United States         Office of Economy       EPA 236-B-00-001
Environmental Protection     and Environment        March 2000
Agency           (2175)           Internet Version

AN ANNOTATED SUMMARY OF

CLIMATE CHANGE

RELATED RESOURCES
                 U.S. Environmental
                  Protection Agency
                    Office of Policy
              Washington, D.C., USA

                      March, 2000

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                                  CONTENTS
Introduction
Policy and General Climate Change Resources	4

      United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
            Conference of the Parties	5
      Kyoto Protocol	6
      Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
            Working Groups I, II and in  	7
      Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change: Conflicts
            and Connections	8
      Common Questions about Climate Change	9
      Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate
             Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses  	10
Climate Change Data and Research Resources	11

       Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Data Distribution Centre (DDC)  . 12
       IPCC Second Assessment Report Bibliographic Reference Database	13
       International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) 	14
       National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Data Center  	15
       Socioeconomic Data and Application Center (SEDAC)	16
       U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) 	17
       U.S. Global Change Research Information Office (USGCRIO)	18
       Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)	19
       Australia's Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN)  	20
       Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS) 	21
       Global Change Master Directory (GCMD)	22

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                                          11
Resources for Developing GHG Inventories   	23

   Guidelines

       Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook 	24
       Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Assessment: A Guidebook	25
       IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 	26
       Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases 	27
       Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting and Verification (MERV) of Climate Change
             Mitigation Projects: Discussion of Issues and Methodologies and Review of
             Existing Protocols and Guidelines	28

   Data and Information

       Air Pollution Emissions Overview 	29
       Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors	30
       Emissions and Cost Estimates for Globally Significant Anthropogenic Combustion
             Sources of NOX, N2O, CH4, CO, and CO2 	31
       Future Emissions and Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide: Key Ocean/Atmosphere/Land
             Analyses	32

   Examples

       Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory	33
       Update of the Netherlands' Second National Communication
             on Climate Change Policies	34
       U.S. National Greenhouse Gaslnventory	35

Mitigation Resources	36

   General

       U.S. EPA States Guidance Document: Policy Planning to Reduce
             Greenhouse Emissions	37
       Technologies, Policies and Measures for Mitigating Climate Change: IPCC Technical
             Paper I  	38
       Services,  Transportation, Agriculture, Industry,  and Residential (STAIR)
             Spreadsheet Model	39

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                                      Ill
Methane
   Coalbed Methane Outreach Program	40
   Livestock Analysis Model	41
   Livestock Methane Outreach Program	42
   Ruminant Livestock Efficiency Program	43

Energy

   Centre for the Analysis and Dissemination of Demonstrated Energy Technologies
          (CADDET)	44
   Energy Efficiency  and Renewable Energy Network (EREN)  	45
   Energy Technology Systems Analysis Program (ETSAP)	46
   Energy Technology Option (ETO) Model	47
   Energy and Power Evaluation Program (ENPEP)	48
   Global Energy Marketplace (GEM)	49
   Greenhouse Gas Energy Technology Information Exchange (GREENTIE)	50
   Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation Options for Developing Country
          Utilities and Regulatory Agencies	51
   International Renewable Energy Network and Information Center (IRENIC) 	52
   Inventory of Technologies, Methods, and Practices for Reducing Emissions
          of Greenhouse Gases	53
   Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) Energy Analysis Department	54
   MARKAL-MACRO  	55

Forests

   COPATH Spreadsheet Model  	56

Cities and Urban Areas

   Building Energy Efficiency	57
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  State and Local Climate Change Program  .... 58

Implementation and Assistance Programs

   Global Environment Facility (GEF)	59
   National  Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) International Supporting Activities . . 60
   U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation  (USIJI)  	61
   U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Climate Change Initiative	62
   U.S. Country Studies Program (U.S. CSP): Implementation and Assistance Programs . 63

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                                         IV
Impacts and Adaptation Resources  	64

   General

       Climate Change Convention Information Exchange Program (CC:INFO)	65
       Climate Change and Human Health	66
       Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability —
             Summary for Policy Makers 	67
       Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments: An International Handbook	68

   Guidelines

       UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment
             and Adaptation Strategies  	69
       IPCC Technical Guidelines  for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations . . 70
       Seven Step Assessment of the Vulnerability of Coastal Areas to Sea Level Rise — The
             IPCC Common Methodology  	71

   Assessment Tools and Models

       Agricultural  Economic Models 	72
       Agriculture Impact Models — Crops	73
       Training Materials for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments (CC:TRAIN)	74
       COSMIC (Country-Specific Model for Intertemporal Climate)  	75
       Grasslands and Livestock Impact Models	76
       Human Health Impact Models	77
       IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)  	78
       The Climate Impacts LINK  Project	79
       MAGICC (Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate
             Change)/SCENGEN (Scenario Generator) 	80
       Vegetation Models	81
       Impact Models of Water Resources	82
       WWW-Server for Ecological Modeling at the University of Kassel	83

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International and National Governmental Climate Change Organizations	84

      Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN)	85
      Canadian Global Change Program (CGCP)	86
      Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER)	87
      Climate Change Training Program (CC:TRAIN)  	88
      United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Collaborating Center on Energy
             and Environment (UCCEE)	89
      European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH)  	90
      Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations  	91
      German Advisory Council on Global Change (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der
             Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveranderungen, WBGU)	92
      United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Information Unit for Conventions
             (IUC) 	93
      Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) 	94
      International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)95
      National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL):  General Information and Website ... 96
      System for Analysis Research and Training (START) 	97
      United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)	98
      United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)	99
      The World Bank	100
      World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC) 	101
      World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 	102
List of Nongovernmental Climate Change Organizations  	103

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                                 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this annotated summary is to provide the reader with a tool for identifying the
range of available resources pertaining to climate change. The information contained in this
resource guide is intended to assist researchers and decision makers, particularly those from
developing countries, in their efforts to develop, implement, and evaluate climate change
programs and conduct climate change studies (e.g., emission inventories, mitigation assessments,
vulnerability and adaptation analysis).

While a wide variety of analytic and assessment tools, guidelines, and information resources are
available, these resources are dispersed among numerous public and private entities throughout
the world, making it difficult for potential users to identify and access relevant materials.
Furthermore, because decision makers in developing countries face significant challenges in
pursuing development objectives, efforts to address climate change are typically evaluated in
light of how they may affect  sustainable development goals and near-term local environmental
conditions. Therefore, the annotations in this resource guide identify which environmental
protection or sustainable development objective might also be addressed by each climate change
resource.

The materials summarized are generally recognized as authoritative sources, particularly the data
sources. These materials are  defined broadly and include guidance documents, reference tools
(e.g., data sources, information networks, model descriptions), financial or technical assistance
programs, collaborative opportunities,  and selected case studies or examples. Some of the
resources are broadly applicable to climate change; for example, many of the organizations that
are listed may be rich sources of information on a variety of specific topics. Therefore, users of
this guide are encouraged to  review the listings in each of the various sections to become familiar
with the variety of resources  available.

The resource guide is organized by several broad categories into the following sections:

       >      policy and general climate change resources

       >      climate change data and research resources

       >      resources for developing GHG inventories
              R      guidelines
              R      data and information
              R      examples

       >      mitigation resources
              R      general
              R      methane
              R      energy
              R      forests

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              R      cities and urban areas
              R      implementation and assistance programs

       >      impacts and adaptation resources
              R      general
              R      guidelines
              R      assessment tools and models.

       >      international and national governmental climate change organizations

       >      list of non-governmental climate change organizations

To help users of this resource guide identify particular resources, the following topic words are
used to characterize and categorize resource items, and may be used in an electronic word search
to find additional resources addressing each topic:
                                 List of Topic Keywords
                                 Climate Change Topics
            mitigation technologies                            climate data
           industrial manufacturing                             agriculture
         building energy conservation                             forests
              energy efficiency                             water resources
           energy systems planning                           human health
             renewable resources                           ecology/ecosystems
          greenhouse gas emissions                   coastal resources/sea level rise
                transportation                                   fisheries
             carbon sequestration                                wildlife
                  adaptation                             storms/extreme events
             agricultural methane                            economic welfare
                 solid waste                             climate change policy
                             Environmental Linkage Topics
          air pollution and air quality                          biodiversity
       water pollution and water quality                        deforestation
                  land use                             sustainable development
               land degradation                            stratospheric ozone

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Work on An Annotated Summary of Climate Change Related Resources was carried
out by a Stratus Consulting Inc. under EPA contract number 68-W6-0055 and delivery order
332.

An electronic version of this document may also be obtained from the U.S. EPA's
global warming web site at the following address:
http://www.epa. gov/globalwarming/publications/reference/resource_guide.html

For further information regarding this guide or to provide comments and
suggestions for future editions, please contact:

Beth Sciumeca
Office of Economy and Environment (2175)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC  20460
1-202-260-7020
(Note: after March 1, 2000, please call EPA's help desk
at 1-202-260-2090 to ask for EPA's Climate Change Program)
e-mail:  sciumeca.beth@epa.gov
Additional copies of this document may be obtained by contacting the National Service Center
for Environmental Publications. Be sure to identify the document number: EPA 236-B-00-001
and title: An Annotated Summary of Climate Change Related Resources.

