United States Environmental Protection Agency OPTS Prevention, Pesticides And Toxic Substances (H-7503W) 733-K-92-001 Fall 1992 r/EPA Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage 1990 and 1991 Market Estimates Printed on Recycled Paper ------- Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage 1990 and 1991 Market Estimates by Arnold L. Aspelin, Arthur H. Grube, and Robert Torla Economic Analysis Branch Biological and Economic Analysis Division Office of Pesticide Programs Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Fall 1992 Pesticides industry Sales And Usage- ------- Introduction This report provides an overview o( the pesticide industry for 1990 and 1991. It contains a series of tables with estimates of U.S. and world pesticide markets for those two years. The tables contain informa- tion on quantities used and user expenditures (by economic sector and pesticide class), imports, exports, numbers of firms/individuals involved in production/use of pesticides, number of pesticides, certified applicators and on a number of other topics. Most of the tabular information is for the years 1990 and 1991, but some historical data are also presented. Graphic versions of the data are included along with a number of the tables. The following page presents a number of highlights of this year's report and page 5 is a listing of the tables in the report. Overview Pesticide usage in the U.S. has been relatively stable at about 1.1 billion pounds of active ingredient during recent years. The agricultural share of pesticide usage (see Table 10) appears to have stabilized at about three-fourths of the total after increasing steadily throughout the 1960s and 1970s, primarily due to the expanded use of herbicides in crop production. Growth in the use of pesticides has been slowed by: lower application rates due to the introduction of more potent pesticides, more efficient use of pesticides, and lower farm commodity prices, The volume of pesticides used for non-agricultural purposes in the US. has been quite stable in recent years at about 275 million pounds of active ingredient (A.I.). This equals about 1.1 pounds per capita in the U.S. (average for 250 million people). Considering all usage, including agricultural, U.S. pesticide usage equals somewhat more than 4 pounds per capita (4.3 pounds in 1991). The Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA, has completed a national survey of home and garden usage of pesticides. The survey field enumeration was conducted in late 1990 and a brief summary of the survey results is presented in this report. The complete results are available from the EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs. If you have questions regarding this report or need further information, please contact Arnold Aspelin, Chief, Economic Analysis Branch, at (703) 308-8136. Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—? ------- Highlights of Report * US. pesticide user purchases account for one-third " the world market (Tabk I). * Annual U.S. pesticide user expenditures totalled approximately $8.3 billion in 1991 (Tabk 2). ($8.0 billion in 1990) • Agriculture accounts for over two-thirds of pesticide user expenditures and three-fourths of the quantity used annually (Tables 2 & 3). » Herbicides are the leading type of pesticides, in terms of both user expenditures and volumes used (Tables 2 & 3). • About 1.1 billion pounds of active ingredient of conventional pesticides are used annually in the U.S. (Table 4). This usage involves about 20,000 pesticide products registered under the Federal Pesticide Law. • Total U.S. pesticide usage in 1991 was about 2.2 billion pounds of active ingredient. (This figure includes wood preservatives, disinfectants, and sulfur.) (Table 4) • Farmers' expenditures on pesticides equal about 4.7% of total farm production expenditures (Table 5). • Total pesticide R&D expenditures represent roughly 16% of pesticide expenditures by user commu- nity (Table 6). • Net usage of conventional pesticides of about 1.1 billion pounds derives from U.S. production of 1.3 billion, imports of 0.2 billion, and exports of 0.4 billion (pounds of active ingredient of conventional pesticides) (Table 7). • Significant numbers of firms/individuals are involved in the production/distribution of pesticides: -- 120 leading producers - - 2,200 formulators - - 7300 producing establishments - - 17,200 distributors (Table 8) • The use of pesticides occurs on more than 900,000 farms and in about 69 million households (Table 8). * The two most widely used pesticides by volume are the herbicides atrazine and alachlor (Table 9). • There were 12 new active ingredients registered as pesticides under FIFRA in calendar year 1991 (Table 11) (up from eight in 1990). * There are about 1.3 million certified pesticide applicators in the U.S. fTable 12). Of these, most are for agricultural applications (nearly 1.0 million) and the remainder (0.3 million) are certified commercial applicators (Table 12). EPA is conducting a survey of the usage of pesticides by certified/commercial application in 1993 as mandated by Congress in 1988. Results of that survey will be available in late 1993, based on current plans. • The results of the EPA National Home and Garden Use Survey showed that 85% of all households have at least one pesticide in storage in