United States
               Environmental Protection
               Agency
                 OPTS
                 Prevention,
                 Pesticides And
                 Toxic Substances
                 (H-7503W)
733-K-92-001
Fall 1992
r/EPA
Pesticides Industry Sales
And Usage

1990 and 1991 Market Estimates
                                            Printed on Recycled Paper

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Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

      1990 and 1991 Market Estimates
                       by

                 Arnold L. Aspelin,

                  Arthur H. Grube,

                       and

                   Robert Torla
               Economic Analysis Branch
          Biological and Economic Analysis Division
               Office of Pesticide Programs
             Environmental Protection Agency
                Washington, DC 20460
                     Fall 1992
                                   Pesticides industry Sales And Usage-

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Introduction
     This report provides an overview o( the pesticide industry for 1990 and 1991. It contains a series of
tables with estimates of U.S. and world pesticide markets for those two years. The tables contain informa-
tion on quantities used and user expenditures (by economic sector and pesticide class), imports, exports,
numbers of firms/individuals involved in production/use of pesticides, number of pesticides, certified
applicators and on a number of other topics. Most of the tabular information is for the years 1990 and 1991,
but some historical data are also presented. Graphic versions of the data are included along with a number
of the tables. The following page presents a number of highlights of this year's report and page 5 is a listing
of the tables in the report.
Overview
     Pesticide usage in the U.S. has been relatively stable at about 1.1 billion pounds of active ingredient
during recent years. The agricultural share of pesticide usage (see Table 10) appears to have stabilized at
about three-fourths of the total after increasing steadily throughout the 1960s and 1970s, primarily due to
the expanded use of herbicides in crop production. Growth in the use of pesticides has been slowed by:
lower application rates due to the introduction of more potent pesticides, more efficient use of pesticides,
and lower farm commodity prices,

     The volume of pesticides used for non-agricultural purposes in the US. has been quite stable in
recent years at about 275 million pounds of active ingredient (A.I.). This equals about 1.1 pounds per capita
in the U.S. (average for 250 million people). Considering all usage, including agricultural, U.S. pesticide
usage equals somewhat more than 4 pounds per capita (4.3 pounds in 1991).

     The Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA, has completed a national survey of home and garden usage of
pesticides. The survey field enumeration was conducted in late 1990 and a brief summary of the survey
results is presented in this report. The complete results are available from the EPA's Office of Pesticide
Programs.

     If you have questions  regarding this report or need further information, please contact Arnold
Aspelin, Chief, Economic Analysis Branch, at (703) 308-8136.
                                                              Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—?

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Highlights of Report
   * US. pesticide user purchases account for one-third  " the world market (Tabk I).

   * Annual U.S. pesticide user expenditures totalled approximately $8.3 billion in 1991 (Tabk 2).
     ($8.0 billion in 1990)

   • Agriculture accounts for over two-thirds of pesticide user expenditures and  three-fourths of the
     quantity used annually (Tables 2 & 3).

   » Herbicides are the leading type of pesticides, in terms of both user expenditures and volumes used
     (Tables 2 & 3).

   • About 1.1 billion pounds of active ingredient of conventional pesticides are used annually in the U.S.
     (Table 4). This usage involves about 20,000 pesticide products registered under the Federal Pesticide
     Law.

   • Total U.S. pesticide usage in 1991 was about 2.2 billion pounds of active ingredient.  (This figure
     includes wood preservatives, disinfectants, and sulfur.) (Table 4)

   • Farmers' expenditures on pesticides equal about 4.7% of total farm production expenditures (Table 5).

   • Total pesticide R&D expenditures represent roughly 16% of pesticide expenditures by user commu-
     nity (Table 6).

   • Net usage of conventional pesticides of about 1.1 billion pounds derives from U.S. production of 1.3
     billion, imports of 0.2 billion, and exports of 0.4 billion (pounds of active ingredient of conventional
     pesticides) (Table 7).

   • Significant numbers of firms/individuals are involved in the production/distribution of pesticides:
                   -- 120 leading producers
                   - - 2,200 formulators
                   - - 7300 producing establishments
                   - - 17,200 distributors (Table 8)

   • The use of pesticides occurs on more than 900,000 farms and in about 69 million households (Table 8).

   * The two most widely used pesticides by volume are the herbicides atrazine and alachlor (Table 9).

   • There were 12 new active ingredients registered as pesticides under FIFRA in calendar year 1991
     (Table 11) (up from eight in 1990).

   * There are about 1.3 million certified pesticide applicators in the U.S. fTable 12). Of these, most are for
     agricultural applications (nearly 1.0 million) and the remainder (0.3 million) are  certified commercial
     applicators (Table 12). EPA is conducting a survey of the usage of pesticides by certified/commercial
     application in 1993 as mandated by Congress in 1988. Results of that  survey will be available in late
     1993, based on current plans.

   • The results of the EPA National Home and Garden Use Survey showed that 85% of all households
     have at least one pesticide in storage in or around the home. (See following section)
2—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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Results of EPA National Home
  and Garden Use Survey
     EPA has released the findings of its National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey, a one-time
snapshot of the non-agricultural use of pesticides in and arounu urban and rural homes in the United
States. The survey included on-site visits to over 2,000 households in 29 states. EPA will use the survey
data to improve its risk and benefit assessments of household pesticides, to support future regulatory
developments and as a basis for public education programs on pesticide safety.

