI chemicals with the largest total releases and transfers.
Despite the wide attention given in the past several years to ozone depletion, the
total releases and transfers of ozone depleters only decreased by two percent (6.1
million pounds) in 1988, compared with the 11 percent decrease that occurred in
total releases and transfers of all TRI chemicals or the eight percent decrease
associated with the class of halo-organics of which all three chemicals are
members.
The majority of releases (90 percent) of ozone depleters are emitted to air with
a smaller percentage transferred off-site (ten percent). Air emissions of ozone
depleters actually increased in 1988. Given that all three ozone depleters are
halo-organics and most uses of the chemicals are as solvents, it is not surprising
324
-------
Other Analyses
Air
Emissions
Off-site
Transfers
Oth»r Releases
and Transfers
100 160
Millions of Pounds
200
260
M988
11987
Figure 12-1. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers of Ozone Depleting Chemicals, 1987
and 1988.
that they are released to the air in a pattern similar to the class of halo-organics.
As discussed in Chapter 4, 83 percent of halo-organic releases were emitted to
air and 15 percent were transferred off-site. (See Figure 12-1.)
In examining total air releases of the ozone depleters, the majority of releases The majority of air
were associated with uncontrolled fugitive emissions (as opposed to controlled emissions are due to
point source emissions). Of the 228.4 million pounds of total air emissions, 55 fugitive releases.
percent were fugitive emissions and 45 percent were point source emissions. This
contrasts significantly with the pattern for all TRI chemicals where 30 percent of
the total air emissions were from fugitive releases and 70 percent from point
sources. When compared with the pattern seen with the class of halo-organics
(47 percent fugitive and 53 percent point source), the contrast is not as significant.
While many of the state rankings based upon releases and transfers of ozone California ranked 1st
depleters are similar to the rankings for TRI total releases and transfers, there in releases and trans-
are some striking differences. For example, Louisiana is ranked first for total fers of ozone
releases and transfers, yet only 35th for ozone depleters. On the other hand, depleters.
California is ranked first for ozone depleters and ninth for all TRI releases and
transfers. (See Map 12-1 and Table 12-1.)
325
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Chapter 12
Table 12-1. State* with the Largest TRI Releases
and Transfer* of Ozone-Depleting
Chemicals, 1988
I TRI OW
TOTAl DEM.
I RANK RA
9 1
3 2
10 3
14 4
5 5
4 6
30 7
2 8
26 9
17 10
21 11
7 12
8 13
23 14
27 15
12 16
6 17
16 18
42 19
24 20
18 21
25 22
28 23
11 24
22 25
15 26
19 27
43 28
31 29
32 30
20 31
36 32
37 33
41 34
1 35
40 36
WE STATE RELEASES AND TRANSFERS OF OZONE DEPLETERS
ETER
NK 1
California
Ohio
Pennsylvania
New York
Dlinois
Indiana
Connecticut
Texas
Massachusetts
North Carolina
Wisconsin
Tennessee
Michigan
South Carolina
Minnesota
Missouri
Florida
Utah
Colorado
Arizona
Georgia
Arkansas
Iowa
Virginia
Alabama
New Jersey
Kentucky
New Hampshire
Oklahoma
Washington
Mississippi
Maryland
Puerto Rico
Maine
Louisiana
Nebraska
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
OZONE DEPLETER TOTAL
Pound.
30,973,894
15,305,924
15,274,574
13,747,714
13,273,532
13,198,444
12,679,670
10,602,428
9,066,638
7,846,254
7,553,374
7,497,274
7,342,561
6,519,919
6,262,429
4,730,042
4,642,976
4,467,312
4,282,528
4,241,497
4,020,521
3,876,606
3,870,454
3,858,519
3,805,161
3,754,161
3,130,744
3,086,912
2,346,370
2,271,025
2,184,783
2,134,502
1,986,088
1,954,502
1,937,137
1,914,463
245,640,932
8,407,836
254,048,768
Percent
12.19
6.02
6.01
5.41
5.22
5.20
4.99
4.17
3.57
3.09
2.97
2.95
2.89
2.57
2.47
.86
.83
.76
.69
.67
.58
.53
.52
.52
.50
.48
.23
.22
0.92
0.89
0.86
0.84
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.75
96.69
3.31
100.00
The differences between the rankings may be due in large part to the industries
associated with different states. As discussed previously, the three ozone depleters
are used in various industries such as aerospace, electronics, and computers. It
is not surprising, therefore, to see that the Transportation Equipment and the
Electric and Electronic Equipment industries rank first and second, respectively,
for releases and transfers of ozone depleters. These two industries alone account
for one third of the total releases and transfers for ozone depleters. (See Table
12-2.)
The types of industries associated with the use of ozone depleters supports the
fact that California ranked first in releases and transfers of ozone depleters given
326
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Other Analyses
Table 12-2. TRI Releases and Transfers of Ozone Depleters by Industry, 1988
TRI j OZONE
TOTA1 DEPLETE*
RANK I RANK
11 17 Food Products
21 21 Tobacco Manufacturers
IS 11 Textile Mill Products
22 22 Apparel
19 20 Lumber and Wood Products
13 14 Furniture and Fixtures
4 13 Paper Products
14 12 Printing, Publishing
1 9 Chemical Products
9 19 Petroleum Refining
7 7 Rubber and Plastic Products
17 18 Leather Products
16 16 Stone, Clay, Glass Products
2 6 Primary Metals
6 4 Fabricated Metals
10 5 Machinery, except Electrical
8 2 Electric and Electronic Equip.
5 1 Transportation Equipment
12 8 Measuring, Photographic Goods
18 10 Misc. Manufacturing
3 3 Multiple SIC codes in 20-39
20 15 No SIC codes in 20-39
TOTAL
SIC RELEASES AND TRANSFERS OF
CODE OZONE DEPLETERS
I Pounds Perccd
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
390,093
43,975
4,729,215
28,043
206,776
2,598,083
3,181,218
3,520,454
12,181,484
313,467
16,498,899
358,817
1,095,611
18,799,842
27,603,396
23,337,731
42,079,029
42,892,194
13,961,619
6,420,780
31,568,338
2,239,704
0.15
0.02
1.86
0.01
0.08
1.02
1.25
1.39
4.79
0.12
6.49
0.14
0.43
7.40
10.87
9.19
16.56
16.88
5.50
2.53
12.43
0.88
254,048,768 100.00
Map 12-1. Total Air Emissions of Ozone-depleting Chemicals Reported to TRI, 1988.
327
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Chapter 12
1/2 of all TRI
facilities treat their
chemical wastes on-
site.
that the state is known for its aerospace, electronics, and computer industries.
Louisiana is not associated with these types of industries and, hence, the
discrepancy between its first place ranking for total releases and transfers and its
35th place ranking for releases and transfers of ozone depleters is understandable.
WASTE TREATMENT
Many TRI chemical wastes are treated on-site before they are released to the
environment or receive treatment after being transferred off-site. The TRI collects
information on treatment according to seven major categories: treatment of air
emissions through filters or traps to capture the chemicals, biological treatment
that uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from wastewater, chemical treat-
ment to change the chemicals into less harmful ones or to make them easier to
remove, incineration or thermal treatment to destroy the wastes, physical
treatment to remove the chemicals from the wastestream, recovery or reuse of
the chemicals, solidification or stabilization to remove wastewater from the waste.
Waste treatment is designed to reduce, or even prevent, chemical releases to the
environment.
On-Site Waste Treatment
Almost half of the facilities that filed TRI reports in 1988 (9,584 out of 19,762
facilities) reported that they treated chemical wastes on-site before releasing or
transferring the wastes. These facilities submitted 34,129 forms indicating on-site
waste treatment, almost half of the total forms submitted. This was 141 fewer
facilities than in 1987 that reported on-site waste treatment, but these facilities
submitted 3,079 fewer forms reporting on-site waste treatment than in 1987. Five
percent of all TRI forms in 1988 (3,497 forms) reported treating wastes but not
releasing them. Six percent of all forms in 1988 (4,258 forms) indicated neither
treatment nor release.
Overall, the pattern of on-site treatment in 1988 was similar to 1987 with regard
to percentage of forms reporting treatment and geographical and industrial
distribution of facilities that treated TRI chemical wastes on-site. The following
section examines one type of on-site waste treatment (neutralization) and its effect
on reported releases and transfers for 1988 and 1987.
On-Site Waste Treatment of Acids/Bases/Salts
As noted in Chapter 4, several acids and bases had a significant decrease in
releases reported from 1987 to 1988. One possible explanation for this decrease
may be because acids and bases that have been neutralized (a type of chemical
treatment) do not need to be reported as releases and transfers under TRI. Some
facilities that reported in 1987 may not have understood this provision, which
may have led to overstated total releases and transfers of these chemicals in 1987
that were corrected in 1988. In addition, some facilities that did not neutralize
acids and bases may have begun to do so, thus eliminating or decreasing the
325
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Other Analyses
reported releases and transfers of these chemicals. Looking at the reported on-site
waste treatment of acids and bases in 1987 and 1988 offers some insight into these
changes.
Acids/bases/salts accounted for nearly one third of all forms that reported on-site 1/3 of all TRI form*
waste treatment in 1988 (10,146 out of 34,129 forms). Four acids accounted for reporting on-site
90 percent of these forms: sulfuric acid (3,897 forms), hydrochloric acid (2,372 waste treatment
forms), nitric acid (1,482 forms), and phosphoric acid (1,403 forms). Seventy- were for
five percent of the acid/bases/salts forms that reported treatment (7,658 out of acids/bases/salts.
10,146 forms) reported treatment by neutralization (either alone or in combination
with other types of treatment). While forms reporting any type of on-site treatment
increased by six percent (578 forms from 1987 to 1988), those reporting
neutralization increased by 12 percent (793 forms). Forms reporting treatment
other than neutralization decreased by eight percent (215 forms). (See Table
12-3.)
The forms reporting neutralization reported a decrease in releases and transfers
of acids/bases/salts from 779.0 million pounds to 771.3 million pounds from 1987
to 1988, a net decrease of 7.7 million pounds or only three percent of the 269.7
million pound total decrease in releases of acids/bases/salts from 1987 to 1988.
This decrease was significantly higher for those using neutralization as the only
treatment. Forms that reported treatment using only neutralization reported a
50.7-million-pound decrease in releases of acids/bases/salts. But this was offset
by forms that reported treatment using neutralization in combination with other
types of treatment which reported a 43.0-million-pound increase in releases of
Table 12-3. Releases and On-site Waste Treatment for Acids/Bases/Salts, 1987 and 1988.
1988 FORMS
WITH pN-SITE TREATMENT
Neutralization Only
Neutralization & Other Treatment
Other Treatment Only
WITHOUT ON-SITE TREATMENT
TOTAL
WTTH RELEASES
Percent
Pounds
Ix focal
WFTHOUT RELEASES
Forms Percent
7,311 73.85
2,768 27.96
2,823 28.52
1,720 17.37
1,674,286,924 75.04
213,316,025 9.56
557,976,622 25.01
902,994,277 40.47
2,589 26.15 557,039,188 24.96
9,900 100.00 2,231,326,112 100.00
TOTAL
n> riiis Jxrocnt
2,835
1,412
655
768
1,260
4,095
69.23
34.48
16.00
18.75
30.77
100.00
10,146
4,180
3,478
2,488
3,849
13,995
72.50
29.87
24.85
17.78
27.50
100.00
1987FORMS
WITH 9N-SITE TREATMENT
Neutralization Only
Neutralization & Other Treatment
Other Treatment Only
WITHOUT ON-SITE TREATMENT
6,962 60.58
2,498 26.38
2,513
1,951
26.54
20.61
1,796,885,516 71.85
263,978,437 10.55
514,975,388 20.59
1,017,931,691 40.70
2,506 26.47 704,149,942 28.15
2,606
1,256
598
752
65.71
31.67
15.08
18.96
9,568
3,754
3,111
2,703
71.22
27.94
23.16
20.12
1,360 34.29 3,866 28.78
329
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Chapter 12
On-site neutralization
was not a major con-
tributor to the
decrease in
acids/bases/salts.
3.000
2,500
2.000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Millions of Pounds
1988
•I Neutralization Only
K33 Other Treatment Only
1987
Neutralization & Other
No On-slte Treatment
Figure 12-2. TRI Releases and Transfers of Acids/Bases/Salts by On-Site Waste
Treatment Method, 1987 and 1988.
acids/bases/salts, for a net decrease of 7.7 million pounds or one percent. (See
Figure 12-2 and Table 12-3.)
The 2,488 forms for acids/bases/salts that reported treatment other than
neutralization in 1988 (a decrease of eight percent, 215 forms from 1987)
accounted for a greater decrease in releases and transfers of these chemicals: a
decrease of 114.9 million pounds or 43 percent of the total decrease in releases
and transfers of acids/bases/salts from 1987 to 1988. Surprisingly, the majority
of the decrease in releases and transfers of acids/bases/salts (147.1 million pounds
or 55 percent) was reported on the 2,589 acids/bases/salts forms in 1988 that
reported releases and no treatment. An additional 1,260 forms reported no
releases and no treatment of acids/bases/salts in 1988, a decrease of 100 forms
from 1987. Thus, it appears that on-site neutralization of acids and bases was not
the major contributor to a decrease in releases and transfers of acids/bases/salts
from 1987 to 1988, although the reason for a decrease in releases and transfers
of acids/bases/salts that reported no treatment is not known.
330
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Other Analyses
Off-Site Treatment/Disposal
Nearly 50 percent of facilities filing TRI reports in 1988 (9,644 out of 19,762 1/2 of all TRl
facilities) reported transferring some or all of their wastes containing TRI facilities transferred
chemicals to off-site waste management facilities (other than public sewage plants) come TRI waste* off-
that treated, stored, or disposed of the wastes. TRI chemical wastes transferred «ite for treatment or
to off-site facilities totalled 1.1 billion pounds—18 percent of the total TRI disposal.
releases and transfers in 1988.
The fate of chemicals transferred to off-site facilities varies. Off-site facilities
may store or release chemicals to the environment in essentially the same forms
in which the chemicals were received. Chemicals may, for example, be deposited
directly in landfills or injected into underground wells. Alternatively, off-site
facilities may subject chemicals to varying degrees and types of treatment to
reduce the amount and toxicity of chemicals that are released to the environment.
Waste treatment may also transform the way in which chemicals are released. For
example, chemicals may be treated by incineration to destroy some chemicals
which would otherwise be put in landfills, but may also release chemical
by-products to the air and produce ash that might then be disposed of in a landfill.
Thus, the amounts of TRI chemicals released to off-site facilities do not directly
indicate the amounts, or type of chemicals eventually released to the environment.
The largest portion (515.5 million pounds or 47 percent) of off-site transfers of Nearly 1/2 of all off-
TRI chemical wastes in 1988 went to some type of treatment facility. Twenty-three sits transfers went to
percent of all off-site transfers (249.1 million pounds) were sent to off-site treatment facilities;
facilities that incinerate or treat wastes thermally. Another ten percent (114.6 another 1/3 was dis-
million pounds) were sent to wastewater treatment facilities other than public posed of on land.
sewage plants. Another five percent (55.0 million pounds) were sent for solidifica-
tion/stabilization, and eight percent (93.8 million pounds) were sent to off-site
facilities for other treatment. (See Table 12-4.)
The second largest portion (378.5 million pounds; 34 percent) of off-site transfers
in 1988 went to facilities that disposed of the chemicals on land or through
underground injection. Landfills and surface impoundments received the largest
amounts of off-site transfers (275.9 million pounds; 25 percent). Another eight
percent (85.8 million pounds) of off-site transfers were injected into underground
wells.
Twelve percent (128.1 million pounds) of all off-site transfers of TRI chemical
wastes in 1988 went to facilities where the treatment was not specifically
identified. About two percent (16.7 million pounds) of all off-site transfers were
transferred to storage facilities. Facilities also reported 65.6 million pounds (six
percent) of off-site transfers that were sent to off-site facilities for reuse or
recovery; facilities were not required to report quantities of TRI chemicals sent
off-site for recycling or reuse, thus this amount represents only a small fraction
of the total amount actually sent off-site foe recycling or reuse.
331
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Chapter 12
Off-site transfer*
dropped by 18 %
from 1987 to 1988;
3/4 of the decrease
was due to a drop in
the reporting of
chemicals sent off-
site for reuse or
recovery.
Off-site transfers dropped from 1.4 to 1.1 billion pounds between 1987 and 1988,
a decrease of 18 percent. The largest drop was in the reporting of off-site transfers
sent to facilities for reuse or recovery, which accounted for 70 percent (1S2.6
million pounds) of the drop in total off-site transfers. This change in reporting is
largely because of further clarification that facilities were not required to report
quantities of TRI chemicals sent off-site for recycling or reuse and a change in
die reporting form (the reporting code for off-site reuse as fuel/fuel blending was
dropped, note that this category was kept for on-site waste treatment). Some
facilities, however, used 1987 forms or codes and reported off-site transfers sent
for reuse as fuel/fuel blending. As a result, reporting of off-site transfers sent for
reuse as fuel/fuel blending dropped from 172.6 to 22.7 million pounds between
1987 and 1988; it is impossible to know what the amount would have been had
the 1988 form not been changed. Reporting of transfers sent for other types of
reuse or recovery (solvents/organics recovery, metals recovery, other reuse or
recovery) dropped by over 95 percent.
Table 12-4. TRI Transfers to Off-Site Locations by Type of Treatment or Disposal, 1987 and 1988.
TYPE OF TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL
LANDFILL OR OTHER DISPOSAL
Landfill/Surface Impoundment
Underground Injection
Other Land Disposal
SUBTOTAL
STORAGE ONLY
TREATMENT
Incineration/Thermal Treatment
Wastewater Treatment (private)
Other Treatment
Solidification/Stabilization
Land Treatment
SUBTOTAL
REUSE OR RECOVERY
Transfer to Waste Broker
Reuse as Fuel/Fuel Blending*
Solvents/Organics Recovery
Other Reuse or Recovery
Metals Recovery
SUBTOTAL
NOT SPECIFIC OR UNKNOWN
Other Off-Site Management
Not A Valid Code
Off-Site Management Unknown
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL
1988 OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Pound! Percent
1987 OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Pound* Percent
1987-1988 CHANGE
Pound* Percent
275,908,221
85,759,098
16,840,270
378,507,589
82,729,255
29,578,983
15,777,173
128,085,411
24.98
7.77
1.52
34.27
304,418,704
80,244,762
11,300,064
395,963,530
23.07
6.08
0.86
30.01
-28,510,483
5,514,336
5,540,206
-17,455,941
16,675,642 1.51
17,078,923 1.29
7.49
2.68
1.43
11.60
114,358,645
34,492,891
20,242,872
169,094,408
8.67
2.55
1.53
12.49
-31,629,390
-4,913,908
-4,465,699
-41,008,997
-9.37
6.87
49.03
-4.41
-403,281 -2.36
249,147,950
114,604,368
93,808,137
54,956,422
2,979,962
515,496,839
22.56
10.38
8.49
4.98
0.27
46.68
218,286,870
173,398,402
113,072,025
42,047,323
6,752,334
553,556,954
16.54
13.14
8.57
3.19
0.51
41.95
30,861,080
-58,794,034
-19,263,888
12,909,099
-3,772,372
-38,060,115
14.14
-33.91
-17.04
30.70
-55.87
-6.88
42,617,215
22,714,105
211,868
87,845
17,793
65,648,826
3.86
2.06
0.02
0.01
0.00
5.94
37,295,179
172,629,379
5,351,008
2,268,472
687,137
218,231,175
2.83
13.08
0.41
0.17
0.05
16.54
5,322,036
-149,915,274
-5,139,140
-2,180,627
-669,344
-152,582,349
14.27
-86.84
-96.04
-96.13
-97.41
-69.92
-27.66
-14.25
-22.06
-24.25
1,104,414,307 100.00 1,353,924,990 100.00 -249,510,683 -18.43
This code was used on the 1987 form, but was not an option for 1988 reporting. However, some facilities apparently used
1987 forms and/or instructions and reported this type of treatment.
Note: If a submitter entered an on-site treatment code rather than an off-site treatment code, the transfer amount was included
in the appropriate category.
332
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Other Analyses
There were net decreases from 1987 to 1988 in off-site transfers sent to facilities
for storage (two-percent decrease), treatment (seven-percent decrease), and
disposal (four-percent decrease). However, there were some larger increases and
decreases in off-site transfers for some specific types of treatment and disposal.
The largest increase was for off-site transfers sent to facilities for incineration or
thermal treatment; transfers increased from 218.3 to 249.1 million pounds, a 14
percent increase. Transfers sent for solidification/stabilization increased by 31
percent, from 42.0 to 55.0 million pounds. Off-site transfers sent to facilities for
other land disposal also increased significantly, increasing by 49 percent from
11.3 to 16.8 million pounds.
The most significant decrease for a specific type of treatment or disposal method
was in off-site transfers sent for wastewater treatment which decreased from 173.4
to 114.6 million pounds, a 34-percent decrease. The decrease in off-site transfers
sent for wastewater treatment may in part be attributed to facilities not having to
report transfers of neutralized acids and bases (see Chapter 7, Box 7-A).
REGIONAL AND LOCAL ANALYSES
As TRI data are collected on an individual facility basis, they lend themselves to
local and regional analyses. Examples of four such analyses follow, with the first
focusing on industrial sources of smog producing chemicals in one region of
Mississippi.
Smog-Causing Chemicals in the Baton Rouge/Mississippi
River Industrial Corridor
Ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere by a complex series of chemical Organic chemicals
reactions involving volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) and the "urban soup" of that contribute to
pollutants from cars, factories, and homes. Almost all organic chemicals (includ- ozone formation are
ing halo-organics) are VOCs. However, some organics have been found to be known a* Volatile Or-
relatively non-reactive (in terms of forming ozone) and are not considered VOCs; ganic Chemicals
these include a few TRI chemicals such as trichloroethane, dichloromethane and (VOCs).
trichlorotrifluoroethane. TRI does not include all VOCs in its reporting require-
ments, nor does it capture all sources of emissions. However, it does include the
releases of many of the major volatile organic chemicals from the manufacturing
sector.
One of the most heavily industrialized areas of the country is along the lower
reaches of the Mississippi River in Louisiana, stretching from the area around
Baton Rouge south and east to New Orleans. Eight Louisiana counties (known as
parishes) in this area contain 81 TRI facilities, almost a third of all the facilities
in the state. For 1988, these facilities submitted 606 TRI forms for VOCs, or
more than seven forms per facility (as compared to a national average of only
four per facility for all chemicals). (See Map 12-2.)
333
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Chapter 12
WEST BATON ROUGE
IBERV1LLE
Map 12-2. Facilities Situated Between Baton Rouge and New Orieans, Louisiana, that Reported to TRI, 1988.
334
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Other Analyses
Table 12-5. TRI Air Emission* of Volatile Organic Chemicals in an Eight-
County Area of Louisiana, 1988.
fiwaunEs
REPORTING VOCS
COUNTY t hhrabei
VDC AIR EMISSIONS
round.
ASCENSION 12 6,042,869
EAST BATON ROUGE 16 6,790,882
IBERVILLE 11 6,208,562
JEFFERSON 16 3,943,795
ST. CHARLES 8 2,794,454
ST. JAMES 5 385,741
ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST 5 416,788
WEST BATON ROUGE 4 2,003,755
TOTAL FOR 8 COUNTIES
LOUISIANA TOTAL
NATIONAL TOTAL
28,586,866
54,386,427
1,665,793,462
The eight counties released 28.6 million pounds of VOCs to the atmosphere in 8 Louisiana counties
1988 (down from the 1987 total of 30.6 million), 53 percent of total VOC air released 28.6 million
emissions in the state (54.4 million pounds), and 17 percent of national VOC air pounds of VOCs to
emissions (1.7 billion pounds). Three of the counties—Iberville, East Baton the atmosphere.
Rouge, and Ascension—each had VOC air emissions of between 6.0 and 6.8
million pounds. Ten facilities in six counties had VOC air emissions of over a
million pounds each, accounting for 62 percent of the total from the 81 facilities.
A Dow Chemical plant in Iberville tops the list with VOC air emissions of 3.4
million pounds (up from 3.0 million pounds in 1987). (See Tables 12-5 and 12-6.)
At some facilities, individual organic chemicals accounted for very large percent- A Dow Chemical
ages of VOC air emissions. Exxon Chemical Company's Plastics Plant in East plant was the largest
Baton Rouge, for instance, released 1.2 million pounds of VOCs to the air, 77 source of VOCs;
percent (0.9 million pounds) of which was ethylene, and another 17 percent (0.2 Exxon had 4 facilities
million pounds) was vinyl acetate. All told, the plant released seven VOCs into reporting VOC emis-
the air. In sharp contrast to the Plastics Plant, was Exxon's chemical operations, sions in 1 county
also in East Baton Rouge (Exxon has four facilities that reported to TRI in this
county) which submitted TRI forms for almost 50 VOCs, for total VOC air
emissions of 2.1 million pounds. The largest individual release, 417,000 pounds
of propylene, accounted for 19 percent of total VOC air emissions from this
facility.
On-site land releases and surface water discharges of VOCs (both of which can
potentially volatilize and contribute to air emissions) were notably smaller than
air emissions. The 81 facilities discharged 1.2 million pounds of VOCs to surface
waters (down from 1.4 million in 1987), and 0.1 million pounds in on-site land
disposal (a doubling of the 1987 amount). Discharges to sewage treatment plants
were also quite small—38,000 pounds.
335
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Chapter 12
The largest release*
of VOC* were to un-
derground injection.
The largest environmental releases of VOCs were to underground injection wells.
More than 40.3 million pounds of VOCs were disposed of in this fashion in 1988,
down slightly from the 1987 figure of 41.0 million. American Cyanamid's facility
in Jefferson County accounted for 26.8 million pounds of this, almost five times
more than any other facility. Cyanamid's underground injection discharges
consisted chiefly of 11.9 million pounds of acetonitrile (44 percent of Cyanamid's
total underground injection), 7.7 million pounds of acrylic acid (29 percent), and
4.8 million pounds of methanol (18 percent). (See Table 12-7.)
Table 12-6. The 10 Facilities with the Largest TRI Air Emissions of Volatile Organic
Chemicals in an Eight-County Area of Louisiana. 1988.
EflCHJTY
DOW CHEMICAL CO.
EXXON CHEMICAL
SHELL CHEMICAL CO.
SHELL OIL CO.
CIBA-GEIGY CORP.*
SID RICHARDSON CARBON
CELOTEX CORP.
GEORGIA PACIFIC CORP.
EXXON CHEMICAL CO.
BASF CORP.
TOTAL
I CTTY
PLAQUEMINE
BATON ROUGE
GEISMAR
NORCO
SAINT GABRIEL
ADDIS
MARRERO
ZACHARY
BATON ROUGE
GEISMAR
COUNTY
D3ERVILLE
EAST BATON ROUGE
ASCENSION
ST CHARLES
IBERVILLE
WEST BATON ROUGE
JEFFERSON
EAST BATON ROUGE
EAST BATON ROUGE
ASCENSION
M3CAK
EMISSIONS
Pound. I
3,350,569
2,107,834
2,064,000
2,038,510
1,704,200
1,622,936
1,428,102
1,253,450
1,172,490
1,006,596
17,748,687
* Hole: At the time of this writing, the TRI database contained duplicate entries for many of Ciba-
Geigy's chemicals at this facility. EPA is investigating the possibility of dual entry of these num-
bers in the database.
Table 12-7. TRI Underground Injection of Volatile Organic Chemicals in an Eight-County Area of Louisiana,
1988.
AMERICAN CYANAMID CO.
UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO. INC.
RUBICON INC.
MONSANTO CO.
SHELL OIL CO.
DU PONT PONTCHARTRAIN WORKS
wrrco CORP.
wrrco CORP.
BORDEN CHEMICAL & PLASTICS
ICI AMERICAS INC.
BASF CORP.
TOTAL
LOUISIANA TOTAL
NATIONAL TOTAL
crrY
WESTWEGO
GEISMAR
GEISMAR
LULING
NORCO
LAPLACE
HARVEY
HAHNVILLE
GEISMAR
SAINT GABRIEL
GEISMAR
COUNTY
JEFFERSON
ASCENSION
ASCENSION
ST CHARLES
ST CHARLES
ST JOHN THE BAPTIST
JEFFERSON
ST CHARLES
ASCENSION
IBERVILLE
ASCENSION
VOC UNDERGROUND
INJECTION
Pound.
26,780,500
5,507,000
4,835,109
1,143,410
512,300
481,955
454,053
279,210
215,473
135,445
245
40,344,700
44,155,906
115,494,648
336
-------
Other Analyses
Off-site transfers of VOCs amounted to 4.1 million pounds in 1988, a sizable (35 Off-site transfer* of
percent) decrease from the 1987 transfer amount of 6.3 million. Exxon VOCs decreased by
Chemical's chemical operations stand out as the largest contributor to off-site 35%.
transfers, with disposal of 1.6 million pounds of VOCs, most of which (0.8 million
pounds) was phthalic anhydride.
West Virginia's Kanawha Valley
Kanawha Valley industrial facilities gained national prominence in 1984 after the
catastrophe in Bhopal, India, where thousands of people were injured or killed
in the world's worst chemical accident. Attention was focussed on the valley when
it was learned that Union Carbide had a plant there similar in some respects to
the one in India. TRI has provided local citizens with a continuing opportunity
to get an overview of toxic releases in their community. The following section
provides some of the major insights that can be gained.
Sixteen facilities in the Kanawha Valley region of West Virginia reported releases Releases and trans-
and transfers of 23.0 million pounds in 1988. These facilities generated 40 percent fers in Kanawha Val-
of all TRI releases and transfers reported in the state of West Virginia in 1988. ley, WV are 40%of
(See Map 12-3 and Table 12-8.) the state's total.