To order by mail, send written request to:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH  45242-2419
USA

By phone:    within the U.S.  1-800-490-9198
             outside the U.S. +1-513-489-8190

By fax:       1-513-489-8695

By internet:  http://www.epa. gov/ncepihom/orderpub.html

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POLICY AND GENERAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCES

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                     POLICY AND GENERAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCES
             United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
                                  Conference of the Par ties

The Conference of the Parties (COP) is a group representing countries that have ratified the UNFCCC,
an international agreement to take climate change into account in matters such as agriculture, energy,
natural resources, and coastal resources. Their ultimate objective is to stabilize greenhouse gas
concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous human interference with the global climate.
COP meets annually to develop international policies and agreements, as well as to discuss progress
towards implementing goals outlined in the UNFCCC. The COP works to promote and cooperate in
research, systematic observation and development of data archives related to the climate system; to
share information; and to cooperate in education and training related to climate change. COP members
are also dedicated to assisting developing countries with costs of adapting to adverse effects of climate
change, and to facilitate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries.
       Climate Change Topics
       >     greenhouse gas emissions
       >     adaptation, multiple sectors
                             Environmental Linkages
                             >      air pollution and air quality
Application: The COP targets its material to policy makers and researchers, with information ranging
from general and introductory to highly technical and specific. The COP and the general UNFCCC
website provide the most current information on intergovernmental policies and agreements on
greenhouse gas stabilization. Resources available include information and data on global warming;
emissions data; a large bibliography of technical reports, books, journal articles, and conference
reports; country information on ratification of international agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol;
and selected lists of UNFCCC party-member activities on climate change.
Sponsor/Contact:
UNFCCC Secretariat
P.O. Box 260124
D-53153 Bonn
Germany
Tel: +49-228-815-1000; Fax: +49-228-815-1999
website: http://www.unfccc.de
e-mail: secretariat(3),unfccc.de

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                     POLICY AND GENERAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCES
                                       Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties-3 (COPS), is an intergovernmental agreement that established
numerical targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The text contains quantified
emissions targets for participating countries, information on methods for reducing emissions, and
details on emissions trading and clean development options for meeting emissions commitments.
       Climate Change Topics
       >     climate change policy
       >     greenhouse gas emissions
       >     adaptation, multiple sectors
                             Environmental Linkages
                             >      air pollution and air quality
Application: The Kyoto Protocol is a helpful reference for those interested in climate change-related
policy, as it is one of the foundation documents for international emissions reduction agreements.
Although no numerical targets were set for economically developing countries, provisions about clean
development may be of interest. These provisions state that developed countries can provide financial
aid or otherwise assist a developing country in reducing emissions, and the developed country may
then count that emissions reduction as a part of its emissions reduction commitment. This may present
a financially attractive emissions reduction option for developing countries. This document is
available in English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish.
Sponsor/Contact:
UNFCCC
P.O. Box 260124
D-53153 Bonn
Germany
Tel: +49-228-815-1000; Fax: +49-228-815-1999
website: http://www.unfccc.de/resource/convkp.html
e-mail: secretariat@unfccc.de

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                     POLICY AND GENERAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCES
                     Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The IPCC was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations
Environment Programme to assess the available scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information
in the field of climate change. IPCC provides independent scientific and technical advice to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (see UNFCCC entry in Policy and
General Climate Change Resources  section). It is divided into the following three working groups:

        >      Working Group I assesses the scientific aspects of the climate system and climate
               change;

        >      Working Group II addresses the vulnerability of socioeconomic and natural systems to
               climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate change, and options for
               adapting to it; and

        >      Working Group III assesses options for limiting greenhouse gas emissions and
               otherwise mitigating climate change.

Each working group produces technical papers and research summaries relevant to the group focus,
and within guidelines established under the UNFCCC.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      climate science
       >      greenhouse gas emissions
       >      adaptation, multiple sectors
                             Environmental Linkages
                             >      air pollution and air quality
                             >      water quality
                             >      land use
Application: IPCC reports are designed for policy makers, scientists, and other experts who are
interested in the latest technical scientific, economic, and policy information on climate change. The
reports are particularly helpful for users assessing impacts and mitigation strategies, designing climate
change policies, and developing research studies. Technical reports produced by IPCC have covered
topics such as mitigation technologies and policies, climate models, the science of climate change,
implications of greenhouse gas stabilization, and implications of CO2 emissions limitations. IPCC has
also published two assessment reports, known as the First Assessment Report and Second Assessment
Report, that are standard reference works summarizing scientific information, socioeconomic impacts,
and response strategies for climate change. Most documents can be downloaded for free from the
website or ordered (prices vary) from the IPCC Secretariat. IPCC also maintains the Data Distribution
Centre (see listing for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Data Distribution Centre), which
distributes up-to-date climate scenarios for performing climate change impact assessments.
Sponsor/Contact:
IPCC; World Meteorological Organization Building
7bis Avenue de la Paix; CP 2300
CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
Tel: +4122730-8208; Fax: +41-22-730-8025
website: http://www.ipcc.ch
e-mail: ipcc_sec@gateway.wmo.ch	

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                     POLICY AND GENERAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCES
        Sustainable Development and Global Climate Change: Conflicts and Connections

This book contains papers written by some of the world's most recognized climate scientists,
presented at a 1995 conference sponsored by the Center for Environmental Information. Introductory
papers describe IPCC findings and their implications for sustainable development. Other papers
examine mechanisms for assessing the linkages and the conflicts between sustainable development
strategies and emerging findings about impacts, adaption, and mitigation of global climate change
effects. The book is organized in four volumes: The Climate Change Phenomenon and Sustainability
(three papers); Sustainability and Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation Options (six
papers); Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Economic Assessment (four papers); and
Sustainable Development and Climate Change: Science for Policy in the Face of Uncertainty (seven
papers). Each volume also contains a transcript of questions and answers discussed at the conference.

        Climate Change Topics              Environmental Linkages
        >      mitigation                    >       sustainable development
        >      adaptation                   >       land use
        >      economic welfare             >       land degradation
        >      health effects                >       deforestation

Application: This book presents recent research on topics related to climate change mitigation and
climate-related policy options. The second volume of this book, Sustainability and Climate Change:
Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation Options, addresses a particularly important climate change issue:
mitigating the effects of global climate change. The volume presents the following papers:

>      "Ecosystem Adaptation — Terrestrial Systems," by Stephen Hamburg — reviews climate
        changes in terrestrial ecosystems over a 100 year time frame.
>      "Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply," by David Wolfe — examines the potential effects
        of climate change on the world's food supply.
>      "Health Impacts," by Jonathan Patz — analyzes the potential effects of climate change on
        health and the possible implications for sustainable development strategies.
>      "Marine and Coastal Systems — Impacts and Adaptation," by Victor Kennedy — examines
        potential climate change effects in coastal areas and strategies for mitigation and adaptation.
>      "Mitigation Options — Energy Supply," by Denny Ellerman — offers a brief survey of the
        alternatives for reducing greenhouse  gas emissions on the supply side.

Sponsor/Contact:      Center for Environmental Information
                      55 St. Paul Street
                      Rochester, NY 14604 USA
                      Tel: +1-716-262-2870; Fax: +1-716-262-4156
                      website: http://www.awa.com/nature/cei/
                      document at: http://www.awa.com/nature/cei/proceed95/
	e-mail: cei@servtech.com;	

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                    POLICY AND GENERAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCES
                          Common Questions about Climate Change

 The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization prepared
this document. It provides a general background on several climate topics as well as answers to some
of the most commonly asked questions about climate change. Questions include whether or not recent
trends are consistent with climate warming, which human activities are contributing to climate change,
what further climatic changes are expected to occur, and what effects these changes may have on
humans and the environment.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >     mitigation                      >      air pollution and air quality
       >     adaptation                      >      water pollution and water quality
       >     storms/extreme events           >      resource conservation
       >     background on climate change
       >     outreach

Application: This is a good background source on the science of climate change, presenting key
issues, climate trends, and implications. The document's greatest application is that it can be used as a
communication tool to inform the public, community interest groups, and business and government
leaders about the science of climate change.

Sponsor/Contact:       United Nations Environment Programme       GCPJO User Services
                      P.O. Box 30552                             61 Rt 9W, P.O. Box 1000
                      Nairobi, Kenya                             Palisades, NY 10964 USA
                      Fax: +254-2-623410                         e-mail: help@gcrio.org

Document at: http: //www. gcrio. org/ipcc/q a/cover .html

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                                             10
                     POLICY AND GENERAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESOURCES
          Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change:
                                 Scientific-Technical Analyses

IPCC's Working Group II published this scientific report on the potential impacts of climate change,
adaptive responses, and measures that could mitigate future emissions. Its comprehensive coverage of
the issues important to understanding climate change impacts make it an indispensable resource. The
report further reviews the technical and economic feasibility of a range of potential adaptations and
mitigation strategies.  Its chapters cover a wide range of physical and ecological systems, human
health, and socioeconomic sectors and activities. The sensitivity of systems and their potential for
adaptation to changes in mean climate, changes in extreme weather events, changes in variability, the
rate of climate change, and the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on vegetation are discussed, as
are many of the practices and technologies that increase carbon storage and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.

        Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
        >      greenhouse gas emissions        >      air pollution  and air quality
        >      mitigation technologies          >      resource conservation
        >      adaptation                      >      land use
        >      carbon sequestration
        >      human health
        >      economic welfare
        >      agriculture
        >      fisheries

Application: Researchers will find scientific, technical, and economic information that can be used as
a basis for understanding possible regional and country-specific impacts. For example, the section on
assessment of mitigation options discusses mitigation options in the energy supply, industry,
transportation, human settlements, agriculture, and forestry sectors. The  report discusses the
advantages and disadvantages of various technology and policy mitigation options in each sector.

Sponsor/Contact:      IPCC Secretariat
                      c/o WMO
                      C.P. 2300
                      CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
                      Fax: +41-22-733-1270
                      website: http://www.ipcc.ch

Note: This document is available from the IPCC Secretariat for US $80.

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CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES

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                                             12
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
      Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Data Distribution Centre (DDC)

The DDC was established by the IPCC to facilitate the timely distribution of consistent and current
scenarios of climate change and related environmental and socioeconomic factors for use in impacts
assessments. The two sections of data on this website include climate baselines, nonclimatic baselines,
emissions scenarios, GCM experiments, and nonclimatic scenarios. The scenario data in the first
section are commonly used to construct and apply climate change scenarios for climate change
impacts assessments.  The second section, the GCM archive, contains monthly mean data and
information on the models used to generate the data.
       Climate Change Topics
       >     climate data
       >     impact assessment factors
                                Environmental Linkages
                                >      air pollution and air quality
                                >      water resources
                                >      land use
Application: Users can access the data available from this website to perform vulnerability and
adaptation assessments or other quantitative modeling activity. One of the GCMs featured on the DDC
website is HadCM2. The HadCM2 experiments include a long (multi-century) control simulation, a
series of four historical climate change experiments with high and low scenarios with and without the
effects of sulphate aerosols. Each of these four climate change experiments feature identical scenarios
but different initial model conditions. The data and information provided on this website can also be
used for environmental modeling applications beyond just climate change, including changes in water
resources and land use.
Sponsor/Contact:
IPCC-World Meteorological Building
41 Av. Guiseppe-Motta, Case postale No. 2300
1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
Fax: +41-22-733-1270
website: http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk/ipcc ddc.html

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                                             13
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
               IPCC Second Assessment Report Bibliographic Reference Database

The IPCC Global Change Research Information Office (see listing for U.S. Global Change Research
Information Office) compiled an online database of bibliographic citations in the three volumes of the
Second Assessment Report (SAR, see listing for Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and
Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analysis in Policy and General Climate Change
Resources). They are provided by the Cambridge University Press as a public service. The website
allows users to search for citations according to keywords, and displays complete citations for each
reference.
                                                   Environmental Linkages
                                                   >      air pollution and air quality
                                                   >      resource conservation
                                                   >      land use
Climate Change Topics
>      greenhouse gas emissions
>      mitigation technologies
>      adaptation
>      carbon sequestration
>      human health
>      economic welfare
>      agriculture
>      fisheries
Application: This database is one of the most complete bibliographies of climate change-related
literature, and is therefore helpful for users who are doing research on all aspects of climate change. It
does not provide links to the documents themselves, only complete citations. Familiarity with the SAR
is helpful to direct searches to particular chapters of interest, but it is not necessary. For example, a
search for titles containing the word "mitigation" resulted in matches with references from 25 different
chapters. Users can then focus on chapters that are most relevant to their research, such as mitigation
technologies in the transportation sector.