     Some of the findings are:

     •  In households without children under five years old, about 75 percent had at least one pesticide
       stored less than four feet off the ground and not locked in a cabinet (i,e., within reach of children).
       In households with children under five years old, about 47 percent stored at least one pesticide
       within reach of children. (An  estimated 13  percent of poisoning incidents among children take
       place outside the child's own home.)

     •  An estimated 85 percent of all households have at least one pesticide in storage in and around the
       home; most families have between one and five pesticide products stored; and slightly over 27
       percent of single family households have more than six prod-
       ucts stored.

     •  About 76 percent of all households treated their homes them-
       selves for insects and related pests, while about 20 percent of
       all households hired a commercial applicator to treat for pests
       such as fleas, roaches, or ants. (Note:  termites were not in-
       cluded in these estimates.) Of the households that utilized a
       commercial applicator, less than 25 percent could recall receiv-
       ing written notification about the pesticides used in their home
       or any safety precautions to follow.

     •  About 15 percent of the households with lawns had pesticides
       applied by someone outside of the household, usually a com-
       mercial lawn care company.  About half of the households
       utilizing commercial lawn care companies recall  receiving  written information regarding the
       pesticides used and safety precautions to be  foMowed.

     •  Of the households that dispose of concentrated pesticides, 67 percent use the  regular trash, 16
       percent use special collections, and 17 percent gave it away, poured it down the sink or toilet, on
       the street, in the gutter or sewer and on the ground. Of the households that dispose  if leftover
       diluted pesticides mixed from  concentrates,  36 percent pour this mixture down  the sink or toilet,
       29 percent use the regular trash, and 35 percent either burned it, gave it away, poured it on the
       ground, in the gutter, in the sewer, or sprayed it elsewhere. Between 86-95 percent of households
       that dispose of pesticide containers (including ready to use containers, full or empty) use the
       regular trash.

     •  About 44 percent of all  households identified at least one insect that was considered a major
       problem. About one-fourth of all households have treated for cockroaches  in the last year.
       Cockroaches are the most common pest problem for households living in multi-family dwellings.
       Ants are the most common problem for households living in  single family dwellings. Fleas were
       identified as the most difficult to control.
                                                             Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—3

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Results of EPA National Home
 and Garden Use Survey (continued)
     The survey results were collected in August and September of 1990. Households were selected by
scientific random sampling. The survey had a response rate of 85 percent.

     About 8,000 pesticide products were observed to be in storage at the time of the survey. For each
product in storage, questions were asked regarding the target pest, storage location, condition of packag-
ing, safety precautions taken, application methods used, frequency of use, difficulty in opening or dosing
containers, and product satisfaction. Pesticide products excluded from the survey were products used
exclusively for agriculture, pool chemicals, plant growth regulators, and anti-fouling paints.

     Executive summaries of the 400-page National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey are available
and can be obtained by contacting the Communications Branch of EPA's Pesticide Programs, (703) 305-
5017. Limited copies of the full report are also available. Included in this report (concluding section) is a
series of questions and answers which further highlight the results of the survey.
4—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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List of Tables
                 TITLE

    Table 1.     U.S. and World Conventional Pesticide Sales at User Level,
                 1991 Estimates	6
    Table 2.     User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides in the U.S. by Qass and Sector,
                 1990 and 1991 Estimates	8

    Table 3.     Volume of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in U.S. by
                 Class and Sector, 1990 and 1991 Estimates	10

    Table 4.     U.S. Usage of Conventional Pesticides and Other Types, 1990 and 1991
                 Estimates	12

    Table 5.     Importance of Conventional Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers,
                 1990 and 1991 Estimates	13

    Table 6.     Comparison and Cost of R&D Expenditures to Meet EPA Data Requirements
                 Relative to Total Conventional Pesticide R&D Expenditures in U.S.,
                 1990 and 1991 Estimates	13

    Table 7.     U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Conventional Pesticides,
                 Producer Level, 1990 and 1991 Estimates..	14

    Table 8.     U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers
                 of Units Involved, 1990 and 1991	16

    Table 9.     Annual Usage Estimates of the Largest Conventional Pesticides in U.S	17

    Table 10,    United States Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated
                 Agricultural Sector Share, 1964-1991	18

    Table 11.    Number of Chemicals Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under F1FRA,
                 by Type, Calendar Years 1967-1991	,	.....20

    Table 12.    Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1990 Estimates	22

    Table 13.    U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, 1979-1991	 24

    Table 14.    U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991	25

    Table 15.    U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type, 1979-1991	,,.28

    Table 16.    U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991.... 29
                                                             Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—5

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Table 1.
U.S. and World Conventional Pesticide Sales at User Level, 1991 Estimates.
Pesticide
Class
U.S
(Million)
. Market World
(%) (Million)
Market
(%)
U.S. % of
World Market
User Expenditures (Millions of $)
Herbicides
Insecticides
Fungicides
Other
Total
Volume of Active
Herbicides
Insecticides
Fungicides
Other
Total
$4,359
2,407
910
584
$8,260
Ingredient
628
249
120
80
1,077
53%
29%
11%
7%
100%
$11,503
7,669
4,857
1,534
$25,563
(Millions of Ibs.)
58%
2,070
23% | 1,575
11%
7%
100%
630
225
4,500
45%
30%
19%
6%
100%
38%
31%
19%
38%
32%