In 1987, 15 facilities in the Kanawha Valley reported 16.9 million pounds of TRI
releases and transfers in the Kanawha Valley. Between 1987 and 1988 the facilities
reported on a total of 70 TRI chemicals. While half of these chemicals showed
overall increases and half decreases, a jump in off-site transfers of ethylene glycol
at the Du Pont plant in Belle, West Virginia, (transfers increased by 7.1 million
pounds) offsets any decreases. According to the National Institute for Chemical
Studies, a West Virginia organization promoting industry-public dialogue, Du
Font's increase in ethylene glycol was due to the loss of a market for this
large-volume byproduct, necessitating handling the material as a waste. The
company hopes to re-establish this market in the future. (See Table 12-9.)
The chemical with the next largest increase was acetone (increasing over 900,000
pounds) which was due to two Union Carbide facilities. The Union Carbide plant
in South Charleston reported no use or release of acetone in 1987 but reported
200,000 pounds of air releases and almost 350,000 pounds of off-site transfers
of acetone in 1988. The Union Carbide plant in Institute reported an increase in
air emissions of acetone of almost 370,000 pounds.
*
Chloromethane, on the other hand, dropped by 809,000 pounds. This, however,
appears to be a result of duplicate records in the database. The Occidental
Chemical Corp. plant in Belle reported the largest releases of chloromethane. In
1987 there are two forms for this chemical at this plant with identical releases of
577,542 pounds. In 1988 there is one form with 433,637 pounds of total releases
and transfers. Thus, the decrease most likely reported by the Occidental plant
was 143,905 pounds and not 721,447 pounds as recorded in the database.
Overall TRI releases
and transfers in the
Kanawha Valley in-
creased.
337
-------
Chapter 12
Map 12-3. Facilities located in the Kanawha Valley Region, West Virginia, that Reported to TRI, 1988.
338
-------
Other Analyses
This region is largely dominated by chemical industries, which accounted for 13
of the 16 facilities in 1988. The three others were Broughton Foods—in the food
products category; Kroger—a national food products company which listed a SIC
code of 42 (Trucking and Warehousing) for this plant, a SIC code not required
to report to TRI; and a Union Carbide plant for which no industrial category was
listed.
Air emissions from TRI facilities in the Kanawha Valley dominate all other types Air emissions made
of releases and transfers, and are proportionately higher than emissions from all up 47% of the TRI to-
TRI facilities. Nationwide, air emissions are 39 percent of total releases and talc in the Kanawha
transfers, but in the Kanawha Valley they were 66 percent in 1987 and 47 percent Valley in 1988.
in 1988. While the percentage reduction was large between the two years, the
actual reduction was not (almost 361,000 pounds or three percent from 1987 to
1988). This was largely due to the tremendous increase in off-site transfers
between the two years, which jumped from 2.7 million pounds in 1987 to 8.5
million pounds in 1988. The other release categories which increased between
the two years were discharges to surface water, which rose from 750,000 pounds
to 1.1 million pounds, and transfers to public sewage systems, which increased
from 2.3 to 2.6 million pounds. Total air emissions were the only category with
a decrease. No underground injection was reported in either year. (See Figure
12-3.)
The large increase in off-site transfers is accounted for by transfers from one A 7.1 million pound
facility, the Du Pont Belle Plant. This facility reported the largest overall releases increase in off-site
and transfers in the Valley in 1988, and increased off-site transfers from 630,000 transfers was
pounds in 1987 to 7.4 million pounds in 1988. Almost all (7.4 million pounds) reported by Du
of Du Font's off-site transfers in 1988 were ethylene glycol, which was produced Rent's Belle plant.
for sale at this plant.
Other facilities dominated releases in other categories: Union Carbide in Institute,
which reported the largest releases and transfers in the Valley in 1987, released
almost half of the Valley's air emissions in both years (its air emissions were
largely made up of acetone), while the Union Carbide plant in South Charleston
accounted for the vast majority of the Valley's transfers to public sewage systems.
The number of carcinogens released or transferred in Kanawha Valley dropped Releases and trans-
from 13 in 1987 to 12 in 1988, and although the releases and transfers for all the fers of carcinogens
TRI chemicals reported increased between 1987 and 1988, the quantities of decreased by 51%
carcinogens decreased by 51 percent (from 3.2 to 1.6 million pounds). In 1987, from 1987 to 1988.
carcinogens accounted for 19 percent of all TRI releases and transfers in the
valley, while in 1988, they accounted for only seven percent. Two chemicals were
largely responsible for this drop: dichloromethane for which emissions dropped
by more than half (706,000 pounds in 1987 and 350,000 pounds in 1988), and
styrene, for which 1988 emissions were only three percent of those in 1987
(514,000 pounds in 1987 and 2,000 pounds in 1988). (See Table 12-9.)
339
-------
Chapter 12
The drop in dichloromethane emissions is accounted for by reductions at two
plants: the Du Pont Belle Plant, which decreased dichloromethane emissions from
250,000 pounds in 1987 to zero pounds in 1988, and Occidental Chemical
Corporation, which decreased its dichloromethane emissions form 437,000
pounds in 1987 to 328,000 pounds in 1988. Two Union Carbide plants, in Institute
and South Charleston, were responsible for the drop in styrene emissions, cutting
emissions from 186,000 and 327,000, respectively, to zero. None of these
reductions were reported on the voluntary waste minimization section of the TRI
form.
Only 3 facilities
reported on waste
minimization efforts.
Only three facilities filled out the waste minimization section of the TRI form for
any of its chemicals in 1988. No Kanawha Valley facilities reported waste
minimization in 1987. A total of eight forms in 1988 contained waste minimization
data (this portion of the TRI form is optional), and only six of those forms
indicated the actual amounts of waste minimized. The largest absolute reduction
was reported by FMC Corporation-Spring Hill facility, which cut its methanol
waste by almost half (301,000 pounds) through off-site recycling. Five of the six
forms were filed by the Du Pont Belle Plant with the largest percentage reduction
for toluene wastes—98 percent (8,000 pounds). All six forms cited equipment
changes as method used for waste minimization. Three of the five chemicals
(methanol, toluene, and hydrochloric acid) for which actual amounts of waste
minimization were reported, were also among the 12 chemicals in a nationwide
subset for which the largest amounts of waste minimization were reported. (See
Chapter 11 for further information on waste minimization.)
Table 12-8 TRI Releases and Transfers in the Kanawha Valley. West Virginia, 1987-1988.
EKIUTY
DU PONT BELLE PLANT
UNION CARBIDE CAP CO.
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
RHONE-POULENC AG CO.
OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP.
MONSANTO COMPANY
FMC CORPORATION-SPRING HILL
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
FMC CORPORATION-NITRO PLANT
OLIN CORPORATION
UNION CARBIDE/HOLZ IMPOUND-
MENT
LIQUID CARBONIC CARBON
DIOXIDE
KINCAID ENTERPRISES, INC.
FMC CORPORATION-INSTITUTE**
REAGENT CHEMICALARESEARCH*"
BROUGHTON FOODS CO.**
KROGER CO.
cmr
BELLE
INSTITUTE
S. CHARLESTON
INSTITUTE
BELLE
NITRO*
S. CHARLESTON
S. CHARLESTON
NITRO*
S. CHARLESTON
S. CHARLESTON
FORMS
1988
No.
25
24
28
22
9
16
5
7
9
3
2
1987
No.
27
23
30
18
11
18
S
5
8
3
1
MARMET
NITRO*
INSTITUTE
INSTITUTE
CHARLESTON
CHARLESTON
TOTAL
1988
1,146,730
5,131,882
1,456,352
896,493
1,100,771
628,100
61,097
143,820
30,014
137,946
50,284
4,190
1,535
0
4,305
750
1987
Pound. I
1,479,304
4,764,528
1,273,521
672,182
1,790,022
607,650
60,830
226,650
25,511
236,764
6,400
4,190
1,535
0
6,016
SURFACE WWER f
198S
Pound!
573,073
2,426
40,357
22,100
9,217
434,350
3,047
0
1,250
368
0
0
752
0
—
1987 [
Porofe [
622,822
7,856
42,000
6,443
6,588
57,100
2,995
0
1,250
1,649
0
0
752
0
0
IAND 1
1988
Pouxb
0
2,527
0
21,267
0
1,150
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
1987
Pound. 1
0
10,400
2,200
13,000
0
1,350
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
164 159 10,794,269 11,155,103 1,086,940 749,455 24,944 26,950
* Facility looted in Putnam County, All others ire in Kanawlu County.
"Reported one year only.
340
-------
Other Analyses
Million* of Pounds
Surface Water Public Sewage Off-aita
•11888 H1887
No underground Injection and leaa than 1% land diapoaal were reported in 1887 and 1888.
Figure 12-3. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers in Kanawha
Valley. West Virginia, 1987 and 1988.
Table 12-8, continued.
PUBLIC SEWAGE
DU PONT BELLE PLANT
UNION CARBIDE CAP CO.
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
RHONE-POULENC AG CO.
OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP.
MONSANTO COMPANY
FMC CORPORATION-SPRING HILL
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
FMC CORPORATION-NITRO PLANT
OLIN CORPORATION
UNION CARBIDE/HOLZ IMPOUNDMENT
LIQUID CARBONIC CARBON DIOXIDE
KINCAID ENTERPRISES, INC.
FMC CORPORATION-INSTITUTE
REAGENT CHEMICAL * RESEARCH**
BROUGHTON FOODS CO.**
KROGER CO.**
TOTAL
0
0
2,402,304
0
6,069
0
189,211
940
0
0
0
0
0
9,000
0
2,607,524
OFF-SITE
1987
Pounds
0
0
2,276,410
0
9,336
0
0
750
0
0
0
2,286,496
1988
Pound*
7,380,110
53,013
5,200
487,457
44,659
66,800
137,253
117,097
186,150
0
45,832
0
0
8,523,571
629,930
232,339
30,302
693,829
116,257
67,000
629,432
11,400
215,109
0
59,000
TOTAL RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
1988 1987
Pound» Pound.
9,099,913
5,189,848
3,904,213
1,427,317
1,160,716
1,130,400
390,608
261,857
217,414
138,314
96,116
4,190
2,287
0
13,305
750
2,732,056
5,015,123
3,624,433
1,385,454
1,922,203
733,100
693,257
238,800
241,870
238,413
65,400
4,190
2,287
0
6,016
2,684,598 23,037,248 16,902,602
341
-------
Chapter 12
Table 12-9. TRI Chemicals with the Largest Releases and Transfer, in Kanawha Valley, West Virginia, 1987-
1988.
I CHEMICAL
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
ACETONE
METHANOL
CHLOROFORM *
AMMONIA
SULFURIC ACID
ACRYLONmULE *
PROPYLENE OXIDE*
NAPHTHALENE
CHLOROMETHANE
AMMONIUM SULFATE
DICHLOROMETHANE *
TOLUENE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
PHENOL
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
BUTYRALDEHYDE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
ETHYLENE
VINYL ACETATE
BIPHENYL
ETHYLENE OXIDE *
CHLORINE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE *
FORMALDEHYDE *
ACETONITRILE*
4,4'-METHYENEDIANILINE *
STYRENE *
DIMETHYL SULFATE *
ETHYL ACRYLATE *
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE *
1,3-BUTADIENE*
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
* Carcinogen
1 9S8 RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Muni* 1
7,386,326
5,581,692
2,459,524
918,917
916,197
574,313
535,684
469,108
453,253
433,662
380,000
350,228
304,843
240,248
217,130
201,266
167,481
150,100
133,700
128,517
121,295
119,875
100,038
99,004
62,890
53,331
36,670
5,467
4,043
2,299
2,182
1,297
0
0
22,610,580
426,668
23,037,248
1m»M
32.06
24.23
10.68
3.99
3.98
2.49
2.33
2.04
.97
.88
.65
.52
.32
.04
0.94
0.87
0.73
0.65
0.58
0.56
0.53
0.52
0.43
0.43
0.27
0.23
0.16
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
98.15
1.85
100.00
1»T7 RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
tatait 1
299,114
4,664,160
2,839,258
765,564
997,847
537,307
466,799
364,697
633,876
1,242,746
0
706,021
475,076
141,151
230,000
196,801
198,587
138,228
3,850
112,117
140,000
97,000
143,042
120,861
113,917
31,980
88,172
0
118,107
514,241
2,209
4,400
3,500
6,114
16,396,742
505,860
16,902,602
totem
1.77
27.59
16.80
4.53
5.90
3.18
2.76
2.16
3.75
7.35
0.00
4.18
2.81
0.84
1.36
1.16
1.17
0.82
0.02
0.66
0.83
0.57
0.85
0.72
0.67
0.19
0.52
0.00
0.70
3.04
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.04
97.01
2.99
100.00
I M7-1988 CHANGE
toutt
7,087,212
917,532
-379,734
153,353
-81,650
37,006
68,885
104,411
-180,623
-809,084
380,000
-355,793
-170,233
99,097
-12,870
4,465
-31,106
11,872
129,850
16,400
-18,705
22,875
-43,004
-21,857
-51,027
21,351
-51,502
5,467
-114,064
-511,942
-27
-3,103
-3,500
-6,114
6,213,838
-79,192
6,134,646
PttMMlt
2,369.40
19.67
-13.37
20.03
-8.18
6.89
14.76
28.63
-28.50
-65.10
—
-50.39
-35.83
70.21
-5.60
2.27
-15.66
8.59
3,372.73
14.63
-13.36
23.58
-30.06
-18.08
-44.79
66.76
-58.41
—
-96.58
-99.55
-1.22
-70.52
-100.00
-100.00
37.90
-15.65
36.29
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara County, California is the heart of the famed "Silicon Valley", one of
the major centers of computers and electronics in the U.S. Long thought of as
"clean" industries, more recently awareness has grown of the toxic chemicals
used and released from facilities in these industries. TRI provides an overview
of the releases and transfers in this area.
342
-------
Santa Clara County, California, has a population of about 1.5 million. The largest
city in the county is San Jose with a population density of 4,209 people per square
mile.1 In 1988, 154 facilities located in Santa Clara County submitted 463 forms
reporting releases and transfers of 8.4 million pounds of TRI chemicals. Of this,
5.1 million pounds, or 61 percent, were released to the air. The remainder were
transferred to public sewage treatment plants (1.2 million pounds, 15 percent) or
off-site (2.0 million pounds, 24 percent). (See Figure 12-4.)
The particular chemicals released by these facilities can be further analyzed
according to their potential to cause adverse human or environmental effects. As
discussed in Chapter 4, EPA has developed various toxicity ratings for chemicals
regulated under different laws (see Box 4-D for a description of these ratings,
and Appendix B for a complete list of how each TRI chemical is rated). The toxic
effect of a specific chemical depends on how the chemical is released and the
type of effect under consideration. For example, chlorine is rated highly toxic
for acute effects but low for chronic effects (via inhalation). The use of TRI data
Percent of Total
60%
20%
0%
Burfict Wilir L*n4 Underground Public 8«w«Q« Oll->ll<
•V 8«nl« Clara County S223 C«lilt>f nil
Santa Clara reported no underground and leaa than 1% percent aurface watar and land releaa
Other Analyses
8.4 million pound* of
TRI chemical* were
transferred or
released by facilities
in the highly-popu-
lated Santa Clara
County.
Figure 12-4. Environmental Distribution of TRI Chemicals Released and Transferred in
Santa Clara County, California Compared to the Same Chemicals Released and
Transferred Statewide.
(1) From Table 39 of the Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1989 (Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1989).
343
-------
Chapter 12
50% of the air emis-
sion* reported by
facilities in Santa
Clara County were of
low toxicity chemi-
cals.
Moderate 45%
High 4%
Carcinogens 85%
Other 15%
Low 50%
Total Air Emissions:
5.1 Million Pounds
Total for High:
0.2 Million Pounds
Figure 12-5. Toxicity Ranking of TRI Chemicals Emitted to Air in Santa Clara County,
California, 1988.
to identify potential toxic chemical concerns in a particular geographic region is
described in EPA's Risk Screening Guide.
One half (2.6 million pounds) of the air emissions reported by facilities in Santa
Clara County were of chemicals considered to have low potential for toxicity
according to the EPA's ratings. Air emissions of Freon 113 dominated, accounting
for three quarters (1.94 million pounds) of the releases of minimally toxic
chemicals. It should be noted that while this compound is not considered to be
toxic to humans, its release to air is of concern since it is a known ozone depleter.
It may thus have indirect toxic effects on human populations by contributing to
an enhancement of exposure to ultraviolet radiation which is known to increase
the risk of skin cancer. (See Figure 12-5.)
Other chemicals of low toxicity emitted to air by facilities in Santa Clara County
in 1988 were cyclohexane (488,000 pounds), xylene (mixed isomers) (80,000
pounds), methanol (30,000 pounds), glycol ethers (24,000 pounds) and phos-
phoric acid (10,000 pounds). These chemicals together accounted for almost
(2) Toxic Chemical Release Inventory, Risk Screening Guide (EPA 560/2-89-002), July 1989. A more
detailed application with supplementary data is presented in the next section.
344
-------
Other Analyses
633,000 pounds, or 25 percent, of the low toxicity chemicals emitted to air by
Santa Clara facilities in 1988.
Almost one half (2.3 million pounds, 45 percent) of the air emissions reported 2.3 million pound* of
by facilities in Santa Clara County were of chemicals considered to be moderately moderately toxic
toxic according to the EPA's indices. These are chemicals for which there is chemical* were
moderate concern for human health effects, especially if releases are high, or if emitted to air in
they are concentrated in a small, populated local area. (See Table 12-10.) Santa Clara County.
Air emissions of five chemicals dominated in this category, accounting for 91
percent of the total amount, or 2.1 million pounds. The first four chemicals,
1,1,1-trichloroethane (946,000 pounds), acetone (470,000 pounds), methyl ethyl
ketone (234,000 pounds), and toluene (122,000 pounds), are solvents which have
been associated with liver, nervous system, or skin toxicity. The fifth chemical
is hydrochloric acid (332,000 pounds), a corrosive agent. The chemical 1,1,1-
trichloroethane is also known to contribute to ozone depletion and so may
indirectly contribute to adverse human health effects.
Of the 5.1 million pounds released to air, 230,000 pounds (five percent) were
releases of chemicals considered to be of high toxicity. These include chemicals
considered to be carcinogens, which accounted for 188,000 pounds of total air
releases in Santa Clara County, and other chemicals considered to have other
highly toxic effects according to EPA's indices. (See Figure 12-5.)
Eighty-five percent, or 184,000 pounds, of the highly toxic chemicals emitted to Air •mission* of 4
air in Santa Clara County in 1988 are classified as carcinogens. The top four carcinogen*—
carcinogens listed—dichloromethane, styrene, formaldehyde, and isopropyl al- dichloromethane,
cohol—account for 95 percent of carcinogen releases to air. Isopropyl alcohol is styrene, formal-
considered carcinogenic, but only when manufactured from the "strong acid dehyde and isopropyl
manufacturing process" (due to contaminants that arise during the process), alcohol—by Santa
Dichloromethane, alone, accounted for almost one half (87,000 pounds) of Clara facilities totaled
carcinogen releases to air. Six facilities reported releases of dichloromethane, but 188.000 pound*.
three of them accounted for most of the total releases of dichloromethane (97
percent). These are NCH Corporation in Sunnyvale (population 106,600), which
released 49,200 pounds, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc., also in
Sunnyvale, which released 23,000 pounds, and JASCO Chemical Corporation in
Mountain View (population 58,700), which released 12,000 pounds.
Air emissions of styrene accounted for about one quarter (50,000 pounds) of air
releases of carcinogens. Three facilities in Santa Clara County reported releases
of styrene. These are Quazite Corporation in San Jose which reported releases
of 35,000 pounds (70 percent), Glasfonns, Inc., also in San Jose, which released
13,000 pounds (27 percent), and Cook Paint and Varnish Company in Milpitas
(population 37,800), which released 1,000 pounds, or three percent of the total
amount of styrene.
345
-------
Chapter 12
Table 12-10. TRI Releases and Transfers of Selected Chemicals in Santa Clara County, California, 1988.
CHEMICAL
BASIS OF
RANKING-
FORMS
Number
MODERATELY TOXIC CHEMICALS
1,1,1-Trichloroethane chronic
Acetone chronic
Hydrochloric Acid acute
Methyl Ethyl Ketone chronic
Toluene chronic
Ammonia chronic
Sulfuric Acid acute
Methyl Ispbutyl Ketone chronic
Nitric Acid acute
2-Ethoxyethanol chronic
Phenol chronic
Hydroquinone chronic
SUBTOTAL
HIGHLY TOXIC CHEMICALS
Hydrogen Fluoride chronic
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene chronic
2-Methoxyethanol chronic
Chlorine acute
Manganese Compounds chronic
Manganese chronic
Cyanide Compounds acute
Zinc Compounds acute
Barium Compounds chronic
SUBTOTAL
CARCINOGENS
Dichloromethane carcinogen
Styrene carcinogen
Formaldehyde carcinogen
Isopropyl Alcohol carcinogen
Butyl Benzyl Phlhalate carcinogen
Tetrachlordethylene carcinogen
Lead Compounds carcinogen
1,2-Dichlorobenzene carcinogen
Chromium Compounds carcinogen
Chromium carcinogen
Epichlorohydrin carcinogen
Nickel carcinogen
Copper Compounds carcinogen
Nickel Compounds carcinogen
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) carcinogen
Lead carcinogen
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL-SELECTED CHEMICALS
TOTAL-ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
21
32
39
17
8
14
86
3
35
1
1
1
AIR
Pound.
SURFACE
VOTER
Pound.
LAND
Pound.
PUBLIC
SEWAGE
Pound.
OFF-SITE
tauult
945,818
469,552
331,878
234,324
121,627
73,971
56,791
52,945
17,924
3,350
1,500
0
258 2,309,680
21
33
6
3
3
1
1
2
2
1
2
4
1
3
3
3
1
2
38
14,229
11,974
6,563
2,000
9
5
1
0
0
34,781
0
0
0
1,400
0
0
0
0
0
1,400
500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
86,957
49,653
31,303
16,000
6,143
4,062
250
88
35
29
11
10
2
0
0
0
194,543
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26,700
4
0
0
0
36
18
250
3
27,011
500
0
770
250
0
0
5
18
0
297
0
751
100
3,097
0
250
6,038
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,422
24,285
412,355
1,800
250
36,749
254,823
0
144,678
0
0
3
888,365
117,527
108,890
51,680
283,094
5,711
5,307
92,677
252
96,551
63,550
11,000
0
836,239
47,910
0
461
0
344
539
0
4,170
7,800
61,224
750
1,600
17,000
13,000
0
250
850
0
5,400
15,134
0
5,650
25,186
269,243
676
0
354,739
TOTAL
RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS
Pound.
1,076,857
602,727
795,913
519,218
127,588
116,027
404,291
53,197
259,153
66,900
12,500
4,034,374
89,339
11,978
7,024
3,400
353
580
19
4,420
7,803
124,916
88,207
51,253
49,073
29,250
6,143
4,312
1,105
106
5,435
15,460
11
6,411
25,288
272,340
676
250
555,320
329 2,539,004 1,490 500 921,414 1,252,202 4,714,610
134 2,578,665 220 0 310,842 788,491 3,678,218
463 5,117,669 1,710 500 1,232,256 2,040,693 8,392,828
* Chronic toxicity-chemical ia a»ociated with toxic effect, when moderate or low levela aie ingeated or inhaled over a long period of time. A ranking of "2" n
the following EM lexicological potoncyndicea indicate chronic toxicity: RcpoflaMc Quantity Chronic (RQCH); bhalalkm Referenoe Dose (RFDI); Oral Referenoe
Doae(RFDO)
Acute toxicity-chemical b aaaocialed with toxic effect, when relatively high leveb are hgeated or inhaled over a abort period of dme. A ranking of "2" in the fol-
lowing EPA lexicological potency indfcea indicate acute loxicity: Threahold Planning Quantity (TPQ); Reporuble Quantity Acute (RQAH)
Carcinogen-cheiiiicala are ranked aa carcinogena by EPA'a Carcinogen Aaseaament Group, OSHA, or aa potential carcinogen, on the Reporuble Quantity Index
(RQPQ
346
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Other Analyses
Air emissions of formaldehyde totaled 31,000 pounds and accounted for 16
percent of the total amount of carcinogens released to air in Santa Clara County
in 1988. A single facility, Owens Coming Fiberglass Corporation in Santa Clara
(population 87,700) was responsible for nearly all of this. Finally, air releases of
isopropyl alcohol totaled 16,000 pounds, or eight percent of the total carcinogens
released to air in 1988. VLSI Technology Corporation in Milpitas was responsible
for all of this.
Other carcinogens emitted to air by facilities in Santa Clara County in 1988 were
butyl benzyl phthalate (6,000 pounds), tetrachloroethylene (4,000 pounds), lead
compounds (250 pounds), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (88 pounds), chromium (29
pounds), epichlorohydrin (11 pounds) and nickel (10 pounds).
Facilities in Santa Clara County released 35,000 pounds of other highly toxic,
but non-carcinogenic, chemicals to air in 1988. Almost all of this (99.8 percent)
was accounted for by releases of hydrogen fluoride by 15 facilities which totaled
14,000 pounds, releases of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene by National Semiconductor in
Santa Clara which totaled 12,000 pounds, releases of 2-methoxyethanol by Xidex
Corp. in Sunnyvale which totaled 7,000 pounds, and releases of chlorine by four
facilities which totaled 2,000 pounds.
Screening the Risks of TRI Releases
As has been emphasized throughout this report, TRI data cannot be taken as a
direct indication of risk posed by toxic chemical releases. Many other factors
relating to the environmental fate of the toxic chemical, pathways of exposure,
or particularly sensitive ecosystems or populations need to be taken into con-
sideration. TRI data can be combined with information on population, meteorol-
ogy, hydrology and so on to provide an initial analysis known as a risk screening,
which is used to identify those TRI releases that may pose a significant risk to
human health or the environment.
EPA has published the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Risk Screening Guide
(EPA 560/2-89-002), which details a step by step process for conducting a risk
screening using TRI as a principle source of data. A risk screening results in
qualitative expressions of risk (high, medium, low). The data requirements for a
risk screening, as well as the results, are less detailed than a formal "risk
assessment", which can be thought of as the next step in the process (if one is
deemed necessary) of evaluating risk from toxic chemicals.
As an example of the risk screening process, TRI data are evaluated in this section
for a small community with three TRI facilities. The community is a hypothetical
one, but represents a "real world" approach to the use of TRI data for risk
screening. Hypothetical data were chosen because EPA is concerned about
unfairly singling out any given community and creating an impression of a
population at risk.
Facilities released
35,000 pounds of
noncarcinogenic, but
highly toxic, chemi-
cals to air in 1988.
347
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Chapter 12
The Risk Screening Process.
To assess the likelihood that risk to human health may result from releases of TRI
chemicals in a particular geographical area, the Risk Screening Guide describes
a variety of local, facility and chemical data to be obtained, recorded and
organized. These data are briefly described below.
Description of Area of Interest. A detailed map of the area noting population
distribution, location of populations which may be especially sensitive to toxic
chemicals (e.g. hospitals, schools), the specific locations of facilities reporting
to TRI, and the local topography is obtained. TRI releases by each reporting
facility in the area are identified and grouped according to whether they may
result in human exposure (usually air or surface water).
Relative Toxicity of Released Chemicals. Potentially toxic releases are identified
by ranking the chemicals released as either of high, medium, or low toxicity
according to the EPA ratings described in detail in Appendix A of the Risk
Screening Guide. Several toxicity ratings are included for consideration since no
single index considers all factors relevant to the characterization of a chemical's
toxicity potential. When considered together, however, the indices adequately
summarize relevant toxic effects and potential routes of exposure of TRI
chemicals. Chemicals can be grouped according to whether they have high,
moderate, or low toxicity according to one or more of the rankings, which cover
chronic and acute toxic effects, as well as carcinogenicity.
In some cases, the toxicity of a chemical may be unknown, or may be based on
a route of exposure (e.g. oral) unlikely given the medium to which the chemical
is released (e.g. air). In such cases, the Guide suggests that a "data gap" be noted
and be considered along with all other data in the final steps of the risk screening
process.
(3) The indices used are the Threshold Planning Quantities index (TPQ) which ranks chemicals
according to their acute toxicity and ability to become airborne; the Acute Reportable Quantity index
(RQAH) which ranks chemicals according to their acute toxicity; the Chronic Reportable Quantity
(RQCH), Oral Reference Dose (RFDO), and Inhalation Reference Dose (RFDI) indices which rank
chemicals according to their chronic toxicity; and the Reportable Quantity Potential Carcinogenicity
(RQPC), Cancer Potency (CPOT) and OSHA De Minimis Carcinogen concentration (OSHA) indices
which rank chemicals according to their carcinogenicity.
348
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Other Analyses
Quantities of Toxic Chemicals Released and Exposure Factors. Releases of
chemicals with a high or medium toxicity ranked according to any of the relevant
indices noted in the Guide may be of concern to a local community if the quantity
released to the air or surface water is great enough. Therefore, the quantities of
specific chemicals released are noted as being either high, medium, or low. The
Risk Screening Guide suggests this be done by comparing local releases of specific
chemicals to the national median for that chemical, which are given in Appendix
C of the Guide. Alternatively, local releases of all chemicals can be ranked for
each medium, and grouped into high, medium, or low categories on the basis of
that ranking. TRI data do not indicate whether releases were equally distributed
throughout the year or occurred in bursts. This is noted as a "data gap" and could
be determined in follow-up investigation if the results of the risk screening process
warrant it.
