-------
fflEl987TaX»CSreiJsASErNVg^^
chemical accidents; and to provide the public and the
r"n*»wn./M>l na»:«M>y1«i. «•* £L.».L __-. *,«•*. *w*+ v *
BUJJ aaa to provioe the puttie And the government Momation about possible
Is in then- communifies. The law requires States to establish State Emergency
—- -andLocal EmergencyPlani%Cfciiffiiitteestocd^
The law • fjather requires certain maiai&etureEs to report to the
traiis^-ieiBc$ Refease
report summarizes release andtransfer datafor 1587,
Who Must Report to TRt?
TRJ **jpfem»tt s for 1987 covered alt mmfa&swg facilities la the 50 states, the D&trlct of
• they produced, imported, or processed 75m or more pounds of any of the 328TRI chemicak
ortheyusedmanyother manner 10,000 poumfcormore^aTW^emical; «"^ca»»
* tibey Wereenpgedingeneral manufacturing activities; and
• ^iey employed ^e equivalent of ten or more employees fidl time,
Which Toxic Chemicals for 1887?
indttstrialprocesses ia which they are used.
What Constitutes a TRt Release?
T*a cafe for facilities to report the amounts of the listed toxic chemicafe that are released directly
to aov water or dfo addition, manufecturers most report amounts of chemicals that are
report amounts of chemicals that are
tc sewage systems, that treat or dispose
™i^ «,«-^««> ^*u - i * '""—-P^
-------
THE TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY
A National Perspective, 1987
A report on the first year of data collected under Section 313 of the
Emergency Planning and Community Ftight-to-Know Act of 1986.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Economics and Technology Division
Washington, DC 20540
June, 1989
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402
-------
PHOTO CREDITS: Cover—Daniel J. Kasztelan
inside photos-Mike Alford; Steve Delaney, EPA Office of Public
Affairs; Daniel J. Kasztelan; NASA; U.S. Department of Energy.
County Maps—J. Jacob Wind
-------
Table of Contents
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory: A National Summary
Total Releases and Transfers of TRI Chemicals 1
Geographical Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers . 8
Industrial Patterns of Releases and Transfers 14
Off-site Transfers: The Interstate Transport of TRI Wastes 17
Chemicals with the Largest Releases and Transfers 18
Waste Treatment 20
Waste Minimization • • 21
Other Analyses 22
Chapter 2. Introduction to the Toxics Release Inventory
TTJT PhAmiralc 26
A ixl v^llciiiiL-aia. „.......„»........................................*....•«.«..••.••..««...•••»••••••••«•"••«*«*••••••••••••••••••"•«*••••••"•••"•"•••«««••"•"•"""™"
TRI Releases and Transfers 27
Facilities That Must Report to TRI > 28
Other Information in TRI ••• 28
TRI and Community Right-to-Know..... < 30
Limits on Toxic Release Inventory Reporting „ 30
Failure to Comply with TRI Requirements 32
TRI Data and Risk • • 32
Chapter 3. TRI Facilities
Introduction • 35
Geographical Distribution Of TRI Facilities 37
Industrial Categories Of Reporting Facilities 42
Other Facility Identificationinformation • 44
TRI Chemicals: Facility Activities and Uses 47
Chapter 4. TRI Chemicals
Introduction •• 53
The Number of TRI Chemical Forms and Total Releases and Transfers of TRI
Qicmic&ls.... *«... .........;.... »».•.»•••> »*•••••••*•*••*•••*.*...... .*..•*.» ••••••53
Chcfnicfll Cfltccorics .. ....•••••....•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••59
Reporting and Releases and Transfers By Chemical Class 60
Geographical Distribution of Chemical Class Releases and Transfers 70
Industrial Distribution of Chemical Class Releases 73
Maximum Amount of Chemicals Kept On-site 80
Hi
-------
Chapter 5. TRI Environmental Releases and Off-site Ttensfera
Introduction ,
Where TRI Chemical Releases and Transfers Originated".."!! 85
Environmental Distribution of Releases and Transfers .!! 93
Industrial Releases and Off-site Transfers of TRI Chemicals... 94
Off-site Transfers IQQ
Chemical Releases and Transfers !!!!!!!!!..!!.!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!....!!! 103
Facility Methods for Determining TRI Data I!!!!"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 108
Chapter 6. Air Emissions
Introduction 1Q9
Geographical Distribution of Air Emissions.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! HO
Industries Reporting TRI Air Emissions 114
TRI Chemicals Emitted To Air. I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 117
Basis of Estimate for Air Emissions I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!" 126
Chapter 7. Discharges To Water
Introduction 12g
DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATER\Z!IZ!!!!!.Z!!!!Z!!!Z!!!!! 130
Geographical Distribution of Discharges to Surface Water !!.!! 131
Industries Discharging TRI Chemicals to Surface Water 135
Chemicals Discharged to Surface Water 139
TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS .!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ' 150
Geographical Distribution of Transfers to Public Sewage Systems!!!.!!!!...!! 150
Industries that Transferred TRI Chemicals to Public Sewage Systems 156
Chemicals Transferred to Public Sewage Systems '" 159
Chapter 8. On-s'rte Land Releases and Underground Injection
Introduction 171
ON-SITE RELEASES TO LAND !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!!!!!!" {73
Geographical Distribution of Releases to Land.. 173
Types of Land Releases "" 18Q
Industries that Released TRI Chemicals to Land .....!!!!...!!!!!... igi
TRI Chemicals Disposed of on Land 187
Basis of Estimate for Land Releases i ofi
UNDERGROUND INJECTION !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 197
Geographical Distribution of Underground Injection.!!..!.!!!!!....!!!!!....!!!!... 197
Industries that Disposed of TRI Chemicals by Underground Injection I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 203
Chemicals Injected into Underground Wells 206
Chapter 9. Off-s'rte Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Introduction 215
Geographical Distribution of Facilities that Transferred TRI Chemical Wastes!! 217
Geographical Distribution of Facilities Receiving Off-site Transfers 222
Types of Treatment or Disposal for Off-site Transfers .!!!!.. 224
Industries that Transferred TRI Chemical Wastes to Off-site Facilities!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 226
Facilities and Companies that Transfer and Receive TRI Chemical Wastes 229
TRI Chemicals Transferred Off-site 231
Basis of Estimate for Off-site Transfers !......!!!!.. 239
Issues in Interpreting Off-site Transfer Data !!!..!!!!!!!..!!!!!!...!!!!..!!!! 240
-------
Chapter 10. Waste Treatment
Introduction 243
Geographical Distribution ••" • 244
Industrial Patterns of Waste Treatment <•••• 245
Waste Treatment Methods 248
Types of Wastestreams Treated •••• •• 253
Chemicals Subjected to Waste Treatment 254
Chapter 11. Waste Minimization
Introduction -259
Geographical Distribution 261
Industries and Facilities that Practiced Waste Minimization 263
How and Why Facilities Attempted to Minimize their Wastes 265
Chemicals Targeted For Waste Minimization 266
Waste Minimization Data on Volume Reductions.... 269
Chapter 12. Other Uses for the Toxics Release Inventory
Introduction 283
Other National Analyses 283
Chemical Analyses 292
Regional and State-Level Analyses 301
Local and Facility-Level Analyses • 307
Cross-Cutting Analyses: Combining TRI with Data From Other Sources 317
TRI in the Future: Comparative Data Analyses 317
Appendices
A. The Toxics Release Inventory Reporting Form for 1987
B. The TRI List Of Chemicals for 1987 Reporting
C. Industries Covered by TRI Reporting Requirements
D. State TRI Contacts
E. Getting Access to TRI Data on the National Library Of Medicine's Toxnet System
F. Other EPA Publications on TRI
-------
-------
FOREWORD
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
is fundamentally changing the relationship between EPA and the
public. For the first time, a major EPA program has been launched
with the goal of providing the public—rather than EPA—information
about toxic chemicals. This information, of course, is proving enor-
mously useful to EPA. But its primary purpose is captured by the title
of the law— Community Right-to-Know.
One of the cornerstones of the law is the Toxics Release Inventory
(TRI), an annual compilation of information on the release of toxic
chemicals by manufacturing facilities. This report summarizes the first
year of TRI data, and analyzes where toxic chemicals are being
released, along with the amounts and types of releases. Although the
Community Right-to-Know Act does not require EPA to prepare a
national report, I believe this is an important means of fulfilling the
spirit of the law.
The information hi this National Report will no doubt raise concern
about toxic releases. This is exactly what it is meant to do. Informed
about toxic chemicals, citizens can play an important role in helping
their communities achieve tangible results in protecting public health
and the environment.
EPA has always depended on public input to help shape environmen-
tal policy, and now that role has become even more important. The
Right-to-Know law is empowering the public. Implicit in this power,
I believe, is a responsibility-to-act. TRI is a tool—one tool—by which
citizens can help improve their community's environment. Use the
information to identify releases in your community. Involve your
schools, local press, civic and business and conservation organiza-
tions. Express your concerns to facilities handling toxics, to industry
trade groups, to local and state agencies, to your elected officials, and
to us, at EPA.
The public also has a right to know what EPA is doing. Some of the
problems highlighted by the TRI data have already been addressed
since data were submitted in 1987. Many toxics once legally placed in
landfills, for instance, are now banned. This change should be
vii
-------
reflected in next year's data. Other issues need attention. What and
where are the most serious risks to public health and the environment?
How many people are affected? How many and what kind of ecosys-
tems? Is the Toxics Release Inventory collecting all the information it
should? How can toxic air emissions be better controlled? Are there
pollution reduction strategies that maybe more effective?
The Toxics Release Inventory tells me that after nearly two decades
of progress towards better air and water quality we still have a way to
go. More technology, more controls are not enough. We need to begin
now talking about preventing pollution at its source. I am excited
about the potential of EPA's pollution prevention initiatives which aim
to reduce toxic releases and other wastes significantly over time. As
we progress, the Toxics Release Inventory will be an important means
of documenting the nation's achievements in this area.
William K. Reilly
Administrator, U.S. Environmental-protection Agency
-------
PREFACE
Fifteen thousand people work for the Environmental Protection
Agency, and at times it seemed all of them had a hand in shaping this
report. And in truth, because so many aspects of EPA's activities are
focused on the control of toxic chemicals, the preparation of this
National Report would not have been possible without an integrated,
cooperative effort amongst many of the Agency's program offices.
As is common with EPA reports, those involved in its preparation and
review were asked to do enormous tasks under impossible deadlines.
As is also common, they are far too numerous to be named here. Their
work is recognized and greatly appreciated.
The Toxics Release Inventory Task Force, the National Report Review
Team, and EPA's Regional Office representatives were all instrumen-
tal both in reviewing and in helping to coordinate review of the various
draft stages of the National Report. They performed a vital and
exemplary task.
Lastly, to all those whose vision created the Community Right-to-
Know effort and the Act which bears its name, we hope you find this
report a worthy testimony to your efforts.
DAVID SAROKIN
NATIONAL REPORT PROJECT MANAGER
Ix
-------
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory. A National Summary
Total Releases and Transfers of TRI Chemicals
In 1987, the first year of reporting under the Toxics Release Inventory
(TRI), manufacturing facilities reported the release of 18.0 billion
pounds1 of TRI chemicals directly into the air, water, land or under-
ground wells, and an additional 4.6 billion pounds of TRI chemicals
transferred off-site to other facilities, such as public sewage systems
or incinerators, for treatment or disposal. All told, TRI encompassed
22.5 billion pounds of releases and transfers in its first year of report-
ing (Figure 1-1). A total of 19,278 manufacturing facilities submitted
74,152 individual chemical reports, or an average of almost four TRI
chemicals per facility.
Eighteen billion
pounds of TRI
chemicals were
released to the en-
vironment In 1987
and 4.9 billion
pounds were trans-
ferred off-site for
treatment or dis-
posal.
Public Sewage
9%
Surface Water
43%
Off-site
12%
Underground Inject'n
14%
With Sodium Sulfate
Off-site
24%
Underground Inject'n
14%
Public Sewage
8%
Surface Water
5%
Without Sodium Sulfate
Figure 1-1.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987. Total with sodium sulfate: 22.5 billion pounds. Total without
sodium sulfate: 10.4 billion pounds.
This report is based on data retrieved from the March IS, 1989 version of EPA's
TRI database. Numbers reported may differ slightly from those available now.
Figures cited here and throughout the text of this report have been rounded off,
so totals may not always be exactly the same. Refer to tables for exact data.
-------
The 1987 Toxic* Release Inventory
Sodium sulfate ac-
counted for more
than half of all TRI
releases and trans-
fere In 1987.
Over half of the TRI total consisted of a single chemical-sodium
sulfate. Because it was reported in such large amounts, sodium sulfate
affects the overall patterns of releases and transfers presented here,
sometimes obscuring smaller releases of more toxic TRI chemicals.
The influence of this one chemical, which may be removed from the
TRI list, is discussed throughout this report (Box 1-B).
TRI release data reveal the amounts of TRI chemicals that are
annually and routinely discharged into the environment (Box 1-A).
These data do not, however, directly gauge the amounts of chemicals
to which humans or the environment are exposed, nor do they measure
the risks posed by TRI chemicals. Many factors combine to determine
how much of a risk, if any, is imposed by particular releases and
transfers of TRI chemicals (Box 1-C). Nor are the releases necessarily
an indication of violations of environmental laws; many EPA and
State programs permit some releases of toxic chemicals under con-
trolled or properly managed conditions that prevent or minimize risks.
The following sections present selected highlights of TRI data on the
nation-wide releases and transfers of TRI chemicals:
• how TRI chemicals were released to air, land, and water or
transported off-site
• where TRI chemicals were released in 1987
• which industries played major roles
• which chemicals played major roles
TRI At A OUNCE
What is TRI? A compilation of information reported to EPA on more than 300 chemicals
used or released to the environment by manufacturers in 1987.
Whoreports?Mattufactufingfacilitiesmthe US. that manufactured, imported, orprocessed
more than 75,000 pounds of the 328 TRI chemicals or used more than 10,000 pounds of TRI
chemicals and that employed ten or more workers full time during 1987.
Where are TRI data kept? Manufacturers submitted TRI reports to the EPA and to state
environmental agencies. The EPA maintains TRI data on a computerized database, available
to the public through the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET computer network.
When was TRI compiled? Manufacturers were required to submit forms describing their
1987 releases by July 1,1988. Reports will continue on an annual basis.
Limitations of TRI. Not an sources of toxic chemical wastes are included la TRI, and not all
facilities which should have reported did so. The quality of the teported data must be viewed
cautiously, since this is the first year of industry experience with TRI.
Box 1-A.
-------
A National Summary
SODIUM SULFATE AND TRI
Sodiu» sulfate releases and transfers of more than 12 billion pounds dwarfed all other
chemicals reported to TRI in 1987. Sodium sulfate alone accounted for 54 percent of total
releases and transfers for all TRI chemicals. Moreover, a single facility in California released
5.2 billion pounds of sodium sulfate-23 percent of total national TRI releases and transfers.
EPA has been petitioned to remove sodium sulfate from the list of TRI chemicals requiring
reporting due to an apparent absence of significant toxicity concerns for this chemical, which
is produced in large volumes not only as a commercial product, bat also as a by-product of
manufacturing processes involving acids and bases. If the petition is granted, the portrait of
TRI releases and transfers will change dramatically.
For example, California, which in 1987 had the largest amount of TRI cheMcaiwastes, would
drop to ninth in the nation without sodiumsulfate* Discharges to surface water, which ranked
first with a lion's share of the sodium sulfate releases (75 percent Of the total sodium sulfate
releases for 1987) would drop to last place of all the types of releases and transfers (Figure
1-1). The acids/bases/salts class of chemicals, which accounts for 69 percent of total TRI
releases and transfers, would drop to only 33 percent without the influence of sodium sulfate.
Finally, the total amount of TRI releases and transfers would be cut by more than hah*.
Box1-B.
The reader should note the limitations of TRI data: not all toxic
chemicals are included under TRI, nor are all sources of toxic chemi-
cal releases to the environment.
Environmental Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers
Larger amounts of TRI chemicals were discharged to surface water
than were emitted to air, disposed of on land, or transported off-site
in 1987 (Figure 1-1, above). Almost half the total amount of TRI
releases and transfers (9.6 billion pounds) was discharged to surface
water. Facilities disposed of an additional 3.2 billion pounds (14
percent of the TRI total) by injecting chemicals into underground
wells. Air received the next highest sum, with emissions totalling 2.7
billion pounds (12 percent), and facilities disposed of 2.5 billion
pounds (11 percent) on land. The distribution changes significantly if
sodium sulfate is not added in: air emissions, off-site transfers, and
land releases take the lead, with 25, 24, and 23 percent of the total,
respectively, while discharges to surface water drop to 5 percent and
transfers to public sewage treatment plants drop to 8 percent.
In addition to environmental releases, manufacturers discharged 1.9
billion pounds of TRI chemicals (9 percent of the TRI total) to public
sewage systems and transported 2.6 billion pounds (12 percent) to
Forty-three percent
of the total TRI
releases and trans-
fers was discharged
to surface water, 14
perrcent was In-
jected in under-
ground wells, 12
percent emitted to
air, 9 percent dis-
charged to public
sewage, and 12 per-
cent transferred to
off-site facilities.
-------
The 1987 Toxic* Releax Inventory
DATA. EXPOSURE. AND BISK
untanor- ~~ .* . ~
wind when considering the impact ofTRI releases and transfers.
First, environmental releases do not always result It exposure. Releases to landfills or to
Even ehemteals &at are not isolated in this manner require careful interpretation. TRI
reveals that £7 billion pounds of TRI cnentfcals were released directly to &e air, and 96
bdtion pound* to surface water in 1987, These releases eannot be equated directly to
exposure, suice each chemical to each individual release circumstance undergoes different
transformations(after release. Dflutten way reader exposure concentrate so small as tobe
ofno wncera. Gaseous emissions may be chemically transformed to harmless byproducts
OTa^c^tewaterdischargesmaybeeffectivelyneutralizedbythe receiving faodyofwater!
Qn the other hand, some environmental transformations lead to byproducts of tvengreoter
concern than the original releases. Each release scenario has its own unique characteristics.
TRIchemieafewete also transferred to sewage treatment plants and other off-site faculties
Where-tteymaytmdergotreatment (which can destroy or isolate a potenttaUy toxic chemirad)
prior to ultimate disposal The transfers also shift the location of materials, so that TRI
releases generated in, say, Hew Jersey, may ultimately be sent to Ohio for treatment and/or
disposal A knowledge of the ultimate fate of these materials would be needed for any
meaningful interpretation of potential risks,
Lastly, TRI chemicals cover a broad spectrum of toxicity concerns and total release or
transfer amounts onlygive part of the story-a small release of ahighly toxic chemical might
DCOfniUch OT&atftr rnnr*-.nn fhan o tar»A •>0lno«a A^«1»..r *-.«±-±* t_-. * ** ^^
«- ij- « #. it •——^ M*. M *w*w %t*jr+t^ft±j o\*uamu.\tis+m ClIi'^QoSJHSj UUjL'C
mtorraation is needed to assess potential concerns than is provided by TRI data alone, TRI
can only serve as m indicator to toxic chemicals that may be of concern, and hence reouire
further attention and analysis.
off-site facilities for treatment or disposal. These facilities include
private wastewater treatment plants, incinerators, and off-site
landfills and underground injection wells.
Sodium sulfate played a singular role in the distribution of the TRI
data, accounting for 95 percent of discharges to surface water, and
more than 50 percent of discharges to underground injection and
public sewage systems. Without sodium sulfate (which may be
removed from the TRI list), these types of discharges would comprise
a much smaller fraction of total TRI releases and transfers.
-------
A National Summary
o*
•D
I
8
•i
I
-------
TABLE 1 -1 . NUMBER OF TRI FACILITIES AND AMOUNT OF RELEASES BY TYPE BY STATE. 1 987
(Percentages are of total releases and transfers for the state)
TOTALTRI TOTALTRI
™ TOTALTRI SURFACE WATER TRANSFERS TO
STATE
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
FACILITIES
Number
7
2
156
293
1,662
172
383
53
419
636
33
52
1,185
720
310
184
298
259
83
191
560
758
301
247
503
27
139
33
129
875
32
765
820
28
1,261
193
217
1.027
172
166
394
37
503
999
102
52
1
399
306
107
645
27
19,278
AIR EMISSIONS
Pounds
31,707,083
56,250
16,565,691
54,559,906
82.708.429
11.010.395
26.078,031
6,036.385
50,196.070
93.586,285
1,064.495
4.176.707
99.226,761
112,870,299
39,238.921
24.738.143
51,666,181
138,254.193
14,607.382
20,234.753
30,061,360
116,359.932
42,095,160
57,285,976
50,623,710
5,255,856
14,403,622
742,389
12,983,935
41,983,116
3,831.726
89,399,757
94,568.576
935.275
172.685,650
36,445,117
20,941,392
87,547,598
12,867.913
5.927,841
64,215,277
2,441,359
135,010,665
238,817,765
77,327,036
1,379.661
2.033.873
132,436.076
40,637.496
35,564,455
48,656,361
3,154,641
Percent
85.8
78.1
13.1
14.6
1.4
31.2
30.2
10.3
11.5
14.1
21.0
5.7
21.2
15.4
54.8
13.5
20.6
8.0
6.7
10.4
28.7
15.7
29.7
8.7
17.3
13.7
68.1
6.3
19.9
13.6
17.0
27.4
21.4
33.4
23.9
28.1
17.4
20.0
30.0
22.3
12.4
69.4
22.4
8.5
31.0
28.2
27.4
29.8
10.0
20.9
26.3
5.0
11.8
DISCHARGES
5,221,865
15,750
3,000
171,220,328
3,834.809.964
3,325,009
25,225,312
29,852.685
107.593,997
473,506,462
2,542,000
50.737,549
33,437,606
105,987.418
15,335,547
7.578,737
76,869.713
775,836,211
195,803,966
111,795,540
2.116,295
38,127,898
15,826,354
473,882,098
36.406,436
791,946
2,754.398
0
42.428,961
55.063,498
9.057
56,110.261
217.090.591
393,600
68.219,055
65,792,624
63.362,600
61,901.577
1,676,734
13.187,892
340,939,102
3,698
196,399,204
659,657,602
133,749
1.113.799
5.303,250
225,383.321
303,684.767
87.295,714
16,563.741
3.460,037
9.615,673,925
64.6
14.1
21.9
0.0
45.7
65.7
9.4
29.2
50.8
24.8
71.6
50.2
69.1
7.1
14.5
21.4
4.1
30.6
45.0
89.2
57.3
2.0
5.1
11.2
72.2
12.4
2.1
13.0
0.0
65.1
17.8
0.0
17.2
49.2
14.0
9.4
50.7
52.5
14.1
3.9
49.5
65.8
0.1
32.6
23.6
0.1
22.8
71.4
50.8
74.6
51.2
9.0
5.5
42T-
PUBLIC SEWAGE
32,713,211
35
0
9,236,876
4,325.937
246,101.586
3,125,396
9,544,587
16,375,820
39,468,550
47,093,822
973,250
3,250.118
199.165.360
95,899,156
10,090,895
6,647,139
13.649,364
1,334.641
5,071,706
47,863.355
36.142,507
38,245,470
70,020,634
9,125,709
112,489,998
28,109
1,213,294
33 814
2,802,094
123,413,118
738,719
< 65,294,934
54,537,779
94,217
131,193,018
1,692,971
13,900,170
39.815,049
23,060,390
2,998,055
51,090,961
620,208
97,149,025
154,293,072
2,032,004
298.037
0
55,690,097
4,061,980
5,179,381
46,313,952
17,800
1,935,517,370
4.0
n n
u.u
0.0
7.3
1.2
4.2
8.8
11.1
27.8
9.1
7.1
19.2
4.4
42.5
13.1
14.1
3.6
5.4
0.1
2.3
24.5
34.5
5.1
49.5
1.4
38.5
0.1
5.7
n ^
u.o
4.3
40.0
3.3
20.0
12.4
3.4
18.1
1.3
11.5
9.1
53.7
11.3
9.9
17.6
16.1
5.5
0.8
6.1
0.0
12.5
1.0
3.0
25.0
0.0
8.6
-------
A National Summary
TABLE 1-1. (Continued)
TOTAL TRI
ON-SITE LAND
RELEASES
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL *
98,091,692
14,930
0
97,102,866
108,534,294
47,693,392
12,547,494
1,848,676
2,565,876
190,827,201
14,969,473
237,342
14,988,307
11,209,153
246,523,580
768,722
1,058,669
4,028,637
154,894,837
2.037,139
4,318,725
3,575,212
3,979,327
1,722,105
15,252,731
56,439,000
32,223,598
349,910
10,817,492
666,529
5,312,503
17,307,456
17,598,716
30,157,949
1,100,500
47.664,590
2,482,881
13,998,763
70,957,429
184.150
69,009
8,994.959
9
20,550,544
835,087,965
165,467,430
168,696
87,505
6,949,712
25,105,014
11,638.215
7,535,521
24,183,539
2,451,889,964
0.0
0.0
77.0
29.0
0.8 1
35.5
2.1
4.4
43.9
2.3
4.7
20.4
2.4
33.7
1.1
0.6
1.6
9.0
0.9
2.2
3.4
0.5
1.2
2.3
19.3
83.8
1.7
92.2
1.0
1.7
76.8
5.4
6.8
39.3
6.6
1.9
11.6
16.2
0.4
0.3
1.7
0.0
3.4
29.8
66.3
3.5
1.2
1.6
6.2
6.8
4.1
38.6
10.9
TOTAL TRI
UNDERGROUND
INJECTION
Pounds
0
0
0
13,016,449
,530,850,645
1,170
0
250
29,437,389
19,500
216,140
0
14,221,970
63,356,466
0
91,067,410
25,000,250
553,820,180
0
750
250
6,472,752
250
46,433,140
1,001,450
0
0
0
0
780
0
500
250
0
71,850,645
7,171,133
0
74,000
988
0
750
0
124.406,900
630,223,666
3
0
0
250
500
1,719,219
1,500
30,651,671
3,242,462,757
Percent
0,0
0.0
0.0
3.5
26.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.8
0.0
4.3
0.0
3.0
8.7
0.0
49.7
10.0
32.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.0
7.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.9
5.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20.7
22.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
49.0
14.4
TOTAL TRI
OFF-SITE
TOTAL TRI TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/ RELEASES/
TRANSFERS TRANSFERS TRANSFERS
Pounds
139
0
3,163,551
23.124,550
97,644.358
5,321.533
23.677,774
3.987,692
17,162.515
32,555.326
30,226
259.307
111,556,134
107,092,085
6,149,084
52,300,709
79,727,997
101,793,171
2,040,371
11,035,136
32,931,176
539,530,650
11,833,822
54,106,141
35,466,064
138,140
2,428,365
141,555
6,249,760
82.811,996
641,055
97,670,612
44,990,734
279,990
232,280,058
16,196,697
8,401,643
177,338,841
5,137,365
4,439,825
52,886,551
452,952
28,631.687
281,688.463
4,782,932
1,929,473
0
23,590,468
33.588.830
29,174,069
65,886.063
1,129,103
2,617,957,365
Percent
0.0
0.0
2.5
6.2
1.7
15.1
27.4
6.8
3.9
4.9
0.6
0.4
23.8
14.6
8.6
28.5
31.8
5.9
0.9
5.7
31.4
72.6
8.4
8.2
12.1
0.4
11.5
1.2
9.6
26.8
2.8
30.0
10.2
10.0
32.1
12.5
7.0
40.5
12.0
16.7
10.2
12.9
4.8
10.1
1.9
39.5
0.0
5.3
8.3
17.1
35.6
1.8
.6
Pounds
36.944,052
72,000
126,071.984
374,781,464
5,839,808,374
35,330.997
86.374,380
58,818,708
434,685.722
661.730,868
5,063.453
73,411,988
468,816,984
731,729,004
71,583,169
183,390.807
250.942,142
1,725,933,233
219,560.564
195,248,259
104.826,800
742,716,029
141.498,325
656,085.795
292,426,658
38,437,649
21,149,589
11,735,250
65.131,279
308,585,011
22,528,013
326,074,780
441,345,879
2.803,582
723,893,016
129,781,423
120,604,568
437,634,494
42,927,540
26,622,622
518,127.600
3,518,226
602,148,025
2,799,768.533
249.743,154
4,889,666
7,424,628
444,049.924
407,078,587
170,571.053
184.957,138
62,596,791
22,519,044,091
Rank
42
53
31
18
1
43
34
39
16
8
49
35
12
6
36
27
22
3
24
25
33
5
29
9
21
41
46
47
37
20
45
19
14
52
7
30
32
15
40
44
11
51
10
2
23
50
48
13
17
28
26
38
-------
The 1987 Toxic* Release Inventory
A total of 19,278
facilities reported to
TRI. More facilities
reported from
California than from
any other state.
California, Texas, and
Louisiana had the
largest total TRI
releases and trans-
fers.
TRI Facilities
A total of 19,278 manufacturing facilities reported to TRI from all 50
states, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa
(Map 1-1). No facilities reported from the District of Columbia or
from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
More than half of the manufacturers were located in ten states
California had the largest number of TRI facilities-1,662 facilities
Each of the top ten states had more than 700 facilities reporting for
a total of 10,072 facUities (Table 1-1).
Geographical Distribution of TRI Releases and
Transfers
The 5.8 billion pounds of releases and off-site transfers from Califor-
nia dwarfed those of any other state, accounting for 26 percent of the
TRI total for the nation (Map 1-2). However, a disproportionately
large amount of California's total was due to sodium sulfate releases
from a single facility in the state which discharged 3.7 billion pounds
ot this chemical to surface water, and an additional 1.5 billion pounds
by underground injection. (Indeed, this single facility was responsible
Billions of Pounds
CA TX LA AL Ml IN OH QA MS TN SC IL VA NC PA FL WA AK NY NJ
On-Site
Off-Site
The 20 States with the Largest Total Releases and Transfers, 1987.
-------
A National Summary
o.
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
250
200
150
Millions of Pounds
100
TXOHLATNVA Ml IN IL AL NCGA NY PA CA UT SC MS AK KYMO
FUGITIVE
POINT SOURCE
Figure 1 -3. " "
The 20 States with the Largest Total Air Emissions of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
Billions of Pounds
CA LA TX AL MS GA SC WA VA NC TN ME AR MD FL IN WVKY OH OK
Figure 1-4.
The 20 States with the Largest Surface Water Discharges of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
10
-------
A National Summary
300
Millions of Pounds
CA IL TX OH NJ MO TN IN MN NY VA NC SC MD GA Wl PA FL Ml MA
State
Figure 1-5.
The 20 States with the Largest Discharges of TRI Chemicals to Public Sewage Systems, 1987.
1000
800
600
400
200
Millions of Pounds
TX IN FLUTLA AR AL AZ PA MOCA OHMTNC WAWYTN NYNMMS
Figure 1 -6.
The 20 States with the Largest On-Site Land Disposal of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
11
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Millions of Pounds
i i i
CATXLATNKSOH IN MSWYFLKY IL AROK MIWVALMOHI PA
Undergrnd Injection
Figure 1-7.
The 20 States with the Largest Underground Injections of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
600
500
Millions of Pounds
Ml TX OH PA IL IN LA NY CA NJ KY Wl AL MS SC KA NC MO WA MA
Figure 1-8.
The 20 Stales with the Largest Total Off-Site Transfers of TRI Chemicals, 1987. (By state from which off-site
transfers originated.)
12
-------
A National Summary
for nearly 45 percent of the nation's total sodium sulfate releases and
transfers.)
Tbxas and Louisiana ranked second and third for total TRI releases
and transfers, with 2.8 and 1.7 billion pounds, respectively (Figure
1-2). Sodium sulf ate did not account for a particularly large share of
the totals for either state.
Rankings amongst the states changed somewhat according to the type
of release or transfer (Figures 1-3,1-4,1-5,1-6,1-7, and 1-8). However,
Tbxas, Louisiana, and California were generally among the top five
states for nearly every type of release or transfer. Two notable excep-
tions were that California ranked only 14th for total air emissions, and
Louisiana was ranked 41st for discharges to public sewage systems.
Michigan facilities transported by far the largest share of TRI chemi-
cals to off-site facilities, accounting for over one fifth of the total
amount of wastes transported (Figure 1-8, above). Over half of the
state's total was composed of aluminum oxide transported off-site by
a single facility.
Distribution of TRI Releases and Transfers in States
States differ markedly in the environmental distribution of their TRI
releases and transfers (Table 1-1, above). In California, surface water
discharges and underground injection dominated, together account-
ing for 93 percent of the state's total. In Maine, surface water dischar-
ges alone accounted for nearly 90 percent of that state's TRI total. In
Western states such as Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah, the largest
share of TRI chemicals was disposed of on land (92 percent, 77
percent, and 66 percent of the state total, respectively).
Michigan facilities transferred 73 percent of then- TRI total off-site;
Pennsylvania and Vermont followed with 41 percent and 39 percent,
respectively. On the other hand, only two percent of California's TRI
total, and six percent of Louisiana's were transferred to off-site
facilities, the remainder being on-site releases.
13
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
The Chemical In-
dustry generated
54 percent of the
total TRI releases
and transfers.
Industrial Patterns of Releases and Transfers
The Chemical and Allied Products industry produced more TRI
releases and transfers than any other industry in 1987, with a total of
12.1 billion pounds or 54 percent of the TRI total for all industries
(Table 1-2, Figure 1-9). Chemical manufacturers produced more
releases and transfers than any other industry in each of the following
categories: air emissions, discharges to surface water, underground
injection, and transfers to public sewage systems.Two other industries
reported TRI totals of more than one billion pounds: Paper Products
and Primary Metals. Tbgether, these three industries generated 78
percent of all releases and transfers reported under TRI.
Industries generated distinct patterns of TRI releases and transfers.
Almost half of the Chemical industry's total was releases to surface
water; releases to underground injection comprised an additional 24
percent. Surface water discharges also accounted for a large fraction
(78 percent) of the Paper industry's total releases and transfers. The
Primary Metals industry released 1.4 billion pounds of chemicals to
land and transferred 961 million pounds off-site, accounting for 76
percent of this industry's releases and transfers. The Transportation
Equipment industry, although accounting for only 1.5 percent of the
TABLE 1 -2. AMOUNT OF TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS BY TYPE BY INDUSTRY, 1987
The Chemical In-
dustry discharged
48 percent of Hs
total TRI releases
and transfers to sur-
face water.
TRI
FACILITIES
SIC CODE INDUSTRY Number
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
Food Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastic Product*
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Motels
Machinery enLept Duclilial
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Goods
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes In 20 - 39
No SIC codes In 20- 39
1,576
24
469
37
644
332
663
287
3,849
343
1,125
117
629
1,305
2,393
7H7
to/
1,426
908
306
337
1,317
404
TOTAL AIR
RELEASES
Pounds Percent
17,337,833
7,566,510
38,305,895
2,295,032
26,879,647
50,928,135
232,639,586
54,122,107
946,395,722
79,137,824
143,760,863
14,098,158
27,035,373
234,283,732
109,921,878
49,698,725
110,349,790
213,563,972
46,331,167
24,865,197
211,289,810
14,735,754
6.04
72.32
10.95
48.11
74.75
85.28
8.29
85.99
7.83
10.38
51.88
27.07
23.11
9.03
35.89
50.15
37.14
64.25
57.10
68.45
12.36
9.96
SURFACE
WATER
Pounds Percent
30,560,639
132,545
162,363,632
42,810
1,001,064
47,984
2,183,493,703
3,521
5,835,403,944
366,051,900
54,077,618
1,959,656
1,322,017
105,944,217
9,079,259
4,439,271
13,080,342
3,678,314
3,153,101
264,802
799,136,129
20,237,455
10.65
1.27
52.12
0.90
2.76
0.06
77.78
0.01
48.27
48.02
19.52
3.76
1.13
4.09
2.98
4.48
4.40
1.17
3.89
0.73
46.73
13.68
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pounds Percent
205,826,534
2,293,620
119,540,333
2,336,808
1,545,461
853,889
164,680,068
3,444,032
764,202,550
50,530,645
48,224,867
31,984,904
7,146,933
180,432,302
76,585,656
10,528,549
85,642,196
18,199,214
9,766,977
2,103,483
100,432,157
9,015,992
71.71
21.93
34.16
48.99
4.30
1.43
6.59
5.47
6.49
6.63
17.40
61.41
6.11
6.96
25.00
10.63
28.82
5.48
12.04
5.79
5.87
6.09
GRAND TOTAL
19,278 2,655,542,710
11.79 9,615,673,925
42.70 1,935,517,370
8.60
14
-------
A National Summary
Millions of Pounds
Food(20
Tobacoo(21
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Prim. Metals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Instruments
Misc. Manulact.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
(31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Ha 0.2ST i
H 0.01 1
H33I o.3» !
H 0.008 i
H 0.038 !
H 0.08 !
-1 0.277 !
-Co. 062 '•
-0 0.117 !
-fO 0.308 I
HTo.o»» i
HO 0.2S7 I
-B 0.332 !
Hjl 0.08 i
HI 0.038 i
Multiple Codes 20-39 -fcsSMDQ i.n
No Codes In 20-3S
-B 0.14S i
r i
I 12.089
"
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Thousands
•• To Air
ESS TO
Surface Water HH
W4£ To On-Slte Land !:::::! Undergrnd Inject'n I
To Public Sewage
Off-Site
Transfer
Figure 1-9.
Distribution of TRI Total Releases and Transfers by Industry,1987. Industries are grouped according to
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes.
TABLE 1 -2 (Continued)
INDUSTRY
Food Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum RefinlrtQ
Rubber and Plastic Products
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Good
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes In 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 - 39
TOTAL
ON-STTE
LAND
Pounds Percent
23,018,190
10,810
642,327
1,500
2,625,119
26,105
77,350,923
2,597
900,323,396
39,701,782
806,162
168,320
25,056,647
1,021,550,898
4,970,842
660,719
7,315,830
5,397,988
164,116
248,233
249,504,529
92,342,83V.
6.02
0.10
0.18
0.03
7.30
0.05
2.76
0.00
7.45
5.21
0.29
0.32
21.42
39.39
1.62
0.67
2.48
1.62
0.20
0.68
14.59
62.42
UNDERGROUND ..
INJECTION
Pounds Percent
190,566
0
0
0
0
0
30,894
0
2,902,166,936
21,174,667
49,800
0
6,326,300
90,418,540
1,453,671
0
2,437,306
47,339
0
250
217,854,136
312,352
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.01
2.78
0.02
0.00
5.41
3.49
0.47
0.00
0.82
0.01
0.00
0.00
12.74
0.21
TRANSFERS
OFF-SITE
Pounds
10,077,922
458,196
9,058,955
94,221
3,909,453
7,857,362
129,014,310
5,364,131
720,337,123
205,764,651
30,177,303
3,878,288
50,081,467
960,608,352
104,277,700
33,764,108
78,281,668
91,310,180
21,725,976
8,642,508
131,767,953
11,295,538
Percent
3.51
4.38
2.59
1.98
10.87
13.16
4.60
8.52
5.96
26.99
10.89
7.45
42.62
37.04
34.05
34.07
26.35
27.47
26.78
24.34
7.71
7.64
TOTAL TW TOTAL
RELEASES/ RELEASES/
TRANSFERS TRANSFER
Pounds RANK
287,011,684
10,461,881
349,911,142
4,770,371
35,960,744
59,715,475
2,807,409,484
62,936,368
12,088,829,671
762,361,469
277,096,613
52,087,326
116,968,737
2,593,238,041
306,289,006
99,091,372
297,117,232
332,397,007
81,141,337
36,324.473
1,709,984,714
147,939,922
10
21
6
22
20
17
2
16
1
5
11
18
13
3
8
14
a
7
15
19
4
12
GRAND TOTAL
2,451,889,964
10.89 3,242,462,757 14.40 2,617,957,365
11.63 22,519,044,091
15
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
TRI total, had disproportionately large air emissions and contributed
8 percent of total TRI air emissions for all industries.
Over half of the
total TRI releases
and transfers was
generated by facil-
ities that engaged
only In manufactur-
ing chemicals.
The Chemical In-
dustry accounted
for 41 percent of all
TRI discharges to
public sewage treat-
ment plants.
Facilities reporting manufacturing as their sole activity for TRI chemi-
cals (as opposed to processing, or other uses such as equipment
cleaning) comprised only 1.3 percent of TRI facilities nationwide, but
accounted for 12 billion pounds of releases and transfers—56 percent
of the TRI total.
Industries also differed in their patterns of on-site releases/off-site
transfers. The Primary Metals industry transferred 37 percent of its
TRI total off-site; the Chemical industry only six percent. Together,
these two industries accounted for 64 percent of total off-site transfers
for all industries reporting under TRI.
The Chemical industry accounted for 41 percent (784 million pounds)
of all TRI chemicals discharged to public sewage treatment plants.
Facilities in each of four additional industries discharged more than
100 million pounds of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems: Food
and Kindred Products with 11 percent (206 million pounds); Paper
Products with ten percent (185 million pounds); Primary Metals with
nine percent (180 million pounds); and Textiles with six percent (120
million pounds). Discharges to public sewage systems from these five
industries made up 76 percent of the total.
The Primary Metals industry transported 961 million pounds of TRI
chemicals to off-site facilities, which accounted for the largest share
(37 percent) of off-site transfers. The Chemical industry ranked
second for off-site transfers, transporting 720 million pounds, or 28
percent of the total.
16
-------
A National Summary
Off-site Transfers: The Interstate Transport of TRI
Wastes
While transfers to public sewage systems are generally local, other
off-site transfers to treatment and disposal facilities may cross state
lines. In 1987, over one quarter of all reported off-site transfers (731
million pounds) were transported to facilities across state lines (Fi-
gure 1-10). Ohio facilities received 13 percent of all out-of-state
transfers (92 million pounds), the largest share for any state.
Louisiana, Indiana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Michigan also
received large amounts of off-site transfers from out-of-state facilities,
each accepting over 40 million pounds of off-site transfers.
Facilities were not required to report transfers of TRI chemicals sent
off-site for recycling. Some facilities appear to have reported such
data, however, and these are included in the off-site transfer totals.
20 States Receiving the Largest
Off-Site Transfers From Out of
State, 1987
One quarter of all
reported off-site
transfers were
transported to off-
site facilities across
states lines.
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
100
OH LA IN NJ PA Ml AL KY IL TN TX WV CT KS AR MN Wl MA UT OK
Transfers Received
2 Transfer locations were not identified for 102 million pounds (four percent) of the
chemical wastes transferred off-site, so it cannot be determined what fraction, if
any, of this amount was transported to out-of-state locations.
17
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
Twenty-five chemi-
cals accounted for
94 percent of the
total TRI release*
and transfers In
1987.
Chemicals with the Largest Releases and Transfers
The 25 chemicals with the largest TRI totals accounted for 94 percent
of all releases and transfers (Table 1-3). As mentioned earlier, 12.1
billion pounds of sodium sulfate dominated TRI totals, accounting for
54 percent of all releases and transfers. Aluminum oxide was the only
other chemical with a TRI total of greater than one billion pounds,
accounting for 20 percent of the TRI releases and transfers. Both
chemicals are under review by EPA and may be removed from the TRI
list of reportable chemicals due to a lack of significant toxicity con-
cerns.
TABLE 1-3. THE 25 TRI CHEMICALS WITH THE LARGEST TOTAL RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS BY MEDIA.1987
TOTALTRi
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rnk CHEMICAL NAME
1 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
2 ALUMfflJMOMDE
3 AMMOMUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
5 SULFUHCACID
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
7 AMMONIA
8 METHANOL
9 TOLUENE
10 PHOBPHOFKACID
11 ACETONE
12 XYLENE (MIXED BOMERS)
13 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
14 1,1,1-THCHLOROETHANE
15 COPPER
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
17 nCHLOnOMETHANE
18 CARBON DBULFIDE
18 CHLOHNE
20 AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
22 NITRIC ACID
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
24 ETHYLENE
25 FREON113
TOTAL AIR
EMISSIONS
Pound.
0
63,845,554
6,381,188
52,512,848
18,408,388
7,880,603
318,028,225
196,038,365
258,279,298
1,815,570
178,348,341
137,243,778
145,810,523
151,233,854
2,370,791
5,753,287
118,439,343
136,167,830
110,349,352
7,545.171
2,043,072
7,204,483
4,270,474
60,792,720
53,105,658
TOTAL
DECHARGES
TO
SURFACE
WATERS
Pound.
9,081,039,211
36,101,028
90,189,835
13,874,538
77,533,817
78,730,126
31,641,355
24,908,084
339,959
128,832,077
2,032,678
473,528
75,891
40,700
276,053
1,630,598
389,150
22,791
10,975,851
11,718,298
869,597
16,842,456
454,434
12,688
36,567
TOTAL
TRANSFERS
TO PUBLIC
SEWAGE
Pound.
1,052,044,588
2,978,518
189,392,111
57,802,155
100,123,428
230,349,220
38,850.299
82,511,680
3,418,384
15,425,906
14,057,015
4,102,755
812,678
418,380
537,980
1,734,423
1,827,208
180,511
8,552,892
9,804,839
599,083
30,900,534
1,777,237
250
105,101
TOTAL
ON-STTE TOTAL
RELEASES UNDERGROUND
TO LAND INJECTION
Pounds Pound*
91,199,023
1,383,735,259
7,249,407
12,114,031
79,173,009
131,481,032
4,967,305
14,702,800
1,747,284
187,196,716
256,979
644,953
88,783
199,061
138,313,940
106,238,413
87,821
3,480
1,529,801
15,078,212
33,932,193
8,914,51 1
44,081,364
7,438
22,582
1,738,973,178
56,724,250
611,231,000
413,453,666
135,996,729
34,338,840
47,783,820
19,582,067
1,520,943
73,704
2,260,943
588,751
75,250
26,325
452,890
707,666
580,000
89,500
84,439
58,565,000
10,800,800
9,187,612
189,574
0
817
TOTAL
OFF-StTE
TRANSFERS
Pounds
130,606,774
661,591,039
13,419,977
107,387,120
230,515,099
135,071,893
5,413,883
71,802,772
79,259,384
10,778,338
37.614,073
74,612.447
46,085,612
29,996,240
35,926,437
60,512,500
31,225,718
251,400
1,743,642
12,140,708
88,692,040
25,287,175
40,574,726
8,858,938
9,090,684
TOTAL
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pound.
12,079,565,192
2,434,973,644
917,843,516
856,744,358
642,751,448
626,849,514
444,484,887
419,546,588
344,565,192
343,922,311
234,592,029
217,664,213
192,748,517
181,918,560
177,878,091
176,576,887
152,289,040
138,715,512
131,235,577
114,848,028
114,736,785
98,138,781
81,347,809
89,472,028
62,361,207
PWLWIt
53.64
10.61
4.08
2.92
2.85
278
1.97
1.88
1.53
1.53
1.04
0.97
0.88
0.61
0.79
0.78
0.88
0.61
0.58
0.51
0.51
0.44
0.41
0.31
0.28
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
2,084,688,702 9,588,399,925 1,862,504,751 2,272,944,935 3,143,288,384 2,128,280,597 21,083,767,712 93.54
590,876,006 27,274,000 73,012,619 176,945,028 09,174,373 491,896,768 1,455,276,379 6.46
GRAND TOTAL
2,655,542,710 9,615,673,925 1,935,517,370 2,451,669,984 3,242,462,757 2,817,957,385 22,519,044,091 100.00
18
-------
A National Summary
10
8
6
Billions of Pounds
Air Surf. Water Public Sewage On-slte Land Undergrnd Off-Site Transf.
H] A.B.S •! Halo-organlcs HH Metals ^^ Non-metals
• Organlcs CZH Mixtures Trade Secrets
Figure 1-11.
TRI Releases and Transfers by Chemical Class, 1987.
Treatment/No Release 6%
4,726
Neither 8%
5,715
Treatment & Release 44%
32,482
No Treatment/Release 42%
30,951
Total TRI Forms: 74,152
Figure 1-12.
TRI Forms Reporting Waste Treatment and Releases to the Environment, 1987.
19
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
Six chemicals had
total releases and
transfers greater
than 500 million
pounds.
Half of all TRI facilities
reported treating their
chemical wastes.
Four additional chemicals had TRI totals greater than 500 million
pounds: ammonium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and
sodium hydroxide. No TRI chemicals beyond the top 25 accounted
for even 0.3 percent of the TRI total.
TRI chemicals played distinctly different roles in each type of release
or transfer. Aluminum oxide accounted for the largest proportion of
on-site land disposal (55 percent) and off-site transfers (33 percent).
Sodium sulfate, not surprisingly, dominated releases in several
categories: surface water discharges (94 percent), discharges to public
sewage systems (54 percent), and underground injection (54 percent).
Toluene, acetone and trichloroethane each accounted for more than
10 percent of total air emissions of TRI chemicals.
Grouping the 328 TRI chemicals and chemical categories into five
classes—acids/bases/salts, organics (non-halogenated), halogenated
organics, metals and metal compounds, and non-metallic inor-
ganics—shows how releases and transfers vary among chemicals
(Figure 1-11). Discharges to surface water are dominated by the
acids/bases/salts class, while metals are a large portion of the TRI
on-site land releases. Air emissions and off-site transfers are more
evenly divided among these classes.
Waste Treatment __^
Just over one half (9,725) of the TRI facilities indicated treating
chemical wastes on-site before releasing or transferring them off-site.
Six percent of all TRI forms reported treating wastes but not releasing
them, which suggests that waste treatment for these chemicals was 100
percent successful (Figure 1-12).
On-site waste treatment was reported for 262 (96 percent) of the 272
chemicals and chemical categories for which TRI forms were
received. No facilities reported on-site treatment for 12 of the chemi-
cals.
The percentage of facilities reporting on-site waste treatment for
individual chemicals varied. For example, 79 percent of the facilities
that reported for nitric acid indicated that they treated wastes con-
taining this chemical. However, only 25 percent of the facilities report-
ing 1,1,1-trichloroethane releases or transfers indicated on-site
treatment of wastes containing it.
20
-------
A National Summary
Waste Minimization
Eleven percent of TRI facilities (2,090 out of 19,278) reported at-
tempts to minimize TRI chemical wastes in the optional waste mini-
mization section on the TRI form. These facilities submitted six
percent of the total TRI forms for 1987. A subset3 of 802 facilities was
examined to detail waste minimization between 1986 and 1987. The
subset reported generating 121 million pounds of waste in 1986 and
only 69 million pounds in 1987, for an overall reduction of 52.4 million
pounds (43 percent.) Factoring in the impact of changes in production
levels, overall reductions appear even larger—more than 60 percent.
Facilities in Michigan, Texas, and Louisiana reported the most waste
minimization (11.5, 8.9 and 4.5 million pounds respectively). On-site
recycle/reuse achieved the largest reductions of waste (21.1 million
pounds), for an overall 50 percent reduction. Self-initiated reviews
were cited most often as the reason for pursuing waste minimization;
regulatory requirements were cited infrequently (Figure 1-13).
Eleven percent of
TRI facilities
reported attempts
to minimize TRI
chemical wastes.
On-slte recy-
cling/reuse resulted
In the largest
amount of waste
minimization.
METHOD
On-Slte Recycling
Off-Site Recycling
Equipment Changes
Process Changes
Reformulated Product
Chem. Substitution
Improve Housekeeping
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50
1986 WASTE GENERATED—MILLIONS OF POUNDS
§• Wastes Minimized » 1987 Wastes Qenrafd
(Based on 802 forms for 19B7)
Figure 1-13.
Amount of TRI Waste Minimization by Method, 1987.
3 A subset was necessary for two reasons: (1) because the section was optional, the
amount of information provided about waste minimization varied; and (2) many
forms appeared to contain errors that were sorted out of the data for the sake of
accuracy. Because the waste minimization data was optional, neither the full set
of data nor the subset are representative of the nation as a whole.
21
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
Other Analyses
Geographical
analyses could
focus on releases In
the drainage basins
of major waterways.
This report focusses on the broad national perspectives available from
1987 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) data. TRI data can, however, be
analyzed at other levels. National analyses could be narrowed to
provide greater detail about particular topics, or about regional, state,
or local conditions. The two examples provided below—regional
analyses of water systems and exports of chemical wastes—suggest
some of the other analyses for which TRI data can be used.
Regional Analyses: Major Water Systems
Geographical analyses could focus on releases near major water
systems to examine the chemicals that might eventually end up in the
water. For example, six states lie in the Chesapeake Bay's drainage
basin; TRI chemicals released in any of those six could potentially
affect the Bay or the ecosystems it supports. TRI data can be used to
locate all TRI facilities within this region by latitude and longitude and
to display their releases and transfers (Map 1-3). As illustrated, the
heaviest concentrations of TRI releases and transfers are in the area
just north of the Bay and in another area to the southwest.
Toxic Release Inventory Total Al Releases Around Chesapeake Bay
< 530,000
530,000-3,700,000
> 3,700,000
Map 1-3.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers In the Chesapeake Bay Area, 1987.
22
-------
A National Summary
Toxfc Release Inventory Surface Water Releases Around Chesapeake Bay
POUNDS
< 40,000
40,000-1,240,000
> 1,240,000
Map 1-4.
TRI Discharges to Surface Water In the Chesapeake Bay Area, 1987.
While all releases and transfers of TRI chemicals might affect the Bay
region, direct discharges to surface waters may pose a more immedi-
ate concern. TRI data can be used to map all discharges of TRI
chemicals to surface waters (Map 1-4) that were reported for 1987 in
order to investigate the situation in more detail. Such analyses could
be further refined to examine discharges of a particular chemical or
set of chemicals.
TRI Chemical Exports
An analysis of TRI chemical wastes exported to other countries yields
an international perspective of the manufacture and disposal of TRI
chemicals. The export of TRI chemical wastes from the United States
can be examined by searching the TRI data for off-site transfer
locations outside the United States.
U.S. facilities ex-
ported six million
pounds of toxic
chemical wastes to
13 sites outside the
country.
23
-------
The 1987 Toxics Release Inventory
For 1987, TRI facilities identified 13 different sites outside of the
country to which U.S. facilities transferred six million pounds of
chemical wastes (Table 1-4).4 Canadian sites received the largest
amounts of TRI chemical wastes. The remainder of the exported TRI
chemical wastes were transferred to sites in Europe (in Belgium,
Spain, and the United Kingdom). Some of the international transfers
were recycled, rather than treated or released.
TABLE 1-4. EXPORTS: TRI OFF-SrTE TRANSFERS TO SITES OUTSIDE THE U.S.. 1987
TRANSFER SITE NAME
TRANSFER SfTE CITY. COUNTRY
TRI
OFF-SfTE
TRANSFER
STABLEX CANADA BLAINVILLE, QUEBEC. CANADA
TRICIL (SARNIA) LTD. SARNIA. ONTARIO. CANADA
CAPPER PASS & SONS LTD NORTH HUMBERSIDE. UNITED KINGDOM
MEQA METALS LTD. VANCOUVER BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
METALLURGY HOBOKEN-OVERPELT HOBOKEN. BELGIUM
METALLURGY HOBOKEN-OVERPELT ANTWERP. BELGIUM
WATH ALUMINUM WATH OF DEORNE. UNITED KINGDOM
NORAND MINES HORNE DIV. QUEBEC. CANADA
ANACHEMIA CANADA, INC. VILLE ST. PIERRE, CANADA
THOR CHEMICALS, SA (PTY) LTD. CATO RIDGE, SPAIN
MIMAS DE ALMADEN Y ARRAYNES MADRID. SPAIN
GALLANT ENTERPRISES LIMITED EDMUNDSTON. BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
QUANTEX CHEMICAL INC. KITCHENER, ONTARIO. CANADA
4.000.188
1.805,886
355,026
215.000
27,000
10,850
17,500
8,100
3,200
2,333
1,500
140
5
62.05
28.01
5.51
3.34
0.42
0.17
0.27
0.13
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
6.446.728 100.00
Transfer locations were not identified for 101 million pounds (four percent) of all
off-site transfers, so it cannot be determined what fraction, if any, of this amount
was transported to locations outside the U.S.
24
-------
Chapter 2. Introduction to the Toxics Release Inventory
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act,
enacted by Congress in 1986, created several new tools for both
government and the general public to better manage the potential
threats posed by industrial toxic chemicals. One of the key reporting
requirements of the law was the creation of an annual inventory to
document the types and amounts of toxic chemical wastes at n^anufac-
turing facilities. The inventory is known as the Toxics Release Inven-
tory (TRI). It requires manufacturers that meet certain requirements
(described below) to report to EPA and to States on over 300 toxic
chemicals, including the quantity of chemicals released to the environ-
ment or sent off-site to waste treatment or disposal facilities. Of the
four major reporting requirements of the law, TRI is the only one sent
to EPA.
This report summarizes TRI data for 1987—the first year for which
EPA has collected the data. The main emphasis of the report is on
environmental releases of TRI chemicals to the air, water, and land,
and on transfers of these chemicals to off-site facilities for subsequent
treatment or disposal. The information is organized to highlight
geographic, industrial, and chemical patterns of releases and trans-
fers. Because this report is the first in-depth look at the first year of
TRI data, it also serves as something of a guide to what TRI is, and
how it can be put to use.
Although this report focuses exclusively on TRI, it is important to
realize that TRI is only one of a number of mechanisms created by the
law to foster community right-to-know and planning for response to
chemical emergencies. The law directs States to appoint State Emer-
gency Response Commissions and Local Emergency Planning Com-
mittees at the community level. These mechanisms allow for
consideration of risk and emergency planning for response to chemi-
cal accidents, through various reporting requirements of local
The data contained in this report were retrieved from the March 15,1989 version
of EPA's TRIS database. The numbers presented herein may differ slightly from
those available in the present versions of the database and from those reported
in the Agency's April press release that described TRI data.
25
-------
Chapter 2
TRI: A Unique Tool
A number of TRPs features make it distinct front EPA's past data collectioa efforts oo toxic
chemicals.
MULTIMEDIA: TRI collects data on releases to alt environmental media—air, water, and
land—in contrast to most previous data collection efforts which focused on a single
segment of the environment
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC: TRI collects data on more than 300 chemicals and 20 chemical
categories* In Sharp contrast, many other data sets contain information on aggregated
waste streams, where specific chemical identities can be obscured. Categories of data such
as "still bottoms," "waste acids," or "volatile organics" are generic descriptions that
provide useful information to EPA*s control programs, but do not detail the actual toxic
chemicals contained in industrial wastes,
DATABASE DESIGN: TRI is the first major environmental program intended from the outset
to serve as an easily and publicly accessible data source on toxic chemical releases and
transfers. For this reason, TRI is likely to find widespread and timely use as a major source
of new data on toxic chemicals.
Box 2-A.
facilities about the presence of, accidental release of, storage of, and
routine annual emissions of hazardous and toxic chemicals. The
availability of all this information further allows consideration of and
management of risk from such chemicals at the local level.
Also, TRI data are not EPA's only source of information on toxic
chemicals. EPA has been collecting information on toxics since the
Agency's inception to identify and respond to toxic chemical problems
and to document the effectiveness of control programs. However, TRI
does have several features which distinguish it from data collection
efforts of the past and make it a unique and valuable source of
information (see Box 2-A).
TRI Chemicals __^
TRI requires reporting on 308 individual chemicals and 20 chemical
categories. A complete list of these chemicals and categories is con-
tained in Appendix B.
The set of chemicals identified for reporting under TRI was drawn
from lists developed independently by the states of Maryland and New
Jersey for their own reporting purposes. The chemicals vary widely in
toxicity, so large reported releases of chemicals of relatively low
26
-------
Introduction to TRI
toxicity may be of less environmental concern than smaller releases of
highly toxic chemicals. Moreover, the list of chemicals currently
covered does not include all toxic chemicals of concern being released
by facilities into our environment. EPA has an on-going process to
review the TRI list of chemicals and add new chemicals of concern,
or delete chemicals that are no longer of concern.
The chemicals listed under TRI vary widely in their properties and
uses. The list runs from familiar chemicals, such as ammonia, benzene
and copper, to more obscure chemicals, such as 4-dimethylamino-
azobenzene. TRI chemicals are manufactured not only as products,
but are also incorporated into a wide variety of other products such
as solvents, disinfectants, dyes, and catalysts, to name a few.
The chemicals also cover a gamut of toxicity, ranging from acutely
lethal chemicals to those that are not very toxic and are therefore
subject to removal from the TRI list as a part of EPA's ongoing review
process (see Chapter 4, Box 4-A ). A few chemicals, such as copper,
are even essential to life in small quantities, even though they can be
toxic in larger amounts. Throughout this report, readers should bear
in mind the highly variable nature of TRI chemicals, and the fact that
large amounts of TRI releases do not necessarily translate to a large
potential for toxic effects.
While TRI lists 308 specific chemicals, it also incorporates 20 broad-
ly-defined chemical categories, which can include many individual
chemicals. Many of these categories are based on heavy metals — lead
compounds, mercury compounds, and others. Any compound con-
taining lead or mercury is subject to reporting if it meets the other TRI
requirements described below.
TRI Releases and Transfers
TRI requires reporting of the amounts of toxic chemicals released
directly to the environment or transferred to off-site locations.
Releases and transfers include:
• emissions of gases or particles to the air
• wastewater discharges into rivers, streams or other bodies of water
• disposal of solid wastes in on-site landfills
• injection of liquid wastes into underground wells
• transfers of wastewater to public sewage treatment plants
• transfers of wastes to off-site facilities for treatment, storage or
disposal
27
-------
Chapter 2
All releases and transfers, whether the result of routine waste genera-
tion or accidental spills, are included in TRI annual reporting.
Facilities That Must Report to TRI
Facilities were required to report TRI data for 1987 if they met a
combination of criteria concerning the size and type of facility and the
amount and nature of their use of TRI-listed chemicals. Facilities had
to report if they met all three of the following criteria:
• they are a manufacturing facility
• they employ ten or more people
• they manufacture, import, or process more than 75,000 pounds or
otherwise use more than 10,000 pounds of TRI chemicals
Other Information In TRI
TRI information is reported on a five-page form, a sample of which is
reproduced in Appendix A. Facilities submit one complete form for
each TRI chemical at the facility that meets reporting requirements;
in other words, a facility that must report on five TRI chemicals must
submit five separate reports. The basic information required by the
form falls into six categories.
• Facility Information. In addition to facility name and address, TRI
requires reporting of the following: a technical and public contact
person, geographical data (latitude, longitude and county name),
and various business and regulatory identifying numbers.
Information on the facility's parent company is also required.
• Off-Site Transfer Information. The names, addresses and other
identifying information for all sites to which the reporting facility
transports TRI chemical wastes.
• Chemical Use Information. The identity of the TRI chemical being
reported, along with information on the uses of the chemical at the
facility and the maximum quantity present on-site during the
reporting year.
• Chemical Releases and Transfers. Quantities of TRI chemicals
released to air, water, or land and quantities transferred to off-site
facilities.
• Waste Treatment. TRI also calls for data on the types of on-site
methods used to treat TRI chemicals and the efficiency of these
methods.
• Waste Minimization. TRI forms include an optional section
allowing facilities to report activities that reduced their waste
generation and the effect these activities had on their TRI releases
and transfers.
28
-------
Introduction to TRI
Getting Access To TRI Data
The TRI Repotting Center is the national repository for all TRI reports submitted to EPA.
The Center can accommodate limited requests for information On individual facilities. TRI
reports filed for 1987 are available from the Center and from the National Library of
Medicine database described below. Reports for 1988 wittbe available shortly after their July
1,1989 due date.,For specific requests, write the name and address of the facility of interest
and send it to:
EPA TRI Reporting Center
470-490 t'Enfant Plaza
Sufte7103
Washington, D.C. 20022
Individual states can also provide copies of or acess to TRI forms. Appendix D contains a
list of state offices that can be contacted for forms or further information.
TRI data are computer accessible through the National Library of Medicine's TQXNET
database. Detailed information on using TOXNET is contained in Appendix E,
TRI data are also available in the following formats; magnetic tape, microcomputer floppy
disk for individual state data, microfiche for both state data and the national inventory, and
CD-ROM (laser compact disk) for the national inventory. These versions of TRI data can
be purchased from:
The National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5284 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA22t6f
(703) 487-4650
OR
US, Government Printing Office (GPO)
U.S. Department of Commerce
Main Bookstore
710 N. Capitol Street, NW
Washington, D.C. 20401
(202) 275-2091
One or more of these versions of TRI data are available to the public at Federal depository
libraries around the country. Your local library can help you locate the nearest federal
depository library.
TRI-related documents available from EPA are listed in Appendix F.
Box2-B
29
-------
Chapter 2
These are the types of data required to be reported to EPA under TRI,
which form the basis for all the summary and overview information
presented in this report.
TRI and Community Right-to-Know .
The primary intent of TRI is to provide the public with information
on potentially toxic chemicals. This report is one vehicle by which TRI
data are being made available. Several other means of information-
access are also in place (Box 2-B).
The National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) has worked with EPA to
establish a publicly-accessible computer database of TRI informa-
tion. The TRI data are part of NLM's TOXNET system, which is
designed to be readily accessible and easy to use. Users with a
personal computer or a terminal and conventional communications
software can call into the NLM system to obtain TRI data, which can
be requested by many different variables including individual or
groups of facilities, counties, states or chemicals.
The TRI Reporting Center and State Data Bases
TRI forms are due to EPA by July 1st of each year; the first year's
reports for 1987 were due July 1,1988. The forms are received and
processed at the TRI Reporting Center in Washington, D.C. The
Reporting Center can respond to limited requests for information.
The Center is not intended to do the sophisticated data analyses that
are possible through the NLM computer, but it can provide TRI data
on individual facilities.
TRI facilities must also submit forms to their state. A number of state
government agencies (listed in Appendix D) can also provide access
to TRI data through paper copies or the state's computerized
database.
Limits on Toxic Release Inventory Reporting
Subsequent chapters of this report attest that TRI provides important
insights into industrial sources of environmental releases of chemicals.
Like any information system, however, TRI has limitations that must
be accounted for in any responsible use of the data. Major limitations
include the chemicals and facilities covered, the protections for trade
secrets, and the quality of the data estimated and reported.
30
-------
Introduction to TRI
TRI Coverage of Toxic Chemical Releases and Transfers
Toxic chemical wastes are generated from many different sources,
including manufacturing and non-manufacturing industrial proces-
ses, use and disposal of consumer products, agricultural uses of
chemicals, and mobile sources such as automobiles. TRI reporting
requirements cover only manufacturing industries, which are not the
source of all toxic releases. Other businesses, such as warehouses,
photographic processing plants, dry cleaners, and mining operations,
may be substantial sources of chemical releases and transfers, but are
not included under TRI reporting requirements.
Furthermore, not all manufacturing releases of TRI chemicals are
covered by the reporting requirements. Facilities with fewer than 10
full-time employees, and those producing, importing, processing, or
using the designated chemicals below threshold amounts are not
required to report. It is not possible to evaluate what fraction of
facilities or environmental releases are exempt from reporting.
The release of a TRI toxic chemical does not necessarily indicate a
violation of federal, state, or local environmental laws, nor does this
report attempt to describe TRI releases within the context of such laws
and regulations.
Trade Secrets
TRI allows companies to claim the chemical identity on TRI forms as
trade secret if they can justify the need in advance. In these cases,
facilities are required to report all TRI information under a generic
chemical name. As of this writing, 40 trade secret claims are contained
in the TRI database.
Data Quality
TRI only requires facilities to report data that are already known or
reasonably ascertainable to them. It does not require companies to
measure or otherwise verify the data they submit. Thus, much of the
quantitative data reported were estimated with unknown accuracy. In
addition, some reporting facih'ties misunderstood the intent of the
form or made mistakes in reporting. Because this is the first year of
reporting under TRI, it is reasonable to suppose that the quality of the
reported data will improve in subsequent years as facilities gain more
experience.
31
-------
Chapter 2
Failure to Comply with TRI Requirements
Although most facilities obeyed the law, an undetermined number of
facilities did not comply with TRI reporting requirements. Some of
these facilities completely failed to report, while others submitted
incomplete reports.
EPA has begun an aggressive inspection program to identify the
non-complying facilities and bring them into compliance. Facilities
that fail to comply with the TRI reporting requirements may be
prosecuted by EPA and assessed civil penalties of up to $25,000 per
day for each violation. The penalty can be much higher if a facility
failed to report several TRI chemicals, because failure to report each
single chemical is counted as a separate violation.
Some of the facilities subject to TRI are small- or middle-sized
operations that were not previously regulated under federal environ-
mental laws. EPA has conducted an active effort to inform these
facilities of their obligations under TRI. This compliance promotion
effort and the vigorous enforcement program will reduce the number
of noncomplying facilities in future reporting years.
TRI Data and Risk
This report contains aggregated information on releases of toxic
chemicals to the environment and transfer of these chemicals to
off-site locations. This information does not, in and of itself, provide
a meaningful index of the risk these chemicals may pose to health or
the environment. As mentioned above, small releases of highly toxic
chemicals may pose greater risks than very large releases of less toxic
materials. A determination of risk depends on the individual release
conditions: type and frequency of release, extent of exposure, environ-
mental conditions, and so on. TRI data are best used as an indicator
of where more detailed assessments of risk might be called for. (This
topic is discussed more fully in Chapter 5).
-------
Introduction to TRI
READERS* COMMENTS
EPA is interested readers' comments on the utility and value of this teport. We welcome
recommendations of other topics that should be included in a national teport* if a similar
report fe prepared in conjunction with future years of TRI repotting. Please send your
comments and suggestions in writing to;
The Emergency Planning and Community Rlght-to-Kr»ow
Information Hotline
US. Environmental Protection Agency
OS-12Q
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington. D.C. 20460
ATTENTION: NR COMMENTS
-------
-------
Chapter 3. TRI Facilities
Introduction
More than 19,000 facilities filed Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
reports for 1987. The law requires manufacturing facilities to file TRI
forms if they had 10 or more employees and if they manufactured,
processed, or used toxic chemicals on the TRI list at minimum
threshold amounts. (See Chapter 2 for details.) Facilities reported to
the EPA from 50 states, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and
American Samoa. The District of Columbia and the Commonwealth
of the Northern Mariana Islands were the only jurisdictions covered
by the law with no reporting facilities.
In Part I of the TRI form, facilities provided general identifying
information: facility name, contact person, address, industry type, and
various identification numbers issued under environmental regula-
tions or for business purposes (Figure 3-1). This chapter summarizes
the general information on facilities and compiles a profile of report-
ing facilities.
Facilities were required to submit a separate TRI form for each TRI
chemical they manufactured, processed, or otherwise used. As of
March 15, 1989, 19,278 facilities submitted 74.1521 TRI chemical
forms for 1987, an average of four TRI chemicals per facility.
More than 19,000
facilities reported to
TRI for 1987.
Facilities submitted
more than 74,000 TRI
chemical forms for
1987—an average of
four chemicals per
facility.
Additional forms were received, but not included in TRI for one or more of the
following reasons: they contained reporting errors that prevented data entry; they
required further clarification by the reporting facility; or they reported on chemicals
not on the TRI list (including such chemicals as titanium dioxide, which EPA
removed from the TRI list - see Chapter 4).
35
-------
Chapter 3
Form Approval OMB No.: 2070-0091
(Important: T/ft or print; nod Instructions btfor, complaint form. ) Approv>l Bq***L- ".'^i.
«B* TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING FORM EPA FORM
Section 313, TOe in of The Superfund Amendments and RenithorizMlon Act of 1 986 "
(Thl« IPM* for EPA UM only.)
PART 1. FACIUTV IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION
1.
Ib.
of U
Q V« (AnMr 1.II Q No(0.nol™«.M.l| Q Y- |~| N.
»«w5«i»d th.i tovwM. SZ JSSSto ttS"3SS Sf SLu SilTLf'rffioSaS'SltoSl^toi' dSi'SStabS !?S?SSUL?"
3.1
3.3
3.4
3.6
.7
.1
.9
.10
.11
1
1
. f~1 A" •ntbv oowwl faolltty.
°OWlty J"* h 1 ' 1 Part of • oorarad facility.