or around the home. (See following section) 2—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Results of EPA National Home and Garden Use Survey EPA has released the findings of its National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey, a one-time snapshot of the non-agricultural use of pesticides in and arounu urban and rural homes in the United States. The survey included on-site visits to over 2,000 households in 29 states. EPA will use the survey data to improve its risk and benefit assessments of household pesticides, to support future regulatory developments and as a basis for public education programs on pesticide safety. Some of the findings are: • In households without children under five years old, about 75 percent had at least one pesticide stored less than four feet off the ground and not locked in a cabinet (i,e., within reach of children). In households with children under five years old, about 47 percent stored at least one pesticide within reach of children. (An estimated 13 percent of poisoning incidents among children take place outside the child's own home.) • An estimated 85 percent of all households have at least one pesticide in storage in and around the home; most families have between one and five pesticide products stored; and slightly over 27 percent of single family households have more than six prod- ucts stored. • About 76 percent of all households treated their homes them- selves for insects and related pests, while about 20 percent of all households hired a commercial applicator to treat for pests such as fleas, roaches, or ants. (Note: termites were not in- cluded in these estimates.) Of the households that utilized a commercial applicator, less than 25 percent could recall receiv- ing written notification about the pesticides used in their home or any safety precautions to follow. • About 15 percent of the households with lawns had pesticides applied by someone outside of the household, usually a com- mercial lawn care company. About half of the households utilizing commercial lawn care companies recall receiving written information regarding the pesticides used and safety precautions to be foMowed. • Of the households that dispose of concentrated pesticides, 67 percent use the regular trash, 16 percent use special collections, and 17 percent gave it away, poured it down the sink or toilet, on the street, in the gutter or sewer and on the ground. Of the households that dispose if leftover diluted pesticides mixed from concentrates, 36 percent pour this mixture down the sink or toilet, 29 percent use the regular trash, and 35 percent either burned it, gave it away, poured it on the ground, in the gutter, in the sewer, or sprayed it elsewhere. Between 86-95 percent of households that dispose of pesticide containers (including ready to use containers, full or empty) use the regular trash. • About 44 percent of all households identified at least one insect that was considered a major problem. About one-fourth of all households have treated for cockroaches in the last year. Cockroaches are the most common pest problem for households living in multi-family dwellings. Ants are the most common problem for households living in single family dwellings. Fleas were identified as the most difficult to control. Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—3 ------- Results of EPA National Home and Garden Use Survey (continued) The survey results were collected in August and September of 1990. Households were selected by scientific random sampling. The survey had a response rate of 85 percent. About 8,000 pesticide products were observed to be in storage at the time of the survey. For each product in storage, questions were asked regarding the target pest, storage location, condition of packag- ing, safety precautions taken, application methods used, frequency of use, difficulty in opening or dosing containers, and product satisfaction. Pesticide products excluded from the survey were products used exclusively for agriculture, pool chemicals, plant growth regulators, and anti-fouling paints. Executive summaries of the 400-page National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey are available and can be obtained by contacting the Communications Branch of EPA's Pesticide Programs, (703) 305- 5017. Limited copies of the full report are also available. Included in this report (concluding section) is a series of questions and answers which further highlight the results of the survey. 4—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- List of Tables TITLE Table 1. U.S. and World Conventional Pesticide Sales at User Level, 1991 Estimates 6 Table 2. User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides in the U.S. by Qass and Sector, 1990 and 1991 Estimates 8 Table 3. Volume of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in U.S. by Class and Sector, 1990 and 1991 Estimates 10 Table 4. U.S. Usage of Conventional Pesticides and Other Types, 1990 and 1991 Estimates 12 Table 5. Importance of Conventional Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers, 1990 and 1991 Estimates 13 Table 6. Comparison and Cost of R&D Expenditures to Meet EPA Data Requirements Relative to Total Conventional Pesticide R&D Expenditures in U.S., 1990 and 1991 Estimates 13 Table 7. U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Conventional Pesticides, Producer Level, 1990 and 1991 Estimates.. 