Sponsor/Contact:  website: http://gcrio.gcrio.org/ipcc/bibsource/html
                      e-mail: help@gcrio.org

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                                             14
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                     International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP)

The IGBP, established by the International Council for Science in 1986, acquires basic scientific
knowledge about the interactive processes of biology and chemistry of the Earth as they relate to
global change. The program places priority on those areas that deal with key interactions and
significant changes that most affect the biosphere, and those that are most susceptible to human
perturbations. Topics covered by the IGBP include atmospheric science, terrestrial ecology,
oceanography, hydrology, and links between the natural and the social sciences.
       Climate Change Topics
       >     climate science
       >     multiple sector impacts
       >     climate data
       >     carbon sequestration
Environmental Linkages
>      air pollution and air quality
>      water pollution and water quality
>      land use
Application: The IGBP provides scientific information for input to the policy process. IGBP research
is divided into eight core projects, one of which is the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems
(GCTE) project. This project includes experimental studies and long-term studies at selected sites, as
well as modeling projects linking global biogeochemical models and GCMs for application in climate
impact studies. Users can obtain publications from IGBP online or by ordering from the IGBP
Secretariat.

Sponsor/Contact:  IGBP Secretariat
                  The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
                  Lilla Frescativagen 4, Box 50005
                  S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
                  Tel: +46-8-16-64-48; Fax: +46-8-16-64-05
                  website: http://www.uni-bonn.de/idhp
                  e-mail: sec@igbp.kva.se

Note: All information is available in English; some information is also available in French, Spanish,
and Dutch.

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                                             15
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Data Center

NCAR, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation, maintains a large collection of
atmospheric, oceanographic, and meteorological data, including GCM data, for use in scientific
climate research. The collection includes long- and short-term data from NCAR surface and satellite
research and links to other research data held elsewhere. The website contains a data management
application (CODIAC) that allows the user to search for data according to geographic area, time scale,
and topic area. Data categories include aircraft, chemistry, electrification, models/analyses, radar,
satellite, sounding, and surface. This system equips scientists with the means to identify relevant data,
view and browse data, and download or request data output. The website also contains ordering
information for large datasets, software libraries helpful for analysis of meteorological datasets,
general documentation for NCAR programs and research, and guidelines for using the data.

        Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
        >      adaptation                      >       air pollution and air quality
        >      climate data
        >      storms/extreme weather events

Application: The Climate Analysis Section of the Data Center contains observational datasets and
analyses on a variety of sources in support of modeling efforts and climate research. Topics include
earth radiation, moisture budgets, surface temperature, ocean  surface temperature, and cloud cover.
Analysts performing sectoral vulnerability assessments can use data on this website as inputs for
impact models such as agriculture, water resources, or human health that require data on climate
trends.

Sponsor/Contact:  NCAR Data Center
                  150  Table Mesa Dr.
                  Boulder, CO  80307 USA
                  Tel:  +1-303-497-1000
                  website: http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/info/facilities.htmltfdata

Note: NCAR charges a fee to obtain some  of the larger, CD-ROM-based datasets. Ordering
information is available on the website.

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                                             16
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                     Socioeconomic Data and Application Center (SEDAC)

The Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University has
been designated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to operate and
maintain SEDAC, one of the data centers in the Earth Observing Data and Information System
(EOSDIS). SEDAC's mission is to develop and deliver information products and services that
integrate social and natural science data in ways useful for decision making. The SEDAC website
provides access to a range of interactive applications, data resources, information resources, and
discussion lists pertaining to integrated socioeconomic and scientific data.
      Climate Change Topics
      >      greenhouse gas emissions
      >      human health
      >      climate data
      >      adaption
      >      mitigation
                            Environmental Linkages
                            >      air pollution and air quality
                            >      land use
                            >      land degradation
Application: Users can apply data from this website in quantitative and qualitative research on topics
such as population and land use changes resulting from climate change. Users can then use this
research as a foundation for mitigation and adaptation policies. Some current projects and services
include providing socioeconomic and environmental data and information from institutions and data
centers around the world; providing data sets and interactive services to support research in
population, land use, and similar fields; creating visualization and analysis tools to make integrated
assessment models more accessible; providing access to international environmental treaties; and
providing a store of information products in the areas of UV radiation, ozone, and human health
impacts of UV exposure. One of SEDAC's current projects, the Integrated Population/Land Use Data
Project, is an effort to link a range of demographic and other socioeconomic data products with remote
sensing data related to land cover and use. Population dynamics and distribution have been
consistently identified as key elements in improving the understanding of land use change and
assessing impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation to global change. This resource can assist in assessing
climate change impacts and developing appropriate climate management policies.
Sponsor/Contact:
Center for International Earth Science Information Network
Columbia University/Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
PO Box 1000; 61 Route 9W
Palisades, NY 10964 USA
Tel: +1-914-365-8988; Fax: +1-914-365-8922
website: http://sedac.ciesin.org
e-mail:ciesin.info@ciesin.org

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                                            17
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                      U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)

USGCRP supports research to improve climate change forecasts, the understanding of potential
vulnerabilities, and society's capabilities to respond to such events. The program coordinates global
change research through 10 U.S. Federal Agencies and sponsors research through the Global Change
Research Information Office (GCRIO), the Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS),
and a number of other institutions in the United States.

       Climate Change Topics                     Environmental Linkages
       >     climate data                        >      air pollution and air quality
       >     adaptation                          >      water pollution and water quality
       >     background on climate change        >      resource conservation

Application: USGCRP participates in research coordinated through IPCC and other international
organizations, and provides convenient access to many sources of information on climate change
prepared by USGCRP and other organizations. These sources include a monthly global change
seminar series, a variety of publications, and several educational programs. The seminar series
archives provide brief, non-technical summaries of key climate and global change issues. The Global
Change and Environmental Education Resources section of the USGCRP website contains over 50
links to climate change education programs developed worldwide. The links include collections of
research papers on climate change; information on fellowships, grants, and funding opportunities; and
education programs for children.

Please also see descriptions of GCRIO and GCDIS provided in the International and National
Governmental Climate Change Organizations and Climate Change Research and Data Resources
sections, respectively.

Sponsor/Contact:  USGCRP
                  website: http://www.usgcrp.gov
                  e-mail: webmaster@usgcrp.gov

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                                             18
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                   U.S. Global Change Research Information Office (GCRIO)

GCRIO provides access to data and information on global change research, mitigation/adaptation
strategies and technologies, and global change-related educational resources on behalf of the various
U.S. federal agencies and organizations such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
Department of Energy that are involved in the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP).
GCRIO provides an information clearinghouse for selected key documents and reports generated or
sponsored by the U.S. government or by specific U.S. federal agencies (see USGCRP entry in Climate
Change Research and Data Resources section). GCRIO offers outreach services to both domestic and
international audiences to showcase relevant activities and results of the USGCRP and to increase the
awareness of the availability of data and information resources of the participating federal agencies.
The GCRIO website provides access to selected bibliographic data bases; web sites at the participating
federal agencies; relevant environmental data, catalog, and library systems; and a special section that
deals with environmental education and research funding opportunities.

       Climate Change Topics                     Environmental Linkages
       >       climate data                         >     resource conservation

Application: Besides searching the database, users can also make  specific inquiries to GCRIO. The
"Ask Dr. Global Change" page on this website allows users to ask specific global change questions,
answered by experts at GCRIO. It is a useful source for general climate change information as well as
technical, specific information on current global change research and technologies. GCRIO is helpful
for users interested in surveying available technological and scientific information as well as global
change programs created by other organizations.

Sponsor/Contact:  GCRIO User Services
                  PO Box 1000; 61 Route 9W
                  Palisades, NY 10964 USA
                  Tel: +1-914-365-8930; Fax: +1-914-365-8922
                  website: http://www.gcrio.org
                  e-mail: help@gcrio.org

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                                             19
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                     Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)

CDIAC, part of the Environmental Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is the
primary global climate change data and information analysis center for the U.S. Department of Energy.
CDIAC activities include obtaining, evaluating, and archiving climate and GHG data; compiling and
distributing data packages and computer models; distributing reports; and acting as the information
center for the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP, see Climate Change Research and
Data Resources section). CDIAC's scope of work covers a wide variety of topics related to the
greenhouse effect and global climate change. These topics include concentrations of CO2 and other
GHGs; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the cycles of GHGs; emissions of CO2
into the atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated CO2 on vegetation; and the
vulnerability of coastal areas to sea level rise.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      greenhouse gas emissions
       >      carbon sequestration
       >      climate data
Environmental Linkages
>      air pollution and air quality
Application: Users seeking sources of data on topics related to global climate change will be
interested in CDIAC's Trends Online: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (accessible at
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm'). This document provides synopses of frequently used time
series of global climate change data at the national, regional, and global level. Topics include 1)
historical and modern records of atmospheric concentrations of GHGs; 2) isotopic measurements of
atmospheric GHGs; 3) estimates of global and national CO2 emissions; 4) global emissions estimates
for CFC-11 and CFC-12; 5) long-term climate records (temperature, precipitation, and clouds), for
scales ranging from individual sites to the entire globe; 6) records for atmospheric aerosols; and 7)
carbon content of the terrestrial biosphere, and carbon fluxes to the atmosphere from land-use changes.
Entries in this document include tables, graphs, discussions of methods used, trends in the data, and
references to literature providing further information. All data described in Trends Online are
available upon request, on digital media from CDIAC at no cost.

Sponsor/Contact:  CDIAC
                  Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                  P.O. Box 2008 MS 6335
                  Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335 USA
                  Tel : +1-423-574-0390; Fax: +1-423-574-2232
                  website: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov
                  e-mail: cdiac@ornl.gov

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                                            20
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
               Australia's Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN)

Sponsored by Environment Australia, ERIN's primary responsibilities are environmental information
management, including the development of a comprehensive and accessible information base, and the
analysis and presentation of information, including maps and analyses for Australian government and
environmental programs. Specifically, a database has been developed that provides technical
environmental information such as maps, species distributions, documents, and satellite imagery,
covering environmental themes ranging from endangered species to drought and pollution.

      Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
      >      greenhouse gas emissions         >     land use
      >      climate data                     >     deforestation
      >      industrial manufacturing          >     land degradation
      >      ecology/ecosystems

Application: ERIN contains technical information helpful for assessing environmental impacts and
developing environmental conservation and management policies, including impact assessments
related to climate change. While the information was gathered from Australian studies, it can be useful
as a guide for regions with similar climates and other biophysical characteristics. ERIN also publishes
a biannual newsletter that highlights new data or analyses, such as a database of information on the
impacts of mining activity. An example of information on ERIN is the Australian national pollutant
inventory, which includes information on emissions to air, land, and water. Users can apply this
information as an example of a national pollutant inventory that they can look at to see what type of
information should be included. This national pollutant inventory provides an example of the type of
information that users should include when developing their own pollutant inventories.

Sponsor/Contact:     ERIN Unit
                     GPO Box 787
                     Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
                     Tel: +02-6274-1262; Fax: +02-6274-1333
                     website: http://www.environment.gov.au/epcg/erin/
                     e-mail: info@erin.gov.au

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                                             21
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                     Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS)

GCDIS is a cooperative activity of U.S. agencies such as the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency participating in the U.S. Global Change Research Program
(USGCRP). The GCDIS website contains links to U.S. and international data sources, libraries and
documents, educational resources, other global change websites, global change software, and U.S.
agency requests for proposals. GCDIS includes multi-disciplinary data relevant to both the United
States and other global regions from atmospheric science, ecology, and oceanography, as well as
economics and sociology. Information topics in the database include atmosphere, ecology/biology,
geology, human dimensions, hydrology, land surface, oceans, paleoclimate, snow and ice, and solar
physics. The data are generally technical or scientific, so the site is best utilized for specific
information or data needs (e.g., determining the response of woody plants to increased atmospheric
CO2), rather than general inquiries on broad topics.
      Climate Change Topics
      >      multiple sector impacts
      >      climate change data
Environmental Linkages
>      air pollution and air quality
>      land use
>      deforestation
Application: Software programs that may be useful for analyzing climate change data are available
through the GCDIS website. These programs are free to download, and are relevant to data
acquisition, data analysis, and data presentation for assessments of global climate change. These data
processing programs can be helpful for users performing scientific climate-related research such as
baseline studies to determine potential vulnerabilities and impacts of climate change. They can also be
applied to various country-specific settings. Examples of climate-related research and data, such as
studies of the impact of increased CO2 levels on plant growth, are included on the site, as are links to
other software programs  and libraries.

Sponsor/Contact:  Global Change Data and Information System
                  Oak Ridge National Laboratory
                  Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6036 USA
                  website: http://www.gcdis.usgcrp.gov
                  e-mail: webmaster@www.gcdis.usgcrp.gov

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                                             22
                   CLIMATE CHANGE DATA AND RESEARCH RESOURCES
                           Global Change Master Directory (GCMD)

The U.S. National Aeronautic and Space Association's (NASA) GCMD is a comprehensive directory
of descriptions of data sets relevant to U.S. and international global change research. The GCMD
database includes descriptions of data sets covering climate change, the biosphere, hydrosphere and
oceans, geology, geography, and human dimensions of global change. The mission of the GCMD is to
assist the scientific community in the discovery of and linkage to earth science data, as well as to
provide data holders with a means to present their data to the earth science community. The GCMD
offers dataset descriptions in a standard format, the Directory Interchange Format (DIP), facilitating
searches for dataset information with standardized descriptions of data and accepted keywords.

       Climate Change Topics                   Environmental Linkages
       >      climate data                      >      biodiversity
       >      ecology/ecosystems               >      land use

Application: Users can apply the scientific data from this web page to conduct vulnerability analyses
(using data such as the impact that changing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may have on
particular crops) or baseline analyses such as emissions inventories. Users can also use the information
on this website to see how other researchers have designed experiments to answer similar scientific
questions. For example, one of the new datasets on the GCMD website describes and summarizes the
data from a study on the impacts of CO2 enrichment on carbon sequestration in native grasslands. CO2
concentrations, which are increasing at unprecedented rates, will have a  direct effect on plant
production and plant communities and indirectly feed back into a number of soil biotic systems that
influence long-term ecosystem characteristics, including aspects of carbon and nitrogen cycling. Two
experiments were conducted to address how elevated CO2 affects the plant production, physiology,
soil microbiology, gas exchange of trace gases, and cycling of carbon and nitrogen in grasslands.

Sponsor/Contact:      Tel: +1-301-794-3002
                      website: http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov
                      e-mail: gcmdus@gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov

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RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES:
              GUIDELINES
         DATA AND INFORMATION
               EXAMPLES

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                                             24
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: GUIDELINES
                         Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook

This guidebook is published by the European Environment Agency and is designed to provide a
comprehensive guide to the state of the science of GHG emissions inventory methods for a wide
variety of GHG emission-generating activities. The guidebook discusses methods appropriate for
national, regional, and local GHG emissions inventories. For each sector covered, the guidebook
presents a list of activities considered part of the sector; the sector's predicted contribution to total
GHG emissions; a description of acceptable methods as well as more detailed (and thus more costly)
methods; lists of potential data sources; emissions factors; chemical species profiles; uncertainty
estimates; and other methodology criteria. All data included (emissions factors, percent contributions,
etc.) are data calculated for countries participating in the European CORINAIR program, a study of
GHG emissions and other air pollutants in 31 European nations/regions.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      air quality and air pollution
        >      emissions inventories
        >      multiple sector impacts

Application: This guidebook presents detailed examples for the development of an GHG emission
inventory program. Of particular interest in this document is the number and detail of categories
presented. The 11 main categories include combustion in energy and transformation industries,
nonindustrial combustion plants, combustion in manufacturing industry, production processes,
extraction and distribution of fossil fuels, solvent and other product use, road transport, other mobile
sources and machinery, waste treatment and disposal, agriculture  and forestry, and nature. In addition,
each of these categories is further divided into several subcategories; for example, the production
processes category includes 40 subcategories for various types of industrial production.

Sponsor/Contact:      European Environment Agency
                      Kongens Nytorv 6
                      DK-1050 Copenhagen, Denmark
                      Tel: +45-33-36-72-03; Fax: +45-33-36-71-99
                      website: http://www.eea.eu.int/
                      e-mail: eea@eea.eu.int

Note: The guidebook is available in CDROM format from the EEA or at http://www.eea.eu.int/aegb/

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                                             25
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: GUIDELINES
                     Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Assessment: A Guidebook

This book describes guidelines prepared by the U.S. Country Studies Program for evaluating options
to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and for addressing the risks posed by climatic change induced by
human activity. These guidelines were developed to provide developing countries and countries with
economies in transition with reference materials for conducting national mitigation assessments. The
book delineates a step-wise methodology for evaluating GHG mitigation options for the energy,
industrial, transportation, forestry, agriculture, and waste management sectors. It also describes the
application of common analytical tools and models. The guidelines serve to assist countries  1) in
making decisions about appropriate scope and methods, 2) in guiding assessment activities and
providing instructions on elements of a mitigation assessment, and 3) in determining which analytical
tools are best suited to their needs and how to use them.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions        >      air pollution and air quality
       >      mitigation                      >      land use
                                              >      deforestation

Application: This book is a useful tool for analysts conducting GHG mitigation assessments,
especially in developing  countries. For each sector, the book includes an introduction to the  sector, an
overview of potential mitigation options, guidance for developing a baseline scenario, processes for
evaluating mitigation options and their cost-effectiveness, and discussion of potential mitigation
policies. The book also includes guidance on reporting the results of a mitigation assessment.

Sponsor/Contact:      Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
                      P.O. Box 322
                      3300 AG Dordrecht, The Netherlands
                      Tel: +31-78-639-23-92; Fax: +31-78-639-22-54
                      website: http://www.wkap.com
                      e-mail: Services@wkap.nl

Notes:
1) This book is available from the publisher (contact information provided above). The cost  is NLG
176.00, US $107.00, £70.50. The ISBN number is 0-7923-3781-6.
2) Citation for this book: Saythe, J. and S. Meyers. 1995. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Assessment: A
Guidebook. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

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                                            26
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: GUIDELINES
                   IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

The IPCC developed guidelines as a means of establishing a standard methodology for compiling
national emissions inventories. The guidelines consist of three volumes: reporting instructions, a
workbook, and a reference manual, covering the following six main inventory topics: energy,
industrial processes, solvent and other product use, agriculture, land use change and forestry, and
waste. They include simple, default methods and assumptions covering the major sources and sinks of
greenhouse gases, and also discuss more detailed methods. Users can choose various methods and
levels of detail depending on their needs and capabilities.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions         >        air pollution and air quality
       >      multiple sector impacts           >        land use
       >      assessment guidelines
       >      industrial emissions

Application: The guidelines provide step-by-step directions for assembling, documenting, and
transmitting completed national inventory data. The workbook contains suggestions for planning and
developing a national inventory, including instructions for calculating emissions of carbon dioxide and
methane. The reference manual provides information on methods for estimating emissions for a
broader range of greenhouse gasses and a complete list of sources for each. For example, this
document describes two methodologies for estimating CO2 emissions, including formulas, tables, and
emissions factors.

Sponsor/Contact:      IPCC Technical Support Unit
                      Hadley Centre
                      Meteorological Office
                      London Road
                      Bracknell RG12 2SY, United Kingdom
                      Fax: +44-1344-856-912

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                                             27
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: GUIDELINES
                   Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases

The U.S. Energy Information Administration developed guidelines to help U.S. companies measure
and record their voluntary actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (or to increase carbon
sequestration). These guidelines also contain valuable information that can be applied to emissions
reduction projects in general. The guidelines consist of a general overview and two technical volumes.
The general overview presents the process of analyzing emissions and emission reduction/carbon
sequestration projects, and addresses issues such as minimum reporting requirements, time parameters,
and international projects. Volume I contains detailed guidance for the electricity supply, residential
and commercial buildings, and industrial sectors. Volume II presents sector-specific guidance for the
transportation, forestry, and agricultural sectors. Volumes I and II provide conversion tables and
default emissions factors for various fuels and electricity, as well as  an index of the relative effects on
climate of different greenhouse gases.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      air pollution and air quality
       >      multiple sector impacts          >      deforestation

Application: Evaluating the performance of voluntary mitigation programs is important for estimating
net changes in GHG emissions and for overall project justification. For example: a small trucking firm
that carries 250 million ton miles (360 million metric ton kilometers) per year estimated its emissions
per ton mile. The firm initiated an efficiency program that involved rerouting and driver training, and
reduced unit emissions by  10%. At the same time, the firm experienced an increase in business of 50
million ton miles (72 million metric ton kilometers) per year (a 20% increase). Without the efficiency
program, the increase in business would have increased total annual emissions from 5 million to 6
million pounds (2.25 million to 2.7 million kg) of CO. However, with the efficiency program in place
the firm's total annual emissions would instead be 5.4 million pounds (2.43 million kg). Thus, this
efficiency program resulted in an annual net reduction of 0.6 million pounds (0.27 million kg) of CO
emissions.

