United States
         Environmental Protection
         Agency	
Office of Water
(4606)
                                              816R98003
                   January 1998
&EPA The National Public Water System Supervision
       Program: FY96 Compliance Report
         •- - — -—~
                                   — -- • ••

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Table of Contents
The National Drinking Water Program: An Overview	     2-6

Public Water System Inventory	                                    7  «.,
Distribution of Public Water Systems (PWS)  by Source	""""""".""	  " 9
Distribution of Community Water Systems (CWS) by Size	"!!!!"!!!""!!!""!!!	11
Distribution of Nontransient Noncommunity Water Systems (NTNCWS) by Size	12
Distribution of Transient Noncommunity Water Systems (TNCWS)  by Size	.'.'»"".'".".'.""!.'.'."!!.'."".'."!."!!.'.'."!!!!!!!!."!!!." 13

Community Water Systems Compliance...	                                                  14  o0
National CWS Compliance Profile (1986 -1996)	'..'.""".	  IR" 17
National CWS Compliance Profile by Size Category	""'.!!!"!!!	i«  25
Regional CWS Compliance Profile by Region	26 " 29
National CWS Compliance Profile by Contaminant Groups	""//"".»"'."'.".".!!!!"".!!!!'.!!!"'.!'."!!!!'.!!!!'.!'.!!'.!!!'.!!!!!''    " 30

Nontransient Noncommunity Water Systems Compliance	                                        11  07
National NTNCWS Compliance Status	""".'	     32
National NTNCWS Compliance Profile by Size Category	  	 33  36
National NTNCWS Compliance Profile by Contaminant Group	".""!»""!!"!!!"!!!!"!!!"!!!""!"!"!""!!""!!"!!.'"	    " 37

Transient Noncommunity Water Systems Compliance	                          38.43
National TNCWS Compliance  Profiles by Size Category	"""'""."	'	39-42
National TNCWS Compliance  Profile by Contaminant Group	""""I"!!""!!"'.!!	   " 43
The National Public Water System Supervision Program
FY 1996 National Compliance Report                                                                            Pa9e

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     The National Drinking
        Water Program:
          An Overview
The National Public Water System Supervision Program                    Paae 2
FY 1996 National Compliance Report

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The National  Drinking Water Program:  An Overview

               EPA established the Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) Program under the authority of
           the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Under the SDWA and the 1986 and 1996 Amendments,
           EPA sets national limits for contaminant levels in drinking water to ensure that the water is safe for
           human consumption.  These limits are known as Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). For some
           regulations, EPA establishes treatment techniques (TTs) in lieu of an MCL to control unacceptable
           levels of contaminants in water. The Agency also regulates how often public water systems (PWSs)
           monitor their water for contaminants and report the monitoring results to the states or EPA.
           Generally, the larger the population served by a water system, the more frequent the monitoring and
           reporting (M/R) requirements.  In addition, EPA requires PWSs to monitor for unregulated
           contaminants to provide data on occurrences for future regulatory development. Finally, EPA
           requires PWSs to notify the public when they have violated any of the regulations.

               The SDWA applies to the 50 States, the District of Columbia,  Indian Lands, Puerto Rico, the
           Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands,
           and the Republic of Palau. The SDWA allows states and territories to seek EPA approval to
           administer their own PWSS programs.  The 1986 amendments to the SDWA extended this right
           to Indian Tribes as well.  The authority to run a PWSS Program is called primacy.  To receive
           primacy, states must meet certain requirements laid out in the SDWA and EPA regulations,
           including the adoption of drinking water regulations that are at least as stringent as the Federal
           regulations and a demonstration that they can  enforce the program requirements. All
           jurisdictions but Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and the Indian Tribes currently have
           primacy. EPA Regional Offices directly implement the PWSS Programs within these
           jurisdictions.

               The 1996 SDWA Amendment [Section 1414(c)(3)] requires states with primacy to prepare and
           submit to EPA an annual report on public water system violations.  Congress also mandates that
           EPA will summarize and evaluate the reports submitted by the states in an annual national report.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program                                                                Page 3
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report

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              Primacy states report quarterly to EPA on their PWS inventory statistics, the incidence of MCL,
          M/R, and TT violations, and the enforcement actions taken against violators. EPA Regional Offices
          report this information for Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and all Indian lands. Regional Offices
          also report Federal enforcement actions taken. EPA stores its data in a national database called the
          Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS/FED).