Some chemicals may have environmental fate and/or transport characteristics that
would tend to raise or lower the likelihood of exposure to that chemical in the
medium of release. These are termed Exposure Factors in the Risk Screening
Guide. The Guide suggests that those characteristics be noted for chemicals when
they are known and considered when assessing the likelihood of exposure to that
chemical. For example, chemicals that are relatively persistent in the atmosphere
are of greater concern than chemicals which are rapidly degraded in the
atmosphere. A moderate release of a chemical that persists in the atmosphere
may pose a greater risk than a moderate release of a chemical which is rapidly
degraded in the atmosphere. Similarly, chemicals that are more persistent in water
are generally of greater concern for exposure than chemicals that are less
persistent in water. Appendix D of the Guide lists many of the TRI chemicals and
environmental fate characteristics which should be noted when considering their
release quantities.
Populations of Concern. Finally, populations likely to be exposed to TRI releases
are identified by noting their distance and direction from the facility releasing the
chemicals. Populations located closest to the TRI facility under examination are
considered to be at highest risk for exposure although populations further away
may also be at risk if release quantities are great enough or if the toxicity of the
chemical(s) released is considered to be of special concern (e.g. carcinogens).
The Guide suggests that this include residents within an "inner zone" of about
two kilometers around facilities releasing TRI chemicals to air. Populations within
an "outer zone" of up to 20 kilometers may also be at risk for exposure to air
releases, however, especially if they are located downwind from releasing
facilities. The prevailing wind direction in the vicinity of the facility under
examination should therefore be noted.
349
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Chapter 12
In addition, the location of any population groups that may be especially sensitive
to toxic chemicals, such as hospitals or schools, should be located and their
proximity to facilities emitting TRI chemicals to air noted.
Risk Screening Guide Vforksheets. The Risk Screening Guide provides three kinds
of worksheets to aid in recording and organizing this information. These are: (1)
Facility Worksheets on site-specific data which, when completed for each facility,
summarize the location and size of populations likely to be exposed to TRI releases
from each specific facility; (2) Facility Worksheets on chemical-specific data
which, when completed for each facility, summarize the relative toxicities and
quantities of TRI chemicals released by each facility of interest; and, (3) a Relative
Risk Worksheet which combines information from the site- and chemical-specific
facility worksheets and highlights TRI releases of greatest concern, the facilities
releasing them, and the populations at greatest risk for exposure. The Risk
Screening Guide includes samples of these worksheets, as well as a sample risk
screening case study.
In the following example, information from the hypothetical facilities has been
combined in site- and chemical-specific tables to present a concise summary of
the Risk Screening process.
Description of the Risk Screening Area and its TRI Facilities. The hypothetical
county for which the risk screening is being carried out is situated along a river.
It is a semi-rural county and about 15 percent of it is covered by commercially
usable forest. Winds are predominantly from the south-southwest. The estimated
population of the county is 10,700. The largest center of population is the county
seat, with a population of approximately 5,000, which is located in the north
central part of the county. Medium-sized cities lie roughly 25 miles southwest of
the county, 40 miles southeast. (See Map 12-4.)
A railroad runs through the county parallel to the river. A six-acre city park is
located along the river, and a state park lies southeast of the county's center. A
67-bed county hospital is located due east of the center of town.
The three facilities noted on the map filed 24 TRI reports in 1988. Facility A
released 908,000 pounds (848,000 pounds to air, 29,000 pounds to surface water
and 31,000 pounds to land) and did not transfer any TRI chemicals. Facility B
released 121,000 pounds (all to air). Facility C released 100,000 pounds (75,000
pounds to air and 25,000 pounds to surface water) and transferred 3.4 million
pounds off-site. (See Table 12-11.)
Relative Toxicity of Released Chemicals. The toxicity of the chemicals released
by the TRI facilities were ranked according to the indices noted above. Chemicals
of highest concern include those which are classified as carcinogens or potential
350
-------
Other Analyses
- County Boundaries *^^ River
Census BGEDs • TRi P'atiiily
' Polar Rings IKM)
ospiia! ^. School
Map 12-4. Risk Screening Site Map: Showing a Hypothetical County with Locations
of TRI Facilities, Centers of Population , Hospitals, and Schools.
carcinogens: carbon tetrachloride and lead released by Facility A; chloromethane
released by Facility B; and benzene released by Facility C. Facility C also released
two other chemicals of high toxicity concern to air: nitrobenzene and chlorine
which are associated with chronic and acute toxicity, respectively. (See Table
12-12.)
Chemicals of moderate toxicity released to air by at least one of the three TRI
facilities are methanol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, acetone, toluene, and hydrochloric,
sulfuric, and nitric acids. EPA is currently reviewing the chronic effects associated
with methanol and toluene. The review is incomplete but indicate that these
351
-------
Chapter 12
compounds may be of high, rather than medium, concern. These "data gaps"
should be noted and further explored if the results of the risk screening process
indicate that methanol and toluene releases may be of concern.
Quantities of Toxic Chemicals Released and Exposure Factors. Release quantities
for each of die chemicals of high or medium toxicity for each facility were ranked
according to whether they exceed, are approximately equal to, or are lower than
national median releases for that chemical as noted in Appendix C of the Risk
Screening Guide. Where appropriate, exposure factors, which may increase or
decrease concern for exposure by the medium of release, were noted. (See Table
12-12.)
Table 12-11. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical in the Risk Screening Ex-
ample, 1988.
FACILITY CHEMICAL
FACILITY A CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
LEAD
ACETONE
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
NITRIC ACID
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SUBTOTAL
FACILITY B SULFURIC ACID
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
NITRIC ACID
CHLOROMETHANE
METHANOL
SUBTOTAL
FACILITY C ACETONE
ANTIMONY
BENZENE
NITROBENZENE
CHLORINE
CYCLOHEXANE
TOLUENE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
NITRIC ACID
METHANOL
DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE
COPPER COMPOUNDS
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL
AIR
Pounds
800,000
100
30,270
11,400
6,300
2
848,072
92,400
0
0
22,700
6,200
121,300
SURFACE
WATER
Pound*
1,7000
500
26,200
300
500
0
29,200
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,300
0
9,000
5,200
400
24,200
11,600
5,100
0
2,000
250
0
0
75,050
500
0
200
300
0
12,000
2,500
5,000
1,500
2,000
500
0
200
24,700
LAND
Found>
0
30,500
500
0
0
0
31,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
OFF-SITE
Pounds
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,420,000
0
1,000
3,421,250
1,044,422 53,900 31,000 3,421,000
TOTAL RELEASES
ANDTRANSFERS
Pounds
801,700
31,100
56,970
11,700
6,800
2
908,272
92,400
0
0
22,700
6,200
121,300
17,800
0
9,200
5,500
400
36,200
14,100
10,100
1,500
4,000
3,420,750
0
1,200
3,520,750
4,550,322
352
-------
Other Analyses
Table 12-12. Air Releases of Chemicals of High and Moderate Toxicity from TRI Facilities in the Risk Screening
Example, 1988.
[ CHEMICAL I Toxicity Rank-1 Buliof Toxicity hbul Releases lo| DauGaps I RileMc Quaa-1 Exposure I
I I mj | Ranking(a) I Air Pounds | I tity(b) JFaclon(o)|
FACILITY A
FACILITY B
FACILITY C
Carbon Tetrachloride
Lead
Acetone
1,1,1 -Trichloroelhane
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric Acid
Cbloromethane
Sulfiiric acid
Methanol
Benzene
Nitrobenzene
Chlorine
Methanol
Acetone
Toluene
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
High RQPC, CPOT
High CPOT
Medium RFDO
Medium RQCH
Medium TPQ
Medium RQAH
High RQPC, OSHA
Medium RQAH
Medium RFDO
800,000
100
30,270
11,400
2
6,300
High
Low
High
Medium
High
Low
High
High
High
RQPC, OSHA,
CPOT
RFDI, RFDO
TPQ
Medium RFDO
Medium RFDO
Medium RQCH
Medium TPQ
Medium RQAH
22,700 High
92,400 High
6,200 Need Chronic Medium
Toxicity Data
9,000 High
5,200 High
400 Medium
250 Need chronic Low
toxicity data
17,300 High
11,600 RFDI pending Medium
5,100 High
250 Low
-ET
(a) RQPC = Reportable Quantity Potential Carcinogenicity
CPOT = Cancer Potency
OSHA = OSHA carcinogen at concentration <0.1%
RFDI = EPA Reference Dose Inhalation
RFDO = EPA Reference Dose Oral <0.01 mg/kg/day
TPQ = Threshold Planning Quantity is 1, 10, or 100 pounds
(b) Release quantities were compared to national median fugitive and point source
releases for each chemical. If either point or fugitive releases were greater than nation-
al median they were ranked High; if either were approximately equal to national
median they were ranked Medium; and, if either were lower than national median they
were ranked Low.
(c) Environmental transformation (ET): - ET for rapid degradation, + ET for highly
persistent
The largest air emission reported was the 800,000 pound release of the carcinogen
carbon tetrachloride by Facility A. This amount is more than 100 times the
national median for 1987 . Other releases of highly toxic chemicals which
exceeded national medians were releases of chloromethane, benzene, and
(4) Risk Screening Guide, Vol. 2, Appendix L, p.C-5.
353
-------
Chapter 12
nitrobenzene. Emissions of the moderately toxic chemicals methanol, acetone,
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid were also greater than the national
median for these chemicals.
Populations of Concern. The populations at greatest risk of exposure to air
releases from each facility were determined from individual facility site maps
centered on each facility, overlaid with Census Block Enumeration Districts (a
unit used in the U.S. census for indicating local population distributions) and
two-kilometer rings. Populations of concern are listed in Table 12-13.
Table 12-13. Populations of Concern for Exposure to Chemicals Emitted to Air by TRI Facilities in the Risk
Screening Example.
FACILITY C
FACILITY C
ZONE OP EX-
POSURE
Inner 0-2 km
Outer 2-16 km
POPULATION-
I SIZE
]SENSnWESUBPOPULA-| DIRECTION I DISTANCE I
1 TONS I FROM FACILITY [FROM FACILITY!
1,670 hospital,school
FACILITY A
Outer 2-16 km
FACILITY B
Outer 2-16 km
812
1,017
620
2,002
1,882
1,340
776
1,520
1,047
349
712
1,827
5,009
614
800
1,012
117
716
976
502
435
2,229
2,600
2,515
unknown
unknown
unknown
WNW
N
NE
NE
ESE
SSW
SW
W
NNE
NNE
NE
ESE
S
WSW
NNW
N
NNE
ENE
ENE
ESE
SE
SW
W
WNW
NW
0-2 km
9km
10km
12km
6km
6km
3km
4-6 km
2-6 km
10-16 km
2-6 km
6-10 km
2-6 km
6-10 km
6-10 km
16km
6km
4km
12km
6-10 km
6-10 km
6-10 km
6-10 km
6-10 km
6-10 km
EXPOSURE
FACTORS*
+ WD
+ WD
+ WD
+ WD
+ WD
+ WD
-WD
-WD
+ WD
+ WD
+ WD
+ WD
-WD
-WD
-WD
-WD
-WD
-WD
Note: All exposure is from breathing.
* Exposure Factors are from Appendix D of the Risk Screening Guide "Environmental Fate Characteristics of TRI Chemi-
cals"
+ WD = of high concern because population is downwind from releasing facility
- WD = of low concern because population is not downwind from releasing facility
354
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Other Analyses
The only population within an inner zone for air emissions are 1,670 county
residents, located about two kilometers west northwest of Facility C. There is
also a school located about two kilometers west of this facility that may house a
sensitive subpopulation. Populations within the outer zones (2-16 kilometers)
surrounding each facility are also noted. Those populations downwind (i.e. to the
north and east) from the prevailing winds in the vicinity, which are from the south
southwest, are considered to be at higher risk than other populations. Some of
these populations may include buildings containing sensitive subpopulations, but
that is unknown without further investigation at the local level. For all populations
of concern for air releases, breathing is the route of exposure of concern.
Priorities for Follow-Up Investigation of TRI Releases in the
Risk Screening Example
The risk screening exercise presented here is not designed to answer the question:
Is anyone in danger from these toxic chemical releases? Although this is the most
commonly asked question in response to TRI data, it is, unfortunately, also the
most difficult question to answer. Rather, the risk screening process addresses
the question: Which releases warrant the most attention for follow-up? A finding
that air emissions of Chemical X from Facility Y are the highest priority for
follow-up does not mean that these emissions are putting a population or an
ecosystem in danger. It does mean that of all the TRI releases in a given
community, these are the releases with the greatest potential to cause toxic effects.
For that reason, they may warrant follow-up investigation by the community in
the form of a more detailed risk assessment, or in the form of a commitment by
the facility to reduce emissions in order to allay community concerns.
To determine the TRI releases of highest priority for follow-up investigation, the
toxicity rankings of chemicals released, the quantity of release rankings, and the
populations of greatest concern for exposure via each medium must be considered
together. Generally, chemicals with the highest toxicity rankings, released in the
greatest amounts, by facilities closest to population centers, represent the highest
priorities for follow-up investigation. The Risk Screening Guide provides a
Relative Risk Worksheet to aid in organizing this information for each medium
of release. Table 12-14 is a summary of Relative Risk Worksheets completed for
TRI emissions to air for this example.
The highest priorities for follow-up investigation are the carbon tetrachloride
emissions to air from Facility A, the benzene emissions to air from Facility C,
and the chloromethane emissions to air from Facility B. All of these chemicals
are carcinogens. The releases of 800,000 pounds of carbon tetrachloride from
Facility A are more than 100 times greater than the national median. Although
there are no population centers less than two kilometers from this facility, 11,078
residents, located 2-16 kilometers from the facility, may be exposed. And of
these, 2,916 may be more likely than the rest to be exposed because they reside
downwind from the facility (See Table 12-13).
355
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Chapter 12
Table 12-14.Summary of Relative Risk Worksheets for Air Emissions from TRI Facilities in the Risk Screening
Example, 1988.
| | Population | Potcnlkl Exposure Route | Chemical
High Priority Fatilities/Populations/Chanicals for Followup Investigation
FACILITY A 11,078 outer zone breathing Carbon
residents Tetrachloride
FACILITY C 1,670 inner zone breathing Benzene
residents
8,449 outer zone Nitrobenzene
residents
FACILITY B 11,902 outer zone breathing Chloromethane
residents
Moderate Priority Facilities/Populatious/Chemicals for Followup Investigation
FACILITY A 11,078 outer zone breathing Acetone
residents
FACILITY C 1,670 inner zone breathing Acetone
residents
FACILITY B 11,902 outer zone breathing Sulfiiric Acid
residents
Release Quantity |
800,000 pounds
9,000 pounds
5,200 pounds
22,700 pounds
30,270 pounds
17,300 pounds
92,400 pounds
BasU of Toxicity Concern]
carcinogenicity
carcinogenicity
chronic toxicity
carcinogenicity
chronic toxicity
chronic toxicity
acute toxicity
The releases of 9,000 pounds of benzene by Facility C are of concern since
benzene is a known human carcinogen and there is a population of 1,670 residents
within two kilometers of the facility. There is also a school, considered to house
a sensitive subpopulation, within that inner zone. In addition, 8,449 residents
located 2-16 kilometers from the facility may be exposed, and of these, 2,449
are located downwind. The releases of almost 23,000 pounds of chloromethane
are considered high priority since there are 11,902 residents located 2-16
kilometers from the facility, 2,745 of which are located downwind from the
facility.
Air emissions of acetone are considered to be of moderate priority for follow-up
investigation since the quantity of release is relatively high and since the EPA
may conclude that the chronic toxicity of acetone warrants a ranking of high. Air
releases of sulfuric acid may be of concern if the releases noted occur within a
very short period of time.
INDUSTRIES
The industrial analyses throughout this report have been based upon broad
two-digit industrial categories, as defined by the first two digits of the four-digit
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes reported under TRI (See Chapter
6 and Appendix C). Using this system, all Chemicals and Allied Products
industries (SIC code 28) were included in a single group, all Petroleum Refining
and Related industries (SIC code 29) were considered as another group, and so
on. However, greater insights into industrial patterns can be gained by analyzing
356
-------
Other Analyses
facilities on the basis of the first three digits or all four digits of their SIC codes.
In order to get a better understanding of the types of differences that can exist
within a four-digit SIC code versus what is seen at the two-digit SIC code level,
we have analyzed one particular four-digit SIC code industry on a chemical,
media, and geographical basis.
The Chemical industry (SIC code 28) had the largest total TRI releases and
transfers in 1988. This industrial group consists of 28 four-digit industrial
classifications, including, for example, Alkalies and Chlorine (SIC code 2812),
Industrial Gases (SIC code 2813), and Inorganic Pigments (SIC code 2816). We
have chosen to analyze in further detail the Industrial Pigments industry to see
how it compares with the Chemical industry as a whole. Forty-eight facilities
were classified solely within SIC code 2816 .
Total releases and transfers of the Inorganic Pigments industry equalled 218.9
million pounds in 1988 which represented eight percent of all the releases and
transfers reported for the Chemical industry (2.9 billion pounds). It reported
releases of only 43 chemicals (excluding trade secrets), compared to the 258
chemicals reported for the Chemical industry overall. Two of the 43 chemicals
accounted for 77 percent of all the releases and transfers for the Inorganic
Pigments industry: hydrochloric acid with 98.2 million pounds (45 percent) and
ammonium sulfate with 69.1 million pounds (32 percent). Even though over 40
chemicals were reported to have been released by facilities, the top five chemicals
alone (hydrochloric acid, ammonium sulfate, carbonyl sulfide, sulfuric acid, and
manganese compounds) accounted for 95 percent of all releases and transfers in
this industry. (See Table 12-15.)
The dominant release from the Inorganic Pigments industry was underground
injection (39 percent) followed by transfers to public sewage treatment plants (32
percent), and off-site transfers (20 percent). This differs somewhat from the media
release pattern displayed by the Chemical industry as a whole with the most
significant differences seen in air releases and transfers to public sewage. Air
emissions accounted for 26 percent of the Chemical industry's releases, but only
eight percent of the Inorganic Pigments industry's releases. The situation was
reversed in the case of transfers to public sewage treatment plants which were 11
percent of the Chemical industry's releases and 32 percent of the Inorganic
Pigments industry's releases. These differences are likely due to the difference
in types of chemicals (i.e., chemical classes) used specifically by the Inorganic
Pigments industry versus those used overall in the Chemical industry. (See Figure
12-6.)
Hydrochloric acid and
ammonium sulfate
comprised 77% of all
releases and trans-
fers by the Inorganic
Pigments industry.
The largest release
for the Inorganic Pig-
ments was under-
ground injection.
(5) TRI facilities can report more than one four-digit SIC code. The 48 facilities here only reported
one SIC code and that was 2816. Others reporting 2816 in combination with other four-digit codes
are not included.
357
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Chapter 12
Table 12-15. TRI Chemicals Released and Transferred by the Inorganic Pigments Industry (SIC Code 2816).
1988.
CHEMICAL
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AMMONIUM SULFATE
CARBONYL SULFIDE
SULFURIC ACID
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
BARIUM COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
AMMONIA
FREON 113
ZINC COMPOUNDS
ANILINE
CHLORINE
LEAD COMPOUNDS
COPPER COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE
XYLENE
DICHLOROMETHANE *
METHANOL
COBALT COMPOUNDS
TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
ACETONE
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
TOLUENE
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE *
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
NITRIC ACID
LEAD*
CHROMIUM *
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
DIETHANOLAMINE
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE
STYRENE*
TRADE SECRETS
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
FORMALDEHYDE *
PHOSPHORIC ACID
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE *
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
TOTAL
* Carcinogen
SIC 2816 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Pcxnd. Batik
98,207,143
69,064,577
15,690,000
15,601,194
10,378,235
3,611,344
3,080,750
676,227
644,050
274,019
224,916
206,650
202,720
201,601
163,017
121,050
102,322
93,542
84,059
60,462
53,550
25,251
19,832
13,194
11,997
10,325
9,507
8,060
3,750
2,678
1,510
1,500
1,020
1,000
1,000
750
750
700
500
500
500
420
250
250
218,856,672
SIC 28 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
tank Ruk
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
369,258,373
620,608,695
19,124,386
182,152,632
18,814,693
11,133,501
3,627,945
9,644,355
233,790,598
1,904,727
8,511,953
7,151,756
14,851,489
1,840,534
2,764,533
103,757,397
37,591,295
43,149,565
196,448,098
349,281
1,741,038
109,507,738
1,003,184
2,616,690
78,186,323
331,929
4,458,385
5,818,372
43,401,231
685,580
415,360
7,231,780
596,330
3,106
434,851
13,722,502
1,161,003
4,648,315
34,561,471
18,149,069
217,854,431
3,014,030
17,487,321
16,981,157
2
1
18
6
19
29
54
31
3
72
35
41
25
75
59
8
13
12
5
132
78
7
96
60
9
134
50
45
11
105
125
40
110
225
123
26
89
49
15
20
4
57
21
22
2,883,479,294
358
-------
40%
30%
20% -
Percent of Total
10% -
Air SurUe* Water Land Underground Public Stwag* Oil-tin
• SIC Code 2818 ^ SIC Code 28
Other Analyses
Major difference* in
chemical claecec be-
tween the Inorganic
Pigment* industry
and the Chemical in-
dustry a* a whole
were *een in the
acids/bases/salts and
the halo-organic
categories.
Figure 12-6. Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers for the
Inorganic Pigment* Industry Compared to the Chemical Industry as a Whole, 1988.
The major differences between the Inorganic Pigments industry and the Chemical
industry show up in two of the chemical class categories. In the Inorganic
Pigments industry acids/bases/salts account for 84 percent of the releases, but
only 54 percent of (he Chemical industry's releases. On the other hand, halo-or-
ganics account for 31 percent of the Chemical industry's releases, but less than
one percent of the Inorganic Pigments industry's releases. As discussed in Chapter
4, the primary medium involved with acids/bases/salts releases is underground
injection and, to a lesser extent, transfers to public sewage systems, off-site
transfers, and surface water discharges. In the case of halo-organics, however,
83 percent are emitted to air. These differences in media distribution patterns
associated with the different chemical classes appear to account for the variation
seen between SIC code 2816 and the Chemical industry as a whole. Also note
that metals play a more prominent role in the releases of the Inorganic Pigments
industry than in the Chemical industry and that this has influenced the release
and transfer distribution pattern as well. (See Figure 12-7.)
359
-------
Chapter 12
Only 2 chemicals ac-
counted for the un-
derground injection
release* and only 2
facilities were respon-
sible for these
releases.
7 of the chemicals
released or trans-
ferred by the Inor-
ganic Pigments
industry were clas-
sified as carcinogenic.
Given the significant role played by underground injection in the releases and
transfers of the Inorganic Pigments industry, it is interesting that only two
chemicals were injected underground: hydrochloric acid (78.0 million pounds)
and manganese compounds (6.5 million pounds). Further analysis revealed that
only two facilities were responsible for these releases: the Du Pont Johnsonville
Plant in New Johnsonville, Tennessee, with 40 million pounds of hydrochloric
acid and 4 million pounds of manganese compounds; and the Du Pont Delisle
Plant in Pass Christian, Mississippi, with 38 million pounds of hydrochloric acid
and 2.S million pounds of manganese compounds. This situation once again
demonstrates how releases of one or two chemicals can influence the overall
picture and emphasizes the importance of analyzing the impact of releases and
transfers on an individual basis. It also points out how it is often the case that
large releases can be accounted for by only one or two facilities.
Of the chemicals released by the Inorganic Pigments industry, only seven fall into
the TRI carcinogenic category. Releases and transfers of these carcinogens
totalled 109,000 pounds or 0.1 percent of total releases and transfers for this
industry, while only approximately six percent of the Chemical industry's releases
and transfers are carcinogenic. This difference may be due in part to the fact that
halo-organics, which as a class contain a high percentage of carcinogens, do not
play a significant role in the releases and transfers of the Inorganic Pigments
industry. (See Table 12-15.)
100%
Percent of Total
A/B/S
Halo-organic*
Metal*
I SIC Code 2816
Non-metal* Organic*
I SIC Code 28
Figure 12-7. TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class for the Inorganic Pigments
Industry Compared to the Chemical Industry as a Whole, 1988.
360
-------
Other Analyses
It is also well worth noting that 86 percent of carcinogenic releases and transfers
were due to one chemical: dichloromethane. Given the role this chemical plays
in the releases and transfers of this industry, it is not surprising that the majority
of releases (86 percent) are emitted to air. As indicated in Chapter 4 (Table 4-11),
93 percent of all dichloromethane releases are air releases.
On a statewide basis, facilities in the Inorganic Pigments industry reported 3 states dominated
releases and transfers in only 18 out of 54 states and territories; the Chemical the release* and
industry reported in 52 out of 54 states and territories. Three states dominated transfer* of the Inor-
the list and accounted for 71 percent of all releases and transfers: Tennessee, ganic Pigment* in-
Missouri, and Mississippi with 52.7 million pounds, 52.5 million pounds, and du*try.
49.2 million pounds, respectively. Tennessee and Mississippi ranked high because
of the two Du Pont facilities cited above. Besides releasing large amounts of
hydrochloric acid and manganese compounds, each facility also released sig-
nificant amounts of carbonyl sulfide (i.e., 8.5 million pounds and 6 million
pounds, respectively). Missouri's high ranking was due to one facility as well:
Columbian Chemicals Company in St. Louis which reported releases and
transfers totalling 52.5 million pounds. Almost 100 percent of this total was
accounted for by transfers of ammonium sulfate to public sewage systems.
Louisiana, which ranked first in total TRI releases and transfers, had no facilities
reporting solely in the Inorganic Pigments industry. (See Table 12-16.)
Table 12-16. Geographical Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers by Media for the
Inorganic Pigments Industry (SIC Code 2816), 1988.
SIC 2816 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
STATE j Pomd. Rink
Tennessee 52,691,910
Missouri 52,510,315
Mississippi 49,155,550
Ohio 21,840,080
New York 20,543,490
Illinois 16,832,237
Delaware 2,233,593
California 1,075,075
Maryland 672,771
Wisconsin 534,125
Pennsylvania 513,398
New Jersey 138,081
Georgia 52,919
Texas 29,251
Montana 16,116
Virginia 14,761
Kansas 2,000
Indiana 1,000
TOTAL 218,856,672
SIC 28 RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Rtt*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
144,314,984
81,889,375
75,189,476
137,666,920
57,770,393
117,540,084
6,608,960
60,467,957
7,479,697
7,631,626
43,168,533
109,952,226
31,843,726
573,982,836
230,466
121,843,715
153,924,567
45,394,713
4
10
11
6
14
8
34
13
33
32
19
9
21
1
48
7
3
17
1,776,900,254
361
-------
Chapter 12
3 facilities accounted
for 70% of all
release* and trans-
fer* for the Inorganic
Pigments industry.
Based upon the above analyses, it is clear that three facilities out of the 48 in the
Inorganic Pigments industry were responsible for the majority (70 percent) of
releases and transfers associated with this industry: Du Pont Johnsonville Plant
in New Johnsonville, Tennessee; Du Pont Delisle Plant in Pass Christian,
Mississippi; and Columbian Chemicals Company in St. Louis, Missouri. It is
also noteworthy that these releases and transfers involved very few chemicals of
the total number of chemicals released or transferred by facilities in this industrial
category.
362
-------
Other Analyses
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE TOXICS RELEASE
INVENTORY
In this year's TRI National Report, EPA has tried to expand the uses of TRI by
exploring several areas that were not addressed in the first year's report. These
include discussions of health effects data for TRI chemicals, extensive focus on
the role of individual facilities, and the inclusion of non-TRI data to lend additional
perspective on national and local TRI analyses. National Reports in future years
will undoubtedly provide additional means of data analysis and presentation as
we continue to appreciate the full measure (and limits) of TRI.
Future reports will differ for another reason as well. TRI is changing. This report
has detailed changes—both additions and deletions—to the list of chemicals which
must be reported under TRI. In addition, EPA is currently considering several
areas of expansion and revision for Toxics Release Inventory reporting. As these
come into being, they will provide new types of data which will enter into future
analyses and reports. All of the areas discussed below are currently under active
review and evaluation at EPA, although the Agency has not yet come to a final
decision on any of them.
Peak Release
TRI currently collects data only on annual quantities of releases and transfers.
Such data masks the patterns of releases during the year: are emissions continual,
and released in regular amounts every day? Or do releases happen in a "burst"
as the result of a short-term process, or an accidental release? Peak release data
will provide information on the maximum amount of air and water releases in a
short term (a day or less) period, as well as information on the number of days
per year a particular type of release occurs. These data will be particularly useful
for extending the type of risk screening/risk assessment analyses discussed earlier
in mis chapter.
Expansion of the Reporting Universe
Congress created TRI to initially apply only to manufacturers (facilities within
SIC codes 20-39) but also granted EPA the authority to expand reporting coverage
if deemed necessary. EPA has begun a review of industry sectors currently not
required to report, and is considering appropriate protocol for expanding TRI
requirements. No decisions have yet been made as to which industries (if any) to
include, but some of the categories under review include mining operations, waste
management firms, Federal facilities, chemical warehouses, public utilities,
photoprocessing firms, and other non-manufacturing users of toxic chemicals.
363
-------
Chapter 12
Expanded and Mandatory Reporting on Pollution Prevention
Pollution prevention is one of EPA's top priorities. It is becoming increasingly
clear that the Agency and the public need a reliable source of data on the types
of pollution prevention practices in use in industry, and the impact of these
practices. One possible means of acquiring such data is through TRI. The current
optional question may be made mandatory to ensure reliable and thorough
information, and may also be expanded to include more detailed information on
the types of processes subject to pollution prevention and the effectiveness of
such practices in reducing overall quantities of waste generation.
