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Gretenl^ouse Gas Inventory
! Workbook
Final Draft
IPCC Draft Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Volume 2
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IMPORTANT NOTICE
The material contained in this document is in draft, and is sent to you
for comment as part of the IPCC review process. The document has
not yet been approved by the IPCC and must not be published or cited
as an official IPCC report.
As a result of the review process this draft is expected to undergo
amendment and correction before being presented for approval by
IPCC WGI in September 1994 and by IPCC plenary in November
1994.
Material contained in this draft may be copied in whole or in part for
review by others, but a copy of this notice should be attached to all
such copies.
Recycled/Recyclable
Pn'iKxlwilhSoy/Canola Ink on paper that
contains at loast 50% recycled fiber
Printing support provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA
page Introduction.18, Table entitled "4 Agriculture" - heading for savanna burning should be "4F"
instead of "5F"
page 1.7, Table 1-1, edit 4th row of table to read:
103 t
Multiply by the conversion factor,
41,868 GJ/103 t, to convert to GJ
In margin under "Conversion Factors" edit as follows:
Replace: Default conversion factors for oil and coal products for many countries are provided
separately.
With: Default conversion factors for oil and coal products for many countries are provided in Vol. 3,
Reference Manual.
page 1.8, Table 1-3 change emission factors for lignite, sub-bituminous coal and solid biomass as
follows:
lignite
sub-bituminous coal
27.6
262
solid biomass
29.9
page 1.10, alter Table 1-4 as follows:
Table 1-4
FRACTION OF CARBON OXIDISED
Coal
Oil and oil products
Gas
0.98*
0.99
0.995
*This figure is a global average but varies
types of coal, and can be as low as 0.90
for different
page 1.12, in section entitled "Optional Worksheet 1-2", change title as follows:
Replace: Unprocessed Biomass Burned
With: Traditional Biomass Burned
page 1.14, in section "Worksheet 1-3", change title as follows:
Replace: Unprocessed Biomass Burned
With: Traditional Biomass Burned
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 1
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page 1.15, in Table 1-6 change values in row labelled "General Biomass" and "Agricultural Residues" as foil
Fuel Type
General
Biomass
CH4
0.010 (0.007-0.013)
CO
0.060 (0.04-0.08)
N2O
0.007 (0.005-0.009)
NOX
0.121 (0.094-0.148)
Agricultural
Residues
0.005 (0.003-0.007)
Step 3, part 2, edit first line as follows:
Replace: For each fuel type, multiply Biomass Burned E
With: For each fuel type, multiply Total Carbon Released
Step 4, part 1, edit as follows:
Replace: Default ratios are given in Table 1-5.
With: Default ratios are given in Table 1-6.
page 1.16
Step 5, edit title as follows:
Replace: Estimating Emissions of Nitrogen and Nitrous Oxide
With: Estimating Emissions of Nitrogen as Nitrous Oxide
Step 6, edit tide as follows:
Replace: Estimating Emissions of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Oxides
With: Estimating Emissions of Nitrogen as Nitrogen Oxides
page 1.18, below equation at end - units for CEU Emissions delete "(tonnes)" and insert "(Gg)"
page 1.19
Step 1, part 1, edit as follows:
Replace: Enter the amount of coal produced by each type of mining activity, in tonnes, in column A.
With: Enter the amount of coal produced by each type of mining activity, in millions of tonnes, in
column A.
Step 1, part 3, line 2:
Replace: ... to give methane emission (in cubic meters) ....
With: ... to give methane emission (in millions of cubic meters) ....
Step 2, part 2, line 1:
Replace:' Multiply the Methane Emissions in m3
With: Multiply the Methane Emissions in 106 m3
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 2
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Table 1-7 - the table should be edited as follows:
Table 1-7
fflGH AND LOW EMISSION FACTORS FOR MINING
ACTIVITIES (m3/tonne)
Emission factor
Mining
Post-mining
Type of Mine/Activity
Underground
10-25
0.9 - 0.4
Surface
0.3 - 2.0
0-0.2
page 1.22, margin - delete the note entitled "Treating Associated Oil and Gas Production"
page 1.23, in Table 1-8 change row labels under Oil and Gas Production as follows:
Oil1
Gas1
Oil/Gas2
At the bottom of Table 1-8 delete the existing note and replace with:
1 These emission factors are for fugitive and routine emissions from production of oil or gas. They do
not include venting and flaring emissions. Emissions calculated using these factors should be added to
the venting and flaring emissions.
2 These are the default emission factors for all venting and flaring from oil and gas production.
pages 1.25-1.29, in Worksheet 1.1 - "Total" row should appear below "Gaseous Fossil". ,"Bunkers"
and "Biomass" are information entries which should not be included in "Totals". Column A should be
blacked out for all liquid fossil secondary fuels and all solid fossil secondary fuels. Columns A-D
should be blacked out for the four rows of bunker fuels.
page 1.43
The first 3 rows of Worksheet 1-5 should be edited as follows:
Category
A
Activity
B
Emissions Factor
CH4 Emissions
(kgCH4)
D
Emissions CH4
(Gg CH4)
OIL SYSTEMS
C=(AxB)
D=(C/106)
In Worksheet 1-5, for both Oil Systems and Gas Systems, add "2" after "production". Change the
heading "Unallocated Oil/Gas Production" to read "Venting and Flaring from Oil and Gas
Production3".
Add notes as follows:
"2 If using default emission factors these categories will include emissions from production other than
venting and flaring."
"3 If using default emission factors, emissions from venting and flaring from all oil and production
should be accounted for here."
page 4.7, step 2, part 1, second paragraph edit as follows:
Replace: Table 4-3 provides default
With: Table 4-4 provides default
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 3
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pages 4.14 and 4.15, continuation of Table 4-6, column headings should be repeated at the top of
each page of the table as follows:
Country
1990 Area
(lOOOs ha)
Season
Length
(days)
Continuously
Flooded
(%)
Dry
(%)
Intermittently
Flooded
(%)
page 4.17, section "Methodology", paragraph 2, edit as follows:
Replace: First the quantity of biomass exposed to burning is calculated
With: First the quantity of biomass that actually burns is calculated
page 4.18, step 1, edit title as follows:
Replace: Estimating total biomass exposed to burning
With: Estimating total biomass that actually burns
page 4.18, step 1, part 2, line 2 table reference should be Table 4-8, not Table 4-9.
page 4.19, step 1, part 4 - table reference should be Table 4-8, not Table 4-9.
page 4.21
Introduction, line 3 - delete the sentence which starts "It has been estimated..." and ends "...highly"
uncertain)."
Data sources, line 3, delete "(e.g. FAO, 1986)"
page 4.23, step 3, part 3, line 1, edit as follows:
Replace: Multiply the Amount of Dry Residue by the Fraction Exposed to Burning
With: Multiply the Amount of Dry Residue by the Fraction Burned in Fields
page 4.24
In Table 4-13 edit row for CO as follows:
Gas
CO
Default
0.06
Range
0.04-0.08
Step 6, part 4, third line, edit as follows:
Replace: Enter the results in kilotonnes (the same as megagrams)
With: Enter the results in kilotonnes (the same as gigagrams)
page 4.25, Worksheet 4-1, column F, formula - should read "F=(C+E)/1000".
page 4.33, Worksheet 4-3, Sheet C - rows should be labelled for different trace gases at the left hand
edge (as at right hand edge) as follows:
CH4
CO
N20
NOX
In column R all units should be Gg instead of Mg.
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 4
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page 4.35, Worksheet 4-4, Sheet A, column E, edit title as follows:
Replace: Quantity of Residue
With: Quantity of Dry Residue
page 4.39, Worksheet 4-4, Sheet D, first 2 rows should be edited as follows:
M
Emissions Ratio
N
Trace Gas
Emissions
(ktCofktN)
N=JxM
O
Conversion Factors
P
Trace Gas
Emissions from
Field Burning of
Agricultural
Wastes
P=NxO
Rows should be labelled for different trace gases at left edge as at right edge:
CH4
CO
N20
NOX
In column P all units should be Gg instead of Mg.
page 5.4, Figure entitled "Relationships among categories", list of trace gases after top and bottom
arrows should be edited as follows:
Replace: --> CHU, CC-2, N2O and NOX Emissions
With: -> CEU, CO, N2O and NOX Emissions
page 5.6, Data Sources - delete the last 2 bullet items:
Areas of abandoned managed
Numbers of trees in non-forest
page 5.7, Table 5-1 change the following values (those values not stated remain the same):
Table 5-1
ABOVEGROUND DRY MATTER IN TROPICAL FORESTS
America
Africa
Asia
Closed forests
Broadleaf
Undist
urbed
Logged
Unprod
uctive
150
185
230
Conifer
Undist
urbed
150
130
160
Logged
60
60
135
Unprod
uctive
60
110
130
Open forest
Product
ive
36
61
Unprod
uctive
16
page 5.8, Step 3, part 1 edit as follows:
Replace: Enter the Fraction of Biomass Exposed to Burning Off site
With: Enter the Fraction of Biomass Burned Off site
page 5.12, Step 1, part 1 edit as follows:
Replace: Enter the estimate of Total Carbon Released from burning of
With: Enter the estimate of Total Carbon Released from on-site burning of.
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 5
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page 5.13, Table 5-4 - correct values to read as follows:
Compound
CH4
CO
N20
NOX
Ratio
unchanged
0.06 (0.04-0.08)
0.007 (0.005-0.009)
0.121 (0.094-0.148)
page 5.13, step 2, part 6, edit as follows:
Replace: by the conversion factors in the table
With: by the conversion factors in column F
page 5.14
Step 1 - in parts 1,4 and 5 change "20" to "25", and "twenty" to "twenty-five".
Step 1, part 2, edit as follows:
Replace: Enter the Soil Carbon Content of Grasslands in kilotonnes of carbon per hectare (kt C/ha)
With: Enter the Soil Carbon Content of Grasslands in tonnes of carbon per hectare (t C/ha)
page 5.15 - delete "emissions" and insert "removals" in 3 places -
Introduction, line 1
Methodology, line 1
Methodology, last line
page 5.15, Introduction, paragraph 4, line 3, edit as follows:
Replace: Abandoned areas are therefore split into those which reaccumulate carbon and those which
do not continue to degrade.
With: Abandoned areas are therefore split into those which reaccumulate carbon and those which do
not regrow or which continue to degrade.
page 5.16, step 1, part 2 - change kilotonnes to tonnes
page 5.17
Table 5-6 - delete the row labelled "secondary".
Step 2, part 1 - change kilotonnes to tonnes.
Step 3, part 2 - change kilotonnes to tonnes.
page 5.18
Step 4, part 1 - change kilotonnes to tonnes.
Step 5, change title to - "CALCULATE TOTAL CO2 REMOVALS FROM ABANDONED LANDS".
page 5.19, in the margin - delete the note entitled "Fractions".
page 5.20, step 1, parts 3 and 4 - change kilotonnes to tonnes.
page 5.21, Step 1, part 8, line 2, edit as follows:
Replace:.... matter to give the Total Carbon content. Enter the result in column E.
With: .... matter to give the Total Carbon Increment. Enter the result in column E.
page 5.22, in the margin box entitled "Using Commercial Harvest Statistics" edit first bullet to read:
The default conversion factor is 0.5 t dm/m3
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 6
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page 5.22
Step 2, parts 2 and 3 replace "Expansion Factor" with "Conversion/Expansion Factor".
Step 2, part 4, line 1, edit as follows:
Replace: Total Fuelwood Consumption from
With: Total Fuelwood Consumption (including wood for charcoal production) from
Step 2, part 7, line 2:
Replace: Worksheet 5-1 Quantity of Biomass exposed to burning off site)
With: Worksheet 5-1 Quantity of Biomass Burned off site)
Step 4, part 2, line 2:
Replace: ... the Net Annual CC>2 Accumulation. Enter
With: ... the Annual CC>2 Removal (if a positive value) or Emissions (if a negative value). Enter
page 5.23-5.27, Worksheet 5-1, Sheets A, B and C - in heading for columns F,G, L and M delete
"Exposed to Burning" and insert "Burned".
page 5.31, Worksheet 5-1, Sheet E - This worksheet should have the same Forest Types as Sheets A-
For all of these sheets (A-E), Boreal should be subdivided into "Primary" and "Secondary"
Worksheet 5-1, Sheet E, column B, change title from "Cleared Land" to "Forest Soil".
page 5.33, Worksheet 5-2, Sheet A, column A - note in the second row should be edited as follows:
Replace: (From column Q of Worksheet 5.1)
With: (From column K of Worksheet 5.1, Sheet B)
page 535
Worksheet 5-3, sheet A - in columns A and E, delete "20" and insert "25".
Worksheet 5-3, sheet A, column B - change units from kt C/ha to t C/ha.
pages 5.37 - 5.41
Worksheet 5-4, in columns B and I - change units from kt dm/ha to t dm/ha.
Worksheet 5-4, in columns F and M - change units from kt C/ha to t C/ha.
page 5.45, Worksheet 5-5, Sheet B - for columns I through M, all of the rows above the total row
should be blacked out. Only totals should be reported for these values.
page 5.43, Worksheet 5-5, sheet A, column B - change units from kt dm/ha to t dm/ha.
page 5.47, Worksheet 5-5, column P, heading should read "Annual Carbon Uptake or Release".
page 6.5, Table 6-1, second column headed "Waste Generation", units should read "(Gg/106 persons/yr)"
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 7
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page 6.8, Table 6-3, change values in third column to read as follows:
BODs Values
Gg/1000 persons/
year
0.0135
0.0146
0.0182
page 6.9, step 2, part 3, edit as follows:
Replace: Enter the Methane Emissions Factor, in gigagrams CH/j/kg BODs, in column F.
With: Enter the Methane Emissions Factor, in gigagrams CHU/gigagrams BODs, in column F.
Replace: The recommended emissions factor is 22 gigagrams CH^gigagrams BODs.
With: The recommended emissions factor is 0.22 gigagrams CH4/gigagrams BODs.
page 6.10, Table 6-5, alter the following rows:
Food and beverage industry
Wine
Meat packing
20,000
16,000-20,000 litres/ton live weight
page 6.15, Worksheet 6-1 (supplemental), columns A and B - change "1000 persons" to "106 persons"
page 6.17, Worksheet 6-2, column F - change units from "(Gg CHU / kg BOD5)" to "(Gg CEL* / Gg
BOD5)"
page 6.19, Worksheet 6-3, sheet A:
Column A - change units from "k litres" to "M litres"
Column B - change units from "Gg/litre" to "kg/litre"
Column F - change "22 Gg CH4 / Gg BOD5" to "0.22 Gg CKU/ Gg BOD5"
WORKBOOK CORRIGENDA. 8
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PREFACE
PREFACE.I
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PREFACE
Signature of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) by around ISO countries in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 indicated
widespread recognition that climate change is a potentially major threat to
the world's environment and economic development. Human activities have
substantially increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, thus
perturbing the earth's radiative balance. According to projections from
climate models, a global rise of temperature is a likely consequence. The
potential impacts of climate change such as sea level rises and changes in
local climate conditions - such as temperatures and precipitation patterns -
could have important negative impacts on the socio-economic development
of many countries.
The ultimate objective of the Convention is the stabilisation of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level
is to be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt
naturally to climate change.. The Convention also calls for all Parties to the
Conference to commit themselves to three objectives:
To develop, update periodically, publish, and make available to the
Conference of the Parties their national inventories of anthropogenic
emissions of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol.
To use comparable methodologies for inventories of greenhouse gas
emissions and removals, to be agreed upon by the Conference of the
Parties.
To formulate, implement, publish and update regularly national
programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change by
addressing anthropogenic emissions.
By the time of the Second World Climate Conference in Geneva in October
- November 1990, the need for a standard methodology for compiling
national emission inventories was obvious. Under the auspices of the
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the
International Energy Agency (IEA), with support from the USA, the UK and
Norway, an initial compendium of methods (covering all gases except
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were already accounted for under the
Montreal Protocol). This document was discussed in detail by a meeting of
experts (including many representatives of non-OECD countries) in Paris in
February 1991. It was then adopted in a slightly modified form at the fifth
session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in March
1991 as the starting point for a set of IPCC guidelines to be used by
countries drawing up national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions.
The IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories consists of three
volumes: the Greenhouse Cos Inventory Reporting Instructions, the Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Workbook and the Greenhouse Cos Inventory Reference Manual.
The Guidelines are being distributed world-wide to national experts for
review before adoption.
Further development of the methodology has been undertaken by the
Scientific Assessment Working Group (WGI) of the IPCC, working in close
collaboration with the OECD and the IEA under the IPCC/OECD
programme on emissions inventories. The objectives of the programme are:
PREFACE.3
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PREFACE
Development and refinement of an internationally agreed methodology
and software for calculation and reporting of national net emissions.
Efforts to encourage widespread use of the methodology by countries
participating in the IPCC and Parties to the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change.
Establishment of procedures and a data management system for
collection, review and reporting of national data.
In the Guidelines, default methods and assumptions have been developed for
characterising the major sources and sinks of greenhouse gases. Countries
have the option of using the various methods depending on their own needs
and capabilities. Other more detailed methods are also discussed. However,
the IPCC/OECD programme is developing a common reporting and
documentation framework for all inventories. This will provide for
comparison of these methodologically diverse national estimates. It is
essential that guidelines for this methodology are internationally agreed
upon, and this will be achieved through workshops and expert groups with a
broad geographical base.
Additionally, the IPCC/OECD programme is charged with continuing to
improve the methodology. This is being achieved through:
expert groups which review and recommend changes to the method
results from country studies
comments and preliminary inventories from countries
feedback from technical workshops held in Asia, Africa, Latin America
and Central and Eastern Europe
About thirty five countries from all over the world have submitted their
preliminary inventory data on anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and
removals from different sources, using a range of approaches including the
IPCC methodology. The results of all the above activities have been
considered in developing the current Guidelines.
The IPCC/OECD programme gives technical support to the greenhouse gas
inventory components of country study projects sponsored by UNEP, Asian
Development Bank, individual countries etc.. Countries participating in these
projects are developing national emission inventories. These country studies
will contribute to:
development of national capacity and capability (including improving
baseline data)
promulgation of the methodology
realistic testing of the methodology and its guidelines in order to identify
strengths and weaknesses
Over thirty countries are currently working on country studies with support
from various sponsors.
PREFACE.4
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The IPCC/OECD Programme on the Development of a Methodology for
National Inventories of Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions would like to thank
those governments, international organizations, and individuals whose
contributions have made the development of this methodology possible.
Financial support for the programme has been provided by the United
Nations Environment Programme, the Global Environment Facility, the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Environment
Directorate, the International Energy Agency, the European Community, and
the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland,
Italy, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands, Germany, France, Canada, and
Australia. Significant (non-financial) contributions and resources in kind came
from the United Nations Environment Programme, the United States, the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Japan, the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, and the International Energy Agency.
Many individuals have contributed in various ways to the programme. Those
who have drafted, commented, and advised in the direct support of the
production of these documents include: Jane Ellis, Tim Simmons, and Karen
Treanton, of the International Energy Agency; Craig Ebert and Barbara
Braatz of ICF Inc.; Karl Jorss of the Federal Environment Agency in Germany;
Gordon Mclnnes of the CEC/European Environment Agency Task Force &
UNECE Task Force on Emission Inventories; James Penman of the UK
Department of the Environment; Andre van Amstel of the National Institute
for Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) in the Netherlands;
Jan Feenstra, Ella Lammers, and Pier Vellinga, of the Institute for
Environmental Studies in the Netherlands; Berrien Moore of the University
of New Hampshire; Gerald Leach, Jack Siebert, Susan Subak, and Paul Raskin,
of the Stockholm Environment Institute; Lucy Butterwick, Martin Parry, and
Martin Price, of the University of Oxford;; Michael Short and Peter Usher of
the United Nations Environment Programme; N Sundararaman of the IPCC
Secretariat; Bert Bolin, Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change; Tim Weston, Peter Bolter and Austin Pearce of TMS Computer
Authors Ltd.; Sir John Houghton, Bruce Callander, Buruhani Nyenzi and
Kathy Maskell of the IPCC Working Group I Secretariat; Paul Schwengels,
Jan Corfee-Morlot, Jim McKenna, Scott Lurding, and Hans Sperling, of the
OECD Environment Directorate.
The IPCC/OECD Programme would like to thank all the participants in the
expert groups and in the various regional workshops, especially the
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
coordinators and co-chairs of expert groups process to provide
improvements in technical methods; L Gylvan Meira Filho of the National
Institute for Space Research, Brazil; Berrien Moore of the University of New
Hampshire; Paul Crutzen of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Elaine
Matthews of NASA; A P Mitra, of the National Physics Laboratory in India;
Nigel Roulet of York University in Canada; K Minami of the National
Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences in Japan; M A K Khalil of the
Oregon Graduate Institute; Alan Williams of the University of Leeds; Dina
Kruger, Susan Thornloe, and Lee Beck, of the US Environmental Protection
Agency; Audun Rosland of the State Pollution Control Authority in Norway;
Frank Shephard of British Gas pic; Richard Grant of the E&P Forum; Michael
Gibbs and Jonathan Woodbury of ICF Inc.; Lis Aitchison of the Energy
Technology Support Unit; Ron Leng of the University of New England in
Australia; Mark Howden of the Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australia; T
Ramasami of the Central Leather Institute in India; Robert Delmas of the
Universite Paul Sabatier; Dilip Ahuja of the Bruce Company; Chris Veldt and
Jan Berdowski of the National Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
(TNO-IMW) in the Netherlands; and Jos Olivier of the RIVM.
National case studies were contributed by: Audun Rosland of the State
Pollution Control Authority in Norway, Peter Cheng of the Department of
Arts, Sport, the Environment, and Territories in Australia, Jane Legget of the
US Environmental Protection Agency, Art Jacques of Environment Canada,
Sture Bostrom of Finland, and Karl Jorss of the Federal Environment Agency
in Germany, Simon Eggleston of Warren Spring Laboratory in the United
Kingdom, Andre van Amstel of the National Institute for Public Health and
Environmental Protection (RIVM) in the Netherlands, I B Obioh of Obafemi
Awolowo University Nigeria, P A Ratnasiri of the Ceylon Institute of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Gordon Mclnnes of the CEC/European
Environment Agency Task Force & UNECE Task Force on Emission
Inventories, Anne Niederberger-Arquit of the Federal Office of
Environment, Forests and Landscape in Switzerland, and Kendaro Doi of the
Japan Environment Agency.
A very large number of experts have participated in IPCC/OECD expert
groups and workshops. All of these contributors have played contructive
roles in shaping methods presented here. These efforts reflect an important
contribution to the implementation of the Framework Convention on
Climate Change, and are greatly appreciated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.2
-------
CONTENTS
,-£>*» 1
,>. < "^i/ii
I Using the IPCC Guidelines 3
2 Getting started 7
3 Data availability and Quality tables............................... 14
ES & WORKSHEETS
I Energy
I. I Introduction I -3
Combustion 1-3
1.2 CO2 From Energy I -3
1.3 Methane and other gases from Traditional Biomass Fuels
Burned for Energy ..................................... ......................................... ................... I -11
Fugitive sources 1-17
1.4 Methane Emissions from Coal Production 1-17
1.5 Methane Emissions from Oil and Gas Systems 1-20
2 Industrial Processes
2.1 Introduction 2-3
2.2 CO2 from Cement Production 2-4
3 Solvents
CONTENTS.I
-------
CONTENTS
4 Agriculture
4.1 Introduction 4-3
42 Livestock 4-3
4.3 Rice cultivation 4-11
4.4 Savanna burning. -4-18
4.5 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues .4-23
5 Land Use Change & Forestry
5.1 Introduction 5-3
5.2 Forest clearing 5-6
5.3 On-site burning of cleared forests 5-12
5.4 Grassland conversion 5-14
5.5 Abandonment of managed lands 5-15
5.6 Managed forests 5-19
6 Waste
6.1 Introduction 6'3
62 Landfills 6~3
6.3 Methane Emissions from Wastewater 6-7
PART 3 GLOSSARY & INDEX
Glossary
Index
CONTENTS.2
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PART I
INTRODUCING THE
WORKBOOK
PART I
INTRODUCTION.I
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INTRODUCTION
I
USING THE IPCC GUIDELINES
This document is one volume of the IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The series consists of three books:
THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS
THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY WORKBOOK
THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REFERENCE MANUAL
These books together provide the range of information needed to plan,
carry out and report results of a national inventory using the IPCC system.
The Reporting Instructions (Volume 1) provide step-by-step directions for
assembling, documenting and transmitting completed national inventory data
consistently, regardless of the method used to produce the estimates. These
instructions are intended for all users of the IPCC Guidelines and provide
the primary means of ensuring that all reports are consistent and
comparable.
The Workbook (Volume 2) contains suggestions about planning and getting
started on a national inventory for participants who do not have a national
inventory available already and are not experienced in producing such
inventories. It also contains step-by-step instructions for calculating
emissions of carbon dioxide (CG»2) and methane (CH,}) (also some other
trace gases) from six major emission source categories. It is intended to
help experts in as many countries as possible to start developing inventories
and become active participants in the IPCC/OECD programme.
The Reference Manual (Volume 3) provides a compendium of information on
methods for estimation of emissions for a broader range of greenhouse
gases and a complete list of source types for each. It summarizes a range of
possible methods for many source types. It also provides summaries of the
scientific basis for the inventory methods recommended and gives extensive
references to the technical literature. It is intended to help participants at all
levels of experience to understand the processes which cause greenhouse
gas emissions and the estimation methods used in compiling inventories.
The three books are designed to be used together and include these
features:
all three volumes use an identical arrangement and numbering by source
category for ease of cross reference
all the books have a common index which allows you to follow up all
references to a topic
(The common index will be included in the final, approved version but
not in the December 1993 review draft)
icons in the margin of each book indicate the source category
colour coding on the page indicates source category.
(Colour will be included in the final, approved version but not in the
December 1993 review draft.)
PART I
INTRODUCTIONS
-------
INTRODUCTION
Before you start...
This diagram explains the stages needed to make a national inventory which
meets IPCC standards.
Do you have a detailed
National Inventory?
Yes
Aggregate/transform
data and put into
standard format
Do you want to use
IPCC Comouter Software?
Reporting
recommendations
- documentation
- verification
- uncertainty
Ref. manual
Final National Inventory
INTRODUCTIONS
-------
INTRODUCTION
The stages are:
Question I
Do you have a detailed national inventory?
Answer: Yes
If your country already has a complete national inventory, you should
transform the data it contains into a form suitable for use by IPCC. This
means transforming it into a standard format. In order to do this, use
Volume I of the IPCC Guidelines, Reporting Instructions. This gives details of the
way in which data should be reported and documented.
Answer: No
You should start to plan your inventory and assemble the data you will need
to complete the Worksheets in this book. Refer to the Getting Stoned
section of this Workbook.
Question 2
Do you want to use the IPCC computer software?
Answer: Yes
If you want to use the IPCC software, you will still follow the instructions
are included in the Workbook to assemble the data you have collected into
an inventory (see margin box). You will use the software instead of the
printed worksheets to enter data.
Answer: No
If you do not use the IPCC software, use the Workbook and the Worksheets
it contains to assemble the data you have collected into an inventory.
Finally...
Inventory data should be returned to IPCC in the form recommended in the
Reporting Instructions. It is important that, where you have used a
methodology other than the IPCC Default Methodology, it is properly
documented. This will ensure that national inventories can be aggregated and
compared in a systematic way in order to produce a coherent regional and
global picture.
General Notes on the Guidelines
I The flow diagram above is intended as a simple schematic to illustrate
the different types of users (working at different levels of inventory
detail) and how they should be able to use the various volumes of the
Guidelines. You should recognise that reality is more complex than this
simplest explanatory chart Many countries may have some parts of the
inventory complete at a high level of detail but may only be getting
started on other parts. It is quite likely that some users will need to do
several iterations of the thinking process reflected in the diagram with
regard to different parts of their inventory.
2 Throughout the Guidelines there is an intentional double-counting of
carbon released from human activities. On one hand, CO2 is calculated
based on the assumption that all of the carbon in original fuel, biomass,
soils etc. which oxidizes produces CC>2. For combustion sources,
^ i * ~ *
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\ SOFTWARE ' ,
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slti .*** ,*£° ^f ^ ** ; >-.-> ^ ^
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PART I
INTRODUCTION.5
-------
INTRODUCTION
however, methods are also provided to estimate portions of the original
carbon which are released as CH4 and CO. The primary reason for
double counting this is that carbon is that carbon released as CH4 or
CO is eventually converted to CO2 in the atmosphere. This occurs in
less than 15 years, which is short relative to the 100+ years lifetime of
CO2 in the atmosphere. Therefore carbon emitted as CH4 and CO can
have two effects. First, in the form initially emitted, and, second, as part
of long term CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere. In order to have a
very precise estimate of the actual emissions of carbon species for a
given year (i.e. as input to a complex atmospheric model) you should
subtract carbon in reported CH4 and CO from C©2 to get net annual
CO2 emissions.