**• Zip Cod.
, 1 1 1 1 |-| | |
TMphen* Numtwr (fnolud* ar«a code)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
—.. ._..«,. uv. wn. no. Wh»r« to >«nd oompKMd lormt:
' 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 I 1 i
Dun • ««don« Numbor(t) h " U.S. H»»oi.ii»iul PreuotKn Agonoy
•• • P.O. BOM ToaM "*-"*
1— 1 -Ill'-llll ll-llll-llll WnNoguci. OC 200M-02M
»-A KMntllMtlon Nurntot (RCKA I.D. No.) „ ' '" AIM: 1 onto CMMol RMn* kmntory
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a.
Ill 1 1 1 1 1 1 | |
— i 1-1 i I..I-I i
TRI Form: Facility Identification Information, 1987. (See Appendix A for a sample of the full form.)
36
-------
TRI Facilities
Geographical Distribution Of TRI Facilities
States
Facilities reported to TRI from all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the U.S.
Virgin Islands, and American Samoa. No facilities reported from the
District of Columbia or from the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands. The majority of facilities that reported 1987 TRI
releases and transfers were in the industrial mid-Atlantic, Midwest,
and Gulf Coast states, and in California (Map 3-1). The Rocky Moun-
tain area, southwestern states, and northern New England had rela-
tively few reporting facilities. ;
Table 3-1 shows the number of facilities in each state that reported to
TRI for 1987. More than 91 percent (17,559)' of these facilities indi-
cated that their production or use of TRI: chemicals resulted in
releases to the environment or transfers off-site for treatment or
disposal. The remaining nine percent (1,719 facilities) reported using
TRI chemicals without any environmental releases or transfers off-
site. !
The 20 states with the greatest number of facilities reporting for 1987
are shown in Figure 3-2. Each of the top ten states had more than 700
facilities reporting, for a total of 10,072 facilities; together the facilities
in these ten states represent more than 52 percent of the total number
of facilities that reported. On the other end of the scale, the 13 states
and territories with the smallest number of TRI facilities had 51 or
fewer facilities each that reported for 1987.
Most facilities that
reported to TRI
were In the Mid-At-
lantic, Midwest,
and Gulf Coast
states, and Califor-
nia.
Ten states ac-
counted for more
than 52 percent of
the TRI facilities that
reported to TRI for
1987.
-------
If
!
Hip 3-1. FMllillw Reporting to TW N.li
-------
TRI Facilities
TABLE 3-1 NUMBER OF TRI FACILITIES AND FORMS REPORTING BY STATE. 1987
AVERAGE NO. OF MAXIMUM NO.
TOTALTW
FACILITIES REPORTING
STATE Number Percent
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
^=^^^==
355
7
2
158
293
1,662
172
363
53
419
636
33
52
1,185
720
310
184
298
259
83
191
560
758
301
247
503
27
139
33
129
875
32
765
820
28
1,261
193
217
1,027
172
166
394
37
503
999
102
52
1
369
306
107
645
27
1.64
0.04
0.01
0.61
1.52
8.62
0.89
1.99
0.27
2.17
.3.30
0.17
0.27
8.15
3.73
1.61
0.95
1.55
1.34
0.43
0.99
2.90
3.93
1.56
1.28
2.61
0.14
0.72
0.17
0.67
4.54
0.17
3.97
4.25
0.15
6.54
1.0O
1.13
5.33
0.89
0.86
2.04
0.19
2.61
5.18
0.53
0.27
0.01
2.07
1.59
0.56
3.35
0.14
TOTAL TRI CHEMICALS
FORMS REPORTING REPORTED
Number Percent PER FACIUTY
1,506
53
5
545
988
5,830
540
1,412
263
1,331
2,185
122
163
4,314
2,790
1,012
742
1,353
1,816
360
720
1,652
3,339
1,198
876
1,902
148
424
91
435
3,280
119
2,838
2,792
72
5,118
686
705
3,989
572
472
1,894
75
1,889
5,381
393
158
24
1.450
1,091
672
2,239
128
2.03
0.07
0.01
0.73
1.33
7.86
0.73
1.90
0.35
1.79
2.95
0.18
0.22
5.82
3.76
1.36
1.00
1.82
2.45
0.49
0.97
2.50
4.50
1.62
1.18
2.57
0.20
0.57
0.12
0.59
4.42
0.18
3.82
3.77
0.10
6.90
0.93
0.95
5.38
0.77
0.64
2.28
0.10
2.55
7.26
0.53
0.21
0.03
1.96
1.47
0.91
3.02
0.17
4
8
3
3
3
4
3 . . .
4
5
3
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
5
7
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
5
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
3
4
3
3
4
2
4
5
4
3
24
4
4
6
3
5
OF CHEMICALS
REPORTED
PER FACILITY /
28
•i t
1 1
91
£l
OE
eO
r?A
D*fr
y\
«o
4R
fS
1Q
1»
25
25
14
33
38
21
31
36
KB
oo
14
37
23
69
CO
QiC
35
22
12
8
38
47
12
63 '
24
20
33
34
18
42
14
19
28
8
82
76
17
14
24
IQ
la
24
46
19
22
TOTAL
19,278 100.00
74,152
100.00
39
-------
2000
1500
1000
500
CA OH IL PA TX NJ NC NY Ml IN Wl GA MA TN MO FL VA SO CT AL
•I FACILITIES REPORTING TO TRI
The 20 States with the Largest Number of TRI Facilities Reporting, 1987.
TWenty-flve coun-
ties accounted for
21 percent of
facilities that
reported to TRI In
1987.
Counties
Table 3-2 lists the 25 counties with the largest number of TRI facilities
reporting for 1987. These 25 counties accounted for 21 percent of the
facilities reporting to TRI in 1987. The table reveals that four Califor-
nia counties make up 28 percent (1,118) of the facilities in the table,
and account for 6 percent of the facilities reporting nationwide for
1987. Four other counties listed in Table 3-2 are in states that were not
among the top 20 states reporting for 1987 (Providence County,
Rhode Island; King County, Washington; Maricopa County, Arizona;
and Hennepin County, Minnesota).
Additional Geographical Information
Zip code areas and latitude and longitude coordinates are additional
sources of geographical information requested by the TRI form.
Latitude and longitude may be used to find exact locations of TRI
facilities, as shown in Map 3-1 above. Chapter 12 illustrates several
ways in which geographical coordinates in TRI may be used to analyze
-------
TRI Facilities
TABLE 3-2. THE 25 COUNTIES WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF
TRI FACILITIES REPORTING, 1 987
COUNTY
LOS ANGELES
COOK
HARRIS
ORANGE
DALLAS
CUYAHOGA
WAYNE
SANTA CLARA
MIDDLESEX
MIDDLESEX
MILWAUKEE
PROVIDENCE
NEW HAVEN
KING
HAMILTON
ALAMEDA
MARICOPA
BERGEN
ESSEX
MARION
HENNEPIN
TARRANT
HARTFORD
WORCESTER
BRISTOL
SUBTOTAL
% OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
STATE
CA
IL
TX
CA
TX
OH
Ml
CA
NJ
MA
Wl
Rl
CT
WA
OH
CA
AZ
NJ
NJ
IN
MN
TX
CT
MA
MA
TOTAL NO.
OF TRI
FACILITIES
REPORTING
676
543
207
187
157
155
151
142
139
136
134
118
115
114
114
113
107
104
101
91
91
87
87
86
85
4,040
20.96
15,238
19,278
PERCENT OF
TOTAL TRI
FACILITIES
IN THE STATE
40.67
45.82
20.72 ,
11.25
15.72
12.29
19.92
8.54
15.89
J 24.29
20.78
71.08
30.03
37.25
9.04
6.80
68.59
11.89
11.54
12.64
30.23
8.71
22.72
15.36
15.18
regional or local patterns associated with the release of TRI chemi-
cals.
41
-------
Chapter 3
Food(20
Tobacco(21
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals 28
Petroleum
Plastics 30
Leather(31
Stone/Clay
Prim. Metals 33
Fab. Metals 34
Machinery 35
Electrical 36
Transportation'
29
32
37
Instruments 38
Misc. Manufact.(39
Multiple Codes 20-39
No Codes in 20-39
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
I Facilities Reporting
Figure 3-3. " ' •
Distribution of TRI Facilities Reporting by Industry, 1987. Number of facilities reporting under each of the
20 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code* required to report to TRI. « wen or me
Nearly half of the
TRI facilities
belong to four In-
dustries—the
Chemical, Fabri-
cated Metals,
Food Products,
Industrial Categories Of Reporting Facilities
Nearly half of all the facilities reporting for 1987 (9,244 or 48 percent)
fall into four industrial groups:2 Chemical and Allied Products
(3,849); Fabricated Metals (2,393); Food Products (1,576); and
Electric and Electronic Equipment (1,426), (Figure 3-3, Table 3-3).
Facilities in the Chemical industry alone accounted for 20 percent of
the total number of facilities reporting to TRI for 1987. The industrial
2 The TRI form requested that facilities identify the industry (or industries) to which
they belong using the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code, an industrial
classification system used by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Appendix C lists
the industries and SIC codes covered by TRI reporting requirements.
-------
TRI Facilities
TABLE 3-3. TRI FACILmES AND FORMS REPORTING BY INDUSTRY, 1987
TOTAL TR TOTAL TW
SIC
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
FACILmES REPORTING
Food Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastic Products
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Bectrical
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Goods
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 38
No SIC codes In 20 - 38
1,578
24
469
37
644
332
663
287
3,849
343
1,125
117
629
1,305
2,393
787
1,426
908
308
337
1,317
404
Porcont
8.18
0.12
2.43
0.19
3.34
1.72
3.44
1.49
19.97
1.78
5.84
0.61
3.28
6.77
12.41
4.08
7.40
4.71
1.59
1.75
6.83
2.10
FORMS REPORTING
Number
60
1,208
65
1,746
1,349
2,650
601
21,219
3,225
2,770
424
1,609
5,587
8,039
2,242
5,163
4,483
1,032
911
5,065
1,243
Percent
0.11
1.63
0.09
2.35
1.82
3.57
0.81
28.62
4.35
3.74
0.57
2.17
7.53
10.84
3.02
6.96
6.05
1.39
1.23
6.83
1.88
AVERAGE
NO. OF
CHEMICALS
REPORTED
PER FACILITY
3
3
2
3
4
4
2
5
9
2
4
3
4
3
3
4
5
3
3
5
3
MAXIMUM
NO. OF
CHEMICALS
REPORTED
PER FACILITY
13
19
5
14
23
18
16
74
39
29
54
33
38
28
22
23
29
38
20
82
42
TOTAL
19,278
100.00
74,152
100.00
categories accounting for the smallest number of facilities—less than
two percent each—were Tobacco Manufacturers, Apparel, Leather
Products, Printing and Publishing, Furniture and Fixtures, Measuring
and Photographic Goods, Miscellaneous Manufacturing, and
Petroleum Refining.
43
-------
Chapter 3
Seven percent of
facilities reported
more than one In-
dustlral category.
Over 250 facilities
that reported to
TRI did not
belong to any of
the Industry
categories
covered by TRI re-
quirements.
Approximately seven percent of the facilities listed more than one
industrial category when reporting to TRI.3 Facilities may report
under multiple industry groups for a variety of reasons. Manufacturers
would belong to both the Petroleum Refining and the Chemical
industries if they refine their own petroleum for chemical manufac-
turing. A large, diversified manufacturer may produce chemicals as
well as rubber and plastic products; a facility in the Primary Metals
industry might also make fabricated metal products; textile mills can
make apparel with the fabric they manufacture; and so on. Counting
these multiple-industry facilities with each of the industry groups they
list does not significantly change the overall rankings for number of
facilities.
More than 250 facilities that reported to TRI did not belong to any of
the 20 manufacturing industries covered by TRI reporting require-
ments; another 152 facilities did not indicate their industry group (see
Chapter 2 and Appendix C for a discussion of industries covered by
TRI). The most frequently reported industry groups not covered by
TRI were the Wholesale Trade-Nondurables industry (62 facilities),
Nonmetallic Minerals, except Fuels (20 facilities); Business Services
(18 facilities), and Wholesale Trade-Durables (18 facilities). It is
unclear why facilities from these industries submitted TRI forms,
although the facilities did report using TRI chemicals. For purposes
of this report, all facilities outside SIC codes 20-39 are included in
analyses, as appropriate, and are grouped together in a category
entitled "No SIC codes in 20 - 39."
Other Facility Identification Information
TRI facilities were required to provide several identification numbers.
Figure 3-4 illustrates the percentages of TRI identifiers that were
filled in by reporting facilities for 1987.
Latitude and Longitude
Facilities were asked to supply latitude and longitude information,
although such reporting was optional for the first year of TRI data
collection (it will be required in all future reporting). For facilities
that did not supply their geographical coordinates, EPA provided
approximate latitude and longitude data based on the geographic
Throughout this report, facilities that listed more than one industry grouping
(two-digit SIC code) are referred to as "multiple" industries (or "Multiple SIC
Codes"). See the complete listing of SIC Codes in Appendix C
-------
TRI Facilities
Percent
Lat/Long
D&B No.
Correct Format
N/A
RCRA ID No. NPDES No.
Wrong Format
Blank
Figure 3-4.
Facility Identifiers In the TRI Database, 1987. (Note that some latitude/longitude data was supplied by
EPA—see text.)
center of the facilities' zip codes. Hence, latitude and longitude data
in the TRI database is virtually complete.
Dun & Bradstreet Numbers
Facilities provided their Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) numbers, as well
as those of their parent companies, where applicable. Dun &
Bradstreet, a private financial reporting firm, assigns these identifica-
tion numbers to many commercial establishments. Companies are not
required to have D&B numbers, but enter the Dun & Bradstreet
system as part of establishing commercial credit. Because D&B num-
bers are assigned and used in a financial context, there may be
instances when the D&B number reported to TRI is the one as-
sociated with its business office and not the number assigned to the
reporting facility.
Of the facilities that filed reports, 85 percent provided numbers
consistent with the nine-digit format of a D&B number. Of the rest,
Over 85 percent
of facilities
provided Dun &
Bradstreet num-
ber*.
45
-------
Chapter 3
Eighty-six percent of
facilities provided
RCRA Identification
numbers.
Thirty-nine per-
cent of facilities
provided NPDES
permit numbers.
three percent left that part of the form blank, 12 percent listed "not
applicable" for this identifier, and 0.4 percent provided invalid
answers that did not conform to D&B format.
EPA Identification and Permit Numbers
Many TRI facilities are regulated under one or more environmental
laws. Under statutes such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) and the Clean Water Act, EPA assigns an identification
or permit number to facilities that generate wastes or discharge their
wastes into surface water or underground wells. TRI requested that
facilities covered by such requirements report their assigned numbers.
RCRA Numbers.
EPA assigns identification numbers to every waste-generating or
handling facility regulated under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA). Of the TRI facilities filing reports, 86 percent
provided RCRA Identification numbers with the correct format, 4
percent left the boxes blank, 10 percent entered some form of "not
applicable" (including "N/A," "applied for," and "pending"), and less
than one percent gave answers that were not in the appropriate
format.
By using the RCRA numbers, TRI data could be paired with informa-
tion reported to EPA and the states under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act. For example, each biennial report summarizing
hazardous waste generation and waste minimization efforts prepared
under RCRA should correspond to the same identifying number as
contained in TRI.
NPDES Numbers.
TRI facilities also reported their National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit number(s), where applicable.
EPA and the states assign NPDES numbers to facilities for all water
discharges regulated under the Federal Clean Water Act. Permits are
typically issued on a facility basis, although some facilities have more
than one NPDES number. Of those facilities filing TRI reports, 39
percent provided NPDES numbers, ten percent left the boxes blank,
48 percent entered "not applicable.'^and three percent provided
entries that were not in the appropriate EPA format. Some states,
however, may have a different numbering system for water discharge
Facilities that discharge wastes to a public sewage treatment plant and/or do not
discharge to surface waters do not need NPDES permits. This accounts, in part, for
the large percentage of facilities entering "not applicable" on the TRI form.
46
-------
TRI Facilities
permits issued under state statute, and thus a fraction of the three
percent of entries with an inappropriate format may represent valid
state permit numbers.
Valid NPDES numbers may provide a means of Unking TRI data with
other types of data, such as discharge permit requirements, Discharge
Monitoring Reports (DMRs), and other information developed
under state and federal implementation of the Clean Water Act, some
of which is stored in existing databases such as EPA's Permit Com-
pliance System.
U1C Numbers.
Another identifying number requested in the TRI form was the
Underground Injection Well Code (UIC) number, assigned by EPA
or the state under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act. A UIC
number indicates that the facility has a permit to inject chemical-con-
taining wastes into the ground in deep wells. A total of 636 forms (less
than 1 percent of the total number submitted) contained UIC iden-
tification numbers. Because there is no fixed format for this number,
it is not possible to determine to what extent the numbers in the
database correspond with valid permit numbers.
Air Permit Numbers.
TRI did not require facilities to list air emissions permit numbers. The
primary reason for not including air permit numbers as identifiers is
that one facility may have hundreds of permits, often one for each
smokestack or other fixed point of air pollution emission.
TRI Chemicals: Facility Activities and Uses
Number of Chemicals per Facility
The average number of chemicals reported per facility was four (Table
3-1 above). This average varied little among the states, ranging from
three to five for most states. Alaska had the highest average (eight),
while South Dakota had the lowest (two chemicals per facility). The
maximum number of different chemicals reported to TRI by any one
facility (a facility in Tennessee) was 82—fully one-fourth of the 328
TRI chemicals.
Less than one
percent of TRI
forms provided
UIC permit num-
bers.
An average of
four chemicals
per facility was
reported to TRI.
The Virgin Islands are an exception t
-------
Chapter 3
3. ACTIVITIES AND USES OF THE CHEMICAL AT THE FACILITY (duck all Ih.t apply.)
3.J
3.2
3.3
Manufacture: ..[ | Preduoa b. | | Import C'[Z] UMI/""""*'**!
"O dSlrtSflon ..Q^. byproduct I. £] A. an Impurity
Promts: ».r~|Aiaraactant b. I""] *• • rormulatlon c. |~~ I A» an arttoto
• ' — ' 1 — loomporwnt 1 — 1 componant
d.QRapaelcaeJnaonr/
Oth.rwi.. Ui.d: •QJiJ.SCS'Sd b. (HA. a manufacturing aid c. |~~| Andary or othar un
TRI Form, 1987: Activities and Uses.
Ninety-four per-
cent of facilities
submitted one
TRI form per
chemical for the
entire facility.
Only one per-
cent of TRI
facilities
reported
manufacturing
as their only
use for a TRI
chemical.
Facilities were permitted to submit one TRI form per chemical cover-
ing the entire facility. If more convenient, facilities could use more
than one TRI form to cover different parts of the facility (warehouses,
individual buildings, or other separate areas). The majority of facilities
(94 percent) indicated that their submissions covered the entire
facility, while three percent noted they had used individual TRI forms
to cover parts of a facility. The remaining three percent of the facilities
did not indicate whether their forms covered the whole facility or only
a part of it.
Chemical Activities and Uses
TRI facilities were required to identify the types of activities and uses
for each chemical (Figure 3-5). The major categories of activities and
uses are manufacture (defined to include imports), process, and
otherwise used, each with several subcategories.
Facilities were asked to report all relevant activities for each chemical
they reported. For the sake of clarity, this report focuses only upon
the major categories analyzing the uses of the chemicals by summariz-
ing data reported by each in the following categories: manufacture
only;process only; other uses only; and combined uses—combinations
of two or more major categories. Except for the 198 facilities who left
this section of the form blank, all TRI facilities (more than 99 percent
of those reporting) can be placed into one of the categories.
Only about one percent of the TRI facilities reported manufacture
only; facilities reporting process onfy numbered almost 18 percent
(Figure 3-6). Those reporting other uses only numbered 36 percent.
Facilities reporting combined uses comprised the largest portion with
43 percent.
48
-------
TRI Facilities
Other Uses Only
36%
Process Only
18%
Manufacture Only
1%
Combination
43%
Total: 19,278 Facilities
Figure 3-6.
Industrial Activities and Uses Reported by TRI Facilities, 1987.
The industrial classification of facilities is often related to the patterns
of activity and use. Industrial sectors such as the Chemical and Allied
Products industry have by their very nature a greater proportion of
chemical manufacturing than do industries such as Food Products,
which use chemicals rather than produce them. The correlation be-
tween industrial class and activity/use is evident in the breakdown of
reported activities and uses by industry found in Figure 3-7.
49
-------
Chapter 3
Food(20)
Tob«ceo(21)
T»xtll««(22)
Appar*l(23)
Lumb*r(24>
Furnitur*(25)
Pap*r(26)
Prlntlng(27)
Ch*mlcalt(28)
P*trol*um(2»)
Pla*tlc*(30)
L*ath*r(31)
8ton*/Clay(32)
Prim. M*UI«(33)
Fab. M*t«l«(34)
Michln«ry(3S)
El»ctrlc«l(36)
Trin$portttlon(37)
ln«trum*nt*(38)
Ml*e. M«nuf»ct.(3»)
Multiple Cod** 20-39
No Code* In (20-30)
100%
•• M*nuficture
I I Combined
Figure 3-7. \ :
TRI Facilities Reporting Activities and Uses by lndu*1ry,1987. By Industrial Classification (SIC) Code
50
-------
-------
-------
Chapter 4. TRI Chemicals
Introduction
This chapter discusses the number and amounts of chemical releases
and transfers reported to the Toxic Release Inventory for 1987. The
chapter then classifies the chemicals according to their chemical
nature and examines how these classes of chemicals were reported in
TRI.
It is important to note that several of the chemicals listed in TRI and
considered hi this chapter will almost certainly change for 1988 report-
ing. As discussed in Box 4-A, EPA has the authority to add or remove
chemicals from the TRI. A chemical removed or added to the list can
potentially have a large effect on total TRI data. (Box 4-E, at the end
of chapter, further explores the definition of a toxic chemical under
TRI.) For example, it is likely that sodium sulfate will be deleted from
the list; this chemical represented 54 percent of all TRI releases and
transfers in 1987. Clearly, the removal of sodium sulfate from the list
will greatly change total release and transfer amounts, percentage
comparisons, and other statistics (see Box 4-D). Two other proposed
deletions, sodium hydroxide and aluminum oxide, also represented
large releases and transfers hi 1987 and would greatly alter the TRI
release picture if they are removed from the TRI list.
The Number of TRI Chemical Forms and Total
Releases and Transfers of TRI Chemicals
Individual Chemicals
Facilities submitted more TRI forms for sodium hydroxide than for
any other chemical. Approximately one third of all facilities reported
sodium hydroxide releases, accounting for nine percent of all forms
(Table 4-1). Other commonly reported chemicals were sulfuric acid,
toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, all of which were reported by four
percent or more of the TRI facilities. The top 25 TRI chemicals
(ranked by how many forms were submitted) represented 69 percent
of all TRI forms.
Twenty-five chemi-
cal* account for 69
percent of all TRI
form* and over 94
percent of total
1987 releases and
transfer*.
53
-------
Chapter 4
CHANGES IN THETRI CHEMICAL LIST
As noted in Chapter 2, the law creating TRI originally listed 309 individual chemicals and 20
chemical categories. Since then, Several chemicals have been deleted from the TRI list due
to an absence of toxicity concerns. Other chemicals have bstn proposed for deletion or
addition, but final decisions have not yet been made. These changes and proposals are
summarized below.
Deletions froth the TRI chemical list made pr/orto 1987 reporting
• Titanium dioxide
Deletions from the TRI list after 1987 reporting (will affect 1988 reporting)
• Color Index (C.I.) Acid Blue #9, diammonium salt
• CU Acid Blue #9, disodium salt
• Melamine Crystal
Chemicals proposed for deletion from the TRI list
• Butyl benzyl pbthalate
* Sodium hydroxide solution
• Sodium sulfate
• Aluminum oxide
Chemicals proposed for addition io the TRI list
• 23-Dichloropropene
• nvDinitrobenzene
• p-DinitrobenZene
• Ally! alcohol
• Dietbylamine
«Isosafrole
• o-Dinitrobenzene
t Creosote
• trinitrotoluene (mixed isomers)
• Toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers)
In addition to the above changes, EPA also consolidated (prior to 1987 reporting) separate
listings for "cyanide" and "cyanide compounds" into a single categorical listing (cyanide
compounds), after determining that ''cyanide" does not property apply to a specific chemical.
BOX4-A.~~~~~
54
-------
TRI Chemicals
TABLE 4-1. THE 25 CHEMICALS REPORTED ON THE MOSTTRI FORMS. 1987
TOTAL FACILITIES REPORTING
RELEASE/ NO. OF PERCENT ONLY ONE CHEMICAL
TRANSFER TRI FORMS OF TRI Percent of all Forms
RANK CHEMICAL NAME REPORTING FORMS REPORTING Number for the Chemical
6
5
9
14
4
12
7
13
11
10
8
19
22
17
1
15
2
30
16
28
25
31
26
44
27
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
SULFURICACID
TOLUENE
1 .1 ,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
AMMONIA
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
ACETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
METHANOL
CHLORINE
NITRIC ACID
DICHLOROMETHANE
SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
COPPER
ALUMINUM OXIDE
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
ZINC COMPOUNDS
GLYCOL ETHERS
FREON113
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
STYRENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
6,815
4,944
3,174
3,084
2,905
2,761
2.421
2,102
2,089
2,048
2,043
1,738
1,688
,413
,401
,320
,303
,192
,103
1,035
1,033
899
868
847
847
51,073
23,079
9.19
6.67
4.28
4.16
3.92
3.72
3.26
2.83
2.82
2.76
2.76
2.34
2.28
1.91
1.89
1.78
.76
.61
.49
.40
.39
.21
.17
.14
.14
68.88
31.12
822
270
305
1
113
274
364
157
166
94
116
123
52
139
23
184
243
120
89
64
244
15
195
42
104
4,319
2,177
12.06
5.46
9.61
0.03
3.89
9.92
15.04
7.47
7.95
4.59
5.68
7.08
3.08
9.84
1.64
13.94
18.65
10.07
8.07
6.18
23.62
1.67
22.47
4.96
12.28
8.46
9.43
GRAND TOTAL
74,152
100.00
6,496
8.76
Table 4-1 also indicates the number of TRI facilities that reported
releases and transfers of a single TRI chemical. The table shows
distinct differences in the extent to which various TRI chemicals were
the sole focus of TRI reporting at facilities. For example, 244 (24
percent) of the 1,033 forms reporting Freon 113 were from facilities
reporting only this TRI chemical, whereas only 1 of the 3,084 TRI
forms filed for 1,1,1-trichloroethane came from a facility reporting
only on this chemical.
55
-------
Chapter 4
Sodium sulfate
accounts for
more than half
of the total TRI
release* and
transfers.
Fifty-five TRI
chemicals were
not reported;
three other
chemicals were
reported but
were not
released to the
environment or
transferred off-
site.
TRI data on the amounts of releases and transfers gives a very
different picture than the data on the number of forms. Of the total
reported releases and transfers, sodium sulfate and aluminum oxide
dominated, accounting for 64 percent of the total. Releases and
transfers of these two chemicals totaled 12.1 (54 percent) and 2.4 (10
percent) billion pounds, respectively. Four additional chemicals were
released and transferred in amounts larger than 500 million pounds:
ammonium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and sodium
hydroxide. In all, the top 25 TRI chemicals, ranked by total releases
and transfers, comprised 94 percent of the total reported for all
chemicals (Table 4-2). No single TRI chemical beyond the top 25
accounted for even 03 percent of the total TRI releases and transfers
(see Boxes 4-B and 4-C).
The chemicals reported most frequently were not always the chemi-
cals released and transferred in the largest amounts. For example,
sodium hydroxide, which was reported by the largest number of TRI
facilities, ranked sixth for total releases and transfers. Sodium sulfate,
which represented the largest total amount of releases and transfers
for any single TRI chemical by far (54 percent of all releases and
transfers) ranked only fifteenth for the number of TRI forms reported
(2 percent). In other cases, the release patterns and release amounts
were more closely correlated. For example, ammonia had the seventh
largest number of forms and releases, and phosphoric acid ranked
tenth on each list.
TRI facilities did not report any information on 55 TRI chemicals
(Table 4-3). Some of the unreported chemicals are not in commerce
in the United States. Other unreported chemicals may have been
manufactured, processed, or used in 1987 at facilities that were not
required to file TRI forms. (Chapter 2 describes which facilities were
required to report). Lastly, it is possible that one or more chemicals
should have been reported, but the covered facilities did not submit
the required TRI forms.
CHEMICALS VS. WASTES
TRt releases are reported on a chemical basis. For example, 1 million pounds of a 10 percent
sodium hydroxide solution is to be reported as 100,000 pounds of sodium hydroxide (not 1
million pounds). Thus, TRf provides information on the amount of the listed chemicals, but
provides no direct information on the volume or amounts of waste in which the chemical is
present.
Box 4-B.
56
-------
TRIChwntMto
TABLE4-2. NUMBER OF FORMS AND TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS FOR
THE 25 CHEMICALS WTTH THE LARGEST RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
TOTAL TRI
TOTAL TRI FORMS WTTH TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/ RELEASE*/ RELEASE*/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
1 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
3 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
5 SULFURICACID
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
r AMMOnln
8 METHANOL
9 TOLUENE
10 PHOSPHORIC ACID
11 ACETONE
12 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
13 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
14 1.1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
15 COPPER
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
17 DICHLOROMETHANE
18 CARBON DISULFIDE
19 CHLORINE
20 AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
22 NITRIC ACID
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
24 ETHYLENE
25 FREON113
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TRANSFERS TRANSFERS
Number
1.329
1.198
256
2.278
3,133
4.288
2,158
1.908
3.099
1.235
2,022
2,880
2,051
2,988
1,07*
1.002
1,360
80
1.427
143
295
1.300
499
23*
1,808
39,049
35,103
74.152
Percent Pounds
1.79 12,079,565,192
1.62 2,434,973.644
0.35 917.843,516
3.07 856,744,356
4.23 642.751.448
5.78 626.849.514
2.91 444.464.867
2.57 419.546,588
4.18 344.565.192
1.67 343.922,311
2.73 234,592.029
3.61 217,664,213
2.77 192.748,517
4.03 181,918,560
1.4S 177.878.091
1.35 176.576.887
1.83 152,289.040
0.11 138,715,512
1.92 131,235,577
0.19 114,848.028
0.40 114,736,785
1.7S 98.136,781
0.67 91,347,809
0.32 69,472,026
1.38 62,361,207
52.66 21.063,787,712
47.34 1,455,276,379
108.00 22.5t9.044.091
Percent
53.64
10.81
4.08
2.92
2.85
2.78
1.97
1.86
1.53
1.53
1.04
0.97
0.86
0.81
0.79
0.78
0.68
0.61
0.58
0.51
0.51
0.44
0.41
0.31
0.28
93.54
8.46
100.00
EPA received TRI forms on three chemicals (nitrogen mustard,
polybrominated biphenyls, and propane suhoae) that had no reported
releases to the environment or off-site transfers. In other words, the
chemicals were used by TRI facilities, but this use did not result m any
releases or transfers. In addition, two chemicals, 4-aminobiphenyl and
bis(chloromethyl) ether, had less thaa ten pounds of total releases and
transfers and 14 others had less than 1,000 pounds.
-------
Chapter 4
TABLE 4-3. THE 55 CHEMICALS WITH NO TRI FORMS. 1987
SIMPLE ACIDS. BASES. SALTS ORGANICS (Continued)
All Reported Benzamide ' ~
Benzidine
NON-METALUC INORGANICS beta-Naphthylamine
All Reported beta-Propriolactone
C.I. Acid Green 3
METALS AND METALLIC COMPOUNDS C.I. Basic Red 1
C.I. Direct Brown 95 c.l. Direct Black 38
Osmium Tetroxide c.l. Direct Blue 6
C.I. Disperse Yellow 3
HALO-ORGANICS C.I. Food Red 15
1.2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane c.l. Food Red 5
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol C.I. Solvent Orange 7
Ajd"n C.I. Solvent Yellow 34 (Auramine)
bis(2-Chloro-1-methylethyl)ether c.l. VAT Yellow 4
Bromoform Diallate
Hexachloronaphthalene Diazomethane
Octachloronaphthalene Diepoxybutane
o-Anisidine Hydrochloride Dimethylcarbamyl Chloride
o-Toluidine Hydrochloride Hexamethylphosphoramide
Toxaphene Mustard Gas
tris(2,3,-Dibromopropyl)phosphate Nitrofen
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
ORGANICS N-Nitrosodimethylamine
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine N-Nitrosodi-N-butylamine
1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine
2-Acetylaminofluorene N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
2-Aminoanthraquinone N-Nitrosomorpholine
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine N-Nitrosonornicotine
3.3'-Dimethylbenzidene N-Nitrosopiperidine
4,4'-Thiodianiline N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
4-Nitrobiphenyl Thioacetamide
Triaziquone
-------
TRI Chemical*
Chemical Categories
Approximately nine percent of the TRI forms filed for 1987 reported
on at least one of the 20 TRI chemical categories - 6,403 out of a total
of 74,152 forms. (The chemical categories are briefly explained in
Chapter 2, page 27.) Releases and transfers were reported for all TRI
chemical categories except polybrominated biphenyls. The number of
TRI forms and total releases and transfers for the 20 categories are
provided in Table 4-4. Chemical categories accounted for 529 million
pounds of total releases and transfers, two percent of releases and
transfers for all chemicals. (See also Box 4-C.)
Nine percent
of the TRI
forme
reported chemi-
cal categories,
and they com-
prised two per-
cent of all TRI
release* and
transfers.
TABLE 4-4. NUMBER OF FORMS AND TOTAL RELEASES AND
TRANSFERS FOR ALL TRI CHEMICAL CATEGORIES. 1987
TOTAL
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
RANK
89
49
54
237
118
103
44
152
32
64
28
46
21
199
58
274
173
210
268
16
TOTAL TRI
FORMS REPORTING
CHEMICAL CATEGORY Number Percent
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
BARIUM COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHLOROPHENOLS
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
COBALT COMPOUNDS
COPPER COMPOUNDS
CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
GLYCOL ETHERS
LEAD COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYL
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS
SILVER COMPOUNDS
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
ZINC COMPOUNDS
174
210
397
8
82
14
847
117
701
361
1,035
535
342
21
410
1
12
32
1
1,103
0.23
0.28
0.54
0.01
0.11
0.02
1.14
0.16
0.95
0.49
1.40
0.72
0.46
0.03
0.55
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
1.49
TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent
3,617,605
27,133,899
19,347.931
7,822
1,494.111
2,198,485
32,063,847
569,936
44,155,900
10.386,288
53.210,217
30,019.072
114.736,785
85.935
13.275.864
0
282.766
47.369
250
176.576.887
0.02
0.12
0.09
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.14
0.00
0.20
0.05
0.24
0.13
0.51
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.78
SUBTOTAL 6.403
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 67.749
8.63 529.210.969 2.35
91.37 21,989,833,122 97.65
GRAND TOTAL
74,152
100.00 22.519,044,091
100.00
59
-------
Chapter 4
The 328 TRI
chemical* are
grouped Into
five classes In
thia report
Twelve simple
aelde, bases, and
salts accounted for
29 percent of all
TRI forms and 69
percent of all
releaaea and trans-
fers.
Reporting and Releases and Transfers By
Chemical Class
To facilitate discussions of different chemicals, we grouped both
chemicals and categories into a limited number of classes based on
their chemical similarity. We chose the following classes, which are
defined in subsequent sections.
• simple acids, bases, and salts
• organics
• metals and metal compounds
• halo-organics
• non-metallic inorganics
Although they are not chemically related, we also treated "Mixtures"
and "Trade Secrets" as classes, because they could not be merged into
the other classes. TRI forms reporting on mixtures did not identify
release and transfer amounts to specific chemicals.1 Thus, the mixture
release and transfer amounts could not be directly added to the
appropriate classes. Additionally, generic names in trade secret
reports did not always indicate the chemical type clearly enough to
classify them.
Two chemical classes—acids/bases/salts and non-metallic inor-
ganics-accounted for almost 85 percent of the total amount of
releases and transfers. The 12 acids/bases/salts accounted for 29
percent of all forms submitted to TRI and 69 percent of the total
release (Figure 4-1).
Aclds/Bases/Satts
Eleven TRI chemicals and one category (cyanide compounds) are
simple acids, bases, and salts. Six of the acids, bases, and salts ac-
counted for 25 percent of all TRI forms, 87 percent of the TRI forms
for the class, 68 percent of total releases and transfers, and 98 percent
of all releases and transfers by the class (Figure 4-2). The six chemicals
are sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, sodium hydroxide, and phosphoric acid.
1 "Mixtures" were intended under TRI to cover reports where a facility was
uncertain of the actual identity of a TRI toxic chemical.
60
-------
TRI Chemical*
Aoldi. Ba*e*, Salt*
29%
Halo-organic*
7%
Organic*
37%
Aold*/Bate*/Salts
69%
Numbers of Forms: 74,152
Non-Metal*
3%
Metal*
16%
Halo-organic*
3%
Total TRI Releases and Transfers:
22.5 Billion Pounds
Organic*
10%
Trade Secrets <0.1% of Each
Mixtures <1% For Total Releases
Figure 4-1.
Number of TRI Forms Submitted and Total Releases by Chemical Class,1987. Trade secrets comprised
less than 0.1% and mixtures less than 1% of total TRI releases and transfers.
Organics (non-halogenated)
The largest number of TRI chemicals can be classified broadly as
organics — carbon-containing compounds —that also have no
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atoms. Facilities reported
releases and transfers of 155 organics. This class contains many
chemicals that cause a variety of health and environmental harms.
Organics represented 37 percent of all TRI forms and ten percent of
the total amount of TRI chemicals released and transferred.
Five organics (methanol, toluene, acetone, xylene (mixed isomers)
and methyl ethyl ketone) accounted for 45 percent of the total number
of TRI forms and 60 percent of the total releases and transfers of the
class (Figure 4-3). (See also Box 4-C regarding xylene.)
The 155 or-
ganics ac-
counted for 37
percent of all
forms and 10
percent of all
releases and
transfers.
61
-------
Chapter 4
Total TRI Number of Forms for Class: Total TRI Releases and
21,182 Transfers for Class: 15.5 Billion Lbs.
Figure 4-2.
Forms and Total TRI Releases and Transfers for Acids/Bases/Salts, 1987.
Uttkyl Elkyl Ktto
•Ikyl Elhyl K.ton.
«%
Xyl»n> Ulxtd laoM«r«
Total Number of TRI Forms:27,071 Total TRI Releases and
Transfers for Class: 2.3 Billion Lbs.
Figure 4-3.
Forms and Total TRI Releases and Transfers for Organlcs (non-halogenated), 1987.
62
-------
TR1 Chemicals
MULTIPLE FORMS OF A CHEMICAL IN TRI
The list of chemicals and categories subject to TRI reporting » some cases contato more
ton one related chemical entry.For example, "zinc(fumeor dusty-comOtods' and
c^^
vw »»~»..~ ~~-~ ~ rry^chromium'*
IS^faS^
"p-Xyfene - and the chemical "Xylene (mixed isomers)" are all in the database mdividually.
If the reports for rndivJdual isomers and the mixed isomer group are combined, total xylene
releases would rank higher,
Figuresin this report are presented by the separateTRI entry and do not aggregate releases
and transfers of related chemicals (except in Chapter 12 where aa example of aggregating
such related chemicals is provided for all TRI listings related to lead).
Box4-C.
Metals and Metal Compounds
Thirty-six of the TRI chemicals are metals or metal compounds. Many
metals are of concern because they are toxic and because metals
cannot be further broken down, and thus made potentially less harm-
ful. TRI forms reporting metal and metal compound releases and
transfers accounted for 12 percent of all TRI forms filed and 15
percent of the total amount of TRI releases and transfers.
The five metals and metal compounds with the greatest number of
forms were copper, aluminum oxide, zinc compounds, manganese
compounds, and zinc (fume or dust) (Figure 4-4). These five chemi-
cals accounted for 39 percent of the forms reported for the class and
90 percent of all their releases and transfers? Aluminum oxide, the
chemical with the second largest amount of releases and transfers in
the TRI database, dominated the totals of this class, accounting for
more than 73 percent of the releases and transfers of all metals and
metal compounds. As is the case with sodium sulfate, aluminum oxide
is also being reviewed by EPA for possible removal from the TRI list
of chemicals.
The 36 metals and
metal compounds
represent 12 percent
of all forms and 15
percent of all
releases and trans-
fers.
Aluminum oxide ac-
counted for 73 per-
cent of releases and
transfers of metals.
' If related chemicals were aggregated (for example, if individually-reported
releases and transfers of zinc compounds, such as "Zineb," were added to the
totals for the zinc compound category), the sum would be even larger.
-------
Chapter 4
Aluminum Oxld*
73%
Minginos* Cdt
3%
Zlno Compound*
9%
Aluminum Oxld*
11%
All Oth--l
10-
Zlno
Mlngan*** Cmpd*
3%
Zlno Compounds
5%
Total TRI Forms for Class: 11,785
Total TRI Releases and Transfers
for Class: 3.3 Billion Pounds
Figure 4-4. 3
Forms and Total TRI Releases and Transfers for Metals and Metal Compounds, 1987.
The 71 halo-organics
represent seven per-
cent of all forms and
three percent of all
releases and trans-
fers.
Halo-organics
For the purposes of this report, organic chemicals that contain one or
more halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) atoms are clas-
sified in a single class, the halo-organics. This class contains a variety
of chemicals, including some chlorinated hydrocarbons that have
been the subject of extensive environmental regulation (such as carb-
on tetrachloride or chloroform), as well as lesser known chemicals.
Halo-organics also include chemicals such as anisidine hydrochloride
and toluidine hydrochloride, which share few of the chemical proper-
ties normally associated with halogenated organics, hence we have
coined the name "halo-organics" to distinguish this class from its more
familiar subset.
The 71 halo-organics accounted for only seven percent of TRI forms
filed and an even smaller percentage of all releases and transfers—
three percent. The five halo-organic chemicals that accounted for the
largest number of TRI forms and releases and transfers for the class
were 1,1,1-trichloroethane; dichloromethane; Freon 113;
trichloroethylene; and tetrachloroethylene (Figure 4-5). The chemical
1,1,1-trichloroethane accounted for the largest number of forms and
releases and transfers for the class with 36 percent of the forms and
30 percent of the releases and transfers.
64
-------
TRI Chemical*
Trlohlorovthana
36%
Trlohlorovthan*
30%
Dlohlorom>lh«n<
25*
T«tr»hlorotthy1*ii«
7%
DloKlorom«thin
Trlohlorotthyltnt
10*
Trlohloro»ttiyl«n*
10%
T«tr«ohlon>«thyl«rt»
7%
Fr.on 113
Total TRI Forms for'ciass^.eTB Total TRI Releases and
Transfers for class: 615 Million Pounds
Figure 4-5.
Forms and Total TRI Releases and Transfers for Halo-Organlcs, 1987.
Arionlo Cd*
4%
Aiboitoa
Chlorine Dloxld*
Ammonia ••«
Chlorln* Dloxld* 2
Areenlo Cd» 4«
A«bo*to« 4%
I Othor* 1%
Chi or In. 20%
Total TRI Forms for Class:4,887
Total TRI Releases and Transfers
for Class: 649 Million Pounds
Figure 4-6.
Forms and Total TRI Releases and Transfers for Non-Metallic Inorganics, 1987.
65
-------
Chapter 4
The ten non-metallic
Inorganic chemicals
account for 16 per-
cent of all forme and
3 percent of all
releases and trans-
fers.
A total of 509 forms
reported mixtures and
trade name products.
They accounted for ap-
proximately 0.2 per-
cent of all releases
and transfers.
A total of 40 forms
had trade secrecy
claims for chemical
Identity covering
less than 0.01 per-
cent of all releases
and transfers.
Non-metallic Inorganics
The ten TRI chemicals classified as non-metallic inorganic chemicals
vary in structure, properties, and environmental concern. Among
them are friable asbestos, which is of concern mainly because of health
effects associated with breathing its fibrous form; toxic arsenic; and
flammable elemental phosphorous.
Non-metallic inorganics accounted for 16 percent of all TRI forms
received and three percent of the total releases and transfers. The top
five non-metallic chemicals - ammonia, chlorine, arsenic compounds,
asbestos (friable), and chlorine dioxide - accounted for 95 percent of
the forms filed for this class and 99 percent of the total releases and
transfers for the class (Figure 4-6).
Mixtures
TRI facilities reported on 509 mixtures on approximately 0.7 percent
of all TRI forms submitted. The TRI forms that provided a mixture
or trade name product generally used unique names, although 44 were
noted numerous times (Table 4-5).
Releases and transfers of mixtures totalled approximately 42 million
pounds, or about 0.2 percent of all releases and transfers. The 25
mixtures that represented the largest releases and transfers are listed
in Table 4-6. These 25 mixtures represent 11 percent of the forms and
83 percent of the releases for mixtures.
Trade Secrets
Twenty-eight facilities submitted 40 TRI forms with the chemical
identity4 claimed as a trade secret (representing 0.06 percent of all
forms). A list of facilities and the releases and transfers of all forms
with trade secrecy claims is found in Table 4-7.
\
The 40 forms with trade secret claims comprised 0.01 percent of all
releases and transfers. Eight forms reported zero releases, seven
A number of facilities reported individual TRI chemicals, such as toluene, as
mixtures. These reports may represent a best guess as to the TRI chemical
contained in the mixture, or they may be in error. When the chemical composition
of a mixture is known, facilities must provide separate reports for each TRI
chemical contained in the mixture.
As described in Chapter 2, TRI requirements allow facilities to claim only the
chemical identity trade secret on a TRI report, and only under criteria that must
be substantiated when the report is filed. Trade secret claims are supposed to be
accompanied by generic names describing the structure of the chemical.
66
-------
TRI Chemicals
TABLE 4-5. TRI MIXTURES/TRADE NAME PRODUCT NAMES REPORTED
ON MORE THAN ONE FORM, 1987
TOTAL
TRI FORMS
REPORTING
MIXTURE NAME
TOLUENE
UNKNOWN
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
ACETONE
XYLENE
DIESEL FUEL (PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON)
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
PHOSPHORIC ACID
SULFURICACID
AROMATICS
CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
COPPER COMPOUNDS
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
NONCHLORINATED SOLVENTS
STODDARD SOLVENT
ZINC COMPOUNDS
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS
AMINE METHANEARSONATES
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE.
AMMONIUM CARBONATE
BARIUM COMPOUND
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CHLORINE
CLEAR ACRYLIC TOPCOAT
CLEAR STRIP COATING
COBALT COMPOUNDS
COPPER (FOUND IN BRASS. TUBING AND
PLATING CHEMICALS)
FURAN PHENOLIC RESIN - CORE LUBE 1000
HYDROCARBON TURBINE FUEL - NAPTHALENE
ISOPROPHYL ALCOHOL
LEAD (FOUND IN BRASS)
MANGENESE COMPOUNDS
NITRIC ACID
PART OF PAINT PRODUCT - NAPTHA # 64742-8*8
SOAPS & DETERGENTS
STAIN, LACQUER, SEALER, SOLVENT
STYRENE
WASH OFF
WELDWOOD CONTACT CEMENT #0307
ZINC (FOUND IN BRASS)
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
RHAND TOTAL
Number
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
135
374
509
Percent
1.38
1.38
1.18
1.18
0.98
0.98
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.79
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
26.52
73.48
100.00
TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pounds
4,919,213
146,180
240,350
194,787
129,355
0
23,750
33,214
19,676
1,500
17,500
31,411
146,056
109,954
981
226.025
291,786
357,767
1,150,250
38,330
10,939
53,780
0
500
6,955
44,710
3,500
11.534
23,820
28,041
1,000
4,500
250
39,026
250
14,902
10.230
5.460
0
330,460
3,450
53,519
0
1,250
8.903.20O
32,722.059
41,625,259
Percent
11.82
0.35
0.58
0.47
0.31
0.00
0.06
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.35
0.26
0.00
0.54
0.70
0.86
2.76
0.09
0.03
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.11
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.79
0.01
0.13
0.00
0.00
21.39
78.61
100.00
67
-------
TABLE «. THE 25 MIXTURES/TRADE NAME PRODUCTS WITH THE LARGEST
TRI TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS, 1987
TOTAL TOTAL TRI
TRI FORMS RELEASES/
REPORTING TRANSFERS
MIXTURE NAME iHANSl-fcHS
RECYCLE OIL STYRENE/ETHYL BENZENE MIXTURE
TREATMENT FACILITY CLOSURE MATERIAL
UNKNOWN
NONCHLORINATED SOLVENTS
SOLVENT BLEND -4892
ACETONE - METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE -
METHYL ETHYL KETONE BLEND
WASTE MINERAL SPIRITS
SULFURICACIOH2S04
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
COPPER
STAIN. LACQUER SEALER. SOLVENT
XYLENE (MIXTURE GRADE)
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
HI AL RAM G - 75.3% ALUMINUM OXIDE
COLORED FRTT (LEAD-CADHJM-BARIUM-ZJNC)
LAMINAR JR) HG DRY FILM PHOTOPOLYMER
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
1.1,1. TRICHLOROETHANE
KEMVAR TOP COAT VARNISH
ACETONE
CYCLOHEXANE
TOLUENE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE 50% SOLUTION
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
1
1
1
7
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
g
3
1
1
5
1
7
1
55
454
509
0.20
0.20
0.20
1.38
0.59
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.59
0.20
0.39
0.20
0.59
0.20
0.20
0.20
1.18
0.59
0.20
0.20
0.98
0.20
1.38
0.20
10.81
89.19
100.00
8,572,408
8.567.822
5,000.000
4,919,213
1,150,250
625,710
562,002
500,000
470,000
357,767
350,500
330,460
310,460
291,786
281,000
280,595
252,000
240,350
226.025
217,864
213,726
194,787
193,000
177,039
160.000
34,444,764
41.625,259
20.59
20.58
12.01
11.82
2.76
1.50
1.35
1.20
1.13
0.86
0.84
i 0,79
0.75
0.70
0.68
0.67
0.61
0.58
0.54
0.52
0.51
0.47
0.46
0.43
0.38
82.75
17.25
100.00
-------
TRI Chemicals
TABLE 4-7. TRI FACILmES CLAIMING TRADE SECRETS, 1987
FTY NAMF
CITY
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
STATE Pounds
GENERC CHEMICAL NAME
AR
AR
CA
CA
CA
CT
ELK GROVE VILLAGE IL
IL
IL
KY
KANKAKEE
MATTOON
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS PINE BLUFF
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS PINE BLUFF
RADIANT COLOR ' RICHMOND
RADIANT COLOR RICHMOND
RADIANT COLOR RICHMOND
AMERCAL CORPORATION MYSTIC
HANDY &HARMAN
CANDLE CORPORATION OF AMERICA
KAL KAN FOODS, INC.
UNISON TRANSFORMER SEFMCESJNC HENDERSON
HENDERSON RECOVERY CTR
FIRESTONE SYNTHETIC RUBBER LAKE CHARLES LA
AND LATEX CO.
ADAMS PLANT ADAMS MA
UNTTED GLAZED PRODUCTS, BALTIMORE MD
DW. OF BURNS & RUSSELL
LINCOLN PULP & PAPER LINCOLN ME
M. ARGUESO & CO., INC. MAMARONECK NY
BP CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC. UMA OH
BP CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC. UMA OH
BP CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC. UMA OH
BP CHEMICALS AMERICA, INC. UMA OH
BP CHEMICALS AMERICA. INC. UMA OH
TITANIUM BUSINESS OPERATION MILWAUKIE OR
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS DILLARD OR
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS DILLARD OR
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS DILLARD OR
JOHNSON MATTHEY WAYNE PA
HANDY AND HARMAN EAST PROVIDENCE Rl
DIXIE CHEMICAL COMPANY INC. PASADENA TX
KANEKA TEXAS CORPORATION PASADENA TX
BASF CORPORATION FREEPORT TX
FIRESTONE SYNTHETIC RUBBER ORANGE TX
AND LATEX CO.
BP CHEMICALS-GREEN LAKE PORTLAVACA TX
BP CHEMICALS-GREEN LAKE PORTLAVACA TX
BP CHEMICALS-GREEN LAKE PORTLAVACA TX
BP CHEMICALS-GREEN LAKE PORTLAVACA TX
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS MILFORD VA
HOOVER TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS MILFORD VA
ALLIED SIGNAL INC., PETERSBURG VA
TECHNICAL CENTER
APPLETON PAPERS INC.. LOCKS MILL COMBINED LOCKS Wl
3M CARBONLESS NEKOOSA Wl
3M CARBONLESS NEKOOSA Wl
WISCONSIN RAPIOS PLANT WISCONSIN RAPIDS Wl
APPLETON PAPERS. INC. APPLETON Wl
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
250 MINERAL ACID
250 ALDEHYDES
250 TRIAZINE
250 CYCLIC ANHYDRIDE
250 ALDEHYDE
0 CATALYST
0 METAL H
0 GLYCOL
0 INORGANIC ACID
252,220 HYDROCARBON DIELECTRIC FLUID COMPONENT
249,500 HYDROCARBON C01
0 QUENCHING AGENT
750 UNSATURATED ESTER
0 MULTI-PROnC INORGANIC ACID
18,400 BENZENEDCARBOXYUC ACID
4,300 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE ON AMORPHOUS SILICA SUBSTRATE
750 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE ON AMORPHOUS SILICA SUBSTRATE
41,500 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE ON AMORPHOUS SILICA SUBSTRATE
2,000 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE ON AMORPHOUS SILICA SUBSTRATE
1,750 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE ON AMORPHOUS SIUCA SUBSTRATE
110,500 COMPOUND BETA
0 NITROGEN COMPOUND
250 ALDEHYDES
250 MINERAL ACID
21,250 INORGANIC SALT
3 METAL H
49,112 ORGANIC NITRILE
380,000 H-5
145,800 PHENYL COMPOUND/SOLVENT
671,000 HYDROCARBON (001)
1,000 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE AN AMORPHOUS SIUCA SUBSTRATE
1,000 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE AN AMORPHOUS SILICA SUBSTRATE
1,000 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE AN AMORPHOUS SIUCA SUBSTRATE
2,750 COMPLEX METAL OXIDE AN AMORPHOUS SILICA SUBSTRATE
250 MINERAL ACID
250 ALDEHYDES
383,700 HALOGENATEDALKANE
3,370 METAL
27,010 AUPHATC HYDROCARBON
16,204 AROMATIC ESTER
0 QUENCHING AGENT
17,000 BISPHENOL
2,384,119
69
-------
Chapter 4
Texas, Louisiana,
and Ohio had large
releases and trans-
fers of almost all
classes of TRI
chemicals.
reported total releases and transfers in excess of 100,000 pounds. The
maximum amount of releases and transfers from an individual facility
covered by a trade secret claim was 671,000 pounds of "hydrocarbon
(CO1)." This amount accounted for 28 percent of all releases and
transfers claimed as trade secrets. Clearly, the small number and
amount of releases and transfers subject to trade secrecy claims does
not significantly affect the national conclusions presented in this
report. Chapter 12 illustrates what information can be discerned from
a TRI form notwithstanding a claim of trade secrecy.
Geographical Distribution of Chemical Class
Releases and Transfers
National maps of TRI totals by chemical class reveal various
geographical distributions (Maps 4-1 through 4-6, below). Texas,
Louisiana, and Ohio had large releases and transfers in most classes.
TRI totals for acids/bases/salts were largest in southern states and
inCalifornia, while other classes were distributed more evenly
throughout the country. Alaska was a large source of non-metallic
inorganics, while Utah contributed significantly to this class and to
metals as well. The chapters that follow present the geographical
distributions not only of classes of chemicals, but of selected individual
chemicals in each class to highlight the differing patterns of releases
Millions of Pounds
Map 4-1.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Aclds/Bases/Salts,1987.
70
-------
TRI Chemicals
Thousands of Pounds
0 to 1,000
1,000 to 10,000
",000 to 100,000
Map 4-2.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Organlcs (non-halogenated),1987.
Total Releases of Metals and Metal Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987
Millions of Pounds
Map 4-3.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Metals and Metal Compounds,! 987.
-------
Chapter 4
Millions of Pounds
I, I <"«"
Map 4-4.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Halo-Organics,1987.
Thousands of Pounds
0 to 500
500 to 2,500
2,500 to 7,500
7,5001016,000
^ ' I
Map 4-5.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Non-metallic lnorganics,1987.
72
-------
TRI Chemicals
Map 4-6.
Total TRI Releases and Transfer* of Mixtures,! 987.
Industrial Distribution of Chemical Class Releases
Industries differ considerably in the extent of diversity and chemical
makeup of total TRI releases and transfers. For example, Figure 4-7
presents the range in the number of TRI chemicals reported by
various industries. The Chemical and Allied Products industry
reported the largest number of different chemicals (260), while
facilities in the Apparel industry reported only 26 different chemicals.
In most cases, one or two industries dominated the number of TRI
forms and the total releases and transfers of a chemical class (Figures
4-9 through 4-13). The Chemical industry dominated both in the
number of forms and the total releases and transfers of the
acids/bases/salts with 5,418 forms (26 percent of all forms for this
class) and 9.8 billion pounds of releases and transfers (63 percent of
all releases for this class) (Figure 4-8).
The Chemical industry also released the largest amount of o'rganics
with 1.1 billion pounds reported (46 percent of all organic releases).
No other industry accounted for as much as ten percent of the releases
and transfers of organics (Figure 4-9).
73
-------
Chapter 4
The Chemical in-
dustry dominated
the releases and
transfers of most
chemical classes,
except metals and
metal compounds,
for which the
Primary Metals in-
dustry was most im-
portant.
The Primary Metals industry released the largest amounts of metals
and metal compounds-over 1.8 billion pounds or 55 percent of all
metals and metal compound releases and transfers (Figure 4-10) The
Chemical industry was the only other sector accounting for as much
as ten percent of such releases with 687 million pounds (21 percent of
metals and metal compound releases and transfers).
With the exception of the Chemical industry, which accounted for 146
million pounds (24 percent) of halo-organic releases and transfers
halo-organic releases and transfers were evenly distributed among
many industries^Figure4-ll). This distribution may be due to their
-widespread-use as solTCH!s^nd^egreasers.The releases and transfers
by the Electrical and Transportation indultneirand^hejmiltiple in-
dustry groups each accounted for more than ten percenTofT
organic releases and transfers.
The Dominant Rote of Sodium Sulfate
-dwarf aU others reportedtoTRlin
1987. Sodium sulfate alone accounts for almost 54 percent of the total releases of all TRI
chemicals. Moreover, a single facility in California released 5.2 billion pounds of sodium
sulfate- accounting for 23 percent of the releases for all chemicals nationwide. It is likely
hat sodium sulfa e which is generally considered non-toxic, wffl no longer be included in
delis b yeaf> ThC ChemiCal h CUfrentIy ***** ™**" ^ ^A for
O*
In addition to beingproduced for commercial distribution, sodium sulfate is also frequentlv
produced as a by-product of many manufacturing processes involving acids andbaseThence
its frequent appearance on TRI reporting forms, Sodium sulfate is used in large amounts as
a raw material or processing agent in the manufacture of paper, glass, and detergents.
Because this single chemical might obscure overall release patterns, we have indicated when
the conclusions about releases would be significantly different if all sodium sulfate releases
or even just the one major release, were excluded. Figure 5-1 (Chapter 5) shows how the
environmental distribution of total releases and transfers would have differed if sodium
sulfate releases and transfers had not been added to the totals. Furthermore the
acids/bases/salts class would have accounted for 29 percent rather than 69 percent (Figure
4-1) of the total TRI releases and transfers.
The dominant role of sodium sulfate and the report of this one facility is evident from the
fact that the State of California now ranks first in total releases amongst the states but would
have ranked ninth if sodium sulfate releases were excluded.
74
-------
TRI Chemicals
Food(20)
Tobacco(21)
Textlles(22)
Apparel(23)
Lumber(24)
Furnlture(25)
Paper(26)
Prlntlng(27)
Chemlc»l«(28)
Petroleum(29)
Plaatlca(30)
Leath«r(31)
Stona/Clay(32)
Prim. Metals(33)
Fab. Met«l«(34)
MachlneryOS)
Electrlcal(36)
Transportatlon(37)
InatrumentsOS)
Mlac. Manufact.(39) H
Multiple Code* 20-39
No Codes In 20-39
100
A/B/S
Non-Metals
1SO
Halo-Organlcs
Organics
200
260 300
EH Metals
Figure 4-7.
Number of TRI Chemicals Reported by Industry, by Chemical Class, 1987. (A/B/S ••
Acids/Bases/Salts.)
The Chemical industry and the Primary Metals industry released the
largest amounts of non-metallic inorganics (337 million pounds and
119 million pounds, respectively) (Figure 4-12). No other industry
reported releases and transfers accounting for more than ten percent
of the 649 million pounds of releases and transfers for this class of
chemicals.
Three industries—Chemical and Allied Products; Stone, Clay, and
Glass Products; and Petroleum Refining—accounted for the three
largest releases and transfers of mixtures, reporting approximately 18
million, seven million, and five million pounds, respectively, of the 42
million pound total for all industries (Figure 4-13). Three other
industries—Tobacco, Apparel, and Leather—had no forms or
releases or transfers for mixtures. The Chemical industry alone ac-
counted for 92 percent of the releases with chemical identity trade
secret.
75
-------
Chapter 4
Food(20) -
Tok*cco(21) -
Textlle*(22) -
Apparel(23) -
Lumber(24) -
F*rnlture<26) -
P«per<26) -
! 0.217
0.002
I 0.107
o.ooa
0.001
0.001
•••••I
•I 2.4*7
Prlntlnf<27) -fl 0.00$ |
CheRllc*l*(28) -•^^••B^BHBIB^Hi
Petreleum<2») -
Plaetlc*(30) -
LaatherOD H
Stona/Clay(32> H
Prim. M*tala(33) H
F«k. Met*l*(34) H
MachlneryOS) H
Eloctrlcal(38) H
Trantport«tlon(37) H
InatrumanuOt) H
Mlie. M*nuf«ct.(39) H
Multiple Coda* 20-39 H
No Codes In 20-3» H
Hi 0.004
1 0.101
0.0*1
0.01*
HI o.**a
I 0.14
0.091
1 0.121
0.01
0.01*
o.ooa
2e»»»»B L12<
0.0*1
.^ — ^~—*
m^mm^mi^^f^mmf^^mm
^^^^^^^^^S^S^^
' — T
"
9.81
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Billions of Pounds
Iotal/I5!,ri!l?*e* •nd T™"**6™ of Aclds/Bases/Sans by lndustry.1987. By Standard Industrial ClassMca-
jdon (sic) codas.
Food(20) -
Tobacco(21) -
T«xtll**(22) -
Apparal(23) -
Lunb«r(24) -
Furnltur«(I6) -
Pap*r(2S) -
Prlntlng(27) -
Ch*mlcal*(2B) -
P«trol*um(2B) -
Pla*tl«*(30) -
L*athar(31) -
8ten«/Clay(32) -
Prim. Ma«ala(33) -
Fak. M*tal*(34) -
Machalnary(3S) -
llactrlcal(3«) -
Tranaportation(37) -
ln*trum*nt*(38) -
Mice. Manufact.(3») H
Multiple Cod** 20-39 H
Mo Code* In 20-38 H
I 0.507
*.*«*
B 40.073
1.71*
i 27.*2*
^^a.17*
>2«l«l«l«let 20*.7*«
9 <7.01*T
mn^ss^^m
Hi **.**<
••••Wi 11*
I 1*.**4
) 17.«*4
H 4*.*1*
•••Tl 7>.*(
II 20.***
Hi ««.»*!
••a
B 91.0*
1 20.7*0
•UaeliMl
0.041
071
17*. 74
172.0*4
ma^rn
H"H1
•BH9
•^•U 10B8
132
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Millions of Pounds
Figure 4-t.
Total TBI Releases and Transfers of Organic compounds by lndutftry.1987. By Standard Industrial
ClassMlsation (SIC) Codes.
76
-------
TRI Chemicals
Food(20) H
Tobacco(21) H
Textll*a(22) H
Apparel(23) H
Lumb*r(24) H
Furnlture(26) H
Paper(26) H
Prlntlng(27) H
Chemlcala(28) -
Petroleum(29) -
Plaatlca(30) -
L*ather(31) -
3tone/Clay(32) H
Prim. Metala(33) -
Fab. Metala(34) -
M*chlnory(36) -
El*ctrlcal(36) -
Tranaportatlon(37) -
InatrumentaOS) -
Mlae. Manufact.(39) -
Multiple Codaa 20-39 -
No Codea In 20-39 -
0.888
0.018
0.48
0.088
4.278
0.30*
B 81.411 ,
0.177
msmmmmm
^B 13*. 37*
11.223
1.»83
I 8*.*48
& 38. *4*
18.20*
1 aa.*28
) 28.807
2.14*
1.8*
•••Kl 307.
i^MH 887.038
18*
m »».»85 i
'f= 1 1
0 600 1000 16
00 2000 2600
Millions of Pounds
Figure 4-10.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Metals and Metal Compounds by lndustry.1987.By Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) Codes.
Food(20)
Tobacco(21)
Textll*a(22)
Appar*l(23)
Lumb*r(24)
Furnltur*(26)
Pap*r(2«)
Prlntlng(27)
Chemlcala(28)
Petrol*um(29)
PlaatlcaOO)
L*ath*r(31)
Ston*/Clay(32)
Prim. M*tal«(33)
Fab. M*tal*(34)
Machln*ry(36)
El*ctrlcal(36)
Tran*portatlon(37)
lnatrumenta(38)
Mlae. Manulact.(39)
Multiple Codea 20-39
No Codea In 20-39
60 80 100 120
Millions of Pounds
140
160
180
Figure 4-11.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Halo-Organics by Industry,! 987.By Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Codes.
77
-------
Chapter 4
Tobacco(21) H
Textllea(22) H
Apparel(23) H
Lumb*r(24) H
Furnlture(26) H
Pap*r(26) H
Prlntlng(27) H
Chemlcala(28) H
1.311
I 3.93
0.114
0.734
0
•^•K
0.04
•••••
Petroleum(29) -••••J
Plaatlca(30) -j 2.344
Leather(31) -I 3 133
Ston./Cl.y(32) -|| ,.„,
) 13.233
•MH
41.31*
Prim. Metala(33) HHBBiiaiiiVVKMI
Fab. Metala(34) H
Maehlenry(36) H
Electrlcal(36) H
Tranaporatlon(37) H
lnatrumente(38) H
Mlae. Manufact.(39) H
Multiple Codea 20-39 H
No Codea In 20-39 H
K
1 3.1(1
0.421
1.911
) 4.4K
0.321
0.191
3.231
(.114
••••••••••••
•••J 11«,8
17
m^m
SS^^^^^^SS
i i
0 60 100 160 200 2f
BMlBBaB
^^^^^^^•s
>0 3(
•••Ml .
^si^st a
)0 3(
>0 4C
10
Millions of Pounds
Figure 4-1 2. ~ —
Non-Metallc
by lndustry.1987.By Standard Industrial
Food(20)
Tob«cco(21)
Textllea(22)
Apparel(23)
Lumb«r(24)
Furnlture(2S)
Paper(28)
Prlntlng<27)
Chemlcaie(28)
Petroleum(29)
Plaatlea(30)
Leather<31)
Stone/Clay(32)
Prim. Matal>(33)
Fab. Melala(34)
Machlnery36)
Eleetrlcal(36)
Tranaportatlon(37)
lnatrumenta(38)
Mlae. Manufaet.(39)
Multiple Codea 20-39
No Code* In 20-39
10 16
Millions of Pounds
20
Figure 4-13. " •
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Mixtures,1987. By Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes.
78
-------
TRI Chemicals
Billions of Pounds
12
1O
•"
1
J _•_ LJ __• ^fl
i i i ii i i i i i i i i
A/B/S Halo-Organics Metals Non-metals Organics Mixtures Trade Secrets
•• Manufacture Process Other Use Bi Combined Uses
A/B/S • Acids/Bases/Salts
Figure 4-14.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers of Chemical Classes by Industrial Activities and Uses,1987. (A/B/S =
Acids/Bases/Salts.)
Distribution of Chemical Classes by Activity and Use
Releases and transfers of different chemical classes resulted from
different industrial activities and uses. For example, facilities that
engaged in manufacture only dominated the releases of
acids/bases/salts and metals and metal compounds (Figure 4-14),
while organics and halo-organics were mostly released and trans-
ferred by the facilities indicating other uses only. The metals and metal
compounds and non-metallic inorganics were primarily released and
transferred by facilities that indicated a combination of activities and
uses.
•Manufacturers
released and trans-
ferred most
acids/bases/salts,
but facilities iden-
tifying other uses
released and trans-
ferred the most or-
ganics and
halo-organics.
79
-------
Chapter 4
No of TRI Forms (Thousands)
I A/B/S H H
-------
TRI Chwnteals
THE TRI LIST OF TOXIC CHEMICALS ,*
The question of "what is a tone chemical?" is a difficult one to answer, since chemicals are
so highly variable in their properties, potential routes and amounts of exposure, and fate in
the environment or in biological systems. Neither EPA, Congress or the scientific community
have ever created a universally-accepted list of "toxic chemicals."
To circumvent the problem of defining toxics, Congress combined the chemical listings front
two existing lists in order to create the TRI list of reportable chemicals. These two lists had
been in use previously in the States of New Jersey and Maryland.
The original criteriausedbyNew Jersey and Maryland to
information on toxicity, but was also based on considerations of the amount produced or
used in the state, regulatory status, presence in die environment, or professional judgement
as to potential hazards.
For this reason, the current TRI list covers a very broad spectrum of toxicity concerns, from
acutely lethal to only mildly toxic. Some chemicals may not be toxic at all, and will be removed
from the TRI list in subsequent reporting years after careful review by EPA. On the other
hand, toxic chemicals not currently on the list will be added.
Readers should bear in mind that the amounts of chemicals reported in TRI do aot translate
directly to concerns about toxic effects.
Box4-E. ._^________-_--____>___«___
•1
-------
-------
Chapter 5. TRI Environmental Releases and Off-site Transfers
Introduction
Facilities reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) a total of
22.5 billion pounds, of which 80 percent (18.0 billion pounds of TRI
chemicals) were released directly from manufacturing facilities into
the air, water, land or underground wells for 1987; an additional 20
percent (4.6 billion pounds) were transferred off-site from the
originating facilities to other facilities such as public sewage systems
plants or incinerators for treatment or disposal (Figure 5-1).
Eighteen billion
pounds of TRI
chemicals were
released to the en-
vironment in 1987
and 4.6 billion
pounds were
transferred off-
site for treatment
or disposal.
Public Sewage
9%
Surface Water
43%
Off-site \f/ ^r Air
12% ^-__^ 12%
Underground Inject'n
14%
With Sodium Sulfate
Off-site
24%
Underground Inject'n
14%
Public Sewage
8%
Surface Water
5%
Without Sodium Sulfate
Figure 5-1.
Total 1987 Releases and Transfers of TRI Chemicals, with and without sodium sulfate.Total with sodium
sulfate: 22.5 billion pounds. Total without sodium sulfate: 10.4 billion pounds.
83
-------
Chapter 5
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Tfaougfaut this report, tfaepresentatioi^
Wiiile ft is useful for comparative purposes todeal with a single sum in this manner, the reader
should recognize that this approach does ignore some sigttificant distinctions. "Releases**
refer to discharges to the air, water, or land. Facilities determine these numbers after taking
into account any reductions ia waste acheived by on-site treatment methods. "Transfers"
refer to wastes that are sent off-site for treatment or disposal. In many cases, these transferred
wastes wifl be significantly reduced by treatment methods before any ultimate releases to the
environment. Such additional off-site treatment Is not reflected in the TRI data.
j
Even within the category of releases, there are further distinctions to bear in mind. Certain
land releases, for example, are placed in disposal facilities which are designed and permitted
to receive toxic materials. These wastes are therefore managed to significantly reduce
potential for further distribution to the environment. Releases to the air and water, on the
other hand, are not subject to farther containment or control
BoxS-A.