46%
35%
14%
5%
100%
30%
16%
19%
36%
24%
NOTE:     Totals may not add due to rounding.
SOURCE:   EPA estimates based on NACA annual survevs and other sources.
6—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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  U.S. vs. World Conventional Pesticide Sales
             User Expenditures, 1991
$30,000 M


$25,000 M


$20,000 M


$15,000 M


$10,000 M


 $5,000 M


    $0
U.S. Market
World Market
         Herbicides  Insecticides  Fungicides   Other    TOTAL
  U.S. vs. World Conventional Pesticide Sales
       Volume of Active Ingredient, 1991
       Millions of Ibs.
                        U.S. Market
                        World Market
         Herbicides  Insecticides Fungicides   Other
                   TOTAL
                                       Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—7

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Table 2.
User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector, 1990
and 1991 Estimates.
                       Herbicides1  Insecticides2 Fungicides3
Other4
TOTAL
Sector
1990
Agriculture
Ind./Comm./Govt,
Home & Garden
Total
($M) (%) ($M) (%) <$M) (%) ($M) {%) <$M) {%)
$3,463 83%
494 12%
198 5%
$4,155 100%
$1,172 50%
376 16%
792 34%
$2,340 100%
$802 88%
94 10%
15 2%
$911 100%
$416 74%
47 8%
99 18%
$562 100%
$5,853 73%
1,011 13%
1,104 14%
$7,968 100%
1991
Agriculture
Ind./Comm./Govt.
Home & Garden
Total
NOTE: Totals may
SOURCE: EPA estim?
FOOTNOTES:

$3,644
513
202
$4,359
not add due
les based on

1 Includes plant erov

84%
12%
5%
100%
$1

,208
391
808
$2,407

50%
16%
34%
100%

$797
98
15
$910

88%
11%
2%
100%
$434
49
101
$584

74%
8%
17%
100%
$6,083
1,051
1,126
$8,260

74%
13%
14%
100%
to rounding.
NACA annual surveys and other sources.

vth regulators












          ?   Includes miticides and contact nematicides.
          3   Does not include wood preservatives.
          4   Includes rodenticides, fumigants, and moHuscicides, but does not include wood preservatives, disinfectants,
              or sulfur.
8—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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U.S. User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides, 1991 Estimates
                                             Government
                                          111 Home & Garden
S4500M
$4000M
S3500M
S3000M
S2500M
        Herbicides
                         Insecticides
Fungicides
Other
                                                Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—9

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Tables.
 Volume of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the U.S. by Class and
 Sector, 1990 and 1991 Estimates.
                       Herbicides1  Insecticides2 Fungicides3      Other4
TOTAL
Sector
1990
Agriculture
Ind./Comm./Govt,
Home & Garden
Total
(M Ib.) (%) (M Ib.) (%) (M Ib.) {%) (M Ib.) (%) (M Ib.) (%)

516 80%
103 16%
25 4%
644 100%
173 71%
42 17%
30 12%
245 100%
72 62%
33 28%
11 9%
116 100%
73 90%
5 6%
3 4%
81 100%
834 77%
183 17%
69 6%
1,086 100%
1991
Agriculture
Ind./Comm./Govt.
Home & Garden
Total
495 79%
108 17%
25 4%
628 100%
175 70%
44 18%
30 12%
249 100%
75 63%
34 28%
1 1 9%
120 100%
72 90%
5 6%
3 4%
80 100%
817 76%
191 18%
69 6%
1,077 100%
 NOTE:     Totals may not add due to rounding.
 SOURCE:   EPA estimates based on NACA annual surveys and other sources.
 FOOTNOTES:
           1  Includes plant growth regulators.
           2  Includes miticides and contact nematicides.
           3  Does not include wood preservatives.
           4  Includes rodenticides, fumigants, and molluscicides, but does not include wood preservatives, disinfectants,
              or sulfur.
10—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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      U.S. Volume for Conventional Pesticides, 1991 Estimates
700


600


500


400


300


200


100
     Millions of Ibs.
                      Agriculture

                      industrial/Commercial/
                      Government
         Herbicides
Insecticides       Fungicides
Other
                                                 Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—11

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Table 4.
U.S. Usat3 of Conventional Pesticides and Other Types, 1990 and 1991 Estimates.
Type
Conventional Pesticides
Wood Preservatives
Disinfectants1
Sulfur
Total
Billion Pounds A.I.
1S90 1991
1.09
.77
.29
.04
2.19
1.08
.80
.30
.04
2.22
                  SOURCE:    EPA estimates,

                  FOOTNOTES:
                             1   This estimate is for disinfectants but not other antimicrobials. It includes food
                                industries, swimming pools/spas, cooling towers, and household and commer-
                                cial/industrial uses. It does not include chlorine products registered with EPA for
                                disinfectant or drinking water treatment uses,
12—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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Table 5.
Importance of Conventional Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers, 1990 and 1991
Estimates.
1990 1991
$Biiiion Percent $Billton Percent
Farm
Total
Pesticides Expenditures1 5.85 4.45%
Farm Production Expenditures2 131.55 100%
6.08 4.68%
129.79 100%
SOURCE:   USDA and EPA estimates.
FOOTNOTES:
          1   Excludes wood preservatives, disinfectants, and sulfur.
          2   USDA, 1990.
TableG.
Comparison and Cost of R&D Expenditures to Meet EPA Data Requirements
Relative to Total Conventional Pesticide R&D Expenditures in U.S., 1990 and 1991
Estimates.
1990 1991

Pesticide User Expenditures
Total Pesticides R&D Expenditures1
EPA Registration-Related R&D Expenditures1
$Mil!ion
7,968
1,2 -1?
304
Percent $MiIHon
100%
153%
3.8%
8,260
1,317
329
Percent
100%
15.9%
4%
SOURCE:   EPA estimates, based on the NACA survey (1990 & 1991), and as noted below.