              In FY 1996, regulations for 81 individual contaminants were in effect [72 have MCLs and 9 are
          regulated by treatment techniques (TTs)]. The list of 81 is comprised of 6 microbiological
          contaminants, 4 radionuclides, 17 inorganic chemicals, and 54 organic chemicals. A list of these
          contaminants by regulation appears on page 6.
The National Public Water System Supervision Program                                                                    page 4
FY 1996 National Compliance Report

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Sources of Drinking Water Contamination
    Contaminants may enter drinking water before, during, or after treatment by a water system.  The majority of PWSs
treat their water, as necessary, to ensure that their customers receive water which is safe to drink. Some of the sources
of drinking water contaminants are as follows:
Before Treatment
    • Bacteria from human or animal sources
    • Turbidity in water caused by suspended matter
      such as clay, silt, and microscopic organisms
    • Overflowing storm sewers
    • Defective storage tanks
    • Leaking hazardous landfills, ponds, and pits
    • Saltwater intruding on depleted aquifers near
      seashores
    • Pesticides, fertilizers, and other agricultural run-off
    • Run-off from oil-slicked or salt-treated highways
    • Underground injection of hazardous wastes
    • Naturally-occurring fluoride and metals such as
      arsenic and cadmium
    • Decay products of radon, radium, and uranium
    • Industrial chemicals, such as solvents
During Treatment
    • By-products of disinfectants such as
      trihalomethanes
After Treatment
    • Lead, copper, asbestos, and other materials from
      corroding pipes
    • Bacteria and dirt entering through leaking pipes
    • Improper connections with other systems that allow
      contaminants to enter drinking water pipes
    • Permeation of contaminants through certain pipe
      materials
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                              PageS

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Contaminants for which Regulations are in Effect
 Individually Regulated Contaminants

   Arsenic
   Copper*
   Fluoride
   Lead*
   Total Coliforms
   Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM)
 Phase I Contaminants (VOC Rule)

   Benzene
   Carbon Tetrachloride
   1,2-Dichloroethane
   1,1-Dichloroethylene
   p-Dichlorobenzene
   1,1,1-Trichloroethane
   Trichloroethylene
   Vinyl Chloride
 Surface Water Treatment

   Giardia lamblia*
   Legionella*
   Heterotrophic Plate Count*
   Turbidity*
   Viruses*
Phase II Contaminants

  Acrylamide*
  Alachlor (Lasso)
  Asbestos
  Atrazine
  Barium
  Carbofuran
  Cadmium
  Chlordane
  Chromium
  Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
  o-Dichlorobenzene
  c/s-1,2-Dichloroethylene
  frans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
  1,2-Dichloropropane
  2,4-D
  2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
  Ethylbenzene
  Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
  Epichlorohydrin*
  Heptachlor
  Heptachlor Epoxide
  Lindane (BHC-gamma)
  Mercury
  Methoxychlor
  Monochlorobenzene
  Nitrate
  Nitrite
  PCBs
  Pentachlorophenol
  Selenium
  Styrene
  Tetrachloroethylene
  Toluene
  Toxaphene
  Xylenes (total)
Phase V Contaminants

  Antimony
  Beryllium
  Cyanide
  Dalapon
  Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
  Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
  Dichloromethane
  Dinoseb
  Dioxin (2,3.7,8-TCDD)
  Diquat
  Endothall
  Endrin
  Glyphosate
  Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
  Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
  Nickel
  Oxamyl (Vydate)
  PAHs (Benzo(a)pyrene)
  Picloram
  Simazine
  Thallium
  1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
  1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Radionuclides

  Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity
  Gross Alpha Particle Activity
  Radium-226
  Radium-228
*Denotes contaminants which are regulated by TTs instead of an MCL.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                         Page 6

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       Public Water System
              Inventory
The National Public Water System Supervision Program                       page 7
FY 1996 National Compliance Report

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Public Water System Inventory
Definitions

    A Public Water System (PWS) provides piped
water for human consumption to at least 15 service
connections or serves an average of at least 25 people for
at least 60 days each year. PWSs can be community,
nontransient noncommunity, or transient noncommunity
systems.  Each type of PWS is defined as follows.

    A Community Water System (CWS) is a PWS that
provides water to the same population year-round.

    A Nontransient Noncommunity Water System
(NTNCWS) is a PWS that regularly serves at least 25 of
the same people at least six months of the year.
Examples of these systems include schools, factories,
and hospitals that have their own water supplies.

    A Transient Noncommunity Water System
(TNCWS) caters to transitory customers in non-residential
areas such as campgrounds, motels, and gas stations.  .
    All PWSs are required to monitor, report and comply
with the MCLs for total coliform bacteria and nitrate. In
addition, CWSs are subject to M/R requirements for other
microbiological contaminants, chemicals and radiological
contaminants (refer back to page 6 for list), and to adhere
to MCL and TT requirements. Because NTNCWSs can
contribute significantly to an individual's daily water
intake, M/R and MCL requirements under new
regulations [beginning with the Phase I (VOCs) Rule
promulgated on July 8,1987] and TT requirements apply
to NTNCWSs as well as CWSs.

    All information in this report was generated from
SDWIS/FED (Safe Drinking Water Information System)
in June 1997.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                             Page 8

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 Public Water System Inventory (cont.)
     Distribution of Public Water Systems by Source

       In FY 1996, 172,248 water systems in the 57 states
 and territories were classified as PWSs. The table below
 shows the distribution of CWSs, NTNCWSs, and TNCWSs
 by water source.