Sponsor/Contact:      Energy Information Administration
                      1000 Independence Avenue, SW
                      Washington, DC 20585 USA
                      Tel: +1-202-586-8800; Fax: +1-202-586-0727
                      website: http://www.eia.doe.gov
                      document at: http://www.eiainfo.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/guidelns.html
                      e-mail: infoctr@eia.gov

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                                             28
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: GUIDELINES
    Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting and Verification (MERV) of Climate Change Mitigation
Projects: Discussion of Issues and Methodologies and Review of Existing Protocols and Guidelines

The Energy Analysis Program at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory developed this paper, which reviews
the issues and methodologies involved in the MERV of mitigation activities. MERV activities can
include the installation and operation of equipment, measures, and systems; measurement protocols,
data collection, and analysis; institutional development; estimation of baseline conditions; and
calculation of positive project impacts. MERV guidelines can 1) increase the reliability of data for
estimating GHG benefits; 2) provide real-time data so that mid-course corrections can be made;
3) introduce consistency and transparency across project types; and 4) enhance the credibility of
projects with stakeholders. The paper reviews existing MERV protocols and guidelines that have been
developed by governments, nongovernmental organizations, and international agencies. The reviews
comment on the relevance and completeness of these protocols and identify several topics that future
protocols and guidelines need to address.

       Climate  Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >     greenhouse gas emissions        >      air pollution and air quality
       >     energy efficiency                >      deforestation
       >     renewable resources              >      land use
       >     forestry

Application: Readers of this paper will gain insight into designing and structuring effective MERV
programs that apply measurement techniques and methods consistently across sectors, are technically
sound and based on scientific principles, and are readily verifiable, objective, free from bias, relevant,
transparent, and cost-effective.

Sponsor/Contact:      Energy Analysis Program
                      Environmental Energy Technologies Division
                      Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
                      Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
                      Tel:+1-510-486-5396
                      website: http://www.Ibl.gov/EAP/
       document at: httrj://eande.lbl.gov/EA/PUBS/eappubs.qry?function=Find&num=1274

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                                             29
       RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: DATA AND INFORMATION
                              Air Pollution Emissions Overview

This website, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, provides extensive information on air pollutants (not including CO2) that may be
harmful to human health. These pollutants, called criteria pollutants, include carbon monoxide, lead,
nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. Reducing emissions from these criteria
pollutants often results in reduced greenhouse gas emissions as well. The website covers sources for
criteria pollutants, and information on measuring, reporting, and using emissions data. It also contains
links to sources for emissions data, air quality modeling, and software programs that assist in
analyzing pollution data. This information can be used to perform emissions inventories for both
criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases.

        Climate Change Topics                        Environmental Linkages
        >      greenhouse gas emissions               >      air pollution and air quality
        >      greenhouse gas inventories

Application: This website may be helpful for users who are developing emissions inventories, and are
looking for background information on criteria pollutants or specific emissions data from various types
of pollution sources. Although the website does provide some information on greenhouse gasses, most
of the material relates to other air pollutants. Thus this website would be particularly helpful for users
who are looking to address the co-benefits between reducing both greenhouse gas emissions and
criteria pollutant emissions.

Sponsor/Contact:      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
                      401 M St., SW (6101)
                      Washington, D.C. 20460 USA
                      website: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/emissns.html

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                                             30
       RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: DATA AND INFORMATION
                        Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors

The Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors, also know as AP-42, is a database run by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, to support air
emissions research and air quality policy analysis. The fifth edition of AP-42 contains information on
over 200 mobile and stationary sources of pollution applicable to the United States and other
countries. This information includes brief descriptions of the processes that create the pollution (e.g.,
oil combustion); potential sources of air emissions from the processes; and common methods used to
control these air emissions. Sources covered include external combustion, solid waste disposal,
stationary internal combustion, evaporation loss, petroleum industry, organic chemical process
industry, liquid storage tanks, inorganic chemical industry, food and agriculture industries, wood
products industry, mineral products industry, metallurgical industry, and greenhouse gas biogenic. The
website also contains links to other extensive scientific databases as well as links to emissions
estimation tools.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      air pollution and air quality
        >      mitigation technologies
        >      energy efficiency

Application: Analysts can use emissions data to examine GHG emissions control strategies, determine
the applicability of permitting and control programs, and assess the effects of mitigation strategies. For
example, emissions factor data are useful for estimating pollutant emissions from particular sources,
such as  emissions of greenhouse gases alternative fuel types and energy producing facilities.

Sponsor/Contact:      InfoCHIEF; MD-14
                      U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
                      Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
                      Tel: +1-919-541-5285; Fax: +1-919-541-5680
                      website: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42.html
                      e-mail: info.chief@epamail.epa.gov

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       RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: DATA AND INFORMATION
              Emissions and Cost Estimates for Globally Significant Anthropogenic
                     Combustion Sources ofNO^ N2O, CH4, CO, and CO2

This U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) report presents the results of a study to
develop emission, efficiency, and cost estimates for important greenhouse gas emission sources. The
report includes performance and cost estimates for a variety of emission control technologies. The
study covers five greenhouse gases and precursors: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO),
methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Although the primary focus of this
report is on U.S. emissions, the results may be of interest and relevance for assessing similar
approaches and technologies in other countries.

        Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
        >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      air pollution and air quality
        >      emission factors

Application: The report provides data useful in preparing emission inventories or analyzing potential
mitigation options. The report includes emission factors for 80 combustion sources in seven
categories: utility, industrial, fuel production, transportation, residential, commercial, and kilns/ovens/
dryers. It also presents quality ratings for each emissions factor, which indicate the overall quality of
the supporting data.

Sponsor/Contact:     U.S. EPA
                     Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
                     Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
                     Tel: +1-919-541-2821; Fax: +1-919-541-5227
                     website: http://es.epa.gov/program/epaorgs/ord/aeerl.html

Notes:
l)This  document can be ordered for US $23.00 through the U.S. National Technical Information
Service (Tel: +1-703-487-4650). The order number is PB 90-216 433/AS. The project summary can be
accessed free at http://www.epa.gov/clariton/clhtml/pubord.html
2) Citation for this document: United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Emissions and
Cost Estimates for Globally Significant Anthropogenic Combustion Sources ofNOx, N2O, CH4, CO,
and CO2. Air and Energy Engineering Resource Laboratory. NTIS document number PB 90-216-433/
AS.

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                                             32
       RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: DATA AND INFORMATION
                   Future Emissions and Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide:
                            Key Ocean/Atmosphere/Land Analyses

Prepared by Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO),
Division of Atmospheric Research, this report presents results from 20 different global CO2
concentration models developed at 18 research institutions worldwide. It includes three types of
models: 1) forward projections, calculating the atmospheric CO2 concentrations resulting from
specified emission scenarios; 2) inverse calculations, determining the emission rates that would be
required to achieve stabilization of CO2 concentrations via specified pathways; and 3) impulse
response functions, calculations required for determining a gas's potential to affect climate change.
The report also includes documentation of the specifications, the models used, the results obtained,
and the key uncertainties in the calculations. Some preliminary interpretations of the results are
included as well.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >     greenhouse gas emissions          >      air pollution and air quality
        >     carbon sequestration              >      water pollution and water quality
        >     climate data

Application: This report gives the reader background on recent efforts to model future global CO2
concentrations. The results from these models demonstrate the  large uncertainty in the understanding
of the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and global CO2 concentrations. However,
conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of these models. First, continuing increases in fossil
carbon emissions will lead to continuing increases in atmospheric CO2. Second, even stabilizing
emissions at 1995 levels will lead to increasing CO2 concentrations, which means that major
reductions in CO2 emissions are required in order to stabilize atmospheric CO2 levels. The report
recommends stabilization of CO2 concentrations at 650 ppmv (approximately double the 1970s
concentrations), which will require substantial decreases in the current rate  of increase in emissions. In
the future it will require actual reduction in emissions.

Sponsor/Contact:      CSIRO Head Office
                      PO Box 225
                      Dickson ACT 2602, Australia
                      Tel: +02-6276-6766; Fax: +02-6276-6628
                      website: http://www.csiro.au
                      e-mail: enquiries@csiro.au

Note: Get this document in PostScript format at http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/dbl009/report/ or it can
be ordered from CSIRO (ISBN 0 643 05356 9).

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                                            33
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: EXAMPLES
                        Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

The Australian Government has posted its entire greenhouse gas inventory, along with a detailed
description of methodologies, emission factors, activity data, previous inventories, and data trends.
The website also contains fact sheets on emissions from the energy (mobile and stationary sources),
agriculture, waste, industrial, and forestry and land clearing sectors.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >     greenhouse gas emissions         >      air pollution and air quality
       >     greenhouse gas inventories

Application: Information provided on this website may be helpful for users who are developing
greenhouse gas emissions inventories, perhaps as a part of their commitments to the UNFCCC.
Although similar to the U.S. Inventory, the Australian Inventory may be of particular interest to users
in developing countries because it has focused on  several topics which may be of interest to
developing countries, such as the country's large proportion of non-CO2 emissions sources and its high
population growth. The inventory devotes significant consideration to the agriculture, land use change,
and forestry sectors in its inventory,  which may be of interest to countries where these are significant
parts of the economy.