Sodium sulfate ac-
counted for more
than halt of all
releases and trans-
fers In 1987.
All told, TRI encompassed 215 billion pounds of releases and trans-
fers in 1987 (Box5-A). However, a single chemical—sodium sulfate—
accounted for more than half of this amount, thus greatly affecting the
overall patterns of releases and transfers presented in this report
(Figure 5-1). The influence of this one chemical is discussed
throughout this chapter, and throughout this report, in order to lend
perspective to the role it plays (Box 5-B).
TRI data show many patterns of chemical releases and transfers
across the nation. This chapter discusses where releases and transfers
originated, which types of industries accounted for the greatest por-
tion, and what specific chemicals were involved in different types of
releases and transfers.
The data presented here are not, however, direct indicators of ex-
posure or of environmental risk posed by the TRI chemicals. Many
factors combine to determine how much of a risk, if any, is posed by
particular releases and transfers of TRI chemicals (Box 5-C).
84
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfers
THE IMPACT OF SODIUM SULFATE
Sodium sulfate releases and transfers of more than 12 billion pounds dwarf all other
chemicals reported to TRI in 1987. Sodium sulfate alone accounts for 54 percent of total
releases and transfers for all TRI chemicals (Figure 5-1). Moreover, a single facility in
California released 5.2 billion pounds of sodium sulfate, accounting for 23 percent of total
national releases and transfers.
EPA has been petitioned to remove sodium sulfate from the list of TRI chemicals requiring
reporting due to an apparent absence of significant toxicity concerns for this chemical. When
the petition is granted—as of this writing, EPA has formally recommended removing sodium
sulfate from the TRI list—the portrait of TRI releases and transfers will change dramatically.
For example, the geographical distribution for 1987 would have been rather different without
sodium sulfate: California, which in 1987 bad the largest amount of TRI chemical wastes,
would have ranked ninth in the nation without sodium sulfate.
The environmental distribution of TRI releases and transfers would have also shown an
altered pattern. Discharges to surface water, which ranked first of all types of releases and
transfers (75 percent of the total sodium sulfate released or transferred in 1987 went to
surface water), would have been the smallest release type. As shown in Figure 5-1, air
emissions, which did not appear as significant compared to the large releases and transfers
of sodium sulfate to surface water and public sewage systems, would have been the leading
type of release, with one quarter of the total TRI releases and transfers.
The acids^ases/salts class of chemicals, which in 1987 accounted for 69 percent of total TRI
releases and transfers, Would drop to only 33 percent without sodium sulfate, while the
proportion of organics and metals/metal compounds classes would increase. Finally, the total
amount of TRI releases and transfers would be cut by more than half.
Box 5-B.
Where TRI Chemical Releases and Transfers
Originated
Geographical Distribution
The 5.8 billion pounds of releases and transfers from California California and
dwarfed those of any other state, accounting for 26 percent of the TRI states In the Gulf
total for the nation (Table 5-1). However, the great majority of and Great^kes110'
California's total was due to sodium sulfate releases from a single regions had the
facility in the state which discharged 3.7 billion pounds of this chemical largest TRI releases
to surface water, and an additional 1.5 billion pounds by underground and transfers.
injection. Without this one chemical, California's TRI data (and the
national data) would appear very different (Box 5-B).
- . __
-------
Chapter 5
Billions of Pounds
CA TX LA AL Ml IN OH GA MS TN SC IL VA NC PA FL WA AR NY NJ
On-Site Releases
Off-Site Transfers
Figure 5-2.
The 20 States with the Largest Total TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987.
Eleven states had
total TRI releases
and transfers of
over 500 million
pounds each.
States in the Gulf Coast, Mid-Atlantic, and Great Lakes regions also
had fairly large sums of TRI releases and transfers, while the smallest
amounts were generated in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains
regions of the country (Map 5-1). Tables 5-1 and 5-2 display a com-
plete account of all states. The 20 states with the largest TRI totals are
shown in Figure 5-2. Eleven of the states had totals in excess of 500
million pounds and accounted for over two thirds (15.8 billion
pounds) of TRI total releases and transfers.
The two states with the greatest total of TRI releases and transfers—
California and Texas—also ranked high in terms of total numbers of
reporting faculties; 1st and 5th, respectively (see Chapter 3, Table 3-1
and Figure 3-2). In contrast, Louisiana had the third largest total
releases and. transfers, but ranked 26th of all states based on number
of TRI facilities.
86
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfers
8
«-_
n
A
I
8
IO
8
in
V
I
«
8
E
"5
S.
t-
1
87
-------
Chapter 5
TABLE 5-1 . TRI FACILITIES, FORMS, AND TOTAL
RELEASES /TRANSFERS BY STATE, 1987
TOTAL TRI
STATE
Al&uiUnd •?
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Ancansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TRI
FACIUTIES
Number
355
7
2
156
293
1.662
172
383
53
419
636
33
52
1,185
720
310
184
298
259
83
191
560
758
301
247
503
27
139
33
129
875
32
765
820
28
1,261
193
217
1,027
172
166
394
37
503
999
102
52
1
399
306
107
645
27
TRI
FORMS
Number
1,508
53
5
545
988
5,830
540
1,412
263
1.331
2,185
122
163
4,314
2,790
1,012
742
1,353
1.818
360
720
1.852
3.339
1,198
876
1,902
148
424
91
435
3,280
119
2,836
2,792
72
5,116
686
705
3,989
572
472
1.694
75
1,889
5,381
393
158
24
1,450
1,091
672
2,239
128
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pounds
827,064,312
36,944,052
72,000
126.071,984
374,781.464
5,839,808.374
35,330,997
86,374,380
58,818,708
434,685,722
661,730,868
5,063,453
73,411,988
468,816,984
731,729,004
71,583,169
183,390,807
250,942,142
1.725,933,233
219.560,564
195,248,259
104.826,800
742.716,029
141,498,325
656,085,795
292,426,658
38,437,649
21,149,589
11,735,250
65.131,279
308.585,011
22,528,013
326,074,780
441,345,879
2,803,582
723,893,016
129,781,423
120,604,568
437,634,494
42,927.540
26,622,622
518,127,600
3,518,226
602.148,025
2,799,768,533
249,743,154
4,889,666
7.424,628
444.049,924
407,078.587
170,571,053
184,957,138
62,596,791
Percent
3.67
0.16
0.00
0.56
1.66
25.93
0.16
0.38
0.26
1.93
2.94
0.02
0.33
2.08
3.25
0.32
0.81
1.11
7.66
0.97
0.87
0.47
3.30
0.63
2.91
1.30
0.17
0.09
0.05
0.29
1.37
0.10
1.45
1.96
0.01
3.21
0.58
0.54
1.94
0.19
0.12
2.30
0.02
2.67
12.43
1.11
0.02
0.03
1.97
1.81
0.76
0.82
0.28
TOTAL
19,278
74.152 22.519.044,091
100.00
88
-------
TRI Total Release* and Tran«fer«
TRI DATA AND EXPOSURE
The l8.0bilKonpoundsofTRI releases and4.6biUion pounds oftransfers are not an indicator
of human or environmental exposure to these chemicals. Several factors should be kept in
mind when considering the impact of TRI releases and transfers.
First,, environmental releases do not always result in exposure. Releases to landfills or to
ondergroundinjection are intended to isolate these wastes, and result ra zero or tow exposure
unless there is an unexpected failure of the disposal technique.
Even chemical releases that are not isolated in this manner require careful interpretation,
TRI reveals that 2,7 billion pounds of TRI chemicals were released directly to the air, and
9,6 billion pounds to surface water in 1987. These releases cannot be equated directly to
exposure, since each chemical in each individual release circumstance undergoes different
transformations after release. Dilution may render exposure concentrations so small as to be
of no concern. Gaseous emissions may be chemically transformed to harmless byproducts,
or acidic wastewater discharges maybe effectively neutralized by the receiving body of water.
On the other hand, some environmental transformations lead to byproducts of even greater
concern than the original releases. Each release scenario has its own unique characteristics.
TRI chemicals were also transferred to public sewage treatment plants and other off-site
facilities, where they mayundergo treatment (which can destroy or isolate a potentiaflytoxic
chemical) prior to ultimate disposal. The transfers also shift the location of materials, so that
TRI releases generated in, say, New Jersey, may ultimately be sent to Ohio for treatment
and/or disposal. A knowledge of the ultimate fate of these materials would be needed for any
meaningful interpretation of potential risks.
Lastly, TRI chemicals cover a broad spectrum of toxicity concerns and total release or
transfer amounts only give part of the story — a small release of a highly toxic chemical might
be of much greater concern than a large release of a low-toxicity substance.
In all cases, more information is needed to assess potential concerns than is provided by TRI
data alone. TRI Can only serve as an indicator of toxic chemical releases and transfers that
may warrant additional examination.
BoxS-C.
89
-------
Chapter 5
TABLE 5-2. TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS BY TYPE BY STATE, 1 987
(Percentages are of total releases and transfers for the state)
TOTAL TRI TOTAL TRI
TOTAL TRI SURFACE WATER TRANSFERS TO
AIR EMISSIONS
STATE
nlCu)&IFUk
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL
Pounds
98,339,784
31,707,083
56,250
16,565,691
54,559,906
82,708,429
11.010,395
26,078,031
6,036,385
50,196,070
93,586,285
1.064.495
4.176,707
99,226,761
112.870,299
39,238,921
24,738,143
51,666,181
138,254,193
14,607.382
20.234,753
30,061,360
116,359,932
42,095.160
57,285,976
50,623,710
5,255,856
14,403,622
742,389
12,983,935
41,983,116
3,831,726
89,399,757
94,568,576
935,275
172,685,650
36,445.117
20.941,392
87,547,598
12,867,913
5,927,841
64,215,277
2.441.359
135,010,665
238,817.765
77,327,036
1,379,661
2,033,873
132,436,076
40,637,496
35,564,455
48,656.361
3,154,641
2,655.542,710
Percent
11.9
85.8
78.1
13.1
14.6
1.4
31.2
30.2
10.3
11.5
14.1
21.0
5.7
21.2
15.4
54.8
13.5
20.6
8.0
6.7
10.4
28.7
15.7
29.7
8.7
17.3
13.7
68.1
6.3
19.9
13.6
17.0
27.4
21.4
33.4
23.9
28.1
17.4
20.0
30.0
22.3
12.4
69.4
22.4
8.5
31.0
28.2
27.4
29.8
10.0
20.9
26.3
5.0
Tl8~
DISCHARGES
Pounds
533,895,407
5,221,865
15,750
3,000
171,220,328
3,834.809,964
3,325,009
25,225,312
29,852.685
107,593,997
473,506,462
2.542.000
50,737.549
33,437,606
105,987,418
15,335,547
7,578,737
76,869,713
775,836,211
195,803,966
111,795,540
2,116,295
38,127,898
15,826,354
473,882.098
36,406,436
791,946
2,754,398
0
42.428.961
55,063,498
9,057
56,110.261
217,090.591
393,600
68,219,055
65.792,624
63,362,600
61,901,577
1,676,734
13,187.892
340,939,102
3,698
196.399,204
659.657,602
133,749
1.113,799
5,303,250
225,383,321
303,684,767
87,295,714
16,563.741
3,460,037
9,615,673,925
Percent
64.6
14.1
21.9
0.0
45.7
65.7
9.4
29.2
50.8
24.8
71.6
50.2
69.1
7.1
14.5
21,4
4.1
30.6
45.0
89.2
57.3
2.0
5.1
11.2
72.2
12.4
2.1
13.0
0.0
65.1
17.8
0.0
17.2
49.2
14.0
9.4
50.7
52.5
14.1
3.9
49.5
65.8
0.1
32.6
23.6
0.1
22.8
71.4
50.8
74.6
51.2
9.0
5.5
42.7
PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pounds
32,713,211
35
0
9,236,876
4,325,937
246,101,586
3,125,396
9,544,587
16,375,820
39.468,550
47,093,822
973,250
3,250.118
199,165,360
95,899.156
10,090,895
6,647,139
13.649,364
1.334,641
5,071,706
47,863,355
36,142.507
38,245.470
70,020,634
9,125,709
112,489,998
28,109
1,213,294
33,814
2,802,094
123,413.118
738,719
65.294,934
54,537,779
94,217
131,193.018
1,692,971
13.900,170
39,815,049
23,060,390
2,998,055
51.090,961
620,208
97,149,025
154,293,072
2,032.004
298,037
0
55,690,097
4,061,980
5,179,381
46,313.952
17.800
1,935,517,370
Percent
4.0
0.0 .
0.0
7.3
1.2
4.2
8.8
11.1
27.8
9.1
7.1
19.2
4.4
42.5
13.1
14.1
3.6
5.4
0.1
2.3
24.5
34.5
5.1
49.5
1.4
38.5
0.1
5.7
0.3
4.3
40.0
3.3
20.0
12.4
3.4
18.1
1.3
11.5
9.1
53.7
11.3
9.9
17.6
16.1
5.5
0.8
6.1
0.0
12.5
1.0
3.0
25.0
0.0
8.6
90
-------
TRI Total FWe««M and Transfer*
TABLE 5-2. (Continued)
TOTAL TRI
ON-SITE LAND
RELEASES
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
tOTAL
Pounds
98,091,692
14,930
0
97,102,866
108,534,294
47,693,392
12,547,494
1,848,676
2,565.876
190,827,201
14,969,473
237,342
14,988,307
11,209,153
246.523,580
768,722
1,058,669
4,028,637
154,894,837
2,037,139
4,318,725
3,575,212
3,979,327
1.722,105
15,252,731
56,439,000
32,223,598
349,910
10,817,492
666,529
5,312,503
17,307,456
17,598,716
30,157,949
1,100,500
47,664,590
2,482,881
13,998,763
70,957,429
184,150
69,009
8,994,959
9
20,550,544
835,087,965
165.467,430
168,696
87,505
6,949,712
25,105,014
11.638,215
7.535,521
24,183,539
2,451,889,964
Percent
11.9
0.0
0.0
77.0
29.0
0.8
35.5
2.1
4.4
43.9
2.3
4.7
20.4
2.4
33.7
1.1
0.6
1.6
9.0
0.9
2.2
3.4
0.5
1.2
2.3
19.3
83.8
1.7
92.2
1.0
1.7
76.8
5.4
6.8
39.3
6.6
1.9
11.6
16.2
0.4
0.3
1.7
0.0
3.4
29.8
66.3
3.5
1.2
1.6
6.2
6.8
4.1
38.6
10.9
TOTAL TRI
UNDERGROUND
INJECTION
Pounds
1,443,591
0
0
0
13,016,449
1.530,850,645
1.170
0
250
29,437.389
19,500
216,140
0
14,221,970
63,356,466
0
91,067,410
25,000,250
553,820,180
0
750
250
6.472,752
250
46,433,140
1,001,450
0
0
0
0
780
0
500
250
0
71,850,645
7.171,133
0
74,000
988
0
750
0
124.406.900
630,223,666
3
0
0
250
500
1,719,219
1,500
30,651,671
3,242,462,757
Percent
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
26.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.8
0.0
4.3
0.0
3.0
8.7
0.0
49.7
10.0
32.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.0
7.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.9
5.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20.7
22.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
49.0
14.4
TOTAL TRI
OFF-SfTE
TRANSFERS
Pounds
62,580,627
139
0
3.163,551
23,124,550
97.644,358
5,321,533
23,677,774
3,987,692
17,162,515
32,555,326
30,226
259,307
111.556,134
107,092.085
6,149,084
52,300,709
79,727,997
101,793,171
2.040,371
11,035,136
32,931,176
539,530,650
11.833,822
54,106,141
35,466,064
138,140
2,428,365
141,555
6,249,760
82.811,996
641,055
97.670,612
44,990,734
279,990
232,280,058
16,196,697
8,401,643
177,338,841
5.137,365
4,439,825
52,886,551
452,952
28,631.687
281,688.463
4,782.932
1,929.473
0
23,590.468
33,588,830
29,174,069
65,886.063
1,129,103
2.617,957,365
Percent
7.6
0.0
0.0
2.5
6.2
1.7
15.1
27.4
6.8
3.9
4.9
0.6
0.4
23.8
14.6
8.6
28.5
31.8
5.9
0.9
5.7
31.4
72.6
8.4
8.2
12.1
0.4
11.5
1.2
9.6
26.8
2.8
30.0
10.2
10.0
32.1
12.5
7.0
40.5
12.0
16.7
10.2
12.9
4.8
10.1
1.9
39.5
0.0
5.3
8.3
17.1
35.6
1.8
11.6
TOTAL TRI TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/ RELEASES/
TRANSFERS TRANSFERS
Pounds
827,064,312
36,944,052
72,000
126,071,984
374,781.464
5,839,808,374
35,330,997
86,374,380
58,818,708
434,685,722
661,730,868
5,063,453
73,411,988
468,816,984
731,729,004
71,583,169
183,390,807
250,942,142
1,725,933,233
219,560,564
195,248,259
104.826,800
742,716,029
141,498,325
656,085,795
292,426,658
38,437,649
21,149,589
11,735,250
65,131,279
308,585,011
22,528,013
326,074,780
441,345,879
2,803,582
723,893,016
129,781.423
120,604,568
437,634,494
42,927,540
26,622,622
518,127,600
3,518,226
602,148,025
2,799,768,533
249,743,154
4,889,666
7.424.628
444,049,924
407,078,587
170,571,053
184,957,138
62,596,791
22,519,044,091
Rank
4
42
53
31
18
1
43
34
39
16
8
49
35
12
6
36
27
22
3
24
25
33
5
29
9
21
41
46
47
37
20
45
19
14
52
7
30
32
15
40
44
11
51
10
2
23
50
48
13
17
28
26
38
91
-------
Chapters
Twenty-fly* counties
accounted for 52 per-
cent of all TRI re-
lease* and transfers.
The information in TRI allows analyses at many different levels of
geographical detail. The 25 counties where the largest total releases
and transfers were reported (Table 5-3) provides additional detail of
where, within states, TRI releases and transfers occurred during 1987
(Map 5-1). San Bernardino county in California contains the facility
with the large sodium sulfate release and, not surprisingly, exceeds by
far the TRI totals of any other county in the nation. One other
California county—Los Angeles County—is also on the list. Texas and
Louisiana each have six counties on the list. Together, these 25 coun-
ties account for 52 percent of all TRI releases and transfers in the
nation.
TABLE 5-3. THE 25 COUNTIES WITH THE LARGEST
TOTAL TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
TOTAL TH PERCENT OF
RELEASES/ TOTAL RELEASES
COUNTY
SAN BERNARDINO
HARRIS
CALHOUN
WAYNE
HARRISON
BRAZORIA
ST JAMES
MHAM
JEFFERSON
ST CHARLES
LOSANQELES
MOBILE
JEFFERSON
CHARLESTON
ASCENSION
LAKE
SALT LAKE
COOK
COWUTZ
EAST BATON ROUGE
ANNEARUNOEL*
CALCASIEU
WARREN
SAUNE
GALVESTON
SUBTOTAL
% OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
STATE
CA
TX
TX
Ml
MS
TX
LA
TX
TX
LA
CA
AL
LA
SC
LA
IN
UT
IL
WA
LA
MD
LA
VA
AR
TX
TRANSFERS
Pounds
5,243,062.330
612.608.053
581,051,418
512,936,086
423,584,099
404.783.709
349.539.065
329.113.150
309,581.341
284,420,548
262.111,744
245.504.063
222,520.676
210,956,381
203,735,851
199,307.629
164,454.513
161.093,780
156,756,742
156.151,040
140.449,676
139,155,388
135.164.100
134.067,064
133,993,080
11.736,121,526
52.12
10,762,922,565
22.519,044,091
AND TRANSFERS
IN THE STATE
89.78
21.88
20.75
69.06
64.56
14.46
20.25
11.76
11.06
16.48
4.83
29.68
tt.89
40.72
11.80
2754
65.85
34.36
38.51
9.05
71.93
8.06
30.44
35.78
4-79
* Includes substantial releases and transfers from the City of Baltimore, which is
not part of Anne Arundel County.
82
-------
TRI Total Release* and Transfers
Environmental Distribution of Releases and
Transfers
Larger amounts of TRI chemicals were released to water than were
discharged to any other environmental media or transferred off-site
in 1987 (Figure 5-1, above). Almost half the total amount of TRI
releases and transfers (9.6 billion pounds) was discharged to surface
water. Facilities disposed of 3.2 billion pounds (14 percent of the TRI
total) into underground wells. Air received the next highest sum, with
emissions totalling 2.7 billion pounds (12 percent), and facilities dis-
posed of 2.5 billion pounds (11 percent) on land. (See Box 5-C.)
In addition to environmental releases, 1.9 billion pounds of TRI
chemicals (9 percent of the TRI total) were discharged to public
sewage systems and another 2.6 billion pounds (12 percent) were
transferred to other off-site facilities.
The distribution of releases and transfers for 1987 would appear quite
different if sodium sulfate were not added in (Box 5-B). Sodium
sulfate played a singular role in the distribution of the TRI data,
accounting for 50 percent or more of discharges to surface water,
underground injection, and public sewage systems (Chapters 7,8).
For some types of TRI releases, individual states played a large role
as well. Facilities in California, Texas and Louisiana discharged more
TRI chemicals to water than any other state; overall, these 3 states
accounted for 55 percent of total TRI surface water releases. Texas
facilities emitted more TRI chemicals to the air (239 million pounds)
than any other state, releasing nine percent of total TRI air emissions
nationwide, and released more TRI chemicals to land (835 million
pounds) than any other state, representing 34 percent of total land
releases.
Subsequent chapters present details of the releases to each segment
of the environment and for off-site transfers. Chapters 6, 7, and 8
contain analyses of releases to air, water, and land; Chapter 7 also
contains data on off-site transfers to public sewage treatment plants.
Chapter 9 examines off-site transfers (other than to public sewage
systems), and Chapter 10 examines TRI data on waste treatment. The
remainder of this chapter focuses on industrial and chemical over-
views of the TRI data.
Over 40 percent of
TRI releases and
transfers were dis-
charged to surface
water, 14 percent to
underground wells,
12 percent to alr,11
percent to land.,
Facilities transferred
9 percent of the TRI
total to public
sewage plants and
12 percent to other
off-site facilities.
93
-------
Chapter 5
Fifty-four percent of
TRI releases and
transfers were from
the Chemical Industry.
Industrial Releases and Off-site transfers of TRI
Chemicals
Industrial Distribution
The Chemical and Allied Products industry generated more TRI
releases and transfers than any other industry in 1987 with a total of
12.1 billion pounds or 54 percent of the TRI total for all industries
(Table 5-4). Only two other industries reported TRI totals of more
than one billion pounds: Paper and Primary Metals. Together, these
three industries generated 78 percent of the total reported TRI
releases and transfers. (See Chapter 2 and Appendix C for more
information about which industries must report under TRI).
In contrast, the five industries with the smallest TRI releases and
transfers together accounted for less than one percent of the TRI total.
The Apparel industry reported the smallest total, followed by Tobacco
Manufacturing, Lumber Products, Miscellaneous Manufacturing,
and Leather Products industries.
TABLE 54. TRI FACILITIES, FORMS AND TOTAL RELEASES BY INDUSTRY. 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER SIC
Rank CODE INDUSTRY
21
6
22
20
17
2
16
1
5
11
18
13
3
8
14
9
7
15
19
4
12
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastic Products
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Goods
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 - 39
TOTAL
TRI
FACILITIES
24
469
37
644
332
663
287
3,849
343
1.125
117
629
1,305
2,393
787
1.426
908
306
337
1.317
404
19,278
8.18
0.12
£43
0.19
3.34
1.72
3.44
1.49
19.97
1.78
5.84
0.61
3.26
6.77
12.41
4.08
7.40
4.71
1.59
1.75
6.83
2.10
100.00
TOTAL TRI
TRI RELEASES/
FORMS TRANSFERS
3.441
80
1,208
65
1.746
1,349
2.650
601
21.219
3,225
2.770
424
1.609
5.587
8.039
2,242
5,163
4,483
1.032
911
5,065
1,243
74,152
4.64
0.11
1.63
0.09
2.35
1.82
3.57
0.81
28.62
4.35
3.74
0.57
2.17
7.53
10.84
3.02
6.96
6.05
1.39
1.23
6.83
1.68
100.00
287.011,684
10.461.881
349,911,142
4,770,371
35.960,744
59,715,475
2.807,409,484
62,936,388
12.088,829,671
762,361.469
277,096,613
52,087.328
116.968,737
2,593,238,041
306,289,006
99,091.372
297.117.232
332,397,007
81,141,337
36,324,473
1.709,984,714
147,939,922
22.519,044,091
1.27
0.05
1.55
0.02
0.16
0.27
12.47
0.28
53.68
3.39
1.23
0.23
0.52
11.52
1.36
0.44
1.32
1.48
0.36
0.16
7.59
0.66
100.00
94
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfers
TABLE5-5. TOTAL TRION-SITE RELEASES AND OFF-SITE TRANSFERS BY INDUSTRY, 1987
TOTALTHI TOTALTRI TOTALTRI TOTALTRI
RELEASE, ON-SfTE OFF-SITE RELEASES/
TRANSFER
10
21
6
22
20
17
2
16
1
5
11
18
13
3
8
14
9
7
15
19
4
12
SIC
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
RELEASES
Food Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastic Products
Leather Products
Stone, day. Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Goods
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 - 39
Pounds
71,107,228
7,709,865
221,311,854
2,339,342
30,505,830
51,004,224
2,493,515.106
54,128,225
10.584.289,998
506,066,173
198,694,443
16,224,136
59,740,337
1,452.197,387
125,425,650
54,798,715
133,183,368
222,887,613
49,648,384
25,378,482
1,477,784,604
127,628,392
Percent
0.04
1.23
0.01
0.17
0.28
13.88
0.30
58.91
2.82
1.11
0.09
0.33
8.08
0.70
0.31
0.74
1.24
0.28
0.14
8.23
0.71
TRANSFERS
Pounds
2,752,016
128,599,288
2,431,029
5,454,914
8,711,251
313,894,378
8,808,163
1.504.539,673
256,295,296
78,402.170
35,863,192
57,228,400
1,141,040,654
180,863,356
44,292,657
163,933,864
109,509,394
31,492.953
10,945,991
232,200,110
20,311,530
Percent
0.06
2.82
0.05
0.12
0.19
6.89
0.19
33.04
5.63
1.72
0.79
1.26
25.06
3.97
0.97
3.60
2.40
0.69
0.24
5.10
0.45
TRANSFERS
Pounds
10,461,881
349,911,142
4,770,371
35,960,744
59,715,475
2,807,409,484
62,936,388
12,088,829,671
762,361,469
277,096,613
52,087,328
116.968,737
2,593,238,041
306,289,006
99,091,372
297,117.232
332,397,007
81,141,337
36,324,473
1,709,984,714
147,939,922
Percent
0.05
1.55
0.02
0.16
0.27
12.47
0.28
53.68
3.39
1.23
0.23
0.52
11.52
1.36
0.44
1.32
1.48
0.36
0.16
7.59
0.66
TOTAL
17,965,569,356 100.00
79.78
PERCENT OF TOTAL RELEASES/TRANSFERS
Facilities in more than one industrial category1 accounted for 1.7
billion pounds (eight percent) of total TRI releases and transfers.
These multiple-category reports may lead to underestimates of the
amounts of chemicals released or transferred by some industries. For
instance, the Chemical industry appears frequently as one of the two
(or more) industries reported by facilities with multiple classifica-
tions, but the releases from those facilities cannot be assigned to the
Chemical industry since it is not known what portion of the TRI data
originates from chemical operations and what portion from other
activities at the facilities.
20.22
100.00
Eight percent of TRI
releases and transfers
were from facilities
reporting more than
one Industrial
category.
1 Facilities were permitted to file under more than one Standard Industrial Clas-
sification (SIC) code. Facilities with more than one major (2-digjt SIC) industry
classification are categorized as "Multiple" in this report. See Appendix C for a
list of the industries (by SIC code) that are required to report under TRI.
95
-------
Chapters
The geographic dis-
tribution of Chemi-
cal Industry releases
and transfers dif-
fered from the over-
all distribution.
Industrial data can be combined with geographic information for
more specific analyses of TRI data. For example, the nationwide
distribution of total TRI releases and transfers from the Chemical
industry (Map 5-2, above) can be compared with the TRI totals for all
industries in Map 5-1. Some states emerge as dominant sources of
Chemical industry totals that are not among the highest-ranking states
for TRI data overall. Illinois, Virginia, and Florida ranked among the
top ten states for the chemical industry, replacing one for one other
states in their region that are hi the top ten for TRI overall - Michigan,
Mississippi, and Georgia (Figure 5-2, above).
Total Releases of TRI Chemicals Reported by the Chemical and
Allied Products Industry (SIC 28), 1987
Map 5-2.
TRI Releases and Transfers Reported by Facilities in the Chemical Industry, 1987.
A single industrial
segment was often
responsible for a
large share of the
total TRI releases
and transfers for an
entire industry.
Industries can also be examined in greater detail by analyzing the
contribution of industry segments to TRI releases and transfers (Table
5-6, above). For the Chemical and Allied Products industry, almost
half (43 percent) of all releases and transfers by this industry were
from the printing inks, explosives and other chemicals segment. In the
Petroleum industry, 93 percent of the releases and transfers were
generated by petroleum refineries. Table 5-6 shows the Paper and
Primary Metals industries as additional examples of how TRI trans-
fers and releases may be distributed within broad industry categories.
96
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfer*
TABLE £6. BREAKDOWN OF TOTAL TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS BY
INDUSTRY SEGMENT FOR FOUR INDUSTRIES, 1987
SIC
CODE
26-
261
262
263
264
265
266
28-
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
289
29-
291
295
299
33-
331
332
333
334
335
336 /
339
INDUSTRY
Paper & Allied Products - General
Pulp Mills
Paper Mills, except Building Paper
Paperboard Mills
Paper Products & Coatings
Paperboard Boxes
Building Paper & Building Board Mills
Multiple SIC codes in 26
Total
Chemicals & Allied Products - General
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals
Plastics & Synthetic Organics
Pharmaceutical & Biological Products
Soaps, Cleansers, Cosmetics
Paints
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Pesticides & Agricultural Chemicals
Printing Inks, Explosives & Other
Multiple SIC codes in 28
Total
Petroleum Refining & Allied Industries - General
Petroleum Refining
Paving Mixtures, Asphalt Coatings
Lubricating Oils & Other
Multiple SIC codes in 29
Total
Primary Metals - General
Blast Furnaces & Basic Steel Products
Iron & Steel Foundries
Primary Nonferrous Metals
Secondary Nonferrous Metals
Rolling & Drawing of Nonferrous Metals
Nonferrous Foundries (Casting)
Primary Metal Products & Other
Multiple SIC codes in 33
Total
TOTAL RELEASES^
Pounds
14,350,047
644,522,276
372,890,005
316,979,900
106,354.345
10,530,576
4,693.600
1,337,088,735
2.807,409,484
17,175,923
1,722,789,318
533.077,745
563,751,841
20,246,433
70,359,051
938,658,593
453,220,589
5.317.647,271
2,451,902,907
12,088,829.671
29,407,369
709,394,979
1,739,654
15,333,636
6,485,831
762,361,469
44,865,775
886.117,579
61,182,139
879,236,251
457,017.572
89,628,998
17,269,421
51,518,309
106,401,997
2.593,238,041
FRANSFbHS
Percent
0.51
22.96
13.28
11.29
3.79
0.38
0.17
47.63
100.00
0.14
14.25
4.41
4.66
0.17
0.58
7.76
3.75
43.99
20.28
100.00
3.86
93.05
0.23
2.01
0.85
100.00
1.73
34.17
2.36
33.90
17.62
3.46
0.67
1.99
4.10
100.00
97
-------
Chapters
Nearly half of the
Chemical Industry'*
TRI total was dis-
charged to surface
water.
industrial Patterns of Releases and Transfers
Industries generated distinct patterns of TRI releases and transfers.
Almost half (47 percent) of the Chemical industry's total was dis-
charged to surface water; underground injection releases accounted
for another 24 percent (Figure 5-3, Table 5-7). Discharges to surface
water also accounted for a large fraction (78 percent) of the Paper
industry's total. Facilities in the Primary Metals industry released 1.4
billion pounds of TRI chemicals to land and transferred 960 million
pounds off-site, which accounted for 76 percent of the industry's total
releases and transfers. The Transportation industry accounted for
only one percent of the TRI total, but contributed eight percent of
TRI air emissions total for all industries because it had a large
proportion of air emissions.
Total TRI releases and transfers of sodium sulfate by the Chemical
and Allied Products industry were 7.7 billion pounds or 64 percent of
the industry's total. Even without these sodium sulfate releases and
transfers, however, the Chemical industry would still have been
responsible for 42 percent of the TRI total and remain the industry
with the largest proportion of all TRI releases and transfers.
TABLE 5-7. AMOUNT OF TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS BY TYPE BY INDUSTRY, 1987
SIC CODE
INDUSTRY
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile Mill Products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Products
25 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper Products
27 Printing, Publishing
28 Chemical Products
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber and Plastic Products
31 Leather Products
32 Stone, Clay, Glass Products
33 Primary Metals
34 Fabricated Metals
35 Machinery, except Electrical
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring, Photographic Goods
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes In 20 -39
TOTAL AIR
RELEASES
7,566,510
38,305,895
2,295,032
26,879,647
50,928,135
232,639,586
54,122,107
946,395,722
79,137,824
143,760,863
14,098,158
27,035,373
234,283,732
109,921,878
49,698,725
213,563,972
46,331,167
24,865,197
211,289,810
14,735,754
72.32
10.95
48.11
74.75
85.28
8.29
85.99
7.83
10.38
51.88
27.07
23.11
9.03
35.89
50.15
37.14
64.25
57.10
68.45
12.36
9.96
SURFACE
WATER
30,560,639
132,545
182,363,632
42,810
1,001,064
47,984
2,183,493,703
3,521
5,835,403,944
366,051,900
54,077,618
1,959,658
1,322,017
105,944,217
9,079,259
4,439,271
13,080,342
3,878,314
3,153,101
264,802
799,136,129
10.65
1.27
52.12
0.9O
2.78
O.O8
77.78
0.01
48.27
48.02
19.52
3.76
1.13
4.09
2.96
4.48
4.40
1.17
3.89
0.73
46.73
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
205,826,534
2,293,820
119,540,333
2,336,608
1,545,461
853,889
184,880,068
3,444,032
784,202,550
50,530,645
48,224,867
31,984,904
7,146,933
180,432,302
76,585,656
10,528,549
85,642,196
18,199,214
9,766,977
2,103,483
100,432,157
71.71
21.93
34.16
48.99
4.30
1.43
6.59
5.47
6.49
6.63
17.40
61.41
6.11
6.96
25.00
10.63
28.82
5.48
12.04
5.79
5.87
GRAND TOTAL
2,655,542,710 11.79 9,615,673,925 42.70 1,935,517,370 8.60
98
-------
TRI Total Release* and Transfers
Industrial Activities and Uses
Facilities that reported manufacturing as their sole activity with TRI
chemicals submitted only seven percent of the total number of 1987
TRI forms received by EPA, but accounted for 56 percent (12.1 billion
pounds) of all TRI releases and transfers (Figure 5-4). (Industrial
activities and uses are detailed hi Chapters 2 and 3.)
Facilities that reported/wocm/ngo/i/y submitted 28 percent of all TRI
forms but released or transferred only six percent of the total.
Facilities that reported other uses onfy submitted the largest portion
of forms (44 percent) but accounted for only 12 percent of the total
TRI releases and transfers. Combined uses were reported on 20
percent of all TRI forms and accounted for 27 percent of all releases
and transfers.
Fifty-six percent of
TRI releases and
transfers were from
facilities with
manufacturing ac-
tivities only.
TABLE 5-7 (Continued)
INDUSTRY
Food Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Umber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastic Products
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Good
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 38
No SIC codes in 20 -39
TOTAL
ON-SFTE
LAND
Pounds Percent
23,018,190
10,810
642,327
1,500
2,625,119
28,105
77,350,923
2,597
900,323,396
39,701,782
806,162
166,320
25,056,647
1,021,550,898
4,970,842
660,719
7,315,930
5,397,988
164,116
248,233
249,504,529
92,342,831
8.02
0.10
0.18
0.03
7.30
0.05
2.76
0.00
UNDERGROUND
INJECTION
Pounds Percent
190,566
0
0
0
0
0
30,894
0
7.45 2,902,166,936
5.21
0.29
0.32
21.42
39.39
1.82
0.67
2.46
1.62
0.20
0.68
14.59
62.42
21,174,667
49,800
0
6,326,300
90,418,540
1,453,671
0
2,437,306
47,339
0
250
217,854,136
312,352
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.01
2.78
0.02
0.00
5.41
3.49
0.47
0.00
0.82
0.01
0.00
0.00
12.74
-0.21
TRANSFERS
OFF-SITE
Pounds
10,077,922
458,196
9,058,955
94,221
3,909,453
7,857,362
129,014,310
5,364,131
720,337,123
205,764,651
30,177,303
3,878,288
50,081,467
960,608,352
104,277,700
33,764,108
76,291,668
91,310,180
21,725,976
8,842,508
131,767,953
11,295,538
Percent
3.51
4.38
2.59
1.98
10.87
13.16
4.60
8.52
5.96
26.99
10.89
7.45
42.82
37.04
34.05
34.07
26.35
27.47
26.78
24.34
7.71
7.64
TOTALTRI TOTAL
RELEASES/ RELEASES/
TRANSFERS TRANSFER
Pounds RANK
287,01 1 ,684
10,461,861
349,911,142
4,770,371
35,960,744
59,715,475
2,807,409,484
62,936,388
12,088,829,671
762,361,469
277,096,613
52,087,328
116,968,737
2,593,238,041
306,289,006
99,091,372
297,117,232
332,397,007
81,141,337
36,324,473
1,709,984,714
147,939,922
10
21
6
22
- 20
17
2
16
1
5
11
18
13
3
a
14
9
7
15
19
4
12
GRAND TOTAL
2,451,889,964 10.89 3,242,462,757 14.40 2,617,957,365 11.63 22,519,044,091
99
-------
Chapter 5
Food(20)
Tob*ceo(21)
T*xtll**(22>
App*r*l(23)
Lumb.r(24)
Furnllur.(25)
P*p*r(26>
Prlntlng(27)
Ch«mlc«l«(28)
P*trol*um(29>
Pl**tlc*(30)
L**th*r(31)
8ton*/CI*y(32)
Prim. M*t*l*<33)
Fab. M*UI*(34)
M*cnln*ry(36)
El*etrlo*l(36)
Tr*n*port*tlon(37)
ln«trura«nt((38)
Mlto. Manulict.(38)
Multiple Cod« 20-39
No Cod** In 20-39
26%
Air
On-8lt* Lend
60%
@ 8urf.ce Water
VB& Underground
76%
Public 8*wag*
Off-Site Tr*n*f*r
100%
Figure 5-3.
and Tran8fere Reported by
Percent
20
10
Manuftetur* Proo*** Other U*e* Combined Uee* Unknown
•VR*!***** a Tr*n*f*r* ^^Form*
Figure 5-4.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers by Industrial Actlvltes and Uses, 1987.
100
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfers
Off-site Transfers
TRI facilities transferred 4.6 billion pounds, or 20 percent of the TRI
total, to off-site locations for treatment or disposal. Almost half of this
amount (1.9 billion pounds) was discharged to public sewage systems;
the remaining 2.6 billion pounds were sent to other locations for
treatment and/or disposal (see Figure 5-1, above). These faculties
include private wastewater treatment plants, incinerators, landfills,
and underground injection wells.
While transfers to public sewage systems are generally local, other
off-site transfers may cross state lines. In general, off-site transfer data
in this report refer to facilities and states where the chemicals
originated, rather than those to which they were transferred. Chapters
10 and 12 describe facilities and states that received off-site transfers.
Figure 5-2 (above) shows the relationship of on-site releases to off-site
transfers in 20 states with the largest TRI totals. Three states ac-
counted for 40 percent of total off-site transfers: Michigan (540
million pounds); Texas (282 million pounds); and Ohio (232 million
pounds) (Table 5-2, above).
States also differed markedly in the degree to which their facilities
transferred wastes off-site. Michigan facilities transferred 73 percent
of their TRI total off-site; Pennsylvania and Vermont followed with 41
percent and 39 percent, respectively. On the other hand, only two
percent of California's TRI total, and six percent of Louisiana's were
transferred to off-site facilities, the remainder being on-site releases.
Industries too differ in their patterns of on-site releases/off-site trans-
fers. The Primary Metals industry transferred 37 percent of its TRI
total off-site; the Chemical industry only 6 percent (Table 5-7, above).
Together, these two industries accounted for 64 percent of total
off-site transfers for all industries reporting under TRI.
Over four billion
pounds of TRI chem-
clals were trans-
ferred In 1987 to
off-*lte locations for
storage, treatment,
or disposal.
Facilities in
Michigan, Texas, and
Ohio generated 40
percent of all TRI off-
site transfers.
Michigan facilities
transferred 73 per-
cent of their TRI
total off-site.
101
-------
Chapter 5
Chemical Releases and Transfers
Twenty-five TRI
chemical* accounted
for 94 percent of
total TRI releases
and transfers In 1987.
Acids, bases and
salts accounted for
69 percent of total
TRI releases and
transfers In 1987.
Maps can be used
to compare pat-
terns of releases
and transfers
The 25 chemicals with the largest TRI totals accounted for 94 percent
of all releases and transfers in 1987 (Chapter 4, Table 4-2). As men-
tioned earlier, 12.1 billion pounds of sodium sulfate dominated TRI
totals, accounting for 54 percent of all releases and transfers.
Aluminum oxide was the only other chemical with a TRI total of
greater than one billion pounds.
A total of 123 of the 328 TRI chemicals and categories were released
in quantities of over one million pounds. Nineteen chemicals were
reported in amounts smaller than 1,000 pounds (see Chapter 4).2
Chemical Classes
Acid^ases/salts (of which sodium sulfate is a member) accounted
for 69 percent (15.5 billion pounds) of total TRI releases and transfers
in 1987. Metals and metal compounds followed with 15 percent of the
total, and organics with 10 percent (see Chapter 4, Figure 4-1). No
other chemical class accounted for more than ten percent of the TRI
total (see Chapter 4 for a discussion of the chemical classes).
Within each class, a few chemicals accounted for the bulk of the total
of the class. Sodium sulfate and five other acid^ases/salts accounted
for 96 percent of the total releases and transfers for the class. The top
five metals and metal compounds accounted for 90 percent in that
class. Five top chemicals also accounted for 99 percent of non-metals;
81 percent of halo-organics; and 60 percent of organics.
Selected Chemicals
The geographical distribution of TRI releases and transfers differ for
different chemicals. Maps 5-3 through 5-8 show the TRI total releases
and transfers in 1987 for a variety of chemicals. Comparing 1,1,1-
trichloroethane to trichloroethylene, for instance, it is apparent that
although Illinois and Indiana were large contributors for both chemi-
cals, California and Connecticut had large TRI sums for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, but relatively small amounts for trichloroethylene.
North Carolina and Michigan topped the states for toluene releases
and transfers, while the Southwest played a predominant role in the
TRI total for arsenic compounds.
Not including the 55 TRI chemicals for which no reports were received at all See
Table 4-3.
102
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfers
Thousands of Pound*
I | ot. 1,000
I ) 1,000 u »,ooo
f,OOOU 10,000
10,000 to 10,000
Map 5-3.
Total Releases and Transfers of Toluene Reported to TRI.1987.
Thousand* of Pounds
OK 100
j 100191,000
1,000102,500
1,100 to (,000
^^H 'k 5,000
Map 5-4.
Total Releases and Transfers of Trichloroethylene Reported to TRI.1987.
103
-------
Chapter 5
Thousands of Pounds
0 to 1,000
1,000 to 2,800
[ I «,«00 Id (,000
9,00010 10,000
Map 5-5.
Total Releases and Transfers of 1,1,1 ,-Trlchloroethane Reported to TRI.1987.
Map 5-6.
Total Releases and Transfers of Asbestos Reported to TRI, 1987.
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfers
Map 5-7.
Total Releases and Transfers of Arsenic Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987.
Thousand* of Pounds
I ouaoo
(00to 1,000
1,000 to l,»00
l,f 00 to 1,000
> 1,000
Map 5-8.
Total Releases and Transfers of Freon 113 Reported to TRI, 1987.
105
-------
Chapter 5
Eighteen percent of
TRI releases and
transfers were ac-
tual measurements.
Facility Methods for Determining TRI Data
TRI instructed facilities to report chemical releases and transfers to
the extent that data were available or reasonably ascertainable, and to
indicate how they arrived at the reported amounts. Actual measure-
ments were to be used if available. Otherwise, facilities provided data
based on estimates or calculation.
Figure 5-5 displays percentage of releases and transfers according to
the different methods used to arrive at the data. The largest portion
of the TRI data (8.6 billion pounds, or 38 percent) was reported based
on mass balance calculations. Another 25 percent were reported
using "other" estimates (such as other engineering calculations or
best judgement); 18 percent were measured and a small fraction were
based on published emission factors. Reporting methods for the
remainder were not indicated.
Different methods prevailed in different environmental media (Fig-
ure 5-6). For instance, almost 24 percent of all releases to land were
directly measured, while only nine percent of air emissions were
Calculated
38%
Measured
18%
Emissions Factor
2%
Unknown
17%
Figure 5-5.
Basis of Estimates for total TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987.
106
-------
TRI Total Releases and Transfers
Percent
Air
Surf. Water Public Sewage On-slte Land Undergrnd Off-site Transf
Measured
Other
RS^l Calculated
tJinnH Unknown
Emissions Factor
Figure 5-6.
Basis of Estimate by TRI Release and Transfer Type, 1987.
measured. Such differences are likely to arise from the fact that the
land releases are more readily contained and collected for measure-
ment, whereas air emissions tend to be dispersed, uncontained, and
difficult to measure.
107
-------
-------
Chapter 6. Air Emissions
Introduction
Facilities filing Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) forms reported total
air emissions of 2.7 billion pounds for 1987, which is 12 percent of the
22.5 billion pounds of TRI chemical releases and transfers into the
total environment for 1987 (Figure 6-1).
Of the 2.7 billion pounds of TRI air emissions, 1.8 billion pounds (68
percent) were point source emissions, while 0.8 billion pounds (32
percent) were fugitive emissions. Point source emissions are releases
to the air from a discrete source, such as a smokestack or vent. Fugitive
emissions do not have a clearly identifiable single point of origin, and
include such examples as evaporative losses and leaks.
Facilities reported
releases of 2.7 bil-
lion pounds of TRI
chemicals into the
air In 1987.
Sixty-eight percent
of TRI air emissions
were from point
sources, 32 percent
were fugitive emis-
sions.
UNDERGROUND
14%
OFF-SITE
12%
LAND
11%
PUBLIC SEW&GE
9*-'
AIR
12%
POINT SOURCE
68%
SURFACE WKTER
43%
Total Releases:
22.5 Billion Pounds
FUGITIVE
32%
Air Emissions:
2.7 Billion Pounds
Figure 6-1.
Air Emissions Compared to Total TRI Releases and Transfers.1987.
109
-------
Chapter 6
Ten states ac-
counted for 50 per-
cent of the total TRI
air emissions for
1987.
This chapter presents an overview of the TRI air emissions informa-
tion for 1987 and reviews the locations of the largest emissions, the
industries that account for the largest emissions, and the identity of
the TRI chemicals emitted to air in 1987.1
Geographical Distribution of Air Emissions
States
Texas facilities reported the largest total air emissions of TRI chemi-
cals for 1987 (Map 6-1, Table 6-1). That state's 239 million pounds of
TRI air emissions represented 9 percent of all releases reported to air
under TRI nationwide. Figure 6-2 illustrates the relative contributions
of point source and fugitive emissions to TRI air release totals
reported in each of the 20 states reporting the largest total air emis-
sions for 1987. Ten states accounted for 50 percent of the total air
emissions reported for 1987.
250
200
150
Millions of Pounds
100
TXOHLATN VA Ml IN IL ALNCGANYPA CA UT SC MS AR KYMO
FUGITIVE
POINT SOURCE
Figure 6-2. " ~
The 20 States with the Largest Total Air Emissions of TRI Chemicals,1987.
TRI release and transfer data are not direct indicators of risk to human health
or exposure to the chemicals reported. Nor do they necessarily present a total
picture of all hazardous chemicals released to the atmosphere. Chapter 2
describes the scope of TRI data in further detail, and Box 5-C discusses the risks
of TRI releases.
110
-------
POUNDS
B < 225,000
225,000-1,000,000
> 1,000,000
Map 6-1. Total Air Emissions of TRI Chemicals Reported Nationwide, by County, 1987.
I
n
-------
Chapter 6
TABLE 6-1. TRI FACILITIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF AIR EMISSIONS BY STATE, 1987
TOTAL TO FAdLTlES TO FORMS
TF«AIR . REPORTING REPORTING
EMISSIONS AIR EMISSIONS AIR EMISSIONS
Rank STATE Number Number
29 Alaska
53 American Samoa
• 35 Arizona
18 Arkansas
14 California
40 Colorado
31 Connecticut
41 Delaware
21 Florida
11 Georgia
50 Hawaii
44 Idaho
8 Illinois
7 Indiana
26 Iowa
32 Kansas
19 Kentucky
3 Louisiana
36 Maine
34 Maryland
30 Massachusetts
6 Michigan
23 Minnesota
17 Mississippi
20 Missouri
43 Montana
37 Nebraska
52 Nevada
38 New Hampshire
24 New Jersey
45 New Mexico
12 New York
10 Norm Carolina
51 North Dakota
2 Ohio
27 Oklahoma
33 Oregon
13 Pennsylvania
39 Puerto Rico
42 Rhode Island
16 South Carolina
47 South Dakota
4 Tennessee
1 Texas
15 Utah
49 Vermont
48 Virgin Islands
5 Virginia
25 Washington
26 West Virginia
22 Wisconsin
46 Wyoming
7
2
118
234
1,288
144
318
48
326
470
13
35
963
566
219
150
251
209
66
143
467
588
224
203
403
24
111
26
96
683
28
623
650
24
1,011
165
157
810
128
126
315
27
.413
823
81
39
1
327
243
81
507
17
40
2
342
689
3,863
386
972
177
825
1,412
49
94
3,032
1,925
647
501
1,050
1,287
230
496
1 9Q7
!,£&/
2,250
732
615
1,366
113
284
55
275
2,301
92
1,992
2,026
54
3,625
480
469
2,773
387
296
1,119
50
1,256
3,890
284
112
18
1,055
727
527
1,553
78
TRI AIR EMISSIONS
TOTAL AIR POINT SOURCE FUGITIVE
Pounds Percent Pounds Pounds
98,339,784
31,707,083
56,250
16,565,691
54,559,906
82,708,429
11,010,395
26,078,031
6,036,385
50,196,070
93,586,285
1,064,495
4,176,707
99,226,761
112,870,299
39,238,921
24,738,143
51,666,181
138,254,193
14,607,382
20,234,753
30,061,360
116,359,932
42,095,160
57,285,976
50,623,710
5,255,856
14,403,622
742,389
12,983,935
41,983,116
3,831,726
89,399,757
94,568,576
935,275
172,685,650
36,445,117
20,941,392
87,547,598
12,867,913
5,927,841
64,215,277
2,441,359
135,010,665
236,817,765
77,327,036
1,379,661
2,033,873
132,436,076
40,637,496
35,564,455
48,656,361
3,154,641
3.70
1.19
0.00
0.62
2.05
3.11
0.41
0.98
0.23
1.89
3.52
0.04
0.16
3.74
4.25
1.48
0.93
1.95
5.21
0.55
0.76
1.13
4.38
1.59
2.16
1.91
0.20
0.54
0.03
0.49
1.58
0.14
3.37
3.56
0.04
6.50
1.37
0.79
3.30
0.48
0.22
2.42
0.09
5.08
8.99
2.91
0.05
0.08
4.99
1.53
1.34
1.83
0.12
80,087,235
31,418,571
0
8,131,772
44,131,320
46,952,884
5,705,790
11,214,461
4,709,325
30,579,110
73,855,512
550,490
3,084,475
57,457,414
66,005,829
30,879,630
17,032,858
34,135,965
113,446,302
10,784,892
14,510,171
20,024,864
89,776,648
34,506,627
41,836,600
38,334,504
1,222,747
10,653,619
403,867
10,068,734
25,387,983
2,704,713
55,808,280
62,619,342
702,032
127,288,907
27,235,956
12,228,299
55,643,150
5,453,741
2,891,864
45,683,396
1,806,035
81,516,954
107,605,315
72,302,799
939,015
907,773
107,044,894
23,992,020
20,326,581
37,736,499
1,058,894
18,252,549
290,512
56,250
7,433,919
10,428,586
35,755,545
5,304,605
14,863,570
1,327,060
19,616,960
19,730,773
514,005
1,092,232
41,769,347
46,864,470
8,359,291
7,705,285
17,530,216
24,807,891
3,822,490
5,724,582
10,036,496
26,583,284
7,588,533
15,449,376
12,289,206
4,033,109
3,750,003
338,522
2,915,201
16,595,133
1,127,013
33,591,477
31,949,234
233,243
45,396,743
9,209,161
8,713,093
31,904,448
7,414,172
3,035,977
18,531,881
635,324
53,493,711
131,212,450
5,024,237
440,646
1,126,100
25,391,182
16,645,476
15,237,674
10,919,862
2,095,747
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTS
15,269
79.31
51,281 2,655,542,710 100.00 1,811,384,658 844,158,052
69.16
11.79
8.04
3.75
112
-------
Air Emissions
States had different ratios of point source to fugitive emissions (Table
6-1). For example, while Texas ranked first for total air emissions and
fugitive emissions, Ohio ranked first for point source emissions.
Likewise, states such as Utah and Pennsylvania had comparatively low
total reported air emissions, but relatively high point source or fugi-
tive emissions. Facilities in most jurisdictions reported greater point
source emission totals than fugitive emissions. The noteworthy excep-
tions to this pattern were Texas, the Virgin Islands, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, Montana, Wyoming, Puerto Rico, and American Samoa.
Counties
Total air emissions in the top 25 counties accounted for more than one
fourth (27 percent) of total air emissions of TRI chemicals (Table 6-2).
The 68.1 million pounds of air emissions reported in Tooele County,
Utah represented 88 percent of that state's total reported air emis-
sions for 1987. Most of Tooele County's reported air emissions were
point source emissions (68.0 million pounds, or 99 percent).
Facilities in most
states reported
greater point
source emissions
than fugitive emis-
sions.
TABLE 6-2. THE 25 COUNTIES WITH THE LARGEST
TOTAL TRI AIR EMISSIONS. 1967
COUNTY
TOOELE
WARREN
MOBILE
ASCENSION
UNION
HARRIS
SULLIVAN
LOS ANGELES
COOK
KENAI-COOK INLET
ECTOR
MONROE
JEFFERSON
BRAZORIA
CALCASIEU
CHATHAM
ST JAMES
MISSISSIPPI
HAMBLEN
WAYNE
CALHOUN
LAKE
SHELBY
ALLEQHANY
CATAWBA
STATE
UT
VA
AL
LA
OH
TX
TN
CA
IL
AK
TX
NY
TX
TX
LA
QA
LA
AR
TN
Ml
TX
IN
TN
VA
NC
PERCENT
TOTAL TRI OF TOTAL
AIR TRI AIR
EMISSIONS EMISSIONS
Pounds IN THE STATE
68,144,850
51,098,900
49,266,863
48,218,582
45,004,443
44,494,717
41.302,752
33,626,407
32,560,271
30,320,680
28,762,473
26.997,832
24,688,055
21,757,503
18,449,181
17,647,853
17,411,144
17,231,272
16,334,243
16,072,633
16,006,412
15,126,356
14,143,623
14,018,774
13,980,480
88.13
38.58
50.10
34.88
26.06
18.63
30.59
40.66
32.81
95.63
12.04
30.20
10.34
9.11
13.34
18.86
12.59
31.56
12.10
13.81
6.70
13.40
10.48
10.59
14.78
TOTAL
722,666,299
2751
113
-------
Chapter 6
Four Industries ac-
counted for 61 per-
cent of the total TRI
air emissions for
1987.
Industries Reporting TRI Air Emissions
Industrial Distribution
Four industries accounted for 61 percent of the total air emissions of
TRI chemicals reported for 1987 (Figure 6-3, Table 6-3). The Chemi-
cal and Allied Products industry was the largest emitter, with industry-
wide air emissions of 946 million pounds (36 percent of all reported
air emissions), four times the amount of any other industry. Other top
emitters were the Primary Metals, the Paper and Allied Products, and
the Transportation Equipment industries. Facilities reporting multi-
ple industry categories accounted for an additional eight percent of
the total air emissions. (Appendix C lists industries covered by TRI.)
The ratio of point to fugitive air emissions was around 70 to 30 for
most industries (Table 6-3). The ratio for the Chemical industry was
70 percent point to 30 percent fugitive; for Primary Metals the ratio
was 69 to 31. The Paper industry had a higher than average ratio of
point source to fugitive emissions, with fully 83 percent of its air
emissions emanating from point sources. In contrast, for three in-
dustries-Food Products, Apparel, and Printing/Publishing-the
ratio was reversed, with approximately 30 percent point source emis-
sions and 70 percent fugitive.
Food(20)
Tobacco(21
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Prim. Metals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Instruments
Misc. Manufacu
22
23
24
25
26
27
OQ
•CO
29
30
(31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Multiple Codes 20-39
No Codes in 20-39
% 17.338
- 7.667
• 36.30*
-2.ZS6
• 28.88
• 60.628
•^^K
HI 14.112
M 262.64
MM 7».i38
••^ 143.761
h 14.096
1 27.036
immmim
@ 234.284
••H 108.S22
f^ 49.699 |
tggii 110.36
••Km
K 46.331
I 24.366
^••KH
\ 14.736
1 213.664
i 211.26
^
™
^6.396
Fugitive
Point Source
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Millions of Pounds
Figure 6-3.
Total Air Emissions of TRI Chemicals by Industry, 1987.
114
-------
Air Emissions
2,500,000 to 8,000,000
''-, '7-1 8,000,000 to 10,000,000
Map 6-2.
Air Emissions of TRI Chemicals by the Transportation Industry (SIC 37),1987.
TABLE 6-3. TRI FACIIJTIES, FORMS AND AIR EMISSIONS BY INDUSTRY, 1987
TOTAL
AIR
FACILTIES
WITH
AIR
EMISSIONS SIC
Rank
18
21
14
22
16
11
3
10
1
9
6
20
15
2
8
12
7
4
13
17
5
19
FORMS
WITH
AIR
EMISSIONS EMISSIONS
CODE INDUSTRY
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
Food Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper Products
Printing, Publishing
Chemical Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastic Products
Leather Products
Stone, Clay, Glass Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric and Electronic Equip.
Transportation Equipment
Measuring, Photographic Good
Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes In 20 - 30
No SIC codes in 20 -30
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
Number
715
18
284
23
427
315
476
248
3,260
265
987
94
467
1,053
1,936
663
1,236
819
268
281
1,190
264
15,289
79.31%
Number
1,066
44
538
36
1,150
1,239
1,624
456
15,817
2,261
2,189
312
1,181
3,830
5,092
1,568
3,679
3,301
719
669
3,709
801
51,281
69.16%
TOTAL
Pounds
17,337,833
7,566,510
38,305,895
2,295,032
26,879,647
50,928,135
232,639,586
54,122,107
946,395,722
79,137,824
143,760,863
14,098,158
27,035,373
234,283,732
109,921,878
49,698,725
110,349,790
213,563,972
46,331,187
24,865,197
211,289,810
14,735,754
2,655,542,710
10.72%
AIR EMISSIONS
POINT
SOURCES
Pounds
5,093,410
3,343,943
28,834,010
701,745
20,405,625
44,445,308
193,708,958
18,121,308
661,646,057
33,316,091
107,845,119
12,250,738
16,783,774
161,456,085
67,375,722
26,547,979
77,509,333
135,275,132
32,434,040
18,516,905
137,228,720
8,764,656
1,811,384,658
8.04%
FUGITIVE
Pounds
12,244,423
4,222,567
9,471,885
1,593,287
6,474,022
6,482,827
38,930,628
36,000,799
284,749,665
45,821,733
36,115,744
1,847,420
10,271,599
72,827,647
42,546,156
23,150,746
32,840,457
78,288,840
13,897,127
6,348,292
74,061,090
5,971,098
844,158,052
3.75%
PERCENT
FUGITIVE
OF TOTAL
EMISSIONS
70.62%
55.81%
24.73%
69.42%
24.09%
12.73%
16.73%
66.52%
30.09%
57.90%
25.12%
13.10%
37.99%
31.09%
38.71%
46.58%
29.76%
36.66%
30.00%
25.53%
35.05%
40.52%
31.79%
115
-------
Chapter 6
Facilities reporting
uses other than
manufacturing or
processing emitted
the largest amounts
of air emissions.
Air emissions from the Transportation Equipment industry, which
had a ratio 63 percent point to 37 percent fugitive, were concentrated
in the Great Lakes area and in California (Map 6-2).
Industrial Activities and Uses
Facilities that reported using TRI chemicals under the manufacture
only category accounted for just 11 percent of total TRI air emissions
(Figure 6-4), in contrast to the overall pattern for TRI releases and
transfers (see Chapter 5, Figure 5-4). Those reporting under process
onfy accounted for a similarly small proportion of total TRI air
emissions (15 percent), while reports identifying combined uses and
other uses accounted for 35 percent and 38 percent respectively. The
large contribution of the other uses category may be partially explained
by the fact that many volatile chemical solvents (toluene and acetone,
for example) may be employed for other uses such as industrial
cleaners, solvents, or degreasers, during which the entire amount of
the chemical may be emitted to the air through evaporation.
Percent
Manufacturing Process Other Uses Combined Uses Unknown
TRI Air Emissions
Air Emissions Forms
Figure 6-4.
Total TRI Air Emissions by Industrial Activities and Uses, 1987.
116
-------
Air Emissions
TRI Chemicals Emitted To Air
Twenty-five TRI chemicals accounted for more than 88 percent of all
reported air emissions for 1987 (Table 6-4). These 25 chemicals
contributed 2.3 billion pounds of the 2.7 billion pounds of air emissions
reported for all TRI chemicals. Ammonia was the TRI chemical
emitted hi the largest amount (318 million pounds) in 1987.
Nineteen of the top twenty-five chemicals for TRI air emissions were
released in larger amounts from point sources than through fugitive
emissions. The notable exceptions include 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
ethylene, propylene, Freon 113, tetrachloroethylene, and benzene. All
of these chemicals are highly volatile (easily evaporated) and belong
to either the organics or halo-organics classes.
Facilities reported air emissions for 257 of the 272 TRI chemicals for
which some TRI releases or transfers were reported for 1987. No air
emissions were reported for 15 of these 272 TRI chemicals for 1987
(Table 6-5).
Twenty-five chemi-
cals accounted for
over 85 percent of
•111987 TRI air
emissions. Am-
monia was emitted
to air in the largest
amounts.
Only 15 of the
reported TRI chemi-
cals had no
reported air emis-
sions in 1987.
Chemical Classes
Table 6-6 lists the total TRI air emissions by chemical class and
includes a listing of the chemicals which are released or transferred
in the largest amounts within the classes for the TRI database as a
whole. (Chemical classes are defined in Chapter 4). Figure 6-5 com-
pares total environmental releases and transfers to point source and
fugitive air release totals for the chemical classes. Unlike total TRI
releases and transfers, for which the acids/bases/salts class dominates,
non-halogenated organics accounted for the largest portion (56 per-
cent) of point source air emissions, followed by non-metallic inor-
ganics (21 percent). Similarly, Figure 6-6 shows that organics
accounted for the largest portion (59 percent) of fugitive air emissions.
However, in this case the class of halo-organics contributed the
second largest amount—27 percent of all fugitive air emissions.
Organic (non-
halogenated) TRI
chemicals made up
over 50 percent of
all air emissions.
117
-------
Chapter 6
TABLE 6-4. THE 25 TH CHEMICALS WITH THE LARGEST TOTAL AJR EMBSIONS. 1987
TOTAL FORMS
TO REPORTING TOTAL TH TOAM THAIR
RELEASE/ THAIR AR POMTSOURCE FUGITIVE
TRANSFER EMISSIONS EMBSIONS
Rnk
7
9
8
11
14
13
12
18
17
19
2
24
25
4
26
39
28
31
35
27
43
33
45
52
5
CHEMKALNAME Numbar Pound*
AMMONIA 2,015 318,028225
TOLUENE 3,052 258,279298
METHANOL 1,870 196,038,365
ACETONE 1.961 178,348.341
1.1.1-THCHLOROETHANE 2.915 151233.854
METHYL ETHYL KETONE 2.019 145.810,523
XYLENE (MIXED HOMERS) 2.625 137243,778
CARBON DBUWDE 78 136,167.830
nCHLOROMETHANE 1.329 118.439.343
CHLORME 1.179 110.349.352
ALUMMUMOXDE 860 83.845,554
ETHYLENE 236 60,792.720
FREON 113 991 53,105.656
HYDROCHLORRACD 1.980 52.51Z848
TOCHLOROETHVLENE 821 50254.196
PHOPYLENE 275 36.156.393
GLYCOL ETHERS 907 38.067,081
N-BUTYLALCOHOL 864 32.640,700
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE 601 32.163,556
STYRENE 795 30,197,425
BENZENE 455 28.233.524
METHYL BOBUTVL KETONE 698 27.522278
CHLOROFORM 160 25.368.084
CARBONYLSUUHDE 19 20,882,955
SULFURICACO 2279 19.406.368
SUBTOTAL 31.002 2.343.068.247
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS 20.279 312.454.463
GRAND TOTAL 51261 2,655,542,710
Pwunt
11.96
9.73
7.38
6.72
5.70
5.49
5.17
5.13
4.46
4.16
a 16
229
2.00
1.96
1.89
1.44
1.43
123
121
1.14
1.06
1.04
0.96
0.79
0.73
88.23
11.77
100.00
CMMBIONO
Pound* Pi
263255,197
158224.319
150.553.896
93,382.064
67.675,070
107.662.482
104.968.124
132,832,898
76,552,562
104,616.580
50,721,534
22.949,800
17.576.656
47,506,062
26.613,963
12.371.697
30.967.766
24,462.853
15,922299
17.984.050
9,077,750
16.808,167
17,561278
20.877.594
17.076.332
1.608,258.981
203,125.677
rant
14.53
8.73
8.31
5.16
3.74
5.94
5.80
7.33
423
5.78
2.80
127
0.97
Z62
1.47
0.68
1.71
1.35
0.88
0.99
0.50
0.93
0.97
1.15
0.94
88.79
1121
1.811.384.658 100.00
EMBSIONS
Pound*
54.773.028
100.054.979
45.484.469
84.986287
83.558.784
38,148,041
32255,654
3,334,932
41.886.781
5.732,772
33.124,020
37.842,920
35.529,000
5.006.786
23,640233
25.784,696
7,079,315
8,177,847
16241257
12213.375
19,155,774
10.716.111
7,786.808
5.361
2,330,036
734.829266
109.328.786
844.156.052
PMeml
6.49 '
11.85
5.39
10.07
9.90
4.52
3.82
0.40
4.96
0.68
&92
4.48
421
0.58
2.00
3.05
0.84
0.97
1.92
1.45
2.27
127
0.92
0.00
028
87.05
1Z95
100.00
TABLE frS. TH CHEMCALS WtTH NO REPORTED AW EMISSIONS. 1987
ITttthm *TPt nl,««wlln«l««nrl«Jlintl AMMM* • M»lnrt»HH
1 2,4,8-TRCHLOROPHENOL
2 2,4-DIAMMOAMSOLE
3 4AMMOAZOBENZENE
4 54ITTROOAMSDME
5 C.I. ACDBLUE9, DIAMMONRJM
6 C.L SOLVENT YELLOW 3
7 DCOFOL
8 ETHYLENE THKXJREA
9 ETHYLENEIMINE
10 HYDRAZINESULFATE
11 NITROGEN MUSTARD
12 N-NITROSOOIPHENYIAMINE
13 POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
14 PROPANE SULTONE
IS P-ANISIDINE
SALT
• »™»w .-»~,~~,
118
-------
Air Emissions
TABLE 6-6. TOTAL TRI AIR EMISSIONS BY CHEMICAL CLASS, 1987
TOTAL
TH
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
Acids/Bases/Salts
1 SODIUM SUU-AI t (tJULUTlON)
3 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
4 HYDROCHLORIC AGIO
5 SULFURICACIO
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
10 PHOSPHORIC ACID
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
POTAL FOB CLASS
Hato-organics
14 1,1,1-TnlCnijuriolEIHANk
17 CHCHLOHOMETHANE
25 FREON113
26 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
35 TETRACHLOHOETHYLENE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL ran CLASS
Metals and Metal Compounds
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
15 COPPER
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
~ TOTAL FOR CLASS
Non-metallic Inorganics
7 AMMONIA
18 CHLORINE
49 ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
50 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
57 CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
ToTAl FOB CLASS
OrQanics (non-naloQenated)
8 MtTHANOL
9 TOLUENE
11 ACETONE
12 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
13 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOB CLASS
34 TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
100 TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
GHAND TOTAL
TOTALTH PERCENT
MR OF TOTAL
EMISSIONS THAIR
Pounds EMISSIONS
5,702,418
6,381,186
52,512,848
19,406,368
7,880,603
1,615,570
93,496,993
27,718,837
121,217,830
151,233,854
118,439,343
53,105,656
50,254,196
32,163,556
405,196,605
65,966,407
471,163,012
83,845,554
2,370,791
5.753,287
2,043,072
4,270,474
98,283,178
15,481,549
113,764,727
318,028,225
110,349,352
181,371
50,455
13,652,773
442,262,176
98,260
442,360,436
196,038,365
258,279,298
178,348,341
137,243,778
145,810,523
915,720,305
584,605,331
1,564,425,636
5,427,665
1,283,404
2,655,542,710
0.21
0.24
1.98
0.73
0.30
0.06
3.52
1.04
4.5e
5.70
4.46
2.00
1.89
1.21
15.26
Z48
17.74
3.16
0.09
0.22
0.08
0.16
3.70
0.58
4.26
11.98
4.16
0.01
0.00
0.51
16.65
0.01
16.66
7.38
9.73
6.72
5.17
5.49
34.48
22.02
56.5(5
0.21
0.05
TRI POINT
SOURCE AIR
EMISSIONS
Pounds Percent
5,586,409
6,114,997
47,506,062
17,076,332
2,448,469
1,224,960
79,957,229
22,623,901
142,541, 136
67,675,070
76,552,562
17,576,656
26,613,963
15,922,299
204,340,550
41,900,791
246,241,341
50,721,534
2,121,996
4,506,127
1,495,407
2,925,056
61,770,124
9,393,671
71,163,785
263,255,197
104,616,560
146,534
39,132
11,965,949
380,023,392
65,427
150,553,898
156,224,319
93,382,054
104,988,124
107,662,482
614,810,875
391,970,969
1,006,781,844
3,398,237
1,129,492
1 ,81 1 ,384,058
0.31
0.34
2.62
0.94
0.14
0.07
4.41
1.25
5.66^
3.74
4.23
0.97
1.47
0.88
11.26
2.31
2.80
0.12
0.25
0.06
0.16
3.41
0.52
14.53
5.78
0.01
0.00
0.66
20.96
0.00
20.98
8.31
8.73
5.16
5.80
5.94
33.94
21.64
55.56
0.20
0.06
TH
FUGITIVE AW
EMISSIONS
Pounot Pwoont
116,009
266,189
5,006,766
2,330,036
5,432,134
390,610
13,541,764
5,094,936
63,558,784
41,886,781
35,529,000
23,640,233
16,241,257
200,856,055
24,065,616
33,124,020
248,793
1,247,160
547,665
1,345,416
36,513,054
6,087,878
54,773,028
5,732,772
34,837
11,323
1,666,624
62,236,764
32,833
62,271 ,eii
45,484,469
100,054,979
84,966,287
32,255,654.