       Approximately 92 percent (158,552) of all PWSs
 obtain their water from a ground water source.  More
 specifically, about 81 percent (44,627) of CWSs, 96
 percent (19,516) of NTNCWSs, and 98 percent (94,409)
of TNCWSs were served by ground water sources in
FY 1996. The remaining systems were served by surface
sources such as lakes and rivers.

    CWSs, which provide drinking water primarily to
residential areas, account for 32 percent of all PWSs.
NTNCWSs, such as schools and factories, make up
approximately 12 percent of the PWSs. The remaining 56
percent of PWSs are TNCWSs.
Public Water System Inventory

Source*
Surface"!
Ground
Total
CWSs
Number of
Systems (%)
10,800 (19%)
44,627 (81%)
55,427 (100%)
Population
Served (%)
157,758,000 (64%)
88,866,000 (36%)
246,624,000 (100%)
NTNCWSs
Number of
Systems (%)
720 ( 4%)
19,516 (96%)
20,236 (100%)
Population
Served (%)
634,000 (10%)
5,495,000 (90%)
6,129,000 (100%)
TNCWSs
Number of
Systems (%)
2,175 (2%)
94,409 (98%)
96,584 (100%)
Population
Served (%)
3,967,000 (22%)
14,350,000 (78%)
18,317,000 (100%)

All PWSs1
Number of
Systems (%)
13,696 (8%)
158,552 (92%)
172,248 (100%)
Source: Table A1 - A7 of The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics (FY 1992 - FY 1996).
* Note: Includes systems that obtain their water from other PWSs.
1 Since an individual can be served by more than one category of PWS, the total population served by all PWSs is not cumulative and therefore cannot be determined.
  The National Public Water System Supervision Program
  FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                Page 9

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Public Water System Inventory (cont.)
Distribution of Public Water Systems by Source (cont.)

    CWSs serve approximately 247 million people. The
remainder of the population receives its residential drinking
water from private wells and other non-Federally regulated
systems (i.e., those serving fewer than 15 service
connections or 25 people). Virtually everyone in the 57
states and territories, and on Indian Lands, however, drinks
water from one or more types of PWSs at some time during
the year because, as previously explained, PWSs include
schools, factories, restaurants, motels, churches,
campgrounds, highway rest stops, and the like.
Definition of Public Water Systems Size Categories

    EPA frequently analyzes PWS compliance trends
based on five size categories. (Refer to the table on the
right.) These five size categories will be used throughout
the remainder of this report.
PWS Size Categories
System Size
Very Small
Small
Medium
Large
Very Large
Population Served
25-500
501-3,300
3,301-10,000
10,001-100,000
More than 100,000
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
Page 10

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Public Water System Inventory (cont.)
Distribution of Community Water Systems by Size (cont.)

    Eighty-six (86) percent of CWSs are classified as very small or small, that is, they regularly serve 3,300 or fewer
people. Although there are 48,921 very small and small systems, these CWSs serve fewer than 26 million of the
approximately 247 million customers of CWSs in the country. Conversely, the 332 very large systems, which comprise
less than one percent of the CWS universe, serve 44 percent of the customers supplied by CWSs.
                                           Community Water Systems
                                             Total Systems = 55,427
                                      Total Population Served = 246,624,000
                               Number of CWSs
                      Medium, Large
                       & Very Large,
                          14%
Population Served by CWSs
 Medium, Large,
  & Very Large
     90%
                                           Very Small
                                            & Small
                                             86%
                                                                              Very Small
                                                                               & Small
                                                                                 10%
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Tables A3.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                             Page 11

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Public Water System Inventory (cont.)
Distribution of Nontransient Noncommunity Water Systems by Size (cont.)

    Like CWSs, most NTNCWSs regularly serve 3,300 or fewer people. Ninety-nine (99.5) percent of NTNCWSs are
classified as very small or small. However, unlike smaller CWSs which provide water to only 10% of the population
served by CWSs, very small and small NTNCWSs serve the majority (83 percent) of the population served by NTNCWSs.
                                   Nontransient Noncommunity Water Systems
                                            Total Systems = 20,236
                                          Total Population = 6,129,000
                              Number of NTNCWSs
Population Served by
     NTNCWSs
                     Medium & Large1
                         0.5%
                                                        Medium & Large1
                                                            17%
                                             Very Small
                                              & Small
                                              99.5%
               Very Small
                & Small
                 83%
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Tables A4 & A5.
'None of the NTNCWSs are very large systems (i.e., none serve more than 100,000 people).
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                      Page 12

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Public Water System Inventory (cont.)
Distribution of Transient Noncommunity Water Systems by Size (cont.)
    Like CWSs and NTNCWSs, most TNCWSs regularly serve 3,300 or fewer people. As shown below, 99.7 percent of
TNCWSs are classified as very small or small, and provide drinking water to the majority (55 percent) of the population
served by TNCWSs.
                                    Transient Noncommunity Water Systems
                                            Total Systems = 96,584
                                         Total Population = 18,317,000
                             Number of TNCWSs
                      Medium, Large,
                       & Very Large
                          0.3%
                                            Very Small
                                             & Small
                                              99.7%
Population Served by
      TNCWSs
                                                      Medium, Large,
                                                       & Very Large
                                                          45%
          Very Small
           & Small
            55%
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Tables A1 & A7.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                     Page 13

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          Compliance with
        Federal Regulations
            COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
The National Public Water System Supervision Program
FY 1996 National Compliance Report
Page 14

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Compliance With Federal Regulations (cont.)
        National Compliance Trends (cont.)