Many of the categories of greenhouse gas emissions and removals can
only be estimated with large ranges of uncertainty. Quite naturally,
some national experts have developed methods which are designed to
produce ranges of estimates rather than point estimates for highly
uncertain categories.. The IPCC Guidelines, however, require that users
provide a single point estimate for each gas and emissions/removal
category. This is simply to make the task of compilation, comparison and
evaluation of national reports manageable. Users are encouraged to
provide uncertainty ranges or other statements of confidence or quality
along with the point estimates. The procedures for reporting
uncertainty information are discussed in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Reporting Instructions.
INTRODUCTIONS
-------
INTRODUCTION
2 GETTING STARTED
Prefixes and multiplication factors
The following multiplication factors are used throughout this Workbook:
Multiplication Factor Abbreviation
Prefix
Symbol
000 000 000 000 000
IOIS
peta
000 000 000 000
10'*
tera
000 000 000
IO9
g'ga
000 000
IO6
mega
M
I 000
103
kilo
100
102
hecto
10
10"
deca
da
0.1
deci
0.01
io-2
centi
0.001
io-3
mill!
0.0001
IO-6
micro
Abbreviations for chemical compounds
The following abbreviations are used in this Workbook:
CKJMethane
N2O Nitrous Oxide
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CO Carbon Monoxide
NOX Nitrogen Oxides
NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound
Standard equivalents
I tonne of oil equivalent (TOE)
I xlO10 calories
I03TOE
0.041868 Pj
I short ton
0.9072 metric tonnes
I metric tonne
1.1023 short tons
I metric tonne
I megagram
I kilotonne
I gigagram
I million tonnes
I teragram
I mt
l,490m3CH4
I kg
2.2I02lbs
I hectare
I04m2
PART I
INTRODUCTION.7
-------
INTRODUCTION
Units and abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this Workbook:
cubic meters m^
hectares
ha
grams
kilograms
kg
gigagrams
Gg
megagrams
Mg
teragrams
Tg
tonnes
kilotonnes
kt
megatonnes
Mt
joules
petajoules
PJ
Getting Started
Six gases are covered in the current version of the Guidelines. These are the
direct greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (COj), methane (CH4), and nitrous
oxide (N2O) and the indirect greenhouse gases carbon monoxide (CO), oxides
of nitrogen (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs).
Other gases are being discussed and may be added in future versions of the
Guidelines. Halogenated species (i.e. chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), hydrochloro-
flourocarbon 22 (HCFC-22), the halons, methyl chloroform and carbon
tetrachloride) are not included because of parallel reporting requirements of
countries in compliance with commitments under the Montreal Protocol.
Although estimation methods are not provided, countries are encouraged to
report any emissions or removals for which they have data and which they
consider significant to climate change. Procedures for reporting other gases are
discussed in Volume I of the Guidelines, Reporting Instructions.
To estimate greenhouse gas emissions and removals you should begin by
developing a plan or strategy. The first step is the identification of the range of
possible source and sink activities that exist in your country. Second, you will
need to establish priorities for inventory work based on several considerations.
One is the priorities among various greenhouse gases. The IPCC has
recommended the direct greenhouse gases CO2, CH^as highest priority. A
second is the relative importance of source and sink activities within the country
and the availability of relevant information. Finally, once initial priorities have been
developed, the analyst must identify and allocate resources to develop the
inventory.
A description of greenhouse gas source and sink activities is provided in Volume I.
The IPCC Scientific Assessment of 1990 and 1992 Supplement presented the
current understanding of the contributions of various source and sink activities in
the global atmospheric balances of CO2, CH4 and N2O. This information is
included here for consideration by national experts in prioritizing national
inventory efforts. Of course, the relative importance of source and sink
INTRODUCTION.8
-------
INTRODUCTION
categories for a specific country may be substantially different than at a global
level.
Tables Introduction-1, lntroduction-2 and lntroduction-3 (below) summarize
the global contributions:
TABLE INTRODUCTION- 1
ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR CO2 (Gt C/YR) 1 989/90
Net Anthropogenic Sources
Fossil Fuel Combustion, Gas Flaring and Cement
Land Use Change and Deforestation
Total Net Sources
Natural
Accumulation in the Atmosphere
Uptake by the Ocean
Terrestial Sink
Total Accounted Carbon
Total Unaccounted Carbon ("missing sink")
Gt C/yr
6.0
1.6
7.6
(3.4)
(2.0)
(1.0)
(6.4)
1.2
Range
(+/-)
O.S
1.0
1.5
(0.2)
(0.8)
(1.0)
(1.0)
(0.5)
TABLE INTRODUCTION-!
ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR METHANE (Tg CH4 PER YEAR)
Sources
Natural
Wetlands
Termites
Ocean
Freshwater
CH4 Hydrate
Anthropogenic
* Coal Mining, Natural Gas and Petroleum Industry '
Rice Paddies
Enteric Fermentation
Animal Wastes
Domestic Sewage Treatment
Landfills
Biomass burning
Sinks
Atmospheric (tropospheric + stratospheric) removal
Removal by soils
Atmospheric Increase
Tg CH4/yeor
115
20
10
5
5
100
60
80
25
25
30
40
470
30
32
Range
(100-200)
(10-50)
(5-20)
(1-25)
(0-5)
(70-120)
(20-150)
(65-100)
(20-30)
?
(20-70)
(20-80)
(450-520)
(15-45)
(28-37)
PART I
INTRODUCTIONS
-------
INTRODUCTION
TABLE INTRODUCTION-S
ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR NITROUS OXIDE (Tg N Per Year)
Sources
Natural
Oceans
Tropical Soils
Wet Forests
Dry Savannas
Temperate Soils
Forests
Grasslands
Anthropogenic
Cultivated Soils
Biomass Burning
Stationary Combustion
Mobile Sources
Adipic Acid Production
Nitric Acid Production
Sinks
Removal by Soils
Photolysis in the Stratosphere
Atmospheric Increase
1.4-2.6
2.2 - 3.7
0.5 - 2.0
0.05 - 2.0
0.03 - 3.0
0.2- 1.0
O.I -0.3
0.2 - 0.6
0.4 - 0.6
O.I -0.3
?
7- 13
3-4.5
The stages are:
^nHii...^. 'ip i£:w4i,,.Aij^Pl|>l>, r,x&H "MM HMH.I * J* v^-mt ^w^^A'^m&ft^mJ^^^^^^^^
EP I PLANNING THE JNVENTOu. ^ :
"~
I Review Reporting Instructions
Review the Reporting Instructions (Volume I of IPCC Guidelines) so you
know what data are required. Look in detail at Chapter 3: Understanding
the Common Reporting Framework. This discusses standard definitions of
pollutants, units, source/sink categories and time periods.
2 Identify priority sources/sinks and priority greenhouse gases. Ultimately,
each country should report all important sources and sinks of all
greenhouse gases. However, in practice, countries with little prior
experience, which are getting started on national inventories, may wish
to prioritize the possible gases and sources in terms of relative
importance to global and national totals. Proceeding with highest
priority sources first will reduce the initial burden on national experts
and allow key results to be reported more quickly in international fora
General priorities for countries preparing inventories are (listed in
order of highest to lowest priority):
COz from Energy sources
CC>2 from Land Use Change
INTRODUCTION.10
-------
INTRODUCTION
CH4 from major source categories: Rice Production; Coal Mining
Oil and Gas Systems; Enteric Fermentation and Animal Waste;
Landfills and Other Waste, and Biomass Burning
Other greenhouse gases
This Workbook provides simple methods for all of the CO2 and CH4
categories listed above to help national experts in the high priority
areas. Countries can modify the suggested priorities based on the
importance of these source and sink activities in their own national
context
f*
USING THE
Q A T A , . . ,
1PCC DEFAULT
The Workbook contains default methods for the estimation of each of the
main source categories for C©2 and CH4. The Reference Manual contains
background information on these methods and more detailed options. It also
contains information on methods for N2O and ozone precursors - CO,
NOX, and NMVOC. These methods are in various stages of testing and
therefore are associated with different levels of confidence or "quality."
IPCC's default methodology aims to provide the simplest realistic
procedures for countries to use when making greenhouse gas emissions
inventories. Default values are provided for emission factors and (some)
activity data. Because default information is frequently general, and applicable
to all countries of the world, it may not capture the variations in activities at
the regional and national level that may significantly influence emission levels.
It is nevertheless a starting point for many countries that are preparing
inventories of CO2 and Ch^ for the first time.
Countries may use more detailed methodologies, emission factors or activity
data where these are compatible with IPCC source categories, and can be
shown to give consistent and accurate results. Default emission factors and
activity data also provide useful points of comparison for national
assumptions. If a country's data vary significantly from the default data, the
IPCC asks that the difference be explained. The tables in the next section
Availability and Quality of Data provide an overview of the availability and the
quality of default data assumptions by major source category and gas. Some
default information is found in the Modules and Worksheets part of this
Workbook. Other country-specific default data are provided separately.
PART I
INTRODUCTION.I I
-------
INTRODUCTION
it JFT17!!TX3»W5'^125^
IEp, 3U s JJNG THe'-W-oifK^^o^^];^^^^^
The Workbook
The Workbook is designed to be a working document You use it as an
integral part of making an inventory of your country's greenhouse gas
emissions and removals. It is divided into six modules, each with its own
colour code and icon:
[Colour codes will be provided only in the Final Approved Draft of the IPCC
Guidelines, and not in this draft.]
Energy
Industrial Processes
Solvent Use
[Solvent Use is included in this version of the Workbook as a placeholder
only. No simple estimation methods are provided for this category.]
Agriculture
Land Use Change and Forestry
Waste
Within each module a series of emission sources are identified. Each
emission source contains one (or more) Worksheets. These are blank
forms for making the inventory which you fill in and return to IPCC.
To help you to use the Worksheets, each emission source section also
contains:
a brief introduction
a survey of data sources
an overview of the methodology recommended for the source
instructions for completing the Worksheet
If you want to know more about a particular emission source, refer to the
IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual. For easy reference, you can
use the colour code or the icon to find the relevant part of the Manual.
There is also a common index so you can look up items of interest in both
books.
[The index will be provided in the Final Approved IPCC Guidelines and not
in this draft]
,, .,.
'ROVIDINGDOCU MEN TAT ION
In every case written documentation should be provided explaining the
sources of any input data which were not taken from the default data
included in the Workbook. For example, for energy related GHG this includes
energy data, conversion factors, emission factors, production data for
products which store carbon and any other information which might affect
the results in the inventory.
_
INTRODUCTION.12
-------
INTRODUCTION
Preferably your documentation should cite published reports as the source
of data. Government ministries, institutes or private firms which have
provided data should be identified by a mailing address and a contact person.
See Volume I Reporting Instructions for details of documentation
requirements.
5* REPORTING FINER LEVELS .OF
"WORKSHEETS
For simplicity and clarity, the Workbook deals with calculation of emissions at
a national level, with source categories broken down into relatively few sub-
categories. The level of detail in the sub-categories is designed to match the
available sources of default input data, carbon contents and other
assumptions. However, as a user of the emissions methodology Guidelines,
you are encouraged to carry out your national inventory at as fine a level of
detail as possible. If your country has more detailed information on any of
the source categories than that used in constructing the default values in this
Workbook, you are encouraged to use it
There are two ways in which this is possible:
Finer geographic detail
Experts may find that it is necessary to divide a country into different
regions to capture differences between ecosystems and biomass
densities, agricultural practices, rates of burning etc.
Finer detail by sub-category
Where data are available, experts may subdivide the categories of
activity to reflect important differences in economic activity, ecology
or species, land use or agricultural practices, rate of burning, etc.
Working at a finer level of disaggregation does not change the nature of the
calculations although more locally developed data and assumptions will
generally be required. Use multiple copies of the Worksheets for these
calculations.
If you have calculated greenhouse gas emissions at a finer level of detail, you
should also aggregate results up to the most detailed level of information
requested by the IPCC methodology in order to report them. This allows
comparisons to be made among the results from countries participating in
the inventory. You are also encouraged to report at the underlying level of
detail if it is manageable.
Make sure that you report data and assumptions to the IPCC in order to
ensure transparency and replicability of methods. Reporting Instructions
(Volume I of the Guidelines) discusses these issues in more detail.
PART I
INTRODUCTION.13
-------
INTRODUCTION
3 DATA AVAILABILITY AND
QUALITY TABLES
These tables provide a summary of the types of activity data, emission
factors and other data needed to carry out the simplest, default calculations
of emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O. They also indicate the data which are
included in the Workbook or are readily available from international sources,
and provide indicators of the quality of available default data. These
indicators reflect the judgement of the IPCC/OECD programme technical
staff regarding the likely technical accuracy or quality of default data or
emission factors in the context of a national emissions/removals estimate.
The differences reflect
The variations in availability and quality of international compilations of
data on the different categories of human activity which cause emissions
The representativeness of available global or regional default emission
factors when used at as national level.
Variations in the level of underlying scientific understanding of the
various human induced phenomena which cause greenhouse gas
emissions.
This information should be useful to national experts in prioritizing efforts to
obtain and use more detailed national data, and assessing the quality of any
estimates produced.
INTRODUCTION.14
-------
INTRODUCTION
Energy
SOURCE
CATEGORIES
IA
FUEL
COMBUSTION
Activities
IAI-2& IA4-7
IA3
TRANSPORT
IB
FUGITIVE
EMISSIONS FROM
ENERGY
IBI
OIL AND GAS
SYSTEMS
IB2
COAL MINING
PRIORITY
GASES
CO2
CH4> N2O
CH4
N20
CH4 N2O
CH4
N2O
CH4 C02
CH4
C02
CH4
C02
AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF DATA AND METHODS
Activity Data
EF and related
data.
Activity Data
EF
EF
Activity Data
EF
EF
Activity Data
EF
EF
Activity Data
EF
Activity Data &
EF
Fuel consumption by detailed fuel subcategory. - Provided By
IEA (1992). Also available from UN (I992a) (H-M)*
Country specific conversion factors (heat content);
Global average C content, C emission factors (H-M)*
Fuel consumption must be allocated to specific end-use
subsectors and technology or process types to estimate
these gases. IEA (1992) or UN (I992a) data provide
control totals but no international data are available at
the process/technology level (N-P).
Summarized in Reference Manual (M)
Summarized in Reference Manual (L).
Fuel combustion by vehicle type with fleet profiles,
driving characteristics, technology. No international data
sources. (NP)
Summarized in Reference Manual (M)
Summarized in Reference Manual (L).
Oil/Gas production and consumption, oil loaded on
tankers IEA (1992) and UN (1992) (H-M)*
Number of wells drilled no default data.
Regional ranges provided. Large uncertainty at country
level.
Do default factors.
Underground and surface coal production available from
IEA (1992) and UN (1992) (H-M).
Global average range provided . Large uncertainty at
country level. (L)
(NP)
* In general these default data are quite good and should produce high quality estimates at the country level.
There may be a few countries for which data have not been recently and carefully reported or which have unusual
fuel characteristics. For these countries, application of default data may produce emission estimates of only
moderate quality.
s»* 4 « ^r t
<= KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS:
t.Grta ^Greenhouse Gas
* EF ^Erriissions factor
V'- Not Available ^
-T^fot Provided
, l«s . . ^
PART 1
INTRODUCTION.15
-------
INTRODUCTION
Industrial Processes
SOURCE
CATEGORIES
2A
IRON AND STEEL
2B
NON-FERROUS
METALS
2C
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
2D
ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
2E
NON-METALLIC
MINERALS
2F
OTHER
PRIORITY
GASES
CO2 CH4
N2O
CH4
C02 N2O
CO2 N2O
N2O
CH4 N2O
C02
CO2 CH4
N2O
AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF DATA AND METHODS
Activity Data
EF
EF
Activity Data &
EF
Activity Data
EF
Activity Data
EF
Activity Data
EF
Activity Data &
EF
Available from UN (I992b) (M)
(NP)
(NP)
(NP)
Adipic acid and nitric acid production from UN (I992b)
(M)
Reference Manual (L)
Production of specific chemicals from UN (I992b) (M)
Reference Manual - global average (L)
Production of specific products from UN (1 992b) (M)
US Bureau of Mines (1 992)
Reference Manual for cement (M).
Other products (NP)
(NP)
INTRODUCTION.16
-------
INTRODUCTION
3 Solvents
[Not treated in this version of the Workbook]
PART I
INTRODUCTION.17
-------
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture
SOURCE CATEGORIES
4A
ENTERIC
FERMENTATION
4B
ANIMAL WASTES
4C
RICE CULTIVATION
ID
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
IE
AGRICULTURAL WASTE
BURNING
5F
SAVANNA BURNING
PRIORITY
GASES
CH<
CH4
CH<
N20
CH,, N2O
CH4 N20
AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF DATA AND METHODS
Activity Data:
Other Related Data:
EF
Activity Data:
Other Related Data:
EF
Activity Data:
Other Related Data:
EF:
Activity Data:
Other Related Data.
EF:
Activity Data:
Other GHG EF:
Activity Data
Other GHG EF:
nternational data on number of animals / country (FAO,
99la)(H-M), Other data below not provided.
Average weight by animal type, feed intake & type of feed.
"rovided in the Workbook and Reference Manual(M) need
esting in countries outside of OECD.
nternational data on number of animals/country FAO
1 99 1 a)(H-M). Other data (below) not provided.
- waste production per animal per day
% volatile solids in waste
methane emission potential in volatile solids
- fraction of methane potential realised
- type of waste storage system.
Default factors provided for variables identified above but
assumptions (and method) not yet extensively tested.(M-L)
International data on number of hectare days cultivated
annually, (Mathews etal) FAO (199 la) (M)
Irrigation regime, temperature.(M-L)
Limited testing, some important parameters not yet
included. (M-L)
Nitrogen fertilizer sales per country per year (FAO, 1 99 1 b)
(M)
Organic nitrogen applied, biological fixation (NP)
Soil temperature, moisture content, nitrogen content,
atmospheric deposition and others not yet included in
method.
Default assumptions provided (L)
Production by crop FAO (I99la) (H-M)
Residue, crop ratios etc. (M-L). Fraction burned in fields (NP
Defaults provided (L)
Savanna area FAO (1993) (H-M)
Crude rules of thumb provided for fraction burned,
other biomass characteristics (L)
Defaults provided (L)
S'KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS: "
tr
SGHG - Greenhouse Gas
m£F~- Emissions Factor
1-.; 1.
Hi High Quality
rM - Medjum Quality
JL"- Low Quality
-NAV- Not Available
-*NP- Not Provided*
" H
1
1
n
,:.: ;:1
. L,l » |
' " ' ""'"'»!
INTRODUCTION.18
-------
INTRODUCTION
Land Use Change & Forestry
SOURCE
CATEGORIES
PRIORITY
GASES
AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF DATA AND METHODS
5
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
5A
FOREST CLEARING
(INCLUDING
BURNING)
SB
CONVERSION OF
GRASSLANDS TO
CULTIVATED LAND
5C
ABANDONMENT
OF MANAGED
LANDS
5D
LOGGING /
MANAGED FORESTS
CO2 and
Other GHG
C02
CO2
CO2
Activity Data:
EF:
Activity Data
EF
Activity Data
EF
Activity Data
EF
- quantity of biomass burned
- biomass/soil carbon content
- % biomass/soil carbon released as CO2
- nitrogen/carbon ratio of biomass
- trace gas emissions ratios.
FAO Assessments (1993) (L)
Regional defaults provided (L), limited testing.
NP
Regional defaults high uncertainty (L)
NP
Regional defaults high uncertainty (L)
NP
Regional defaults high uncertainty (L)
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS:
. GHG - Greenhouse Gas
EF - Emissions Factor
H - High Quality
"M"-Medium Quality
* L -Lew Quality
."NAV-Not Available
*NP,- Not Provided
PART I
INTRODUCTION.19
-------
INTRODUCTION
Waste
SOURCE
CATEGORIES
6A
LANDFILLS
6B
WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
PRIORITY
GASES
CH4 CO2
CH4 N2O
CH4
N2O
AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY OF DATA AND METHODS
Activity data:
Other Related
Data:
EF
Activity Data
EF
EF
International data on waste quantities produced by
country can be derived from population UN (I99lb),
OECD (1992). Piccot et al 1990 (L).
- % of total waste landfilled
- % of degradable organic carbon (DOC)
- % of carbon dissimilated
- % CH4 in total biogas.
Based on above data. (L)
BOD in wastewater can be derived from population and
industrial production data - UN (1991 b) and crude rules
of thumb (L)
Reference Manual (L)
NP
'TO ABBREVIATIONS:
<,fSf~*-: f'ii ; L -
-------
INTRODUCTION
Other gases
The IPCC Guidelines also cover methods for calculating and reporting those
gases which contribute to the atmospheric formation of ozone. These
"indirect" greenhouse gases are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides
(NOX) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). These
gases have been treated differently in the Guidelines for several reasons:
I They have been identified as lower priority in IPCC technical workshops
on greenhouse gas emissions. It is clear that both the IPCC Guidelines
and individual national inventories should ultimately deal
comprehensively and consistently with all important greenhouse gases
and their sources and sinks. However, development of simple methods
and corresponding capacity building efforts in developing countries have
focused initially on the highest priority gases - CC>2 and CH^.
2 A great deal of effort has already been expended in individual countries
and international organizations on emissions inventories for these gases
because of their importance for local and regional air pollution. Thus, a
great deal of literature already exists on methods and default
information for calculating these emissions.
3 Emissions of these gases are largely from energy and industrial sources
and are highly dependent on specific technologies, processes and
product use, as well as on fuel used or industrial output. A great deal of
additional information is required to estimate the major sources of
these gases (using existing inventory methodologies)' beyond the
information needed to estimate the priority direct greenhouse gases.
Thus, the inclusion of CO, NOX and NMVOCs in national inventories
implies a more detailed approach than in the existing IPCC simple
default methods.
For all of these reasons, the Review Draft of the IPCC Phase I Guidelines
does not include original work on methods for estimating CO, NOX and
NMVOCs. Instead, the relevant sections of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Reference Manual and Reporting Instructions draw on and refer to the existing
major compilations of methods and default factors for these gases. Some key
examples are:
Commission of the European Communities (CEC), 1992, COR/NA/R Emission
Factor Handbook, Brussels.
USEPA 1986. Compilation of Air Pollution Emissions Factors, Vol. I: Stationary
Point and Area Sources, AP.42, Supplement A.
Piccot, S D, A Chadha, J De Waters, T Lynch, P Marsosudiro, W Tax, S
Walata, and J D Winkler, 1990, Evaluation of Significant Anthropogenic Sources
of Radiatively Important Trace Gases. Prepared for the Office of Research and
Development, USEPA Washington DC.
Users who are planning to produce emissions estimates for CO, NOx and
NMVOCs should consult these or similar reference documents as well as
the IPCC Guidelines. Information on the quality and availability of default
data and assumptions would be discussed in these basic source documents
rather than in the IPCC Guidelines.
PART I
INTRODUCTION.21
-------
INTRODUCTION
References -Major Sources of
Activity Data
I FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 1991 a,
Production Yearbook, FAO, Rome (annual).
2 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), I99lb, FAO 1991 Fertilizer
Yearbook., FAO, Rome (annual).
3 FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 1993, Forest Resources in the
Tropical World, FAO, Rome (annual).
4 Griffin, R C , 1987, CO2 release from cement production, 1950-1985.
In Marland, G., T A Boden, R C Griffin, S F Huang, P Kanciruk and T
R Nelson. Estimates ofC02 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning and Cement
Manufacturing, Based on the United Nations Energy Statistics and the US
Bureau of Mines Cement Manufacturing Data. Report N° ORNL/CDIAC-
25, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, May 1989. 643-680.
5 IEA (International Energy Agency), 1992, Energy Balances in OECD
Countries, and Energy Statistics and Balances ofNon-OECD Countries, Paris,
1992 (annual).
6
10
II
Matthews, E , I Fung and J Lerner, 1991, Methane emission from rice
cultivation: Geographic and seasonal distribution of cultivated areas and
emissions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5:3-24.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development/International Energy Agency), 1992, Environmental Data
Compendium, OECD/IEA, Paris (annual).
Piccot, S D , A Chadha, J DeWaters, T Lynch, P Marsosudiro, W
Tax, S Walata, andJD Winkler, 1990, Evaluation of Significant
Anthropogenic Sources ofRadiatively Important Trace Gases. Prepared for
the Office of Research and Development, USEPA Washington DC.
United Nations, 1992a, Energy Statistics Yearbook, United Nations, New
York (annual).
United Nations, I992b, United Nations Statistical Yearbook, United
Nations, New York (annual).
US Bureau of the Mines, 1988, Cement Minerals Yearbook, authored by
Wilton Johnson, US Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior,
Washington DC (annual).
References used in developing emission factors and other default values used
in the Workbook are discussed in the relevant sections of the Greenhouse Gas
Inventory Reference Manual.
INTRODUCTION.22
-------
PART 2
MODULES AND
WORKSHEETS
-------
-------
MODULE I
ENERGY
PART 2
-------
-------
ENERGY
ENERGY
I.I Introduction
This module gives instructions for estimating the emissions of greenhouse
gases from energy activities. It is divided into two categories, each with two
subcategories:
Combustion
COj from Energy
Methane and Other Gases from Traditional Biomass Fuels
Fugitive
Methane Emissions from Coal Production
Methane Emissions from Oil and Gas Systems
COMBUSTION
1.2 CO2 From Energy
Introduction
Carbon dioxide emissions are produced when carbon based fuels are
burned. National emissions estimates are made based on amounts of fuels
used and the carbon fraction of fuels.
Fuel combustion is widely dispersed throughout most activities in national
economies and a complete record of the quantities of each fuel type
consumed in each "end use" activity is a considerable task, which some
countries have not undertaken. Fortunately, it is possible to obtain an
accurate estimate of national CO2 emissions, by accounting for the carbon in
fuels supplied to the economy. The supply of fuels is simple to record and
the statistics are more likely to be available in many countries.
In accounting for fuels supplied it is important to distinguish between primary
fuels (i.e. fuels which are found in nature such as coal, crude oil, natural gas),
and secondary fuels or fuel products, such as gasoline and lubricants, which
are derived from primary fuels.
Accounting for carbon is based mainly on the supply of primary fuels and the
net quantities of secondary fuels brought into the country.
To calculate supply of fuels to the country you require the following data for
each fuel and year chosen:
the amounts of primary fuels produced (production of secondary fuels is
excluded)
the amounts of primary and secondary fuels imported
PART 2
1.3
-------
ENERGY
the amounts of primary and secondary fuels exported
the net increases or decreases in stocks of the fuels
For each fuel, the production (where appropriate) and imports are added
together and the exports and stock changes are subtracted to calculate the
apparent consumption of the fuels.
The manufacture of secondary fuels should be ignored in the main
calculation, as the carbon in these fuels has already been accounted for in
the supply of primary fuels from which they were derived. However,
information on production of some secondary fuel products is required to
adjust for carbon stored in these products.
An examination of this procedure shows that, in effect, it calculates the
supply of primary fuels to the economy with adjustments for net imports
(imports-exports) and stock changes in secondary fuels. It is important to
note that, in cases where exports of secondary fuels exceed imports or
stock increases exceed net imports, negative numbers will result. This is
correct, and should not give rise to concern.
Three other important points influence the accounting methodology:
Stored carbon
Not all fuel supplied to an economy is burned for heat energy. Some is
used as a raw material (or feedstock) for manufacture of products
such as plastics or in a non energy use (e.g. bitumen for road
construction), without oxidation (emissions) of the carbon. This is
called stored carbon, and is deducted from the carbon emissions
calculation. Estimation of the stored carbon requires data for fuel use
by activities using the fuel as raw material. These requirements are
explained later.
Bunker fuels
The methodology for the estimation of the fuel requirements of a
country satisfies the IPCC requirement that deliveries of fuels for
international marine or aviation bunkers be included in domestic
consumption. However, for information purposes, the quantities and
types of fuels delivered for bunker purposes should be separately
identified.
B/omoss fuels
Biomass fuels are included in the national energy and emissions
accounts for information only. For completeness, biomass fuels are
included in the Worksheet for this section (Worksheet /-/), but not
included in the summation of national CO2 emissions from energy. If
biomass is being regrown at roughly the same rate as it is being
harvested on an annual basis, the net flux of CO2 into the atmosphere
is zero.
If energy use (or any other factor) is causing a long term decline in
carbon stored in standing biomass, this net release of carbon should
be evident in the calculation of CO2 emissions in the Land use
Change and Forestry modules in this Workbook.
1.4
-------
ENERGY
Data Sources
For purposes of establishing consistency, the IPCC methodology
recommends that all countries initially calculate emissions for the year 1990.
In addition to locally available sources in many countries, there are various
international sources of energy data. Compendia of energy statistics, based on
national reporting, are published by the International Energy Agency in Paris, and
the United Nations Statistical Office in New York. These compendia are
compiled from reports made to these bodies by the administrations of member
countries. The categories and definitions of fuels and fuel products used in this
Workbook are based on IEA reporting conventions.