36,148,041
300,909,430
192,634,362
2,029,426
153,912
IP - PPPPPP
8 8 8S8SS2
9.90
4.96
4.21
2.80
1.92
23.79
2.85
3.92
0.03
0.15
0.06
0.16
4.33
0.72
6.49
0.66
0.00
0.00
0.20
7.37
0.01
5.39
11.85
10.07
3.82
4.52
35.65
22.62
0.24
0.02
119
-------
Chapters
Underground
14%
Surface Water
43%
On-Site Land
11%
Public Sewage'
Pt. Source Air
8%
Fugitive Air
4%"'---_
••O.rganlcs
"M.%
Non-metals
21%
Halo-organics
14%
Acids,Bases.Salts
6%
Total Releases & Transfers Pt. Source Air Releases
Figure 6-5. " ~ '
Chemical Class Breakdown of TRI Point Source Air Emissions, 1987. Total point source air emissions were
the total" P°U Emi««ton» of Mixtures and Trade Secrets each accounted for less than one percent of
Underground
14%
On-Site Land
Halo-organica
27%
Acids,Bases,Salts
2%
Surface Water
43%
Total Releases & Transfers Fugitive Air Releases
Figure 6-6.
Chemical Class Breakdown of TRI Fugitive Air Emissions,1987. Total fugitive air emissions were 844
million pounds. Emissions of Mixtures and Trade Secrets each accounted for less than one percent of the
120
-------
Air Emissions
Emissions of NESHAP Chemicals
Nine TRI chemicals and chemical categories2 are also regulated
under EPA's National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pol-
lutants (NESHAP). EPA sets these emissions standards for certain
air pollutants that may pose serious human health hazards, but are not
covered by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. As Table 6-7
shows, emissions of these NESHAP chemicals accounted for one
percent of the total TRI air emissions.
Of the NESHAP chemicals listed in Table 6-7, benzene accounts for
the largest total air emissions for 1987 (28 million pounds, or 93
percent of the subtotal for NESHAP chemicals). Benzene emissions,
reported on 481 forms (45 percent of all TRI chemical report forms
for NESHAP chemicals), accounted for less than one percent of total
TRI air emissions.
All NESHAP chemi-
cals are included on
the TRI chemical
list Air emissions of
these six chemicals
accounted for one
percent of the total
TRI air emissions.
TABLE 6-7. TRI AIR EMISSIONS FOR NESHAP AIR POLLUTANTS,! 987
BENZENE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
VINYL CHLORIDE
ARSENIC
MERCURY
MERCURY COMPOUNDS
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
TRI
FORMS
481
210
154
50
104
39
21
11
8
TRI
AIR
EMISSIONS
Pounds
28,233,524
181,371
50,455
1,716,279
43,532
23,236
2,368
2,000
504
TRI FUGITIVE
AIR
EMISSIONS
Pounds
34,837
11,323
704,595
4,240
17,169
751
750
2
TRI POINT
SOURCE AIR
EMISSIONS
Pounds
146,534
39,132
1,011,684
39,292
6,067
1,617
1,250
502
TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pounds
27,133,899
24,211.770
2,756,258
1,573,148
310,971
85,935
53,075
7,822
SUBTOTAL
1,078 30,253,269
19,929,441 10,323,828 89,010,170
PERCENT OF TOTAL
FOR NESHAPS
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
100.00
1.45
33.99
1.14
22.39
2.36
11.60
0.57
100.00
0.40
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
73,074 2,625,289,441 824,228,611 1,801,060,830 22,430,033,921
74,152 2,655,542,710 844,158,052 1,811,384,658 22,519,044,091
All six NESHAP chemicals are on the list of TRI chemicals. Three of the
six-aisenic, beryllium, and mercury-are included a second time as TRI chemi-
cal categories. Thus, six NESHAP chemicals are represented by nine different
TRI chemicals and chemical categories.
121
-------
Chapter 6
EPA has also set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
under the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments for six pollutants: lead;
oxides of nitrogen; ozone; carbon monoxide; sulfur dioxide; and total
suspended particulates. Of the six, lead (and lead compounds) are
included on the TRI chemical list. In 1987, total TRI air emissions for
lead and lead compounds were 2,487,013 pounds; fugitive emissions
were 773,519 pounds, and point source emissions were 1,713,494. (See
Chapter 12 for further discussion of lead and lead compounds.)
Selected Chemicals
Total TRI air emissions of the individual chemicals trichloroethylene
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane show similar geographic distributions to the
total TRI releases and transfers (compare Maps 6-3 and 6-4 to Maps
5-4 and 5-5). The geographical distribution of ammonia, the TRI
chemical with the highest reported air emissions, shows concentra-
tions in Ohio and Louisiana and throughout the South and Midwest
(Map 6-5).
Total air emissions of benzene, the NESHAP chemical with the largest
amount of air emissions, shows a similar geographic distribution with
the greatest concentrations in Ibxas and states near the Great Lakes
(Map 6-6). Two other maps, for chlorine air emissions (Map 6-7) and
metal and metal compounds (Map 6-8) show that other states (Utah
for chlorine and Washington for metals) also had relatively larger air
emissions of selected chemicals.
122
-------
Air Emissions
Thousands of Pounds
0 to 100
Map 6-3
Total Air Emissions of Trichloroethylene Reported to TRI.1987.
Thousands of Pounds
0 to 100
j j 100 1« 1,
,000
6,000 l« 10,000
Map 6-4.
Total Air Emissions of 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane Reported to TRI.1987.
-------
Chapter 6
Thousands of Pounds
| 0 to 100
100 to 1,000
1,000 to >,000
•,000 la 25,000
Map 6-5.
Total Air Emissions of Ammonia Reported to TRI.1987.
Map 6-6.
Total Air Emissions of Benzene Reported to TRI.1987.
124
-------
Air Emissions
Thousands of Pounds
Map 6-7.
Total Air Emissions of Chlorine Reported to TRI.1987.
Thousands of Pounds
0 to 250
250 to 1,000
1,000 to 2,500
Map 6-8.
Total Air Emissions of Metals and Metal Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987.
125
-------
Chapter 6
Two-thirds of TRI
air emission* were
based on calcula-
tions or estimates;
less than nine per-
cent were
measured.
Basis of Estimate for Air Emissions
Facilities reported whether their air emissions data were based on
measurements, calculations, published emissions factors, or other
methods. Nearly 30 percent of the TRI totals for both point source
and fugitive air emission were arrived at by calculations (Figure 6-7).
"Measured" emissions differed significantly between point source (12
percent) and fugitive emissions (4 percent). In addition, the use of
"emissions factors" for fugitive emissions (12 percent) was double that
for point source emissions (6 percent).
EMISSION MOTOR
CALCULATED
30%
EMISSION FACTOR
12%
CALCULATED
28%
MEASURED
4%
Total Point Source Emissions:
1.8 Billion Pounds
Total Fugitive Emissions:
844 Million Pounds
Figure 6-7.
Basis of Estimate for Air Emissions Reported to TRI, 1987.
126
-------
-------
-------
Chapter 7. Discharges To Water
Introduction
Under the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), facilities reported dischar-
ges of toxic chemicals to surface water, such as rivers, lakes, ponds,
and streams, as well as transfers of toxic chemicals to public sewage
systems.1 Reported discharges to surface waters were dominated by
discharges of a single chemical-sodium sulfate. For surface water
discharges, sodium sulfate represented 94 percent of all reported
discharges. For transfers to public sewage systems, sodium sulfate
was 54 percent of the reported transfers.
This chapter discusses the type and amount of TRI chemicals that
facilities discharged to surface water 6r transferred to public sewage
treatment plants, and which industries and facilities discharged TRI
chemicals. Throughout, the distinction between discharges to surface
waters and transfers to public sewage treatment plants must be recog-
nized. In both cases, chemicals leave a facility as part of a wastewater
stream, but they follow two entirely different paths into the environ-
ment. TRI reports do not determine the actual amount of TRI chemi-
cals released to the environment as a result of transfers to public
sewage systems, and where those chemicals eventually end up - water,
land, or air.
Sodium sulfate ac-
counted for 94 per-
cent of TRI surface
water discharges
and 54 percent of
transfers to public
sewage systems.
Some TRI wastewater discharges are not covered in this chapter wastewaters
released by underground injection (see Chapter 8); and transfers of wastewater
to off-site facilities other than public sewage treatment plants (see Chapter 9).
Although chemicals transferred to public sewage systems are not released directly
to surface waters, they may pass through or interfere with sewage or wastewater
treatment plants, with the result that the chemicals can reach surface waters. In
general, sewage treatment plants remove between 40 and 90 percent of chemicals
pollutants from water, although in some cases these chemicals are transferred to
other segments of the environment in the form of air emissions or as sewage
sludge.
129
-------
Chapter 7
SURFACE WATER
43%
PUBLIC SEWAGE
9%
OFF-SITE
12%
UNDERGRND INJECTION
14%
AIR LAND
12% 11%
Total: 22.5 Billion Pounds
Discharges to Surface Water as a Proportion of TRI Total Releases and Transfers,
DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATER
1987.
Facilities dis-
charged over 9.6 bil-
lion pounds of TRI
chemicals to sur-
face water in 1987.
Facilities discharged larger amounts of TRI chemicals to surface
water than to land or air in 1987. Discharges to surface water ac-
counted for 43 percent (9.6 billion pounds) of total TRI chemical
releases and transfers (Figure 7-1). Despite the dominance of surface
water discharges, they were not frequently reported - only 15 percent
of all TRI facilities (2,663 facilities) reported surface water discharges
in 14 percent of TRI chemical forms (8,851 forms)-suggesting that
the facilities which did discharge TRI chemicals to surface water did
so hi relatively larger amounts than to air or to land.
Sodium sulfate was a major component of discharges to surface water
accounting for almost 94 percent of the total. Without sodium sulfate,^
surface water discharges would comprise a much smaller fraction of
total TRI releases and transfers. The influence of sodium sulfate is
discussed in detail throughout this chapter.
3 EPA has recommended removing sodium sulfate from the TRI chemical list (see
Chapter 4, Box 4-A).
130
-------
Discharges to Water. Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Geographical Distribution of Discharges to Surface
Water
States
Faculties in the Southeast and on the West Coast discharged the
largest amount of chemicals to surface water (Map 7-1, Table 7-1).
California facilities reported the largest amounts, discharging 3.8
billion pounds of TRI chemicals into surface water-40 percent of all
discharges to surface water.
Within California, 97 percent (3.7 billion pounds) of all TRI surface
water discharges consisted of sodium sulfate discharged by a single
facility in Trona, California. Without sodium sulfate, however, the
distribution of surface water discharges differs significantly- Califor-
nia would rank ninth rather than first. See Chapter 5, Box 5-B.
Louisiana facilities discharged the second largest amount of TRI
chemicals to surface water, with discharges totaling 776 million
pounds. Eight other states each released over 200 million pounds of
chemicals to surface water. These top ten states accounted for 82
percent (7.8 billion pounds) of all discharges to surface water (Figure
7-2).
Facilities in Nevada did not report any discharges to surface water;
seven other states each had less than one million pounds of such
discharges (Table 7-1). Discharges from these lowest-ranking eight
jurisdictions represented less than 0.02 percent of the total discharges
to surface water.
Discharges to surface water accounted for more than 70 percent of
total TRI releases and transfers in five states-Maine (89 percent),
Washington (75 percent), Mississippi (72 percent), Georgia (72 per-
cent), and the Virgin Islands (71 percent)-and for more than 50
percent of all TRI releases and transfers in 12 additional states. In
contrast, facilities in 15 jurisdictions discharged less than ten percent
of their total TRI releases and transfers to surface water; in five of
those jurisdictions, they discharged less than one percent of their total
TRI releases and transfers to surface water: Nevada, Arizona, New
Mexico, Utah, and South Dakota. (See Table 5-2.)
Facilities In the
Southeast and on
the West Coast
reported the largest
discharges of TRI
chemicals to sur-
face water; Califor-
nia facilities lead
the nation.
131
-------
If
!
POUNDS
1 < 40,000 | 40,000-1,240,000 | > 1,240,000
Map 7-1. Total Discharges of TRI Chemicals to Surface Water Reported Nationwide, by County, 1987.
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
TABLE 7-1. TRI FACILITIES, FORMS AND DISCHARGES
TO SURFACE WATER BY STATE, 1987
TF»
SURFACE
WATER
DISCHARGE
Rank STATE
4 Alabama
38 Alaska
49 American Samoa
52 Arizona
13 Arkansas
1 California
40 Colorado
31 Connecticut
30 Delaware
15 Florida
6 Georgia
42 Hawaii
25 Idaho
29 Illinois
16 Indiana
34 Iowa
36 Kansas
18 Kentucky
2 Louisiana
12 Maine
14 Maryland
43 Massachusetts
27 Michigan
33 Minnesota
5 Mississippi
28 Missouri
46 Montana
41 Nebraska
53 Nevada
26 New Hampshire
24 New Jersey
50 New Mexico
23 New York
10 North Carolina
47 North Dakota
19 Ohio
20 Oklahoma
21 Oregon
22 Pennsylvania
44 Puerto Rico
35 Rhode Island
7 South Carolina
51 South Dakota
11 Tennessee
3 Texas
48 Utah
45 Vermont
37 Virgin Islands
9 Virginia
8 Washington
17 West Virginia
32 Wisconsin
39 Wyoming
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
TRI FACILITIES
REPORTING
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES
Number
85
5
1
5
43
110
14
78
18
41
90
4
6
118
78
37
20
54
105
24
28
46
94
30
46
46
5
30
0
10
93
2
130
105
3
184
15
32
194
21
14
88
1
72
168
9
7
1
56
56
39
99
3
2.663
13.81
Percent
3.19
0.19
0.04
0.19
1.61
4.13
0.53
2.93
o.ea
1.54
3.38
0.15
0.23
4.43
2.93
1.39
0.75
2.03
3.94
0.90
1.05
1.73
3.53
1.13
1.73
1.73
0.19
1.13
0.00
0.38
3.49
0.08
4.88
3.94
0.11
6.91
0.56
1.20
7.29
0.79
0.53
3.30
0.04
2.70
6.31
0.34
0.26
0.04
2.10
2.10
1.46
3.72
0.11
100.0O
TRI FORMS
REPORTING
SURFACE WATER
RELEASES
Number
321
22
1
12
123
316
41
259
53
96
209
14
17
343
224
105
86
244
614
80
106
117
283
111
160
146
30
50
0
21
310
3
428
298
3
565
73
86
601
72
49
323
2
236
725
32
17
14
170
182
212
231
15
8,851
11.94
Percent
3.63
0.25
0.01
0.14
1.39
3.57
0.46
2.93
0.60
1.08
2.36
0.16
0.19
3.88
2.53
1.19
0.97
2.76
6.94
0.90
1.20
1.32
3.20
1.25
1.81
1.65
0.34
0.56
0.00
0.24
3.50
0.03
4.84
3.37
0.03
6.38
0.82
0.97
6.79
0.81
0.55
3.65
0.02
2.67
8.19
0.36
0.19
0.16
1.92
2.06
2.40
2.61
0.17
100.00
TRI
RELEASES TO
SURFACE
WATER
Pounds
533,895,407
5,221,865
15,750
3,000
171,220,328
3,834,809,964
3,325,009
25,225,312
29,852,685
107,593,997
473,506,462
2,542,000
50,737,549
33,437,606
105,987,418
15,335,547
7,578,737
76,869,713
775,836,21 1
195,803,966
111,795,540
' 2,116,295
38,127,898
15,826,354
473,882,098
36,406,436
791,946
2,754,398
0
42,428,961
55,063,498
9,057
56,110,261
217,090,591
393,600
68,219,055
65,792,624
63,362,600
61,901,577
1,676,734
13,187,892
340,939,102
3,698
196,399,204
659,657,602
133,749
1,113,799
5,303,250
225,383,321
303,684,767
87,295,714
16,563,741
3,460,037
9,615,673,925
42.70
Percent
5.55
0.05
0.00
0.00
1.78
39.88
0.03
0.26
0.31
1.12
4.92
0.03
0.53
0.35
1.10
0.16
0.08
0.80
8.07
2.04
1.16
0.02
0.40
0.16
4.93
0.38
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.44
0.57
0.00
0.58
2.26
0.00
0.71
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.02
0.14
3.55
0.00
2.04
6.86
0.00
0.01
0.06
2.34
3.16
0.91
0.17
0.04
100.OO
133
-------
Chapter?
Billions of Pounds
CA LA TX AL MS GA SC WA VA NC TN ME AR MD FL IN WVKY OH OK
Figure 7-2.
The 20 States with the Largest Discharges to Surface Water, 1987.
TRI surface water
discharges in 25
counties accounted
for over two thirds
of the total for the
nation.
Counties
The 25 counties with the largest surface water discharges of TRI
chemicals accounted for over two-thirds of the nadon's total TRI
discharges to surface water (Table 7-2). Discharges in San Bernardino
County, California, the location of the facility that discharged 3.7
billion pounds of sodium sulfate, comprised 38 percent of all surface
water discharges of TRI chemicals. Without this single release,
facilities in San Bernardino County would have reported 1.1 million
pounds only of discharges to surface water.
Some states had large surface water discharges of TRI chemicals in
several counties. Facilities in each of six Louisiana parishes discharged
more than 50 million pounds of TRI chemicals into surface waters,
thus ranking the six parishes among the top counties (or parishes) for
134
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
surface water discharge. Surface waters in these six parishes received
80 percent (620 million pounds) of Louisiana's total surface water
discharges of TRI chemicals. Other states with several top 25 counties
were Georgia (4 counties), Texas (3 counties), and Alabama (3 coun-
ties).
In some states, surface water discharges of TRI chemicals in a single
county accounted for most of the state's total. For example, the 3.7
billion pounds of TRI chemicals discharged to surface water in San
Bernardino County made up 96 percent of California's total surface
water discharges. Similarly, the 370 million pounds discharged to
surface water in Harrison County, Mississippi constituted 78 percent
of the total releases to surface wafer in that state.
TABLE 7-2. THE 25 COUNTIES WrTH THE LARGEST TRI
RELEASES TO SURFACE WASTERS, 1987
COUNTY
SAN BERNARDINO
HARRISON
HARRIS
MOBILE
BRAZORIA
CHARLESTON
ST JAMES
EAST BATON ROUGE
COWLTTZ
ANNEARUNDEL*
CALCASIEU
WAYNE
FLOYD
WARREN
QLYNN
ASCENSION
CHATHAM
UTTLERIVER
BEAUREGARD
IBERVILLE
MARTIN
MC CURTAIN
AUTAUGA
TAUADEGA
JEFFERSON
SUBTOTAL
STATE
CA
MS
IX
AL
TX
SC
LA
LA
WA
MD
LA
GA
GA
VA
GA
LA
GA
AR
LA
LA
NO
OK
AL
AL
TX
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES
Pounds
3,698,590,507
369,928,087
295,563,279
187,856,883
186,700,897
174,946,450
172.810,740
137,177,733
129,984.181
106,957,137
94,952,372
93,196,361
82,003,719
80,137,150
78,040,088
77,873,065
75.916,582
71,031,000
70,266,100
66,646,126
65.052,372
57,069,900
57,015,100
56,818,459
54,816,432
6,541,350,720
68.03
3.074.323,205
9,615,673.925
PERCENT OF
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES
IN THE STATE
96.45
78.06
44.81
35.19
28.30
51.31
22.27
17.68
42.80
95.67
12.24
19.68
17.32
35.56
16.48
10.04
16.03
41.49
9.06
8.59
29.97
86.74
10.68
10.64
8.31
* Includes substantial discharges from the City of Baltimore, which is not part of
Anne Arundel County.
Facilities in six
Louisiana parishes
discharged more
than 50 million
pounds of TRI
chemicals to sur-
face water.
135
-------
Chapter 7
The Chemical and
Paper industries dis-
charged 83 percent
of the total TRI sur-
face water dischar-
ges.
Industries Discharging TRI Chemicals to Surface
Water
Industrial Distribution
The Chemical and Allied Products and the Paper and Allied Products
industries each discharged more than two billion pounds of TRI
chemicals directly to surface water, accounting for 83 percent of the
total TRI surface water discharges (Figure 7-3, Table 7-3).4 The
Chemical industry discharged 5.8 billion pounds (61 percent of the
nation's surface water discharges) and the Paper industry discharged
2.1 billion pounds (22 percent of the total). Facilities in each of three
additional industries-Petroleum Refining and Related Industries,
Textile Mill Products, and Primary Metals Industry - discharged more
than 100 million pounds of TRI chemicals to surface water. The
surface water discharges of TRI chemicals from these five industries
comprised 90 percent of all such discharges.
_ u.mber
Furniture
Prin'ti
he mica!
role.um
. Jasttcs
_4 Leather
fflS
electrical
Transportation
... Instruments
Misc. Mi
lanufact.
MuJti
le Codes
odes in
m
o.see
- I 0.0(4
0.009
0.001
0.106
0.001
0.004
0.018
0.004
0.003
1 ; r
2 34 5
Billions of Pounds
Figure 7-3.
cooes.
of TRI Chemicals to Surface Water by lndustry,1987. By Standard Industrial Classification
4 See Appendix C for a list of industries covered by TRI reporting requirements.
136
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
The industries reporting the smallest surface water discharges were
Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries; Apparel, Furniture and
Fixtures; Tobacco; and Miscellaneous Manufacturing. These five in-
dustry groups discharged only 0.005 percent of the total amount of
TRI chemicals released to surface water.
Surface water discharges of TRI chemicals for particular industries
were concentrated hi different geographical areas than TRI dischar-
ges from all industries combined. For example, surface water dischar-
ges from faculties in the Paper industry were prominent in the
Southeast, the Gulf Coast, Maine, and Washington (Map 7-2). Com-
paring this map with the map of total TRI releases and transfers (Map
5-1) shows that many of the same areas of the country have high totals
TABLE 7-3. TRI FACILITIES, FORMS, AND DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATER, 1987
TRI
SURFACE
WATER
TRI FACILITIES
WFTH SURFACE
DISCHARGE SIC WATER DISCHARGES
Rank
8
19
5
21
17
20
2
22
1
4
7
15
16
6
11
•19
It
10
13
14
18
3
9
CODE INDUSTRY
20 Food Products
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile Mill Products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Products
25 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper Products
27 Printing. Publishing
28 Chemical Products
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber and Plastic Products
31 Leather Products
32 Stone, Clay. Glass Products
33 Primary Metals
34 Fabricated Metals
IK UonhwMffU awyant rby liL n|
O9 MOCIlHMMy, WUX9|J1 CMMUn^H
36 Electric and Electronic Equip.
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring, Photographic Goods
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 -39
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
Number
169
3
83
2
54
8
214
5
732
133
68
12
86
305
195
50
142
74
22
24
242
40
2.663
13.81
Percent
6.35
0.11
3.12
0.08
2.03
0.30
8.04
0.19
27.49
4.99
2.55
0.45
3.23
11.45
7.32
1.88
5.33
2.78
0.83
0.90
9.09
1.50
100.00
TRI FORMS TRI
WITH SURFACE SURFACE WATER
WATER DISCHARGES DISCHARGES
Number
255
7
209
2
121
24
593
11
3.259
876
108
21
144
1.053
474
133
373
196
83
69
759
81
8,851
11.94
Percent Pounds
2.88 30,560.639
0.08 132,545
2.36 182,363,632
0.02 42,810
1.37 1,001,064
0.27 47,984
6.70 2,183,493,703
0.12 3,521
36.82 5,835.403.944
9.90 366.051,900
1.22 54,077,618
0.24 1.959,658
1.63 1,322,017
11.90 105,944,217
5.36 9,079,259
1.50 4,439.271
4.21 13,080.342
2.21 3,878,314
0.94 3,153,101
0.78 264.802
8.58 799.136.129
0.92 20,237,455
100.00 9.615,673.925
42.70
Percent
0.32
0.00
1.90
0.00
0.01
0.00
22.71
0.00
60.69
3.81
0.56
0.02
0.01
1.10
0.09
0.05
0.14
0.04
0.03
0.00
8.31
0.21
100.00
137
-------
Chapter 7
Map 7-2.
Discharges of TRI Chemicals to Surface Water by the Paper Industry, 1987.
Facilities engaged
In only manufactur-
ing activities dis-
charged over
three-quarters of all
TRI surface water
discharges.
on both maps. This is because discharges to surface waters represent
a large portion (43 percent) of the total TRI releases and transfers.
The exception is the area near the Great Lakes, where TRI totals are
relatively high but discharges to surface waters are not.
Industrial Activities and Uses
Facilities engaged in manufacture only filed 18 percent of all chemi-
cal-specific forms reporting discharges of TRI chemicals to surface
water (1,620 forms), but these manufacturers discharged 77 percent
(7.4 billion pounds) of the total amount of TRI chemicals discharged
to surface water (Figure 7-4). Facilities that reported processing only
submitted 23 percent of TRI chemical forms reporting surface water
discharges, but accounted for only two percent of the total amount of
TRI chemicals discharged. Likewise, facilities reporting other uses of
TRI chemicals filed 30 percent of the forms, but discharged only two
percent of the total amount of TRI chemicals to surface waters.
Approximately 27 percent of the chemical forms reporting discharges
to surface water were from facilities that identified combined uses of
TRI chemicals; these facilities accounted for 19 percent of the total
direct discharges to surface water.
138
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Billions of Pounds
10.0
8.0 -
e.o
4.0
2.0
0.0
3000
N
Manufacture Process Other Uses Combined Uses Unknown
Discharges
I Forms
Figure 7-4.
Distribution of Discharges of TRI Chemicals to Surface Water by Activity and Use, 1987.
Chemicals Discharged to Surface Water
Twenty-five TRI chemicals accounted for 99.9 percent (9.6 billion
pounds) of the total reported discharges of TRI chemicals to surface
water. Sodium sulfate alone accounted for 94 percent (9.1 billion
pounds) of the total. Six other TRI chemicals were discharged in
amounts larger than 30 million pounds each, making up five percent
(443 million pounds) of the total TRI discharges to surface waters.
Together these seven chemicals accounted for 99 percent (9.5 billion
pounds) of the TRI chemicals discharged to surface water. (The
overwhelming role of sodium sulfate, compared to other chemicals in
direct discharges to surface water, is further examined in Box 7-A,
page 169.)
Nine of the top ten TRI chemicals discharged to surface water also
ranked in the top ten for total TRI releases and transfers. Several of
the chemicals that ranked in the top 25 for direct releases to surface
water, however, ranked much lower for total TRI releases and trans-
fers (Table 7-4). Melamine, for example, ranked 21st for surface water
discharges, but 114th for total TRI releases and transfers.
Sodium sulfate
made up 94 percent
of the TRI surface
water discharges.
139
-------
Chapter 7
TABLE 7-4. THE 25 TH CHEMICALS WTTH THE LARGEST
SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES, 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
1 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
10 PHOSPHORIC ACID
3 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
5 SULFURICACID
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
7 AMMONIA
8 METHANOL
22 NITRIC ACID
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
20 AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
19 CHLORINE
49 ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
30 ETHYLENEGLYCOL
11 ACETONE
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
48 FORMALDEHYDE
45 CHLOROFORM
33 METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
114 MELAMINE
34 TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
12 XYLENE (MKED ISOMERS)
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
66 1.3-BUTADIENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
TW FORMS TH
WITH SURFACE SURFACE WATER
WATER DISCHARGES DISCHARGES
Number Percent Pound* Percent
611
126
69
515
343
152
525
194
114
177
59
381
13
184
194
259
123
108
33
69
10
16
182
116
17
4.590
4,261
6.90
1.42
0.78
5.82
3.88
1.72
5.93
Z19
1.29
2.00
0.67
4.30
0.15
2.08
2.19
2.93
1.39
1.22
0.37
0.78
0.11
0.18
2.06
1.31
0.19
51.86
48.14
9.061,039,211
126,832.077
90,169,835
78,730,126
77,533,817
36,101,026
31,641,355
24,909,084
16,642.456
13,674,536
11.716^98
10,975.651
10,468,889
4.251,579
2,032,678
1.630,598
1,610.841
1,361,257
1,116.924
669.597
537.048
507.704
473,529
454,434
432,668
9.607,513.198
8,160,727
94.23
1.34
0.94
0.82
0.81
0.38
0.33
0.26
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
99.92
0.08
GRAND TOTAL
8,851 100.00 9.615.673.925 100.00
Of the 272 chemicals for which TRI releases or transfers were
reported, 217 (80 percent) were discharged to surface water in some
amount. Facilities did not report any surface water discharges of 55
(20 percent) of the TRI chemicals (Table 7-5).
140
-------
Discharges to Water. Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
TABLE 7-5. TRI CHEMICALS WITH NO REPORTED SURFACE
WATER DISCHARGES, 1987
(Of the 272 chemicals for which some releases were reported)
1 1,1-DIMETHYL HYDKAZINb
2 2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE
3 2.6-XYLIDINE
4 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLORO ANILINE)
5 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(N,N-DIMETHYL)
6 4-AMINOAZOBENZENE
7 4-AMINOBIPHENYL
8 4-NITROPHENOL
9 5-NfTRO-O-ANISIDINE
10 ACETAMIDE
11 ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE
12 BENZAL CHLORIDE
13 BENZOIC TRICHLORIDE
14 BENZOYL CHLORIDE
15 BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER
16 BROMOMETHANE
17 CALCIUM CYANAMIDE
18 CAPTAN
19 CHLORAMBEN
20 CHLOROBENZILATE
21 CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER
22 C.I. ACID BLUE 9, DIAMMONIUM SALT
23 C.I. ACID BLUE 9, DISODIUM SALT
24 C.I. BASIC GREEN 4
25 C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 14
26 DICHLOROBROMOMETHANE
27 DICHLORVOS
28 DICOFOL
29 ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
30 ETHYLENETHIOUREA
31 ETHYLENEIMINE
32 FLUOMETURON
33 HYDRAZINE SULFATE
34 MANEB
35 METHYL HYDRAZINE
36 METHYL IODIDE
37 METHYL ISOCYANATE
38 MICHLER'S KETONE
39 M-CRESOL
40 NITROGEN MUSTARD
41 N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
42 POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
43 PROPANE SULTONE
44 PROPOXUR
45 PROPYLENEIMINE
46 P-NITROSODIPHENYIAMINE
47 QUINTOZENE
48 SACCHARIN (MANUFACTURING)
49 SAFROLE
50 TETRACHLORVINPHOS
51 THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
52 THORIUM DIOXIDE
53 TRICHLORFON
54 VINYL BROMIDE
55 ZINEB
141
-------
Chapter?
TABLE 7-6. TRI SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES
BY CHEMICAL CLASS, 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
1
3
4
5
6
10
14
17
25
26
35
2
15
16
21
23
7
19
40
50
57
8
0
11
12
13
34
100
Acids/Bases/Sate
SODIUM SULFAVt (SOLUTION)
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFUFJCACO
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
PHOSPHOPJCACID
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOB CLASS
Hato-organics
'1.1,1-TRlCHIjoHOkinAN'E
DCHLOROMETHANE
FREON113
TRtCHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOHOETHYLENE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
Metals and Metal Compounds
ALUMINUM OXIDE
COPPER
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
Non-metallic Inorganics
AMMONIA
CHLORINE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FRABLE)
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
Oraankajnon-hatogeoated)
MEiHANuL
TOLUENE
ACETONE
XVLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FoB CLASS
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI PERCENT OF
SURFACE WATER TOTAL TH
DISCHARGES SURFACE WATER
(pounds) DISCHARGES
9,061,039,211
90,169,835
13,674,536
77,533,817
78,730,126
128,832,077
9,449,979,602
28,719,565
9,478,699,167
40,700
369,150
36,587
31,467
154,971
632,875
2,051,948
2,684,823
36,101,026
276,053
1,630,598
689,597
454,434
39,131,708
2,054,265
41,165,973
31,641,355
10,975,651
10,468,869
20,129
7,965
53,113,988
187,653
53,301,622
24,909,084
339,959
2,032,678
473,529
75,891
27,830,941
11,452,275
39,283,216
507,704
11,420
9,615,673,925
94.23
0.94
0.14
0.81
0.82
1.34
98.27
0.30
98.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.83
0.38
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.41
0.02
C.4T
0.33
0.11
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.55
0.00
0.55
0.26
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.29
0.12
6.41
0.01
0.00
100.00
142
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Chemical Classes
The acids/bases/salts class, which includes sodium sulfate, accounted
for 98.6 percent (9.5 billion pounds) of discharges of TRI chemicals
to surface water (Table 7-6). The other chemical classes each ac-
counted for less than one percent of surface water discharges of TRI
chemicals. Without discharges of sodium sulfate, the acids/bases/salts
class would account for 75 percent of discharges to surface water; the
class of non-metallic organics would represent 10 percent with the two
classes—metals and metal compounds and non-halogenated or-
ganics—both with about 7 percent.
This 9.5 billion pounds of TRI surface water discharges accounted for
over half (61 percent, 9.5 billion pounds) of the total releases and
transfers of the acids/bases/salts category of TRI chemicals dis-
charged to surface water (Figure 7-5). In contrast, discharges to
surface water represented a very small percentage of the total TRI
releases and transfers for each of the other chemical classes. The
percentages are small enough that the surface water discharges are
hardly visible for the other classes in Figure 7-5 due to the size of the
scale used to accommodate the large discharges of acids/bases/salts.
Chemicals in the
•cid*/ba*e*/*arts
class, Including
sodium sulfate, ac-
counted for nearly
99 percent of all TRI
surface water dis-
charges.
Over half of all TRI
releases of
acids/bases/salts
went to surface
water.
Billions of Pounds
A/B/S HALO-ORGANICS METALS NON-METALS ORGANICS MIXTURES
Public Sewage System
i Total Other Releases
Figure 7-5.
Discharges to Surface Water as a Proportion of Total TRI Releases and Transfers,! 987. (A/B/S
Acids/Bases/Salts.)
143
-------
Chapter 7
Discharges of Chemicals Regulated under the NPDES Program
Eighty-seven percent of the TRI chemical forms reporting surface
water discharges (7,733 out of 8,851 forms, or 87 percent) listed
discharges along with a permit under the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES).5 NPDES permits are issued to in-
dividual facilities under the authority of the Clean Water Act by EPA
or states to control discharges of chemicals to surface waters. Facilities
that reported NPDES permit numbers discharged 9.5 billion pounds
of TRI chemicals to surface waters, which constitute 99 percent of all
such discharges (Table 7-7).6 The remaining 90 million pounds (1
percent) of chemical discharges were reported on the 1,118 forms (13
percent of forms) that did not include NPDES permit numbers.
TABLE 7-7. TRI FACILITIES REPORTING NPDES PERMFT NUMBERS, 1987
NUMBER OF
TRI FORMS
TOTAL TRI
SURFACE WATER
DISCHARGES
(Pounds)
TRI FORMS WITH A TRI FORMS WITH NO
TRI TOTAL NPDES PERMFT NO. NPDES PERMFT NO.
8,851
9.5 Billion
7,733
(87 Percent of Total)
9.5 Billion
(99 Percent of Total)
1,118
0.09 Billion
The permit numbers on 915 (12 percent) of these forms, however, may be invalid
because they did not conform to the usual format for NPDES permit numbers.
These 915 forms accounted for 41 percent (3.9 billion pounds) of direct releases
to surface waters.
EPA has not yet cross-checked TRI and NPDES information. The fact that
releases came from NPDES permit holders is no assurance that the releases are
in accordance with permit conditions. EPA has begun to use TRI data as a
screening tool to locate cases that need further examination.
144
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Priority Pollutants
NPDES permits limit over 1500 types of pollutants. A subset of these
contaminants (126) have been designated as priority pollutants. This
set of toxic chemicals are included in technology-based standards that
are used to establish permit limits where water quality standards are
not being violated. Of the TRI chemicals and chemical categories, 94
are also priority pollutants. TRI facilities reported discharging a total
of 43 million pounds of the 94 priority pollutants in. 1987, or roughly
0.5 percent of the total TRI surface water discharges. Not counting
sodium sulfate, however, discharges of priority pollutants would rep-
resent almost eight percent of all TRI discharges to surface water.
The priority pollutants represent only a small portion of all toxic
chemicals controlled under NPDES. In addition to controls on
priority pollutants, NPDES permits may set other chemical-specific
limits and they may be used to control whole-effluent toxicity after
identification by biological toxicity testing.
Selected Chemicals
Surface water discharges of individual TRI chemicals vary consider-
ably across the nation. Maps 7-3, 7-4,7-5, 7-6, 7-8, and 7-9 illustrate
discharges to surface water for toluene, trichloroethylene, sodium
sulfate, tetrachloroethylene, chromium, phenol, and metals and metal
compounds. A comparison of the maps of toluene (Map 7-3) and
trichloroethylene (Map 7-4) with those for all TRI releases and
transfers for the same chemicals (see Chapter 5, Maps 5-3 and 5-4)
shows that the individual states with the largest discharges of par-
ticular chemicals vary with the regions of the country.
Sodium sulfate was discharged to surface water in the largest amounts
in the West Coast and the East, with lower discharges in the Great
Plains and Rocky Mountain areas. Tetrachloroethylene was also dis-
charged to surface water in large amounts throughout the Great Lakes
and the Mid-Atlantic states, the Midwest, Texas and Louisiana, but
little was discharged to surface water in the West or the South. The
largest surface water discharges of chromium were scattered across
the country in the Northwest, Texas, Florida, and West Virginia.
Phenol discharges to surface water, on the other hand, were con-
centrated in states near the Great Lakes as well as in Wyoming, Texas,
and Louisiana (Map 7-8). Discharges to surface water of metals and
metal compounds were found in the Great Lake States and on the
West Coast as well as in Texas and Louisiana.
Ninety-four TRI
chemical* are also
designated as
NPDES priority pol-
lutants and are regu-
lated accordingly.
145
-------
Chapter 7
1,100 to 10,000
10,000 to 00,000
Map 7-3.
Discharges of Toluene to Surface Water Reported to TRI, 1987.
1,000 to 10,000
Map 7-4.
Discharges of Trichloroethylene to Surface Water Reported to TRI, 1987.
146
-------
Discharges to Water. Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Map 7-5.
Discharges of Sodium Sulfate to Surface Water Reported to TRI, 1987.
Map 7-6.
Discharges of Tetrachloroethylene to Surface Water Reported to TRI, 1987.
147
-------
Chapter 7
1,000 to 10,000
Map 7-7.
Discharges of Chromium to Surface Water Reported to TRI.1987.
Map 7-8.
Discharges of Phenol to Surface Water Reported to TRI.1987.
148
-------
Discharges to Water. Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Map 7-9.
Discharges of Metals and Metal Compounds to Surface Water Reported to TRI.1987.
Basis of Estimate for Discharges to Surface Water
Facilities calculated the TRI chemical amounts for over half of the
total reported discharges to surface water (Figure 7-6), and measured
13 percent. Other methods were used to estimate 26 percent of all TRI
surface water discharges, and emissions factors for one percent.
CALCULATED
51%
EMISSION FACTOR
1%
MEASURED
13%
UNKNOWN
9%
OTHER
26%
Total Surface Water Releases:
9.6 Billion Pounds
Figure T-6.
Basis of Estimate for Discharges to Surface Water, 1987.Total surface water
discharges: 9.6 billion pounds.
149
-------
Chapter 7
Over two billion
pounds of TRI
chemical* were
transferred to public
sewage systems.
TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS
Transfers of chemicals to public sewage systems made up nine percent
(2.2 billion pounds) of total TRI releases and transfers for 1987
(Figure 7-7). The individual chemical sodium sulfate represents 54
percent of the total transfers to public sewage systems equal to the
proportion sodium sulfate is for all TRI releases and transfers and not
as large as for discharges to surface water where it was 94 percent.
Facilities In the Mld-
Atlantlc.GreatLakes,
and Southeastern
states, California,
and Texas trans-
ferred the largest
amounts of TRI
chemicals to public
sewage systems.
Geographical Distribution of Transfers to Public
Sewage Systems
States
Transfers of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems followed a
different geographical pattern than for discharges to surface water
(compare Maps 7-1 and 7-10). Facilities in the Mid-Atlantic, Great
Lakes, and Southeastern regions, California and Texas transferred the
largest amounts of TRI chemicals to sewage treatment systems (Map
7-10, Figure 7-8). Transfers in Illinois and California alone accounted
for 23 percent of TRI chemical transfers to public sewage systems.
SURFACE WATER
43%
PUBLIC SEWAGE
9%
OFF-SITE
12%
UNDERGROUND INJECT'N
14%
AIR LAND
12% 11%
Total: 22.5 Billion Pounds
Figure 7-7.
Transfers to Public Sewage Systems as a Proportion of Total TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987.
150
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfer* to Public Sewage System*
(Chapter 12 includes an analysis of an Illinois public sewage system
that received large transfers of TRI chemicals.)
Ten states each had over 60 million pounds of TRI chemicals trans-
ferred to public sewage systems (Figure 7-8). These ten states ac-
counted for 67 percent (1.3 billion pounds) of all transfers to public
sewage systems while the bottom ten states accounted for less than 0.1
percent (1.8 million pounds)(Table 7-8). Facilities in American Samoa
and the Virgin Islands did not report any such transfers.
Transfers to public sewage systems comprised a smaller proportion of
total releases of TRI chemicals hi most states than did discharges to
surface water. In only the following six jurisdictions did transfers to
public sewage systems account for more than 30 percent of total TRI
releases and transfers: Puerto Rico (54 percent); Minnesota (50
percent); Illinois (43 percent); New Jersey (40 percent); Missouri (38
percent); and Massachusetts (35 percent). Conversely, transfers of
TRI chemicals to public sewage systems made up less than ten percent
of the TRI releases and transfers totals in 32 states (Table 5-2).
Despite the fact that transfers to public sewage systems made up a
much smaller fraction of the TRI total releases and transfers than did
discharges to surface water, more than twice as many faculties
reported transfers to public sewage systems (5,820 facilities and 2,663
facilities, respectively). The states with the largest number of facilities
reporting transfers of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems were
California (580), Ohio (419), Illinois (375), New Jersey (283),
Michigan (271), and Pennsylvania (264) (Table 7-8). Minnesota had
the largest percentage of facilities reporting transfers of TRI chemi-
cals to public sewage systems (50 percent).
Counties
Over half of the transfers to public sewage systems took place in 25
counties across the nation (Table 7-9). The largest transfers took place
in Los Angeles County, California, which accounted for 8 percent (164
million pounds) of the total. Facilities in each of eight other counties
transferred over 50 million pounds of TRI chemicals to public sewage
systems. Some counties accounted for a large portion of the transfers
to pubh'c sewage systems in the state. For example, Hamilton County,
Ohio had 81 million pounds of transfers of TRI chemicals to public
sewage systems, which represented 62 percent of total transfers to
public sewage systems in the state. Two Illinois two counties with large
transfers to public sewage systems (Cook County and St. Clair Coun-
ty) together accounted for 79 percent of total transfers of TRI chemi-
cals to public sewage systems in the state.
PuMic sewage
transfers In tsn
states Accounted
fertyvo thirds of the
total.
The TRI largest
transfers to pubHe
sewage systems
took place in Los
Angeles County,
California.
151
-------
65,000-440,000
> 440,000
Map 7-10. Total Transfers of TRI Chemicals to Public Sewage Treatment Plants Reported Nationwide, by County, 1987
-------
Discharges to Water. Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
300
250
200
150
Millions of Pounds
100
CA IL TX OH NJ MO TN IN MN NY VA NO SC MD GA Wl PA FL Ml MA
State
Figure 7-9.
The 20 States with the Largest Transfers of TRI Chemicals to Public Sewage Systems, 1987.
153
-------
Chapter 7
TABLE 7-8. TRI FACILITIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS BY STATE, 1987
PUBUC
SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
RELEASE
Rank STATE
21 Alabama
51 Alaska
52 American Samoa
28 Arizona
33 Arkansas
1 California
36 Colorado
27 Connecticut
23 Delaware
18 Florida
15 Georgia
43 Hawaii
35 Idaho
2 Winds
8 Indiana
26 Iowa
30 Kama*
25 Kentucky
41 Louisiana
32 Maine
14 Maryland
20 Massachusetts
IB Michigan
a Minnesota
29 Mississippi
6 Missouri
49 Montana
42 Nebraska
48 Nevada
38 New Hampshire
5 New Jersey
44 New Mexico
10 New York
12 North Carolina
47 North Dakota
4 Ohio
40 Oklahoma
24 Oregon
17 Pennsylvania
22 Puerto «co
37 Rhode Island
13 South Carolina
45 South Dakota
7 Tennessee
3 Texas
39 Utah
46 Vermont
53 Virgin Islands
11 Virginia
34 WoshinQtofl
31 West Virginia
16 Wisconsin
50 Wyoming
TOTAL
PERCENT OF TOTAL
FAdUTlESWnH
PUBLIC
SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
Number
70
1
0
50
66
580
57
92
20
86
182
4
18
375
222
97
55
105
35
25
58
202
271
134
44
168
5
44
5
38
283
8
250
258
3
419
42
52
264
46
51
130
7
170
254
29
15
0
61
71
14
253
2
5,820
30.19
Percent
1.20
0.02
0.00
0.86
1.13
9.87
0.98
1.58
0.34
1.48
3.13
0.07
0.31
6.44
3.81
1.87
0.95
1.80
0.80
0.43
1.00
3.47
4.66
2.30
0.76
2.90
0.09
0.76
0.09
0.65
4.86
0.14
4.30
4.40
0.05
7.20
0.72
0.89
4.54
0.79
0.88
2.23
0.12
2.92
4.36
0.50
0.26
0.00
1.56
1.22
0.24
4.35
0.03
100.00
FORMS WITH
PUBLIC
SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
Number
169
2
0
138
122
1.459
107
266
86
182
470
6
43
1,020
558
212
130
314
77
65
181
500
878
320
97
479
13
81
8
70
927
20
752
592
4
1,256
85
109
657
143
109
326
12
450
758
78
33
0
209
142
87
686
2
15,466
80.23
Percent
1.09
0.01
0.00
0.89
0.79
9.43
0.69
1.72
0.56
1.18
3.04
0.04
0.28
6.60
3.59
1.37
0.84
2.03
0.50
0.42
1.17
3.23
5.68
2.07
0.63
3.10
0.08
0.52
0.04
0.45
5.99
0.13
4.86
3.83
0.03
8.12
0.55
0.70
4.25
0.92
0.70
2.11
0.08
2.91
4.90
0.50
0.21
0.00
1.35
0.92
0.43
4.44
0.01
100.00
TH
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
SYSTEMS
Pounds
32,713,211
35
0
9,236,876
4,325,937
246,101,586
3,125,396
9,544,587
16,375,620
39,468,550
47,093,822
973,250
3,250,118
199,165,360
95,899,158
10,080,895
6,647,139
13,649,364
1,334,641
5,071,708
47,883,355
36,142,507
38,245,470
70,020,634
9,125,709
112,489,998
28,109
1,213,294
33,814
2,802,094
123,413,118
738,719
65,294,934
54,537,779
94,217
131,193,018
1,892,971
13,900,170
39,815,049
23,060,390
2,998,055
51,090,961
620,206
97,149,025
154,293,072
2,032,004
298,037
0
55,690,097
4,061,980
5,179,381
46,313,952
17,800
1,935,517,370
8.60
Percent
1.89
0.00
0.00
0.48
0.22
12.72
0.18
0.49
0.85
2.04
2.43
0.05
0.17
10.29
4.95
0.52
0.34
0.71
0.07
0.26
£47
1.87
1.98
3.82
0.47
5.81
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.14
6.38
0.04
3.37
2.82
0.00
8.76
0.09
0.72
2.08
1.19
0.15
2.64
0.03
5.02
7.97
0.10
0.02
0.00
2.88
0.21
0.27
2.39
0.00
100.00
154
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfer* to Public Sewage Systems
TABLE 7-9. THE 25 COUNTIES WTTH THE LARGEST TRI TRANSFERS
TO PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS, 1967
COUNTY
LOS ANGELES
COOK
HARRIS
HAMILTON
STCLAIR
SHELBY
CARLTON
MARION
ST LOUIS
CHESTERFIELD*
GULF
ORANGE
ST LOUIS CITY
ALLEGANY
MILWAUKEE
PHILADELPHIA
WARREN
GALVESTON
MIDDLESEX
ESSEX
ANNEARUNDEL"
LOUDON
MUSKEGON
BERGEN
BUCHANAN
SUBTOTAL
% OF GRAND TOTAL
STATE
CA
IL
TX
OH
IL
TN
MN
IN
MO
VA
FL
CA
MO
MD
Wl
PA
NJ
TX
NJ
NJ
MD
TN
Ml
NJ
MO
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
SYSTEMS
(pounds)
164.324,041
95,000,228
90,403,909
81,281,207
62.842.576
60,905.857
53.437,550
53.189.877
50.281.404
42.286,047
29,682,013
28,272,418
26.050.969
24,159.000
24.034.324
23.775,622
23.747.670
23.053.365
21.472.079
21.420.199
20.010.649
19.584,000
19.449.975
18.420.605
16.795.258
1,093.880.872
56.52
841.636.498
1.935,517,370
PERCENT OF
PUBLIC SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
IN THE STATE
66.77
47.70
58.59
61.96
31.55
62.69
76.32
55.46
44.70
75.93
75.20
11.49
23.16
50.47
51.89
59.72
19.24
14.94
17.40
17.36
41.81
20.16
50.86
14.93
14.93
* includes substantial transfers from the City of Richmond, which is not part of
Chesterfield County.
" Includes substantial transfers from the City of Baltimore, which is not part of
Anne Arundel County.
155
-------
Chapter 7
The Chemical in-
dustry accounted
for 41 percent of the
total TRI transfers
to public sewage
systems.
Industries that Transferred TRI Chemicals to Public
Sewage Systems
Industrial Distribution
The Chemical and Allied Products industry transferred the largest
amount of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems, with 41 percent
(784 million pounds) of all transfers to public sewage systems (Figure
7-9). (See Appendix C for a list of industries covered by TRI reporting
requirements.)
Facilities in each of four additional industries, as well as the multiple
industry category, transferred more than 100 million pounds of TRI
chemicals to public sewage systems: Food and Kindred Products, with
11 percent (206 million pounds); Paper Products, with ten percent
(185 million pounds); Primary Metals, with nine percent (180 million
pounds); Textiles, with six percent (120 million pounds); and the
multiple industry category with five percent (100 million pounds).
Transfers of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems from these top
industries, together with the Chemical industry, made up 76 percent
Food(20]
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Prim. Metals
Fab. Metals
Transportation
Instruments
Misc. Manufact.
22
23
i*
26
(31
32
33
34
37
§9
I^^BBi
-
_
-
H
H
H
H
H
-i
->
-
—
-
-
-
Multiple Codes 20-39 -
No Codes in 20-39 -
BBBBB 111.1
1.117
1.141
0.114
••BBS
1.444
• 10.111
B 41.111
I 11.111
7.147
BBBBH
BBB 71.111
10.11*
) 11.111
1.717
1.101
MMO 100.4
0.011
201.127
4
114.1
110.411
t
714.101
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Millions of Pounds
Figure 7-9.
Transfers of TRI Chemicals to Public Sewage Systems by Industry, 1987. By Standard Industrial Classifica-
tion (SIC) Codes.
156
-------
Discharge* to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
of the total. In comparison, the five industries with the lowest transfers
together transferred nine million pounds of TRI chemicals to pubh'c
sewage systems, less than 0.5 percent of the same total (Table 7-10).
Transfers for particular industries show different geographical dis-
tributions than the overall total. For example, transfers to public
sewage systems from the Food industry are concentrated in the Great
Lakes region and California (Map 7-11, next page). Food industry
facilities in Indiana and Illinois transferred the largest amounts of TRI
chemicals to public sewage systems.
TABLE 7-10. TRI FACILITIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS BY INDUSTRY, 1987
PUBLIC
SEWAGE
TRI FACILITIES
REPORTING
PUBLIC SEWAGE
TRANSFER SIC
Rank
2
19
5
18
21
22
3
17
1
9
10
11
16
4
B
13
7
12
14
20
6
15
CODE INDUSTRY
20 Food Products
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile Mill Products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Products
25 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper Products
27 Printing. Publishing
26 Chemical Products
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber and Plastic Products
31 Leather Products
32 Stone, Clay, Glass Products
33 Primary Metab
34 Fabricated Metals
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric and Electronic Equip.
37 Transportation Equipment
36 Measuring, Photographic Goo
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 -39
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
TRANSFERS
Numbers
709
11
231
15
59
48
116
88
1,259
66
152
39
105
320
844
195
563
299
104
52
474
71
5.820
30.19
Percent
12.18
0.19
3.97
0.26
1.01
0.82
1.99
1.51
21.63
1.13
2.61
0.67
1.80
5.50
14.50
3.35
9.67
5.14
1.79
0.89
8.14
1.22
100.00
TRI FORMS
REPORTING
PUBLIC SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
Numbers
1,228
26
489
22
154
108
249
142
4,713
279
250
109
199
890
2,009
439
1,468
1,041
244
105
1,111
191
15.466
20.86
Percent
7.94
0.17
3.16
0.14
1.00
0.70
1.61
0.92
30.47
1.80
1.62
0.70
1.29
5.75
12.99
2.84
9.49
6.73
1.58
0.68
7.18
1.23
100.00
TRI
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
SYSTEMS
Pounds
205,826.534
2,293,820
119.540,333
2.336,808
1,545,461
853,889
184,880.068
3,444,032
784,202.550
50,530.645
48.224.867
31.984,904
7,146,933
180,432,302
76,585,656
10,528,549
85.642,196
18,199,214
9,766.977
2.103.483
100,432.157
9,015,992
1,935,517.370
8.60
Percent
10.63
0.12
6.18
0.12
0.08
0.04
9.55
0.18
40.52
2.61
2.49
1.65
0.37
9.32
3.96
0.54
4.42
0.94
0.50
0.11
5.19
0.47
100.00
157
-------
Chapter 7
Thousands of Pounds
\ 01.100
Map 7-11.
Transfers to Public Sewage Systems by the Food and Kindred Products Industry, 1987.
Facilities engaged
In "manufacture
only" reported 42
percent of the total
TRI transfers to
public sewage sys-
tems.
Industrial Activities and Use
Facilities that identified manufacture only in the activities and uses
section of the TRI form submitted just seven percent of the chemical
TRI forms reporting transfers to public sewage systems (1,064 forms),
but were responsible for the largest amount of transfers—810 million
pounds, or 42 percent of the total (Figure 7-10). Facilities reporting
process only uses submitted 31 percent of the TRI forms for transfers
of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems (4,746 forms), but ac-
counted for only five percent of such transfers (96 million pounds).
Facilities that indicated other uses for TRI chemicals filed 42 percent
of the TRI forms (6,449 forms), reporting transfers of TRI chemicals
to public sewage systems, which accounted for 19 percent of such
transfers (364 million pounds). Facilities listing combined uses ac-
counted for 34 percent (657 million pounds) of transfers to public
sewage systems and 20 percent of the TRI forms reporting such
transfers (3,096 forms).
158
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Percent
0.4 0.72
Manufacture Process Other Uses Combined Uses Unknown
I Discharges
Forms
Figure 7-10.
Distribution of Transfers of TRI Chemicals to Public Sewage Systems by Activity and Use, 1987.
Chemicals Transferred to Public Sewage Systems
The 25 TRI chemicals with the largest transfers to public sewage
systems accounted for 98 percent (1.9 billion pounds) of such transfers
(Table 7-11). Sodium sulfate represented 54 percent of transfers to
public sewage systems (see Box 7-A) Five other chemicals accounted
for 35 percent of transfers of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems
(679 million pounds). These six chemicals accounted for 89 percent
of all transfers to public sewage systems.
Eight of the top ten chemicals for transfers to public sewage systems
were also among the top ten for total TRI releases and transfers.
However, several chemicals that ranked in the top 25 for transfers to
public sewage systems ranked much lower for total TRI releases and
transfers (Table 7-11). For example, aniline ranked 22nd for public
sewage discharges, but 76th for total TRI releases and transfers.
Twenty-five TRI
chemicals ac-
counted for 96 per-
cent of the total TRI
transfers to public
sewage systems;
sodium sulfate
•tone accounted for
54 percent.
159
-------
Chapter 7
TABLE 7-11. NUMBER OF TRI FORMS AND AMOUNT OF TRANSFERS FOR THE 25 CHEMICALS
WrTH THE LARGEST TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS, 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
1 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
3 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
5 SULFURICACID
8 METHANOL
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
7 AMMONIA
22 NITRIC ACID
10 PHOSPHORIC ACID
30 ETHYLENE GLYCOL
11 ACETONE
20 AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
41 CHROMIUM
19 CHLORINE
40 PHENOL
28 GLYCOL ETHERS
12 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
9 TOLUENE
48 FORMALDEHYDE
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
31 N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
76 ANILINE
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
17 DICHLOROMETHANE
FORMS WTTH
PUBUC
SEWAGE
TRANSFERS
Number Percent
678
2,229
129
929
404
575
407
394
527
367
288
20
258
221
164
307
338
431
211
169
118
20
168
437
264
4.38
14.41
0.83
6.01
2.61
3.72
2.63
2.55
3.41
2.37
1.86
0.13
1.67
1.43
1.06
1.98
2.19
2.79
1.36
1.09
0.76
0.13
1.09
2.83
1.71
TRI
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
SYSTEMS
Pounds Percent
1,052,044.588
239,349,220
189,392.111
100,123,426
92.511,680
57,602,155
36,650,299
30,900,534
15,425,906
14,771,295
14,057.015
9,804,639
8,719.797
6.552,692
5,591,016
5,161,890
4.102,755
3,418,364
3,214,839
2,976,516
2,599,823
1,829,020
1,777.237
1,734,423
1,627,208
54.35
12.37
9.79
5.17
4.78
2.98
1.89
1.60
0.80
0.76
0.73
0.51
0.45
0.34
0.29
0.27
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
10.053 65.00 1.901,938,448 98.27
5,413 35.00 33,578,922 1.73
GRAND TOTAL
15,466 100.00 1.935,517,370
100.00
160
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
TABLE 7-12. TRI CHEMICALS WTTH NO REPORTED TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS, 1987
(Of the 272 chemicals for which some releases were reported)
1~ I.I^TETRACHLOHOETHANE
2 1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
3 1.2-OCHLOROETHYIENE
4 1.3-OICHLOROPROPYLENE
S 2.4,*-T«CHLOROPHENOL
6 2,4-OAMINOTOLUENE
7 2AOCHLOHOPHENOL
8 2,8-XYUCHNE
9 2-CHLOHOACETOPHENONE
10 4,4'-METHYLENE8IS(2-CHlOROANIUNE)
11 4,4MUETHYLENEBIS(N,N-OIMETHYL)
12 4-AMINOAZOBENZENE
13 4-AMINOBIPHENYL
14 ACETAMIDE
15 ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE
16 BENZAL CHLORIDE
17 BENZOiC TRICHLORIDE
18 B£(CHLORDMETHYL) ETHER
19 BflOMOMETHANE
20 CALCIUM CYANAMOE
21 CAFBONYLSULFIOE
22 CHLORAMBEN
23 CHLOROBENZLATE
24 CHLOROETHANE
25 CHLOROMEIHYL METHYL ETHER
26 C.I.AaDBLUE9. CHAMMONIUMSALT
27 C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 14
28 C.L SOLVENT YELLOW 3
29 DGOFOL
30 ETHYL CHLOROFOflMATE
31 HEXACHLOROETHANE
32 HYDRA2NESULFATE
33 METHOXYCHLOR
34 METHYL HYDRA2NE
35 METHYL OCHDE
36 METHYL ISOCYANATE
37 MICHLER'SKOONE
38 NITROGEN MUSTARD
39 NRROGLYCEWN
40 N-NTTROSODIPHENYLAMINE
41 PAHATHON
42 PERACETICAaD
43 PHOSGENE
44 HCRCAQD
45 POLYBROMINATEOBIPHENYLS
46 PROPANE SULTONE
47 PROPIONALDEHYDE
48 PROPOXUR
49 P-ANBIDINE
50 P-NfTROSODIPHENYLAMINE
51 QLHNONE
52 QUtNTDZENE
53 STYRENE OXIDE
54 TETRACHLORV1NPHOS
55 THALUUM
56 THALUUM COMPOUNDS
57 THOnUMDOODE
58 TITANIUM TETRACHLOHDE
59 VANADIUM (FUME OR DUST)
60 VINYL BROMIDE
161
-------
Chapter 7
Eighty-eight percent
of TRI transfers to
public sewage sys-
tems were
acldes/bases/sahs.
Of the 272 TRI chemicals for which TRI releases were reported, 212
(78 percent) were transferred hi some amount to public sewage
systems while 60 (22 percent) were not transferred to public sewage
systems (Table 7-12).
Chemical Classes
Transfers of TRI chemicals in the acids/bases/salts class accounted for
88 percent of total transfers of TRI chemicals to public sewage systems
(1.7 billion pounds), and transfers of organics comprised another nine
percent (166 million pounds) (Table 7-13, Figure 7-11). The other
chemical classes each accounted for less than three percent of such
transfers.
Selected Chemicals
Transfers of individual TRI chemicals to public sewage systems show
distinctive geographical distributions that differ from the discharge
patterns nationwide. Maps 7-12 through 7-18 illustrate the distribu-
tion of transfers to public sewage systems of toluene,
trichloroethylene, sodium sulfate, tetrachloroethylene, chromium,
phenol, and metals and metal compounds.
Billions of Pounds
18.00
A/B/S HALO-ORQANICSMETALS NON-METALS ORGANICS MIXTURES
I Public Sewage System
I Other
Figure 7-11.
Transfers to Public Sewage Systems as a Proportion of Total TRI Releases and Transfers, by Chemical
Class, 1987. A/B/S = Acids/Bases/Salts.
162
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
TABLE 7-13. TRI TRANSFERS TO PUBLIC SEWAGE SYSTEMS
BY CHEMICAL CLASS.1987
TOTAL™
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank
1
3
4
5
6
10
14
17
25
26
35
2
15
16
21
23
7
19
49
50
57
8
9
11
12
13
34
100
CHEMICAL NAME
Acids/Bases/Salts
SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HYDROCHLOFJCACID
SULFURCAOO
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
PHOSPHORIC ACID
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Hato-organics
i , i , i - 1 HkiHlOHOt 1 HANE
DCHLOBOMETHANE
FREON113
TRCHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOH CLASS
Metals and Metal Compounds
ALUMINUM OXIDE
COPPER
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOH CLASS
Non-metallic Inorganics
AMMONIA
CHLORINE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
OrQ&nics (non-hflJoQonoted)
METHANOL
TOLUENE
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED BOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI
TRANSFERS TO
PUBLIC SEWAGE
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
SYSTEMS PUBLIC SEWAGE
Pounds
1,052,044,568
189,392,111
57,602,155
100,123,426
239,349,220
15,425,906
1,653,937,406
42,953,440
1,696,890,846
418,380
1,627,208
105,101
120,299
415,773
2,686,761
4,152,181
6,838,942
2,976,516
537,980
1,734,423
599,083
1,777,237
7,625,239
12,696,566
20,321 ,805
36,650,299
6,552,692
5,271
340,778
14,282
43,563,322
101,438
43,664,760
92,511,680
3,418,364
14,057,015
4,102,755
612,678
114,702,482
51,549,702
166,252,194
1,135,285
413,538
1,935,517,370
TRANSFERS
54.35
9.79
2.98
5.17
12.37
0.80
85.45
2.22
87.87
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.14
0.21
0.35
0.15
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.09
0.39
0.66
1.05
1.89
0.34
0.00
0.02
0.00
2.25
0.01
2.26
4.78
0.18
0.73
0.21
0.03
5.93
2.68
8.59
0.06
0.02
100.00
163
-------
Chapter 7
Transfers of toluene and trichloroethylene to public sewage systems
occurred primarily in the Great Lake states, which is a similar dis-
tribution to overall TRI releases and transfers for these chemicals (see
Maps 5-3 and 5-4).
Sodium sulfate was reported transferred in the largest amounts to
public sewage systems in California, Texas and the Eastern United
States. Tetrachloroethylene was reported transferred in the largest
amounts in a few, more widely scattered states, such as several states
in the West, a few in the Midwest, a few in the mid-Atlantic region,
and a few in the Southeast. Chromium, like sodium sulfate, was
transferred in a broad range of states on the West Coast, and in the
mid-West, Great Lakes, and Mid-Atlantic states as well as Texas and
Louisiana. Transfers to public sewage systems of phenol were almost
exclusively reported by states in the Eastern half of the United States,
except for California and Texas, which also reported large transfers.
Transfers of metals and metal compounds to public sewage systems
were more widely distributed with only facilities in a few states not
reporting any.
1,00* to 10,000
10,000 to 100,000
Map 7-12.
Transfer* of Toluene to Public Sewage Systems Reported to TRI.1987.
164
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Map 7-13.
Transfers of Trichlbroethylene to Public Sewage Systems, 1987.
Discharges df Sodium Sulfate to Public Sewage Systems Reported to TRI, 1987
,,>},-,] 25,000 to 100,000
Map 7-14.
Transfers of Sodium Sulfate to Public Sewage Systems Reported to TRI, 1987.
165
-------
Chapter 7
[ j 1 to 1,000
1,000 to 10,000
10,000 t* 100,000
Map 7-15.
Transfers of Tetrachloroethylene to Public Sewage Systems Reported to TRI,1987.
0 t« 1,000
1,000 to 10,000
10,000 to 100,000
100,000 to 1,000,000
Map 7-16.
Transfers of Chromium to Public Sewage Systems Reported to TRI, 1987.
-------
Discharges to Water, Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
jot* 1,000
1,000 to 10,000
10,000 t« 100,000
100,000 to 1,000,000
Map 7-17.
Transfers of Phenol to Public Sewage Systems Reported to TRI.1987.
0 to 1,600
1,0001*10,000
10,00010100,000
100,000101,000,000
Map 7-18.
Transfers of Metals and Metal Compounds to Public Sewage Systems Reported to TRI.1987.
167
-------
Chapter 7
Basis of Estimate for Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Facilities measured approximately one-sixth (17 percent) of the total
amount of transfers to public sewage treatment plants (Figure 7-12).
One-fifth (21 percent) were arrived at by calculation, four percent by
emission factors, and 29 percent were estimated by other methods.
The methods used for 28 percent of the discharges were unknown.
EMISSION FACTOR
4%
OTHER
30%
CALCULATED
21%
MEASURED
17%
UNKNOWN
28%
Total Public Sewage Transfers:
1.9 Billion Pounds
Figure 7-12.
Basis of Estimate for Transfers to Public Sewage Systems, 1987.
168
-------
Discharges to Water. Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
The Impact of Sodium Sulfate on TRI Surface Water Discharges and
Transfers to Public Sewage Systems
Approximately 84 percent (10.1 billion pounds) of the 12,1 billion pounds of sodium sulfate
reported released to the environment was released to water. Sodium sulfate releases ac-
counted for 94 percent of direct releases to water and 54 percent of releases to public sewage
systems,
Without sodium sulfate, a much different picture emerges for releases to water. Without
sodium sulfate, direct releases to water would total 555 million pounds instead of 9.6 billion
pounds and would account for only 5 percent instead of 43 percent of all chemical releases
reported under TRI for 1987. Releases to public sewage systems would decrease from 1.9
billion pounds to 884 million pounds but would account for approximately the same percent-
age (8.5 percent instead of 8.6 percent) of total releases reported under TRI. Thus, releases
to public sewage systems would then account for a larger portion of total releases than direct
releases.
The chemical with the next highest direct releases to water is phosphoric acid (129 million
pounds) which would account for 23 percent instead of one percent of direct releases to
water. The chemical with the second highest releases to public sewage systems is sodium
hydroxide (239 million pounds), which would account for 27 percent instead of 12 percent
of releases to public sewage systems.
Box7-A. '
169
-------
-------
Chapter 8. On-site Land Releases and Underground Injection
Introduction
Facilities dispose of solid and liquid chemical wastes on land by either
depositing and burying the wastes near the surface, referred to in this
report as land releases, or by underground injection—injecting liquid
wastes into underground wells. These two land disposal methods can
take place either at the waste generating facility's own location, known
as on-site disposal, or at another location, known as off-site disposal.
Unless otherwise indicated, all references to land releases and under-
ground injections in this chapter are limited to on-site disposal only.
(See Chapter 9 for more information on land releases and under-
ground injection at off-site locations.)
In 1987, facilities released 2.5 billion pounds of Toxics Release Inven-
tory (TRI) chemicals to land on-site and injected 3.2 billion pounds
into on-site underground wells, for a total of nearly six billion pounds,
or 25 percent of all TRI releases and transfers (Figure 8-1). In
addition,
• 683 million pounds of TRI chemicals were released to land at
off-site facilities or locations. Combining on-site with the off-site
land releases, a total of 3.1 billion pounds of TRI chemicals were
released to land; 78 percent of this total was disposed of on-site.
• 95 million pounds of TRI chemicals were transferred to off-site
facilities that disposed of them in underground wells. Thus, out of
the total of 3.3 billion pounds of TRI chemicals disposed of through
both on-site and off-site underground injection, 97 percent was
injected on-site.
The off-site land and underground injection releases are discussed in
Chapter 9 and are not included in this chapter.
Despite the significant amount of releases, however, relatively few
facilities reported disposing of TRI chemicals on land or in under-
ground wells. Eleven percent of all TRI facilities (1,886 facilities)
reported on-site releases to land in eight percent (5,261) of all TRI
forms submitted—and half of those forms were for amounts less than
500 pounds. Only 185 facilities (one percent of all TRI facilities)
reported underground injection, in one percent (670) of all forms.
Facilities released
2.5 billion pounds of
TRI chemicals to
land on-slte and In-
jected 3.2 billion
pounds into under-
ground Injection
wells.
Only 11 percent of
TRI facilities
reported on-slte
land releases, and
only 1 percent
reported under-
ground Injection.
171
-------
Chapter 8
PUBLIC SEWAGE
LAND
11%
SURFACE WATER
43*
OFF-SITE
12%
UNDERGROUND
14%
Total: 22.5 Billion Pounds
Figure 8-1.
TRI Land Releases and Underground Injection Compared to Total Releases and Transfers, 1987.
This chapter examines where facilities released TRI chemicals to land
and by underground injection, which industries did so, and the specific
chemicals that were disposed of in the largest amounts. Land disposal
and underground injection are discussed in separate sections of this
chapter.
172
-------
On-site Land Disposal and Underground Injection
ON-SITE RELEASES TO LAND
On-site releases to land reported to TRI were 2.4 billion pounds, 11
percent of the total TRI releases and transfers (Figure 8-1). The TRI
forms specified the type of land release according to four categories:
landfills, land treatment, surface impoundments and other. The
largest portion of reported TRI land releases was to surface impound-
ments (1.4 billion pounds, 56 percent) with the second largest being
to landfills (419 million pounds), 17 percent (Figure 8-2).
Geographical Distribution of Releases to Land
States
Facilities in states along the Gulf Coast and Great Lakes and in several
Western states released the largest amounts of TRI chemicals to land
(Map 8-1). Texas facilities released larger amounts of TRI chemicals
to land than any other state, with releases totaling 835 million pounds,
or one-third of the total land releases (Figure 8-3, Table 8-1). Facilities
in each of five additional states—Indiana, Florida, Utah, Louisiana,
and Arkansas—also released over 100 million pounds of TRI chemi-
cals to land, and the next four states each released over 50 million
Landfills
17%
Other Land
12%
Land (No Code)
13%
Land Treatment
2%
Surface Impoundments
56%
Figure 8-2.
Types of TRI Land Releases, 1987. Total on-sfte land releases: 2.5 billion
pounds.
Facilities In Texas
alone released one
third of all TRI on-
sHe land releases.