            Public Water System (PWS) violations are devided into four types: Maximum Contaminant Level
        (MCL) violations, Treatment Technique (TT) violations, Monitoring and Reporting (M/R) violations, and
        other violation types (Other).

            The other violation types may include reported violations of the public notification requirements,
        the conditions set under a variance or exemption, and miscellanious violations.

            The charts on the next page have eleven year trends for both MCL and M/R violations and have
        four year trends for TT violations. Except for the FY 1993 data, the count of violations and systems in
        violation exclude unfiltered  public water systems in violation of the Treatment Technique requirements of
        the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR).
The National Public Water System Supervision Program                                                              Paae 15
FY 1996 National Compliance Report                                                                            9

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Compliance With  Federal Regulations - National Compliance Trends
  CWS Compliance Status


      In FY 1996, the compliance rate for CWSs increased from 63% for FY 1995 to 74% - the highest value

  since FY 1986. This means that in FY 1996, no violations were reported to EPA for 74% of the CWSs. The

  compliance rate for CWSs has remained between 63% and 74% from FY 1986 to FY 1996.
             c=
             o>
             o
    1 OO


     8 O



     6 O


o>   4 O
a_


     2 O


       O

       1 9
                        86
                               CWS  Compliance  Status

                                   FY    1986-1996
                                              \-
1988
1 99O

 Fiscal
	I	  	


1992


Vear
1994
1 996
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Tables A1& C1.
The National Public Water System Supervision Program

FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                              Page 16

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                          Community Water Systems
                                 Compliance Trends
                                        FY 1986-1996
            In FY 1994, the overall number of systems in violation increased due to an increased number of
        systems with M/R violations. However, the number of CWSs with MCL violations and CWSs with TT
        violations decreased.
             In FY 1996, the overall number of violations and systems in violation decreased from FY 1995.
        The graph indicates that the number of systems in violation for failure to monitor or report is more than
        double the number of systems with MCL violations. Approximately seven percent of CWSs violated
        MCL standards while 21 percent of CWSs violated the M/R requirements and only one percent violated
        TT requirements.
                                    CWSs  In  Violation
                   _o
                   co
                   CO
                   E
                   o>
                   4-«
                   co
                   5?
                            1986  1987  1988  1989
                                                199O  1991 1992 1993 1994  1995  1996
                                                 Fiscal Year
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Tables B1& C1.
The National Public Water System Supervision Program
FY 1996 National Compliance Report
Page 17

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FY 1996 National Community Water System (CWS) Compliance Profile
    The first chart shows the system size distribution of all CWSs that violated the MCL, M/R, TT and/or other
requirements during FY 1996.  The small number of very large and large systems with violations affects a large percentage
of the population.
    The second chart shows the total number of CWSs in violation for FY 1996  decreased from 15,247 in FY 1995 to
14,620 in FY 1996. All size categories show decreases in violations.
              CWSs in  Violation  in FY 1996



«
s
0
°
w
V
fl
E

c



10000
9000
8000

7000
6000
5000

4000

3000

2000
1000
0
                                                 20
                                                 18
                                                 16
                                                 14
                                                 10 c
                                                 8  o.
                                                 6  2
                                                 4
                                                 2
                                                 0
           V-large    Large    Medium    Small    V-Small
       CWS in Violation (FY 1995 &  FY 1996)
                                                              12000
10000
                                                              8000
 6000
 4000
 2000
• FY 1995
•FY 1996
                                                                    V-large    Large    Medium    Small   V-Small
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                   Page 18

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FY 1996 National Community Water System (CWS) Compliance Profile
    This chart shows the MCL, M/R and TT distribution by
system size for all CWSs that had violation(s) in FY 1996. The
"other category" violations (671) were not included in the graph.
In FY 1996, 21 percent of the CWSs had M/R violations, seven
percent had MCL violations and one percent had TT violations.

