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IMPORTANT NOTICE
The material contained in this document is in draft, and is sent to you
for comment as part of the IPCC review process. The document has
not yet been approved by the IPCC and must not be published or cited
as an official IPCC report.
As a result of the review process this draft is expected to undergo
amendment and correction before being presented for approval by
IPCC WGI in September 1994 and by IPCC plenary in November
1994.
Material contained in this draft may be copied in whole or in part for
review by others, but a copy of this notice should be attached to all
such copies.
Recycled/Recyclable
Printsd with Soy/Cano(a Ink on paper that
contains at least 50% recyded liber
Printing support provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The IPCC/OECD Programme on the Development of a Methodology for
National Inventories of Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions would like to thank
those governments, international organisations, and individuals whose
contributions have made the development of this methodology possible.
Financial support for the programme has been provided by the United
Nations Environment Programme, the Global Environment Facility, the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the
International Energy Agency, the European Community, and the
governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Italy,
Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands, Germany, France, Canada, and
Australia. Significant (non-financial) contributions and resources in kind came
from the United Nations Environment Programme, the United States, the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom, japan, the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, and the International Energy Agency.
Many individuals have contributed in various ways to the programme. Those
who have drafted, commented, and advised in the direct support of the
production of these documents include: Jane Ellis, Tim Simmons, and Karen
Treanton, of the International Energy Agency; Craig Ebert and Barbara
Braatz of ICF Inc.; Karl Jorss of the Federal Environment Agency in Germany;
Gordon Mclnnes of the CEC/European Environment Agency Task Force &
UNECE Task Force on Emission Inventories; James Penman of the UK
Department of the Environment; Andre van Amstel of the National Institute
for Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) in the Netherlands;
Jan Feenstra, Ella Lammers, and Pier Vellinga, of the Institute for
Environmental Studies in the Netherlands; Berrien Moore of the University
of New Hampshire; Gerald Leach, Jack Siebert, Susan Subak, and Paul Raskin,
of the Stockholm Environment Institute; Lucy Butterwick, Martin Parry, and
Martin Price, of the University of Oxford;; Michael Short and Peter Usher of
the United Nations Environment Programme; N Sundararaman of the IPCC
Secretariat; Bert Bolin, Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change; Tim Weston, Peter Bolter and Austin Pearce of TMS Computer
Authors Ltd.; Bruce Callander, Buruhani Nyenzi, and Kathy Maskell of the
IPCC Working Group I Secretarait; Paul Schwengels, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Jim
McKenna, Scott Lurding, and Hans Sperling, of the OECD Environment
Directorate.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The IPCC/OECD Programme would like to thank all the participants in the
expert groups and in the various regional workshops, especially the
coordinators and co-chairs of expert groups process to provide
improvements in technical methods; L Gylvan Meira, Filho of the National
Institute for Space Research, Brazil; Berrien Moore of the University of New
Hampshire; Paul Crutzen of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Elaine
Matthews of NASA; A P Mitra, of the National Physics Laboratory in India;
Nigel Roulet of York University in Canada; K Minami of the National
Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences in japan; M A K Khalil of the
Oregon Graduate Institute; Alan Williams of the University of Leeds; Dina
Kruger, Susan Thornloe, and Lee Beck, of the US Environmental Protection
Agency; Audun Rosland of the State Pollution Control Authority in Norway;
Frank Shephard of British Gas pic; Richard Grant of the E&P Forum; Michael
Gibbs and Jonathan Woodbury of ICF Inc.; Lis Aitchison of the Energy
Technology Support Unit; Ron Leng of the University of New England in
Australia; Mark Howden of the Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australia; T
Ramasami of the Central Leather Institute in India; Robert Delmas of the
Universit& Paul Sabatier; Dilip Ahuja of the Bruce Company; Chris Veldt and
Jan Berdowski of the National Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
(TNO-IMW) in the Netherlands; and Jos Olivier of the RIVM.
National case studies were contributed by: Audun Rosland of the State
Pollution Control Authority in Norway, Peter Cheng of the Department of
Arts, Sport, the Environment, and Territories in Australia, Jane Legget of the
US Environmental Protection Agency, Art Jacques of Environment Canada,
Sture Bostrom of Finland, and Karl Jorss of the Federal Environment Agency
in Germany, Simon Eggleston of Warren Spring Laboratory in the United
Kingdom, Andre van Amstel of the National Institute for Public Health and
Environmental Protection (RIVM) in the Netherlands, I B Obioh of Obafemi
Awolowo University Nigeria, P A Ratnasiri of the Ceylon Institute of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Gordon Mclnnes of the CEC/European
Environment Agency Task Force & UNECE Task Force on Emission
Inventories, Anne Arquit-Niederberger of the Federal Office of
Environment, Forests and Landscape in Switzerland, and Kendaro Doi of the
japan Environment Agency.
A very large number of experts have participated in IPCC/OECD expert
groups and workshops. All of these contributors have played contructive
roles in shaping methods presented here. These efforts reflect an important
contribution to the implementation of the Framework Convention on
Climate Change, and are greatly appreciated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS^
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REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA
p.2.2
In the table, section "5 LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY":
Replace: sum of all agricultural activities 4A, B, C, D, E &F
With: sum of all agricultural activities 4A, B, C & D
p. 2.5:
Revise definition of "IB FUGITIVE FUEL EMISSIONS" as follows:
Total "fugitive" emissions of 0)2, CH4 and NMVOC from fuel production, transmission, storage and
distribution (as noted below). (Sum of 1BI and 1B2)
p.2.7
Definition for "2A IRON AND STEEL". Remove the bracketed note [[Definitions to be supplied]]
missing.
p.2.9
Section "4B ANIMAL WASTES".
Sub sections listed as 4A1-4A9 and should be listed as 4B1-4B9.
p. 2.11
Section "5 Land Use Change and Forestry". In the main title:
Replace: (Sum of the parenthetical 5 A, B, C, D, E, F)
With: (Sum of the parenthetical 5 A, B, C, D)
Add category to "5A Forest Clearing" section as follows:
5A4 OTHER
Emissions from forest clearing not otherwise covered in any
of the above categories
Section "5C LOGGING/MANAGED FORESTS" should be labelled 5D.
Section "5D ABANDONMENT OF MANAGED LANDS" should be labelled 5C.
Revise new section "5C ABANDONMENT OF MANAGED LANDS" as follows:
New section "5C ABANDONMENT OF MANAGED LANDS" should read:
5C ABANDONMENT Removals (sinks) of C02 from the abandonment of formerly"
OF MANAGED managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures). The categories
LANDS below are determined by the type of biomass which regrows
on the abandoned land.
Add a section "5C3 OTHER".
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA. 1
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5C3 OTHER
Removals from abandoned land regrown to any biomass type
other than forests or grasslands.
Revise new section "5D LOGGING/MANAGED FORESTS" as follows:
Add a section "5D4 OTHER"
5D4 OTHER
Emissions and removals (sinks) of C02 from other categories,
including afforestation programmes, harvest/regrowth of
village and farm trees, etc.
p. 2.12
Revise section "6 WASTES". Revise definition of "6C OTHER".
6C OTHER
Release of greenhouse gases from any other public service
activity (e.g., all non CC>2 GHG from waste incineration and
0)2 from non-organic waste incineration, when it is not part
of waste to energy schemes).
p. 2.13
After Residual Fuel Oil the rows of the table should be revised as follows.
Liquified Petroleum Gas / Ethane
Naptha
Bitumen
Lubricants
Petroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstock / Additives
(then as before )
p. 2.14
Revise note under the "BIOMASS" fuel heading as follows:
Replace: (Excluded from totals of greenhouse gases sources, but useful to report).
With: (Excluded from CO2 emission totals).
p. 2.16
Under "2.4 Standard summary tables", the third bullet, starting at the third sentence. Make the
following revisions.
Replace:
Several gases such as Polyflourinated Compounds (SFg, Ctff, and CF4), sulfur oxides and HFCs are
known to be relevant to climate change and may be included in future versions of the Guidelines.
However, countries which wish to report these substances for completeness may do so using copies of
the Summary Tables.
With:
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA. 2
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Several gases such as Perfluorocarbons (C^Ff, and CF/i), sulfur hexaflouride (SFg), sulfur oxides and
HFCs are known to be relevant to climate change and may be included in future versions of the
Guidelines. Countries with data on these gases are encouraged to report them. Also, to avoid
duplication of effort, reporting of substances covered under the Montreal Protocol is not required.
However, countries which wish to report these substances for completeness may do so using copies of
the Summary Tables.
p.3.2
Revise the Source/sink categories section, second paragraph.
Replace: Compare the IPCC source/sink categories (Table 3)
With: Compare the IPCC source/sink categories (Table on pages 2.2 to 2.12)
p. 3.3
Revise the "Time Periods" section, first paragraph, second sentence.
Replace: In some of the agricultural and
With: In the agricultural and
Table 3-1, sections 4A and 4B should be revised as follows:
4 Agriculture
A Enteric Fermentation
Three-year average
B Animal Wastes
Three-year average
p. 3.5
Revise the first sentence under the text box as follows:
Replace: If you have already performed some cross-country verification
With: If you have already performed some verification
p.Tables.ll
On page Tables. 11, table entitled "1B1 Fugitive Fuel Emissions (Oil and Gas)", the following revisions
should be made:
Add a column entitled NMVOC under each of the "Emission Estimates" and the "Aggregate Emission
Factors" sections of the table. So the top two rows of the table will read:
SOURCE AND
SINK
CATEGORIES
ACTIVITY
DATA
Fuel
Quantity
(PJ)
EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
CH4
(Gg)
CO2
(Gg)
NMVOC
(Gg)
AGGREGATE EMISSIONS
FACTORS
CH4
(kg/GJ)
CO2
(kg/GJ)
NMVOC
(kg/GJ)
Add a footnote to the row entitled "IBlb Natural Gas (total) ii Consumption" as follows:
This item refers to the "consumption" related source categories listed on page 2.6 as: IBlb Gas ii
Processing; iii Transmission and iv Gas Distribution Pipelines. The basic consumption related activity
data and the sum of these three categories should be reported here.
p.TabIes.15
Move table on page Tables. 15 entitled "Fugitive Fuel Emissions (Distribution of Oil products)" should
be combined with the table on page Tables. 11 "1B1 Fugitive Fuel Emissions (Oil and Gas)".
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA . 3
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Units for Aggregate Emission Factors column should be revised as follows:
Replace: (kg/Gg)
With: (kg/GJ)
p.Tables.13
Revise the labelling of rows as follows:
SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
Coal Mining
1B2 a Underground
b Surface
p.Tables.17
The table entitled: "Minimum Data Tables 2 Industrial Processes" should be revised as follows:
Replace unit under column A "Activity data" column with kt for kilo-tonnes]
Edit heading under "Aggregate Emission Factors" as follows:
Replace: Pollutant per tonne of product (kg or t/t)
With: Tonne pollutant per tonne of product (t/t)
p.Tables.19
The table entitled:" Minimum Data Tables 3 Solvents" should be revised as follows-
Edit heading under "Aggregate Emission Factors" as follows:
Replace: Pollutant per tonne of Product (t/t)
With: Tonne pollutant per tonne of Product (t/t)
p.Tables.21
Add row for poultry as follows:
6 Buffalo
7 Camels and Llamas
8 Poultry
9 Other
p.TabIes.23
Table entitled; "4C :Rice Cultivation" should be edited as follows:
Replace heading in column A: Area cultivated in hectares
With: Area cultivated in megahectares
Replace heading in column B: Hectare-days of Cultivation
With: Megahectare-days of Cultivation
Replace heading on last row: 3 Dry Regime
With: 3 Other
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA. 4
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p.Tables.25
The table entitled "4E Agricultural Soils" should be edited as follows:
Change title to "4D Agricultural Soils"
Revise heading in column D as follows:
Replace: Nitrogen dioxide released per tonne N applied
With: Nitrous Oxide released per tonne N applied (tonne N2O/tonne N)
p.TabIes.43
Revise table entitled "5C1 Abandonment of Managed Lands" as follows:
Replace top line of title: "5C1 Abandonment of Managed Lands"
With: "5C Abandonment of Managed Lands (Part I)"
p.Tables.45
Revise table entitled "5C2 Abandonment of Managed Lands" as follows:
Replace top line of title: "5C2 Abandonment of Managed Lands"
With: "5C Abandonment of Managed Lands (Part n)"
p.Tables.49
Edit table title to read:" 5D Managed Forest (Part I): Annual Growth Increment"
Add new rows to the table as follows:
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal
Other
Afforestation Programs
Village and Farm Trees
Other (specify)
p.TabIes.51
Edit table title to read: "5D Managed Forests (Part H): Harvest
p.Tables.59
Revise table entitled "6A Summary Report for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Part I)".
