United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
WH-552
Washington, DC 20460
EPA 440/1-89/104
September, 1989
Preliminary Data Summary for the
Transportation Equipment Cleaning
Industry
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PRELIMINARY DATA SUMMARY
FOR THE
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CLEANING
INDUSTRY
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Office of Water
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
September 1989
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PREFACE
This is one of a series of Preliminary Data Summaries
prepared by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Summaries contain
engineering, economic and environmental data that pertain to
whether the industrial facilities in various industries discharge
pollutants in their wastewaters and whether the EPA should pursue
regulations to control such discharges. The summaries were
prepared in order to allow EPA to respond to the mandate of
section 304(m) of the Clean Water Act, which requires the Agency
to develop plans to regulate industrial categories that
contribute to pollution of the Nation's surface waters.
The Summaries vary in terms of the amount and nature of the
data presented. This variation reflects several factors,
including the overall size of the category (number of
dischargers), the amount of sampling and analytical work
performed by EPA in developing the Summary, the amount of
relevant secondary data that exists for the various categories,
whether the industry had been the subject of previous studies (by
EPA or other parties), and whether or not the Agency was already
committed to a regulation for the industry. With respect to the
last factor, the pattern is for categories that are already the
subject of regulatory activity (e.g., Pesticides, Pulp and Paper)
to have relatively short Summaries. This is because the
Summaries are intended primarily to assist EPA management in
designating industry categories for rulemaking. Summaries for
categories already subject to rulemaking were developed for
comparison purposes and contain only the minimal amount of data
needed to provide some perspective on the relative magnitude of
the pollution problems created across the categories.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Preparation of this Preliminary Data Summary was directed by
Robert Southworth, Project Officer, of the Industrial Technology
Division. Alison Greene of the Assessment and Watershed
Protection Division was responsible for preparation of the
environmental assessment analysis. Support was provided under
EPA Contract Nos. 68-03-6302 and 68-03-3339.
Additional copies of this document may be obtained by writing to
the following address:
Industrial Technology Division (WH-552)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone (202) 382-7131
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE PAGE NO.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i
I INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background 1
B. Purpose and Authority 1
C. Regulatory Status 3
D. Summary of Methodology 4
1. Review and Assessment 4
2. Supplementary Data Gathering .... 4
3. Sampling and Analytical Program. . . 6
II DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 13
A. Summary 13
B. Cleaning Procedures 15
1. Rail Tank Car Cleaning 17
2. Tank Barge Cleaning 17
3. Aircraft Exterior Cleaning 17
III WATER USE AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION .... 18
A. Water Use 18
B. Wastewater Characteristics 18
1. Tank Truck Cleaning Facility A ... 20
2. Tank Truck Cleaning Facility B . . . 21
3. Tank Truck Cleaning Facility C . . . 29
4. Rail Tank Car Cleaning Facility A. . 53
5. Rail Tank Car Cleaning Facility B. . 59
6. Tank Barge Cleaning Facility A ... 63
7. Tank Barge Cleaning Facility B . . . 69
8. Aircraft Exterior Cleaning
Facility A . 82
IV SUBCATEGORIZATION 86
A. Existing Subcategories 86
B. Preliminary Subcategorization Scheme . . 86
V RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS 88
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)
SECTION TITLE PAGE NO.
VI CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY 89
A. Control and Treatment Needs 94
B. Current Practices 94
C. Applicable Control and Treatment
Technologies 96
1. In-Plant Controls 96
2. Oil-Water Separation 96
3. Equalization 98
4. pH Adjustment 98
5. Air and Steam Stripping 98
6. Dissolved Air Floatation 99
7. Coagulation-Sedimentation 99
8. Hydroxide/Sulfide Precipitation. . . 99
9. Biological Treatment 99
10. Wet Air Oxidation 100
11. Activated Carbon Adsorption .... 100
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 101
VII ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 102
A. Pollutant Impacts 102
B. Pollutant Persistence 110
Appendices are available from the Industrial Technology Division
at the address listed on the Acknowledgements page.
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE NO.
ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CLEANING INDUSTRY. ... ii
1-1 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL PROGRAM 7
1-2 LIST OF ANALYTES 8
III-l WATER USED TO CLEAN AIRCRAFT EXTERIORS 19
III-2 ESTIMATED AVERAGE UNIT FLOWS 19
II1-3 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - TANK TRUCK
CLEANING FACILITY A 23
III-4 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, AUGUST 4,
1986 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY A 27
III-5 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, AUGUST 5-8,
1986 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY A 28
III-6 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - TANK TRUCK
CLEANING FACILITY B 31
III-7 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER 23,
1986 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B 35
III-8 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER 24,
1986 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B 36
III-9 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED SEPTEMBER 25,
1986 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B 37
111-10 PROPOSED TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC CONTAMINANTS
AND REGULATORY LEVELS 38
III-11 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - TANK TRUCK
CLEANING FACILITY C 42
111-12 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 21,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C 45
111-13 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 22,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C 46
111-14 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 23,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C 47
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LIST OF TABLES (cont.)
TABLE TITLE PAGE NO.
111-15 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 24,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C. ..... 48
I11-16 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 26,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C 49
111-17 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 27,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C 50
111-18 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 28,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C 51
111-19 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 29,
1987 - TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C 52
111-20 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - RAIL TANK CAR
CLEANING FACILITY A 55
111-21 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER,
29, 1986 - RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITY A . . 60
111-22 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER,
30, 1986 - RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITY A . . 61
111-23 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, OCTOBER 1,
1986 - RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITY A .... 62
111-24 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - RAIL TANK CAR
CLEANING FACILITY B 66
II1-25 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED - RAIL TANK
CAR CLEANING FACILITY B 68
111-26 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - TANK BARGE
CLEANING FACILITY A 71
111-27 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED - TANK BARGE
CLEANING FACILITY A 75
II1-28 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - TANK BARGE
CLEANING FACILITY B 78
111-29 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED - TANK BARGE
CLEANING FACILITY B 81
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LIST OF TABLES (cont.)
TABLE TITLE PAGE NO.
111-30 SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS - AIRCRAFT
CLEANING FACILITY A 84
V-l ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS -
TANK TRUCK INTERIOR CLEANING FACILITIES 90
V-2 ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS -
RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITIES 91
V-3 ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS -
TANK BARGL CLEANING FACILITIES 92
V-4 ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS -
AIRCRAFT EXTERIOR CLEANING FACILITIES 93
VI-1 OBSERVED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 95
VI-2 APPLICABILITY OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES .... 97
VII-1 POLLUTANT EVALUATION CRITERIA 103
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.
III-l WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - TANK TRUCK
CLEANING FACILITY A 22
III-2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - TANK TRUCK
CLEANING FACILITY B 30
III-3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - TANK TRUCK
CLEANING FACILITY C 41
III-4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - RAIL TANK CAR
CLEANING FACILITY A 54
III-5 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - RAIL TANK CAR
CLEANING FACILITY B 64
III-6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - TANK BARGE
CLEANING FACILITY A 70
III-7 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - TANK BARGE
CLEANING FACILITY B 77
III-8 WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC - AIRCRAFT
EXTERIOR CLEANING FACILITY A 83
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The industrial Technology Division (ITD) of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a preliminary
study f the transportation equipment cleaning industry as a
result of the evaluation of the findings from the Domestic Sewage
cM-nrtv mssi The purpose of the DSS was to obtain technical
fnrormatfon ' for use* in determining if additional effluent
limitSi guidelines and standards need to be developed and
punished for this point source category, and to provide a source
of current information about priority and hazardous pollutant
discharges from this industry for permit writers and publicly
owned treatment works (POTWs) managers and operators.
As part of the study, EPA identified approximately 400 tank truck
cleaning facilities, approximately 90 rail tank «r cleaning
facilities, and approximately 200 tank barge cleaning facilities.
These are believed to represent nearly complete coverage of for-
hire cleaning facilities in the United States. The Agency was
not able to identify specific facilities where cleaning of
aircraft exteriors takes place.
in addition, the Agency collected samples of raw and treated
effluent and sludges at eight transportation equipment cleaning
facilities. A total of 111 "List of Analytes" organic
pollutants, 52 of which are priority pollutants, were detected in
the samples. All thirteen priority pollutant metals were found.
Review of environmental impact data indicates that in many
instances the concentrations of pollutants in raw wastewater from
individual facilities within this industry exceed EPA criteria
for protection of human health and aquatic life.
The total discharge of priority pollutants from transportation
equipment cleaning processes is estimated to be approximately
22,000,000 pounds per year. This amount is greater than the
untreated priority pollutant load from all industries except the
Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers (OCPSF)
industries. It is twice the loading projected to be discharged
by regulated industries at BAT technology. The table on the next
page summarizes the estimated annual raw waste pollutant loads by
subcategory for the transportation equipment cleaning industry.
An economic assessment of the transportation equipment cleaning
industry was not conducted.
An environmental impact analysis was conducted, however. A total
of 111 organic pollutants (including pesticides and herbicides)
were detected in wastewaters at transportation equipment cleaning
facilities. Of these, 50 are on EPA's Priority Pollutant List,
52 are RCRA Hazardous Constituents, 72 are CERCLA Hazardous
Substances, and five are known or suspected human carcinogens.
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TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CLEANING POLLUTANT LOADINGS
Raw Pollutant Loadings fibs/day)
Priority
Subcategory Oraanics
Tank Truck Cleaning 6000
Rail Tank Car Cleaning 100
Tank Barge Cleaning 74500
Aicraft Cleaning 400
81000
Hiah Priority Pol
Priority
Inorganics
8000
3900
1000
13000
lutant Loadings
Total Priority
Pollutants
14000
4000
75500
500
94000
fibs/day)
Organic
Acro 3°'000 (Tank Barae Cleaning)
Ben^ni 41'°°° (Tank Barae Cleaning
Benzene 2,000 (Tank Barge Cleaning)
Inorganic
5'°°° (Tank Truck Cleaning)
/0°° (Tank Truck Cleaning
4 ,000 (Rail Tank Car Cleaning)
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND
This document summarizes the most current information available
regarding the discharge of wastewater and solid wastes containing
priority and hazardous nonpriority pollutants by the transportation
equipment cleaning industry (TECI). The objectives of this
document are to (1) provide a technical basis for determining
whether additional national regulations should be developed
pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA) , and (2) make available
preliminary information regarding the discharge of priority and
hazardous nonpriority pollutants by the TECI.
A profile and description of the transportation equipment cleaning
industry are presented in Section II. Section III characterizes
TECI wastewater in terms of the presence of priority and hazardous
nonpriority pollutants and provides additional information on
these and other pollutant discharges from TECI facilities. Section
IV discusses potential subcategorization of the TECI and Section
V presents summaries of raw waste loading information derived from
the sampling efforts. Section VI discusses control and treatment
technology which may be applicable to this industry and Section VII
presents the results of the environmental impact analysis.
B. PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY
The purpose of this study was to develop a basic level of
familiarity with TECI; to determine the practices and procedures
used to clean the interior of tanks on trucks, rail cars, and
barges, and the cleaning of the exteriors of aircraft, and to
develop an estimate of the pollutant loadings from those
operations.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required by
Section 301(d) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972 and 1977 (the CWA), to review and revise, if
necessary, effluent limitation and standards promulgated pursuant
to Sections 301, 304 and 306, within five years of promulgation of
these regulations. In conjunction with this review program, and
as a result of a court settlement with several environmental
groups, EPA has undertaken a major examination of toxic pollutants
discharged by industrial sources.
To achieve these goals, the Industrial Technology Division (ITD)
is responsible for (1) developing, proposing, and promulgating
effluent limitation guidelines, new source performance standards
(NSPS), pretreatment standards (PSES and PSNS), and best management
practices (BMPs) for industrial point source discharges; (2)
assuring the adequacy and validity of scientific, economic and
technical data and findings used to support the effluent
limitations and standards; (3) gathering, developing and analyzing
data and background information basic to the annual review and
periodic revision of the limitations and standards; and (4)
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developing technical information required for the judicial review
of effluent limitations guidelines and standards.
In addition to its responsibilities under the CWA, EPA is also
charged by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
(RCRA) with oversight of cradle to grave management of hazardous
solid wastes. Section 3018 (a) of RCRA, as amended by the 1984
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) , directed EPA to submit
a report to Congress concerning wastes discharged through sewer
systems to POTWs that are exempt from RCRA regulation as a result
of the Domestic Sewage Exclusion (DSE) of RCRA. The Domestic
?Wl;£ Exclusi.on was established by Congress in section 1004(27)
of RCRA, provides that solid or dissolved material in domestic
sewage is not solid waste as defined in RCRA. Therefore, such
£*rial* ar%n0t considered a hazardous waste for purposes of
RCRA. The Domestic Sewage Exclusion applies to industrial
wastewater discharged to municipal sewers that contain domestic
The report to Congress (the Domestic Sewage Study or DSS) was
prepared by EPA's Office of Water and submitted tY0 Congress on
h^H^ ?' I986',- The °SS examined the nature and sources o?
o? ?£?? wastes discharged to POTWs, measured the effectiveness
of EPA's program in dealing with such discharges, and recommended
Implicit in the Domestic Sewage Exclusion is the assumption that
oo^Prf f*- *,en 4. p.r°9ram mandated by the CWA can ensure adequate
control of industrial discharges to sewers. This program, detailed
under section 307 (b) of the CWA and implemented in 40 CFR Part 40?
requires EPA to establish pretreatment standards for pollutant
discharged to POTWs by industrial facilities for those pollutants
Jx ^terfere Wlth, Pass through, or otherwise are incompatible
with the operation of POTWs. faL.j.wj.e
Section 3018 (b) of RCRA directs the Administrator to revise
existing regulations and promulgate pretreatment standards for
specific hazardous pollutants when necessary to ensure that
hazardous wastes discharged to POTWs are controlled adequately.
5e^f s*;andards are to be promulgated pursuant to RCRA, section 307
of the CWA, or any appropriate authority possessed by EPA.
The DSS concluded that the Domestic Sewage Exclusion should be
retained at the present time and recommended ways to improve
various EPA programs under the CWA to obtain better control of
r^*,^5 ?aSt?S fnt,e.rAng. POTWS' In addition, the DSS recommended
research efforts to fill information gaps, and indicated that other
stftutes (such as RCRA and the Clean Air Act) should be considered
with the CWA when establishing controls for either hazardous waste
dischargers or receiving POTWs or both.
One of the recommendations of the DSS was that EPA review and amend
categorical pretreatment standards to achieve better control of the
pollutants in hazardous wastes. The DSS recommended that the
Agency modify existing standards to improve control of organic
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priority pollutants and non-priority pollutants, and that EPA
promulgate categorical pretreatment standards for industrial
categories not included in the Natural Resources Defense Council
consent decree (NRDC v. Train, 8 ERC 2120, D.C.C. 1976).
This study was conducted under the authority of Sections 301 (d)
and 304 (m) of the CWA, which require periodic review and revision
of limitations promulgated pursuant to Sections 301, 304, and 306
of the CWA.
Section 301
Any effluent limitation required by paragraph (2) of subsec-
tion (b) of this section shall be reviewed at least every five
years and, if appropriate, revised pursuant to the procedure
established under such paragraph.
Section 304
Schedule for Review of Guidelines -
(1) Publication. Within 12 months after the date of the
enactment of the Water Quality Act of 1987, and biennially
thereafter, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal
Register a plan which shall:
(A) establish a schedule for the annual review and
revision of promulgated effluent guidelines, in
accordance with subsection (b) of this section;
(B) identify categories of sources discharging toxic or
nonconventional pollutants for which guidelines under
subsection (b) (2) of this section and Section 306 have
not previously been published; and
(C) establish a schedule for promulgation of effluent
guidelines for categories identified in subparagraph
(b) , under which promulgation of such guidelines shall
be no later than four years after such date of
enactment for categories identified in the first
published plan or three years after the publication
of the plan for categories identified in later
published plans.
(2) Public Review. The Administrator shall provide for public
review and comment on the plan prior to final publication.
C. REGULATORY STATUS
This study constitutes the second wastewater study of the
transportation equipment cleaning industry which consists of
facilities that clean the interiors of tank trucks, rail tank
cars, tank barges, and the exteriors of aircraft. An earlier study
of this industry was performed during the 1973-74 period and,
although reports concerning various segments of the industry were
made available, no regulations were proposed for this category.
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EPA does not currently have the detailed information needed to
develop a comprehensive industry profile, subcategorize the
industry, or characterize completely wastewater from the
transportation equipment cleaning industry. To obtain this
information, the Agency must first identify all of the
transportation equipment cleaning facilities and then send
a 308 questionnaire (data collection portfolio) to them.
3. Sampling and Analytical Program
A program was undertaken to obtain wastewater and sludge samples
at eight transportation equipment cleaning facilities. Raw
wastewater samples, and, where appropriate, treated effluent and
sludge samples, were also collected at each facility. In addition
EPA's Tpxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was used
to obtain sludge sample leachate for analysis.
The samples obtained were analyzed for analytes on the 1987
Industrial Technology Division List of Analytes. This list
contains conventional pollutants and EPA's Priority Pollutants
(excluding fecal coliform bacteria and asbestos) as well as 285
other organic and inorganic nonconventional pollutants or pollutant
characteristics. These additional pollutants were derived from
other EPA lists, including the Superfund Hazardous Substance List,
RCRA Appendix VIII and Appendix IX, and the list of analytes
?foPll ° be added to RCRA APPendix VII by the Michigan Petition
(49 FR 49793). Table I-l summarizes the analytical program and
Table 1-2 presents the list of analytes.
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TABLE 1-1
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL PROGRAM
Tap
Pollutant Trip Sampler Water Wastewater Sludge TCLP
Group Blanks Blanks Samples Samples Samples Extract
Volatile Organic X X X X X
Pollutants
Semivolatile Organic XX X X X
Pollutants
Pesticides and X X X
Herbicides
Dioxins and Furans " x
Metals1 .... X X X X
Cyanide x x
Classical Pollutants2 x
Classical Pollutants3 " x
1 Quantitative Analysis for Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg,
Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Tl, V, Y, Zn
2 Classical pollutants for liquid samples: biochemical oxygen demand, total
suspended solids, total dissolved solids, fluoride, chemical oxygen demand,
nitrate-nitrite, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, total Kjeldahl
nitrogen, ammonia, total cyanide, total sulfide, oil and grease,
temperature, pH, settleable solids
3 Classical pollutants for sludge samples: total solids, volatile solids,
nitrate-nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia, total sulfide,
ignitability, corrosivity.
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TABLE 1-2
LIST OF ANALYTES
Volatile Organic Pollutants
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethene
1,2,3-trichloropropane
1,2-dibromoethane
1,2-dichloroethane
1,2-dichloropropane
1,3-dichloropropane
,1,3-dichloropropylene
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol
1,4-dioxane
l-bromo-2-chlorobenzene
l-bromo-3-chlorobenzene
2-butenal
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-hexanone
2-picoline
3-chloropropene
4-methyl-2-pentanone
acetone
acrolein
acrylonitrile
allyl alcohol
benzene
bromoform
bromodichloromethane
bromomethane
carbon disulfide
carbon tetrachloride
chlorobenzene
chloroethane
chloroform
chloromethane
chloroprene
cis-1,3-dichloropropene
dibromochloromethane
dibromochloropropane
dibromomethane
dichlorofluoromethane
diethyl ether
dimethyl sulfone
ethyl benzene
ethyl cyanide
ethyl methacrylate
isobutyl alcohol
methacrylonitrile
methyl ethyl ketone
methyl iodide
methyl methacrylate
methylene chloride
N,N-dimethylformamide
tetrachloroethane
toluene
trans-1,2-dichloroethene
trans-1,3-dichloropropene
trans-1,4-dichloro-2-butene
trichloroethene
trichlorofluoromethane
vinyl acetate
vinyl chloride
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,2-diphenylhydrazine
1,3,5-trithiane
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichloro-2-propanol
1,4-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dinitrobenzene
1,4-naphthoquinone
1,5-naphthalenediamine
l-chloro-3-nitrobenzene
1-methylfluorene
1-methylphenanthrene
1-naphthylamine
8
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TABLE 1-2 (cont.)
