542R04014
OSM COMMITTEE ON
" ! THE CHALLENGES OF September 2004
°
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2004
Annual Report
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
Prevention and Remediation Issues
in Selected Industrial Sectors:
Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
Cardiff City Hall, Cardiff, Wales
May 23-26,2004
September 2004
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NOTICE
This Annual Report was prepared under the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) as a service to the technical
community by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The report was funded
by U.S. EPA's Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. The report was produced
by Environmental Management Support, Inc., of Silver Spring, Maryland, under U.S. EPA contract
68-W-03-038. Mention of trade names or specific applications does not imply endorsement or
acceptance by U.S. EPA.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Abstracts Included in NATO/CCMS Pilot Study 2
New Technologies and Technical Approaches
1. Operating Landfills as Bioreactors to Decompose and Stabilize Solid Waste-
Timothy Townsend, United States 4
2. Innovative Technology for Remediation of Landfills and Contaminated Soils-INTERLAND-
Thomas G. Reichenauer, Austria 5
3. Field Water Balance of Landfill Final Covers-William H. Albright, Craig H. Benson,
Glendon W. Gee, United States 6
New Monitoring Approaches
4. Underground Monitoring System-Pao/o Costa, Antonio Campanile, Carlo Manna, Italy 8
5. Optical Remote Sensing for Evaluating Air Pathways at Brownfield Sites-
SusanA. Thorneloe, United States 9
Strategies for Completion and Aftercare
6. Strategies for Mitigation of Environmental Impacts From a Closed Municipal Landfill-
StevenRose, Paul MacLatchy, Dale Van Stempvoort, Canada 12
7. Strategies and Examples of Landfill C\osure-Gerhard Rettenberger, Germany 13
8. Closure and Aftercare Regime for Landfills Below the Water Table-M Rapthel,
Abfallwirtschaft GmbH Halle-Lochau, G. Rettenberger, Fachhochschule Trier, Germany 14
9. Waste, Noxious Substances Management Landfill Cap-Tatiana Galitcaia, Moldavia 15
10. Assessment and Restoration of the BP Llandarcy Refinery Landfill Site-
Martin Chappie, United Kingdom 18
11. Closure of the Britannia Sanitary Landfill Site-Is This the End or Just the Beginning?-
Larry Conrad, Canada 19
Managing and Treating Leachate
12. Dilute and Disperse Landfills: Evidence for Natural Attenuation-5.Z>. Bone, G.M. Williams,
J.K. Trick, D.J. Noy, R.D. Ogilvy, T.H.E. Heaton, United Kingdom 22
13. Multifunctional Permeable Barriers Carrying Well-Performing Microbial Biofilms for
Treatment of Mixed Pollutant Plumes-Z,. Bastiaens, L. Diels, Belgium 23
14. The Use of Constructed Wetland in the Treatment of Landfill Leachates-
Thiery Chassagnac, France 25
Managing Landfill Gases
15. Identification of Methane Hazards Near Municipal Landfills-Two Australian Case Studies-
Manuel Fernandez, Australia 28
16. Phytotoxic Damage and Remedial Actions at an Old Landfill Site in Southern Italy-
Antonio Ragozzino, Astolfo Zoina, Italy 29
Other
17. Study of a PCB-Contaminated Site and Evaluation of Rehabilitation Methodology
(By Example of the City of Serpukhov)-5ergey Tikhonov, Russia 32
18. Landfill Assessment, Remediation and Monitoring at Remote Artie and Northern Canadian
Contaminated Sites-Joanna Ankersmidt, Michael Nahir, Wayne Ingham, Canada 35
Country Representatives 37
Attendees List 41
Pilot Study Mission 47
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
INTRODUCTION
The Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established the Committee on the
Challenges of Modem Society (CCMS) in 1969. CCMS was charged with developing meaningful
programs to share information among countries on environmental and societal issues that complement
other international endeavors and to provide leadership in solving specific problems of the human
environment. A fundamental precept of CCMS involves the transfer of technological and scientific
solutions among nations with similar environmental challenges.
This document reports on the second meeting of the Pilot Study on Prevention and Remediation Issues in
Selected Industrial Sectors. The purpose of the pilot study is to define and explore best practices for
reducing the health and environmental impact on soil and groundwater from industrial sectors of interest
(e.g., metals mining, organic chemical production, gasworks, and fertilizer manufacturing) as well as
other unique site "types" (e.g., old landfills, privatization sites [i.e., facilities transitioning from former
state ownership in certain categories], mega sites [i.e., large scale former industrial and mining facilities],
and shoreline sediment sites). The pilot study will explore the techniques and technologies for preventing
and avoiding discharge to soil and groundwater as well as measurement and remediation for that industry
sector or site type. It seeks to engage industry and other private sector organizations at the transnational
level in sharing and evaluating technical information. In reviewing case studies as well as experience
from the previous CCMS pilot study on contaminated land and other sources, the proposed pilot study
may be able to assess or benchmark "what is easy to clean," "what is difficult to clean," and "what is
impossible, at reasonable cost, to clean." The unique contribution of the pilot study would be measured by
its ability to synthesize information regarding best practices, successes and failures, and uncertainties for
the sectors of interest.
The second meeting of the Pilot Study was held in Cardiff, Wales from May 23 - 26, 2004. This meeting
dealt with the issues of rehabilitation of old (municipal) landfills. Nineteen technical papers fell under the
broad topics of new remediation and monitoring technologies, strategies for completion and aftercare, and
managing and treating landfill leachate and gases. The United States is the lead country for the Pilot
Study, and nineteen other countries participated in the meeting. This report is a set of abstracts of the
presentations at the meeting. In addition, a CD is available with copies of all the detailed presentations.
This report is available online at http://www.nato.int/ccfns/ and http://www.clu-in.org/wales. CD ordering
information can be found at the latter web site. General information on the NATO/CCMS Pilot Study
may be obtained from the country representatives listed at the end of the report. Further information on
the presentations in this document should be obtained from the identified presenters.
Walter W. Kovalick, Jr., Ph.D.
Director
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
ABSTRACTS INCLUDED IN NATO/CCMS PILOT STUDY
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNICAL APPROACHES
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
OPERATIONG LANDFILLS AS BIOREACTORS TO DECOMPOSE
AND STABILIZE SOLID WASTE
Timothy G. Townsend, Ph.D., P.E.
United States
1. ABSTRACT
Municipal solid waste landfills may pose environmental and human health risks as a result of
contamination of underlying groundwater and emissions of landfill gas. These problems are most severe
in sites where waste is or was disposed without control technologies such as leachate collection and gas
extraction systems. Modern engineered facilities must still control potential migration of pollutants to the
environment, and the current practice of limiting waste decomposition may simply be postponing future
environmental problems.
A more sustainable approach to operating landfills that is gaining popularity is the operation of landfills
as waste treatment units rather than simply as storage systems. Bioreactor landfills create conditions
within the waste that promote rapid decomposition and stabilization through the addition of moisture and
in some cases air. This approach has been applied to modem landfills to actively treat incoming solid
waste, and to older sites where remediation of environmental risks is a prime objective.
This presentation provides an overview of the technologies involved with bioreactor landfills and presents
a summary of the current state of practice of this technique in the US. Applications for both modern
operation landfills as well as historical sites are discussed. A case study is described and data regarding
leachate quality, gas production, and waste stabilization are presented.
2. CONTACT
Timothy G. Townsend, Ph.D., P.E.
Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611-6450
ttown@ufl.edu
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR REMEDIATION OF LANDFILLS
AND CONTAMINATED SOILS-INTERLAND
Thomas G. Reichenauer
Austria
1. ASTRACT
INTERLAND is an Austrian project that tries to bundle the national expertise in innovative remediation
technologies on the scientific and the industrial side. The aim of the project is to test innovative
remediation technologies in respect to applicability and provide a sound scientific basis for application of
such methods. Technologies for old landfill sites as well as for contaminated soils (heavy metals and
organic contaminants) are investigated. In project package 1 we investigate innovative landfill covers
with respect to the water balance compared to conventional covers. In project package 2 we deal
innovative methods for risk assessment of old landfills (FT-IR and bioassays) and oxygenation for
degradation of the organic substances. In project package 4 we are performing pot and field experiments
to investigate remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by immobilization (by soil amendments) and
phytoremediation. In project package 4 soils remediation methods for soils contaminated with organic
compounds are investigated. The methods include biological (e.g. bioventing), chemical (e.g. oxidants)
methods and phytoremediation of mixed contaminants.
The four project packages of INTERLAND are held together by the application of innovative monitoring
methods like FT-IR for determination of organic substance in solid samples (waste and soil), the
application of bio-assays (growth and reactivity tests) and the application of 3H as a tracer for landfill
leakage into the groundwater.
An overview over the ongoing project INTERLAND will be given with a focus on the activities in respect
to landfill covers.
2. CONTACT
Thomas G. Reichenauer
ARC Seibersdorf research
Dept. Environmental Research
A-2444 Seibersdorf
Austria ,
thomas.reichenauer@arcs.ac.at
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FIELD WATER BALANCE OF LANDFILL FINAL COVERS
William H. Albright, Craig H. Benson, Glendon W. Gee
United States
1. ABSTRACT
Landfill covers constitute a major expense to landfill operators, yet performance of specific cover designs
has not been well documented and seldom compared in side-by-side testing. In 1998 the USEPA initiated
a comprehensive study to evaluate conventional and alternative covers over a range of climates from
humid to arid. At 11 field sites in seven states, from Georgia to California, we monitored conventional
covers employing resistive barriers (soil layers with low saturated hydraulic conductivity or composite
barriers consisting of a geomembrane over a soil barrier) as well as alternative covers relying on water-
storage principles. Average percolation rates for the conventional covers with a composite barrier
(geomembrane over compacted clay) typically were less than 1.4% of precipitation (12 mm/yr) at humid
locations and 0.4% of precipitation (1.5 mm/yr) at sites in arid/semi-arid/sub-humid locations.