FOOTNOTES:
          1   Re-estimated for 1990 and 1991 based on data from NACA member firms only. Total R&D expenditures for
             U.S. market are global R&D expenditures of NACA firms reduced by the percent share of sales abroad (27.6
             and 25.2 percent respectively for 1990 and 1991). EPA registration-related expenditures are estimated to be 25
             percent of total R&D expenditures, based upon NACA data for 1987, the latest year with such a break-out in
             the NACA annual survey report.
                                                           Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—13

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Table 7.
U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Conventional Pesticides at
Producer Level, 1990 and 1991 Estimates.
Category
U.S. Production
U.S. Imports
Total Supply
U.S. Exports
Net Supply/Usage
Active Ingredient (in Ibs.) Sales Value
1990 1991 1990 1991
1.30B
0.18B
1.48B
0.39B
1.09B
1.28B
0.20B
1.48B
0.40B
1.08B
$7.60B
S1.61B
$9.2 1B
$2.49 B
$6.72B
S7.78B
$1.768
S9.54B
$2.36B
$7.18B
SOURCE:   EPA estimates based on NACA Surveys, Department of Commerce Publications, and other sources.
74—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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U.S. Production, Net Supply and Exports of Conventional Pesticides,
                         1991 Estimates
        Active Ingredient (in Ibs.)       Sales Value
             Total Supply
               Exports
                0.40B
            Net Supply/
               Usage
Total Supply
   Exports
   $2.368
                                            Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—15

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Table 8.
U.S. Pesticides Production, Marketing and User Sectors;
Profile of Numbers of Units Involved, 1990 and 1991 Estimates. (Approximate Values)

                         PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
Basic Production
1. Major Basic Producers
2. Other Producers
3. Active Ingredients Registered
4. Chemical Cases for Re-registration
(pre- and post-'84)
5. Active Ingredients with food/feed
tolerances
6. New Active Ingredients/Year
7. Total Employment
8. Producing Establishments


Distribution and Marketing
20
100
900
500


350
8-12
10,000
7,300


1. Formulators
-Major national
-Other
2. Distributors and
Establishments
-Major national
-Other
3. Formulated Products
Registered
-Federal level
-State/4{cS
Total

150-200
2,000


250-350
16,900


20,100
3,300
23,400

                                    USER LEVEL
            Agricultural Sector

 1. Land in Farms               991M acres
 2, Harvested                  289M acres
 3, Total No. Farms                  2.1M
 4. No. Farms Using Chemicals for:
  -Insect on hay/crops            554,000
  -Nematodes                     66,000
  -Diseases on crops/orchards      129,000
  -Weed/grass/bush              913,000
  -Defoliation/fruit thinning          75,000
  (above are '87 census no.s)
 5. No. Private Pesticide
  Applicators Registered          975,473
      IndTComm^Gov't Sector

1. No. Comm. Pest
  Control Firms              40,000
2. No. Certified
  Commercial Applicators     325,336

      Home & Garden Sector
1. Total U.S. Households         94M
2. No. Households Using; -{'90)
  -Insecticides                 52M
  -Fungicides                 36M
  -Herbicides                 14M
  -Repellents                 17M
  -Disinfectants               40M
  -Any pesticides              69M
SOURCE:   EPA estimates.
16—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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Tables.
Annual Usage Estimates of the Laraest Conventional Pesticides in U.S.
(Approximate Values, 1990/1991)
Usage in Million Pounds
Pesticide Active Ingredient
Atrazine 70
Alachlor
Metolachlor
1,3-D(Telone)
2,4-D
Methyl-bromide
Trifluralin
Cyanazine
EPIC
Metam-sodium
Glyphosate
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorothalonil
Carbaryl
Malathion
Terbufos
Maneb/Mancozeb
Butylate
55
50
45
40
25
25
20
20
20
15
10
10
10
10
9
6
5
-80
-70
-65
-65
-65
-45
-35
-30
-30
-30
-20
-20
-20
-15
-15
-11
-10
-10
                     SOURCE:    EPA estimates based on a variety of sources.
                     FOOTNOTE:
                                1   The estimates represent all usage of the active ingredient including
                                   noncrop usage. The estimates do not include 30-40 mil/lbs, Oil,
                                                              Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—17

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Table 10.
United States Conventional Pesticide Usage Total and Estimated /Agricultural
Sector Share, 1964-1991.
               Year
Total U.S.
Agricultural Sector

1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
NOTE:
SOURCE:
Million ibs. A.I,
540
610
680
735
835
775
740
835
875
910
950
990
1,030
1,075
1,110
1,058
1,075
1,101
1,056
963
1,080
1,112
1,096
1,087
1,130
1,070
1,086
1,077
320
335
350
380
470
430
430
495
525
560
590
625
660
720
780
840
846
860
815
733
850
861
820
814
845
806
834
817
Excludes wood preservatives, disinfectants, and
EPA estimates.