Where available from the International Energy Agency, default energy data
and conversion factors for individual countries are provided along with this
document. Data for over a hundred countries are provided separately in the
IPCC format.
In addition to energy data, default emissions factors, and other input
assumptions, are provided in the Workbook methodology where available. In
calculating national emissions, users of this method are free to override any
of these assumptions or recommendations if other information is preferred.
Wherever information is used other than the values recommended in the
Workbook, this should be noted and documentation should be provided on
the sources of the information.
Methodology
The IPCC methodology breaks the calculation of carbon dioxide emissions
from fuel combustion into 6 steps:
Step I: Estimate Apparent Fuel Consumption in Original Units
Step 2: Convert to Common Energy Units
Step 3: Multiply by Emission Factors to Compute Potential Emissions
Step 4: Compute Carbon Stored
Step 5: Correct for Incomplete Combustion
Step 6: Convert Carbon Oxidised to CO2 Emissions
Completing the Worksheet
Use Worksheet I-1 Energy to enter the data for this sub module.
This section provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions at
the detailed fuels and fuel products level.
This approach allows checking against data on actual flows (e.g. imports,
exports) of commodities in order to provide greater detail and accuracy. In
general, available international energy statistics are consistent with this level
of detail, and locally available data should also be available for at least this
level of detail. This is the IPCC recommended approach.
' * « Copy the Worksheet at the end
^f^(*is\ection.to complete the
£ "-"inventory,
*s**!V*?, ,£",.-" - -
^, J Keep the original of the
r yVcirkshejet Wank so you carr
% /TmakeTfariher copies if
^tif &**** - 'H.* ">
I?, necessary.
PART 2
1.5
-------
ENERGY
NOTE: An aggregate approach is also possible, as described in the
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual. However you should note that it
is much less accurate.
isrocjc CHANGE DATA
, . ...... m
stock change and, since it is
subtracted, will decrease Apparent
Consumption; a stock reduction (use "
of fueJ from existing stocks) is a
',. negative value and will increase
: Apparent Consumption.
IEA DATA
IEA Internationally reported data (if
^ available) are provided separately in
a country specific form. You can use
these default data for input or for
comparison If you wish.
_ -- - . -- . -- «. -«-«--» ? ,, ^T*****'*^^
STEP I ESTIMATING APPARENT FUEL
*.CONSUM>TIO"N " ' * """ *
i* *_,.,.* i * * * * i- ^ "*** *> *- *
To calculate apparent consumption (or total fuel supplied) for each fuel,
enter the following data for primary fuels.
Production (column A)
Imports (column B)
Exports (column C)
Stock Change (column D)
For secondary fuels and products, the only figures to be entered are:
Imports (column B)
Exports (column C)
Stock Change (column D)
These allow the overall calculation to account for all consumption.
Amounts of all fuels can be expressed in Joules 0), Megajoules (MJ),
Gigajoules (GJ), Terajoules (TJ), Thousands of Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
(ktoe). Solid or liquid fuels can be expressed as 10 tonnes (10 t) and Dry
BUNKER FUEL
. Z_ "ZI3 - ... Natural Gas can be expressed as Teracalories (Teal).
t
J.yVnere indicated in Worksheet l-l, 1
j. 'fester die amount of a particular fuel
consumed as bunker fuel (energy
!_us,e
-------
ENERGY
ON,V|jlT!NG TO,'COMMON ENERGY
TABLE l-l
CONVERSION FACTORS
UNIT
J,MJorTJ
10 toe units
Teal units
IOJt
CONVERSION FACTOR
Multiply by the appropriate factor of 1 ,000 to convert to GJ.
Multiply by the conversion -factor,
41,868 GJ/IOJtoe, to convert to GJ
Multiply by the conversion factor, 4. 1 868x 1 0 GJ/Tcal.
Fuel specific and in some cases country specific conversion
factors should be used to convert to GJ.
NOTE When converting from 10 t, for Coking Coal, Steam Coal, Lignite, and Sub-bituminous Coal,
separately shown Country Spedfc Conversion Factors provide different conversion values for
Production (column A), Imports (column B), and Exports (column C). For these fuels, the user
should calculate Apparent Consumption by converting Production, Imports, Exports, and Stock
Changes to GJ first For Stock Change (column D), use either a weighted average conversion factor
or select a factor appropriate to the dominant source of supply.
I Enter the conversion factor used for each fuel in column F.
Tables l-l, 1-2 and other tables provided separately show conversion
factors.
TABLE 1-2
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OTHER PRODUCTS
Gasoline
Kerosene
Jet Fuel
Gas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
Naphtha
Bitumen
Lubricants
Petroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstocks
Other Oil Products
Factors (GJ//CH tonnes)
44800
44750
44590
43330
40190
47310
45010
40190
40190
40190
44800
40190
Other Products
Coal Oils and Tars derived from Coking Coals
28000
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
CONVERSION FACTORS
*1f detailed conversion factors are
I"- <$," * /* \ _, "iii? -~~. -V
^available in your country, they should
£ be used 'Default conversion factors *"
« for oil and coal products for many
countries are provided separately. If
conversion values for your country -
, are not listed that table, select
, conversjpn,factors for a country that
approximates the heat content
values for fuels in your country.
Conversion Factors for Refined
Petroleum Products and some other
products are shown in Tables l-l
andlS. '
^ In all cases, you should report the
' conversion factors^which you have
* 'used in column F. If you use values
Igjj.er tjian those provided,~please
Incfule avnote*explaining ttie source
PART 2
1.7
-------
ENERGY
TABLE 1-3
CARBON EMISSION FACTORS
Fuel
Carbon
emission Factor
(kgC/GJ)
UQUO FOSSIL
Wmary/uefe
Crude oil
atural Gas Liquids
20.0
15.2
Secondary fuck/products
Gasoline
(erosene
etFuel
Gas/Diesel OH
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
Naphtha
Mtumen
.ubricants
'ctroleum Coke
(eftnery Feedstocks
Other Oil
18.9
19.6
19.5
20.2
21.1
17.2
(20.0)'
22.0
(20.0)'
27.5
(20.0)'
(20.0)'
Souo FOSSIL
Wrnory Fuefs
Coking Coal
Steam Coal
Ugnlte
Sub-bttumlnous Coal
Peat
Secondary Fueklfroduas
BKB & Patent Fuel
Coke
25.8
25.8
26.1
27.6
28.9
(25.8)'
29.5
GASEOUS FOSSIL
Natural Gas (Dry)
15.3
BIOMASS
Solid Blomass
Jquld Blomass
(25.8)'
(20.0)'
BUNKERS
!ec Fuel Bunkers
Gas/Diesel OK Bunkers
Residual Fuel Oil
Bunkers
Other OH Bunkers
19.5
20.2
21.1
(20.0)'
' This value Is a default value until a fuel
specific CEF Is determined. For oil
products and liquid blomass fuel, the
default value is that for crude oil. For coal
products and solid blomass fuel, the
default value is that for steam coal.
Multiply the Apparent Consumption by the relevant Conversion
Factor to give Apparent Consumption in Gigajoules. Enter the result
in column G.
Add the data into subtotals for Liquid Fossil, Solid Fossil, Gaseous
Fossil, and Biomass Fuels Apparent Consumption. Enter the results in
the appropriate sub-total boxes.
_
STEP 3 M u LTi P;L Y r
^
BIO H''i'
MISSION FA CT 6 R'S/.';:'',': Cj" ^-'^^A'^ ^
jShlKll*
I Enter the Carbon Emission Factor (CEF) which you are using to convert
Apparent Consumption into Potential Emissions in column H.
Table 1-3 shows default values which you can use if there are no locally
available data.
2 Multiply the Apparent Consumption in GJ by the Carbon Emission
Factor to give the Potential Emissions in kilograms. Enter the result in
column I.
4 Divide Potential Emissions in kilograms C by I06 to give the Potential
Emissions in Gigagrams of Carbon. Enter the result in column J.
5 Calculate subtotals for Liquid, Solid, Gaseous, and Biomass Fuel
categories, then add the subtotals for Solid Fossil, Liquid Fossil, and
Gaseous Fossil Fuels to give the Total figure (column J). This is for
information purposes only.
1.8
-------
ENERGY
CARBON STORED
I Estimating Fuel Quantities
Enter the data from this calculation in column A of the Auxiliary Worksheet
l-t.
For this calculation, new data are required for each fuel or fuel produce
Bitumen and lubricants
Add Domestic Production for Bitumen and Lubricants to the Apparent
Consumption in column G of the Auxiliary Worksheet l-l for these
products.
Coal oils and tars
For coking coal, the default assumption is that 6% of the carbon in coking
coal consumed is converted to oils and tars. Multiply the apparent
consumption for coking coal (from Worksheet l-l, column G) by 0.06. If
better information on production of coal oils and tars is locally available, this
should be used and the source of the .data noted.
Natural gas, LPG, Naphtha and Gas/Diesel oil
Estimate the amount of these fuels that is used as a feedstock for non-energy
use.
2 Converting to GJ
Multiply Estimated Fuel Quantities (column A) by the relevant Conversion
Factor to give the Estimated Fuel Quantities in GJ. Enter the result in column
C of the Auxiliary Worksheet I -I.
3 Calculating Carbon Fraction
Multiply the Estimated Fuel Quantities in GJ (column C) by the Emission Factor
(in kilograms carbon per Gigajoule) (column D) to give the Carbon Fraction in
kilograms. Divide the figures by 10^ to express the amount as gigagrams Enter
the results in columns E and F of the Auxiliary Worksheet I -1.
4 Calculating Actual Carbon Stored
Multiply the Carbon Fraction (column F) by the Fraction of Carbon Stored
(column G) to give the Actual Carbon Stored. Enter the result in column H
of the Auxiliary Worksheet I -1.
When you have completed the Auxiliary Worksheet l-l
5 Enter values for Carbon Stored for the relevant fuels/products in
column K ofWorksheet l-l.
6 Subtract the values for Carbon Stored (column K) from Carbon
Fraction (column J) to give Net Carbon Emissions. Enter the results in
column L.
,
IP YOU DO NOT WISH TO
"CALCULATE STORED CARBON..
* " "" "
I Skip s'tip" fotfr.'eriter the' values "frortv '
^coHJpin J in^olumnt. ofWorksheet
/"l-l, "and continue with 'step 5.
'L^-ejssa Ny&^^fe- ^> *
^CALCULATING CARBON STORED *
tv^fw - "r * £s
jjo calculate carbon stored, it is -
j necessary*to work at a more detailed
jg} product level. In order to
r ojtt this*calculation, the user
aye'to provide some additional
₯ information. If this information Is not
S^S^X5* ^" *>>^- S* ^*» -3 f %* ~ *
"available or considered credible, you
' i^y'cfioose nbTtp calculate stored
1 carbon? This'should be noted in the
* ^documentation of the submitted
gseN> Auxiliary Worksheet l-l at
Jjhe^ejci tof this section for your
, calculations. The majority of stored
^ cS^bpnjs accounted for using this list ,
lst But countries are
^encouraged to report carbon stored
|^|prjiny other fuels that they have
..data for.
I BUNKER FUELS AND BIOMASS FUELS
I"- ^f", >, ;
ji Blinker fue] and'bibmass fuel
"Js'ubtotals are'for informational
, purposes only. Bunker fuels are
' %fready mcluded in totals and should
led again. Biomass results
I rcgj?^ <*uu^u again, oiuiliaaa re^uiis
> should not be added to overall totals.
y^tii^houldJ>e sf|pym as separate
^fotaljat tfie bottom of the
^Worksheet
PART 2
1.9
-------
ENERGY
5 CORRECTING FOR INCOMPLETE
W $ J « ftr t * 8 Jf* "^ 1 « &M !* t,f nT «; it
SCOMBUSTION
TABLE 1-4
FRACTION OF CARBON OXIDIZED
Coal
Oil and Oil products
Gas
0.02*
0.01
0.15
* This figure Is a global average but
varies for different types of coal,
and can be as high as 0. 1 .
I
Enter values for Fraction of Carbon Oxidized in column M of the
Worksheet I-I. Table 1.4 provides information on typical values
measured from coal facilities and suggests global default values for
solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. If more specific information is locally
available, this should be used and documented.
Multiply Net Carbon Emissions (column L) by Fraction of Carbon
Oxidized (column M) and enter the result in column N, Actual Carbon
Emissions.
'-STEP 6 CONVERTING To CO2 EMISSIONS
I Multiply Actual Carbon Emissions (column N) by the molecular weight
ratio of CO2 to C (44/12) to find Total Carbon Dioxide (COJ
emitted from fuel combustion. Enter the results in column O.
2 Add the Total Carbon Dioxide emitted from each fuel, excluding
emissions from Biomass and Bunkers, shown as separate lines.
This sum is total national emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel
combustion.
The total includes bunker emissions because these are subsumed
under the relevant fuels as well as shown on separate lines. The
bunker and biomass totals should be entered separately for
information purposes at the bottom of the Worksheet I -1.
1.10
-------
ENERGY
1.3 Methane and other gases from
Traditional Biomass Fuels Burned
for Energy
Introduction
Emissions of Other gases from Biomass
Fuel Combustion
In addition to CO2 Emissions from Energy Consumption, this Workbook
provides a method for calculating emissions of other gases - methane (CH/i),
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) -
from the combustion of unprocessed biomass fuels (such as fuelwood and
dung). "Unprocessed biomass" is intended to include all traditional, small
scale use of biomass fuels, such as cookstoves and open fires. In these
conditions, emissions can be estimated using ratios of CH4 and other gases
to total carbon oxidized in the biomass, as is done in the various non-energy
types of open burning. This category is included in the Workbook because,
unlike fossil fuel combustion, it is a globally significant methane source
category and because it is very important in developing countries likely to be
using the Workbook approach. For all burning of biomass fuels, the IPCC
methodology requires that net CC^emissions are treated as zero in the
energy sector. The Biomass fuels may be sustainably produced, in which case
net emissions would be zero. However, even if all or part of the biomass fuel
burned is extracted unsustainably from existing biomass stocks (i.e. forests)
it would be difficult to determine , at the point of combustion, what fraction
actually represents net emissions. Therefore net CC>2 emissions, which are
reflected in reductions in standing biomass stocks, are accounted for in the
Land Use Change and Forestry module of the methodology. For burning of
biomass fuels it is important to account for the emissions of methane,
carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and oxides of nitrogen (i.e. NOX, NO and
NO2) at the point of combustion.
The simple methodology has been developed to estimate methane emissions
from this source category. However it is quite simple to add three additional
emission ratios and to add three other gases of interest. For this reason,
CO2, N2O and NOX are included in this section of the Workbook. After the
CO2 calculations are completed, a series of worksheets and instructions is
provided for calculating the other gases from biomass fuels.
Data Sources
FAO Forest Products Yearbooks.
FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries. Rome 1993.
1EA and UNSO Energy Data
More detailed discussion of data is provided in the Reference Manual
PART 2
-------
ENERGY
Methodology
There are two basic components to the calculation.
First, it is necessary to estimate the amount of carbon released to the
atmosphere from biomass fuel burning. This does not represent net
emissions, but is needed to derive non-CC>2 trace gas emissions which are
net emissions. The activity data required are the consumption of various
types of biomass fuels. Based on the type of fuel burned, the amount of
carbon released can be calculated (a reflection of Carbon Fraction and
burning efficiencies (see Table 1-4)).
Second, as with other biomass burning categories, emission ratios are
applied to estimate the amount of non-CO2 trace gas released based on the
amount of carbon burned (Table 1-5)
Completing the Worksheets
There are two worksheets in this sub module. The first Worksheet (1-2) is
optional. You should use it if your country does not possess direct statistics
for the consumption of traditional biomass fuels. The figures it contains are
then transferred to the second worksheet.
If your country already possesses statistics for the consumption of traditional
biomass fuels, you only need to complete the second Worksheet (1-3)
iUstNG THE WORKSHEET
Et Copy the Worksheet at the end
E.. of this section to complete the ";
i!V. inventory.
i-« Keep the original of the
I- Worksheet blank so you can
* V make further copies if necessary
Optional Worksheet 1-2
Unprocessed Biomass Burned for Energy
(Fuelwood Consumption Accounting)
This Worksheet is intended to help you to estimate statistics on biomass
fuel consumption if they are not directly available for your country or if they
are incomplete.
STEP I ESTIMATING TOTAL ANNUAL
WOOD CONSUMPTION
I Enter the Population (in thousands) as total or in whatever categories
can be supported by existing consumption survey data (e.g. rural, urban)
in column A.
2 Enter Per Capita Annual Fuelwood Consumption (by population
category where appropriate) in kilotonnes dry matter per 1000
persons, in column B.
No default data is provided. This approach depends upon the user
supplying these per capita consumption rates. In many developing
countries such fuel consumption surveys have been supported by the
FAO, the World Bank or other development assistance agencies.
3 Multiply Population (column A) by Per Capita Annual Fuelwood
Consumption (column B) to give Total Annual Wood Consumption.
Enter the results, in kilotonnes of dry matter, in column C.
4 Sum the figures in column C (if appropriate) and enter the total in the
Total box at the bottom of the column.
1.12
-------
ENERGY
«-J5- 2 ESTIMATING^TOTAL ANNUAL*
CHARCOAL CONSUMPTION
-#«£*-< '* *" ' " - *,' _ '.^,
I Enter Per Capita Annual Charcoal Consumption, in kilotonnes dry
matter per 1000 persons, in column D.
2 Multiply Population (column A) by Per Capita Annual Charcoal
Consumption (column D) to give Total Annual Charcoal Consumption.
Enter the results, in kilotonnes of charcoal, in column E.
3 Sum the figures in column E (if appropriate) and enter the total in the
Total box at the bottom of the column.
STEP 3 ESTIMATING WOOD CONSUMPTION
FOR CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
"' -- V ~~ * . "" ~ ,1 ,> o - - s
I Enter Charcoal Consumption Expansion Factor (in kilotonnes of fuel
wood per kilotonne of charcoal) in column F.
The expansion factor accounts for wood which is lost in the production
of charcoal. You should use locally available data where possible. A
general default value of 4.0 can be used based on data showing that, on a
dry matter basis, wood required for charcoal production is roughly four
times the weight of charcoal produced.
2 Multiply Total Annual Charcoal Consumption (column E) by the
Charcoal Consumption Expansion Factor (column F) to give the Wood
Consumption for Charcoal. Enter the results, in kilotonnes of dry
matter, in column G.
3 Sum the figures in column G (if appropriate) and enter the total in the
Total box at the bottom of the column.
p4 ESTIMATING TOTAL WOOD
v, "nz^jthKJfrr ^ " 2T" £W -**"* f ~
CONSUMPTION FOR FUEL
Add Total Annual Wood Consumption (column C) to Wood
Consumption for Charcoal (column G) to give Total Wood
Consumption for Fuel. Enter the results, in kilotonnes of dry matter, in
column H.
Sum the figures in column H (if appropriate) and enter the total in the
Total box at the bottom of the column.
The total for Total Annual Wood Consumption (column C), Total
Annual Charcoal Consumption (column E) and Wood Consumption for
Charcoal (column G) will be used in the next Worksheet.
PART 2
1.13
-------
ENERGY
of ails "sectfon'tp'cofnpiete the
' ' '
t :,;;:;;;;,-;;:; ;;,,; .'..;..; ' J
(C^cp die original of the
VVorksheet Blank so you can "
make former copies if necessary i
Worksheet 1-3
Unprocessed Biomass Burned for Energy
If there is a significant consumption of traditional biomass fuels in your
country which is not included in commercial energy statistics, you should
first complete Worksheet 1-2 Unprocessed Biomass Burned for Energy
(Fuelwood Consumption Accounting), then use Worksheet 1-3 to continue.
: MISSING DEFAULT YALUES ';
-'-'-ji - /
r If you use fuels for which defaults are"
mot provided In Tables I -5 and I -6, ;
you should use locally available data 1
_lf possible. Otherwise use values for
'the fuels which you judge to be most'
Similar.
SS'TE'P"I ESTIMATING ANNUAL AwoiWN^TOiFjsi
Idi'!* i: ,, :, !.'"-. j ' « Sniositrfii^^^^^
|BJOMA$S. B,U,R_N.ED FO:R^jytt£*"
-------
ENERGY
- ».,-> « _ ,f , j, j ,
ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF
I For each fuel type, enter the CH4-C Ratios in column F.
Use Table 1 .6 if you require default values.
i , <-r^., ^
4- -*' , X1
*; s
* 4 ^
TABLE 1-6
NON-CO2 TRACE GAS EMISSIONS RATIOS
Fuel type
General Biomass
Fuelwood
Agricultural Residues
Dung
Charcoal Combustion
Charcoal production
CH4
0.007-0.13
0.012(0.009-0.015)
0.012(0.009-0.015)
0.017
0.0014
0.063 (0.04-0.09)
CO
0.075-0.125
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
N2O
0.005-0.009
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NOX
0.094-0.148
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources
Note: Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH4 or CO (in units
of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (in units of Q. Those for
nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of nitrogen released as I^O and NOX
relative to the nitrogen content of the fuel (in units of N).
NA = No data available at present - use general biomass values.
For each fuel type, multiply the Biomass Burned by the Methane-
Carbon Ratio (column F) to give the Carbon Emitted as CH4 from
Biomass Burned for Energy. Enter the results in column G in
kilotonnes of carbon.
Multiply the results in column G by the Conversion Factor for CH4
(16/12) to give C emitted as CH4 Emissions from Biomass Burned for
Energy. Enter the results in gigagrams CH4 (which are the same as
kilotonnes CH4) in column H. Add the results in this column and
enter the total in the Total box at the bottom of the column.
.,- ^
4 ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF
'-i -**! e * * ,~ ^ "
MONOXIDI:
Enter the CO-C Trace Gas Emissions Ratios in column I.
Default ratios are given in Table 1-5.
Multiply Carbon Released (column E) by the Emissions Ratio for CO
(column I) to give the amount of carbon emitted as CO. Enter the
results in column J in kilotonnes of carbon.
Multiply Carbon Emitted as CO (column J) by the C to CO
Conversion Factor (28/12) to give CO Emitted. Enter the results in
gigagrams CO (which are the same as kilotonnes CO) in column K.
Add the results in this column and enter the total in the Total box at
the bottom of the column.
PART 2
1.15
-------
ENERGY
iS,TEP 5 ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF
'NITROGEN AND NITROUS OXIDE
***^:j? ^Hij^iy^ ^^ js»^^ & ^ M*, / \^ k i
I Enter Nitrogen-Carbon Fuel Ratios in column L
These are ratios of carbon in biomass to nitrogen in biomass. See
Table 1-5 for default values.
2 Multiply Carbon Released (column E) by the Nitrogen-Carbon Fuel
Ratios (column L) to give Total Nitrogen Released. Enter the result in
kilotonnes of nitrogen in column M.
3 Enter the N20-N Trace Gas Emission Ratios in column N.
Default ratios are given in Table I -6.
4 Multiply Total Nitrogen Released (column N) by the N20-N Trace Gas
Emission Ratio (column N) to give the amount of Nitrogen Emitted as
N20. Enter the result in kilotonnes N in column O.
5 Multiply Nitrogen Released as N20 (column O) by the N-N20
Conversion Factor (44/28) to give the amount of N20 released. Enter
the result in gigagrams ^O (which is the same as kilotonnes of N20)
in column O. Add the results in this column and enter the total in the
Total box at the bottom of the column.
6 ESTIMATING EMISSIONS OF
CNlTROGEN AND NITROGEN OXIDES
I Enter NOX-N Trace Gas Emission Ratios in column Q.
Default ratios are given in Table I -6.
2 Multiply Total Nitrogen Released (column M) by the NOX-N Trace
Gas Emission Ratios (column Q) to give Nitrogen Emitted as NOX.
Enter the result in kilotonnes of nitrogen in column R.
3 Multiply Nitrogen Emitted as NOX (column R) by the N- NOX
Conversion Factor (30/14) to give the amount of NOX Emitted in
kilotonnes of NOX. Enter the result in gigagrams (which is the same as
kilotonnes) of Nitrogen Oxides, in column S. Add the results in this
column and enter the total in the Total box at the bottom of the
column.
1.16
-------
ENERGY
FUGITIVE SOURCES
1.4 Methane Emissions from Coal
Production
Introduction
The process of coal formation, commonly called coalification, inherently
generates methane and other by-products. The degree of coalification
(defined by the rank of the coal) determines the quantity of methane
generated and, once generated, the amount of methane stored in coal is
controlled by the pressure and temperature of the coal seam and other, less
well-defined characteristics of the coal. The methane will remain stored in
the coal until the pressure on the coal is reduced, which can occur through
the erosion of overlying strata or the process of coal mining. Once the
methane has been released, it flows through the coal toward a pressure sink
(such as a coal mine) and into the atmosphere.
The amount of CH4 generated during coal mining is primarily a function of
coal rank and depth, as well as other factors such as moisture. If two coal
seams have the same rank, the deeper seam will hold larger amounts of CH4
because the pressure is greater at lower depths, all other things being equal.
As a result, most methane released to the atmosphere from coal mining is
assumed to come from underground rather than surface mining.
A portion of the CH4 emitted from coal mining comes from post-mining
activities such as coal processing, transportation, and utilization. Methane is
released mainly because the increased surface area allows more CH4 to
desorb from the coal. Transportation of the coal contributes to CH4
emissions, because CH4 desorbs directly from the coal to the atmosphere
while in transit (e.g., in railroad cars). Utilization of metallurgical coal also
emits methane. For instance, in metallurgical coke production coal is
crushed to a particle size of less than 5 mm, vastly increasing the surface
area of the coal and allowing more CH4 to desorb. During the coking
process, methane, carbon dioxide, and other volatile gases are released. In
modern coke ovens, this gas is typically collected and utilized as a fuel
source, but in older coke ovens, particularly those used in less developed
regions, coke gas is vented to the atmosphere.
Data Sources
Use locally available data where this is available and reliable.
Country statistics on underground and surface coal production are available
from the OECD/ IEA. Data on coal production by type (hard coal and lignite)
are also available. These data are thought to be reliable.
Total coal production used in this module should be the same as that used
for calculating apparent consumption in the CC>2 from Energy section above.
PART 2
1.17
-------
ENERGY
Methodology
On the advice of an expert group (see the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference
Manual), calculations have been organised around a single formula which
relates tonnes of coal production to total CH4 emissions from mining and
post-mining activities.
The Workbook enables the user to operate at several different levels of detail
or tiers (discussed in more detail in the Reference Manual).
Tier I is the least accurate and is based upon global average emission factors.
Tier 2 is possible when a country has enough information to develop average
emission factors of its own. More detailed calculations can be
accommodated by making extra copies of the worksheet and breaking the
calculations into sub-national components for which more specific emissions
factors may be available.
Tier 3 is based on mine specific measurement of emissions from mine
ventilation and degasification. This method is recommended if data are
available as it should provide much more accurate country based estimates.
The equation for calculating CH4 emissions from mining activities is:
CH4 Emissions =
(tonnes)
Coal
Production
(tonnes)
Emission
Factor
(m3 CH4 /
tonne coal)
Conversion
Factor
(GgCH4/
mj CH4)
1.18
-------
ENERGY
Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET I -4 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM COAL PRODUCTION to enter
your data for this sub-module.
* "
*f;TJ;P. 1 ESTIMATING CH4 EMISSIONS FROM
COAL PRODUCTION IN CUBIC METRES (m3)
~
Enter the amount of coal produced by each type of mining activity, in
tonnes, in column A.
The total amount of coal should be the same as used in the CQi from
Energy sub module (Worksheet l-l, column A).
Calculate an Emissions Factor using Table I -7 below. Do this for each
type of mining activity involved in your inventory. Select a point within
the possible range of values which is appropriate to your country. If you
do not have the information to select a point, use an average value.
Enter the value in column B.
TABLE 1-7
HIGH AND Low EMISSION FACTORS FOR MINING ACTIVITIES
Emission Factor
Mining
Post-mining
Type of Mine/Activity
Underground
10-25
0.9 - 4.0
Surface
0.9 - 4.0
0-0.2
Post-mining
Underground: 0.9m3/tonne
Su/face: Oirr/tonne
Underground: 4.0m^/tonne
Surface: 0.2m^/tonne
SING THE WORKSHEET (, j
" CjppyfreJWortaheetatthe,end j
"'of this section to complete the
inventory. v *,
Uj Worksheet blank; so you can
' mate further copied if necessary
Multiply the Amount of Coal Produced (column A) by the Average
Emissions Factor (column B) to give Methane Emission (in cubic metres)
for each type of mining activity. Enter the result in column C.
<>-,< * ,
CONVERTING METHANE
S IN M3 TO METHANE EMISSIONS *
JGAGRAMS
I Enter a conversion factor in column D.