Revise heading on third row as follows:
Replace: Total National Emissions
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA. 5
-------
With: Total National Emissions and Removals
Add numbers (1,2, 3 ...) to all rows under "1A Fuel Combustion" and "IB Fugitive Fuel Emission".
The rows of the table will then appear as follows:
Summary Report for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Part I)
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
Total National Emissions and Removals
1 All Energy..
A Fuel Combustion
1 Energy and Transformation Industries
2 Industry (ISIC)
B Fugitive Fuel Emission
1 Oil and Natural Gas
2 Coal Mining
Last paragraph on the page. Revise the first sentence as follows:
Replace: It is important to provide as thorough an understanding of the uncertainties involved that
when estimates are
With: It is important to provide as thorough an understanding as possible of the uncertainties when
national estimates are
Revise the fourth sentence as follows:
Replace: This Annex provides some initial suggestions for developing qualitative
With: This Annex provides some initial suggestions for developing quantitative
p.A1.2
Revise the first paragraph, first sentence as follows:
Replace: Use of the IPCC methodology
With: Use of the IPCC Reporting Instructions.
Delete the last sentence in the first paragraph which starts "The methodologies correspond to
the ......... ".
p. A1.4
Table Al-1, in the row: C02, Land Use Change and Forestry - delete the upper row of numbers "[+/-
33%], [
p. A1.5
In the 2 formulae on this page complete square root signs should be shown
In the first formula, the entire quantity (Ue2 + UA2) should be under the square root sign.
In the second formula, the entire quantity (Uxj2 . Q2) should be under the square root sign.
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA. 6
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p. A2.3
Revise the following headings of "Table A2-1 Correspondences between IPCC and CORTNAIR Main
source categories":
2 Industrial Processes
5 Land Use Change and Forestry
REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS CORRIGENDA . 7
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PREFACE
Signature of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC
by around ISO countries in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 indicated widespread
recognition that climate change is a potentially major threat to the world's
environment and economic development Human activities have substantially
increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, thus perturbing
the earth's radiative balance. According to projections from climate models,
a global rise of temperature is a likely consequence. The potential impacts of
climate change such as sea level rises and changes in local climate conditions
- such as temperatures and precipitation patterns - could have important
negative impacts on the socio-economic development of many countries.
The ultimate objective of the Convention is the stabilisation of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level
is to be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt
naturally to climate change.. The Convention also calls for all Parties to
commit themselves to three objectives:
• To develop, update periodically, publish, and make available to the
Conference of Parties their national inventories of anthropogenic
emissions of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol.
• To use comparable methodologies for inventories of greenhouse gas
emissions and removals, to be agreed upon by the Conference of
Parties.
• To formulate, implement, publish and update regularly national
programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change by
addressing anthropogenic emissions.
The IPCC Guidelines are intended to assist the Parties directly in
implementing the first two of these requirements. They have been under
developed for several years, in anticipation of this need.
By the time of the Second World Climate Conference in Geneva in October
- November 1990, the need for a standard methodology for compiling
national emission inventories was obvious. Under the auspices of the
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the
International Energy Agency (IEA), with support from the USA,1 the UK and.
Norway, an initial compendium of methods was compiled. This document
covered six direct and indirect greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide, methane,
PREFACE.I
-------
PREFACE
nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and non-methane volatile
organic compounds. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other substances
already accounted for under the Montreal Protocol were intentionally
excluded from the compendium. The document was discussed in detail by a
meeting of experts (including many representatives of non-OECD countries)
in Paris in February 1991. It was then adopted in a slightly modified form at
the fifth session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
in March 1991 as the starting point for a set of IPCC guidelines to be used
by countries drawing up national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions
and removals.
The IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories consist of three
volumes: the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions, the Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Workbook and the Greenhouse Cos Inventory Reference Manual.
Development of the Guidelines has been undertaken by the Scientific
Assessment Working Group (WGI) of the IPCC, working in close
collaboration with the OECD and the IEA under the 1PCC/OECD
programme on emissions inventories. The objectives of the programme are:
• to develop and refine an internationally agreed methodology and
software for calculation and reporting of national net emissions.
• to encourage widespread use of the methodology by countries
participating in the IPCC and Parties to the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change.
• to establish procedures and a data management system for collection,
review and reporting of national data.
In the Guidelines, default methods and assumptions have been developed for
characterising the major sources and sinks of greenhouse gases. Other more
detailed methods are also discussed. Countries have the option of using
various methods and levels of detail depending on their own needs and
capabilities. The IPCC/OECD Guidelines also provide a common reporting
and documentation framework for all inventories. This will allow for
comparison of these methodologically diverse national estimates.
The Guidelines include simple, default methods and assumptions covering the
major sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, and also discuss more detailed
methods. Countries have the option of using various methods and levels of
detail depending on their own needs and capabilities. The Guidelines also
provide a common reporting and documentation framework for all
inventories. This is needed to allow for consistent comparison of national
estimates even though they may have been prepared with varying methods.
It is essential that these Guidelines are internationally agreed upon, and
considerable effort has been expended to ensure this result. The draft
methodology has been discussed, evaluated and refined through a
international process which has included:
• wide dissemination of early drafts and collection of comments from
national experts
• testing of methods through development of preliminary inventories
About thirty-five countries around the world have submitted some
national data, developed using a range of approaches, including the draft
IPCC methodology
PREFACE.!
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PREFACE
• country studies which ensure that methods are tested in a wide variety
of national contexts
The IPCC/OECD programme gives technical support to the greenhouse
gas inventory components of the country study projects sponsored by
UNEP, the Asian Development Bank, individual countries, etc.
Objectives include development of national capacity to carry out
emissions inventories and testing of the draft IPCC methods. Over
thirty countries are currently working on country studies with support
from various donors.
• technical workshops held in several locations including Western Europe,
Africa, Latin America and Central Europe
• informal expert groups convened to recommend improvements on
specific aspects of et methodology
The results of all the above activities have been considered in development
of the current draft IPCC Guidelines. From this point, the work of the
IPCC/OECD programme will continue on two parallel paths.
I The draft Guidelines are being circulated world-wide, in six UN languages
for an extensive by national and other technical experts. This process
will allow for incorporation of any further improvements necessary for
international acceptance and is scheduled to result in approved IPCC
Guidelines by November, 1994 and publication by the end of 1994. The
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework
Convention on Climate Change (INC/FCCC) is undertaking a
simultaneous review of the draft Guidelines and will make
recommendations regarding their use in connection with the UNFCCC.
2 Work is continuing on development of improved methods which can be
proposed, review and approved by the IPCC over a longer time
horizon. This will allow additions to the methodology where current
gaps are recognized. For example, some gases (e.g., hydrofluorocarbons
- MFCs, tetrafluoromethane - CF4, sulphur hexafluoride - SF6) not
covered in the current draft will need to be added to the current
methodology. Other gases (.e.g. nitrous oxide) need to be given a more
complete treatment in future supplements to the current Guidelines.
Finally, all of the currently proposed methodologies need to be
reviewed in light of evolving scientific understanding and updated where
appropriate.
Work on both these paths will continue until at least the end of 1994, and
will continue to be supported by all of the mechanisms for international
communication and consensus (e.g. expert groups, workshops, country
studies) discussed above. The scope and timing of future updates to the
IPCC Guidelines will be determined over the next several months based upon
guidance from the IPCC and in consultation with the INC/IPCC.
PREFACE.3
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CONTENTS
I Using the IPCC Guidelines
I. I Using the Reporting Instructions I -2
1.2 Underlying Principles I -2
2 Understanding the Common Reporting Framework
2.1 Source/sink categories ; 2-2
2.2 Fuel Categories 2-13
2.3 Reporting major sources at differing levels of detail 2-15
2.4 Standard summary tables 2-16
3 Reporting The National Inventory
How To Report Your Inventory 3-1
Minimum Data Tables
Minimum Data Tables I Energy TABLES-3
Minimum Data Tables 2 Industrial Processes TABLES-17
Minimum Data Tables 3 Solvents TABLES-19
Minimum Data Tables 4 Agriculture TABLES-21
Minimum Data Tables 5 Land use change and Forestry. TABLES-31
Minimum Data Tables 6 Waste. TABLES-55
Summary Report for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories™ TABLES-59
Short Summary Report for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories TABLES-67
Overview Table for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories TABLES-71
Explanation Of Disaggregation Key. „ TABLES-73
CONTENTS.I
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CONTENTS
Annex I
Managing uncertainties in the IPCC/OECD methodology
A I . I Sources of Uncertainty. [[[ A I -2
A 1 .2 Procedures for Quantifying Uncertainty. [[[ A I -4
AI.3 Implications [[[ AI-6
&L I A RgfpppncGS • ...... ..*....».... •.......••••>••••*••»» ..... .................,............. ..... .................. A I ~D
Annex 2
IPCC and CORINAiR Source Categories
A2.1 Origins [[[ A2-I
A2.2 Applications [[[ A2-2
-------
I
USING THE IPCC GUIDELINES
This document is one volume of the IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The series consists of three books:
• THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
• THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY WORKBOOK
• THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REFERENCE MANUAL
These books together provide the range of information needed to plan,
carry out and report results of a national inventory using the IPCC system.
The Reporting Instructions (Volume I) provide step-by-step directions for
assembling, documenting and transmitting completed national inventory data
consistently, regardless of the method used to produce the estimates. These
instructions are intended for all users of the IPCC Guidelines and provide
the primary means of ensuring that all reports are consistent and
comparable.
The Workbook (Volume 2) contains suggestions about planning and getting
started on a national inventory for participants who do not have a national
inventory available already and are not experienced in producing such
inventories. It also contains step-by-step instructions for calculating
emissions of carbon dioxide (CC>2) and methane (CH4) (also some other
trace gases) from six major emission source categories. It is intended to
help experts in as many countries as possible to start developing inventories
and become active participants in the IPCC/OECD programme.
The Reference Manual (Volume 3) provides a compendium of information on
methods for estimation of emissions for a broader range of greenhouse
gases and a complete list of source types for each. It summarizes a range of
possible methods for many source types. It also provides summaries of the
scientific basis for the inventory methods recommended and gives extensive
references to the technical literature. It is intended to help participants at all
levels of experience to understand the processes which cause greenhouse
gas emissions and the estimation methods used in compiling inventories.
The three books are designed to be used together and include these
features:
• all three volumes use an identical arrangement and numbering by source
category for ease of cross reference
• all the books have a common index which allows you to follow up all
references to a topic
(The common index will be included in the final, approved version but
not in the December 1993 review draft)
• icons in the margin of each book indicate the source category
• colour coding on the page indicates source category.