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants (cont.)
2,3-dichloroaniline
2,3-dichloronitrobenzene
2,4,5-trichlorophenol
2,4,5-trimethylaniline
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,6-dichlorophenol
2,6-dinitrotoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone
2-chloronapthalene
2-chlorophenol
2-isopropylnaphthalene
2-methylbenzothiazole
2-methylnaphthalene
2-nitroaniline
2-naphthylamine
2-nitrophenol
2-phenylnaphthalene
2-(methylthio)benzothiazole
3,3-dichlorobenzidine
3,3,-dimethoxybenzidine
3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
3-methylcholanthrene
3-nitroaniline
4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
4,5-methylene phenanthrene
4-aminobiphenyl
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-chloro-2-nitroaniline
4-chloro-3-methylphenol
4-nitrobiphenyl
4-nitrophenol
5-chloro-o-toluidine
5-nitro-o-toluidine
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
acetophenone
alpha-terpineol
aniline
anthracene
aramite
benzanthrone
benzidine
benzole acid
benzo(a)anthracene
benzyl alcohol
biphenyl
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
bis(chloroethyl)ether
bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalatebenzo(a)pyrene
benzo(b)fluoranthene
benzo(ghi)perylene
benzo(k)fluoranthene
benzyl alcohol
biphenyl
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
bis(chloroethyl)ether
bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
bis(chloromethyl)ether
bromoxynil
butyl benzyl phthalate
carbazole
chloroacetonitrile
chrysene
dibenzothiophene
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
dichloran
diethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
dinitrocresol
diphenyl ether
diphenyl sulfide
diphenylamine
di-n-butyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate
di-n-propylnitrosamine
erythritol anhydride
ethylenethiourea
ethylmethane sulfonate
fluoranthene
fluorene
hexachlorobenzene
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
hexachloroethane
hexachloropropene
hexanoic acid
indeao(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
isophorone
isosafrole
longifolene
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TABLE 1-2 (coot.)
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants (coat.")
nitrobenzene
N,N-dime thy1fo nnamide
N-decane
N-docosane
N-dodecane
N-eicosane
N-hexacosane
N-hexadecane
N-nitrosodiethylamine
N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine
N-nitrosomethylethylamine
N-nitrosomethylphenylamine
N-nitrosomorpholine
N-nitrosopiperidine
n-octacosane
n-octadecane
n-tetracosane
n-tetradecane
n-triacontane
o-anisidine
o-cresol
o-toluidine
pentachlorobenzene
pentachloroethane
pentachlorophenol
pentamethylbenzene
perylene
phenacetin
phenanthrene
phenol
phenothiazine
pronamide
pyrene
pyridine
p-chloroaniline
p-cresol
p-cymene
p-dime thylaminoazobenzene
p-nitroaniline
resorcinol
safrole
squalene
styrene
thianaphthene
thioacetaroide
thiophenol
azinphos-ethyl
azinpbos-methyl
beta-BHC
captafolthioxanthone
triphenylene
tripropylene glycol methyl ether
Pesticides and Herbicides
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
2,4-D
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
aldrin
alpha-BHC
azinphos-ethyl
azinphos-methyl
beta-BHC
captafol
captan
carbophenothion
chlordane
chlorfenvinphos
chlorobenzilate
chlorpyrifos
coumaphos
crotoxyphos
cygon
delta-BHC
demeton
diallate
diazinon
dichlone
dichlorvos
dicrotophos
dieldrin
dinoseb
dioxathion
disulfoton
endosulfan I
endosulfan II
endosulfan sulfate
endrin
endrin aldehyde
10
-------
TABLE 1-2 (cont.)
Pesticides and Herbicides (cont.)
ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid,
salts, and esters
famphur
fensulfothion
fenthion
gamma-BHC
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
hexamethylphosphoramide
isodrin
kepone
leptophos
malathion
ma neb
methoxychlor
methyl parathion
mevinphos
mirex
monocrotophos
nab am
naled
nitrofen
parathion ethyl
PCB-1016
PC3-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1242
PCB-1248
PCB-1254
PCB-1260
PCNB
phorate
phosmet
phosphamidon
sulfotepp
TEPP
terbufos
tetrachlorvinphos
thiram
toxaphene
trichlorofon
tricresylphosphate
trifluralin
trimethylphosphate
zineb
ziram
Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans
2,3,7,8-TCDD
dibenzofuran
heptachlorodibenzofurans
heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
hexachlorodibenzofurans
hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
octachlorodibenzofurans
octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
pentachlorodibenzofurans
pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
tetrachlorodibenzofurans
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Elements
aluminum
antimony
arsenic
barium
beryllium
bismuth
boron
cadmium
calcium
cerium
chromium
cobalt
copper
dysprosium
erbium
europium
gadolinium
gallium
germanium
gold
hafnium
holnium
indium
iodine
iridium
iron
lanthanum
lead
11
-------
TABLE 1-2 (cont.)
Elements (cont.)
lithium
lutetium
magnesium
manganese
mercury
molybdenum
neodymium
niobium
osmium
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
potassium
praseodymium
rhenium
rhodium
ruthenium
samarium
scandium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tantalum
tellurium
terbium
thallium
thorium
thulium
tin
titanium
tungsten
uranium
vanadium
ytterbium
yttrium
zinc
zirconium
Conventional Pollutants
BOD5
oil and grease, total recoverable
pH
TSS
Classical Nonconventional Pollutants
ammonia, as N
COD
conductivity*
corrosivity
cyanides
flash point
fluoride
nitrate/nitrite
nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total
reactivity*
residue, filterable
salinity (with calcium)
salinity (with sodium)
sulfide
total organic carbon
total phosphorus
*Analytes not monitored during 1986-1987 sampling.
12
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SECTION II
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY
A. SUMMARY
The transportation industry includes establishments that provide,
as their principal business, for-hire conveyance service to others
for the movement of materials and people between predetermined
points. The industry includes four principal modes: truck
transportation, rail transportation, waterborne transportation,
and air transportation. All of these segments are addressed in
this report.
Together, these four transportation modes are responsible for
movement of nearly all materials and goods in the United States.
A notable exception is the use of pipelines to move crude petroleum
and refined petroleum products. Nonetheless, crude petroleum is
often delivered to pipelines by ships and barges, and final local
distribution is usually by truck or rail. The transportation
equipment cleaning industry is a service industry that has
developed to clean the interior of truck tanks, rail tanks, and
barge tanks used in the distribution process.
The cleaning of aircraft exteriors is believed to be primarily a
vertically integrated fleet maintenance function, rather than part
of a well-defined service industry.
Three major reasons exist for cleaning of truck, rail and barge
tanks.
o to prevent contamination of materials from one cargo to
the next;
o to allow or facilitate inspections; and
o to allow vehicle or vessel repair.
There are literally hundreds of different products that can be
carried in tanks moved by trucks, rail and barges. Tanks that are
not in dedicated service (i.e., tanks that carry a variety of
different products) must be cleaned frequently to prevent
contamination of new cargos with residues from previous loads.
Even tanks in dedicated service may need cleaning at some frequency
to prevent contamination of subsequent cargo if cargo purity is an
overriding concern, as is the case for certain process chemicals
or for certain food stuffs.
A second reason for cleaning transportation equipment is to
facilitate inspection of tanks, and inspection of fittings and
valves. Such inspections may be part of a routine inspection and
maintenance program or part of a mandatory program, such as the
biennial certification program conducted by the Coast Guard for
tank barges that carry hazardous materials.
13
-------
The third reason for tank cleaning is to provide a safe environment
for performing "hot work" (i.e. welding or cutting). To be
considered safe for "hot work," the tank must be rendered
nonexplosive and nonflammable through a cleaning process called
"gas-freeing".
The tank truck cleaning industry can be divided into two categories
based on the relationship of the washing facility to its customers.
The first category comprises "for-hire" facilities. At for-hire
facilities, truckers drive in from the highway and pay a fee to
have their tanks cleaned. Payment may be on a cash basis or
billing arrangements may be made. Often the arrival of the truck
is scheduled beforehand. However, a major segment of the business
at for-hire facilities may come from "drive-in" customers. For-
hire facilities may be operated by shippers, carriers, or
independent owners. The second category includes shipper-operated
and carrier-operated facilities that provide cleaning facilities
to support in-house operations. These facilities are "private" in
the sense that non-affiliated trucks cannot drive in from the
highway to have a tank cleaned.
Approximately 400 facilities that fit into the first category have
been identified as part of this study. While other facilities may
exist, EPA believes that those identified represent 80 percent or
better of facilities in the for-hire group.
EPA was not able to identify any listing of shipper-operated or
carrier-operated facilities as part of this study. Based on
available information, EPA believes such lists probably do not
exist. Representatives of the National Tank Truck Carriers (NTTC)
have said that the number of shipper-operated and carrier-operated
facilities exceeds the number of for-hire facilities, but that the
total number of washings performed is substantially less. Because
of this statement, EPA believes that the estimates of pollutant
loads presented later in this document are representative of the
total discharge for this subcategory.
Truck tank cleaning facilities are concentrated in five areas
corresponding to major petrochemical or manufacturing regions and
population centers of the United States: (l) California; (2) the
Texas-Louisiana Gulf coast; (3) the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio
Rivers; (4) Southern Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Huron; and
(5) eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. There are only a few
facilities located in the New England and the Western States (with
the exception of California).
To best serve their customers, for-hire tank truck cleaners
typically operate 24 hours per day on weekdays. Depending on
demand, a reduced cleaning schedule may be maintained on weekends.
For-hire facilities that perform only cleaning operations are
believed typically to employ three to five people per shift and to
clean 10 to 40 tank trucks per day. Shipper-operated or carrier-
operated facilities that are a part of a maintenance or shipping
depot could employ many more workers.
14
-------
Eighty-nine facilities that clean the interior of rail car tanks
were identified during this study. All of them are believed to be
part of an inspection, maintenance, and repair shop for both
freight and tank cars. In addition, all of them are believed to
be available on a for-hire basis.
A typical facility is estimated to clean four to 10 tanks per day
and to employ 10 to 15 workers associated directly with cleaning.
Rail tank cleaning facilities are located predominantly in the
industrialized areas of the central and south central United
States. None were identified in New England and only four were
found in the Western states of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota,
Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Five are located in California.
One hundred ninety-six tank barge cleaning facilities were
identified as part of this study. Available information indicates
that ship/barge construction, maintenance, or repair are usually
also conducted at these facilities. Tank barge cleaners are
located primarily along the Gulf Coast and along the Mississippi
River and its tributaries. Relatively few are located along the
East and West coasts. Available information indicates these
facilities operate eight to 24 hours per day, five to six days per
week. Work schedules are flexible, and the cleaning facilities
will often remain open longer than usual to complete a rush job.
Typical facilities are thought to employ 60 to 70 people of which
about 10 are involved in cleaning activities and 50 to 60 are
involved in repair activities. The estimated average management
and clerical staff includes five people.
Aircraft exteriors are cleaned to facilitate inspection and repair
and to maintain an attractive appearance.
In March 1987, there were approximately 274,000 civil aircraft
registered in the United States. All are subject to exterior
washing, either for appearance purposes or to facilitate mechanical
inspections or maintenance. Available information indicates that
major air carriers perform aircraft cleaning at their maintenance
centers. The ground support and maintenance center for a major
airline may employ several thousand people, of which only a few are
directly involved in cleaning aircraft exteriors. Some cleaning
is also believed done on a for-hire basis by fixed base operators
(FBOs) located at airports. The majority of aircraft, small
private planes, are probably cleaned by their pilots or owners.
The only way known to document all locations where aircraft are
cleaned is to contact all individual aircraft owners. No listings
of facilities engaged in aircraft exterior cleaning were identified
during this study.
B. CLEANING PROCEDURES
Although some variations exist, procedures for truck, rail and
barge tank cleaning are similar at most facilities and include the
following steps:
15
-------
o check shipping papers to determine the cargo last carried;
o determine what the next cargo will be; if possible,
o drain the tank heel and, if need be, segregate it for off-site
disposal;
o rinse the tank;
o wash the tank;
o rinse the tank; and
o dry the tank.
Determination of what cargo was last carried in a tank is an
important first step in the cleaning procedure. It allows the
cleaner: (l) to assess his ability to clean the tank efficiently;
(2) to evaluate if the residue cleaned from the tank will be
compatible with his treatment system and with the conditions of
his discharge permit; and (3) to establish an appropriate level of
health protection for employees who will clean the tank.
Identifying the next cargo is necessary for determining whether the
available level of cleaning at a facility will be adequate to
prevent contamination of the next cargo. The cleaning facility may
decide not to clean a tank based on any of the preceding concerns.
Once a tank has been accepted for cleaning, the next step is to
check the volume of residual cargo (heel) in the tank and determine
how to dispose of it. Water soluble heels that are compatible with
the facility's treatment system and the conditions of its
wastewater discharge permit are usually combined with other
wastewaters for treatment and disposal. Incompatible heels are
segregated in drums or tanks for disposal by alternative means,
which can include being sold to a reclaimer or landfilling. Heels
comprised of soaps, detergents, solvents, acids, or alkalis can be
salvaged for future use as a cleaning fluid for tanks or as a
neutralizer for future heels.
Cleaning steps vary among individual facilities depending on
available cleaning equipment and cargo residues to be cleaned.
Certain cargos may need only a water rinse, while others may
require washing with detergent or with strong caustic solution
followed by rinsing. A typical facility might offer hot and cold
water rinses, detergent washing, and caustic washing. Other
possibilities include solvent washing, steam cleaning, and forced
air drying.
Washing is typically performed by one of two means: (1) high
pressure spinner nozzles, or (2) hand held wands and nozzles.
Spinner nozzles are designed to be inserted through the main tank
hatch. Operating at pressures of 100 p.s.i. to 600 p.s.i., they
rotate about both vertical and horizontal axes. This creates an
overlapping spray pattern that cleans the entire interior of the
tank. The nozzles can deliver hot or cold rinses, detergent
solution, or caustic solution. Operating cycles vary from rinse
16
-------
bursts of a few seconds to detergent or caustic washes of
20 minutes or longer for caked or crystallized residues. Washing
with hand held wands and nozzles is done by manually directing the
wash solution across the interior surface of the tank.
1. Rail Tank Car Cleaning
The steps followed during rail car tank cleaning are similar to
those followed during truck tank cleaning. An additional concern,
however, is the need to prevent damage to the tank lining during
the cleaning process. Many rail car tanks are lined to protect the
tank wall from corrosion by the tank contents, and the cleaning of
the tank must be carefully completed, in order to eliminate, or
minimize damage to the tank lining.
The discussion of residual cargo, as presented on page 17, applies
also to rail car tank cleaning.
2. Barge Tank Cleaning
The steps followed during barge tank cleaning are similar to those
followed in truck tank and rail tank cleaning operations with the
exception of the stripping process. This process is used to remove
heels from a tank barge . Stripping consists of pumping as much
residual cargo as possible from the barge using either the vessel's
cargo transfer piping, a built-in vessel stripping system, or with
stripping pumps supplied by the cleaning facility. In some
instances, stripping is facilitated by adding water ballast to tilt
the barge.
After stripping the next step is tank washing. Cleaning steps vary
among individual facilities depending on available cleaning
equipment and cargo residues to be cleaned. Certain cargos may
need only a water rinse, while others may require washing with
detergent or with strong caustic solution followed by rinsing. A
typical facility might offer hot and cold water rinses, detergent
washing, and caustic washing. Other possibilities include solvent
washing, steam cleaning, and forced air drying.
3. Aircraft Exterior Cleaning
As part of this study, the washing of aircraft wheel wells and
landing gear was observed at the maintenance center of a major
commercial airline. The cleaning methods used are believed to be
representative of the methods used by other major air carriers in
cleaning the exterior of aircraft. Washing an aircraft at this
facility involves first moving it to a "wash rack." The wash rack
is paved to direct contaminated wash water to a catch basin. The
washing operation consisted of two steps: spraying a solution of
butyl cellosolve and water onto the aircraft with hand held wands;
followed by water rinsing. This procedure may have to be repeated
to achieve the desired result. Scrubbing with brushes was also
necessary. The cleaning of small private aircraft is believed done
primarily with pails, hand sponges, and garden hoses.
17
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SECTION III
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
A. WATER USE
The primary water use at truck, rail and barge tank cleaning
facilities is for cleaning tank interiors. Other secondary uses
include exterior cleaning, make-up water for cleaning solutions,
and sanitary wastewater. Wastewater from exterior cleaning is a
small portion of the total water used at tank cleaning
facilities, and, the amount of water coming from these
operations has not been quantified as part of this study.
Similarly, sanitary wastewaters have not been considered in
estimating facility water use.
The amount of water required to clean an individual truck, rail,
or barge tank is highly variable and depends on several factors
including:
o tank size;
o cleaning method; and
o the presence of caked, solidified, or crystallized residues.
At facilities that clean aircraft exteriors, the primary water
uses are exterior cleaning and make-up water for cleaning
solutions. The wastewater volume associated with aircraft
exterior cleaning depends on:
o aircraft size;
o the amount of surface washed;
o the cleaning method; and
o the difficulty encountered in cleaning the surface.
The estimated amount of water used by the aircraft industry for
washing aircraft, depending on aircraft size and water control,
is given in Table III-l.
Table III-2 presents the average unit flow estimates for the four
preliminary subcategories of the transportation equipment
cleaning industry.
B. WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION
The purpose of this section is to describe the characteristics of
wastewaters and sludges generated by transportation equipment
cleaning processes. The data presented were derived exclusively
from samples and information collected during this study. A
literature review to identify additional data revealed that very
18
-------
TABLE III-l
WATER USED TO CLEAN AIRCRAFT EXTERIORS
Aircraft Type
Average Flow
(gal.)
B-747, DC-10, L-1011
DC-8
B-727
B-737, DC-9, BAC-111
Small two-engine aircraft
Single-engine private aircraft
10,000
7,500
5,000
4,000
200-500
50-100
Source: Development Pocument for Proposed Effluent Limitations Guidelines and
New Source Performance Standards for the Air Transportation Segment o_f
the Transportation Industry Point Source Category, May 1975.
TABLE III-2
ESTIMATED AVERAGE UNIT FLOWS
Subcategory
Average Unit Flow
Tank Truck Cleaning
Rail Tank Car Cleaning
Tank Barge Cleaning
Aircraft Exterior Cleaning
500 gal. per truck
3,000 gal. per rail car
3,500 gal. per barge
5,000 gal. per aircraft*
*Estimated average for large multi-passenger aircraft.
19
-------
little historical data have been published and much of those data
are dated and of limited value.