14 Table 8. U.S. Pesticide Production, Marketing and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers of Units Involved, 1990 and 1991 16 Table 9. Annual Usage Estimates of the Largest Conventional Pesticides in U.S 17 Table 10, United States Conventional Pesticide Usage, Total and Estimated Agricultural Sector Share, 1964-1991 18 Table 11. Number of Chemicals Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under F1FRA, by Type, Calendar Years 1967-1991 , .....20 Table 12. Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1990 Estimates 22 Table 13. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, 1979-1991 24 Table 14. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991 25 Table 15. U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Type, 1979-1991 ,,.28 Table 16. U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991.... 29 Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—5 ------- Table 1. U.S. and World Conventional Pesticide Sales at User Level, 1991 Estimates. Pesticide Class U.S (Million) . Market World (%) (Million) Market (%) U.S. % of World Market User Expenditures (Millions of $) Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Total Volume of Active Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Total $4,359 2,407 910 584 $8,260 Ingredient 628 249 120 80 1,077 53% 29% 11% 7% 100% $11,503 7,669 4,857 1,534 $25,563 (Millions of Ibs.) 58% 2,070 23% | 1,575 11% 7% 100% 630 225 4,500 45% 30% 19% 6% 100% 38% 31% 19% 38% 32% 46% 35% 14% 5% 100% 30% 16% 19% 36% 24% NOTE: Totals may not add due to rounding. SOURCE: EPA estimates based on NACA annual survevs and other sources. 6—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- U.S. vs. World Conventional Pesticide Sales User Expenditures, 1991 $30,000 M $25,000 M $20,000 M $15,000 M $10,000 M $5,000 M $0 U.S. Market World Market Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other TOTAL U.S. vs. World Conventional Pesticide Sales Volume of Active Ingredient, 1991 Millions of Ibs. U.S. Market World Market Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other TOTAL Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—7 ------- Table 2. User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides in the U.S. by Class and Sector, 1990 and 1991 Estimates. Herbicides1 Insecticides2 Fungicides3 Other4 TOTAL Sector 1990 Agriculture Ind./Comm./Govt, Home & Garden Total ($M) (%) ($M) (%) <$M) (%) ($M) {%) <$M) {%) $3,463 83% 494 12% 198 5% $4,155 100% $1,172 50% 376 16% 792 34% $2,340 100% $802 88% 94 10% 15 2% $911 100% $416 74% 47 8% 99 18% $562 100% $5,853 73% 1,011 13% 1,104 14% $7,968 100% 1991 Agriculture Ind./Comm./Govt. Home & Garden Total NOTE: Totals may SOURCE: EPA estim? FOOTNOTES: $3,644 513 202 $4,359 not add due les based on 1 Includes plant erov 84% 12% 5% 100% $1 ,208 391 808 $2,407 50% 16% 34% 100% $797 98 15 $910 88% 11% 2% 100% $434 49 101 $584 74% 8% 17% 100% $6,083 1,051 1,126 $8,260 74% 13% 14% 100% to rounding. NACA annual surveys and other sources. vth regulators ? Includes miticides and contact nematicides. 3 Does not include wood preservatives. 4 Includes rodenticides, fumigants, and moHuscicides, but does not include wood preservatives, disinfectants, or sulfur. 8—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- U.S. User Expenditures for Conventional Pesticides, 1991 Estimates Government 111 Home & Garden S4500M $4000M S3500M S3000M S2500M Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—9 ------- Tables. Volume of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the U.S. by Class and Sector, 1990 and 1991 Estimates. Herbicides1 Insecticides2 Fungicides3 Other4 TOTAL Sector 1990 Agriculture Ind./Comm./Govt, Home & Garden Total (M Ib.) (%) (M Ib.) (%) (M Ib.) {%) (M Ib.) (%) (M Ib.) (%) 516 80% 103 16% 25 4% 644 100% 173 71% 42 17% 30 12% 245 100% 72 62% 33 28% 11 9% 116 100% 73 90% 5 6% 3 4% 81 100% 834 77% 183 17% 69 6% 1,086 100% 1991 Agriculture Ind./Comm./Govt. Home & Garden Total 495 79% 108 17% 25 4% 628 100% 175 70% 44 18% 30 12% 249 100% 75 63% 34 28% 1 1 9% 120 100% 72 90% 5 6% 3 4% 80 100% 817 76% 191 18% 69 6% 1,077 100% NOTE: Totals may not add due to rounding. SOURCE: EPA estimates based on NACA annual surveys and other sources. FOOTNOTES: 1 Includes plant growth regulators. 2 Includes miticides and contact nematicides. 3 Does not include wood preservatives. 4 Includes rodenticides, fumigants, and molluscicides, but does not include wood preservatives, disinfectants, or sulfur. 10—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- U.S. Volume for Conventional Pesticides, 1991 Estimates 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Millions of Ibs. Agriculture industrial/Commercial/ Government Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—11 ------- Table 4. U.S. Usat3 of Conventional Pesticides and Other Types, 1990 and 1991 Estimates. Type Conventional Pesticides Wood Preservatives Disinfectants1 Sulfur Total Billion Pounds A.I. 1S90 1991 1.09 .77 .29 .04 2.19 1.08 .80 .30 .04 2.22 SOURCE: EPA estimates, FOOTNOTES: 1 This estimate is for disinfectants but not other antimicrobials. It includes food industries, swimming pools/spas, cooling towers, and household and commer- cial/industrial uses. It does not include chlorine products registered with EPA for disinfectant or drinking water treatment uses, 12—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Table 5. Importance of Conventional Pesticide Expenditures to U.S. Farmers, 1990 and 1991 Estimates. 