(Colour will be included in the final, approved version but not in the
December 1993 review draft.)
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INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
Before you start...
This diagram explains the stages needed to make a national inventory which
meets IPCC standards.
Do you have a detailed
National inventory?
Yes
Aggregate/transform
data and put into
standard format
Do you want to use
IPCC Computer Software?
Reporting
recommendations
- documentation
- verification
- uncertainty
Ref. manual
Final National Inventory
l.la
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INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
The stages are:
Question I
Do you have a detailed national inventory?
Answer: Yes
If your country already has a complete national inventory, you should
transform the data it contains into a form suitable for use by IPCC. This
means transforming it into a standard format. In order to do this, use
Volume I of the IPCC Guidelines, Reporting Instructions. This gives details of the
way in which data should be reported and documented.
Answer: No
You should start to plan your inventory and assemble the data you will need
to complete the Worksheets in this book. Refer to the Getting Stoned
section of this Workbook.
Question 2
Do you want to use the IPCC computer software?
Answer: Yes
If you want to use the IPCC software, you will still follow the instructions
are included in the Workbook to assemble the data you have collected into
an inventory (see margin box). You will use the software instead of the
printed worksheets to enter data.
Answer: No
If you do not use the IPCC software, use the Workbook and the Worksheets
it contains to assemble the data you have collected into an inventory.
Finally...
Inventory data should be returned to IPCC in die form recommended in the
Reporting instructions. It is important that, where you have used a
methodology other than the IPCC Default Methodology, it is properly
documented. This will ensure that national inventories can be aggregated and
compared in a systematic way in order to produce a coherent regional and
global picture.
General Notes on the Guidelines
I The flow diagram above is intended as a simple schematic to illustrate
the different types of users (working at different levels of inventory
detail) and how they should be able to use the various volumes of the
Guidelines. You should recognise that reality is more complex than this
simplest explanatory chart Many countries may have some parts of the
inventory complete at a high level of detail but may only be getting
started on other parts. It is quite likely that some users will need to do
several iterations of the thinking process reflected in the diagram with
regard to different parts of their inventory.
2 Throughout the Guidelines there is an intentional double-counting of
carbon released from human activities. On one hand, COj is calculated
based on the assumption that all of the carbon in original fuel, biomass,
soils etc. which oxidizes produces CO2. For combustion sources,
Lib
-------
INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
however, methods are also provided to estimate portions of the original
carbon which are released as CH4 and CO. The primary reason for
double counting this is that carbon is that carbon released as CH^ or
CO is eventually converted to CO2 in the atmosphere. This occurs in
less than 15 years, which is short relative to the 100+ years lifetime of
C©2 in the atmosphere. Therefore carbon emitted as CH^ and CO can
have two effects. First, in the form initially emitted, and, second, as part
of long term CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere. In order to have a
very precise estimate of the actual emissions of carbon species for a
given year (i.e. as input to a complex atmospheric model) you should
subtract carbon in reported CH^ and CO from CO2 to get net annual
CO2 emissions.
Many of the categories of greenhouse gas emissions and removals can
only be estimated with large ranges of uncertainty. Quite naturally,
some national experts have developed methods which are designed to
produce ranges of estimates rather than point estimates for highly
uncertain categories.. The IPCC Guidelines, however, require that users
provide a single point estimate for each gas and emissions/removal
category. This is simply to make the task of compilation, comparison and
evaluation of national reports manageable. Users are encouraged to
provide uncertainty ranges or other statements of confidence or quality
along with the point estimates. The procedures for reporting
uncertainty information are discussed in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Reporting Instructions.
1.1C
-------
INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
I.I Using the Reporting Instructions
If you are engaged in making a national inventory you should read the
Reporting Instructions. Even if you already have made an inventory, or have
started to do so, and are simply reporting existing data to IPCC, you should
still read them. These instructions provide the primary means of ensuring
that all reports are consistent, transparent and comparable. The rest of the
chapters in this book are as follows:
Chapter 2: Understanding the Common Reporting Framework contains a listing
of the source categories you should use when reporting sources and sinks.
Each of the categories is further broken down into sub categories and given
a definition if necessary. It also contains a listing of the basic fuel categories,
and descriptions of the minumum data tables and summary tables used for
reporting an inventory in IPCC format.
Chapter 3: Reporting the National Inventory contains step-by-step instructions
for completing the Summary Worksheets which are used to bring together
and make a record of the estimates which have been made in your own
inventory or in using the Worksheets in the Workbook.
Annex I: Managing uncertainties in the IPCC/OECD methodology provides
guidance on the theoretical considerations involved in taking account of
uncertainties in creating an inventory.
Annex 2: IPCC and CORINAIR Source Categories looks at the ways in which
data assembled for the CORINAIR inventory conducted by the Commission
of the European Communities and IPCC data relate to each other.
At the end of this book you will find the Standard Tables which you use to
compile and pull together data from your national greenhouse gas inventory
into IPCC reporting format.
Finally, having completed the Summary Tables, you can transfer the key data
to the Overview Table which enables you to take a synoptic view of the
results of the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory.
1.2 Underlying Principles
The IPCC Guidelines allow for the use of a range of methods at different
levels of detail, including methods which are appropriate to specific national
conditions. Default methods and assumptions are povided for calculating the
major sources and sinks of greenhouse gases at the minimum credible level
of detail. More detailed methods are also discussed in the Guidelines and
national experts are encouraged to work at a more detailed level wherever
this is possible and likely to produce more accurate national estimates. In
some cases, national experts may choose to use an entirely different
methodology if they believe this better reflects their national situation.
Common reporting instructions are therefore needed to accommodate
inventories developed at different levels of detail and (potentially) different
methods. The objective of the instructions is to establish minimum
requirements for reporting data which allow for comparison and
identification of differences in inventory construction (transparency). For this
reason the IPCC recommends that all users of these Guidelines follow the
1.2
-------
INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
Reporting Instructions explicitly when they communicate their national
inventories to the IPCC or other international bodies.
Several main principles underlie the IPCC Reporting Instructions:
• Common Reporting Framework
The core of the reporting system is the establishment and use of a
standard table format using common source/sink categories and
common fuel categories. Common definitions of pollutants, units, and
time intervals are necessary. Emission inventory results and all main
assumptions (in summary form) should be transmitted using the
standard tables, which can be adapted to the level of detail appropriate
for the reporting country. Use of these reporting conventions will not
only enhance the comparability of data, it will facilitate the speed with
which inventories can be processed, made available in summary form,
aggregated and reviewed internationally.
• Documentation Standards
Documentation standards are necessary to ensure transparency of
national inventories and hence to allow the inventory to be reviewed.
By providing the necessary documentation, the comparability of
national inventories can also be evaluated. The IPCC therefore
recommends that along with GHG emission results countries submit a
description of the method used, any definitions, activity data and
emissions factors, as well as other relevant assumptions that cannot be
summarised in table form. Enough data should be provided to allow a
third party to reconstruct the inventory from national activity data and
assumptions (the working definition of transparency). To limit the
volume of data to be provided, documentation should focus on
describing fully any differences in method and assumptions from the
IPCC default method.
• Verification and Uncertainty Assessment
To improve the quality of inventory data and to help assess the
uncertainty surrounding estimates, IPCC Reporting Instructions
recommend that inventories be verified through the use of a set of
simple checks for completeness and accuracy of submissions. These
checks can be performed centrally, although it is preferable for the
countries to do as much as possible themselves. The recommended
procedures include:
- checking for arithmetic errors
- assessing whether the estimate for each gas is complete
- reviewing the validity of methods used to estimate each gas by main
source activity (where they differ from default methods)
— comparing emission estimates against results using the default
method and default assumptions
- checking activity data and emission factors against independently
published estimates
- simple cross-country comparisons of emission factors.
1.3
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INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
Finally, uncertainty assessment should also be conducted as far as
possible and summarised for each major part of the inventory.
Conceptual guidance for the assessment of the uncertainty of emission
estimates are provided in Annex I Managing Uncertainties. Other
approaches to describing uncertainty associated with point estimates of
emissions and removals are also possible. Whether you use one of the
approaches provided by the IPCC or another approach, you should
include an uncertainty discussion in your inventory submission.
Each of these three principles is addressed in more detail in the following
chapters.
1.4
-------
UNDERSTANDING THE COMMON
REPORTING FRAMEWORK
This chapter contains a listing of the source categories you should use
when reporting sources and sinks. Each of the categories is further
broken down into sub categories and given a definition if necessary.
The six categories are:
• Energy
• Industrial Processes
• Solvent Use
• Agriculture
• Land Use Change and Forestry
• Waste
The categories are reflected in the six main chapters in the Workbook
and the Reference Manual.
The chapter also contains a list of the fuel categories you should use
when reporting an inventory.
Finally, it also contains the principles underlying the standard tables for
reporting national inventories. You can find the tables at the end of this
book.
2.1
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
2.1 Source/sink categories
• Users of the IPCC Guidelines are requested to estimate and report all
anthropogenic sources and sinks of greenhouse gases. The
recommended list of source and sink categories is provided below. The
proposed categories are designed to include all major source and sink
activities for each pollutant for the majority of countries.
• The list of categories is intended to provide complete coverage of all
possible anthropogenic sources and sinks of the main greenhouse gases.
Some countries may find that it is not complete for their purposes and
therefore choose to report an additional source or sink activity or
additional gases. If adding new categories in the appropriate "other"
category, the country should explain what precisely is included. The
source and sink categories will be modified and updated as new
information becomes available.
• Recognizing that IPCC needs to accommodate other existing inventory
programmes, Annex 2 IPCC & CORINAIR Source Categories provides details
of correspondences with CORINAIR, a programme developed by the
Commission of European Communities for use in Europe.
SOURCE/SINK CATEGORY
TOTAL NATIONAL
EMISSIONS &
REMOVALS
1
2
3
4
5
6
ENERGY
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
SOLVENT USE
AGRICULTURE
LAND USE CHANGE
& FORESTRY
WASTE
DEFINITION OF EMISSION SOURCE / SINK
ACTIVITY
Total emissions and removals, by greenhouse gas, of all
categories listed below.
[Sum of 1 through 6)
Total emission of all greenhouse gases from energy activities
(fuel combustion as well as fuel production, transport,
storage and distribution).
Sum of categories 1 A and B.
Total emission from industrial process where greenhouse
gases are a by-product of the various production processes.
Emission are produced from the process and exclude
greenhouse gases from the combustion of energy used
during the production process (reported under 1 above).
These emissions should be reported by ISIC activity, with
separate detail of the particular production process noted
where possible. Some of the identified source processes are
identified below.
Sum of categories 2 A, B, C, D, E & F.
This category pertains mainly to NMVOC emission resulting
from the use of solvents and other products containing
volatile organic compounds.
Describes all anthropogenic emissions from this sector. Fuel
combustion emissions from the agricultural sector are
covered in Energy module (1 A).
Sum of all agriculture categories 4 A, B, C, D, E & F.
Total emission and removals from forest and land use
change activities as described below.
Sum of categories 5 A, B, C, D, E & F.
Total emissions and removals from waste management
Sum of categories 6 A, B & C.
mssmsaemm
2.2
-------
I ENERGY
Total emission of all greenhouse gasses from energy activities (fuel
combustion as well as fuel production, transport, storage and distribution).
Sum of categories IA and B.