The Agency conducted sampling episodes at eight transportation
equipment cleaning facilities in 1986 and 1987: three tank truck
cleaners; two rail tank car cleaners; two tank barge cleaners; and
one aircraft cleaner. In all cases, raw wastewater samples were
collected, and, where appropriate, treated effluent and sludge
samples were also collected. Following preservation the samples
were packed in ice and forwarded by overnight air freight to
prearranged laboratories for analysis.
Analytical data summaries for each facility are presented in the
following pages, along with a schematic showing sample locations,
a list of cargos last contained in the equipment that was cleaned,
and a brief description of the facility. The results of analysis
are included in Appendix A. To maintain confidentiality, each
facility has been assigned a code letter.
1. Truck Tank Cleaning Facility A
This facility, which is located near a major metropolitan area,
usually cleans between 20 and 30 truck tank interiors per day.
Most truck tanks are accepted for cleaning; however, tanks that
have contained phenols, heavy metals, and poisons are usually
rejected. The tanks are generally empty when they arrive at the
facility, reportedly containing less than five gallons of heel.
If the heel is soluble in water and compatible with the treatment
process, it is drained to the wastewater treatment system. Other
heels are drummed for either subsequent off site disposal or return
to the shipper.
Facility A has the capability to wash truck tanks with cold water,
hot water, steam, and caustic solution. The cleaning solutions are
recycled within a closed system and drained to the treatment
process periodically. Water washes and rinses drain directly to
the treatment process. Average daily wastewater flow for this
cleaning operation is about 15,000 gallons.
Wastewater treatment at this facility consists of equalization
followed by batch pH adjustment with sulfuric acid and dissolved
air flotation. Alum is used to coagulate wastewater solids prior
to the wastewater entering the dissolved air flotation clarifier.
Polymer is not used in conjunction with the alum. The effluent is
discharged to the municipal sewer.
Two samples of raw wastewater and one of treated wastewater were
obtained at this facility. The influent samples were grab samples
collected from a tap installed on the 7,000-gallon batch pH
adjustment tank. The effluent sample was also a grab sample
collected approximately one hour after collection of the second
influent sample. A mechanical breakdown of the treatment system
prevented collection of an effluent sample corresponding to the
first influent sample. (During the period that operations were
interrupted, the facility manager had the untreated wastewater
trucked away to allow repair of the treatment system.) A schematic
20
-------
of the wastewater treatment system showing sample collection
locations is shown in Figure III-l. A summary of the analytical
results for this sampling episode are presented in Table III-3.
Concentrations of the organic pollutants varied considerably
between the two raw wastewater samples. Concentrations of metals,
conventional, and nonconventional pollutants were much more
consistent. There is no apparent correlation between the raw
wastewater and materials last contained in the trucks as listed in
Tables III-4 and III-5. This may be because of a lack of
specificity in the description of tank cargoes.
Concentrations of some pollutants were less in the treated effluent
than in the raw wastewater, others were higher in the treated
wastewater than in the raw wastewater.
2. Tank Truck Cleaning Facility B
This tank truck cleaning facility typically cleans about 40 tank
interiors per day. Most trucks are accepted for cleaning;
exceptions are ones containing highly odiferous residues about
which neighboring residents have complained, residues that have a
high biochemical oxygen demand that might upset the POTW, and
highly colored residues.
The tank trucks are generally empty when they arrive at the
facility, containing only a couple of gallons or less of heel. If
this heel is soluble in water and compatible with the treatment
process, it is drained into the wastewater treatment system.
Phenols, fatty acids, waxes, and residues that tend to plug
pipelines are segregated to a holding tank. Non-flammable
solvents, resins, and oils are segregated to a dumpster. These
containers are emptied by a vacuum truck every two to three weeks,
and the contents are taken to a disposal facility.
All interior washing at this facility is done with spinner nozzles
inserted through the main tank hatch. Facility employees can
choose among hot and cold water rinses/washes, caustic washes, and
presolve steps. Caustic solution is captured for reuse. Average
water use ranges between 20,000 to 22,000 gallons per day.
Wastewater treatment at this facility consists of initial settling
and equalization in an old tank truck followed by coagulation and
settling in a Dorr-Oliver reactor clarifier. Ferric chloride and
lime are used as coagulants. Sludge from the clarifier is stored
21
-------
KXYMtH
MFIUENT FROM
F i o«fl CHAINS'
8 000 UAI
HOLDING IANK
DISSCMVtD AIH
FIOIAFION Cl AHIfttR
MXMG TANKS
RAW WASTEWATER
SAMI'U I OCA I ION
800 GAt
SIUOGE I
s ion AGE
WASTEWATEH
ropoiw
EFFLUENT
SAMPlt I OCA! (ON
k SIUOGE rOlANDFH
FIGURE MM
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY A
b.107 06
-------
N3
LO
TABLE III-3
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY A
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic Units
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone |jg/£
benzene Mg/£
chlorobenzene H8/£
ethylbenzene M8/^
methylene chloride Hg/2
tetrachloroethene M8/-&
toluene M8/^
trichloroethene H8/^
1 , 1 , 1-trichloroethane M8/^
2-butanone M8/^
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants
biphenyl M8/^
bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate M8/£
di-n-octyl phthalate M8/^
fluorene M8/£
n-eicosane Mg/^
n-hexacosane M8/£
n-hexadecane M8/^
naphthalene M8/£
phenol H8/£
styrene M8/^
thioxanthone H8/£
1-methylf luorene Mg/JK
1-methylphenanthrene Mg/£
2-chloronapthalene Mg/^
Day 1
Tap Raw
Water Waste
(15205) (15203)
-
6,961
3,257
--
4,884
4,452
5,403
3,433
--
14,859
8,024
5,484
22,325
275
1,488
2,514
4,481
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15204)
124
4,574
53
3,184
98
573
1,082
39
83
814,700
43
31
24
10
215
44
54
277
--
37
Effluent
(15209)
5,566
._
1,064
._
__
534
__
..
7,699
--
.-
__
14,107
2,426
1,939
5,231
_-
._
3,850
-------
TABLE III-3 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Tap
Water
Units (15205)
Day 1
Raw
Waste
(15203)
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15204)
Effluent
(15209)
Semivolatile (cont.)
2-methylnaphthalene
2,3,6-1 richlo ropheno1
2,4-dinitrotoluene
4-nitrophenol
Pesticides and Herbicides
leptophos
2,4,-dichlorophenoxyaceti c
acid
dichlorprop
coumaphos
azinphos methyl
MCPA
dioxathion
Dioxins/Furans
Metals
calcium
magnesium
sodium
aluminum
manganese
lead
vanadium
boron
barium
beryllium
cadmium
7,261
2,574
20,527
838t
990
110
NA
NA
MS/*
31,000
9,200
4,800
150
23
19
110,000
75,000
1,900,000
39,000
160
210
10
330
190
1
6
11
1,920
350
359t
2,752
NA
75,000
40,000
3,000,000
27,000
130
180
7
200
160
1
12
l,020t
1,380
240
2,130
260
NA
47,000
25,000
2,400,000
93,000
55
80
3
220
69
-------
TABLE II1-3 (cont.)
NJ
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Metals (cont.)
molybdenum Hg/£
cobalt pg/£
chromium Mg/£
copper (jg/£
iron |jg/£
nickel pg/£
titanium Hg/£
zinc
arsenic
antimony
Conventional Pollutants
Residue, non-filterable mg/£
BOD 5-Day mg/£
Oil and grease,
total recoverable mg/£
pH S.U.
Classical Nonconventional Pollutants
Residue, filterable mg/£
Fluoride mg/A
Ammonia, as N mg/£
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total mg/£
Nitrate-nitrite, as N mg/£
Total phosphorus, as P mg/£
Chemical oxygen demand mg/£
Total organic carbon mg/£
Sulfide, total (iodometric) mg/£
Tap
Water
(15205)
Day I
Raw
Waste
(15203)
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
30
38
260
9,300
41
440
5,700
137
8,700
1,400
1,000
11.2
10,000
2
11
33
0.96
6.0
22,000
5,600
12
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15204)
23
37
470
6,800
41
270
3,700
69
2,600
4,200q
230
12.4
16,000
1.9
7.7
9.2
1.0
3.2
12,000
5,900
4.3
Effluent
(15209)
12
6
16
210
2,200
22
170
2,400
2,020
30
8,300
3,800q
59
9.6
13,000
0.65
10
NR
0.85
0.22
12,000
5,300
2.4
-------
TABLE III-3 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic Units
Cyanide, total pg/£
NOTES:
Indicates pollutant concentration below
NA Indicates not analyzed
q "Qualified" value. The check sample run
NR Matrix interference
t Tentative identification below detection
Tap
Water
(15205)
NA
detection limit
concurrently with
limit.
Day 1
Raw
Waste
(15203)
--
the sample
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15204)
20
did not meet specified
Effluent
(15209)
--
criteria.
to
-------
TABLE III-4
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, AUGUST 4, 1986
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY A
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Acetate 3
Acid l
Dipotassium phosphate 1
Glue 1
Latex 2
Lube oil 1
Petroleum naptha 1
Resin/resin solution 2
Soap *
27
-------
TABLE III-5
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, AUGUST 5-8, 1986
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY A
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Acid 4
Acrylate 1
Alcohol i
Butyl acetate, acetate n.o.s. 1
Cleaning compound 1
Coil liquid 1
Cutting fluid j
Fatty acid 1
Formaldehyde 2
Glycol(s) 3
Latex 9
Naptha }
Oil 4
Oil additive 1
Plasticizer 1
Polypropylene glycol 2
Resin 1
Wine i
Xylene 1
-------
in the tank truck mentioned above and removed on a periodic basis
for disposal.
Twenty-four hour composite samples of raw wastewater and effluent
were collected on two days at this facility. The raw wastewater
samples were collected from a small sump in the floor trench
system upstream of the initial wastewater settling tank.
Effluent samples were collected from the effluent trough of the
primary clarifier. A sludge sample was collected on one day from
the discharge of the sludge transfer pump. Figure III-2 presents
a schematic of the treatment system and shows the sample
collection points.
Table III-6 summarizes the results of analysis for samples
collected at this facility. As can be seen, several organic
pollutants were found at high levels in raw wastewater. For some
of the pollutants, acetone, methylene chloride,
orthodichlorobenzene, 2-butanone, isobutyl alcohol, and methyl
methacrylate, there is a correlation between detection in raw
wastewater and the cargos last contained in the truck tanks as
listed in Tables III-7 through III-9. In other cases,
correlation is not evident. The detection of several
semivolatile organic pollutants in effluent sample 15179, but net
in raw sample 15178 is possibly attributable to the laboratory
dilution of the raw wastewater sample which raised the pollutant
detection limits.
Comparison of the analytical data for the sludge with the
criteria for hazardous waste characteristics indicates that it
would be considered hazardous, based on the RCRA characteristic
of ignitability. In addition, the concentration of methylene
chloride in the TCLP leachate exceeds the proposed regulatory
level for that pollutant shown in Table 111-10. The unextracted
sludge contains several organic pollutants at high levels that
did not appear in the TCLP leachate.
3. Tank Truck Cleaning Facility C
This tank truck cleaning facility cleans approximately 40 tank
truck interiors per day as well as an occasional tank exterior.
Several petrochemical refineries are located nearby, and the
facility cleans tanks that have carried a wide variety of organic
compounds. Most tanks are accepted for cleaning.
Trucks are usually empty when they arrive at the facility and
contain only a small amount of heel. If the heel is water
soluble and compatible with the wastewater treatment process, it
is drained to the treatment system. Non-water soluble and
incompatible heels are segregated for subsequent off-site
disposal.
Cleaning is accomplished using combinations of hot and cold
water, detergent, caustic, and solvent applied with spinner
nozzles and hand hoses. In addition, many tanks are steam
29
-------
INFLUENT FROM
FIOOH DRAMS
HAW WASTEWAHH
SAMPIE IOCATION
fLRHIC CttORIOEx
LIME.
PRIMARY
HtACIOR
ClARIMEH
CONTRACT IUSPOSAI
Of SOI IDS
\
WASTE WAI EH
fO PO1W
EFFLUENT
SAMPIE IOCATION
SlUOGE
SAMPtE IOCATION
HKJ»*Y COIORI D WASIES
PHENOIIC WASltS
AC«>S. WAX»;S
CON I MAC I DISf'OSAI
FIGURE 111-2
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B
1)6
-------
TABLE III-6
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B
Dav 1
Day 2
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Tap
Water
(15182)
Raw
Waste
(15178)
Effluent
(15179)
Raw
Waste
(15180)
Effluent
(15181)
Sludge
(15177)
TCLP
Extract
(15177)
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone
alpha-picoline
benzene
chloroform
diethyl ether
ethylbenzene
methylene chloride
toluene
trichloroethene
1 , 1 , 1-trichloroethane
1,2-dichloroethane
2-butanone
isobutyl alcohol
methyl methacrylate
1 ,2,3-trichloropropane
pg/£(ug/kg)
Mg/*(Pg/kg)
Hg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Pg/£(pg/kg)
pg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
JJg/£(|Jg/kg)
pg/J&(jJg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Senivolatile Organic Pollutants
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
anthracene
benzidine
benzoic acid
biphenyl
bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
butyl benzyl phthalate
--
96
_-
_ _
10,144
116,649
169,000
86
1,407
__
86,072
5,626
1,232
186
140,526
54
29
_-
685
13,730
15,295
79
582
--
19,477
1,148
--
9,169
32
12
._
1,414
2,854
10,246
93
599
12
137
11
--
--
19
--
1,102
7,474
25,869
68
284
12,600
614
--
--
670
--
585
7,798
514,117
164,032
660
5,723
702
26,862
~"
--
1,543
--
42
--
313
14,176
7,448
58
305
--
--
742
"
72
17
81
164
13
39
913
15
8,511
53,479
23,287
-------
TABLE III-6 (cont.)
N3
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Semivolatile (cont.)
di-n-butyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate
f luoranthene
f luorene
hexanoic acid
isophorone
n-docosane
n-eicosane
n-tetradecane
naphthalene
phenanthrene
phenol
pyrene
styrene
1 ,2-dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-dichlorobenzene
2-chloronaphthalene
2,4-dichlorophenol
2 ,6-dinitrotoluene
4-chloro-3-methylphenol
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
|jg/£((jg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(pg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(Mg/kg)
ug/£(pg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Pesticides and Herbicides
Dioxins/Furans
Metals
calcium
magnesium
ug/£(mg/kg)
(Jg/£(mg/kg)
Tap
Water
M5182)
--
--
--
_
62
-_
::
--
--
-- .
__
__
NA
NA
12,000
960
Raw
Waste
(15178)
--
__
-_
::
__
__
4,538
--
10,790
_..
_
» _
NA
NA
42,000
3,100
Day 1
Effluent
f 15179)
27
114
17
295
47
195
39
81
20
__
91
159
29
-------
TABLE III-6 (cont.)
OJ
OJ
Day 1
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Ctid rsctcristic
Metals (cont.)
sodium
aluminum
manganese
lead
vanadium
boron
barium
cadmium
molybdenum
tin
cobalt
chromium
copper
iron
nickel
titanium
zinc
silver
arsenic
antimony
mercury
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(«g/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Hg/£(«g/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(nig/kg)
Mg/£(ng/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
ug/£(ing/kg)
Tap
Water
I 15182)
2,000
40
1.0
11
in
1 J
--
~
110
20
17
--
--
Raw
Waste
(15178)
260,000
240,000
350
2,100
12
1,500
680
210
43
96
1,200
2,200
53,000
140
1 **w
5,200
2,300
19
120
0.9
Effluent
(15179)
230,000
1,400
120
120
2,200
80
12
17
54
44
41
12,000
29
61
150
1.0
n A
28
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15180)
200,000
110,000
93
780
280
190
56
2,300
610
8,900
59
3,200
1,500
10
. 0
e,i\
ou
0.7
Effluent
(15181)
300,000
840
320
260
3,500
100
16
1Q
1 7
140
55
30,000
28
63
1,000
19
Lf,
Sludge
(15177)
4,610
6,040
115
571
276
364
152
212
2,000
442
14,700
55
202
1,030
4.5
1.5
TCLP
Extract
(15177)
1,430,000
947
1,740
214
1,160
2,180
57
104
92
234
312,000
210
3,240
--
Conventional Pollutants
Residue, non-filterable
BOD 5-Day
Oil and grease,
total recoverable
pH
mg/£
NA
NA
9,600
1,400
230
900
8,100
1,600
mg/£
s.u.
NA 310c
NA 6.2-10.6
92c 310c
6.2-10.9 8.0-10.7
250
1,600
86c
7.2-10.8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
TABLE II1-6 (cont.)
OJ
Pollutant
or Pollutant Units
Characteristic Liquid (Sludge)
Classical Nonconventional
Residue, filterable
Fluoride
Ammonia, as N
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total
Nitrate-nitrite, as N
Total phosphorus, as P
Chemical oxygen demand
Total organic carbon
Pollutants
mg/£
mg/£
mg/£(mg/kg)
mg/£(rog/kg)
mg/£(mg/kg)
»g/£
mg/£
mg/£
Sulfide, total (iodometric) mg/£
Flash point
pH, soil
Residue, total
Residue, total volatile
Sulfide, total
(Monier-Williams)
Cyanide, total
(°C)
(s.u.)
(%)
(%)
(mg/£)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Tap
Water
(15182)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
MA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Raw
Waste
(15178)
8,700
2.1
49
0.11
__
4,600
1,600
1.2c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
--
Raw
Effluent Waste
(15179) (15180)
2,400
0.38
1.9
24
0.12
0.87
2,700
830
2.2c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
47
9,800
1.4
29
0.44
4,600
780
2.3c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
190
Effluent
(15181)
2,800
0.28
4.0
23
0.21
0.38
3,300
1,000
1.4c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
22
Sludge
(15177)
NA
NA
11 n
2,000
NA
11 n
NA
NA
iin
NA
53
8-1
. j
9.4
6 3
M J
34
17
TCLP
Extract
(15177)
NA
MA
HA
NA
NA
ii n
NA
11 XI
NA
nn
NA
NA
nn
NA
11 n
NA
nn
NA
NA
NA Indicates not analyzed
c Average of six grab sample results
-------
TABLE III-7
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER 23, 1986
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B
. , T . Number of
Material Last Tanks
Contained In Tank
NBA (n-butyl alcohol) 1
Citral ,
ECH (Epichlorohydrin) ^
Flammable liquid 2
Glue 2
Isopropal alcohol _
Latex 2
Methylene chloride (crude)
Methyl ethyl ketone
ODCB (Orthodichloro benzene)
Oil i
Paranox ^
Plasticizer .
SD-40 alcohol (food grade)
Shell Flex (plasticizer) 2
Solvent ,
Triethanolamine, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone *
Waste j
Wastewater
35
-------
TABLE III-8
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER 24 1986
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B
Material Last Number f
Contained In Tank Tanks/Compart..
Acetone, methanol ,
Acetone (waste)
Diethylamine ?
Diethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol j
ECH (Epichlorohydrin) ,
Formaldehyde
Glue
Glycol :
Igepal
Isobutyl alcohol ,
Isopropyl alcohol, butanol ,
Latex *
Methyl methacrylate 2
Methylene chloride (crude) j
Mixed alcohol ,
Naptha f
VM and P naptha ,
Plastic pellets j
Resin, paint ,
Slurry 1
Tank bottoms ,
Wastewater ,
36
-------
TABLE III-9
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER 25, 1986*
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY B
Material Last »«*« °f
Contained In Tank . Tanks
ABS (plastic pellets) J
Carbitol acetone *
Chromate j
Ethanol *
Igepal }
Isopropyl alcohol i
Laquer solvent ;f
Latex *
Methyl ethyl ketone 1
Methyl isobutyl ketone 1
Myrcene *
o-Cresol J
Paint thinner |
Paranox ;
Resin, RCI 1
SD-40 alcohol (food grade) *
Slurry \
Soap \
Tolu-Sol A
Sodium Tripolyphosphate (Tripoly) 1
Waste 3
Waste solvents ^
VM and P naptha 1
*Includes several tanks cleaned from 0000 to 0700 hours on September 26, 1986.