Conventional covers with soil barriers (typically compacted clay) in humid climates had percolation rates
ranging between 6-17% of precipitation (52 and 195 mm/yr). The high rates were attributed to flow
through cracks and other defects in the soil barrier. Average percolation rates for alternative covers
(monolithic designs and capillary barrier designs) ranged between 6 and!8% of precipitation (33 and 160
mm/yr) in humid climates and generally less than 0.4% of precipitation (2.2 mm/yr) in arid/semi-arid/sub-
humid climates. One-half (five) of the alternative covers in arid/semi-arid/sub-humid climates transmitted
less than 0.1 mm of percolation. Two of the alternative covers have percolation rates much higher than
anticipated due to inadequate storage or limited transpiration capacity. Comparisons were made between
field-measured performance and simulated results using HYDRUS-2D and UNSAT-H and showed that
modeled results deviated appreciably from field-measured data.
2. CONTACT
William H. Albright, Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada
Craig H. Benson, University of Wisconsin - Madison
Glendon W. Gee, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
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NEW MONITORING APPROACHES
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UNDERGROUND MONITORING SYSTEM
Paolo Costa, Antonio Campanile, Carlo Manna
Italy
1. ABSTRACT
The directional drilling method is widely employed for the placement of underground utilities. The rigs
operate in many soil types including rock, cobble, and gravel.
The F.lli Esposito research group has developed specific technologies for soil recognition and path
control in directional drilling. More specifically a proprietary wireline bore hole localization system for
path control has been developed. This system captures the orientation and position of the bore hole
assembly in real-time.
Another technology developed is a Real-Time Ground Recognition System for Horizontal Dry
Directional Drilling. This is a learning system capable to recognize the underground features while
drilling. In addition it's capable to store and enhance its experience with time. The real time underground
recognition is based on data collected in a knowledge data base.
The research group has used these results for the development of a new machine applied to monitor
underground pollution. This machine uses a tool similar to a needle for biopsy called geopsy needle since
it achieves site diagnosis by aspiration through a needle as in tissue biopsy.
This machine extends the no dig technology to a new class of machine called no dig underground
monitoring system (UMS).
UMS can be used for underground pollution monitoring and it extends pollution monitoring where
present technologies cannot, for example where vertical core boring is not applicable for environmental
constraints. The UMS is a directional drilling based system and therefore has the possibility to
characterize the underlying zone of a site also when it is not accessible by other means.
UMS can be used in underground monitoring for: landfill pollution, industrial pollution, sewer leakage,
oil leakage, toxic substances disposal, nuclear contaminated land and other applications.
Actually, two test applications are planned, in Italy, for system prototype: one at contaminat industrial site
and another one in a polluted landfill area.
2. CONTACT
Paolo Costa, Antonio Campanile, Carlo Manna.
F.lli Esposito s.r.l.
Via Polveriera Localita Cangio - Nola (Naples) - Italy
p.costa@espositogroup.it
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OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING FOR EVALUATING
AIR PATHWAYS AT BROWNFIELD SITES
Susan A. Thorneloe
United States
1. ABSTRACT
Fugitive air pollutant emissions from area sources such as industrial plants, agricultural operations, and
waste facilities are becoming an increasingly important environmental issue. Due to the spatial extent and
non-homogenous nature of these sources, quantification of the total pollutant emission using traditional
point sampling and dispersion modeling techniques can be problematic. A method for rapid and direct
measurement of pollutant emission flux from fugitive sources is highly desirable.
EPA's Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Division (APPCD) is working to develop and
standardize a ground-based optical remote sensing method to meet this important measurement need. The
method employs open-path Fourier transform infrared and tunable diode laser spectroscopy to obtain
path-integrated pollutant concentration information along multiple plane-configured optical paths. The
multi-path pollutant concentration data along with wind speed and direction information are processed
with a computational algorithm to yield a mass emission flux for the source. Control of systems and
computations is highly automated allowing for generation of real-time flux emission information.
APPCD is partnering with the USD A, land-grant universities, and the agricultural industry to perform
assessments of pollutant emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations. Through the
Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for the 21st Century (21M2) initiative, EPA's Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response is providing assistance to Region 8 and Region 1 in the evaluation of
brownfield and superfund landfills being considered for recreational use or near-by development. APPCD
is participating in a cooperative research and development agreement with Waste Management, Inc. to
evaluate fugitive emissions from bioreactor landfills. Additionally, APPCD is working with the
Department of Homeland Security in the adaptation of this novel optical remote sensing technology to
their needs.
This measurement method is being used to determine emission factors for a variety of agricultural,
mobile, and industrial fugitive sources. In particular, this technique plays a key role in emission
characterization of brownfield landfills and also helps to evaluate new types of landfill operations
including accelerated waste decomposition through aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid type bioreactor
landfills. Fugitive emission source data is provided to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
for emission inventories and to National Exposure Research Laboratory for atmospheric model input.
Emission results are also provided to industrial partners as a technology evaluation diagnostic. This
measurement method has additional applicability to the areas of remediation monitoring and emergency
response.
The presentation for NATO will describe work that was recently conducted for 21M2 to provide data and
information needed for determining suitability of recreational use or development of three brownfield
landfills.
2. CONTACT
Susan A. Thorneloe
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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STRATEGIES FOR COMPLETION AND AFTERCARE
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STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
FROM A CLOSED MUNICIPAL LANDFILL
Steven Rose, Paul MacLatchy, Dale Van Stempvoort
Canada
1. ABSTRACT
The Belle Park landfill in Kingston, Ontario, is like many others that served this region during its lifespan
from the early-1950s to the mid-1970s. It received mixed municipal wastes, and in its early years also
received industrial wastes which were landfilled by direct placement on low-lying, swampy land adjacent
to the City's then industrialized waterfront close to Lake Ontario. The Belle Park landfill is unique in that
it occupies a triangular point of land approximately 44 hectares in area which extends into the middle of
the Kingston Inner Harbour at the mouth of the Great Cataraqui River. Its configuration creates a water-
edge boundary over more than 85 percent of the landfill perimeter which is approximately 3 kilometres in
length.
Since the mid-1990s, the City of Kingston has been actively engaged in environmental characterization of
this site and mitigative measures aimed at reducing the impact of landfill leachate on adjacent water
bodies.
The site, now a multi-use recreational green space with a golf course built over the wastes, is directly
influenced by Lake Ontario water levels. Annual fluctuations of Lake Ontario water levels causes up to
thirty percent of the buried wastes to be flooded and dewatered on an annual basis creating unique
challenges in managing leachate impacts from the site. To date, efforts to mitigate environmental impacts
from this site have primarily consisted of repairing landfill cover where needed and operating
groundwater extraction wells at locations of historically observed seepage.
Over the past two years, the City of Kingston has initiated two pilot feasibility studies to evaluate the
potential for long-term passive remediation at this site. One study is reviewing the effectiveness of two
native tree species Salix nigra (black willow) and Populus balsaminifera (balsam polar) to control shallow
groundwater flow in the vicinity of controlled plantings of these tree species on the site. A second pilot
feasibility study is investigating the effectiveness of a constructed wetland to remove contaminants of
concern from diffuse leachate inputs into the adjacent river by establishing a fringe wetland constructed
within the existing river. These pilot feasibility studies by the City are being supplemented by an
independent study, conducted by Environment Canada, of several mature Salix nigra at the site. This
study is examining the extent of influence that these mature trees have on the local phreatic surface.
Early data collected from these pilot feasibility studies provide a baseline for assessing changes in
shallow groundwater flow and chemistry over the next three years. If these passive remediation
technologies prove to be successful, they have the potential benefit of reducing overall remediation costs
at the same time as integrating living natural systems into the environmental site management strategy.
2. CONTACT
Steven Rose
Paul MacLatchy
Dale Van Stempvoort
3. SUPPORTORS
Malroz Engineering Inc.
City of Kingston
Environment Canada
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
STRATEGIES AND EXAMPLES OF LANDFILL CLOSURE
Gerhard Rettenberger
Germany
1. ABSTRACT
Due to German law it is the common method for landfill closure to finish the landfill with a two ceiling
layers containing cover to still operate the gas and leaching collection system for a certain time and to
monitor the landfill. This will be done within a period of 30 - 40 years. After that the landfill is given
back to the land owner for further use.
As this procedure is quit expensive new regulations in Germany give the opportunity for alternative
solutions depending from the kind and condition of the landfill. These alternatives can be divided into
five topics:
• using other systems for cover ceilings can be chosen. These alternatives comprise different materials
for the ceiling layers, different numbers of ceiling layers and different quality of ceiling materials;
• using special materials for the ceiling layers especially choosing waste materials as slags from
incineration processes or sewage sludge;
• using methods for influencing the landfill body through water infiltration or aeration by pumping air
into the landfill;
• using passive gas collection systems and treating of the gas with microbial methane oxidation
processes either in technical filters or in the cover system; and
• using the upper layer of the cover especially for water evaporation by improving the water storage
capability of the soil and the evaporation ability of the special chosen plants.
Especially the methods of the third topic give the opportunity to bring the landfill early in a stabilized
condition so that in the future it has not be expected that degradation processes in the landfill will start
again or continue. And the topic four gives the possibility to end with technical processes and turn to
natural conditions.