173
-------
Chapter 8
Millions of Pounds
1000
800 •
600
400
200
TX IN FLUTLA AR AL AZ PA MOCA OHMTNC WAWYTN NYNMMS
TRI Land Disposal
Figure 8-3.
The 20 States with the Largest On-site Land Releases of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
pounds. Land releases from the top ten states combined comprised
83 percent (1.9 billion pounds) of the total on-site land releases.
In several states, a single large release (release of one TRI chemical
by one facility over the course of the year) dominated the state's land
releases. For example, a single facility in Arkansas reported the
disposal of 103 million pounds of aluminum oxide in a surface im-
poundment, the fifth largest individual land release in the country,
which accounted for fully 95 percent of the land releases in Arkansas .
In another example, two facilities in Texas owned by the same parent
company disposed of 350 million pounds and 321 million pounds of
aluminum oxide to surface impoundments. These releases were the
two largest reported land releases in any state. In Florida, two in-
1 Aluminum Company of North America in Bauxite, Arkansas.
2 Aluminum Company of America, in Rockdale and Point Comfort, Texas.
174
-------
On-site Land Disposal and Underground Injection
cf
s
§
•t
m
CM
m
CM
V
•S
I
o
«
0
O
£
"5
i
s
i
Q.
a
175
-------
TABLE 8-1 . TRl FACILITIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF TOTAL ON-SFTE LAND
RELEASES BY STATE, 1987
TOTAL TRl TOTAL TRl TOTAL TRl
ON-SPTE FACILITIES FORMS
LAND WITH oN-srrE wrm ON-SITE
RELEASE
Rank
7
51
53
8
6
11
24
39
36
3
22
46
21
26
2
43
42
33
5
38
32
35
34
40
20
10
13
45
27
44
31
19
18
14
41
12
37
23
9
47
50
28
52
17
1
4
48
49
30
15
25
29
16
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
TOTAL
LAND RELEASES
Number
57
2
0
15
40
122
20
25
9
48
67
13
11
94
68
25
22
26
52
8
13
32
59
17
28
46
9
16
7
6
49
9
54
73
3
125
27
24
94
9
4
55
1
55
136
23
5
1
45
45
24
55
13
1,886
Percent
3.02
0.11
0.00
0.80
2.12
6.47
1.06
1.33
0.48
2.55
3.55
0.69
0.58
4.98
3.61
1.33
1.17
1.38
2.76
0.42
0.69
1.70
3.13
0.90
1.48
2.44
0.48
0.85
0.37
0.32
2.60
0.48
2.86
3.87
0.16
6.63
1.43
1.27
4.98
0.48
0.21
2.92
0.05
2.92
7.21
1.22
0.27
0.05
2.39
2.39
1.27
2.92
0.69
100.00
LAND RELEASES
Number
164
14
0
49
104
333
54
54
29
86
149
38
31
228
221
46
67
85
226
19
55
44
135
67
80
111
35
37
12
13
156
17
137
172
3
396
98
52
252
31
6
134
2
128
566
68
8
19
99
124
69
112
26
5.261
Percent
3.12
0.27
0.00
0.93
1.98
6.33
1.03
1.03
0.55
1.63
2.83
0.72
0.59
4.33
4.20
0.87
1.27
1.62
4.30
0.36
1.05
0.84
2.57
1.27
1.52
2.11
0.67
0.70
0.23
0.25
2.97
0.32
2.60
3.27
0.06
7.53
1.86
0.99
4.79
0.59
0.11
2.55
0.04
2.43
10.76
1.29
0.15
0.36
1.88
2.36
1.31
2.13
0.49
100.00
TOTAL TRl
ON-SITE LAND
RELEASES
Pounds
98,091,692
14,930
0
97,102.866
108,534,294
47,693.392
12,547,494
1,848,676
2,565,876
190,827,201
14,969.473
237,342
14,988,307
11,209,153
246,523.580
768,722
1,058,669
4,028,637
154,894,837
2,037,139
4,318,725
3,575,212
3,979.327
1,722,105
15,252,731
56,439,000
32,223,598
349,910
10,817,492
666,529
5.312,503
17.307.456
17,598,716
30,157,949
1,100,500
47,664.590
2,482,881
13,998,763
70,957,429
184.150
69,009
8,994,959
9
20,550,544
835,087,965
165.467,430
168,696
87.505
6,949,712
25,105,014
11.638,215
7,535,521
24,183,539
2,451,889,964
Percent
4.00
0.00
0.00
3.96
4.43
1.95
0.51
0.08
0.10
7.78
0.61
0.01
0.61
0.46
10.05
0.03
0.04
0.16
6.32
0.08
0.18
0.15
0.16
0.07
0.62
2.30
1.31
0.01
0.44
0.03
0.22
0.71
0.72
1.23
0.04
1.94
0.10
0.57
2.89
0.01
0.00
0.37
0.00
0.84
34.06
6.75
0.01
0.00
0.28
1.02
0.47
0.31
0.99
100.00
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
9.78
7.09
10.89
176
-------
On-slle Land Disposal and Underground Injection
dividual releases of phosphoric acid accounted for 82 percent of the
state's on-site land releases.3
Large individual releases of TRI chemicals also dominated total land
releases in Utah and Louisiana. One Utah facility in Toole County4
released 130 million pounds of copper to surface impoundments and
other types of disposal, the fourth largest individual land release in
the country and an amount that comprised 79 percent of Utah's land
releases. A single Louisiana facility released 149 million pounds of
aluminum oxide to land, the third largest individual land release in the
country and comprising 96 percent of the land releases of TRI chemi-
cals in Louisiana.
Large individual releases in Indiana, Arizona, Alabama, Pennsyl-
vania, and Missouri were also among the top-ranked individual land
releases, and accounted for significant portions of the land releases in
each state, ranging from 52 percent in Arizona (50 out of 97 million
pounds) to 26 percent in Pennsylvania (19 out of 71 million pounds).
On the other end of the spectrum, facilities in nine jurisdictions
reported releases under 500,000 pounds each (Table 8-1).
Land Releases as Proportion of State TRI Releases and Transfers
On the whole, land releases accounted for only 11 percent of the total
amount of TRI chemicals released or transferred in the nation. In
several Western states, however, land releases represented a sig-
nificant proportion - more than half- of total TRI chemical releases
and transfers (see Chapter 5, Table 5-2). Nevada facilities reported
disposing of 92 percent of their total TRI chemical wastes by on-site
land releases, followed by Montana with 84 percent, Arizona with 77
percent, New Mexico with 77 percent, and Utah with 66 percent.
Here again, large single releases often dominated the totals. For
example, 84 percent of the total land releases in Montana came from
an individual release of zinc compounds. In these Western states, large
individual releases of metals, such as copper and zinc, were disposed
of in surface impoundments or "other" types of land release sites. (See
discussion below on types of land releases.) Surface impoundments
are widely used in the West because continuous days of sunshine
Land disposal In
several states was
dominated by large
releases of a single
chemical by an In-
dividual facility.
In several Western
states, land dis-
posal was used for
a significant propor-
tion of total TRI
chemical releases
and transfers.
3 From the Occidental Chemical Company in White Springs, Florida (91 million
pounds) and the Royster Company in Mulberry, Florida (66 million pounds).
4 Kennecott Utah Copper in Copperton, Utah.
5 Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical, Kaiser Tech Limited, in Grameny, Louisiana.
177
-------
Chapter 8
Almost one third of
all TRI on-sHe land
releases occurred
In two counties in
Texas.
evaporate the liquid in the ponds, and the precipitation is low enough
so that they do not generally fill up or overflow.
Conversely, land releases comprised less than one percent of total
TRI chemical releases and transfers in nine states. The jurisdictions
with a low proportion of land releases (including South Dakota,
Alaska, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico, Kansas, Michigan, California, and
Maine) are not clustered in a distinct geographical region, as are the
states with a high proportion of land releases.
Counties
Map 8-1 shows how releases to land of TRI chemicals were con-
centrated in several counties across the U.S. Almost one-third of all
on-site land releases were in two counties in Texas: Calhoun County
with 454 million pounds and Milam County with 321 million pounds
(Table 8-2). The next largest releases to land were in four counties in
four different states: Utah, Louisiana, Indiana, and Arkansas. These
include counties where the large individual releases mentioned above
are located. Land releases in the four counties in these states ac-
counted for one-fifth of on-site land releases in the nation. Together,
the top six counties accounted for over half of all on-site land releases
of TRI chemicals.
Generally, the states with the largest land releases of TRI chemicals
also had land releases concentrated in one or two counties. For
instance, releases in Salt Lake County, Utah accounted for 96 percent
of the total land releases in Utah. Likewise, releases in St. James
County, Louisiana accounted for 96 percent of the total land releases
hi Louisiana. Some states had more than one county where large land
releases occurred. For example, Texas, Indiana, and Alabama each
had three counties in the top 25, and Florida, Arizona, Pennsylvania,
and Ohio each had 2 counties in the top 25. The 25 counties with the
largest land releases of TRI chemicals accounted for 82 percent of
on-site land releases nationwide.
178
-------
On-site Land Disposal and Underground Injection
TABLE 8-2. THE 25 COUNTIES WITH THE LARGEST TOTAL TRI
ON-SfTE LAND RELEASES, 1987
COUNTY
CALHOUN
MILAM
SALT LAKE
ST JAMES
LAKE
SALINE
WARRICK
HAMILTON
POLK
COLBERT
FINAL
GILA
BUTLER
JEFFERSON
LEWIS AND CLARK
WABASH
SWEETWATER
INYO
COWLFTZ
TRUMBULL
JEFFERSON
HARRIS
DEFIANCE
BUCKS
LAWRENCE
SUBTOTAL
STATE
TX
TX
UT
LA
IN
AR
IN
FL
FL
AL
AZ
AZ
PA
MO
MT
IN
WY
CA
WA
OH
AL
TX
OH
PA
AL
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
PERCENT OF
TOTAL ON-SITE TOTAL ON-SITE
LAND RELEASES LAND RELEASES
Pounds IN THE STATE
453,791,380
320,737,000
158,463,912
149,131,694
108,389,629
103,001,630
92,500,000
91,000,000
90,219,449
53,030,500
50,371,323
44,232,100
44,149,899
38,552,438
31,202,530
30,078,163
23,454,457
23,120,000
18,800,750
15,336,584
13,622,371
13,443,758
12,643,375
12,059,550
12,037,600
2,003,370,092
81.71
448,519,872
2,451,889,964
54.34
38.41
95.77
96.28
43.97
94.90
37.52
47.69
47.28
54.06
51.87
45.55
62.22
68.31
96.83
12.20
96.99
48.48
74.89
32.18
13.89
1.61
26.53
17.00
12.27
179
-------
Chapter 8
Types of Land Releases
A total of 1,886 TRI facilities reported land releases for 1987. The TRI
form requested that facilities indicate how their land releases were
placed into the environment. The form provided four choices: (1)
landfills; (2) surface impoundments (ponds or pits where liquid
wastes are left to evaporate and from which the remaining sludge is
removed;6 (3) land treatment, land application, or farming; and (4)
other disposal, including leaks and spills.
Although only 14 percent of the facilities which released wastes to land
ussdsutface impoundments (256 out of 1,886), these facilities disposed
of over half of the amount of TRI chemicals released to land (56
percent, or 1.4 billion out of the 2.4 billion pounds of land releases)
Percent
Other Land Land Treatment Landfills Surf. Impoundment No Code
Releases
Facilities
On-Site Land Releases: 2.5 Billion Lbs.
Number of Facilities with Land
Releases: 1,886
Figure 8-4.
Types of On-Site Land Releases Reported to TRI, 1987.
Releases to surface impoundments include only those intended for "final
disposal," and not where the impoundment is used as an intermediate step in
on-site wastewater treatment.
180
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Inlectlc
(Figure 8-4, Table 8-3). On the other hand, over one-third of the
faculties (699 out of 1,886) reported landfill deposits-more than for
any other type of land release-yet the total amount of chemicals
released to landfills was 17 percent of the total (419 million pounds).
Almost 33 percent (618 out of 1,886) of the faculties reporting land
disposal released a total of 306 million pounds (12 percent) of other
releases. The smallest portion of land releases went to land treatment
(two percent, or 46 million pounds), which were reported by 13
percent of the 1,886 facilities. Reports from approximately 21 percent
of the TRI facilities (388 out of 1,886), with approximately 13 percent
(250) of the land releases (311 million pounds), did not indicate the
type of land release.
Facility use of surface impoundments for disposing of large amounts
of TRI chemical wastes is further illustrated by the fact that three-
quarters (827 million pounds) of the five largest single land releases
were disposed of in surface impoundments. These five top individual
releases accounted for 43 percent (1.1 billion pounds out of 2.5 billion
pounds) of the total land disposal.
Industries that Released TRI Chemicals to Land
Industrial Distribution
Facilities in the Primary Metals industry disposed of one billion
pounds of chemicals on land-52 percent of all land releases (Figure
8-5, Table 8-4). (See Appendix C for a complete list of industries
covered by TRI requirements.) The Primary Metals industry was also
the largest producer of off-site releases to land (see Chapter 9). These
are the only categories of TRI releases and transfers dominated by an
industry other than the Chemical and Allied Products industry. The
large amount of land releases by the Primary Metals industry is partly
accounted for by large releases of aluminum oxide and copper from
two individual facilities that amounted to 451 million pounds, or 44
percent, of the metal industry's TRI land releases.
The Chemical and Allied Products industry reported the second
largest amount of chemicals released to land - 900 million pounds, or
37 percent of the total TRI land releases. Together, the Primary Metals
and the Chemical industries reported 78 percent of all TRI chemicals
released to land. Land release was a significant method of TRI
chemical disposal for the Primary Metals industry. Land release was
used for 39 percent of the total TRI releases and transfers by this
industry, but for only seven percent of the Chemical industry's total
TRI releases and transfers.
Over half the total
amount of TRI
chemicals released
on land was dis-
posed of in surface
Impoundments
FaclHles In the
Primary Metals in-
dustry released 52
percent of the TRI
total for on-stte land
disposal.
The Chemical In-
dustry ranked
second for land dis-
posal with 37 per-
cent of TRI land
releases.
181
-------
Chapter 8
TABLE 8-3.
AMOUNT OF TO RELEASES BY TYPE OF ON-STTE LAND RELEASE BY STATE. 1987
TOTAL
ONOTE
LAND
RELEASE
AbMta
53 AiMrican SUM*
8 AriaDnE
8 fliliMiir"
24 Colorado
38 Cui««c«ri«
38 P •»
3 Horid.
22 (tough
21 htaho
28 •nob
2 Mian*
42 KwMM
33 K«Uucky
38 htalnc
32 Mnybnd
34 McNgifl
40 Mrncmoa
20 MI i irri
10 Mfcirnl
13 Monum
" N^L*.
31 Nn»J»n>y
18 mi< Madco
18 NMYoric
14 NoACnta
12 Ohio
37 OkMranB
23 Oregon
9 r»nn>ynwi*«
47 PwrtDRtoo
SO Rhodshtand
28 South Cawlm
52 SoulhDifcotoB
1 T«o.
.. .
48 VmHOra
49 Wu>iM«nd.
ao vugmk
29 WMVkglnb
TOTAL
RELEASESTO RELEASES TO ON«TE RELEASES TO ON*T£ RELEASES TO OHalE RELEASES TO ON-SITE
OHSiTELANDFUS LANDTHEATMENT SURFACE *POUNDMEN1B LANDPIHEHI LANDIWJCODE)
PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT TOTALTR
OFTOTAL rv-rnrtL OFTOTAL OFTOTAL OFTOTAL ONSfTCLAND
CM4HTE
74,893,421
0
0
918,743
744,313
1,522968
10974.596
1,900,989
204,500
5,028,196
7.744,694
0
8,971,000
8,696,634
121,619,556
294,482
664,764
3,884,922
2825.127
1,828,350
3,833,899
2426,797
2427,582
998,481
7.880.233
8,226,478
640,500
26,010
1.268,000
594,140
3,782809
88,000
14,545,488
108,017
1,100,250
43.270,381
871,949
8,947,054
17,883,599
0
2450
773,573
Q
4.008,975
38,096,038
2608.343
19,000
2883,180
3,984,566
3.212577
2,950,832
418,200,225
0.00
a94
a ee
3.19
84.28
61.19
7.87
283
51.74
aoo
46.51
98.74
48.33
36.31
81.66
86.88
1.82
89.79
91.08
87.86
61.00
97.98
51.66
11.04
1.89
7.15
11.70
88.14
71.20
0.51
8266
0.35
99.98
90.76
35.12
4083
25.20
0.00
3.99
8.60
aoo
19.51
4.32
1.58
0.00
21.71
41.48
14.16
27.80
35.16
17.10
ONOTE
0
0
48,000
35,480
5,644,316
32400
0
2324,200
1.531,566
1,848.625
183,478
1,931.707
979,517
2285,020
750
133,167
111,080
1,309,926
206,990
367,882
0
191,397
886,030
28,898
1,984
82098
0
0
0
3,000
3,174
204,385
751.311
250
88.614
486,574
483,517
82147
500
0
5.830,029
0
13.850
9,123,886
23,000
0
68,506
28,000
410.298
8,007,514
1.336,969
46.199.325
0.00
0.05
0.03
11.83
0.26
aoo
90.58
aw
1235
77.31
1288
8.74
0.92
a 10
1298
276
0.89
10.16
8.92
aoo
4.81
40.42
0.16
aoo
0.18
aoo
aoo
aoo
0.08
0,02
1.16
249
ao2
ai9
19.60
3.45
0,08
027
aoo
64.81
aoo
0.07
0.61
0,01
aoo
78.28
0.40
1.83
68.23
20.38
1.88
OnVSlTE OftSTTE
0
0
54,908,599
103.812958
34,093,610
200,430
790
28,460
86,628,632
2360,897
0
1.875,500
1.591.591
122,101,500
67,900
28,680
18,848
1,594.478
0
610
428,822
265,426
502
8,908.237
139.772
388,449
82,600
8,377,030
0
750
2
133,813
11.845,129
0
2026,016
62100
8,922740
44,386,264
5.000
64,791
302740
9
9.579,222
774,528,438
72187,950
0
0
3,548,471
18,845.987
33,060
38,949
1,369,820,712
LAND
aoo
58.59
95.85
71.48
1.80
0.04
1.11
45.90
15.70
aoo
1251
14.20
49.93
8.83
252
0.46
1.03
aw
0.01
11.98
6.67
0,03
4268
O29
1.21
23.81
58.99
aoo
0.01
aw
0.78
38.61
aoo
4.25
250
48.60
8255
272
93.88
3.37
100.00
46.61
8275
43.63
aw
O.W
51.08
79.07
0.26
0.93
14,930
0
41.228,274
419.922
5.909,977
1,738,588
112338
7,688
6,025,847
299,157
53,863
4,208,400
1,484,365
132884
345,183
15,126
3,672
152164
1,638
19.104
717,170
978,842
1,022
752531
41,103,089
31,132300
242300
250
72389
1,385.174
17,216,030
190,078
17.188,232
0
703,179
214,188
33,147
702319
178,850
1,088
189,831
0
433,388
13,813.463
90,614,152
37.457
0
25.148
183,984
3,680
9,510
23,454,378
LAND
100.00
4248
0.38
1239
13.86
8.08
0.30
3.16
1.70
2289
28.06
13.33
0.09
44.90
1.43
OttSITE
Pound.
0
0
250
3,522023
922502
1.900
234,801
1,017
91,412981
2770,100
0
1,700
447,026
404,810
80,407
18,922
009 337
0.10 148.013.120
0.09 0
0.39 1.270
20.08 2423
24.80 116,100
0.06 28,060
4.93 83,832
7283 8,985.717
86.61 250
68.25
0.00
10.66
26.07
99.47
1.08
56.83
0.00
1.48
8.63
024
0.98
97.01
1.58
211
aw
211
1.91
54.78
22.20
O.W
0.36
0.73
0.03
013
96.98
0
3.174,212
0
140,870
250
2,524,851
188.260
0
1,575,400
846,090
12305
7,823,140
0
880
1,898,988
0
6,915,331
3,428,128
23.985
131,238
0
464,813
2110,200
331,354
3,299,461
38,457
LAND
0.00
0.00
3.25
1.10
0.01
1268
0.04
47.90
18.50
0.00
0.01
3.99
0.16
7.66
1.78
0.01
86.20
O.W
0.03
0.07
282
1.91
0.55
15.68
O.W
aw
28.34
0.00
2.65
O.W
14.35
0.82
0.00
3.31
34.16
0.08
11.17
O.W
0.99
21.11
aw
31.70
041
0.01
77.80
O.W
8.69
8.41
285
43.78
0.18
RELEASES
Pounds
14,930
0
97,102.866
106,534,294
47,693,392
12947,494
1,848,676
2969,878
1*0,627,201
14,968.473
237,342
14.988,307
11,209,153
246,523,560
768,722
1,058,668
4,026,637
154,894.637
2,037.138
4,318,729
3,979,212
3,979,327
1,722109
15,252731
56,438,000
32223,998
349,910
10,817.482
666.529
5,312,503
17,307,456
17,598,716
30,157,948
1, 100500
47,684,990
2,482,681
13,988,783
70,957.429
184,190
86,009
8,984,959
9
20,590,944
835,087,885
165,487,430
168,686
87,505
6,949,712
25,105,014
11.838.215
7,535,521
24,183,538
182
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Injection
Food(20) H
Tobacco(21 H
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Paper
Furniture
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Prim. Metals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Instruments
Misc. Manufact.
22
23
24
26
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
.-
-
-
-
-
-
~
H
H
H
Multiple Codes 20-39 H
fi 23.018
0.011
0.942
0.002
2.626
0.028
•H§) 77.381
o.oos
H 39.702
0.806
0.166
D 28.067
4.971
0.601
7.318
6.388
0.184
0.248
•«••••
Hi 24 B SOB
"
No Codes in 20-39 -mm »".3
123
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Millions of Pounds
By Standard Industrial Classification
(SJC) Codes
Total Land Releases of TRI Chemicals by Industry, 1987. By Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes.
TABLES-*. TW FACILITIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF TOTAL CftSITE
LAND RELEASES BY INDUSTRY, 1987
TOTAL™
ON4ITE
LAND
RELEASE
SIC
RenkCODE INDUSTRY
8
20
15
22
12
19
5
21
2
8
13
17
7
1
11
14
9
10
18
16
3
4
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Food Product.
TdMcoo MenuteGftjrara
Taxtfe MB Product.
Apperel
Lumber end Wood Product.
FumknendFbduiee
Peper nuJucte
Pitting. PuUehing
Chemical Product.
Pekotaum Refcikig
Rubber end PMc Product.
La«B»r Product.
Stone. Ctay. Ota. Product.
Primary HeWe
renrlneted MeaJe
Uechheiy, enept Etocnfeel
Electric end Electronic f*<|ie^i
Meaertng. Phctogrephlc Ooode
Mbc. Menufedurhg
MuMptoSICcxxto>in20-ae
No SIC codec ki 20 -39
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
TOTAL TRI
FACUTIES
wrrHOHSTTE
LAND RELEASES
Number
141
2
30
2
75
8
103
4
517
103
51
6
126
263
94
38
70
48
12
18
147
29
1,666
9.78
Percent
7.48
0.11
1.59
0.11
3.96
0.42
5.46
0.21
27.41
5.46
2.70
0.32
8.88
13.94
'4.98
2.01
3.71
0.64
0.85
7.79
1.54
100.00
TOTAL TH
FORMS
WTrHOHSTTE
LAND RELEASES
Number
233
3
44
2
170
14
295
4
1.590
684
70
9
232
913
208
84
135
116
27
30
343
75
5,281
7.09
Percent
4.43
0.08
0.84
0.04
323
0.27
5.81
0.06
30.22
13.00
1.33
0.17
4.41
17.35
3.95
122
ZSI
220
0.51
0.57
0.52
1.43
TOTAL TM
ON-SITELAND
RELEASES
Pound*
23,018,190
10.810
642.327
1,500
2.625.119
26,105
. 77,350,923
t597
900.323.396
39.701.782
606.162
166,320
25.056,647
1,021,550,896
4,970.842
680.719
7.315.930
5.397.966
164.116
246233
249.904.529
92.342.831
100.00 2,451,869,964
10.69
Percent
0.94
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.11
0.00
3.15
0.00
36.72
1.62
0.03
0.01
1.02
41.66
0.20
0.03
0.30
0.22
0.01
0.01
10.18
3.77
100.00
183
-------
Chapter 8
TABLE 8-5. AMOUNT OFTRI RELEASES BY TYPE OF ON-SFTE LAND RELEASE BY INDUSTRY, 1987
TOTAL™
ON-SITE .
LAND
RELEASE SIC
Rank CODE INDUSTRY
e
20
15
22
12
19
5
21
2
6
13
17
7
1
11
14
9
10
18
16
3
4
20 Food Products
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile Mill Products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Products
29 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper Products
27 Printing, Publishing
28 Chemical Products
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber and Plastic Products
31 Leather Products
32 Stone. Clay, Glass Products
33 Primary Metals
34 Fabricated Metals
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric and Electronic Equip.
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring, Photographic Goods
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes In 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 -39
RELEASES TO RELEASES TO ON-SITE RELEASES TO ON-SITE
ON-SfTE LANDFILLS LAND TREATMENT SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT
OF TOTAL OF TOTAL OF TOTAL
ON-SITE ON-SITE ON-SITE
Pounds LAND Pounds LAND Pounds LAND
1,318,297
0
138,281
1,500
2,462,078
4,973
42,898,689
1,797
27,228,510
25,353,353
86,727
1,698
22,983,709
179,719,636
2,561,115
609,680
4,194,775
756,779
25,378
50,512
108,775,149
7,589
5.73
0.00
21.53
100.00
94.55
17.89
55.46
69.20
3.02
63.86
10.76
1.02
91.73
17.59
51.52
92.28
57.34
14.02
15.46
20.35
43.60
0.01
12,640,603
0
103,869
0
38,143
0
4,040,097
0
10,169,512
6,775,217
15,864
95,514
8,420
8,269,396
164,448
2,925
618,911
500
400
400
2,998,026
52,880
54.92
0.00
16.17
0.00
1.45
0.00
5.22
0.00
1.13
17.07
1.97
57.43
0.03
0.81
3.31
0.44
11.19
0.01
0.24
0.16
1.20
0.06
2,075,242
370
104,447
0
58,071
2,500
6,301,491
0
565,018,119
1,024,141
4,990
56,990
1,469,626
559,355,698
76,921
250
176,823
3,854,794
0
9,676
136,098,553
92,132,010
9.02
3.42
16.26
0.00
2.21
8.90
10.73
0.00
62.76
2.58
0.62
34.27
5.87
54.76
1.55
0.04
2.42
71.41
0.00
3.90
54.55
99.77
TOTAL
Some facilities not
required to report to
TRI did «o; such
facilities accounted
for four percent of
the total TRI on-slte
land releases.
419,200,225 17.10 46,195,325 1.88 1,369,820,712 55.87
The third largest amount of TRI chemicals released to land, ap-
proximately 92 million pounds (four percent of all land releases),
came from industries not required to report to TRI because they were
not classified as members of SIC Codes 20-39. Land disposal ac-
counted for 62 percent of the total TRI releases and transfers reported
by these industries.7 Most of this amount was released by a single
facility, a public utility8 in Indiana. Other industries that released more
than 20 million pounds of TRI chemicals on land were: Paper Products
with 77 million pounds; Petroleum Refining with 40 million pounds;
Stone, Clay, and Glass Products with 25 million pounds; and Food
Products with 23 million pounds.
Because facilities outside of the general manufacturing industries (SIC Codes
20-39) were not required to report to TRI, the releases shown in this category
represent only a fraction of what might have been reported had additional
industries been covered by TRI requirements.
SIC Code 49.
184
-------
On-«He Land Disposal and Underground Injection
TABLE 8-5 (Continued)
RELEASES TO ON-STTE RELEASES TO ON-SITE
LAND (OTHER) LAND (NO CODE)
PERCENT PERCENT
OFTOTAL OFTOTAL
SIC ON-SfTE ON-SITE
CODE INDUSTRY Pounds LAND Pounds LAND
20 Food Products
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile Mill Products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Products
25 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper Products
27 Printing, Publishing
28 Chemical Products
29 Patrotouffl Rafinlna
30 Rubber and Plastic Products
31 LjBotnor Products
32 Stone, day, Glass Products
33 Primary Metals
34 Fabricated Metals
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric and Electronic Equip.
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring, Photographic Good
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes In 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 -39
5,431,667
20
22,363
0
31,596
400
9,299,640
800
47,599,032
5,966,335
14,452
530
508,189
234,843,826
639,219
12,511
115,661
535,640
76,734
185,465
740,580
15,692
23.60
0.19
3.48
0.00
1.20
1.42
12.02
30.80
5.29
15.03
1.79
0.32
2.02
22.97
12.86
1.89
1.58
9.92
46.76
74.71
0.30
0.02
1,552,181
10,420
273,367
0
15,231
20,232
12,811,008
0
250,308,163
582,736
884,129
11,588
88,703
39,562,342
1,529,139
35,353
2,009,780
250,275
61,604
2,180
892,241
134,660
6.74
96.39
42.56
0.00
0.58
71.99
16.56
0.00
27.80
1.47
84.86
6.97
0.35
3.87
30.76
5.35
27.47
4.64
37.54
0.88
0.36
0.15
TOTAL TH
ONSTTELAND
RELEASES
Pounds
23,018,190
10,810
642,327
1,500
2,625,119
28,105
77,350,923
2,597
900,323,398
39,701,782
808,162
188,320
25,058,647
1,021,550,898
4,970,842
660,719
7,315,930
5,397,988
164,116
248,233
249,504,529
92,342,831
TOTAL
305,838,392
12.47 310,835,310
The uses of different land release methods varied from industry to
industry. Many industries, including the Primary Metals and Chemical
industries, deposited the largest fraction of their land releases into
surface impoundments, following the overall pattern noted above
(Table 8-5). Facilities in the Petroleum Refining industry, however,
placed the largest amount of their land releases into landfills—25 out
of 40 million pounds. Facilities in both the Paper and Allied Products
and the Stone, Clay, and Glass Products industries also placed the
largest fractions of their land releases into landfills-55 percent (43
out of 77 million pounds) and 91 percent (23 out of 25 million pounds),
respectively. Food Products facilities placed the largest portion of
their land releases in land treatment-55 percent (13 million pounds
out of 23 million pounds).
Map 8-2, on the following page, illustrates the geographical distribu-
tion of releases to land by the Primary Metals industry. Releases to
land were highest in Texas, several Western states, and several states
in the Great Lakes area.
12.68 2,451,889,864
185
-------
Chapter 8
Thousand* of Pounds
0 to 100
I ] 1M U I,***
I | 1,0001« 10.000
10,000 to 100,000
> 100,000
Map 8-2.
Releases of TRI Chemicals to Land by the Primary Metals Industry, 1987
Percent
Manufacture Process Other Uses Combination Unknown
I Land Releases
TRI Forms Reporting
Figure 8-6.
TRI Land Releases by Industrial Activities and Uses, 1987.
186
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Injection
Industrial Activities and Uses
Facilities engaged in manufacture only submitted IS percent of the
TRI forms reporting land releases, yet they disposed of 36 percent of
the total amount of TRI chemicals (Figure 8-6). Facilities reporting
processing only or other uses only submitted 29 percent and 27 percent,
respectively, of the TRI forms reporting land releases, but accounted
for only small percentages of total land releases—four percent and six
percent, respectively. Over half of all land releases occurred at
facilities that reported combined uses (reported in 29 percent of the
forms).
Facilities reporting
"manufacture only"
as their use of TRI
chemicals released
over one third of
the total TRI land
TRI Chemicals Disposed of on Land
Aluminum oxide was released to land in larger amounts than any other
TRI chemical in 1987. This metal compound comprised 57 percent
(1.4 billion pounds) of all TRI land releases (Table 8-6). Aluminum
oxide may be removed from the TRI chemical list for future reporting
years. (See Chapter 4, Box 4-A.)
Five other chemicals were released to land in amounts greater than
90 million pounds: phosphoric acid (187 million pounds), copper (138
million pounds), sodium hydroxide (131 million pounds), zinc com-
pounds (106 million pounds), and sodium sulfate (91 million pounds).
These five chemicals, combined with aluminum oxide, accounted for
84 percent (2.0 billion pounds) of all TRI land releases. The top 25
chemicals, listed in Table 8-6, represent 99 percent of the total amount
of TRI chemicals released to land.
Of the 272 TRI chemicals for which releases and transfers were
reported, 81 (30 percent) were not released on land (Table 8-7).
Chemical Classes
The largest amounts of TRI chemicals released to land belong to two
chemical classes —metals and metal compounds and
acids/bases/salts. Three of the five chemicals released to land in the
largest amounts were metals or metal compounds (aluminum oxide,
copper, and zinc compounds). Metals comprised three-quarters of
the total TRI land releases -1.8 out of 2.5 billion pounds (Figure 8-7).
In contrast, metal releases made up only 15 percent of total TRI
releases and transfers (See Chapter 4, Figure 4-1). The
acids/bases/salts class made up another 23 percent of the TRI land
releases. Non-metals, organics, and halo-organics each accounted for
one percent, or less, of the TRriand releases (Table 8-8).
Aluminum oxide
made up 57 percent
of all TRI land
releases.
Metals and metal
compounds made
up three quarters of
all TRI land releases.
187
-------
Chapter 8
TABLE 8-6. NUMBER OF TRI FORMS AND AMOUNT OF RELEASES FOR THE 25 CHEMICALS
WITH THE LARGEST TOTAL ON-SfTE LAND RELEASES, 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
10 PHOSPHORIC ACID
15 COPPER
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
1 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
5 SULFURICACID
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
32 COPPER COMPOUNDS
29 LEAD
36 HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
44 CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
20 AMMONIUM NITRATE (SOLUTION)
8 METHANOL
38 MANGANESE
46 LEAD COMPOUNDS
49 ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
22 NfTRICACID
54 BARIUM COMPOUNDS
3 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
63 BARIUM
7 AMMONIA
58 NICKEL COMPOUNDS
TOTAL TRI
FORMS
WfTH ON-SITE
LAND RELEASES
Number Percent
340
114
110
383
137
156
214
79
89
79
99
19
139
63
116
92
97
15
118
55
38
39
28
138
80
6.46
Z17
2.09
7.28
2.60
£97
4.07
1.50
1.69
1.50
1.88
0.36
2.64
1.20
2.20
1.75
1.84
. 0.29
2.24
1.05
0.72
0.74
0.53
2.62
1.52
TOTAL TRI
ON-SITE LAND
RELEASES
Pounds Percent
1,393,735,259
187,196,716
138,313,940
131,481,032
106.238.413
91,199,023
79,173,009
44.081.364
33.932.193
32,542.294
19,902,748
19.183,998
18,993,625
15,076,212
14,702,600
14.236,822
13,202,242
13,045.465
12,114,031
8,914,511
7,654,406
7,249,407
7,004.752
4,967.305
4.656.651
56.84
7.63
5.64
5.36
4.33
3.72
3.23
1.80
1.38
1.33
0.81
0.78
0.77
0.61
0.60
0.58
0.54
0.53
0.49
0.36
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.20
0.19
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
2.837
2,424
53.93
46.07
2.418,798,018
33,091.946
98.65
1.35
GRAND TOTAL
5,261 100.00
2,451,889.964
100.00
188
-------
On-site Land Disposal and Underground Injection
TABLE 8-7. TRI CHEMICALS FOR WHICH NO ON-SITE LAND RELEASES WERE REPORTED.1987
(Of the 272 chemicals for which some releases were reported)
1 1,1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE 41
2 1.2-BUTYLENE OXIDE 42
3 2,4.6-TRICHLOROPHENOL 43
4 2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE 44
5 2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE SULFATE 45
6 2,4-DIAMINOTOLUENE 46
7 2.6-XYLJDINE 47
8 2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE 48
9 2-NrTROPHENOL 49
10 2-NITROPROPANE 50
11 3.3--DICHLOROBENZIDINE 51
12 4.4--DIAMINODIPHENYL ETHER 52
13 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLORO ANILINE) 53
14 4.4'-METHYLENEBIS(N,N-DIMETHYL) 54
15 4,6-DINITRO-O-CRESOL 55
16 4-AMINOAZOBENZENE 56
17 4-AMINOBIPHENYL 57
18 5-NFTRO-O-ANISIDINE 58
19 ACETAMIDE 59
20 ALLYL CHLORIDE 60
21 ALPHA-NAPHTHYLAMINE 61
22 BENZAL CHLORIDE 62
23 BENZOIC TRICHLORIDE 63
24 BENZOYL CHLORIDE 64
25 BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS 65
26 BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER 66
27 BROMOMETHANE 67
28 CARBONYLSULFIDE 68
29 CHLORAMBEN 69
30 CHLORDANE 70
31 CHLOROACETICACID 71
32 CHLOROBENZILATE 72
33 CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER 73
34 CHLOROPHENOLS 74
35 CHLOROPRENE 75
36 CHLOROTHALONIL 76
37 CUPFERRON 77
38 C.I. ACID BLUE 9. DIAMMONIUM SALT 78
39 C.I. BASIC GREEN 4 79
40 C.I. SOLVENT YELLOW 14 80
81
DICHLOROBROMOMETHANE
DICHLORVOS
DICOFOL
DIETHYLPHTHALATE
DIMETHYL SULFATE
ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
ETHYLENE THHXIREA
ETHYLENEIMINE
FLUOMETURON
HEPTACHLOR
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
HYDRAZINE SULFATE
MANEB
METHYL HYDRAZINE
METHYL IODIDE
METHYL ISOCYANATE
METHYLENE BROMIDE
MICHLER'S KETONE
NITROGEN MUSTARD
N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
PERACET1CACID
PHOSGENE
POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
PROPANE SULTONE
PROPOXUR
PROPYLENEIMINE
P-ANISIDINE
P-NrTROSODIPHENYLAMINE
QUINONE
QUINTOZENE
SACCHARIN (MANUFACTURING)
SAFROLE
STYRENE OXIDE
TETRACHLORVINPHOS
THALLIUM
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
THORIUM DIOXIDE
TRICHLORFON
VINYL BROMIDE
ZINEB
189
-------
Chapter 8
TABLE 8-8. TRI ON-SITE RELEASES TO LAND BY CHEMICAL CLASS, 1 987
RELEASES TO
ON-STTE LANDFILLS
TOTAL TH TOTALTFJ PERCENT
RELEASE/ ONSTTELAND OF TOTAL
TRANSFER
Rank
1
3
4
5
6
10
14
17
25
26
35
2
15
16
21
23
7
19
49
50
57
6
9
11
12
13
34
100
CHEMICAL NAME
SODIUM SuLrATc (SOLUTION)
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURCACID
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
PHOSPHORIC ACID
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
DCHLOROMETHANE
FREON113
TRCHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS M CLASS
IOTAL FOR CLASS
Metals and Metal Compounds
ALUMINUM OXIDE
COPPER
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
1 0 1 AL HOR CLASS
Non-metallic Inorganics
AMMONIA
CHLORWE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FRM8UE)
CHLORNE DIOXIDE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS M CLASS
1 U 1 M. HOR CLASS
Organic* (non-halogenBtBd)
MklHANOL
TOLUENE
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
IUI/U. FOR CLASS
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
RELEASES
Pounds
91,199,023
7,249,407
12,114,031
79,173,009
131,481,032
187,196,716
508,413,218
43,192,671
551,605,889
199,061
67,621
22,562
70,411
4,746
364,401
320,148
684,547
1,393,735,259
138,313,940
106,238,413
33,932,193
44,081,364
1,716,301,169
126,549,614
1,844,850,783
4,967,305
1,529,601
13,045,465
3,678,021
133,371
23,351,963
4,125,234
27,477,197
14,702,600
1,747,264
258,979
644,953
88,763
17,442,559
8,757,248
26,199,807
1,026,691
45,050
Percent
3.72
0.30
0.49
3.23
5.36
7.63
20.74
1.76
22.50
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.03
56.84
5.64
4.33
1.38
1.80
70.00
5.24
75.24
0.20
0.06
0.53
0.15
0.01
0.95
0.17
1.12
0.60
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.71
0.36
1.07
0.04
0.00
RELEASES TO ON-STTE
LAND TREATMENT
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
ON-SITE
Pounds
10,867,370
699,188
10,983
2,825,047
2,007,728
866,453
17,476,769
6,642,938
24,119,707
76,572
7,801
2,584
2
331
87,290
195,174
282,464
275,745,428
1,092,227
26,445,436
26,950,971
9,969,455
342,203,517
41,522,766
383,726,283
216,852
1,000
501
3,101,071
250
3,319,674
95,614
3,415,286
5,605,563
97,965
101,686
66,530
13,243
5,685,007
1,620,255
7,505,262
148,471
2,750
LAND
2.59
0.21
0.00
0.67
0.48
0.21
4.17
1.58
5.75
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.07
65.78
0.26
6.31
6.91
2.38
81.63
9.91
91.54
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.74
0.00
0.79
0.02
0.81
1.34
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00
1.40
0.39
1.79
0.04
0.00
Pounds
11,993,246
1,801,007
1,593,754
695,533
7,088,299
4,073,710
27,225,549
1,248,821
28,474,370
50
1,000
0
411
0
1,461
59,068
60,529
1,927,782
22,874
8,104,578
100,252
397,223
10,552,709
1,330,474
11,663,183
1,443,686
510,129
500
0
52,161
2,006,476
250
2,006,726
1,647,601
132,571
41,241
293,164
4,994
2,119,571
1,469,293
3,586,864
181,653
0
ON-STTE
LAND
25.98
3.90
3.45
1.51
15.30
8.62
58.94
2.70
61.64
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
o.oo
0.13
0.13
4.17
0.05
17.54
0.22
0.86
22.84
2.88
25.72
3.13
1.10
0.00
0.00
0.11
4.34
0.00
4.34
3.57
0.29
0.09
0.63
0.01
4.59
3.18
7.77
0.40
0.00
2,451,089,964 100.00 419,200,225 100.00 46,195,325
190
-------
On-stte Land Disposal and Underground Inlectlon
TABLE M. (Continued)
RELEASES TO ON-SfTE
SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS
PERCENT
OFTOTAL
CHEMICAL NAME
Acids, Bases and Salts
SODIUM SUU-A Ib (SOLUTION)
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURCACC
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
PHOSPHORCACID
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Halo-oroanlcs
1,1,1-IMKjriLUHUtll-lANE
DICHLOROMETHANE
FREON113
TFUCHLOHOETHYLENE
TETRACHLOHDETHYLENE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Metals and Metal Compounds
ALUMINUM OXIDE
COPPER
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Non-metal Inorganics
AMMONIA
CHLORINE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FRMBLE)
CHUWNE DIOXIDE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Organic* (non-halogenated)
UtlnANOL
TOLUENE
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED BOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
Pounds
33,081,118
4,413,256
8,808,219
71,068,308
107,980,281
80,984,868
307,216,048
31,888,485
339,104,533
1,750
1,000
0
3
2,971
5,724
21,479
27,203
922,698,443
55,558,218
9,320,820
4,012,912
4,160,751
995,751,144
20,953,173
1,016,704,317
2,973,669
914,429
8,910,163
26,750
62,440
10,887,451
34,242
10,921,693
1,637,631
70,483
49,762
6,885
501
1,765,262
800,472
2,565,734
454,932
42,300
ON-SITE
LAND
2.41
0.32
0.64
5.25
7.88
5.91
22.43
2.33
24.76
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
67.36
4.06
0.68
0.29
0.30
72.69
1.53
74.22
0.22
0.07
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.79
0.01
0.80
0.12
0.01
o.oo
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.06
0.19
0.03
0.00
RELEASES TO ON-STTE RELEASES TO ON-SfTE
LAND (OTHER) LAND (NO CODE)
PERCENT PERCENT
OFTOTAL OFTOTAL
Pounds
28,963,482
135,706
1,020,959
1,711,205
12,675,263
10,217,240
54,723,855
360,981
55,084,836
83,401
44,420
19,963
30,684
1,434
179,902
40,366
220,268
4,084,521
81,418,648
61,869,484
867,808
29,207,817
177,428,278
56,002,615
233,430,893
199,908
43,798
6,134,301
151,800
250
6,530,057
3,986,718
10,516,773
126,525
1,441,832
34,921
260,774
22,514
1,886,566
4,458,454
6,345,020
240,600
0
ON-SfTE
LAND
9.47
0.04
0.33
0.56
4.14
3.34
17.89
0.12
18.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.07
1.33
26.62
20.23
0.28
S.55
58.01
18.31
76.32
0.07
0.01
2.01
0.05
0.00
£14
1.30
3.44
0.04
0.47
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.62
1.46
2.08
0.08
0.00
ON-StTE
Pounds
6,233,807
250
680,118
1,972,918
1,748,461
91,074,445
101,770,997
3,051,446
104,822,443
37,288
13,400
15
39,311
10
90,024
4,059
94,083
189,299,085
221,973
498,095
250
346,118
190,365,521
8,740,586
199,106,107
133,190
60,445
0
396,400
18,270
608,305
8,410
616,715
5,685,260
4,413
31,369
17,600
47,511
5,786,153
408,774
6,194,927
1,035
0
LAND
2.02
0.00
0.22
0.63
0.56
29.30
32.74
0.98
33.72
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.03
60.90
0.07
0.16
0.00
0.11
61.24
2.82
64.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.13
0.01
0.20
0.00
0.20
1.83
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
1.86
0.13
1.99
0.00
0.00
GRAND TOTAL
1,369,820,712
100.00 305,838,392
100.00 310,035.310
191
-------
Chapter 8
Surface Water
43%
Public Sewage
9V '
Underground
14%
A/B/8 82%
On-alto Land
11%
Organiea 8%
Non-metala 4%
Metala 26%
Halo-organica 0.13%
Total Releases & Transfers
Land Releases
Mixtures-O.04% Trade Secrets-0.002%
Total On-Site: 2.5 Billion Lbs.
Figure 8-7.
Chemical Class Breakdown of TRI Land Releases, 1987.
Selected Chemicals
Facilities In the
Great Lakes, Gulf
Coast, and North-
west states
reported large
releases of
aluminum oxide.
Land disposal of individual chemicals shows a different geographical
pattern than for the total set of TRI chemicals. Maps 8-3 through 8-8
illustrate the distribution of releases to land of toluene,
trichloroethylene, aluminum oxide, asbestos, arsenic compounds, and
metals and metal compounds. Comparing land releases of toluene
(Map 8-3) with overall TRI totals (Map 5-3) shows that hind releases
of toluene are more concentrated in the Southwest and California
while total TRI releases and transfers of toluene are found largely in
the Great Lake and Mid-Atlantic states. Trichloroethylene land
releases (Map 8-4), on the other hand, are reported in just a few states
which are, like the total TRI releases and transfers pattern for this
chemical (Map 5-4), found in the Midwest and South.
While all of the selected chemicals shown in Maps 8-3 through 8-8 had
large land releases in Texas, the overall geographical distribution of
land releases varied in other states. For example, large land releases
of aluminum oxide were reported in the Great Lakes, Gulf Coast, and
Northwest states. The largest land releases of asbestos were in the
South Central states, a few Great Lakes states, Virginia, and Ver-
mont—very little was reported hi other parts of the country. Arsenic
compounds, however, were released to land in the largest amounts in
several Western states and Missouri. Metals and metal compounds
were released in the largest amounts in several Western states, several
South Central states, and several Great Lakes states.
192
-------
On-slte Und Disposal and Underground Injection
I*,*** felt*,***
Map 8-3.
TRI Land Releases of Toluene Reported to TRI, 1987.
Map 8-4.
TRI Land Releases of Trichtoroethylene Reported to TRI, 1987.
193
-------
Chapter 8
1»,Mt <• •«,•••
Map 8-5.
TRI Land Releases of Aluminum Oxide, 1987.
Map 8-6.
TRI Land Releases of Asbestos, 1987.
194
-------
On-site Land Disposal and Underground Injection
1,001 U 1,000,000
Map 8-7.
TRI Land Releases of Arsenic Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987.
Thouiand* of Pounds
01. 1,000
J 1,0001*10,000
I 10,0001* 20,000
- - - 3
ifl 11,000t« 100,000
ySW
^1 >10O.OOO
Map 8-8.
TRI Land Releases of Metals and Metal Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987.
195
-------
Chapters
CALCULATED
18%
UNKNOWN
28%
Total Land Releases: 2.5 Billion Lbs.
Emission Factor: 0.3%
Figure 8-8. ~~
Basis of Estimate for Land Releases of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
Basis of Estimate for Land Releases .
Approximately one-quarter of the total amount of reported TRI land
releases was measured (Figure 8-8). The remaining land releases were
estimated by calculation (18 percent), emission factors (0.3 percent),
or other methods (30 percent). Methods used to estimate 28 percent
of releases to land were unknown.
196
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Injection
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
The other major form of disposal to land was injection of liquid
chemical wastes in underground wells. Although used by only 185 TRI
facilities (less than one percent of all TRI facilities), underground
injection accounted for 14 percent (3.2 billion pounds) of the total
TRI releases and transfers. In addition, 95 million pounds of chemi-
cals transferred to off-site facilities for treatment, storage, or disposal
were injected into underground wells (see Chapter 9, Table 9-4).
Geographical Distribution of Underground Injection
Only 185 facilities
reported disposing
of TRI chemicals
through under-
ground Injection,
but these releases
amounted to 3.2 bil-
lion pounds of TRI
chemicals.
States
A total of 185 facilities in only 34 jurisdictions reported injecting TRI
chemical wastes into on-site underground wells. Texas contained the
most underground injection sites, with 38 facilities reporting under-
ground injection (Table 8-9). Louisiana had the second highest num-
ber of underground injection sites (22 sites), followed by Michigan
(14), California (11), Illinois (8), and Indiana (8). Facilities in many
Midwestern and Western states and New England did not report any
underground injection; many states do not have appropriate geologi-
cal conditions to support this method of chemical waste disposal.
While California ranked third for the number of facilities using un-
derground injection, facilities in the state lead the country for the total
amount of TRI chemicals released by underground injection (Figure
8-9). Nationwide releases were dominated by underground injections
of 1.5 billion pounds of sodium sulfate by a single California facility.
This single release dwarfs all other underground injections—it ac-
counted for almost hah7 of the total amount of TRI chemicals injected
underground; it was nearly ten times larger than any other single
underground injection reported in the nation; and it raised California
to the top of the state ranking. Without this release, California would
Facilities in only 34
states reported
using underground
Injection to dispose
of TRI chemicals.
Underground injec-
tion releases were
dominated by the in-
jection of 1.5 billion
pounds of sodium
sulfated by a single
facilitiy In California.
9 Underground injection requires certain geologi :al conditions, including a porous
layer approximately one mile deep, through which wastes can disperse, topped by
a layer of clay that serves to seal and separate the porous layer from
near-to-the-surface groundwater.
10 A Kerr-McGee facility in Trona, California.
197
-------
Chapter 8
1600
Millions of Pounds
CA TX LA TN KS OH IN MSW Y FL KY IL AR OK Ml WV AL MO HI PA
I Underground Inject'n
Figure 8-9.
The 20 States with the Largest Underground Injection of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
Facilities In Texas
and Louisiana
released over one
third of the total
TRI on-stte under-
ground Injection.
have ranked 16th for total underground injection amounts, with
releases of less than two million pounds.11 ,
Texas and Louisiana facilities injected the next largest amounts of TRI
chemicals into underground wells. Facilities in Texas released 630
million pounds, and facilities in Louisiana released 554 million
pounds. When combined, the two states accounted for over one-third
of the total underground injections of TRI chemicals, and if
California's single large injection is excluded, Louisiana and Texas
would account for over two-thirds of the nation's on-site underground
injections of TRI chemicals (Map 8-9). Tennessee, Kansas, Ohio, and
Indiana followed, each with underground injections of between 60 and
125 million pounds.
The six facilities releasing the largest amounts of a single chemical by
underground injection were located in California (one faculty) —as
noted, this facility's 1.5 billion-pound sodium sulfate release topped
the list-Texas (two faculties), and Louisiana (three facilities). Com-
bined, the five Texas and Louisiana facilities accounted for 20 percent
of the total underground injection of TRI chemicals.
11 As noted in Chapter 4, sodium sulfate may be removed from the TRI list. For
further information on the dominant role played by sodium sulfate overall see also
Chapter 4, Box 4-D, and Chapter 5, Box 5-C
198
-------
On-slte Land Disposal and Underground Injection
t
£
A
-
3 S
8 I Jjj
* Hf
• | ||
I ll
P I!
"S -o c
I *
5 v
"Is
It.
l
199
-------
Chapters '
TABLE 8-9. TRI FACILITIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF UNDERGROUND
INJECTION RELEASES BY STATE, 1987
UNDERGROUND
INJECTION
RELEASE
Rank STATE
TRI FACILITIES
REPORTING
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
RELEASES
Number Percent
TRI FORMS
REPORTING
UNDERGROUND INJECTION
RELEASES
Number Percent
AMOUNTOF
TRI UNDERGROUND
INJECTION RELEASES
Pounds Percent
17 Alfluairm
-Alaska
- American Samoa
-Arizona
13 Arkansas
1 California
23 Colorado
- Connecticut
32 Delaware
10 Florida
21 Georgia
19 Hawaii
-Idaho
12 Illinois
7 Indiana
- Iowa
5 Kansas
11 Kentucky
3 Louisiana
- Maine
26 Maryland
34 Massachusetts
15 Michigan
33 Minnesota
8 Mississippi
18 Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
25 New Jersey
- New Mexico
29 New York
31 North Carolina
- North Dakota
6 Ohio
14 Oklahoma
- Oregon
20 Pennsylvania
24 Puerto Rico
- Rhode Island
27 South Carolina
- South Dakota
4 Tennessee
2 Texas
35 Utah
-Vermont
- Virgin Islands
30 Virginia
28 Washington
16 West Virginia
22 Wisconsin
9 Wyoming
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
• 3
0
0
0
8
11
2
0
1
5
1
2
0
8
8
0
3
2
22
0
1
1
14
1
6
3
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
1
0
7
6
0
4
1
0
1
0
7
38
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
1
185
0.96
1.62
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.32
5.95
1.08
0.00
0.54
2.70
0.54
1.08
0.00
4.32
4.32
0.00
1.62
1.08
11.89
0.00
0.54
0.54
7.57
0.54
3.24
1.62
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.16
0.00
1.08
0.54
0.00
3.78
3.24
0.00
2.16
0.54
0.00
0.54
0.00
3.78
20.54
0.54
0.00
0.00
0.54
1.08
1.62
2.16
0.54
100.00
13
0
0
0
19
26
2
0
1
33
1
5
0
19
30
0
36
2
126
0
1
1
50
1
9
3
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
1
0
30
20
0
4
1
0
1
0
24
245
1
0
0
1
2
4
6
6
730
0.98
1.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.60
3.56
0.27
0.00
0.14
4.52
0.14
0.68
0.00
2.60
4.11
0.00
4.93
0.27
17.26
0.00
0.14
0.14
6.85
0.14
1.23
0.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.55
0.00
0.27
0.14
0.00
4.11
2.74
0.00
0.55
0.14
0.00
0.14
0.00
3.29
33.56
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.27
0.55
0.82
0.82
100.00
1,443,591
0
0
0
13,016.449
1.530,850,645
1,170
0
250
29,437,389
19,500
216,140
0
14,221,970
63,356,466
0
91,067,410
25,000,250
553,820,180
0
750
250
6,472,752
250
46,433,140
1,001,450
0
0
0
0
780
0
500
250
0
71,850,645
7,171,133
0
74,000
988
0
750
0
124,406,900
630,223.666
3
0
0
250
500
1,719,219
1,500
30.651,671
3,242,462,757
14.40
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.40
47.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.91
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.44
1.95
0.00
2.81
0.77
17.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.00
1.43
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.22
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.84
19.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.95
100.00
200
-------
On-tfte Land Disposal and Underground Injection
Underground Injection Compared to State Total TRI Releases
Underground injection played a major role in overall TRI chemical
releases and transfers in only a few states. Underground injection in
Kansas accounted for almost half of the total TRI releases and trans-
fers in the state (see Chapter 5, Table 5-2). Underground injection by
a single facility in Wyoming accounted for 49 percent of the total TRI
chemical releases and transfers in the state. Other states where un-
derground injection comprised a large percentage of total TRI
releases and transfers were Louisiana (32 percent), California (26
percent), Texas (23 percent), and Tennessee (21 percent). In Ken-
tucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Mississippi, underground injection ac-
counted for approximately one tenth of the total amounts of TRI
chemicals released and transferred.
Counties
Map 8-9 shows the concentration of underground injection releases
in several counties. The top 25 counties accounted for 97 percent of
all TRI underground injection releases. Within individual states, the
releases were also concentrated in these counties. San Bernardino
County, California, had more than 99 percent of that state's under-
ground injection releases—i.5 billion pounds (Table 8-10), 99.9 per-
cent of which was the large sodium sulfate release by one facility in
the county. St. Charles County, Louisiana, was second with 225 million
pounds (41 percent of underground injection releases in that state).
The counties with the next largest underground injection releases
were Jefferson County, Louisiana, with 216 million pounds (40 per-
cent of the state's underground injection total) and Jefferson County,
Texas, with 180 million pounds (29 percent of the state's underground
injection total). Two-thirds of all TRI underground injection releases
occurred in these four counties.
Two thirds of all on-
sne TRI under-
ground Injection
occurred In four
counties In Califor-
nia, Louisiana, and
Texas.
201
-------
Chapter 8
TABLE 8-10. THE 25 COUNTIES WITH THE LARGEST TRI
UNDERGROUND INJECTION RELEASES, 1987
COUNTY
SAN BERNARDINO
ST CHARLES
JEFFERSON
JEFFERSON
BRAZORIA
CALHOUN
SEDGWICK
GALVESTON
ASCENSION
HUMPHREYS
MAURY
ALLEN
HARRISON
HARRIS
LARAMIE
LA PORTE
JEFFERSON
ESCAMBIA
PORTER
VICTORIA
LAKE
ST JAMES
HARRISON
SCIOTO
UNION
SUBTOTAL
STATE
CA
LA
LA
TX
TX
TX
KS
TX
LA
TN
TN
OH
MS
TX
WY
IN
KY
FL
IN
TX
IN
LA
TX
OH
AR
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TO
UNDERGROUND
INJECTION RELEASES
Pounds
1,530,705.635
224,967.781
216,257,250
180,655.474
177,803.200
108,271,200
91.067,160
80,457.940
74,770,693
62,200,000
60,191,200
58,588.750
39,600,000
33.394,993
30,651,671
30.071,815
25,000,000
22,397.400
21,256,667
18,691,650
12,026,924
10,106,253
9,859,130
8,973.595
8,951,344
3.136,917,725
96.74
105,545,032
3,242.462,757
PERCENT OF
UNDERGROUND
INJECTION
RELEASES
IN THE STATE
99.99
40.62
39.05
28.67
28.21
17.18
100.00
12.77
13.50
50.00
48.38
81.54
85.28
5.30
100.00
47.46
100.00
76.08
33.55
2.97
18.98
1.82
1.56
12.49
68.77
202
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Injection
Industries that Disposed of TRI Chemicals by
Underground Injection
Industrial Distribution
Facilities in the Chemical and Allied Products industry injected the
largest amount of TRI chemicals into underground wells, releasing 2.9
billion pounds—90 percent of the total amount of TRI chemicals
discharged through this route (Figure 8-10, Table 8-11). Over half of
this amount (1.5 billion pounds) was released by the single facility in
California described above. Even discounting this large individual
release, however, facilities in the Chemical industry contributed 80
percent of the total underground injection releases of TRI chemicals;
furthermore, each of the four largest releases (other than the large
release hi California) also came from facilities in the Chemical in-
dustry.
Facilities classified in more than one industry type (more than one SIC
Code) ranked a distant second for underground injection of TRI
chemicals, with seven percent of the releases (218 million pounds).
Facilities in the Primary Metals industry released approximately three
percent (90 million pounds) of the total TRI chemicals injected into
The Chemical In-
dustry accounted
for 90 percent of the
amount of TRI
chemicals disposed
of by underground
Injection.
T Food(20
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Lofitthor
Stone/Clay
Prim. Metals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
. Instruments
Misc. Manufact.
(21
II
25
29
30
131
35
36
37
38
39
_
_
~
-
-
-
_
H
H
H
H
H
Multiple in 20-39 H
No Codes in 20-39 H
0.191
0
0
0
0
0
0.0*1
0
11.17*
0.0*
0
•.at*
II »0.410
1.4*4
0
t.4*7
0.047
0
0
MB 117. 1
o.aii
(4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30
• 01.1*7
00 35
00
Millions of Pounds
By Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Codes
Figure 8-10.
TRI Underground Injection Releases of TRI Chemicals by Industry, 1987. By Standard Industrial Classif ica
tlon (SIC) Codes.
203
-------
Chapter 8
TABLE8-11. TRI FAOLITES. FORMS AND AMOUNT OF UNDERGROUND INJECTION
RELEASES BY MDUSTRY. 1987
UNDERQROUNO
MJECTION
RELEASE SIC
COPE
INDUSTRY
TMFACUTES
REPORTING
UNDERGROUND MJECTION
RELEASES
Numb«r
TH FORMS
REPORTING AMOUNT OF
UNDERGROUND INJECTION TH UNDERQROUND
INJECTION RELEASES
9
-
•
-
•
12
-
1
4
10
-
s
3
7
-
6
11
13
2
8
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
27
28
20
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
FoodProdu*
TMto MM Products
Am»m
Luntar nd Wood Products
FumfturaindFbaurM
Piper Pioouota
PlMfe** PuUsNng
CtHmkMl Produok
Pvctataun RnninQ
RuUMrnd Ptanfc Products
LMSTMT Products
Skm.Chy.QtaM Products
PnRMfy iMtsVsl
raBnQstfsM IMtsOT
MMraMfy. tMMpt EwGncM
BMrtc and Etockonlc Equip.
Transpoifesioii EojulpfiiMA
Mho. MsnuMuring
HuHpl* SIC oodM ki 20 - 39
No SIC cods* In 20 -39
8
Q
0
0
0
0
3
0
86
13
3
0
S
19
9
0
7
3
1
14
8
&24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
142
0.00
51.89
7.03
1.82
0.00
2.70
«*27
4.88
0.00
3.78
1.82
0.00
0.54
7.57
344
9
0
0
0
0
5
0
SOB
54
«
0
5
58
12
0
22
8
0
1
38
8
1.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.88
0.00
89.59
7.40
0.82
0.00
0.68
7.87
144
0.00
3.01
a82
0.14
5£1
1.10
190.588
0
0
0
0
0
30,894
0
%902.188.938
21.174.887
49,800
0
8.328.300
90.418.540
1,453.871
0
2.437.306
47,339
0
250
217,854,138
312.352
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
89.51
0.65
0.00
0.00
0.20
2.79
0.04
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.72
0.01
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPOHTINQ
100.00
100.00 3t242.462.757
100.00
0.98
underground wells. The Petroleum Refining industry released 21
million pounds (0.7 percent); the Stone, Clay, and Glass Products
industry released 6 million pounds (0.2 percent); and the Electrical
and Electronic Equipment industry released 2 million pounds (0.08
percent).
Facilities in nine industries did not use underground injection for TRI
chemicals, and the total underground injection amounts for each of
four additional industries were less than 100,000 pounds. In sum,
underground injection plays an important role in disposal of TRI
chemicals in only a limited number of industries, just as it played a
role in only a limited number of states.
Map 8-10 illustrates the geographical distribution of underground
injection by the Chemical and Allied Products industry. Facilities in
twenty-three states reported underground injection by the Chemical
and Allied Products industry. California had the highest releases (with
1.5 billion pounds), followed by Texas and Louisiana (with releases of
614 million pounds and 339 million pounds respectively).
204
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Injection
Map 8-10.
Underground Injection of TRI Chemicals by the Chemical and Allied Products Industry, 1987.
Industrial Activities and Uses
Over 80 percent of all underground injection releases occurred at
facilities engaged in manufacture only activities (Figure 8-11, following
page). These facilities submitted only one-quarter of the TRI forms
reporting on-site underground injection of specific chemicals. Only
three percent of underground injection releases were at facilities
engaged in process only activities and two percent were at facilities
engaged in other uses onfy; however, these facilities submitted nearly
half of the TRI chemical forms reporting on-site underground injec-
tion. Facilities reporting combined uses submitted 28 percent of the
forms reporting underground injection and accounted for 13 percent
of underground injection releases.
Facilities reporting
"manufacture only"
of TRI chemicals dis-
posed of over 80
percent of the
amount of on-site
underground injec-
tion reported to TRI
205
-------
Chapter 8
100
Percent
Manufacture Process Other Uses Combination Unknown
Undergrnd Injection
Forms
Figure 8-11.
TRI Underground Injection by Industrial Activities and Uses, 1987.
Sodium sulfate
dominated releases
to underground In-
jection wells.
Chemicals injected into Underground Wells
Sodium sulfate dominated releases of TRI chemicals to underground
injection wells, accounting for 54 percent (1.7 billion pounds) of all
TRI injection releases (Table 8-12). Ammonium sulfate and
hydrochloric acid were injected underground in the second and third
largest amounts, with releases of 611 and 413 million pounds, respec-
tively. If the single large underground injection from the one facility
in California is ignored, underground injection of sodium sulfate
would total 210 million pounds and its rank would drop to third,
behind ammonium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.
Other chemicals injected underground in relatively large amounts
included sulfuric acid (136 million pounds), ammonium nitrate (59
million pounds), and aluminum oxide (57 million pounds). The top 25
chemicals accounted for 99 percent of all underground injection
releases. Of the 272 chemicals for which TRI releases were reported,
no underground injection releases were reported for 124 chemicals,
or 46 percent (Table 8-13).
206
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Injection
TABLE 8-12. NUMBER OF TRI FORMS AND AMOUNT OF RELEASES FOR THE 25 CHEMICALS
WITH THE LARGEST UNDERGROUND RELEASES, 1987
TRI FORMS
TOTAL THI REPORTING
RELEASE/ UNDERGROUND INJECTION
TRANSFER RELEASES
Rank CHEMICAL NAME Number Percent
1 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
3 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
5 SULFURICACID
20 AMMONIUM WTRATE (SOLUTION)
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
7 AMMONIA
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
47 ACRYLIC ACID
8 METHANOL
51 ACETONITHILE
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
22 NfTRICACID
40 PHENOL
48 FORMALDEHYDE
64 CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
30 ETHYLENEGLYCOL
60 ACRYLONFTRILE
69 DIETHANOLAMINE
11 ACETONE.
61 VINYL ACETATE
104 NrTRILOTRIACETIC ACID
72 ACETALDEHYDE
9 TOLUENE
56 1.2-DICHLOROETHANE
33
12
42
27
7
4
29
38
6
31
11
5
10
17
8
8
15
11
3
16
3
1
6
26
11
4.52
1.64
5.75
3.70
0.96
0.55
3.97
5.21
0.82
4.25
1.51
0.68
1.37
2.33
1.10
1.10
2.05
1.51
0.41
2.19
0.41
0.14
0.82
3.56
1.51
AMOUNT OF
TRI UNDERGROUND
INJECTION RELEASES
Pounds Percent
1,738,973,178
611,231,000
413,453,666
135.999,729
58,565,000
56,724,250
47,783,820
34,336,640
27,264.250
19,582.087
17,263,442
10,800,800
9,187,612
7,721,468
6,409,150
5,247.763
4,843.362
4,539.962
3,159,500
2,280.943
2.109.378
1.900,000
1,568,090
1.520,943
1.462,844
53.63
18.85
12.75
4.19
1.81
1.75
1.47
1.06
0.84
0.60
0.53
0.33
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.10
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
380
350
52.05
47.95
3,223,928,877
18,533,880
99.43
0.57
GRAND TOTAL
Chemical Classes
730 100.00
3,242,462,757
100.00
Most TRI chemicals injected underground in large amounts belong
to the acids/bases/salts class. Although acids/bases/salts comprised 69
percent of total TRI chemical releases and transfers (see Chapter 4,
Figure 4-1), they constituted 93 percent (3.0 billion pounds) of all
reported underground injection releases of TRI chemicals (Figure
8-12, Thble 8-14). Excluding the one sodium sulfate release in Califor-
nia, the class still accounted for 86 percent of the total amount of TRI
underground injection releases. No other chemical class accounted
for greater than 111 million pounds (3 percent) of TRI underground
injection releases.
Acids/bases/salts
constituted 93 per-
cent of all TRI on-
slte underground
Injection releases.
207
-------
Chapter 8
TABLE 8-13. TRJ CHEMICALS FOR WHICH NO UNDERGROUND INJECTION RELEASES WERE REPORTED. 1987
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
58
57
58
59
60
61
62
1,1.%2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
1.1.2-TRICHLOflOETHANE
1.1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE
1.2-BUTYLENE OXIDE
1,3-BUTADIENE
1.3-OKHLOflOBENZENE
1.34NCHLOROPROPYLENE
1.4-OIOXANE
2.4-O (ACETIC ACID)
2.4-DIAMINOANISOLE
2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE SULFATE
2.4-DIAMINOTOLUENE
2,6-XYUDWE
2-CHLOROACETOPHENONE
2-ETHOXYETHANOL
2-MTTWPHENOL
2-PHENYLPHENOL
V-DKHLOROBENZIOINE
4.4'-OIAMINOOtPHENYL ETHER
4.4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOflO ANILINE)
M'-METHYLENEBISfltN-DIMETHYU
4.»OINfTROO-CflESOL
54UTROOANISIDINE
ACETAMIDE
ALPHA-NAPHTHYIAMINE
ANTHRACENE
ARSENIC
BARNJM
BEHZAL CHLORIDE
BENZO4C TWCHLOfUDE
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS
BK&CHLOROETHYL) ETHER
BBPETHYLHEXYL) AGITATE
BB(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER
BUTYL ACRYLATE
BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CALCIUM CYANAMDE
CARBARYL
CARBONYLSULFIDE
CATECHOL
CHLORAMBEN
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
CHLOAOBENZJLATE
CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER
CHLOROTHALONR.