37
-------
TABLE 111-10
PROPOSED TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC CONTAMINANTS
AND REGULATORY LEVELS
Contaminants
Regulatory Level
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Cadmium
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
2,4-D
1 ,2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1-Dichloroethylene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Endrin
Heptachlor (and its hydroxide)
Hexa chlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexa chlo roe thane
Isobutanol
Lead
Lindane
Mercury
Methoxychlor
Methylene chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Pyridine
Selenium
Silver
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachlorethane
Tetrachloroethylene
2,3,4, 6-Tetrachlorophenol
Toluene
Toxaphene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
107-13-1
7440-38-2
7440-39-3
71-43-2
111-44-4
7440-43-9
75-15-0
56-23-5
57-74-9
108-90-7
67-66-3
1333-82-0
95-48-7
108-39-4
106-44-5
94-75-7
95-50-1
106-46-7
107-06-2
75-35-4
121-14-2
72-20-8
76-44-2
118-74-1
87-68-3
67-72-1
78-83-1
7439-92-1
58-89-9
7439-97-6
72-43-5
75-09-2
78-93-3
98-95-3
87-86-5
108-95-2
110-86-1
7782-49-2
7440-22-4
630-20-6
79-34-5
127-18-4
58-90-2
108-86-3
8001-35-2
71-55-6
. img/i;
5 0
J w
S 0
J w
100
±\J\J
0.07
One.
Uj
i n
1 U
14 4
A *T *T
0.07
0.03
i /,
i . <+
0 07
*/ w /
S 0
J \J
inn
i. \j . \j
inn
X \J * \J
10 0
±\J f \J
1 L
A . H
L ~\
» J
10 R
i\J . o
0 40
\J *T W
n i
u . j.
n i ?
\j . i o
0.003
0.001
0 1 "}
U . 13
0 79
VJ . / t.
U "\
H . J
36
*J V/
5 0
J \J
0.06
00
. ^
1 4
A « ^T
8.6
7 p
/ . ^
0 1 ?
U . i J
3.6
14.4
S 0
*J . V/
1.0
5 0
*J \J
10.0
1 1
A * -J
0. 1
1 5
JL J
14.4
0.07
30
-------
TABLE 111-10 (continued)
Regulatory Level
Contaminants
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4, 6-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
Vinyl chloride
CAS No.
79-00-5
79-01-6
95-95-4
88-06-2
93-76-5
75-01-4
(g/L)
1.2
0.07
5n
.8
0.30
01 /
. 14
0.05
Source: 51 FR 21648, June 13, 1986
39
-------
cleaned. The detergent and caustic solutions are recycled in a
closed system until they are too dirty to be effective, then they
are drained to the treatment system. The cleaning solvent
contains 30 to 40 percent volatile compounds such as acetone,
methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone, and 60 to 70
percent xylenes and mineral spirits. It is recycled until too
contaminated for further use and is then disposed off-site.
Average water use is about 25,000 gallons per day.
The wastewater treatment system at this facility consists of pH
adjustment with sulfuric acid, equalization, coagulation-
sedimentation in a rectangular clarifier baffled to create a
serpentine flow path, and filtration through a 40 m paper filter.
Ferric chloride is used to coagulate wastewater solids and
powdered activated carbon is added to the influent well of the
clarifier to improve removal of organic compounds. Both the pH
adjustment tank (7,000-gallon volume) and the equalization tank
(240,000-gallon volume) rely on aeration for mixing, and in
these, air stripping of volatile pollutants probably occurs.
Operating day composite samples were collected of raw wastewater
and treatment process effluent on two days at this facility. The
raw wastewater samples were collected from a collection sump that
received all raw wastewater from floor drains. The effluent
samples were collected from a small diameter drop manhole
following the 40m filter. Grab samples of clarifier influent
were collected from the pipeline connecting the equalization tank
and clarifier. A sample of dewatered sludge was collected from
the discharge of the belt filter press. Figure III-3 presents a
schematic of the treatment system and shows the sample collection
points.
The analytical results for samples collected at this facility are
summarized in Table III-ll. Review of the data shows that
approximately 30 organic pollutants were reported in the various
samples and that, with the exception of pesticides and
herbicides, volatile pollutants were detected more often than
semivolatile pollutants. More semivolatile pollutants may have
been present, but were not reported because of the high
analytical detection limits for those pollutants. The
semivolatile pollutant detection limit, excluding those for TCLP
extract, were seldom less than 1,000 micrograms per liter and
ranged as high as 500,000 micrograms per liter because of sample
dilution by the laboratories during sample analysis. Tables III-
12 through 111-19 list the cargos last contained in tanks cleaned
during the sampling period and the preceding five days. The only
readily apparent correlations between cargos and wastewater were
the detection of 2,4-diaminotoluene in raw wastewater on the
second day of sampling and chromium in the sample of equalization
tank effluent.
40
-------
RAW WASTEWATER
SAMPLE LOCATION
IN 11 IIMt IXAI f WASTEWATER
SAMI'll I <>C,A! ION
POWDERED ACTIVAIH) CAfWON
MFLIJEN1 FROM
FLOUR DRAINS
EFFLUENT
SAMPlE IOCAIION
WAS1EWAIER
IO POTW
OF. WATERED SI ULXJE
lOlANDFtl
SLUDGE SAMPLE LOCATION
POIYMHI-
FIGURE 111-3
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
V10/ 06
-------
TABLE 111-II
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Day I
Day 2
K>
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone
benzene
chlo robenzeoe
ethylbenzene
isobutyl alcohol
ethacrylonitrile
ethylene chloride
n.a-diBetbylforumde
toluene
trichloroethene
1,1, 1-trichloroethane
2-butanone
SesiiTolatile Organic Pollutants
bis(2-ethylbeiyl)
phtkalate
bis(2-chloroethyl)
ether
diethyl phtbaUte
naphthalene
atyrene
2.4-diasiinotol«eae
2,4-diaethylpheaol
Pesticides and Herbicides
beptachlor «poxide
propachlor
azinphos ethyl
azinphoe Bethy!
deMton (Mixed)
diazinon
dioxathion
HMPA
leptopbot
naled
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Mg/«(Mg/kg)
Mg/«(Mg/kg)
Mg/«Mg/kg)
t>g/>(Mg/k()
Mg/t(Mg/kg)
Mg/t(Mg/kg)
Mg/t(Mg/kg)
Mg/»(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/Ufg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
M8/«MI/kg)
M(/((MI/kg)
Mg/t(Mg/kg)
Mg/*
-------
1'ABI.E 111-II (cone.)
Day 1
Day 2
to
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
HetaU
calcine)
agnesius)
sodiun
aluaimtt)
anganese
lead
vanadium
boron
barium
beryllium
cadmium
solybdenum
tin
cobalt
chromium
copper
iron
nickel
titanium
zinc
silver
arsenic
antimony
mercury
Conventional Pollutanta
Residue, non-filterable
BOO 5-Day
Oil and grease,
total recoverable
P«
Hints
Liquid (Sludge)
Mg/t(.g/kg)
ug/«(«g/kg)
Mg/Zf.g/kg)
Mg/*("g/kg)
Mg/*(»g/kg)
Hg/tdg/kg)
Mg/i(ng/kg)
pg/C(sjg/kg)
|ig/f(ng/kg)
Mg/*<-g/kg)
ug/Kng/kg)
pg/«(ng/kg)
Mg/*<»8/kg)
Hg/i(ng/kg)
(ig/K-g/kg)
|lg/t(ng/kg)
pg/t(»g/kg)
Mg/((ng/kg)
Mg/Kmg/kg)
»ig/t(.g/kg)
ug/«(ng/kg)
ug/i(ug/kg)
Mg/*(«g/«g)
M8/«(-8/kg)
s/t
g/t
l/<
s.u.
Tap
Water
(15602)
9.670
2,550
175.000
280
J9
225
191
--
--
--
«
--
«
--
28
--
454
--
--
NA
NA
NA
7.2
Raw
Waste
(15597)
104,000
4,150
1 .900,000
^55,000
227
)6
4,350
342
6
.
--
58
1.170
314
4,880
117
112
787
-
446,000
--
--
2,300
3,900
3,100C
9.5-12.4
Equalization
Tjnk
Effluent
(15606)
249,000
8,530
3,890,000
517,000
484
719
126
7,580
476
13
16
133
--
248
1,120
825
16,100
1,860
299
2,310
16,800
--
9,000
7.200
2,600
7.7-8.5
Effluent
(15598)
405,000
4,480
3,440,000
2,930
241
--
--
5,200
--
--
5
--
86
8,000
275
--
425
2,200
"
ISO
3,000
89d
7.4
Equalization
Raw Tank
Waste Effluent Effluent
(15599) (15607) (15600)
130,000
5,970
1,700,000
294.000
340
500
110
4,040
655
10
21
--
--
76
7,190
1.160
8,510
244
232
1,240
3.1
985
--
"
4,000
1,500
980c
8.0-9.3
196,000
6,610
3,370,000
368,000
349
520
103
6,050
240
10
9
--
--
170
969
597
12,100
1,180
216
1,660
--
31,800
--
0.3
6,500
4,700
3,000
6.6
506,000
4,640
3,070,000
1,040
307
*~
--
5,370
-
"
~
~"
82
--
5,740
353
443
--
2,100
140
100
2,400
56d
7.2-7.3
Sludge
(15601)
7,610
306
6.270
21,300
41.8
~
6.0
40
82
0.5
1.8
--
4.5
4.0
41.4
28.4
8,370
69
26.8
77.8
24
19
"
NA
NA
NA
NA
TCLP
Extract
(15601)
213,000
4.820
1,350.000
1,810
1,060
~
""
644
97
--
8
~~
~
51
256
5.130
1,660
"
700
"
634
*
NA
NA
NA
NA
Classical Honconventional Pollutants
Residue, filterable
Fluoride
Amaonia, aa H
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total
Nitrate-nitrite, aa N
Total phosphorus, aa P
Cbentical oxygen demand
Total organic carbon
Sulfide, total (iodonetric)
g/<
s/t
g/t(s>g/kg)
g/t(ng/kg)
g/l(s>g/kg)
g/t
g/£
g/t
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,600
9.1 NR
1.4
llx
0.64
6.6
9,300
970
12
13,000
21 NR
--
290
--
3.5
13,000
1,300
6.6
13,000
0.79
2.6
200
--
4.6
5.760
910
--
7,700
5.1
8.4
230
~"
8.5
18,000
2,800
6.0c
12,000
8.0
--
210
"~
6.2
10,000
1,300
7.7
12,000
0.76
3.1
180
"
3.9
5,700
760
~"
NA
NA
660
S.800
1.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
TABLE III-ll (coat.)
Day 1
Day 2
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
CUsiical (cont.)
Flash poiot
pH, toil
Residue, total
Residue, total volatile
Sulfide, total
(Modified Hooier-Williaan)
Corrosivity
Cyaaide. total
Cyaoide, total
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Tjp
Water
(15602)
c
Raw
Waste
(15597)
qualization
Tank
Effluent
(15606)
Equalization
Raw Tank
Effluent Waste Effluent Effluent
(15598) (15599) (15607) (15600)
TCLP
Sludge Extract
(15601) r 11601 t
(°C)
(s.u.)
(1)
(t)
<«/«*)
(its per year)
Mg/£(.g/«g)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
35
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
110
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
39
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
36
56
7.5
19
10
9.0 NR
R
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Hotel:
Indicate! pollutant concentration below detection Unit
NA Indicates not analyzed
c Average of sis grab aasiple results
d Average of two grab sanple results
R Mot reported at this tin. Refer to Report of Analysis
MR Potential awtri* interference
z Upon receipt by lab, pH was not within the specified range for preservation
-------
TABLE 111-12
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 21, 1987
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Alkyldimethylamines (ADMA) 1
Ammonia sulfate 1
ANZK (drilling additive) 1
Bihexylmethylene triamine (BHMT) 1
Calcium stearate 1
Caustic 3
Chromate 1
Diethylamine 1
Deicing fluid 1
Diethyltoluenediamine 1
Formaldehyde 1
Furfural 2
Gasoline 1
Glycol 1
HAN (ammonia and water) 1
Herbicide *
Lard l
Latex *
Methanol 3
Oil 3
Oil, casting 1
Oil, heavy 1
Oil, soybean 1
Oil, white 1
Oil, 4843 1
Petroleum treating compound 1
Phosphoric acid 1
Propylene glycol 1
Propylene oxide !
Resin 2
Solvent !
Steam coils 1
Styrene *
Toluene diisocyanate 1
Waste turpentine 1
Wastewater 3
Wax 1
Weed killer 2
-------
TABLE 111-13
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 22, 1987
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank ^^ Tanks
Acetic acid 1
ADMA j
Alcohol 2
Alum I
Animal feed j
Bicep - 61 (non-hazardous herbicide) 1
Calgon j
Catalyst j
Caustic 5
Cleaning compound 2
Cresol j
Defoamer 1
Diesel additive j
Di-n-butylamine j
Ethanolamine j
Gas 1
Glycine j
Glycol 3
Latex 1
Limonene i
Oil !
Oil, heavy 2
Oil, light 2
Oil, lube a
Oil, synthetic 1
Parapol (light oil) 1
Phosphoric acid 2
Plastic pellets 2
Polypropylene glycol 1
Pot ash i
Resin 2
Rosin 1
Rosin, sizing 2
Solvent i
Sulfuric acid (spent) 3
Toluene diisocyanate 1
Triethanolamine 1
Vinegar 1
Wastewater j
Weed killer wastewater 1
Wax
46
-------
TABLE 111-14
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 23, 1987
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Acrylonitrile !
Ammonia 1
Calcium 1
Caustic 1
Clay slurry 1
Cresol 1
Ethanolamine 1
Ethylene/dibromide 3
Ethylene/glycol 1
Fatty acid 1
Formaldehyde 1
Gasoline additive 1
Glycol 3
HAB (drilling additive) 1
Herbicide 1
HME-500 (drilling additive) 1
Indapol 1
Latex 1
Methanol 1
Myco Curb (animal food supplement) 1
Neodecanoic acid 1
Oil *
Oil, cooking !
Oil, motor 1
Oil, waste 1
Oil, white 1
Oil, 30 w 1
Phenol 1
Phosphoric acid 1
Resin 2
Solvent 1
Tallow 1
Transmission fluid 1
Triisopropanolamine 1
Wax !
Weed killer 3
Well aids 1
White weed killer 1
-------
TABLE III-15
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAIKED, JANUARY 24, 1987
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Animal feed 1
Coline chloride 1
Distillate solvent 1
Gasoline additive, OBA 480 1
Glycol 1
Latex 1
Oil, 10 w 30 1
Oil, lube i
Polymer 1
Resin 2
Titanium dioxide 1
Wastewater 2
Wax, petroleum 1
Wax, slack (candle wax) 1
48
-------
TABLE 111-16
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 26, 1987
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Acetonitrile 1
Alcohol 1
Alfol 1214 1
Antifreeze 1
ASOL (blended solvent) 2
Black liquor 1
Caustic 1
Cleaning compound 2
Choline chloride 1
Cresol 1
Triethylenediamine (Dabco APC-5) 1
Diesel additive 1
Epoxy resin 1
Gasoline additive 1
'Hamp-ene 100 (chelating agents) 1
Latex 1
Naptha 1
Nonyl phenol 1
Oil 3
Oil, light 1
Palacyene 1
Petroleum treating compound 1
Phosphoric acid 2
Pot ash 1
Resin 2
Roto solvent (blended solvent) 1
Shell resin 1
Soap 1
Sodium sulfate 1
Sodium sulfide 1
Solvent 1
Toluene diisocyanate 1
Water 1
49
-------
TABLE 111-17
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 27, 1987
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Alcohol 2
Aniline oil 1
ANZR (drilling additive) 1
Catalyst 1
Chelating compound 1
Cleaning compound 1
Dibasic esters 1
Dicyclopentadiene 1
Diesel 2
Diethyltoluenediamine 1
Furfural 2
Hab 500 (drilling additive) 1
Hydroxyacetic acid 1
Latex 1
Mineral spirits 1
Oil, heavy 1
Oil, soybean 1
Petroleum treating compound 1
Phosphoric acid 2
Pot ash 1
Soap 1
Sodium sulfide 1
Styrene - 1
Sulfonic acid 1
Tallow 1
Tetrahydrofuran 1
Turpentine 1
Vinegar 1
Wastewater 1
Water treating compound 1
Weed killer 1
50
-------
TABLE 111-18
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 28, 1987
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Acetic acid 1
Aniline oil 3
Catalyst 1
Caustic 1
Choline chloride 1
Cleaning compound 3
p-Cresol 1
Diethyltoluenediamine 1
Dirt 3
Ethylene dibromide 2
Formaldehyde 1
Glycol 1
Insecticide 1
Latex 1
Liquid 1
Mineral spirits 2
Oil 1
Oil, heavy 1
Oil, light 1
Oxysolve 80 2
Phenol 2
Phosphoric acid 1
Pine oil 1
Resin 1
Retar 1
Rosin sizing 1
Soap 4
Solvent 1
Solvent Lf-9 1
Spent caustic 1
STP 1
Styrene 1
Tallow 1
Transformer oil 1
W/A 8508 1
Wax 1
51
-------
TABLE 111-19
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, JANUARY 29, 1987*
TANK TRUCK CLEANING FACILITY C
Material Last Number of
Contained In Tank Tanks
Aniline oil 1
Diethylamine 1
Fatty alcohol 1
Oil 1
Pep. set (steel foundry core resin) 1
Polymer 1
Toluenediamine 2
Water Treating compound 1
Wax, TT3655 1
^Represents tanks cleaned during sampling period on January 29.
52
-------
Review of the analytical data for the sludge shows that the
sludge would be classified as hazardous because of the
characteristic of ignitability.
4. Rail Tank Car Cleaning Facility A
This facility is authorized by its state regulatory agency to
clean tank cars that contained any of approximately 500 different
materials. If a tank car last contained a non-authorized
material, this facility often attempts to obtain a permit to
clean the non-authorized material. This facility has a permit to
discharge treated wastewaters to an adjacent surface water body
and to dispose of specific hazardous wastes in an on-site
underground injection well.
Most cleaning is done with hot water, cold water, and steam.
Caustic or detergent are used as needed, but no solvents are
utilized. There is no reuse/recycle of wastewaters or caustic.
Cleaning is done with spinners inserted through the main tank
hatch. This facility usually cleans 250 to 300 rail tank cars
per month. The average water use is between 2,500 and 3,300
gallons per car.
Tank heels are disposed of by one of several means depending on
composition. Storage tanks are available for segregation and
recovery of products with salvage or fuel value. Heels and
washwaters that are treatable biologically go to the wastewater
treatment facility, which consists of equalization followed by
extended aeration activated sludge. Remaining wastes are
considered hazardous and go to the injection well. Washwaters
from approximately 25-30 percent of tank cars cleaned are
disposed of in the injection well. Solid wastes are disposed of
as hazardous or non-hazardous wastes as appropriate.