    The number of CWSs with M/R violations (11,709), plus
the number of CWSs with MCL violations (4,151), plus the
number of CWSs with TT violations (681), plus the number of
CWS with the other type of violations (671) in FY 1996 exceeds
14,620 (17,212)  because some systems had a combination of
MCL, M/R, TT and/or the other violation types.
CWSs in Violation (FY 1996)
9000 T
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0




	 I_B
V-large

BM/R
• MCL
HIT



W^





i — ^b»_
Large Medium
Total = 14,621





+
I
1

'i
m
Small V-
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
Page 19

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FY 1996 National CWS M/R Compliance Profile
     The chart shows the majority of systems in violation
 were very small and small CWSs, but a larger population is
 affected by  larger size CWSs in violation.
     This is the second year of decreases in the number of
 M/R violations in CWSs.  In FY 1996, there were 11,709
 CWSs with M/R violations and in FY 1995 there were 12,055
 CWSs with M/R violations.
                                                                         CWSs with M/R Violations in FY  1996
                                                                                       (11,709)
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
   0
                                                                         V-large
^^^ ,.
 Large    Medium
12
10
   c
8  -I
   i
6  £
4  S
   a.
2
0
                               Small    V-Small
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                               Page 20

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FY 1996 National CWS M/R Compliance Profile
     In FY 1996, each CWS with M/R violations had an
average of 10 violations, however, the large and very large
systems had an average of  21.6 and 34.6 violations per CWS
with violations, respectively; while the small systems had only 7
violations per CWS. Multiple violatations can be used as a tool
for targeting enforcement activity for the PWSS program.
CWSs in M/R Violation in FY

#
#
#

CWS
of Violations
of Vios/CWSs
V-large
38
1316
34.6
Large
411
8890
21.6
Medium
549
5147
9.4
Small
2305
16178
7.0
1996
V-Small
8406
85171
10.1

Total
11709
116702
10.0
                                                                          CWSs with M/R Violations (FY  1996)
90000

80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

    0
                                              85171
• #cws
H # of Violations
                                                                           38 1316  41

                                                                           V-large     Large     Medium
                                            V-Small .
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table B3 & D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                               Page 21

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FY 1996 National CWS MCL Compliance Profile
     MCL violations decreased from 4,352  to 4,151 from FY
1995 to FY 1996.  This chart shows the majority of systems in
violation are very small and small CWSs, but more people are
affected by the violations from the  large and very large CWSs.
                                                                     CWSs with MCL  Violations in  FY 1996  (4,151)
                                                                 M
                                                                 M
                                                                 0
3000


2500


2000


1500


1000


 500
V-large    Large
                       Medium
                                                                                                        . ! .^^_..j Q

                                                                                                   Small    V-Small
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                               Page 22

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FY 1996 National CWS MCL Compliance Profile
    On average, there were 1.6 violations for each CWS with
MCL violations in FY 1996. There is no significant difference in
the average number of violations per CWS among size
categories.
CWSs with M CL

# CWS
# of Violations
# of Vios/CWSs
V-large
11
21
1.9
Large
286
441
1.5
Violation in FY
Medium
323
436
1.3
Small
953
1526
1.6
1996
V-Small
2578
4412
1.7

Total
4151
6836
1.6
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000 -(
1500
1000
 500
   0
           CWSs with MCL Violation
                  (FY 1996)
                                           4412
                                                                             #cws
                                                                            Q# of Violations
                                                                           286441  323436
                                                                    1 1  21
                                                                   V-large    Large   Medium   Small   V-Small
                                                                                            95
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table B3 & D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                            Page 23

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 FY 1996 National CWS TT Compliance Profile
     The TT violations discussed in this report exclude
unfiltered public water systems in violation of the Treatment
Technique requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule
(SWTR). These unfiltered systems failed to comply with the
state (or EPA) requirement to install filtration treatment within
18 months of the state order.

    There was a decrease  in the treatment technique (TT)
violations in  FY 1996 from the previous year. In FY 1995 there
were 946 CWSs with TT violations;  there were 681 CWSs with
TT violations in FY 1996.

    This chart shows the majority of systems in violation were
very small and small CWSs, but the larger populations were
affected  by the large and very large systems with TT
violations.
     CWSs with TT  Violations in FY  1996
(681)
(A
W
5
0
300


250


200


150


100


 50


  0
      4.5

      4

      3.5

      3  I

      2.5 S

      2  ^
         Q.
      1.5 0.
         a
      1

      0.5

      0
                                                                        V-large     Large    Medium    Small     V-Small
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                 Page 24

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FY 1996 National CWS TT Compliance Profile
     In FY 1996, each CWS with TT violations had an average
of 3.4 violations per CWS. For this type of violation, very large
systems had the highest numbers of violations per CWS at 4.5
violations per system.
              CWSs with TT Violation in  FY 1996
              V-large  Large Medium Small  V-Small  Total
# CWS          11     61      84    247    278     681
# of Violations   50    164    257    871    970    2312
# of Vios/CWSs 4.5    2.7     3.1    3.5    3.5     3.4
      CWSs  with  TT Violation  (FY  1996)
1000
 900
 800
 700
 600
 500
 400
 300
 200
 100
   0
                                               970
871
                                                                                  #CWS
                                                                                  # of Violations
                                                                       V-large     Large    Medium    Small    V-Small
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table B3 &D4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                               Page 25