COBALT
COBALT COMPOUNDS
CUPFERRON
C.L ACID BLUE 9, DIAMMONIUM SALT
C.L ACID BLUE 9, DttODHJM SALT
C.L BASIC GREEN 4
C.L SOLVENT YELLOW 14
C.L SOLVENT YELLOW 3
DBENZDFURAN
DKHLOROBROMOMETHANE
DKHLORVOS
DtCOFOL
DETHYL PHTHALATE
DOHYL SULFATE
DIMETHYL SULFATE
iwwvrai
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
108
. 107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
PW^MI
ETHYL ACRYLATE
ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
ETHYLENE
ETHYLENETHIOUREA
ETHYLENBMINE
FLUOMETURON
HEPTACHLOR
HYDRAZINE
BOBUTYRALDEHYDE
LJNDANE
MANEB
MERCURY
METHOXYCHLOR
METHYL ACRYLATE
METHYL HYDRAZINE
METHYL nOCYANATE
METHYLENE BROMIDE
METHYLENEBIS(PHENYUSOCYANATE)
MtCHLER* KETONE
MOLYBDENUM THOXIDE
M-CRESOL
M-XYLENE
NITROGEN MUSTARD
NITROOLYCERIN
N.N-DIMETHYLANIUNE
N-DKXTTYL PHTHALATE
OAMSIDINE
OCRESOL
0-XYLENE
PARATHION
PERACET1CACID
PHOSPHORUS (YELLOW OR WHITE)
PHTHAUC ANHYDRIDE
PICWCACB
POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYIS
PROPANE SULTONE
PROPOXUR
PROPYLENE
PROPYLEHEIMINE
P-AMSIDINE
P-CRESttHNE
P-CRESOL
P-XYLENE
CHHNOUNE
QUINOME
OWNTOZENE
8ACCHARH4 (MANUFACTURING)
SAFROLE
SELENIUM
STYRENE OXIDE
TEREPHTHAUCAdO
TETRACHLORVmPHOS
THALLIUM
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
THORIUM DIOXIDE
TTTAMUM TETRACHLORIDE
TOLUENE-2.4-OUSOCYANATE
TRKHLORFON
URETHANE
VANADIUM (FUME OR DUST)
VMYLBROMIDE
ZMEB
208
-------
On-sHe Land Disposal and Underground Injection
TABLE 8-14. TRI UNDERGROUND INJECTION RELEASES
BY CHEMICAL CLASS, 1987
TOTAL™ AMOUNT OF PERCENTOFTFB
RELEASE/ TRI UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND
TRANSFER INJECTION RELEASES INJECTION
Rank CHEMICAL NAME Pounds RELEASES
Acids, Bases and Salts
1 SODIUM SULFATt (SOLUTION)
3 AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
5 SULFUFKCACID
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
10 PHOSPHORIC ACID
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Hato-oraanics
i« ^.i-TFtaHLoUoklHANt
17 DtCHLOROMETHANE
25 FREON113
26 TRICHLOHOETHYLENE
35 TETRACHLOHOETHYUENE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Metals and Metal Compounds
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
15 COPPER
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOB CLASS1
Non-metal Inorganics
7 AMMONIA
19 CHLORINE
49 ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
50 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
57 CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Organlcs (non-halogenated)
B McTnANOL
8 TOLUENE
11 ACETONE
12 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
13 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TolALFoRCLAyiS
34 TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
100 TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
GRAND TOTAL
1,738,973,178
811,231,000
413,453,866
135,999,729
34,336,640
73,704
2,934,067,917
74,717,245
3,008,785,162
28,325
560,000
617
18,720
354,000
961,662
2,325,841
3,287,503
56,724,250
452,890
707,666
10,800,800
189,574
68,875,180
806,546
69,681,726 '
47,783,820
84,439
1,454,635
252,000
0
49,574,894
99,821
49,674,718
19,582,087
1,520,943
2,280,943
586,751
75,250
24,045,974
86,873,177
110.618,151
112,000
2,500
3,242,462,757
53.63
18.85
12.75
4.19
1.06
0.00
90.49
2.30
82.79
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.07
6.16
1.75
0.01
0.02
0.33
0.01
2.12
0.03
~nr
1.47
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
1.53
0.00
TBT
0.60
0.05
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.74
3.42
0.01
0.00
100.00
209
-------
Chapter 8
Surface Water
43%
Acid»/B»se»/Salt«
93%
Underground
14%
Fugitive AlrX^^pi^ O-8IU L.»d
Pt45ource Air P(|b||c 8
8% 9%
Mixtures-0.003% Trade Secrets-0.00008%
Total Underground: 3.2 Billion Lbs.
Figure 8-12.
Chemical Class Breakdown of TRI Underground Injection, 1987.Total underground Injection: 3.2 billion
pounds. Mixtures and Trade Secrets each made up less than one percent of the total.
Selected Chemicals
Underground injection of TRI chemicals was used in a limited num-
ber of states. Maps 8-11 through 8-15 show the distribution of under-
ground injection sites of toluene, trichloroethylene, sodium sulfate,
formaldehyde, and metals and metal compounds. In comparison to
total TRI releases and transfers underground injection of toluene
(Map 5-3) and trichloroethylene (Map 5-4), underground injection
releases of toluene (Map 8-11) and trichloroethylene (Map 8-12) are
concentrated in a few states. But these states are the same as those
states also showing relatively large overall total TRI releases and
transfers of toluene and trichloroethylene.
In general for underground injection releases sodium sulfate and
toluene were injected underground in the largest amounts in the South
Central and Great Lakes areas, California, and Florida. Underground
injection of metals and metal compounds was highest in the South
Central, Southeast, and Great Lakes areas. Formaldehyde and
trichloroethylene were injected underground primarily in Kansas,
Texas, and Louisiana.
210
-------
On-slte Land Disposal and Underground Injection
10,000 to 1»,tOO
Map 8-11.
Underground Injection of Toluene Reported to TRI, 1987.
Map 8-12.
Underground Injection of Trichloroethylene Reported to TRI, 1987.
211
-------
Chapter 8
10.MO to 1*M<*
Map 8-13.
Underground Injection of Sodium Sulfate Reported to TRI, 1987.
Map 8-14.
Underground Injection of Formaldehyde Reported to TRI, 1987.
212
-------
On-slte Land Disposal and Underground Injection
Map 8-15.
Underground Injection of Metals and Metal Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987.
Basis of Estimate for Underground Injections
Release amounts for approximately half of all underground injections
reported to TRI were obtained by calculation (Figure 8-13). Another
one-quarter (22 percent) was measured; the remainder were es-
timated by emission factors (0.05 percent), other methods (16 per-
cent), or unknown methods (10 percent).
Total TRI Underground Injection:
3.2 Billion Pounds
Emission Factor 0.4%
Figure 8-13. ~ :
Basis of Estimate for Underground Injection of TRI Chemicals, 1987.
213
-------
-------
Chapter 9. Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Introduction
Fifty percent of facilities filing reports under the Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI) (9,686 out of 19,278 facilities) reported transferring
some or all of their wastes containing TRI chemicals to off-site
facilities (other than public sewage systems) that treated, stored, or
disposed of the wastes. Forty-three percent of all TRI forms reporting
releases and transfers for 1987 (27,575 forms) noted such off-site
transfers. TRI chemical wastes transferred to off-site facilities
totalled 2.6 billion pounds—12 percent of the total TRI chemicals
reported released or transferred (Figure 9-1).
The fate of chemicals transferred to off-site facilities varies. Off-site
facilities may store or release chemicals to the environment in essen-
tially the same form in which the chemicals were received. Chemicals
may, for example, be deposited directly in landfills or injected into
off-site or on-site underground wells (see Chapter 8). Alternatively,
off-site facilities may subject chemicals to varying degrees and types
of treatment to reduce the amount and toxicity of chemicals that are
released to the environment.
Waste treatment may also transform the way in which chemicals are
released. For example, incineration may destroy some TRI chemicals
which would be otherwise put in landfills, but may also release chemi-
cal by-products to the air and produce ash that might then be disposed
of in a landfill. Thus, the amounts of TRI chemicals released to off-site
facilities do not directly indicate the amounts, or type of chemicals
eventually released to tie environment.
Manufacturers
transferred 2.6
billion pounds of
TRI chemicals off-
site In 1987 for
treatment or dis-
posal.
Off-site transfers refer to chemical wastes transported off-site to commercial
facilities that store, treat, or dispose of wastes. Off-site facilities might be owned
by the reporting facility or its parent company, or they may be separate enterprises
such as incinerators, privately-owned wastewater treatment facilities, landfills, or
facilities which process and resell the chemicals, such as recycling facilities or
waste brokers.
215
-------
Chapter 9
SURFACE WATER
43%
PUBLIC SEWAGE
9%
OFF-SITE
12%
UNDERGROUND INJECT'N
14%
LAND
11%
Total Releases and Transfers:
22.5 Billion Pounds
Figure 9-1.
Proportion of Total TRI Releases Transferred Off-Site,1987
TRI required facilities to report the amount of TRI chemicals trans-
ferred off-site, as well as the locations to which they were transferred.
This chapter describes the geographical distribution of transferring
and receiving facilities, the industries that transferred large amounts
of wastes, and the prominent TRI chemicals. A final section outlines
the type of treatment that the TRI chemicals received at off-site
facilities.
216
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Geographical Distribution of Facilities that
Transferred TRI Chemical Wastes
States
Facilities in three states—Michigan, Texas, and Ohio—together ac-
counted for 40 percent of the total TRI off-site transfers (this includes
all transfers originating in the state, whether destined for off-site
facilities within the same state or in other states). Four additional
states (Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana, and Louisiana) each reported
transfers of over 100 million pounds of TRI chemical wastes off-site,
accounting for an additional 19 percent of total transfers. Thus,
facilities in seven states were responsible for 59 percent of all off-site
transfers (Table 9-1).
Facilities hi Michigan transferred 540 million pounds of TRI chemi-
cals to off-site facilities (either in-state or out-of-state), which was the
largest amount of TRI chemicals transferred off-site for any state,
accounting for over one fifth of the total amount of TRI chemical
wastes transferred (Map 9-1, Table 9-1). Michigan's off-site transfers
were dominated by the transfer of metal compounds from a single
facility in Ecorse, which were transferred to an off-site facility in the
same city. Indeed, 75 percent of the state's total reported transfers of
TRI chemicals wastes originated at this facility. (See the discussion
below.)
Facilities in Texas reported the second largest amount of off-site
transfers of TRI chemical wastes, 282 million pounds or 11 percent of
total transfers —just half of the amount of off-site transfers reported
in Michigan. Ohio facilities reported transfers totaling 232 million
pounds, comprising another nine percent of total off-site transfers.
Facilities in Western states and New England, along with Alaska and
Hawaii, reported the smallest amounts of off-site transfers. Of the
nine jurisdictions with reported transfers of under 500,000 pounds
each, five were in the West: Montana, Nevada, Idaho, and North and
South Dakota.
Michigan, Texas,
and Ohio accounted
for 40 percent of all
TRI off-site trans-
fers.
217
-------
I
POUNDS
• < 100,000
100,000-600,000
> 600,000
Map 9-1. Total Off-Site Transfers of TRI Chemicals Reported Nationwide, by County, 1987
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
TABLE 9-1. TRI FACIUTIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF OFF-SITE TRANSFERS BY STATE. 1987
TRI
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Rank STATE
FACILITIES REPORTING
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Numbor Pwcont
FORMS REPORTING
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Number Percent
AMOUNT OF TH
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent
13
51
52
39
26
9
34
24
38
27
21
50
47
5
6
33
16
11
7
41
30
20
1
29
14
18
49
40
48
32
10
44
8
17
46
3
28
31
4
35
37
15
45
23
2
36
42
53
25
19
22
12
43
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vwmont
Virgin (stands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
TOTAL
PERCENT OF ALL REPORTING
157
1
0
66
137
823
85
248
30
178
281
5
10
598
406
116
85
185
123
45
91
339
460
113
110
217
9
49
7
86
469
14
404
359
10
721
88
81
585
60
69
212
17
234
471
49
33
0
185
133
60
344
8
9,686
50.24
1.62
0.01
0.00
0.68
1.41
8.50
0.88
2.56
0.31
1.84
2.90
0.05
0.10
6.17
4.19
1.20
0.88
1.91
1.27
0.46
0.94
3.50
4.75
1.17
1.14
2.24
0.09
0.51
0.07
0.89
4.84
0.14
4.17
3.71
0.10
7.44
0.91
0.84
6.04
0.62
0.92
2.19
0.18
2.42
4.86
0.51
0.34
0.00
1.91
1.37
0.62
3.55
0.08
100.00
458
4
0
136
350
2,247
202
712
95
405
678
19
29
1,653
1,177
293
223
565
523
115
316
849
1,580
309
251
676
25
122
15
222
1,324
44
1,169
889
14
2,228
203
215
1,747
127
187
606
27
582
1,734
132
84
0
502
356
231
911
14
27,575
37.19
1.66
0.01
0.00
0.49
1.27
8.15
0.73
2.58
0.34
1.47
2.46
0.07
0.11
5.99
4.27
1.06
0.81
2.05
1.90
0.42
1.15
3.08
5.73
1.12
0.91
2.45
0.09
0.44
0.05
0.81
4.80
0.18
4.24
3.22
0.05
8.08
0.74
0.78
6.34
0.46
0.68
2.20
0.10
an
6.29
0.48
0.30
0.00
1.82
1.29
0.84
3.30
0.05
100.00
62,580,627
139
0
3,163,551
23,124,550
97,644,358
5,321,533
23,677,774
3,967,692
17,162,515
32,555,328
30,228
259,307
111,556,134
107,092,085
6,149,084
52,300,709
79,727,997
101,793,171
2,040,371
11,035,136
32,931,176
539,530,650
11,833,822
54,106,141
35,466,064
138,140
2,428,365
141,555
6,249,760
82,811,998
641,055
97,670,612
44,990,734
279,990
232,280,058
16,196,697
8,401,643
177,338,841
5,137,365
4,439,825
52,886,551
452,952
28,631,687
281,688,463
4,782,932
1,929,473
0
23,590,466
33,588,830
29,174,069
85,888,083
1,129,103
2,617,957,365
11.63
2.39
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.88
3.73
0.20
0.90
0.15
0.66
1.24
0.00
0.01
4.26
4.09
0.23
2.00
3.05
3.89
0.08
0.42
1.26
20.61
0.45
2.07
1.35
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.24
3.16
0.02
3.73
1.72
0.01
8.87
0.62
0.32
6.77
0.20
0.17
2.02
0.02
1.09
10.76
0.18
0.07
0.00
0.90
1.28
1.11
2.52
0.04
100.00
219
-------
Chapter 9
Nearly three
quarter* of
Michigan's total TRI
releases and trans-
fers were trans-
ferred off-she for
treatment or dis-
posal.
Off-site transfers
from facilities In 25
counties accounted
for half the total TRI
off-site transfers.
Off-Site Transfers as a Proportion of State Total TRI Releases
and Transfers
Off-site transfers comprised differing fractions of the total TRI
releases and transfers for each state, ranging from nearly three
quarters of the total reported releases and transfers hi Michigan to
under five percent of the total for 16 states (Table 9-1). (See also
Chapter 5, Table 5-2.) The proportion of off-site transfers in Michigan
is significantly higher than in any other state: 73 percent of the total
TRI releases and transfers in Michigan were transferred off-site
compared to 41 percent for Pennsylvania, which had the second
largest proportion of off-site transfers.
Facilities in several other states in the Midwest and East transferred
over 30 percent of their total TRI releases and transfers off-site:
Vermont (40 percent); Wisconsin (36 percent); Ohio (32 percent);
Kentucky (32 percent); Massachusetts (31 percent); and New York
(30 percent). Except for Ohio none of these states ranked high for the
total amount of TRI chemicals transferred off-site. Rather, off-site
transfers comprised such a high percent of total TRI releases and
transfers because they were the largest such category within each
state.
Counties
Facilities in 25 counties accounted for over half of the total off-site
transfers of TRI chemical wastes and often for substantial portions of
the individual states' off-site transfers (Table 9-2). Map 9-1 shows how
such off-site transfers were concentrated in particular counties.
Facilities in Wayne County, Michigan—the county with the largest
amount of off-site transfers—accounted for 18 percent (484 million
pounds) of all off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes (Table 9-2).
Other counties with large off-site transfers included Harris County,
Texas (135 million pounds, 5 percent of all off-site transfers); Los
Angeles County, California (48 million pounds, 2 percent of all off-site
transfers); and Bucks County, Pennsylvania (48 million pounds, 2
percent of off-site transfers). Some counties accounted for a large
portion of the TRI off-site transfers within a state, such as Wayne
County, Michigan (90 percent of TRI off-site transfers in the state)
and Los Angeles County, California (49 percent of all TRI off-site
transfers in the state).
220
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
TABLE 9-2. THE 25 COUNTIES WITH THE LARGEST TRI
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS, 1987
COUNTY
WAYNE
HARRIS
LOS ANGELES
BUCKS
JEFFERSON
COLBERT
CUYAHOGA
ST BERNARD
LAMAR
WARREN
SEDGWICK
COOK
WOOD
LAKE
MIDDLESEX
CHARLESTON
UNION
BOYD
NUECES
GRAYS HARBOR
ASHTABULA
MOREHOUSE
MADISON
HAYWOOD
STARK
SUBTOTAL
STATE
Ml
TX
CA
PA
TX
AL
OH
LA
MS
NY
KS
IL
Wl
IN
NJ
SC
NJ
KY
TX
WA
OH
LA
IL
NC
OH
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Pounds
483,567,083
135,307,397
48,082,390
47,994,138
43,138,979
42,331,820
39,918,584
37,605,062
35,898,000
34,711,800
33,244,227
31,251,237
30,428,826
28,679,825
27,803,452
26,422,827
25,730,567
23,583,046
22,688,764
22,566,000
22,532,559
22,409,500
20,252,479
19,640,926
19,092,475
1,324,881,963
50.61
1,293,075,402
2,617,957,365
PERCENT OF
TRI OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS IN
THE STATE
89.63
48.03
49.24
27.06
15.31
67.64
17.19
36.94
66.35
35.54
63.56
28.01
46.18
26.78
33.57
49.96
31.07
29.58
8.05
67.18
9.70
22.01
18.15
43.66
8.22
221
-------
Chapter 9
Over one quarter of
reported off-site
transfers were sent
out-of-state. Ohio
Facilities received 13
percent of the total
amount of TRI chemi-
cals transported
across state lines.
Facilities In Ecorse,
Michigan received
397 million pounds
of TRI off-site trans-
fers—1 5 percent of
the total transferred
In 1987.
Geographical Distribution of Facilities Receiving
Off-site Transfers
States
Figure 9-2 shows the states receiving the largest amounts of TRI
off-site transfers from within the same state. Michigan, Texas, Ohio,
and Pennsylvania had the largest intra-state transfers.
In contrast, Figure 9-3 details the states receiving the largest quantities
of transfers/rom out of state. In 1987, over one-quarter of all reported
off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes (731 million pounds) were
transported to facilities across state lines.2 Ohio facilities received
nearly 13 percent of all out-of-state transfers (92 million pounds), the
largest share for any state; wastes transferred to Ohio facilities ac-
counted for nine percent of the total off-site transfers of TRI chemical
wastes. Louisiana, Indiana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Michigan
also received large amounts of off-site transfers from out-of-state
facilities, each accepting over 40 million pounds of off-site transfers.
Western states and New England states received the smallest amounts
of chemicals transported from out-of-state.
Cities Receiving Largest Off-Site Transfers
The city in Michigan which accounted for that state's high rank is
Ecorse (Table 9-3). It alone received transfers of 397 million pounds
of TRI chemical wastes, equalling 15 percent of all reported TRI
off-site transfers, and almost four times the amount received by any
other city. Other cities receiving large amounts of off-site transfers of
TRI chemical wastes included Deer Park, Texas (112 million pounds,
four percent of all off-site transfers) and Baton Rouge, Louisiana (87
million pounds, three percent of all off-site transfers). The ten cities
receiving the largest amounts of off-site transfers accounted for 32
percent of all off-site transfers.
Because transfer sites were not identified for over 102 million pounds (four
percent) of off-site transfers, it cannot be determined whether these wastes were
transported out of state.
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
600
600
400
300
200
100
Ml TX OH PA CA LA IL NY IN AL Wl KS KY SC NC NJ W&MOGA TN
Transfers W/in State
Figure 9-2.
The 20 States Receiving the Largest Off-site Transfers of TRI Chemicals from In-state Facilities, 1987.
(Off-site transfers originating and remaining in-state.)
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
100
80
60
40
20 I
91.8
OH LA IN NJ PA Ml AL KY IL TN TX WV CT KS AR MN Wl MA UT OK
Transfers Received
Figure 9-3.
The 20 States Receiving the Largest Off-site Transfers of TRI Chemicals from Out-of-State Facilities, 1987.
(Off-site transfers generated in one state, transferred to another.)
223
-------
Chapter 9
TABLE 9-3. THE TEN ODES WITH THE LARGEST AMOUNT
OF TRI OFF-SITE TRANSFERS. 1987
CITY
Ecoree
Deer Park
Baton Rouge
Belleville
Leighton
Detroit
Glens Falls
Cleveland
Wichita
Emelle
SUBTOTAL
STATE
Michigan
Texas
Louisiana
Michigan
Alabama
Michigan
New York
Ohio
Kansas
Alabama
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
AMOUNT
TRANSFERRED
TOTHEOTY
396,580.500
111.802,869
87,247.936
44,514,531
42,129.100
39,342,280
33.792.500
33,702.290
31,691,406
26,440.690
847,244,102
1,770,713,263
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
15.15
4.27
3.33
1.70
1.61
1.50
1.29
1.29
1.21
1.01
32.36
67.64
Nearly one third of
all TRI off-site trans-
fer* were disposed
of In landfills or by
other means, 22 per-
cent went to treat-
ment facilities, and
6 percent were
recovered or reused.
GRAND TOTAL OF
TRI OFF-SITE TRANSFERS 2.617,957,365
100.00
Types of Treatment or Disposal for Off-site
Transfers
The largest portion of off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes went
to facilities that disposed of the chemicals on land. (On-site land
disposal is described in Chapter 8). Landfills and surface impound-
ments received the largest amounts of off-site transfers-666 million
pounds or 25 percent of the off-site transfer wastes (Table 9-4).3
Another four percent (95 million pounds) of off-site transfers were
injected into underground wells. Less than one percent (17 million
pounds) went to land treatment and to other land disposal.
A significant fraction of TRI chemical wastes transferred off-site went
to some type of waste treatment facility. (Waste treatment is described
in detail in Chapter 10.) Ten percent of all off-site transfers (256
million pounds) were sent to wastewater treatment facilities other
than public sewage systems. Five percent (140 million pounds) of TRI
chemical wastes were transferred to off-site facilities that incinerate
3 The TRI form did not call for reporting off-site transfers to landfills and to
surface impoundments separately, as it did for on-site land releases, so the data
do not indicate whether surface impoundments dominate here as well.
224
-------
Off-site Transfer* of Chemical Waste*
or treat wastes thermally. Six percent (169 million pounds) went to
facilities that reuse wastes as fuel or recover metals and organics
(however, because off-site recycling of wastes was exempt from TRI
reporting, the actual extent of fuel reuse and metals recovery may be
under-represented).
Nearly seven percent of all off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes,
(177 million pounds), went to "other off-site management" facilities
or facilities where the treatment or method practiced by the facilities
that received these wastes were not identified (or unknown). Less than
one percent (18 million pounds) of all off-site transfers of TRI chemi-
cal wastes were transferred to storage facilities. The remaining one
third of reported off-site transfers (901 million pounds) went to
facilities where they were subjected to multiple treatment or disposal
methods.
TABLE 8-4. NUMBER OF THI FORMS AND AMOUNT OF TRANSFERS
TO OFF-SITE LOCATIONS BY TYPE OF
OFF-SITE TREATMENT/DISPOSAL, 1987
TW FORMS
WITHOFF-SnE
TRANSFERS
TYPE OF TREATMENT/DISPOSAL
LANDFILL OR OTHER DISPOSAL
UNDFIL/SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT
UNDERGROUND MJECTION
OTHER LAND DISPOSAL
TREATMENT
WASTEWATER TREATMENT (PRIVATE)
OTHER TREATMENT
INCINERATION/THERMAL TREATMENT
SOUDIFICATION/STABIIJZATION
LAND TREATMENT
REUSE AS FUEL/FUEL BLENDING
TRANSFER TO WASTE BROKER
METALS RECOVERY
OROANICS RECOVERY
OTHER RECOVERY
NOT SPECIFIC OR UNKNOWN
OTHER OFF-SITE MANAGEMENT
NOTAVAUDCOOE
OFF-SITE MANAGEMENT UNKNOWN
Numfaar
8,102
7,436
311
355
306
8,164
1,074
1.722
4.539
654
175
3,789
vm
861
13
117
22
2.465
530
985
950
Panani
29.38
1.13
1.29
1.11
29.61
3.89
634
16.46
VSI
0.63
13.74
3.12
0.05
0.42
0.06
8.94
3.57
3.45
TW OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Pounda
7/6,5^7,032
96,361,767
16.916,634
18.223363
574.108,929
258384.005
141,100.780
140.138387
28.854,116
9,733.741
168.916365
101,382.633
49,182.308
10,685,118
5,045.911
2,640389
176.864,466
23.093,012
19,577.486
Pareant
29.74
3.64
0.65
0.70
21.93
9.79
5.39
5.35
1.03
0.37
6.45
1.88
0.41
0.19
0.10
6.76
0.88
0.75
17.22
901.287.410
34.43
TOTAL 27.575 100.00 2,1
Note: V a »uomitt»r anlarad an on-aHa Iraatnwnt ooda fathar lhan off-alt* naaftnant coda. *a«analBr amount
waa Indudad hi the appropriate category.
225
-------
Chapter 9
The Primary Metals
industry transferred
the largest amount
of TRI chemicals to
off-site facilities.
Industries that Transferred TRI Chemical Wastes to
Off-site Facilities
Industrial Distribution
Facilities in the Primary Metals industry transferred 961 million
pounds of TRI chemical wastes to off-site facilities, which accounted
for the largest share (37 percent) of TRI transfers to off-site facilities
(Figure 9-4, Table 9-5). Facilities in the Chemical and Allied Products
industry ranked second for off-site transfers, transporting 720 million
pounds, or 28 percent of the total. These two industries also ranked
second and first, respectively, for total releases and transfers of all
types (see Chapter 5).
Other industries reporting more than 100 million pounds of transfers
of TRI chemical wastes to off-site facilities included Petroleum Refin-
ing and Related industries with 206 million pounds (eight percent),
Paper and Allied Products with 129 million pounds (five percent), and
Food(20
Tobacco
Textiles
Apparel
Lumber
Furniture
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
Prim. Metals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Instruments
Misc. Manufact.
(2221
23
24
25
26
27
28
30
33
34
35
§7
38
39
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
10.070
0.41*
t.OII
0.004
0.000
7.0J7
1.1*4
••••*•
.014
m^mm
-Ba^B^BMB «»« T««
-
-
-
-
-
H
H
Multiple Codes 20-39 H
No Codes in (20-39) H
D 00.177
0.07*
^•0.001
i^l 104.
] **.7*4
^i 7*.X*
X1.7X*
1.14*
11.2*0
^•^
170
71*
•BB^Hi
, I.,..— ,-, ^5
mm*m
^^^^
HMB
0 200 400 600 8C
.847
•^•••H i
10 10
00.00*
00 12
00
Millions of Pounds
Off-Site Transfers Of TRI Chemicals By Industry, 1987. By Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes.
226
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
TABLE 9-5. TRI FACIUTIES, FORMS AND AMOUNT OF OFF-SlTE TRANSFERS BY INDUSTRY, 1987
TRI
OFF-SrTE
TRANSFER SIC
FACILITIES REPORTING
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Number Percent
FORMS REPORTING
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Number Percent
AMOUNT OF TRI
OFF-SITE TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent
14
21
15
22
19
17
5
18
2
3
11
20
9
1
6
10
B
7
12
16
4
13
PERCENT O
20 Food Products
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile Mill Products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Products
25 Furniture and Fixtures
26 Paper Products
27 Printing, Publishing
28 Chemical Products
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber and Plastic Products
31 Leather Products
32 Stone, Clay, Glass Products
33 Primary Metals
34 Fabricated Metals
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric and Electronic Equip.
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring, Photographic Goods
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codes in 20 - 39
No SIC codes in 20 - 39
TOTAL
FALL REPORTING
130
6
125
7
280
178
295
167
1,903
165
598
63
294
689
1.385
465
935
620
203
167
895
116
9,686
50.24
0.06
1.29
0.07
2.89
1.84
3.05
1.72
19.65
1.70
6.17
0.65
3.04
7.11
14.30
4.80
9.65
6.40
2.10
1.72
9.24
1.20
100.00
9
262
11
788
591
727
325
7,680
872
1,241
137
569
2.008
3,147
1,027
2,249
2,262
483
416
2,210
341
27,575
37.19
0.03
0.95
0.04
2.86
2.14
2.64
1.18
27.85
3.16
4.50
0.50
2.06
7.28
11.41
3.72
8.16
8.20
1.75
1.51
8.01
1.24
100.00
458,196
9,058,955
94.221
3,909,453
7,857,362
129,014,310
5,364,131
720,337,123
205,764,651
30,177,303
3,878,288
50,081,467
960,608,352
104,277,700
33,764,108
78,291,668
91,310,180
21,725,976
8,842,508
131,767,953
11,295,538
2,617,957,365
11.63
0.02
0.35
0.00
0.15
0.30
4.93
0.20
27.52
7.86
1.15
0.15
1.91
36.69
3.98
1.29
2.99
3.49
0.83
0.34
5.03
0.43
100.00
Fabricated Metal Products with 104 million pounds (4 percent). Three
other industries — Transportation Equipment, Electrical and
Electronic Equipment, and Stone, Clay, and Glass Products-trans-
ferred more than 50 million pounds each.
Off-site transfers by the Petroleum Refining industry are illustrated in
Map 9-2. The largest off-site transfers by the industry occurred in the
Gulf Coast states of Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, followed by
East and West Coast states (New Jersey and California) and Ken-
tucky.
227
-------
Chapter 9
Map 9-2.
TRI Chemicals Transported Off-Site by the Petroleum Refining Industry, 1987.
60.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Percent
Manufacture Process Other Uses Combination Unknown
• Off-Site Transfers Forms Eli Of TRI. Release/Trans
Figure 9-5. ~ —
Off-Site Transfer* Of TRI Chemicals By Industrial Activities And Uses, 1987.
228
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Industrial Activities and Uses
One-fifth of all off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes (488 million
pounds) were from facilities engaged in manufacture only activities
(Figure 9-5). These facilities submitted only five percent of all chemi-
cal-specific forms (1,334 forms) reporting off-site transfers. These
off-site transfers accounted for only four percent of all releases and
transfers from facilities engaged in manufacture only activities, in-
dicating that most wastes from these facilities are treated and disposed
of on-site (or released to air or water) rather than transferred off-site.
A larger portion of wastes are transported off-site for treatment or
disposal by facilities engaged inprocess only or other uses only than by
facilities engaged in manufacture only. Facilities using chemicals in
only other uses submitted 43 percent of the forms reporting off-site
transfers (11,849 forms) and accounted for 30 percent of all off-site
transfers (779 million pounds). Only 15 percent of off-site transfers
(380 million pounds) were from facilities that indicated process only,
yet the off-site transfers from these facilities accounted for 30 percent
of all releases from these facilities. These facilities submitted 31
percent of all forms (8,548 forms) reporting off-site transfers.
Facilities identifying combined uses accounted for 37 percent of all
off-site transfers (962 million pounds), representing 16 percent of all
releases from these facilities. These facilities submitted 21 percent of
all forms (5,680 forms) reporting off-site transfers.
Facilities and Companies that Transfer and Receive
TRI Chemical Wastes
Facilities Transferring Chemicals Off-Site
Some facilities that received off-site transfers are independently
owned and operated, while others are owned by a facility or parent
company from which they receive a portion, or all, of the wastes
accepted. Three-quarters of the facilities that reported off-site trans-
fers of TRI chemical wastes transferred their wastes to off-site
facilities or disposal sites that they did not own or control (Table 9-6).
These transfers amounted to 1.7 billion pounds of TRI chemicals,
comprising 65 percent of all TRI off-site transfers.
Only three percent of the facilities that reported off-site transfers sent
all of their wastes to locations owned or controlled by themselves or
their parent companies; these transfers made up six percent (157
million pounds) of all reported off-site transfers. Another 12 percent
of such facilities, representing 687 million pounds or 26 percent of the
A larger portion of
wastes were
transported off-site
for treatment or dis-
posal by facilities
engaged In "process-
Ing" or "other uses
only" than engaged
In "manufacturing
only."
Three-quarters of
the facilities report-
Ing off-site trans
fers of TRI chemi-
cals transported
their wastes to off-
site facilities they
did not own or con-
trol.
229
-------
Chapter 9
TABLED. NUMBER OF TRI FACILITIES REPORTING WHETHER OR NOT
OFF-SITE TRANSFER LOCATION IS UNDER CONTROL OF FACILITY
OR PARENT COMPANY
TRI FACILITIES
UNDER CONTROL Number Percent
TOTAL
9,686 100.00
AMOUNT OF TRANSFERS
Pounds
YES
NO
COMBINATION
BLANK
305
7,424
1,116
841
3.15
76.65
11.52
8.68
156,754,143
1,708,414,877
686,608,346
66,179,999
5.99
65.26
26.23
2.53
2,617,957,365 100.00
The largest In-
dividual off-site
transfer was 340 mil-
lion pounds of
aluminum oxide In
Ecorae, Michigan.
total amount of off-site transfers, reported sending some portion of
their transfers to facility- or corporate-owned sites and sending the
remainder to independent off-site facilities.
Largest Off-Site Transfers
Off-site transfers of 340 million pounds of aluminum oxide from a
single facility in Ecorse, Michigan dominated all other individual
off-site transfers. This transfer alone comprised 13 percent of the total
amount of off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes for the nation hi
1987. The second largest transfer hi 1987,55 million pounds of man-
ganese compounds (two percent of all off-site transfers), was trans-
ferred off-site by the same facility. Taken together, these two transfers
comprised 15 percent of the total amount of TRI chemical wastes
transferred off-site, and 73 percent of all reported off-site transfers in
Michigan. They were also the reason why this city received the largest
amount of off-site transfers of any city in the nation (see Table 9-3,
above).
No other off-site transfers from a single facility were greater than 50
million pounds (or more than two percent of the total off-site trans-
fers). The next three largest transfers, ranging from 35 to 44 million
pounds, consisted of chemicals in the acids/bases/salts class (see
below and Chapter 4 for an explanation of chemical classes). These
three transfers were made from facilities in Pennsylvania, Louisiana,
and Mississippi. Taken together, the five largest transfers of individual
TRI chemical wastes comprised almost one-fifth of the total amount
of chemicals transferred off-site (509 million pounds) in 1987.
4 The Great Lakes Division of the National Steel Corporation.
230
-------
OH-«He Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Receiving Facilities Regulated under RCRA.
Many TRI chemicals are also regulated under the Resource Conser-
vation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Facilities that transfer or receive
chemical wastes covered by RCRA must have a RCRA identification
number (described in Chapter 3). Facilities that reported off-site
transfers listed a RCRA identification number for the receiving facility
in 85 percent of the chemical forms they submitted. The remaining 15
percent of the forms might represent off-site transfers to municipal
landfills or other sites not regulated under RCRA, or they might
represent sites for which the reporting f acility did not know the correct
RCRA identification number.
Many chemicals
covered by TRI are
also regulated
under RCRA; 85 per-
cent of forms report-
Ing off-she transfers
listed a RCRA ID
number.
TRI Chemicals Transferred Off-site
TRI facilities transferred more aluminum oxide off-site than any other
TRI chemical (Table 9-7). Aluminum oxide comprised one third of all
off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes, a total of 862 million pounds.
A single facility with a transfer of 340 million pounds of aluminum
oxide in 1987, located in Ecorse, Michigan (described above) ac-
counted for 39 percent of the total reported aluminum oxide transfers.
Four other chemicals were transferred in amounts greater than 100
million pounds, each representing between four and nine percent of
the total off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes: sulfuric acid (231
million pounds); sodium hydroxide (135 million pounds); sodium
sulfate (131 million pounds); and hydrochloric acid (107 million
pounds). Five additional chemicals transferred in amounts over 50
million pounds included toluene, xylene, methanol, manganese com-
pounds, and zinc compounds. Taken together, these ten chemicals
accounted for 70 percent of the total amount of TRI chemical wastes
transferred off-site. The top 25 chemicals made up 87 percent of all
off-site transfers of TRI chemical wastes.
Of the 272 chemicals for which TRI releases and transfers were
reported, 242 were transported in some amount off-site for treatment
or disposal, while 30 (11 percent) were not transported off-site (Table
9-8).
Aluminum oxide ac-
counted for one
third of off-site
transfers.
231
-------
Chapter 9
Metal* and metal
compounds rep-
resented nearly
half of all off-site
transfers.
Chemical Classes
Facilities transported larger amounts of metals and metal compounds
off-site than any other chemical class (Figure 9-6, Table 9-9). While
metals and metal compounds represented only 15 percent of the total
TRI releases and transfers, they constituted nearly half (1.2 billion
pounds) of the total amounts of chemicals transported off-site.
The acids/bases/salts class ranked second for total off-site transfers.
This class represented one-quarter of all off-site transfers, whereas it
made up 69 percent of total TRI releases and transfers. Organics
comprised approximately 19 percent of the off-site transfers, followed
by halo-organics (five percent), non-metallic inorganics (one per-
cent), and mixtures (one percent).
TABLE 9-7. NUMBER OF TRI FORMS AND AMOUNT OF TRANSFERS FOR THE
25 CHEMICALS WfTH THE LARGEST OFF-SHTE TRANSFERS. 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
2 ALUMINUM OXIDE
5 SULFURICACID
6 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
1 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
4 HYDROCHLORIC ACID
9 TOLUENE
12 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
8 METHANOL
21 MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
16 ZINC COMPOUNDS
13 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
23 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
11 ACETONE
15 COPPER
34 TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
17 DICHLOROMETHANE
37 ALUMINUM (FUME OR DUST)
14 1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE
29 LEAD
42 NAPHTHALENE
27 STYRENE
22 NfTRICACID
38 MANGANESE
41 CHROMIUM
50 ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI FORMS
REPORTING OFF-SfTE
TRANSFERS
Number
784
783
1,124
256
438
1,809
1,546
848
152
731
1,304
312
1.054
692
230
706
127
1,474
340
143
305
333
276
505
95
16,367
11,208
27,575
Percent
2.84
2.84
4.08
0.93
1.59
6.56
5.61
3.08
0.55
2.65
4.73
1.13
3.82
2.51
0.83
2.56
0.46
5.35
1.23
0.52
1.11
1.21
1.00
1.83
0.34
59.35
40.65
100.00
AMOUNT OF TRI
OFF-SITE
TRANSFERS
Pounds
861,591,039
230,515,099
135,071,893
130,606,774
107,387,120
79,259,364
74,612,447
71,802,772
66,692,040
60,512,500
46,085,612
40,574,726
37,614,073
35,926,437
33,415,914
31,225,718
30,972,767
29,998,240
28,553,775
28,313,419
26,403,615
25,287,175
23,530,841
21,780,874
19,872,387
2,277.606,621
340,350,744
2,617,957,365
Percent
32.91
8.81
5.16
4.99
4.10
3.03
2.85
2.74
2.55
2.31
1.76
1.55
1.44
1.37
1.28
1.19
.18
.15
.09
.08
.01
0.97
0.90
0.83
0.76
87.00
13.00
100.00
232
-------
Off-sHe Transfers of Chemical Wastes
TABLE 9*. CHEMICALS FOR WHICH NO TRI OFF-SFTE TRANSFERS WERE REPORTED, 198
(Of the 272 chemicals for which some releases were reported)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1,3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE 16
2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL 17
2,4-DIAMINOANISOLE 18
2,4-DIAMINOTOLUENE 19
2,6-XYUDINE 20
4,4'-DIAMINODIPHENYL ETHER 21
414'-METHYLENEBIS(N,N-DIMETHYL) 22
4-AMINOAZOBENZENE 23
4-AMINOBIPHENYL 24
S-NFTRO-O-ANISIDINE 25
ACROLEIN 26
12 BIS(CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER 27
13 CALCIUM CYANAMIDE 28
14 CARBONYLSULFIDE 29
15 CHLOROBENZILATE 30
CHLOROMETHYL METHYL ETHER
ETHYL CHLOROFORMATE
HYDRAZINESULFATE
METHOXYCHLOR
NITROGEN MUSTARD
N-NITROSODIPHENYLAMINE
PERACETICACID
POLY BROMINATED BIPHENYLS
PROPANE SULTONE
PROPYLENEIMINE
P-ANISIDINE
SAFROLE
STYRENE OXIDE
THALLIUM COMPOUNDS
VINYL BROMIDE
Surface Water
43%
Fugitive Air
4%
Pt Source Air
8%
Public Sewage
9*0n-8lte Land
11%
Halo-organlca
,.--"'6%
Underground
14%
Acids/Baees/Salte
26%
Organic*
19%
Non-metal*
1%
Figure 9-6.
Off-SKe Transfers By Chemical Class, Compared To Total TRI Releases, 1987. Total off-site transfers: 2.6
billion pounds. Mixtures accounted for 1.3 percent of the total; Trade Secrets for less than 0.5 percent.
233
-------
Chapter 9
TABLE 9-9. TRI OFF-SITE TRANSFERS BY CHEMICAL CLASS, 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
TRI PERCENT OF
OFF-SITE TOTAL TRI
TRANSFERS OFF-SITE
Pounds TRANSFERS
1
3
4
5
6
10
14
17
25
26
35
2
15
IB
21
23
7
19
40
50
57
8
8
11
12
13
34
100
SODIUM SUU-Alb (SOLUTION)
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HYDROCHLORIC AGO
SULFURCACO
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUDON)
PHOSPHORIC ACO
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Hakvorgantes
i.^-THJuHLUHUblHANt
DCHLOROMETHANE
FREON113
TFUCHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOHOETHYLENE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Metals and Metal Compound.
ALUMINUM OXIDE
COPPER
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Non-metallic Inorganics
CHLORINE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
1 U 1 AL FOR CLASS
OfQWiKS (noo-lwlOQ0nfltea)
MtlHANOL
TOLUENE
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED BOMERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
Subtotal
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN CLASS
TUIAL FOR CLASS
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
GRAND TOTAL
130,606,774
13,419,977
107,387,120
230,515,099
135,071,893
10,778,338
627,779,201
48,093,804
675,873,005
29,998,240
31,225,718
9,090,684
10,320,188
8,518,855
88,153,685
40,882,031
130,035,716
861,591,039
35,926,437
60,512,500
66,692,040
40,574,726
1,065,298,742
181,504,145
1,248,600,887
5,413,883
1,743,642
1,978,288
18,872,387
28,990
29,037.190
3,654,571
32,691,761
71,802,772
79,259,364
37,614,073
74,612,447
46,085,612
309,374,268
189,137,607
488,511,875
33,415,914
628,207
2,617,957,365
4.99
0.51
4.10
8.81
5.16
0.41
23.98
1.84
25.82
1.15
1.19
0.35
0.39
0.33
3.41
1.56
4.97
32.91
1.37
2.31
2.55
1.55
40.69
6.93
47.62
0.21
0.07
0.08
0.76
0.00
1.11
0.14
1.25
2.74
3.03
1.44
2.85
1.76
11.82
7.22
19.04
1.28
0.02
100.00
234
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Selected Chemicals
Maps 9-3 through 9-9 illustrate the geographical distribution of
toluene, trichloroethylene, aluminum oxide, methyl ethyl ketone,
xylene (mixed isomers), dichloromethane, and the metals/metal com-
pounds class. Off-site transfers of toluene and trichloroethylene
(Maps 9-3 and 9-4) were distributed similarly to the total TRI releases
and transfers for these chemicals (Maps 5-3 and 5-4): facilities in the
Midwest and South reported the largest amounts for off-site transfers
as well as TRI total releases and transfers.
In contrast, Tennessee and Michigan had the largest total releases and
transfers of toluene, while Texas, Michigan, Indiana and Ohio had the
largest off-site transfers. For trichloroethylene, Illinois and Indiana
had the largest reported total releases and transfers, while Michigan
had the largest off-site transfers. Other TRI chemicals with large
reported amounts of off-site transfers had similar overall patterns of
distribution, with highest off-site transfers in states in the Eastern
United States, Texas, and California; however, transfers for specific
states varied. For example, Michigan was the state with the largest
transfers of aluminum oxide, while dichloromethane and metals had
a high percentage of off-site transfers in West Virginia and
Washington. Different patterns can be seen for other states.
Map 9-3.
Off-Site Transfers of Toluene Reported to TRI, 1987.
235
-------
Chapter 9
Thousand* of Pound*
I I "•"
•»to1,MO
Map 9-4.
Off-SHe Transfers Of Trtehproethylene Reported to TRI.1987.
Thousands of Pound*
I 010100
I j 100 to 1,000
1,000 to 10,000
10.000 to 100,000
Map 9-5.
Off-SHe Transfers of Aluminum Oxide Reported to TRI.1987.
236
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Map 9-6.
Off-Site Transfers of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Reported to TRI, 1987.
Thousand* of Pounds
0 to 100
10010000
1,000 t* 10,000
Map 9-7.
Off-Site Transfers of Xylene (Mixed Isomers) Reported to TRI, 1987.
237
-------
Chapter 9
Thousands of Pound*
0 10 28
»to 100
Map 9-8.
Off-Site Transfers of Dichloromethane Reported to TRI, 1987.
10,00010 100,000
Map 9-9.
Off-Site Transfers of Metals and Metal Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987.
238
-------
Off-site Transfers of Chemical Wastes
Basis of Estimate for Off-site Transfers
Thirty-six percent of all off-site transfer amounts of TRI chemical
wastes reported were measured amounts (Figure 9-7)—the highest
percentage for any type of release. An additional 16 percent of off-site
transfers were calculated, less than one percent were estimated by
emission factors, and 20 percent were estimated by other methods.
The methods used to arrive at 26 percent of reported off-site transfer
amounts are unknown.
Thirty-six percent of
off-site transfers
were measured
amounts.
Measurement
36%
Other
20%
Calculation
16%
Emission Factor
1%
Unknown
26%
Total Off-Site Transfers:
2.6 Billion Pounds
Figure 9-7.
Methods For Assessing Off-Site Transfer Amounts Reported To TRI, 1987
239
-------
Chapter 9
Issues in Interpreting Off-site Transfer Data
When toxic chemicals are released directly to the environment, as
were those examined in Chapters 6 through 8, it is possible to identify
the geographical location and the segment of the environment (air,
water, or land) into which these chemicals were initially discharged.
In contrast, off-site transfers are not necessarily released directly. As
noted above, chemicals transported to off-site locations maybe stored
or disposed of after little or no treatment, or they may be subjected to
various degrees and methods of treatment that reduce the amounts,
or transform the wastes, which are ultimately released to air, water,
or land. TRI forms indicate the amounts initially transported off-site,
but the forms do not reveal the final amounts and types of release for
the off-site transfers. Off-site transfer amounts described in this chap-
ter should be interpreted with this distinction in mind.
Of course, even direct releases to one part of the environment might end up
elsewhere: chemicals discharged into water, for example, may evaporate into the
air, chemicals deposited on land may leach into groundwater and be transported
to nearby surface waters.
240
-------
-------
-------
Chapter 10. Waste Treatment
Introduction
Previous chapters have described releases and transfers of Toxics
Release Inventory (TRI) chemicals to the environment. Many TRI
chemical wastes, however, are treated before they are released to the
environment. Waste treatment can reduce, or even prevent, chemical
releases to the environment. Thus, TRI requested that facilities report
their waste treatment methods, the chemicals in the treated wastes,
and the efficiency of their treatment methods.
Just over one half of the facilities that filed TRI reports (9,725 out of
a total of 19,278) indicated that they treated chemical wastes on-site
before releasing or transferring the wastes. These facilities submitted
32,482 TRI forms, almost one half of the total forms submitted (Figure
10-1). Six percent of all TRI forms reported treating wastes but not
releasing them. On the other hand, eight percent of all TRI forms
indicated neither treatment nor release.
This chapter discusses the geographical and industrial distribution of
facilities that treated TRI chemical wastes on-site, and describes the
chemicals and types of wastestreams that were treated. The chapter
also summarizes the waste treatment methods used and their efficien-
cies
Over half of all
TRI facilities
reported treating
chemical wastes
on-site before
release.
cies.
1 NotethatTRIwastetreatmentdata-unlikereleaseandtransferdata-werenot
reported in pounds. Rather, treatment data provides information on the percent
efficiency and the type of treatment Hence, analyses in this chapter arc
fundamentally different than those presented elsewhere in this report.
243
-------
Chapter 10
Treatment/No Release 6%
4.726
Neither 8%
5,715
Treatment & Release 44%
32,482
No Treatment/Release 42%
30.951
Total TRI Forms: 74,152
Figure 10-1.
TRI Forms Reporting Waste Treatment and Releases to the Environment, 1987.
Geographical Distribution
In most states, 40
to 60 percent of
TRI facilities
reported on-site
waste treatment.
The states with the most facilities reporting on-site treatment of TRI
chemical wastes were California, Texas, and the Midwest (Map 10-1).
The states with the fewest facilities with on-site treatment were
primarily in the West.
The number of facilities in each state that use waste treatment
depends, in part, on the total number of facilities located in the state.
Thus, a more telling statistic is the percentage of TRI facilities which
treat their wastes on-site. The ratio of facilities within each state that
reported on-site waste treatment generally ranged from 40 to 60
percent (Table 10-1). In seven states, the ratio was greater than 60
percent, but several of these states had such small total numbers of
facilities that the ratio may be skewed. In four states, the ratio was less
than 40 percent - ranging from 20 percent to 30 percent. Once again,
these were states with a small total number of facilities.
244
-------
Wa
Number of Facilities
I I •«•••
L J •<"«<«
Map 10-1.
TRI Forms Reporting Waste Treatment, 1987.
Among the states that had the most TRI facilities, Michigan, which
ranked ninth for total number of facilities, had the highest ratio of TRI
facilities reporting waste treatment-56 percent. In California, which
had the most TRI facilities, 54 percent of the facilities indicated using
on-site waste treatment, while New York (eighth for TRI total
facilities) had 52 percent.
Industrial Patterns of Waste Treatment
The Chemical and Allied Products industry had the most facilities
reporting on-site treatment of TRI chemical wastes (2,049 out of a
total of 3,849 that reported TRI data), followed by the Fabricated
Metals industry (1,430 out of 2,393 facilities) (Figure 10-2, Table 10-2).
The percentage of facilities reporting on-site waste treatment of TRI
chemical wastes for each industry ranged from 29 to 61 percent. The
Chemical and Allied Products industry, ranked seventh for percent-
age of facilities that used waste treatment, while the Fabricated Metals
industry ranked fourth at just under 60 percent. The Electrical and
Electronic Equipment industry had the highest percentage of facilities
reporting waste treatment (61 percent), followed by the Paper and
The Chemical in-
dustry had the most
facilities reporting
on-site waste treat-
ment, while the
Electrical and
Electronic Equip-
ment industry had
the highest propor-
tion of facilities
doing so.
245
-------
Chapter 10
TABLE 10-1. NUMBER OFTRI FACILITIES REPORTING ON-SFTE
WASTE TREATMENT BY STATE, 1987
FACILmES RANK FOR
REPORTING TFU FACILITIES TRI FACILITIES PERCENT OF TRI TOTAL PROPORTION
WASTE REPORTING REPORTING IN THE STATE OF FACILITIES
TREATMENT WASTE TREATMENT IN THE STATE THAT REPORTED REPORTING WASTE
Rank STATE Number Number WASTE TREATMENT TREATMENT
21 Alabama
51 Alaska
53 American Samoa
29 Arizona
26 Arkansas
1 California
34 Colorado
17 Connecticut
41 Delaware
18 Florida
13 Georgia
48 Hawaii
42 Idaho
3 Illinois
9 Indiana
25 Iowa
30 Kansas
23 Kentucky
22 Louisiana
40 Maine
31 Maryland
12 Massachusetts
6 Michigan
24 Minnesota
27 Mississippi
15 Missouri
46 Montana
35 Nebraska
44 Nevada
36 New Hampshire
7 New Jersey
45 New Mexico
8 New York
10 North Carolina
50 North Dakota
2 Ohio
32 Oklahoma
28 Oregon
5 Pennsylvania
33 Puerto Rico
38 Rhode Island
16 South Carolina
49 South Dakota
14 Tennessee
4 Texas
39 Utah
43 Vermont
52 Virgin Islands
19 Virginia
20 Washington
37 West Virginia
11 Wisconsin
TOTAL
173
6
0
97
119
895
78
222
34
205
278
10
29
602
360
147
96
163
166
51
90
298
423
152
119
262
16
70
23
69
406
19
397
351
8
621
80
101
492
80
60
244
10
263
521
55
26
1
173
173
62
316
13
5755
355
' 7
2
156
293
1,662
172
383
53
419
636
33
52
1,185
720
310
184
298
259
83
191
560
758
301
247
503
27
139
33
129
875
32
765
820
28
1,261
193
217
1,027
172
166
394
37
503
999
102
52
1
399
306
107
645
27
T5275
85.71
0.00
62.18
40.61
53.85
45.35
57.96
64.15
48.93
43.71
30.30
55.77
50.80
50.00
47.42
52.17
54.70
64.09
61.45
47.12
53.21
55.80
50.50
48.18
52.09
59.26
50.36
69.70
53.49
46.40
59.38
51.90
42.80
28.57
49.25
41.45
46.54
47.91
46.51
36.14
61.93
27.03
52.29
52.15
53.92
50.00
100.00
43.36
56.54
57.94
48.99
48.15
2
53
6
48
18
43
11
4
33
44
50
15
26
29
38
22
16
5
8
39
20
14
27
35
24
10
28
3
19
42
9
25
46
51
31
47
40
37
41
49
7
52
21
23
17
30
1
45
13
12
32
36
246
-------
Waste Treatment
Food(20)
Tobacco(21)
Textiles(22)
Apparel(23)
Lumber(24)
Furnlture(25)
Paper(26)
Printing(27)
Chemicals(28)
Petroleum(29)
PlasticsOO)
Leather(31)
Stone/Clay(32)
Prim. Metala<33)
Fab. Metal8(34)
Machinery(3S)
Electrical(36)
Transportation(37)
lnstruments(38)
Misc. Manufact.(39)
Multiple Codes 20-39
No Codes In 20-39
1.000
2.000
3.000
4,000
5,000
I Facilities Reporting
i Other TRI Facilities
Figure 10-2.
TRI Facilities Reporting Waste Treatment by Industry, 1987.
Paper Products industry and the multiple industry category, each with
60 percent.
The Tobacco Manufacturers, Apparel, and Leather Products in-
dustries had the fewest facilities reporting on-site treatment of TRI
chemical wastes, with 9,13, and 44 facilities, respectively. The Lumber
and Wood Products and the Furniture and Fixtures industries had the
lowest percent of facilities reporting waste treatment, each with 29
percent.
247
-------
ChapteMO
Waste Treatment Methods
TRI required that facilities indicate their on-site waste treatment
methods from the following list of seven broad categories: air emis-
sions treatment, biological treatment, chemical treatment, incinera-
tion/thermal treatment, physical treatment, recovery/reuse, and
solidification/stabilization (Box 10-A). Facilities could list more than
one treatment method; a combination of independent treatment
operations applied to wastes of one TRI chemical at the facility were
distinguished from sequential treatment operations applied to one
wastestream.
Sequential treatment denotes several types of treatment done in
sequence on the same wastestream. For example, a wastewater stream
might be treated in a settling tank (physical treatment), then by
Waste Treatment Methods
TRI requested information from TRI facilities about the use of seven general methods
for treating wastes.
Air Emisssions: treatment of air emissions to filter out, trap, or burn chemicals from
the air stream before release to the environment.
Biological: treatment that uses microorganisms to remove organic pollutants from
wastewater.
Chemical: treatment with other chemicals or chemical processes to change toxic
chemicals into less harmful chemicals or to make them less soluble and easier to remove.
The primary types of chemical treatments are precipitation, neutralization, and oxida-
tion.
Incineration/Thermal: treatment by controlled burning at high temperature to destroy
wastes.
Physical; treatment by physical means to remove chemicals from the wastestream, e.g.
filtering settling, adsorption to resin or carbon, air stripping, emulsion breaking.
Recovery/Reuse: treatment to remove chemicals from the wastestream for reuse as fuel
or solvent, or recovery of metals for reuse.
Solidification/Stabilization: treatment to remove wastewater from a waste or to change
it chemically to make the waste less permeable and susceptible to transport water.
Examples are cement processes, asphaltic processes, and thermoplastic techniques.
Box 10-A.
248 ,- . - : • : : ~~ ~
-------
Waste Treatment
precipitation (chemical treatment), and finally by aerobic digestion
(biological treatment). Because TRI reports are chemical specific,
facilities could also list multiple but independent treatments. For
example, a facility might have released a chemical in both air and
liquid wastestreams, treating the air wastestream with a scrubber (air
emissions treatment) and the liquid wastestream by precipitation
(chemical treatment). Alternatively, a facility might have released a
chemical in only one wastestream, but reported on several inde-
pendent treatments that were used in different parts of the facility or
at different times over the course of the year for that one wastestream.
Finally, facilities reported on the efficiency of their waste treatment—
either for a single method or for the total efficiency of sequential
treatment.
TABLE 102. NUMBER OF TRI FACILITIES REPORTING ON-STTE
WASTE TREATMENT BY INDUSTRY, 1967
SIC CODE INDUSTRY
20 Food Products
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
22 Textile MID Products
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and Wood Products
25 Furniture and Fixture*
26 Paper Products
27 Printing. Publishing
28 Chemical Products
29 Petroleum Refining
30 Rubber and Plastic Products
31 Leather Products
32 Stone. Clay. Glass Products
33 Primary Metals
34 Fabricated Metals
35 Machinery, except Electrical
36 Electric and Electronic Equip.
37 Transportation Equipment
38 Measuring. Photographic Goods
39 Misc. Manufacturing
Multiple SIC codas in 20 - 39
No SIC codes hi 20 -39
TRI
FACILITIES
REPORTING
WASTE
TREATMENT
Number
678
9
217
'13
189
98
399
144
2.048
201
373
44
267
724
1.430
334
875
469
145
134
790
144
PERCENT OF
TRI FACILITIES IN
FACILITIES THE INDUSTRY
IN THE REPORTING
INDUSTRY WASTE
Number TREATMENT
1.576
24
469
37
644
332
663
287
3,849
343
1,125
117
629
1.305
2,393
787
1.426
90S
306
337
1.317
404
43.02
37.50
46.27
35.14
29.35
29.52
60.18
50.17
53.21
58.60
33.16
37.61
42.45
55.48
59.76
42.44
61.36
51.65
47.39
39.76
59.98
35.64
TOTAL
9.725
19.278
50.45
249
-------
Chapter 10
TABLE 10-3. NUMBER OF TRI FACILITIES AND FORMS REPORTING
BY ON-SITE WASTE TREATMENT METHOD. 1987
TRI
FACILITIES
Number Percent
TRI
FORMS
Number Percent
AIR EMISSIONS
BIOLOGICAL
CHEMICAL
INCINERATION
PHYSICAL
RECOVERY/REUSE
SOLIDIFICATION
COMBINATION
SEQUENTIAL
UNKNOWN
931
235
2,048
283
454
556
42
3,194
831
1,151
9.57
2.42
21.06
2.91
4.67
5.72
0.43
32.84
8.54
11.84
4,419
1,430
8,859
1,359
1,989
1,647
134
7,249
6,233
3,889
11.88
3.84
23.81
3.65
5.35
4.43
0.36
19.48
16.75
10.45
TOTAL
9,725
100.00 37,208
100.00
PERCENT EFFICIENCY
90.73 91-85 go.?
Air Blol. Chem. Incln. Phys. Reuse Solid. Seq. Unknown
WASTE TREATMENT METHOD
Figure 10-3.
Average Treatment Efficiency for Each Treatment Method Reported to TRI, 1987.
250
-------
Waste Treatment
The largest fraction of facilities (33 percent) reported using a com-
bination of treatment methods (but not sequential treatment
methods) (Table 10-3). Sequential treatment was reported by almost
nine percent of the facilities listing on-site waste treatment.
The individual method used by the most facilities was chemical treat-
ment, reported by 21 percent of the facilities on 24 percent of the forms
listing on-site waste treatment. Air emissions treatment ranked
second, with ten percent of the facilities reporting air treatment
methods on 12 percent of the forms. Recovery/reuse was reported by
six percent of the facilities treating their TRI chemical wastes,
physicaltreatment by five percent, incineration by three percent,
biological treatment by two percent, and solidification/stabilization by
less than one percent.
Efficiency of Waste Treatment Methods
Facilities were required to report the waste treatment efficiency—the
percentage of the TRI chemical that was removed from the
wastestream. The average treatment efficiency ranged from 82 to 96
percent for treatment methods reported with a treatment efficiency
greater than zero (Figure 10-3).2 Chemical treatment and incineration
had the highest average reported efficiencies, with 96 percent. Physi-
cal treatment methods and air emissions treatments had the lowest
average efficiencies, with 82 and 90 percent respectively.
One third of TRI
facilities reporting
waste treatment
used a combination
of methods to treat
their TRI chemical
wastes.
Average waste treat-
ment efficiencies
ranged from 82 to
96 percent.
Facilities were required to report each treatment method used on a wastestream
containing a TRI chemical, regardless of whether the treatment method actually
removed that specific chemical. Thus, forms may have indicated a "zero" treatment
efficiency if the treatment method was not intended to remove that specific
chemical, or if treatment lessened the availability or mobility of a chemical (e.g.
through solidification) without reducing the quantity. Also, for wastestreams with
sequential treatment, facilities were allowed to estimate the treatment efficiency
for the overall treatment process; this estimate was listed on the TRI form only in
connection with the last step in the treatment process and not for any intermediate
steps. Thus, the efficiency of intermediate treatment methods would have been
left blank and would appear in the TRI database as zero.
251
-------
Chapter 10
Only 39 percent of
treatment efficiency
estimates were
based on actual
operating data.
Basis For Estimated Treatment Efficiency
Most treatment efficiency percentages reported to TRI were based
on estimates and not on actual measurements. Facilities indicated that
only 39 percent of the treatment efficiency estimates were based on
actual operating data, such as monitoring of wastes going into and
coming out of treatment. The proportion of efficiency estimates based
on operating data varied according to the method of treatment,
ranging from 16 percent for efficiency estimates for air emissions
treatment to 61 percent for efficiency estimates for chemical treat-
ment (Figure 10-4). Those efficiency estimates not based on operating
data were based on information from flow rate, equipment supplier's
literature, published data for similar processes, or other means.
100
PERCENT BASED ON OPERATING DATA
43.59 44.17
.31.89 ..37.95 3605
Air Biol. Chem. Incin. Phys. Reuse Solid. Seq. Unknown
WASTE TREATMENT METHOD
Figure 10-4.
Basle for Average Efficiency Estimate, 1987.
252
-------
Waste Treatment
Types of Wastestreams Treated
For each waste treatment method reported, facilities were required
to report which one of the four following types of wastestream was
treated: air or gaseous (including gases, vapors and airborne particu-
lates), wastewater (aqueous waste), liquid (non-aqueous waste), or
solid (including sludges and slurries). Approximately 32 percent of
the facilities (3,107) treating TRI chemical wastes on-site treated
wastewater only (Figure 10-5). Fifteen percent of the facilities
reported treating gaseous wastes only, seven percent treated liquids
only, and three percent treated solid wastes only. Many facilities (41
percent) treated wastes in more than one type of wastestream.
The average efficiency for treatment of TRI chemical wastes was
similar for all types of wastestrearns, ranging from 89 percent for solid
wastes to 95 percent for liquid wastes (Figure 10-6). Gaseous wastes
and wastewater were treated with average efficiencies of 94 percent
each.
One third of TRI faci-
lities treated was-
tewater only, 15
percent gaseous
wastes, 7 percent li-
quids, and 3 percent
solid wastes, and 41
percent a combina-
tion of wastestreams.
Water 32%
3,107
Liquid 7%
728
Solid 3%
301
Air 15%
1,416
Unknown 2%
190
Combination 41%
3,983
Total TRI Facilities Reporting Waste
Treatment : 9,725
Figure 10-5.
TRI Facilities Reporting Waste Treatment by Type of Wastestream, 1987.
253
-------
Chapter 10
100
PERCENT EFFICIENCY
Water Liquid Solid
WASTESTREAM TYPE
Unknown
Figure 10-6.
Average Treatment Efficiency by Wastestream Type Reported to TRI, 1987.
Twenty-five chemi-
cals accounted for
69 percent of all
forms reporting on-
site waste treat-
ment.
Chemicals Subjected to Waste Treatment
Individual Chemicals
On-site waste treatment was reported for 262 (96 percent) of the 272
TRI chemicals for which TRI forms were received. Table 10-4 lists the
25 TRI chemicals that were reported as treated on-site on the most
number of forms. Over 380 forms reporting on-site waste treatment
were submitted for each of these 25 chemicals, accounting for a total
of 25,850 forms, or 69 percent of all forms reporting on-site waste
treatment.
The ratio of the number of forms reporting on-site waste treatment
for individual TRI chemicals, to the total number of TRI forms
submitted for the chemical, varies for individual TRI chemicals. For
example, 80 percent of the TRI forms submitted on hydrogen fluoride
reported on-site treatment of wastes containing this chemical (383 out
of 480 forms). However, only 25 percent of the forms submitted on
1,1,1-trichloroethane reported on-site treatment of wastes containing
this chemical (764 out of 3,084 forms).
254
-------
Waste Treatment
TABLE 10-4. THE 25 TRI CHEMICALS WTTH THE MOST FACILITIES
REPOFmNG ON-SITE TREATMENT, 1 987
CHEMICAL NAME
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
SULFURICACID
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
NITRIC ACID
PHOSPHORIC ACID
TOLUENE
AMMONIA
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
METHANOL
CHLORINE
ACETONE
1.1,1-TOCHLOROETHANE
SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
ZINC COMPOUNDS
ALUMINUM OXIDE
COPPER
ETHYLENE OLYCOL
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
DICHLOROMETHANE
OLYCOL ETHERS
CHROMIUM
NICKEL
FORMALDEHYDE
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
SUBTOTAL
PERCENT OF GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI FORMS
WITH
WASTE
TREATMENT
Number
4,260
3.502
2.201
1.331
1.273
1.177
1,084
996
919
850
778
764
745
685
653
633
622
478
452
426
423
422
407
386
383
25.850
69
11.358
37.208
PERCENT OF
ALL™
FORMS FOR
THE CHEMICAL
62.51
70.83
75.77
78.85
62.16
37.08
44.77
36.07
44.98
48.91
37.24
24.77
53.18
32.59
59.20
48.58
47.12
40.10
53.36
30.15
40.87
51.03
54.12
51.74
79.79
51.46
47.48
50.16
TOTALTHI
FORMS
FOR THE
CHEMICAL
Number
6.815
4.944
1905
1,668
2.048
3,174
2,421
2,761
2.043
1.738
2.089
3.084
1.401
2.102
1,103
1,303
1,320
1,192
847
1,413
1.035
827
752
746
480
50.231
68
23.921
74,152
Chemical Classes
In general, the acids/bases/salts class of TRI chemicals had the highest
proportion of forms reporting on-site waste treatment (67 percent),
while the halo-organics had the lowest percentage of forms reporting
treatment (33 percent) (Table 10-5). (Chemical classes are described
in Chapter 4.) Metals and metal compounds were second highest—an
average of 53 percent of the TRI forms submitted on these chemicals
reported on-site treatment of wastes. Non-metallic inorganics
averaged about 45 percent and organics averaged about 42 percent.
Table 10-5 lists the number and percentage of forms reporting waste
treatment for the five chemicals with the highest TRI releases and
transfers for each chemical class.
Acids/bases/salts
had the highest
proportion of forms
reporting on-slte
255
-------
Chapter 10
TABLE 106. NUMBER OF TRI FORMS REPORTING ON-STTE WASTE TREATMENT
BY CHEMICAL CLASS, 1987
TRI FORMS TOTAL TRI
WITH PERCENT OF FORMS
WASTE ALL TRI FOR THE
CHEMICAL NAME TREATMENT TRI FORMS FOR CHEMICAL
Number THE CHEMICAL
SODIUM !iUlJ-« 1 b (SOLUTION)
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
HYDROCHLORIC AOD
SULFURCACtO
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
PHOSPHORIC ACID
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN THE CLASS
TOTAL FOR CLASS
Hakxxganics
1,1,1-IHItiHLohutlHANt
DICHLOROMETHANE
FREON113
TWCHLOROETHYLENE
TETRACHLOHOETHYLENE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN THE CLASS
Metals and Metal Compounds
ALUMINUM OXIDE
COPPER
ZINC COMPOUNDS
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN THE CLASS
Non-metallic Inorganic.
AMMONIA
CHLORINE
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
ASBESTOS (FWABLE)
CHLORNE DIOXIDE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN THE CLASS
Organic chemicals (Non-hatogenated)
MblnANOL
TOLUENE
ACETONE
XYLENE (MIXED BOWERS)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS IN THE CLASS
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
TOTAL FOR TRADE SECRETS
GRAND TOTAL
745
134
2,201
3,502
4,260
1,273
12,115
2,123
14,238
764
426
260
265
213
1,937
2,633
633
622
653
182
292
2,392
3,806
6, \ 98
1,084
850
42
55
88
2,117
92
2,269
919
1,177
778
996
685
4,555
6,937
11,452
215
23
37,208
53.18
42.54
75.77
70.83
62.51
62.16
65.74
77.09
67.22
24.77
30.15
26.04
30.53
33.13
27.51
54.80
32.8T —
48.58
47.12
59.20
56.14
50.69
51.51
53.30
52.55 —
44.77
48.91
20.00
35.71
76.11
45.66
36.65
45.2fl "
44.98
37.08
37.24
36.07
32.59
37.43
46.55
4145
42.24
54.76
50.18
1,401
315
2,905
4,944
6,815
2,048
18,428
2,754
21,182
3,084
1,413
1,033
868
643
7,041
8,676
1,303
1,320
1,103
342
576
4,644
7,141
17755-
2.421
1,738
210
154
113
4,636
251
4:887-
2,043
3,174
2,089
2,761
2,102
12,169
14,902
27,671"
509
42
74,152
256
-------
-------
-------
Chapter 11. Waste Minimization
Introduction
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) form contains an optional section
on which facilities can voluntarily report information on their efforts
to minimize chemical waste generation (Figure 11-1). The form re-
quests information on how and why a facility attempted to minimize
its wastes, production information, and the change in waste generation
between the current and prior year.
Eleven percent of TRI facilities, or 2,090 facilities out of 19,278 TRI
facilities that filed forms, reported attempts to minimize TRI chemical
wastes. This represents nearly six percent of the chemical specific TRI
forms submitted for 1987 (4,352 TRI forms out of a total of 74,152 filed
forms).
Because this section contains information that was voluntarily sub-
mitted, there are limitations on interpreting the data. It is not repre-
sentative of national totals. Moreover, the data may not provide a
reliable basis for conclusions on the percent of respondents nationally
using a particular type of action or the reason they selected the action.
The data do not provide reliable national estimates of the total
quantity of waste minimized.
Eleven percent of
TRI facilities
reported efforts to
minimize their TRI
chemical wastes.
es^'SfsffssffSs xxssstzss&F0* »*• "i~*d *•"•*• «— »• *~ - *«™**" •» —
A. Typ« of
modification
(Wltw cod«|
m
EPA Form 9350-1(1-66)
B. Quantity of ttw crwntod In ttw wwtMtraarn
frier to trMtnwnt/dbpoid
Cirrvnt Prior i Or p«ra«nt
reporting yur , ohwig*
yur (In/yr) |b./yr> [
1 %
C. Index
OP
D. Reason for action
(•ntarooda)
OH
Figure 11-1.
TRI Form: Waste Minimization Information, 1987.