1990 1991 $Biiiion Percent $Billton Percent Farm Total Pesticides Expenditures1 5.85 4.45% Farm Production Expenditures2 131.55 100% 6.08 4.68% 129.79 100% SOURCE: USDA and EPA estimates. FOOTNOTES: 1 Excludes wood preservatives, disinfectants, and sulfur. 2 USDA, 1990. TableG. Comparison and Cost of R&D Expenditures to Meet EPA Data Requirements Relative to Total Conventional Pesticide R&D Expenditures in U.S., 1990 and 1991 Estimates. 1990 1991 Pesticide User Expenditures Total Pesticides R&D Expenditures1 EPA Registration-Related R&D Expenditures1 $Mil!ion 7,968 1,2 -1? 304 Percent $MiIHon 100% 153% 3.8% 8,260 1,317 329 Percent 100% 15.9% 4% SOURCE: EPA estimates, based on the NACA survey (1990 & 1991), and as noted below. FOOTNOTES: 1 Re-estimated for 1990 and 1991 based on data from NACA member firms only. Total R&D expenditures for U.S. market are global R&D expenditures of NACA firms reduced by the percent share of sales abroad (27.6 and 25.2 percent respectively for 1990 and 1991). EPA registration-related expenditures are estimated to be 25 percent of total R&D expenditures, based upon NACA data for 1987, the latest year with such a break-out in the NACA annual survey report. Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—13 ------- Table 7. U.S. Production, Imports, Exports, and Net Supply of Conventional Pesticides at Producer Level, 1990 and 1991 Estimates. Category U.S. Production U.S. Imports Total Supply U.S. Exports Net Supply/Usage Active Ingredient (in Ibs.) Sales Value 1990 1991 1990 1991 1.30B 0.18B 1.48B 0.39B 1.09B 1.28B 0.20B 1.48B 0.40B 1.08B $7.60B S1.61B $9.2 1B $2.49 B $6.72B S7.78B $1.768 S9.54B $2.36B $7.18B SOURCE: EPA estimates based on NACA Surveys, Department of Commerce Publications, and other sources. 74—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- U.S. Production, Net Supply and Exports of Conventional Pesticides, 1991 Estimates Active Ingredient (in Ibs.) Sales Value Total Supply Exports 0.40B Net Supply/ Usage Total Supply Exports $2.368 Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—15 ------- Table 8. U.S. Pesticides Production, Marketing and User Sectors; Profile of Numbers of Units Involved, 1990 and 1991 Estimates. (Approximate Values) PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION Basic Production 1. Major Basic Producers 2. Other Producers 3. Active Ingredients Registered 4. Chemical Cases for Re-registration (pre- and post-'84) 5. Active Ingredients with food/feed tolerances 6. New Active Ingredients/Year 7. Total Employment 8. Producing Establishments Distribution and Marketing 20 100 900 500 350 8-12 10,000 7,300 1. Formulators -Major national -Other 2. Distributors and Establishments -Major national -Other 3. Formulated Products Registered -Federal level -State/4{cS Total 150-200 2,000 250-350 16,900 20,100 3,300 23,400 USER LEVEL Agricultural Sector 1. Land in Farms 991M acres 2, Harvested 289M acres 3, Total No. Farms 2.1M 4. No. Farms Using Chemicals for: -Insect on hay/crops 554,000 -Nematodes 66,000 -Diseases on crops/orchards 129,000 -Weed/grass/bush 913,000 -Defoliation/fruit thinning 75,000 (above are '87 census no.s) 5. No. Private Pesticide Applicators Registered 975,473 IndTComm^Gov't Sector 1. No. Comm. Pest Control Firms 40,000 2. No. Certified Commercial Applicators 325,336 Home & Garden Sector 1. Total U.S. Households 94M 2. No. Households Using; -{'90) -Insecticides 52M -Fungicides 36M -Herbicides 14M -Repellents 17M -Disinfectants 40M -Any pesticides 69M SOURCE: EPA estimates. 16—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Tables. Annual Usage Estimates of the Laraest Conventional Pesticides in U.S. (Approximate Values, 1990/1991) Usage in Million Pounds Pesticide Active Ingredient Atrazine 70 Alachlor Metolachlor 1,3-D(Telone) 2,4-D Methyl-bromide Trifluralin Cyanazine EPIC Metam-sodium Glyphosate Chlorpyrifos Chlorothalonil Carbaryl Malathion Terbufos Maneb/Mancozeb Butylate 55 50 45 40 25 25 20 20 20 15 10 10 10 10 9 6 5 -80 -70 -65 -65 -65 -45 -35 -30 -30 -30 -20 -20 -20 -15 -15 -11 -10 -10 SOURCE: EPA estimates based on a variety of sources. FOOTNOTE: 1 The estimates represent all usage of the active ingredient including noncrop usage. The estimates do not include 30-40 mil/lbs, Oil, Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—17 ------- Table 10. United States Conventional Pesticide Usage Total and Estimated /Agricultural Sector Share, 1964-1991. Year Total U.S. Agricultural Sector 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 NOTE: SOURCE: Million ibs. A.I, 540 610 680 735 835 775 740 835 875 910 950 990 1,030 1,075 1,110 1,058 1,075 1,101 1,056 963 1,080 1,112 1,096 1,087 1,130 1,070 1,086 1,077 320 335 350 380 470 430 430 495 525 560 590 625 660 720 780 840 846 860 815 733 850 861 820 814 845 806 834 817 Excludes wood preservatives, disinfectants, and EPA estimates. 59% 55% 51% 52% 56% 55% 58% 59% 60% 62% 62% 63% 64% 67% 70% 79% 79% 78% 77% 76% 79% 77% 75% 75% 75% 75% 77% 76% sulfur. 