59%
55%
51%
52%
56%
55%
58%
59%
60%
62%
62%
63%
64%
67%
70%
79%
79%
78%
77%
76%
79%
77%
75%
75%
75%
75%
77%
76%
sulfur.

18—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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    U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage and Agricultural Sector Share, 1964-1991
1400
1200
1000
       Million Ibs. A.I.
                                        Year
                                                    Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—19

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Table 11.
Number of Chemicals Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under FIFRA, by Type,
Calendar Years 1967-1991.
                                      TYPE
 Year  Insecticide  Herbicide  Fungicide
Bactericide/
Slimicide  Nematicide Rodenticide  Other
  Total      Total
  Uses    Chemicals
Registered Registered
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
4
6
7
1
0
4
5
6
8
2
1
2
8
4
4
5
5
6
8
2
3
2
5
1
4
2
2
4
2
1
5
3
8
11
3
1
2
2
3
3
5
5
1
1
7
5
5
5
3
2
2
5
0
2
1
6
4
6
5
2
0
0
4
1
2
1
3
2
1
0
0
1
3
2
4
5
4
2
3
1
5
2
0
11
4
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
6
3
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
16
18
14
10
5
21
15
22
36
12
3
5
17
11
16
17
14
14
13
12
12
11
15
8
12
16
18
14
10
4
17
13
22
35
12
3
5
17
11
16
17
14
13
10
11
11
11
15
8
12
SOURCE:   EPA registra ton files.
20—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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              Total New Chemical Pesticide Registrations



                       First-time Registrations, 1967-1991
 Number of Registrations
                                                                  h-  CO  O O  i-
(DiOttiKh-KKr^KKb-N-KeOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOaJCT)
                                    Year
                                                    Pesticides industry Sales And Usage—21

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Table 12.
 Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1990 Estimates.
EPA Region1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U.S. Total4
SOURCE: EPA
FOOTNOTES:
1
2
3
4
Private2
7,869
28,735
47,690
225,370
156,925
225,831
140,870
70,510
32,389
39,284
975,473
Commercial3
9,025
49,071
22,581
46,925
41,977
34,585
27,418
46,774
20,888
26,092
325,336
5700-33H form that states submit to EPA Regions each year,


See following page for map of EPA Regions.
The term "private applicators" refers primarily to individual farmers.
Commercial refers to professional pesticide applicators.
TheU.S. Totals do not add because someapplicatorsarecertified in more than one
Region.
22—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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                Certified Pesticide Applicators
          1     23456789    10
                                                        Commercial
                                                        Private
                    U.S. EPA Regional Map
9"Ł
                                            Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—23

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Table 13.
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, 1979-1991.
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 198? 1988 1989 1990 1991
Millions of Ibs. A.I.

Herbicides 560
Insecticides 378
Fungicides 66
Other 54
Total 1,058

555
395
78
47
1,075

570
405
80
46
1/101
l
544
391
76
45
1,056
575
255
78
55
963

675
270
80
55
1,080

670
300
82
60
1,112

655
295
86
60
1,096

645
260
122
60
1,087

660
268
132
70
1,130

655
226
111
78
1,070

644
245
116
81
1,086

628
249
120
80
1,077
SOURCE:   EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates.
                      Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage
(Total U.S. Volume, by Type 1979-1991)
(Millions of Ibs.)
~\ onn
IzfJU
.
i rwi -
ILUU
dnn -
OUU
Ann
OUU T
/inn -
*+UU r
orn
ŁUU
0-
	 _A __ 	 _ 	 ^ 	 ^
— "~" "^"^x^ >X * Total'
\/
• 	 m. 	 B_ 	 ^ 	 .. 	 . Herbicides (
^a - -o-- •— -ci
X. .-n— - — ° 	 a^—-~Cj o Insecticides
i-*-" ^~- — Q 	 -U- U
... ^
k 	 	 * 	 * 	 	 * 	 -X 	 'A 	 A— —•"—"A""""""' ^v_ 	 - nft 	 -O O <
i i i i i i i i i i i
U -J i i i ii i i i i i i
79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '9
Year
i
Fungicides
Bother
1
24—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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Table 14.
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991.
'•"" 	 • 	 " "• ™" 	 .nuntwuL. i vine """" ' 	 ~"
Pesticide
Type 1979 1980
Year
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Millions of Ibs, A.I.
Herbicides 488
Insecticides 302
Fung. & Other 90
Total 840
455
306
95
856
456
309
95
860
430
295
90
815
445
185
103
733
545
200
105
850
525
225
111
861
500
210
110
820
505
179
130
814
510
185
150
845
520
151
135
806
516
173
145
834
495
175
147
817
SOURCE:   EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991
             U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Agriculture
9OO
80'")
Tnn
6OO
50O
400
inn
onn

•inn

7
(by Type 1979-1 991)
(Millions of Ibs.)
	 *-»^ X "^- 	 .----•-, 	 „- 	 ._
^%-..,,-' Total

/--___ 	
~^""-~- 	 -«^ 	 _^ s Herbicides

*~ •>
vx. ^_ 	 Insecticides
N- — — "*•- 	 ' — -*^_. 	