The paper shows examples from landfills in Germany which has been closed by using the above
described techniques.
2. CONTACT
Gerhard Rettenberger
Fachhochschule Trier
University of Applied Science
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CLOSURE AND AFTERCARE REGIME FOR LANDFILLS BELOW THE WATER TABLE
Martina Rapthel, Abfallwirtschaft GmbH Halle-Lochau, G. Rettenberger, Fachhochschule Trier
Germany
1. ABSTRACT
The closure and after care regime for landfills below the water table is discussed. The German landfill
"Halle-Lochau" is a typical example of such a landfill in a former open cast mining. In the described
research programme for the landfill "Halle-Lochau" a sustainable concept shall be developed to reach the
aim to make secure that landfills in former open mining areas will meet ecological standards and
economical restraints for any use after closure.
The landfill "Halle-Lochau" was created within a former open cast mining area without any liner or
sealing at the base. As the landfill does not comply with current law and regulations, and as the landfill
cannot be improved to the required standards using technical measures, the landfill has to be closed.
However, the state of the art measures for closing landfills required by the authorities i.e. the construction
of a top sealing system works only at those landfills which have their base above the groundwater level.
But this situation does not exist at the landfill "Halle-Lochau" and at a lot of old landfills which are
situated in former open cast mining areas.
One technical solution for such landfills could be controlling the groundwater level for an indeterminate
period of time. This means the ground water level which was originally lowered down by using pumping
systems to enable the mining and the subsequent landfill will be controlled below its natural position. In
this case the landfill could be closed as demanded by the law. But this strategy does not fulfil the
principles of environmental sustainability and minimal operational aftercare. Because the aim of any
landfill technology is to cause no harm to human beings and the environment. At a certain stage after
closure of the landfill once after care ceases.
Normally at a landfill where there is a groundwater pumping system installed to keep down the
groundwater level after closure when the pumping stops the normal ground water table elevation will be
re-established again and will flood the body at least partially.
In that case besides those measures which will have to be carried out in the phase of closure and aftercare
additional measures have to be done to prevent either any contact of the groundwater and the landfill
body or at least any pollution output of the landfill into the neighbourhood. In the described research
programme for the landfill "Halle-Lochau," an example of a sustainable concept shall be developed. The
concept shall include all regional and mining plannings with the aim to make sure that landfills in former
open mining areas will meet ecological standards and economical restraints for any use after closure.
The results of the research work are of significant importance to the operator. Without finding a cost-
effective feasible solution the landfill would have to be redeveloped by a complete restoration, which
could be not financed in the described project, which is surely the same in similar cases.
Probably new technical solutions like in-situ stabilization or inertization may provide benefits for the
project. If the present phase of the research works, it will show those benefits. It is intended to start firstly
because of the huge size of the landfill with a test period to adapt and optimise the selected technique.
2. CONTACT
MRapthel@aw-halle.de
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September 2004
WASTE, NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES MANAGEMENT LANDFILL CAP
Tatiana Galitcaia
Moldovia
1. ABSTRACT
By the end of 2003 year ecological situation regarding management of solid wastes in Moldova still
remained complicated. The major problems have been different stages of collection, processing,
transportation and dumping of municipal wastes. This syndrome involves also the procedure of
localization, compaction, and accumulation of waste in small-scales facilities thus representing a major
source of soil and underground water pollution because no one knows the precise lifetime of such waste
systems as for as liquid or volatile pollutants are concerned.
Additionally numerous landfills have lead to harmful effects on drinking water and human health hazards.
For example, in many Moldovian settlement areas there are numerous landfill sites which can be
described as environmental time - bombs. For domestic waste neutralization the Republic of Moldova has
43 dumps with total surface (in conformity with inventory work accomplished by Ecological Agencies)
around 1304 ha. Total volume of domestic wastes compile roughly 25 ml. tons:
Surface Dynamic of Waste Dumping in Moldova Tons Per year
1200
1000-
800-
600-
400
200-
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
|@Suprafata|
Non-authorized waste dumping 1077 sites covering in total on surface around 661,35 ha. compiling
approximately 62 % from total existed dumping sites in Moldova
Among toxic residuals with diverse compounds and origin the following should be listed:
• I class of toxicity - wastes containing cyanide - 6372,9 tons,
• II class of toxicity - wastes containing vanadium - 657,7 tons,
• containing petroleum products - 396,0 tons,
• III class of toxicity - oil products residuals - 320,1 tons,
• IV class of toxicity containing heavy metals (electro plating industry) - 1506,4 tons
• Etc.
Compiling around 12 000 tons.
The major disadvantages of landfill disposal include:
• The major potential risks for polluting water resources
• The potential risks of contaminating the soil
• The generation of landfill gas i.e. methane and carbon dioxide
• Potential human exposure to volatile chemicals
• Smell, vermin and fire
• Destruction of natural /virgin sites
• Long term and cost intensive clean- ups remediation and monitoring (aftercare , close -up)
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Meanwhile landfill in our conditions has several advantages:
• It is not unduly capital intensive disposal method
• It is widely available
• It is comparatively insensitive to day - to day variations in the quantity and nature of the wastes
deposited.
• It is appropriate in a wide range of circumstances (equipment, technology and skills are available
virtually at the local levels).
As a result of serious environmental and health problems experienced with historic and abandoned dump
sites and the very high costs associated with cleanup measures at contaminated sites, Moldova
Government have introduced the specially engineered landfill concept.
Proper site selection, design of the landfill, control and management of operations, control on input
wastes, installation of appropriate means for avoiding leachate outside the fill and reducing escape of
landfill gas would be necessary to minimize the potential harmful effects of a land filling on public health
and the environment and minimization of free liquids placed in the landfill as well as minimization of
precipitation and run -on into the fills.
On that respect as on research Pilot Study can be considered Tintareni Landfill Cap, Chisinau,
Republic of Moldova
Period of Operation - 1990 till present day, Location - Anenii Noi
History : At the end of 1998 - first decade of 1999 in the result of abundant rainfalls the accumulated
moisture have activated landslides process that crushing 200m of protective dams heavily polluting
adjacent soil and underground water resources. As a result by the municipality was launched on research
remediation study and
Regulatory Requirements were established:
The following soil proprieties were used to evaluate performance: soil moisture, soil temperature, runoff
and erosion, percolation and inter-flow, meteorology, and vegetation.
As a result landfill cover designs were established, a geosynthetic clay liner cover and 259 m drainage
systems were provided. Around 55 thousands m3 of soil were removed and on reservoir 50 m3 for filtrate
accumulation was built up.
For rain fall and surface water evacuation technical measures were provided,
For supervision and control of underground water quality on comprehensive monitoring system was
established...
Sadly because lack of money all kind of preventive measures were not finished at the moment.
Costs: 2 mln 274 thousands Lei or roughly 200 000 USD.
As stated earlier, that landfill is used as a disposal option for selected hazardous wastes providing
adequate safety measures including preventive selection and pre-treatment of wastes for minimization of
hazard to the environment and human health protection. The minimization of precipitation and run - on
into the fills is achieved. There are, however, a number of hazardous wastes for which mentioned landfill
disposal is not appropriate and cannot be recommended for dumping:
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• liquids and materials containing free liquids;
• highly volatile and flammable liquid wastes;
• wastes containing mineral oils;
• strongly oxidizing /reducing wastes;
• persistent organo-halogen compounds;
• clinical wastes;
• shock sensitive explosives ;
• compressed gases
• highly reactive wastes;
• volatile materials of significant toxicity;
• concentrated acids, alkalis; etc.
In fact for proper exploitation and engineering the amounts of waste that directly increase leachate
volumes should be reduced to a practical minimum.
2. CONTACT
Tatiana Galitcaia
Patronal Foundation of Moldova (NGO)
tel: 373 22 242115
fax: 373 22 769130
sergiu@mediu.moldova.md
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
ASSESSMENT AND RESTORATION OF THE BP LLANDARCY REFINERY LANDFILL SITE
Martin Chappie
United Kingdom
1. ABSTRACT
The Llandarcy refinery was commissioned in the 1920s and at its peak in the 1970s ands early 1980s was
the largest operating UK refinery. However following rationalisations in the late 1980s and early 1990s,
closure was announced in 1997. The site occupies approximately 250 ha and is situated on a complex
geological sequence adjacent to and upgradient from Wales' largest Site of Special Scientific Interest
(SSSI) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The site is now being considered for an ambitious
programme of redevelopment as mixed light industrial and residential use.
One of the major issues at the site is the refinery landfill site. The landfill was constructed on land
reclaimed from the Crymlyn Bog immediately prior to WW2. While some putrescible waste was
disposed, the majority of the material disposed consisted of a variety of other refinery solid wastes
including demolition rubble, pyrophoric waste, asbestos, vanadium-rich refractory waste, and fuller's
earth. Significantly, the area used for the landfill was part of a wider area used as a containment area for
oily discharges. Unlike many landfills, the principal issue is not gas or leachate, but free oil, which is
migrating towards the SSSI.
The methodology for the investigation and assessment process were agreed between BP, the Environment
Agency, the Countryside Council for Wales, and Local Authority in advance of the works. Investigations
were completed in 1999 and a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) was undertaken to identify potential
risks to the SSSI from the landfill. The QRA provided BP and the Environment Agency with the most
cost-effective way to identify and manage the problems at the facility. After Agency review of the QRA,
a Remedial Action Plan (RAP) was developed and approved with them, which outlined a long-term
strategy to mitigate the potential risks to offsite receptors and address mobile contaminants within the
landfill, supported by a monitoring plan, leading ultimately to the future return of the licence. This plan is
currently being implemented by BP.