The default conversion factor converts volume of CH4 to a weight measure
(gigagrams) based on the density of methane at 20°C and I atm, which is
1.49 x 10' m^ per I million metric tonnes. This conversion factor,
expressed in a form suitable for this Workbook, is 0.67 Gg/l (AtA
Multiply the Methane Emissions in m^ by the Conversion Factor to give the
Methane Emissions in gigagrams. Enter the result in column E. Add the
figures and enter the total in the Total box at the bottom of the column.
PART 2
1.19
-------
ENERGY
Methane Emissions from Oil and Gas
Systems
Introduction
Oil and gas systems are an important source of methane emissions, probably
accounting for about 30 to 70 Teragrams per year (in the range of 10% of
total emissions). Methane is emitted to the atmosphere during oil and gas
production, processing, storage, transportation and consumption. Sources
of emissions within oil and gas systems include: emissions during normal
operation, such as emissions associated with venting and flaring during oil
and gas production, chronic leaks or discharges from process vents;
emissions during routine maintenance, such as pipeline repair; and emissions
during system upsets and accidents.
This sub module (and the corresponding sections in other volumes of the
Guidelines) deals with the fugitive emissions of greenhouse gases. That is, releases
of gases due to leakage, venting, flaring or similar causes as opposed to emissions
from combustion of fuels for energy purposes. Fugitive emissions from oil and gas
systems are primarily methane and carbon dioxide, though smaller quantities of
non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxides can be released.
Data sources
Levels of oil and gas production, imports and exports are available in
published compendia of energy statistics. In addition to locally available
sources in many countries there is a variety of international sources of
energy data. Compendia of energy statistics, based on national reporting, are
published by the International Energy Agency in Paris, and the United
Nations Statistical Office in New York. These compendia are compiled from
reports made to these bodies by the administrations of member countries.
The categories and definitions of fuels and fuel products used in this
Workbook are based on IEA reporting conventions.
Where available from the International Energy Agency, default energy data
and conversion factors for individual countries are provided along with this
document. Data for over a hundred countries are provided separately in the
IPCC format.
In addition to energy data, default emissions factors, and other input
assumptions, are provided in the Workbook methodology where available. In
calculating national emissions, users of this method are free to override any
of these assumptions or recommendations if other information is preferred.
Wherever information is used other than the values recommended in the
Workbook, this should be noted and documentation should be provided on
the sources of the information.
Users should ensure that data used in this section are consistent with those
entered in the COi from Energy calculations. Only very limited data are available
that describe methane emissions from natural gas and oil systems. The available
published data are reviewed in some detail in the Greenhouse Cos Inventory
Reference Manual. As described there, these data have been used to develop
1.20
-------
ENERGY
broad ranges of default emission factors for major subcategories of oil and gas
systems, which capture some of the variation by region. These tables are included
in this Workbook and can be used to develop initial estimates. However, countries
which have significant emissions from this category should consult the discussion
in the Reference Manual and look for locally available data which will allow the
development of more country-specific factors.
Methodology
Three different tiers or levels of detail for calculating these emissions are
presented in the Reference Manual.
Tier I Production based on average emission factors
Tier 2 Mass balance
Tier 3 Rigorous source-specific evaluations
Only Tier I is presented in this Workbook.
This requires assembling activity data (production etc.) for the country,
selecting emission factors based on information in the tables of typical
regional values (or from locally available data), and multiplying through to
produce emissions estimates by major subcategory. Explanations of the
regions used are provided below.
Regional Definitions
Regions have been defined considering the limitations in data on emissions
factors and activity levels, but also recognizing the key differences in oil and
gas systems that are found globally. The following five regions are
recommended at this time:
US and Canada: The US is a large producer and importer of oil and is a
large producer of gas. Detailed emissions estimates are available for the U.S.
Former USSR and Eastern Europe: Indications are that emissions
rates from this region are much higher than emissions rates from other
regions, in particular for the gas system. This region includes the former
USSR (which is by far the largest oil and gas producer in the region),
Albania, Bulgaria, Czech & Slovak Republics, Hungary, Poland, Romania,
and Yugoslavia republics.
Western Europe: This region is a net importer of oil and gas, and
mainly produces oil and gas off shore. This region includes: Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and UK.
Other Oil Exporting Countries: This region includes the world's
other major oil producing countries: the 13 OPEC members (Algeria,
Gabon, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, Venezuela, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) and Mexico.
Generally, these countries produce large quantities of oil and have
limited markets for gas.
Rest of the World: This region includes the remaining countries of
Asia, Africa, Middle East, Oceania and Latin America.
| ALTERNATIVE LEVELS OF DETAIL -
fiip^ - ..,,'
Sw*~ >v , >
* TheMorniationprovided in this
* VyorfXoofcJnciuding global default
I e'mjssiorTfactors, allows for
|||laj|ationatthetier / level. Tier 2
rjcajculatiojisjp'llow the same
, basin specific emission factors if
t ayailabje locally. If a country is
»* capable'of tier 3'esti*mate this would
\ indjcate jhat the emissions estimates
Jarealready available (having been
wiirectlyVneasared) and the Workbook
tttftRfftftfrMft j, V
£ metnctc|ology for calculating
**iergis|jpns js not needed. Countries
Jj^th tier^^eiflmates can jnove
.'dir^tly^to^the Reporting /nstrucoons
* *°lumji of these.jGu/tfe/mes for
^guidance on reporting and
^S^cumentfhg^emissTons estimates.
i*^*^^^Y*^ > ,*~~* <
^TJi.eJiignest tier of estimation
Knj|th^.olggy possible should be
^feed jpr eac^^orgponent^of mining
P a«Mt^- ft^cceptable to provfde
^Slri|ates using different tiers for I
t»varioys cornponents, provided that
rtte teyej olcaleulationjs clearly
Lidlntiflidjn^each component For
| exapiple, even if tier 3 is used to *
^Jstimate^uridergrowid emissions, tier
? | or>r2 carj b^ used to estimate
r'emisslon^from other components of
' min|ng*activity.^
PART 2
I.2I
-------
ENERGY
iLAND"
PRODUCTION
"J1 "|1L Mfl^ftl^WKfJl
reproduced ;
_ djjferwtweTHsor"
jj^' may be produced jointly from
die same wells (assoclati2d"'
T*il'» ShTT, F"l» « ^«f% »iWt ,SM:S:,UJfc, . Jt w
iroduction). Rangesof default
HfC ««IL " !! ,."_, * 'I'! . '.'!! '! '[J "!' '.'' ij[T" l""."h '
* Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET I -5 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM OIL AND GAS SYSTEMS to
enter your data for this sub-module.
djefau'lt data s'houltpeave associated _ _ \
MinSgitbgetiie^aM^ply &tors ,
. ...uu^,^.|«^jgg, ^jj-jj''using the \/
laliocated'dil and" Gas" """
,,,
*Worksheet Users, wjth,' 'gj1,^,,,,.,. ........
__«~«-
r, or may allocate these ]
remissions to oil and gas systems ^;
|;depend)ng on the data available in '!
:ZEi.;J
countries.
___ _ __ _ ___ , _ . *ff~"*** "Sj, * i-"'^
ISTEP I ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF CH4
^|E"MITTED BY*OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES IN
"AKlLOGRAMS
Enter data for each type of oil and gas production activity in column A.
Data sources are discussed above. Ensure that the data you use are
consistent with the activity data used to calculate COj from Energy in
the first sub module of this module.
For each type of activity enter an Emissions Factor in Column B.
Use locally available data or the data in Table 1-8 below. Note that
these tables provide a range of values to account for the uncertainty
implicit in this method. You should use your judgement to select a
single value from this range. You are also encouraged to provide an
estimate of uncertainty with the values (see the chapter on
Uncertainty in Greenhouse Cos Inventory Reporting Instructions).
Multiply the amounts of oil and gas for each Activity (column A) by the
Emission Factor (column B) to give the amount of CH4 emitted in
kilograms Ch^. Enter the results in kilograms in column C
EXPLORATION AND DRILLING s
i"^ i ti^ i »fFiiiiiS
6A category of exploration and drilling ^
«lr included on the Worksfieet *|
I'Ffowever, no sources of'activity daa f
* of'deftult emissions are provided.jf ^
fyoa have locally available data for
^these values, enter tfifs. If you are ^
fcworlcbig from default sources you
uld Ignore tills category which is
fty expected to be a small
componentpf emission?.' *
L _ - _: J
ISTEP 2 CONVERTING CH4 EMISSIONS FROM
KILOGRAMS TO GIGAGRAMS
I Divide the emissions of CH4 in kilograms (column C) by I06 to covert
to gigagrams. Enter the results, in gigagrams CH4, in column D.
2 Add emissions from Oil Systems and enter the total in the Total CH4
from Oil Systems box in column D.
3 Add emissions from Gas Systems and enter the total in the Total CH4
from Gas Systems box in column D.
4 Add the totals to make a grand total and enter it in the Total from
Oil and Gas Systems box at the bottom of column D.
1.22
-------
ENERGY
TABLE 1 -8
REGIONAL EMISSION FACTORS FOR METHANE FROM OIL AND GAS SYSTEMS (kg/Pj)
Source Type
Basis
Western Europe
US & Canada
Former USSR,
Central &
Eastern Europe
Other Oil
Exporting
Countries
Rest of the
World
OIL & GAS PRODUCTION
Oil
Gas
Oil/Gas1
Oil Produced
Gas Produced
Oil/Gas Produced
Gas Produced
300 - 5,000
14,800-27,000
3,000- 16,000
300 - 5,000
39,600- 104,000
3,000- 14,000
300 - 5,000
218,000-568,000
6,300 - 29,700
300 - 5,000
40,000 - 96,000
739,000-1,019,000
300 - 5,000
40,000 - 96,000
170,000-209,000
CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND REFINING
Transportation
Refining
Storage Tanks
Oil Loaded on
Tankers
Oil Refined
Oil Refined
745
90- 1,400
20 - 260
745
90- 1,400
20 - 260
745
90- 1,400
20 - 260
745
90- 1,400
20 - 260
745
90- 1,400
20 - 260
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING, TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION
Processing,
Transport and
Distribution
Gas Consumed
58,000- 110,000
60,000- 117,000
340,000-716,000
117,000-340,000
117,000-340,000
1 Oil and gas are frequently produced together from the same wells. This category provides ranges of emission factors typical of
associated oil and gas production by region. Note that in the US and Canada the emissions are based on total production of both oil and
gas, while in the other regions they are based only on the gas portion of joint production.
PART 2
1.23
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
ENERGY
SUB MODULE
CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (DETAILED FUELS APPROACH)
WORKSHEET
l-l
SHEET
Apparent
Consumption
FUEL TYPES
E=(A+B-C-D)
Liquid Fossil
Primary Fuels
Secondary Fuels
Jet Kerosene
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Liquids
Gasoline
Kerosene
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
Naphtha
Bitumen
Lubricants
Petroleum Coke
Refinery
Feedstocks
Other Oil
Liquid Fossil Totals
Solid Fossil Primary Fuels
Secondary Fuels
Coking Coal
Steam Coal
Lignite
Sub-bituminous
Coal
Peat
BKB & Patent Fuel
Coke
Solid Fossil Totals
Gaseous Fossil
Natural Gas (Dry)
Bunkers
Jet Kerosene
Residual Fuel Oil
Other
Total Bunkers
Biomass
Solid Biomass
Liquid Biomass
Total Biomass
Total
PART 2
1.25
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
ENERGY
CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (DETAILED FUELS APPROACH)
l-l
Et
1 ; 1 1 ! STEP 2 ' j ; STEP 3 1
FUEL TYPES
.iquid Fossil
'rimary Fuels
Secondary Fuels
Crude Oil
Natural Gas Liquids
Gasoline
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
ENERGY
CO2 FROM ENERGY SOURCES (DETAILED FUELS APPROACH)
l-l
C
j i , ! i STEP 4 1 STEP 5 1 STEP 6 1
FUEL TYPES
.iquid Fossil
Primary Fuels
Secondary Fuels
Crude Oil
Natural Gas Liquids
Gasoline
Kerosene
|et Kerosene
Residual Fuel Oil
LPG
Naphtha
Bitumen
Lubricants
Petroleum Coke
Refinery
Feedstocks
Other Oil
Jquid Fossil Totals
Solid Fossil
Primary Fuels
Secondary Fuels
Coking Coal
Steam Coal
Lignite
Sub-bituminous
Coal
Peat
BKB & Patent Fue
Coke
Solid Fossil Totals
Gaseous Fossil
Bunkers
Biomass
Natural Gas (Dry'
Jet Kerosene
Residual Fuel Oil
Other
Total Bunkers
Solid Biomass
Liquid Biomass
Total Biomass
Total
K
Carbon Stored
(GgC)
L
Net Carbon
Emissions
(GgC)
L=(|-K)
M
Fraction of
Carbon Oxidized
N
Actual Carbon
Emissions
(GgC)
N=(LxM)
O
Actual COj
Emissions
(GgC02)
O=(Nx[44/l2])
PART 2
1.29
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
Naphtha1
Lubricants
Bitumen
Coal Oils and
Tars (from
Coking Coal)
Natural Gas '
Gas/Diesel Oil1
LPG '
Other fuels3
Other fuels3
Other fuels3
ENERGY
CO2 FROM ENERGY
AUXILIARY WORKSHEET I- 1 - ESTIMATING CARBON STORED IN PRODUCTS
A
A
Estimated Fuel
Quantities
B
Conversion
Factor
(GJ/Units)
C
Estimated Fuel
Quantities
(GJ)
D
Emission Factor
(kgC/GJ)
20.02
20.02
22.0
25.8
15.3
20.2
17.2
E
Carbon
Fraction
(kg)
F
Convert
Fraction (Gg)
(Divide by I06)
G
Fraction
Carbon Stored
0.80
0.50
1.0
0.75
0.33
0.50
0.80
H
Carbon Stored
(Gg)
' Enter these fuels when they are used as feedstocks.
2 There is no CEF available for these products. The value in parentheses is a default value for liquid fuels to be used until a fuel-specific CEF is
determined.
3 Use the Other fuels rows to enter any other products in which carbon may be stored
PART 2
1.31
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
ENERGY
TRADITIONAL BIOMASS BURNED FOR ENERGY
1 -2 OPTIONAL FUELWOOD CONSUMPTION ACCOUNTING
1 STEP 1 j ' | STEP 2 STEP 3 : STEP 4
Population
Category
(e.g. rural,
urban, etc.)
(specify)
A
Population (by
category)
1000 persons
B
Per Capita
Fuelwood
Consumption
kt dm/ 1000
persons
Totals
C
Total Annual
Wood
Consumption
kt dm
C=(AxB)
D
Per Capita
Charcoal
Consumption
kt dm/ 1000
persons
E
Total Annual
Charcoal
Consumption
kt charcoal
E=(AxD)
F
Charcoal
Consumption
Expansion
Factor
kt fuelwood / kt
charcoal
G
Wood
Consumption
for Charcoal
ktdm
G=(ExF)
H
Total Wood
Consumption
for Fuel
ktdm
H=(C+G)
PART 2
1.33
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
ENERGY
TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FUEL BURNED FOR ENERGY
1-3
A
STEP: i; I STEP 2 STEP 3
1 - = i i = 1
Wood1
Agricultural Wastes
Dung
Charcoal
Consumption^
Charcoal Production^
Others (Specify)
A
Total Biomass
Consumed
ktdm
B
Fraction of
Biomass which
Oxidizes
(Combustion
Efficiency)
C
Biomass
Burned
ktdm
C=(AxB)
D
Carbon
Fraction of
Biomass
Total
E
Total Carbon
Released by
Biomass Fuels
ktC
E=(CxD)
F
CH4-C Ratio
G
Carbon
Emitted as
CH4
ktC
G=(ExF)
H
CH4 Emissions
from Biomass
Burned
GgCH4
H=(G[I6/I2])
' Consumption from column C of Worksheet 1 -2 if used.
^ Consumption from column E of Worksheet 1 -2 if used.
^ Consumption from column G of Worksheet 1-2 if used.
PART 2
1.35
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
ENERGY
TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FUEL BURNED FOR ENERGY
1-3
B
1 STEJP!4| 1 ' STEPS
Wood
Agricultural Wastes
Dung
Charcoal Consumption
Charcoal Production
Others (Specify)
1
CO-C Trace
Gas Emission
Ratio
J
C Emitted as
CO
(ktC)
j=(Exl)
Total
K
CO Emitted
(GgCO)
K=(|X28/I2)J
L
Nitrogen-
Carbon Fuel
Ratio
M
Total Nitrogen
Released
(ktN)
M=(ExL)
N
NjO-N Trace
Gas Emissions
Ratio
O
Nitrogen
Emitted as
N2O
(ktN)
O=(MXN)
Total
P
N2b Emitted
(GgN20)
P=(Ox44/28)
PART 2
1.37
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
ENERGY
TRADITIONAL BIOMASS FUEL
BURNED FOR ENERGY
1-3
C
*
Wood
Agricultural Wastes
Dung
Charcoal Consumption
Charcoal Production
Others (Specif/)
Q
NOX-N Trace
Gas Emissions
Ratio
R
Nitrogen
Emitted as NOX
(ktN)
R=(MxQ)
Total
S
NOX Emitted
(GgNOx)
S=(Rx30/l4)
PART 2
1.39
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
Mining Activity
Underground Mines
Surface Mines
Mining
Post-Mining
Mining
Post-Mining
ENERGY
METHANE EMISSIONS FROM COAL PRODUCTION
1-4
A
| ' i STEP 1
A
Amount of Coal
Produced
(millions t)
B
Average Emissions
Factor
(m3 CH4/t)
C
Methane
Emissions
(millions m3)
C=(AxB)
STEP 2
D
Conversion
Factors
(Default
0.67 Gg/ CH4
Io6m3))
Total
E
Methane
Emissions
(GgCH4)
E=(CxD)
PART 2
1.41
-------
-------
ENERGY
MODULE ENERGY
SUB-MODULE METHANE FROM OIL AND GAS SYSTEMS (TIER I APPROACH)
WORKSHEET I -5
SHEET A
! : j . STEP 1 STEP 2 ; STEP 3
-
Category
OIL SYSTEMS
ixploration &
Drilling
Optional if data is
ncally available)
'reduction
Transport
defining
Storage
GAS SYSTEMS
'reduction
processing,
Transport and
Distribution
UNALLO-
CATED
OIL/GAS
PRODUCTION
A
Activity
number of
welts drilled
P] oil
induced
Pj oil loaded in
tankers
P] oil refined
PJ oil refined
P]gas
voduced
PJgos
consumed
PJ oil and gas
produced
B
Emission Factor
kg CH4lwell
drilled
kgCH4IPJ
kgCH4IPJ
kg CH4IPJ
refined
kgCH4IP]
refined
kg CH4IPJ
kgCH4IP]
kgCH4/PJ
C
CH^ Emissions
(kgCH4)
C=(AxB)
TOTAL CH4
FROM OIL
SYSTEMS
TOTAL CH4
FROM GAS
SYSTEMS
TOTAL CH
EMISSIONS
FROM OIL
AND GAS
D
Emissions CH4
(GgCH4)
D=(Cxl06)
' Emission Factors are not provided.
PART 2
1.43
-------
-------
MODULE 2
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
PART 2
2.1
-------
-------
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
2.1 Introduction
This module gives instructions for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from
cement production. This is the most important industrial source of CC>2.
Other industrial sources of CC>2 and other greenhouse gases are discussed
in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual.
No other default methods for industrial processes are provided in this
version of the Workbook, although some additional sources are listed in the
following section.
CC>2 from other Industrial processes
A variety of non-energy industrial processes produce CO2 emissions. These
are production processes in which materials are transformed from one state
into another and in which COj is emitted as a by-product of chemical
reactions. Most of these processes also include fuel combustion which
produces CC>2 emissions, but the IPCC methodology used in this Workbook
treats combustion and non-combustion components separately. Cement
production is believed to be the most important process source of COj and
is the only category for which an explicit method is included in the
Workbook. However, many other processes may be significant for some
other countries. In the national inventories collected by the IPCC/OECD
programme CO2 emissions from the following processes have been
reported:
Production coke, iron, steel, aluminium, ferro alloys, carbon carbide,
fertilizers, limestone, lime, dolomite, bricks, glass, paper,
pulp and print.
Consumption limestone
In general we expect that most categories will follow the simple method
recommended for cement production:
Physical units of production
(e.g. tonnes)
x Emission Factor
(tonnes CC>2/tonne
product)
Emissions
As more national data is collected and evaluated in this area, we expect to
be able to develop and provide formulae and default emissions factors for
additional categories.
PART 2
2.3
-------
INDUSTRY
2.2 CO2 from Cement Production
Xs olciiculating
emission factor. T
-y-rKV'. ,"ft ". :-'- '.'.' X i'*1"S1i,*B , TVV. .c i-
recommended method assumes the
-average CaO content of cement to
-be 63.5%, which gives an emission
f$5«?r of 0^985 Cpj/cement.
jjjjejecqnd method Is to subernble Jj
s-CQfinfry or regional cement i
1 production and cement CaO content
|bjTtyj>e, then calculate a weighted
Average for cement lime content in
JShe country.
Si" Jill '"^' V"' ' i'i'+ " '\,'""H " I:I'M'+ * «i '" '1
|M3h|,fractton of lime in the^cement i
Sclnker Is known 'to be different from *
BX635 them
|lF(cernent) = 0.5 x (0/0.635
5ln"most countries the difference In
:ti|ts between the two methods "is
2 emissions (Marland et al., 1989). Carbon dioxide is
produced during the production of clinker, an intermediate product from
which cement is made. High temperatures in cement kilns chemically change
raw materials into cement clinker. In a process called calcination or calcining,
calcium carbonate is heated, forming lime and carbon dioxide. This lime
then undergoes additional processes to form clinker, and finally cement.
Most of the structural cement currently produced in the world is of the
"Portland" cement type, which contains 60 to 67 percent lime by weight.
Other speciality cements are lower in lime, but are typically used in small
quantities. Carbon dioxide emissions from cement production are
essentially directly proportional to lime content, so production of cements
lower in lime yield less CO2- The methodology presented in the Workbook
is for the Portland type cement.
Data sources
International cement production data are available from the United Nations
(1988) and from the U.S. Bureau of Mines (1988). In some countries, national
data may be available from appropriate government ministries. There is
substantial overlap between U.S. Bureau of Mines and the UN data sets, but the
former is more complete. A trade association, European Cement Associations
(CEMBUREAU) also publishes information (see CEMBUREAU, 1990, World
Cement Market in Figures and World Statistical Rew'evv).
Methodology
Because carbon dioxide is emitted specifically during clinker production,
rather than during cement production itself, emission estimates should be
based on the lime content and production of finished cement ignore the
consideration that some domestic cement may be made from imported
clinker, or that some finished cement may use additional lime that is not
accounted for in the cement calculations. Clinker statistics, however, may
not be readily available in some countries. If this is the case, cement
production statistics can be used. The differences between the lime content
and production of clinker and cement, in most counties, are not significant
enough to affect the emission estimates.
Estimation of CC>2 emissions from cement production is accomplished by
applying an emission factor, in tonnes of CC>2 released per tonne of clinker
produced, to the annual clinker output. The recommended emission factor
for clinker is 0.507 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of clinker produced.
If information on clinker production is not readily available, an emissions
factor in tonnes of CC>2 released per tonne of cement produced can be
2.4
-------
applied to annual cement production instead. The recommended emission
factor for cement production is 0.498 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of cement
produced.
INDUSTRY
Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 2-1 CO2 EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT PRODUCTION to enter
data for this sub module.
^-," * ' *
EMITTED
yilSfN.GJHgWORKSHEET
* S1!* I* ^ *«*>>* I V
S,* Photocopy the Production
*n?roeessel5 Worksheet at the
1 ItT', -
I Estimate clinker production, or if data on clinker production is not
available, estimate cement production, and enter this value in Column
(A) in tonnes.
2 Enter the corresponding emissions factor in Column (B) in tonnes CC>2
per tonne of clinker or cement produced.
3 Multiply Column (A) by Column (B) to get CC>2 emitted in tonnes of
CC>2, and enter this value in Column (C).
'.e origjna) clean so that
^ -,1*} ^bu can make furtHer copies if
T"
2 CONVERT TO Gg
--*.., ,>,. f « ^ -, * U»-s- '-
-------
-------
INDUSTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
CO2 FROM CEMENT PRODUCTION
2-1
-
j ' ISTEP i | STEP 2
A
Amount of Clinker or
Cement Produced:
t
B
Emissions Factor
t CO2/t Clinker or
Cement Produced
c
COj emitted:
t
C=(A*B)
D
CC"2 emitted:
Gg
D=C/IOOO
PART 2
2.7
-------
-------
MODULE 3
SOLVENTS
No methods for the calculation of greenhouse gases (primarily Non-
Methane Volatile Organic Compounds) from solvent use are included in the
phase I version of the workbook. This placeholder is provided to preserve
numbering consistency with the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual,
(Guidelines Volume 3) and the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions,
(Guidelines Volume I).
PART 2
3.1
-------
-------
MODULE 4
AGRICULTURE
PART 2
4.1
-------
-------
AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURE
4.1 Introduction
The Agriculture module looks at greenhouse gas emissions from four
sources:
livestock and manure management
rice cultivation
savanna burning
open burning of agricultural residues
The primary focus is on methane emissions in this Phase I edition of the
Workbook. Other subcategories such as nitrous oxide from agricultural soils
will be added in future editions.
4.2 Livestock
Introduction
This sub module deals with methane emissions from two sources:
enteric fermentation in livestock
animal manure
Methane from enteric fermentation is produced in herbivores as a by-
product of the digestive process by which carbohydrates are broken down
by micro-organisms into simple molecules for absorption into the blood-
stream. Both ruminant animals (e.g. cattle, sheep) and some non-ruminant
animals (e.g. pigs, horses) produce methane, although ruminants are the
largest source. The amount of ChL} that is released depends upon the type,
age and weight of the animal, the quantity and quality of the feed consumed,
and the energy expenditure of the animal.
Methane from animal manure occurs as result its decomposition under
anaerobic conditions. These conditions often occur when a large number of
animals are managed in a confined area (e.g. dairy farms, beef feedlots, and
swine and poultry farms).
Emissions of methane from wild animals and termites are not included in this
sub module. The focus in the IPCC Guidelines is on anthropogenic
emissions. While there are human interactions with natural sources such as
wild animals and termites, they are complex and highly uncertain.
PART 2
4.3
-------
AGRICULTURE
Data sources
There are no individual sources that will provide all the data needed to
estimate methane emissions from animals. The Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations publishes a series entitled The
FAO Production Yearbook (e.g., FAO, 1991). This series has information about
animal populations and the production and consumption of animal products.
The FAO data should be supplemented with studies conducted for individual
countries. Many countries publish results of their agricultural census that
includes data on production levels in addition to animal populations. Table
4-1 summarizes the data needed.
TABLE 4-1
ANIMAL POPULATION DATA COLLECTED IN TIER 1 STEP 1
Livestock
Jairy Cows
Cattle Other
than Dairy
Cows
Buffalo
Sheep
Goats
Camels
Horses and
Mules
Swine
Poultry
Data Collected
Population
(#head)
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Average
Annual
Population
Milk Production
(kg/head/xr)
"IHk Production
per Head
Not Applicable
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
(NA)
Population By Climate (%)
Cool Temperate Warm
%Cool
% Cool
% Cool
%Cool
%Cool
%Cool
%Cool
% Cool
%Cool
% Temp.
% Temp.
% Temp.
% Temp.
% Temp.
% Temp.
% Temp.
% Temp.
% Temp.
%Warm
%Warm
% Warm
%Warm
%Warm
% Warm
% Warm
%Warm
%Warm
Methodology
Although the methodological issues are very complex, a simplified
methodology is used for the purposes of this Workbook.
For a detailed discussion of the methodology, see the IPCC Greenhouse Gas
Inventory Reference Manual. Broadly, emissions are calculated by applying an
emissions factor to the number of animals of each type in the country to
produce a total for enteric fermentation. Default emission factors are
provided for developed and developing countries with more regional detail
for cattle, the most important category.
4.4
-------
Next, manure management is looked at, and emissions factors applied to
give figures for emissions from manure management In this area default
emission factors are provided by region and for three different climate
regimes. Simple multiplication of populations by emission factors produces
emissions estimates.
AGRICULTURE
Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 4-1 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ANIMALS AND ANIMAL
MANURE at the end of this section to record the data.
I§YEP~I ESTIMATING EMISSIONS FROM
₯NTERIC FERMENTATION
»*1 , t, . ' , . t _.- s
I For each type of animal in the Worksheet, enter the number in
thousands in column A.
Refer to FAO Production Yearbooks (e.g. FAO 1991) if there are no
locally available data.
2 For each type of animal, enter an average Emission Factor in column B in
kilograms per head per year (this is the same as megagrams per
thousand head per year). Use a figure from the tables below or more
precise locally available data. Because cattle are the most important
source, region specific default factors are provided. Choose emission
factors for cattle which are most appropriate for your national situation.