r ..*.., 	 *. - 	 	 ,*,-- — • rung, a Lnrtef
9 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '9
Year











1
                                                     Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—25

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 Table 14. (continued}
 U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991.
                                JND./COMM./GOV'T.
  Pesticide
  Type
                                      Year
          1979 1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  1986 1987  1988  1989 1990 1991
  Herbicides
  Insecticides
  Fung. & Other
  Total
                                          Millions of Ibs. A.I.
84
38
18
140

82
47
18
147

86
48
19
153

86
48
19
153

105
40
20
165

105
40
20
165

115
40
21
176

125
45
25
195

115
45
40
200
120
45
40
205

110
45
40
195

103
42
38
183

108
44
39
191

 SOURCE:   EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates. Annual publications, 1979-199]
U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Industry, Commercial, & Government
  250
  20f,
  150
  100
   SO
       (Millions of Ibs.)
            -f-
                                 {by Type 1979-1991)
                         4-
79    '80    '81    '82    '83     '84    '85   '86    '87
                                  Year
                                                                            Total
                                                                       Herbicides
                                                                      Insecticides
                                                                    Fung. & Other
                                                                   '89    '90    '91
 26—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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Table 14. (continued)^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B
U.S. Anruial Volur ie of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991.


HOME AND GARDEN -



Pesticide Year
Type 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Millions of Ibs,
Herbicides 28
Insecticides 38
Fung. & Other 12
Total 77
28
42
12
82
28
48
12
85
28
48
12
88
25
30
10
65
25
30
10
65
30
35
10
75

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
A.I.
30
40
11
81
25
36
12
73
30
38
12
80
25
30
14
78
25
30
14
69
25
30
14
69
i
SOURCE:   EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates., Annual publications, 1979-1991
           U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Home & Garden
90 -i
80 •
70 •
60 •
50 •
40 •
30 •

20 -
in
0 •
7
(by Type 1979-1991)
(Millions of Ibs.)
^ . _- - — \t
- ^-.-"~~~ \ -. J-
\ ^.'' ^ s'—~^
\ _x" ^*' ^^ Total
K ^ "" """" " """" "
*_._ _ _-*'


\ ^""^^ 	 	 ^
\ __^^" "^-s. Insecticides
	 — »^__ ^-^*^*^ ^*>>x^^^^^*^*^r^^*x*^^
Herbicides
_,.. 	 , 	
	 "" Fung. & Of her
i i i i i i i i i i i
9 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 89 '90 '9
Year











1
                                                     Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—27

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 Table 15.
 U.S. Annual User Expenditures ^n Pesticides, by Type, 1979-1991,
Year
Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Millions of $
Herbicides 2,830
Insecticides 1,565
Fungicides 228
Other 205
Total 4,828
3,100
1,805
249
153
5,307
3,500
1,903
288
189
5380
3,500
1,929
288
191
5308
3,650
2,100
421
247
6,418
4,260
1,880
418
225
6,783
3,700
1,975
515
370
6360
3,625
1,980
515
370
6,490
3,745
1,990
730
385
6,850
3,930
2,110
860
480
7380
3,980
2,299
798
538
7,615
4,155
2,340
911
562
7368
4,359
2,407
910
584
8,260
 SOURCE:   EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates.
$9,000
                     Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides
                     (Total U.S. Expenditures, by Type 1979-1991)
       (Millions of Dollars)
                                                                            Other
                                                               '89   '90   '91
28—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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Table 16.
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991.

Pesticide Year
Type 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Millions of $

Herbicides 2,060

Insecticides 900
Fung. & Other 240
Total 3,200

2,300

1,095
205
3,600

2,590

1,139
272
t
2,465

1,120
268
4,001 * 3,853
2,800

1,300
450
4,550

3,390

950
418
4,758

2,900

1,100
615
4,615
i
2,775

1,050
600
4,425
2,935

1,050
770
4,755

3,080

1,110
920
5,110

3,255

1,099
1,071
5,425

3,463

1,172
1,218
5353

3,644

1,208
1,231
6,083
SOURCE:   EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991
          U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for Agriculture
$7,000


$6,000


$5,000


$4,000


$3,000


$2,000


$1,000


    $0
      (Millions of dollars)
                                 (by Type 1979-1 991)
                                                                             Total
                                                                        Herbicides
                                                                     Fung. & Other

                                                                      insecticides
                  4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4.
4-
           '80    '81    '82    '83    '84    '85   '86     '87    '88     '89    '90    '91
                                         Year
                                                       Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—29

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Table 16. (continued} ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991.