2. CONTACT
Martin Chappie
Principal Geologist
URS Corporation Ltd
Clifton Heights
Bristol BS8 1EJ
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
CLOSURE OF THE BRITANNIA SANITARY LANDFILL SITE -
IS IT THE END OR JUST THE BEGINNING?
Larry Conrad
Canada
1. ABSTRACT
The presentation by the Region of Peel's Waste Management Division will show how a closed landfill is
being converted to a championship golf course and green power generation facility. The Britannia
Sanitary Landfill Site reached its approved capacity and closed in June 2002 after serving the Region of
Peel for more than 20 years. Although closed there is still work to be done to ensure that the community
is protected from any adverse impacts associated with the closed landfill site.
In 1997 the Region with its partner the City of Mississauga opened an 18 hole golf course on a closed
portion of the site. The Britannia Hills Golf Course is operated by the City of Mississauga; the City where
the landfill is located. With the full closure of the landfill site in June 2002, the Region and the City are
expanding the existing golf course to include an 18 hole championship course, a 9 hole executive course,
a driving range, and a large clubhouse with banquet facilities. The Region has also formed a partnership
with a private landfill gas operator to collect methane gas from the site and use the gas to generate green
power (electricity). The green power will then be sold to the Region's Lakeview Wastewater Treatment
Plant to displace conventional power. The presentation will outline the planning and approvals process
and well as the engineering details that went into the redevelopment of the site.
2. SPECIFICALLY, WHY IS THIS TOPIC OF INTEREST TO 2004 NATO/CCMS
DELEGATES?
This will be of interest to the members for two major reasons. The first is because the landfill site served
the Region for over twenty years. Through out the active life of the site the end use was planed to be a
golf course. This session will highlight how the golf course was planned, developed and delivered
including the relationship that was developed with the partner municipality, the City of Mississauga. The
second stems from the incredible amount of emphasis that the Region of Peel has placed on the clean air
initiatives within the Region. The session will also explain the process that it followed to ensure that the
landfill gas produced at the site is dealt with and how it became a supplier of power to its own waste
water treatment plant.
3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• How to develop win-win situations with environmentally unfavorable sites.
• Leading edges in Public Partnerships and how to make them work.
• How to develop initiative financing solutions for environmentally friendly projects.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
MANAGING AND TREATING LEACHATE
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
DILUTE AND DISPERSE LANDFILLS: EVIDENCE FOR NATURAL ATTENUATION
B.D.Bone1, G.M. Williams2, J.K. Trick2, D.J. Noy2, R.D. Ogilvy2, and T.H.E. Heaton3
United Kingdom
1. ABSTRACT
In the 1970s the UK government initiated a programme of research into the effects of waste disposal on
soil and groundwater. The core research programme involved the investigation of twenty landfill sites
(representative of the main geological settings in the UK and categories of waste permitted) and was
published in 1978 in the "Brown Book". (Sumner, 1978). The main findings included that:
• pollution plumes around landfill sites are often restricted in extent;
• the site geology and hydrogeology, especially the presence of an unsaturated zone, are of great
significance in determining the degree of attenuation of leachates; and
• attenuation mechanisms (defined broadly to include dilution) are available in the landfill and
underlying strata.
Following the "Brown Book" a number of landfills have been subject to investigation to gain a better
understanding of landfill processes and attenuation mechanisms. The Thriplow landfill, Cambridgeshire
was chosen for detailed study and evaluation of the fate and transport of landfill leachate in the Chalk
aquifer. It forms two discrete pits, occupying sand and gravel workings above the Middle Chalk, that
were filled with household, commercial and industrial wastes in 1957-1977 and 1981-1987. This study
has involved several phases of non-invasive and invasive site investigation to collect data and reduce the
uncertainty in the hydrogeological conceptual model.
A range of traditional and innovative investigative techniques were employed to address specific
uncertainties in the conceptual model, in particular concerning:
• waste characterisation and leachate distribution;
• hydrogeology of aquifer and groundwater flow;
• leachate release mechanism; and
• natural attenuation processes.
The techniques employed and the results obtained are discussed in relation to the uncertainty in the
conceptual model at different stages of the investigation. The findings from this study are discussed in the
context of the management of risks to groundwater from old landfill sites and in particular demonstrate
the level of investigation needed to adequately define the landfill source term and provide evidence to
assess whether natural attenuation is occurring.
2. REFERENCES
Sumner J. (Chairman) 1978. Co-operative programme of research on the behaviour of hazardous wastes
in landfill sites. Department of the Environment. HMSO, London.
1 Environment Agency, Science Group, Olton Court, Solihull, West Midlands, B92 7HX, UK.
2 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
3 NERC Isotope Geology Laboratory, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
MULTIFUNCTIONAL PERMEABLE BARRIERS CARRYING WELL-PERFORMING
MICROBIAL BIOFILMS FOR TREATMENT OF MIXED POLLUTANT PLUMES
L.Bastiaens, L.Diels
Belgium
1. ABSTRACT
In order to remediate contaminated groundwater, many techniques have been developed and applied.
However, although groundwater is often polluted with complex mixtures of different chemicals, most
remediation techniques only deal with one or a few pollutant types. Sanitation of groundwater polluted
with mixtures of hazardous compounds has received wrongly less attention and remains a problem. A
combination of different existing technologies may be a solution, but one should consider (I) the impact
of one remediation technique on another one and (II) the influence of co-contaminants on the removal
efficiency of the processes.
In 2001 the EU-project MULTIBARRIER was started with 8 European partners (Vito-Belgium, LFU-
Austria, UW-The Netherlands, TUM-Germany, IBA-Germany, Biotecs- Germany, UP-Czech Republic,
DEC-Belgium). The study focuses on MULTIBARRIERs, i.e. permeable reactive barriers in which
different pollutant removal processes (biological and physicochemical processes) are combined to treat in
situ groundwater containing mixed pollutants. Different MULTIBARRIER concepts to treat groundwater
were designed, evaluated and compared. One of the objectives of the study was to answer the question
whether the removal processes should be applied one after the other (sequential MULTIBARRIER), or
whether a combination of different processes in one zone (mixed MULTIBARRIER) is also possible. The
latter may require more optimization but the installation is expected to be less complex and less
expensive. Another important question concerns the choice of the terminal electron acceptors (TEA) for
the biological process.
In a first stage of this work, lab-scale batch and column tests were set-up to evaluate several sequential
and mixed MULTIBARRIERS. A model pollutant mixture was defined consisting of (i) the heavy metals
zinc (5 mg/1) and arsenate (0.2 mg/1), (ii) the chlorinated ethenes PCE (2 mg/1) and TCE (5 mg/1), and (iii)
the aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene and m-xylene (BTX, 2 mg/1 each). The investigated pollutant
removal processes were reductive dehalogenation of the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) with
zero valent iron, sorption/reduction of the metals and biodegradation of BTmX and also some CAHs. In
the biobarrier oxygen, nitrate, sulfate as well as iron were tested as terminal electron acceptor (TEA). As
oxygen and nitrate are known to have a negative influence on the performance of zero valent iron, only
sequential MULTIBARRIERS (FeO + BIO) were tested with these TEAs. In all concepts, the sorption
part was considered mainly as a polishing step. In one column set-up the Fe(III) generated during
corrosion of the zero valent iron was present as only TEA. Both mixed and sequential MULTIBARRIER
configuration showed to be suitable for sanitation of mixed groundwater pollution. Indications were found
for an improved removal in mixed systems. In all tested MULTIBARRIER concepts chlorinated ethenes
and heavy metal removal was observed when zero valent iron was present, except in the columns where
Fe(III)EDTA was added as TEA. Biodegradation of BTmX was observed under aerobic, denitrifying and
iron reducing conditions, but to a much lesser extend when sulfate was present as TEA.
In a second stage of this work, a partially mixed MULTIBARRIER was installed on pilot scale in a
container system (5m x 2.4 m x 2.4 m) in which an aquifer is simulated. The tested MULTIBARRIER
consists of a mixed FeO+BIO zone followed by an anaerobic BlO-zone and a sorption zone. Iron (III)
originating from the corrosion of the zero valent iron was selected as TEA. Besides monitoring of the
chemical composition of the groundwater and the field parameters, in situ mesocosm socks and molecular
techniques like PCR-DGGE are being used to monitor changes in the microbial population in the different
zone.
In the future MULTIBARRIER concepts for treating complex mixed pollutions, such as groundwater
polluted with leachate, will be developed and tested.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
2. CONTACT
L.Bastiaens, L.Diels
Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito)
Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol
www.vito.be
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
THE USE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND IN THE TREATEMENT
OF LANDFILL LEACHATES
Thierry Chassagnac
France
1. ABSTRACT
Landfills produce leachates (water polluted by waste) that must be treated within the context of these sites
remediation work.
We know from experience that, for some types of landfills, it is technically and economically more
profitable to treat the leachates with natural attenuation rather than with usually known methods
(mechanical, electromechanical, physico-chemical methods).
Actually, through numerous environmental diagnoses on landfills, we observed the functioning of
treatment mechanisms in their natural state leading to high treatment efficiency.
From this observation, in 2002-2003 we carried out with the financial aid from ADEME, a work of
development and research to point out typical solutions for landfills remediation whose environment
proves a propensity for natural attenuation of pollutants.
The study was composed of:
A typological statistical analysis concerning 1 400 landfill sites with the identification of the 2 types
being adapted to the treatment by natural attenuation; a bibliographical analysis over the unitary
mechanisms that contribute towards attenuation; and the creation of 2 treatment systems being adapted to
the 2 types of landfills.