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      FY 1996 Regional Community Water Systems (CWSs) Compliance Profile
          This chart shows the EPA Regional distribution of all CWSs that violated MCL, M/R, TT and/or other
      requirements and the total number of violations reported by EPA Regions in FY 1995 and FY 1996.  Regions IV
      and VI show significant decreases in total violations while Regions II and X show increases in violations in FY
      1996 compared to FY 1995.
            3000

            2500

            2000

            1 500

            1000

             500

                0
                             II
                                        CWS with Violation by Region
ill
                             • CWS in Vio 95
                             a CWS in Vio 96
IV
IX
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D5.
The National Public Water System Supervision Program
FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                     Page 26

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       FY 1996 Regional CWS M/R Compliance Profile
           There are 11,709 CWSs with M/R violations in FY 1996. The following chart shows the distribution of the M/R
       violations of CWSs by Regions in FY 1996.  The chart also shows that Regions IV and X have the highest number of
       CWSs with M/R Violations while Region I has the lowest number of CWSs with M/R violations.
          3000
          2000
          1000
               0
                               FY  1996  CWS  with  M/R   Violation
686
        951
                1 123
                         1963   1696
                                                                            2074
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D5 .
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                                      Page 27

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FY 1996 Regional CWS MCL Compliance Profile
    There were 4,151 CWSs with MCL violations in FY 1996. The following chart shows the distribution of the MCL
violations of CWSs by Regions in FY 1996. Region VI has the highest number of MCL violations while both Regions
and VIII have low MCL violations in FY 1996.
                                  FY 1996 CWS with  MCL  Violation
      800
      600
      400
      200
         0
332    375
                        469
                               553
                                                      669
                                                                       618
                                                              VII     VIII     IX
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D5 ,
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                                   Page 28

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FY 1996 Regional CWS TT Compliance Profile
    In FY 1996, 681 CWSs reported TT violations; representing one percent of the CWSs nationwide.  The following
charts show that Region X  has the highest number of CWSs (170) with violations and Region I has only nine TT
violations in FY 1996.
                             FY   1996  CWS  with  TT  Violation
          200

          100

            0
52
                           II
        92
II
       44
                IV
                       134
                               82
               35     31


V       VI      VII     VIII
 Region
 30
••

 IX
                                                                                         172
X
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D5 ,
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                               Page 29

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FY 1996 Community Water Systems (CWSs) Compliance Profile by Contaminant Groups


    The following chart shows the distribution of CWSs in violation by contaminant group. The most common violations among
CWSs were M/R and MCL violations of the Total Coliform  Rule and Turbidity (TCR/T). For M/R requirements,  inorganic chemicals
violations were the second most common violation.
                 CWS with M/R Violation in FY 1996
                   Total  =  11,709   (Other: 2,572)
        8000
        7000
        6000
        5000
       E 4000
        '3000
        2000
         1000
              7554
TCR/T   CRS
                           NOR3   RAD

                               Contaminants
>





1543
1434
mm
LCR SWTR
4000
3500
o 3000
c 2500
E 2000
>1500
* 1000
500
0

                                                         CWS with MCL  & TT Violations in FY 1996
                                                               Total = 4,151 MCL;   681 TT.
                                                                       3529
                                                                                   322
                                                                                         243   261
       55   ^    ^^  ^^


TCR/T   CR3   INORG   RAD   OTHm

                  Contaminants
                                                                                                    513
                                                                                              172
                                                                                             ^BB

                                                                                              LCR   SWTR
Note: The sum of the CWSs in violation for each the contaminant groups could exceed the total number of CWS with violations. Since some CWSs have violations in more than one
contaminant group.
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table D3.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                                                    Page 30

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          Compliance with
        Federal Regulations
       NONTRANSIENT NONCOMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
The National Public Water System Supervision Program                       p „.
FY1996 National Compliance Report   '                         9

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FY 1996 National Nontransient Noncommunity Water Systems (NTNCWSs) Compliance Profile

    The NTNCWS compliance rate remained between 67% and 82% from FY 1989 to FY 1996. In FY 1996, it has
decreased to 69% from 71% (FY 1995). In the past, NTNCWSs were subject to M/R and MCL requirements for fewer
contaminants.  However, with the promulgation of each new or revised rule, NTNCWSs are subject to the same
requirements as CWSs.
                     
                             NTNCWS Compliance Status
                                        FY    1989-1996
9 O
7 O
6 O
5 O
4 O
3 O
2 O
1 O
O
•









1989 199O 1991 1992 199:
                                               Fiscal  Year
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table A1 & C1 .
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
Page 32

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FY 1996 National Nontrahsient Noncommunity Water Systems (NTNCWSs) Compliance Profile
"Y 1 996, approximately six percent of all
Ss violated the MCL standards and 27 percent
the M/R requirements. Less than one percent of all
Ss violated the TT standards.