Pesticide
Type 1979



1980



1981
IND./COMM./GOVT. -


Year
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Millions of $
Herbicides 560
Insecticides 240
Fung. & Other 108
Total 908
550
260
no
920
630
289
115
1X134
710
299
118
1,127
600
300
120
1,020
600
400
125
1,125
500
375
150
1,025
535
405
160
1,100
480
410
210
1,100
500
440
250
1,190
525
400
150
1,075
494 513
376 391
141 147
1,011 1,051
1
SOURCE:  EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for Industry, Commercial & Government
   $1,200
    1,000
     $800
     $600
     $400
     $200
           (Millions of dollars)
                                     (by Type 1979-1991}
                                                                                 Total
                                                                            Herbicides
                                                                           Insecticides
                                                                         Fung. & Other
                 +
             4-
4-
+
+
79    '80    '81     '82    '83
           —H
'84    '85    '86
     Year
-+-
+
•4-
                                                           '87    '88    '89    '90
                                                       '91
  30—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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Table 16. (continued)
U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector ar 1 Type, 1979-1991.
                                 HOME AND GARDEN
  Pesticide
  Type
                                     Year
         1979  1980 1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  1986 1987 1988 1989  1990 1991
  Herbicides
  Insecticides
  Fung. & Other
  Total
                                           Millions of $
          210
          425
           85
         720
250
450
 87
787
280
475
 90
845
325
510
 93
928
250
500
 98
848
270
530
100
900
300
500
120
920
315
525
125
965
330
530
135
995
  350
  560
  170
1,080
  200
  800
  115
1,115
  198
  792
  114
1,104
  202
  808
  116
1,126
SOURCE:   EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991
          U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for Home and Garden
  $1,200

  $1,000

   $800

   $600

   $400

   $200

     $0
          (Millions of dollars)
                                    (by Type 1979-1991)
                                                                       Total
                                                             /   Insecticides
                                                                  Herbicides
     +
                                                                Fung. & Other
                                                        H	1	1	
79    '80    '81     '82    '83
                                        '84    '85   '86
                                            Year
                                  —I—
                                   '87    '88     '89    '90    '91
                                                        Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—31

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32—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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               The following was adapted from the National Home and Garden Pesticide
           Use Survey (Questions and Answers) published on April 23,1992 by U.S. EPA.
              Notional Home and Garden
                     Pesticide Use Survey
Ql.  What is the purpose of the survey?

      The Home and Garden Survey is intended to provide a snapshot of the non-agricultural use of
      pesticides in and around urban and rural homes in the United States. The survey compiles data
      on what pesticides are used in and around homes, which pests they are used to control, and
      what safety precautions people take when using, storing, and disposing of pesticides.

      EPA will use the survey data to improve its risk and benefit assessments of pesticides used
      around the home, to support regulatory development in such areas as storage and disposal,
      and as a basis for expanding its outreach and education programs on pesticide safety for
      consumers.
 Q2. When and where was the survey conducted?

      The survey was conducted during August and September of 1990. Data were collected from
      2,078 households in 29 states.
 Q3. How were the data collected?

      The survey was conducted under contract to EPA by Research Triangle Institute. Data were
      collected by trained interviewers who visited each home personally. In addition to interview-
      ing household members, the interviewers directly observed stored pesticides and recorded
      information about product identity, packaging, and the location arid security of storage sites.
      Survey interviewers also carried a pest identification notebook to help minimize pest identifica-
      tion errors.
 Q4. How reliable are the data?

      EPA believes the data to provide a good representation of household pesticide use nationwide,
      because the 2,000+ households were selected by a scientific, random-sample method, and
      because the response rate was high (85%). The report was also favorably peer reviewed by
      scientists and statisticians from state universities, market research firms, USDA, and trade
      associations.
                                                      Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—33

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                              What did we learn from the survey?
    Q5. What bugs us?
          The report indicates that 76% of households nationwide have treated for insects and related
          pests during 1990. Forty-four percent (44%) of all households have at least one insect they
          consider a major problem. More than one third of all households have treated for ants in the
          last year; next are mosquitoes, followed closely by cockroaches and fleas. Cockroaches are the
          most commonly reported pest problem for households living in multi-family dwellings. Ants
          are the most commonly reported pest problem for single-family households.
    Q6. What pests are the most difficult to control?

          Fleas are the pest reported most often when households are dissatisfied with a pesticide
          product. Households reported that they were not satisfied with the effectiveness of 15% of
          their flea-control products as compared to 8% on average for all products used. The survey
          also cites weeds, ticks or chiggers, mice, rats and other mammals, and soil dwelling insects or
          nematodes as difficult-to-control pests.
    Q7. Do people use pesticides effectively?

          Approximately 8 percent of the survey respondents said they were dissatisfied with a
          pesticide's effectiveness. This could be due to a number of reasons:


             a.  lack of product efficacy;

             b.  lack of user knowledge of pest biology (e.g., not knowing proper time to
                apply the pesticide product);

             c.  unrealistic expectations regarding level of control possible; or,

             d.  lack of user understanding of the product (e.g., pesticide may not be labelled
                to control a specific pest).
    Q8. What safety precautions do people take when using pesticides?

          Sixty to ninety percent of the survey respondents said they wash their hands after applying
          pesticides. However, only about 33% or less of the respondents took further precautions, such
          as: wearing impermeable gloves, long pants, or a long-sleeve shirt; changing clothes after the
          pesticide application; removing or covering food during indoor applications; placing the
          treated area off-limits; mixing pesticides outdoors; or avoiding spraying outdoors on windy
          days.
34—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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  Q9. How safely are pesticides stored?

       The survey revealed that a substantial portion of all pesticides are stored within reach of small
       children. Almost half — 47% — of all households with children under the age of five had at
       least one pesticide stored in an unlocked cabinet, less than 4 feet off the ground (i.e., within the
       reach of children). Approximately 75% of households without children under the c-ge of five
       also stored pesticides in an unlocked cabinet, less than 4 feet off the ground. (This number is
       especially  significant because 13% of all pesticide poisoning incidents occur outside the child's
       home.)