Mass Balance/Materials Accounting Data
When Congress originally created TRI, it did not reach consensus on the question
of collecting "mass balance" data. Such data would augment information on
releases with data on chemical inputs, outputs and storage quantities, to provide
a fuller context for the data on releases. Mass balance data is often likened to
conventional "cost accounting'' data which tracks monetary inputs and outputs.
In fact, another term for mass balance is "materials accounting." The National
Academy of Sciences is evaluating the utility of the mass balance approach, and
will shortly make recommendations to EPA as to what modifications (if any) it
suggests for TRI. EPA will take these recommendations into account as it
considers the future reporting requirements for TRI.
These changes to TRI will take years to unfold, and will ensure that TRI continues
to evolve in response to public concerns over toxic chemicals, industrial concerns
about reporting burdens, and the data needs of local, state and federal govern-
ments.
364
-------
I**" 'Q^:
&<
-------
Appendix A - TRIForm R
Form Approved OMB No.; 2070-0093
Approve Expirn: "'•'»' U
'Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
«
EP
1.
TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING FORM
Section 313 of trta Emorgoncy Planntng and Community Rigrn-to-Know Act of 1986,
•too known a* Trtfct til of trw Suporfund Amondmonts and RMuthortzation Act
|Th*$ tpaco for your opttonal UM
A FORM PART '*
R IDENTIFICATION
INFORMATION
1.1 Ara you claiming tna cnamcal Idanttty on page 3 trade secret'
I I Vas (Answer quaat -on 1.2; [ I No (Do not answer 1.2;
Attach euaatantiation forms. 1 Go to Question i . 3 . ]
Pao* 1 of 5
Public reporting burden for this
collection of information is estimated to
vary from 90 to 94 hours par raaponaa.
with tn ""J^EL0* rafLJSS
data needed, and cempietine and
raviawing ma eobaetMn of information.
S sand eommams regarding this burdan
) estimate or •"?£"•* **°*C1 •* **•
(PM^BsJV'us'EPA. 401 MtV?rsvV?
Washington, D.C. 20460 Attn TRl
Burdan and to tna Office of Mermation
and Regulatory Affairs. Office of
Management and Buoget Paparwork
flaouction Projeei [2070-0093; ,
Washington D.C. 20603
1.2 If "Yes ~ m 1.1. is this copy: 1.3 Receding Year
[ ] Sanitized [ ] Unsanitiaed 1 9
2. CERTIFICATION (Ra*f and «gn aftar eomptoting M aactioni.)
I hataby oartlty tnat I nava iav>a«»ad Ma attaehad aocwnant* and mat. to tna ban ot my knowiaOBa and baiiar. t
ueiiiulaia and that tna amount, and valua* m tni. rapon ara aceural. baMd on raaionabla asiimata* u*ing data
Nama and
a. 1 jAnantirotaeHHy b. 1 J Pan of a taeMny.
Tactwttoat Contact Tataani
PubHc Contact Tetephc
WC Coda (4 digit) 1
a. b 1 c.
Latitude
Degree* Mmuta* Saoonos
Dun •> Bradstreet Number (»)
s
EPA loenliticaiton Numoer(s) (flCRA I.D. No.)
a
i NPDES P»rmil NumbaM*)
3.10
3.11
Receiving Streams or Water Bodies (enter one name per Box)
a
C
e.
Underground Injection Welt Code O*C) Uentificatnn Number |s)
a.
4. PARENT COMPANY INFORMATION
4.1
4.2
Nama of Parent Company
Parent Company's Dun * sVadftraat Number 1
d. o.
me Nwnbar (include are* code)
f.
Lonottyde
Degree. M-nute* Second*
b
c.
j
0
d
t
b.
e^efl
m^^m
EPA Form 9350-1 (1-891 Ravnwd—Do not usa pravwuj varajora.
A-l
-------
Appendix A - JRIForm R
D
(Important: Type or print: read instructions before completing form.)
D
Pao. 2 of 8
RfThit tpac* for your optional ut*. )
& tKA PART II. OFF-SITE LOCATIONS TO WHICH TOXIC
CHEMICALS ARE TRANSFERRED IN WASTES
1. PUBLICLY OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (PQTWt)
1.1 POTW nam*
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
1.2 POTW nam*
Street Address
City County
State Zip
2. OTHER OFF-SITE LOCATIONS (OO NOT REPORT LOCATIONS TO WHICH WASTES ABE SENT ONLY ?OR RECYCLING OH REUSE).
2.1 Off-stt* location nam*
EPA identification Number (RCRA iQ. No. )
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
la location under control of reporting facility or parent company?
2.2 Off-tit* location nam*
EPA identification Number (RCRA O, No. |
Street Address
City County
State Zip
is location under control of reporting facility or parent company?
t U [ IN.
2.3 Off-tit* location nam*
EPA Identification Number (RCRA D. No. )
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
Is location under control of reporting facility or parent company?
[ ]v- [ ]»
2.5 Off-tit* location nam*
EPA Identification Number (RCRA O. No. )
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
if location under control of reporting facility or parent company?
2.4 Off-tit* location nam*
EPA Identification Number (RCRA ID. No. t
Street Address
City County
State Zip
is location under control of reporting facility or parent company?
2.4 O(f-*it* location nam*
EPA Identification Number (RCRA ID. No.)
Street Address
City County
State Zip
if location under control of reporting facility or parent company?
[ ] ChecK if additional pages of Part II are attached. How manv? _ __^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
A-2
-------
Appendix A - TRIForm R
a
(Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
a
Page 3 of 5
A EPA
EPA FORM R
PART III. CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC INFORMATION
(This space for your optional use.)
1. CHEMICAL IQENTITYIDo not complete this seciion if you complete Section 2.1
1.1 (Reserved)
1.2
CAS Number (Ent«f tne number exactly as it appears on the J13 list. Enter NA if reporting a chemical category I
Chemical or Chemical Category Name (Enter the name exactly as it apoears on the 313 list.:
Generic Chemical Name (Complete only it Part I. Section i t >s cneckea • Ves generic name must De structural
MIXTURE COMPONENT IDENTITY (Do not complete this section if you complete Section 1. l
Generic Chemical Name Provided by Supplier (Limit the name to a maximum ot 70 characters (e.g.. numbers, letters, spaci
3. ACTIVITIES AND USES OF THE CHEMICAL AT THE FACILITY (Check all that apply. I
3.1
Manufacture the
chemical:
a. [ J Produce
b. [ ] Import
If produce or import:
f 1 For on-site
c.l J use/processing
e.[ ] As a byproduct
I For sale/
•I distribution
J As an impurity
3.2
Process the
chemical:
a. I J As a reactant
d. [ ] Repackaging only
f 1 As a formulation
'•L J component
f 1 As an article
c.L J component
3.3
Otherwise us*
the chemical:
f 1 As a chemical
a. L J processing aid
>.[ ] As a
manufacturing aid
..[
J AncWary or other use
4. MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF THE CHEMICAL ON-SITE AT ANY TIME DURING THE CALENDAR YEAR
I I 1 (enter code)
5. RELEASES OP THE CHEMICAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT ON-i
You may report releases of lass than
1,000 Ibi. by checking ranges under A. 1.
(Do not uee both A.I and A.2)
5.1 Fugitive or non-point air emissions
5.2 Stack or point air emissions
5.3 Discharges to receiving _
streams or water bodies VJ-T '—'
(Ent*w i*>tt»x cod* from Part I | ™]
S-ict.on3.iO tor str*>«m(si in 5.3.2 1 , J
1h« box provided.}
5.4 Underground Injection
5.5 Releases to land
S.S.I On-tuts landfill
5.5.2 Land treatment/application forming
5.S.3 Surface impoundment
5.5.4 Other diiposai
[ 1
5.3
(Check if additional Information is provided on Part IV-Supplemental informal-
A-3
-------
Appendix A - TRIForm R
n n
Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.) Page 4 of 5
6 EPA
PART III.
(This space for your optional use.)
EPA FORrVlR
CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC INFORMATION
(continued)
6. TRANSFERS OF THE CHEMICAL IN WASTE TO OFF-SITE LOCATIONS
You may report transfers
of less than 1 .000 Ibs. by checking
ranges under A.1. (Do not use
bom A.1 and A. 2)
Discharge to POTW
[enter location number
6.1.1 from Part II. Section I .
Other off-site location
c - < (enter location number
6.2.1 from Part n. Section 2.
Other off-site location
... (enter location number
6.2.2 from Part II. Section 2.
Other off-site location
(enter location number
6.2.3 from Part II. Section 2.
,QD
>Fin
.Fin
,Fin
A. Total Transfers
(Ibs/yr]
A.1 A. 2
Reporting Ranges Enter
0 1-499 500-999 Estimate
[ 1 [ ] [
[ ] [ ] [
[ ] [ ] [
[ ] [ ] [
B. Basis of Estimate C.Type of Treatment/
Disposal
enter code (enter code)
6. Lib I 1 |
6.2.1b 1 1
L^H
6.2.1C I l^l I I
6.2.2b 1 1 6.2.2C [M[ [ )
6.2.3b PI 6.2.30 |M| 1 1
[ ] (Check if additional information is provided on Part IV- Supplemental Information.)
7. WASTE TREATMENT METHODS AND EFFICIENCY
A. General
Wastestream
(enter code)
7. la O
7.2a | 1
7.3a n
7.4. n
7.Sa D
7.6a D
7.7a Q
7.8a n
7.9a O
7.10. Q
B. Treatment
Method
(enter code)
7.1b
7.2b
7.3U
7.4b
7.5b
EDO
cm
cm
cm
cm
7.6b rm
7.7b
LTD
7.8b rm
7.9b rm
7.t» mn
C. Range of
Influent
Concentration
(enter code)
7.10 n
7.2c n
7.30 n
7.4c Q
7.5C Q
7.6c Q
7.7c n
7.8C | |
7.9c Q
7.100 rj
D. Seguentlal
Treatment?
(cheek if
applicable)
7.1d [ ]
7.2d [ ]
7.3d [
7.4d [
7.5d [ ]
7.6d [ ]
7.7d [ ]
7.8d [ ]
79d [ ]
7.10d [ ]
E. Treatment
Efficiency
Estimate
7.1e %
7.2e %
7.3e %
7.4* V.
7.5e %
7.6e %
7.7e %
7. Be %
7.9e %
7.10e %
F. Based on
Operating
Data?
Yes No
7'" [ I [ ]
7'2f [ ] [ ]
7'3' [ ] I ]
7-" [ ] I ]
7 5( [ ] [ ]
761 [ 1 [ ]
7'7' [ 1 [ ]
7'" [ 1 [ I
7.9, [ ] [
7.10, [ ] [
[ ] (Check if additional information is provided on Part IV-Supplemental Information.)
8. OPTIONAL INFORMATION ON WASTE MINIMIZATION
(indicate actions taken to reduce the amount of the chemical being released from the facility. See the Instructions for coded
items and an explanation of what information to include .)
A. Type of
Modification
(enter code I
|M| |
B. Quantity of the Chemical In Wastes
Prior to Treatment or Disposal
Current Prior Or percent
reporting year | change
year llbs/yrl (Ibs/yr) {
I
%
I
C. Index D. Reason for Action
(enter code)
D.D BD
A-4
-------
Appendix A - ITU Form R
D
(Important: Type or print: read instructions before completing form.)
a
Page 5 of 5
ft EPA
EPA FORM R
PART IV. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Use this section if you need additional space (or answers to questions in Part III.
Number the lines used sequentially from lines in prior sections (e.g.. 5.3.4. 5.1 2. 7.11)
(This space for your ootional use.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON RELEASES OF THE CHEMICAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT ON-S1TE
(Part III. Section 5.3)
You mav report releases of less than
1.000 Ibs. by checking ranges under A.i.
(Do not use both A.I and A.21
A. Total Release
(IDs/yr)
5.3 Diccharges to
receiving strea
water bodies
s.,_D
(Enter l*tt«r cob* from Part I I 1
Section 3.10 tor ttroamis) in e ^
th« KM provided.) 3.J.— i—i
53_n
5.3- a
A.1
Reporting Ranges
3 '-499 500-999
Enter
Estimate
j 3 Basis of
t Estimate
i
(enter ccae
in oox
provideal
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON TRANSFERS OF THE CHEMICAL IN WASTE TO OFF-SITE LOCATIONS
(Fart III. Section 8)
You may report transfers
of l«t than 1.000 IBS. by checking
ranges under A. t. (Do not use
both A. t «nd A.2I
Oltcrtaroa to POTW . . . .
- (antar location numoer I , j I
. 1. from Part ». Saction 1.) |_JJ-[ 1
6.2.
Othar orr-ftta location r
[antar location numoar
- from Part H. Saetion 2.) I
A.Total Transfers
(Ibs/yr)
A.1
Reporting Ranges
0 I-.M 500-989
A.2
Enter
Estimate
B. Basie of
Estimate
(enter code
in box
provided)
C. Type of Treatment/
DitposaJ
Oth«x off-sir* location
(•nt*r location numoer
" trom Part n Section 2 I
••«•
6.2. bD 6.2. _e|M| |"|
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON WASTE TREATMENT METHODS AND EFFICIENCY (Part III. Section 7)
A. Qeneral
Wastestream
(enter code
In box provided)
B. Treatment
Metnod
(enter code
in box provided)
. Range of
Influent
Concentration
(enter code!
D. Sequential
Treatment?
(check if
applicable)
E. Treatment
Efficiency
Estimate
F. Based on
Operating
Data?
Yes No
7.
it
-. * rm
-. = n i
era
._• D
•_'[ ][ ]
D
•._» rm
'—'[ it
a
•. b mn
._= a
'• «[ ]
a
•. b mn
'—- D
7. «[ ]
•. b rm
7. d[
a
CLD
— a
. n
-._b rm
._c n
'—'[ It 1
A-5
-------
Appendix B - TRI Chemicals
RANK
w™*
.*e
36
126
--
178
245
• -
--
247
192
72
218
220
--
187
258
--
254
--
233
67
252
195
241
204
231
3
105
7
38
141
--
25
35
11
159
117
30
58
226
88
197
74
99
39
56
14
17
73
228
__
131
212
250
77
82
CLASS
0
0
0
0
H
0
0
0
0
H
0
0
0
H
H
0
0
0
0
g
0
0
g
H
g
0
0
0
0
0
u
H
0
0
0
H
H
H
o
H
A
H
H
H
0
0
H
0
0
H
H
H
H
0
o
0
CAS NO.
000050000
000051285
000051752
000051796
000052686
000053963
000055185
000055210
000055630
000056235
000056382
000057147
000057578
000057749
000058899
000059892
000060093
000060117
000060344
000062533
000062555
000062566
000062737
000063252
000064675
000067561
000067630
000067641
000067721
000068768
000071363
000071432
000071556
000072435
000074839
00007485 1
000074873
000074884
000074908
000074953
000075003
000075014
000075058
000075070
000075092
000075150
000075218
000075252
000075274
000075354
000075445
000075558
000075569
000075650
CHEMICAL MAI* "%' '^,' $^u
FORMALDEHYDE
2,4-DINITROPHENOL
NITROGEN MUSTARD
URETHANE
TRICHLORFON
2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE
N-NITROSCOIETHYLAMINE
BENZAMIDE
NITROGLYCERIN
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
PARATHION
1,1 -DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE
BETA-PROPIOLACTONE
CHLOROANE
LINDANE
M-NITROSOMORPHOLINE
4-AMINOAZOBENZENE
4-DIHETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
METHYL HYDRAZINE
ANILINE
THIOACETAMIDE
THiniBFA
i n t tWKC«
OICHLORVOS
H*u tTpncm IUFTMVI AMtiiF
HI IKUaUUinC llfTLAHINC
CARBARYL
DIETHYL SULFATE
METHANOL
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (MANUFACTURING)
ACETONE
CHLOROFORM
HEXACHLOROETHANE
TRIAZIOUONE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
BENZENE
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
HETHOXYCHLOR
BROMOMETHANE
ETHYLENE
CHLOROMETHANE
METHYL IODIDE
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
METHYLENE BROMIDE
CHLOROETHANE
VINYL CHLORIDE
ACETONITRILE
ACETALDEHYDE
D I CHLOROMETHANE
CARBON DISULFIDE
ETHYLENE OXIDE
BROMOFORM
0 1 CHLOROBROMOMETHANE
VINYLIOENE CHLORIDE
PHOSGENE
PROPYLENEIMINE
PROPYLENE OXIDE
TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL
IrOTAL RtllAUS
AW TdAKSfWS
Mun*
30,766,305
884,624
0
145,733
2,034
0
0
1,750
69,655
5,085,155
17,386
13,188
0
85,673
444
0
537
0
5,628
250
7,154,770
750
56 343
2JS26
Q
42,501
6,965
435,639,693
1,672,949
249,703,395
7ft MIL. mo
£O t OU*t t U JT
530,356
0
52,004,930
33,245,252
180,418,488
298, 150
1,193,117
41 422 394
9 [322! 871
9 449
3, 07?! 023
51,070
4,849,583
2,072,382
23,585,619
10,009,783
134,212,442
82,748,299
5,053,707
8,600
0
711,956
23,857
750
4 625 911
ACnfCWtt ]
weuuTtowj
A V
P A V
V
A V
V
A V
V
V
V
P 0 A V
A V
A V
A V
P A V
P A V
A V
V
A V
A V
A V
A V
V
A V
PA V
A V
A V
A V
P A V
V
V
P A V
V
V
N P A V
P 0 A
A V
P A V
P A
A V
V
P A V
IIP A V
A V
A V
P A V
A V
A V
P A V
P V
P A V
A V
A V
A V
V
**, 1
^x
WU.TI
\- t
aitcni
*.«15
^Attinr F:'"6iMJi«"
2
•
1
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3
2
3
3
-
-
2
3
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3
.
-
-
•
.
.
.
-
•
.
3
-
1
.
.
.
.
3
3
-
_
.
1
3
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
-
-
3
1
2
1
2
2
-
-
3
2
2
2
3
.
3
-
•
3
.
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
2
3
1
3
3
3
2
2
3
v
2
1
2
1
i
•
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
•
.
•
-
.
.
-
-
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2
.
.
2
2
.
-
2
_
-
2
2
-
2
1
-
1
2
.
.
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
•
•
.
-
-
.
.
-
•
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.
.
.
-
2
-
-
.
-
-
.
2
-
.
.
-
.
.
.
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»!*<*»«
2
1
-
-
2
-
1 2
1 1
-
-
1 1
1 1
•
.
•
•
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3
1
1
.
3
•
2 3
1 1
.
.
1
2
2 1
3
3
1
3
3
3
1 3
2
2 3
3
2
2 2
1 3
• 3
#&Sm&'
BH-CiyrRJtflffM
$&** m '•
1
.
1
1
.
i
1
.
3 - 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
.
1
•
1 1
1
.
2 - 1
.
.
-
.
.
1
1
.
1
.
1
.
• • .
.
B-l
-------
Appendix B - TRI Chemicals
RANK
1988
19
185
134
222
130
108
109
12
102
24
123
40
201
234
170
..
133
115
136
68
227
262
• -
219
165
127
65
111
207
246
as
84
223
171
113
237
216
206
174
70
193
--
167
87
266
--
--
175
251
179
91
168
94
184
76
236
265
239
--
CUSS
H
H
H
0
0
H
0
0
H
H
0
0
H
0
H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
H
H
H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
H
0
0
0
0
0
0
H
0
0
H
0
0
0
H
0
H
c*s «>.,,
000076131
000076448
000077474
000077781
000078842
000078875
000078922
000078933
000079005
000079016
000079061
000079107
000079118
000079210
000079345
000079447
000079469
000080057
000080159
000080626
000081072
000081889
000082280
000082688
000084662
000084742
000085449
000085687
000086306
000087627
000087683
000087865
000088062
000088755
000088891
000090040
000090437
000090948
000091087
000091203
000091225
000091598
000091941
000092524
000092671
000092875
000092933
000094360
000094597
000094757
000095476
000095487
000095501
000095534
000095636
000095807
000095954
000096093
000096128
APPWCWtt
CHEHICAl NAMf
FREON 113
HEPTACHLOR
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
DIMETHYL SULFATE
ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE
1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE
SEC-BUTYL ALCOHOL
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
ACRYLAMIDE
ACRYLIC ACID
CHLOROACETIC ACID
PERACETIC ACID
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHAME
DIMETHYLCARBAMYL CHLORIDE
2-NITROPROPANE
4,4'-ISOPROPYLIOENEDIPHENOL
OJMENE HTDROPEROXIDE
METHYL METHACRVLATE
SACCHARIN (MANUFACTURING)
C.I. FOOD RED 15
1-AMINO-2-MEWLANTHRAflUINONE
QUINTOZENE
OIETHYL PHTHALATE
01 BUTYL PHTHALATE
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
N-NITROSODIPHENYLANINE
2,6-XYLIDINE
HEXACHLORO-1.3-BUTADIENE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOl
2-NITROPHENOL
PICRIC ACIO
0-ANISIDINE
2-PHENYLPHENOL
MICHLER'S ICETONE
TOLUENE-2,6-DIISOCYANATE
NAPHTHALENE
QUINCLINE
BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE
3,3'-01CHLOR08ENZIDtNE
BIPHENVL
4-AMIN08IPHENYL
BENZIOINE
4-NITROBIPHENYL
8ENZOYL PEROXIDE
SAFROLE
2,4-0 (ACETIC ACID)
0-XYLENE
0-CRESOL
1,2-OICHLOROBENZENE
0-TOLUI01NE
1,2,4- TRIMETHVLBENZENE
2,4-DIAMINOTOLUENE
2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL
STYRENE OXIDE
1,2-OIBROMO-3-CHLORO(>ROPANE
?,'t '
68
1
1
156
2
52
1
23
1
7
ME
7
1
3
3
1
6
3
2
2
4
*V*wJ
,545,125
101,029
637,022
12,456
822,969
,536,395
,466,481
,490,232
,003,286
,616,792
,032,887
,359,031
46,062
5,508
199,592
0
664,864
,260,344
597,323
,043,579
9,400
250
0
13,939
241,102
883,490
,275,031
,380,584
34,327
1,874
,535,870
,549,662
12,310
197,392
,314,753
3,599
17,760
34,619
181,262
,662,672
68,341
0
225,829
,262,894
14
0
0
179,644
750
143,067
,928,235
222,144
,470,161
101,440
,688,815
4,438
110
3.314
0
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
0
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
2
1 3
2 1
3
3
- 3
3
3 3
3
1 2
2 2
- 3
- 3
2
- 2
- 3
- 3
3
- 3
- 3
• 3
2
1
- 3
- 3
- 3
- 3
3
- 3
3
- 3
3
- 3
- 3
- 3
- 3
3C#*
1
2
2
1
2
-
2
2
3
2
-
2
2
-
-
1
-
2
2
MM* K
FKnireoj*
1
1 1
1
1
- -
• -
- -
- -
-
2
1
2
- -
2
1
• -
2
2 2
- -
111-
111-
2 - - 1
3 - - -
3 - - -
2 - 2 -
233-
1
. . . .
1-21
3
1
2 - - -
1
1
1
111-
111-
1-11
1
1
1
121-
2 - - -
1 - - 1
12-1
1
1
fl-2
-------
Appendix B - TRI Chemicals
RMHcEcUSSi CAS HO.
H 1
143 0 000096333
238 0 000096457
263 0 000097S63
199 H 000098077
75 0 000098828
182 H 000098873
142 H 000098884
97 0 000098953
-- 0 000099592
139 0 000100027
71 0 000100210
54 0 000100414
27 0 000100425
173 H 000100447
-- 0 000100754
230 H 000101 144
229 0 000101611
98 0 000101688
125 0 000101779
249 0 000101804
160 0 000103231
255 0 000104949
205 0 000105679
62 0 000106423
106 0 000106445
101 H 000106467
164 0 000106503
224 0 000106514
154 0 000106887
137 H 000106898
186 H 000106934
66 0 000106990
183 0 000107028
157 H 000107051
63 H 000107062
52 0 000107131
22 0 000107211
264 H 000107302
51 0 000108054
28 0 000108101
93 0 000108316
83 0 000108383
176 0 000108394
209 H 000108601
-- 0 000108781
6 0 000108883
57 H 000108907
37 0 000108952
64 0 000109864
89 0 000110805
48 0 000110827
120 0 000110861
79 0 000111422
203 H 000111444
257 0 000114261
41 0 000115071
210 H 000115322
-- 0 000117793
86 0 000117817
CTBKCAl MAW '" «^?, -V* -
<-.. >
METHYL ACRYLATE
ETHYLENE THIOUREA
C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 3
BENZ01C TRICHLORIDE
CUMENE
3ENZAL CHLORIDE
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
NITROBENZENE
5-NITRO-O-ANISIDINE
4-NITROPHENOL
TEREPHTHALIC ACID
ETHYLBENZENE
STYRENE
BENZYL CHLORIDE
N-NITROSOPIPERIDINE
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHlC«0 ANILINE
4,4'-METHYLENESIS(N,ll-DINETHYL>
HETHYLENEBIS(PHENYLISOCYANATE)
4,4'-METHYENEDIANILINE
4,4<-DIAHINODIPHENYL ETHER
BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE
P-AN1SIDINE
2,4-DIHETHYLPHENOL
P-XYLENE
P-CRESOL
1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE
P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
QUINONE
1,2-BUTYLENE OXIDE
EPICHLOROHYDRIN
1,2-DIBROMOETHANE
1,3 -BUTADIENE
ACROLEIN
ALLYL CHLORIDE
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
ACRYLONITRILE
ETHYLENE OLYCOL
CHLORONETHYL METHYL ETHER
VINYL ACETATE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
M-XYLENE
M-CRESOL
8IS(2-CHLORO-1-NETHYLETHYl)ETHER
MELAMINE
TOLUENE
CHLOROBENZENE
PHENOL
2-METHOXYETHANOL
2-ETHOXYETHANOL
CYCLOHEXANE '
PYRIDINE
DIETHANOLAMINE
BIS(Z-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER
PROPOXUR
PROPYLENE
DICOFOL
2-AMINQATHRAQUINONE
DI-C2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
F*L KtttASEsi APMICMUT
D TRANSFERS! XESULATIONS
rourx*|
495.973 V
3,500 A V
250 V
47,535 V
4,717,001 A V
108,444 V
526,329 V
0 V
574,660 P A V
6,623,278 V
42,760,770 A V
184,370 V
0 V
7,000 A V
8,400 V
2,196,828 A V
902,504 A V
1,122 V
296,852 V
510 V
38,606 P V
7,683,788 A V
1,627,975 A V
2,007,383 P A V
243,632 A V
11,720 A V
353,587 A V
582,393 A V
96,993 A V
7.212,227 A V
103,568 P A V
312,842 A V
7,567,049 P A V
55,713,223 A V
122 A V
11,552,902 A V
42,704,420 A V
2,551,667 A V
3,560,624 A V
164,825 A V
31,140 P V
0 V
333,315,437 P A V
9,739,652 P A V
28,626,202 P A V
7,315,049 V
3,045,093 V
14,924,283 V
1,082,768 V
4,478,996 A V
43,159 P A V
500 A V
23,350,506 V
26,493 V
0 V
3,506,080 P A V
* " iree.wnwttSTWM,'' 1 73ip*i*ftC
, ,„,,- Taticirr , "•' v -^i'TOKterar
' ACUTE | CHRC«IC j 'ACUTE CW«»
TPQ HflAHJRQCH KFtH RFDO(R
-------
Appendix B - TRI Chemicals
/ , Iffr
>w$,
BAMKle
VVf'
"•- f.
162
124
--
• -
148
198
103
90
208
121
128
--
116
122
95
119
--
112
32
--
129
152
200
240
--
253
232
145
-•
151
110
256
244
189
191
--
• -
47
-•
--
--
.-
158
155
188
190
194
267
243
149
235
156
259
--
215
--
••
--
--
_,
ttt*
0
H
0
0
0
0
0
H
K
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
H
H
H
0
0
0
0
H
H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
U
0
0
0
0
M
H
0
H
M
H
M
U
0
0
H
0
0
0
0
M
0
0
0
CAS HO.