.* USING THE WORKSHEET
; ^? - ,of this section to complete the
I =1*1 ^"inventory. *
1 f * Keep the original of die
Worksheet blank so you can
further copies if '
necessary.
1"
TABLE 4-2
ENTERIC FERMENTATION EMISSIONS FACTORS
(kg per head per year or Mg per 1 000 head per year)
Livestock
Buffalo
Sheep
Goats
Camels
Horses
Mules and Asses
Swine
Poultry
Developed Countries
55
8
5
46
18
10
1.5
Not estimated
Developing Countries
55
5
5
46
18
10
1.0
Not estimated
All Estimates are + or - 20%.
See the Greenhouse Cos Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
Multiply the number of cattle by the Average Emissions Factors to give
Emissions from Enteric Fermentation in megagrams per year. Enter the
result in column C.
PART 2
4.5
-------
AGRICULTURE
TABLE 4-3 (A)
ENTERIC FERMENTATION EMISSION FACTORS FOR CATTLE
Regional Characteristics
North America: Highly productive commercialized
dairy sector feeding high quality forage and grain.
Separate beef cow herd, primarily grazing with feed
supplements seasonally. Fast-growing beef steers/heifers
finished in feedlots on grain. Dairy cows are a small part
of the population.
Western Europe: Highly productive commercialized
dairy sector feeding high quality forage and grain. Dairy
cows also used for beef calf production. Very small
dedicated beef cow herd. Minor amount of feedlot
feeding with grains.
Eastern Europe: Commercialized dairy sector feeding
mostly forages. Separate beef cow herd, primarily
grazing. Minor amount of feedlot feeding with grains.
Ocean/a: Commercialized dairy sector based on
grazing. Separate beef cow herd, primarily grazing range
lands of widely varying quality. Growing amount of
feedlot feeding with grains. Dairy cows are a small part
of the population.
Latin America: Commercialized dairy sector based on
grazing. Separate beef cow herd grazing pastures and
range lands. Minor amount of feedlot feeding with
grains. Growing beef cattle comprise a large portion of
the population.
Asia: Small commercialized dairy sector. Most cattle
are multi-purpose, providing draft power and some milk
within farming regions. Small grazing population. Cattle
of all types are smaller than those found in most other
regions.
Animal Type
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Emissions
Factor
(kg/head/yr)
118
47
100
48
81
56
68
53
57
49
56
44
Comments
Average milk
production of 6,700
kg/yr
Includes beef cows,
bulls, calves, growing
steers/heifers, and
feedlot cattle
Average milk
production of 4,200
kg/yr
Includes bulls, calves,
and growing
steers/heifers
Average milk
production of 2,550
kg/yr
Includes beef cows,
bulls, and young.
Average milk
production of 1,700
kg/yr
Includes beef cows,
bulls, and young.
Average milk
production of 800
kg/yr
Includes beef cows,
bulls, and young.
Average milk
production of 1 ,650
kg/yr
Includes multi-purpose
cows, bulls, and
young.
4.6
-------
AGRICULTURE
TABLE 4-3 (B)
ENTERIC FERMENTATION EMISSION FACTORS FOR CATTLE
Regional Characteristics
Africa and Middle East: Commercialized dairy sector
based on grazing with low production per cow. Most
cattle are multi-purpose, providing draft power and
some milk within farming regions. Some cattle graze
over very large areas. Cattle of all types are smaller than
those found in most other regions.
Indian Subcontinent: Commercialized dairy sector
based on crop by-product feeding with low production
per cow. Most bullocks provide draft power and cows
provide some milk in farming regions. Small grazing
population. Cattle in this region are the smallest
compared to cattle found in all other regions.
Animal Type
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy
Cattle
Emissions
Factor
(kg/head/yr)
36
32
46
25
Comments
Average milk
production of 475
kg/yr
Includes multi-purpose
cows, bulls, and
young.
Average milk
production of 900
kg/yr
Includes cows, bulls,
and young. Young
comprise a large
portion of the
population.
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
Jmssiovt|s FROM ,t ,
NURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
For each type of animal, enter the Emissions Factor for Manure
Management in column D in kilograms per head per year. Use default
data in the tables which follow or more precise locally available data.
Table 4-3 provides default emission factors for most animal types with
different values for developed and developing countries to reflect
different conditions and typical practices. Factors are also provided for 3
different climates. Users should select the factors which best represent
their conditions. For large countries it may be necessary to subdivide
populations into more than one climate region. In that case the user can
proceed with calculations in one of two ways.
a Develop an average emissions factor. For example:
If 25% of sheep are in a temperate region and 75% in a warm
region, then
EF= (0.25 x 0.16) + (0.75 x 0.21) = 0.20 kg/head/yr
b An alternative approach is to make extra copies of the Worksheet
and complete one for each region for the manure portion, then add
the results and enter the sum on the main Worksheet
PART 2
4.7
-------
AGRICULTURE
Swine, buffalo and cattle are the most important source of manure
emissions and the most variable by region, therefore most detailed
emission factors are provided in a separate table.
Multiply the Number of Animals by the Emission Factor for Manure
Management to give the Emissions from Manure Management in Mg/yr.
Enter the results in column E.
TABLE 4-4
MANURE MANAGEMENT EMISSIONS FACTORS
(kg PER HEAD PER YEAR)
Livestock
Sheep
Goats
Camels
Horses
Mules and Asses
Poultry"
Developed Countries
Cool Temp.a Warm
0.19 0.28 0.37
0.12 0.18 0.23
1.6 2.4 3.2
1.4 2.1 2.8
0.76 1.14 1.51
0.078 0.117 0.157
Developing Countries
Cool
0.10
0.11
1.3
I.I
0.60
0.012
Temp.a Warm
0.16 0.21
0.17 0.22
1.9 2.6
1.6 2.2
0.90 1.2
0.018 0.023
The range of estimates reflects cool to warm climates. Climate regions are defined in terms of annual
average temperature as follows: Cool = less than 1 5°C; Temperate = 1 5°C to 25°C; and Warm =
greater than 25°C. The Cool, Temperate and Warm regions are estimated using MCFs of 1%, 1.5% and
2%, respectively.
a Temp. = Temperate climate region.
b Chickens, ducks, and turkeys.
All estimates are ±20 percent.
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
4.8
-------
AGRICULTURE
TABLE 4-5
MANURE MANAGEMENT EMISSION FACTORS FOR CATTLE, SWINE, AND BUFFALO
Regional Characteristics
North America: Liquid-based systems
are commonly used for dairy and swine
manure. Non-dairy manure is usually
managed as a solid and deposited on
pastures or ranges.
Western Europe: Liquid / slurry and pit
storage systems are commonly used for
cattle and swine manure. Limited cropland
is available for spreading manure.
Eastern Europe: Solid based systems are
used for the majority of manure. About
one-third of livestock manure is managed in
liquid-based systems.
Oceania: Virtually all livestock manure is
managed as a solid on pastures and ranges.
About half of the swine manure is managed
in anaerobic lagoons.
Latin America: Almost all livestock
manure is managed as a solid on pastures
and ranges. Buffalo manure is deposited on
pastures and ranges.
Africa: Almost all livestock manure is
managed as a solid on pastures and ranges.
Middle East Over two-thirds of cattle
manure is deposited on pastures and
ranges. About one-third of swine manure
is managed in liquid-based systems. Buffalo
manure is burned for fuel or managed as a
solid.
Asia: About half of cattle manure is
used for fuel with the remainder
managed in dry systems. Almost forty
percent of swine manure is managed as
a liquid. Buffalo manure is managed in
drylots and deposited in pastures and
ranges.
Indian Subcontinent: About half of
cattle and buffalo manure is used for fuel
with the remainder managed in dry
systems. About one-third of swine
manure is managed as a liquid.
Animal Type
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Buffalo
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Buffalo
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Buffalo
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Buffalo
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Buffalo
Dairy Cows
Non-Dairy Cows
Swine
Buffalo
Emissions Factor by Climate Region3
(kg/head/year)
Cool
36
1
10
14
6
3
3
6
4
4
3
31
5
19
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
4
7
1
1
1
5
2
3
4
Temperate
54
2
14
44
20
II
8
19
13
7
9
32
6
19
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
5
16
1
4
2
S
2
4
5
Warm
76
3
18
81
38
20
17
33
23
II
16
33
7
20
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
6
S
27
2
7
3
6
2
6
5
a Cool climates have an average temperature below I5°C; temperate climates have an average temperature
between 1 5°C and 25°C; warm climates have an average temperature above 2S°C. All climate categories are not
necessarily represented within every region. For example, there are no significant warm areas in Eastern or
Western Europe. Similarly, there are no significant cool areas in Africa and the Middle East. See Appendix B for the
derivation of these emission factors.
Note: Significant buffalo populations do not exist in North America, Oceania, or Africa.
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
PART 2
4.9
-------
AGRICULTURE
^^^^y^y^^^'^^l
^ISSt'iiit'lB'tut1 j'^?S/^^^KX^S^^^^^;^^'^^^^^^&^K&^.__. ,.,.-.
STEP 3 ESTIMATING METHANE EMissioNs
:|3p!(i!ip»'iiiii iii*ii«»« «'iwii!«wjtirffii»iNiw
F R b M ENTERIC PER M E rit AtFo N A N p
Si.v.y'«.-.--:-^ : *,-.*..% r^-:::.*!)* ^^'iuj-jis;:;^^v"rvr^;:;-;r*:
1ANURE
F ''I n 'i . '. .'" .1.11' ' ':,'! I
I Sum emissions for Enteric Fermentation and Manure and enter the
totals at the bottom of the Worksheet.
2 Add the two totals together to give total Emissions from animals and
manure. Enter the results in column F.
3 Divide the final result by 1,000 to express it as gigagrams.
4.10
-------
AGRICULTURE
4.3 Rice cultivation
Introduction
Anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice fields produces
methane which escapes to the atmosphere primarily by transport through
the rice plants. The amount of methane emitted is believed to be a function
of rice species, number and duration of harvests, soil type and temperature,
water management practices and fertilizer use.
Of the wide variety of sources for atmospheric CH.4, rice paddy fields are
considered an important source. IPCC estimated the global emission rate
from rice paddy fields to be ranging from 20 to 150 teragrams per year. This
is about 5-30% of emissions from all sources. The figure is based mainly on
field measurements of fluxes from paddy fields in the United States, China,
Italy, India, Australia and japan.
The measurements at various locations of the world show that there are
temporal variations of CH4 fluxes and that flux is critically dependent upon
several factors including climate, characteristics of soils and paddy, and
agricultural practices. About 90% of the world's harvested area of rice fields
is located in Asia. Of all the harvested area in Asia, 60% is located in India
and China.
Data sources
Data on cultivated rice area can be found by country and year in the annual
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Production
Yearbooks (an annual publication containing annual agricultural statistics for
generally the four most recent years). The most recent Production
Yearbook (FAO, 1993) should be used, since each new issue updates
previously published annual statistics. However, the annual cultivated areas
presented in the Yearbooks combine all rice cultivation types, including
wetland and upland areas.
A number of researchers have estimated the distribution of rice by water
management type by country. Table 4-6 summarizes the results of one of
these efforts.
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for a more detailed
discussion of available data sources.
j. H§ryegted,area is defined as the
5 physical area under cultivation times
tthejiumljerjjf harvests. That is, if
^some.are^arefdouble cropped, they
!lwoutd be.counted twice in harvested
Methodology
Emissions of CH4 from rice fields can be calculated using a simple formula as
follows:
CH4 Flux (in Gg, by category)
= Aggregate Emission Factor (kilograms per hectare-day, by
category) x
Number of hectare-days of flooded cultivation
(megahectare-days, by category)
PART 2
4.1 I
-------
AGRICULTURE
From field experiments it is apparent that methane emissions from rice fields
are affected by many factors. An expert group has recommended the factors
for which there is sufficient information on both the emission factors and
the hectare-days of cultivation. Including the available information in the
present estimates of country-by-country emissions may improve the
accuracy, but at present it is not certain which factors have the greatest
effect on emissions.
The factors clearly identified by field experiments are:
water level and its history in the growing season
soil temperature
fertilizer application
soil type
cultivar
agricultural practices such as seeding or planting
Data show that higher temperatures, continuously flooded fields, some types
of organic fertilizers, and certain cultivars lead to higher emissions compared
to rice grown at lower temperatures with intermittent or managed irrigation
in which the fields are not continuously inundated and use of chemical
fertilizers.
At present there are insufficient data to incorporate most of these factors.
Nonetheless the estimates can be improved substantially by incorporating
the current knowledge on the first two factors - water management regime
and temperature (the temperature is in °C.) For some countries the effects
of organic and mineral fertilizer can be included. Inclusion of the remaining
factors ma/ be possible within one to two years.
Data on rice agriculture under different water management techniques may
be available from most of the rice producing countries. Therefore the
minimal equation for estimating emissions from each country has to include
estimates for the three water regimes, namely flooded, intermittently
flooded and dry rice agriculture. The dry category does not produce
significant emissions and can be excluded from methane calculations.
Individual countries may use as much detail as can be scientifically justified
based on laboratory and field experiments and theoretical calculations to
arrive at the estimate of emissions from rice agriculture. These details
should be incorporated into subcategories under each of the three main
water management categories so that they can be compared with equivalent
data from other countries.
4.12
-------
4
AGRICULTURE
Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 4-2 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PRODUCTION at the end of
this section to enter your data. Table 4-6 gives default data for the distribution of
rice growing areas and water management types throughout the world.
ifJfUl ESTIMATING THE HARVESTED AREAS
^ND D*AYS OF CULTIVATION
Ss,*^.*. L **<'-' t ,_ _;__.
I Enter the Harvested Area by water management type (in millions of
hectares or megahectares) in column A.
Harvested area is defined as land under cultivation times the number of
harvests per year. Area cultivated under upland or dry conditions is
excluded from methane calculations. Table 4-6 provides some default
information which can be used if data are not locally available.
2 Enter the Season Length for each category (in days) in column B.
Default values are provided in Table 4-6 and can be used if more
detailed data are not locally available.
3 For each category, multiply Harvested Area (column A) by Season
Length (column B) to give the Megahectare-Days Flooded and enter this
figure in column C.
rsr't-' v^s ~< «" -j *v -fed
USING THE WORKSHEET , B^
*f Copy the Worksheet^ die end *
of this section to complete the *
tfttt.-^ **? ** i >,. « Mt
*:C inventory. ^ ^ *
Keep the original oT the " ^
4
er
I
copi
*
TABLE 4-6
DEFAULT ACTIVITY DATA - HARVESTED RICE
Country
1990 Area
(1 OOOs ha)
Season Length
(days)
Continuously
Flooded
(%)
Dry
(%)
Intermittently
Flooded
(%)
AMERICAS
USA
Belize
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
:l Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
lamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Puerto Rico
Trinidad & Tobago
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Columbia
Equador
Guyana
1114
2
53
150
93
15
15
52
19
0
123
48
92
0
5
103
110
4450
35
453
266
68
123
139
103
139
103
123
139
123
123
123
130
123
103
123
103
121
101
101
121
124
100
123
100
10
10
100
98
10
10
40
10
40
41
10
5
75
45
100
25
18
79
53
40
95
0
90
90
0
2
90
90
60
90
60
59
90
95
25
55
0
75
76
21
47
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
50
0
PART 2
4.13
-------
AGRICULTURE
AMERICAS (CONT.) .
Paraguay
'eru
Surinam
Uruguay
Venezuela
34
185
58
108
119
101
167
123
138
103
50
84
100
100
90
50
16
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
ASIA
irunei
Hong Kong
Syria
urkey
ndia
'akistan
Bangladesh
urma
Nepal
Afghanistan
ihutan
China
ndonesia
ran
Iraq
apan
lalaysia
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Campuchea
Laos
Vietnam
N Korea
S Korea
EUROPE
Albania
Bulgaria
:rance
Greece
Hungary
Italy
'ortugal
Romania
Spain
Former USSR
Former Yugoslavia
PACIFIC
Australia
Fiji
Solomon Islands
Papua/New Guinea
1
0
0
52
42321
103
10303
4774
1440
173
25
33265
10403
570
78
2073
2073
3413
793
700
9878
1800
625
6069
673
1237
2
II
20
15
II
208
33
37
81
624
8
97
13
0
0
82
123
123
123
107
103
132
139
90
103
169
115
110
103
123
123
109
98
122
119
123
134
123
119
103
103
123
103
139
103
123
102
123
123
103
103
123
128
81
102
102
79
100
100
100
53
100
14
42
29
100
21
93
78
100
100
96
64
54
65
97
22
34
II
65
67
91
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
38
38
21
0
0
0
15
0
14
15
4
0
15
2
15
0
0
4
12
12
7
3
12
27
49
7
13
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
62
62
0
0
0
0
32
0
72
43
67
0
64
5
7
0
0
0
24
34
28
0
66
39
40
28
20
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.14
-------
AGRICULTURE
AFRICA
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
C African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Egypt
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea Bissau
Guinea
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
1
18
7
19
12
15
10
39
13
4
427
0
14
85
57
608
583
15
168
1135
29
222
14
6
109
29
1567
3
73
339
5
1
1
0
375
21
37
393
II
0
138
121
123
123
167
103
123
123
100
121
123
121
123
139
123
123
123
139
123
167
137
123
123
138
121
102
103
167
103
139
103
167
103
167
137
139
137
101
121
121
100
100
10
89
25
25
25
25
100
25
100
25
90
24
25
8
6
25
0
35
25
25
100
100
25
35
28
25
25
1
50
100
50
25
10
4
25
5
25
25
0
0
90
II
75
75
75
75
0
75
0
75
10
76
75
47
87
75
94
19
75
75
0
0
75
65
55
75
75
67
50
0
50
75
26
96
75
90
75
75
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
7
0
6
46
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
0
0
32
0
0
0
0
64
0
0
5
0
0
PART 2
4.15
-------
AGRICULTURE
ATER
. , .,. .. . ... ,...,.,...,..,
DEFLECTING Mop DETAIL
Iff you have the necessary clata, you
lean sub-divide your dataTurtherto
account for different fertilfzing
practices. Furthermore, tf regional
s variations in temperature, cultivation
lattices, etc. justify it, calculations
tiri be Soneit sub-natioral regional
-
I extra copies of the Worksheet and
FfiBeJ them clearly by su6
-------
AGRICULTURE
4.4 Savanna burning
Introduction
Savannas are tropical and sub-tropical formations with continuous grass coverage.
The growth of savannas is controlled by alternating wet and dry seasons: most of
the growth occurs during the wet season. Man made and natural fires frequently
occur during the dry season, resulting in nutrient recycling and regrowth. Large
scale burning takes place primarily in the humid savannas because the arid
savannas lack sufficient grass cover to sustain fire. Savannas are burned every one
to four years on average, with the highest frequency in the humid savannas of
Africa.
Savanna burning results in instantaneous emissions of carbon dioxide. However,
because the vegetation regrows between the burning cycles, the carbon dioxide
released to the atmosphere is reabsorbed during the next vegetation growth
period. Therefore, this Workbook assumes that CC>2 emissions are zero.
Savanna burning also releases gases other than CC>2, including methane,
carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and oxides of nitrogen. Unlike CO2
emissions these are net emissions.
Data sources
There are no routinely published data on the amount of savanna burned,
but several assessment papers have been published. The FAO Forest Resource
Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries (FAO 1993) provides country estimates
of savanna (grassland) area, and the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference
Manual gives a full bibliography of savanna burning.
Methodology
The non-CC>2 trace gas emissions from savanna burning may be estimated
through a series of simple calculations using locally available data or defaults
provided in the tables provided in this Workbook.
First the quantity of biomass exposed to burning is calculated by multiplying
area of savanna burned by average biomass density and by the fraction of
exposed biomass which actually burns.
Second, carbon released is calculated multiplying quantity of biomass burned
by combustion efficiency (fraction oxidized) and then by carbon fraction.
The second calculation can be greatly improved by first dividing the quantity
of biomass burned into living and dead fractions. The calculation is then
carried out for each of these fractions using different combustion efficiencies
and carbon contents for the living and dead fractions.
Third, several ratios are applied to total carbon released to derive estimates
of non-CO2 trace gas emissions, as follows:
a nitrogen-carbon ratio is applied to estimate total nitrogen content
ratios for CH4 and CO as fractions of total carbon
ratios of N2O and NOX as fractions of total nitrogen
savanna biomass which actually
", oxidizes to release carbon to the
" attfrosphere, several fractions must be
i applied sequentially. To start with,
»the quantity of biomass exposed to
v fire is calculated by multiplying the
fjirea of savanna burned in the
| inventory year by the average
biomass density fjn tonnes of dry
"'matter per hectare). The fractions -
1 are then applied as follows.
1 «, ' oxidizes - a small fraction may
«,*|b{lnain as charcoal. The fraction
poxidjzecfis usually 0.8 to' 1.0.
^Carbo/f Fraction
*The last fraction to be applied ,
^.c!e|erm|nps the amount of carbon
f^lfhjs. released from the fraction
/-of biomass which has oxidized.
PART 2
4.17
-------
AGRICULTURE
The resulting estimates of emissions are converted to total weight (i.e. from
CH4 as C to CH4 total) using standard factors.
One country may possess more than one type of savanna with different
characteristics; that burns may vary in efficiency; and that burns may take
place at different times during the dry season, causing the burning to vary
with the state of the vegetation (such as the moisture content and whether
the biomass is alive or dead).
If data are locally available savanna burned should be subdivided into relevant
subcategories reflecting these variations and entered into the worksheet. If
you are relying on the default values in this Workbook you will only be able
to carry out calculations at a national level.
Completing the Worksheet
*ILSTEP I
ESTIMATING TOTAL BIOMASS
> TO BURNING
Use WORKSHEET 4-3 SAVANNA BURNING - RELEASE OF CARBON AND TRACE
GASES at the end of this section to record inventory data. You should do
this for a single national average category or subdivide if data are locally
available for each relevant sub-category of savanna.
For each category of savanna, enter the Area Burned (in kilohectares) in
column A.
If possible use locally available data in hectares of savanna burned
annually. If this is not possible, a crude default approach is to determine
the total savanna area and multiply by typical regional defaults for
percent burned annually from Table 4-8 (below).
TABLE 4-8
REGIONAL SAVANNA STATISTICS
Region
Tropical America
Tropical Asia
Tropical Africa
Sahel zone
North Sudan zone
South Sudan zone
Guinea zone
Australia
Area Burned
Annually
(%/year)
50
50
75
5-15
25-50
25-50
60-80
5-70
Aboveground
Biomass
Density
(t dm/ha)
6.6 ±1.8
4.9
6.6 ±1.6
0.5-2.5*
2-4*
3-6*
4-8*
2.1-6
Fraction of
Biomass
Actually
Burned
0.95
0.85
0.85
0.90-1.0
Fraction of
Aboveground
Biomass that
is Living
0.20
0.45
0.45
0.55
Regional defaults are for seasonal average densities which should be used for emissions
calculations. Values marked with * are maximum, season end densities which are
appropriate defaults for these very dry sub-regions.
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources of these figures.
For each category of savanna, enter the Biomass Density of the Savanna (in
tonnes of dry matter per hectare) in column B. Table 4-9 provides available
summary information by region which can be used as default data.
4.18
-------
AGRICULTURE
3 Multiply the Area Burned by the Biomass Density of the Savanna to give
the Total Biomass Exposed to Burning (in kilotonnes of dry matter).
Enter the result in column C.
4 Enter the Fraction of Biomass Actually Burned in column D.
Use locally available data if available. You can use a general default figure
in the range 0.80 - 0.85. Some specific values for African sub-regions
are given in Table 4-9.
5 Multiply Total Biomass Exposed to Burning (column C) by the Fraction
Actually Burned (column D) to give the Quantity Actually Burned. Enter
the results in column E.
THE PROPORTIONS OF
A D B ' ° M A s s
Enter the Fraction of Biomass Living at the time of burning in column F.
Some default figures are in Table 4-9 for specific sub-regions in Africa.
In other regions users must provide these values. If no information is
available, users can do the calculation using "combined values".
Multiply the Quantity of Biomass Actually Burned by the Fraction of
Biomass Living to give the quantity of Living Biomass Burned (in
kilotonnes of dry matter). Enter the result in column G.
Subtract the Living Biomass Burned from the Quantity of Biomass
Actually Burned to give the quantity of Dead Biomass Burned (in
kilotonnes of dry matter). Enter the result in column H.
MATING" THE TOTAL CARBON
For each category of savanna, enter the Fraction Oxidized (that is, the
combustion efficiency) for living and dead biomass. Enter the results in
the appropriate boxes in column I. Default figures are in Table 4-10.
For each category of savanna multiply the Living Biomass Burned by
the Fraction Oxidized for living biomass. Also, multiply Dead Biomass
Burned by the Fraction Oxidized for dead biomass. Enter the results,
in kilotonnes of dry matter, in the appropriate boxes in column J.
For each category of savanna, living and dead, enter the Carbon
Fraction (of dry matter) of living and dead biomass in column K.
Default figures are in Table 4-10.
Multiply the Total Biomass Burned by the Carbon Fraction for each
category of savanna, living and dead, to give the Total Carbon
Released. Enter the results in column L in kilotonnes of carbon.
Add the totals in column L and enter the result in the Total box at the
bottom of the column. Carry the result forward to column L at the
start of sheet C on the next page.
1 Frornjhis point on in the worksheet,
*%chorignal category is split into two
* oaits - uving and dead -for which
£cajculat§is are made separately. JEach '
f row in the,worksj}ee,t splits into living 1
iiapd^c^ad rows fo/^cpIunins^thToughJ.
fllfpseig are not able to report living and
i fractions, fie; defeat calculation
g "combined" values
TABLE 4- 10
GENERAL DEFAULT VALUES
Living Fraction
Dead Fraction
Combined
Fraction
Oxidized
(Combustion
Efficiency)
0.80
1.0
0.90
Carbon
Fraction
0.45
0.40
0.45
PART 2
4.19
-------
AGRICULTURE
TEP 4 ESTIMATING NON-CO2 TRACE GAS
IISSIONS FROM SAVANNA BURNING
f * 4 Ntf N** 1 mf j ««*£ fn&f-r w f ^w *t & $ i-a. < ^ f
I Enter the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio in column M.
If no data specific to biomass type are locally available, use the general
default value for savannas, which is 0.006.
2 Multiply Total Carbon Released (column L) by the Nitrogen-Carbon
Ratio to give the Total Nitrogen Content (in kilotonnes of Nitrogen).
Enter the result in the appropriate box in column N.
3 For each gas - methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide
(N2O) and nitrogen oxides (NO*) - enter a Trace Gas Emission Ratio in
column O.
Table 4-11 shows the default ratios.
TABLE 4- II
EMISSION RATIOS AND RANGES FOR BIOMASS BURNING
CALCULATIONS
Compound
CH4
CO
N,0
NOV
Default value
0.004
0.06
0.007
0.120
Range
0.002 - 0.006
0.04 - 0.08
0.005 - 0.009
0.094-0.148
Note: Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as
CH4 or CO (in units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released
from burning (in units of C). Those for nitrogen compounds are
expressed as the ratios of nitrogen released as N70 and NOV relative
to the nitrogen content of the fuel (in units of N).
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
4 Multiply Total Carbon Released (column L) (for Crfy and CO), or Total
Nitrogen Content (column N) (for N2O and NOX) by the emissions
ratios in column O to give the total emissions for each non-CO2 trace
gas. Enter the results in column P.
jj^rasFTSBB^^ssBsressera^
_' _"1_1 -i!"!-. ' .Li, ii'''i; lf^'ii-'n *it.''Ifc ".* " "rf^ 'H-n'-.V ' -' V''1* :"'
,,,';;': !,il||,,ji»,ij7^1T7; iiS'^tlif^'^Ty^J'iSira^iK H>I^H»'5!»' ^ ^f^^wsT^l^;"t^;|Tl^^,w^m^^;psji^^ ;*iilr3Hjl54Jlsairv;iigsTfMsyr'i f-t!jj
, .. ^-y-RfVTRAci';G:As"-EWrs:S'idiN:s':o:iF-';':':
if «'':»!"» »»fiflnifwi«!f^w«w*»^
R B,0 N_ A jj, D', N. J T R O G;EN_. ^JNIJTO'-M-BT H A N t ,' .;;:;;-:- v:: ^
Multiply the emissions of each gas expressed as C or N by the
appropriate conversion factor in column Q to give the Total Weight
of each gas emitted. Enter the results in column R.
4.20
-------
AGRICULTURE
4.5 Field Burning of Agricultural
Residues
Introduction
Large quantities of agricultural wastes are produced from farming systems
world-wide. Burning of crop residues in the fields is a common agricultural
practice, particularly in developing countries. It has been estimated that 80%
of the crop residues are burned in developing countries and about 50% in
developed countries (these estimates are highly uncertain). It is important to
note that some crop residues are removed from the fields and burned as a
source of energy, especially in developing countries. Emissions from this type
of burning are calculated in the Energy module of this Workbook. Users
should ensure that residue burning is properly allocated to these two
components and not double counted.