Samples of the raw wastewater routed to biological treatment and
samples of the raw waste routed to the injection well were
collected on two days at this facility. The samples of raw
wastewater routed to the biological treatment system were grab
samples obtained from a flow-proportioning sample tank located
adjacent to the wash rack. Samples of raw wastewater routed to
the underground injection well were grab samples collected from
the hazardous wastewater sump located at the wash rack. Samples
of effluent were not collected from the activated sludge system
because the influent includes wastewater from several other
sources in addition to rail car washing wastewater.
Figure III-4 presents a schematic of the wastewater treatment
system at this facility; wastewater sample collection locations
are indicated on the schematic. A summary of the analytical
results for samples collected at this facility is presented in
Table 111-20.
53
-------
"HAZARDOUS:
WASHWATERS
RAW WASTE WAI EH
, SAMHIE IOCATION
WASTEWATEH TO
INJECTION WELL
'NON HAZARDOUS*
WASHWATERS
2 300000 GAI
EO«JAI I?ArION
I 3 IANKS )
DISCHARGE TO
SURFACE WAI EH
RAW WASlEWAftll
SAMPLE I OCA I ION
FIGURE HI-4
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
RAILCAR CLEANING FACILITY A
5307 06
-------
TABLE I11-20
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
RAIL TANK CAR FACILITY A
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic Units
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone Mg/£
benzene Mg/£
chloroform Mg/£
ethylbenzene pg/£
methylene chloride Hg/£
t-1, 3-dichloropropene jJg/£
toluene Mg/^
trichloroethene Mg/*
1,1,1-trichloroethane Jig/*
1,2-dichloroethane Mg/£
1,2-dichloropropane pg/£
cis-1, 3-dichloropropene Mg/*
Tap
Water
(15235)
«»
-
__
--
Raw
Waste
to Bio.
Treatment
(15233)
12,757
768
428
2,127
29
19
Raw
Waste to
Inj. Well
(15234)
210
--
-
100
242
38
29
41
194
317
Raw
Waste
to Bio.
Treatment
(15236)
164
49
""
254
-
-
-
Raw
Waste to
Inj. Well
(15237)
100
~
12
IOC
125
f~f
o7
64
44
22
35
"
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
alpha- terpineol
anthracene
benzo (a) anthracene
biphenyl
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
chrysene
diphenylamine
fluorene
isobutyl alcohol
isophorone
Mg/£
Mg/£
Hg/£
pg/£
M8/^
Mg/£
21
110
58
34
19
40
44
1,032
134
65
74
83
224
111
63
137
97
-------
TABLE 111-20 icont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Semi volatile (cont.)
n-nitrosodiphenylamine
naphthalene
nitrobenzene
p-cymene
phenanthrene
pyrene
2 - chlo ronaphtha 1 ene
2 , 4-dichlorophenol
2 , 4-dinitrotoluene
2 , 4 ,5-trichlorophenol
2,4, 6- trichlorophenol
Pesticides and Herbicides
Dioxins/Furans
Metals
calcium
magnesium
sodium
aluminum
manganese
lead
boron
barium
cadmium
chromium
copper
Tap
Water
Units (15235)
«/*
ug/,2 --
Ug/£ --
Ug/£ ~~
ug/£ -~
(Jg/£ -
ug/£ --
pg/£
Mg/A ~~
ug/£
ug/.£ --
NA
NA
Mg/£ 7,910
(jg/£ 2,180
pg/£ 136,000
Mg/£ 718
Mg/* 51
MgM
M&/£ ""
Mg/£ VH
Ug/£ **"
ug/£
Mg/£ 29
Raw
Waste
to Bio.
Treatment
(15233)
w
164
151
40
45
61
--
37
61
NA
NA
38,400
77,200
2,460,000
688
397
231
836
--
20
49
320
Raw
Waste to
Inj. Well
(15234)
276
1,867
--
--
--
_-
._
NA
NA
10,300
2,750
143,000
662
469
Ill
27
87
Raw
Waste
to Bio.
Treatment
(15236)
..
-_
77
--
__
__
49
NA
NA
35,100
76,200
884,000
260
1,760
432
116
20
--
36
Raw
Waste to
Inj. Well
(15237)
112
114
_-
220
--
..
._
__
»
NA
NA
13,600
2,740
153,000
863
211
--
192
136
15
--
63
-------
TABLE 111-20 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Tap
Water
(15235)
Raw
Waste
to Bio.
Treatment
(15233)
Raw
Waste to
Inj. Well
(15234)
Raw
Waste
to Bio.
Treatment
(15236)
Raw
Waste to
Inj. Well
(15237)
Metals (cont.)
iron
nickel
zinc
silver
arsenic
antimony
Conventional Pollutants
Residue, non-filterable
BOD 5-Day
Oil and grease,
total recoverable
pH
MS/*
Mg/«
Hg/*
M8/«
mg/£
ing/*
mg/£
s.u.
Classical Honconventional Pollutants
Residue, filterable mg/£
Fluoride "g/£
Ammonia, as N mg/£
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total mg/£
Nitrate-nitrite, as N mg/£
Total phosphorus, as P mg/£
Chemical oxygen demand mg/£
Total organic carbon mg/£
Sulfide, total (iodometric) mg/£
281
2.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
29,800
125
2,720
60
5,800
1.0
4.2
1.2
NR
560
97
1.0
8,570
9,360
1.5
342
52,700
411
342
1.4
17,100
924
74
51
580
>24si
150
11.7
65
>24si
34c
8.0-8.3
40
280
36
5.6
120
42
24d
7.3-7.4
830
0.86
9.7
79
0.08
2.6
9,600
3,500
4.7c
3,600
0.55
ht
0.089
0.081
410
150
2.8c
590
0.92
40ht
0.080
0.052
750
300
3.9c
Cyanide, total
NA
56
-------
TABLE 111-20 (cont.)
Notes:
Indicates pollutant concentration was below detection limit
NA Indicates not analyzed
ht Analysis performed after expiration of analytical hold-time
NR Matrix interference
si Sample inhibition indicated
c Average of five grab sample results
d Average of four grab sample results
CD
-------
Review of the data shows moderate levels of volatile and
semivolatile pollutants in both raw wastewaters. Although the
detection of acetone in the raw wastewater corresponds to the
cleaning of a rail car that carried acetone, a correlation with
the cargos of other rail cars is not evident. Tables 111-21
through 111-23 list the materials last contained in the rail cars
cleaned during the sampling episode and the materials last
contained in the rail cars cleaned on the preceding day.
5. Rail Tank Car Cleaning Facility B
This facility usually cleans about 120 to 160 rail tank cars per
month. In addition, the facility performs repairs and also lines
tank interiors. Most rail cars are accepted for cleaning.
Exceptions are determined on a case-by-case basis. Although the
facility is not located in a major manufacturing or petrochemical
area, several small petrochemical plants are located nearby and
much of the facility's business is associated with those plants.
Cars are routinely cleaned with only hot or cold water. Caustic
solution is used only if necessary. Cleaning is done with
spinners inserted through the main tank hatch. No detergents or
solvents are used for cleaning tank interiors. Average water use
is 3,500 gallons per car.
Wastewater from tank washing is collected in trenches beneath the
cars and is piped to a pretreatment holding tank. It then flows
to a sump and is pumped to an aerated surge tank (approximately
20,000-gallon volume). Sanitary wastewater and filtrate from the
sludge press combine with wash water in the surge tank. The
combined wastewater is then pumped to a Dorr-Oliver primary
clarifier (90,000-gallon volume) before discharging to a series
of two aeration basins, each with about a 10,000-gallon volume.
After final clarification, wastewater is discharged to the local
municipal treatment system.
Sludge from the final clarifier is either returned to the first
of the activated sludge units or returned to the primary
clarifier. Sludge from the primary clarifier is dewatered with a
Duriron plate-and-frame filter press. To enhance dewatering
characteristics, ferric chloride and lime are used. The
dewatered sludge is being stored on-site until a disposal
agreement is reached with state officials.
Two operating day composite samples of raw wastewater and one
sludge grab sample were collected at this facility. The raw
wastewater samples were collected from the sump located between
the pretreatment tank and surge tank. A sample of dewatered
sludge was collected from the sludge filter press as it was being
unloaded. Effluent samples were not collected because the long
detention times in the treatment system prevented a meaningful
59
-------
TABLE 111-21
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER 29, 1986
RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITY A
Material Last Number of
Contained In Railcar Railcars
Wastewater Routed to
Injection Well
Metam-Sodium (Sodium j
dimethyldithiocarbamate)
Aniline oil 1
Phenol
60
-------
TABLE 111-22
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, SEPTEMBER 30, 1986
RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITY A
Material Last Number of
Contained In Railcar Railcars
Wastewater Routed to
Injection Well
Epichlorohydrin -
Pesticide wastewater* *
Wastevater Routed to
Biological Treatment System
Naptha l
Acetone *
Vegetable oil 1
Chlorine** *
Vinyl chloride monomer*** 1
* Distributed as follows:
99.5% water
0.003% Furadan
0.4% PCNB
0.001% Heptachlor
0.01% Thiodan I
0.006% Thiodan II
0.001% Ethion
0.009% Malathion
** Approximately 400 gallons 26% NaOH added to each unit for neutralization.
Both units filled completely with water.
*** Purged to non-explosive level through flare system prior to cleaning.
61
-------
TABLE 111-23
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED, OCTOBER 1, 1986
RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITY A
Material Last Number of
Contained In Railcar Rail cars
Vastewater Routed to
Injection Well
Cumene hydroperoxide 1
Hexamethylene diisocyanate 1
Wastewater Routed to
Biological Treatment System
Chlorine* 1
Glycerine 1
Lube oil additive 1
Naptha 2
Phthalic anhydride 1
Sulfur dioxide* 1
* Approximately 400 gallons 26% NaOH added to each unit for neutralization.
Both units fully filled with water.
62
-------
comparison of influent and effluent concentration values.
Figure III-5 presents a schematic of the wastewater treatment
system at this facility showing sample collection locations.
Table 111-24 summarizes the analytical results for samples
collected at this facility and Table 111-25 lists materials last
contained in tank cars cleaned during the sampling period and the
material last contained in the tank cars cleaned on the preceding
day. A total of 23 organic pollutants were reported in the two
raw wastewater samples with no correlation evident to the limited
number of cargos last carried in the rail cars cleaned either
during the sampling episode or the preceding day. It is
theorized that on the first day of sampling, the large number of
pollutants observed in the sample were associated with solids
washed out of the pretreatment tank by wash water as it flowed
through the tank. A similar theory is put forth for the second
day when a large amount of solids was suspended by mechanical
mixing associated with neutralization of several hundred gallons
of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide in the pretreatment tank.
6. Tank Barae Cleaning Facility A
This facility cleans and repairs both tank and hopper barges. Of
the 900 barges cleaned at this facility in 1985, the predominant
number were tank barges. The facility is located in an area
where extensive petrochemical production occurs and has
opportunity to clean barges that have contained a wide variety of
bulk cargos. Based on experience, the company has developed a
list of about 80 compounds that it will not accept for cleaning.
These include highly odoriferous compounds.
After stripping residual cargo from the barges and venting with
blowers, workers enter the barges to clean interior piping and
pumps with hot water. High pressure spinner nozzles are
sometimes used. No solvents or caustic are used, but degreasing
detergent, disinfectant, or both are used if necessary.
This facility has a state permit to discharge wastewaters from
cleaning petroleum barges to the adjacent river. The permit does
not allow discharge of wastewaters from cleaning of chemical
barges; those wastewaters are handled separately. Wastewater
from cleaning of petroleum barges first goes to an intermediate
barge for several days of settling and oil-water separation.
Following that, the water fraction is pumped through aim filter
and a coalescing plate filter prior to storage in a holding
barge. When approximately 1,000 barrels (42,000 gallons) have
accumulated, the wastewater is tested (COD, TSS, O+G, pH) and if
in compliance with discharge permit conditions, discharged to the
river.
Wastewater from cleaning of chemical barges is filtered through a
1 m filter before going to a holding barge. When the barge is
63
-------
MFLUENT FROM
DRAINS
SLUDGE SAMPLE
LOCATION
SAMTARY WASTEWA TEH
RAW WASTEWATER
SAMPLE LOCATION
PRETREATMENT
n HOLDNG TANK
PIPELINE LENGHiat 1/2 MME
WASTEWATER
IOPO1W
ACTIVATED
SI IMKif
1ANK NO I
FERRIC CHLORIDE AND LIME
^y
FIGURE 111-5
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
RAILCAR CLEANING FACILITY B
-------
TABLE 111-24
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
RAIL TANK CAR FACILITY B
ui
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Tap
Water
(15775)
Day 1
Raw
Waste
(15777)
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15778)
Sludge
(15776)
TCLP
Extract
(15776)
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone
benzene
bromoform
ethylbenzene
ethylene chloride
tetrachloroethene
toluene
vinyl chloride
1, 1-dichloroethane
2-butanone
Seaivolatile Organic Pollutants
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
anthracene
benzyl alcohol
biphenyl
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
carbazole
chrysene
di-n-octyl phthalate
dibenzofuran
fluoranthene
fluorene
naphthalene
phenanthrene
phenol
pyrene
styrene
fg/£(|jg/kg)
Mg/£(pg/kg)
Mg/£(MgAg)
Mg/£(Mg/kg)
pg/£(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(pg/kg)
Hg/£(pg/kg)
pg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(MgAg)
Mg/*(pg/kg)
Mg/£(MgAg)
Hg/*(Mg/kg)
pg/£(pg/kg)
Hg/£(pgAg)
Mg/*(MgAg)
pg/£(pg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(Mg/kg)
Mg/£(Mg/kg)
Mg/*(Mg/kg)
Hg/£(Mg/kg)
pg/A(Mg/kg)
24
31
134
1,764
20
20
33
420
42
13
34
10
36
20
35
341
58
65
13
26
5,571
15
476
50
45
184
45
163
300
106
1,996
801
230
754
151
836
506
806
1,436
572
340
625
3,711
--
8,900
6,450
15,342
5,029
1,253
8,289
7,339
2,929
5,305
13,453
8,297
3,237
2,289
2,582
21
150
19
50
-------
TABLE 111-24 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Pesticides and Herbicides
Dioxins/Furans
Metals
calcium
magnesium
sodium
aluminum
manganese
lead
vanadium
boron
barium
cadmium
tin
cobalt
chromium
copper
iron
nickel
titanium
zinc
silver
mercury
Conventional Pollutants
Residue, non-filterable
BOD 5-Day
Oil and grease,
total recoverable
PH
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Hg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(o>g/kg)
Hg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Hg/£(mg/kg)
Hg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(ng/kg)
Hg/£(mg/kg)
ug/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(ng/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
Mg/£(mg/kg)
1/1
mg/£
mg/£
s.u.
Tap
Water
(15775)
NA
NA
61,700
5,200
7,940
__
--
__
__
148
--
NA
NA
NA
NA
Day 1
Raw
Waste
(15777)
NA
NA
87,700
6,260
41,900
568
619
__
159
68
10
_
__
--
40
5,140
__
412
--
3.7
200
180
79c
7.0-7.8
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15778)
NA
NA
43,400
505
17,000,000
179
__
..
«.*
. iv
_
_-
26
184*
98*
734*
._
52.2
750
16,000
540c
12.0-12.9
Sludge
(15776)
NA
84,900
1,050
3,490 1
3,570
774
64
17
217
172
35
7
108
426
206,000
66
41
577
1.0
1.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
TCLP
Extract
(15776)
VA
JIA
NA
924,000
7,510
,070,000
1,280
6,650
1,710
2,250
5
*
104
246
187
1,730
--
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
TABLE 111-24 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant Units
Tap
Water
Characteristic Liquid (Sludge) (15775)
Classical Nonconventiona 1 Pollutants
Residue, filterable mg/£
Fluoride mg/£
Ammonia, as N mg/£(mg/kg)
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total mg/£(mg/kg)
Nitrate-nitrite, as N mg/£(mg/kg)
Total phosphorus, as P mg/£
Cheaical oxygen demand mg/£
Total organic carbon ng/£
Sulfide, total (iodometric) mg/£
Flash point (°C)
pH, soil (s.u.)
Residue, total (%)
Residue, total volatile (%)
Sulfide, total
(Modified Monier-Williams) («g/kg)
Corrosivity (mils/year)
Cyanide, total Mg/£(mg/kg)
Indicates pollutant concentration was below
NA Indicates not analyzed
NR Matrix interference
c Average of three grab sample results
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
detection limit
Day 1
Raw
Waste
(15777)
430
0.37
1.9
0.28
25
480
78
"
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
73
* Indicates sample duplicate analyses were not within specified control
s Low bias associated with sulfide analysis,
x Upon receipt by lab, pH was not within the
refer to Report
specified range
of Analysis
Day 2
Raw
Waste
(15778)
6,000
7.7NR
5.8
7.6x
0.27
180
33,000
13,000
25c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,200
limits
Sludge
(15776)
NA
NA
1,000
17,000
--
NA
NA
NA
NA
55
8.0
38
17
4.3s
20
5.3
TCLP
Extract
(15776)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
for preservation
-------
TABLE 111-25
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED
RAIL TANK CAR CLEANING FACILITY B
Date
Number of
Railcars Cleaned
Product Cleaned
Monday, April 20
Tuesday, April 21
Wednesday, April 22
2
1
1
Vegetable oil
Corn starch
Latex (rinse only)
Chemical Leaman trailers (food
grade plasticizer)
PVC resin
Vinyl acetate monomer
Ethyl acetate
Acetic acid
Latex (held in separate tank - did
not drain to treatment system)
TDTC - Monsanto Triallate Technical
Avadex BW Herbacide
CAS Active Ing. 2303-17-5.
Vegetable oil
68
-------
filled it is moved to an underground injection facility for
disposal of the contents. Sludge generated during the settling
and filtering steps is stored in drums and disposed at an approved
off-site facility.
Grab samples of filtered wastewater were collected from both
petroleum wastewater and chemical wastewater storage barges. In
addition, a sludge sample was collected from one of the drums
awaiting disposal. Figure III-6 presents a wastewater treatment
schematic showing sample collection locations.
Results of sample analyses are summarized in Table 111-26. Review
of the data shows only low levels of five organic pollutants in
the filtered petroleum wastewater. In comparison, 18 pollutants
were reported in the filtered chemical wastewater, several at very
high levels.
Review of the analytical data for the sludge shows that the sludge
contains high levels of several organic pollutants. Comparison of
the analytical data for the TCLP extract with the proposed
regulatory levels (see Table V-10) shows that the sludge would be
considered hazardous: benzene, chloroform, toluene, and 2-butanone
all exceed their individual threshold levels. Although the
flashpoint of the sludge was less than 60'C, it would not be
classified as hazardous based on the characteristic of ignitability
because it did not contain free liquid.
A summary of cargos last contained in tank barges from which
wastewater was routed to the storage barges is presented in Table
111-27. With the exception of benzene, chloroform, and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane in chemical barge wastewater, the analytical
results do not correspond to the cargos last carried in the barges
that were cleaned.
7. Tank Barae Cleaning Facility B
The second tank barge cleaning facility to be sampled cleans eight
to ten tank barges per week. It also is located in an area where
extensive petrochemical production occurs and barges are cleaned
that carry many different chemicals. However, barges that last
contained chlorinated hydrocarbons are seldom cleaned at this
facility; no barges are cleaned that last carried concentrated
acid.