18—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- U.S. Conventional Pesticide Usage and Agricultural Sector Share, 1964-1991 1400 1200 1000 Million Ibs. A.I. Year Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—19 ------- Table 11. Number of Chemicals Registered for First Time as Pesticides Under FIFRA, by Type, Calendar Years 1967-1991. TYPE Year Insecticide Herbicide Fungicide Bactericide/ Slimicide Nematicide Rodenticide Other Total Total Uses Chemicals Registered Registered 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 4 6 7 1 0 4 5 6 8 2 1 2 8 4 4 5 5 6 8 2 3 2 5 1 4 2 2 4 2 1 5 3 8 11 3 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 1 1 7 5 5 5 3 2 2 5 0 2 1 6 4 6 5 2 0 0 4 1 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 4 5 4 2 3 1 5 2 0 11 4 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 6 3 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 16 18 14 10 5 21 15 22 36 12 3 5 17 11 16 17 14 14 13 12 12 11 15 8 12 16 18 14 10 4 17 13 22 35 12 3 5 17 11 16 17 14 13 10 11 11 11 15 8 12 SOURCE: EPA registra ton files. 20—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Total New Chemical Pesticide Registrations First-time Registrations, 1967-1991 Number of Registrations h- CO O O i- (DiOttiKh-KKr^KKb-N-KeOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOaJCT) Year Pesticides industry Sales And Usage—21 ------- Table 12. Number of Certified Applicators in the U.S., 1990 Estimates. EPA Region1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U.S. Total4 SOURCE: EPA FOOTNOTES: 1 2 3 4 Private2 7,869 28,735 47,690 225,370 156,925 225,831 140,870 70,510 32,389 39,284 975,473 Commercial3 9,025 49,071 22,581 46,925 41,977 34,585 27,418 46,774 20,888 26,092 325,336 5700-33H form that states submit to EPA Regions each year, See following page for map of EPA Regions. The term "private applicators" refers primarily to individual farmers. Commercial refers to professional pesticide applicators. TheU.S. Totals do not add because someapplicatorsarecertified in more than one Region. 22—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Certified Pesticide Applicators 1 23456789 10 Commercial Private U.S. EPA Regional Map 9"Ł Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—23 ------- Table 13. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Type, 1979-1991. Year Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 198? 1988 1989 1990 1991 Millions of Ibs. A.I. Herbicides 560 Insecticides 378 Fungicides 66 Other 54 Total 1,058 555 395 78 47 1,075 570 405 80 46 1/101 l 544 391 76 45 1,056 575 255 78 55 963 675 270 80 55 1,080 670 300 82 60 1,112 655 295 86 60 1,096 645 260 122 60 1,087 660 268 132 70 1,130 655 226 111 78 1,070 644 245 116 81 1,086 628 249 120 80 1,077 SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage (Total U.S. Volume, by Type 1979-1991) (Millions of Ibs.) ~\ onn IzfJU . i rwi - ILUU dnn - OUU Ann OUU T /inn - *+UU r orn ŁUU 0- _A __ _ ^ ^ — "~" "^"^x^ >X * Total' \/ • m. B_ ^ .. . Herbicides ( ^a - -o-- •— -ci X. .-n— - — ° a^—-~Cj o Insecticides i-*-" ^~- — Q -U- U ... ^ k * * * -X 'A A— —•"—"A""""""' ^v_ - nft -O O < i i i i i i i i i i i U -J i i i ii i i i i i i 79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '9 Year i Fungicides Bother 1 24—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Table 14. U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991. '•"" • " "• ™" .nuntwuL. i vine """" ' ~" Pesticide Type 1979 1980 Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Millions of Ibs, A.I. Herbicides 488 Insecticides 302 Fung. & Other 90 Total 840 455 306 95 856 456 309 95 860 430 295 90 815 445 185 103 733 545 200 105 850 525 225 111 861 500 210 110 820 505 179 130 814 510 185 150 845 520 151 135 806 516 173 145 834 495 175 147 817 SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991 U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Agriculture 9OO 80'") Tnn 6OO 50O 400 inn onn •inn 7 (by Type 1979-1 991) (Millions of Ibs.) *-»^ X "^- .----•-, „- ._ ^%-..,,-' Total /--___ ~^""-~- -«^ _^ s Herbicides *~ •> vx. ^_ Insecticides N- — — "*•- ' — -*^_. r ..*.., *. - ,*,-- — • rung, a Lnrtef 9 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '9 Year 1 Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—25 ------- Table 14. (continued} U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991. JND./COMM./GOV'T. Pesticide Type Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Herbicides Insecticides Fung. & Other Total Millions of Ibs. A.I. 84 38 18 140 82 47 18 147 86 48 19 153 86 48 19 153 105 40 20 165 105 40 20 165 115 40 21 176 125 45 25 195 115 45 40 200 120 45 40 205 110 45 40 195 103 42 38 183 108 44 39 191 SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates. Annual publications, 1979-199] U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Industry, Commercial, & Government 250 20f, 150 100 SO (Millions of Ibs.) -f- {by Type 1979-1991) 4- 79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 Year Total Herbicides Insecticides Fung. & Other '89 '90 '91 26—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Table 14. (continued)^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B U.S. Anruial Volur ie of Pesticide Usage, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991. HOME AND GARDEN - Pesticide Year Type 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Millions of Ibs, Herbicides 28 Insecticides 38 Fung. & Other 12 Total 77 28 42 12 82 28 48 12 85 28 48 12 88 25 30 10 65 25 30 10 65 30 35 10 75 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 A.I. 30 40 11 81 25 36 12 73 30 38 12 80 25 30 14 78 25 30 14 69 25 30 14 69 i SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates., Annual publications, 1979-1991 U.S. Annual Volume of Pesticide Usage in Home & Garden 90 -i 80 • 70 • 60 • 50 • 40 • 30 • 20 - in 0 • 7 (by Type 1979-1991) (Millions of Ibs.) ^ . _- - — \t - ^-.