This sub module deals exclusively with non-COj trace gas emissions from
crop residues. In this Workbook, field burning of crop residues is not treated
as a net source of carbon dioxide because it is assumed that the carbon
released to the atmosphere is reabsorbed during the next growing season.
However crop residue burning is a significant net source of emissions of
methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides.
Data sources
Annual crop production statistics by country for most of the crops from
which residues are burned may be found in FAO Production Year Books
(e.g. FAO, 1986). Crop specific data for each country on ratios of residue to
crop production, fraction of residue burned, dry matter content of residue
and carbon and nitrogen contents of residue should be provided by
individual countries if available. Table 4-12. Selected Crop Residue Statistics
shows default data for crop residues.
PART 2
4.21
-------
AGRICULTURE
TABLE 4- 12
SELECTED CROP RESIDUE STATISTICS
Product
Wheat
Barley
Maize
Oats
Rye
Rice
Millet
Sorghum
Pea
Bean
Soya
Potatoes
Feedbeet
Sugarbeet
Jerusalem artichoke
Peanut
Residue /
Crop Ratio
1.3
1.2
1
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.8
1 .
Dry Matter
Content
(fraction)
0.78-88
0.78-88
0.30-50
0.78-88
0.30-60
0.1 0-20 '
O.I 0-90 '
Carbon
Content
(fraction)
0.4853
0.4567
0.4709
0.4144
0.4226
0.4072
0.4072
Nitrogen
Carbon
Ratio
0.012
0.02
0.014
0.016
0.02
0.05
Note: Crop statistics in this table are not complete. For values not specified you
should use values for the most similar crop type as defaults.
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
1 These statistics are for beet leaves.
Completing the Worksheet
STEP I CALCULATING THE AMOUNT of
^RESIDUE --.-^^k^- » -u
Use WORKSHEET 4-4 BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES to enter data for
this sub module.
I Specify the important crops which produce residues burned in fields and
enter these as categories on the Worksheet
2 For each type of crop, enter Annual Production in kilotonnes of crop
product in column A.
3 Enter the Residue to Crop Ratio for each crop type in column B. Use
Table 4-12 above if there are no local statistics.
4 Multiply the Annual Production of each crop by the Residue to Crop
Ratio to give the Amount of Residue in kilotonnes. Enter the result in
column C.
4.22
-------
AGRICULTURE
ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF DRY
/ f- *
Enter Dry Matter Fraction for each crop type in column D.
Default values for some crop types are shown in Table 4- 1 2.
Multiply the Amount of Residue by the Dry Matter Content to give the
Amount of Dry Residue. Enter the result in column E.
ESTIMATING TOT A L ^B I O MASS
~
I Enter the Fraction Burned in Fields for each crop type in column F.
Values should reflect an average of practices for the individual country.
No default data is available.
2 Enter the Fraction of Biomass Which Oxidizes (combustion efficiency)
for each crop type in column G (default value 0.90).
3 Multiply the Amount of Dry Residue by the Fraction Exposed to Burning
and the Fraction of Biomass Which Oxidizes to give the Total Biomass
Burned (in kilotonnes of dry matter). Enter the result in column H.
£ CALCULATING THE TOTAL CARBON
SED
I Enter the Carbon Fraction of each residue in column I.
Default values for some crop types are shown in Table 4-12. If no other
information is available, use the general default for live biomass, which is
0.45.
2 Multiply the Total Biomass Burned by the Carbon Content of each
residue to give the amount of Carbon Released in kilotonnes of carbon.
Enter the results in column j.
3 Add the totals for each crop type in column J and enter the result in the
Total box at the bottom of the column.
STEP 5 - ESTIMATING TOTAL NITROGEN
I Enter the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio for each crop type in column K
The general default Nitrogen-Carbon ratio for crops is 0.01- 0.02. Some
specific values for individual crops are given in Table 4-12.
2 Multiply the Total Carbon Released (column J) by the Nitrogen-Carbon
Ratio (column K) to give the Total Nitrogen Released. Enter the result
in column L
3 Add the Total Nitrogen Released for each crop type and enter the
result in the Total box at the bottom of column L
PART 2
4.23
-------
AGRICULTURE
apnjr - f - . ,,,., TE, /*,. -*,., ..m.J ., k: , ,, . ,'JX-
-STEP 6 ESTIMATING NON-CO2 TRACE GAS
|E M i s s i o N s
g ^ _j ^1 Jits* <2» ^^K. &s *, ^^rffr j
I Enter Trace Gas Emission Ratios in the relevant boxes in column M.
Table 4-13 shows default emission ratios and ranges.
TABLE 4- 13
DEFAULT EMISSION RATES FOR AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE BURNING
CALCULATIONS
Gas
CH4
CO
N2O
NOX
Ratios
Default
0.005
O.I
0.007
0.12
Range
0.003-0.007
0.075-0.12
0.005-0.009
0.09-0.15
Note: Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as
CH4 or CO (in units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released
from burning (in units of Q. Those for nitrogen compounds are
expressed as the ratios of nitrogen released as NjO and NOX relative to
the nitrogen content of the fuel (in units of N).
See the Green/louse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
Multiply Carbon Released (Total from column J) by the Trace Gas
Emission Ratios for CH4 or CO (column M) to give the Trace Gas
Emissions of Carbon as methane and carbon monoxide. Enter the
results in the appropriate boxes in column N.
Multiply Nitrogen Released (Total from column L) by the Trace Gas
Emission Ratios for N^O or NOX (column M) to give the Trace Gas
Emissions of Nitrogen as nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides. Enter the
results in the appropriate boxes in column N.
For each gas, multiply by the Conversion Factor in column O to give the
amount of Trace Gas Emissions from Burning Agricultural Residues.
Enter the results, in kilotonnes (the same as megagrams) of each gas, in
the appropriate boxes in column P.
4.24
-------
AGRICULTURE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
Livestock Type
Dairy Cattle
Other Cattle
Buffalo
Sheep
Goats
Camels
Horses &
Mules
Swine
Poultry
~
A
Number of
Animals
(1000s)
'
B
Emissions
Factor for
Enteric
Fermentation
(kg/head/year)
Totals
AGRICULTURE
METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ANIMALS AND ANIMAL
MANURE
4-1
A
C
Emissions from
Enteric
Fermentation
(Mg/year)
C=(AxB)
D
Emissions
Factor for
Manure
Management
(kg/head/year)
, % ,
E
Emissions from
Manure
Management
(Mg/year)
E=(AxD)
F
Total
Emissions from
Animals and
Manure
(Gg)
F=(C+E)
PART 2
4.25
-------
-------
AGRICULTURE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
Water Management Regime
Continuously Flooded
Intermittently Flooded
Totals
AGRICULTURE
METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PRODUCTION
4-2
A
! j j STEP 1 STEP 2
\ I } 1
A
Harvested Area
(Mha)
B
Season Length
(days)
C
Megahectare-
Days
(Mha-days)
C=(AxB)
D
Emission Factor
(kg/ha-day)
E
CH4 Emissions by
Irrigation Regime
(Gg)
E=(CxD)
PART 2
4.27
-------
-------
AGRICULTURE
\
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
AGRICULTURE
SAVANNA BURNING, RELEASE OF NoN-CC>2 TRACE GASES
4-3
A
STEP 1 j j ! ' '
A
Area Burned by
Category
(kha)
(specify)
> f
^
s
B
Biomass Density
of Savanna
(t dm/ha)
-
C
Total Biomass
Exposed to
Burning
(ktdm)
C=(AxB)
>
.
.
"
'
*
D
Fraction Actually
Burned
"
'
- ,
"'
-
^
E
Quantity
Actually Burned
(ktdm)
E=(CxD)
^
' '
*
f
>
STEP 2
F
Fraction of Living
Biomass Burned
,
V
. '"
G
Quantity of
Living Biomass
Burned
(ktdm)
G=(ExF)
'
^
»
H
Quantity of Dead
Biomass Burned
(ktdm)
H=(E-G)
" I,
-
. '
J ,
" ' ;
^
PART 2
4.29
-------
-------
AGRICULTURE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
AGRICULTURE
SAVANNA BURNING. RELEASE OF NoN-COj
TRACE GASES
4-3
B
STEIf 3 j |
1
Fraction Oxidised
(Combustion
Efficiency) of living
and dead biomass
Living
Dead
Living
Dead
Living
Dead
Living
Dead
Living
Dead
Living
Dead
Living
Dead
J
Total Biomass
Oxidized
(kt dm)
Uwng:J=(Gxl)
Deod;J=(Hxl)
" , '
K
Carbon Fraction
of b'ving & Dead
Biomass
*I"*»tii₯ '' ":*'«- &
Totally:;
L
Total Carbon
Released
(ktC)
L=(JxK)
PART 2
4.31
-------
-------
AGRICULTURE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
AGRICULTURE
SAVANNA BURNING. RELEASE OF CARBON AND NoN-CO2 TRACE
GASES
4-3
C
! STEP 4 !
L
Total Carbon
Released
(ktC)
M
Nitrogen-
Carbon Ratio
N
Total Nitrogen
Content
(ktN)
N=(LxM)
o
Emissions Ratio
P
Trace Gas
Emissions
(kt C or kt N)
P=(LxO)
P=(NxO)
STEP 5 .
Q
Conversion
Factors
16/12
28/12
44/28
30/14
R
Trace Gas
Emissions from
Savanna Burning
R=(PxQ)
MgCH4
MgCO
R=(PxQ)
MgN2O
MgNOx
PART 2
4.33
-------
-------
4
AGRICULTURE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
AGRICULTURE
FIELD BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES, RELEASE OF NoN-COj
TRACE GASES
4-4
A
STEP 1 | ! ! STEP 2 STEP 3
1 1 ! 1 . . 1
Crops
(specify
locally
important
crops)
A
Annual
Production
(kt crop)
-
B
Residue to
Crop Ratio
C
Quantity of
Residue
(kt biomass)
C=(AxB)
j
D
Dry Matter
Content
E
Quantity of
Residue
(ktdm)
E=(CxD)
F
Fraction Burned
in Fields
G
Fraction of Bio-
mass which
Oxidizes
(combustion
efficiency)
/
H
Total Biomass
Burned
(kt dm)
H=(ExFxG)
PART 2
4.35
-------
-------
AGRICULTURE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
AGRICULTURE
BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES,
RELEASE OF NoN-COj TRACE GASES
4-4
B
STEP4i i | STEPS 1
1
Carbon
Fraction of
Residue
Total
J
Total Carbon
Released
(ktC)
J=(Hxl)
K
Nitrogen-
Carbon Ratio
L
Total Nitrogen
Released
(ktN)
L=(JxK)
PART 2
4.37
-------
-------
AGRICULTURE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
AGRICULTURE
BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES,
RELEASE OF NON-CO2 TRACE GASES
4-4
D
M
Emissions Ratio
N
Trace Gas
Emissions
(ktCorktN)
N=0am)
N=(LxM)
O
Conversion
Factors
16/12
28/12
44/28
30/14
P
Trace Gas
Emissions from
Field Burning of
Agricultural
Wastes
P=(no)
MgCH4
MS CO
P=(NxO)
MgN20
MgNOx
PART 2
4.39
-------
-------
MODULE 5
LAND USE CHANGE
& FORESTRY
PART 2
5.1
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
LAND USE CHANGE
& FORESTRY
5.1 Introduction
The priority calculations of emissions from land use change and forestry
focus upon four activities which are sources or sinks of carbon dioxide. One
of these activity types is also a source of other non-CO2 trace gas (CH.4,
CO, N2O, and NOx) emissions, and these are also calculated here.
On a global scale the most important land-use changes and management
practices that result in COa emissions and uptake are:
forest clearing
the conversion of forests to non-forests (e.g. to pasture or cropland)
grassland conversion
the conversion of grasslands to cultivated (tilled) or pasture lands
abandonment of managed lands
regrowth into forests or grasslands
managed forests
logging, harvesting fuel wood, plantations, afforestation programmes
The immediate release of non-CO2 trace gases from the burning associated
with forest clearing is also calculated. These calculations are very similar to
calculations of non-CO2 trace gas emissions of other major types of biomass
burning: biomass fuel combustion (in the Energy module) and burning of
savannas and agricultural residues (in the Agriculture module).
PART 2
5.3
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
Relationships among categories
L
A
N
D
U
S
E
C
H
A
N
G
E
F
O
R
E
S
T
R
Y
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Forest Gearing
kiroctfata Releas* from Burning
Debytd Reins* from Deaf (10 yrs)
Delayed Re!ea» from Soils (25 yrs)
Tool
C
On-slte burning
Off-site (field)
Trace Gas Emissions
from Open Burning
Abandoned Land Regrovrfng
Grassland Conversion
Toot
Fuelwood
Demand
Fuehvood Consumption
Accounting (Optional)
Quantity of
... ...Btomas5.J:ue.l...
Minus Quantity from
Cleared Forests
I4. CO2 NjO and NCy Emissions
Emissions
Removals
Emissions
Net CO2 Emissions or Removals
Trace Gas Emissions from
Blomass Fuel Combustion
CH4, CO2 N2O and NOx Emissions
The diagram above illustrates the relationships between the categories in
this module and also with biomass fuel combustion in the Energy module.
The key linkages are:
I To estimate CO2 emissions from Burning of Cleared Forests it is only
necessary to know the total amount of Biomass Burned in the inventory
year.
2 Total Biomass Burned must be divided into on-s/te and off-site (fuelwood)
portions for other reasons:
the type of burning affects the emissions of non-CC>2 trace gases
such as methane, and therefore different emissions factors may be
applied to open burning (on-site) and to fuelwood use (off-site)
the Amount of Fuelwood Removed from cleared forests must be
subtracted from Total Fuelwood Consumed in order to determine
net harvests from managed forests
5.4
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
Countries which have good statistics on direct harvesting of all types of
wood from managed forests and all uses of biomass for fuel should use
these data. In many countries, significant amounts of wood removed
from forests (primarily for domestic use) are not included in commercial
harvest statistics. These countries can use the optional Fuelwood
Consumption Accounting approach. This is based on household and
other fuel consumption surveys, scaled to population, in order to
estimate annual demand for fuelwood and other traditional fuels. This
information can be used instead of or in combination with
commercial harvest and sales statistics.
Fuelwood consumption information is used in two ways:
for estimating non-CC)2 trace gas emissions from biomass fuel
combustion
total wood consumption, corrected to deduct any wood which has
come from forest clearing (CC»2 already accounted for) is also a key
input for calculating net CO2 emissions or removals in managed
forests.
PART 2
5.5
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
5.2 Forest clearing
Introduction
Clearing of forests for conversion to permanent cropland or pasture, primarily an
activity of the tropics, is usually accomplished by cutting undergrowth and felling
trees followed by burning on-site or as fuelwood. By this process some of the
biomass is burned while some remains on the ground where it decays slowly
(usually over a period of ten years in the tropics). Of the burned material, a small
fraction (5-10%) is converted to charcoal which resists decay for 100 years or
more, and the remainder is released instantaneously into the atmosphere as CO2-
Carbon is also lost from the forest soils after clearing, particularly when the
land is cultivated. This can occur over 25 years or more.
Data sources
To carry out the inventory task in this section you need the following forest and
agriculture area statistics, in many cases over long historical time periods.
Forest areas cleared for cropland and pasture, by forest type for the
inventory year, the past ten years, and the past 25 years
Areas of abandoned managed lands that regrow (past twenty years and
possibly further back)
Numbers of trees in non-forest locations (e.g. village and farm trees,
urban trees etc.)
Satellite images, aerial photography and land-based surveys are all possible
sources of data.
There is also a number of international databases with country-specific
statistics, as well as studies of individual countries. These include:
Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries (FAO1993).
The Forest Resources of the ECE Reg/on (Europe, the USSR and America),
(FAO/ECE 1985).
For a fuller bibliography, see The IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual.
Methodology
Three sets of calculations are used to produce estimates of CC>2 emissions
due to forest clearing:
Carbon emitted by burning aboveground biomass (immediate
emissions, occurring in the year of clearing)
Carbon released by decay of aboveground biomass (delayed
emissions, occurring over a ten year period)
Carbon released from soil (delayed emissions, occurring over a 25
year period)
5.6
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
The totals are added together to arrive at total for carbon released. Total
carbon released is then converted to CO2 emissions.
Completing the Worksheet
f^ES,TIMAT'lNG BJOMAS'S C\ ofthis section to complete the
(jit,,.' Keep the original of the '
^^^^S^rNh664 Wank so you can
| fl-^f; make further copies! if necessary
ACTIONS
w_j(4» ^ *,
l^ious^raciions are used in
ilatirig the emissions from forest
* ' '*
Fraaipn Burned on«site and off- ^
**& -.<.*'
I Enter figures for the fraction of biomass by forest type burned on site in
column F.
TABLE 5-1
ABOVEGROUND DRY MATTER IN TROPICAL FORESTS
(tdm/ha)
America
Africa
Asia
Gosed Forests
Broadkaf
Undis-
turbed
230
300
300
Logged
190
240
ISO
Unpro-
ductive
110
160
165
Conifer
Undis-
turbed
172
ISO
184
Logged
70
80
155
Unpro-
ductive
70
130
ISO
Open Forests
Produc-
tive
60
35
60
Unpro-
ductive
25
45
20
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
'%! * * *W
its is the portion of the wood
< which is simply left to decay and *
^^o releases gases at a slower
3W&^* * ^ %*t&»*>l &~ ~ T * t ^
^flfe^^.
^ Fraction which oxidizes
;? ;TMs is th% fraction of burned
t wood which actually oxidizes
/? instead of turrting to charcoal. ^
***% *t,f r *-, ^ « ^
PART 2
5.7
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
TABLE 5-2
ABOVEGROUND DRY MATTER IN TEMPERATE AND BOREAL FORESTS
(tdm/ha)
Primary
Secondary
Temperate Forests
Evergreen
295
220
Deciduous
250
175
Boreal Forests
165
120
Sources: See Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual
Multiply the Annual Loss of Biomass (in kilotonnes) by the Fraction of
Biomass Burned On Site to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Burned On
Site (in kilotonnes) for each forest type. Enter the result in column G.
Enter the Fraction Oxidized for Biomass Burned On Site in column H
(default fraction 0.9).
Multiply Quantity of Biomass Burned On Site (in kilotonnes) by the
Fraction of Biomass Oxidized On Site to calculate the Quantity of
Biomass Oxidized On Site (in kilotonnes). Enter the figures in column I.
Enter the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass (burned on
site) in column J (default fraction 0.45).
Multiply the Quantity of Biomass Oxidized On Site (in kilotonnes) by
the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass to calculate the
Quantity of Carbon Released (in kilotonnes carbon). Enter the results in
column K.
Total the figures in column K and enter the figure in the Sub-total box
at the bottom of column on the Worksheet.
This sub-total will be used later to estimate emissions of other
gases from burning on-site. (Worksheet 5-2)
P7l ?>.*JM: '.'»; "''.« tj?rs^~r5:-^*;«!i:=J5;w?!g!PSg»gs^si5
ISTEP 3 ESTIMATING CARBON
BY
P M A S S Q F F - S I T E
~
Use WORKSHEET 5- 1 FOREST CLEARING - CO2 RELEASE FROM BURNING
ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ON AND OFF SITE, at the end of this section to record
inventory data. You should do this for each forest type.
I Enter the Fraction of Biomass Exposed to Burning Off Site in column L
This is the average fraction for fuelwood removed.
2 Multiply the Annual Loss of Biomass (in kilotonnes) from column E by
the Fraction of Biomass Burned Off Site to calculate the Quantity of
Biomass Burned Off Site (in kilotonnes) for each forest type. Enter the
result in column M.
3 Total the figures in column M and enter the figure in the Sub-total box
at the bottom of column on the Worksheet
This sub-total will be used In Worksheet 5-5 Managed Forests.
4 Enter the Fraction Oxidized for Biomass Burned Off Site for each
forest type in column N (default value 0.9).
5.8
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
5 Multiply Quantity of Biomass Burned Off Site (in kilotonnes) by the
Fraction Oxidized to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Oxidized Off
Site (in kilotonnes). Enter the figures in column O.
6 Enter the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass (burned off
site) in column P (default fraction 0.45).
7 Multiply the Quantity of Biomass Oxidized Off Site (in kilotonnes) by
the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass to calculate the
Quantity of Carbon Released as CO?, (in kilotonnes). Enter the results
in column Q.
8 Total the figures in column Q and enter the figure in the Sub-total box
at the bottom of column on the Worksheet
-STEP*'* JE STJMATING TOTAL CARBON
RELEASED BY BURNING ABOVEGROUND
'BIOMASS ON- AND OFF-SIITE
' " "
Use WORKSHEET 5- 1 FOREST CLEARING - CO2 RELEASE FROM BURNING
ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS ON AND OFF SITE at the end of this section to record
inventory data. You should do this for each forest type.
I Add the sub-total for the Quantity of Carbon released as CO2 (from
biomass burned on-site) in column K. to the sub-total for the Quantity
of Carbon released as CO2 (from biomass burned off-site) in column
Q. The result is the Total Carbon Released as C©2 Enter the result in
the sub-total box at the bottom of column R.
2 Multiply the Total Carbon Released as CO2 by 44/12 to calculate the
Total C©2 Released (in kilotonnes). Enter the result in the sub-total
box at the bottom of column S.
STEP 5 ESTIMATING CO2 RELEASED BY
DECAY OF ABOVE GROUND'BIOMASS
*» < ' * - ' .r» "- - -', -. '"' -< " s>~
Use WORKSHEET 5-1 FOREST CLEARING - CO2 RELEASE FROM DECAY OF
ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS at the end of this section to record inventory data.
You should do this for each forest type. ,
I Enter figures for Annual Average Area Cleared Over Ten Years for
each forest type in column A.
Some information on international data sources is provided in the
Reference Manual Chapter 6, Technical Appendix.
2 Enter the average biomass density in tonnes per hectare (t/ha) of dry
matter before clearing in column B. Default values are provided in
Table 5-1.
3 Enter the average biomass density in tonnes per hectare (t/ha) of dry
matter after clearing in column C.
This figure includes any biomass not fully cleared (default value = 0)
and regrowth in agricultural use (the default is 10 tonnes dry matter
per hectare).
PART 2
5.9
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
the Aroa;jw«3. <
as.oomnercaj
^Joweyfr,isgwigtionsi made for these ^
^jff,,..,..,.,..
4 Subtract the value in column C from the value in column B to produce
Net Change in Biomass in tonnes per hectare. Enter the results in
' column D.
5 Multiply the Annual Average Area Cleared Over Ten Years in
kilohectares (column A) by the Net Change in Biomass in tonnes per
hectare (column D) to calculate the 10-Year Average Annual Loss of
Aboveground Biomass for each forest type in kilotonnes (kt). Enter
the results in column E.
6 Enter Fraction Left to Decay (10-Year average) in column F.
7 Multiply the Average Annual Loss of Biomass for each forest type by
the Fraction Left to Decay to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Left to
Decay. Enter the result in column G.
8 Enter the Carbon Fraction in Biomass in column H (default fraction
0.45).
9 Multiply the Quantity of Biomass Left to Decay (column G) by the
Carbon Fraction (column H) to calculate Carbon Released from Decay
of Aboveground Biomass. Enter the figures in column I.
10 Add the figures in column I and enter the total in the Total box at the
bottom of the column.
:« iiv, zi^'KTaSssassssissarasai^isisi^ESSSS?
rjrii.P.. A~...|yy[-W!L&TU^ " "
'-:"-"l_ i.'"«'-"-" .,^.,-.-»,-i.,?jE,^,wPS5*s-«'«.'a*<-%,'.-!>B..,
ION
i, i . , iiii it :.; S
; -, nEI ',:.s.» ;,,;,':- >'J
jere Is no scientific consensus on _ j
Mjer Bearing teads to significant
carbon loss in" "£ro^aiilof"
Use WORKSHEET 5-1 FOREST CLEARING - SOIL CARBON RELEASE at the end of
this section to record inventory data.
I Enter the Annual Average Area of Forest Converted to Pasture or
Crops over the last 25 years in kilohectares in column A.
There are no default data for this figure.
TABLE 5-3
CARBON IN SOILS IN FOREST SOILS
(tC/ha)
Tropical Forests
America
Africa
Asia
Temperate Forests
Primary
Secondary
Moist
115
115
115
Evergreen
134
120
Seasonal
100
100
100
Deciduous
134
120
Boreal Forests
Primary
Secondary
206
185
Dry
60
60
60
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
Enter the Soil Carbon Content Before Clearing by forest type in
column B (see Table 5-3 for defaults).
5.10
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
Multiply Annual Average Area of Forest Converted (column A) by the
Soil Carbon Content (column B) to calculate the total Annual
Potential Soil Carbon Losses. Enter the result in column C.
Enter Fraction of Carbon Released over 25 years in column D (default
fraction 0.5).
Multiply Annual Potential Carbon Loss by the Fraction of Carbon
Released to give the Carbon Release from Soil Carbon. Enter the
result in column E.
Add the totals for each forest type and enter the total in the Total
box at the bottom of column E.
STEP_T ESTIMATING TOTAL CC>2
!isM,tfil1"oNs"₯ROM'POREST C*I.EA*RING"
Use WORKSHEET 5-1 FOREST CLEARING - TOTAL CO2 EMISSIONS at the end of
this section to record inventory data. You should do this for each forest
type.
I Enter the total for Immediate Release from Burning (contained in the
Total box of column R in Worksheet 5-1, Sheet C) in column A.
2 Enter the total for Delayed Emissions from Decay (contained in the
Total box of column I in Worksheet 5-1, Sheet D) in column B.
3 Enter the total for Current Emissions from Soil caused by long term
(25 years) clearing (contained in the total box of column E in
Worksheet 5-1, Sheet E) in column C.
4 Add the figures in columns A, B and C to calculate the Annual Carbon
Release (in the inventory year from clearing over a 25 year period)
from Forest Clearing. Enter the result in column D.
5 Multiply the Annual Carbon Release from Forest Clearing by 44/12 to
convert it into the Total Annual CC>2 Release from Forest Clearing (in
kilotonnes). Enter the result in column E.
PART 2
5.1 I
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
5.3 On-site burning of cleared forests
Introduction
For on-site burning of cleared forests, the method of calculation is very
similar to those for non-CO2 trace gases from burning of biomass. All
burning of biomass (e.g. fuelwood, dung) for energy and of savannas and
agricultural wastes is a significant source of CH4, N2O, CO and NOX. Net
CO2 emissions from forest clearing were calculated in Section 5-2 above.
Emissions of non-CO2 trace gases from on-site burning associated with the
clearing are calculated here.
Methodology
The method relies on estimation of the gross carbon flux based on work
done in section 5.2 of this Workbook.
CH4 and CO are estimated as ratios to carbon fluxes emitted during
burning. Total nitrogen content is estimated based on the nitrogen-carbon
ratio. NjO and NOX are estimated as ratios to total nitrogen.
Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 5-2 ON-SITE BURNING OF CLEARED FORESTS to enter data for
this sub module.
STEP I ESTIMATING NITROGEN RELEASED
I Enter the estimate of Total Carbon Released from burning of cleared
forests (in kilotonnes carbon) in column A.
Take this figure from the Total in column K of Worksheet 5-1, Sheet B,
Forest Clearing.
2 Enter the Nitrogen/Carbon Ratio of Biomass Burned in column B.
The general default value is 0.01.
3 Multiply Total Carbon Released by the Nitrogen/Carbon Ratio to give
the Total Nitrogen Released. Enter the total in kilotonnes of nitrogen in
column C.
5.12
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
2 ESTIMATING NoN-CO2 TRACE GAS
_Mij§>Td^N*s *
I Enter Trace Gas Emissions Ratios in column D.
Refer to Table 5-4 for non-CO2 trace gas emissions ratios.
TABLE 5-4
NON-COj TRACE GAS EMISSION RATIOS FOR OPEN BURNING OF CLEARED FORESTS
Compound
CH4
CO
N2O
NOX
Ratio
0.012(0.009- 0.015)
0.075-0.125
0.005 - 0.009
0.094-0.148
Note: Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH4 or CO (in units
of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (in units of C). Those for
nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of nitrogen released as N20 and NOX
relative to the nitrogen content of the fuel (in units of N).
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Mom/a) for sources.
Multiply Total Immediate Carbon Released (column A) by the emissions
ratio for CH4 to give the Amount of CH4 released. Enter the amount in
kilotonnes of C in column E.
Multiply Total Immediate Carbon Released (column A) by the emissions
ratio for CO to give the Amount of CO released. Enter the amount in
kilotonnes of C in column E.
Multiply the Total Nitrogen Released (column C) by the emissions ratio
for N2O to give the Amount of N2O Released. Enter the amount in
kilotonnes of N in column E.