Sponsor/Contact:     Australian Greenhouse Office
                     GPOBox621
                     Canberra ACT 2601
                     Tel: +612-6274-1859; Fax: +612-6274-1390
                     website: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/inventory/index.html
                     e-mail: greenhouse.assessment@greenhouse.gov.au

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                                            34
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: EXAMPLES
     Update of the Netherlands' Second National Communication on Climate Change Policies

This website, developed by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, contains an
update of the Second National Communication on Climate Change Policies, which was prepared for
the Conference of Parties under the Framework Convention on Climate Change. It contains updated
data, methodologies, and references, as well as information that was unchanged since the initial
Second National Communication. The Dutch government has been at the forefront of greenhouse gas
emissions inventories for many years, and this document contains some of the most up-to-date
information on emissions inventories.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >     greenhouse gas emissions         >     air pollution and air quality
       >     greenhouse gas inventories

Application: Information provided on this website may be helpful for users who are developing
greenhouse gas emissions inventories, perhaps as a part of their commitments to the UNFCCC. This
inventory can be used both as a reference for methodologies, or as an example of format and
documentation that should be included in an emissions inventory or National Communication.
Examples of new information in this Update include changed estimates of CO2 sequestration; revised
emissions factors; and using data from energy consumption at large plants, rather than aggregated
fossil fuel emissions factors.

Sponsor/Contact:     Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM)
                     Air and  Energy Directorate/640, Climate Change Division
                     P.O. Box 30945, NL-2500 GX
                     The Hague, The Netherlands
                     Tel: +31-70-339-4690; Fax: +31-70-339-1310
                     website: http://www.natcom2.rivm.nl
                     e-mail: peters@dle.dgm.minvrom.nl

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                                            35
              RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING GHG INVENTORIES: EXAMPLES
                               U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory

This global warming-related website, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
provides introductory information on greenhouse gas inventories, including the purposes of
developing inventories and information on their content and methods. The website also includes the
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks for 1990-1997, the final version of the
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and sinks, 1990-1996, and Chapter 3 of the 1997 U.S.
Climate Action Report, which can be downloaded or printed.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      air pollution and air quality
        >      greenhouse gas inventories

Application: Information provided on this website may be helpful for users who are developing
greenhouse gas emissions inventories, perhaps as a part of their commitments to the UNFCCC. The
documents on this website contain detailed descriptions of methodologies used to calculate U.S.
emissions  estimates, along with activity data and emissions factors. They can also be used as
references for the type of information and documentation that should be included in an emissions
inventory. Appendices to the reports contain methodologies for estimating emissions from  fossil fuel
combustion, stationary sources, mobile sources, and methane produced from coal mining, natural gas,
petroleum, enteric fermentation, manure management, and landfills.

Sponsor/Contact:      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      401MSt, SW
                      Washington, D.C. 20460 USA
                      website: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/inventorv/index.html

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        MITIGATION RESOURCES:
              GENERAL
              METHANE
               ENERGY
               FORESTS
        CITIES AND URBAN AREAS
IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

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                                             37
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: GENERAL
     U.S. EPA States Guidance Document: Policy Planning to Reduce Greenhouse Emissions

This publication is a guide to help policy makers compile a practical and comprehensive action plan
for addressing greenhouse emissions. The guide was created to assist U.S. states in developing climate
change action plans and could be a useful guide for other countries that are developing similar plans.
The guide addresses complex and uncertain scientific issues in developing policies that potentially
affect multiple economic sectors. It is organized into three sections: 1) information to help establish a
focal point for the initiation of climate change programs, 2) description of specific sources and sinks
of greenhouse gases across all societal sectors, and 3) discussion of organizational and analytical
topics relating to climate change program design.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions          >      air pollution and air quality
       >      energy efficiency
       >      mitigation

Application: This guide presents approaches and examples useful for developing realistic goals and
evaluation criteria for an emissions reduction program. The guide  addresses how to overcome
constraints and obstacles to implementation is a particular strength of the guidance. Several examples
detail issues faced by states in developing climate change policies. For example, a coalition of state
agencies and area experts developed the Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan, which will change
Vermont's energy use patterns, resulting in anticipated reductions of 12% for greenhouse gas
emissions, 18% for acid rain precursors, and 27% for per capita nonrenewable energy use.

Sponsor/Contact:      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation
                      State and Local Outreach Program
                      Washington, DC 20460 USA
                      Tel: +1-202-260-2090
                      website: http://www.epa.gov/oppe/oppe.html

Note: This guide can be obtained from U.S. EPA. The document number is EPA230-B-95-002. A fee
may be charged for the document. Those interested in this guide may also be interested in the States
Workbook: Methodologies for Estimating Greenhouse Emissions (from U.S. EPA's Office of Policy,
Planning, and Evaluation, Climate Change Division), which contains guidelines and suggestions for
compiling an inventory of greenhouse emissions and sinks.

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                                             38
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: GENERAL
   Technologies, Policies and Measures for Mitigating Climate Change: IPCC Technical Paper I

This Technical Paper provides an overview and analysis of technologies and measures to limit and
reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to enhance GHG sinks under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The paper focuses on technologies and
measures for the countries listed in Annex I of the UNFCC, while noting information as appropriate
for use by non-Annex I countries. Technologies and measures are examined over three time periods,
with a focus on the short term (present to 2010) and the medium term (2010-2020), but also include
discussion of longer term (e.g., 2050) possibilities and opportunities. For this analysis, the authors
draw on materials used to prepare the IPCC Second Assessment Report and previous IPCC
assessments and reports. Broader measures affecting national economies are discussed in a final
section on economic instruments. It should be noted that the choice of instruments could have
economic impacts on other countries.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      greenhouse emissions
       >      carbon sequestration
       >      economic welfare
       >      mitigation
                         Environmental Linkages
                         >      air pollution and air quality
                         >      resource conservation
                         >      deforestation
                         >      water pollution and water quality
Application: This report describes current strategies for the mitigation and sequestration of
greenhouse gases. The report focuses on Annex I countries while analyzing a wide range of potential
GHG reduction measures such as market-based programs; voluntary agreements; regulatory measures;
research, development, and demonstration (RD&D); taxes on GHG emissions; and emissions
permits/quotas. The report addresses technological and economic incentive options for reducing GHG
emissions in numerous sectors, including buildings, transport, industry, energy supply, agriculture,
forest, and solid waste and wastewater disposal. Each option presented is evaluated on the basis of
three criteria: technical potential, the amount by which a technology or policy could reduce GHG
emissions or improve energy efficiency; economic potential, the portion of the technical potential that
could be achieved cost-effectively; and market potential, the portion of economic potential that
currently can be achieved under existing market conditions.
Sponsor/Contact:
IPCC-World Meteorological Organization Building
41 Av. Guiseppe-Motta, Case postale No. 2300
1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
Fax: +41-22-733-1270
website: http://www.ipcc.ch
Note: The English versions of IPCC's Technical Papers are available on the IPCC website. Spanish
and French versions are also published and can be obtained from IPCC.

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                                             39
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: GENERAL
   Services, Transportation, Agriculture, Industry, and Residential (STAIR) Spreadsheet Model

STAIR is a spreadsheet model developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (see LBL entry
in Mitigation Resources: Energy section), that can be used to analyze long-term energy supply and
demand for various sectors in developing countries. Organized into several spreadsheets,  STAIR
provides an accessible and useful framework that can aid energy assessment and analyze energy
intensive sectors. Users can identify and track changes through linkages, perform sensitivity tests, and
simulate the effects of various climate scenarios and other user-defined scenarios.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >      energy efficiency                 >       air pollution and air quality
        >      transportation
        >      agriculture
        >      industrial manufacturing

Application: STAIR allows users to evaluate the effects of different policy scenarios on energy supply
and demand, for example, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by using alternative, low-emissions
fuels. The main spreadsheet estimates energy supply and demand on the national level; a cost
spreadsheet estimates the capital requirements for supplying electricity; and one or more spreadsheets
exist for each main energy-use sector: services, transportation, agriculture, industry, and residential.
The sectoral spreadsheets consider principal energy end uses and factors that determine their future
evolution in order to estimate energy use for each sector. For each sector there is a choice of sectoral
modules that vary in data requirements and level of analytical detail.

Sponsor/Contact:      Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
                      Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
                      Tel: +1-510-486-5396; Fax: +1-510-486-6996
                      website: http://www.lbl.gov

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                                             40
                                  MITIGATION: METHANE
                         CoalbedMethane Outreach Program (CMOP)

The CMOP, run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), encourages coal mines to
recover and use coal bed methane (CBM) as a profitable energy source. This program provides
information and technical assistance to help organizations and industry overcome regulatory,
institutional, and technological barriers to CBM development. CMOP is currently cooperating with
organizations in coal producing countries such as Australia, China, Czech Republic, Poland, Russia,
Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      air pollution and air quality
       >      methane emissions mitigation

Application: The Coalbed Methane Outreach Program may be helpful for users involved in coal
mining and associated industries, either as participants or regulators. Project activities include
evaluating CBM drainage and use technologies, assessing project finance mechanisms, and identifying
CBM markets. For example, CMOP assisted China's State Administration of Coal Industry in
developing a national assessment of CBM mitigation and use. Included in the report are evaluations of
potential CBM application in direct industrial and residential use, natural gas pipeline systems, power
generation options, ventilation air use options, gas storage, and natural gas vehicles. The CMOP
website is also a valuable resource, providing downloadable copies of U.S. EPA technical reports,
contact information for companies active in CBM development and use, contact information for
organizations promoting CBM development internationally, and archived copies of CMOP's quarterly
newsletter.

Sponsor/Contact:      Karl Schultz
                      U.S. EPA
                      MS-6202J
                      401MSt, SW
                      Washington, DC 20460
                      Tel: +1-202-564-9468; Fax: +1-202-565-2077
                      website: http://www.epa.gov/coalbed
                      e-mail: schultz.karl@epa.gov

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                                             41
                                  MITIGATION: METHANE
                               Livestock Analysis Model (LAM)

LAM is a PC-based model that can be used to estimate current and future cattle and buffalo
production. The model can assist in developing estimates of baseline and future livestock methane
emissions based on supply and demand for livestock products (milk, meat, and draft power).

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >     greenhouse gas emissions         >       air pollution and air quality
        >     agricultural methane

Application: LAM may be helpful for users interested in projecting future livestock and dairy
production and assessing future methane emissions in their country or region. The model also allows
users to evaluate the impact of policies or interventions to reduce emissions. For example, providing
improved nutrients to rural dairy cows would increase milk production per lactation, reduce the inter-
calving interval between lactations, and increase feed digestibility. Users could then enter these new
digestibility characteristics into LAM, which would simulate the changed population and methane
emissions that would result from the implementation of this intervention. The model is data-intensive,
requiring inputs on current dairy, meat, and draft power demand and production, current size of herds,
production targets, and characteristics of feed and care for the livestock (for estimating methane
production). LAM requires Excel 5.0 to run.