-"~~~ \ -. J- \ ^.'' ^ s'—~^ \ _x" ^*' ^^ Total K ^ "" """" " """" " *_._ _ _-*' \ ^""^^ ^ \ __^^" "^-s. Insecticides — »^__ ^-^*^*^ ^*>>x^^^^^*^*^r^^*x*^^ Herbicides _,.. , "" Fung. & Of her i i i i i i i i i i i 9 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 89 '90 '9 Year 1 Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—27 ------- Table 15. U.S. Annual User Expenditures ^n Pesticides, by Type, 1979-1991, Year Pesticide 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Millions of $ Herbicides 2,830 Insecticides 1,565 Fungicides 228 Other 205 Total 4,828 3,100 1,805 249 153 5,307 3,500 1,903 288 189 5380 3,500 1,929 288 191 5308 3,650 2,100 421 247 6,418 4,260 1,880 418 225 6,783 3,700 1,975 515 370 6360 3,625 1,980 515 370 6,490 3,745 1,990 730 385 6,850 3,930 2,110 860 480 7380 3,980 2,299 798 538 7,615 4,155 2,340 911 562 7368 4,359 2,407 910 584 8,260 SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates. $9,000 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides (Total U.S. Expenditures, by Type 1979-1991) (Millions of Dollars) Other '89 '90 '91 28—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Table 16. U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991. Pesticide Year Type 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Millions of $ Herbicides 2,060 Insecticides 900 Fung. & Other 240 Total 3,200 2,300 1,095 205 3,600 2,590 1,139 272 t 2,465 1,120 268 4,001 * 3,853 2,800 1,300 450 4,550 3,390 950 418 4,758 2,900 1,100 615 4,615 i 2,775 1,050 600 4,425 2,935 1,050 770 4,755 3,080 1,110 920 5,110 3,255 1,099 1,071 5,425 3,463 1,172 1,218 5353 3,644 1,208 1,231 6,083 SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991 U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for Agriculture $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 $0 (Millions of dollars) (by Type 1979-1 991) Total Herbicides Fung. & Other insecticides 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- 4. 4- '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 Year Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—29 ------- Table 16. (continued} ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector and Type, 1979-1991. Pesticide Type 1979 1980 1981 IND./COMM./GOVT. - Year 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Millions of $ Herbicides 560 Insecticides 240 Fung. & Other 108 Total 908 550 260 no 920 630 289 115 1X134 710 299 118 1,127 600 300 120 1,020 600 400 125 1,125 500 375 150 1,025 535 405 160 1,100 480 410 210 1,100 500 440 250 1,190 525 400 150 1,075 494 513 376 391 141 147 1,011 1,051 1 SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991 U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for Industry, Commercial & Government $1,200 1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 (Millions of dollars) (by Type 1979-1991} Total Herbicides Insecticides Fung. & Other + 4- 4- + + 79 '80 '81 '82 '83 —H '84 '85 '86 Year -+- + •4- '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 30—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Table 16. (continued) U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides, by Sector ar 1 Type, 1979-1991. HOME AND GARDEN Pesticide Type Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Herbicides Insecticides Fung. & Other Total Millions of $ 210 425 85 720 250 450 87 787 280 475 90 845 325 510 93 928 250 500 98 848 270 530 100 900 300 500 120 920 315 525 125 965 330 530 135 995 350 560 170 1,080 200 800 115 1,115 198 792 114 1,104 202 808 116 1,126 SOURCE: EPA/OPP/BEAD estimates, Annual publications, 1979-1991 U.S. Annual User Expenditures on Pesticide for Home and Garden $1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 $0 (Millions of dollars) (by Type 1979-1991) Total / Insecticides Herbicides + Fung. & Other H 1 1 79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 Year —I— '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—31 ------- 32—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- The following was adapted from the National Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey (Questions and Answers) published on April 23,1992 by U.S. EPA. Notional Home and Garden Pesticide Use Survey Ql. What is the purpose of the survey? The Home and Garden Survey is intended to provide a snapshot of the non-agricultural use of pesticides in and around urban and rural homes in the United States. The survey compiles data on what pesticides are used in and around homes, which pests they are used to control, and what safety precautions people take when using, storing, and disposing of pesticides. EPA will use the survey data to improve its risk and benefit assessments of pesticides used around the home, to support regulatory development in such areas as storage and disposal, and as a basis for expanding its outreach and education programs on pesticide safety for consumers. Q2. When and where was the survey conducted? The survey