.-
000117840
000118741
000119904
000119937
000120127
000120718
000120809
000120821
000120832
000121142
000121697
000122667
000123319
000123386
000123728
000123911
000126727
000126998
000127184
000128665
000131113
000132649
000133062
000133904
000134292
000134327
000135206
000139139
000139651
000140885
000141322
000151564
000156105
000156627
000302012
000309002
000334883
000463581
000492808
000505602
000510156
000532274
000534521
000540590
OOOS4U13
000541731
000542756
000542881
000569642
000584849
000593602
000606202
000615054
000621647
000624839
000636215
000680319
000684935
000759739
' """' *f
CKEMtCAE'lBBK'^^^^^^^^^'T
-V '^/^''vSiFlP','^1
*'' * ' ' ' 's>&s£/'"/ *' '' \
N-DIOCTYL PHTHAUTE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
3,3' -OINETHOXYSENZIOINE
3,3'-OIHETKYLBENZID!NE
ANTHRACENE
P-CRESIOINE
CATECHOL
1,2 4-TRICHLOROKNZENE
2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL
2.4-DINITROTOLUENE
N.H-DIMETHYLANILINE
1 ,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINC
HYOROQUINONE
PROPIONALDEHY0E
BUTYRALOEHYDE
1,4-DIOXANE
TRIS(2,3-OIR*ONOMOm> PHOSPHATE
CHLOROPRENE
TETRACNLOROETNYLENE
C.I. VAT YELLOW 4
DIMETHYL PHTHAUTE
DIBENZOFURAN
CAPTAN
CHLORAM8EN
0-ANISIOINE HYOROCHLOSIDE
ALPHA-NAPHTNYLAMINE
CUPFERRON
NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
4,41-THIOOIANILINE
ETHYL ACRYUTE
BUTYL ACRYUTE
ETHYLENEIHINE
P-NITROSOOIPHENrUMINE
CALCIUM CYANAMIOE
HYORAZINE
ALDRIN
OIAZOHETHAIIE
CARBONYL SULFIOE
C.I. SOLVENT YELLOU 34
MUSTARD GAS
CHLOROBENZILATE
2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE
4,6-DINITRO-O-CRESOL
1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE
ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE
1 ,3-OICHLOROPROPYLENE
BIS(CHLOROMETHVL> ETHER
C.I. BASIC GREEN 4
TOLUENE-2,4-01 ISOCYAHATE
VINYL BROMIDE
2,6-DINITROTOLUENE
2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE
N-NITROSCOI-N-PROPYUMINE
METHYL ISOCYANATE
0-TOLUIDINE HVDROCHLOR1DE
MEXAHETHVLPHOSPHORAMIOE
N-NI TROSO-N-METNYLUREA
N-«IIT«OSO-N-ETHYLUREA
* ' 'y^?^; ^*3
' °'*»MB<*]
296,468
970,287
0
0
437,542
50,530
1,838,183
2,962,563
32,127
1,051,965
872,774
0
1,213,422
1,050,657
2.332,220
1,092,862
0
1,363,891
35,379,858
0
855,192
367,647
46.264
2,827
0
691
5,975
473,163
0
388,335
1,402,350
500
2,195
78,600
74,808
0
0
19,125,985
0
0
0
0
306,657
318,200
83,503
75,949
60,488
1
2,320
430,232
5,350
316,878
250
0
18,703
0
0
0
0
V, '" *
IfelW
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ff'f,fe f
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p
p
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p
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p
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p
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p
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p
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ITM
/
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A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
•#f
''•¥
",-^i
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
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IHpittppBJI
•v^!^S
.
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3
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.
.
3 2
3 2
- 3 1
.
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232
.
.
- 3 -
- 3
- 3 2
.
- 3 -
.
3 2
.
- 3
3
.
2 1
3
2 2
2 1 1
3
1 1 1
.
2
- 3 1
1 1
2 1
• 3 1
- 3 -
2 1
- 3 -
- 3
3
aintMzmmiimmtimzm-m}
......
1 - - - 1
i
i
i
1 2 - - - -
1121-
2 - - -
11-1
2
. j . . ,
1
- 2 • - 1
.
1 ...
1
1 - - 1
1
1
1
3 - - 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 ...
1
1 - - 1
1
1 - - 1
1
. 2 -
1
1
1
1
1
1
B-4
-------
Appendix B - TRI Chemicals
S%Y,
'iLfc
// Y 1,
'•. ''*
--
217
--
163
112
--
118
138
80
10
42
..
59
..
--
172
92
--
150
..
211
-.
--
--
—
248
..
--
--
--
..
16
29
43
26
161
60
181
—
96
166
61
202
147
44
144
33
169
20
104
2
8
46
5
4
18
81
--
IIHt
0
0
H
0
0
H
A
N
M
0
0
N
H
H
H
0
0
0
0
H
0
0
H
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
A
N
N
M
M
N
H
N
N
N
M
N.
N
N
M
N
N
N
N
N
A
CAS NO.
000842079
000924163
000961115
000989388
001120714
001163195
001310732
001313275
001314201
001319773
001330207
001332214
001335871
001336363
001344281
001464535
001582098
001634044
001836755
001897456
001937377
002164172
002234131
002303164
002602462
002650182
002832408
003118976
003761533
003844459
004549400
004680788
006484522
007429905
007439921
007439965
007439976
007440020
007440224
007440280
007440360
007440382
007440393
007440417
007440439
007440473
007440484
007440508
007440622
007440666
007550450
007647010
007664382
007664393
007664417
007664939
007697372
007723140
007757826
C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 14
N-NITROSODI-N-BUTYLANINE
TETRACHLORV1NPHOS
C.I. BASIC RED 1
PROPANE SULTONE
OECA8ROMCOIPHENYL OXIDE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE 1,
THORIUM DIOXIDE
CRESOL (NIXED ISOMERS) 4,
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 181,
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE) 22,
HEXACHLORONAPNTHALENE
POLYCHLORINATEO SIPNENYLS (PCS*) 9,
ALUMINUM OXIDE
DIEPOXYBUTANE
TRIFLURALIN
METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER 2,
NITROFEN
CHLOROTHALONIL
C.I. DIRECT BLACK 38
FLUOHETURON
CCTOCHLORNAPHTHALENE
DIALLATE
C.I. DIRECT BLUE 6
C.I. ACID BLUE 9, OIAMNONIUN SALT
C.I. DISPERSE YELLOW 3
C.I. SOLVENT ORANGE 7
C.I. FOOD RED 5
C.I. ACID BLUE 9, DISOOIUN SALT
N-NITROSOHETHYLV1NYLAMINE
C.I. ACID GREEN 3
AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION) 107
ALUMINUM (FUME OR DUST) 42,
LEAD 22,
MANGANESE 44,
MERCURY
NICKEL 8,
SILVER
THALLIUM
ANTIMONY 2,
ARSENIC
BARIUM 7,
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CHROMIUM 21,
COBALT
COPPER 34,
VANADIUM (FUME OR DUST)
ZINC (FUME OR DUST) 66,
TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE 1,
HYDROCHLORIC ACIO 635,
PHOSPHORIC ACIO 241,
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE 19,
AMMONIA 356,
SULFURIC ACID 386,
NITRIC ACID 81,
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE) 3,
SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
0
0
17,533
0
263.000
693,611
0
,144,265
578,052
176,089
771,506
,607,674
0
286,906
0
0
194,545
904,960
0
429,201
0
25,600
0
0
0
0
1,599
0
0
0
0
0
,223,350
,077,299
,434,784
,155,819
296,679
,999,971
119,057
0
,305,775
238,229
,966,771
44,249
451,065
,296,563
475,393
566,659
203,738
,013,145
745,713
,720,989
,602,716
,917,599
101,165
,060,541
,288,357
,970,179
0
NP
P
P
P
P
NP
NP
P
P
V
A V
V
A V
A V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
v-
V
V
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
•
.
.
2
-
1
2
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
-
-
2
-
-
-
2
3
-
1
1
3
2
-
-
-
-
3
.
-
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
. . . .
2
1 - - 1
2
1 - - -
1
. . . .
.
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . . .
.
- - - -
1 2 -
1 1
1 - 2
2 ...
1
1
1
1 2 -
1 2
1
3
1
2 - 2 -
- 3
- - - 3
1 - - 3
2231
- 2
2
1
1
1
.
. . .
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
. . .
1
- - 1
1
1 1 1
.
1 1
2 1 1
1 1
2 1
2 2
1
.
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
.
1 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
B-5
-------
Appendix B - TRI Chemicals
RAXK
»VU«
\9»
177
13
1
--
153
SO
221
225
--
..
146
135
260
78
69
45
214
107
100
34
140
23
53
31
15
213
55
--
180
196
242
9
49
114
MT
£u*
N
N
A
H
A
N
M
M
N
Q
M
H
Q
0
N
N
M
N
N
H
N
N
N
A
Q
N
N
M
N
H
N
M
M
M
X
T
[p'CAS NO.
fej» •
Jr f<^
" 007782492
007782505
007783202
008001352
010034932
010049044
012122677
012427382
016071866
016543558
020816120
025321226
025376458
039156417
; ^^^-^ ^
SELENIUM
CHLORINE
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
TOXAPHENE
HVDRA2INE SULFATE
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
ZINE8
MANEB
C.I. DIRECT BROUN 95
N- N 1 TROSONORN I CQTIME
OSMIUM TETROXIDE
DICHLOROBEN2ENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
DIAMIMOTOLUENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
2.4-OIANINOANISOLE SULFATE
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
BARIUM COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHLOROPHENOLS
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
COBALT COMPOUNDS
COPPER COMPOUNDS
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
QLYCOL ETHERS
LEAD COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS
SILVER COMPOUNDS
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
ZINC COMPOUNDS
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
TRADE SECRETS
TOTAL
|S£±I
:M«IULtTM**l
•LIU
ik&/
8*
ita
*icr
siiufef
'Xiettirt
frBooti I
I , '-• " BfiuvtoP^S***''- " Ktan wii«fin^«»^-»«Lj6«»»^3ij^lllt3 N
K -.' rn*1o^|
152,160
147,050,483
745,528,007
0
356,172
13,561,237
12,700
11,347
0
Q
0
470,765
620 910
'250
4,603,260
7,020,945
21,172,971
21,423
1,571,920
2,047,961
33,644,953
532,351
53,087,237
10,551,358
62 255 269
36,056^604
114,926,157
21,526
10,395,814
0
127,331
54,833
2,509
209,127,626
13,607,176
1,306,842
6,241,030,746
P
A
P A V
y
V
y
V
P A
NP A
NP A
P A
P V
P A
A
P
P
y
p
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P
V
P A
P
P
P
£«•••«
1
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1
2
1
1
-
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•— i-
2
.
2
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-
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2
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•
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-
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i
1 2
1
1
1
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-
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1 1
-
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1
1 1
.
1 1
-
.
.
.
•
.
1 2
.
2 2
1 1
-
2 1
1 1
1 1
2
2 -
1 1
1 1
3 1
1
1 1
1 2
.
2 1
1 1
2 2
1 1
•
- -
,lmT'
1
.
1 1
-
.
.
.
-
.
1
,
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1
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1
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.
1
1
1
-
1
1
.
1
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1
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•
• -
B-6
-------
APPENDIX B: LEGEND FOR CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION TABLE
RANK
1988=RANK BASED ON TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS IN 1988
1987=RANK BASED ON TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS IN 1987
=NO TRI REPORTS FOR THE CHEMICAL
CLASS
H=HALO-ORGANICS
0=ORGANIC (NON-HALOGENATED)
A=SIMPLE ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
M=METALS AND METAL CONTAINING CHEMICALS
N=NON-METALLIC INORGANIC CHEMICALS
X=MIXTURE/COMPONENT
T=TRADE SECRET
APPLICABLE REGULATIONS AND CATEGORIES
N=NESHAP LISTED AIR POLLUTANT
P=PRIORITY POLLUTANT (TOXIC WATER DISCHARGES)
O=OZONE DEPLETING CHEMICAL
A=LISTED AS AN AIR TOXIC IN PROPOSED CLEAN AIR ACT
V=VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICAL
-------
APPENDIX B: LEGEND (con't)
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY INDICES
(from Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Risk Screening Guide. EPA 560/2-89-002)
TPQ=THRESHOLD PLANNING QUANTITIES (pounds)
1=1, 10, 100
2= 500
3= 1,000 - 10,000
RQAH=REPORTABLE QUANTITIES ACUTE (pounds)
1=1, 10, 100
2= 1,000
3= 5,000
RQCH=REPORTABLE QUANTITIES CHRONIC MAMMAL TOXICITY (pounds)
1= 1, 10, 100
2= 1,000
3= 5,000
RFDI=EPA REFERENCE DOSE INHALATION (mg/kg/day)
1= <0.01
2= 0.01 - 0.10
3= >= 1.0
RFDO=EPA REFERENCE DOSE ORAL (mg/kg/day)
1= <0.01
2= 0.01 - 0.10
3= >1.0
RQAR=REPORTABLE QUANTITY AQUATIC TOXICITY (pounds)
1= 1, 10, 100
2= 1,000
3= 5,000
WQCA=WATER QUALITY CRITERIA ACUTE (mg/1) and
WQCC=WATER QUALITY CRITERIA CHRONIC (mg/1)
1= <1
2= 1 - 10
3= >= 10
CARCINOGENICITY
1=LISTED AS A "DE MINIMIS" CARCINOGEN FOR PURPOSES
OF TRI REPORTING (ACCORDING TO OSHA CRITERIA)
-------
Appendix C
APPENDIX C. SIC CODES 20-39
20 Food and Kindred Products
21 Tobacco Products
22 Textile Mill Products
23 Apparel and Other Finished Products made from Fabrics
and Other Similar Materials
24 Lumber and Wood Products, Except Furniture
25 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper and Allied Products
27 Printing, Publishing, and Allied Industries
28 Chemicals and Allied Products
29 Petroleum Refining and Related Industries
30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products
31 Leather and Leather Products
32 Stone, Clay, Glass, and Concrete Products
33 Primary Metal Industries
34 Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery and Transportation Equipment
35 Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Computer Equipment
36 Electronic and Other Electrical Equipment and Components,
Except Computer Equipment
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring, Analyzing, and Controlling Instruments; Photographic,
Medical, and Optical Goods; Watches and Clocks
39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
C-l
-------
Appendix D
Table D-1. AIR EMISSIONS OF CHEMICALS
rsNai -
007647010 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
000067561 METHANOL
007664417 AMMONIA
000108883 TOLUENE
001330207 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
000071556 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
000078933 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
007782505 CHLORINE
000075092 DICHLOROMETHANE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
000075150 CARBON BISULFIDE
GLYCOL ETHERS
000107211 ETHYLENE GLYCOL
000079016 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
000100425 STYRENE
000108101 METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
LEAD COMPOUNDS
000127184 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
000071432 BENZENE
000050000 FORMALDEHYDE
000108952 PHENOL
000067663 CHLOROFORM
000075058 ACETONITRILE
000079107 ACRYLIC ACID
001332214 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
007664393 HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
000463581 CARBONYL SUIF1DE
000108054 VINYL ACETATE
000107131 ACRYLONITRILE
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
000100414 ETHVLBEN2ENE
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
000075070 ACETALDEHYDE
000108907 CHLOROBENZENE
000074873 CHLOROMETHANE
001336363 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBO
000106423 P-XYLENE
000107062 1,2-OICHLOROETHANE
000085449 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
000106990 1,3-BUTADIENE
000062533 ANILINE
000080626 METHYL METHACRYLATE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
000091203 NAPHTHALENE
000056235 CARBON TETRACHLMIDE
000075218 ETHYLENE OXIDE
000075003 CHLOROETHANE
000098828 CUMENE
000075569 PROPYLENE OXIDE
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
000111422 DIETHANOLAMINE
001319773 CDESOL (MIXED ISOMERS)
007723140 PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE)
000108383 M-XYLENE
000087865 PENTACHLODOPHENOl
000087683 HEXACHLORO- 1,3-BUTADIENE
000117817 OI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
000120821 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
000095476 0- XYLENE
001634044 METHYL TEST-BUTYL ETHER
, *
51,
171,
199,
173,
109,
79,
91,
129,
71,
1,
79,
35,
9,
25,
22,
17,
1,
15,
10,
8,
5,
15,
3S'
212,395
468,217
616,491
833,803
615,976
689,328
820,664
064,368
587,386
094,211
186,318
935,313
327,479
561,821
317,645
873,943
185,474
968,309
431,587
058,775
530,725
818,364
839,174
864,887
214,261
33,768
7,942,805
19,
4,
3,
3,
4,
2,
6,
4,
2,
2,
2,
1,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
1,
2,
117,592
228,850
200,082
108,663
819,831
102,837
132,695
023,160
778,071
0
107,772
569,727
420,923
626,680
387,926
267,221
160,941
528,253
705,385
841,202
331,288
773,195
413,746
213,654
113,383
373,290
11,783
953,937
5,646
513
941,708
073,639
684,646
011,081
ON THE
PROPOSED AIR TOXICS LIST, 1988.
ffltmCEJ ' s'*\wiQH»i:!'r -T.
Pwewitj ' Pound* Pwcwtj ,
3.03
10.14
11.80
10.28
6.48
4.71
5.43
7.63
4.23
0.06
4.68
2.13
0.55
1.51
1.32
1.06
0.07
0.94
0.03
0.59
0.50
0.34
0.94
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.47
1.13
0.25
0.19
0.01
0.23
0.01
0.24
0.12
0.40
0.00
0.24
0.15
0.02
0.16
0.02
0.13
0.01
0.09
0.16
0.23
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.12
5,
43,
48,
89,
30,
81,
34,
3,
43,
3,
9,
3,
20,
11,
12,
15,
18,
3,
4,
6,
1,
3,
1,
1,
2,
2,
1,
2,
2,
1,
3,
1,
2,
1,
2,
1,
1,
1,
003,543
899,334
068,399
614,660
648,844
985,784
300,344
502,536
224,440
525,862
094,001
719,071
901,322
834,198
298,375
121,805
404,449
048,908
253,744
229,914
801,543
336,737
871,200
179,145
584,299
8,532
625,185
7,643
360,906
022,364
523,263
674,266
143,148
540,419
907,710
060,596
0
198,210
443,130
126,456
771 ,933
326,450
122,345
41,111
236,248
058,745
750,826
054,623
494,569
550,924
76,842
419,973
292,820
7,314
057,221
8,133
2,043
147,728
436,067
274,560
758,380
0.68
5.96
6.53
12.17
4.16
11.13
4.66
0.48
5.87
0.07
0.42
1.32
0.53
2.83
1.53
1.65
0.05
2.04
0.03
2.47
0.52
0.59
0.93
0.16
0.08
0.00
0.49
0.00
0.18
0.14
0.07
0.36
0.02
0.34
0.26
0.28
0.00
0.30
0.20
0.02
0.51
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.30
0.14
0.10
0.28
0.20
0.07
0.01
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.17
0.10
56,
215,
247,
263,
140,
161,
126,
132,
114,
1,
82,
45,
13,
46,
33,
29,
1,
31,
28,
12,
10,
22,
2.
11,
19,
5,
4,
6,
6,
3,
8,
6,
4,
6,
3,
3,
3.
4,
4,
4,
2,
2,
1,
1,
1,
2,
TOTAL AIR I
Pound* P*re*m{
215,938
367,551
684,890
448,463
264,820
675,112
121,008
566,904
811,826
620,073
280,319
654,384
228,801
396,019
616,020
995,748
589,923
017,217
685,331
288,689
332,268
155,101
710,374
044,032
798,567
42,300
567,990
125,235
589,756
222,446
631,926
494,097
245,985
673,114
930,870
838,667
0
305,982
012,857
547,379
398,613
714,376
389,566
202,052
764,501
764,130
592,028
385,911
267,764
964,670
290,496
533,356
666,110
19,097
011,158
13,779
2,556
089,436
509,706
959,206
769,461
2.32
8.87
10.20
10.85
5.78
6.66
5.20
5.46
4.73
0.07
3.39
1.88
0.54
1.91
1.38
1.24
0.07
1.28
0.03
1.17
0.51
0.42
0.94
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.48
0.79
0.23
0.17
0.03
0.27
0.01
0.27
0.16
0.36
0.00
0.26
0.17
0.02
0.26
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.16
0.16
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.12
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.11
- - -^f,
Pound*
435,720,989
435,639,693
356,101,165
333,315,437
181,771,506
180,418,488
156,490,232
147,050,483
134,212,442
114,926,157
82,748,299
62.255,269
55,713,223
52,616,792
42,760,770
42,704,420
36,056,604
35,879,858
33,644,953
33,245,252
30,766,305
28,626,202
26,604,039
23,585,619
23,359,031
22,607,674
19,917,599
19,125,985
11,552,902
10,841,495
10,551,358
10,409,714
10,395,814
10,009,783
9,739.652
9,322,871
9,286.906
7,683,788
7,567,049
7,275,031
7,212,227
7,154,770
7,043,579
7,020,945
6,662,672
5,085,155
5,053,707
4,349,583
4,717,001
4,625,911
4,603,260
4,478,996
4,176,089
3,970,179
3,560,624
3,549,662
3,535,870
3,506,080
2,962,563
2,928,235
2,904,960
OtAUT I
P*rewt|
10.19
6.98
5.71
5.34
2.91
2.89
2.51
2.36
2.15
1.84
1.33
1.00
0.39
0.84
0.69
0.68
0.58
0.57
0.54
0.53
0.49
0.46
0.43
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.32
0.31
0.19
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
D-l
-------
Appendix D
Table D-1. AIR EMISSIONS OF CHEMICALS ON THE PROPOSED AIR TOXICS LIST, 1988, cent.
» *VMMf
*'4«»U**»M«lCV'
000108316 HALE 1C ANHYDRIDE
000098953 NITROBENZENE
000101688 METHVLENEBISCPHENYLISOCYANATE>
000075014 VINYL CHLORIDE
000106467 1,4-OICHLOROBENZENE
000079005 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE
000120809 CATECHOL
007550450 TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE
000106445 P-CRESOL
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
000078875 1,2-01CHLOROPROPANE
000126998 CHLOROPRENE
000123319 HYDROOUINONE
000074839 BROMOMETHANE
000123911 1,4-OIOXANE
000121142 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE
000123386 PROPIONALOEHYDE
000079061 ACRYLANIDE
000118741 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
000101779 4,4'-METHYENEDIANILlNE
000051285 2,4-DINITROPHENOL
000084742 DIBUTYl PHTHALATE
000121697 N.N-DIMETHYLANILINE
000131113 DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
000075354 VINYL I DENE CHLORIDE
000079469 2-NITROPROPANE
000077474 HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
000106898 EPICHLOROHYDRIN
000100027 4-NITROPHENOL
COBALT COMPOUNDS
000067721 HEXACHLOROETHANE
000584849 TOLUENE-2,4-DIISOCYANATE
000140885 ETHYL ACRYLATE
000132649 OIBENZOFURAN
000106887 1,2-BUTYLENE OXIDE
000107051 ALLYL CHLORIDE
000534521 4,6-OINITRO-O-CRESOL
000072435 METHOXYCHLOR
001120714 PROPANE SULTONE
000106503 P-PHENYLENEDIAM1NE
000091941 3,3'-OICHLORC«ENZIDINE
000095487 0-CRESOL
000079345 1.1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
001582098 TRIFLURAL1N
000108394 M-CRESOL
000051796 URETHANE
000094757 2,4-0 (ACETIC ACID)
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS
000107028 ACROLEIN
000095534 0-TOLUIDINE
000076448 HEPTACHLOR
000106934 1,2-DIBROHQETHANE
000057749 CHLOROANE
000156627 CALCIUM CYANAMIDE
000302012 HVDRAZINE
000091225 OUINCLINE
000542756 1,3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE
000133062 CAPTAN
000079118 CHLOROACETIC ACID
000111444 BIS(2-CHLORCCTHYL) ETHER
000063252 CARBARYL
000075445 PHOSGENE
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
000624839 METHYL I SOCYANATE
000056382 PAR AT HI ON
000082688 OUINTOZENE
000057147 1,1-OIMETHYL HYORAZINE
000077781 DIMETHYL SULFATE
000088062 2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
660,623
16,680
93,692
995,356
1,745,449
1,122,814
1,201
40,054
634,417
76,659
1,071,246
983,698
6,733
762,718
240,445
77,724
829,582
8,721
497
107,750
8,439
27,219
80,457
172,732
191,801
173,414
415
173,303
213
46,394
13,048
181,528
118,602
24,609
62,350
56,358
15
224,910
0
111,680
5
44,223
17,951
1,257
12,322
4,123
3,731
12,005
16,300
27,726
3
24,063
3
600
7,488
17,717
12,810
11,553
4,659
600
5,408
17,764
1,365
861
586
1,007
314
2,117
1,625
250
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.10
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
o.oo
0.00
o.oo
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
103,297
22,614
191,489
392,474
62,852
617,288
2,388
38,614
6,286
21,577
292,898
233,923
3,547
428,853
293,308
14,489
216,628
17,298
4,497
42,479
12,386
188,224
18,448
48,319
107,552
213,455
14,303
230,208
7,642
10,826
2,699
45,144
132,230
49,839
29,346
90,111
259
47,971
263,000
2,210
250
44,829
27,780
1.770
5,610
140,000
3,289
1,500
17.318
19,196
49,052
30,664
572
12,000
20,301
31,633
39,490
4,316
21,160
4,322
2,265
3,829
1,001
1
9,589
2,258
750
2,206
9,171
0
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.03
o.oo
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
763,920
39,294
285,181
1,387,830
1,808,301
1,740,102
3,589
78,668
640,703
98,236
1,364,144
1,217,621
10,280
1,191,571
533,753
92,213
1,046,210
26,019
4,994
150,229
20,825
215,443
98,905
221,051
299,353
386,869
14,718
403,511
7,855
57,220
15,747
226,672
250,832
74,448
91,696
146,469
274
272,881
263,000
113,890
255
89,052
45,731
3.027
17,932
144,123
7,020
13,505
33,618
46,922
49,055
54,727
575
12,600
27,789
49,350
52,300
15,869
25,819
4,922
7,673
21.593
2,366
862
10,175
3,265
1,064
4,323
10,796
250
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
o.oo
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,551,667
2,243,116
2,196,828
2,072,382
2,007,383
2,003,286
1,838,183
1,745.713
1,627,975
1,571,920
1,536.395
1,363,891
1,213,422
1,193,117
1,092,862
1,051,965
1.050,657
1,032,887
970,287
902,504
884,624
883,490
872,774
855,192
711,956
664,864
637,022
582,393
574,660
532,351
530,356
430,232
388,335
367,647
353,587
312,842
306,657
298,150
263,000
243,632
225,829
222,144
199,592
194,545
164,825
145,733
143,067
127,331
103,568
101,440
101,029
96,993
85,673
78,600
74,808
68,341
60,488
46,264
46,062
43,159
42,501
23,857
21,526
21,423
18,703
17,386
13,939
13,188
12,456
12,310
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
D-2
-------
Appendix D
Table D-1. AIR EMISSIONS OF CHEMICALS ON THE PROPOSED AIR TOXICS LIST, 1988, cont
JCASNO.
0001065H QU1NONE
000074884 METHYL IODIDE
000075252 BROMOFORM
000101144 4,4'-METHYLEN£BIS<2-CHLORO AIIILIN
000064675 OIETHYL SULFATE
000060344 METHYL HYORAZINE
000593602 VINYL BROMIDE
000095807 2,4-OIAMINOTOLUEHE
000090040 0-ANIS1DINE
000096457 ETHTLENE THIOUREA
000096093 STYRENE OXIDE
000133904 CHLORAMBEN
000062737 DICHLORVOS
000075558 PROPYLEMEIMINE
000114261 PROPOXUR
000151564 ETHYLENEIMINE
000058899 LINDANE
000060355 ACETAMIDE
000107302 CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER
000095954 2,4,5-TRICHLOftOPHENOl
000092671 4-AMINOBIPHENYL
000542881 BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER
000079447 01METHYLCARBAHYL CHLORIDE
000334883 DIAZQMETHANE
000062759 N-NITROSODINETHYLAHINE
000092933 4-NITR06IPHENYL
000059892 H-KITROSOMORPHOLINE
000119904 3,3'-OIMETHOXYBENZIDINE
000092875 BENZIDINE
000060117 4-DIMETHYLAMIHOAZOBEK2EME
000510156 CHLOR06ENZILATE
000680319 HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDE
000684935 N-NITROSO-N-METHYLUREA
000057578 BETA-PROPIOLACTONE
000119937 3,3'-DIMETHYLBEHZIDINE
000122667 1,2-DIPHENYLHVDRAZINE
000532274 2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE
000053963 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE
000096128 1,2-DI8ROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE
008001352 TOXAPHENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
b- jHp<o«wd* *K«««i\ o -, Pound* PWMM) • " \, pound* pwewj
6,700
3,253
0
250
1,648
153
950
88
1,792
500
1,803
1,168
0
250
0
250
7
0
90
90
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,425,535,798
265,440,255
1,690,976,053
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
84.30535,
15.70201,
100.00736,
4,600
5,691
0
500
4,177
2,774
4,000
2,900
501
0
511
250
1,010
250
250
250
251
0
32
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
038,181
555,869
594,050
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
72.64 1
27.36
100.00 2
11,300
3,944
0
750
5,825
2,927
4,950
2,988
2,293
500
2,314
1,418
1,010
500
250
500
258
0
122
90
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,960,573,979
466,996,124
,427,570,103
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
80.763
19.24 2
100.006
' •> xy'V 3sTH* 1
ijty,, P***.