FY 1996 Nontransient Noncommunity
Water System in Violation
Size Category M/R MCL TT
V-large 000
Large 220
Medium 14 9 1
Small 579 143 44
V-Small 4770 1091 118

Total 5365 1245 163









NTNCWSs
5000 i
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500

1000
500
0
Total







i
V-large
PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table E4.
lay be less than the sum of the individual violation types because a water system may have had
nore than one category (e.g., MCL and M/R violations reported in same year)..

BM/R
• MCL






in Violation (FY 1996)
= 6,226








t
m
W





w^
IB
iL

Large Medium Small V-Small






The National Public Water System Supervision Program
FY 1996 National Compliance Report
Page 33

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FY 1996 National NTNCWS M/R Compliance Profile
     There was an approximate ten percent increase in the
number of NTNCWS with M/R violations from FY 1995 to FY
1996. In FY 1995 there were 4,885 NTNCWS with M/R
violations and in FY 1996 there were 5,365 NTNCWS with M/R
violations.
     The majority of NTNCWSs in violation are very small
and small NTNCWSs. A larger population was affected by the
very small and small NTNCWSs in violation, differing from the
previous study of CWSs on page 22.
W
O
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
 500
   0
         NTNCWS with  M/R Violation
          FY 1996  Total  = 5,365
                                                                     V-large  Large  Medium  Small  V-Small
700
600
500 §
    o_
400 '"
    c
300 ~
    0.
200 a.
100
0
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table E4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                           Page 34

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FY 1996 National  NTNCWS MCL Compliance Profile
     There was a slight increase in number of NTNCWSs with
 MCL violations from FY 1995 to FY 1996.  In FY 1995 there
 were 1,162 NTNCWSs with MCL violations and in FY 1996
 there were 1,245 NTNCWSs with MCL violations.

    This chart shows the majority of systems in violation are
 very small NTNCWSs, but the largest proportion of the
 population affected is served by the small NTNCWSs.
  1200
« 1000
W
                                                              y  BOO
                                                              H
                                                              Z
                                                              „  600
                                                              o

                                                              |  400
                                                              E
                                                              c  200
          NTNCWS with  MCL Violation
                  Total  = 1,245
Ift NTNCWS
-pop in 1,000
160

140

120 0
    o
100 °-
    T~

80  c

60  £

40  *

20

0
                                                                      V-large   Large   Medium   Small   V-Small
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table E4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                              Page 35

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FY 1995 National NTNCWS TT Compliance Profile
    There was a 20% decrease in the number of NTNCWSs
with TT violations from FY 1995 to FY 1996.  In FY 1995 there
were 197 NTNCWSs with TT violations and in FY 1996 there
were 163 NTNCWSs with TT violations.

    This chart shows the majority of systems in violation are
the very small NTNCWSs, but the largest proportion of the
population were affected due to violations in small NTNCWSs.

     Due to the inavailability of the data in SDWIS, the TT
violations discussed in this report exclude unfiltered public
water systems in violation of the Treatment Technique
requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR).
These unfiltered systems failed to comply with the state (or
EPA) requirement to install filtration treatment within 18 months
of the state order.
      NTNCWS with  TT Violation in  FY 1996
                    Total  =  163
  120
.100

u
z
H
E
3
C
45

40

35

30 §
    •>
25 *"
   c
20 ~

15 O
   o.
10

5

0
                                                                      V-large    Large   Medium   Small   V-Small
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table E4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                Page 36

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FY 1996 National NTNCWS Compliance Profile  by Contaminant Groups
    The following chart shows the distribution of NTNCWSs in violation by contaminant group during FY 1996. The distribution
is very similar to the CWS  profile on page 32. As with the CWSs, the most common violations among the NTNCWS were the
Total Coliform Rule and Turbidity (TCR/T) for both M/R and MCL violations. Inorganic chemical M/R violations were the second
most common violations for M/R violation. There were 1,355 M/R violations for other contaminant codes.
    3500

    3000

  •| 2500

  ~ 2000

  $ 1500
  >.
  at
  * 1000

     500
                  FY 1996 NTNCWS with M/R Violation
                       Total = 5,365
          3378
2294
                   519
                                               26
                          H --------- -4 ------
                              1355
                                         I
TCR/T   CFG   NORG   Rad
                                         LCR   SWTR OTHERS
                            Contaminants
                                                         FY 1996 NTNCWS MCL/TT Violations
                                                         MCL Total = 1,245 (other:49)
                                                               TT  total  =  163
                                              1200
                                              1000
                                              800
E  600
*••

>  400
                                              200
                                                    1070
                                                                          TCRH"
Note: The sum of the NTNCWSs in violation for each the contaminant groups could exceed the total number of
NTNCWSs with violations. Since some NTNCWSs have violations in more than one contaminant group.
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Tables E1.E2 & E3.	
                                                                    NORG
                                                                     Contaminants
                                       ••  —

                                 RAD      LCR     SWTR
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                                             Page 37

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         Compliance with
       Federal  Regulations
        TRANSIENT NONCOMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS
The National Public Water System Supervision Program                       Pane 38
FY 1996 National Compliance Report

-------

-------
FY 1996 National Transient Noncommunity Water Systems (TNCWSs) Compliance Profile
    In FY 1996, there was a significant increase (30%)  in
TNCWS in violation (25,725) when compared with FY 1995
(19,644).