was conducted during August and September of 1990. Data were collected from 2,078 households in 29 states. Q3. How were the data collected? The survey was conducted under contract to EPA by Research Triangle Institute. Data were collected by trained interviewers who visited each home personally. In addition to interview- ing household members, the interviewers directly observed stored pesticides and recorded information about product identity, packaging, and the location arid security of storage sites. Survey interviewers also carried a pest identification notebook to help minimize pest identifica- tion errors. Q4. How reliable are the data? EPA believes the data to provide a good representation of household pesticide use nationwide, because the 2,000+ households were selected by a scientific, random-sample method, and because the response rate was high (85%). The report was also favorably peer reviewed by scientists and statisticians from state universities, market research firms, USDA, and trade associations. Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—33 ------- What did we learn from the survey? Q5. What bugs us? The report indicates that 76% of households nationwide have treated for insects and related pests during 1990. Forty-four percent (44%) of all households have at least one insect they consider a major problem. More than one third of all households have treated for ants in the last year; next are mosquitoes, followed closely by cockroaches and fleas. Cockroaches are the most commonly reported pest problem for households living in multi-family dwellings. Ants are the most commonly reported pest problem for single-family households. Q6. What pests are the most difficult to control? Fleas are the pest reported most often when households are dissatisfied with a pesticide product. Households reported that they were not satisfied with the effectiveness of 15% of their flea-control products as compared to 8% on average for all products used. The survey also cites weeds, ticks or chiggers, mice, rats and other mammals, and soil dwelling insects or nematodes as difficult-to-control pests. Q7. Do people use pesticides effectively? Approximately 8 percent of the survey respondents said they were dissatisfied with a pesticide's effectiveness. This could be due to a number of reasons: a. lack of product efficacy; b. lack of user knowledge of pest biology (e.g., not knowing proper time to apply the pesticide product); c. unrealistic expectations regarding level of control possible; or, d. lack of user understanding of the product (e.g., pesticide may not be labelled to control a specific pest). Q8. What safety precautions do people take when using pesticides? Sixty to ninety percent of the survey respondents said they wash their hands after applying pesticides. However, only about 33% or less of the respondents took further precautions, such as: wearing impermeable gloves, long pants, or a long-sleeve shirt; changing clothes after the pesticide application; removing or covering food during indoor applications; placing the treated area off-limits; mixing pesticides outdoors; or avoiding spraying outdoors on windy days. 34—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- Q9. How safely are pesticides stored? The survey revealed that a substantial portion of all pesticides are stored within reach of small children. Almost half — 47% — of all households with children under the age of five had at least one pesticide stored in an unlocked cabinet, less than 4 feet off the ground (i.e., within the reach of children). Approximately 75% of households without children under the c-ge of five also stored pesticides in an unlocked cabinet, less than 4 feet off the ground. (This number is especially significant because 13% of all pesticide poisoning incidents occur outside the child's home.) Of note, at least 85 percent of all households have at least one pesticide in storage in and around the home; most families have between one and five pesticide products stored; and slightly over 27% of households in single-family dwellings have more than six products stored. Q10. How do people dispose of leftover pesticides and containers? Most households dispose of leftover pesticides and empty containers in the regular trash, as directed on many product labels. In addition, 16% of households disposing of concentrated chemicals utilize special collection facilities. Thirty-six percent (36%) of households that dispose of leftover diluted mixtures do so improperly by pouring them down the sink or toilet. Six percent of households continue to store unwanted pesticides because they do not know how to dispose of them safely. In addition, the report suggests that up to one million house- holds may have old stocks of cancelled pesticides including DDT, chlordane, heptachlor, and silvex. (See Question #14.) Qll. Are people informed about pesticides that are applied by commercial companies to their home or lawn/garden? The survey indicated that households that hire professional pest-control services are more likely to receive information about pesticide applications from lawn-care companies than from indoor pest exterminators. About half of the households surveyed who use a commercial lawn- care service could recall receiving written information regarding the pesticides used and safety precautions