The study shows that the use of constructed wetlands, added to other solutions of that kind (for example
stabilisation ponds) proves to be a treatment solution that is appropriated to the 2 identified types of
landfills.
Furthermore, the study points out that 15 to 20 % of old sites reveal a problem of leachates residual
production after closure. It also shows the importance of using both surface and sub-surface mechanisms
(change of treatment types with or without oxygen); thus, we can expect a good removal and efficiency
with:
wetlands with surface flow:
wetlands with sub-surface flow:
Thus the study explains the various mechanisms taking place within wetlands and details the technical
improvements that can be considered in the particular case of landfills.
Lastly, besides the obvious interest of treatment, the techniques using the mechanisms of natural
attenuation afford a major economic interest. Investment costs are thus 3 to 5 times less high than those of
a usual treatment. Operation costs are 5 to 9 less important than those of a usual treatment.
2. CONTACT
CSD AZUR
75, rue de Gerland
69 007 LYON
tel: +33 (0)4 72 76 06 90
fax: +33 (0)4 72 76 06 99
t.chassagnac@csdazur.fr
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
MANAGING LANDFILL GASES
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
IDENTIFICATION OF METHANE HAZARDS NEAR MUNICIPAL LANDFILLS-TWO
AUSTRALIAN CASE STUDIES
Manuel Fernandez
Australia
1. ASTRACT
With the ever-expanding urban sprawl in Sydney, New South Wales (within Australia's most populated
state), lands that were once considered to be on the fringes of urban areas are now being sought after as
prime residential land. This demand for urban land which has been on the rise, particularly in the last 10
to 15 years, has made some of the residents of these new fringe developments neighbours with old
municipal landfills. Identifying and characterising potential methane hazards near the neighbouring
residential subdivisions is important in the landfill rehabilitation process.
Two Australian case studies are presented which illustrate investigation and monitoring techniques used
to identify possible methane hazards near residential subdivisions which were built in close proximity to
old municipal landfills and had interesting results.
Case Study 1 shows how site history combined with a geophysical survey (electromagnetic profiling) and
targeted gas well installations was used to identify the presence of methane near the boundary between
the landfill and a new residential subdivision. The assessment process was successful in identifying a
segment of the landfill boundary where landfill wastes and methane were encountered within the rear of
the residential properties.
Case Study 2 presents an interesting finding from a methane investigation carried out near another
residential subdivision located on the boundary of an old municipal landfill, where elevated methane
concentrations were found in the soils within the subdivision. Extensive field and laboratory
investigations were carried out to characterise the potential sources and migration pathways for the
methane. The results of the study suggested that the methane found in the residential subdivision was
actually being generated from organic material in the fill and natural soils on the subdivision and was
unlikely to be derived from the municipal landfill.
2. CONTACT
Manuel Fernandez
Coffey Geosciences Pty Ltd
Unanderra NSW Australia 2526
manuel fernandez@coffev.com.au
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
PHYTOTOXIC DAMAGE AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS AT AN OLD LANDFILL SITE IN
SOUTHERN ITALY
Antonio Ragozzino, Astolfo Zoina
Italy
1. ABSTRACT
Over 2,000,000 m3 of municipal solid wastes have been disposed in Paenzano landfills, sited in the city of
Tufino near Naples, Campania, southern Italy, in the periods 1996+1999 (Paenzano 1 landfill) and
1999-2001 (Paenzano 2 landfill).
The site study, performed by SOGIN for the Government Commissioner for Waste Emergency in the
Campania Region, through indirect investigation methods has proved the efficient bottom sealing of both
landfills, confirmed by the absence of leachate contaminants in groundwater (placed 100 metres below
ground level and 50-60 metres from landfills bottom). However site characterization has proved that
landfill gas has spread in the surrounding grounds near the two landfills. Landfill gas shows high
temperatures near the top soil (soil depth: 1m) with a significant thermal field recorded up to 500 meters
distance from landfills centre.
A phytopatological investigation was carried on the decline condition of several fruit trees (i.e. Hazel tree,
Walnut, Apricot, ect.) grown within or around the landfill area. The main cause of the decline was
identified with the biogas escaped from the limits of the landfill. The temperature of these gas rises
approximately 40°C at the depth of one meter and causes the death of root phloem, while the methane
penetrated in the soil-texture induces a heavy anoxia.
A mitigation plan based on two typologies of gas extraction well networks has then been laid out:
wells for the extraction of the landfill gas inside the landfills connected to a plant of recovery and
production of electric energy, perimetrical wells beyond landfill boundaries having a barrier function to
landfill gas diffusion outside landfill bodies.
2. CONTACT
Antonio Ragozzino, Astolfo Zoina
University of Naples "Federico II" ~ Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
Arcangelo Cesarano
Government Commissioner for Waste Emergency in the Campania Region
Sergio D'Offizi, Vito de Novellis, Paolo Tagliaferri, Antonio Mangiolfi
SOGIN - Nuclear Plant Management Company
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
OTHER
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
STUDY OF A PCB-CONTAMINATED SITE AND EVALUATION
OF REHABILITATION METHODOLOGY
(BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF SERPUKHOV)
Sergey Tikhonova
Russia
1. ABSTRACT
PCBs are highly toxic and persistent substances. It is estimated that approximately 30,000 tons of PCB-
containing liquids still remain in equipment and storage containers throughout the Russian Federation.
This inventory represents more than 90% of the PCBs that should be collected and destroyed. Currently,
hazardous waste landfills are extremely scarce and existing sites are overfilled. Commercial PCB
destruction facilities are non-existent. There are only three-four industrial facilities in Russia that process
PCB-containing waste from their own transformers.
Current storage conditions are inadequate and there are many cases where leakage and spillage into the
environment is possible. This situation is getting worse every year and urgent measures are required.
The problem of remediation of PCB-contaminated sites and evaluation of rehabilitation methodology
includes the following tasks:
• definition of the criteria for identification and characterization of the most hazardous PCB-
contaminated areas to define the priority of rehabilitation;
• consideration of the best world practice of PCB-polluted soils rehabilitation verified in large-scale
projects; and
• selection of environmentally sound measures or technologies both for restriction of human exposure,
and for rehabilitation of PCB-contaminated areas.
For rehabilitation of the specified territory (the estimated total amount of PCB in soil at Serpukhov region
is ca. 340 tons) eleven foreign and five Russian both "on site" and "off-site" remediation technologies
were considered.
The existing international and Russian soil remediation technologies were categorized on the basis of the
treatment place into "on site" treatment and remediation with soil removal and its sequential treatment
("off-site").
All the considered foreign technologies of soil treatment both "on site" and "off-site" have passed
industrial tests and ensure the residual PCB content which in compliance with the environment
requirements.
Among the known Russian technologies of PCB-containing soil treatment both "on site" and "off-site" the
bioremediation technology and the cyclone kiln technology are the most interesting ones. Bioremediation
has been tested in industrial scale and cyclone kiln technology has passed both pilot and industrial scale
tests. For complete treatment of the PCB-polluted soil by bioremediation, this technology should be
applied during five years.
Environmental, technological, economic, and administrative criteria for remediation of PCB-
contaminated soil were determined for estimation of various technologies. These may be guidance for
both environment and local authorities.
Remediation measures were considered as follows: short-term actions designed for quick response in
connection with a direct threat to human health and the environment, and long-term actions, which should
be carried out in order to minimize long-term PCB distribution and impacts.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
On the basis of the existing Russian technologies and gained data on the Serpukhov district the following
methods were proposed:
• remediation of soil in the waste water treatment system's core pools of the plant "Kondensator" with
the area of about 3 ha using cyclone kiln technology or technology of thermal desorption;
• remediation of soil in the district "Zaborie" with the area of 200 ha using physico-chemical treatment
with humino-mineral concentrate and bioremediation;
• administrative and organizational actions aimed towards minimization of production and
consumption of agricultural products to reduce human exposure.
The track record of these Russian soil remediation technologies is short yet, but they may be applied in
the Serpukhov area. However, additional information may be required before their application, i.e.
concerning the fate of humic acid bound PCB during the soil remediation using humino-mineral
concentrate (HMC).
The results of the carried out work are as follows:
The general criteria for hazard characterization have been considered with revealing of pollution sources,
criteria were suggested for identification of PCB-polluted territories, major of which are the increased
death rate, sickness rate and PCB content in breast milk. The increased values of these criteria revealed at
the Serpukhov's territory have initiated sanitation survey, which showed the site pollution with
chlorinated biphenyls used for a long time by the plant "Kondensator" for capacitor production.
Consideration of the suggested technologies using mentioned above criteria has shown that the isolation
technology was the only acceptable one for application at small territories. Bioremediation may be used,
mainly, for treatment of the large territories, including that of agricultural croplands. The technology of
liquid-phase vitrification is of the best fit for remediation of small territories with PCB content more than
50 mg/kg and their deep penetration into soil.
For "off-site" rehabilitation of PCB-polluted territories, the technologies of thermal desorption, the
technologies using rotary kilns, mobile installation with the "oxy-fuel" torches, and that using the cyclone
kiln may be preliminary recommended.
The order of the actions proceeding to realization of PCB-containing soil remediation was considered. It
was shown that the order of these actions should be: preliminary study of the polluted territory, full
inspection, delivery of the input data for carrying out of the feasibility study and design works, execution
of the business-plan.
Remediation measures were classified to the following categories: short-term actions designed for quick
response in connection with a direct threat to human health and the environment, and long-term actions,
which should be carried out in order to minimize PCB distribution and impacts.