259
-------
Chapter 11
TABLE 11-1. TRI
WASTE MINIMIZATION REPORTING BY STATE, 1987
TOTAL TRI
FACILITIES REPORTING FACILITIES FORMS REPORTING
WASTE MINIMIZATION
STATE
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
Cafflbmia
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Now Joreoy
Now Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Number
30
0
0
16
25
183
16
38
4
45
50
0
4
127
81
30
26
37
26
7
24
75
81
21
34
48
1
13
1
10
186
5
78
90
4
117
20
17
125
14
27
38
9
46
88
18
2
0
44
28
16
59
6
Percent
1.44
0.00
0.00
0.77
1.20
8.76
0.77
1.82
0.19
2.15
2.39
0.00
0.19
6.08
3.88
1.44
1.24
1.77
1.24
0.33
1.15
3.59
3.88
1.00
1.63
2.30
0.05
0.62
0.05
0.48
8.90
0.24
3.73
4.31
0.19
5.60
0.96
0.81
5.98
0.67
1.29
1.82
0.43
2.20
4.21
0.86
0.10
0.00
2.11
1.34
0.77
2.82
0.29
REPORTING
Number 1
355
7
2
156
293
1,662
172
383
53
419
636
33
52
1.185
720
310
184
298
259
83
191
560
758
301
247
503
27
139
33
129
875
32
765
820
28
1,261
193
217
1,027
172
166
394
37
503
999
102
52
1
399
306
107
645
27
>ercent
1.84
0.04
0.01
0.81
1.52
8.62
0.89
1.99
0.27
2.17
3.30
0.17
0.27
6.15
3.73
1.61
0.95
1.55
1.34
0.43
0.99
2.90
3.93
1.56
1.28
2.61
0.14
0.72
0.17
0.67
4.54
0.17
3.97
4.25
0.15
6.54
1.00
1.13
5.33
0.89
0.86
2.04
0.19
2.61
5.18
0.53
0.27
0.01
2.07
1.59
0.56
3.35
0.14
WASTE MINIMIZATION
Number
51
0
0
40
50
417
24
57
5
85
146
0
6
267
209
64
64
58
85
10
33
136
185
41
61
95
2
19
1
12
407
15
131
247
4
261
30
27
230
26
46
61
12
73
257
26
2
0
85
51
25
106
7
Percent
1.17
0.00
0.00
0.92
1.15
9.58
0.55
1.31
0.11
1.95
3.35
0.00
0.14
6.14
4.80
1.47
1.47
1.33
1.95
0.23
0.76
3.13
4.25
0.94
1.40
2.18
0.05
0.44
0.02
0.28
9.35
0.34
3.01
5.68
0.09
6.00
0.69
0.62
5.28
0.60
1.06
1.40
0.28
1.68
5.91
0.60
0.05
0.00
1.95
1.17
0.57
2.44
0.16
TOTAL TRI FORMS
REPORTING
Number
1,508
53
5
545
988
5,830
540
1,412
263
1.331
2.185
122
163
4.314
2.790
1.012
742
1.353
1.818
360
720
1,852
3,339
1,198
876
1,902
148
424
91
435
3,280
119
2,836
2,792
72
5,116
686
705
3,989
572
472
1,694
75
1,889
5,381
393
158
24
1,450
1.091
672
2.239
128
Percent
2.03
0.07
0.01
0.73
1.33
7.86
0.73
1.90
0.35
1.79
2.95
0.16
0.22
5.82
3.76
1.36
1.00
1.82
2.45
0.49
0.97
2.50
4.50
1.62
1.18
2.57
0.20
0.57
0.12
0.59
4.42
0.16
3.82
3.77
0.10
6.90
0.93
0.95
5.38
0.77
0.64
2.28
0.10
2.55
7.26
0.53
0.21
0.03
1.96
1.47
0.91
3.02
0.17
TOTAL
2.090
100.00
19.278 100.00
4.352
100.00
74,152 100.00
260
-------
Waste Minimization
Number of Facilities
Map 11-1.
TRI Facilities Reporting Waste Minimization, 1987.
The responses are presented here because even without national
totals, they provide valuable insights into the areas where waste
minimization can be achieved, ways in which it can be implemented,
the reasons for implementation, and ways to understand and docu-
ment the success of programs to reduce waste generation. The data
are also useful for examining facilities individually, rather than nation-
ally.
Geographical Distribution
Facilities in California and New Jersey submitted the largest numbers
of TRI forms with waste minimization information. In California, 183
facilities filed 417 TRI forms with waste minimization information,
and in New Jersey, 186 facilities filed 407 TRI forms with the informa-
tion (see Table 11-1, Map 11-1). Six additional states had more than
200 waste minimization forms each: Illinois (267 forms from 127
facilities); Ohio (261 forms from 117 facilities); Texas (257 forms from
88 facilities); North Carolina (247 forms from 90 facilities); Pennsyl-
vania (230 forms from 125 facilities); and Indiana (209 forms from 81
facilities). Map 11-1 shows that facilities in the Mid-Atlantic and Great
Lakes states and parts of the Midwest, along with North Carolina,
California and New
Jersey had the
most facilities
reporting waste
minimization.
261
-------
Chapter 11
TABLE 11-2. TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION REPORTS AS A PROPORTION OF
ALL STATE REPORTS, 1987
FACILITIES REPORTING
FORMS REPORTING
WASTE MINIMIZATION
PERCENT OF
STATE Number STATE TOTAL
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vonnont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
30
0
0
16
25
183
16
38
4
45
50
0
4
127
81
30
26
37
26
7
24
75
81
21
34
48
1
13
1
10
186
5
78
90
4
117
20
17
125
14
27
38
9
46
88
18
2
0
44
28
16
59
6
8.45
0.00
0.00
10.26
8.53
11.01
9.30
9.92
7.55
10.74
7.86
0.00
7.69
10.72
11.25
9.68
14.13
12.42
10.04
8.43
12.57
13.39
10.69
6.98
13.77
9.54
3.70
9.35
3.03
7.75
21.26
15.63
10.20
10.98
14.29
9.28
10.36
7.83
12.17
8.14
16.27
9.64
24.32
9.15
8.81
17.65
3.85
0.00
11.03
9.15
14.95
9.15
22.22
TOTAL TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION
FACILITIES
FOR PERCENT OF
THE STATE Number STATE TOTAL
355
7
2
156
293
1.662
172
383
53
419
636
33
52
1.185
720
310
184
298
259
83
191
560
758
301
247
503
27
139
33
129
875
32
765
820
28
1.261
193
217
1.027
172
166
394
37
503
999
102
52
1
399
306
107
645
27
51
0
0
40
50
417
24
57
5
85
146
0
6
267
209
64
64
58
85
10
33
136
185
41
61
95
2
19
1
12
407
15
131
247
4
261
30
27
230
26
46
61
12
73
257
26
2
0
85
51
25
106
7
3.38
0.00
0.00
7.34
5.06
7.15
4.44
4.04
1.90
6.39
6.68
0.00
3.68
6.19
7.49
6.32
8.63
4.29
4.68
2.78
4.58
7.34
5.54
3.42
6.96
4.99
1.35
4.48
1.10
2.76
12.41
12.61
4.62
8.85
5.56
5.10
4.37
3.83
5.77
4.55
9.75
3.60
16.00
3.86
4.78
6.62
1.27
0.00
5.86
4.67
3.72
4.73
5.47
TOTAL TRI
FORMS
FOR
THE STATE
1,508
53
5
545
988
5,830
540
1,412
263
1.331
2,185
122
163
4,314
2,790
1,012
742
1.353
1,818
360
720
1.852
3,339
1,198
876
1,902
148
424
91
435
3,280
119
2.836
2.792
72
5.116
686
705
3.969
572
472
1,694
75
1,889
5,381
393
158
24
1,450
1,091
672
2,239
128
TOTAL
2,090
10.84
19,278
4.352
5.87
74.152
262
-------
Waste Minimization
Georgia, Texas, and California, submitted the largest numbers of
waste minimization forms.
Another way to consider the number of TRI forms with waste mini-
mization information is to compare the proportion of all TRI forms
filed for a state to the number of forms filed for the state with waste
minimization information. Such an examination gives a somewhat
different view of the top-ranked states. Among those listed above,
New Jersey facilities filed the largest proportion of TRI forms with
waste minimization information (12 percent), followed by North
Carolina (9 percent), Indiana (7 percent), California (7 percent),
Illinois (6 percent), Pennsylvania (6 percent), Ohio (5 percent), and
Texas (5 percent) (Table 11-2).
Industries and Facilities that Practiced Waste
Minimization
TRI facilities from the Chemical and Allied Products industry sub-
mitted the most TRI forms with waste minimization data (Figure 11-2)
with 31 percent (1,358 forms) of all TRI forms that contained waste
minimization data. Fabricated Metals facilities ranked second with 12
percent of all waste minimization forms (515 forms). Four other
industries had at least 200 forms with waste minimization data filled
in: the Electrical and Electronic Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies
industry with 276 waste minimization reports, the Rubber and Plastics
industry with 212, the Furniture and Fixtures industry with 210 reports,
and the Primary Metals industry with 204 reports.
Facilities classified under multiple industrial categories submitted a
total of 261 waste minimization forms (6 percent of the total). Facilities
from industries that were not required to report because they were
not classified as manufacturing industries submitted three percent of
the total waste minimization forms (114).
Just two industries accounted for more than one-third of the forms
reporting waste minimization efforts. The highest percentage was the
Chemical and Allied Products industry with 31 percent reporting
(1,358 out of the total of 4,352 forms reporting waste minimization)
and the Fabricated Metals industry with 12 percent (515 forms).
Facilities in the
Chemical industry
submitted one third
of the total TRI
forms that con-
tained waste mini-
mization data.
263
-------
Chapter 11
, Food(20
Tobacco/21
23
textiles
Apparel
Lumber 24
Furniture f
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum __,
Plastics 30
Leather/31
Stone/Clayp
Prim. Meatals
Fab. Metals
Machinery
Electrical
Transportation
Instruments
Misc. Manufact.
Multiple Codes 20-3
No Codes in 20-3
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
By Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Code*
Figure 11-2.
Number of Waste Minimization Forms by Industry, 1987.
On-Site Recycling
Off-Site Recycling
Equipment Changes
Process Changes
Reformulated Product
Chem. Substitution
Improve Housekeeping
Other
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
HI TRI Forms
Figure 11-3.
TRI Waste Minimization by Method, 1987.
264
-------
Waste Minimization
How and Why Facilities Attempted to Minimize their
Wastes
Waste Minimization Methods
TRI asked facilities which one of eight possible methods they used in
attempting to minimize waste. The most often-reported method of
waste minimization was on-site reuse or recycling, which was selected
on 32 percent of all waste minimization forms that listed a method—
1,332 out of 4,196 forms providing a method (Figure 11-3). Improved
housekeeping, training, and inventory control ranked second; this
method was reported on 19 percent of the waste minimization forms
(801 forms). Off-site recycling or reuse was reported on 16 percent of
the forms (655). Nearly 12 percent of the forms (489) indicated
attempts to minimize wastes by equipment or technology modifica-
tion, and another 11 percent identified process procedure modifica-
tions (461). Three methods—product reformulation or redesign,
substitution of raw materials, and other techniques—were each
reported on less than six percent of the TRI forms.
On-site recycling
was the waste mini-
mization method
most frequently
reported byTRI
facilities.
Regulation
Treatment Costs
Cost Reduction
Self-Initiated
Other
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
i^l TRI Forms
Figure 11-4.
TRI Waste Minimization by Reason, 1987.
265
-------
Chapter 11
"Self-initiated
review" was the
most frequently-
cited reason for
waste minimization,
Over half of the
facilities reporting
waste minimization
information to TRI
did so for only one
chemical.
Reasons tor Waste Minimization
TRI also asked facilities to volunteer information on their reasons for
initiating waste minimization efforts; the form provided five choices.
Thirty-nine percent of the waste minimization forms (1,492 of the
3,826 forms providing a reason) identified self-initiated review as the
primary reason for attempting to minimize wastes (Figure 11-4).
Reduction of treatment or disposal costs was cited in 28 percent of
the forms (1,051 forms), followed by other process cost reductions
with 14 percent (537). Regulatory requirements for the waste was the
reason listed in 12 percent of the forms (474). The fewest forms (seven
percent) indicated other reasons (discontinuation of a product, oc-
cupational safety, etc.).
Chemicals Targeted For Waste Minimization
Numbers of Chemicals per Facility
Approximately 60 percent of the TRI facilities that filled out the waste
minimization section did so for only one chemical (Table 11-3).
Another 18 percent of the facilities reported that they attempted to
minimize wastes for two chemicals, and nine percent of these facih'ties
reported three chemicals. A few facilities reported efforts to minimize
a wide range of chemicals. Thirty-three facilities (approximately 1.5
percent of all facilities that reported waste minimization) filled out
waste minimization for ten or more chemicals.
TABLE 11-3. DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF TRI CHEMICALS REPORTED
WITH WASTE MINIMIZATION PER FACILITY, 1987
NUMBER OF
TRI CHEMICALS
WITH WASTE
MINIMIZATION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
20
21
22
25
37
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
REPORTING
1.245
385
187
84
60
41
22
13
20
12
8
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1_
2.090
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
59.57
18.42
8.95
4.02
2.87
1.96
1.05
0.62
0.96
0.57
0.38
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.05
CUMULATIVE
PERCENT
59.57
77.99
86.94
90.96
93.83
95.79
96.84
97.46
98.42
99.00
99.38
99.43
99.52
99.57
99.67
99.71
99.76
99.81
266
-------
\
Waste Minimization
The average number of forms with waste minimization information
per facility was just over two. In contrast, TRI facilities reported an
average of four chemicals per facility.
Individual Chemicals
Facilities reported efforts to minimize 1,1,1-trichloroethane wastes
more than any other chemical: 329 TRI forms noted attempts to _ .
minimize wastes of the chemical, which represents eight percent of oftenthesubtect'o*
the 4,352 forms with waste minimization data (Table 11-4). Toluene waste minimization
ranked second, with 291 forms filed with waste minimization informa- we 1.1.1 -
tion. Other chemicals for which more than 100 waste minimization trichloroethane and
forms were submitted included sodium hydroxide, xylene (mixed touene.
isomers), acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, sulfuric acid,
dichloromethane, methanol, hydrochloric acid, and
trichloroethylene.
TABLE 11-4. THE 25 TRI CHEMICALS WTTH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF FORMS
REPORTING WASTE MINIMIZATION. 1987
TRI FORMS
REROUTING TOTALNO.OF
WASTE MINIMIZATION TRI FORMS
CHEMICAL NAME Number Percent Number Percent
1.1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE 3297x 5!o84 iTl?
TOLUENE 291 6.69 3,174 4.28
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION) 256 5.68 6,815 9.19
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) 236 5.42 £761 3.72
ACETONE 186 4.27 2,089 2.82
METHYL ETHYL KETONE 175 4.02 2,102 2.83
SULFURIC ACID 155 3.56 4,944 6.67
DICHLOROMETHANE 142 3.26 1.413 1.91
METHANOL 134 3.08 2,043 2.76
HYDROCHLORIC ACID 102 2.34 2,905 3.92
TRICHLOROETHYLENE 100 2.30 868 1.17
FREON113 96 2.21 1,033 1.39
AMMONIA 90 2.07 2,421 3.26
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE 86 1.98 643 0.87
BOPROPYL ALCOHOL (MANUFACTURING) 79 1.82 650 0.88
PHOSPHORIC ACID 76 1.75 £048 £76
CHROMIUM 74 1.70 827 1.12
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES 74 1.70 509 0.69
COPPER 73 1.68 1.320 1.78
ALUMINUM OXIDE 72 1.65 1,303 1.76
NITRIC ACID 63 1.45 1,688 2.28
ETHYLENEGLYCOL 59 1.36 1,192 1.61
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS 59 1.36 847 1.14
GLYCOL ETHERS 58 1.33 1.035 1.40
ZINC COMPOUNDS 56 1.29 1,103 1.49
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
3,121
1,231
71.71
28.29
48,817 65.63
25,335 34.17
GRAND TOTAL 4,352 100.00 74,152 100.00
267
-------
Chapter 11
TABLE 11-5. THE 25 TO CHEMICALS WITH THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF FORMS
REPORTING WASTE MINIMIZATION. 1967
FORMS REPORTING
WASTE MINIMIZATION
PERCENT OF
TOTAL TM
FORMS FOR THE
CHEMICAL NAME Number CHEMICAL
PHOPOXUR
METHOXYCHLOR
Z4.6-THCHLOROPHENOL
C.L BASIC GREEN 4
CHLORAMBEN
METHYLENE BROMIDE
2-PHENYLPHENOL
UNDANE
NITWLOTRIACET1CACID
2-NrTROPROPANE
nCHLORVOS
ARSENIC
1.2-OICHLOROETHYLENE
P-CHE80L
1.4-OKHLOROBENZENE
METHYL ISOCYANATE
CHL0ROTHALONIL
2,4-WCHLOBOPHENOL
BROMOMETHANE
HEXACHLOROETHANE
P-PHENYLENEOIAMINE
ASBESTOS (FRIABLE)
SEC-BUTYL ALCOHOL
TOTAL FOR MIXTURES
nCHLOflOBROMOMETHANE
4
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
3
1
19
2
3
3
2
1
1
3
3
2
23
11
74
1
88.87
60.00
50.00
33.33
33.33
28.57
25.00
25.00
21.43
21.43
20.00
18.27
18.18
17.65
17.85
16.87
16.67
18.67
15.79
15.79
15.38
14.94
14.87
14.54
14.29
TOTAL
TRI
FORMS
Number
6
4
2
6
3
7
12
4
14
14
5
104
11
17
17
12
6
6
19
19
13
154
75
509
7
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
171
4.181
16.35
5.72
1.046
73,106
GRAND TOTAL
4.352
5.87
74,152
The percentage of TRI forms submitted for these chemicals that had
waste minimization information ranged from four percent for
hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to 11 percent for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane and trichloroethylene. The chemicals with the highest
percentage of forms with waste minimization data reported were
generally chemicals with few forms submitted (Table 11-5). Only three
of these TRI chemicals—asbestos (15 percent), arsenic (18 percent),
and sec-butyl alcohol (15 percent)—had as many as ten forms sub-
mitted with waste minimization data filled in (23, 19, and 11 forms
respectively).
268
-------
Waste Minimization
Waste Minimization Data on Volume Reductions
Creating a Subset
The data presented earlier in this chapter deals with numbers of waste
minimization forms, and the distribution of these 4,352 forms amongst
states, industries, and chemicals. Waste minimization forms also con-
tained data on volumes of waste reduced, but for several reasons, the
full set of waste minimization forms could not be analyzed for volume
information. Many of the forms submitted did not contain volume data
or contained incomplete data. Others gave numbers that were ob-
viously in error. For this reason, a subset of waste minimization forms
was chosen. Forms that met the following criteria were included in the
subset:
• contained volume data
• contained data on production index, method, and reason
• contained clear-cut reductions in waste, that is, 1987 waste
generation was less than that in 1986
A total of 802 forms out of the 4,352 waste minimization forms, met
the above criteria and were included in the subset.
Volume Reductions in Waste Generation
The 802 waste minimization forms included in the aforementioned
subset of data reported amounts of TRI chemical waste for both 1986
and 1987. TRI waste generation for the subset was 121 million pounds
in 1986, and only 69 million pounds in 1987 for an overall reduction of
43 percent (52 million pounds) (Figure 11-5). The reports were filed
by 462 facilities, or an average of almost two waste minimization forms
per facility.
Fifty-two million
pounds of TRI was-
tes were reported
reduced between
1986 and 1987
(within a subset of
forms).
Geographical Distribution
Within the waste minimization subset, facilities in Michigan and Texas
reported the largest overall amounts of waste minimization, with 12
and 9 million pounds, respectively. Four other states had more than
two million pounds of reductions: Louisiana (4.5 million pounds), and
South Carolina, Pennsylvania and Illinois, each reporting about three
million pounds of waste minimization (Figure 11-6, Table 11-6).
Facilities in Louisiana also reported the largest percentage reduction
of wastes (88 percent) for any of the larger states; New Mexico was
the only state reporting a larger percent reduction (98 percent) al-
though the overall quantities involved were relatively small.
Within a subset of
waste minimization
data, Michigan and
Texas reported the
largest overall reduc-
tions.
269
-------
Chapter 11
140
(From a Sample of 802 Reports)
Millions of Pounds
1986
Wastes Generated
1987
Wastes Minimized
Figure 11-5.
TRI Waste Minimization, 1987: Pounds of Wastes Minimized, 1987.
MILLIONS OF POUNDS MINIMIZED
••••••••I
Ml TX LA SC PA IL QAMOCAWYWAOHWVNJ UT AL Wl TN FL NY
STATE
(Based on 802 forms for 1987)
Figure 11-6.
The Top 20 States for Amount of TRI Waste Minimization, 1987
270
-------
Waste Minimization
TABLE 11-6. AMOUNT OF TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION BY STATE, 1987
(From a sample of 802 TRI forms)
STATE
AL
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
IA
IL
IN
KS
KY
LA
MA
MD
ME
Ml
MN
MO
MS
MT
NC
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NY
OH
OK
OR
PA
PR
Rl
SC
SO
TN
TX
UT
VA
vr
WA
Wl
wv
WY
TRI WASTE GENERATION
1987 1986
Pounds Pounds
4,540,285
632,100
11.050
2,391.763
16.144
739.867
13,830
400,972
614,175
620,270
4.670,265
357.852
176.935
391.732
617,244
321,449
710,956
4.800
4,563,661
110,352
16,138,637
237,633
700
1,202,657
259,620
189,255
3,036,082
254
594,299
3,448,604
89,991
254,198
3,207,628
52,185
452,259
1,370.074
5,050
318.924
9,811,892
1,291.497
139,802
50,945
2,015.808
841,283
1,524,461
509,400
5,423,853
806.955
20.700
3.988,314
43,994
998,753
20,000
858,202
2,377,707
766.539
7.582,140
687,877
204,354
788,128
5,105,646
423,626
795,891
6,000
16,026.122
141.192
17,794,663
264,785
900
1,587,514
380,016
297.414
4.221,844
13,450
1.014.376
4,808,213
114,090
349,772
6,231,815
88.694
790,022
4,443.968
6,616
797,590
18,687,035
2.312,760
263.437
61,134
3.506.558
1.457,132
2,758.275
2,032,040
AMOUNT OF
TRI WASTES PERCENT
REDUCED REDUCED
883,568
174.855
9,650
1,596,551
27,850
258,886
6,170
457,230
1,763.532
146,269
2,911,875
330,025
27,419
396,396
4,488.402
102,177
84,935
1.200
11,462,461
30,840
1,656,026
27.152
200
384,857
120,396
108,159
1,185,762
13,196
420,077
1,359,609
24,099
95,574
3,024,187
36,509
337,763
3,073,894
1,566
478,666
8,875,143
1.021,263
123,635
10,189
1,490.750
615,849
1,233,814
1,522,640
16.3
21.7
46.6
40.0
63.3
25.9
30.9
53.3
74.2
19.1
38.4
48.0
13.4
50.3
87.9
24.1
10.7
20.0
71.5
21.8
9.3
10.3
22.2
24.2
31.7
36.4
28.1
98.1
41.4
28.3
21.1
27.3
48.5
41.2
42.8
69.2
23.7
60.0
47.5
44.2
46.9
16.7
42.5
42.3
44.7
74.9
TOTAL
68,948,840 121,350.106
52.401,266
271
-------
Chapter 11
On-sHe recycling ac-
counted for the
largest amount of
waste minimization
withing the subset.
The list of states with the largest quantities of waste minimization is
very different from the list in Table 11-1 of the states with the largest
numbers of forms reporting waste minimization data. Much of the
reason for this difference is the impact of individual large-volume
reductions on the overall data: a single form for Michigan, for ex-
ample, reported waste minimization of 6.6 million pounds, more than
half of the total for that state. Bear in mind, also, that the two sets of
data are based on a different universe of forms, and must be inter-
preted with caution.
Waste Minimization Methods
Within the waste minimization subset, on-site recycling achieved the
largest amount of waste minimization, accounting for 21 million
pounds (40 percent of the wastes generated in 1986) of overall reduc-
tions in waste. On-site recycling achieved a high proportion of waste
minimization as well, reducing wastes by more than 50 percent. Off-
site recycling accounted for both a smaller quantity (4.5 million
pounds) and lesser percent reduction (37 percent) than did on-site
recycle methods. Both on-site and off-site recycling were reported
more frequently than any other waste minimization method with 224
and 126 forms, respectively (Figure 11-7, Table 11-7).
METHOD
On-Site Recycling
Off-Site Recycling
Equipment Changes
Process Changes
Reformulated Product
Chem. Substitution
Improve Housekeeping
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50
1986 WASTE GENRAT'D (MILLIONS OF POUNDS)
• Wastes Minimized * 1987 Wastes Genrafd
Figure 11-7.
Amount of TRI Waste Minimization by Method, 1987. (Based on 802 forms for 1987.)
272
-------
Waste Minimization
TABLE 11-7. AMOUNT OF TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION BY METHOD, 1987
(From a sample of 802 TRI forms)
METHOD
Recycling/Reuse On-Site
Equip./Technology Modifications
Other Techniques
Process Procedure Modifications
Recycling/Reuse Off-Site
Product Reformulation/ Redesign
Substitution of Raw Materials
Improved Housekeeping, etc.
TRI WASTE GENERATION
FORMS 1987 1986
Number Pounds Pounds
224
115
61
104
126
29
33
110
18,707.656
14,095,067
4,576,129
15.929,784
7,620,462
3,566,733
2.151,481
2,301,528
39,797,950
22,556,259
12,731,974
20,717,421
12,102.795
5,932,720
4,423,236
3,087,751
AMOUNT
OF TRI
WASTES
REDUCED
21,090,294
8,461,192
8,155,845
4,787,637
4,482.333
2,365,987
2,271.755
786.223
PERCENT
CHANGE
53
38
64
23
37
40
51
25
TOTAL
802 68,948,840 121,350,106 52,401,266
Equipment/technology modifications were cited by 115 forms as the
method of waste minimization and achieved substantial reductions of
8.5 million pounds, a reduction from the 1986 volume of 38 percent.
Process changes also resulted in sizable reductions of 4.8 million
pounds, although the percent reductions were a more modest 23
percent.
The two methods cited least often were product reformulation/
redesign (29 forms) and substitution of raw materials (33 forms).
However, both categories achieved fairly large percent reductions (40
percent and 51 percent respectively) for volume reductions of over
two million pounds each.
Improved housekeeping, training, inventory control was cited on 110
forms but achieved small reductions overall both in terms of percent
reduction (25 percent) and volume reduction (0.8 million pounds).
Only 61 of the 802 forms cited the category of other techniques as then-
waste minimization method, but the impact was surprisingly large: a
64 percent reduction of 8.1 million pounds.
273
-------
Chapter 11
"Self-Initiated
review" was the
most frequently
cited reason for
waste minimization
efforts, and it
produced the
largest percentage
of waste minimiza-
tion
Reasons tor Waste Minimization
Self-initiated review was the most frequently cited reason for im-
plementing waste minimization (290 forms) in the waste minimization
subset, and also produced the largest percent reductions (50 percent
of the waste generated in 1986) and the greatest overall amount (27
million pounds) of waste minimization (Figure 11-8, Table 11-8).
The category of other cost reductions (e.g. process costs) was only
cited on 99 forms, but produced overall reductions in waste of 12
million pounds, a 39 percent reduction. Reduction in treatment and
disposal costs was cited far more often (256 forms) but produced
smaller quantities (8.2 million pounds) and percent (36 percent) of
waste minimization.
Waste minimization motivated by regulatory requirements, cited on
99 forms, yielded 4.1 million pounds of reduced wastes.
Other reasons, such as the discontinuation of a product line, resulted
in small numbers of forms and overall volume and percent reductions.
REASON
Regulation
Treatment Costs
Cost Reduction
Self-Initiated
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1986 WASTE GENRAT'D (MILLIONS OF POUNDS)
I Wastes Minimized
i 1987 Waste Genrat'd
Figure 11 -8.
Amount of TRI Waste Minimization by Reason, 1987. (Based on 802 forms.)
274
-------
^ naate lyimimizailOn
TABLE 1 1 -8. AMOUNT OF TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION BY REASON, 1 987
(From a sample of 802 TRI forms)
REASON
Other Process Cost Reduction
Reduction of Treatment/Disposal Costs
Regulatory Requirements
Other
TOTAL ~~
Chemicals Subject to Waste
TRI
FORMS
Number
99
256
99
58
802
Minimization
WASTE GENERATION
1987 1986
27,275,721 54,564,167
18,299,491 29,927.166
14,574,884 22,819,727
5,579,368 9,663,032
3,219,376 4,376,014
68,948,840 121,350,106
AMOUNT
OF TRI
WASTES
27,288,446
11,627,675
8,244,843
4,083,664
1,156,638
52,401,266
PERCENT
50
39
36
42
26
Sodium sulfate and sodium hydroxide (both of which EPA has
proposed removing from the TRI list) were the chemicals subject to
the greatest amounts of waste minimization in the waste minimization
subset, 6.6 and 4.8 million pounds respectively. Three other chemicals
(propylene, 2,4-D acid, and acetaldehyde), were reduced in quantities
of more than three million pounds. For each of these five chemicals,
a single waste minunization form dominated the total amount of waste
reductions. In fact, there were only two waste minimization forms for
sodium sulfate, and one each for 2,4,-D acid and acetaldehyde in the
subset.
Sodium sulfate and
sodium hydroxide
were the chemicals
with the greatest
reported waste mini-
mization in the sub-
set of 802 forms.
TABLE 11^ TRI CHEMICALS MINIMIZED BY MORE THAN ONE MILLION POUNDS. 1987
(From a sample of 802 forms)
TRI WASTE GENERATION
CHEMICAL
SODIUM SULFATE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
PROPYLENE
2.4.-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
ACETALDEHYDE
CHLOROBENZENE
ALUMINUM OXIDE
AMMONIA
ASBESTOS
XYLENE
DICHLOROMETHANE
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
TOLUENE
SULFURICACID
1987
Pounds
=
1.492,642
7,004,418
800,340
28,216
0
2,115,000
2.415.497
4.996.079
2.170.727
1,776,758
2,393,536
2,219,008
6,136.780
2,060,325
1,973,951
1986
Pounds
8,095,022
11,793,130
4,328,300
3,282.896
3,100,000
4.690,000
4,797,518
.6,956,332
4,072,338
3,573,112
4.143,209
3,885,577
7,714,626
3,597.209
3,300,775
AMOUNT OF
TRI WASTES
REDUCED
—
6,602,380
4,788,712
3,527.960
3.254,680
3,100,000
2,575,000
2.382,021
1.960,253
1.901,611
1,796,354
1,749,673
1.666.569
1.577,846
1,536,884
1,326,824
NO. OF TRI
REPORTS
2~
24
4
1
1
1
10
15
5
37
65
73
45
70
19
TRI
UTS
2
24
4
1
1
1
10
15
5
37
65
73
45
70
19
LARGEST
SINGLE
REPORT
6,578,080
2.890.000
3,360,000
3,254,680
3,100,000
2,525,000
876,800
1,278,149
1.780,000
65.984
815,561
69,800
808.000
424,800
669,286
275
-------
Chapter 11
For the subset of
forms, greater
levels of waste mini-
mization were
achieved by
facilities expanding
their production.
Ten other chemicals were reduced by more than a million pounds
(Table 11-9). For most of these, a single large form dominated the
overall total reductions in waste. The exception was xylene, which had
37 forms for a total reduction of waste of 1.8 million pounds; the largest
single form was for 65,984 pounds.
Waste Minimization by Production Index
Companies in the waste minimization subset also provided produc-
tion index data with their forms. The production index is an indicator
selected by the facility (such as number of cars; square feet of tape;
pounds of chemicals, and so on as appropriate) to quantify overall
levels of production activity. The production index is reported as a
ratio of current year to prior year production: if production has
doubled, the production index is 2.0, if it has halved, the index is 0.5.
Over 25 percent of the waste minimization subset reported a produc-
tion index of 1.0, indicating no change from 1986 production levels.
This group reported overall reductions of 45 percent from 1986 levels
and accounted for 11 million pounds of reduced wastes out of the total
of 52 million (Table 11-10).
More than 50 percent of the subset had production indexes in a range
of 0.9 -1.1. However, those reporting a production index of 1.1 or 0.9
had considerably smaller total reductions and percent reductions than
did those with a production index of 1.0.
Facilities reporting indexes at the high and low end of production
indexes indicated they were particularly effective in reducing their
waste generation; production indexes greater than 2.0 had an overall
TABLE 11-10. AMOUNT OF TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION BY
PRODUCTION INDEX, 1987
(From a sample of 802 TRI forms)
TRI
PRODUCTION
INDEX
>2
1.3-2
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.5-0.8
-------
Waste Minimizatic
reduction of 70 percent, while production indexes of less than 0.5
reported reductions of 82 percent (a very different picture emerges
when considering relative waste minimization — see below). The
largest production index reported was 9.9, the smallest, 0.1.
The availability of the production index provides an important addi-
tional perspective on TRI waste minimization data. The volumes
reported thus far in this chapter represent absolute quantities of
waste minimization, that is, changes in waste at a facility without
regard to changes in production. Another way to examine the data is
to use production indexes to generate relative quantities of waste
minimization (see Box 11-A).
Relative and Absolute Waste Minimization
As detailed earlier, the waste minimization subset reported overall
waste generation in 1986 of 121 million pounds, and generation in 1987
of 69 million pounds. Factoring in the impact of production indexes
leads to a projected 1987 waste generation of 178 million pounds.
Hence, the relative amount of waste minimization is the difference
between projected and actual waste generation for 1987 or a 61
percent reduction of 109 million pounds, more than double the ab-
200
150
100
MILLIONS OF POUNDS
Projected 1987 Actual 1987 Actual 1987 Actual 1986
• TRI Waatea Generated ESS Relative Waata Mln.
OH Abaoluto Waato Mln.
(Based on 802 forms for 1987)
Relative Waste Min.: 109.4 Million Lbs.
Absolute Waste Min.: 52.4 Million Lbs.
Figure 11-9~—
Relative v«. Absolute TRI Waste Minimizations, 1987.
277
-------
Chapter 11
Absolute and Relative Waste Minimization: The Impact of Production index
Data
The availability of production index data lends additional perspective to an under-
standing of waste minimization. As an example, consider the waste minimization data
reported by one facility for propylene:
• WASTE GENERATION IN 198& 3,900,000 pounds
* WASTE GENERATION IN 1987:540,000 pounds
• PRODUCTION INDEX: 2.0
* METHOD: On-site recyle
• REASON: Cost Reductions
In absolute terms, the waste minimization achieved was simply the difference between
waste generation in 1986 and 1987:
3,900,000 - 540,000 «• 3,360,000 pounds
Actual 1986 Waste Actual 1987 Waste Absolute Waste Minimization
In other words, this facility reduced their waste generation by 3.36 million pounds by
on-site recycling.
However, the production index of 2.0 tells us that the level of activity at the plant
doubled in 1987 over the level of 1986 activity. If waste generation had followed suit,
it too would have doubled from 3.9 to 7.8 million pounds. Hence, the relative amount
Of waste minrauzation canbe thought of as the difference between what was produced
in 1987 and a projection of what would have been produced based on production index
information:
7,800,000 - 540,000 = 7,260,000 pounds
Projected 1987 Waste Actual 1987 Waste Relative Waste Minimization
This facility's waste generation was 7.26 million pounds less in 1987 than what it would
have been if the waste generation had increased at the same pace as production
increases.
Box 11-A.
solute volume (Figure 11-9). The increase is due to the fact that the
effect of production increases (production index greater than 1.0)
outweighs the impact of decreases (production index less than 1.0).
The relative waste minimization data present a strikingly different
picture of reductions according to production index than that
presented in Figure 11-9 and Table 11-11. Facilities with large produc-
278
-------
Waste Minimization
A decrease in production activity also casts an interesting light on waste minimization
data, as can be seen by the following data on trichloroethane:
* WASTE GENERATION IN 1986:1,479,000 pounds
» WASflE GENERATION IN 1987:781,000 pounds
* PRODUCTION INDEX: 0.5
* METHOD: Substitution
* REASON: Self-initiated renew
In this case, the absolute reduction in trichloroethane waste is 698,000 pounds. However,
the production index of Q.S indicates activity hi 1987 was half of that in 1986; projected
waste generation would also then be half of 1,479,000 pounds, or 739,500 pounds:
739,500 - 781,000 - - 41,500 pounds
projected 1987 waste actual 1987 waste relative waste minimization
The actual waste generation in 1987 was greater than what would be expected based on
the production index alone, resulting in a negative quantity of relative waste minimization.
In this case, even though overall quantities of waste decreased, the amount of waste per
unit of production increased.
TRI data alone cannot provide detailed explanations of why such a result comes about;
additional information about operations at thefacility would be needed to further explore
the reasons for the difference in absolute and relative waste minimization.
Box 11-A, Continued.
tion indexes achieved large, in some cases very large, relative waste
minimization. Those that more than doubled their production
achieved a relative reduction of 95 percent over that which would have
been expected. At the smaller end of the scale, the story appears to
be quite different.
Much of the reported waste minimization at facilities with production
indexes of less than 1.0 appears to be linked to the actual decreases in
279
-------
Chapter 11
production levels. For those whose production index was less than 0.5,
waste generation did not decrease as much as production did, produc-
ing a negative value of waste minimization (see Box 11-A). This result
could indicate that, at some facilities, waste generation is not well-
linked to production levels and does not decrease as rapidly (resulting
in a reported increase in the quantity of waste per unit of production).
Other explanations are also possible, including errors in reporting.
Additional details about facility operations would be needed to fur-
ther explore the reasons for the apparent negative waste minimization.
TABLE 11-11. RELATIVE TRI WASTE MINIMIZATION BY PRODUCTION INDEX, 1987
(From a Sample of 802 Forms)
PRODUCTION
INDEX
RANGE
>2.0
1.3-ZO
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.5-0.0
<0.5
PROJECTED TRI
WASTE GENERATION
1987
Pounds
65,383,423
29.843,578
11.178,400
21,300.906
24,961,299
12,369,222
12,300,294
1,023,157
ACTUAL TRI
WASTE GENERATION
1987
Pounds
3,262,167
8,813,158
4,004,765
15,353,294
13,829,379
,11,349,257
11,308,185
1,028,635
RELATIVE
TRI WASTE
MINIMIZATION
Pounds
62,121.256
21,030,420
7.173,635
5,947,612
11,131,920
1,019,965
992.109
-5.478
PERCENT
REDUCED
95.0
70.5
64.2
27.9
44.6
8.2
8.1
-0.5
280
-------
-------
-------
Chapter 12. Other Uses for the Toxics Release Inventory
Introduction
Previous chapters of this report examined the broad national perspec-
tives available from 1987 Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) data. How-
ever, TRI data can be analyzed at different levels according to needs
and interests. The national analyses presented in preceding chapters
can be focussed to provide greater detail about particular topics.
Many analyses can also be conducted on a regional, state, or local
level.
This chapter explores different avenues of analysis, with selected
illustrative examples. The chapter does not present an exhaustive
survey, but suggests the range and types of analyses possible using TRI
data.
Other National Analyses
Earlier chapters examined a range of topics, such as national patterns
of TRI chemical releases and transfers by the major manufacturing
industries, releases and transfers associated with different industrial
activities, individual chemicals and chemical classes accounting for
large releases and transfers, and where chemicals were released or
transferred. The following sections show how these analyses could be
redirected or narrowed to address specific questions.
Analyzing Industries and Facilities
This report analyzed industries using the broadest industrial
categories, as defined by the first two digits of the four-digit Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) codes (see Chapter 3 and Appendix
C). Using this system, all Chemical and Allied Products industries
(SIC Code 28) were included in a single group, all Petroleum Refining
and Related industries (SIC Code 29) were considered as another
group, and so on. However, industries covered by TRI can be analyzed
hi greater detail by examining the first three digits of the four-digit SIC
code.
TRI data can also
provide Information
at the regional, state
and local levels and
for particular chemi-
cals or facilities.
283
-------
Chapter 12
TABLE 12-1. TOTAL TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS FOR THE CHEMICAL
AND ALLIED PRODUCTS INDUSTRY. 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
SIC
CODE
INDUSTRY
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS
Pounds
12,088,829,671
Percent
28-
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
289
Chemicals & Allied Products - General
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals
Plastics & Synthetic Organics
Pharmaceutical & Biological Products
Soaps, Cleansers, Cosmetics
Paints
Industrial Organic Chemicals
Pesticides & Agricultural Chemicals
Printing Inks, Explosives & Other
Multiple SIC codes within SIC 28
17,175,923
1,722,789,318
533,077,745
563,751,841
20,246,433
70,359,051
938,658,593
453,220,589
5,317,647,271
2,451,902,907
0.14
14.25
4.41
4.66
0.17
0.58
7.76
3.75
43.99
20.28
100.00
The Printing Inks, and
Explosives and the In-
dustrial Organic
Chemical Industries
reported the largest
TRI releases and
transfers from the
Chemicals Industry.
When the facilities in the Chemical industry are broken down into
then- 3-digit SIC code classifications, the Printing Inks and Explosives
industry segment represents 44 percent (5.3 billion pounds) of all
releases and transfers from the Chemical industry in 1987 (Table 12-1).
This was because of the large release of over 5.2 billion pounds from
a single facility in California. The segment of the Chemical industry
with the second largest amount of releases and transfers was Industrial
Inorganic Chemicals with 14 percent (1.7 billion pounds) of the TRI
releases and transfers from facilities in the Chemical industry. For the
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals industry, further analysis shows that
39 percent (668 million pounds) of its releases and transfers were
on-site land releases while 29 percent (501 million pounds) were
releases to surface waters (Figure 12-1).
For the Primary Metals industry, the industry segments that reported
the most TRI releases and transfers were the Blast Furnaces and Basic
Steel Products industry (34 percent or 886 million pounds) and the
Primary Nonferrous Metals industry (879 million pounds or 33.9
percent) which reported about the same amount (Table 12-2). A
further breakdown of releases and transfers for the Blast Furnaces
284
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Other Uses for TRI
AIR 4%
PUBLIC SEWAGE 11%
LAND 39%
SURFACE WATER 29%
OFF-SITE 9%
UNDERGROUND 8%
Total: 1,7 Billion Pounds
Figure 12-1.
Inorganic Chemical Industry (SIC 281) Total TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987.
and Basic Steel Products industry shows that 68 percent (606 million
pounds) were off-site transfers (not including transfers to public
sewage systems) and another 16 percent (143 million pounds) were
on-site land releases (Figure 12-2). Only 11 percent (99 million
pounds) of TRI releases and transfers by the Blast Furnaces and Basic
Steel Products industry were direct releases to air and surface waters;
this was small compared to the pattern of releases from the TRI
facilities as a whole, which represented 54 percent (12.2 billion
pounds) of the total TRI releases to air and surface waters.
Other analyses of TRI data could focus even more precisely on
specific industries at the 4-digit SIC code level.
285
-------
Chapter 12
UNDERGROUND 3%
LAND 16%
OFF-SITE 68%
PUBLIC SEWAGE 1%
AIR 6%
SURFACE WATER 5%
Total: 886 Million Pounds
Figure 12-2.
Blast Furnaces and Basic Steel Products Industry (SIC 331), TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987.
TABLE 12-2. TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS FOR
THE PRIMARY METALS INDUSTRY, 1987
SIC
CODE INDUSTRY
33-
331
332
333
334
335
336
339
Primary Metals - General
Blast Furnaces & Basic Steel Products
Iron & Steel Foundries
Primary Nonferrous Metals
Secondary Nonferrous Metals
Rolling & Drawing of Nonferrous Metals
Nonferrous Foundries (Casting)
Primary Metal Products & Other
Multiple SIC codes within SIC 33
TOTAL
TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent
44,865,775
886,117,579
61,182,139
879,236,251
457,017,572
89,628,998
17,269,421
51,518,309
106,401,997
2,593,238,041
1.73
34.17
2.36
33.90
17.62
3.46
0.67
1.99
4.10
100.00
286
-------
Other Uses for TRI
General Motors
Corporation
reported the largest
number of facilities
to TRI.
Parent Companies and Their Facilities
One corporation maybe the parent company for several facilities that
reported in the TRI database. General Motors Corporation had the
most number of facilities (145) that reported to TRI for 1987. While
37 percent (54 facilities) of its facilities that reported were located in
Michigan and 14 percent (21 facilities) were in Ohio, it had facilities
in 20 other states across the United States that reported to TRI (Table
12-3).
The types of releases and transfers from this group of General Motors
Corporation facilities differed somewhat from the group of all TRI
faculties. Releases to air accounted for 49 percent (70 million pounds)
of all TRI releases and transfers from these facilities whereas for all
TRI facilities releases to air were 12 percent of the total (Figure 12-3).
The General Motors Corporation facilities reported relatively few
discharges to surface waters (one percent or 1.5 million pounds) while
this was the largest category for TRI facilities taken as a whole.
The types of chemicals used at the General Motors Corporation
facilities also differed from the group of all TRI facilities. For General
Motors Corporation facilities, releases and transfers of solvents such
as xylene, toluene and methyl ethyl ketone were reported in the largest
TABLE 12-3. NUMBER OF GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION FACILITIES
WITH TRI FORMS PER STATE, 1987
STATE
Alabama
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
TRI
FACILITIES
Number Percent
2
14
1
1
1
4
2
14
1
3
1
1
1.38
9.66
0.69
0.69
0.69
2.76
1.38
9.66
0.69
2.07
0.69
0.69
STATE
Maryland
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Oklahoma
Texas
Wisconsin
TOTAL
TRI
FACILITIES
Number Percent
2
54
1
3
3
10
21
1
2
3
145
1.38
37.24
0.69
2.07
2.07
6.90
14.48
0.69
1.38
2.07
100.00
287
-------
Chapter 12
AIR 49%
PUBLIC SEWAGE 20%
SURFACE WATER 1%
OFF-SITE 19%
LAND 10%
Total: 143 Million Pounds
No Underground Injection
Figure 12-3.
General Motors Corporation Facilities, TRI Releases and Transfers, 1987.
TABLE12-4. THE 25 TW CHEMICALS VWTH THE LARGEST TOTAL RELEASES
AND -mANSFEHS FROM GENERAL MOTORS FACILITIES, 1987
CHEMICAL NAME
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
TOLUENE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
ALUMINUM OXIDE
SULFURtCAOD
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ACETONE
GLYCOL ETHERS
SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
CHCHLOROMETHANE
METHANOL
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
FREON113
TRCHLOROeTHYLENE
ETHYLENE QLYCOL
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
PHOSPHORIC ACID
URETHANE
FORMALDEHYDE
BARIUM COMPOUNDS
NICKEL
MANGANESE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TRI TOTAL
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent
19,954.651
16,119,010
15,583,430
14,520,512
14,284,350
7,262,866
5,852,999
5,561,031
5,129,912
4,645,264
4,359,174
3,375,135
2,712,724
2.670,005
2,661,913
2,284,624
1,460,084
1,341,689
1,034,520
868,880
847,750
768,040
704,085
676,641
656,063
135,335,352
7,735,729
143,071,081
13.95
11.27
10.89
10.15
9.96
5.06
4.09
3.89
3.59
3.25
3.05
2.36
1.90
1.87
1.86
1.60
1.02
0.94
0.72
0.61
0.59
0.54
0.49
0.47
0.46
94.59
5.41
100.00
288
-------
Other Uses for TRI
mounts. These three chemicals represented 36 percent (52 million
pounds) of all releases and transfers reported by these facilities (Table
12-4). Because solvents can be highly volatile, the use of these chemi-
cals could in part explain the relatively larger releases to air.
TRI Chemical Exports
An analysis of TRI chemical exports yields a different, more interna-
tional overview of the manufacture and disposal of TRI chemicals
than the national analyses presented in earlier chapters. The off-site
transfer location data in the TRI database (which were analyzed in
Chapter 9 of this report) can be searched according to geographical
names other than states. For example, the export of TRI chemical
wastes from the United States could be examined.
For 1987, TRI facilities identified 13 different sites outside of the
country to which U.S. facilities transferred 6.4 million pounds of
chemical wastes, approximately 0.03 percent of the total reported
releases and transfers for 1987 (Table 12-5). Canadian sites received
the largest amounts of exported TRI chemical wastes. The remainder
of the exported TRI chemical wastes were sent to sites in Europe (in
Belgium, Spain, and the United Kingdom). Metals and metal contain-
ing compounds represented 65 percent (4.2 million pounds) of all TRI
exports (Figure 12-4), although some of this material may have been
sent overseas for recycling, rather than for treatment and disposal.
Exports of just the metal copper represented 16 percent (1.1 million
pounds) of all reported exports (Table 12-6). The RCRA identifica-
tion numbers of the transferring sites, when given, show that most of
the transfers to Canada originated from facilities in Michigan and New
York. (The first two letters in the RCRA number abbreviate the state
name.)
Facilities reported
exports of 6 million
pounds of TRI chemi-
cal wastes to
Canada, Belgium,
Spain, and the
United Kingdom in
1987.
289
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Chapter 12
TABLE 12-5. EXTORTS - TRI OFF-SITE TRANSFERS TO SITES NOT IN THE UNITED STATES. 1987
TRANSFER SITE NAME
TRANSFER SITE CTTY. COUNTRY
TRI
OFF-SITE
TRANSFER
Pounds Percent
STABLEX CANADA BLAINVILLE, QUEBEC. CANADA
TRICIL (SARNIA) LTD. SARNIA. ONTARIO. CANADA
CAPPER PASS & SONS LTD NORTH HUMBERSIDE, UNITED KINGDOM
MEGA METALS LTD. VANCOUVEa BRITISH COLUMBIA. CANADA
METALLURGY HOBOKEN-OVERPELT HOBOKEN, BELGIUM
METALLURGY HOBOKEN-OVERPELT ANTWERP. BELGIUM
WATH ALUMINUM WATH OF DEORNE. UNITED KINGDOM
NORAND MINES HORNE DIV. QUEBEC. CANADA
ANACHEMIA CANADA, INC. VILLE ST. PIERRE. CANADA
THOR CHEMICALS. S.A.(PTY) LTD. CATO RIDGE. SPAIN
MINAS DE ALMADEN Y ARRAYNES MADRID. SPAIN
GALLANT ENTERPRISES LIMITED EDMUNDSTON. BRITISH COLUMBIA. CANADA
QUANTEX CHEMICAL INC. KITCHENER. ONTARIO, CANADA
4,000.188
1.805,886
355,026
215,000
27,000
10,850
17.500
8.100
3,200
2,333
1,500
140
5
62.05
28.01
5.51
3.34
0.42
0.17
0.27
0.13
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
6,446,728 100.00
Metal Compounds 65%
Organlcs 25%
Acids/Bases/Salts 11%
Total: 6.4 Million Pounds
Halo-organics: 0.1 Percent
Non-metals: 0.02 Percent
Figure 12-4.
TRI Chemicals Exported by Chemical Class, 1987.
290
-------
Other Uses for TRI
TABLE 12-6 TRI OFF-SITE TRANSFERS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES
FOR THE 25 CHEMICALS WfTH THE LARGEST EXPORTS. 1987
S*kirUlf*AI MAUF
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
TOTAL EXPORTS
Pounds Percent
1 COPPER
2 LEAD
3 CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
4 NICKEL COMPOUNDS
5 METHANOL
6 TOLUENE
7 COPPER COMPOUNDS
8 SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
9 NICKEL
10 XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
11 PHENOL
12 ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
13 ZINC COMPOUNDS
14 CHROMIUM
15 SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
16 CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
17 GLYCOL ETHERS
18 HYDROCHLORIC. ACID
19 ACETONE
20 METHYL ETHYL KETONE
21 ALUMINUM OXIDE
22 METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
23 CUMENE
24 SULFURICACID
25 N-BUTYL ALCOHOL
1,063,539
689.186
620,850
543,553
402.220
339.014
334,590
329.688
327,023
231,510
157.060
153.864
149.833
144,885
113,940
103,439
96,250
91,750
88.993
88,670
72.740
69,640
36,500
33,800
24,804
16.50
10.69
9.63
8.43
6.24
5.26
5.19
5.11
5.07
3.59
2.44
2.39
2.32
2.25
1.77
1.60
1.49
1.42
1.38
1.38
1.13
1.08
0.57
0.52
0.38
6.307,341
139.387
97.84
2.16
GRAND TOTAL
6,446,728
100.00
-------
Chapter 12
Chemical Analyses
Manufacturing
facilities reported
releases and trans-
fers of 3.1 million
pounds of pes-
ticides in 1987.
Previous chapters examined the top 25 TRI chemicals by amount of
releases and transfers to different segments of the environment (air,
water, land), as well as analyzing releases and transfers of chemicals
grouped into six classes (see Chapter 4) by chemical structure. Chemi-
cals can be classified and analyzed in other ways, however, such as by
similar uses (such as pesticides or dyes), similar properties (such as
toxicity or environmental fate), statutory or regulatory requirements,
or other interests.
Pesticides
Facilities manufacturing agricultural chemicals, such as certain pes-
ticides, are required to report under TRI. TRI data for 20 major
pesticides show that manufacturing facilities reported releases and
transfers of 3 million pounds of these pesticides for 1987 (Table 12-7).
Facilities in six states released or transferred over 100,000 pounds of
pesticides in 1987 (Map 12-1).1 Georgia facilities released 1.4 million
pounds of pesticides—by far the largest amount—followed by Texas
with 900,000 pounds (Figure 12-5).
Facilities in the Chemical and Allied Products industry, which in-
cludes as a subcategory Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals,
released or transferred 3.1 million pounds of pesticides, or 98 percent
of the total pesticide releases and transfers reported to TRI for 1987
(Figure 12-6). Within the Chemical industry, the Pesticides and
Agricultural Chemicals sector released 1.5 million pounds of pes-
ticides (49 percent of the Chemical industry's total); the only other
sectors with releases and transfers over 100,000 pounds were Phar-
maceutical and Biological Products and Printing Inks, Explosives, and
Other (Table 12-8).
Nearly half of all TRI pesticide releases and transfers were associated
with processing the chemicals, while another 36 percent of the releases
and transfers came from manufacturing activities (Figure 12-7). Fur-
ther analyses of activities and uses for reporters of pesticides could
determine why this might be. For example, the manufacturing
Remember, however, that releases and transfers associated with manufacturing
and processing are probably minor sources of pesticides released to the
environment. Rather, use by farmers and other consumers—not covered by TRI
reporting requirements-probably account for the most significant amounts of
pesticides released to the environment.
292
-------
Other Uses for TRI
I | o to 1,060
•,000 >• 100.000
Map 12-1.
Total Releases and Transfers of Pesticides Reported to TRI, 1987.
TMlEia-7. TOTALTNAELCMeBMB
MAJOR PE8T1COES, 1907
OF
Hrti CHBaCAlNAME
133
156 CMBMM.
163 ZMEB
U4 CMTAN
173,031
471600
317.444
171
188 TflFLIjRAlJN
111 HBTACHLOR
208 UMta
223 FLUOME1URON
210 TRKHUIHFON
233 nCHUXWO*
239 UNDANE
2tt
267
OIOOFOL
PROKKUR
2S3 METHOKVCHLOR
207 CHLOHOBENZtATE
273
250,173
138.356
12A396
57,1(2
17.8«7
11,443
9,306
*M1
4,50*
2,303
1.640
792
1&64
11.13
7.86
4.43
3.63
1.82
0.56
0.36
0.30
0\29
ai4
am
0.06
0.02
0X2
0.01
0.00
TOTAL
3,143,168
OMUAIE
NmWFEN
293
-------
Chapter12
1600
1400
Thousands of Pounds
QATX IL TN IN WYOHKYMOPA NJMO IA HI CAMSWVVA AR ID
Figure 12-5.
The 20 Stales with the Largest Releases and Transfers of TRI Pesticides, 1987.
Food(20) -(
Tobacco(21) -{
Textiles(22) -{
Paper(26) -[
Chemicals(28) -j
Prim. Metals(33) -T
Fab. Metals(34) -\
Electrical(36) -T
Transportation(37) -{
Multiple Codes 20-39 ~{
(
4.001
0.5
0.455
0.608
••M
u,
J 33.82
7.65
5.4
0.75
3
•
wm
•
•i
1] 3,08
3.97
) 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500
Thousands of Pounds
By Standard Industrial Classification
/Sir* f.nit»*
Figure 12-6.
Total Releases and Transfers for TRI Pesticides by Industry, 1987.
294
-------
Other Uses for TRI
TABLE 12-8. TOTAL TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS OF PESTdDES
BYTHE CHEMICAL AND ALUED PROOUCTS MOUSTRY, 1987
TOTAL TH
RELEASES/
AJbd Pnduak - General
PHMIng Wo. ExpMn*» OHier
Uuttpto Kfgta In as SIC oode
to 2037 or 2H» SIC cod—
Not hi 2040 SIC ood«
0
0
170.002
4
0
1.117
1.M0.479
104,431
1.2S8.M5
62.a>7
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
40.00
3.32
50.02
2.00
0.00
SRAND TOTAL
MANUFACTURE PROCESS OTHER USES COMBINATION
Figure 12-7.
Total Releases and Transfers for TRI Pesticides by Activities and Uses, 1987.
OFF-SITE 91*
LAND 2*
PUBLIC SEVMGE 3«
Total: 3.1 Million Pound!
Surface Water: 0.06 Percent
Underground Injection: 0.8 Percent
Figure 12-8.
Releases and Transfers for TRI Pesticides, 1987.
295
-------
Chapter 12
CHLOROTHALONIL
CARBARYL
ZINEB
CAPTAN
PARATHION
CHLORDANE
TRIFL.URALIN
HEPTACHLOR
MANEB
FLUOMETURON
Total Land Releases
I -,'l ID Public Sewage
Surface Water
Cff-Site Transfers
200 400 600 800
THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
TRICHLORFON
OICHLORVOS
LINDANE
CHLORAMBEN
CUPFERRON
DICOFOL
PROPOXUR
METHOXYCHLOR
CHLORBENZILATE
NITROGEN MUSTARD
1000
2.0
4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
THOUSANDS OF POUNDS
12.0 14.0
Figure 12-9.
Total Releases and Transfers by Media for TRI Pesticides, 1987.
296
-------
Other Uses for TRI
category is further divided into six different types and the processing
category is divided into four types. These subcategories could be
looked at for more specific uses of the chemicals. Then, the uses could
be identified with particular facilities or areas of the country to see if
there was an underlying pattern to the releases and transfers.
Over ninety percent of the total pesticide releases and transfers
reported to TRI were not direct releases to the environment, but
off-site transfers (Figure 12-8). Air emissions and discharges to public
sewage systems accounted for much of the remainder. Some in-
dividual pesticides were distributed in different proportions: Maneb
was released primarily to air and to public sewage systems, and
Trichlorfon was released almost entirely to air (Figure 12-9).
Lead and Lead Compounds.
Releases of lead are regulated under several different environmental
statutes affecting releases to all segments of the environment. Lead is
both a priority water pollutant and a hazardous air pollutant; it has
been banned as an additive in gasoline; and some lead compounds are
listed under the RCRA statutes. Because lead is a hazard in all of the
various segments of the environment the TRI database is particularly
helpful in determining the extent to which lead was released to the
environment. TRI facilities reported releases and transfers of 81
million pounds of lead and lead compounds in 1987 (Table 12-9).2
TABLE 12-9 TOTAL TRI RELEASES AND TRANSFERS FOR LEAD
AND LEAD COMPOUNDS, 1987
LEAD 50,774,634 POUNDS
LEAD COMPOUNDS 30,019,072 POUNDS
TOTAL RELEASES AND TRANSFERS 80,793,706 POUNDS
FOR LEAD
2 "Lead" and "lead compounds" are separately listed under TRI. This analysis
combines data from all forms that reported "lead" or "lead compounds."
297
-------
Chapter 12
_ .
|| I •••.<«• t. 1.0««,««
I,O«O,«M to ia.ooe.ooo
Map 12-2.
Total Releases and Transfers of Lead and Lead Compounds Reported to TRI, 1987.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Millions of Pounds
I I II
11 III III11 HI III
MO IN CA OH AZ TX UT NY PA KY Wl IL MT Ml TN AL NJ GA LA OK
•I Lead Lead Compounds
Figure 12-10.
The 20 States with the Largest TRI Releases and Transfers for Lead and Lead Compounds, 1987.
298
-------
Other Uses for TRI
Millions of Pounds
AIR SURFACE WATER POTWS ON-SITE LAHIKDERGROUND OFF-SITE
Lead
Lead Compounds
Figure 12-11.
TRI Releases and Transfers for Lead and Lead Compounds by Media, 1987.
Food(20
Tobacco.(21
.Textiles 22
Apparel 23
Lumber 24
Furniture 25
Paper 26
Printing 27
Chemical* 28
Petroleum 29
Plastics(30
Leather/31
Stone/Clay 32
Prim. Metals 33
Fab. Metals 34
Machinery 35
Electrical 36
Transportation 37
Instruments 38
Miscellaneous(39
Multiple Codes 20-39
No Codes in (20-39)
20 30 40
Millions of Pounds
By Standard Induatrlal Classification
(SIC) Codaa
50
60
Figure 12-12.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers for Lead and Lead Compounds by Industry, 1987.
299
-------
Chapter 12
PERCENT
MANUFACTURE PROCESS OTHER USES COMBINATION UNKNOWN
Figure 12-13.
Total TRI Releases of Lead and Lead Compounds by Industrial Activities and Uses, 1987.
Facilities reported
releases and trans-
fers of 81 million
pounds of lead and
lead compounds in
1987.
Releases and transfers of lead and lead compounds were scattered
throughout all parts of the country (Map 12-2); Missouri facilities
reported the largest releases and transfers with over ten million
pounds (Figure 12-10). Over half (44 million pounds) of the total
amount of lead and lead compounds was transferred off-site rather
than released directly to the environment; another 41 percent (33
million pounds) was released on-site to land (Figure 12-11). Air
emissions of lead and lead compounds amounted to 2.5 million
pounds, or three percent of the total releases and transfers of lead and
lead compounds.
Facilities in the Primary Metals industry released and transferred the
largest share of lead and lead compounds (60 percent), followed by
facilities in the Electrical Products and Chemical industries (11 per-
cent and 10 percent, respectively) (Figure 12-12). Facilities engaged
in manufacturingonfy released and transferred 40 percent of the total
amount of lead and lead compounds, while facilities that reported
processing only released and transferred 21 percent (Figure 12-13).
300
-------
Other Uses for TRI
Regional and State-Level Analyses
TRI data incorporated various geographical data around which to
build analyses: state, county, city, zip code, street address, latitude and
longitude, off-site locations to which chemical wastes were trans-
ferred, and the name(s) of water bodies to which wastewater was
discharged. These data can be separated or combined to produce
geographical analyses tailored to almost any interest.
Regional Analyses: Major Water Systems
Geographical analyses could focus on releases within a region's major
water systems to examine the chemicals that might eventually end up
in the water. For example, parts of the states of Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland and Virginia are in the drainage basin for the
Chesapeake Bay, and the TRI chemical releases and transfers in any
of these four states could potentially affect the Bay or the ecosystems
it supports. TRI data can be used to locate all TRI facilities within this
region by latitude and longitude and display their releases and trans-
fers (Map 12-3). As illustrated, the heaviest concentration of TRI
releases and transfers are in the area just north of the Bay and in
another area to the southwest.
While all releases and transfers of TRI chemicals might affect the Bay
region, direct discharges to surface waters may pose a more immedi-
ate concern. TRI data can be used to map all discharges of TRI
chemicals to surface waters (Map 12-4) that were reported for 1987
in order to investigate the situation in more detail. Such analyses could
be further refined to examine discharges of a particular chemical or
set of chemicals.
Latitude and longitude data were optional for the 1987 reporting year. Over 60
percent of the reporting facilities did provide the information, however, and EPA
has supplied the latitude and longitude of the center of the five-digit zip code for
all facilities that did not identify their geographical coordinates. All facilities will
be required to provide latitude and longitude data starting with the 1988 reporting
year.
301
-------
Chapter 12
Toxic Release Inventory Total Al Retoaaes Around Chesapeake Bay
POUNDS
II < 530,000
• 530,000-3,700,000
• > 3,700,000
Map 12-3.
TRI Total Releases and Transfers Around Chesapeake Bay, 1987.
Toxic Release Inventory Surface Water Releases Around Chesapeake Bay
Map 12-4.
TRI Discharges to Surface Water Around Chesapeake Bay, 1987.
302
-------
Other Uses for TRI
State Analyses: By County or Zip Code Area
Localized analyses of each state offer a more precise perspective of
where TRI chemicals are being released. Maps based on counties or
zip code regions can detail locations with high concentrations of
industrial facilities or large chemical releases.
Maps of facilities and total chemical releases and transfers in New
Jersey, for example, show the distribution of TRI releases and trans-
fers state-wide in 1987. Comparing the maps shows that while TRI
facilities (Map 12-5) were concentrated in the northeastern part of
the state, total releases and transfers were also large in parts of
northwest New Jersey (Map 12-6). In comparing the different types
of releases and transfers, the maps show that air emissions (Map 12-7),
off-site transfers (Map 12-8), and transfers to public sewage systems
(Map 12-9) were concentrated in central New Jersey while surface
water discharges (Map 12-10) and on-site releases to land (Map
12-11) occurred hi larger amounts in the southern part of the state.
303
-------
Chapter 12
Number of FicMtln Reporting
Oto2S
25 to 50
75 to 100
Map 12-5.
New Jersey Facilities Reporting to TRI, 1987.
Thousand* of Pound*
0 to 1.OOO
1,000 to 5,000
6,000 to 10,000
10.OOO to 25,000
> 26,000
Map 12-6.
Total TRI Releases and Transfers Reported by New Jersey Facilities, 1987.
304
-------
Other Uses for TRI
Thousand* of Pounds
<60
80 to 1,000
1,000 to 2.5OO
2,500 to 1O.OOO
> 10,000
Map 12-7.
TRI Air Emissions Reported by New Jersey Facilities, 1987.
Thousands of Pound!
0 to 1OO
100 toSOO
SOO to 1,000
1,000 to 10,000
> 10,000
Map 12-8.
TRI Off-site Transfers Reported by New Jersey Facilities, 1987.
305
-------
Chapter 12
Thousand* of Pounds
Oto 10
10 to 1,000
1,OOOto10,OOO
10,000 to 20,OOO
> 20,000
Map 12-9.
TRI Transfers to Public Sewage Systems Reported by New Jersey Facilities, 1987.
Thousands of Pounds
Oto 10
1O to 100
10010 1.0OO
1,000 to 10.OOO
> 10,000
Map 12-10.
TRI Discharges to Surface Water Reported by New Jersey Facilities, 1987.
306
-------
Other Uses for TRI
Map 12-11.
TRI On-site Land and Underground Injection Releases Reported by New Jersey Facilities, 1987.
Local and Facility-Level Analyses
The local and facility information required by TRI-facility name,
street address, city, and zip code - can be used to formulate even more
detailed analyses (See Chapter 3 for a complete description of the
identifying information facilities must provide to TRI.) A local
analysis might be used, for example, to examine the total amounts of
chemicals released directly into the environment in a particular city
as well as the amounts of off-site transfers transported into the city
from other locations. TRI data could be used to determine the
amounts of TRI chemicals released to public sewage systems in a
particular area. TRI also lends itself to analyses of all or some of the
chemicals released at a particular facility. The discussion below il-
lustrates each type of analysis.
307
-------
Chapter 12
Food(20;
Tobacco.(21
Textiles'
Apparel
Lumber
Furniturei25
Paper
Printing
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plastics
Leather
Stone/Clay
26
27
28
29
30
(31
32
Prim. Metalsl 33
Fab. Metalsi
Machinery!
Electrical'
Transportation^
Instruments'
Miscellaneous'
34
35
36
37
38
39
Multiple Codes, 20-39
No Codes in (20-39)
By Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Cod«s
Figure 12-14.
TRI Releases and Transfers by Industry for Memphis, TN, 1987.
Food(20) -t
"'"' -,. - r',.iin .,»«].
Textiles(22) -t 0.002
Furn!tura(25) -Q o.67»
Paper(26) H
Prlntlng(27) H
Chamlcals(28) H
Petroleum(29) H
Plaatlca(30) H
Prim. Metal«(33) H
Fab. Metala(34) H
MachineryOG) -
Electrlcai(36) -
Tranaportatlon(37) -
lnatrumenta(38) -
•
"
Multiple Codes 20-39 -
0.137
3 1.2S1
^ ' 1
0.0*8 1
0.064
16.077
- 1- ",?..»!] <• a<
9 1.88
I 0.482
| 0.432
0.371
0.18B |
ID Ail
• Un
• To
m TO
m TO
• Of
Emisal
iergrou
•1 Land
Public
Surfac
-Site T
ana
id Injec
Releaa
Sewage
Water
•anafer
t'n
>»
1.203
0 5 10 15 20 25
Millions of Pounds
By Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Codes
30 35 40
Figure 12-15.
TRI Total Releases and Transfers In Memphis, TN, by Industry, 1987.
308
-------
Other Uses for TRI
Local Analyses: Chemicals Released In and Transferred to Specific Locations
(Memphis, TN)
Total releases of TRI chemicals within a city can be studied by
summing both the on-site releases of all the facilities located there, as
well the off-site transfers from other locations that were accepted by
facilities within the city. Such an analysis follows for Memphis, Ten-
nessee.
A total of 76 facilities in Memphis reported releasing or transferring
82 million pounds of TRI chemicals in 1987 (Figures 12-14 and 12-15).
The Chemical industry, accounted for more reporting facilities than
any other industry (24), but its total TRI releases and transfers of 15
million pounds were less than the total for the Primary Metals industry
(eight facilities, 16 million pounds). The nine facilities that listed
multiple industries reported the largest total releases and transfers,
with 33 million pounds (40 percent).
Facilities discharged 61 million pounds of TRI chemicals to Memphis
public sewage systems - accounting for 74 percent of the total amount
of chemical releases and transfers reported in Memphis(Figure 12-
16). Approximately 14 million pounds of TRI chemicals (17 percent)
were emitted to air. Discharges to surface water totalled 2.3 million
pounds of TRI chemicals (three percent). Memphis facilities reported
releasing fewer than 42,000 pounds of TRI chemicals (less than one
percent) on land and by underground injection. Another 4.9 million
pounds (six percent) of TRI chemicals were transferred off-site by
Memphis facilities.
In an analysis of a particular geographic site such as a city, off-site
transfers to sites in the city from facilities located in other areas of the
state and in other states can be examined (Figure 12-17). For Mem-
phis, transfers from outside the city totaled 2.2 million pounds. The
transfers came largely from out-of-state facilities located as far away
as Maine, Illinois and Michigan. In addition, 1.2 million pounds were
transferred off-site from facilities located in Memphis to other sites
in Memphis. On the other hand, Memphis facilities also reported
off-site transfers of 1.3 million pounds to other cities in Tennessee and
another 2.4 million pounds to cities outside of Tennessee.
Facilities released and transferred 35 million pounds of sodium sulfate
in Memphis - more than any other TRI chemical (Table 12-10). Other
chemicals released and transferred in large amounts included am-
monium sulfate (18 million pounds), ammonia (9 million pounds),
methanol (5 million pounds), and toluene (2 million pounds). These
five chemicals contributed 85 percent of the total amount of chemicals
Facilities in Mem-
phis, TN reported
releases and trans-
fers of 82 million
pounds of TRI
chemicals in 1987.
Two million
pounds of TRI
chemicals were
transferred to
Memphis from
facilities in other
cities and states.
Five chemicals ac-
counted for 85 per-
cent of the total
amount of chemi-
cals released and
transferred in Mem-
phis.
309
-------
Chapter 12
PUBLIC SEWAGE 74%
AIR 17%
SURFACE WATER 3%
OFF-SITE 6%
Total: 82.2 Million Pounds
Underground Injection and
On-Site Land: 0.05 Percent
Figure 12-16.
TRI Releases and Transfers by Media for Memphis, TN, 1987.
POUNDS
TO MEMPHIS FROM ...
Memphis Facilities
Non-TN Facilities
FROM MEMPHIS TO ...
Other TN Facilities
Figure 12-17.
TRI Off-site Transfers to and from Facilities in Memphis, TN, 1987.
310
-------
Other Uses for TRI
released and transferred. Twenty five TRI chemicals accounted for 99
percent of the total TRI releases and transfers in Memphis.
Many of the chemicals that were released in large amounts in Mem-
phis ranked among the top chemicals for total TRI releases and
transfers, but there are some striking differences as well: carbon
tetrachloride ranked ninth for Memphis (796,799 pounds) but 74th
nationwide; barium (713,585 pounds) ranked tenth for Memphis but
63rd overall; HCPD (hexachlorocyclopentadiene) ranked 13th in
Memphis but 155th nationwide.
The acids/bases/salts class played a prominent role in Memphis
releases and transfers, as they did nationally. (See discussion of
chemical classes in Chapter 4.) This class made up 68 percent of the
total amounts of chemicals released or transferred in Memphis (Fig-
ure 12-18). Chemicals classified as organics (including toluene and
methanol) accounted for 14 percent of the total, and nonmetallic
inorganics (including ammonia and chlorine) accounted for 11 per-
cent. In all, Memphis facilities reported on 82 of the 328 TRI chemi-
cals and categories.
Acids/Bases/Salts 68%
Metal Compounds 4%
Halo-organics 2%
Non-metallics 11%
Organics 14%
Total: 82.2 Million Pounds
Halo-organics: 0.1 Percent
Non-metals: 0.02 Percent
Figure 12-18.