Multiply the Total Nitrogen Released (column C) by the emissions ratio
for NOX to give the Amount of NOX Released. Enter the amount in
kilotonnes of N in column E.
Multiply the figures in column E by the conversion factors in the table to
give total for the release of CH4, CO, N2O and NOX. Enter the results
in kilotonnes in column G.
PART 2
5.13
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
5.4 Grassland conversion
Introduction
This sub module calculates net CO2 emissions resulting from the conversion
of grasslands into cultivated lands in the twenty five years up to the
inventory year (1990).
Data sources
Default international data for grassland conversion are not available: national
statistics must be used.
Methodology
To calculate the net release of CO2, the area of grassland converted into
cultivated land in the last twenty five years is multiplied by the difference in
aboveground biomass carbon and soil carbon before and after conversion.
Completing the Worksheet
"USING THE WORKSHEET
" Copy the Worksheet at the end
: ^ of tfijs section to complete the
« inventory.
« Keep the original of the
{ H Workshee| bUnj< soj^ou can
t* " make further copies Unnecessary
STEP I ESTIMATE AREA OF GRASSLAND
-CONVERTED INTO C U LTI V At ED L A N D
Use WORKSHEET 5-3 CONVERSION OF GRASSLANDS TO CULTIVATED LANDS at
the end of this section to record inventory data.
I Enter the 20 year Total Area of Grassland Converted to Cultivated
Lands in the twenty years to the inventory year (in kilohectares) in
column A.
There are no defaults for these figures.
2 Enter the Soil Carbon Content of Grasslands in kilotonnes of carbon
per hectare (kt C/ha) in column B.
The default values are 60 tonnes per hectare for tropical and 70
tonnes per hectare for temperate regions.
3 Enter the Annual Rate of Carbon Released from Soil in column C.
If there are no national data, use the default value of 2.0% (0.02).
4 Multiply the 20 year Total Area of Grassland Converted to Cultivated
Lands (column A) by the Soil Carbon Content of Grasslands (column
B) and the Annual Rate of Carbon Release from Soil (column C) to
give the Total Annual Release of Carbon from Conversions over the
previous twenty years. Enter the result in column D.
5 Multiply annual loss of carbon from conversions by 44/12 to give the
Total Carbon Dioxide Released from Grassland Conversions Over
Twenty Years. Enter the result in column E.
5.14
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
5.5 Abandonment of managed lands
Introduction
This sub module deals with emissions resulting from the abandonment of
managed lands. Managed lands include:
Cultivated lands (arable land used for the cultivation of crops)
Pasture (land used for grazing animals)
Carbon accumulation on abandoned lands is sensitive to the type of natural
ecosystem (forest type or grasslands) which is regrowing. Therefore
abandoned lands regrowing should be entered by type. For grasslands there
is no net accumulation aboveground. Only soil carbon is affected.
Because regrowth rates become slower after a time, the periods considered
are
Land abandoned during the 20 years prior to the inventory year (i.e.
1990)
Land abandoned more than 20 years ago (i.e. before 1970)
When managed lands are abandoned, carbon may or may not reaccumulate
on the land. Abandoned areas are therefore split into those which
reaccumulate carbon and those which do not continue to degrade.
Only natural lands which are regrowing towards a natural state should be
included. Lands which do not regrow or degrade should be ignored in this
calculation.
As with forest clearing, there is controversy over the effect of forest
regrowth on soil carbon in tropical regions. These calculations are all
optional but you should ensure that you treat soil carbon from forest
clearing, grassland conversion and abandoned lands consistently.
Methodology
These sets of figures are used to arrive at: the total CO2 emissions from the
abandonment of managed lands. They relate to the quantity of land
abandoned and the length of time for which it has been abandoned.
Annual carbon uptake in aboveground biomass (land abandoned in the
last twenty years)
Annual carbon uptake in soils (land abandoned in the last twenty years)
Annual carbon uptake in aboveground biomass (land abandoned for
between twenty and a hundred years, if applicable)
Annual carbon uptake in soils (land abandoned for between twenty and
a hundred years, if applicable)
These are then totalled and the carbon uptake is converted into CO2
emissions.
PART 2
5.15
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
.,41 ,_ *JJ? +,,' .1, * ,^:,,t. ^cf^Sk,. ,n.'j"*^1;.^'W
Copy the Worksheet "at the end
cjthjs^ection to .cojpplete the
inventory.
' -
Keep the original of the
Worksheet blank so you can i
make further copies if necessary "
'
Completing the Worksheet
Use WORKSHEET 5-4 ABANDONMENT OF MANAGED LANDS at the end of this
section to record inventory data.
t .*..--_ ;
tSTEp I CALCULATE ANNUAL CARBON
UPTAKE IN ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS (LAND
Enter the Total Area Abandoned and Regrowing for the last twenty
years (in kilohectares) in column A.
There are no default data for these figures.
Enter the Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Uptake (in kilotonnes
dry matter per hectare) in column B. See Table 5-5 for defaults.
TABLE 5-5
AVERAGE ANNUAL UPTAKE BY NATURAL REGENERATION
(t dm/ha)
Region
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal
America
Africa
Asia
Evergreen
Deciduous
Forest Types
Closed Forests
0-20 years
8
II
II
0-20 years
7.5
5.5
4.0
20- 100 years
0.9
1.0
1.0
20- 100 years
1.8
1.4
I.I
Open Forests
0-20 years
4.0
4.0
4.0
20- 100 years
0.25
0.25
0.25
Fhese growth rates are derived by assuming that tropical forests regrow to 70% of undisturbed
brest biomass and temperate and boreal forests regrow to 50% of primary forest biomass in the
first twenty years. All forests are assumed to regrow to 1 00% of primary forest biomass in 1 00
'ears.
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
3 Multiply the Total Area Abandoned (column A) by the Annual Rate of
Aboveground Biomass Uptake (column B) to give the Annual
Aboveground Biomass Uptake (in kt dm). Enter the result in column C.
4 Enter the Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass in column D
(default fraction 0.45).
5 Multiply the Annual Aboveground Biomass Uptake (column C) by the
Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass (column D) to give the
Annual Carbon Uptake in Aboveground Biomass. Enter the result in
column E.
6 Add the figures in column E and enter the total in the Total box at the
bottom of the column.
5.16
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
TEP 2 CALCULATE ANNUAL CARBON
N SOILS (LAND ABANDONED IN
YEARS)
v
Enter the Annual Rate of Uptake of Carbon in Soils (in kilotonnes of
carbon per hectare ) in column F.
Default values for soil carbon accumulation in temperate and boreal
forests are provided in Table 5-6. Mo values are available for tropical
systems or grasslands.
TABLE 5-6
SOIL CARBON ACCUMULATION IN TEMPORAL AND BOREAL FORESTS
(tons c/yr)
Primary
Secondary
Temperate
Evergreen
1.3
1.2
Deciduous
1.3
1.2
Boreal
2.0
1.8
Multiply the Total Area Abandoned (column A) by the Annual Rate of
Uptake of Carbon in Soils (column F) to give the Total Annual Carbon
Uptake in Soils (in kilotonnes of carbon). Enter the results in column G.
Add the figures in column G and enter the total in the Total box at
the bottom of the column.
STEP 3 CALCULATE ANNUAL CARBON
E IN ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS (LAND
<""~ FOR'MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS)
""1
I Enter the Total Area Abandoned for more than twenty years (in
kilohectares) in column H.
2 Enter the Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Uptake (in kilotonnes
of dry matter per hectare) in column I. Table 5-5 provides default
values.
Table 5-5 provides default values.
3 Multiply the Total Area Abandoned by the Annual Rate of Aboveground
Biomass Uptake to give the Annual Aboveground Biomass Uptake (in kt
dm). Enter the result in column J.
4 Enter the Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass in column K
(default fraction 0.45).
5 Multiply the Annual Aboveground Biomass Uptake by the Carbon
Content of Aboveground Biomass to give the Annual Carbon Uptake in
Aboveground Biomass. Enter the result in column L.
6 Add the figures in column L and enter the total in the Total box at the
bottom of the column.
PART 2
5.17
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
:,STEP 4 CALCULATE ANNUAL CARBON
UPTAKE IN SOILS (LAND ABANDONED FOR
'I ^*i*"Ji»JliiU!i1,«lfei V & f ! * *
MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS)
-" ' * + Jti-jJfijJ, -U1tl JU!iaXJfc-JSJW^fe<>rt«.S» «*
I Enter the Annual Rate of Uptake of Carbon in Soils (in kilotonnes
carbon/hectare) in column M.
Default values are 0.5 times the values in Table 5-5
2 Multiply the Total Area Abandoned by the Annual Rate of Uptake of
Carbon in Soils to give the Total Annual Carbon Uptake in Soils (in
kilotonnes of carbon). Enter the results in column N.
3 Add the figures in column N and enter the total in the Total box at
the bottom of the column.
STEP 5 CALCULATE TOTA^L CC*2
EMISSIONS F ROM ABANDONED LA N D s
. ,.:.^^.,.CI,X,"L, .^*rf^w, ^SMi.wn^M.j. MS K» Bat^lfKjfj^llrtl ^BWC m /-I t /KCMW I!** TtU*P -J1
I Add the totals from columns E, G, L and N and enter the Total Carbon
Uptake from Abandoned Lands in column O.
2 Multiply the Total Carbon Uptake from Abandoned Lands by 44/12 to
give the Total Carbon Dioxide Uptake from the Abandonment of
Managed Lands. Enter the result in column P.
S.I8
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
5.6 Managed forests
Introduction
This sub module deals with the emissions or removals of carbon (and carbon
dioxide) due to plantations, managed forests, and other trees affected by
human activity.
Data sources
FAO Yearbooks of Forest Products (annual)
There is also a number of international databases with country-specific
statistics, as well as studies of individual countries. These include:
Forest Resources Assessment / 990: Tropical Countries (FAO 1993).
The Forest Resources of the ECE Region (Europe, the USSR and America),
(FAO/ECE 1985).
For a fuller bibliography, see The IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference
Manual.
Methodology
To calculate the net uptake of CO2, the annual increment of biomass in
plantations, forests which are logged or otherwise harvested, afforestation
programs, and the growth of trees in villages, farms and urban areas is
estimated.
Wood harvested for fuelwood, commercial timber and other uses is also
estimated. There are two approaches you can use when estimating wood
removals:
commercial harvest statistics
traditional fuelwood consumption estimates from the C02 from Energy
sub module
For some countries commercial statistics will give only a partial account of
wood removals and using both sources of statistics may provide the most
accurate picture.
The net carbon uptake due to these sources is then calculated. If the figure
is positive then this counts as a removal, and if the figure is negative, it
counts as an emission. Finally, the carbon uptake is expressed as CC>2.
, FRACTIONS
/ £ " A
'Various fractions are used in
calculating the emissions from forest
.clearing.
Fraction burned on-site and off-
;' -,SIte
\,
; Fraction left to decay
"'-" - This is the portion of the wood
* which is simply left to decay and
<.' «« so releases gases at a slower
!~- rate.
, Fraction which oxidizes
.<.' This is the fraction of burned
* ' wood which actually oxidizes
instead of turning to charcoal.
CATEGORIES OF TREES
S-Village, farm or urban trees and
^otijej^fforestation programmes are
*irTciu
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
'JtfeiNG THE WORKSHEET
fcr^V'1 .V/-; -*'/4:*-iv ; - r
t,^ . Copy the Worksheet at the end
BUT'* .'sf this section to cosTipfete the
TlJ, Inventory!1* '" ' l"""
in r », IT ,H ..in : fn ..iiiufciiji../''!!,,!'1 ;i;ii
* « Keep the original of the
a ' VVorkshict blank so you can
1, ,, make further copies if necessary
Completing the Worksheet
f . : . ... - « "v iii «i«pit>'t<*i* "i -
STEP I ESTIMATING TOTAL CARBON
CONTENT IN ANNUAL GROWTH OF LOGGED
AND PLANTED FORESTS
Use WORKSHEET 5-5 MANAGED FORESTS at the end of this section to record
inventory data.
I For each type of forest and tree, enter the Area of Managed Forest in
kilohectares (kha) in column A.
2 For afforestation programs and for planting of urban, village and farm
trees, enter the number of trees (in I OOOs of trees) in column A.
3 For each type of forest and tree, enter the Annual Growth Rate (in
kilotonnes of dry matter per hectare) in column B.
Use the default statistics in Table 5-5 or 5-7 if national data are not
available.
TABLE 5-7
AVERAGE ANNUAL ACCUMULATION OF DRY MATTER AS BIOMASS IN
PLANTATIONS
Forest Types
Tropical
Temperate
Acacia spp.
Eucalyptus spp.
Tectona grandis
Pinus spp
Pinus caribaea
Mixed Hardwoods
Mixed Fast-Growing
Hardwoods
Mixed Softwoods
Douglas fir
Loblolly pine
Annual Increment in
Biomass
(tonnes dm/ha/year)
15.0
14.5
8.0
11.5
10.0
6.8
12.5
14.5
6.0
4.0
Note: These are average accumulation rates over expected plantation lifetimes; actual rates
will depend upon the age of the plantation.
The data for the temperate species are based upon measurements in the US. Data on
other species and from other regions should be supplied by individual countries (as
available).
Additional temperate estimates by species and country can be derived from data in
ECE/FAO (1985), assuming that country averages of net annual increment for managed and
unmanaged lands are reasonable approximations for plantations.
For village and farm trees and other non-forest trees, enter the Annual
Growth Rate in kilotonnes of dry matter per thousand trees in column B.
For each type of forest, multiply the Area of Managed Forest by the
Annual Growth Rate to give the Annual Biomass Increments in
kilotonnes of dry matter. Enter the result in column C.
5.20
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
6 For afforestation programs and for village and farm trees, multiply the
Number of Trees by the Annual Growth to give the Annual Biomass
Increments in kilotonnes of dry matter. Enter the result in column C.
7 For each type of forest or tree, enter the Carbon Fraction of dry
matter.
The default value is 0.45 for all if biomass specific values are not
available.
8 Multiply the Annual Biomass Increments by the Carbon Content of Dry
matter to give the Total Carbon Content. Enter the result in column E.
9 Add the figures in column E and enter the total in the Total box at the
bottom of the column.
PART 2
5.21
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
USMNG COMMraoAL HARVEST STATISTICS
Commercial harvest statistics are often
provided for the commercial portion of the
_ blortuss only, In cubic meters (nr) of
^ roundwood. In this case the harvested
amounts must be adjusted In two ways to
reflect the values needed for die
emissions/removals calculations. The
volume of biomass expressed as irr must
be converted to mass of dry matter
expressed as tonnes (t dm).
The default conversion factor is
151 dm/m3.
In addition, an expansion factor can be
applied to account for the non-commercial
bkxnass (limbs, small trees etc.) harvested
with the commercial roundwood and left to
decay. The following default factors can be
used:
Undisturbed forests 1.75
Logged forests 1.90
Unproductive forests 2,00
tf the forest type from which commercial
roundwood has been harvested is known,
the appropriate factor can be applied. The
value for logged forests could be used as a
general default. More detailed formulae for
~ deriving expansion factors as a function of
pre-harvest bfomass density are discussed in
- the Reference Manual.
tf both conversion and expansion are
needed, they can be combined by using
Actors whkh are the product of the two:
Forest type
TUndtsturbed
_(brests
Lojjed forests
_ Unproductive
Iforesc
t dm total btomoss/nr
commercial roundwood
0.88
0.9S
1.0
Some harvest statistics are provided on a
- total bkxnass basis (expansion factors
- already applied) or may be provided in mass
of dry matter rather dun volume.. It is
Important that users determine carefully
ihe nature of the values In their sources of
,- commercial harvest data, then apply the
appropriate conversions or expansions to
* I« tool blomass harvested this can be:
a volume to mass conversion alone
b expansion from commercial to total
; rmsi of dry matter
c a combination of both (a and 6)
*~S T E P 2 ESTIMATE THE~A MO UNTOF
BIOMASS HARVEST'ED
I Enter the amount of the Commercial Harvest in column F.
These values should be taken from local sources. FAO published
values can be used as defaults. See the margin box Using Commercial
Harvest Statistics.
2 Enter the Biomass Expansion Factor in column G if necessary.
3 Multiply the Commercial Harvest by the Biomass Expansion Factor (if
necessary) to give the Total Biomass Harvest in kilotonnes of dry
matter. Enter the result in column H.
4 Enter Total Fuelwood Consumption from survey-based accounting (if
applicable) in column I. This accounting should have been done in
Biomass Fuels in Section I. See Worksheet I -2 D.
5 Enter the quantity of Other Wood Use in kilotonnes dm in column J.
If any wood is removed but is not accounted for in harvest statistics
for commercial harvest or fuelwood consumption accounts, it can be
entered here.
6 Add the Total Fuelwood Consumed (column I) to the Total Biomass
Harvest and Other Wood Use to give Total Biomass Consumption.
Enter the result in column K. Sum this column.
7 Enter Wood Removed From Forest Clearing (figure from column M,
Worksheet 5-1 Quantity of Biomass Exposed to Burning Off Site) at
the bottom of column L
8 Subtract Wood Removed From Forest Clearing from Total Fuelwood
Consumption to give Total Biomass Consumption from Managed
Forests in kilotonnes of dry matter. Enter the result in the box at the
bottom of column M.
-STEP 3 CONVERT WOOD HARVESTED TO
CARBjON _R_EMOVEJ> _ H """
I Enter the Carbon Fraction in column N (the general default value for
live biomass is 0.45).
2 Multiply Total Biomass Consumption by Carbon Fraction to give Annual
Carbon Release (in kilotonnes of carbon). Enter the result in column O.
?STEP 4 ESTIMATE THE NET ANNUAL
*A"MO ON? '-5~F*lfA R^dWU^ J A KJE^
I Subtract Annual Carbon Release from Annual Carbon Increment (column
E) to give Net Annual Carbon Uptake. Enter the result in column P.
2 Multiply the Net Annual Carbon Uptake (column O) by 44/12 to give
the Net Annual CO2 Accumulation. Enter the result in column Q.
5.22
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
FOREST CLEARING - CO2 RELEASE FROM BURNING ABOVE GROUND
BIOMASS ON AND OFF SITE
5-1
A
| i : ! STEP 1 STEP 2 1
1 ! V : i - j ' - -' ' -
Forest types
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal
Other
^
Closed
Forests
Open
Forests
Evergreen:
Deciduous
Broadleaf
Conifer
Unpro-
ductive
,
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
.
Undisturbed
Logged
Undisturbed
Logged
Productive
Unpro-
ductive
'- ' ,-
'
>
A
Area
Cleared
Annually
(kha)
' '
B
Biomass
Before
Clearing
(t dm/ha)
C
Biomass
After
Clearing
(t dm/ha
< >
D
Net Change
in Biomass
(t dm/ha)
D=(B-C)
E
Annual Loss
of Biomass
(ktdm)
E=(AxD)
F
Fraction of
Biomass
Exposed to
Burning On
Site
PART 2
5.23
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
- 1 ! 1
\ ! ~ 1
Forest types
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal
Other
Closed
Forests
Open
Forests
Evergreen:
Deciduous
' N
Broadleaf
Conifer
Unpro-
ductive
,
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Undisturbed
Logged
Undisturbed
Logged
Productive
Unpro-
ductive
, ~-
? *
'
>
* - -
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
FOREST CLEARING - CO2 RELEASE FROM BURNING ABOVE
GROUND BIOMASS ON AND OFF SITE
5-1
B
STEP 2 continued
G
Quantity of
Biomass
Exposed to
Burning On
Site
(kt dm)
G=(ExF)
H
Fraction of
Biomass
Oxidized On
Site
(Combustion
Efficiency)
.
1
Quantity of
Biomass
Oxidized On
Site
(kt dm)
l=(GxH)
'
J
Carbon
Fraction of
Above-
ground
Biomass
(burned on
site)
Sub-Total
K
Quantity of
Carbon
Released
(ktC)
K=(lxJ)
PART 2
5.25
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
FOREST CLEARING - CO2 RELEASE FROM BURNING ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS ON AND OFF
SITE
5-1
C
i ' 1 ! ! - ! ' - STEP 3 !
Forest types
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal
Other
;
Closed
Forests
Open For-
ests
Evergreen:
Deciduous
Broadleaf
Conifer
Unproductive
,
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
1
Undisturbed
Logged
Undisturbed
Logged
Productive
Unproductive
c
L
Fraction of
Biomass
Exposed to
Burning Off
Site
Sub-total
M
Quantity of
Biomass
Exposed to
Burning Off
Site
(ktdm)
M=(ExL)
N
Fraction of
Biomass
Oxidized Off
Site
(Combustion
Efficiency)
-
O
Quantity of
Biomass
Oxidized Off
Site
(ktdm)
O=(MxN)
P
Carbon
Fraction of
Above
ground
Biomass
(burned off
site)
Sub-total
Q
Quantity of
Carbon
Released as
CO2 (from
blomass
burned off
site
Q=(OxP)
STEP 4
R
Total Carbon
Released as
CO2(from
on & off site
burning)
R=(K+Q)
^
-
* *x
S
Total COj
released {kt
C02)
S=
Rx[44/l2]
*
,
.
-
*
-
PART 2
5.27
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE 1
SUB MODULE 1
WORKSHEET !
SHEET!
H^^^^^^jj
Forest types
Tropical
Temperate
Boreal
Other
m\ "
Closed
Forests
Open For-
ests
Evergreen:
Deciduous
*
Broadleaf
Conifer
Unproductive
^
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Undisturbed
Logged
Undisturbed
Logged
Productive
Unproductive
"
- "
- -
.AND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
=OREST CLEARING - CO2 RELEASE FROM DECAY OF ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS
>!
3
I ' 1 ' STEPS ' 1
iii, , 1
A
Annual
Area
Cleared (10
Year
Average)
(kha)
B
Biomass
Before
Gearing
(t dm/ha)
C
Biomass
After
Clearing
(t dm/ha
D
*Jet Change
n Biomass
(t dm/ha)
D=(B-Q
E
Average
Annual Loss
of Biomass
(ktdm)
E=(AxD)
F
Fraction
Left to
Decay
G
Quantity of
Momass to
Decay
(ktdm)
H
Carbon
racoon in
Above-
ground
Biomass
Sub-totals
1
3ortion C
Released as
C02
(ktQ
PART 2
5.29
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
FOREST CLEARING - SOIL CARBON RELEASE
5-1
E
1 ; | | ' ' . STEP 6 j ' . |
Forest Type
Tropical
Temperate
Evergreen
Deciduous
Boreal
*
A
Average Annual
Forest Cleared
(25 year
average)
(kha)
B
Soil Carbon
Content of
Cleared Land
(t/ha)
C
Total Annual
Potential Soil
Carbon Loss
(ktC)
C=AxB
D
Fraction of
Carbon
Released
E
Carbon Release
from Soil
Carbon
(ktC)
E=(CxD)
'- ,
-
Total ,
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
FOREST CLEARING - TOTAL CO2 EMISSIONS
5-1
F
j " i StEP7 ;--"- ! 1
A
Immediate Release
From Burning
(ktQ
B
Delayed Emissions
From Decay
(ktC)
C
Long Term
Emissions From Soil
(ktC)
D
Total Annual
Carbon Release
From Forest
Clearing
(ktC)
D=(A+B+C)
E
Total Annual CC*2
Release From Forest
Clearing
(ktC02)
E=(Dx[44/l2])
PART 2
5.31
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
SUB MODULE
ON-SITE BURNING OF CLEARED FORESTS
WORKSHEET
5-2
SHEET
A
Carbon Released
ktC
(From column Q
of Worksheet
5.1)
B
Nitrogen-
Carbon Ratio
C
Total Nitrogen
Released
ktN
C=(AxB)
CH4
CO
N2O
NOX
D
Trace Gas
Emissions Ratios
E
Trace Gas
Emissions
ktC
E=(AxD)
ktN
E=(CxD)
F
Conversion
Factors
16/12
28/12
44/28
30/14
G
Trace Gas
Emissions from
Burning of
Cleared Forests
kt CH4, CO
G=(ExF)
kt N2O, NOX
G=(ExF)
PART 2
5.33
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
COj EMISSIONS FROM CONVERSION OF GRASSLAND TO CULTIVATED
LANDS
5-3
A
A
20 Year Total
Conversion of
Grasslands to
Cultivation
(kha)
B
Soil Carbon Content
of Grasslands
(ktC/ha)
C
Annual Rate of
Carbon Release from
Soil
1
D
Total Annual Soil
Carbon Release From
Grassland Conversion
(ktC)
D=(AxBxC)
E
Total COj Released
from Historic
Conversion Over 20
Years
(ktC02)
E=(Dx[44/l2])
PART 2
5.35
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
ABANDONMENT OF MANAGED LANDS
5-4
A
legrowth Land Type
Tropical
Forests
Temperate
Forests
Boreal Forest
Grasslands
Other
Closed
Broadleaf
Closed
Coniferous
Open
Forests
Evergreen
Deciduous
-
A
20 Year
Total Area
Abandoned
(kha)
B
Annual Rate
of Above-
ground
Biomass
Uptake
(kt dm/ha)
C
Annual
Aboveground
Biomass
Uptake
(kt dm)
C=(AxB)
D
Carbon
Content of
Aboveground
Biomass
Sub-total
E
Annual
Carbon
Uptake in
Aboveground
Biomass
(ktC)
E=(CxD)
PART 2
5.37
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
Regrowth Land Type
Tropical
Forests
Temperate
Forests
Boreal
Forest
Grasslands
Other
Closed
Broadleaf
Closed
Coniferous
Open
Forests
Evergreen
Deciduous
<
- , _ ,
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
ABANDONMENT OF MANAGED LANDS
5-4
B
bTEP2 !.;
F
Annual Rate
of Uptake of
Carbon in
Soils
(ktC/ha)
G
Total Annual
Carbon
Uptake in
Soils
(ktC)
G=(AxF)
STEP 3
H
Total Area
Abandoned
More than
Twenty
Years
(kha)
1
Annual Rate
of Above-
ground
Biomass
Uptake
(kt dm/ha)
J
Annual
Above-
ground
Biomass
Uptake
(ktdm)
J=(Hxl)
.
K
Carbon
Content of
Above-
ground
Biomass
Sub-totals
L
Annual
Carbon
Uptake in
Above-
ground
Biomass
(ktC)
L=OxK)
PART 2
5.39
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USI: CHANGE AND FORESTRY
ABANDONMENT OF MANAGED LANDS
5-4
C
1 1 SJTEFJ4 ] STEPS |
Regrowth Land Type
Tropical
Forests
Temperate
Forests
Boreal
Forest
Grasslands
Other
Closed
Broadleaf
Closed
Coniferous
Open
Forests
Evergreen
Deciduous
M
Annual Race
of Uptake of
Carbon in
Soils
(ktC/ha)
Totals
N
Total Annual
Carbon
Uptake in
Soils
(ktq
N=(HxM)
O
Total
Carbon
Uptake from
Abandoned
Lands
(ktC)
O=(E+G+L+
N)
-J * ' ( ^
'">
P
Total
Carbon
Dioxide
Uptake
(ktC02)
P=(Ox[44/l2
])
>
s
PART 2
5.41
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
MANAGED FORESTS
5-5
A
I ' '. \ ; STEp i - . . -
Tropical
Temperate
Plantations
Logged
Acacia spp.
Eucalyptus spp.
Tectona grandis
Pinus spp
Pinus caribaea
Mixed
Hardwoods
Mixed Fast-
Growing
Hardwoods
Mixed
Softwoods
Closed
Broadleaf
Closed
Coniferous
Open
Other
Plantations
Commercial
Douglas fir
Loblolly pine
Evergreen
Deciduous
Other
Boreal
Afforestation Programs
Village & Farm Trees
A
Area of
Managed Forest
(kha)
A
Number of
Trees
(1 OOOs of trees)
B
Annual Growth
Rate
(kt dm/ha)
B
Annual Growth
(kt dm/I 000
trees)
' ", '
C
Annual Biomass
Increment
(kt dm)
C=(AxB)
<
D
Carbon Content
of Dry Matter
E
Total Carbon
Increment
(ktC)
PART 2
5.43
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODUI
SUB MODUL
WORKSHEE
SHEE
E LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
E MANAGED FORESTS
T5-5
TB
-. ! i STEP 2 ' 1
Harvest Categories
(specify)
Totals
F
Commercial
Harvest
(km3
oundwood)
G
Biomass
Expansion
Factor
t dm/m3
H
Total
Biomass
Removed in
Commercial
Harvest
(ktdm)
H=(FxG)
1
Total
Traditional
Fuelwood
Consumed
(kt dm)
(From
column A,
Worksheet
I-2(D))
J
Other
Wood Use
(kt dm)
K
Total
Biomass
Con-
sumption
(kt dm)
K=(H+I+J))
L
Wood
Removed
Tom Forest
Clearing
(kt dm)
(From
column M,
Worksheet
5-1)
,
M
Total
Biomass
Consump-
tion From
Managed
Forests
(kt dm)
M=K-L
-
PART 2
5.45
-------
-------
LAND USE CHANGE & FORESTRY
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
1
N
Carbon
Fraction
LAND USE AND FORESTRY
MANAGED FORESTS
5-5
C
STEP3 j | |
O
Annual Carbon
Release
'(ktC)
O=(MxN)
P
Annual Carbon
Uptake and
Release
(ktC)
P=(E-0)
Q
Convert to
COj Annual
Emission or
Removal
(GgC02)
Q=(Pxt44/l2])
PART 2
5.47
-------
-------
MODULE 6
WASTE
PART 2
6.1
-------
-------
WASTE
WASTE
6.1 Introduction
This module provides methodologies for estimating emissions of CH4 from
landfills and wastewater treatment.