IA FUEL COMBUSTION
ACTIVITIES
Total emissions of all greenhouse gases from all fuel combustion activities as
described further below. CO2 emissions from combustion of biomass fuels
are not included in tptals fro the energy sector. They may not be net
emissions if the biomass is sustainably produced. If biomass is harvested at an
unsustainable rate (that is, faster than annual regrowth), net COj emissions
will show up as loss of biomass stocks in the Land Use Change and Forestry
module. Other greenhouse gases from biomass fuel combustion are
considered net emissions and are reported under Energy. Fuel combustion
emissions should also include emissions from international bunker fuels,
although it is recognised that a procedure for allocating these emissions may
be agreed upon at some point in the future. (SumofIA I tolAS)
I A I ENERGY AND
TRANSFORMATION
INDUSTRIES
Energy and transformation comprises emissions from fuels combusted by
the energy producing industries and the conversion of primary forms of
energy to secondary forms and further transformation (eg. coking coal to
coke, crude oil to petroleum products, heavy fuel oil to electricity).
Cdniprises anissionsfrom all fuel use for electricity generation from public,
private, and industrial generation units, except where it is combined heat and
...-.-.."-... ,7 power.; .• • ':'-.-: ; - " , " • .
i PUbfc Electricity Publicly or privately owned power plants which supply primarily to public
utility grids.
| A, I a Electricit)'
Generation
ii Industrial!
Auto-generation
I A I b Combined Heat
and Power Genr
eration (CHP)
i PUbfc
ii Auto
I A I c District Heating
Industry owned power plants for primarily own use of electricity, but
electricity may be sold to the public grid.
Production of heat and power at a single facility; co-generation.
Publicly owned facilities.
Privately or industry owned facilities, for on-site use or resale to other
consumers and to all kinds of heat distribution enterprises.
Include all heat generation (except CHP) from public, private and industrial
generation units for on-site use or resale to other consumers and to all kinds
of heat generation enterprises.
I A I d Petroleum Refining All combustion activities from the refining of petroleum products. Does not
include evaporative emissions, which should be reported separately under I
& below.
I A I e Solid Fuel
Production
IAI f Other-Energy
Industries
Combustion emissions arising from energy use during the production of
coke, brown coal briquettes and patent fuel.
Combustion emissions arising from the energy producing industries own
(on-site) energy use. This includes the emissions from own-energy use |h
coal mining and oil and gas extraction, and electricity generation. This also
includes combustion emission arising from the use of energy during the .
production of gaseous fuel (eg. blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, gas works
2.3
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
I A 2 INDUSTRY Emissions from final consumption of fuels in industry; implies that ftiel
(ISIC - 2ND REVISION) consumed for transformation and for own use of the energy producing
industries is excluded. Emissions from the industry sector should be
specified by sub-sectors that correspond to the International Standard
Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Energy used for
transport by industry is not reported here but under Transport (I A 3
below). For each country, the largest fuel consuming industrial categories
(ISIC) should be reported. A suggested list of categories is outlined below.
I A2 a Iron and Steel (371)
I A 2 b Non-Ferrous Metals (372)
IA2 c Chemicals (35)
I A 2 d Pulp, paper and Print (34)
I A 2 e Food processing, beverages and tobacco (31)
I A 2 f Other (and / or The remaining emissions from fuel combustion in industry should be
non-specified) reported here. Please specify what is reported, as far as possible by ISIC
categories.
I A 3 TRANSPORT
I A3 a Air
Transportation
i International
Aviation
(Bunkers)
ii Other
I A3 b Road
Transportation
i Passenger cars
Passenger cars
with3-way
catalysts
Passenger cars
without 3-way
catalysts
ii Light Duty
Trucks
Emissions from the combustion and evaporation of fuel for all transport
activity, regardless of the sector, specified by sub-sectors as follows.
Emissions from international civil aviation and domestic air transport
(commercial, private, agricultural, etc.) Exclude airline use of fuel for road
transport which is reported under f A 3 b Road Transportation (below).
Portion of I A 3 a Air Transportation (above) that is international civil aviation
only.
For other inventory purposes, landing and take off (LTO) cycle emissions are
often considered as domestic emissions. For the purpose of greenhouse gas
emissions inventories, fuel used during landing and take off in international
aviation are considered to be Bunkers.
Emission from air transport fuel combustion not considered to be bunkers.
All combustion and evaporative emissions arisingfrom fuel use in road
vehicles, including agricultural highway use. Evaporative emissions are
included here because they need to be estimated with the same activity data
as necessary for combustion source emissions. Specify by sub-category
where possible as shown below.
Automobiles designated primarily for transport of persons and having a
capacity of 12 persons or fewer. Gross vehicle weight rating of 3900 kg or
less.
Portion of passenger car emissions (above) from vehicles with 3-way
catalysts (for NOX control).
Portion of passenger car emissions (above) from vehicles without 3-way
catalysts (for NOX control).
Automobiles designated primarily transportation of cargo or which are
equipped with special such as four-wheel drive for off-road operation with a
gross vehicle weight of 3900 kg or less.
2.4
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
Light duty trucks
with 3-way
catalysts
Light duty trucks
without
3-way catalysts
iii Heavy Duty
Trucks and
Buses
N Motorcycles
I A3 c Railways
I A 3 d Internal Navigation
I A3 e International
Marine (Bunkers)
fA3 f Other
Transportation
Portion of Light Duty Truck emission (above) from vehicles with 3-way
catalysts (for NOX control).
Portion of Light Duty Truck emission (above) from vehicles with 3-way
catalysts (for NOX control).
Any diesel or gasoline fuel vehicle rated at more than 3900 kg gross vehicle
weight or designed to carry more than 11 passengers at a time.
Any motor vehicle designed to travel with not more than three wheels in
contact with the ground and weighing less than 680 kg.
include emissions from both freight and passenger traffic routes.
All internal and coastal navigation, including small craft and fishing vessels not
included under International Marine Bunkers.
Comprises emissions related to fuels burned by sea-going ships of all flags,
including fishing vessels, these emissions should be included, for the time
being, in national totals.
All remaining transport activities excluding pipeline transportation and
military transport
(see f A T'other, below).
I A 4 COMMERCIAL/
iNSTTnjnONAL
Emission from fuel combustion in commercial and institutional buildings. (All
activities included in ISIC categories 4103,42,6,719,72,8, and 91 -96)
I AS RESIDENTIAL
All emissions from fuel combustion in households.
IA6 AGRICULTURE/
FORESTRY
Emissions from fuel combustion in agriculture or forestry. This includes
traction vehicles, pump fuel use, grain drying, horticultural greenhouses and
other agriculture or forestry related fuel use. (Activities included in ISIC
categories 11, 12, 1302). Highway agricultural transportation is excluded.
I A7 OTHER
All remaining emissions from non-specified energy combustion except from
wood and vegetal fuel use (see below). Include emissions from military fuel
IA8 TRADITIONAL BIOMASS
BURNED FOR ENERGY
(Unallocated to sub-
sectors)
Emissions of CO2, CH4, CO, N20, NOx and NMVOC from the burning of
wood, charcoal, bagasse and agricultural wastes, among other vegetal fuels.
(CO2 emissions should not be*included in totals of national emissions form
energy. If there is non-sustainable use of biomass fuels, emissions should be
accounted for in loss of biomass tsocks and reported in the Land Use Change
and Forestry module.)
I B FUGITIVE FUEL EMISSIONS
Total "fugitive'r emissions of CO2 and Ofy from fuel production,
transmission, storage and distribution (as noted below). (Sum of IB I and
IB2)
I B I OIL AND NATURAL GAS Total non-combustion or fugitive emissions - primarily CH4, but also CC>2
and NMVOC - from oil, gas, and LNG production and processing, storage
and distribution. These categories generically coven fugitive emissions;
equipment exhaust (non-combustion); upsets and mishaps. All are fugitive
(evaporative) emissions with the exception of flaring. Flaring is the single
exception where fugitive fuel combustion emissions are being accounted for.
2.5
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
I BI a Oil
i Oil Production
ii 0/7
Transportation
Hi Off Refining/
Storage
iv Distribution of
Oil Products
I Bl b Gas
i Production
ii Processing
iii Transmission
iv Gas Distribution
Pjpelnes
I Bl c Oil and Gas
Production
Leaks, venting or flaring emfssions from systems used to bring crude oil and
raw gas streams from the wells to cdjection points on the production field.
Because oil and gas are frequently produced simultaneously from the same
geologic formation, it is not always possible to separate the emissions from
oil from those of gas in the production phase.
Emissions from the production of oil only.
Emissions from leaks and venting of crude oil in transport.
Emissions from the refining of oil and from storage in tanks afterwards.
Transport and handling of oil products, especially gasoline and diesel fuels can
result in evaporative (fugitive) emissions, primarily of NMVOCs.
Emissions from the production of gas.
Emissions from leaks during the processing of natural gas to produce
products with specific characteristics.
Emissions from leaks in the high-pressure transmission lines which transport
gas from production fields, processing plants, storage facilities, and other
sources over long distances to distribution centres or large volume
customers. Transmission lines, buried or above ground facilities and
metering stations, maintenance facilities, and compressor stations, which
support the system, and may emit greenhouse gases due to leakage
Emissions from leaks in the extensive networks of small diameter, low
pressure pipelines used to distribute gas within cities or towns. This includes
the gate stations where the pressure is reduced for entry into the local
distribution system.
Emissions from the production of oil and associated gas (when the: twa
cannot be separated). _ ' : , •, ;-
I B2 COALMINING
I B2 a Underground
/Mines
i Underground
Mines -Mining
octfvities
ii Underground
Mines-Post -
Mining activities
I B,2 b Surface Mines
i Surface Alines -
Mining activities
ii Surface Alines -
Post-Mining
Activities
Total release of methane during coal mining and post-mining activities. The
release of methane is caused by the release of pressure on the coal due to
mining, and by the exposure of the surface of the coal. (Does not include
fuel used during coal mining).
Total emissions from underground mining and post mining activities.
Emissions from underground mines, brought to the surface by ventilation
systems. Systems which recover some of the emissions and use the gas as
fuel, or flare it, should be accounted for here.
Emissions from coal after extraction from the ground, during preparation,
transportation, storage, or final crushing prior to combustion.
f o)al emissions from surface mining and post mining activities.
Emissions primarily from the exposed coal surfaces and coal rubble, but also
emissions associated with the release of pressure on the coal.
Emissions from coal after extraction from the ground, during preparation,
transportation, storage, or final crushing prior to combustion.
2.6
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
2 INDUSTRIAL Total emissions of a" greenhouse gases from industrial process where
pp/-»f pccpc greenhouse gases are a by-product of the various production processes.
rKV/v.caaca Emission are produced from the process and exclude greenhouse gases
from the combustion of energy used during the production process
(reported under 1 above). These emissions should be reported by ISIC
activity, with separate detail of the particular production process noted
where possible. Some of the identified source processes are identified
below.
2A
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F
IRON AND STEEL [[Definitions to be supplied]]
NON-FERROUS
METALS
2 B 1 ALUMINIUM
PRODUCTION
2 B 2 OTHER
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
2C 1 NITRIC ACID
PRODUCTION
2 C 2 FERTILIZER
PRODUCTION
2 C 3 OTHER
ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
2 D 1 ADIPIC ACID
2D2 OTHER
NON-METALLIC
MINERAL PRODUCTS
2 E 1 CEMENT
2 E 2 LIME
2 E 3 OTHER
OTHER (ISIC) ' , '
2.7
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
3 SOLVENT USE This category pertains mainly to NMVOC emission resulting from the
use of solvents and other products containing volatile organic
compounds.
3A
3B
3C
3D
PAINT APPLICATION , ;
DECREASING & DRY
CLEANING
CHEMICAL ...-.;•-
PRODUCTS,
MANUFACTURE &
PROCESSING ;.."