Wastewaters from barges that last contained edible oils, petroleum
based products, and hazardous substances are pumped to separate
barges. Each of these wastewaters are handled separately. Average
water use at the facility is estimated to be about 3,000 to 4,000
gallons per barge.
During treatment, wastewater from the petroleum-based product
wastewater storage barge is transferred to the first (Tank 1) of
69
-------
PETROLEUM BARGE
VWASTEWATER
WASTEWATER
SAMPLE LOCATION
WASTEWATER
SAMPLE IOC AT ION
aCMCAL BARGE
WASTEWATER
SLUDGE W
55 GALLON
DRUMS
WASIEWAIER IO
SURFACE WATER
WASIFWATER TO
INJECTION WEll
^ CON IR AC I OlSf'O-SAI
SI UDGE SAMPLE LOCATION
FIGURE 111-6
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
TANK BARGE CLEANING FACILITY A
530706
-------
WASTEWATER FROM
.EDBlE 01 BARGES
WASTEWATER
"SAMTIf IOCAIION
.SANnmtn INMIHNI
SAMPIE IOCAIH)N
COAIESV4G Fl IER
SAMPIE IOCAIION
I
RECYCLED WASHWATERJ
, .j
.WASTEWATER
SAMPLE LOCATION
PETROLEUM 1
BARGES
MIL AltL) PETROLEUM WASTEWATER
-Oft
INGIKY CONIAMINAIED WASTEWATER
J
TREATED EDaiEOI.
WASTE WATER IO
SURFACE WATER
tMfSIIE IHEAIMENT
AMI) DISPOSAL
WASTEWATER FROM
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
BARGES
SOIVENIS/MOA1AHIIS
IO INCINI RAMON
WASIEWAIKI IO
INJtCIION WEIL
WASTEWATER
SAMPLE LDCATKJN
FIGURE 111-7
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
TANK BARGE CLEANING FACILITY B
5307 06
-------
TABLE 111-26
SUMMARY OF REPORTED ANALYTICAL RESULTS
TANK BARGE CLEANING FACILITY A
--J
N>
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Tap
Water
(15217)
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
(15214)
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
Duplicate
(15218)
Filtered
Chemical
Wastewater
Sludge
(15216)
TCLP
Extract
(15216)
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone
benzene
chloroform
ethylbenzene
methylene chloride
toluene
trichloroethene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,2-dichloroethane
2-butanone
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants
alpha-terpineol
benzidine
carbazole
dibenzofuran
dimethyl phthalate
isophorone
n-docosane
n-eicosane
n-hexacosane
n-octadecane
n-triacontane
p-cymene
thioxantbone
1-methylphenanthrene
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
Mg/« (Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
Mg/« (Mg/kg)
Mg/£ (Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
67
39
121
13,497
148
1,446
996
31
725
137,689
1,477,250
114
101,899
27,555
1,921
18,280
14,400
57,587
1,097,915
57
111,132
17,546
1,364
4,079
15,312
16,174
170,257
39
152
19
45
18
161
30
463
184
199
12
2,269
1,664,990
1,226,930
234
22
89
-------
TABLE 111-26 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Tap
Water
(15217)
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
(15214)
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
Duplicate
(15218)
Filtered
Chemical
Wastewater
(15215)
Sludge
(15216)
TCLP
Extract
(15216)
Semivolatile (cont.)
2-methylnapthalene
2,6-dinitrotoluene
3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
4-chlo ro-3-methyIpheno1
4-nitrophenol
Pesticides and Herbicides
etridazone
^ BHC, beta
u> BHC, gamma
trifluralin
Dioxin/Furans
2,3,7,8 TCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDD
Metals
calcium
magnesium
sodium
aluminum
manganese
lead
vanadium
boron
barium
cadmium
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
Mg/« (Mg/kg)
(Mg/kg)
(ng/kg)
(ng/kg)
3,346,300
74
16
28
428
NA
NA
2.8
1.5t
NA
NA
4.It
2.2
NA
NA
3.7
NA
NA
NA
ug/£ (mg/kg)
pg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/£ (mg/kg)
pg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/£ (mg/kg)
|jg/£ (mg/kg)
ujr/£ (mg/kg)
pg/£ (mg/kg)
llo/A (ma/tta)
95,200
24,800
11,600
31
154
~
55
463
76,700
22,300
13,800
178
*
54
207
74,100
21,800
13,700
174
»
52
205
11,500
11,900
306,000
18,500
193
66
59
568
122
16,300
10,800
49,700
60,000
3,580
1,450
277
16,700
2,240
502
36,100
5,760
1,690,000
10,700
1,280
__
1,340
14
-------
TABLE 111-26 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Liquid (Sludge)
Tap
Water
(15217)
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
(15214)
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
Duplicate
(15218)
Filtered
Chemical
Wastewater
(15215)
Sludge
(15216)
TCLP
Extract
(15216)
Metals (cont.)
molybdenum
tin
cobalt
chromium
copper
iron
nickel
titanium
zinc
silver
arsenic
antimony
mercury
Conventional Pollutants
Residue, non-filterable
BOD 5-Day
Oil and grease,
total recoverable
pg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/* (mg/kg)
Mg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/£ (mg/kg)
M8/« (mg/kg)
Mg/A (mg/kg)
Hg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/£ (mg/kg)
Mg/4 (mg/kg)
Mg/A (mg/kg)
Mg/« (mg/kg)
mg/£
mg/£
mg/£
Classical Nonconventiona1 Pollutants
Residue, filterable mg/£
Fluoride tag/8.
Ammonia, as N mg/£(mg/kg)
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total mg/£(mg/kg)
Nitrate-nitrite, as N mg/£(mg/kg)
Total phosphorus, as P mg/£
Chemical oxygen demand mg/£
51
3.9
2,460
18
12
17
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.4
4.4
153
18
4.9
460
1.4
1.0
150
19
3.8
9.2
460
0.20
4.9
0.72
345
20
17
14
156
140
87
35
210
~
69
16
0.3
595
832
526
1,870
3,190
581,000
2,270
411
1,340
0.1
80
8.1
0.8
129
--
29
904
95
--
221
--
1.7
280
10,000
250C
5,600
0.22
2.9
22
6.8
5.7
13,000
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
770
1.5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-------
TABLE 111-26 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant Units
Characteristic Liquid (Sludge)
Classical (cont.)
Total organic carbon mg/£
Sulfide, total (iodometric) mg/2
Flash point (°C)
pH, soil (s.u.)
Residue, total (%)
Residue, total volatile (%)
Sulfide, total
(Modified Monier-Williaras) (mg/kg)
Corrosivity (mils per year)
Cyanide, total M8/£(mg/kg)
Notes :
Indicates pollutant concentration below
NA Indicates not analyzed
c Average of five grab sample results
Tap
Water
(15217)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
detection
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
(15214)
.*
--
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
__
limit
Filtered
Petroleum
Wastewater
Duplicate
(15218)
__
3.6c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
__
Filtered
Chemical
Wastewater Sludge
(15215) (15216)
3,400 NA
NA NA
NA
NA 12.7s
NA 71
NA 9
NA 7.0
NA
22
TCLP
Extract
(15216)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
s pH of sludge supernatant following centrifugation
t Tentative identification below detection
limit
-------
two tanks mounted in the treatment barge, and then pumped through
a sand filter and a coalescing filter into the second tank (Tank
2) . The filtered wastewater is recycled until it is considered
too dirty to reuse. Then it is stored and barged to a private
contractor for treatment and disposal.
After gravity separation in the initial storage barge, wastewater
from edible oil barges is routed to Tank 1 for additional
clarification. Wastewater is then routed through the same
treatment equipment, but not at the same time as the petroleum-
based wastewaters, and discharged to the river. Only wastewater
generated from the washing of barges carrying edible oil is
discharged to the river.
Wastewater from cleaning of barges that last carried cargos other
than edible oils ^r petroleum products is considered "hazardous",
and is routed to a separate storage barge where gravimetric
separation occurs. Flotables are recovered for incineration and
the remaining barge contents are barged to an injection well
facility for disposal.
Grab wastewater samples were collected from this facility at the
following locations: (1) from a tap in the piping system
connecting the edible oils wastewater storage barge to Tank 1;
(2) from a tap in the piping system connecting the petroleum
wastewater storage barge to Tank 1 during treatment of petroleum
wastewaters; (3) from the compartment containing the solvent-wash
water mixture in the hazardous waste storage barge; (4) from the
influent line to the sand filter during treatment of petroleum
wastewater; and (5) from the discharge of the coalescing filter
during the treatment of petroleum wastewater. Figure III-7
presents a schematic of the wastewater handling and treatment
system showing sample collection locations.
The results of analysis of samples collected at this facility are
summarized in Table 111-28. Review of the data suggests that the
raw edible oils wastewater may have been contaminated with
wastewater from petroleum or hazardous product barges at some
point, because the reported organic pollutants should not be
found in edible products. Both the raw edible oils wastewater
and raw petroleum wastewater showed moderate levels of
contamination with several organic pollutants. As would be
expected, the raw hazardous wastewater showed very high levels of
several pollutants.
A summary of cargos last contained in tank barges from which
wastewater was routed the storage barges, is presented in Table
111-29. A clear relationship is evident between cleaning of
barges containing acrylonitrile, benzene, and toluene, and the
composition of the hazardous wastewater. A relationship is not
clear between cargos and wastewater for the petroleum and edible
oils raw wastes.
76
-------
TABLE 111-27
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED
TANK BARGE CLEANING FACILITY A
Wastewater Sent to
Petroleum Washwater Barge
Diesel Oil
Lube Oil
Wastewater Sent to
Chemical Washwater Barge
Benzene
Chloroform
Chlorothane (1,1,1-trichloroethane)
Ethanol
Glycol
Methanol ~
Mineral Spirits Mixture
Resin Oil
Styrene
77
-------
TABLE 111-28
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
TANK BARGE CLEANING FACILITY B
Raw
oo
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone
acrolein
acrylonitrile
benzene
ethylbenzene
ethyl nethacrylate
toluene
2-butanone
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-hexanone
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants
acenaphthylene
anthracene
benzyl alcohol
biphenyl
isophorone
naphthalene
n-tetracosane
n-tetradecane
nitrobenzene
squalene
styrene
2-chlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol
Units
Mg/£
ug/£
M8/«
M8/*
M8/*
MS/*
H8/A
M8/£
M8/A
M8/A
M8/«
M8/*
H8/«
Ug/Jfc
Ug/£
J4g/£
Ug/Jt
Ug/Ji
Ug/Jt
M8/«
pg/£
M8/*
H8/A
Tap
Water
(15613)
1,434
75
--
__
--
--
Raw
Hazardous
Wastewater
(15608)
21,825,100
17,906,000
13,359,600
1,048,920
23,506
16,973
32
--
_
--
--
Raw
Petroleum
Wastewater
(15609)
970
572
61
4,703
2,217
6,300
218
__
2,827
--
--
--
--
Edible
Oils
Wastewater
(15610)
1,728
1,362
1,060
30
1,516
-
11
72
16
86
77
162
--
199
Sand
Filter
Influent
(15615)
_
48
539
_«
241
--
25
--
74,
165
1,773
1,544
Coalescing
Filter
Effluent
(15611)
52
80
29
169
120
__
--
--
--
--
2,038
-------
TABLE 111-28 I'cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic
Units
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants (cont.)
2,6-dinitrotoluene
4-chloro-3-methylphenol
Pesticides and Herbicides
Dioxins/Furans
Metals
calcium
magnesium
sodium
aluminum
manganese
lead
vanadium
boron
barium
cadmium
molybdenum
chromium
copper
iron
nickel
titanium
zinc
mercury
Mg/«
Tap
Water
s (15613)
nt.)
NA
NA
I 39,800
I 12,700
I 23,800
I 2,690
I 955
I 274
4 133
£ 6
£ 58
£ 25
£ 4,160
X
£ 175
Raw
Hazardous
Wastewater
(15608)
--
NA
NA
35,900
11,600
55,900
542
1,080
__
100
62
11
__
21
268
20,400
61
4,000
Raw
Petroleum
Wastewater
(15609)
__
NA
24,400
13,600
5,590,000
11,500
226
--
178
249
161
6
1,270
56
63
15,100
118
52
451
3.7
Raw
Edible
Oils
Wastewater
(15610)
__
NA
NA
44,900
19,400
53,300
1,080
620
-
210
92
9
--
103
60,400
"~
--
393
--
Sand
Filter
Influent
(15615)
25
2,168
NA
NA
42,300
18,200
50,200
669
384
~
129
55
>
31,100
369
""
Coalescing
Filter
Effluent
(15611)
2,208
NA
NA
42,900
22,000
60,100
562
379
199
55
110
28,200
~~
330
-------
TABLE 111-28 (cont.)
Pollutant
or Pollutant
Characteristic Units
Conventional Pollutants
Residue, non-filterable mg/£
BOD 5 -Day mg/£
Oil and grease,
total recoverable mg/£
pH s.u.
Classical Nonconventional Pollutants
Residue, filterable mg/£
Fluoride mg/£
Ammonia, as N mg/£
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total mg/£
Nitrate-nitrite, as N mg/£
Total phosphorus, as P mg/£
Chemical oxygen demand mg/£
Total organic carbon mg/£
Sulfide, total (iodometric) mg/£
Cyanide, total Mg/£
Tap
Water
(15613)
NA
NA
NA
7.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Raw
Hazardous
Wastewater
(15608)
21
17,000b
5.7
403
0.81
2.7
43
0.48
64,000
11,000
15c
370
Raw
Petroleum
Wastewater
(15609)
610
SnOsi
1,300
11.5
13,000
4.6
2.6
23
0.12
3.3
3,800
670
12c
66
Raw
Edible
Oils
Wastewater
(15610)
1,100
1,200
430
5.6
760
0.77
3.7
18
0.071
1.8
3,200
910
9.3c
Sand
Filter
Influent
(15615)
420
1,300
250
5.4
790
1.1
2.5
14
0.068
6.7
2,600
920
2.5c
Coalescing
Filter
Effluent
(15611)
340
990
170
5.5
740
0.50
2.6
14
0.050
3.1
3,100
880
2.5c
Indicates pollutant concentration below detection limit.
NA Indicates not analyzed
b BOD result calculated from limiting value
si sample inhibition of seed indicated
-------
TABLE 111-29
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS LAST CONTAINED
TANK BARGE CLEANING FACILITY B
Wastewater Sent to
Edible Oils Barge
Coconut oil
Corn oil
Fish oil
Molasses
Palm oil
Soybean oil
Sodium hydroxide
Tallow
Wastewater Sent to
Petroleum Oils Barge
Bunker C oil
Crude oil
#2 Fuel oil
#6 Fuel oil
Gasoline
Jet fuel
Lube oil
Naptha
Sodium hydroxide - #2 fuel oil mixture
Wastewater Sent to
Hazardous Waste Barge
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Ethanol
Hexane
Methanol
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
n-Nonyl alcohol
Resin oil
Styrene monomer
Toluene
Xylenes
81
-------
8_.Aircraft Exterior Cleaning Facility A
Samples of raw wastewater from the washing of the exterior of
aircraft were collected on two days at the maintenance center of
a major U.S. air carrier. This facility washes a maximum of one
aircraft per day. The washing is usually limited to wheel wells
and landing gear and is conducted to facilitate inspection. This
carrier dry-polishes aircraft fuselages rather than wet washing
them as other carriers are believed to do.
Washing an aircraft at this facility involves first moving it to
a wash area that is paved to facilitate drainage to a catch basin
located at one corner. The actual washing consists of spraying a
mixture of water and detergent, butyl cellosolve, onto the aircraft
with hand-held wands. The aircraft is then rinsed with water using
a high pressure spray. Two or three applications and some
scrubbing with brushes are necessary to clean soiled areas. Water
use is estimated to be about 2,000 gallons per airplane.
Wastewater from cleaning aircraft exteriors is combined with other
wastewater including sanitary and electroplating wastewaters for
treatment and disposal to surface waters. At this facility,
located near the United States East coast, cleaning wastewater wac
collected and conveyed along with other wastewater to an on-site
treatment facility. Available information indicates that
facilities operating in the southwestern United States where the
climate is dryer would likely not collect the wastewater, but
instead would let it runoff either to infiltrate into the ground
or to evaporate.
Figure III-8 presents a schematic of the aircraft wastewater
handling and treatment system showing the sample collection
location.
Results of analyses for samples collected at this facility are
summarized in Table 111-30. As can be seen, relatively few organic
pollutants were reported for these samples. Pollutants that were
reported had high concentrations, however. The wastewaters did
contain high levels of many metals. The source of those metals is
thought to be the many special alloys used in aircraft manufacture.
82
-------
CATCH BASMV
oo
u>
SLOPED WASH AREA
OTHER WASTEWATERS
AtnCRAFI WASTEWATER
> WASTEWATER
SAMPlfc IOCATION
EFFLUENT TO SINIFACE WAIER
FIGURE 111-8
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SCHEMATIC
AIRCRAFT EXTERIOR CLEANING FACILITY A
530706
-------
TABLE 111-30
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
AIRCRAFT CLEANING FACILITY A
Day 1 Day 2
Pollutant Tap Raw Raw
or Pollutant Water Wastewater .Wastewater
Characteristic Units (15219) (15221) (15220)
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone pg/£ -- 8,505
chloroform pg/£ 112
ethylbenzene |jg/£ 824
2-chloroethylvinyl ether |jg/£ -- 160,326
Semi-Volatile Organic Pollutants
alpha-terpineol [jg/£ 20,602
dibenzofuran M8/£ 1,681
naphthalene H8/4 45,649
2-chloronaphthalene Hg/£ 53,034
Pesticides and Herbicides
coumaphos |jg/£ -- NA 55t
leptophos pg/£ NA 6t
tetrachlorvinphos H8/£ NA 4,851
Dioxins/Furans NA NA NA
Metals
calcium |Jg/£ 7,100 31,800 20,200
magnesium |jg/£ 847 9,520 9,220
sodium yg/£ 2,480 211,000 629,000
aluminum |Jg/£ 39 5,180 2,350
manganese |jg/£ 3.1 182 153
lead [J8/£ " 574 411
vanadium M8/£ 35 22
boron pg/£ 17 120 73
barium |jg/£ 6.7 520 341
beryllium M8/£ 4.4 4.6
cadmium |jg/£ 2,830 1,760
molybdenum jjg/2 -- 11,500 13,800
tin pg/2 -- 77 26
cobalt jjg/£ -- 9.1 8.9
chromium |jg/£ 4.4 471 193
copper M8/£ ~ 13,300 8,450
iron Mg/£ 112 11,300 5,700
nickel H8/£ ~ 570 304
titanium pg/£ 18 234 109
zinc Mg/£ 38 2,430 1,800
84
-------
TABLE 111-30 (cont.)
Pollutam.
or Pollutan^
Characteristic
Units
Tap
Water
(15219)
Day 1
Raw
Wastewater
(15221)
Day 2
Raw
Wastewater
(15220)
Metals (cont.)
selenium
silver
antimony
Conventional Pollutants
Residue, non-filterable
BOD 5-Day
Oil and grease,
total recoverable
pH
mg/2
s.u.