6.2 Landfills
Introduction
Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in landfills by methanogenic
bacteria results in 6-18% of the annual global emissions of methane.
Organic waste first decomposes aerobically (in the presence of oxygen) and
is then attacked by anaerobic non-methanogenic bacteria, which convert
organic material to simpler forms like cellulose, amino acids, sugars, and fats.
These simple substances are further broken down to gases and short-chain
organic compounds, which form the substrates for methanogenic bacteria.
The resulting biogas consists of approximately 50% CO2 and 50% CH4 by
volume, although the percentage of CO2 may be smaller because some CO2
dissolves in landfill water.
Numerous factors affect the amount of CH4 produced in landfills. The
factors may be divided into two general categories: management practices
and physical factors.
The simple method for calculating emissions described here does not include
time lags, but assumes that methane is released in the year in which the
waste is placed in a landfills. This is not what actually occurs but gives a
crude approximation of the current year emissions if the amount and
composition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfilled has been relatively
constant over the last five to ten years. If there have been large fluctuations
over the period then the simple method will not represent the current
emissions well.
The simple method is considered to produce a high estimate for a number
of reasons. Detailed assessments by some OECD countries include factors
such as aerobic decomposition, microbial biomass, leachate generation and
methane oxidation which are not explicitly accounted for in the simple
method. In an inventory by Canada which applied the simple method as well
as the more complicated kinetic modelling, the more detailed methods gave
results which were 22% lower than the simple method. Additionally, some of
the factors mentioned could be more important in developing countries
where less compact disposal methods (open dumps instead of highly
compacted sanitary landfill) might be employed.
Future IPCC work will focus on improving the simple method so that it is
capable of accounting for time lags and the other factors mentioned above.
PART 2
6.3
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-------
WASTE
TABLE 6-1
REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL, COMPOSITION, AND WASTE GENERATION
DATA
Region
U.S. / Canada/
Australia
US.
Canada
Australia
Other OECD
Japan
New Zealand
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
UK
USSR/E.Europe
Developing
Countries
Fraction
MSW
Landfilled
0.91
0.62
0.93
0.98
0.71
0.28
0.9S
0.57
0.50
0.63
0.87
0.47
0.69
0.10
0.10
0.35
0.27
0.55
0.78
0.24
0.76
0.42
0.18
NA
85
80
Fraction
DOC of
MSW
0.22
NA
NA
NA
0.19
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.5
IS
Waste
Generation
(kg/cap/day)
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.9
0.8
0.9
1.8
0.6
0.9
1.2
I.I
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.3
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.5
Waste
Generation
Gg/IOOO
persons/yr
657
730
620
694
292
328
657
219
328
438
402
256
328
256
328
256
365
438
474
219
292
328
365
365
219
182
See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.
c Multiply Population by Waste Generation Rate to give Waste
Generated. Enter the result in column C.
d Enter Fraction Landfilled in column D.
This is the fraction of total MSW which is placed in landfills
expressed as a decimal fraction. Default values are provided in
Table 6-1 above.
e Multiply Total Waste Generated by Fraction Landfilled to give MSW
Landfilled. Enter the result (in gigagrams of MSW) in column E.
f Enter the figure from column E in column A of the main
Worksheet.
PART 2
6.5
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-------
WASTE
Enter BOD Concentration Rates by industry in column B.
Table 6-6 gives default values by industry.
TABLE 6-6
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) ESTIMATES FOR
VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS
Industry
Iron and steel
Non-ferrous metals
Fertilizer
Food and beverages
Fruits and vegetables
Cereals
Meat packing
Butter
Cheese
Cane sugar
Beet sugar
Wine
Beer
Other beverages
Pulp and paper
Petroleum refining (petrochemical)
Textiles
Rubber
Miscellaneous
Fish processing
Oil and grease
Coffee
Soft drinks
BOD5*
kg/litre
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.035
0.003
0.001
0.020
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.010
0.135
0.085
0.083
0.004
0.004
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.007-0.031
0.0015
0.0008
*Some of these values are "ultimate" BOD from literature. They
are used as an approximation of 6005.
See the Greenhouse Gas Reference Manual for sources.
Multiply the Annual Wastewater Outflow by industry by BOD
Concentration Rates to give Total BOD Generated. Enter the result in
gigagrams in column C.
^2. i nvu* A T ^N G, TOTAL METHANE
OlMIJLS.lO.NS t J' '
Enter the Fraction of Wastewater Treated Anaerobically, by industry,
in column D.
Very little information is available on typical values and there is
probably considerable variation across regions and industries. In
developing countries, industrial Wastewater is often treated with
municipal Wastewater. If no other information is available, use the
PART 2
6.1 I
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-------
WASTE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
A
Annual
MSW
Undfilled
Specify sub-
categories if
any)
(Gg)
B
Fraction
DOC
(Gg DOC /
GgMSW)
WASTE
METHANE EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLS
6-1
1
c
Annual
DOC
Undfilled
(Gg)
C=(AxB)
D
Fraction
which
Actually
Degrades
E
Annual
Carbon
Released as
Biogas
(Gg)
E=(CxD)
F
Fraction
CH4
GgC-CH4/
Gg C-Biogas
G
CH4-C
Emissions
(GgC)
G=(ExF)
H
Conversion
Factor
(16/12)
1
CH4
Emissions
(GgCH4)
l=(GxH)
J
CH4
Recovered
(GgCH4)
K
Net CH4
Emissions
(GgCH4)
K=(I-J)
PART 2
6.13
-------
-------
WASTE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
A
Population (or
Jrban Population)
(Specify sub-
categories if any)
(1000 persons)
WASTI:
METHANE EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLS
6-1 (SUPPLEMENTAL)
B
Waste Gen-
eration Rate
(GgMSW/IOOO
persons/year)
c
Waste Generated
(Gg MSVV)
C=(AxB)
D
Fraction Landfilled
E
MSW Landfilled
(Gg MSW)
E=(CxD)
PART 2
6.15
-------
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-------
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-------
-------
6
WASTE
MODULE
SUB MODULE
WORKSHEET
SHEET
WASTE
METHANE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
6-3
B
I I STEP 3 '
Iron and steel
Non-ferrous metals
Fertilizer
Food&
Beverages
Pulp and paper
Canneries
Beer
Wine
Meat packing
Dairy products
Sugar
Fish processing
Oil & grease
Coffee
Soft drinks
Other
Pulp
Paper
Other
Petroleum refining/ Petrochemicals
Textiles
Bleaching
Dying
Other
Rubber
Other
Totals
G
Total Methane
Released
GgCH4
G=(ExF)
H
Methane
Recovered
GgCH4
1
Net Methane
Emissions
GgCH4
I=(G-H)
PART 2
6.21
-------
-------
PART 3
GLOSSARY
Activity data
Data on the magnitude of human activity resulting in emissions or removals
taking place during a given period of time. In the energy sector for example,
the annual activity data for fuel combustion sources are the total amounts of
fuel burned (PJ). Annual activity data for methane emissions from enteric
fermentation are the total number of animals being raised, by species,
Adipic acid
A raw material primarily used in the chemical industry as an intermediate
step in the production of nylon. The process of producing adipic acid also
produces nitrous oxide (I^O) as a by-product
Afforestation
Planting of new forests on lands which, historically, have not contained
forests. These newly created forests are included in the category Managed
Forests in the Land Use Change and Forestry module of the emissions
inventory calculations. See also reforestation.
Agricultural emissions
The five main types of agricultural emissions included in the Workbook are:
CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in domestic animals
CH4 emissions from animal manure
CH4 emissions from rice cultivation
N2© emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilisers
Non-CC>2 trace gases from the burning of savannas and agricultural
residues
Alcohol
Alcohol produced from non-biomass sources should be included with crude
oil figures in the inventory.
PART 3
GLOSSARY.I
-------
GLOSSARY
Anaerobic
Conditions in which oxygen is not readily available. These are important for
the production of methane emissions. Whenever organic material
decomposes in anaerobic conditions (in landfills, flooded rice fields etc.)
methane is likely to be formed.
Anthropogenic
Man-made, resulting from human activities. In the Guidelines, anthropogenic
emissions are distinguished from natural emissions. Many of the greenhouse
gases are emitted naturally. It is only the man-made increments over natural
emissions which may be perturbing natural balances.
Apparent Consumption
A concept used in the calculation of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
consumption. This concept deals with apparent rather than actual
consumption because it tracks the consumption of primary fuels to an
economy with adjustments for net imports and stock changes in secondary
fuels. While this procedure ensures that all of the carbon in fuels is
accounted for, it is important to note that it does not produce actual
consumption by specific fuel or fuel product. In cases where exports of
secondary fuels exceed imports, it will produce negative numbers. This is
clearly not an accurate estimate of the consumption of secondary fuel. It is
merely an adjustment to the primary fuel balance calculated elsewhere in the
worksheet.
Base year
The year for which the inventory is to be taken. This is currently 1990. In some
cases (such as estimating CH4 from rice production) the base year is simply the
last year of a number of years over which an average must be taken.
Benzole
Benzole should be included with crude oil figures in the inventory.
Biomass
Organic material both above ground and below ground, and both living and
dead, e.g., trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, roots etc.. When burned for
energy purposes, these are referred to as biomass fuels.
Bitumen
Solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal structure, brown to
black in colour, obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude oil, vacuum
distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation. It is soluble in carbon
bisulphate, non-volatile, thermoplastic (between 150°C and 200°C) with
insulating and adhesive properties. Bitumen is used mainly in road
construction.
GLOSSARY.2
-------
GLOSSARY
8KB (Braunkohlenbriketts) and Patent Fuel
8KB (includes peat briquettes)
A composition fuel manufactured from brown coal. The brown coal is
crushed, dried and moulded under high pressure into an even shaped
briquette without the addition of binders.
Patent Fuel
A composition fuel manufactured from coal fines by shaping with the
addition of a binding agent (pitch). Note that the amount of patent fuel
produced can be slightly higher than the amount of coal consumed in the
transformation process because of the addition of pitch.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
The amount of oxygen consumed by the organic material in waste water
during decomposition.
Brown coal
See Lignite.
BOD
See Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
Bunker fuels
Fuels used in international marine and air transportation.
Calcination
Chemical process in the manufacture of cement in which the raw materials
(primarily limestone - calcium carbonate) are heated in kilns producing lime
and CO2.
CFCs
See Chloroflourocarbons.
Chloroflourocarbons
Also known as CFCs, Chloroflourocarbons are set of chemical substances
which have been used in refrigeration, foam blowing etc.. CFCs contribute
to the depletion of the earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.
Although they are greenhouse gases, they are not included in the Guidelines
because they are already being regulated under the Montreal Protocol.
Clinker
An intermediate product created during the manufacture of cement In the
production of clinker, calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime and
carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is normally released to the atmosphere
as a waste product and is a significant global source of CC>2 emissions.
PART 3
GLOSSARY.3
-------
GLOSSARY
Closed Forest
A dense forest with closed canopy through which sunlight does not
penetrate sufficiently for grasses to grow on the forest floor. These forests
contain a significantly greater amount of biomass per hectare than open
forests.
Coke
Coke is subdivided into:
Coke-oven coke
The solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal, principally coking
coal, at high temperature, low in moisture and volatile matter. Coke oven
coke is used mainly in the iron and steel industry acting as energy source and
chemical agent. Semi-coke, the product obtained from the carbonisation of
coal at a low temperature, should be included in this category. Semi-coke is
used as a domestic fuel or by the transformation plant itself. This heading
also includes coke and semi-coke made from lignite.
Gas coke
A by-product of hard coal used for the production of town gas in gas works.
Gas coke is used for heating purposes.
Conversion Factor
The factor by which the amount of fuel consumed must be multiplied in
order to reach a total in the common reporting unit, Gigajoules (Gj). In
some cases conversion factors are country specific, which means that the
amount of energy produced by a particular fuel type varies from country to
country. Where country specific conversion factors exist, these should
always be used in calculating energy use.
Crude Oil
Mineral oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural origin, yellow
to black in colour of variable specific gravity and viscosity. It includes lease
condensate (separator liquids) which is recovered from gaseous
hydrocarbons in lease separation facilities.
Inputs other than crude oil and NGL should be included with crude oil and
footnoted, these include hydrogen, synthetic crude oil (including mineral oils
extracted from shales, bituminous sand etc.) benzole, alcohol (except alcohol
produced from biomass) and methanol produced from natural gas. Although
not hydrocarbons, additives and other chemical alloys such as tetraethyl lead
should be included.
Dry Biomass
See Dry Matter.
DM
See Dry Matter.
GLOSSARY.4
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GLOSSARY
Degradable Organic Carbon
Organic material which can decay, expressed as weight of carbon. Usually 15
to 25% of total waste.
DOC
See Degradable Organic Carbon.
Dry Matter
In this Workbook dry matter refers to biomass which has dried to an oven dry
state. This means that all loose water has been driven off but water that is
part of the carbohydrate molecule and various volatiles still remains. By
contrast, dry matter which is only air dry may contain 15% moisture.
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe. A United Nations body.
Emission Factor
A coefficient that relates actual emissions to activity data as a standard rate
of emission per unit of activity. Emission factors are often based on a sample
of measurement data, averaged to develop a representative rate of emission
for a given activity level under a given set of operating conditions.
Enteric fermentation
A product of digestion in herbivores (plant-eating animals) which produces
methane as a by-product.
Evaporative emissions
Evaporative emissions are released from area (rather than point) sources.
These are often Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs),
and the emissions are produced when a portion of the product is exposed
to the air - for example in the use of paints or solvents.
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Flaring
A practice used to dispose of gas which cannot be contained or used
productively. In some cases, when associated natural gas is released along
with oil from production fields remote from energy users, the gas is burned
off as it escapes, primarily for safety reasons. Some flaring may also occur in
the processing of oil and gas. See also venting.
Fugitive Emissions
Emissions resulting from the leakage of chemical substances during various
human activities. Fugitive emissions are distinguished from other emissions in
the energy sector which are a direct result of fuel combustion. In
calculations in the Energy module, emissions from energy lost through
PART 3
GLOSSARY.5
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GLOSSARY
leakage or flaring are counted as fugitive emissions, while the productive use
of fuels as feedstock or for other non-energy uses is treated separately.
Gas/Diesel Oil (Distillate Fuel Oil)
Refers to heavy oils. Gas oils are obtained from the lowest fraction from
atmospheric distillation of crude oil, but heavy gas oils are obtained by
vacuum redistillation of the residual from atmospheric distillation. Gas diesel
oil distils between 200°C and 300°C but less than 65% in volume at 250°C
including losses, and 85% or more at 350°C. Their flash point is always
above 50°C and their specific gravity is higher than 0.82.
Heavy oils obtained by blending are grouped together with gas oils, on
condition their kinematic viscosity does not exceed 115 sees. Redwood I at
38°C
Gasoline
Gasoline includes the following products:
Gasoline Type Jet Fuel
This includes all light hydrocarbon oils for use in aviation gas turbine power
units. They are distilled between IOO°C and 250°C, distil at least 20% of
their volume at I43°C and are obtained by blending kerosene and gasolines
or naphthas in such a way that the aromatic content does not exceed 25% in
volume. Additives are included to reduce the freezing point to -58°C or
lower and to keep the Reid vapour pressure between 0.14 and 0.21 kg/cm2.
Motor Gasoline
Motor Gasoline is a light hydrocarbon oil for use in internal combustion
engines excluding aircraft.
Motor Gasoline is distilled between 70°C and 200°C and treated to reach a
sufficiently high octane number (> RON). Treatment may be by reforming,
blending with an aromatic fraction, or the addition of benzole or other
additives (such as tetraethyl lead).
Greenhouse gases
The current draft IPCC inventory includes six major greenhouse gases.
The direct greenhouse gases included are:
Carbon Dioxide (CC>2)
Methane (CH.4)
Nitrous Oxide (N20)
The indirect greenhouse gases included are:
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)
Other gases which also contribute to the greenhouse effect are being
considered for inclusion in future versions of the Guidelines.
GLOSSARY.6
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GLOSSARY
Hard Coal
Coal of calorific value greater than 23,865 kj/kg (57,000 kcal/kg) on an ash
free but moist basis with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least
0.6. Hard coal divides into:
Coking coal
Coal with a quality that allows the production of coke suitable to support a
blast furnace charge. The following classification codes cover coals which fall
into this category.
International classification codes: (UN Geneva 1956): 323, 333,334,
423, 433,434, 435, 523, 533, 534, 535, 623, 633, 634, 635, 723,733,
823.
USA classification codes: Class II Group 2 "Medium volatile
Bituminous".
British classification: Classes 202, 203, 204, 301, 302, 400, 500, 600.
Polish classification: Classes 33, 34, 35.1, 35.2, 36, 37.
Australian classification: Classes 4a, 4B, 5.
Steam Coal (Other bituminous coal and anthracite)
Steam coal is used for steam raising and space heating purposes and includes
all Anthracite coals and Bituminous coals not included under Coking coal.
Heavy Fuel Oil (Residual)
The heavy oils which make up the distillation residue. They comprise all fuel
oils (including those obtained by blending). Their viscosity is above 115 sees.
Redwood I at 38°C. The flash point is always above 50°C and the specific
gravity is more than 0.90.
IEA
The International Energy Authority. An autonomous body attached to the
OECD. See also OECD.
IPCC
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A special organization set
up by UNEP and the WMO to provide assessments of the results of climate
change research to policy makers. The greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines
are being developed under the auspices of the IPCC and will be
recommended for use by parties to the Framework Convention on Climate
Change (FCCC).
Jet Fuel
Fuel which meets the specification for aviation gas turbine units.
Jet fuel is a medium oil with the same distillation and flash characteristics as
kerosene, with a maximum aromatic content of 20% in volume and treated
to give a kinematic viscosity of less than 15 cST at -34°C and a freezing point
below -50°C. Its octane number varies between 80 and 105 RON.
PART 3
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GLOSSARY
Kerosene
Kerosene is a refined petroleum distillate which is intermediate in volatility
between gasoline and gas/diesel oil.
It distils at between I50°C and 300°C and distils at least 65% of its volume
at 250°C. Its specific gravity is in the region of 0.80 and the flash point is
above 38°C. It is used as a heating fuel and as fuel for certain types of
internal combustion engines.
Kilns
Equipment used in the manufacture of cement Vessels in which the raw
materials (primarily limestone - calcium carbonate) are heated to cause a
chemical process known as calcination which produces lime and CC>2.
Landfill emissions
The emission of greenhouse gases from landfills. The two sorts of landfill
involved are:
open dumping
sanitary land filling
Typically, landfill gas is 50-70% CH4 and 30-50% CO2 with traces of other
gases.
Land-Use Change Emissions
Emissions resulting from changes in the way an area of land is used. The
types of changes which produce emissions or removals of greenhouse gases
include:
conversion of forests to non-forests (for example to pasture or
cropland)
conversion of cultivated lands to grasslands
abandonment of managed lands
conversion of wetlands to non-wetlands
Although these changes result mainly in emission or removals of CC>2,
factors such as clearing by burning release gases other than CO}.
Conversion of wetlands to non-wetlands results also in a lowering of natural
methane emissions.
Lignite
Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value less than 17,435 kj/kg
(4165k cal/kg) and greater than 31% volatile matter on dry mineral matter
free basis.
See Sub-bituminous coal. The distinction between Sub-bituminous coal and
Lignite is not normally made in Europe.
Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)
LPGs are light hydrocarbon fractions of the paraffin series derived from the
refinery processes and crude oil stabilisation plant. They are primarily
GLOSSARY.8
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GLOSSARY
propane (CsHs) and butane (C4H|o) or a mixture of these two
hydrocarbons.
Commercial propanes may be of less than 99% purity. They can be liquefied
at low pressure (5-10 atmospheres). In the liquid state and at temperature
of 38°C, they have a relative vapour pressure less than or equal to 24.5
bars (ASTM D standard method). Their specific gravity varies from 0.50 to
0.58.
LHV
See Lower Heating Value.
Locally Available Data
The term used throughout the Guidelines to refer to data assembled at the
national level and used as input for emissions calculations. This is
distinguished from default data which are provided or referred to in the
Workbook methodologies.
Lower Heat Value
If you report quantities of fuel expressed in energy units (terajoules, toe,
etc.), you should ensure that the quantities have been calculated using the
Net Calorific Values (Lower Heating Value) which is 95% of the higher
heating value (HHV) for Liquid Fossil, Solid Fossil, and Biomass Fuels and
90% of HHV for Gaseous Fossil Fuels. Default energy data are provided in
LHV.
LPG
See Liquid Petroleum Gas.
Lubricants
Lubricants are liquid distillates obtained by refining crude petroleum. They
are viscous or liquid hydrocarbons rich in paraffin waxes, distilling between
380°C and 500°C obtained by vacuum distillation of oil residues from
atmospheric distillation. They include all grades of lubricant oil from spindle
oil to cylinder oil, cutting oils and those used in grease. The main
characteristics of lubricating oils are flash point less than 125°C, pour point
between -25°C and +5°C depending on the grade, strong acid number
normally 0.5 mg/g, ash content less than 0.3% and water content less than
0.2%.
Manure
Waste materials produced by animals that are managed for agricultural
purposes. When manure is managed in a way that involves anaerobic
decomposition, significant emissions of methane can result
Methanol
Methanol produced from natural gas should be included with crude oil
figures.
PART 3
GLOSSARY.9
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GLOSSARY
Montreal Protocol
The international agreement which requires signatories to control and
report emissions of CFCs and related chemical substances which deplete the
earth's ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 in
accordance with the broad principles for protection of the ozone layer
agreed in the Vienna Convention (1985). The Protocol came into force in
1989 and established specific reporting and control requirements for ozone
depleting substances.
MSW
See Municipal Solid Waste.
Municipal Solid Waste
Solid waste that is collected regularly by municipalities, e.g. household trash
and garbage.
Naphtha
Naphtha includes light or medium oils from the end of the motor spirit to
the beginning of the kerosene range. Naphtha distils between 30°C and
2IO°C. The properties depend upon consumer specifications, the C:H ratio
is usually 84:14 or 84:16 with a very low sulphur content (equal to or less
than 0.1%). The two main types are: full-range naphtha and narrow-cut
naphtha. Narrow-cut naphtha is divided into light naphtha (distilling at
between 30°C and 70°C), medium naphtha (distilling between 70°C and
I25°C) and heavy naphtha (distilling between I25°C and 2IO°C). Some
narrow-cut naphthas may meet the specifications of industrial spirit.
Naphtha imported for blending in refineries is reported as refinery
feedstocks. It is used as refinery feedstocks for reforming processes and in
the chemical industry.
Natural Gas
Gases consisting mainly of methane occurring in underground deposits.
Production is measured after the purification and extraction of NGL and
sulphur, and excludes re-injected gas and losses. Include gas consumed by
processing plants and gas transported by pipelines. Also include quantities
vented and flared and natural gas produced in association with crude oil as
well as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas) and sewage gas.
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL)
Liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons produced in the manufacture, purification
and stabilisation of natural gas. Their characteristics vary, ranging from those
of butane and propane to heavy oils. NGL are either distilled with heavy oil
in refineries, blended with refined petroleum products, or used directly,
depending on their characteristics.
NGL
See Natural Gas Liquids.
GLOSSARY. 10
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GLOSSARY
Nitric Acid
A raw material used mainly as feedstock in fertilizer production and in the
production of adipic acid. The process of producing nitric acid can also
produce nitrous oxide
NMVOC
See Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds.
Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
A class of emissions which includes a wide range of specific organic chemical
substances. Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) play a a
major role in the formation of ozone in the troposphere (lower
atmosphere). Ozone In the troposphere is a greenhouse gas. It is a major
local and regional air pollutant, causing significant health and environmental
damage. Because they contribute to ozone formation, NMVOC are
considered "indirect" greenhouse gases.
OECD
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. A regional
organization of 24 free-market democracies in North America, Europe and
the Pacific.
Open Forests
Open forests are less dense than closed forests, do not have a closed canopy
and have grasses growing on the forest floor. These forests contain less
biomass per hectare than closed forests.
Other products
The category Other products included in die energx statistic provided by the IEA
includes the following:
Refinery gas (not liquefied)
Non-condensable gases obtained during the distillation of crude oil products
(e.g. cracking) in refineries, mainly consisting of hydrogen, methane, ethane
and olefins.
White Spirit and SBP
White Spirit and SBP are distillate intermediates with a distillation range
between gasoline and kerosene.
Industrial Spirit (SBP): Light oils distilling between 30°C and 200°C
with a temperature difference between the 5% volume and the 30%
volume distillation points, including losses, of not more than 60°C. In
other words a light oil of a narrower cut than motor spirit. There are 7
or 8 grades of industrial spirit, depending on the position of the
distillation range as defined above.
White Spirit: Industrial spirit with a flash point above 2 1 °C (generally
above 30°C). The distillation range of white spirit is I35°C to 200°C.
Paraffin waxes: Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon. The waxes are
extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils and the have a crystalline
PART 3
GLOSSARY. I I
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GLOSSARY
structure with C> 12. They are colourless, odourless and translucent
with a melting point above 4S°C, specific gravity of 0.76 to 0.78 at
80°C and kinematic viscosity between 3.7 and 5.5 cST at 99°C.
Other Petroleum products: products not mentioned above, for
example, sulphur, tar and grease.
Peat
Combustible, soft porous or compressed sedimentary deposit of plant origin
with a high water content (up to 90%), easily cut, light to dark brown colour.
Petroleum Coke
Petroleum coke is a shiny black solid residue obtained by cracking and
carbonisation in furnaces and distillation of heavier petroleum oils, consisting
mainly of carbon (90% to 95%), which burns without leaving ash.
Process emissions
Processes in which physical materials are chemically transformed from one
state to another, in the course of which greenhouse gases are emitted.
See also Source emissions
Refinery Feedstocks
A refinery feedstock is a combination of products derived from crude oil
destined for further processing in the industry other than blending. It is
transformed into one or more components and/or finished products. This
includes those finished products imported for refinery intake and those
returned from the chemical industry to the refining industry. In the case of
refineries integrated with petro-chemical plants, the amount of this flow is
estimated wherever possible.
Reforestation
Planting of forests on lands which have, historically, previously contained
forests but which have been converted to some other use. Replanted forests
are included in the category "Managed Forests" in the Land Use Change and
Forestry module of the emissions inventory calculations. See also
afforestation.
Ruminant animals
Herbivores (grazing animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and camels)
which have a large free stomach or rumen. Digestion in anaerobic conditions
in the rumen can create significant emissions of methane from ruminant
animals.
Savanna burning emissions
Savannas are tropical and sub-tropical formations with continuous grass
cover occasionally interrupted by trees and shrubs. They may be burnt
intentionally or unintentionally, releasing CO2, CH,*, CO, N2© and NOX
(oxides of nitrogen).
Intentional savanna burning is treated as an agricultural emission source.
GLOSSARY. 12
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GLOSSARY
Sequestered carbon
See Stored carbon.
Stored carbon
The amount of a fuel which is not burnt for energy uses and which must be
subtracted from apparent consumption before calculating emissions.
Synthetic crude oil
Synthetic crude oil, including mineral oils extracted from shales, bituminous
sand etc. should be included with the figures for crude oil.
Sub-bituminous coal
Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value between 17,435 kj/kg
(4165 kcal/kg) and 23,865 kj/kg (5700 cal/kg) containing more than 31 %
volatile matter on dry mineral matter free basis.
See Lignite. The distinction between Sub-bituminous coal and Lignite is not
normally made in Europe.
Trace gas emission ratios
Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH4 or CO (in
units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (in units of
C). Those for nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of nitrogen
released as N20 and NOX relative to the nitrogen content of the fuel (in
units of N).
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme.
Venting
A practice used to dispose of gas which cannot be contained or used
productively. In some cases, when associated natural gas is released along
with oil from production fields remote from energy users, the gas is allowed
to escape into the atmosphere. See also flaring.
Volatile Solids
The amount of organic material that disappears after drying.
Water Management Regime
A variety of practices used to classify rice production into categories for
estimating emissions of methane. The two major water management regimes
(or practices) are dry (or upland) production and continuously flooded rice
paddies. The dry category produces little or no methane, while the
continuously flooded category is a significant source.
WMO
The World Meteorological Organization of the United Nations.
PART 3
GLOSSARY.13
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