11,720
9,449
8,600
7,000
6,965
5,628
5,350
4,438
3,599
3,500
3,314
2,827
2,526
750
500
500
444
250
122
110
14
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,606,667,508
,634,363,238
,241,030,746
:OTAt 1
Piretmj
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
57.79
42.21
100.00
D-3
-------
Appendix D
Table D
1 CAS NO. I
1 I
000051285
000056235
000057749
000058899
000062759
000067561
000067663
000067721
00007H32
000071556
000074839
000074873
000075003
0000750H
00007S092
000075252
000075274
000075354
000076448
000077474
000078875
000079016
000079345
000084662
000084742
000085687
000086306
000087683
000087865
000088062
000088755
000091203
000092875
000095501
000098953
000100027
000100414
000105679
000106467
000107028
000107062
000107131
000108601
000108883
000108907
000108952
000111444
000117817
000117840
000118741
000120127
000120821
000120832
000121142
000122667
000127184
000131113
-2. TRI Discharges to Surface
CHEMICAL- ,, !Sif^-J
> -X-. $**" ?f%*fr\J>*
2,4-DINITROPHENOL
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLORDANE
LI WANE
N-N1TROSOOIHETHYLAMINE
METHANOL
CHLOROFORM
HEXACHLOROETHANE
BENZENE
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
BROHOMETHANE
CHLOROMETHANE
CHLOROETHANE
VINYL CHLORIDE
01 CHLOROMETHANE
BROMOFORM
0 1 CHIOROBROMOMETHANE
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
HEPTACHLOR
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTAOIENE
1,2-DICHLOROPROPANe
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
1 , 1 ,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
DIETHYL PHTHALATE
01 BUTYL PHTHALATE
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
N-NITROSOOIPHENYLAMINE
HEXACHLORO-1.3-BUTADIENE
PEUTACHLOROPHENOL
2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
2-NITROPHENOL
NAPHTHALENE
BENZIDINE
1,2-OICHLOROBENZENE
NITROBENZENE
4-NITROPHENOL
ETHYLBENZENE
2,4-OIMETHYLPHENOL
1,4-OICHLOROBENZENE
ACROLEIN
1,2-OICHLOROETHANE
ACRVLONITRILE
BIS(2-CHLORO- 1 -METHYLETHYDETHER
TOLUENE
CHLOROBENZENE
PHENOL
BISC2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER
DI-C2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
N-DIOCTYL PHTHALATE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
ANTHRACENE
1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE
2,4-OICHLOROPHENOL
2,4-OINITROTOLUENE
1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
Water of
Priority
SURFACEWATER |
'• pound*
98,692
15,917
4
0
0
16,627,648
1,094,443
11
47,589
121,871
0
112,049
1,613
2,028
267,282
8,600
0
3,462
2
6
23,985
13,550
814
11,272
14,059
802
27
153
2,465
50
1
90,404
0
11,874
6,657
0
16,339
481
6,153
0
39,017
5,874
30,000
260,159
98,354
262,127
1,351
3,023
1,493
4
4,382
31,563
107
12,055
0
35,984
4,335
Pwemif
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.60
0.30
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
Pollutants,
1988.
TRITOTAt ->|
• Pound*
384,624
5,085,155
85,673
444
0
435,639,693
26,604,039
530,356
33,245,252
180,418,488
1,193,117
9,322,871
4,849,583
2,072,382
134,212,442
8,600
0
711,956
101,029
637,022
1,536,395
52,616,792
199,592
241,102
883,490
1,380,584
34,327
3,535,870
3,549,662
12,310
197,392
6,662,672
0
2,470,161
2,243,116
574,660
10,409,714
38,606
2,007,383
103,568
7,567,049
10,841,495
31,140
333,315,437
9,739,652
28,626,202
43,159
3,506,080
296,468
970,287
437,542
2,962,563
32,127
1,051,965
0
35,879,858
855,192
Pwewrt)
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.98
0.43
0.01
0.53
2.89
0.02
0.15
0.08
0.03
2.15
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.34
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.17
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.12
0.17
0.00
5.34
0.16
0.46
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.57
0.01
D-4
-------
Appendix D
Table D-2. TRI Discharges to Surface Water of Priority Pollutants, 1988,
continued.
! CAS NO, !
1 I
000309002
000534521
000540590
000541731
000606202
000621647
001332214
001336363
007439921
007439976
007440020
007440224
007440280
007440360
007440382
007440417
007440439
007440473
007440508
007440666
007782492
008001352
--
--
-•
--
--
--
-•
--
•-
--
-•
--
--
--
CHEM!CAe<':X|1
A> '"'"M
ALDRIN
4,6-OINITRO-O-CRESOL
1,2-OICHLOROETHYLENE
1,3-DICHLOROBENZENE
2,6-DINITROTOLUENE
N-NITROSODI-N-PROPYLAMINE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENVLS (PCBs)
LEAD
MERCURY
NICKEL
SILVER
THALLIUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CHROMIUM
COPPER
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
SELENIUM
TOXAPHENE
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHLOROPHENOLS
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
COPPER COMPOUNDS
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
LEAD COMPOUNDS
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS
SILVER COMPOUNDS
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
ZINC COMPOUNDS
SURFACE WATER {
' • • Pound*
0
266
95
1,281
957
0
10,449
10
118,279
1,397
86,095
1,404
0
22,765
1,282
324
2,348
83,234
113,931
429,448
1,168
0
31,394
6,492
17
1,765
272
326,224
177.808
190,906
179,882
259
125,062
250
8,934
750
1,035,284
*»raom|
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.29
tratoTAi ;|
Fount*
0
306,657
318,200
75,949
316,878
0
22,607,674
9,286,906
22,434,784
296,679
8,999,971
119,057
0
2,305,775
238,229
44,249
451,065
21,296,563
34,566,659
66,013,145
152,160
0
4,603,260
7,020,945
21,423
1,571,920
2,047,961
33,644,953
53,087,237
10,551,358
36,056,604
21,526
10,395,814
127,331
54,833
2,509
209,127,626
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.36
0.15
0.36
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.34
0.55
1.06
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.11
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.54
0.85
0.17
0.58
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.35
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
22,350,163 6.1 • 1,918,822^38 30.74
339,244,075 93.82 4,322,408,508 8»-2«
361,594,238 100.00 6,241,030,746 100.00
D-5
-------
Appendix D
Table D-3. TRI Point Source and Fugitive Air Emissions by State, 1988.
STATr*; I POWtSOiJHCeiil*^,-'"!' < V RWW6A1R , j '"/ , TOTAL AIR >F1
i '» I
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawai i
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
loua
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Hew Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
Neu York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utan
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
Jest Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Pound*
39,617,975
21,652,228
0
8,167,121
36,019,601
48,131,988
5,986,609
11,427,974
4,102,421
0
30,924,535
67,200,760
338,840
2,824,178
61,791,387
68,349,221
33,285,420
17,073,84*
28,990,676
108,544,156
13,525,045
12,406,545
16,815,874
69,527,835
41,172,434
40,453,165
38,378,051
586,999
12,304,359
336,492
8,473,670
22,909,519
1,186,431
57,205.584
62,042,982
863.864
95,612,900
22,452,953
13,831,962
46,724,069
6,129,458
2,979,882
44,907,839
1,819,027
82,922,835
95,526,506
116,623,289
1,104,318
742,462
97,697,939
17,788,268
17,918,984
31,718,822
1,856,757
' *•»«*"
73.06
98.44
0.00
55.26
76.96
58.99
53.79
47.72
84.18
0.00
58.23
81.42
38.76
70.91
59.08
62.09
77.17
69.32
66.28
81.57
81.70
71.37
63.47
72.70
83.37
74.96
78.91
24.62
70.31
46.44
72.70
62.73
63.00
61.64
70.24
69.88
70.07
72.19
69.55
57.69
39.39
51.61
71.72
73.38
62.02
56.21
97.67
72.69
49.80
81.69
64.44
56.20
71.42
63.52
***J
18
27
54
38
20
13
40
36
41
53
23
9
51
43
11
8
21
30
24
2
33
34
31
7
16
17
19
50
35
52
37
25
46
12
10
48
4
26
32
14
39
42
15
45
6
5
1
47
49
3
29
28
22
44
'• Pound*
14,606,705
343,987
29,500
6,612,954
10,782,273
33,462,270
5,142,587
12,522,362
771,017
250
22,182,936
15,338,099
535,305
1,158,400
42,801,320
41,726,406
9,849,695
7,557,808
14,748,979
24,526,356
3,028,837
4,977,381
9,678,166
26,113,232
8,215,590
13,515,752
10,256,057
1,797,168
5,194,718
388,128
3,181,260
13,613,220
696,862
35,600,885
26,292,127
372,396
40,841,029
8,647,896
6,055.136
34,263,572
9,432,826
2,794,142
17,705,288
659,933
50,774,623
74,410,253
2,786 976
414.775
748.330
21,895,818
9,815,880
13,966,202
12,693,814
1,066,369
PWOMtt
26.94
1.56
100.00
44.74
23.04
41.01
46.21
52.28
15.82
100.00
41.77
18.58
61.24
29.09
40.92
37.91
22.83
30.68
33.72
18.43
18.30
28.63
36.53
27.30
16.63
25.04
21.09
75.38
29.69
53.56
27.30
37.27
37.00
38.36
29.76
30.12
29.93
27.81
30.45
42.31
60.61
48.39
28.28
26.62
37.98
43.79
2.33
27.31
50.20
18.31
35.56
43.80
28.58
36.48
tto*{
17
52
53
32
23
8
35
22
44
5*
12
15
48
42
3
4
25
31
16
11
38
36
27
10
30
20
24
41
34
50
37
19
46
6
9
51
5
29
33
7
28
39
14
47
2
1
40
49
45
13
26
18
21
43
Pound*
54,224,680
21,996,215
29,500
14,780,075
46,801,874
81,594,258
11,129,196
23,950,336
4,873,438
250
53,107,471
82,538,859
874,145
3,982,578
104,592,707
110,075,627
43,135,115
24,631,652
43,739,655
133,070,512
16,553,882
17,383,926
26,494,040
95,641,067
49,388,024
53,968,917
48,634,108
2,384,167
17,499,077
724,620
11,654,930
36,522,739
1,883,293
92,806,469
88,335,109
1,236,260
136,453,929
31,100,849
19,887,098
80,987,641
15,562,28*
5,774,024
62,613,127
2,478,960
133,697,458
169,936,759
119,410,265
1,519,293
1,490,792
119,593.757
27,604,148
31,885,186
44,412,636
2,923,126
P«MO» foflkj
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
16
32
53
38
21
13
40
31
42
54
18
12
51
43
8
7
24
30
23
4
36
35
29
9
19
17
20
46
34
52
39
25
47
10
11
50
2
27
31
14
37
41
15
45
3
1
6
48
49
5
28
26
22
4*
TOTAL
1,690,976,053
69.66
736,594,050
30.34
2,427,570,103
100.00
D-6
-------
Appendix D
Table D-4.
'STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Disc, of Col.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto I! ico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TYPES OF TRI LAND DISPOSAL BY STATE, 1988.
IANDF1U. I
Pound* P«re*m|
2,829,700
0
0
12,670
225,079
11,109,336
2,435,662
1,276,228
0
0
25,765,577
8,637,394
100,695
80,000
8,149,001
58,729,805
195,834
67,812
5,395,210
1,470,070
946,212
2,563,166
41,188
5,765,298
844,905
2,211,395
313,787
144,000
1,000
3,393,100
428,558
750,311
250
737,572
8,554,570
902
29,189,739
1,042,346
209,289
6,034,074
100,825
0
761,218
1
7,976,161
16,094,100
1,855,476
0
19,000
1,579,508
644,204
269,175
4,433,633
179,237
61.55
0.00
0.00
0.02
11.61
61.16
92.90
76.13
0.00
0.00
31.21
94.11
56.02
0.79
77.84
93.16
81.59
14.06
94.05
72.78
99.01
96.13
4.54
32.77
94.99
24.57
0.78
0.44
1.82
97.21
99.93
26.10
0.00
64.64
43.63
66.76
96.65
58.30
20.28
36.74
91.81
0.00
58.27
0.00
60.38
52.19
12.08
0.00
13.54
31.22
70.45
37.91
63.84
1.17
•- "LAND-- ; j
, TREATMENT]
Pound* P»TC«M|
918,988
0
0
250
42,262
93,512
500
1
139,231
0
450,811
16,139
71,750
1,030,125
719,045
2,976,831
3,800
11,712
12,212
125,173
250
15,150
0
1,509,264
37,510
38,889
624
350
0
0
0
1,671
8,371
33,842
792,362
250
127,542
28,528
244,714
36,870
0
32,696
84,959
0
3,937
759,965
0
0
121,342
43,275
230,669
343,519
94,981
1,329
19.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.18
0.51
0.02
0.00
55.42
0.00
0.55
0.18
39.92
10.13
6.87
4.72
1.58
2.43
0.21
6.20
0.03
0.57
0.00
8.58
4.22
0.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.04
2.97
4.04
33.24
0.42
1.60
23.71
0.22
0.00
20.70
6.50
0.00
0.03
2.46
0.00
0.00
86.46
0.86
25.23
48.37
1.37
0.01
- ' SUHFACC |
'„ IMPOUNDMENT]
< Pound* 7 Ptraatj
809,670
0
0
6,500,571
1,653,615
5,649,282
141,223
390,210
111,400
0
4,008,105
394,187
0
5,119,691
119,883
171,035
9,557
393,600
167,853
295,883
0
4,204
0
10,127,371
33
6,686,000
34,793
128,957
4,487
81,102
0
477,227
899,961
123,150
9,999,508
0
589,042
611,190
567.760
9,627,781
6,000
68,500
412,139
0
4,918,350
1,654,465
13,470,270
24,091
0
3,426,354
25,942
9,000
1,855,834
15,048,396
17.61
0.00
0.00
12.09
85.31
31.10
5.39
23.28
44.35
0.00
4.86
4.29
0.00
50.32
1.15
0.27
3.98
81.60
2.93
14.65
0.00
0.16
0.00
57.56
0.00
74.28
0.09
0.39
8.16
2.32
0.00
16.60
4.04
10.79
51.00
0.00
1.95
34.18
55.01
58.62
5.46
43.36
31.55
0.00
37.23
5.37
87.70
98.97
0.00
67.72
2.84
1.27
26.72
98.52
UTHST? "I UNKNOWN j
• IANO- ' | LAND
Pound* P*n*m| Pound* Pwc*nl|
39,215
1,467
0
47,250,914
17,444
1,311,360
44,320
10,029
577
0
52,327,843
24.852
2,500
3,943,490
1,481,261
1,165,714
30,839
9,200
161,082
128,677
9,171
2,292
865,469
192,051
7,000
64,211
39.832,855
32,637,300
49,531
16,319
310
1,645,366
21,359,300
238,538
261,228
0
295,924
105,345
10,269
723,214
3,000
56,772
47,947
0
311,609
12,326,117
34,256
250
0
10,141
13,359
88,423
559,376
45,405
0.85
100.00
0.00
87.89
0.90
7.22
1.69
0.60
0.23
0.00
63.39
0.27 105
1.39 4
38.76
14.15
1.85
12.85
1.91
2.81
6.37
0.96
0.09 81
95.46
1.09
0.79
0.71
99.13
99.17
90.03
0.47
0.07
57.24
95.92
20.90 8
1.33
0.00
0.98
5.92
1.00
4.40 2
2.73
35.94
3.67
0.00
2.36
39.97 2
0.22
1.03
0.00
0.20
1.46
12.45
8.05 1
0.30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
,640
,800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,464
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,000
a
0
0
0
0
,700
0
0
0
0
0
,400
0
0
0
0
250
0
,000
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.15
2.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.06
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
:: TOTAL LAND I
DISPOSAL
' Pound* Pcrewitj
4,597,573
1,467
0
53,764,405
1,938,400
18,163,490
2,621,705
1,676,468
251,208
0
82,552,586
9,178,212
179,745
10,173,306
10,469,190
63,043,385
240,030
482,324
5,736,357
2,019,803
955,631
2,666,276
906,657
17,593,984
889,448
9,000,495
40,182,059
32,910,607
55,018
3,490,521
428,868
2,874,575
22,267.882
1,141,102
19,607,668
752
30,202,247
1,787,909
1,032,032
16,424,639
109,825
157,968
1,306,263
1
13,210,057
30,837,047
15,360,002
24,341
140,342
5,059,278
914,424
710,117
6,944.824
15,274,367
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
TOTAL
223,563,873 39.8111,205,201 2.00106,817,672 19.02219,763,632 39.13206,504 0.04561,556,882 100.00
D-7
-------
Appendix D
Table D-5. States Shipping
STAT6 \
RECEIVING *
WASTE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Unknown
.~r> ^
» * \".
and Receiving
- ::;-, , ,
Wt fc'" *
'"v» '
si*
TRI Wastes (Off-Site Transfers), 1988.
^SH«Ml
.. Pound* 1 found* \ Pound*? { Poundta j
7,271,548
0
0
0
197,936
0
0
0
0
0
45,085
51,412
0
0
169,319
3,648
0
75
70,559
3,187,755
0
0
0
15,467
976,910
0
0
0
0
0
0
7,400
0
3,000
51,784
0
6,000
547,100
0
108,891
0
0
27,326
0
1,378,206
582,870
0
0
0
0
7,600
17.000
0
0
747,171
0
167,000
0
0
33,360
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,950
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
548,054
80,734
491,619
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
29,200
0
0
0
750
6,647
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10,645
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
830
147
0
0
0
0
386,470
22,122
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,265
VIWtiBTE
r *£'"**
Pound*'
135,431
0
0
0
1,795,332
0
0
0
0
0
0
9,907
0
0
0
616,704
0
0
711,558
940,635
0
0
0
9,213
0
0
10,354
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
221,322
0
0
0
0
9,500
0
622,681
2,855,799
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,256
•,,„-,»" - ">
'« I
founds 1
0
10,810
0
406,023
218,005
34,130,575
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
303,853
14,410
0
0
1,087,143
0
664,670
0
0
0
108,798
33,100
0
290,020
0
0
167,363
0
53,258
0
250
5,720
0
154,276
12,096
37
0
0
0
1,830
0
0
699,812
2,407,369
0
0
0
4,200
0
0
29,700
433,932
' *•£"••< ^
~ ' W> j
Pound* {
0
0
0
0
53,020
150
1,393,167
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,000
48,741
0
0
13,750
319,360
33,770
0
0
0
0
1,545
0
3,210
0
0
7,280
0
0
2
874,000
0
0
1,020
447,027
0
1,511,500
0
0
2,088
0
1,358
306,644
394,440
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,040
-«T-r*;^,T<
* « <''
Pounds |
20,864
0
0
0
1,801
191,442
24,000
6,720,334
0
0
9,800
0
0
0
313,199
0
0
1
750
36,141
0
27.025
2,074,675
162,442
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,605,641
0
1,289,896
0
0
150,633
0
0
3,297,556
0
8,020
38,430
0
250
6,400
0
0
0
160
0
0
0
0
742,631
fj^T?:|
BE '*
Pound*
21,127
0
0
0
49,582
0
0
0
1,496,036
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
104,519
0
9,581
0
19,100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
487,904
0
65,490
48,730
0
148,938
0
0
58,532
0
0
98,062
0
0
2,100
0
0
0
0
0
88,060
0
0
24,342
TOTAL
15,474,062
202,310
1,S7»,4*3 7,941,892 41,237,250 5,415,112 17,722,0*1 2,722,103
D-8
-------
Appendix D
Table 0-5. Stat
•%- STATE1'
HEQETVIK& '' J
WASTE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Main*
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
west Virginia
Ui scons in
Wyoming
Unknown
es Shipping and Receiving TRI Wastes (Off-site Transfers), 1988, continued.
, T,V--' ' , -^/- "' !«~ WATE HUPMW W»tt¥ - '-''/' .fovl'' ^'V- >;^/1
! "?OC -,|
Pound*j
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ft • I
Pounds f
1,420,160
0
0
0
55,083
280
0
37,000
0
0
8,316,789
357,074
0
0
207,050
10,387
0
0
57,062
173,667
0
4,628
0
212,028
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,550
0
216,003
82
0
346,791
0
0
340
0
0
1,231,317
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
368,287
0
0
0
• 0
1,764,044
6A°- '-* I
'Pound* 1
2,643,303
0
0
0
98,438
0
0
0
0
0
83,879
13,525,535
0
. 0
3,120
0
0
0
57,572
889,414
0
0
0
94
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
79,374
0
0
48,879
0
58,700
0
0
5,449,792
0
0
646,224
0
194,195
441,496
250
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
251,846
-.
0
0
0
0
0
1,932
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
- 10
Pound* 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
87,214
0
0
0
0
0
0
44,326
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,255
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,800
0
0
0
0
'"ft ">f.
Pounds j
2,288,585
0
0
616,400
260,664
0
0
0
0
0
10
781
0
0
31,266,849
10,147,067
0
18,487
2,270,686
1,431,722
0
0
45,273
867,327
510,240
0
440,146
0
0
0
0
23,000
0
1
250
0
2,327,687
103
0
4,324
0
0
126,252
0
53,736
146,551
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,880,139
0
717,842
111,284
0
0
0
107,697
0
0
0
0
0
0
76, 122
0
0
11,483,436
31,292,033
0
104,930
1,889,024
380,847
0
1,200
0
2.399,765
429,924
0
0
256,403
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,100,645
6,131
0
364,667
0
0
6,657
0
68,042
1,250
0
0
0
0
0
1,297
1,009,862
0
375,166
" '.»
Pounds "'
175.065
0
0
0
4,541
7)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,020,900
110,437
2,852,588
44,556
151,146
58,442
0
0
0
1,000
217,850
0
74,483
0
5,144
3.311
0
0
0
0
0
0
49,360
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,150
4,550
0
0
0
0
0
0
686,362
0
2,250
, W 'I
' Pound.' j
18,263
0
0
0
134,561
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,250
29,550
3,500
0
52,963,357
18,591
82,587
0
0
0
3,500
0
0
212,892
119,596
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18,500
744,376
0
0
0
0
0
0
10,008
6,263
a
a
0
0
0
0
13,065
0
15,593
TOTAL
250 14,789,622 24,472,111
13,683
136,595 55,444,122 51,466,382 7,467,635 54,391,454
D-9
-------
Appendix D
Table D-5. States Shipping and Receiving TRI Wastes (Off-Site Transfers), 1988, continued.
/iw&T"'-
*ES*
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Ar i zona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Colunfcia
Florida
Georgia
Hawai i
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Unknown
• ;,-, {IV ^vi^i '?' " .'
Pound*" I
944,839
0
0
0
8,638
0
0
0
0
0
0
508,870
0
0
687,123
8,538,908
0
500
18,906,042
78,278
0
0
0
737,779
47,000
11,541
56,400
0
0
0
0
427,200
„ 0
15,750
25,664
0
1,087,964
0
0
863,285
0
0
118,542
0
14,627,193
250
0
0
0
0
3,437
70
6,127
0
85,978
JLJi
329,192
0
0
0
494,601
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8,250
0
0
223,471
0
19,844,565
0
0
0
10,300
0
5,907
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
750
0
-250
968,075
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,974
Pound* j
3,700
0
0
0
0
0
0
98,018
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
300
334,317
0
573,862
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
750
155,950
0
253
0
0
0
0
0
16,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24,756
0
0
0
0
0
0
74,727
ran »t*»« mm. "*,
-. r
round* J
24,343
0
0
0
134,587
0
0
0
0
750
3,027
5,954
0
0
0
34,776
0
0
27,450
0
0
1,115,871
0
171,180
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
716,030
0
3,775
96,140
0
132,863
0
0
2,404,911
0
0
185,427
0
750
1,466
0
0
0
32,560
0
0
0
0
482,610
\ W '
' Pound* j
0
0
0
0
58,425
279,650
0
5,495,276
0
0
0
0
0
0
199,580
525
0
0
34,810
283,466
5,150
145,288
7,472,289
2,976
0
0
0
250
0
35,539
348,535
1,688,729
0
8,146,629
0
0
202,484
0
0
38,397
0
39,398
124,133
0
0
0
0
0
0
851,077
0
1,550
0
0
614,154
Pound* |
191,053
0
0
0
239,597
317,600
0
0
0
0
0
58,584
0
0
3,721,295
1,939,733
0
315,280
853,552
45,823
0
2,808
77,440
70,575,564
17,200
0
0
0
0
60
0
45,662
- 0
0
0
0
15,480,170
0
8,725
23,400
0
-- 0
30,292
0
60,704
189,623
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,576
0
1,636,869
'*Kf
54,710
0
0
14,968
507,237
2,300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
555,200
22,025
9,735
248
24,986
94,111
0
0
0
84,862
3,064,212
0
0
0
750
0
0
16,274
0
1,527
500
0
750
63,518
0
230
0
0
1,073
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
1,380,907
0
13,085
*tt**r
3,811,248
0
0
0
112,944
250
0
0
0
0
21,000
361
0
0
6,423
0
0
0
28,718
703,299
0
0
0
29,082
0
574,895
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
918
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14,230
0
1,537,247
852,500
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
,YVIB~, r
'Pound*
1 0B, 648
0
0
248,992
461,494
0
0
0
0
0
0
43,393
0
14,820
1,416,697
926,335
250
1,591,515
1,015,483
256,180
0
0
0
316,661
689,437
1,835
2,180,112
0
0
0
0
0
0
750
0
0
2,650,071
1,069,452
. 0
118
0
0
21,367
0
189,551
444,309
47,320
0
0
0
0
0
11,669
0
406,638
TOTAL
47,717,37* 21,897,335 1,282,633 5.574,470 26,068,310 »5,«4*,610 5,813.230 7,693,365 14,113,0*7
D-10
-------
Appendix D
Table D-5. States Shipping and Receiving TRI Wastes (Off-Site Transfers), 1988, continued.
«*» v'se
RECEWHO ,'
WST6 * „„"
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Mew Jersey
New Mexico
New rork
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Unknown
1
«" f I
'.'poandr^j
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,140
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
364
0
0
0
0
0
o
a
0
0
a
750
0
0
o
0
0
500
0
40,300
0
0
0
316
0
0
0
0
"• Pound* |,
2,420
1,787
0
0
16,804
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
234,096
0
0
110,176
27,266
86,580
0
0
0
780
0
5,000
12,262
0
2,708,084
0
0
0
0
75
0
0
101,920
157,477
0
0
0
0
0
5,500
0
342,220
0
0
0
0
0
0
28,984
0
250
V L
Pound* 1'
0
0
0
0
0
548,185
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
3,150
0
0
0
1,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
47,245
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOO
17,750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21,366
1
Found* j
34,237
0
0
0
0
0
0
213,704
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,275
5
0
855,303
750
0
0
0
0
0
0
135,045
266,103
0
22,408
75,829
0
1,430
0
0
345,649
0
0
1,750
0
0
0
0
0
0
750
0
0
0
0
143,323
St*t« S«P>HI
v|
61,399
0
0
0
128,829
0
0
2.767
0
0
890
0
0
0
43,526
397,114
0
500
1,019,272
681,922
0
767,476
0
556,266
83,538
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,024,699
0
973,930
12,507
0
4,161,202
0
0
13,093,404
0
8,265
276,387
0
750
276,691
0
0
0
473,750
0
1,600
0
0
28,468,315
8WSTE
m -,_ |
«Ktevl
0
0
0
0
5,820
0
750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32,040
0
0
0
0
82,520
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
7,200
81,950
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'/5ff?'~ •WX
&W
41,501
0
0
0
1,057,007
54,906
0
533,563
0
0
130
0
0
0
100.107
34,750
0
4,550
1,255,697
127,003
0
23,414
230,023
466,769
50,000
0
0
0
0
0
97
5,961,446
0
36,044,892
2,194
0
2,232,403
0
0
1,395.714
0
1,518
336,077
0
53,687
700
0
1,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
420,862
^'MSPH
^ PbunSiVull?
1,039,584
0
0
0
86,469
0
0
6,573
0
0
143,818
522,835
0
0
11,750
668,552
0
0
678,331
8,959
0
6,045
0
102,958
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
203,028
0
2,612
11,610,274
0
73,483
0
0
12,472
0
0
3,879.876
37,232
123,155
0
0
0
0
1,257,983
0
11,779
0
0
237,373
mF'"*
35?
1,783
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
0
12,500
0
19,663
0
0
0
0
38,154
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.910
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85
1,962
0
0
0
0
0
20,980
0
0
TOTAL
46,370 3,841,681
«3«,396 2.0M.541 ««,S14,M» 210,780 50,430,010 20,735,143
101,287
D-ll
-------
Appendix D
Table D-5. Stat
, STATE - ',' ;
>, MBit
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawai i
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
I owe
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Unknown
es Shipping and Receiving
o» , L , at' - 1 , at- '. f, |
Pounds :: |
261,536
0
0
0
258,105
0
0
250
0
0
0
146,130
0
0
668,896
5,942,140
0
266,211
1,735,495
821,910
0
20,219
0
19,518,328
10,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
42,114
0
656,864
0
0
87,767,972
0
0
3,732,290
0
0
499,897
0
41,329
316,775
0
0
0
0
0
403,910
1,050,651
0
160,883
Founds 1
0
0
0
0
83,603
0
0
0
0
0
0
165,500
0
0
2,200
0
0
529,913
250
495,369
0
0
0
0
350,740
0
2,350
0
0
0
0
0
130,000
0
0
0
0
7,837,180
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,900
2,002,074
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
73,288
-Found*.' ]
18,865
0
0
0
360,000
2,054
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,003
5,720
0
0
220,496
8
481
0
0
0
0
7,542
0
1,750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,827,746
3,002
0
0
0
0
0
0
358,789
0
0
0
496,174
0
0
0
0
TRI Wastes (Off-Site Transfers), 1988, continued.
' ' - "", STArtSttWMWWKHS , *,^ <'|PP 'Itpf^ffl
found* j
439,470
22,032
0
10,819
311,222
5,300
0
219,192
3
0
0
24,433
0
0
288,846
691,903
0
40,270
1,805,191
157,446
0
654,451
0
2,180,438
1,750
0
0
0
0
0
0
7,918,160
0
2,298,007
231,367
0
22,585,559
0
0
35,876,753
0
15
5,988,959
0
12,547
1,353,750
250
0
0
220,117
0
28,678
0
0
431,254
Pound* I
8,779
0
0
1,000
8,727
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6,025
0
0
0
0
4,900
0
0
0
0
0
0
390
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,983,546
0
240
0
0
580
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,500
wand**-;]
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
310,108
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19,838
37,115
0
27,558
1,112,573
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
305,137
0
582,500
0
0
0
0
0
61,606
0
1,831,272
0
0
750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
32,823
Pound* <"t
889,037
0
0
0
351,934
0
0
0
0
0
107,980
109,141
0
0
55
5,000
0
0
37,000
45,429
0
0
0
19,811
10,900
0
0
0
0
0
0
49,875
0
0
991,810
0
3,772
0
0
0
0
750
11,118,006
0
117,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
112,476
»«**»'• I
0
0
0
0
680
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25,094
8,300
0
6,500
3,850
0
0
0
0
50,077
0
0
0
100,793
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16,254
0
0
0
0
0
0
120,351
0
0
5,485
0
0
0
0
0
84,000
0
0
jypoaid* '
2,807,050
0
0
0
490,773
0
0
0
0
0
750
494,021
0
0
51 , 192
72,651
0
166,554
137,571
1,260,400
0
5,150
0
161,110
0
338,197
250
21,722
0
12
0
230,937
0
260,200
75,303
0
21,942
a
a
43,480
0
0
864,625
0
13,552,949
2,863
0
0
0
431,172
0
87,737
0
0
2,603
TOTAL
124.3ZZ.305 11.C90.347 5.313,430 83,794,182 5,015,687 4.321.2*3 13,970,374 421,384 21,541,214
D-12
-------
Appendix D
Table D-5.