The evaluation of efficiency of risk reduction measures was executed by using the method "expenses
estimation - effect". Here, following remediation options were considered: remediation of the former core
pools of the plant "Kondensator" with the area of about 3 ha using cyclone kiln and thermal desorption
technologies; remediation of agricultural area in the district "Zaborie" with the area of about 200 ha by
using the bioremediation technology and the alternative action on reduction of exposure by administrative
and organizational actions which aim towards shrinkage of production and consumption of PCB-
contaminated agricultural products.
On the basis of the results of expenses efficiency analysis, it was recommended to treat the core pools of
the plant "Kondensator" by using cyclone reactor or thermal desorption technologies, as these allow to
remediate soil up to the depth of 0.5 m. Bioremediation was recommended for soil remediation in the
district "Zaborie". Administrative and organizational actions were recommended as auxiliary, additional
ones, which will allow reduction of the human exposure.
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
For remediation of the core ponds with the area of 3 ha, rather simple and inexpensive thermal desorption
method may be used. Before preparation of specific action plans for remediation of 200 ha area it is
necessary to evaluate opportunities of application of several remediation techniques, since use of a single
technology for such a large area may be not feasible.
For phase-out of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Russian Federation it is necessary to develop, ratify and
implement a program, for example "National Strategy and Action Plan", financed by the Russian sources
under support of the international financial organizations. The program should include identification and
prioritization of other PCB polluted territories remediation.
The following certain measures are to be carried out: acquisition of the authentic and duly statistical
information concerning the dynamics of death rate caused by oncological diseases and monitoring of PCB
content in breath milk; characterization of the polluted territories with identification of pollution sources;
risk estimation for the identified territories; carrying out of subsequent monitoring of such territories;
establishment of an All-Russia Register for these territories; drawing up of a list of environmentally
sound remediation technologies.
2. CONTACT
Sergey Tikhonov
Academician of Russian Academy of Ecology.
Centre for International Projects , Director
105043, Moscow, ul. Pervomaiskaya, 58 - B, app. 104-106
Russian Federation
cip.tse@g23.relcom.ru
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
LANDFILL ASSESSMENT, REMEDIATION AND MONITORING AT REMOTE ARCTIC
AND NORTHERN CANADIAN CONTAMINATED SITES
Joanna Ankersmidt, Michael Nahir, Wayne Ingham
Canada
1. ABSTRACT
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), through its Northern Affairs Program (NAP), is responsible
for 825 sites of concern that require action as part of the Contaminated Sites Program (CSP). These sites
are all located in Northern Canada and in many cases in an Arctic and permafrost environment. Of the
total number of sites, 328 have been assessed and 497 remain to be assessed. The sites have been
classified as known or suspected chemical contaminated sites, or physical hazard sites.
Using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) National Classification System
(NCS), 63 of these sites have been classified; of those, 42 have been ranked as Class 1 sites, where action
is required. The majority of the Class 1 sites are abandoned Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line
intermediate sites or related radar and communication sites that have been the responsibility of INAC
since their closure and abandonment starting in the early 1960s. The remaining sites are primarily
abandoned mine sites.
INAC has completed the assessment and remediation of a number of contaminated sites. Included in the
work performed to date has been the assessment and remediation of the landfills associated with
communication sites that are the responsibility of the Federal Government. INAC is currently in the
process of developing a consistent assessment and remedial approach plan for application to all of the
contaminated and mine sites for which they are responsible. The work performed to date as well as the
approaches adopted by other agencies are reviewed and adapted to suite the current program
requirements. Specific attention is given to the technical requirements and restrictions imposed through
logistical challenges and advantages of working in a remote arctic environment while ensuring effective
remediation within the applicable regulatory framework. Landfill assessment, remediation and post
construction monitoring aspects of the program will be addressed.
2. CONTACT
Michael Nahir
Government Canada
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Quebec, Kl A oH4
nahirm(S).inac.gc.ca
tel: (819) 997-8413
fax:(819)953-2590
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
COUNTRY REPRESENTATIVES
Pilot Study Director
Walter W.Kovalick, Jr.
U.S. EPA
Technology Innovation and Field Services Division
Office of Superfund Remediation and
Technology Innovation
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5102G)
Washington, DC 20460
United States
tel: 703-603-9910
fax: 703-603-9135
email: kovalick.walter(2iepa. gov
Country Representatives
Mark Hyman
Assisant Secretary
Environment Protection Branch
Department of Environment and Heritage
ACN 056 335 516
142 Wicks Road, NORTH RYDE NSW 2113,
Canberra
Australia
tel: +61 2 6274 1622
fax: +61 2 6274 1640
Harald Kasamas
Ministry of Environment Austria
Stubenbastei 5
A-1010 Vienna
Austria
tel:+431 515223449
fax:+4315131679 1567
email: harald.kasamas@lebensministerium.at
Jacqueline Miller
Brussels University
Avenue Jeanne 44
1050 Brussels
Belgium
tel: 32/2-650-3183
fax: 32/2-650-3189
email: imiller@ulb.ac.be
Lisa Keller
Environment Canada
351 St. Joseph Blvd., PVM, .19d' floor
KIA OH3/ Gatineau, Quebec
Canada
tel: 819-953-9370
fax: 819-953-0509
email: lisa.keller@ec.gc.ca
Kvetoslav Vlk
Ministry of the Environment of the Czech
Republic
Czech Republic
Vrsovicka 65, 100 65 Praha 10
tel: 420 2671122765
fax: 420 267310305
email: kvetoslav vlk@env.cz
Nadine Dueso
ADEME
2 Lafayette Square BP406
F-49004 Angers Cedex 01
France
tel:+33 241 91 40 53
fax:+33 241 91 40 03
email: nadine.dueso@ademe.fr
Andreas Bieber
Federal Ministry for the Environment
Bernkasteler Str. 8
53175 Bonn
Germany
tel: 49/01888-305-3431
fax: 49/018888-305-2396
email: bieber.andreas@bmu.de
37
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
Anthimos Xenidis
National Technical University of Athens 9,
Iroon Polytechneiou str., 157 80
Zografou
Greece
tel: 30/210-772-2043
fax: 30/210-772-2168
email: axen@central.ntua.gr
Eamonn Merriman
Environmental Protection Agency
Dublin Regional Inspectorate
Richview,
Clonskeagh,
Dublin 14
Republic of Ireland
tel: 353 1 2680103
fax:353 1 2680199
email: e.merriman@epa.ie
Francesca Quercia
APAT
Via V. Brancati 48
1-00144 Rome
Italy
tel: 39/6-5007-2510
fax: 39/6-5007-2531
email: quercia@apat.it
Masaaki Hosomi
Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology
Nakamachi Koganei, Tokyo/184
Japan
tel: 81/423-887-070
fax: 81/423-814-201
email: hosomi@cc.tuat.ac.ip
Ilgonis Strauss
Ministry of the Environment of the
Republic of Latvia
25 Peldu Street
LV-1494
Riga
Republic of Latvia
tel:+371 7026405
fax:+371 7026558
email: ilgonis.strauss@vidm.gov.lv
Kestutis Kadunas
Geological Survey of Lithuania
Konarskio 35, 2600, Vilnius
Lithuania
tel:+370 5 2136272
fax:+370 5 2336156
email: K.estutis.Kadunas@lgt.lt
Sergiu Galitchi
Traian 17/1 nr. 100
MD 2060 Chisinau
Republic of Moldova
tel: 373 22 769130
email: inavitprim@mail.ru
Johan van Veen
TNO/ MEP
PO Box 342 7300 AH
Apeldoom
Netherlands
tel:+3155 5493922
fax:+31 555493231
email: h.i.vanveen@mep.tno.nl
Susete Martins Dias
1ST
Av. Rovisco Pais 1049 - 001 Lisbon
Portugal
tel: 35/121-841-9065/74
fax: 35/121-841-9062
loan Gherhes
Mayor's Advisor for Sustainable Development
City Hall, str. Gh. Sincai nr. 37
Romania
tel: 40/262-212-961
fax: 40/262-212-9961
email: igh.erhes@baiamarecitv.ro
Sergey Tikhonov
Centre for International Projects
105043, Moscow, ul.
Pervomaiskaya, 58 - B,
app. 104-106
Russian Federation
tel: (095) 165-05-62
fax:(095)165-08-90
email: cip.tse@g23.relcom.ru
38
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
Bernhard Hammer
Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and
Landscape (SAEFL)
3003 Bern
Switzerland
tel:0041 31 3229307
fax: 0041 313230370
email: bernhard.hammer@.buwal.admm.ch
Branko Druzina
Institute of Public Health
Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
tel: 386/1-244-1486
fax: 386/1-244-1423
email: Branko.Druzina@ivz-rs.si
Pablo L. Higueras
Dpt. Ingenieria Geologica y Minera E.U.P.