     Approximately four percent of all TNCWSs violated
the MCL standards and 24 percent violated the M/R
requirements. Only one-tenth of one percent of all
TNCWSs violated the TT standards.
FY 1996 Transient Noncommunity Water
System in Violation
Size Category
V-large
Large
Medium
Small
V-Small
Total
M/R
0
6
22
585
22529
23142
MCL
0
1
8
138
4057
4204
TT
0
0
4
7
129
140
25000


20000


15000


10000


 5000
TNCWSs in Violation (FY 1996)
        Total = 25,725
     QM/R
     • MCL
     HTT
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table F4.
 Note: Total may be less than the sum of the individual violation types because a water system may have had
 violations in more than one category (e.g., MCL and M/R violations reported in same year).
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                     Page 39

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FY 1996 National TNCWS M/R Compliance Profile
      Twenty-four percent (23,142) of TNCWSs had M/R
violations in FY 1996. The majority of TNCWSs in violation
are very small systems but they affected large populations
unlike the previous study of CWSs which showed the large
populations were affected by a small number of large size
CWSs in violation (see page 20).

m
•5
u
z
"o
k.
0)
JO
E
3
C

25000
20000


15000

10000



5000
0
TNCWS with  M/R Violation
 FY 1996 Total  = 23,142
                                                                        V-large  Large  Medium Small V-Small
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table F4.
The National Public Water System Supervision Program
FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                   Page 40

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FY 1996 National TNCWS MCL Compliance Profile
     Only four percent (4,204) of TNCWSs had MCL violations
in FY 1996. The majority of  TNCWSs  in violation were very
small systems but they affected large populations unlike the
previous study of CWSs which showed large populations were
affected by a small number of large size CWSs in violation
(see page 22).
         TNCWS with  MCL Violation
                Total  =  4,204
  4500

  4000

W 3500

O 3000
Z
H 2500
M—
0 2000
i_
.3 1500
E
§ 1000 \

    500

      0
I # TNCWS
•pop in 1,000
350

300
                                                                                                       250 g
                                                                                                           o
                                                                                                       200 »•"
                                                                                                           c
                                                                                                       150 ~
                                                                                                           Q.
                                                                                                       100 o.
                                                                                                       50

                                                                                                       0
                                                                     V-large  Large  Medium  Small V-Small
  Rnnrnn- Thp PWR Inupntnry anrl Hnrnplianrp Rtati«;tir
-------
 FY 1996 National TNCWS TT Compliance Profile
     Only one percent of all TNCWSs had TT violations
 in FY 1996. The majority of systems in violation are the
 very small systems, but the larger populations are
 affected by the medium size systems with violation.
     The TT violations discussed in this report exclude
unfiltered public water systems in violation of the Treatment
Technique requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule
(SWTR).  These unfiltered systems failed to comply with the
state (or EPA) requirement to install filtration treatment within
18 months of the state order.
      TNCWS with  TT Violation  in FY 1996
                    Total  = 140
  140

  120
w
W
5 100
u

H  80
4-
0
u  60
0)
E  40
3
C
   20
                                                                        V-large    Large    Medium   Small   V-Small
 Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Table F4.
 The National Public Water System Supervision Program
 FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                               Page 42

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FY 1996 National TNCWS Compliance Profile  by Contaminant Groups
    The following chart shows the distribution of TNCWSs in violation by contaminant group  during FY 1996. The most common
violations among the TNCWSs were the Total Coliform Rule and Turbidity (TCR/T) for both M/R and MCL violations. Nitrate M/R
violations were the second most common. There were 4,196 M/R violations for other contaminant codes.
  20000
  18000
0 16000
> 14000
.S 12000
| 10000
£  8000
w  6000
*  4000
   2000
      0
                   TNCWS M/R/TT Violations
                   M/R Total = 23,142
             18363
                               8767
                                                  117
             TCR/T
SWTR
                          •  Contaminants
                  4000
                  3500
                o
                > 3000
                £ 2500
                E 2000
                £1500
                                                                W
                  1000
                  500
                    0
                                                                          3982
                                TNCWS MCL/TT Violations
                                 MCL Total = 4,204
                                   TT total =  137
                                                                                             220
                                                                                                                137
                                                                          TCR/T
                                   IOCS      NO3
                                        Contaminants
                                                                                                               SWTR
Note: The sum of the TNCWSs in violation for each the contaminant groups could exceed the total number of
TNCWSs with violations, since some TNCWSs have violations in more than one contaminant group.
Source: The PWS Inventory and Compliance Statistics: FY 1992 - FY 1996, Tables F1, F2 & F3.
The National Public Water System Supervision Program
FY 1996 National Compliance Report
                                                                Page 43

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