NA
NA
NA
6.5
Classical Non-conventional Pollutants
7.7
6.1
84
1,100
4,200b
4,800
NA
3.3
430
20,000
10,000
10.6
Residue, filterable
Fluoride
Ammonia, as N
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, total
Nitrate-nitrite, as N
Total phosphorus , as P
Chemical oxygen demand
Total organic carbon
Sulfide, total (iodomeric)
mg/£
mg/£
mg/£
mg/£
mg/2
mg/2
mg/2
mg/£
mg/2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
19,000
NR
NR
1.7
230
99,000
31,000
5.9
9,400
1.0
NR
14
2.9
140
60,000
9,700
4.2
Indicates that pollutant concentration was below detection limit
NA Indicates not analyzed
NR Matrix interference
t Denotes tentative indentification below the detection limit
b BOD calculated from limiting value
85
-------
SECTION IV
SUBCATEGORIZATION
A. EXISTING SUBCATEGORIES
EPA has never promulgated effluent limitations guidelines and
standards for the transportation equipment cleaning industry. For
this reason, the industry has never been subcategorized.
B. PRELIMINARY SUBCATEGORIZATION SCHEME
Section 304(b) of the Clean Water Act requires EPA to consider
several factors ir the process of developing effluent limitations
and guidelines for industrial dischargers. Factors that are to be
taken into account include the age of equipment and facilities,
processes employed, engineering aspects of application of various
types of control technology, process changes, the cost of achieving
effluent reductions, and non-water quality environmental impacts.
The division of an industrial category into subcategories provides
a mechanism for addressing these factors and others that may impact
a facility's compliance with effluent limitations guidelines and
standards.
Based on available information, the tentative subcategories for
the transportation equipment cleaning industry are as follows:
o tank truck cleaning;
o rail tank car cleaning;
o tank barge cleaning; and
o aircraft exterior cleaning.
This grouping is based on differences in wastewater characteristics
which could impact control technologies and on the potential for
different economic impacts on the groups. Because cargo tanks are
not being cleaned, the wastewater from cleaning of aircraft
exteriors has different characteristics than wastewaters from the
other three tentative subcategories. This difference justifies a
separate subcategory for cleaning aircraft exteriors.
The wastewaters from the remaining three tentative subcategories
exhibit some similarity; however, the number of units cleaned per
day is distinctly different among the subcategories. This
difference will affect wastewater characteristics and variability
and consequently control technologies and potentially the cost of
control. Because of this, separate subcategories are recommended.
At the present time insufficient data are available to recommend
subcategorization based on any of the following criteria:
o equipment age;
86
-------
o facility age;
o processes employed; or
o non-water quality impacts.
The four subcategories identified represent the most reasonable
subcategorization for this industry based on what is known about
operations at transportation equipment cleaning facilities as well
as the sampling results presented in the previous section.
87
-------
SECTION V
RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS
This section presents raw waste pollutant loads by subcategory.
Within each subcategory, loads are presented for the following
groups of pollutants:
o volatile organics (EPA analytical Method 1624);
o semivolatile organics (EPA analytical Method 1625);
o pesticides and herbicides (EPA analytical Method 1618);
o priority pollutant metals;
o conventional pollutants; and
o cyanide.
The loadings are presented for pollutant groups rather than for
individual pollutants because of the limited amount of data
available for individual pollutants. The composition of wastewater
generated by transportation equipment cleaning facilities,
particularly those that clean cargo tanks, can vary widely from day
to day and from facility to facility. The analytical data
generated during this study are not adequate to account for this
variability. Therefore, EPA believes that estimates for pollutant
groups are better.
Three methods were used to estimate pollutant loads for each
subcategory. Each method involved calculating average
concentrations of individual pollutants and summing the individual
averages to obtain a total concentration for each pollutant group.
The group totals were then used to estimate annual mass loadings.
The estimates take into account only pollutants that were reported
above detection limits in at least one raw waste sample for each
subcategory.
The difference among the methods is in the approach used to
estimate individual pollutant average concentrations. In Method
A, the concentration of individual pollutants is assumed to be zero
if a specific value is not reported. In Method B, the
concentration of individual pollutants is assumed to be equal to
the detection limit if a specific value is not reported. In Method
C, only pollutant concentrations above the detection limit are used
to calculate average pollutant concentrations.
Based on available data, Methods A and B provide an estimate of
the range of mass loads within which the actual industry discharge
could be expected fall. Method A assumes that if a specific
concentration value was not reported for a pollutant, the pollutant
was not present. Method B assumes that if a specific concentration
value was not reported for a pollutant, the pollutant was present
at a concentration just below the detection limit. Method C,
88
-------
because it ignores the fact that pollutants are not always present
at reportable concentrations, overestimates pollutant loads.
Because of this overestimation, Method C can be viewed as a "worst
case" approach. Based on available data there is no reason to
believe that the Method C estimates of pollutant loads are accurate
or representative.
The reader should remember, however, that the mass loads are based
on a limited amount of data. If samples were collected at a
greater number of facilities over an extended period of time
additional pollutants would be detected and the mass loadings could
change.
Tables V-l through V-4 present the estimated (Method B) raw waste
pollutant loads by subcategory. Appendix B contains information
used to calculate individual and group pollutant averages.
89
-------
TABLE V-l
ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS
TANK TRUCK INTERIOR CLEANING FACILITIES
Pollutant Group
Volatile Organics
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Semivolatile Organics
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Pesticides and Herbicides
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Elements
Priority Pollutant Metals
Nonconventional Pollutants
Method A1'2
Ibs/year
950,000
6^960,000
7,910,000
220,000
2,570^000
2,790,000
0
1,050,000
1,050,000
1,260,000
27,710,000
28,970,000
Method B1'3
Ibs/year
950,000
6,990,000
7,940,000
620,000
3,100,000
3,720,000
0
1,070,000
1,070,000
1,260,000
27,710,000
28,970,000
Method C1'4
. Ibs/year
1,300,000
12,100,000
13,400,000
750,000
14,590,000
15,340,000
0
2,240,000
2,240,000
1,260,000
27,710,000
28,970,000
Cyanide
Conventional Pollutants
700 800 1,000
143,710,000 143,710,000 143,710,000
Based on 400 facilities each operating 312 days per year and discharging
15,000 gallons per day of wastewater.
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be zero if a specific value was not reported.
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be equal to the detection limit if a specific value was not
reported.
During calculations, only pollutant concentrations above detection limits
were considered.
90
-------
TABLE V-2
ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS
RAIL TANK CAR INTERIOR CLEANING FACILITIES
Pollutant Group
Volatile Organics
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Semivolatile Organics
Priority Pollutant?
Nonconventional Pollutants
Method A1'2
Ibs/year
9,000
9^600
18,600
7,400
3,400
10,800
Method B1'3
Ibs/year
9,200
10,000
19,200
9,400
4,700
14,100
Method C1'4
"Ibs/year
10,200
30,100
40,300
21,200
14,000
35,200
Pesticides and Herbicides
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Elements
Priority Pollutant Metals
Nonconventional Pollutants
Cyanide
Conventional Pollutants
NOT ANALYZED
NOT ANALYZED--
12,000
14.730.000
14,742,000
13,000
14.730.000
14,743,000
14,000
14,730.000
14,744,000
923 965 1,850
13,320,000 13,320,000 13,320,000
Based on 89 facilities each operating 312 days per year and discharging
18,000 gallons per day of wastewater.
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be zero if a specific value was not reported.
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be equal to the detection limit if a specific value was not
required.
During calculations, only pollutant concentrations above detection limits
were considered.
91
-------
TABLE V-3
ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS
TANK BARGE INTERIOR CLEANING FACILITIES
Pollutant Group
Volatile Organics
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Semivolatile Organics
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Pesticides and Herbicides
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Elements
Priority Pollutant Metals
Nonconventional Pollutants
Method A1'2
Ibs/year
19,340,000
13,880,000
33,220,000
2,400
800
3,200
10
10
20
3,700
3,890,000
3,893,700
Method B1'3
Ibs/year
19,340,000
13,880,000
33,220,000
18,600
16,500
35,100
10
1,300
1,310
4,300
3,890,000
3,894,300
Method C1'4
-Ibs/year
48,830,000
28,640,000
77,470,000
9,000
4.200
13,200
20
20
40
4,400
3^900,000
3,904,400
Cyanide
Conventional Pollutants
270 310 540
19,660,000 19,680,000 29,720,000
Based on 196 facilities each operating 312 days per year and discharging
7,000 gallons per day of wastewater.
2
3
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be zero if a specific value was not reported.
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be equal to the detection limit if a specific value was not
required.
During calculations, only pollutant concentrations above detection limits
were considered.
92
-------
TABLE V-4
ESTIMATED ANNUAL RAW WASTE POLLUTANT LOADS
AIRCRAFT EXTERIOR CLEANING FACILITIES
Pollutant Group
Volatile Organics
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Semivolatile Organics
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Pesticides and Herbicides
Priority Pollutants
Nonconventional Pollutants
Elements
Priority Pollutant Metals
Nonconventional Pollutants
Cyanide
Conventional Pollutants
Method A1'2
Ibs/year
57,800
3.100
60,900
35,400
8,000
43,400
0
3.500
3,500
11,900
345,000
356,900
0
14,530,000
Method B1'3
Ibs/year
58,500
3.200
61,700
36,100
11,900
48,000
0
3.500
3,500
11,900
345,000
356,900
14
14,530,000
Method C1'4
-Ibs/year
115,600
6.100
121,700
70,800
16,000
86,800
0
3.500
3,500
11,900
345,000
356,900
0
14,530,000
Based on 4,300 commercial passenger aircraft, washed four times per year.
Each wash uses 5,000 gallons.
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be zero if a specific value was not reported.
During calculations, the concentration of individual pollutants was
assumed to be equal to the detection limit if a specific value was not
required.
During calculations, only pollutant concentrations above detection limits
were considered.
93
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SECTION VI
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
A. CONTROL AND TREATMENT
Analytical results for samples collected as part of this study show
that wastewaters from transportation equipment cleaning processes
are a complex mixture of many pollutants. The wastewaters
typically have BOD5 and TSS levels of several thousand milligrams
per liter and oil and grease levels ranging from less than 100 to
over i 000 milligrams per liter. They also tend to be alkaline and
5SV*J?n . -V°f ", ^.^her. The wastewater typically contains
3L ?TO rTT1?? v?1itlle and semivolatile organic pollutants from
the ITD List of An*lytes. Priority pollutant metals may be present
at individual concentrations of several milligrams per liter
liS?.°SnSi; HS^tS °f * review of Cleaning log sheets, there is
little doubt that many other pollutants not on the ITD list are
also present. Treatment or pretreatment of these wastewaters to
levels normally associated with effluent limitations for other
industries requires a well-run multi-step treatment system. A
complicating factor is that the wastewater from transportation
equipment cleaning processes is highly variable, both in strength
and composition, and treatment needs can vary dramatically from day
to day as well as from facility to facility.
B. CURRENT PRACTICES
At the present time, limited information is available on the type
^tXte+nt1°f .wast;ew^e.r . treatment provided at transportation
equipment cleaning facilities. The type of treatment provided by
the facilities sampled as part of this study is summarized in Table
V JL~«L
In general, the facilities relied on physical-chemical treatment
methods rather than biological treatment. Three of the eight
facilities used biological treatment, however. All the facilities
made an effort to segregate wastewaters that were incompatible with
their treatment systems for off-site treatment and disposal.
Review of the analytical data for the facilities with physical-
chemical treatment indicates that none of the systems provided
consistent or high levels of treatment. This is attributed to both
the limited ability of the systems to remove dissolved pollutants
and, to a limited extent, the need for improved system operation.
To achieve a higher level of treatment, improved operation, and
integration with additional treatment steps would likely be needed.
Samples of effluent were not collected from the three biological
treatment systems because long treatment system detention times
prevented correlation of effluent samples with influent samples and
because other wastewaters were combined with cleaning wastes for
treatment .
94
-------
TABLE VI-1
OBSERVED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Facility
Type of Treatment
Tank Truck Cleaner
Rail Tank Car Cleaner
Tank Barge Cleaner
Aircraft Cleaner
A
B
B
A
B.
A
Equalization, pH adjustment, coagu-
lation, dissolved air -flotation
Equalization, pH adjustment, coagu-
lation, sedimentation
Equalization, pH adjustment, coagu-
lation, sedimentation, activated
carbon adsorption, filtration
Combined with other wastewaters for
equalization, and activated sludge
treatment
Equalization, activated sludge
Gravity separation, bag filtration
Gravity separation, bag filtration
Combined with other wastewaters for
biological treatment
95
-------
c.
APPLICABLE CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
This section discusses several control and treatment technologies
believed applicable to treat transportation equipment cleanina
wastewaters. Table VI-2 lists these control and treatment
technologies and indicates their applicability by pollutant
category. A model treatment system for a transportation equipment
cleaning facility would probably require a combination of the
treatment steps based on site specific factors to achieve complete
control.
is In-Plant Controls
In-plant controls are measures that a facility can take to reduce
the quantity or strength of its wastewater and thus reduce or
simplify treatment needs. At transportation equipment cleaning
facilities, applicable in-house controls include:
o refusal to clean tanks that last carried certain specific
cargos;
o refusal to accept large volumes of heel;
o drumming of heels for disposal at approved off-site facilities
or for return to carriers/shippers;
o capture of concentrated rinses for separate treatment or
disposal;
o recycle of cleaning solutions;
o cascading water use; and
o use of high-pressure, low-volume spray nozzles.
All of these are used currently at facilities in the transportation
equipment cleaning industry.
£* Oil-Water Separation
Wastewaters from transportation equipment cleaning processes
frequently contain high levels of free oil and grease that can be
removed by gravity separation in an oil-water separator. Because
of the complex nature of cleaning wastewaters and the presence of
detergents and high-pH chemicals, however, oils may become
emulsified and not separate well in a gravity device. A coalescing
plate separator may provide improved performance for
96
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TABLE VI-2
APPLICABILITY OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
In Plant Controls
Gravity Oil-Water
Separation
Equalization
pH Adjustment
Air Stripping
Steam Stripping
Dissolved Air
Flotation
Coagulation-
Sedimentation
Hydroxide/Sulfide
Precipitation
Biological Treatment
Activated Carbon
Adsorption
Wet Air Oxidation
(X)
X
(X)
X
X
X
(X)
X
X
(X)
X
X
(X)
X
X
X
(X)
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
X
X
(X)
X
X
(X)
(X)
X
X = Technology is applicable to pollutant category.
(X) = Technology is applicable but additional treatment will likely be needed.
97
-------
treatment of emulsified oil, but additional treatment processes
will probably be required for removal of emulsified oil.
Use of gravity oil-water separators is most beneficial when they
are placed at the beginning of the wastewater treatment system!
A problem with placement there is, however, that settleable solids
may accumulate in the separator and require frequent removal
3. Equalization
Tanks or basins that provide several hours or more of detention
are useful for equalizing variations in wastewater flow and
composition. This allows facilities to reduce the size and cost
of treatment systems, while at the same time improving performance.
To be most effective equalization tanks should have their contents
mixed with aerators or mechanical mixers.
4. PH Adjustment
The need for adjustment of wastewater pH at a facility depends on
the treatment process used, the initial pH of the wastewater, and
effluent limitations. The performance of treatment processes such
as coagulation, metal hydroxide or metal sulfide precipitation
biological treatment, and carbon adsorption is pH-dependent.
Discharges to a POTW must generally have a pH greater than 5.0.
Discharges to surface waters generally must be within the pH range
Of 6.0 to 9.0.
Adjustment of pH is usually done by metering an acid or alkali into
the wastewater in a well-mixed reaction tank. Common pH adjustment
chemicals include sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and lime.
5. Air and Steam Stripping
Air and steam stripping take advantage of the high vapor pressure
and limited water solubility of many organic pollutants to remove
those pollutants from wastewater. Air stripping is performed by
purging wastewater with finely diffused air bubbles or by allowing
a wastewater to cascade down through porous media contained in a
tank while air is forced upward through the media. Air to liquid
ratios between 50:1 and 200:1 are common. The effectiveness of air
stripping varies among volatile pollutants and is influenced by
other wastewater characteristics.
Steam stripping is performed by purging steam through the
wastewater to be treated. The steam raises both the temperature
of the wastewater and the vapor pressure of many pollutants,
increasing their removal, steam stripping is effective for many
volatile and some semivolatile pollutants.
98
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6. Dissolved Air Flotation
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is useful for removing suspended
solids and finely dispersed or emulsified oil and grease from many
wastewaters. For optimum performance, pH adjustment and
coagulation usually precede DAF. Floe resulting from the
coagulation of particles then attach to tiny bubbles of air
released from solution, and float to the top of the treatment unit.
The float or sludge is skimmed off, dewatered, and disposed. Some
volatile and semivolatile organic pollutants, as well as some
BOD/COD, are also removed.
7. coagulation-Sedimentation
If a wastewater contains a large amount of settleable solids in
addition to suspended solids and dispersed oils, or if the floe
particles generated during coagulation settle rapidly, coagulation-
sedimentation can be used to remove the solids A well-operated
coagulation-sedimentation system should be able to reduce suspended
solids to levels of 50 mg/1 or less. Semivolatile organic
pollutants tend to adsorb or partition to wastewater solids; thus
their concentrations tend to be reduced by coagulation-
sedimentation. Dissolved volatile pollutants and dissolved BOD5.
are not removed. Depending on the pH used for coagulation,
dissolved metals may precipitate and be removed.
8. Hvdroxide/Sulfide Precipitation
The alkaline precipitation of dissolved metals is a well-
established process used widely for wastewater treatment. Many
dissolved metals form a hydroxide precipitate, which is removable
by settling. Optimum removal corresponds to the pH of minimum
metal hydroxide solubility and varies among individual metals.
Generally, best removals occur within the pH range of 7.0 to 11.0.
Hydroxide precipitation is useful for control of dissolved
aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel,
and zinc. Residual metal concentrations of 1 milligram per liter
or less are theoretically attainable.
Hydroxide precipitation can be combined with addition of sulfide
ions to precipitate metal sulfides. Most metal sulfides have a
solubility less than that of their corresponding hydroxide; thus
better removal rates are theoretically possible. In practice, this
does not always occur. Increased removals should be achievable,
however, for arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and zinc.
9. Biological Treatment
Properly acclimated biological treatment systems offer the
potential to treat or remove most of the pollutants found in
transportation equipment cleaning wastewaters. The process can
biodegrade many volatile and semivolatile organic pollutants, oils,
and BOD. Some volatile pollutants are air-stripped during the
aeration process and semivolatile pollutants adsorb onto sludge
particles. Adsorption onto sludge also removes some dissolved
99
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metals. Extensive adsorption may result, however, in generation
of a hazardous sludge that requires special disposal steps.
One concern when treating transportation equipment cleaning
*afuewal:er 1S, the variability of wastewaters in this industry?
Although acclimated biological systems can treat a wide range of
organic pollutants, some organic pollutants exhibit toxic effects
especially when discharged to the treatment system at variable
rates or on an intermittent basis. Dissolved metals may also be
toxic to biological treatment systems. Successful biological
treatment of transportation equipment cleaning wastewater will
require flow equalization to reduce wastewater variability. In
addition, the treatment system operator will need to pay careful
attention to daily system operation to minimize toxic upsets.
10^ _ Wet Air Oxidation
Wet air oxidation of wastewater is not known to be used at any
transportation equipment cleaning facilities. In theory, however,
it would be applicable either alone or in conjunction with another
treatment process, such as activated sludge biological treatment.
The process can chemically oxidize BOD, COD, and many biologically
refractive chemical compounds to simpler compounds, or in SOK«
cases to CO2 and water. Because wet air oxidation does not rely on
a living biomass as do biological systems, the process is not
subject to upset by toxic chemicals.