OTHER
2.8
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
AGRICULTURE
Describes all anthropogenic emissions from this sector. Fuel combustion
emissions from the agricultural sector are covered in Energy module (I A).
Sum of all agriculture categories (4 A, B, C, D, E, F).
4 A ENTERIC ,
FERMENTATION
> Methane production from herbivores as a by-product of enteric
* fermentation, a digestive process by which carbohydrates are broken down
- by micro-organisms* into simple molecules for absorption into the
bloodstream. Both ruminant (e.g. cattle, sheep) and non-ruminant animals
(e.g. pigs, horses) produce CH.4, although ruminants are the largest source
(per unit of feed intake).
4 A I CATTLE
4AI a Beef
4 A I b Dairy
4 A 2 GOATS
4 A 3 SHEEP
4A4 PIGS
4A5 HORSES/MULES/ASSES
4 A 6 BUFFALO
4 A 7 CAMELS AND LLAMAS
4 A 8 OTHER
Please specify
4B ANIMAL WASTES
Methane is produced from the decomposition of manure under anaerobic
conditions. These conditions often occur when large numbers of animals are
managed in a confined area (eg. dairy farms, beef feedlots, and swine and
poultry farms), where manure is typically stored in large piles or disposed of
in lagoons.
4 A I CATTLE
4AI a Beef
4 A 1 b Dairy
4 A 2 GOATS
4 A 3 SHEEP
4A4 PIGS
4 A 5 HORSES / MULES / ASSES
4 A 6 BUFFALO
4A7 CAMELS&LLAMAS
4 A 8 POULTRY
4 A 9 OTHER
2.9
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
4C
4D
4E
4F
4G
RICE CULTIVATION
4 C 1 FLOODED REGIME
4 C 2 INTERMITTENT
REGIME
4 C 3 OTHER
AGRICULTURAL
SOILS
Sub-categories may be added
here as the method evolves.
AGRICULTURAL
WASTE BURNING
4 E 1 CEREALS
4 E 2 PULSE
4 E 3 TUBER AND ROOT
4E4 SUGARCANE
4 E 5 OTHER
SAVANNA BURNING
OTHER
Methane production from the anaerobic decomposition of organic material
in flooded rice fields produces methane, which escapes to the atmosphere
by ebullition (bubbling up) through the water column, diffusion across the
water/air interface, and transport through the rice plants. It is suggested that
these emissions be reported by the irrigation regime sub-categories below.
Any N2O emissions from the use of nitrogen based fertilizers in rice
cultivation should be reported under 4 D Agricuftura/ Soib.
Methane from fields inundated with water for the duration of the growing
season.
Methane from fields under water only intermittently, either when water is
not readily available (managed irrigation), or when rains do not maintain
flooded conditions throughout the growing season.
Please specify.
Sinks and sources of CH4 and N2O from agricultural soils. These sources
may relate to quantity of nitrogenous organic fertilizer use, irrigation
practices, and climatic variables (e.g. soil temperature and humidity). Any
N2O emissions from the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in rice cultivation
should be reported here.
Emission of non-COj greenhouse gases from burning of (in the field) crop
residue and other agricultural wastes on site. These include woody crop
residues (e.g. coconut shells, jute sticks, etc.); cereal residues (e.g. rice and
wheat straw, maize stalks, etc.); green crop residues (e.g. groundnut straw,
soybean tops, etc.). The burning of agricultural waste for energy is excluded
here but included under fuel combustion activities in section 1 A 8. At this
time, CO2 from vegetal or biomass burning is noted for information but is
not included in the inventory total, since it is assumed that a roughly
equivalent amount of CO2 is removed by regrowth of the next crop.
Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from cereal crops harvested
for dry grain, including but not limited to wheat, barley, maize, oats, rye, rice,
millet and sorghum.
Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from pulse crops harvested
for dry grain, including but not limited to pea, bean and soya.
Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from tuber and root crops,
including but not limited to potatoes, feedbeet, sugarbeet, girasol (Jerusalem
artichoke) and peanut
Emissions from the on-site burning of sugar cane crop residue.
Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from crops not included
above.
Emissions of CH^, CO, NjO, and NOxfrom the burning of savannas -
tropical and subtropical formations with continuous grass cover, occasionally
_ interrupted by trees and shrubs, which exist in Africa, Latin America, Asia,
and Australia1- 'to control the growth of vegetation, to get rid of weeds and
pests, to promote the nutrient cycle, and to encourage the growth of new
grass for animal grazing. CC<2 from savanna burning is noted for information
but is not included in the inventory total since it is assumed that equvalent
amount of COj is removed by regrowing vegetation over the next year.
Describe each emission source/sink in detail.
2.10
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
LAND USE CHANGE
& FORESTRY
Total emissions and removals from forest and land use change activities as
described below. (Sum of5A,B,CD,E,F)
5 A FOREST CLEARING
Time period is an important element
in e&iJhletting emissions riwnvmariy of
these categories. For example, the
IPCC default method recommends
' time periods of 10 years for btomass
decay and 20 years for soil carbon
toss estimates. ,
Emissions and removals of CO2, CHL}, CO, N2O, and NOX from the
burning and decay of biomass and from the disturbance of soil due to
cultivation or tilling of land, where these activities are associated with the
conversion of forest by clearing to permanent cropland or pasture.
5 A I TROPICAL
5AI a Closedltorest
5 A I b Open Forest
Emissions from both closed and open tropical forests as defined below.
A closed forest is dense forest with closed canopy through which sunlight
does not penetrate sufficiently for grasses to, grow on the forest floor. These
forests contain a' significantly greater amount of biomass per hectare than
open forests.
Open forests are less dense than closed forests, do not have a closed
canopy and have grasses growing on the forest floor. These forests contain
less biomass per hectare than closed forests.
5 A 2 TEMPERATE
Emissions from primary and secondary deciduous and evergreen forests.
SAB BOREAL
Emissions from primary and secondary boreal forests.
5 B CONVERSION OF
GRASSLANDS TO
CULTIVATED LANDS
Emissions of CO2 from the conversion of grasslands to cultivated lands due
to the disturbance of the soil and resultant oxidation of the soil carbon.
5 C LOGGING /
MANAGED FORESTS
COj from the decay of products of logging, e,g. paper, lumber for
construction,' etc, and from the decay of biomass damaged or killed in the
logging process. These emissions are at least partially countered by the
regroyvth of biomass. Afforestation.is included in this category.
5 C I TROPICAL Emissions and removals from the logging/regrowth of closed broadleaf,
closed coniferous, and open forests, as well as of other tropical forests.
5 C 2 TEMPERATE Emissions and removals from the logging/regrowth of temperate forests,
including: commercial evergreen, commercial deciduous and other non-
commercial forests.
5 C 3 BOREAL
Emissions and removals from the logging/regrowth of boreal forests.
5 D ABANDONMENT OF
MANAGED LANDS
Emissions and removals (sources and sinks) of CO2 from the abandonment
of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures). The categories
below are determined by the type of biomass which regrows on the
abandoned land.
5 D I FORESTS
5, D I a Tropical
5 D I b Temperate
5 D I c Boreal
Net accumulation (sink) of carbon on abandoned land regrown to tropical,
temperate, or boreal forests.
5 D 2 GRASSLANDS
Net accumulation (sink) on abandoned land regrown to grasslands.
5 D 3 OTHER Emissions from abandoned land regrown to any biomass types other than
forests and grasslands.
2.1 I
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
6 WASTES
6 A LANDFILLS
6 B WASTEWATER
6 C OTHER
Total emission from waste management described below. (Sum of 6 A,
B,C)
Methane is produced from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
in landfills by bacteria. CC>2 is also produced but to the extent that it is
organic in origin it is in a closed cycle and therefore not accounted fof
in inventory totals.
Methane is produced from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
by bacteria in sewage facilities during treatment and disposal.
Release of greenhouse gases from any other public service activity (e.g.
from non-organic waste incineration, when it is not part of waste to
energy schemes).
2.12
-------
2.2 Fuel Categories
Common terms and definitions of fuels are necessary for countries to
describe emissions from fuel combustion activities consistently. A list of fuel
types is provided below. Definitions for each of these fuels are given in the
Glossary of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Workbook. The list'is organised into
five major fuel types: solid, liquid, gas, biomass and other. You are asked to
separate these emission estimates into these major fuel categories when
completing the Minimum Data Tables. More detailed inventory estimates
and supporting data are instructive and your country is invited to provide
such information if it is available.
BASIC FUELS HIERARCHY
(Energy Combustion Only)
MAIN FOSSIL FUEL CATEGORIES
(Included in totals of greenhouse gases Sources)
CATEGORY
SUB-CATEGORY
LIQUID
(Crude oil and petroleum
products)
CRUDE OIL
N. GAS LIQUIDS
GASOLINE
Motor Gasoline
Aviation Gasoline
Jet Gasoline
KEROSENE
(OTHER THAN JET FUEL)
JET FUEL
GAS OIL/DIESEL OIL
RESIDUAL FUEL OIL
LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS
NAPHTHA
PETROLEUM COKE
REFINERY GAS
REFINERY FEEDSTOCK
OTHER OIL
Refinery Gas
Paraffin Waxes
White Spirit
Other
2.13
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
CATEGORY
SOLID
(Coal and coal products)
GAS
(Natural gas and derived
products)
SUS-CHTEGORY
COKING'COAL
STEAM COAL
LIGNITE
SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL
PEAT
COKE
BKB/PATENT FUEL
COAL-DERIVED GASES
NATURAL GAS
OTHER GAS
Coke Oven Coke
Gas Coke
Patent Fuel
Brown Coal Briquettes
Gas Works Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
OTHER FUELS
MUNICIPAL WASTE (GARBAGE)
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
SULPHUR LIES (BLACK LIQUOR)
OTHER
BIOMASS
(Excluded from totals of
greenhouse gases Sources, but
useful to report)
SOLID
Wood
Wood Waste
Charcoal
Vegetal Fuels
Vegetal Waste
LIQUID
Bio-alcohol
OTHER
TOTAL
(Primary fossil fuel supply,
including bunkers)
2.14
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
!£2*«!£f!4£i£^^^
2.3 Reporting major sources at differing
levels of detail
The Minimum Data Tables at the end of this book are intended to allow
reporting at different levels of detail. There is at least one Minimum Data
Table for each emission source category. The principles underlying the
Minimum Data Tables are summarised below.
• Energy
Emissions and main assumptions from fuel combustion and production
should be reported for a minimum of the five main categories fossil fuels
(liquid, soild, gas, biomass, other) and preferably by sector for both
transformation and end-use activities.
• Industry and Solvents
Emission and main assumptions should be described for each individual
process that releases greenhouse gases.
• Agriculture
All six activities should be reported at a minimum (enteric fermentation,
animal waste, rice cultivation, agricultural soils, and agricultural waste and
savanna burning) with sub-activities (e.g. animal type) where relevant. A
maximum level of detail is requested for the reporting of emissions from
rice and agricultural soils, for the purpose of methods development.
Emissions and main assumptions (in aggregate form) should be provided.
• Land use change and forestry
Each of the four main activities (forest clearing, conversion of grasslands,
managed forests, abandonment of managed lands) should be reported
with as much geographic and species detail as is used in the original
calculations. This detail is specifically requested to assist in the
improvement of default estimation methods. Emissions and main
assumptions should be reported.
• Waste
Main activities of landfills, wastewater treatment and incineration should
be included at a minimum. Additional detail is useful, for the purpose of
methods development.