Sponsor/Contact:      U.S. EPA
                      Ruminant Livestock Efficiency Program
                      401MSt, SW6202-J
                      Washington, D.C. 20460 USA
                      website: http://www.epa.gov/rlep

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                                             42
                                  MITIGATION: METHANE
                         Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)

LMOP, run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is a voluntary assistance and partnership
program that helps facilitate and promote the use of landfill gas as a renewable energy source. These
landfill gas to energy (LFGTE) projects are designed to be both environmentally beneficial, through
mitigating methane emissions, and economically beneficial, allowing communities to harness an
inexpensive  and otherwise unused energy source. LMOP's international component offers a range of
outreach, education, and technical assistance to developing countries.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      air pollution and air quality
       >      agricultural methane

Application: LMOP may be a helpful resource for users who are interested in learning more about the
technical and economic feasibility of LFGTE project development, such as local governments or other
groups interested in alternative energy sources. LMOP has assisted international projects, including
LFGTE project feasibility studies in Brazil, the Philippines, Thailand, and Mexico; workshops
associated with environmental conferences in Poland, Thailand, Ukraine, Mexico, and China; and
onsite engineering support provided to landfill gas utilization projects. The LMOP website is also a
valuable resource, containing downloadable LFGTE handbooks and technical guidelines.

Sponsor/Contact:      Shelley Cohen
                      U.S. EPA
                      Landfill Methane Outreach Program
                      401MSt, SW6202J
                      Washington, DC 20460-0001
                      Tel: +1-202-564-9797; Fax: +1-703-934-3895
                      website: http://www.epa.gov/lmop
                      e-mail: cohen.shelley@epa.gov

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                                            43
                                 MITIGATION: METHANE
                       Ruminant Livestock Efficiency Program (RLEP)

RLEP, a program run by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is dedicated to helping producers
voluntarily reduce emissions of methane and other greenhouse gasses from ruminant livestock
production. RLEP promotes improved livestock management practices that reduce methane emissions
by 25 to 75 percent, while making animals more productive as well. Activities include improvement of
feed and feed supplement using local resources, improving the efficiency and productivity of feed
production, and improving herd genetics.

      Climate Change Topics                      Environmental Linkages
      >      greenhouse gas emissions              >      air pollution and air quality
      >      methane emissions mitigation

Application: RLEP may be helpful for users interested in lowering livestock methane emissions, such
as government agencies or rural development organizations. Projects are currently being developed in
Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Mexico, Nepal, Tanzania, Ukraine, and Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe the
national government and development organizations have been exploring the potential of using
sunflower seed cake protein supplements to improve animal production efficiency and reduce methane
emissions.

Sponsor/Contact:  Tom Wirth
                  U.S. EPA
                  Ruminant Livestock Efficiency Program
                  401MSt, SW6202-J
                  Washington, D.C. 20460 USA
                  website: http://www.epa.gov/rlep
	e-mail: wirth.tom@epa.gov	

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                                            44
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
   Centre for the Analysis and Dissemination of Demonstrated Energy Technologies (CADDET)

CADDET collects, analyzes, and disseminates information on demonstration projects in energy
efficient and renewable energy technologies. Working within the framework of the International
Energy Agency (IEA), CADDET's objective is to provide impartial information about proven
technologies to help accelerate their adoption in the marketplace. CADDET functions as two separate
operations: CADDET Energy Efficiency and CADDET Renewable Energy. Each organization
maintains a website that it uses to share information on energy technologies. The CADDET Energy
Efficiency website provides access to a searchable database of articles, brochures, and other
publications about energy efficient technologies and their uses. The CADDET Renewable Energy
website provides technical information, newsletters, and brochures about renewable energy
technologies. The site also contains several case studies of recent renewable energy technology
applications.

       Climate Change Topics                   Environmental Linkages
       >      energy efficiency                  >       air pollution and air quality
       >      renewable resources              >       resource conservation

Application: CADDET Energy Efficiency provides a database of over 1,600 energy saving
technology applications that can assist in the design and development of energy-saving projects and
programs. Examples cover a wide range of applications, project sizes,  and community types. For
example, the website includes discussions of a relatively small campaign to encourage the use of
energy efficient household appliances in Malmo, Sweden, and a large-scale community heating project
in the United Kingdom. Projects in the database are searchable by technology, industry, and country.

The CADDET Renewable Energy site provides information on full-scale commercial projects
operating in member countries, currently Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,  Japan, The
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Commission
(DGXVII — Energy). The CADDET program covers the full range of renewable energy technologies,
including tidal/wave, wind, waste, photovoltaic, geothermal, biomass,  solar/thermal, and hydro. An
example of a recent project detailed on CADDET is the construction of the world's first off-shore
wind farm.

Sponsor/Contact:  CADDET Centre for Renewable Energy       CADDET Energy Efficiency
Centre
                  ETSU                                   PO Box 17
                  Harwell                                 613 0 AA Sittard
                  Oxfordshire OX11 ORA                  The Netherlands
                  United Kingdom                         Tel: +31-46-4202-224
                  Tel: +44-1235-432719                    Fax: +31-46-4510-389
                  Fax: +44-1235-433595                    website: http://www.caddet-ee.org
                  website: http://www.caddet-re.org          e-mail: caddet@caddet-ee.org
	e-mail: caddet.renew@aeat.co.uk	

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                                             45
                             MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                   Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network (EREN)

EREN, an information network for energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, is run by the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The website provides links to DOE sites and to other U.S. and
international government, educational, commercial, and organizational sources. The linked web pages
provide general information, and are helpful for users looking for an introduction to available
technologies. The links are to organizations and institutions supporting renewable energy and energy
efficiency technologies and programs  rather than actual distributors of products.
      Climate Change Topics
      >      renewable resources
      >      energy efficiency
      >      mitigation technologies
      >      transportation
      >      solid waste
Environmental Linkages
>      air pollution and air quality
>      resource conservation
Application: Renewable energy and energy efficiency resources are identified here that relate to a
variety of users and affected groups, including institutions and organizations specializing in alternative
fuels; developers of alternative energy sources such as geothermal, solar, wind, and hydropower; and
managers of utilities, transportation systems, and manufacturing facilities. For example, under the
topic of alternative fuels, visitors will find example applications of renewable resources and energy
efficiency projects in the transportation and power generation sectors. Users with questions about
alternative fuels or any other renewable energy and energy efficiency topic may find the "Ask an
Energy Expert" page on  this website helpful to make specific inquiries about technologies.

Sponsor/Contact:  Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC)
                  PO Box 3048
                  Merrifield, VA 22116 USA
                  Fax: +1-703-893-0400
                  website: http://www.eren.doe.gov
                  e-mail: doe.erecfoJnciinc.com

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                                            46
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                    Energy Technology Systems Analysis Program (ETSAP)

ETSAP, sponsored by the International Energy Agency, is a research program that encourages the
development of integrated energy and environmental policies. The program consists of teams from 35
developing and industrialized countries, who are using the MARKAL model (see MARKAL-MACRO
entry in Mitigation Resources: Energy section) to quantify the costs and benefits of emissions
reductions at a national and multicountry level. Teams also examine the role of technology in affecting
changes in energy consumption, production patterns, and emissions profiles. ETSAP maintains
databases of its research results.

       Climate Change Topics               Environmental Linkages
       >      mitigation technologies        >      air pollution and air quality
       >      energy systems planning       >      water pollution and water quality
       >      greenhouse gas emissions      >      resource conservation

Application: ETSAP has an outreach program designed to help participants develop a MARKAL
energy systems models for integrated energy system decision-making, and to assist participants in
responding to UNFCCC requirements. The program helps users analyze local or national energy
systems, compile energy technology databases, examine alternative scenarios for future energy system
development, and calculate emissions by sources of greenhouse gasses. With this information, it then
helps users project future national emissions inventories and identify the most cost-effective policies
to deal with local environmental pollution and climate change.

Sponsor/Contact:     Tom Kram, Project Head of ETSAP
                     ECN Policy Studies
                     Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN
                     P.O. Box 1
                      1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
                     Tel: +31-224-564-427; Fax: +31-224-563-338
                     website:  http://www.ecn.nl/unit_bs/etsap
                     e-mail: etsap@ecn.nl

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                                             47
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                           Energy Technology Options (ETO) Model

ETO is a multisector linear-programming model developed by researchers from Dehli University
(India) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) for evaluating energy system options. ETO
is used to identify the least-cost options for providing energy services, evaluate the resulting levels of
CO2 associated with each option, and estimate the impact of reducing emissions on the nation's capital
and foreign exchange requirements. ETO allows the user to either maximize potential carbon
reduction or minimize potential costs and negative economic impacts. The model results can help the
user identify policies and measures that would need to be implemented on the national and
international levels to make a major contribution to restraining the growth of carbon emissions.

       Climate Change Topics                     Environmental Linkages
       >      energy efficiency                    >      air pollution and air quality
       >      industrial manufacturing
       >      agriculture
       >      transportation
       >      urban, residential, commercial energy use

Application: ETO allows the user to include analysis of a variety of energy-using activities in major
end-use sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, transport, urban and rural residential, and commercial. For
example, the model divides the manufacturing sector into steel, cement, aluminum, petrochemicals,
paper, fertilizer, and textiles. Each energy-intensive industry is further divided into several
manufacturing processes. Energy efficiency improvement options  range from retrofitting techniques or
simple measures with small investments to major technology conversions with large investment
requirements. Other options include improved belts, better motors, and power factor correction.

Sponsor/Contact:      Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
                      Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
                      Tel: +1-510-486-5396; Fax: +1-510-486-6996
                      website: http://www.lbl.gov

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                                            48
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                       Energy and Power Evaluation Program (ENPEP)

ENPEP is a set of models for integrated energy analysis that can be used to assess greenhouse gas
mitigation strategies. Using a user-supplied macroeconomic analysis, ENPEP develops an energy
demand forecast, carries out an integrated supply/demand analysis for the entire energy system,
evaluates the electric system component of the energy system in detail, and determines the impacts of
alternative scenarios. ENPEP explicitly considers the impacts that the power system has on the rest of
the energy system, on the economy as a whole, and on pollutant and GHG emissions. ENPEP can be
used at the local, regional, or national levels and can cover short (1-3 years) to long (50 years
maximum) time horizons.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      mitigation planning              >      air pollution and air quality
       >      energy use planning
       >      economic welfare

Application: Using ENPEP, researchers can perform total energy system analyses, detailed electric
system analyses, and emissions analyses under various control scenarios. ENPEP data requirements
include base-year energy balance and energy prices, energy technology costs and performance, and
international energy price projections. Energy system structure and data input are adaptable to local
conditions, and the model can be expanded with data development. Case studies with one or more
ENPEP modules have been conducted in many countries. Recent applications include Malaysia,
China, Colombia, Indonesia, Nepal, Turkey, Romania, Peru, and the United States.