Almaden University, Castilla-La Mancha
PI Manuel Meca, 1
13400 Almaden (C. Real)
Spain
tel: 34/926-264-007
fax: 34/926-264-401
email: Pablo.Higueras@uclm.es
website: www.uclm.es/users/higueras
Kahraman Unlu
Middle East Technical University
Environmental Engineering Dept
Ankara 06531
Turkey
tel: (90) 312 210 5869
fax: (90) 312 210 1260
email: kunlu@metu.edu.tr
Theresa Kearney
Environment Agency
Olton Court, 10 Warwick Road, Olton
Solihull, B92 7HX
United Kingdom
tel: 44/121-708-4762
fax: 44/121-708-4637
email: theresa.kearnev@environment-
agencv.gov.uk
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
ATTENDEES LIST
William Albright
Desert Research Institute
2215RaggioPkwy
Reno
Nevada, 89512
United States
tel:01-775-673-7314
fax: 01-775-673-7363
email: bill@dri.edu
Paul Bardos
R3 Environmental Technology Ltd
54 Conisboro Avenue
Reading
United Kingdom
RG4 7JE
tel: + 44 (0)118 9071219
fax:+44 (0) 870 1640633
email: paul@r3environmental.co.uk
Pietro Berardi
F.LLI ESPOSITO SRL
F.LLI ESPOSITO SRL
VIA VARIANTS 7/BIS, 118
Italy
tel:+39 081362 60 00
fax:+39 081362 60 20
email: p.berardi@,saudia.com
Andreas Bieber
Federal Ministry for the Environment
Pf 12 06 29
53048 Bonn
Germany
tel:+49 1888 305 3431
fax:+49 1888 305 2396
email: andreas.bieber@bmu.bund.de
Brian Bone
Environment Agency
Science Group
10 Warwick Road
Olton Court
B92 7HX
United Kingdom
tel:+44(0) 1217084714
fax:+44 (0)121708 4637
email: brian.bone@environment-agency.gov.uk
Peter Braithwaite
Environment Agency
Science Group
Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol
United Kingdom
tel:+44 (0)117 914 2783
fax:+44 (0)117 914 2770
email: peter.braithwaite@environment-
agency.gov.uk
Antonio Campanile
F.LLI ESPOSITO SRL
VIA VARIANTE 7/BIS, 118
Italy
tel:+39 081362 60 00
fax:+39 081362 60 20
email: a.campanile@espositogroup.it
Martin Chappie
URS Corporation Ltd
9th Floor Clifton Heights
Triangle West
Bristol
BS8 1EJ
United Kingdom
tel: 44 (0)1179 272899
fax: 44 (0)117 925 7152
email: martin_chapple@urscorp.com
Thierry Chassagnac
CSD Azur
75 Bd de Gerland
69007 Lyon
France
tel: 0033 472 76 0690
fax: 0033 472 76 0690
email: t.chassagnac@csdazur.fr
Larry Conrad
Regional Municipality of Peel
10 Peel Centre Drive
Brampton, ON
L6T 4B9
Canada
tel: 905 791 7800
fax: 905 821 1423
email: conradL@region.peel.on.ca
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
Paolo Costa
F.LLI ESPOSITO SRL
VIA VARIANTE 7/BIS, 118
Italy
tel: +39 081362 60 00
fax:+39 081 3626020
email: p.costa@espositogroup.it
Ludo Diels
Flemish institute for Technological Research,
VITO,
Boeretand 200
B-2400 MOL,
Belgium
tel. +32 14 33 6924
fax.+32 14326586
email: ludo.diels@vito.be
Sergio D'Offizi
SOGIN
Via Torino, 6
00184 Rome
Italy
tel: +39 0683040429
fax: +39 068304375
email: doffizi@sogin.it
Carolina Di Perna
F.LLI ESPOSITO SRL
VIA VARIANTE 7/BIS, 118
ITALY
tel:+39 081362 60 00
fax:+39 081362 60 20
email: p.costa@espositogroup.it
Branko Druzina
Institute of Public Health
Trubarjeva 2
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
tel: 00386 1 244 1486.
fax: 00386 1 244 1471
email: branko.druzina@ivz-rs. si
Nadine Dueso
ADEME
2 Lafayette Square BP406
F-49004 Angers Cedex 01
France
tel:+33 241 914053
fax:+33 241 91 4003
email: nadine.dueso@ademe.fr
David Edwards
exSite Research
Hillcrest, Hillam,
Leeds
LS25 5HG
United Kingdom
tel: 44(0) 1977683300
fax: 44 (0)870 1314537
email: exSite@btinternet.com
Sheena Engineer
Environment Agency
Land Quality Policy
Kings Meadow House,
Kings Meadow Road,
Reading,
Berkshire RG1 8DQ
United Kingdom
tel: 44 (0)1189 535709
fax: 44(0) 1189535710
email: sheena.engineer@environment-
agency.gov.uk
Manuel Fernandez
Coffey Geosciences Pty Ltd
PO Box 346
Unanderra
NSW2526
Australia
tel:+61 242 726 071
fax:+61 242 726 075
email: manuel-femandez@coffev.com.au
Tatiana Galitcaia
Patrunal Foundation of Moldova
Andrei Doga 24,
MD 2024 Chisinau
Republic of Moldova
tel: 373 22 440198
fax: 373 22 769130
email: sergiu@mediu.moldova.md
Sergiu Galitchi
Traian 17/1 nr. 100
MD 2060 Chisinau
Republic of Moldova
tel: 373 22 769130
email: inavitprim@mail.ru
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
loan Gherhes
Baia Mare City Hall
Gh. Sincai 37, 4800 Baia Mare
Romania
tel:+40-262-212 961
fax:+40-262-212961
email: igherhes@baiamarecity.ro
Gwyn Griffiths - (Retired formerly of Welsh
Development Agency)
Pontypridd
Wales CF37 SYR
United Kingdom
email: gwvng44@ntlworld.com
Jan Gronow
Environment Agency
Science Group
Wesbury-on-Trym,
Bristol
United Kingdom
tel: 44(0) 1179142869
fax: 44(0) 1285657520
email: Jan. gronow@environment-agency. gov.uk
Perry Guess
FIRST FARADAY
Pera, Pera Innovation Park,
Melton Mowbray,
Leicestershire.
LEI3 OPB
United Kingdom
tel: 44(0) 1664501 501
fax: 44 (0)1664 501556
email: perrv.guess@pera.com
Bernhard Hammer
Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and
Landscape (SAEFL)
3003 Bern
Switzerland
tel: 0041 31 3229307
fax: 0041 31323 03 70
email: bemhard.harnrner@buwal.admin.ch
Bob Harris
Environment Agency
Science Group
10 Warwick Road
Olton Court
B927HX
United Kingdom
tel:+44 (0)121 7084608
fax:+44(0) 1217084637
email: bob.harris@environment-agencv.gov.uk
Masaaki Hosomi
Tokyo University of Agri. and Tech.
NakaMachi2-24-16
Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588
Japan
tel: +81 42 388 7070
fax:+8142 3814201
email: hosomi@cc.tuat.ac.ip
Mark Hyman
Assisant Secretary
Environment Protection Branch
Department of Environment and Heritage
ACN 056 335 516
142 Wicks Road, NORTH RYDE NSW 2113,
Canberra
Australia
tel: +61 2 6274 1622
fax: +61 2 6274 1640
Dave Johnston
Environment Agency Wales
TY Cambria, 29 Newport Road,
Cardiff,
CF24 OTP
Wales
United Kingdom
tel: 44 (0)29 20466163
fax: 44 (0)29 20466413
email: dave.johnston@environment-
agency.gov.uk
Kestutis Kadunas
Geological Survey of Lithuania
Konarskio 35, 2600, Vilnius
Lithuania
tel:+370 5 2136272.