2.15
-------
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK
2.4 Standard summary tables
• As far as possible, countries should use the standard summary tables
outlined in this document The Overview Table (Table 7) is to be used to
report the coverage and quality of final emissions estimates. The
notation shown in the key which is attached should be used to show
where countries believe the identified source is zero (0). Where
countries have opted not to estimate (NE) a particular source of each
greenhouse gas, this should be shown. Data problems may limit the
possibility of separating out each source individually; in this case it is
included elsewhere (IE) and this should also be indicated in the table.
Finally, countries may report a particular category as not occurring (NO)
in their country.
• Summary tables should be altered to reflect different levels of detail, for
example for countries that lack sub-sector detail in one or more of the
main sectoral categories. The standard notation and terminology shown
in the complete list of source categories (above) should always be used.
• Additional gases can be added as thought necessary by the reporting
country. Copies of the Summary and short Summary Tables (6A and 6B)
with blank column headings are included to allow users to fill in additional
relevant gases. Several gases such as Polyfloufinated Compounds (SFj,
CjFg and CF^, sulphur oxides and MFCs are known to be relevant to
climate change and may be included in future versions of the Guidelines.
However, countries which wish to report these substances for
completeness may do so using copies of the Summary Tables.
• The Overview Table (7A) should be used by countries to summarise
their own assessment of completeness and quality (high, medium or low)
of major source/sink inventory estimates. It gives a brief overview of the
categories which have been taken into account in the emission inventory,
as well as of the level of documentation and disaggregation of the
categories. The Disaggregation Key (7B) which follows the Overview
Table gives a detailed explanation of the key used for the level of
disaggregation for an inventory.
« In all tables used by countries to summarise their inventory data,
footnotes should be added to indicate if emission estimates are
incomplete, or representative of only a part of the total activity, for any
particular source or sink category. In this way countries are expected
to report on the completeness of each individual emission estimate.
2.16
-------
REPORTING THE NATIONAL
INVENTORY
This chapter an/tains stepby step //istructforts for reporting a
greenhouse gas inventory..
How To Report Your Inventory
At the end of these reporting instructions you should have
• filled in the Minimum Data Tables
• filled in the Summary and Overview Tables
• prepared an Inventory Report which contains the required numerical
and text documentation (see margin box)
Do Step I if you have an existing inventory and would like to report it to
the IPCC. If you are working from a completed CORINAIR inventory see
Annex 2. If you are using the Workbook methods and you now want to
report your inventory, go directly to Step 2 to begin to fill out the Minimum
Data tables.
3,.^--,.. THE IJPCC_COMMON
S ./RAMSWORK
s
Pollutants
You are requested to provide a complete inventory for 1990. This should
include all anthropogenic emission sources and removals by sink of
greenhouse gases and ozone precursors, except those covered by the
Montreal Protocol.
The IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Workbook describes how to estimate
greenhouse gases for all anthropogenic sources and sinks of COj and CH/).
The IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual also provides
background information on estimation for NjO and also tropospheric ozone
precursors, i.e. CO, NOX and NMVOC. The reporting instructions provide
detailed instructions for these six gases.
You also have the option to add other greenhouse gases or precursors to
your inventory report. If you add other gases you should use the IPCC
source category structure as far as possible. If you add or change the
definitions of any categories to report these additional gases, you should
clearly explain these changes. Use the spare copies of Tables 6A & 6B with
blank column headings to report these emissions. Countries which wish to
report Montreal Protocol substances for completeness may do so using this
procedure.
• DOCUMENTATION STANDARDS
8%Jt*ysr M,X' i *. -" - ,\
]Na.tion|l inventory reports should
minimum inforroationto
p restjlfeta biT *_„ *
reconstructed, and to justify the
.choice of methodology and data
$£. JThis means, for example, ^
, • ,,tthat*to the extent possible, activity ,
|f»M;s^Jd>pwideaatthe ,
||^eve! explain ,
'differences between national
J*T.I>methods and data, and the IPCC • *
s jjSjtt:!-default methods and assumptions.
'•^•{*-Reasonsforthe^iifferences~should *
\*i*»A" t , ", , » *
vyjt t Jxt,explainea and sources of
"'jSf^jyijjssjon factors and odier *
te%r,riatioTOl,data should abo be clearly
~c&. Miptfruim requirements j
• include: emission factors, activity
.data, and a list of references
^documentirg any differences from j
f* IPCC recommendations.
„ "Heasurernent studies containing
i^newvabei^ouldbereferericed,
midlav^feupon request
*-s*^f is preferable thatnew emission
„ j$»r d^a% contained in 1
»published sources.
should be kept
^,,_,,—„_ years (by the country
;^Mid by the IPCC) and countries '
, "sajej;ej|c^i!3ged to publish the i
. documentation of they- j
yrtvemones. This extensrve
-s
^/e^tory estimates when changes
or „
3.1
-------
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY
Reporting CO2, CH4, CO from fuel
combustion
If you have an inventory for fuel combustion that includes more than one
greenhouse gas which contains carbon (e.g. COi, CH,}, CO), you are
requested to develop the CO2 inventory by assuming that all carbon
oxidised during fuel combustion is released as CO2- You will indeed be
"double-counting" the carbon that may be released as CH4 or as CO.
However the difference to the CO2 total will be quite small and your
inventory will be certain to include all carbon that is contained in a fuel. At
the same time, full estimates of CH4 and CO should be provided.
Standard units (pollutants, activity data
and emission factors)
Emission estimates should be reported in total mass of CO2, CH.4, N2O,
NOX and CO. NMVOC should be reported in estimated total mass of the
sum of individual compounds. All estimates should be reported in gigagrams
(Gg) of the pollutant.
Preferred units for activity data, emission factors and other data are
indicated in each of the standard tables which we ask you to fill in (see
below).
Source/sink categories
Your inventory data should conform to the IPCC source/sink category
structure as far as possible. The minimum level of detail requested for
reporting is summarised in the Minimum Data Tables at the end of this
book.
Compare the IPCC source/sink categories (Table 3) to the categories
already used in your national inventory. Where there are differences it
should be possible to allocate (a larger category) among appropriate smaller
IPCC categories. Alternatively, if there is no way to allocate the category,
you could report several of your smaller categories at a higher level of
aggregation in the IPCC structure. Sink categories potentially occur in 5 C
and 5 D of the inventory source and sink category structure.
If your inventory cannot be re-structured to fit the IPCC model, or if you
must show estimates under an "other" category, you should:
• explain precisely where there are differences and what they are, and
• explain precisely what is included in "other" categories.
3.2
-------
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY
Time Periods
The current request for inventories is for the calendar year 1990. In some
of the agricultural and land use/forestry categories, it may be desirable to
estimate emissions for an average year over a several year period. The
Workbook methods describe default recommendations which are
summarised in the table below.
TABLES-!
TIME PERIODS
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK
CATEGORIES
TEMPORAL PERIODS
1 Energy
A Fuel Combustion Activities
B Fugitive Fuel Emission
2 Jndustry
3 Solvents
Yearly figures
Yearly figures
Yearly figures
Yearly figures
4 Agriculture ,
A Enteric Fermentation
B Animal Wastes
C Rice cultivation
D Agricultural Soils
E Agricultural Waste Burning
F Savannah Burning
Yearly figures
Yearly figures
Three-year average
Three-year average
Three-year average
' Three-year average
s5:;L^ysechf.g^^ : •: :; /.; ; ; .
A Forest Clearing
- Immediate release from on-
site burning
- Delayed release from decay
- Long-term loss of soil carbon
B Conversion of grasslands to
cultivated lands
C Logging/Managed forests
D Abandonment of managed
lands
6 Waste
Three-year average
Average figures previous 10 years
Average figures previous 25 years
Three-year average
Three-year average
1 Cumulative figures over previous
20 years
2 Total figures more than 20 years
ago
, Yearly figures
Review these assumptions and be prepared to:
• explain if, and precisely where, your inventory has different time period
assumptions, and
• explain the reasoning why the averaging periods were chosen.
3.3
-------
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY
1- FUkJJi
ES
,«, « .< k*i.
THE MINIMUM DATA
You should fill in a table for each of the main source/sink categories that you
have included in your inventory. If differences in data structure prevent you
from providing specifically the information requested in each table, please
provide data that match as closely as possible the request and explain clearly
the differences. If you have estimated ranges of uncertainty for emission or
supporting data, read Task c of this step before beginning.
Task a: Fill in the activity data and emission estimates columns.
EITHER: transfer data from worksheets
OR convert your existing inventory data into Minimum Data table
format. As explained above under Step I, this may require
transforming your data to better fit the IPCC source/sink
category structure.
~~* Task b: Fill in aggregate emissions factor columns for each table.
.,,^ CALCULATE:
,„--„,,,- , ...... , an aggregate emission factor for each source/sink category and subcategory.
fxtory system^ Guidance for :
pfSngYCORINAIR"inventory " Task c: Report uncertainty ranges
!(JI!Kto>^£*.3L ':•* *-» <«•• » '«*«*• '-.»fj*.'*i *
| An approach to estimating the uncertainty associated with point emission
SJ£*:*!,3 tgij estimates and emission factors is described in Annex I.
If you have ranges of uncertainty for point emission estimates by
source/sink of greenhouse gas, as well as for emission factors or activity
data, you can report the ranges by using the same Minimum Data tables.
These tables should be in addition to the point estimates that are requested
in Task (a) of this Step (above).
If you have ranges that you would like to report, please:
• make copies of the Minimum Data tables
• mark them clearly with a heading "UNCERTAINTY RANGES"
• for each data point fill in the ranges if available.
* tji
3 V
"""**
.
ERIFICATION
lisa1*?! "
Task a: Checking results
Countries are encouraged to carry out the following forms of verification
and summarise results (in text form) in the inventory report
• checks for arithmetic errors
• checks of country estimates against independently published estimates
• checks of national activity data with international statistics (default data)
Further verification checks that may be done centrally, or assisted centrally
are:
3.4
-------
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY
sm^OK^mmimmmimmmfmiaTi^^t^m^^
• cross-country comparisons of estimates through use of a single set of
source categories
• cross-country comparisons of emission factors
A more detailed sample set of questions for countries to consider in
reviewing the quality of their own inventories is provided below.
Verification
In completing the inventory you should also make a report in which you summarise the
verification procedures you have used. This report should include an overall assessment of the
quality and completeness of each of the main source and sink estimates for each greenhouse
gas. Here are the sorts of question you should consider in your inventory.
Method
• Is the approach well documented and reproducible?
• Have results been checked against other methods of estimation? or with measurement data?
• Are measurement data part of the estimate? If so, has the source activity been
summarised in part (for the remaining non-measured part of the activity) and has it been
summarised in total? Have you verified that double counting of source/sink activities is
not taking place?
Emission estimates
• Have any estimates been compared with measured emission and concentration data?
• In some instances it is possible to cross-check emission estimates against roughly
comparable statistics (e.g. for NMVOC, solvent production + imports-exports should
equal total of applications; similarly for CC>2 from energy, CEEM provides an important
point of comparison for source-sector (bottom-up) derived estimates.) Have these
checks been done and if so how do these data compare?
• Have results been compared for reasonableness with outside or independently published
estimates? This could include comparison to estimates from a country of similar size or
economic profile.
Activity data assumptions
• Does the rate of activity reported cross-check reasonably well with other sources of
information on this activity, e.g. with international statistics?
• Do units match emission factors reported?
Emission factors
• Do emission factors represent operating cycles or conditions from the region reporting?
• Are the sources of emission factors well documented? Are the conventions the same as
those found in the activity data e.g. LHV or HHV?
• Have emission factors been compared with other sources (taking into account
technologies, maintenance, operating cycles, or other inventory conditions that may
influence emissions factors)?