The wet air oxidation process consists of pumping preheated
wastewater into a pressurized reaction vessel along with compressed
air. Once in the vessel, oxidizable materials combine with oxygen
in the air and are converted to simpler oxidation products. A
supplemental heat source is necessary to treat low strength wastes
and to initiate treatment of high strength wastes. Once initiated
the reaction is self sustaining in wastes with a COD greater than
approximately 15,000 mg/1. Following treatment, the wastewater
enters a heat exchanger to preheat the influent stream. Depending
on the extent of treatment required, the effluent may be suitable
for discharge, or may require polishing with subsequent treatment
steps such as activated sludge.
i!_! _ Activated Carbon Adsorption
Activated carbon can be used to remove medium to high molecular
weight organic pollutants from water by sorption mechanisms.
Activated carbon has a finite adsorption capability, however, and
must be replenished as it becomes exhausted. The spent carbon is
either disposed or regenerated for reuse.
Because of the high concentration of many organic pollutants in
transportation equipment cleaning wastewater, use of activated
carbon by itself is probably not economical. However, either use
of granular carbon to pretreat wastewaters prior to biological
treatment or the addition of powdered carbon to biological aeration
basins should both be economically viable. Activated carbon could
also be used to remove refractory organic pollutants from the
effluent of biological treatment processes.
100
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS
101
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SECTION VII
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
A. POLLUTANT IMPACTS
The transportation equipment cleaning industry discharges numerous
pollutants that are harmful to human and aquatic life. Table VII-
1 lists the organic and inorganic pollutants identified in
wastewaters from this industry during this study that EPA believes
are of particular concern. These are pollutants that are on at
least one of the following lists:
o EPA Priority Pollutant List;
o RCRA Hazardous Constituent List;
o CERCLA Hazardous Substance List; and
o Confirmed Human Carcinogens and Suspected Human Carcinogens,
published by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists.
A total of 111 organic pollutants (including pesticides and
herbicides) were detected in wastewaters at transportation
equipment cleaning facilities. Of these, 50 are on EPA's Priority
Pollutant List, 52 are RCRA Hazardous Constituents, 72 are CERCLA
Hazardous Substances, and five are known or suspected human
carcinogens. All 13 priority pollutant metals were found.
Information obtained during this study indicates that the tank
barge cleaning subcategory is the largest contributor of pollutants
causing exceedances of EPA criteria for protection of human health
and aquatic life. The combined untreated discharge of acrolein and
of the carcinogen acrylonitrile is estimated to be greater that the
untreated organic priority pollutant loads from all industries
except the Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry and the Iron
and Steel Industry. Twelve pollutants are discharged at levels
that exceed aquatic acute toxicity criteria. The discharge of
acrolein would require 1,800 million gallons per day (MGD) or twice
the mean flow in the Rappahanock River at is mouth to dilute
concentrations below fish toxicity levels. The carcinogens benzene
and 1,2-dichlorethane are also discharged in amounts requiring
large receiving water flows to meet EPA criteria.
Wastewater generated by the tank truck cleaning subcategory has
the largest potential to harm aquatic life. Twenty-one
102
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TABLE VII-1
POLLUTANT EVALUATION CRITERIA
Pollutants __
Priority
CAS No. Pollutant
RCRA
Appendix IX
Hazardous
Constituent
CERCLA
CERCLA Extremely
Hazardous Hazardous
Substance Substance
Carcinogen
Volatile Organic Pollutants
acetone
acrolein
acrylonitrile
benzene
bromoform
chlorobenzene
chloroform
cis-l,2-dichloropropene
diethyl ether
ethylbenzene
ethyl methacrylate
isobutyl alcohol
methacrylonitrile
methylene chloride
methyl methacrylate
N,N-dimethylformamide
tetrachloroethene
toluene
trans-1 ,3-dichloropropene
trichloroethene
vinyl chloride
1 , 1 , 1-trichloroethane
1 ,2-dichloroethane
1 ,2,3-trichloropropane
2-butanone
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-hexanone
2-methyl pyridine
4-methyl-2-pentanone
67-6A-1
107-02-8
107-13-1
71-43-2
75-25-2
108-90-7
67-66-3
10061-01-5
60-29-7
100-41-4
97-63-2
78-83-1
126-98-7
75-09-2
80-62-6
68-12-2
127-18-4
108-88-3
10061-02-6
79-01-6
75-01-4
71-55-6
107-06-2
96-18-4
78-93-3
110-75-8
591-78-6
109-06-8
108-10-1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
XV
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE VII-1 (cont.)
Pollutants
CAS No.
Priority
Pollutant
RCRA
Appendix IX
Hazardous
Constituent
Semivolatile Organic Pollutants
acenapthene
acenaphthylene
alpha-terpineol
anthracene
benzidine
benzo(a)anthracene
benzoic acid
benzyl alcohol
biphenyl
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
butyl benzyl phthalate
carbazole
chrysene
dibenzofuran
diethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate
diphenylamine
fluoranthene
fluorene
hexanoic acid
isophorone
naphthalene
n-decane
n-docosane
n-eicosane
n-hexacosane
n-hexadecane
83-32-9
208-96-8
98-55-5
120-12-7
92-87-5
56-55-3
65-85-0
100-51-6
92-52-4
111-44-4
117-81-7
85-68-7
86-74-8
218-01-9
132-64-9
84-66-2
131-11-3
84-74-2
117-84-0
122-39-4
206-44-0
86-73-7
146-62-1
78-59-1
91-20-3
124-18-5
629-97-0
112-95-8
630-01-3
544-76-3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CERCLA
CERCLA Extremely
Hazardous Hazardous
Substance Substance Carcinogen
X
X
X
X X
" f\
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE VII-1 (cont.)
o
tn
Pollutants
Semivolatile (cont.)
nitrobenzene
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
n-octacosane
n-octadecane
n-tetracosane
n-tetradecane
n-triacontane
p-cymene
phenanthrene
phenol
pyrene
squalene
styrene
thioxanthone
1-methylfluorene
1 -methyl phenanthrene
1 ,2-dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-dichloropropane
1 ,4-dichlorobenzene
2-chloronaphthalene
2-chlorophenol
2-methylnaphthalene
2,3,6-trichlorophenol
2 , 4-diaminotoluene
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,4,5-trichlorophenol
2, 4,6-trichlorophenol
2, 6-dinitro toluene
3,6-dimethylphenanthrene
CAS No.
98-95-3
86-30-6
630-02-4
593-45-3
646-31-1
629-59-4
638-68-6
99-87-6
85-01-8
108-95-2
129-00-0
7683-64-9
100-42-5
492-22-8
1730-37-6
832-69-9
95-50-1
78-87-5
106-46-7
91-58-7
95-57-8
91-57-6
933-75-5
95-80-7
120-83-2
105-67-9
121-14-2
95-95-4
88-06-2
606-20-2
1576-67-6
Priority
Pollutant
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
RCRA
Appendix IX
Hazardous
Constituent
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CERCLA
CERCLA Extremely
Hazardous Hazardous
Substance Substance Carcinogen
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE VII-1 (cont.)
Pollutants
Semivolatile (cont.)
4-chloro-3-methylphenol
4-nitrophenol
Pesticides and Herbicides
azinphos ethyl
azinphos methyl
beta-BHC
coumaphos
demeton
diazinon
dichlorprop
dioxathion
etridazone
gamma -BHC
heptachlor epoxide
HMPA
leptophos
naled
propachlor
tetrachlorvinphos
trifluralin
2-methyl-4-
chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
Priority Pollutant Metals
antimony
arsenic
Priority
CAS No. Pollutant
59-50-7 X
100-02-7 X
2642-71-9
86-50-0
319-85-7
56-72-4
8065-48-3
333-41-5
120-36-5
78-34-2
**
58-89-9 X
1024-57-3 X
680-31-9
21609-90-05
300-76-5
1918-16-7
961-11-5
1582-09-8
94-74-6
94-75-7
7440-36-0 X
7440-38-2 X
RCRA
Appendix IX CERCI.A
Hazardous Hazardous
Constituent Substance
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
CERCLA
Extremely
Hazardous
Substance Carcinogen
&
X
X
x
x
X
x
x
-------
TABLE V1I-1 (cont.)
Pollutants
CAS No.
Priority
Pollutant
RCRA
Appendix IX
Hazardous
Constituent
CERCLA
Hazardous
Substance
CERCLA
Extremely
Hazardous
Substance
Carcinogen
Priority Pollutant Metals (cont.)
beryllium
cadmium
chromium
copper
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
zinc
Common Ions
calcium
iron
magnesium
sodium
Other Elements
aluminum
barium
boron
cobalt
manganese
molybdenum
7440-41-7
7440-43-9
7440-47-3
7440-50-8
7439-92-1
7439-97-5
7440-02-0
7782-49-2
7440-22-4
7440-28-0
7440-66-6
7440-70-2
7439-89-6
7439-95-4
7440-23-5
7429-90-5
7440-39-3
7440-42-8
7440-48-4
7439-96-5
7439-98-7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE VII-1 (cont.)
o
oo
Pollutants
Other Elements (cont.)
osmium
tin
titanium
vanadium
cyanide
Priority
CAS No. Pollutant
7440-04-2
7440-31-5
7440-32-6
7440-62-2
57-12-5 X
RCRA
Appendix IX CERCLA
Hazardous Hazardous
Constituent Substance
X
X
X X
CERCLA
Extremely
Hazardous
Substance Carcinogen
CAS No.
Priority Pollutants
RCRA Hazardous Constituent
CFRCLA Hazardous Substances
CERCLA Extremely Hazardous Substances
Carcinogens
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
EPA-identified 126 Priority Pollutants
RCRA Appendix IX Hazardous Constituents (52 FR 25942)
CERCLA List of Reportable Quantities of Hazardous Substances (51 FR 42178)
CERCLA List of Extremely Hazardous Substances (52 FR 13397)
1986 Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment;
Appendix A: Carcinogens
CAS Number Does Not Exist
-------
pollutants in wastewater from the tank truck cleaning subcategory
exceeded aquatic acute toxicity criteria. Aquatic life, sensitive
to pesticides, would be exposed to discharges (without treatment)
which require a larger flow than the Delaware River at Trenton
(9,000 MGD) to dilute the discharges below long-term effect levels.
Untreated discharges of benzene, methylene chloride, and 1,2-
dichlorethane would require flows as high as 1,200 MGD, a flow
equivalent to that of the Rappahanock River, to meet criteria to
protect human health.
Rail tank car cleaning processes discharge the carcinogens benzene
and bis (2-chloroethyl) ether in concentrations that require flows
as high as Rock Creek (41 MGD) to meet human health criteria.
Seven pollutants are discharged above aquatic acute toxicity
criteria by facilities in the subcategory. Mercury and
benzo(a)anthracene are of most concern, although their
concentrations appear close to treatability levels.
Wastewater from the aircraft exterior cleaning subcategory
contained 12 pollutants at concentrations that exceed aquatic acute
toxicity criteria. The untreated discharge of pesticides, cadmium,
copper, and molybdenum would present substantial risk to aquatic
life.
The most significant of the observed pollutants were evaluated to
determine their fate in receiving waters. Acrolein would pose a
risk to aquatic life during its reduction by hydration and
biotransformation (half-life - 96 hours). The reported
concentration levels pose a significant risk because aquatic life
criteria are based on 96-hour LC^s; this means that aquatic life
exposure would be at toxic levels for enough time to cause harm.
Acrylonitrile has less risk to human health and aquatic life than
calculated because it volatilizes quickly (half-life of 4 hours);
however, a persistent residue could remain in surface waters which
leaves some potential for exposure. Cadmium has a high
bioaccumulation potential in addition to its toxicity. It is more
soluble in acidic waters than under alkaline conditions where it
partitions to sediments. 1,2-Dichloroethane and methylene chloride
pose less risk than calculated due to high volatilization rates (28
minutes and 27 minutes, respectively) and their low
bioconcentration factors (BCF = 1.2 and 5.0, respectively). Bis(2-
chloroethyl) ether is very soluble (10,200 mg/1) and has a low log
P of 1.5; it is inferred to pose little risk for bioaccumulation
or for absorption to sediments, although it could present a risk
to humans if discharged near water supplies. The same is possible
for benzene, which is discharged by three of the four subcategories
but poses little risk to aquatic life because of its low
bioaccumulation potential (BCF = 50) and high volatility in water
(half-life of 5 hours). Copper may sorb to sediment and
bioaccumulate (BCF = 200 - 2,400), but it is not biomagnified.
109
-------
B. POLLUTANT PERSISTENCE
o Benzene; The primary transport process of benzene from water
is volatilization (t,/2 = 5 hours) . The log octanol/water
partition coefficients (log P) of 2.12 indicates that some
adsorption to sediments could occur. Benzene has a low
bioaccumulative potential (BCF = 5.0), and is expected to
biodegrade in water at a slow rate.
o Methylene Chloride: Volatilization is the primary transport
process of methylene chloride from water with an estimated
half-life of 27 minutes. Hydrolysis, sorption, and
bioaccumulation (BCF = 5) are expected to have negligible
impact on the removal or transport of methylene chloride from
water. Biodegradation is expected to occur at a very slow
rate.
o 2.4-Dinitrotoluene: 2,4-Dinitrotoluene may undergo
photolysis, oxidation, and biodegradation in water. The
relative importance of these processes is, however, unknown.
An overall removal half-life from water is estimated at 6
hours. Adsorption to sediments could be significant, but the
bioaccumulative potential for 2,4-dinitrotoluene is low (BCF
= 4).
o 1.2-Dichlorethane: The primary and most likely the only
important transport/fate process of 1,2-dichloroethane from
water is volatilization, with a half-life of about 28 minutes.
Bioaccumulation is not expected (BCF = 1.2).
o Pvrene: Pyrene is degraded by microbes and readily
metabolized by higher life forms; biodegradation is therefore
most likely the ultimate fate process. Dissolved pyrene may
be rapidly photolyzed. However, most of the chemical will
partition to sediments based on its low solubility and high
adsorption potential (1^= 38,000). Bioaccumulation of pyrene
may be high (BCF = 10,000), but the process is short-term and
highly reversible.
o Bisf2-Chloroethvll Ether! The primary fate/transport process
of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether cannot be determined from
available information. An estimated volatilization half-life
from water is estimated at 6 days. Adsorption and
bioaccumulation are inferred to be minimal based on the high
solubility (10,200 mg/1) and relatively low log P (1.5) of the
compound.
o Acrvlonitrile: A significant portion of acrylonitrile is
expected to be removed from water by volatilization based on
its moderate Henry's law constant (8.8 x 10'). Transport and
transformation by other processes is expected to be
unimportant. An overall removal half-life from water is
estimated at about 4 hours. A persistent residue of
acrylonitrile may remain in surface waters.
110
-------
Cadmium; Cadmium is more mobile in the aquatic environment
that other heavy metals, and sorption is most likely the
controlling transport process in natural waters. This metal
will partition to inorganic and organic sediments with the
ratio depending on the condition of the water. As with
other metals, alkaline conditions favor partitioning to
sediments and reduced mobility. Cadmium has a high
bioaccumulative potential in most aquatic organisms with
bioaccumulation factors varying from 1,000 to 4,000 in
freshwater biota.
Acetone; Acetone is miscible in water and, based on a
Henry's Law constant of 2 x 10', would be expected to be
moderately volatile from water. Adsorption and
bioaccumulation are believed to be minimal based on a low
log P(-0.24) *nd a low BCF value (0.4). Biodegradation will
remove any acetone that is not volatilized.
Azinphos ethvl; An estimated Henry's Law constant of 2 x 10
indicates that azinphos ethyl is essentially non-volatile
from water. The compound has solubility of 4 to 5 mg/1, and
is rapidly hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Its
persistence following application may indicate that it could
be long lived in an acidic aquatic environment. An
estimated BCF of 250 indicates that azinphos ethyl has a
potential for bioacummulation.
Coumaphos; Coumaphos is essentially non-volatile from water
based on its estimated Henry's Law constant of 3 x 10', and
has a solubility of about 2 mg/1. A high log P value (5.1)
and a BCF of 4,270 indicates that coumaphos would partition
to sediments and aquatic biota. No information regarding
other fate/transport processes was found in the available
literature.
Diazinon; Diazinon is predicted to be essentially non-
volatile from water (Henry's Law Constant of 7 x 10"), with a
solubility of 40 mg/1. At pH 7.4, diazinon hydrolyzes with
a half-life of about 185 days. Hydrolysis products may
include the extremely toxic compound tetraethyl-
monothiopyrophosphate. A moderate log P value (3.02)
suggests that diazinon would partition to sediments. BCF
values ranging up to 206 indicate some potential for
bioaccumulation.
Dioxathion; Dioxathion is practically insoluble in water,
but it hydrolyzes under alkaline conditions. A log P value
of 2.99 indicates that partitioning to sediments could be
significant. An estimated BCF value of 47 denotes that
dioxathion bioaccumulation should be minor.
Phosvel; Phosvel is slightly soluble in water (0.005 mg/1)
and strongly sorbed to sediments (log P = 6.31). Estimated
BCF values are greater than 10,000 indicating a strong
bioaccumulative potential. Closed jar studies using river
water have demonstrated 57 percent degradation in 16 weeks.
Ill
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Photolysis of a thin dry film of phosvel has been shown to
occur.
o Mercury: Mercury is strongly sorbed to sediments, and has a
solubility of 0.03 mg/1. Some forms of mercury (dimethyl
mercury) may volatilize. Methylation of mercury by microbes
in the sediment may remobilize the metal into the water
column. Mercury is highly bioaccumulative (BCF = 5,500) and
persistent in fish and other biota.
o Acrolein; Acrolein is believed to be rapidly removed from
water by hydration and biotransformation with a half-life of
less than 4 days. Photolysis, and volatilization may also
occur. Other fate processes are believed to be
insignificant.
o Benzo(a)Anthracene; Benzo(a)anthracene is degraded by
microbes and readily metabolized by higher life forms;
biodegradation is, therefore, most likely the ultimate fate
process. Dissolved benzo(a)anthracene may be rapidly
photolyzed, however, most of the chemical will partition to
sediments based on its high sorption (K,,,. = 1,380,00).
Bioaccumulation of benzo(a)anthracene may be high (BCF =
29,000), but the process is short-term and highly
reversible.
o Parachlorometacresol; Photolysis is the most likely fate of
parachlormetacresol in ambient surface water with an
estimated half-life of 49 hours. Other fate/transport
processes are believed to have a lesser role in
parachlormetacresol degradation.
o 2-Chloronaphthalene; Based on data from related compounds
biodegradation is most likely the primary fate of 2-
chloronaphthalene in water. A log P of 4.01 and an
estimated BCF of 580 also indicate that adsorption and
bioaccumulation could be significant, although the
bioaccumulation of such compounds is believed to be short-
term. A half-life from water is estimated at about 22
hours.
o Copper; Sorption in copper is expected to be the most
important fate/ transport process in ambient waters. In
unpolluted waters copper will tend to partition to inorganic
sediments. In pollutant waters, sorption to organic
sediment will be most significant. Copper is an essential
nutrient, and is actively bioaccumulated by aquatic
organisms. Bioconcentration factors have been shown to be
as high as 200 and 2,400 for freshwater fish and algae,
respectively. Copper is, however, not biomagnified.
o Molybdenum; Molybdenum is insoluble in water, and a trace
nutrient for plants. No other information was available on
the fate or transport of this metal within an aquatic
environment.
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