TRI Release* and Transfers by Chemical Class for Memphis, TN.1987.
311
-------
Chapter 12
TABLE 12-10. THE 25 TRI CHEMICALS WfTH THE LARGEST TOTAL RELEASES
AND TRANSFERS FOR MEMPHIS. TN, 1987
TOTAL TRI
RELEASE/
TRANSFER
Rank CHEMICAL NAME
1
3
7
8
9
6
11
2
74
63
70
53
155
55
12
14
13
29
23
73
17
191
99
5
33
SODIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
AMMONIUM SULFATE (SOLUTION)
AMMONIA
METHANOL
TOLUENE
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (SOLUTION)
ACETONE
ALUMINUM OXIDE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
BARIUM
METHYL METHACRYLATE
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (MANUFACTURI
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE
NICKEL
XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS)
1.1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
LEAD
ZINC (FUME OR DUST)
ETHYLENE OXIDE
DICHLOROMETHANE
HEPTACHLOR
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
SULFURICACID
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOR ALL OTHERS
GRAND TOTAL
TOTAL TRI
RELEASES/
TRANSFERS
Pounds Percent
35,416.069
17,896.925
9,318.015
4,944,466
2,400,196
2,301.141
2,218,300
1,407,532
796,799
713,585
519,494
504.984
462,005
439,686
351.433
297,241
292,814
275,561
193,540
185,000
169,077
120,395
102,042
93,631
80,176
81.500,107
666,651
82,166.758
43.10
21.78
11.34
6.02
2.92
2.80
2.70
1.71
0.97
0.87
0.63
0.61
0.56
0.54
0.43
0.36
0.36
0.34
0.24
0.23
0.21
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.10
99.19
0.81
100.00
312
-------
Other Uses for TRI
Local Analyses: Releases to Public Sewage Systems in a Single Metropolitan Area
The above example shows how TRI data can be used to gain an
overview of the total amounts of TRI chemicals flowing into and out
of a city. The scope of local analyses could be defined in ways other
than by city boundaries. For example, TRI data can be used to examine
a particular site or system that receives chemical wastes, such as a
pubh'c sewage system. As described in Chapter 7, TRI requires that
facilities identify any public sewage system (known as publicly-owned
treatment works, or POTWs) to which they discharged TRI chemi-
cals. For example, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago, which received one of the largest amounts of TRI chemical
discharges in 1987, is analyzed below.4
TRI data show that 130 facilities throughout the Chicago metropolitan
area submitted 350 TRI forms describing the transfers of 80 TRI
chemicals to the treatment plants of the Metropolitan Sanitary Dis-
trict. These facilities reported discharging more than 89 million
pounds of TRI chemicals to the sewage system. Nine of the 130
facilities reported discharging more than one million pounds each.
As in the TRI database as a whole (see Chapter 7), the Chemical and
Allied Products industry discharged the largest amount of chemicals
to the Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary District's plants — a total of 55
million pounds or 62 percent of the total (Table 12-11). Also, the
second largest amount (14 million pounds or 16 percent) was from the
Food Products industry with the Rubber and Plastics Products in-
dustry also transferring over 12 million pounds (14 percent).
Chicago-area facilities discharged six chemicals to the public sewage
system in amounts larger than one million pounds each (Table 12-12).
Discharges of sodium sulfate dominated the local picture, just as they
did on the national level (see Chapters 4 and 7): sodium sulfate
accounted for 69 percent of the total discharges (62 of the 89 million
pounds)
Over125 facilities
in the Chicago, IL
area discharged 80
TRI chemicals to
the Chicago
Metropolitan
Sanitary District
Sewage System for
a total of 89 million
pounds of TRI
chemicals in 1987.
Sodium sulfate ac-
counted for 69% of
the total TRI dis-
charges to the
Chicago public
sewage system in
1987.
Searching TRI for information based on individual names, such as for public
sewage treatment plants or systems, is not a trivial task due to the absence of a
unique name or identifying number. For example, the Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago was reported by facilities under nineteen variations
of names or spelling, ranging from initials ("MSD of Greater Chicago") to
"Chicago Metropolitan Sanitary District" to "The Metropolitan Sanitary
District." Such data analyses require searching and sorting the data in many
different ways.
313
-------
Chapter 12
TABLE 12-11. TOTAL TIIANUUUOFTHCHMrALS TO THE METBOPOUTAN
SAMTARY DBTHCT OF GREATER CHCAQO BY tOJBTBY, 1M7
1W71.1B
0
15.70
aoo
•0.996 aiO
o aoo
24.000 0.03
•.790 aoi
900 aoo
KO aoo
99460692 «1J»
10U90 ai2
11299.190 13.73
461.110 O52
4&2SO a09
1W.127 an
2.0S&5M IX
200 aoo
4,7091696 9£B
9.490 O01
3.170 OOO
o aoo
17.331 0.02
412 aoo
0.15
o.oo
1.54
MU
1.94
O23
20.15
a77
3.0B
3.00
2.31
aoo
1.94
g77
ioaoo
ioaoo
TABLE 12-12. THOejCALSDeCHUBOEDTOTHEMETnOPOUTAN
8ANTART OBTUCT OF OflEATHI CHCAOO M EXCESS OF
ONE MLUON POUNDS, 19(7
TOTAL™
TOTAL™
PHBIOL
HVOnoGHLOHK AOO
SUBTOTAL
TOTAL FOB ALL OTHB»
•7.0K.7M tf7JK 100
241 OOS8
TABLE1Z-13. TB CHEMKMLSDBCHARQEDTD THE METROPOLITAN 8AMTARY
nsmCT OF GREATER CHCAOO BY CHEUCAL CLASS, 1W7
OIWHD TOTAL
3.31
O29
ai2
a»57 aoi
•9003733 10aOO
190 9000
113 9221
9 £97
76 21.71
19 4.97
990 100.00
314
-------
Other Uses for TRI
The acids/bases/salts class, as defined in Chapter 4, accounted for 96
percent (86 million pounds) of all TRI chemicals discharged to the
Chicago public sewage system analyzed here (Table 12-13). Dischar-
ges of 3 million pounds of organics comprised much of the remainder.
Discharges of non-metallic inorganics, metals, and halo-organics
totalled under 400,000 pounds.
Note that analyses of public sewage systems can be compiled from
data reported by facilities discharging to the system, but such analyses
cannot be confirmed by TRI data on the amounts of chemicals that
the sewage system itself actually received or released. Public sewage
systems are not required to report to TRI because they are not
generally classified as manufacturing industries.
Facility Analyses: Releases of Trade Secret Chemicals
TRI data can be examined for any individual facility. Even forms
claimed as trade secrets yield a considerable amount of information,
because only the chemical name itself can be withheld. For example,
the Firestone Synthetic Rubber and Latex Company of Orange, Texas,
submitted the largest of 40 releases and transfers claimed as trade
secrets under TRI. Under TRI provisions regarding trade secrets, it
is still possible to locate the following information about the releases
and transfers detailed on that form (Table 12-14).
The trade secret chemical in this case (noted as a hydrocarbon) is
emitted to the air in the amount of 660,000 pounds as well as trans-
ferred off-site in the amount of 11,000 pounds. The total (671,000
pounds) represents 66 percent of the total releases and transfers of
TRI chemicals from this plant. The trade secret chemical is used as a
chemical processing aid and the chemical wastestream is treated
on-site.
In sum, the 40 trade secret claims, which represent only a fraction of
one percent of the total number of TRI forms submitted for 1987, can
be used to discover much pertinent information: what facility released
the chemical, how much was released and transferred, to what seg-
ment of the environment (air, water, or land) and where did releases
occur. The only information that cannot be determined is chemical
identity.
315
-------
Chapter 12
TABLE 12-14. THE TRI FACILITY WFTH THE LARGEST TRADE SECRET
RELEASES CLAIMED, 1987
Name:
Address:
Parent Company:
Total Releases:
Trade Secret Chemical:
All Others:
Chemical:
Maximum Amount Code:
Sic Code:
Activity/use Code:
Waste Min:
ID Numbers:
FIRESTONE SYNTHETIC RUBBER AND LATEX CO.
FARM ROAD 1006 ORANGE
ORANGE TX 77630
FIRESTONE TIRE AND RUBBER COMPANY
1.010,700 pounds
671,000 pounds
339,700 pounds
HYDROCARBON (CO1) (TRADE SECRET)
05
2822
3A
0
NPDESTX0002968 RCRA TXD008073538 DUNS 008073538
Release Type:
Type of Treatment
Release Amount
Type of On-site
Treatment
Release Type:
Release Amount
Type of On-site
Treatment
Release Type:
Release Amount
Type of On-site
Treatment
Off-site To: CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT. CARLYSS. LA
M72
11,000
Wastestream
Air
Liquid
Air-Fugitive
50,000
Wastestream
Air
Liquid
Air-Point Source
610,000
Wastestream
Air
Liquid
Treatment
Method
A01
B31
Treatment
Method
A01
B31
Treatment
Method
A01
B31
Efficiency
98.00
100.00
Efficiency
98.00
100.00
Efficiency
98.00
100.00
316
-------
Other Uses for TRI
Cross-Cutting Analyses: Combining TRI with Data
From Other Sources
This report has analyzed only the data contained in TRI. Of potential
interest for many readers, however, will be the perspectives gained by
linking TRI data with information from other sources, such as en-
vironmental, commercial, or demographic data bases. TRI data offer
the opportunity for a multitude of cross-cutting analyses:
• comparisons by Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs)
of TRI release data to other data submitted by specific facilities
under other sections of the Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Act. This will allow LEPCs to form a better profile
of chemical hazards in the community, for planning for response to
potential accidents and for broader consideration of community
risk. Specific information available includes notification of the
presence of any one of the Extremely Hazardous Substances
identified by EPA; accidental release information; and information
about inventories of hazardous chemicals
• use by State Emergency Response Commissions and other state
entities to document chemical use and releases and transfers in
states, regions, watersheds, etc.; trends analyses for hot spots; for
enforcement purposes; and other uses
• comparisons of TRI release data to measurements of the
concentrations of chemicals found in various locations in the
environment in an effort to determine possible relationships
between industrial sources and environmental distributions
• comparisons of reported TRI releases to regulatory data, such as
permit requirements or standards that limit emissions
• comparisons of TRI releases to population levels or to other
socioeconomic information
• checking the accuracy of models that attempt to predict how
chemicals are dispersed after they have been released into the
environment
• attempts to determine the causes for observed ecological changes
In short, TRI data will be a valuable resource for a wide range of
inquiries.
TRI in the Future: Comparative Data Analyses
Next year, data for 1988 will be added to TRI, making possible new
types of analyses. With data from two or more years, users will be able
to study trends in releases, industrial activities and uses, waste treat-
ment, and waste minimization. TRI data will enable citizens to analyze
_
-------
Chapter 12
trends at the national, regional, state, local, and facility-level. Analysis
of trends will offer insights into the effectiveness of major environmen-
tal programs and policies affecting TRI chemicals and facilities.
318
-------
APPENDIXES
-------
-------
A. The Toxics Release Inventory Reporting Form for 1987
Form ADorovtxl OMB No.: 2Q7tMJO?3
* ,B— ».. 01/91
Important: Typt or print; rtad Instructions btfort computing form.) Pao* 1 of 6
U.S. Environmental Protection Afency . -nBU
AERp\ TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING FORM EPA FORM
Ef
Section 313. Trtt* HI of Trw Supwfund AnMjndrrwnts and RMuthorfzMkMi Act of 1966 "
(TTita IPM tar EPA UM o*y.)
PART 1. FACILITY IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION
1.
1.1 DOM Wo raport oontaln In
2. CERTIFICATION (Raad uid *
I hcnfay cvttfy Hut I htm nvftw*
and eomplMe and Hut UM •moimtt
oftUtnpoit.
Namo Mid offloW two ol ownarSoparate
ido ooorM mtefrreMJonT 1.2 to- thta • m^iUaiJ oopyT 1.3 Reporting Voar
Q Na(DoiM.MMMr1.D n Y~ I"! NB
Lfn aflar comptotlnf all MdtoM.)
and vabMM In tU> nfnit an awnraM baaod on naaonablo afUinaia* mtot data available to tha prapajon
r or Motor management offloUl
MgrMtur* DM* tfgnod
3. FACILITY IDENTIFICATION
3.1
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
4, F
4.1
4.2
FaoUttyorEitablU 1 NMM
ttraM Addratw
CHy
Thto r»jport oontaira Morniatlan tar: (chook ono)
ft_ | | An wittr* aovmd faoHKy.
O^ity J"* „ | | tHrtat.iaoMradrao.iny.
•tM* Zip Cod*
1 III l-l 1 t 1
TMMWI Contact T****** Numtar (kmud.) MM ood»)
PtMto Contanat
*. MC Cod* 1 b.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Dog. Mh>. COB.
1 1 t 1 1 1 _|
*.
EPA UMttmootion NwniMr (RCAA
a.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
h*POE« Pwmtt Nwnborfa)
«.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a.
TataphDM NumtMr (Inotodi aram ooda)
0.
1 1 1
b. pio! taTneM "™~"
, , , i t-i i i i-i- i i i w«h^.ocaot»waee
UO.NO.) b. ^^ Tflrt° W""11"1 "*— *««*»
i it i i i i i i i i I j i
b.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Wat* 8oov«)
b.
c.
Undorpound k^ooUon WW Oedo
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(UC) Uantlfloatlan No.
till
kRENT COMPANY INFORMATION
NMTW of Parent Gompvv
Pmnt OwTkpMV'* Dun 4V Bradert
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
EPA Form 9350-1 f 1-M)
mtNo.
1 1 1
321
-------
APPENDIXES
(Important:
Type or print; read instruction! before completing form.) fmat 2 „ 5
rm.«pao*fcr EPA uaa only.)
EPA FORM R
PART II. OFF-SITE LOCATIONS TO WHICH TOXIC
CHEMICALS ARE TRANSFERRED IN WASTES
City
County
Slat* ap
1 1 1 1 l-l 1 I 1
FF-alTe LOCATIONS - Numbor thon looatlon* •oquontlalty on thlt and any additional Daoa ol thla term «»u u..
[_ | Othor off-*lto looMlon
EPA UantHloatlon NurnMr (IICRA D. No.) 1 1 | | | | | | , , , ,
Faotllty Nam*
Strut AddmM
City
County
Zip
1 III l-l 1 II
k location infer oontrol of reporting facility or parant company? FJ {~\
Y«a No
L| Othor oft-*lto looatlon
EPA Mortification NunAar (RCRAO. No.) 1 I I I | | , , , , , ,
FaoMty Nam*
StnMAddran
City
County
Zip
1 III l-l 1 II
k looMlon unoar oontrol ol rapornng laoliny or parant oompary? 1 1 1 1
1— 1 1— — 1
Yoa No
LJ Othor off-tlto looMlon
EPAktantltloatlon Numbar (RCRAD. No.) | , , , , , , , , , , ,
Faolllty Nam*
Straat Mdr*M
CHy
sut*
k loeatlonun
^ Ch*ok Hade
County
Zip
1 1 1 1 l-l 1 1 1
dar oontrol ol raportlng faoHlty or parant oompany? | [ | |
V*a No
tttlonal paoa* of Part I ant attaoTwd.
EPA Form 9350-1 (1-M)
322
-------
A. The Toxics Release Inventory Reporting Form for 1987
(Important; Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
Paps 3 of 5
EPA FORM R
PART III. CHEMICAL SPECIFIC INFORMATION
e tor EPA we only.)
1. CHEMICAL IDENTITY
Trade S«cr«t (Provide a generic name In 1.4 below. Attach substantiation form to Into submission.)
I (Use leading zeros If CAS number does not dll space provided.)
Chemical or Chemical Category Name
Oenerle Chemical Name (Complete only If 1.1 !• checked.)
MIXTURE COMPONENT IDENTITY (Do not complete this section If yea have c
.pleled Section 1.)
Qenerlc Chemical Name Provided by Supplier (UmH the name to a maximum of 70 ohanatere f*.g., numbere, tttare, I
3. ACTIVITIES AND USES OF THE CHEMICAL AT THE FACILITY (Check an that apply.)
3.1
Manufacture):
a.| | Produce
dO dWrtb&on
.Q import
1.1 | As a byproduct
, I I For on-elte
C-LJ uee/proosssing
f.| | As an Impurity
I A* a reactant
] Repackaging only
..r-]Asan
I—Icampe
3.3 Otherwfee Used:
I—I As a chemical
*-| Iproceeelng aid
Ae a manufacturing aid
Anc«ary or other use
4. MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF THE CHEMICAL ON SITE AT ANY TIME DURING THE CALENDAR YEAR
(enter code)
5. RELEASES OF THE CHEMICAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT
You may report release* of less than
1,000 rba. by checking ranges under A.I.
5.1 Fugitive or non-point air emissions
5.2 Stack or point air emissions
A. Total Release
Ibs/vrl
A.I
Reporting Ranges
Estimate
B. Basts of
(enter coda)
5.3 Discharges to water 5.3.1
C. % From Stomwater
5.3.10
r •treame(B).)
$.».»
5.3.20
5.3.3
5.3.3a
5.4 Underground Injection
5.5 Releases to land
6.5.1 I I I I lenteroode)
6.S.2 I I I I (enter oode)
S.S.36
j | (Check If •ooTtlonel Information !• provided on Pert IV fti •elemental Mormatlon.)
EPA Form 9350-1 (1-88)
323
-------
APPENDIXES
EPA FORM R.Pan III (Continued)
P«g»4of 5
.. TRANSFERS OP THE CHEMICAL IN WASTE TO OFF-«[TE LOCATIONS
6.1 Dtaotwrgti to POTW
A.ToteJ Trenefera
llM/vrl
Reporting Renget
A.2
Enter
Eettrato
. Bute of Eeflmtte
(enter oode)
C. Type of Treatment/
Dbpoul (enter cod.)
i— i
D
D
n
D
I I (Check « eddtttonel H(orm«Uoii to provided on Pert IV-Supptomontel Information)
7
7. WASTE TREATMENT METHODS AND EFFICIENCY
.
(ontwood*)
.
Method
iinMro
iinMrood*)
7.1.
n
F. B.Md on
7* i i r
7.20
7.3.
7.2-
n n
7.3d
n D
7.4.
7.4b rrr
n
n
7.5.
7.6.
n
7.8.
n n
ITT
7.7.
n
n
I I I
n
n n
n
7.10b |
n
dZ
7.120
7,2-
7.13.
(Check I, edowcnel Mot
l to provided on Pert IV-su|
V. OPTIONAL INFOnMATION ON WASTE MINIMIZATION
(Indtate eotlone tekente reduce theemount o, the chemtoel being rotoeeed from the Imcfty. See the Inetrucoone for coded
(•ntwoodo)
B. Quentky o, the ohemteel h the
prior to trettnont/olepooe]
D. ROMOT tor .otion
(enter oode)
Current
reporthw
yev (be/yr)
Prior | Or percent
veer • onenge
Ibe/vr) ]
1 *
DID
m
EPA Form 9350-1(1-481
324
-------
A. The Toxics Release inventory Reporting Form for 1987
(Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
Page 5 of 5
EPA FORM R
PART IV. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Use this section If you need additional space for answers to questions In Parts I and III.
Number or letter this Information sequentially from prior sections (e.g., D,E, F, or 5.54, 5.55).
» for EPA us* only.)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON FACILITY IDENTIFICATION
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
SIC Codel
1 1 1 1 1 1
(Part - Section 3)
III
Dun & Bradetreet Number(s)
ll-llll-llll II- III
EPA Identification Number(s)'RCRA I.D. No.)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II
NPDES Permit Number(s)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Neme of Receiving Stream(s) or Water Body(s)
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
- 1 1 1 1
1 f 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
—
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON RELEASES TO LAND ( Part III - Sect on 5.5)
Releases to Land
5.5 III] enter code)
5.5_
[||] (enter code)
5.5 | | | | (enter oode)
A. Total Release
(Ibs/yr) "• Basts of
5.5 a
5.5 a
5.5 a
A.1
Reporting Ranges
0 1-400 500-000
A. 2 (enter oode)
Enter
Estimate
s.5_b n
5.5 b LZI
5.5 b Q
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON OFF-SITE TRANSFER ( Part III - Section «)
6.
6.
6.
Discharge to POTW
Other off-site locatl
(Enter block number
from Part B. Sectla
Other off-site locatl.
(Enter block number
from Part 1, Soctkx
n
12.) 1 1
n
12.) 1 1
A. Total Transfers
(Ibs/yr)
6. a
6. a
6. a
A.1
Reporting Ranges
0 1-400 500-000
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON WASTE TREATMENT (Part
A. Qeneral Wastestream
(enter code)
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
. n
a L 1
a D
. n
. n
B. Treatment
Method
(enter code)
r. b LZ
7. b 1
7. b LZ
13
7. b 1 1
7. b 1
A. 2
Enter
Estimate
B. Basis of C. Type of Treatment/
Estimate Disposal (enter oode)
o— "D
6. b 1 1 6. c. 1 1
6. b n 6. c. [ |
III - Section 7)
C. Range of
Influent
Concentration
(enter code)
7. o n
7. o
n
7. 0 1 1
7. c
T. c
n
LZI
D. Sequential
Treatment?
(check If
applicable)
7. d n
7. d 1 1
7. d 1 1
7. d 1 1
7. d 1 1
E. Treatment F. Based on
Efficiency Operating
Estimate Data?
Yes No
7. e * 7. f 1 1 1 1
* 7. f n n
7. e % 7. f 1 1 1 1
7. e % 7. f 1 1 1 H
7. . * 7. f n n
EPA Form 9350-1 (1-88)
325
-------
B. The TRI List Of Chemicals for 1987 Reporting
SECTION 313 TOXIC CHEMICAL LIST
(Including Chemical Categories)
Chemicals may b« added or deleted to th« liit. Th. Em.rf.ncy Planning >nd Community Right-to-Know Hotline,
(800) 535-0202 or (202) 479-2448 in Washington, D.C. or Alaska, will provide up-to-date it.form.tion on th. status of
these changes.]
a. Alphabetical List (Effective Date January 1,1987)
CAS Number Chemical Nun.
71-07-0
60-35-C
67-64-1
75-08-8
65-96-3
107-OJ-8
79-06-1
79-10-7
107-1S-1
303-00-1
107-05-1
7429-90-6
1344-J8-1
117-78-3
60-09-3
92-67-1
(2-28-0
7664-41-7
6484-53-3
7783-30-3
63-53-3
90-04-0
104-94-9
134-39-1
120-12-7
7440-36-0
7440-38-2
1333-11-4
7440-89-3
98-87-3
55-31-0
71-43-2
93-87-6
98-07-7
94-36-0
100-44-7
7440-41-7
92-52-4
111-44-4
542-88-1
108-60-1
103-23-1
75-25-2
74-83-9
106-99-0
141-32-2
71-36-3
78-92-2
75-65-0
85-68-7
106-88-7
123-72-8
2650-18-2
3844-45-9
Ac.tJd.hyd.
Acetamide
Acetone
Acetonitrile
2-Acetylaminofiuorene
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin [l,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene,
l,2,S,4,10,10-hexachlorc-l,4,4a
5,8,8a-hexahydro-(l.alpha.,
4.alpha.,4a.beta.,6.alpha.,
8.alpha.,8a.beta.)-]
Allyl chloride
Aluroinum (fume or dust)
Aluminum oxide
2-Aminoanthraquinone
4-AminouobenMne
4-Aminobiphenyl
l-Amino-2-methylanthraquuione
Ammonium nitrate (solution)
Ammonium sulfate (solution)
Aniline
£-Anisidine
B-Anisidine
2-Anisidine hydrochloride
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos (triable)
Barium
Bensal chloride
Bensamide
Bensene
Benioic trichloride (Bensotrichlorids)
Bensoyl chloride
Benioyl peroxide
Beniyl chloride
BeryUiiun
Biphenyl
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis(chloromethyl) .th.r
Bis(2-chloro-l-methylethyl) ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate
Bromoform (Tribromomethane)
Bromomethane (Methyl bromide)
1,3-Butadiene
Butyl acrylate
g-Butyl alcohol
lee-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol
Butyl bensyl phthalate
1,2-Butylene oxide
Butyraldehyde
C.I. Acid Blue 9, diammonium salt
C.I. Acid Blue 9, dbodium salt
4680-78-8
669-64-2
989-38-8
1837-37-7
2602-46-2
16071-86-6
2832-40-8
3761-53-3
81-88-9
3118-97-6
97-56-3
842-07-9
492-80-8
128-66-6
7440-43-9
156-62-7
133-06-2
63-2E-2
75-15-0
56-23-5
463-58-1
120-80-9
133-90-4
57-74-9
7782-50-5
10049-04-4
79-11-8
632-27-4
108-90-7
610-15-6
75-00-3
67-66-3
74-87-3
107-30-2
126-99-8
1897-45-6
7440-47-3
7440-48-4
7440-50-8
120-71-8
1319-77-3
108-39-4
95-48-7
106-44-5
98-82-8
80-15-9
135-20-6
C.I. Acid Green 3
C.I. Basic Green 4
C.I. Basic Red 1
C.I. Direct Black 38
C.I. Direct Blue 6
C.I. Direct Brown 95
C.I. Disperse Yellow 3
C J. Food Red 6
C.I. Food Red 15
C.I. Solvent Orange 7
C.I. Solvent Yellow 3
C.I. Solvent Yellow 14
C.I. Solvent Yellow 34 (Auramine)
C.I. Vat Yellow 4
Cadmium
Calcium cyanamide
Captan(lH-Isoindole-l,3(2H)-dione,
3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-2-
|(trichloromethyl)thio|-]
Carbaryl [1-Naphthalenol,
methylcarbamatel
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl sulfide
Catechol
Chlor&mben [Bensoic acid, 3-amino-
2,5-dichloro-]
Chlordane [4,7-Methanoindan,
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8- octachloro-
2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-j
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Chloroacetic acid
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenxene
Chlorobencilate [Benseneacetic acid,
4-chloro-.alpha.-(4-
chlorophenyl)-
.alpha.-hydroxy-,
ethyl ester)
Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)
Chloroform
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Chloroprene
Chlorothalonil [1,3-
Bensenedicarbonitrile,
2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-l
Cobalt
Copper
£-Cresidine
Cresol (mixed isomers)
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
£-Cresol
Cumene
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cupferron [Benseneamine, N-hydroxy-
N-nitroso, ammonium salt]
326
-------
B. The TRI List Of Chemicals for 1987 Reporting
110-82-7 Cyclohexane 76-44-8
M-7S-7 2,4-D [Acetic acid, (2,4-dichloro-
phenoxy)-]
1163-18-5 Decabromodiphenyl oxide 118-74-1
2303-16-4 DiaUat« [Carbamothioic acid.bis 87-68-3
(l-methyl«thyl)-, S-(2,S- 77-47-4
dichloro-2-propenyl) ester] 67-72-1
616-05-4 2,4-Diaminoanisole 1336-87-1
30166-41-7 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 680-31-9
101-80-4 4,4'-Diamffiodiphenyl ether 302-01-2
26376-45-8 Diaminotoluene (mixed Uomen) 10034-93-2
96-80-7 2,4-Diaminotolu«ne 7647-01-0
334-88-3 Diasomethane 74-90-8
132-64-9 Dibensofuran 7664-39-3
96-12-8 l,2-Dibromo-3-ehloropropane (DBCP) 123-31-9
106-93-4 1,5-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) 78-84-2
84-74-2 Dibutyl phthalate 67-63-0
26321-22-6 Dichlorobensene (mixed iaomen)
96-60-1 1,2-Dichlorobeniene
641-73-1 1,3-Dichlorobensene
106-46-7 1,4-Dichlorobennne 80-06-7
91-94-1 J.S'-Dichlorobensidine 7439-92-1
76-27-4 Dichlorobromomethane 68-89-9
107-06-2 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene
dichloride)
640-69-0 1,2-Dichloroethylene 108-31-6
76-09-2 Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 12427-38-2
120-83-2 2,4-Dichlorophenol
78-87-6 1,2-Dichloropropane
642-76-6 1,3-Dichloropropylene 7439-96-6
62-73-7 Dichlorros [Phosphoric acid, 2 108-78-1
diehloroethenyl dimethyl 7439-97-6
eater] 67-56-1
116-32-2 Dicofol [Benaenemethanol, 4-chloro- 72-43-5
.alpha.- 4-chlorophenyl)-
.alpha.- (trichloromethyl)-]
1464-63-6 Diepoxybutane 109-86-4
111-42-2 Diethanolamine 96-33-3
117-81-7 Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEEP) 1634-04-4
84-66-2 Diethyl phthalate 101-14-4
64-67-5 Diethyl sulfate
119-90-4 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine 101-61-1
60-11-7 4-Dimethylaininouobeiuene
119-93-7 3,3'-Dimethylbenudine (o-Tolidine) 101-68-8
79-44-7 Dimethylcarbamyl chloride 74-95-3
57-14-7 1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine 101-77-9
105-67-9 2,4-DimethyIphenoI 78-93-3
131-11-3 Dimethyl phthalate 60-34-4
77-78-1 Dimethyl nilfate 74-88-4
534-52-1 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 108-10-1
51-28-5 2,4-Dioitrophenol 624-83-9
121-14-2 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 80-62-6
606-20-2 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 90-94-8
117-84-0 n-Dioctyl phthalate 1313-27-5
123-91-1 1,4-Dioxane 505-60-2
122-66-7 1,2-Diphenylhydratine
(Hydrasobeiuene) 91-20-3
106-89-8 Epichlorohydrin 134-32-7
110-80-6 2-Ethoxyethanol 91-59-8
140-88-5 Ethyl acrylate 7440-02-0
100-41-4 Ethylbenzene 7697-37-2
541-41-3 Ethyl chloroformate 139-13-9
74-85-1 Ethylene 99-59-2
107-21-1 Ethylene glycol 98-95-3
151-56-4 Ethyleneimine (Aiiridine) 92-93-3
75-21-8 Ethylene oxide 1836-75-5
96-46-7 Ethylene thiourea
2164-17-2 Fluometuron [Urea, N,N-dimethyl-N'- 51-75-2
[S-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-]
60-00-0 Formaldehyde
76-13-1 Freon 113 [Ethane, l,l,2-trichloro-l,2, 55-63-0
2-trinuoro-] 88-75-5
100-02-7
Heptachlor [1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-
3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-
methano—IB-indene]
Hexachlorobeniene
Hexaehloro-l,3-butadiene
Hexaehlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloronaphthalene
Hexamethylphoephoramide
Hydmine
Hydraiine >ulfate
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydroquinone
Isobutyraldehyde
laopropyl alcohol
(manufacturing-atronc
acid procew, no supplier
notification)
4,4'-bopropyudenediphenol
Lead
Lindane[Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,6,6-hex-
achioro-,(l.alpha.,2.alpha.,3.
beta.,4.alpha.,5.alpha.,6.beta.)-]
Maleic anhydride
Maneb [Carbamodithioic acid, 1,2-
ethanediylbis-, mancanese
complex]
Manganese
Melamine
Mercury
Methanol
Methoxychlor [Bensene, l,l'-(2,2,2-
trichloroethylidene)bis
[4-methoxy-]
2-Methoxyethanol
Methyl acrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloro aniline)
(MBOCA)
4,4'-Methylenebis(N,N-dimethyl)
bensenamine
Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MB!)
Methylene bromide
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydraEine
Methyl iodide
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl methacrylate
Michler'i ketone
Molybdenum trioxide
Mustard gas [Ethane, l,l'-tahiobis
[2-chloro-]
Naphthalene
aJoha-Naphthylamine
beta-Naphthylamine
Nickel
Nitric acid
Nittilotriacetic acid
6-Nttro-o-anisidine
Nitrobencene
4-Nitrobiphenyl
Nitrofen [Benzene, 2,4-dichloro-
l-(4-nitrophenoxy)-]
Nitrogen mustard [2-Chloro-N-(2-
chloroethyl) -N-
methylethananiine]
Nitroglycerin
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
327
-------
APPENDIXES
79-46-9 2-Nitropropaiu
166-10-5 e-Nitnaodiphenylamine
121-69-7 HJi-Dimethylanilin.
924-16-3 K-Nitrosodi-B-butylamine
66-18-5 li-Nitrosodiethylamin.
62-75-9 K-NUrosodimethylamine
86-30-6 B-Nitrosodiphenylainine
621-64-7 K-Nitro*odi-n.-propylamine
4549-40-0 H-Nitroeomethytvinylamine
59-89-2 £-Nitroeomon>holine
759-73-9 K-Nitroeo-H-ethylurea
684-93-5 K-Nitroso-g-methyluna
16543-55-8 H-Nitrosonomicotine
100-75-4 K-Nitrosopiperidine
2234-13-1 OctaehloronaphthataM
20816-12-0 Osmium tetroxide
56-38-2 Parathion (Phosphorothioic acid, 0,
0-diethyl-0-(4-nitrophenyl)
ester]
87-86-5 Puitacblonphenol (POP)
79-21-0 Pencetic acid
108-95-2 Phenol
106-50-3 £-Phenylenediamine
90-43-7 2-Ph«nylphenol
75-44-5 Phosgen*
7664-38-2 Phosphoric acid
7723-14-0 Phosphorus (yellow or white)
85-44-9 Phthalic anhydride
88-89-1 Picric acid
1336-36-3 Polychlorinated biphenyli (PCBi)
1120-71-4 Propane lultone
57-57-8 beta-Propiolactone
123-38-6 Propionaldehyde
114-26-1 Propoxur [Phenol, 2-(l-methylethoxy)-,
methylcarbamate]
115-07-1 Propylena (Pnpene)
76-55-8 Propyleneimine
75-56-9 Propylene oxide
110-86-1 Pyridine
91-22-6 Quinoline
106-51-4 'Quinone
82-68-8 Quintoaene [Pentachloronitrobenaene]
81-07-2 Saccharin (manufacturing, no supplier
notification) [1,2-
Bensuothiaiol-3(2H)-one,
1,1-dioxide]
94-59-7 S&frole
7782-49-2 Selenium
7440-22-4 Silver
1310-73-2 Sodium hydroxide (solution)
7757-82-6 Sodium sulfate (solution)
100-42-5 Stymie
96-09-3 Styrene oxide
7664-93-9 Sulfuric acid
100-21-0 Terephthalic acid
79-34-5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlroethane
127-18-4' Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
961-11-5 Tetrachlonrinphos [Phosphoric acid, 2-
chloro-1- (2,3,5-
trichlorophenyl)ethenyl
dimethyl ester]
7440-28-0 Thallium
62-55-5 Thioacetamide
13945-1 4,4'-Thiodianiline
62-56-6 Thiourea
1314-20-1 Thorium dioxide
7550-45-0 Titanium tetrachloride
108-88-3 Toluene
584-84-9 Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
91-08-7 Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate
95-53-4 o-Toluidine
636-21-5 o-Toluidine hydrochloride
8001-35-2 Toxaphene
68-76-8 Triaiiquone [2,6-Cyclohexadiene-l,4-
dione, 2,3,5-tris(l-
aiiridinyl)-]
52-68-6 Trichloifon [Phosphonic acid, (2,2,2-
trichloro-1-hydraxyethyl)-,
dimethyl ester]
120-82-1 1,2,4-Trichlorobensene
71-56-6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl
chloroform)
79-00-5 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
79-01-6 Trichloroethylene
95-96-4 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
88-06-2 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
1582-09-8 Triflunlin [Benaeneamine, 2,6-
dinitro-N.N-dlpropyl-4-
(trifluoromethyl)-J
96-63-6 1,2,4-Trimethylbeniene
126-72-7 Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
61-79-6 Urethane (Ethyl carbamate)
7440-62-2 Vanadium (fume or dust)
108-05-4 Vinyl acetate
593-60-2 Vinyl bromide
75-01-4 Vinyl chloride
75-35-4 Vinylidene chloride
1330-20-7 Xylene (mixed isomers)
108-38-3 m-Xylene
95-47-6 o.-Xyl«n.
106-42-3 e-Xylene
87-62-7 2,6-Xylidine
7440-66-6 Zinc (fume or dust)
12122-67-7 Zineb [Carbampdithioic acid, 1,2-
ethanediylbis-, sine complex]
328
-------
C. Industries Covered by TRI Reporting Requirements
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION CODES IN USE IN 1987
SIC CODES 20-39
20 Food and Kindred Products
Mil Meat pecking plant!
2013 Sausages and othtr prepared meat product*
J016 Poultry dressing plants
1017 Poultry and egg processing
1011 Cr.un.ry butter
3022 Cheese, natural and processed
2023 Condensed and evaporated milk
2024 Ie« eream and frosen dessert*
2026 Fluid milk
2032 Cann«d *pecialtie*
2033 Canned fruits, vegetable*, preeervee, jam* and
j.Uie.
2034 Dried and dehydrated fruits, vegetable, and
soup mixa*
2035 Pickled fruiti and vegetable!, vegetable eaucee
and eeaaonings, and salad dreuings
2037 Frosen truite, fruit juice* and vegetable*
2038 Frosen ipecialtie*
2041 Flour and other grain null product*
2043 Cereal breakfast food*
2044 Rice milling
2046 Blended and prepared flour
2046 Wet com milling
2047 Dog, cat and other pet food
2041 Prepared feed* and feed ingredient* for
animal* and fowl*, n.e.c.*
2051 Bread and other bakery product*, except
cookie* and cracker*
2052 Cookie* and cracker*
2061 Cane augar, except refining only
2062 Cane sugar refining
2063 Beet >ugar
2065 Candy and other confectionery product*
2066 Chocolate and cocoa products
2067 Chewing gum
2074 Cottonued oil mill*
2075 Soybean oil mill*
2076 Vegetable oil mill*, except corn, cottonseed,
and *oyb*an
2077 Animal and marine fat* and oil*
2079 Shortening, table oil*, margarine and other
edible fat* and oil*, n.e.c.*
2012 Malt beverage*
2083 Malt
2014 Wine*, brandy, and brandy spirits
2085 DUtilled, rectified, and blended liquor*
2086 Bottled and canned toft drink* and carbonated
water*
2087 Flavoring extract* and flavoring *yrups,
n.e.c.*
20B1 Canned and cured fish and uafood*
2092 Fresh or frosen packaged fi*h and seafoods
2095 Roasted coffee
2097 Manufactured ice
2098 Macaroni, ipaghetti, vermicelli and noodle*
2099 Food preparations, n.e.c.*
21 Tobacco Manufacturers
2111 Cigarette*
2121 Cigars
2131 Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and muff
2141 Tobacco stemming and redrying
22 Textile Mill Products
2211 Broad woven fabric nulls, cotton
2221 Broad woven fabric mills, man-made fiber and
silk
2231 Broad woven fabric mills, wool (including
dyeing and finishing)
2241 Narrow fabric* and other smaUwares mills:
cotton, wool, silk, and man-made
22S1 Women'* full length and knee length houcry
2252 Hoiiery, except women'* full length and knee
length hociery
2253 Knit outerwear mill*
2254 Knit underwear mills
2257 Circular knit fabric mill*
2258 Wrap knit fabric mill*
2259 Knitting mill*, n.e.e.*
2261 Finithen of broad woven fabrics of cotton
2262 Finisher* of broad woven fabric* of man-made
fiber and *ilk
2269 Finish.™ of textile*, n.e.c.*
2271 Woven carpet* and rug*
2272 Tufted carpet* and rug*
2279 Carpet* and rug*, n.e.c.*
2281 Yarn spinning mill*; cotton, man-made fiber*
and lilk*
2282 Yarn texturicing, throwing, twicting, and
winding mills; cotton, man-made fibers and *Uk
2283 Yarn mill*, wool, including carpet and rug yarn
2284 Thread mills
2291 Felt goods, except woven felts and hat*
2292 Lace good*
2293 Padding* and upholstery filling
2294 Processed waste and recovered fibers and flock
2295 Coated fabrics, not rubberised
2296 Tire cord and fabric
2297 Nonwoven fabrics
2298 Cordag. and twine
2299 Textile goods, n.e.c.*
22-
Apparel and Other Finished Products
made from Fabrics and Other Similar
2311 Men's, youths', and boy*' luili, coal* and
overcoat*
2321 Men'*, youth1*, and boy*' *hirts (except work
•hirts), and nightwear
2322 Men'*, youth'*, and boy*' underwear
2323 Men'*, youth'*, and boy*' neckwear
2327 Men's, youth's, and boys' separate trousers
2328 Men's, youth'*, and boy*' work clothing
2329 Men's, youth's, and boys' clothing, n.*.c.*
2331 Women's, misses', and juniors' bloiuei, waiit*.
and ihirts
2335 Women'*, mine*', and junior*' dresee*
2337 Women1*, mi**e*', and junior*' auits, skirts, and
2339 Women's, misses', and juniors', outerwear,
n.e.c.*
2341 Women's, mi**ei', children'*, and infant*'
underwear and nightwear
2342 Corsets and allied garment*
2351 Millinery
2362 Hat* and cap*, except millinery
329
-------
APPENDIXES
3361 Girls', children's and infants' dresses, blouses,
wsists and shirts
2363 Girls', children's and infants' coats and suits
2369 Girls', children's and infants' outerwear,
n.e.c.*
2371 Fur good.
2381 Dress and work gloves, except knit and all
leather
2384 Robes and dressing gowns
2385 Raincoats and other waterproof outer
garments
2386 Leather and sheep lined clothing
2387 Apparel belts
2389 Apparel and accessories, n.e.c.*
2391 Curtains and draperies
2392 Housefumishings, except curtains and
draperies
2393 Textile bags
2394 Canvas and related products
2395 Pleating, decorative and novelty stitching, and
tucking for the trade
2398 Automotive trimmings, apparel findings, and
related products
2397 Schiffli machine embroideries
2399 Fabricated textile products, n.e.c.'
24
Lumber and Wood Products.
Except Furniture
2411 Logging camps and logging contractors
2421 Sawmills and planing mills, general
2426 Hardwood dimension and flooring nulls
2429 Special products sawmills, n.e.c.*
2431 Millwork
2434 Wood kitchen cabinets
2435 Hardwood veneer and plywood
2436 Softwood veneer and plywood
2439 Structural wood members, n.e.c.*
2441 Nailed and lock comer wood boxes and shook
2448 Wood pallets and skids
2449 Wood containers, n.e.c.*
2451 Mobile homes
2462 Prefabricated wood buildings and components
2491 Wood preserving
2492 Particleboard
2499 Wood products, n.e.c.'
25 Furniture and Fixtures
2611 Wood household furniture, except upholstered
2512 Wood household furniture, upholstered
2514 Metal household furniture
2515 Mattresses and bedsprings
2517 Wood television, radio, phonograph, and
sewing machine cabinets
2519 Household furniture, n.e.c.*
2521 Wood office furniture
2522 Metal office furniture
2531 Public building and related furniture
2541 Wood partitions, shelving, lockers, and office
and store fixtures
2542 Metal partitions, shelving, lockers and office
and store fixtures
2591 Drapery hardware and window blinds and
shades
2599 Furniture and fixtures, n.e.c.*
26 Paper and Allied Products
2611 Pulp mills
2621 Paper mills, except building paper mills
2631 Paperboard mills
2641 Paper coating and glasing
2642 Envelopes
2643 Bags, except textile bags
2645 Die cut paper and paperboard and cardboard
2646 Pressed and molded pulp goods
2647 Sanitary paper products
2648 Stationary, tablets and related products
2649 Converted paper and paperboard products,
n.e.c.*
2651 Folding paperboard boxes
2662 Set-up paperboard boxes
2653 Corrugated and solid fiber boxes
2664 Sanitary food containers
2655 Fiber cans, tubes, drums, and similar products
2661 Building paper and building board mills
27 Printing. Publishing, and Allied
Industries
2711 Newspapers: publishing, publishing and printing
2721 Periodicals: publishing, publishing and printing
2731 Books: publishing, publishing and printing
2732 Book printing
2741 Miscellaneous publishing
2751 Commercial printing, letterpress, and screen
2752 Commercial printing, lithographic
2753 Engraving and plate printing
2754 Commercial printing, gravure
2761 Manifold business forms
2771 Greeting card publishing
2782 Blankbooks, looseleaf binders and devices
2789 Bookbinding and related work
2791 Typesetting
2793 Photoengraving
2794 Electrotyping and stereotyping
2795 Lithographic plate-making and related services
28 Chemicals and Allied Products
2812 Alkalies and chlorine
2813 Industrial gases
2816 Inorganic pigments
2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, n.e.c.'
2821 Plastics materials, synthetic resins, and
non-vulcanisable elastomers
2822 Synthetic rubber (vulcaniiable elastomers)
2823 Cellulosic man-made fibers
2824 Synthetic organic fibers, except cellulosic
2831 Biological products
2833 Medicinal chemicals and botanical products
2834 Pharmaceutical preparations
2841 Soap and other detergents except specialty
cleaners
2842 Specialty cleaning, polishing, and sanitation
preparations
2843 Surface active agents, finishing agents,
sulfonated oils and assistants
2844 Perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet
preparations
2851 Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied
products
2861 Gum and wood chemicals
2865 Cyclic (coal tar) crudes, and cyclic
intermediates, dyes, and organic pigments
(lakes and toners)
2869 Industrial organic chemicals, n.e.c.*
2873 Nitrogenous fertilisers
2874 Phosphatic fertilisers
2875 Fertilisers, mixing only
2879 Pesticides, and agricultural chemicals, n.e.c.*
2891 Adhesives and sealants
2892 Explosives
2893 Printing ink
2895 Carbon black
2899 Chemical and chemical preparations, n.e.c.*
330
-------
C. Industries Covered by TRI Reporting Requirements
29 Petroleum Refining and Related
Industries
2911 Petroleum refining
2951 Paving mixture* and blocks
29S2 Asphalt felts and coatings
2902 Lubricating oils and greases
2999 Products of petroleum and coal, n.e.c.*
30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics
3011 Tires and inner tubes
3021 Rubber and plastic footwear
3031 Reclaimed rubber
3041 Rubber and plastic hose and belting
3069 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c.*
3079 Miscellaneous plastics products
31 Leather and Leather Products
3111 Leather tanning and finishing
3131 Boot and shoe cut stock and findings
3142 House slippers
3143 Men's footwear, except athletic
3144 Women's footwear, except athletic
3149 Footwear, except rubber, n.e.c.*
3151 Leather gloves and mittens
3161 Luggage
3171 Women's handbags and purses
3172 Personal leather goods, except women's
handbags and purses
3199 Leather goods, n.e.c.*
32
v. Glass and Concrete
3211 Flat glass
3221 Glass containers
3229 Pressed and blown glass and glassware, n.e.c.
3231 Glass products, made of purchased glass
3241 Cement, hydraulic
3251 Brick and structural clay tile
3253 Ceramic wall and floor tile
3255 Clay refractories
3259 Structural clay products, n.e.c.*
3261 Vitreous china plumbing fixtures and china,
and earthenware fittings and bathroom
3262 Vitreous china table and kitchen articles
3263 Fine earthenware (whitewear) table and
kitchen articles
3264 Porcelain electrical supplies
3269 Pottery products, n.e.c.*
3271 Concrete block and brick
3272 Concrete products, except block and brick
3273 Ready mixed concrete
3274 Lime
3275 Gypsum products
3281 Cut stone and stone products
3291 Abrasive products
3292 Asbestos products
3293 Gaskets, packing and sealing devices
3295 Minerals and earths, ground or otherwise
treated
3296 Mineral wool
3297 Nonclay refractories
3299 Nonmetallic mineral products, n.e.c.*
33 Primary Metal Industries
3312 Blast furnaces (including coke ovens), steel
works, and rolling mills
3313 Electrometallurgical products
3315 Steel wire drawing and steel nails and spike*
3316 Cold rolled steel sheet, strip and ban
3317 Steel pipe and tubes
3321 Gray iron foundries
3322 Malleable iron foundries
3324 Steel investment foundries
3325 Steel foundries, n.e.c.*
3331 Primary smelting and refining of copper
3332 Primary smelting and refining of lead
3333 Primary smelting and refining of fine
3334 Primary production of aluminum
3339 Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous
metals, n.e.c.*
3341 Secondary smelting and refining of nonferrous
metals
3351 Rolling, drawing, and extruding of copper
3353 Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil
3354 Aluminum extruded products
3355 Aluminum rolling and drawing, n.e.c.*
3356 Rolling, drawing, and extruding of nonferrous
metals, except copper and aluminum
3357 Drawing and insulating of nonferrous wire
3361 Aluminum foundries (castings)
3362 Brass, bronze, copper, copper base alloy
foundries (castings)
3369 Nonferrous foundries (castings), n.e.c.*
3398 Metal heat treating
3399 Primary metal products, n.e.c.*
Fabricated Metal Products.
except Machinery and
Transportation Equipment
Mil Metal cans
3412 Metal shipping barrels, drums, kegs, pails
3421 Cutlery ,
3423 Hand and edge tools, except machine tools and
hand saws
3425 Hand saws and saw blades
3429 Hardware, n.e.c.«
3431 Enameled iron and metal sanitary Ware
3432 Plumbing fixture fittings and trim (brass goods)
3433 Heating equipment, except electric and warm air
furnaces
3441 Fabricated structural metal
3442 Metal doors, sash, frames, molding and trim
3443 Fabricated plate work (boiler shops)
3444 Sheet metal work
3446 Architectural and ornamental metal work
3448 Prefabricated metal buildings and components
3449 Miscellaneous metal work
3451 Screw machine products
3452 Bolts, nuts, screws, rivets and washers
3462 Iron and steel forgings
3463 Nonferrous forgings
3465 Automotive stampings
3468 Crowns and closure*
3469 Metal stampings, n.e.c.*
3471 Electroplating, plating, polishing, anodhting and
coloring
3479 Coating, engraving and allied services, n.e.c.*
3482 Small arms ammunition
3483 Ammunition, except for small arms, n.e.e.*
S484 Small arms
3489 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c.*
3493 Steel springs, except wire
3494 Valves and pipe fittings, except plumbers' brass
goods
S485 Wire springs
3496 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products
3497 Metal foU and leaf
3498 Fabricated pipe and fabricated pipe fittings
3499 Fabricated metal products, n.e.c.*
331
-------
APPENDIXES
35 Machinery, extent Electrical
3511 Steam, gas and hydraulic turbine* and turbine
generator Mt unit*
9910 Internal combustion engines, n.e.c.*
3523 Farm machinery and equipment
3524 Garden tractors and lawn and garden
equipment
3631 Construction machinery and equipment
3(52 Mining machinery and equipment, except oil
field machinery and equipment
3633 Oil field machinery and equipment
3634 Elevators and moving stairway*
3636 Conveyors and conveying equipment
3636 Hoists, industrial cranes and monorail systems
3637 Industrial trucks, tractors, trailers and
stackers
3641 Machine tools, metal cutting types
3842 Machine tools, metal forming types
3644 Special dies and tool., die sets, jigs and
fixtures and industrial molds
3546 Machine tool accessories and measuring
devices
3646 Power driven hand tools
3647 Rolling mill machinery and equipment
3649 Metalworking machinery, n.e.c.*
3651 Food products machinery
3552 Textile machinery
3553 Woodworking machinery
3554 Paper industries machinery
3555 Printing trades machinery and equipment
3550 Special industry machinery, n.e.c.*
3561 Pumps and pumping equipment
3562 Ball and roller bearings
3563 Air and gas compressors
3664 Blowers and exhaust and ventilation fans
3665 Industrial patterns
3566 Speed changers, industrial high speed drives
and gears
3567 Industrial process furnaces and ovens
3568 Mechanical power transmission equipment,
n.e.c.*
3569 General industrial machinery and equipment,
n.e.c.*
3572 Typewriters
3673 Electronic computing equipment
3674 Calculating and accounting machines, except
electronic computing equipment
3576 Scales and balances, except laboratory
3579 Office machines, n.e.c.*
3581 Automatic merchandising machines
3682 Commercial laundry, dry cleaning and pressing
machines
3685 Air conditioning and warm air heating
equipment and commercial and industrial
refrigeration equipment
3586 Measuring and dispensing pumps
3589 Service industry machines, n.e.c.*
3592 Carburetors, pistons, piston rings and valves
3599 Machinery, except electrical, n.e.c.*
onic Machinery.
3612 Power, distribution and specialty transformers
3613 Switchgear and switchboard apparatus
3621 Motor and generators
3622 Industrial controls
3623 Welding apparatus, electric
3694 Carbon and graphite products
3629 Electrical industrial appliances, n.e.c.*
3631 Household cooking equipment
3632 Household refrigerators and home and farm
freecers
3633 Household laundry equipment
3634 Electrical housewares and fans
3636 Household vacuum cleaners
3636 Sewing machines
3639 Household appliances, n.e.c.*
3641 Electric lamps
3643 Current carrying wiring devices
3644 Noncurrent carrying wiring devices
3645 Residential electric lighting fixtures
3646 Commercial, industrial and institutional
electric lighting fixtures
3647 Vehicular lighting equipment
3648 Lighting equipment, n.e.c.*
3651 Radio and television receiving sets, except
communication types
3652 Phonograph records and pre-recorded
magnetic tape
3661 Telephone and telegraph apparatus
3662 Radio and television transmitting, signaling
and detection equipment and apparatus
3671 Radio and television receiving type electron
tubes, except cathode ray
3672 Cathode ray television picture tubes
3673 Transmitting, industrial and special purpose
electron tubes
3674 Semiconductors and related devices
3675 Electronic capacitors
3676 Resistors, for electronic applications
3677 Electronic coils, transformers and other
inductor*
3678 Connectors, for electronic applications
3670 Electronic components, n.e.c.*
3601 Storage batteries
3602 Primary batteries, dry and wet
3603 Radio-graphic X-ray, fluoroscopic X-ray,
therapeutic X-ray and other X-ray apparatus
and tubes; electromedical and electrotherapeutic
apparatus
3604 Electric equipment for internal combustion
engines
3600 Electric machinery, equipment and supplies,
n.e.c.*
37 Transportation Equipment
3711 Motor vehicles and passenger car bodies
3713 Truck and bus bodies
3714 Motor vehicle parts and accessories
3715 Truck trailers
3716 Motor homes
3721 Aircraft
3724 Aircraft engines and engine parts
3728 Aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment, n.e.c.*
3731 Ship building and repairing
3732 Boat building and repairing
3743 Railroad equipment
3751 Motorcycles, bicycles and parts
3761 Guided missiles and space vehicles
3764 Guided missile and space vehicle propulsion
units and propulsion unit parts
3760 Guided missile and space vehicle parts and .
auxiliary equipment, n.e.c.*
3792 Travel trailers and campers
3795 Tanks and tank components
3700 Transportation equipment, n.e.c.*
easuring. Analyzing and Controlling
3811 Engineering, laboratory, scientific and research
instruments and associated equipment
332
-------
C. Industries Covered by TRI Reporting Requirements
8822 Automatic control* for regulating residential
and commercial environments and appliances
3823 Industrial instruments for measurement,
display and control of process rariables; and
related products
3824 Totalising fluid meters and counting devices
3825 Instruments for measuring and testing of
electricity and electrical signals
3829 Measuring and controlling devices, n.e.c.*
3832 Optical instruments and lenses
3841 Surgical and medical instruments and'
apparatus
3842 Orthopedic, prosthetic and surgical appliances
and supplies
3843 Dental equipment and supplies
3861 Ophthalmic goods
3861 Photographic equipment and supplies
3873 Watches, clocks, clockwork, operated devices
and parts
39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing
industries
3911 Jewelry, precious metal
3014 Silverware, platedware and stainless steelware
3916 Jewelers' findings and materials and lapidary
work
3931 Musical instruments
3942 Dolls
3944 Games, toys and children's vehicles; except
dolls and bicycles
3949 Sporting and athletic goods, n.e.c,*
3961 Pens, mechanical pencils and parts
3962 Lead pencils, crayons and artists' materials
3963 Marking devices
3966 Carbon paper and inked ribbons
3961 Costume jewelry and costume novelties,
except precious metal
3962 Feathers, plumes and artificial trees and
flowers
3963 Buttons
3964 Needles, pins, hooks and eyes and similar
notions
3991 Brooms and brushes
3993 Signs and advertising displays
3996 Burial caskets
3996 Linoleum, asphalted-felt-base and other hard
surface floor coverings, n.e.c.*
3999 Manufacturing industries, n.e.c.*
*"Not elsewhere classified" indicated by "n.e.c."
333
-------
D. STATE TRI CONTACTS
TRI forms must be submitted to state-designated offices, as well as to
the EPA. Each office listed below should have TRI forms available for
public perusal.
Alabama John WillUord, Chief at Operations
Alabama Department of Environmental
Management
Field Operations Division
1711 Federal Drir.
Montgomery, AL 36109
(106) 171-7931
Alaska Alaska Emergency Response
Commission
Department of Environmental
Conservation
P.O. Box 0
Juneau, AK 99811-1800
(907) 466-1600
American Samoa Mr. Piti Faiai
Director, American Samoa
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of the Governor
Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799
(684) 633-1682
Arisona Carl F. Funk, Executive Director
Arisona Emergency Response
Commission (AERC)
5696 But McDowell Road
Phoenix, AZ 85O08
(802) 144-0(04
Arkansas Mr. John Ward
Department of Pollution Control and
Ecology
1001 National Drive
P.O. Box 8683
Little Rock, AR 71109
(601) (61-7444
California Charles H. Shulock
Assistant to the Secretary
Office of Environmental Affair*
Attn: Section SIS Reporti
P.O. Box 181(
Sacramento, CA 96812
(916) 334-8114
Colorado Pam Barley
Colorado Department of Health
Diviiion of Haaardoiu Material! and
Waite Management
4110 Eait llth Avenue
Denver, CO (0110
(303) 331-4IM
Commonwealth Ruuell Meecbam, m
of the Northern Chief, Diviiion of Environmental
Mariana Iilande Quality
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan, Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Iilande 969(0
(670) 1S4-69M
Connecticut John Andereon, Chan-
State Emergency Reeponee Commieeion
Department of Environmental
Protection
Room 161
166 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
(103) (86-4866
Delaware Mr. Phillip G. Retallick
Division of Air and Waate
Management
Department of Natural ReaourcM and
Environmental Control
Richardeon and Robbiiu Building
19 Kingi Highway
Dover, DE 19901
(SOI) 736-4764
DUtrict of Mi. Pamela Thurber
Columbia Environmental Planning Specialist
Office of Emergency PreparedneM
1000 14th Street, NW, 18th Floor
Washington, D.C. 10009
(101) 727-6161
Florida Thomas G. Pelham, Chairman
Florida Emergency Hcpoiue
Commission
Florida Department of Community
Affairs
2740 Centerview Drive
Tallahassee, FL 32S99
(904) 487-491S
Georgia Jimmy Kirkland
Georgia Department of Natural
Resources
206 Butler Street, S.E.
Floyd Towers East
Atlanta, GA SOS34
(404) 666-6906
Guam Charles P. Crisostomo
Administrator, Guam Environmental
Protection Agency
P.O. Box 2999
Agana, Guam 96910
(671) 646-8863
Hawaii John C. Lewin, M.D., Director
Hawaii State Department of Health
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
(808) 648-6606
Idaho Jennie Records, Program Coordinator
Idaho Emergency Response
State House
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-5898
334
-------
D. STATE TRI CONTACTS
Dlinoia Mr. Jo. P. Goodner, P.B.
Office of Chemical Safety
Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency
P.O. Box 19276
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, 1L 62794-9276
(217) 782-3637
Indiana Mr. Philip Powers, Staff Director
Indiana Emergency Response
Commission
Indiana Deptartment of Environmental
Management
Management Office of Emergency
Response
5500 West Bradbury Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46241
(317) 243-5167
Iowa Mr. Jim Taylor
Iowa Emergency Response Commission
301 E. 7th Street
Des Moines, IA 50319
(515) 281-6175
Kansas Right-to-Know Program
Kansas Department of Health and
Environment
Building 740, Forbes Field
Topeka, KS 66620-7430
(913) 296-1690
Kentucky James H. "Mike* Molloy, Chairman
Kentucky Emergency Response
Commission
E.O.C. Building, Boone Center
Parking Drive
Frankfort, KT 40601
(502) 564-8682
Louisiana Mr. R. Bruce Hammatt
Emergency Response Coordinator
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Water Resources
P.O. Box 44091
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4091
(504) 342-6363
Maine David Brown, Director
Maine Emergency Management Agency
State House Station 72
State Office Building
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-4080
Maryland Max Eisenberg, Ph.D.
Assistant Secretary for Toxics,
Environmental Science and Health
Maryland Department of the
Environment
201 W. Preston Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
(301) 225-5780
Massachusetts Arnold Sapenter
Department of Environmental Quality
Engineering
One Winter Street, 9th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 556-1029
Michigan Mr. David Werner
Title III Coordinator
Michigan Department of Natural
Resources
Environmental Response Division
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-8481
Minnesota Mr. Lee Tischler
Director of Emergency Response
Commission
Minnesota Department of Public
Safety
Room B5t State Capitol
St. Paul, MN 55155
(612) 296-0481
Mississippi Mr. J.E. Maher
Mississippi Emergency Management
Agency
P.O. Box 4501, Fondren Station
Jackson, MI 39216-0501
(601) 352-9100
Missouri Mr. Dean Martin
Missouri Emergency Response
Commission
P.O. Box 3133
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-7929
Montana Tom Elleroff
Montana Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building, A-107
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-3948
Nebraska Mr. Craig Bagstad
Technical Services Section
Nebraska Department of
Environmental Control
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
(402) 471-4230
New Hampshire Richard H. Strome, Director
New Hampshire Governor's Office
of Emergency Management
107 Pleasant Street
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-2231
New Jersey New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
Division of Environmental Quality -
CN 405
Richard A. Dime, Ph.D., Chief
Bureau of Hazardous Information
SARA Title III Section 313
401 East State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 292-6714
New Mexico Mr. Neal Scheidel, Chairman
State Emergency Response Commission
4491 Cerrillos Road
P.O. Box 1628
Santa Fe, NM 87501
(505) 827-3375
335
-------
APPENDIXES
New York N«w York Department of
Environmental Conservation
Bureau of Spill RaponM
SARA Title HI Section SIS
SO Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
(518) 457-4107
Nevada Bob King, Director
Division of Emergency Management
2525 South Canon
Canon City, NV 89710
(702) 885-4240
North Carolina Vance E. Kee
North Carolina Divirion of Emergency
Management
116 Welt Jone» Street
Raleigh, NC 27603-1335
(919) 733-3867
North Dakota North Dakota State Department of
Health and Consolidated
Laboratories
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
(701) 224-2374
Ohio Mr. Steven Grossman, Assistant
Director
Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Emergency Response
P.O. Box 1049
1800 WaterMark Drive
Columbus, OH 43266-0149
(614) 481-7050
Oklahoma Jack W. Muse
Hasardous Materials Planning
Coordinator
Oklahoma Civil Defense Division
P.O. Box 53365
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 521-2481
Oregon Oregon State Fire Manhal
Hasardous Materials Section
3000 Market Street Plata
Salem, OR 97310
(503) 378-2885
Pennsylvania Mr. James Tinney
Pennsylvania Emergency Response
Commission
c/o Bureau of Right-to-Know
Room 1503 Labor and Industry Bldg.
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 783-8150
Puerto Rico Santos Rohena, SERC Commissioner
Title IU - SARA Section 313
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality
Board
P.O. Box 11488
Santurce, PR 00910
(809) 724-6045
Rhode Island Department of Environmental
Management
Division of Air and Hasardous
Materials
204 Cannon Building
75 Davis Street
Providence, Rl 02908
(401) 277-2808
South Carolina Stan M. McKinney, Chairman
South Carolina Emergency Response
Commission
Division of Public Safety Programs
Office of the Governor
1205 Pendl«ton Street
Clemson, SC 29201
(803)734-0425
South Dakota South Dakota Department of Water
and Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501
(605) 773-3151
Tennessee Lacy Suiter, Chairman
Tennessee Emergency Response
Council
Tennessee Emergency Management
Agency
3041 Sidco Drive
Nashville, TN 37204-1502
1-800-262-SSOO (In State)
1-800-258-3300 (Out of State)
Texas David Barker, Supervisor
Emergency Response Unit
Texas Water Commission
P.O. Box 13087
Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711
(512) 463-7727
Utah Montie Keller
Utah Department of Health
Division of Environmental Health
P.O. Box 45500
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0700
(801) 538-6121
Vermont Paul Dailey, Deputy Commissioner
Department of Health
60 Main Street
Burlington, VT 05401
(802) 863-7281
Virginia Mr. Wayne Ralbleib
Department of Waste Management
James Monroe Building, llth Floor
101 North 14th Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-3017
Virgin Alan D. Smith, Commissioner
Islands Department of Planning and Natural
Resources
179 Alton* and Welgunst
St. Thomas, VI 00800
(809) 774-3320
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D. STATE TRI CONTACTS
Washington Sally Totetf Wisconsin
Washington State Department of
Ecology
P.V. - 11
Olympia, WA 98504
(206) 459-6303
West Virginia Mr. William Pinnell
Office of Environmental Health Wyoming
Services
West Virginia Department of Health
1800 East Washington St., Room 507
Charleston, WV 25305
(304) 348-2901
Mr. Richard I. Braund, Administrator
Division of Emergency Government
Department of Administration
4802 Sheboygan Avenue
P.O. Box 7865
Madison, WI 53707
(608) 266-3232
Ed Usui, Executive Secretary
State Emergency Response Commission
Wyoming Emergency Management
Agency
5500 Bishop Blvd.
Cheyenne, WY 82009
(307) 777-7566
[Notes: (1) If an Indian tribe has chosen to act independently of a state for the purpose of section 313 reporting,
facUities located within that Indian community should nport to the tribal SERC, or until the SERC is established, the
Chief Executive Officer of the Indian tribe, as well as to EPA; (2) Facilities located within the Territories of the
Pacific should lend a report to the Chief Administrator of the appropriate territory, as well as to EPA.]
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E. GETTING ACCESS TO TRI DATA ON THE NATIONAL UBRARY
OF MEDICINE'S TOXNET SYSTEM
TRI
TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE INVENTORY
FACT
SHEET
DEFINED
TRI (the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory) contains information on the annual
estimated releases of toxic chemicals to the environment Based upon data collected by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this file is publicly accessible on the
National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET).
Mandated by Title in of the SUPERFUND Amendments and Reauthorization Act
BACKGROUND (SARA) of 1986, the Inventory contains provisions tar the reporting, by industry, on the
releases of over 300 toxic chemicals into the air, water, and land. Data submitted to EPA
include names and addresses of facilities which manufacture, process, or otherwise use
these chemicals, as well as amounts released to the environment or tranferred to waste
sites. Title m, also known as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act, calls for the EPA to collect this data nationwide on an annual basis. The Law
mandates that the data be made publicly available through a computer database. The
online TRI file should appeal to a broad based user audience including industry, state
and local environmental agencies, emergency planning committees, the Federal
Government, and other regulatory groups. Another important user group is likely to be
concerned citizens who, on their own or through public interest groups and public
libraries, can use TRI to ask questions about chemical releases in their communities.
TRI FILE
STRUCTURE
TRI data is arranged in the following broad categories:
Facility Identification
Substance Identification
Environmental Release of Chemical
Waste Treatment
Off-Site Waste Transfer
The data include the names, addresses and public contacts of plants manufacturing,
processing or using the reported chemicals, the maximum amount stored on site, the
estimated quantity emitted into the air (point and non-point emissions), discharged into
bodies of water, injected underground, or released to land, methods used in waste
treatment and their efficiency, and data on the transfer of chemicals off-site for
treatment/disposal, either to publicly owned treatment works or elsewhere.
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E. GETTING ACCESS TO TRI DATA ON THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE'S TOXNET SYSTEM
SEARCHING
TRI
TRI IN
ACTION
TRI
TRI is a component file of NLM's TOXNET system. Utilizing a free text search
capability, full Boolean logic, a powerful and flexible command language and a variety of
online user assistance features, TOXNET offers state-of-the-art user-friendly searching.
Online and offline printing of entire or specified portions of records is available, as are a
variety of customized print options. Special TRI features allow sorting and numerical
manipulation of data. A menu-driven search package also allows novice users or
individuals with limited computer skills to search TRI efficiently.
TRI users can ask such questions as:
• How much benzene was reported released to waterways in 1987 by
Virginia industrial plants?
• What waste minimization methods are reported by Marin County
manufacturers of toluene?
• How much chlorine gas have entire plants of Company XYZ released
into the air last year throughout the country?
• What are the names and addresses of Baltimore steel plants importing lead?
• What quantity of sulfuric acid at Boston's ABC Waste Treatment
Facility is transferred there from outside the State of Massachusetts?
AVAILABILITY ™'" aVailab'e 24 hours/dav' 7 days/week, except for a brief daily maintenance period.
TRI
ACCESS
TRIUSER
SERVICES
Registered NLM online services users are able to access TRI on the TOXNET system by
direct dial or through various telecommunication networks including TELENET
TYMNET, or COMPUSERVE. TRI users also automatically have access to all TOXNET
SS^L™11 aCC6SS Other NLt/l mes> through the TOXNET Gateway. In addition to TRI
TOXNET contains HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), RTECS (Registry of Toxic
^U^nCeS)' CCRIS (Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information
(Environmental Teratology Information Center Backfile), EMIC
environmental Mutagen Information Center), and DBIR (Directory of
TO™™YTI£0rmati°n Resources)- Of™ NLM files, such as the
TOXLINE/TOXLIT group, containing some 2.5 million references on literature related
to tone chemicals, may be used to obtain supporting information in such areas as health
hazards and emergency handling of TRI chemicals.
For further information about the TRI file, contact
TRI Representative
Specialized Information Services
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
Telephone (301) 496-6531
JUNE 1989
339
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APPENDIXES
F. OTHER EPA PUBLICATIONS ON TRI
The following documents are available from EPA pertaining to the
Toxics Release Inventory. To obtain a copy, circle the reports desired
on this page (or a photocopy) and mail it with your name and address
to:
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Document Distribution Center, P.O. Box 12505,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45212.
• TRI Reporting Package (EPA 560/4-89-001)
• Title III Section 313 (TRI) Reporting Form R and Instructions
(EPA 560/4-88-005)
• TRI Magnetic Media Submission Guidance Package (EPA
560/7-88-003)
• Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Questions and Answers (EPA
560/4-89-002)
• Common Synonyms for Section 313 (TRI) Chemicals
(OTS-ETD-001)
• Supplier Notification Requirements Brochure (EPA 560/4-89-003)
Also available is the EPA's technical guidance on ESTIMATING
RELEASES (EPA 560/4-88-002)is available from: The Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402-9325, (202) 783-3238, Stock
number 055-000-00270-3, $11.00.
The COMPLETE TRI INVENTORY is available on magnetic tape
with documentation from the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS), (703) 487-4650. Order number PB89-186068. Specify ASCII
or EBCDIC format. Price is $1,025 for 1600 BPI density, $525 for 6250
BPI density.
340
*0. S. Government Printing Office: 625-075
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About thte Report
I&JBCS Jteleaw Inventory data were tetric^fitjmi^ March 15, 198^ version of ER¥s
database using software
imported into aad an^yzed with Lotus 3H&& final tabular data presentations were
developed using JvCcrosOft Excel (PC version), and gi^hical data presentations (pie
charts And bareharts) were generated with Harvard Graphics-
% /
Detailed U5. county maps and die Chesapeake Bay region maps— the only part of the
report not produced with personal computers—were coastructed on EMs IBM-309D
mainframe computer using programs developed in SAS. All remainidg maps were
produced with Lotus Freelance Plus. (Because the standard fteelance maps do not
include Puerto &ic0 or other U*§* territories, these jurisdictions could not be displayed
on the maps herein.)
Word processing was performed using WordPerfect 5.0. Layout and typesetting for the
entire report were done with Xerox Ventura Publisher (Version 2LO),
For more information on the data analysis and production methods ased in thw«sport,
contact
Hampshire Research Associates
9426 Forest Haven Drive
Alexandria, VA22309
(703)683-6695
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