If you have already performed some cross-country verification, please
describe what you did and what you found.
Task b: Assessing quality
Prepare a brief self-assessment of the quality of the resulting inventory and of the
verification that has been performed. A simplified format for reporting on the
quality and completeness of the inventory is suggested in the Overview Table and
Disaggregation Key (Tables 7A and 7B) at the end of this book. This should be
included with the other tables in the Inventory Report.
3.5
-------
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY
'
nventpry reports •:
Iprbvlde'minlmum'^' '" j
{Lto*JHMote*tne | ^ '''
constructed, and '•
laMKM A.:;"n~l
ceot j
>Ky and data used, i
l%r*»cSg!^*that to 1
j'ex^t (^_SeTacS?it^tiata|"
(JetaJIatwM^tfe^mlssfens ".
soud contain
_ , i «; rjE>«,,t*,i *j.i j>.
formatipn.to explain
ti ,* * . MI, L I* ', 'di"""»i'T" J'S^-.-f.'-'-w1'- - ••'
es between national
nirtMKMfiuwpMip
data, and the
-'-
•EP 4 COMPLETE MASTEI» SUMMARY TABLE
~*i „.. j.>~>, •>..,' * > «'
Task a: Complete the Master Summary Table (Table 6A or 6B)
This is done by transferring data from the Minimum Data Tables, Emission
Estimate columns. If you have estimated ranges of uncertainty, read Task b
before completing this step.
Task b: Report Uncertainty Ranges.
If you have ranges that you would like to report, please:
• make copies of the Master Summary Table
• mark it clearly with a heading "UNCERTAINTY RANGES," and
• for each data point fill in the ranges available, by transferring from the
appropriate column of the Minimum Data Tables (Step 2, Task d above).
Task c: Documentation of differences in definitions or structure
If your data do not conform to the IPCC source/sink category structure, you
should clearly footnote on this table any differences and provide an
explanation of the differences in the documentation note of the inventory.
DOCUMENTATION
Prepare text to accompany the inventory which:
• describes any differences from IPCC source/sink category structure
describes any differences from IPCC default methods for the estimation
of CC»2 and CH4
clearly describes the estimation methods, as well as major assumptions
that may not have been captured in the Minimum Data Tables, for all
greenhouse gases contained in the inventory
provides complete references to all data sources used to construct the
inventory
highlights any new or interesting data sources, references or research
findings used to construct the inventory.
You are also invited to report any difficulties you faced in developing and
reporting the inventory (e.g. lack of data, lack of resources etc.)
P. jk 1 ? E,M,P !
TnTORY * " *
"AND TRANSMITTING THE
Assemble all elements of the National Inventory, including:
• Minimum Data Tables
• Summary Tables
• Overview Table
• Uncertainty Estimates (if available)
• Written documentation
3.6
-------
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY
• Computer diskette containing data (if applicable)
• Any supporting documents
Mail the complete package to:
IPCC/WGI Technical Support Unit
Meteorological Office
Hadley Climate Centre
London Road
Bracknell, RGI22SY
United Kingdom
3.7
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ANNEX I
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES IN
THE IPCC/OECD
METHODOLOGY
Uncertainties are inevitable in any estimate of national emissions or
removals. Some important causes of uncertainty are:
• differing interpretations of source and sink category or other
definitions; assumptions, units etc.
• use of simplified representations with "averaged" values, especially emission
factors and related assumptions to represent characteristics of a given
population
• uncertainty in the basic socio-economic activity data which drives the
calculations
• inherent uncertainty in the scientific understanding of the basic processes
leading to emissions and removals.
A major objective of the IPCC methodology is to help national experts reduce
uncertainty in their"greenhouse gas inventories to the minimum level possible.
However, the approach also recognises that significant uncertainties will remain
despite these efforts, and that these uncertainties will vary widely:
• between different greenhouse, gases • ,
• between source categories for each gas
• between countries reporting the same gases and sources (depending on
approach, levels of detail, use of default or country specific data etc.)
It is important to provide as thorough an understanding of the uncertainties
involved that when estimates are provided for scientific or policy uses. A simple
method for expressing the confidence or uncertainty of point estimates
qualitatively is given elsewhere in this book. However ft & more useful to express
uncertainty quantitatively ana" systemattai/ly in the form of well developed
confidence intervals. This Annex provides some initial suggestions for developing
qualitative uncertainty information. However, at present, ft B onfy possible to
provide a conceptual framework which relies on users to supply statistical data or
equivalent expert judgement IPCCIOECD consider the consistent estimation of
uncertainty to be critically important, and will make it the focus of future work.
Individual experts are encouraged to estimate uncertainty ranges as well as
possible and to report results with their inyentories. This vyiff be 'of.assistance with
the ongoing work of developing methods. '
Al.l
-------
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES
Al.l Sources of Uncertainty
Definitions
Use of the IPCC methodology will minimize variability or uncertainty which
would otherwise be introduced by issues of definition. The IPCC
methodology provides common definitions of source categories and other
terms, units, procedures, etc. The source categories are set out in Chapter
2 Source and Sink Categories. The methodologies correspond to the source
categories or aggregations of them.
Estimation Methodology
The 1PCC/OECD programme has sought consensus among researchers,
sectoral interest groups and national technical experts on the best
practicable default estimation procedures for priority gases and sources.
These default methodologies are described in Volume 2 of the Guidelines,
the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Workbook. By using these methods
countries can minimize variations or uncertainties in national estimates
which would be introduced by a choice of methodology. However, it must be
recognised that default methods represent a compromise between the level
of detail which would be needed to create the most accurate estimates for
each country and the input data likely to be available or readily obtainable in
most countries. In many cases, the simplest default methods are
simplifications with general default values which introduce large uncertainties
into a national estimate. Within many of the default methods different
optional levels of detail are provided to reflect whether users have detailed
data for their national situation or have to rely strictly on general default
values. There may be considerable variation in how well the general default
values represent conditions of the actual population of source activities in a
particular country. For example, the uncertainty relating to default carbon
emission coefficients for the global population of fossil fuel combustion
sources may be characterized as quite low (5-10%) in the IPCC
methodology; but national experts for a particular country may know that
the characteristics of such fuels in their country vary widely from global
average values. In such a country, use of default values would introduce a
larger uncertainty. Thus, even for the simplest application of the default
methods, it is not possible to provide general uncertainty values for all
countries.
The Reference Manual provides more options, including ways of doing calculations
at greater levels of detail and, in some cases, alternative methodologies. Users of
the IPCC Guidelines may use their own methodologies if they believe these will
provide more accurate results for their national situation. Alternative methods
should be carefully documented and results reported in the standard IPCC
source and sink categories. Documentation of alternative methods may involve
presentation of new empirical data which may in turn provide a basis for the
improvement of the default procedures and data. However, whichever methods
are used - default methods, more detailed versions of default methods, or
entirely different methods - users should determine as far as possible the ranges
of uncertainty introduced by the emission factors and other input assumptions
used, whatever their source.
AI.2
-------
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES
Socio-economic Activity Data
The IPCC default methodologies identify activity data from international
socio-economic data series wherever possible. International compilations of
socio economic activity data do not generally include quantitative uncertainty
estimates around country level data summaries. Some of the national
sources which provide data to the international series may have quantified
uncertainty for their own national data. As with uncertainty in methodology
and emission factors, the inventory developers must judge the quality of
activity data used in their own national inventory.
Underlying Scientific Understanding
Current scientific understanding of the various human-induced processes
which lead to emissions and removals of greenhouse gases to and from the
atmosphere is incomplete. In some cases, where substantial measurement
data exist and have been thoroughly analyzed, this understanding provides a
basis for accurate calculations of global and national emissions. In many cases,
however, data and analysis have not attained this state. This variation affects
the uncertainty inherent in the various components of the default methods,
as well as the estimates using other methodologies. Table Al-l provides an
illustrative assessment of the relative uncertainties in the scientific basis for
global emission estimates for some key components of the IPCC
methodology. The overall uncertainty ranges shown here are based on an
interpretation of the uncertainty information presented by the IPCC
(Reference I). The allocation of overall uncertainty to the emission factor
and activity data components has been made for illustrative purposes only on
the basis of judgement by the IPCC/OECD technical staff. These values
should not be used for estimating uncertainty for a particular national
inventory. They are provided to assist users of the Guidelines to consider
relative uncertainties in the basic science underlying different components of
their inventories.
AI.3
-------
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES
TABLE Al-l
UNCERTAINTIES DUE TO EMISSION FACTORS AND ACTIVITY DATA
1
Gas
C02
C02
C02
CH4, N20
CH,
CH,
CH,
CH4
CH,
CH<
N2O
N2O
N2O
2
Source category
Energy
Industry
Land Use Change
and Forestry
Biomass burning
Oil & gas
Coal
Rice
Landfill & sewage
Animals
Animal waste
Industry
Soils
Biomass Burning
3
Emission factor
UE
7
7
[±33%]
33
1/2
55%
55%
3/4
2/3
25%
20%
35%
4
Activity data
UA
7
7
[±33%]
50
l/2
20%
20%
'/4
'/3
10%
10%
35%
5
Overall uncertainty
UT
10
10
[±50%]
60
100%
60
60
100%
100%
25%
20%
50%
2 orders of magnitude
100%
Note: Individual uncertainties which appear to be greater than ±60% are not shown. Instead judgement as to the relative
importance of emission factor and activity data uncertainties are shown as fractions which equal 1 (one).
AI.2 Procedures for Quantifying
Uncertainty
Estimating Uncertainty of Components
To estimate uncertainty by source category and gas for a national inventory,
it is necessary to develop information like that shown in Table AI -1, but
specific to the individual country, methodology and data sources used. In
scientific and process control literature the 95% (±2%) confidence limit is
often regarded as appropriate for range definition. Where there is sufficient
information to define the underlying probability distribution for conventional
statistical analysis, a 95% confidence interval should be calculated as a
definition of the range. Uncertainty ranges can be estimated using classical
analysis (Reference 2) or the Monte Carlo technique (Reference 3).
Otherwise the range will have to be assessed by national experts.
If possible ranges should be developed separately for
• emission factors (and other assumptions in the estimation method)
(column 3 Table Al-l).
• socio-economic activity data (column 4 Table Al-l)
A 1.4
-------
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES
Combining Uncertainties
It is necessary to derive the overall uncertainty arising from the combination
of emission factor and activity data uncertainty. IPCC/OECD suggest that
emission factor and activity data ranges are regarded as estimates of the 95%
confidence interval, expressed as a percentage of the point estimate, around
each of two independent components (either from statistically based
calculations or informal ex ante judgements).
On this interpretation (for quoted ranges extending not more than 60%
above or below the point estimate) the appropriate measure of overall
percentage uncertainty UT for the emissions estimate would be given by the
square root of the sum of the squares of the percentage uncertainties
associated with the emission factor (UE) and the activity data (U/J. That is,
for each source category:
); so long as I UE | , | UA | < 60%'
UT = ± V(UE2
For individual uncertainties greater than 60% the sum of squares procedure
is not valid. All that can be done is to combine limiting values to define an
overall range, though this leads to upper and lower limiting values which are
asymmetrical about the central estimate .
Estimated total emission for each gas is of course the summation 2 Q where
Q is the central estimate of the emission of the gas in the source category.
The appropriate measure of uncertaintx in total emissions in emissions units
(not percentages) is then:
E = ±(1/100). V( Z UTi,2 . Cf* )
where UTi is the overall percentage uncertainty for the source category of
the gas from Table Al-l. Source categories for which symmetrical limiting
values cannot be defined (because | UE | or | UA | exceeds 60%) cannot
sensibly be treated in this way. The uncertainty might be handled by
reporting that total emissions from gas X are estimated to be Y Mt, of which
Y| Mt had an estimated uncertainty of ± E, Mt and Y2 Mt had a range of
uncertainty between - L Mt and + U Mt.