to follow. By comparison, less than a quarter of the households that use a profes- sional exterminator to treat indoor pests could recall receiving this type of information. For more information regarding State requirements, please contact your county or State pesti- cide/regulatory agency. * * * . . . . HHIHW^^B , } t Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—35 ) f ------- Q12.The survey pointed out that less than half of the households are notified by their commercial applicators of the chemicals used or the safety precau- tions to take. Are commercial applicators required to notify people? Currently, there are no Federal requirements, but many States have implemented programs requiring companies to post treated areas or notify potentially exposed people. These pro- grams vary widely, and are often targeted specifically at lawn pesticides. States that require some type of posting or notification for outdoor pesticide treatments are: Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachu- setts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. States that require some form of notification to households for indoor pest control treatments are: Connecticut, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont. QlS.What is EPA doing to require child-resistant packaging for pesticide prod- ucts? EPA regulates pesticide use in the United States under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Since 1981, the law has required residential-use pesticides with a signal word of "danger" or "warning" to be in child-resistant packaging (CRP). CRP is designed to prevent most children under the age of five from gaining access to the pesticide within a reasonable time, or at least delay their access. EPA is currently working on CRP protocol testing revisions with the Consumer Product Safety Commission to make CRP more effective by making it easier for adults to properly use CRP. Q14. What should homeowners do if they are storing pesticides whose registra- tions have been cancelled (DDT, cnlordane, heptachlor and silvex) or if they are storing other unwanted pesticides? Homeowners should check with their county or State pesticide/regulatory agency or EPA Regional Office for any special requirements concerning cancelled pesticides or other un- wanted pesticides. Or, they can contact the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network (1-800-858-7378). Disposal of any unused pesticide or its container must be done according to both the instructions on the label and State laws. Some State and local governments occasion- ally sponsor "clean-up days" to help people dispose of unwanted chemicals and chemical- contaminated items. QlS.Is EPA collecting any additional pesticide use information? The Farm Bill requires farmers to keep records for two years concerning all pesticide applica- tions, whether done by themselves or others. The Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act (FACT) of 1990 states that USDA "shall require certified applicators of restricted-use pesticides to maintain records comparable to records maintained by commercial applicators of pesticides in ach State." Before passage of the FACT Act, Federal recordkeeping requirements in States were limited to recordkeeping by 36—Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage ------- commercial certified applicators under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). However, F1JFRA prohibits EPA from requiring private applicators to maintain records. The FACT Act also directs USDA in consultation and cooperation with EPA to survey applica- tor records and maintain a data base on agricultural and non-agricultural uses of Federally restricted-use pesticides. This will allow for an annual report of Federal restricted-use pesti- cides to Congress, However, these records and the information obtained through this survey in the future, are for products not available to homeowners; they are for use by or under the direct supervision of Certified Applicators. Q16. What can we learn from the survey? The survey suggests that household pesticides are not always used as carefully or effectively as they should be. For EPA and States, the survey will serve as an important resource to help improve risk and benefit assessments of pesticides used in and around the home. It will help support regulatory development in such areas as storage and disposal. And, it will provide a basis for expanding outreach and education programs on pesticide safety for consumers. For the pesticide chemical industry, the survey will also serve as an important resource to help provide a better understanding of consumer practices and consumer knowledge about pesti- cide products. This survey underscores the importance of clearly understandable labels, and especially the need for labels to clearly indicate appropriate safety precautions, For consumers, the survey points to the need for more public understanding and awareness of the safety precautions that should be taken when using, storing, or disposing of pesticide products. Remember to read labels carefully, follow all safety precautions, and ask for infor- mation from commercial applicators and lawn care services. And, importantly, always store pesticides out of the reach of children. Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage—37 ------- |