, ?'**tt»y
JIEOEIVIKO
*»Wf*>
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
States Shipping
E,,*
't«V;W
Pound*' 1 P
560,562
0
0
0
510,424
39,555
9,600
341
0
District of Columbia 0
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Unknown
TOTAL
0
0
0
0
29,050
1,250
0
134,435
110,601
11,422,927
0
28
0
0
578,470
250
118,600
0
0
0
0
205,200
0
0
0
0
134,034
418,867
0
228,213
0
0
24,650
0
54,251
71,268,157
34,957 1,
0
0
0
0
1,489,725
74,500
0
662,010
and Receiving TRI
- i«*<
ttt\';1
sund»yi
0
0
0
21,600
6,017
0
201,116
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8,750
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,779
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
643
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,559
276,066
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
635
88,110,657 1,546,165
f- ^»« ^
t'f Vt&xj^'Vt
',Pound*s: | Poundi
0
0
0
0
0
1,750
0
271,372
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25,000
0
8,950
0
0
169,964
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9,006
0
45,678
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26,277
0
0
0
0
0
0
87,142
645,139
Wastes (Off-Site Transfers),
*°
"\
>F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
0
p
p
p
p
p
0
p
p
p
p
0
p
0
0
p
0
p
0
p
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
*•'»*«;*«»
v*#®~\
5,348,102
81,360
0
0
36,998
0
0
636
0
0
8,920
31,032
0
0
3,845
49,607
0
428
97,977
132,757
0
173,487
0
1,905
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.827,452
0
259
795,040
0
491,963
0
0
17,441
0
0
400,451
0
83,147
0
0
0
0
3,739,278
0
800
1,000
0
156,608
13,4*0,493
*U(«::»*Of
&**ijli
DJJlMlLjtk t
, r*ff,ww.
1,000
0
0
28,105
0
107,245
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
76,922
32,770
0
0
35,860
0
8,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
10,300
0
0
1,230
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
679,926
0
0
0
0
0
0
24,112
1,668
0
0
0
6,020,215
0
0
0
302,962
7,330,715
i^llflllR 3Jjj\
23,817
0
0
0
1,106,199
0
0
0
0
0
0
500
0
0
746,264
149,000
0
0
167,126
403,380
0
841
a
460
207,655
0
37,000
0
0
0
0
847,223
0
177,842
2,577
0
10,568,993
0
0
468,813
0
0
316,762
0
936
149,889
0
0
0
86,145
0
3,271,394
0
0
14,460
18,747,27*
1988, continued.
It^KMMI
;!»oiiili
212,774
0
0
12,790
28,396
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.101,132
319,253
57,000
303,981
642,381
67,866
0
1,000
0
1.347,283
263,116
0
0
0
0
0
0
207,993
0
0
750
0
2,507,095
0
0
16,960
0
0
7,830
0
18,653
17,255
0
0
0
0
18,630
0
19,274,516
0
322,633
30,749,2*7
%il!^"
"^ytjf
$wm>>
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250
89,620
11,656
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
101,528
TOTAl
* OFF-SITE
Pounds
31,325,279
282.989
0
1,908,751
9,956,284
36.174,806
1,715,847
13,909,134
1,496,039
750
8,742,078
16,131,585
11,750
456,174
60,508,541
62,005,792
2,927,873
58,218,327
34,171,605
45,096,545
339,472
2.986,070
12,611,402
100,0*3,99*
7,644,660
937,625
3,450,129
398,337
2*14,771
286.464
484,427
41,416,735
1*2,042
51,683,509
14,075,650
5,910
154,585,374
11,607,169
4,521,0*2
69,438,570
4,983,693
1.MU3I
21,399.010
1*3,0*3
32,*28,025
83,768,65*
4,702,35*
52,033
0
7,461,279
6,554,322
5,403.600
25,540,338
29,700
40,0*0,42*
1,104,414,307
D-13
-------
Appendix D
Table D-6. TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry for the Top 25 Chemicals, 1988.
^ i « *r *>. .i.^.. _v-*? ,A . «, * I _ -i'-i ,. I ....^.^'tL.'L.'L'x - j — J.f/ft >. tl~ \fLvL^** z^i Ift^i'j'J^iSy reiV >* ....
CAS NO. r
007783202
007647010
000067561
007664939
007664417
000108883
000067641
007664382
001330207
000071556
000078933
007782505
000075092
006484522
000075150
007697372
000076131
007440666
000107211
000079016
000071363
,^:;;:fet^;%|g%:
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
METHANOL
SULFURIC ACID
AMMONIA
TOLUENE
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
ZINC COMPOUNDS
XYLENE (MIXED ISONERS)
1,1,1-TRICHlOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL ttTONE
CHLORINE
DICHLORCHETHAHE
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
CARBON DISULFIDE
NITRIC ACID
FREON 113
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
CLYCOL ETHERS
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
COPPER COMPOUNDS
TRICHLOROETHVLENE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
TOTAL
fl. ,, «W r,
TV,*****;'' °[;
745,528,007
635,720,989
435,639,693
386,060,541
356,101,165
333,315,437
249,703,395
241,602,716
209, 127,626
181,771,506
180,418,488
156,490,232
147,050,483
134,212,442
114,926,157
107,223,350
82,748,299
81,288,357
68,545,125
66,013,145
62,255,269
55,713,223
53,087,237
52,616,792
52,004,930
(£41,030,744
•#*•*•{•;
MWVMtN
2.10
0.47
0.21
3.75
4.10
0.09
0.44
3.51
0.07
0.02
0.07
0.03
1.28
0.29
0.00
0.01
0.00
4.27
0.38
0.01
0.18
6.07
0.02
0.00
0.16
1.17
KW^WIH
0.00
0.00
2.28
0.17
0.22
0.08
0.42
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.24
MIU9IM
0.43
0.00
0.77
1.55
0.67
2.48
0.77
0.54
0.01
1.73
2.55
6.38
0.93
0.37
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.00
2.06
2.11
0.05
2.30
0.11
O.M
14WCC.I«
new K
*m*ai'lH
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.07
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.18
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0*
MBBK irWWIIUHE
0.12 0.00
0.00 0.01
0.35 2.40
0.05 0.04
0.16 0.00
2.27 5.41
0.47 2.25
0.04 0.06
0.00 0.00
3.69 6.14
0.11 1.43
1.61 3.70
0.00 0.00
0.20 0.26
0.01 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.01
O.M 0.02
0.00 0.02
0.45 2.1*
0.21 0.07
0.1* 0.02
0.02 0.32
2.01 5.11
U* 1.01
PAPER
SIC»
8.21
4.24
27.21
3.76
1.57
13.40
7.83
0.13
0.77
1.84
1.76
5.28
11.60
0.38
0.02
0.36
0.28
0.91
0.00
0.42
1.43
0.49
0.00
0.12
1.09
MS
Table D-6. TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry for the Top 25 Chemicals, 1988. (Cont)
:;<-»WW^^^
"-<-' -
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOL'N) 0.00 83.24 0.53 0.45 1.46 0.10
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 0.11 58.08 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.31
METHANOL 0.23 45.09 0.51 3.96 0.00 0.41
SULFURIC ACID 0.27 47.18 0.19 0.21 1.62 1.91
AMMONIA 0.03 65.65 9.13 0.60 1.05 1.03
TOLUENE 11.89 23.46 4.26 7.89 1.03 1.02
ACETONE 0.29 43.86 0.07 9.67 1.00 0.39
PHOSPHORIC ACID 0.23 90.17 0.54 0.04 0.01 0.09
ZINC COMPOUNDS 0.89 4.07 0.24 2.39 0.00 0.24
XYLEME (MIXED ISONERS) 0.84 20.68 4.45 3.74 0.77 0.75
l.lh-TRICNLOROETHANE 1.95 3.22 0.15 7.88 0.19 0.55
METHYL ETNTL KETONE 2.68 11.17 4.45 12.59 1.78 1.04
CHLORINE 0.00 10.10 0.30 0.13 0.00 0.01
DICHLORONETHANE 0.25 32.15 0.00 17.75 0.23 1.62
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS 0.00 16.37 0.12 0.00 0.03 0.29
AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOL'N) 0.00 96.77 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.34
CARMN OISULFIDE 0.00 83.73 0.01 15.87 0.00 0.07
NITRIC ACID 1.20 53.39 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.06
FREON 113 0.00 2.78 0.01 3.32 0.03 0.15
ZINC (FUME OR DUST) 0.00 7.09 0.23 0.07 0.00 O.M
CLYCOL ETHERS 3.11 13.25 0.19 2.44 2.29 1.13
ETHTLENE CLYCOL O.M 62.03 0.45 1.51 0.00 0.42
COPPER COMPOUNDS 0.26 5.21 0.23 0.17 0.00 0.09
TRICHLOROETNTLENE 0.33 3.10 0.04 3.60 0.02 0.44
N-KJTVL ALCOHOL 0.17 30.89 0.02 1.32 0.37 0.21
TOTAL &*7 4*40 1.47 WJ OJt OlM
0.85
6.37
0.53
22.96
6.67
1.70
0.21
1.13
82.13
3.21
9.72
3.38
72.55
1.40
34.31
O.It
0.03
14.38
1.84
81.4*
2.61
6.2*
77.29
7.0S
0.91
1&7*
0.04
2.12
0.19
7.07
0.28
3.28
1.72
1.71
3.73
8.80
13.16
6.89
0.27
2.86
0.02
0.00
0.00
6.82
5.63
3.76
30.97
2.12
4.10
22.92
26.21
D-14
-------
Appendix D
Table 0-6. TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry for the Top 25 Chemicals, 1988. (Cont)
CHEMICAL : "' I UACHJNeur JELECTWCAL|tJUMSIK)RTAtK>Hi^^^
X' . ' I \" *"•»»«*: I PVM**:
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOL'II) 0.00 0.60
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 0.09 0.54
METKANOL 0.15 0.77
SULFUR 1C ACID 0.66 2.59
AMMONIA 0.11 0.67
TOLUENE 1.37 3.23
ACETONE 0.64 3.73
PHOSPHORIC ACID 0.28 0.46
ZINC COMPOUNDS 0.23 0.62
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 3.98 8.10
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE 8.40 12.37
METHVL ETHYL KETONE 1.83 10.06
CHLORINE O.OS 0.36
DICHLOROMETKANE 1.54 8.82
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS 2.63 0.72
AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOL'N) 0.00 1.13
CARBON BISULFIDE 0.00 0.00
NITRIC ACID 2.62 3.43
FREON 113 11.93 28.82
ZINC (FUME OR DUST) 0.22 1.26
GLYCOL ETHERS 1.91 8.27
ETHYLENE GLYCOL 1.53 2.25
COPPER COMPOUNDS 0.24 3.44
TRICHLOROETHYLENE 11.74 12.92
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL 1.13 2.68
TOTAL 1-21 2.92
0.00
0.22
1.17
1.57
0.25
5.40
11.07
0.21
0.58
23.65
18.03
10.55
0.13
6.46
0.08
0.00
0.00
5.85
15.12
0.47
21.03
4.68
5.49
12.78
18.67
4.18
0.15
0.11
2.38
0.22
0.08
0.78
2.35
0.06
0.16
0.77
3.09
0.68
0.00
11.09
0.17
0.12
0.00
0.43
12.25
0.16
0.74
1.59
0.33
2.84
0.87
1.03
0.01
0.01
0.18
0.07
0.01
2.10
1.94
0.02
0.17
1.34
3.18
2.71
0.00
2.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.99
0.14
0.49
0.18
0.10
3.14
0.59
0.58
hAMKWUM
SQwSf-WJ
\vT|
«••*. I f
1.68
26.71
10.99
3.55
7.29
8.47
10.36
0.61
3.67
4.76
11.41
12.76
1.88
11.89
45.19
0.78
.00
.95
1 .15
.21
.12
.64
2.40
15.73
7.22
COM3
ttttttt
0.02
0.54
0.22
0.55
0.43
0.32
0.46
0.15
0.00
0.70
0.73
0.25
0.16
0.26
0.00
0.27
0.00
0.33
1.34
1.44
0.13
0.71
0.43
0.61
0.13
9.29
D-15
-------
Appendix D
Table 0-7. TRI Releases and Transfers for the Top 25 Carcinogens,
1988.
\° '-;'h\ - v;^^J^^^y*iWT^
CAS NO.
1 . -:-.-
/ -^-<^|^|^f^ *R: *»-.tr
000075092 DICHLOROMETHANE
000100425
000127184
STVRENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
000071432 BENZENE
000050000 FORMALDEHYDE
000067663 CHLOROFORM
000075058 ACETONITRILE
001332214 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
007439921
LEAD
007440473 CHROMIUM
000107131
ACRYLONITRILE
001336363 POLVCHLORINATED 8IPNENVLS
007440020 NICKEL
000107062 1,2-OICHLOROETHANE
000106990 1,3-BUTADIENE
000056235 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
000075218 ETHYLENE OXIDE
000075569 PROPYLENE OXIDE
000117817 DI-(2-ETHVLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
000075014 VINYL CHLORIDE
000106467 1,4-DICHLORC, -p «**«*' k*
0.26 0.38
0.20 0.11
0.20 0.52
0.00 0.00
0.53 7.29
0.00 69.10
0.00 0.00
0.00 10.59
0.01 0.00
0.05 O.tt
0.00 1.03
0.33 12.92
0.43 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.61
0.00 0.00
13.03 0.38
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
5.89 7.07
0.00 1.47
0.00 0.03
0.00 0.00
«•*
0.25
0.00
0.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.28
0.00
0.00
12.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
R*HF<
KV*
!•>
proKKvi
32.15
32.09
8.40
36.95
58.99
16.36
97.93
9.31
3.06
1.95
95.15
2.54
3.22
70.17
87.46
87.67
38.58
90.37
14.01
84.89
76.62
14.26
45.24
99.91
100.00
fe
&
€
(Hi
f*
MUUHJ
P2* c'J
MM* I
0.00
0.07
0.04
14.13
0.42
0.00
0.00
4.23
0.86
1.16
0.00
0.10
4.01
0.16
1.16
0.52
0.43
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
«iA*Me*i'tl>
'/;SJC3»- -K*
/Fere.* kix
17.75
20.66
2.59
0.00
0.67
0.00
0.00
0.66
2.03
0.05
0.05
0.14
0.60
0.00
0.01
0.02
6.17
0.00
30.22
0.00
0.00
9.51
15.61
0.00
0.00
w*fi&*
»«•:
Kpnf
0.23
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.39
0.00
0.00
0.00
STONE/CLAY
Pevcenf
1.62
1 .79
0.24
0.00
4.79
0.00
0.00
29.94
1.59
2.22
0.00
0.29
1.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
O.M
0.01
1.57
O.M
O.M
1.14
0.00
O.M
O.M
TOTAL
1.01
S.H
0.«7
D-16
-------
Appendix D
Table D-7. TRI Releases and Transfers for the Top 25 Carcinogens, 1988, continued.
•*••'-. '"'JI
CAS NO. I
000075092 OICHIOROMETHANE
000100425 STYRENE
000127184 TETRACHLORCXTHYLENE
00007H32 BENZENE
000050000 FORMALDEHYDE
000067663 CHLOROFORM
000075058 ACETOHITRILE
001332214 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
007439921 LEAD
007440473 CHROMIUM
000107131 ACRYLONITRILE
001336363 POLVCHLORINATEO IIPHENYLS
007440020 NICKEL
000107062 1,2-OICHLORO€THANE
000106990 1,3-BUTAOIENE
000056235 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
000075218 ETHYLENE OXIDE
000075569 PROPYLENE OXIDE
000117817 OI-C2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTKALATE
000075014 VINYL CHLORIDE
000106467 1,4-DICNLOROSENZENE
000067630 ISOPKOPYL ALCOHOL (MANUF.)
000123911 1,4-OIOXANE
000079061 ACRYLAMIDE
000118741 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
TOTAL
1.40
0.43
6.91
34.30
5.59
0.00
0.00
2.84
70.96
46.54
0.04
10.17
32.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00
2.38
1.84
0.00
0.00
2.86
0.32
11.50
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.79
10.01
0.00
0.81
17.22
1.59
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.65
0.00
0.00
10.86
1.81
0.00
0.00
1.54
0.98
4.74
0.19
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.45
9.69
0.00
0.23
10.71
15.88
0.00
0.00
4.36
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.62
1.96
0.00
0.00
8.82
1.24
12.93
0.00
2.13
0.01
0.00
0.00
9.24
2.00
0.00
57.43
7.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
12.22
0.00
0.00
6.87
2.46
0.00
0.00
6.46
31.96
22.73
3.54
0.15
0.11
0.00
19.10
1.10
5.90
0.00
1.90
6.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.88
0.65
0.00
1.92
7.73
0.00
0.00
11.09
0.27
2.15
0.00
0.29
0.02
1.36
0.00
0.28
0.34
0.04
0.01
0.08
11.48
0.00
0.01
29.23
1.34
1.97
0.00
0.00
2.32
14.20
0.01
0.00
13.78
3.4*
1.21
2.92
4.18
1.03
D-17
-------
Appendix D
Table 0-7. TRI Releases and Transfers for the Top 25 Carcinogens, 1988, continued.
CAS HO*
000075092 DICHLOROMETHANE
000100425 STYRENE
000127184 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
000071432 BENZENE
000050000 FORMALDEHYDE
000067663 CHLOROFORM
000075058 ACETONITRILE
001332214 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
007439921 LEAD
007440473 CHROMIUM
000107131 ACRYLONITRILE
001336363 POLYCHLORIMATEO BIPHENYLS (PCB«)
007440020 NICKEL
000107062 1,2-OICHLOROETHANE
000106990 1,3-BUTADIENE
000056235 CARBON TETRACHLORIOE
000075218 ETHYLENE OXIDE
000075569 PROPYLENE OXIDE
000117817 DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
000075014 VINYL CHLORIDE
000106467 1,4-DlCHLOROBENZENE
000067630 ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (MANUFACTURING)
000123911 1,4-DIOXANE
000079061 ACRVLAMIOE
000118741 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
TOTAL
11.09
0.27
2.15
0.00
0.29
0.02
1.36
0.00
0.28
0.34
0.04
0.01
0.08
11.48
0.00
0.01
29.23
1.34
1.97
0.00
0.00
2.32
14.20
0.01
0.00
2.12
1.36
1.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.05
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.39
0.00
6.12
0.00
0.00
1.63
0.00
0.00
0.00
11.89
8.15
19.60
9.86
3.36
11.46
0.39
21.84
6.28
17.24
3.69
3.97
14.68
0.62
11.37
11.78
5.80
0.94
4.30
14.46
Z3.3S
12.59
7.67
0.00
0.00
0.26
0.16
0.42
1.00
0.39
0.05
0.32
0.01
0.15
0.41
0.00
6.80
0.03
0.09
0.00
0.00
9.26
0.26
0.10
0.00
0.00
1.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
O.M
OJ7
D-18
-------
Appendix D
Table D-8. Industrial Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers within Each State, 1988,
continued.
RANK
22
33
53
24
25
9
42
30
46
54
6
18
49
44
5
4
28
13
19
1
41
36
26
8
27
20
12
34
40
47
43
15
39
14
17
52
3
31
35
10
37
45
23
48
7
2
16
50
51
11
32
29
21
33
,T" *°!~ '-T-"^'
' STATIS V4 '
fe> ""'',
*<',
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
fiSwxV-^
! / X '
APPA
Pound* ...;,.
0
0
0
100
0
92,150
0
0
0
0
0
257,243
0
0
172,150
11,600
0
16,750
250
0
0
0
95,678
102,336
0 .
44,200
0
0
0
0
77,584
0
0
139,837
55,678
0
369,970
0
0
104,903
20,099
0
0
0
331,863
0
0
0
0
0
17,361
0
9,943
0
HIRI
^s^jxr
WJfcHj 1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.51
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
* w *4J*if;PP"!
>po«»id» ^
211,412
0
0
211,114
942,224
1.516,766
487,966
22,138
0
0
167,928
543,089
2,182
289,535
892.865
3,761,692
1,269,724
259,033
33,249
308,156
194,750
74,035
908.400
1,079,271
2,755,972
972,680
31,734
178,647
0
2,140
275,304
78,229
65,985
141 ,335
1,015,112
250
1,089,285
54,761
2,555,303
2,013,463
2,000
2,667
867,634
100,266
638,276
2.029,728
329,403
187,635
0
1,540,516
1,079,448
936,085
1,247,656
500
"&''j£jjjfsiji\
*^3
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.28
1.30
0.75
2.31
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.41
0.07
1.92
0.36
1.36
2.16
0.15
0.03
0.04
0.89
0.22
1.28
0.47
4.21
0.81
0.02
0.50
0.00
0.04
1.31
0.05
0.27
0.08
0.74
0.02
0.29
0.11
7.61
1.00
0.01
0.02
1.06
3.28
0.26
0.28
0.24
7.90
0.00
0.78
2.14
1.62
1.19
0.00
^E-W3
Pound* ?
1,612,913
0
0
260,587
2,289,031
2,192,671
439,106
10,800
0
0
836,600
729,927
0
0
1,195,718
2,953,865
671,983
0
205.790
18,949
64.521
19,813
460,824
4,618,703
0
986,362
506,701
0
400,387
0
126,269
194,901
0
1,336,517
18,338,025
0
1,195,229
464,318
19,969
2,309,160
0
0
637,471
0
4,034,113
807,332
50,754
744,390
0
10,704,176
106,294
230,095
1,020,025
0
USS^'I
rruwipj
s:p«««tfi
1.92
0.00
0.00
0.35
3.17
1.09
2.08
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.34
0.56
0.00
0.00
0.48
1.07
1.15
0.00
0.16
0.00
0.29
0.06
0.65
1.99
0.00
0.82
0.27
0.00
1.77
0.00
0.83
0.12
0.00
0.78
13.40
o.oo
0.32
0.90
0.06
1.15
0.00
0.00
0.78
0.00
1.62
0.11
0.04
31.35
0.00
5.44
0.21
0.40
0.97
0.00
f- ;^^£i
r*"# *lllf*^
^Vps &~ . PAPE
,«Po«ld»,VSl,
15,738,001
5,511,392
0
3,415,775
4,841,401
13,381,694
254,493
878,215
120,669
0
73,488,170
22,046,475
0
2,450
4,026,365
1,552,657
5,046,134
20,887
2,293,935
16,268,901
10,801,834
9,310,974
8,853,665
9,965,926
11,651,683
1,053,209
210,069
498,670
144,405
0
2,221,942
5,432.843
a
8,813,285
13,928,378
0
15,746,930
2,707,430
12,456,554
12,163,140
0
250,573
8,024,685
0
8,584,261
11,888,834
2,167
36.236
0
12,118,943
17,293,565
0
17,245,228
0
' •/"".
^1^
[B/vi*
^
rpji^m
18.72
20.82
0.00
4.58
6.70
6.64
1.20
1.64
1.13
0.00
29.44
16.78
0.00
0.02
1.60
0.56
8.60
0.01
1.75
2.19
49.18
27.93
12.50
4.30
17.79
0.37
0.11
!.41
0.64
0.00
14.65
3.34
0.00
5.12
10.18
0.00
4.19
5.23
37.07
6.05
0.00
1.99
9.77
0.00
3.44
1.64
0.00
3.63
0.00
6.16
34.35
0.00
16.42
0.00
^f»» _ r%
'"& ' *
-------
Appendix D
Table D-8. Industrial Distribution of TRI Total Releases
22
38
53
24
25
9
42
30
46
54
6
18
49
44
5
4
28
13
19
1
41
36
26
8
27
20
12
34
40
47
43
15
39
14
17
52
3
31
35
10
37
45
23
48
7
2
16
50
51
11
32
29
21
33
i*v*°, t&St
STATe**%<,
, -'' , -
,
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
Cal ifornia
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georg i a
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Island*
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
A; '; ' TOTAtRELEASES
•''-• AND
TRANSFER* '-
Pound* 1
84,062,842
26,476,465
29,500
74,657,306
72,272,458
201,568,789
21,132.981
53,449,946
10,692,005
1,000
249,655,7*6
131,410,860
2, 96*, 331
15,105,613
251,302,153
276,3*6,921
58,668,67*
17*, 468, 243
131,319.642
7*1,206,81*
21,965,123
33,340,174
70,821,565
231,681,301
65,506,519
120,820,916
184,627,555
35,467,330
22,649,337
4,874.292
15,171,504
162,7*1,774
2*. 398, 821
172,106,105
136,857,071
1,39*, 580
375,989,294
51,720,309
33, 604, 243
201,102,129
28,842,935
12,568,955
82,177,534
3,059,629
249,417,227
724,477,706
137,472,389
2,374,596
1,633,63*
196,619,903
50,338,221
57,901,379
105,0*9,*29
45,464,978
>*K*m
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
f'1
',
and Transfers
»-„£•'
within Each State
"W&^'H
',>,fsf- <4?n
W%PW&
, 1988.
,
-------
Appendix D
Table D-8. Industrial Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers within Each State, 198
continued.
JRANK
22
38
53
24
25
9
42
30
46
54
6
18
49
44
5
4
28
13
19
1
41
36
26
8
27
20
12
34
40
47
43
15
39
14
17
52
3
31
35
10
37
45
23
48
7
2
16
SO
51
11
32
29
21
33
TA •• j^'s; ' -
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawai i
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
i,v,v *•*
24
20
28
60
1
14
6
138,
31,
10,
117,
45,
12,
153,
63,
519,
7,
8,
55,
1,
75,
81,
6,
1,
109,
57,
49,
137,
18,
2,
43,
12,
4,
23,
144,
573,
1,
121,
3,
37,
7,
43,
124,006
822,000
0
999,037
015,638
467,957
653,039
307,914
608,960
1,000
114,269
843,726
1,826
043,817
540,084
394,713
786.734
924,567
633,099
458, 187
455,942
479,697
166,441
386,343
771,797
189,476
889,375
230,466
221,918
119,148
688,985
952,226
6,623
770,393
285,058
15
666,920
521,243
557,972
168,533
743,112
406,388
751,650
983,164
314,984
982,836
145,589
264,764
0
843,715
740,529
793,617
631,626
608,176
i aiuaiii]
28.70
78.64
0.00
1.34
38.76
30.00
7.82
26.77
61.81
100.00
55.32
24.23
0.06
66.49
46.77
16.43
21.79
88.22
48.46
70.08
2.08
22.43
11.53
23.91
2.70
62.23
44.35
0.65
27.47
22.96
4.54
67.56
0.03
33.57
36.01
0.00
36.61
35.31
7.61
21.47
44.18
35.06
28.90
32.13
57.86
79.23
0.83
11.15
0.00
61.97
7.43
65.27
7.26
95.92
riwwwfc
317,313
143,073
0
0
126,910
11,545,440
830,364
0
603,324
0
1,750
16,259
686,700
0
4,163,230
2,303,554
2,250
4,604,631
1,013,673
20,966,115
0
15,550
4,000
635,827
296,623
1,225,804
107,454
1,139,192
3,070
1,702
0
1,473,056
405,151
657,890
4,193
216,908
4,625,381
3,610,698
7,740
5,246,643
506,026
0
1,000
0
144,196
29,982,974
714,167
0
1,633.634
748,479
1,459,529
388,005
51,327
1,605,902
ssl-ewemj
0.38
0.54
0.00
0.00
0.18
5.73
3.93
0.00
5.64
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.17
0.00
1.66
0.83
0.00
2.64
0.77
2.83
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.27
0.45
1.01
0.06
3.21
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.91
1.66
0.38
0.00
15.55
1.23
6.98
0.02
2.61
1.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
4.14
0.52
0.00
100.00
0.38
2.90
0.67
0.05
3.53
3
6
8
2
1
4
10
16
4
2
3
4
8
5
6
3
1
4
4
8
13
2
1
5
2
16
8
4
7
1
6
,762,835
0
0
726,147
.197,053
,813,050
639,921
,888,823
163,918
0
,702,278
,235,415
69,975
38,250
,856,025
,795,243
,828,623
,223,043
, 167,349
26,075
841,109
209,096
,890,899
,338,532
608,883
,606,752
,036,491
0
,665,445
107,568
,313,372
,109,035
567
,379,861
,885,355
508,067
,843,204
,566,031
,095,119
,732,218
.834,353
312,757
,125,472
156,588
,386,825
,858,853
153,250
40,223
0
,844,068
,627,119
452,916
,462,010
0
4.48
0.00
0.00
0.97
8.57
4.37
3.03
5.40
1.53
0.00
0.68
3.22
2.36
0.2S
4.32 1
6.08
8.23
1.27
2.41
0.00
3.83 4
0.63 1
6.91
3.60 4
0.93
4.64
3.27 11
0.00
16.18 1
2.21
8.66
2.52 1
0.00
2.54
6.49
36.43
3.68
4.96
3.26
2.85 2
9.83
2.49
19.62
5.12
3.36
0.67 1
0.11
1.69
0.00
3.99
3.23
0.78
6.15 2
0.00
W"W^w8sfi
0
0
0
0
155,556
140,582
130,921
0
0
0
32,100
0
0
0
,286,214
562,618
54,195
0
112,165
0
,715,291
,103,683
340,383
,663,273
750,833
0
,987,331
0
,051,962
0
11,950
,478,336
0
508,519
774,977
0
174,087
0
91,550
,067,017
564,749
17,250
0
0
339,313
,769,046
88
0
0
0
46,300
33,450
,842,495
0
s«wtn«
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.07
0.62
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.51
0.20
0.09
0.00
0.09
0.00
21.47
3.31
0.48
2.01
1.15
0.00
6.49
0.00
4.64
0.00
0.08
0.91
0.00
0.30
0.57
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.27
1.03
1.96
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.06
2.71
0.00
TOTAL
2,883,47* j«4
M.20 104,236,707
1.87 189,126,0*1
D-21
-------
Appendix D
Table 0-8. Industrial Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers wtthln Each State, 1988,
continued.