'The 60% limit is imposed because the rule suggested for UT requires o to
be less than about 30% of the central estimate, and we are interpreting the
quoted range as ±2a
2lf uncertainties due to the emission factor and the activity data are ±E% and
±A% respectively, and the upper and the lower limits of overall uncertainty
are U% and L% respectively, then U% = (E+A+E.A/IOO) and L% = (E+A-
E.A/100).
AI.5
-------
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES
A 1.3 Implications
Typical uncertainties in global emissions estimates range between:
• [± 10%] for CO2 from fossil fuels although this may be lower for some
countries with good data and where source categories are well defined
(Reference 4 & 5)
• [±20% and ±100%] for individual methane sources (though the overall
error might be ±[30%])
• perhaps two orders of magnitude for estimates of nitrous oxide from
agricultural soil
These uncertainties will affect the level of quantitative understanding of
atmospheric cycles of greenhouse gases that can be derived using the
summation of inventories:
The situation is less critical for monitoring emissions mitigation options,
because the profile of the emissions time series will be relatively insensitive
to revisions to the emissions estimation methodology. However very
different levels of uncertainty for different gases will be inevitable for some
time to come, and this will need to be recognised in any move towards a
comprehensive approach to greenhouse gas mitigation.
A 1.4 References
I Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change
1992: The Supplement to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, 1992.
2 The method for combining errors in a multiplicative chain are given
in many statistical textbooks, but note Jennifer Robinson's
discussion (On uncertainty in the computation of global emissions
from biomass burning, Climatic Change, 14, 243-262) about the
difficulties which arise at high coefficients of variation.
3 H S Eggleston, Uncertainties in the estimates of emissions ofVOCs from
Motor Cars, paper presented at the TNO/EURASAP workshop on
the reliability of VOC emission databases, Delft, Netherlands June
1993.
4 Preliminary IPCC National GHG Inventories: In Depth Review. Report
presented at the IPCC/OECD Workshop on National GHG
Inventories, Bracknell, October 1993.
5 See the discussion of reconciliation in von Hippel et al: Estimating
greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion, Energy Policy,
691-702, June 1993.
AI.6
-------
ANNEX 2
IPCC AND CORINA1R SOURCE
CATEGORIES
This chapter briefly explains the differences arid correspondences: between' the ;
IPCC recommendations and the CORlNAl^JIJNECErecommendations and oiit/iries
on interim proposal on how to report the results from tileCOPJNAIR inventory
system in an IPCC format In addition, the chapter describes the on-going effort to
harmonise the inventory recommendations of the two programmes; ^t present
CORlNAIRIUNECE is the only known inventory programme used by many
countries of which the scope and objectives significantly overlap thoseof the JPCC
Many individual countries.certainlyhave: other'detailednationa/inventory
approaches which have similar characteristics to CQRINAIR. For these countries
this example of reconciling IPCC and CORINAIR source categories may be helpful
in addressing similar conversion problems. The IPCCIOECD Programme will work
with interested countries and other organisations as-far as possible to help achieve
correspondence with IPCC categories in order to avoid duplication of effort at
national and international levels. ,
A2.1 Origins
At the present time the IPCC recommends a set of source and sink
categories for the estimation and reporting of national inventories of
greenhouse gas emissions which is slightly different than categories that have
been developed by the Commission of European Communities (CEC) for
use in Europe. The reasons for these differences lie, first, in the origin of the
two inventory systems and, second, in the primary uses for the inventory
data.
Unlike the IPCC, the CEC emission inventory programme (CORINAIR), was
initially established to assist in the development of comparable national
inventories for "conventional" air pollutants of SOX, NOX, and VOC. The
first CORINAIR inventories from European Community (EC) Member
countries were developed for the year 1985 and were released for the first
time in 1990. The next CORINAIR inventory year has been identified as
1990 and for this inventory the pollutant list has been extended to include
NHs, CO, CO2 and N2O, as well as to .separate CH4 from VOC. A further
development of the CORINAIR system came in 1991, when die UNECE
helped define the eleven main CORINAIR categories as a basis for reporting
under the LRTAP Convention. The pollutants of interest in the context of
the LRTAP Convention include not only those that are covered in specific
protocols limiting emissions (i.e. SOX, NOX, and VOC) but also pollutants
that influence the critical loads of acidic deposition, hence NHs. The UNECE
also established a Task Force on Emission Inventories, which began in 1992
and has as a main objective to develop a guidebook for emission inventories
summarising the CORINAIR/UNECE recommendations on estimation and
verification methods. The Task Force is scheduled to complete its work
including the guidebook in 1995.
A2.I
-------
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES
A2.2 Applications
The purpose of inventory development under UNECE is to support the
monitoring of progress of the implementation of the LRTAP protocols. One
of the principal users of the inventories are modellers who support the
implementation of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring
under the LRTAP. The main requirement of the modellers is to estimate the
sources of SOX, NOX, NMVOC, and NHs emissions on a 50 km x 50 km
square grid basis across Europe. These data are then the basis of the
calculations estimating the acidic deposition and photochemical oxidants
across Europe which ties back to the concept of "critical loads" and the
monitoring of national progress to meet "critical load" levels of acidic
deposition.
A2.3 Differences and correspondences
The UNECE requirement to establish a much more detailed understanding
of the geographic distribution of emissions has led to source categories
based on the physical characteristics of the sources of pollutants. The IPCC
has proceeded on the basis that socio-economic sources are the easiest and
most appropriate groupings for describing emissions, which in turn will
facilitate the use of inventories for policy analysis.
The CORINAIR/UNECE system uses type of physical plant or vehicle,
without regard to the socio-economic category, as the fundamental basis for
emission estimation. This allows high accuracy in description of individual
point or mobile sources and in use of appropriate emission factors for
conventional pollutants.
An example of a source that is handled differently is that of industrial co-
generation. The IPCC proposed to group all co-generation, in industry or in
the power sector, as part of "energy transformation." CORINAIR groups
all industrial co-generation together under industrial combustion, since this
allows one to consider all similar industrial sources collectively, and simply to
estimate emissions in the same way from like source points. Similarly, these
plant data facilitate the estimation by grid squares by allowing a simple
geographic tracking system based on size and type of physical plant.
Table A2-I in the next section shows how the IPCC and CORINAIR source
categories relate to each other.
A2.4 Proposed interim solution: allocate
or aggregate
A proposed interim solution for reporting is summarised in Table A2-1.
Here the CORINAIR reporting country is requested either to allocate
emissions of the problem subcategory to the appropriate IPCC main
category, or to aggregate the two source categories in question and provide
them as a combined total.
A2.2
-------
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES
TABLE A2-I
CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN IPCC AND CORINAIR MAIN SOURCE
CATEGORIES
IPCC
Emissions by Sector
1 A Fuel Combustion Activities
1 A 1 Energy Industries
1 A 1 Other energy and transformation
industries'
1 A 2 Industry
1 A 3 Transport
1 A 3 Air/marine bunkers
1 A 4 Commercial/institutional
1 A 5 Residential
1 A 6 Agriculture/forestry
1 A 7 Other
1 A 8 Biomass for energy3
1 B Fugitive Fuel Emissions
2 Industry
3 Solvent use
4 Agriculture
5 Land use change
6 Wastes
CORINAIR
CO2 Emissions by Sector
Fuel Combustion Activities
01 Public power, co-generation and
district heating
03 Industrial combustion
07 Road Transport
08 Other mobile sources and
machinery
— not included in 1990 inventory
02 Commercial / institutional /
residential2
Biomass fuels in categories 01 , 02, 03, 07
and 08.
05 Extraction and distribution of
fossil fuels
04 Production processes
06 Solvent use
1 0 Agriculture
— not included in 1990 inventory
09 Waste treatment and disposal
1 Include under energy industries if there is no separate breakdown
2 Include under Commercial/institutional if there is no breakdown to allow separation
further into residential, agriculture/forestry, and other categories.
3 Biomass for energy and agricultural waste burning should not be included in CO2
emission total for IPCC.
A2.5 Looking forward
The development of the CORINAIR/UNECE Guidebook is a major
opportunity to extend and publicise the basic set of IPCC default methods
on estimation of CO2 and CH4 as well as the state of knowledge on N2O.
Because the CORINAIR system has only recently begun to address these
pollutants they have not yet elaborated estimation methods for all sources
and sinks. The IPCC has recently revised methods for all major Sources and
sinks of CO2and CH.4, and the Reference Manual on N2O. This material has
been proposed to CORINAIR/UNECE to be considered for inclusion in the
Guidebook.
A2.3
-------
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES
Of course, it will be desirable for countries using CORINAIR to follow the
decisions of the CoP on greenhouse gas inventory methodologies. Once
initial guidance for inventory development under the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) is issued, further development of
detailed default methods could be advocated for use in Europe and North
America. In contrast to countries outside of the OECD, more detailed data
sets on the relevant source activities should be available. Such methods
development could draw on the initial CORINAIR/UNECE Guidebook and
would add to the simpler approaches described in this document.
Over the period 1993-94, the IPCC/OECD are investigating options for how
more closely to harmonise the reporting recommendations and, in
particular, its source categories with those recommended by CORINAIR. It
may not be desirable or necessary to harmonise source categories beyond a
high level of aggregation due to the very different uses of the data and the
need to preserve flexibility among pollutants. For example, for the
estimation of CO2it is not desirable to consider the physical characteristics
of the plant where the fuel combustion occurs. However, for the estimation
of NOX or NMVOC, these data are essential. But, even if differences at a
detailed level of estimation are acceptable and in some instances desirable,
an aggregate level of reporting should be developed that is completely
transferable from one system to another. Complete correspondence at an
aggregate level is therefore the objective by the time the Convention comes
into force.
A2.6 How to Transform a CORINAIR
Inventory into an IPCC Inventory
Table A2-I gives an overview of the correspondence between CORINAIR
and IPCC source/sink categories. In early 1994, the CORINAIR programme
will provide an additional computer programme to national experts to
facilitate the aggregation and allocation of CORINAIR emission estimates
into IPCC reporting tables. Until this programme is available, proceed as
explained below.
For most categories there is direct correspondence between CORINAIR
and IPCC. Transfer these data directly into the Minimum Data Tables and
the Master Summary Table.
For the CORINAIR categories in Table A2-2 you will need to devise an
approach to allocate or aggregate the emissions to the appropriate IPCC
categories.
A2.4
-------
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES
TABLE A2-2
ALLOCATING CORINAIR CATEGORIES TO IPCC CATEGORIES
03 - Industrial combustion
07 - Road Transport and 08 - Other mobile
sources and machinery
02 - Commercial / Institutional / Residential
Allocate between IPCC categories for "Fuel
Combustion:" IAI - Energy transformation
and IA2 Industry.
Aggregate to IPCC category "Fuel
Combustion:" IA3 - Transport.
Allocate to IPCC category "Fuel
Combustion:" IA4 -Commercial /
Institutional; IA5 - Residential; IA6
Agriculture/forestry; IA7 - Other.
Some IPCC categories are not yet included in CORINAIR inventories. To
complete your IPCC inventory you will need to provide estimates for these
categories. These IPCC categories are:
• I A 3 Air and Marine Bunkers
• I A 8 Biomass for Energy
• 5 Land Use/Forestry
You may want to refer to the Workbook if you do not already have
alternative methods.
A2.5
-------
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INDEX
The index will be supplied with the approved Guidelines.
PART 3
INDEX.I
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