       Of note, at least 85 percent of all households have at least one pesticide in storage in and
       around the home; most families have between one and five pesticide products stored; and
       slightly over 27% of households in single-family dwellings have more than six products stored.



Q10. How do people dispose of leftover pesticides and containers?

       Most households dispose of leftover pesticides and empty containers in the regular trash, as
       directed on many product labels. In addition, 16% of households disposing of concentrated
       chemicals  utilize special collection facilities. Thirty-six percent (36%) of households that dispose
       of leftover diluted mixtures do so improperly by pouring them down the sink or toilet.

       Six percent of households continue to store unwanted pesticides because they do not know
       how to dispose of them safely. In addition, the report suggests that up to one million house-
       holds may have old stocks of cancelled pesticides including DDT, chlordane, heptachlor, and
       silvex. (See Question #14.)
Qll. Are  people informed about  pesticides  that are applied  by  commercial
       companies to their home or lawn/garden?

       The survey indicated that households that hire professional pest-control services are more
       likely to receive information about pesticide applications from lawn-care companies than from
       indoor pest exterminators. About half of the households surveyed who use a commercial lawn-
       care service could recall receiving written information regarding the pesticides used and safety
       precautions to follow. By comparison, less than a quarter of the households that use a profes-
       sional exterminator to treat indoor pests could recall receiving this type of information.

       For more information regarding State requirements, please contact your county or State pesti-
       cide/regulatory agency.
                                             * * *
                                                                   . . .  .               HHIHW^^B   ,  } t

                                                           Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—35   )  f

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  Q12.The survey pointed out that less than half of the households are notified
         by their commercial applicators of the chemicals used or the safety precau-
         tions to take. Are commercial applicators required to notify people?

         Currently, there are no Federal requirements, but many States have implemented programs
         requiring companies to post treated areas or notify potentially exposed people. These pro-
         grams vary widely, and are often targeted specifically at lawn pesticides. States that require
         some type of posting or notification for outdoor pesticide treatments are: Arizona, Colorado,
         Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachu-
         setts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
         Tennessee, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

         States that require some form of notification to households for indoor pest control treatments
         are: Connecticut, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and
         Vermont.
  QlS.What is EPA doing to require child-resistant packaging for pesticide prod-
         ucts?

         EPA regulates pesticide use in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
         Rodenticide Act. Since 1981, the law has required residential-use pesticides with a signal word
         of "danger" or "warning" to be in child-resistant packaging (CRP). CRP is designed to prevent
         most children under the age of five from gaining access to the pesticide within a reasonable
         time, or at least delay their access. EPA is currently working on CRP protocol testing revisions
         with the Consumer Product Safety Commission to make CRP more effective by making it
         easier for adults to properly use CRP.



  Q14. What should homeowners do if they are storing pesticides whose registra-
         tions have been cancelled (DDT, cnlordane, heptachlor and silvex) or if
         they are storing other unwanted pesticides?

         Homeowners should check with their county or State pesticide/regulatory agency or EPA
         Regional Office for any special requirements concerning cancelled pesticides or other un-
         wanted pesticides. Or, they can contact the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network
         (1-800-858-7378). Disposal of any unused pesticide or its container must be done according to
         both the instructions on the label and State laws. Some State and local governments occasion-
         ally sponsor "clean-up days" to help people dispose of unwanted chemicals and chemical-
         contaminated items.
   QlS.Is EPA collecting any additional pesticide use information?

         The Farm Bill requires farmers to keep records for two years concerning all pesticide applica-
         tions, whether done by themselves or others.

         The Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act (FACT) of 1990 states that USDA "shall
         require certified applicators of restricted-use pesticides to maintain records comparable to
         records maintained by commercial applicators of pesticides in  ach State." Before passage of
         the FACT Act, Federal recordkeeping requirements in States were limited to recordkeeping by


36—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage

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        commercial certified applicators under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
        (FIFRA). However, F1JFRA prohibits EPA from requiring private applicators to maintain
        records.

        The FACT Act also directs USDA in consultation and cooperation with EPA to survey applica-
        tor records and maintain a data base on agricultural and non-agricultural uses of Federally
        restricted-use pesticides. This will allow for an annual report of Federal restricted-use pesti-
        cides to Congress, However, these records and the information obtained through this survey
        in the future, are for products not available to homeowners; they are for use by or under the
        direct supervision of Certified Applicators.
Q16. What can we learn from the survey?

       The survey suggests that household pesticides are not always used as carefully or effectively as
       they should be.

       For EPA and States, the survey will serve as an important resource to help improve risk and
       benefit assessments of pesticides used in and around the home. It will help support regulatory
       development in such areas as storage and disposal. And, it will provide a basis for expanding
       outreach and education programs on pesticide safety for consumers.

       For the pesticide chemical industry, the survey will also serve as an important resource to help
       provide a better understanding of consumer practices and consumer knowledge about pesti-
       cide products. This survey underscores the importance of clearly understandable labels, and
       especially the need for labels to clearly indicate appropriate safety precautions,

       For consumers, the survey points to the need for more public understanding and awareness of
       the safety precautions that should be taken when using, storing, or disposing of pesticide
       products. Remember to read labels carefully, follow all safety precautions, and ask for infor-
       mation from commercial applicators and lawn care services. And, importantly, always store
       pesticides out of the reach of children.
                                                            Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—37

-------