22 AtabMi
38 Alsska
S3 American Sana*
24 Arizona
25 Arkansas
9 California
42 Colorado
30 Connecticut
46 Delaware
54 Oist. of Colunbia
6 Florida
18 Georgia
49 Hawaii
44 Idaho
5 Illinois
4 Indiana
28 Iowa
13 Kansas
19 Kentucky
1 Louisiana
41 Main.
36 Maryland
26 Maasachuntts
8 Michigan
27 Minnesota
20 Mississippi
12 Missouri
34 Montana
40 Nebraska
47 Nevada
43 New Hampshire
15 New Jersey
39 New Mexico
14 New York
17 North Carolina
52 North Dakota
3 Ohio
31 Oklahoma
35 Oregon
10 Pennsylvania
37 Puerto Rico
45 Rhode Island
23 South Carolina
48 South Dakota
7 Tennessee
2 Texas
16 Utah
50 Vermont
51 Virgin Islands
11 Virginia
32 Washington
29 West Virginia
21 Wisconsin
33 Wyoming
TOTAL
2,559,458
0
0
500
286,314
1,578,302
556,530
45,147
1,750
0
459,477
2,194,002
0
0
2,737,482
7,367,593
51,910
704,029
707,283
60,177
15.845
395,780
291,023
935,107
150,153
6,635,017
360,547
0
2,298
4,276
34,550
667,643
0
1,823,570
444,006
161,000
5,439,640
488,734
48,100
2,938,742
43,948
408,030
754,069
159,689
7,210,834
2,804,594
50,170
0
0
890,537
18,809
728,148
1,967,897
0
55,182,710
3.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.78
2.63
0.08
0.02
0.00
0.18
1.67
0.00
0.00
1.09
2.67
0.09
0.40
0.54
0.01
0.07
1.19
0.41
0.40
0.23
5.49
0.20
0.00
0.01
0.09
0.23
0.41
0.00
1.06
0.32
11.54
1.45
0.94
0.14
1.46
0.15
3.25
0.92
5.22
2.89
0.39
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.4S
0.04
1.26
1.87
0.00
14,741,968
0
0
53,916,167
9,460,284
15,849,060
4,697,915
5,028,287
66,000
0
3,114,633
9,350,988
0
0
39,569,038
69,899,068
6,480,851
234.884
37,695,321
5,206,252
0
4,938,915
768,802
63,962,564
1,010,598
449,328
44,362,009
33,250,946
2,372,287
133,636
699,740
13,436,203
22,839,754
8,571,136
2,055,707
0
79,284,564
4,575,740
4,776,718
73,319,75*
15,362
221,774
3,512,939
86,600
13,586,098
41,087,394
126,433,441
26,081
0
1,962,709
2,339,309
11,966,098
20,509,585
0
17.54
0.00
0.00
72.22
13.09
7.86
22.23
9.41
0.62
0.00
1.25
7.12
0.00
0.00
15.75
25.29
11.05
0.13
28.71
0.70
0.00
14.81
1.09
27.61
1.54
0.37
24.03
93.75
10.47
2.74
4.61
8.26
93.61
4.98
1.50
0.00
21.09
8.85
14.21
36.46
0.05
1.76
4.27
2.83
5.45
5.67
91.97
1.10
0.00
1.00
4.65
20.67
19.S2
0.00
3,069,652
0
0
677,295
2,368,521
14,912,300
1,747,923
7,728,198
202,020
0
4,792,394
4,275,582
258,793
239,807
15,848,368
6,777,505
2,110,708
860,390
2,464,949
957,408
224,082
2.093,909
4,361,124
18,040,960
6,042,494
4,163,904
5.377,599
0
954,014
81,000
163,958
8,442,539
0
6,584,711
4,980,242
43,277
26,072,386
3,177,738
521,601
9,306,851
416,429
2,526,752
4,049,364
194,408
3,468,161
12.464,385
273,530
103,395
0
4,708,968
3,261,339
1,519,714
12,123,803
78,050
3.65
0.00
0.00
0.91
3.28
7.40
8.27
14.46
1.89
0.00
1.92
3.25
8.73
1.59
6.31
2.45
3.60
0.49
1.88
0.13
1.02
6.28
6.16
7.79
9.22
3.45
2.91
0.00
4.21
1.66
1.08
5.19
0.00
3.83
3.64
3.10
6.93
6.14
1.55
4.63
1.44
20.10
4.93
6.35
1.39
1.72
0.20
4.35
0.00
2.39
6.48
2.62
11.54
0.17
990,029
0
0
507,143
1,373,761
2,870,443
1,013,161
2,158,339
16,039
0
744,640
2,142,468
0
301,580
5,760,982
2,832.846
2,669,094
563,298
2,102,509
175,752
91,900
110,929
1,222,706
2,055,227
2,850,768
886,151
987,331
0
697,039
0
1,000,206
1,678,488
44,000
3,830,287
2,256,175
242,866
8,856,564
2,694,835
268,344
2,353,506
411,900
42,001
1,052,263
529,672
2,671,406
2,943,543
76,138
160,046
0
188,365
189,868
1,266,822
7,450,632
0
1.18
0.00
0.00
0.68
1.90
1.42
4.79
4.04
0.15
0.00
0.30
1.63
0.00
2.00
2.29
1.03
4.55
0.32
1.60
0.02
0.42
0.33
1.73
0.89
4.35
0.73
0.53
0.00
3.08
0.00
6.59
1.03
0.18
2.23
1.65
17.41
2.36
5.21
0.80
1.17
1.43
0.33
1.28
17.31
1.07
0.41
0.06
6.74
0.00
0.10
0.38
2.19
7.09
0.00
2,442,190
0
0
6,496,638
4,712,823
11,933,924
1,053,717
4,730,664
12,871
0
4,239.625
2.525,981
0
980,226
6,920,690
14,014,443
2,856,288
1,304,454
5,082.512
365,684
1,310,604
820,534
15,274,375
1,432,520
21,885,321
1,087,175
6,346,635
0
1,299,001
250
3,713,240
2,152,645
665,922
8,309,553
4,899,895
0
9,663,737
744.725
1,062.546
7,359,418
895,916
212,993
3,604,297
300,901
2,373,315
5,861,233
1,322,145
253.541
0
3.528,505
958,209
96,476
5,276,437
0
O.M 8S7,*M,S07
13.78 218,112,500
3.45 75,332,0«2
1.21 1«2J84,7M
2.91
0.00
0.00
8.70
6.52
5.92
4.99
8.85
0.12
0.00
1.70
1.92
0.00
6.49
2.75
5.07
4.87
0.75
3.87
0.05
5.97
2.46
21.57
0.62
33.41
0.90
3.44
0.00
5.74
0.01
24.48
1.32
2.73
4.83
3.58
0.00
2.57
1.44
3.16
3.66
3.11
1.69
4.39
9.83
0.95
0.81
0.96
10.68
0.00
1.79
1.90
0.17
5.02
0.00
2.98
D-22
-------
Appendix D
Table D-8. Industrial Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers within Each State, 1988,
continued.
-A
22
38
53
24
Z5
9
42
30
46
54
6
18
49
44
5
4
28
13
19
1
41
36
26
8
27
20
12
34
40
47
43
15
39
14
17
52
3
31
35
10
37
45
23
48
7
2
16
50
51
11
32
29
21
33
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
', 'VT ** • -'--M •
>»*' 'tBAHSRQSTATKjit
Pound),, pwrewtt
4,572,288
0
0
2,093,173
3,230,698
24,836,337
664,312
7,523,030
2,317,237
0
10,903,844
6,965,406
0
1,850
8,915,396
13,908,278
1,482,235
1,983,933
4,805,231
3,024,651
963,696
2,628,631
957,549
42,834,305
3,634,446
1,239,398
14,213,073
16,380
492,165
0
250,280
3,033,439
323,386
6,031,339
4,430,963
12,500
23,370,074
4,889,754
1,637,176
5,272,120
336
1,042,805
2,131,831
95,400
8,664,581
9,667,690
5,097.224
213,009
0
4,387,722
11,108,615
73,250
5,238,559
0
5.44
0.00
0.00
2.80
4.47
12.32
3.14
14.07
21.67
0.00
4.37
5.30
0.00
0.01
3.55
5.03
2.53
1.14
3.66
0.41
4.39
7.88
1.35
18.49
5.55
1.03
7.70
0.05
2.17
0.00
1.65
1.86
1.33
3.50
3.24
0.90
6.22
9.45
4.87
2.62
0.00
8.30
2.59
3.12
3.47
1.33
3.71
8.97
0.00
2.23
22.07
0.13
4.99
0.00
TiSASUfli
;; Pound* %
271 , 186
0
0
475,687
407,739
3,755,129
1,659,988
734,273
95,857
0
1,454,073
514,851
0
0
1,180,169
460,686
24,000
38,249
0
0
16,021
45,930
5,083,837
2,400
1,127,195
132,150
415,806
22,029
1,339,565
42,662
60,378
2,201,906
0
29,933,140
653,574
0
924,502
3,391,653
513,114
1,629,817
1,086,440
294,973
1,173,577
0
429,940
651,929
1,192,691
0
0
196,250
377,387
0
356,895
0
*».»
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.64
0.56
1.86
7.85
1.37
0.90
0.00
0.58
0.39
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.17
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.14
7.18
0.00
1.72
0.11
0.23
0.06
5.91
0.88
0.40
1.35
0.00
17.39
0.48
0.00
0.25
6.56
1.53
0.81
3.77
2.35
1.43
o.oo
0.17
0.09
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.75
0.00
0.34
0.00
^^^^^^^^^&^
•fliSfcJ
1,196,319
0
0
2,392,334
1,203,004
1,081,806
26,480
475,456
0
0
4,429,988
414,076
10,796
5,375
1.301,263
2,582,412
1,811,997
263,095
671,539
24,000
3,900
0
1,038,668
609,563
13,650
215,188
373,679
0
0
36,900
759,650
461,781
2,750
1,279,723
830,405
42,470
1,519,073
35,414
201,375
5,370,194
97,383
1,204,872
294,120
41,607
741,489
503,884
158,199
55,364
0
426,249
334,722
1,000
1,500,144
0
liliiilil
WfowtlJI
1.42 4
0.00
0.00
3.20 1
1.66 4
0.54 10
0.13 3
0.89 5
0.00
0.00
1.77 2
0.32 19
0.36
0.04 2
0.52 7
0.93 74
3.09 8
0.15 5
0.51 5
0.00169
0.02 1
0.00 1
1.47 12
0.26 15
0.02 8
0.18 12
0.20 6
0.00
0.00 3
0.76 3
5.01 3
0.28 4
0.01
0.74 21
0.61 9
3.05
0.40 39
0.07 3
0.60 5
2.67 13
0.34 6
9.59
0.36 8
1.36
0.30 27
0.07 17
0.12
2.33
0.00
0.22 16
0.66 4
0.00
1.43 6
0.00
Hlllllif
•SB
750,219
0
1,500
796,647
035,836
612,376
463,957
179,915
22,000
0
856.336
789,552
844,450
432,046
391,873
436,719
548,904
335,359
525,962
361,287
608,725
309,174
528,037
186,868
625,819
115,289
125.649
0
506,069
024,040
307,228
015,680
39,275
942,970
181,995
37,000
811,068
528,690
379,767
347,617
890,092
714,456
128,101
0
031,409
391 ,387
155,743
89,958
0
233.741
307,115
693,327
875,294
0
ai
TriMlM
5.65
0.00
5.08
2.41
5.58
5.26
16.39
9.69
0.21
0.00
1.14
15.06
28.49
16.10
2.94
26.94
14.57
3.06
4.21
22.85
7.32
3.93
17.69
6.56
13.17
10.03
3.32
0.00
1S.48
62.04
21.80
2.47
0.16
12.75
6.71
2.65
10.59
6.82
16.01
6.64
23.89
5.68
9.89
0.00
10.84
2.40
0.11
3.79
0.00
8.26
8.56
1.20
6.54
0.00
«S^^pflil
1,889,087
0
0
93,591
774,456
1,295,412
376,470
523,250
136,766
0
904,564
573,660
0
26,000
672,431
1,791,566
237,435
1,142,861
256,918
520,469
20,944
16,731
9.040
354,173
1,028,778
17,246
1,300,945
0
35,400
250
0
547,024
3,350
3,579,326
281,629
31,100
1,181,096
36,194
0
290,853
25,737
63,970
74,770
0
260,968
1,864,371
15,350
0
0
27,668
668,277
100,551
90,917
750
8
2.25
0.00
0.00
0.13
1.07
0.64
1.78
0.98
1.28
0.00
0.36
0.44
0.00
0.17
0.27
0.65
0.40
0.66
0.20
0.07
0.10
0.05
0.01
0.15
1.57
0.01
0.70
0.00
0.16
0.01
0.00
0.34
0.01
2.08
0.21
2.23
0.31
0.07
0.00
0.14
0.09
0.51
0.09
0.00
0.10
0.26
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
1.33
0.17
0.09
0.00
TOTAL
261,180,095
4.18 54,367,648
1.03 36,043J56
0.58 579,516,521
9.29 23,142.344
D-23
-------
Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
APPENDIX E
SECTION 313 EPA REGIONAL CONTACTS
Region 1
Pesticides & Toxics Branch
USEPA Region 1 (APT2311)
JFK Federal Building
Boston. MA 02203
(617)565-3273
Connecticut. Massachusetts. Maine. New Hampshire. Rhode
Island. Vermont
Region 2
Pesticides & Toxics Branch
USEPA Region 2 (MS240)
Woodbndge Avenue. Building 209
Edison. NJ 08837
(201)906-6890
New Jersey, New York. Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
Region 3
Toxics & Pesticides Branch
USEPA Region 3 (3HW42)
341 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215)597-1260
Delaware. Maryland. Pennsylvania. Virginia. West Virginia.
District ot Columbia
Region 4
Pesticides & Toxics Substances Branch
USEPA Region 4
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta. GA 30365
(404) 347-5053
Alabama. Florida. Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina. Tennessee
Region 5
Pesticides & Toxic Substances Branch
USEPA Region 5 (5SPT-7)
536 South Dearborn Street
Chicago. IL 60604
(312)353-5867
Illinois. Indiana. Michigan. Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
Region 6
Pesticides & Toxic Substances Branch
USEPA Region 6 (6TPT)
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas. TX 75202-2733
(214)655-7244
Arkansas. Louisiana. New Mexico. Oklahoma. Texas
Region 7
Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Liaison
USEPA Region 7 (CIGL)
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913)236-2806
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
Region 8
Toxic Substances Branch
USEPA Region 8 (8AT-TS)
999 18th Street
Denver. CO 80202-2405
(303)293-1730
Colorado. Montana. North Dakota. South Dakota. Utah.
Wyoming
Region 9
Pesticides a Toxics Branch
USEPA Region 9 (T-5-3)
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco. CA 94105
(415)974-7054
Arizona, California. Hawaii. Nevada. American Samoa. Guam,
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
Region 10
Pesticides & Toxic Substances Branch
USEPA Region 10 (AT083)
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle. WA 98101
(206)442-1091
Alaska. Idaho, Oregon, Washington
E-l
-------
Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
STATE DESIGNATED SECTION 313 CONTACTS
fNote: Use the appropriate address for submission of Form R
reports to your State.]
Alabama
Mr. E. John Williford. Chief of Operations
Alabama Emergency Response Commission
Alabama Department of Environmental Management
Field Operations Division
1751 Congressman W.G. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109
(205)271-7700
Alaska
Ms. Amy Kyle, Chairman
Alaska Emergency Response Commission
Department of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box 0
Juneau.AK 99811
(907) 465-2600
American Samoa
Mr. Patl Faiai, Director
American Samoa EPA
Office of the Governor
Pago Pago, AS 96799
International Number (684) 633-2682
Arizona
Mr. Can F. Funk, Executive Director
Arizona Emergency Response Commission
5636 East McDowell Road
Phoenix, AZ 85008
(602) 244-0504
Arkansas
Ms. Becky Bryant
Depository of Documents
Arkansas Department of Labor
10421 WestMarkham
Little Rock, AR 72205
(501)682-4534
California
Mr. Charles M. Shulock
Office of Environmental Affairs
P.O. Box 2815
Sacramento, CA 95812
Ann: Section 313 Reports
(916)324-8124
(916) 322-7236 (Completed Form R information)
Colorado
Colorado Emergency Planning Commission
Colorado Department of Health
Division of Hazardous Matenals and Waste Management
4210 East 11th Avenue
Denver. CO 80220
Ms. Pam Hartey (303) 331-4858
Mr. Richard Bardstey (303) 273-1789
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana* Islands
Mr. Russell Meecham. Ill
Division of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan. MP 96950
(670) 234-6984
Connecticut
Ms. Sue Vaughn
State Emergency Response Commission
Department of Environmental Protection
Room 161
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-4856
Delaware
Mr. Phillip G. Retallick
Division of Air and Waste Management
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Control
Richardson and Robbins Building
89 Kings Highway
Dover. OE 19901
(302) 736-4764
District of Columbia
Ms. Pamela Thurber
Environmental Planning Specialist
Office of Emergency Preparedness
2000 14th Street. NW, 8th ROOT
Washington, DC 20009
(202)727-6161
Florida
Mr. Thomas G. Pelham. Chairman
Florida Emergency Response Commission
Secretary, Florida Department of Community Affaire
2740 Centerview Drive
Tallahassee. FL 32399-2149
(904)487-1472
(in Florida 800-635-7179)
E-2
-------
Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
Georgia
Mr. Jimmy Kirkland
Georgia Department ol Natural Resources
205 Butler Street. S.E.
Floyd Tower East
Atlanta. GA 30334
(404) 656-6905
Guam
Mr. Charles P. Cnsoslomo
Guam EPA
P.O. Box 2999
Agana. GU 96910
(671)646-8863
Hawaii
Or. John C. Lewin. M.D.. Director
Hawaii State Department of Health
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801-9904
(808) 548-6505
Idaho
Ms. Jennie Records, Program Coordinator
Idaho Emergency Response Commission
State House
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-5898
Illinois
Mr. Joe F. Goodner, P.E.
Emergency Planning Unit
Illinois EPA
P.O. Box 19276
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield. IL 62794-9276
(217)782-3637
Indiana
Mr. Philip Powers, Director
Indiana Department ot Environmental Management
Emergency Response Branch
5500 West Bradbury Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46241
(317)243-5176
(317) 243-5147 (General information only)
Iowa
Mr. Jim Taylor
Iowa Emergency Response Commission
301 East 7th Street
DesMoines. IA 50319
(515)281-6175
Kansas
Right-to-Know Program
Kansas Department ol Healtn ana Environment
Building 740. Faroes Field
TopeKa. KS 66620-7430
(913)296-1690
Kentucky
Ms. Valerie Hudson
Kentucky Department of Environmental Protection
18Reilly Road
Frankfort. KY 40601
(502)564-2150
Louisiana
Mr. R. Bruce Hammatt
Emergency Response Coordinator
Department of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 44091
Baton Rouge. LA 70804-4091
(504) 342-6363
Maine
Mr. David Brown, Director
State Emergency Response Commission
State House Station 72
State Off Ice Building
Augusta. ME 04333
(207) 289-4080
(In Maine 800-452-8735)
Maryland
Ms. Masha Ways
Toxics Information Center
SARA Title III
c/o Maryland Department of the Environment
O'Conor State Office Building
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore. MD 21224
(301)631-3800
Massachusetts
Mr. Arnold Sapenter
c/o Title III Emergency Response Commission
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering
One Winter Street, 10th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617)292-5810
E-3
-------
Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
Michigan
Mr. David Warner. Director
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Response Division
Title III Notification
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing. Ml 48909
(517)373-8481
Minnesota
Mr. Lee Tischter, Director
Minnesota Emergency Response Commission
Division of Emergency Management
Room 85
State Capitol
St. Paul. MN 55155
(612)296-2233
Mississippi
Mr. J.E. Maher. Chairman
Mississippi Emergency Response Commission
Director, Mississippi Emergency Management Agency
P.O. Box 4501
Fondren Station
Jackson, Ml 39296-4501
(601)960-9973
Missouri
Mr. Dean Martin. Coordinator
Missouri Emergency Response Commission
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box3133
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314)751-7929
Montana
Mr. Tom Ellerhorf, Co-Chairman
Montana Emergency Response Commission
Environmental Sciences Division
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building A-107
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-3948
Nebraska
Mr. Craig Bagstad
Technical Services Section
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control
P.O. Box 98922
State House Station
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
(402)471-4230
Nevada
Mr. Bob King, Director
Division of Emergency Management
2525 South Carson
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 885-4240
New Hampshire
Mr. Richard H. Strome. Director
State Emergency Management Agency
State Office Pant South
107 Pleasant Street
Concord. NH 03301
(603)271-2231
New Jersey
Richard A. Dime
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Environmental Quality
CN-405
Bureau of Hazardous Waste Information
SARA Title III Project
401 East State Street
Trenton. NJ 08625
(609)292-6714
New Mexico
Mr. Sam Larcombe
New Mexico Emergency Response Commission
New Mexico Department of Public Safety
P.O. Box 1628
Santa Fe, NM 87504-1628
(505) 827-9222
New York
New York Department of Environmental Conservation
Bureau of Spill Response
SARA Title III Section 313
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
(518)457-4107
North Caroline
Mr. Vance E. Kee
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management
116 West Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27603-1335
(919)733-3867
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Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
North Dakota
Mr. Dean Monteith, Coordinator
North Dakota Emergency Response Commission
North Dakota State Department of Health and Consolidated
Laboratories
1200 Missouri Avenue
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck. ND 58502-5520
(701)224-2374
Ohio
Ms. Cindy Sferra-DeWulf
Division of Air Pollution Control
1800 Watermark Drive
Columbus. OH 43215
(614) 644-2270
Oklahoma
Mr. Jack W. Muse. Coordinator
Emergency Response Commission
Office of Civil Defense
P.O. Box 53365
Oklahoma City. OK 73152
(405)521-2481
Oregon
Oregon Emergency Response Commission
c/o Oregon State Fire Marshall
3000 Market Street Plaza
Suite 534
Salem. OR 97310
(503) 378-2885
Pennsylvania
Mr. James Tinney
Bureau of Rlght-to-Know
Room 1503
Labor and Industry BUg.
Harhsburg, PA 17120
(717)783-8150
Puerto Rico
SERC Commissioner
Title III-SARASection 313
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board
P.O. 80X11488
Santurce. PR 00910
(809) 722-0077
Rhode Island
Department of Environmental Management
Division of Air and Hazardous Materials
291 Promenade Street
Providence, Rl 02908-5767
Attn: Toxic Release Inventory
(401)277-2808
South Carolina
Mr. Ron Kinney
Department of Health and Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia. SC 29201
(803) 734-5200
South Dakota
Mr. Brad Schultz
South Dakota Emergency Response Commission
Department of Water and Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
(605)773-3153
Tennessee
Mr. Lacy Suiter. Chairman
Tennessee Emergency Response Commission
Director. Tennessee Emergency Management Agency
3041 Sidco Drive
Nasnvito. TN 37204-1502
1-800-262-3300 (In Tennessee)
1-800-258-3300 (Out of state)
Texas
Mr. David Barker, Supervisor
Emergency Response Unit
Texas Water Commission
P.O. Box 13087 • Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711-3087
(512)463-8527
Utah
Mr. Neil Taylor
Utah Hazardous Chemical Emergency Response
Commission
Utah Division of Environmental Health
288 North 1460 West
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0690
(801)538-6121
Vermont
Dr. Jan Carney, Deputy Commissioner
Department of Health
60 Main Street
P.O. Box 70
Burlington, VT 05402
(802) 863-7281
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Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
Virginia
Mr. Wayne Halbleib. Director
Virginia Emergency Response Council
Department of Waste Management
James Monroe Building
18th Floor
101 North 14th Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804)225-2513
Virgin Islands
Mr. Allan D. Smith, Commissioner
Department of Planning and Natural Resources
U.S. Virgin Islands Emergency Response Commission
Title III
179 Altona and Welgunst
Charlotte Amalie
St. Thomas, VI 00802
(809) 774-3320
Washington
Washington Emergency Response Commission
Department of Community Development
Mail Stop GH-51
9th & Columbia Building
Olympia. WA 98504
(800) 633-7585
West Virginia
Mr. William Pinnell
Office of Environmental Health Services
West Virginia Department of Health
1800 East Washington Street East
Room 507
Charteston, WV 25305
(304) 348-2967
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Office of Technical Services TS-2
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wl 53707
(608) 266-9255
Ann: RussDunst
Wyoming
Mr. Ed Usui. Coordinator
Wyoming Emergency Response Commission
Wyoming Emergency Management Agency
Comprehensive Emergency Management
5500 Bishop Blvd.
Cheyenne, WY 82003
(307) 777-7566
fNotes: (1) If an Indian tribe has chosen to act independently
of a state for the purpose of section 313 reporting, facilities
located within that Indian community should report to the tribal
SERC, or until the SERC is established, the Chief Executive
Officer of the Indian tribe, as well as to EPA; (2) Facilities
located within the Territories of the Pacific should send a report
to the Chief Administrator of the appropnate territory, as well
as to EPA.]
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Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
TRI TRI (the Toxic Chemical Release Inventoiy) contains information on the annual
DEFINED estimated releases of toxic chemicals to the environment Based upon data collected by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this file is publicly accessible on the
National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET).
TRI
BACKGROUND
Mandated by Title III of the SUPERFUND Amendments and Reauthorization Act
(SARA) of 1986, the Inventory contains provisions for the reporting, by industry, on the
releases of over 300 toxic chemicals into the air, water, and land. Data submitted to EPA
include names and addresses of facilities which manufacture, process, or otherwise use
these chemicals, as well as amounts released to the environment or tranferred to waste
sites. Title III, also known as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act, calls for the EPA to collect this data nationwide on an annual basis. The Law
mandates that the data be made publicly available through a computer database. The
online TRI file should appeal to a broad based user audience including industry, state
and local environmental agencies, emergency planning committees, the Federal
Government, and other regulatory groups. Another important user group is likely to be
concerned citizens who, on their own or through public interest groups and public
libraries, can use TRI to ask questions about chemical releases in their communities.
TRI FILE
STRUCTURE
TRI data is arranged in the following broad categories:
Facility Identification
Substance Identification
Environmental Release of Chemical
Waste Treatment
Off-Site Waste Transfer
The data include the names, addresses and public contacts of plants manufacturing,
processing or using the reported chemicals, the maximum amount stored on site, the
estimated quantity emitted into the air (point and non-point emissions), discharged into
bodies of water, injected underground, or released to land, methods used in waste
treatment and their efficiency, and data on the transfer of chemicals off-site for
treatment/disposal, either to publicly owned treatment works or elsewhere.
E-7
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Appendix E - Other Sources of Information
SEARCHING TRI is a component file of NLM's TOXNET system. Utilizing a free text search
TRI capability, full Boolean logic, a powerful and flexible command language and a variety of
online user assistance features, TOXNET offers state-of-the-art user-friendly searching.
Online and offline printing of entire or specified portions of records is available, as are a
variety of customized print options. Special TRI features allow sorting and numerical
manipulation of data. A menu-driven search package also allows novice users or
individuals with limited computer skills to search TRI efficiently.
TRI IN
ACTION
TRI users can ask such questions as:
• How much benzene was reported released to waterways in 1987 by
Virginia industrial plants?
• What waste minimization methods are reported by Marin County
manufacturers of toluene?
* How much chlorine gas have entire plants of Company XYZ released
into the air last year throughout the country?
• What are the names and addresses of Baltimore steel plants importing lead?
• What quantity of sulfuric acid at Boston's ABC Waste Treatment
Facility is transferred there from outside the State of Massachusetts?
TRI TRI is available 24 hours/day, 7 days/week, except for a brief daily maintenance period.
AVAILABILITY
TRI Registered NLM online services users are able to access TRI on the TOXNET system by
ACCESS direct dial or through various telecommunication networks including TELENET,
TYMNET, or COMPUSERVE. TRI users also automatically have access to all TOXNET
files and can access other NLM files, through the TOXNET Gateway. In addition to TRI,
TOXNET contains HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), RTECS (Registry of Toxic
Effects of Chemical Substances), CCRIS (Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information
System), ETICBACK (Environmental Teratology Information Center Backfile), EMIC
BACK (Environmental Mutagen Information Center), and DBIR (Directory of
Biotechnology Information Resources). Other NLM files, such as the
TOXLINE/TOXLIT group, containing some 2.5 million references on literature related
to toxic chemicals, may be used to obtain supporting information in such areas as health
hazards and emergency handling of TRI chemicals.
TRI USER
SERVICES
For further information about the TRI file, contact:
TRI Representative
Specialized Information Services
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda. MD 20894
Telephone (301) 496-6531
E-8
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