fax:+370 5 2336156
email: Kestutis.Kadunas@lgt.lt
Harald Kasamas
Ministry of Environment Austria
Stubenbastei 5
A-1010 Vienna
Austria
tel:+431 515223449
fax:+431 5131679 1567
email: harald.kasamas@lebensministerium.at
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
Theresa Kearney
Environment Agency
Science Group
10 Warwick Road
Olton Court
B927HX
United Kingdom
tel:+44(0) 1217084762
fax:+44 (0)121708 4637
email: theresa.kearnev@environment-
agencv.gov.uk
Lisa Keller
Environment Canada
70 Rue Cremazie
6th Floor
Gatineau
Quebec
K1A OH3
Canada
tel:+l 8199539370
fax:+l 8199940502
email: lisa.keller@ec. gc.ca
Walter Kovalick
US EPA
1200 Pennsylvania Ave
Washington DC 20460
United States
tel: 703 603 9910
fax: 703 603 9135
email: kovalick.walter@epa.gov
Judith Lowe
Independent consultant
160 Trafalgar Street,
London SE17 2TP
United Kingdom
tel: +44 (0) 20 7 640 0132
fax: +44 (0) 20 7 967 9740
email: iudithlowe@aol.com
Jane McLauchlan
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
I/El Eland House
Bressenden Place
London
SW1E 5DU
United Kingdom
tel: +44 (0) 20 7944 3748
email: iane.mclauchlan@odpm.gsi.gov.uk
Eamonn Merriman
Environmental Protection Agency
Dublin Regional Inspectorate
Richview,
Clonskeagh,
Dublin 14
Republic of Ireland
tel: 353 1 2680103
fax:353 1 2680199
email: e.merriman@epa.ie
Michael Nahir
Northern Affairs Program, Government of
Canada
10 Wellington Suite 616
Ottawa
Ontario
KIAOH4
Canada
tel:+819 997 8413
fax:+819 953 2590
email: nahirm@inac. gc.ca
Thierry Nameche
SPAQuE
38 Boulevard D'Avroy
04000 Liege
Belgium
tel: 32(0) 4 220 94 11
fax: 32(0) 4 22140 43
email: t.nameche@spaque.be
Graham Norris
CL:AIRE
5th Floor, 2 Queen Anne's Gate Bldgs.,
Dartmouth Street,
London SW1H 9BP
United Kingdom
tel: 44 (0) 20 7 340 0470
fax: 44 (0)20 7 340 0471
email: graham.norris@claire.co.uk
Julie Osmond
Welsh Assembly Government
Cathay's Park,
Cardiff CF10 3NQ
Wales
tel: 44 (0)2920 821590
fax: 44 (0) 2920 823658
email: iulie.osmond@wales. gsi. gov.uk
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
Francesca Quercia
APAT
Via V. Brancati 48, 00144 Rome
Italy
tel: +39 06 4444 2472
fax:4-39064465159
email: quercia@apat.it
Antonio Ragozzino
University of Naples
Dept of Botanica, Arboricoltura, Patologica
Vegetale,
80055 Portici,
Italy
tel:+390 81253 9364/5
fax:+390 81775 5114
email: ragozzin@unina.it
Martina Rapthel
Abfallwirtschaft GmbH Halle-Lochau
Berliner Strasse 100
06184Dollnitz
Germany
tel: 0049 345 7825110
fax: 0049 345 7825128
Thomas G. Reichenauer
ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH
Environmental Research
A-2444 Seibersdorf
Austria
tel: +43 (0) 50550 3545
fax: +43 (0) 50550 3520
email: thomas.reichenauer@arcs.ac.at
Gerhard Rettenberger
Fachhochschule Trier, University of Applied
Science
Postfach 1826
54208 Trier
Germany
tel:+49 651978 1230
fax:+49 6519781239
email: rettenberger@ruk-online.de
Howard Robinson
Enviros
Enviros House
Shrewsbury Business Park,
Shrewsbury
Shropshire SY2 6LG
United Kingdom
tel: 44(0) 1743284877
email: howard.robinson@enviros.com
Steven Rose
Malroz Engineering Inc
168 Montreal St
Kingston
Ontario
K7K 3G4
Canada
tel: +613 548 3446
fax: +613 548 7975
email: rose@malroz.com
Alan Rosevear
Environment Agency
Science Group
Kings Meadow House
Reading
RG18DQ
United Kingdom
tel: 44 (0)118 953 5641
fax: 44 (0)118 953 5721
email: alan.rosevear(5),environment-
agency.gov.uk
John Schert
Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
University of Florida,
2207 NW 13 Street, Suite D,
Gainesville,
Florida, United States
tel: 352-392-6264
fax: 352-846-0183
email: ischert@ufl.edu
Michael Smith
M A Smith Environmental Consultancy
10A Moorland Road
Hemel Hempstead, HP1 1NQ
United Kingdom
tel: 44 (0)1442 258164
fax: 44 (0) 1442 253777
email: michael.a.smith@btinternet.com
Steve Smith
Welsh Development Agency
QED Centre,
Main Avenue,
Treforest,
Industrial Estate,
Ponrypridd
Wales CF37 5YR
tel: 44 (0) 1443 845507
email: steve.l.smith@wda.co.uk
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills
September 2004
Peter Stanley
Regulatory Services,
Cardiff Council,
Cardiff City Hall,
Cardiff CF103ND.
United Kingdom
Ilgonis Strauss
Ministry of the Environment of the
Republic of Latvia
25 Peldu Street
LV-1494
Riga
Republic of Latvia
tel:+371 7026405
fax:+371 7026558
email: ilgonis.strauss(5),vidm.gov.lv
Susan Thorneloe
US EPA
Office of Research Development
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina 27711
United States
tel:+919 5412709
fax: +919 541 7885
email: thorneloe.susan@epa.gov
Sergey Tikhonov
Centre for International Projects
105043, Moscow, ul.
Pervomaiskaya, 58 - B,
app. 104-106
Russian Federation
tel: (095) 165-05-62
fax: (095) 165-08-90
email: cip.tse@g23.relcom.ru
Timothy G. Townsend
University of Florida
Box 116450,
Gainesville,
Florida 32611-6450
United States
tel: 352-392-0846
fax: 352-392-3076
email: ttown@ufl.edu
Kahraman Unlu
Middle East Technical University
Environmental Engineering Dept
Ankara 06531
Turkey
tel: (90) 312 210 5869
fax: (90) 312 210 1260
email: kunlu@metu.edu.tr
Johan van Veen
TNO/ MEP
PO Box 342 7300 AH
Apeldoorn
Netherlands
tel:+3155 5493922
fax:+31 555493231
email: h.i.vanveen@mep.tno.nl
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
PILOT STUDY MISSION
NATO/CCMS PCot Study:
Prevention and Remediation Issues
in Selected Industrial Sectors
1. BACKGROUND TO PROPOSED STUDY
The current NATO Pilot Study on technologies for cleanup of contaminated land was completed in 2002.
The pilot study was concluded for several reasons. The primary reason is that general information on
technologies, processes, and methodologies for the cleanup of contaminated land and groundwater has
been discussed and distributed by the pilot study in its meetings and annual reports. Thus, the goal of the
pilot study has been accomplished. There is ongoing interest by participating countries and countries with
developing contaminated land programs to continue a dialogue, to focus on specific industrial sectors, and
to maintain technical contacts and information flow provided by the current "network" of pilot study
participants. Thus, a new pilot study is proposed to allow this long-standing global network on
contaminated land to continue.
2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES: NEW PILOT STUDY - SECTORAL APPROACH
Much of the work of the past pilot study on contaminated land has drawn on case studies of technologies
applied to a wide variety of industrial and land contamination settings. While useful for explaining the
basis for the technology, its costs, and applicability, the information available is not focused on certain
problems or site types at a variety of scales, contaminant concentrations, geological conditions, etc. Thus,
the current pilot study is a "technologist's" view of characterization and remediation approaches.
Of more relevance to governments, industry, and the remediation services industry is interpretive
information about the measurement and clean up of certain contaminants in specific industrial sectors in a
variety of hydrogeological settings and levels of severity of risk. In addition, environmental protection has
embraced more holistic concepts of preventing problems as a first priority. Thus, methods for preventing
pollution (both by process changes and by land use and planning initiatives) coupled with remediation
efforts are a priority for new and existing industrial development and^for newly industrializing countries.
This "integrated" approach can positively affect land and groundwater contamination as well.
Thus, a new CCMS Pilot Study entitled Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial
Sectors is proposed. The purpose of the proposed pilot study would be to define and explore best
practices for reducing the health and environmental impact on soil and groundwater from industrial
sectors of interest (e.g., metals mining, organic chemical production, gasworks, and fertilizer
manufacturing) as well as other unique site "types" (e.g., old landfills, privatization sites [i.e., facilities
transitioning from former state ownership in certain categories], mega sites [i.e., large-scale former
industrial and mining facilities], and shoreline sediment sites). In reviewing case studies as well as
experience from the current pilot study on contaminated land and other sources, the proposed pilot study
may be able to assess or benchmark "what is easy to clean," "what is difficult to clean," and "what is
impossible, at reasonable cost, to clean."
3. SCOPE OF WORK
The duration of the proposed pilot study is three (3) years. The study would commence by selecting
industrial sectors. The pilot study meetings would be devoted to the techniques and technologies for
preventing and avoiding discharge to soil and groundwater as well as measurement and remediation for
that industry sector or site type. Countries would nominate expert speakers on such topics as industrial
operations; problem definition and risk assessment; measurement and monitoring strategies; and
remediation approaches for both soil and ground water. These speakers could represent many
stakeholders - including industry, government, technologists, and consultants. The pilot study would seek
to engage industry and other private sector organizations at the transnational level in sharing and
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
evaluating technical information. The unique contribution of the pilot study would be measured by its
ability to synthesize information regarding best practices, successes and failures, and uncertainties for the
sectors of interest.
A typical pilot study meeting would explore topics such as:
• Industry overview and assessment including typical waste stream and contamination issues
• Risk assessment methodologies
• Preparedness and planning issues
• Site characterization and monitoring approaches
• Prevention and remediation strategies including technologies and methodologies
• Institutional, financial, and public participation aspects of prevention and remediation
In addition, countries would be given the opportunity to present a general update of prevention and
remediation activities via a Tour de Table as well as to provide country-specific industrial sector
information. A limited number of countries would be selected to provide these detailed updates at each
meeting.
It is proposed that the industrial sector of interest would be matched to the special interests to the potential
host country for the meeting. Thus, host countries would have primary responsibility for involving
industrial sector representatives and, possibly, developing a field visit to the affected sector.
4. ESTIMATED DURATION
Pilot Study Meetings: September 2003 - September 2005
Completion of Final Report: Spring 2006
5. PRODUCTS
An industrial sector report will be developed after each meeting. These reports will include invited papers
from the industrial sector assessments as well as summary information on the monitoring and evaluation
of risks and strategies for prevention and remediation. Country update reports will also be included.
6. NON-NATO PARTICIPATION: BALKANS, CENTRAL ASIA AND OTHER DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
In 2001, NATO/CCMS identified key objectives that would assist developing countries. These objectives
include:
1. Reducing the impact of military activities
2. Conducting regional studies including cross-border activities
3. Preventing conflicts in relation to scarcity of resources
4. Addressing emerging risks to the environment and society that could cause economic, cultural and
political instability
5. Addressing non-traditional threats to security
The proposed pilot study, Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial Sectors, specifically
addresses #4 and also covers aspects of #'s 1, 3, and 5. The proposed pilot study would target specific
industrial sectors based upon interests of countries with newly industrializing and developing economies.
The study would provide these countries with a base of technical information and with a network of
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NATO/CCMS Pilot Project on Rehabilitation of Old Landfills September 2004
experts from whom to obtain advice. This proposal offers the opportunity for current pilot countries to
continue networking and information sharing, and also provides a focus for discussions driven by partner
country needs.
7. REQUEST FOR PILOT STUDY ESTABLISHMENT
It is requested of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society that it approve the establishment of
the Prevention and Remediation Issues in Selected Industrial Sectors Pilot Study.
Pilot Country: United States
Lead Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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