Sponsor/Contact:     International Atomic Energy Agency
                     P.O. Box 100,  Wagramerstrasse 5
                     A-1400 Vienna, Austria
                     Tel: +43-1-2600-0 ext. 2785; Fax: +43-1-2600-7
                     website: http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/
                     e-mail: Official.Mail@iaea.org

Notes:
1) The model has the following computer requirements: IBM 386 (math co-processor recommended);
2MB RAM, 30MB hard drive, VGA color monitor, and DOS 3.1 or higher.
2) IAEA offers annual ENPEP training courses. Courses are also occasionally offered by the
U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the World Bank.
3) The following document may be useful to those interested in ENPEP: Jusko, M.J. et al. 1987.
Energy and Power Evaluation Program (ENPEP) Documentation and User's Manual. Energy and
Environmental Systems Division, Systems Analysis, Development and Evaluation Group, Argonne
National Laboratory.

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                                             49
                             MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                              Global Energy Marketplace (GEM)

GEM is a searchable on-line database sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
created by the Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology (CREST). GEM contains
annotated web links to over 2,500 websites on the subjects of energy efficiency and renewable energy.
The links are supplied by organizations in countries all over the world. GEM entries include studies,
reports, publications, economic analyses, product directories, discussion groups, country profiles,
mitigation assessments, and other beneficial resources related to energy efficiency and renewable
energy resources. The database provides general information on topics as well as links to companies
and institutions offering technical services and products. In addition, the database continues to grow.
Users are encouraged to suggest new resources to include  in the database.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >      energy efficiency                 >      air pollution and air quality
        >      renewable resources

Application: The GEM database is divided into the following categories: energy efficiency, renewable
energy, sustainable living, energy systems, regions, and types of information (education, research,
policy, economics, products, services). Each category is further subdivided by sector (e.g., the energy
systems category is divided into cogeneration, general, utilities, and village power). Examples of
database entries include plans for reducing greenhouse gases in Uganda, a description of the
development and construction of a small-scale energy plant in Nepal, the website of a company that
designs and builds hydro powerplants in Brazil, and an electronic journal dedicated to current and
historic issues of sustainability on the Pacific  Rim.

Sponsor/Contact:      Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology
                      1200  18th St. NW #900
                      Washington, DC 20036 USA
                      Tel: +1-202-530-2202; Fax: +1-202-887-0497
                      website: http://gem.crest.org
                      e-mail: gem@crest.org

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                                             50
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
            Greenhouse Gas Energy Technology Information Exchange (GREENTIE)

GREENTIE is an initiative of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It was established in 1993 to improve the
awareness of, and facilitate the access to, suppliers and experts of "clean technologies," particularly
technologies that help mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases. The GREENTIE directory contains
information on over 7,700 suppliers of greenhouse gas mitigation technology and technical expertise.
Data in the directory is supplied by an international information network based in 35 countries
worldwide. Each entry in the database is classified into one of two categories: technical expertise and
economic activities. The main technology categories include energy supply, energy end use, and
agriculture and forestry practices. The economic activities are classified by geographic area and
industrial sector. Information from GREENTIE is distributed through the Internet, on a CD-ROM for
Windows, and through Technology Directories, electronic reports on specific technologies. This
information is useful to those interested in surveying or obtaining the latest economic and
technological measures on GHG mitigation.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions         >       air pollution and air quality
       >      energy efficiency                 >       resource conservation
       >      renewable resources              >       deforestation
                                               >       land use

Application: Useful examples of efficient and renewable energy supply technologies, identification of
programs providing technical assistance, and implementation information is found at this website.
Specific technologies addressed include biomass-fired power generation, photovoltaics, geothermal
electric, pelletized biomass combustion, biogas by anaerobic digestion, small-scale hydro, solar ponds,
solar thermal electric technologies, wind energy conversion systems, tidal energy, ocean wave energy,
and landfill gas recovery and utilization techniques. The following may be of particular interest for
activities in developing countries, The Association for Energy Development & Planning (energy
infrastructure enhancement and management at a local level), The Earth Centre (offers training in
development of sustainable energy and waste systems), and The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Systems (technical assistance and technologies for renewable energy supplies in newly industrialized
and developing countries).

Sponsor/Contact:      Novem bv
                      Swentiboldstraat 21
                      PO Box 17
                      6130 AA Siitard, The Netherlands
                      Tel: +31-46-4202203; Fax: +31-46-4510389
                      website: http://www.greentie.org/home.htm
                      e-mail: greentie@greentie.org

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                                              51
                             MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                        Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation Options
                   for Developing Country Utilities and Regulatory Agencies

This handbook, developed by the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.S. Energy
Association, provides an overview of best practices for generating, transmitting, distributing, and
consuming electric power in developing countries. This resource is designed as a screening tool to
help users identify alternative best practices currently being utilized by utility operators, evaluate
characteristics of these practices, compare the GHG emissions effect and cost-effectiveness of these
practices, and locate resources and contacts to obtain more detailed information. It focuses on the
technical and financial resources available to implement these practices, as well as the implications
that these practices may have for climate change.

        Climate Change Topics                   Environmental Linkages
        >      greenhouse gas emissions          >      air pollution and air quality
        >      mitigation technologies
        >      energy efficiency
        >      renewable resources

Application:  This handbook is helpful for developing country utilities and utility regulators who are
assessing GHG emissions and mitigation options, as well as general issues related to the energy sector.
The handbook addresses best practices for different types of generation systems, utility management
policies, and regulatory reform policies. For each of these best practices, the handbook provides
descriptive characteristics, information on its impact on climate change, issues associated with
implementing the action, and resources and contacts for further information. This handbook is
intended as a screening tool for potential utility management and operating practices; it does not
provide methodologies for preparing baseline emissions inventory, defining a response strategy, or
projecting the impact of alternative power sector actions on GHG emissions trends.

Sponsor/Contact:       Energy Resources International
                       1015 18th St., NW Suite 650
                      Washington, DC 20036 USA
                       Tel: +1-202-785-8833
                       Fax: +1-202-785-8834

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                                             52
                             MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
           International Renewable Energy Network and Information Center (IRENIC)

The IRENIC website is sponsored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory with funding from
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. It is becoming a
primary global source of technical, analytical, application, and policy information about renewable
and efficient energy technologies for the international community. It  describes these technologies,
explains how to develop projects using these technologies, and provides expert assistance and
examples. A primary focus of this website is to provide the data and analytical tools that can help
people in developing countries and task managers at the World Bank and other organizations include
sustainable energy technologies  in their projects. This resource is helpful for users looking for general
information on developing energy-related projects, as well as for those with specific technical
assistance needs.

        Climate Change Topics                   Environmental Linkages
        >       greenhouse gas emissions          >       air pollution and air quality
        >       mitigation technologies            >       resource conservation
        >       energy efficiency
        >       renewable resources

Application: Information provided on this website covers the entire energy project cycle. For the
project conception phase, IRENIC has gathered information and data sources to help identify potential
renewable energy or energy efficiency projects, including databases for project ideas and technologies.
For the project evaluation phase, the website provides information as well  as links to interactive tools
for evaluating projects. For the project completion phase, the website provides information on getting
loans and grants to help finance  a renewable energy  or energy efficiency project. It also provides
procurement specifications for obtaining renewable energy equipment. An example of resources
available on this website is an online tool called Project Assistant that will help users estimate the cost
of providing power to remote areas. To do this, the user defines the demand on the power supply (i.e.,
whether the primary uses of electricity are lights, refrigerators, televisions), from which the program
can estimate times of increased demand for electricity.

Sponsor/Contact:      National Renewable Energy Laboratory
                       1617 Cole Boulevard
                      Golden, CO 80401 USA
                      Tel: +1-303-384-6432
                      website: http://www.nrel.gov/business/international/irenic_home.html

Note: The Center provides information on funding resources for renewable energy and energy
efficiency-related projects.

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                                             53
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                Inventory of Technologies, Methods, and Practices for Reducing
                               Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

This report provides a broad inventory of GHG mitigation technologies and options. The inventory
describes current energy technology characteristics, energy efficiency options, and alternative end-use
technologies for use in evaluating mitigation measures. The inventory, a supplement to IPCC's Second
Assessment Report, was created by IPCC's Working Group II.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >       greenhouse gas emissions          >      air pollution and air quality
        >       mitigation technologies           >      land use
        >       energy efficiency                 >      deforestation
        >       renewable resources

Application: The inventory provides information and background on 105 technology options for
reducing GHG emissions. The coverage of each technology includes a basic description, performance
characteristics, capital and operating costs, environmental characteristics, and infrastructure
requirements. The inventory is organized by the following technology categories: energy supply
(further subdivided into fossil fuel, renewable energy, nuclear, and energy transfer); energy end use
(further subdivided into transportation, buildings, and industrial); agricultural and forestry practices;
and other techniques.

Sponsor/Contact:      IPCC Working Group II Technical Support Unit
                      400 Virginia Avenue SW, Suite 750
                      Washington, DC 20024 USA
                      Tel: +1-202-314-2225; Fax: +1-202-488-8678
                      website: http://www.ipcc.ch/
                      e-mail: ipcc@usgcrp.gov

Note: This document can be accessed  free  of charge at http://www.energyanalysis.anl.gov/l-voll.htm

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                                             54
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
           Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) Energy Analysis Department

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) is part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (U.S. DOE)
national laboratory system, and its Energy Analysis Department is a principal center of energy-related
research in the United States and abroad. The department's goal is to develop and disseminate
information on energy issues to other agencies, industry, and governments, as well as to international
institutions. Providing technical assistance in designing energy systems and in formulating
environmental and energy policies is a critical part of its mission. The department's areas of expertise
include energy efficiency standards; global warming in urban areas; building energy data; compilation
and analysis; government and industry programs; electricity markets  and policy; end-use forecasting
and market assessment; international energy; and greenhouse-gas mitigation.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >      energy efficiency                >      air pollution and air quality
       >      building energy conservation
       >      mitigation technologies
       >      cities and urban areas

Application: Developing effective energy codes and standards  can reduce GHG emissions, enhance
economic efficiency, increase consumer welfare, and avoid urban/regional pollution. LBL's Energy
Analysis Department has extensive experience assisting developing countries in the creation and
application of such standards. The department helps planners develop the skills necessary to develop,
administer, and continually adjust energy efficiency standards.  Current department projects include
Appliance and Lighting Standards Assessment, in Ghana (1998-present); Commercial Building
Standards Compliance, in the Philippines (1996-present); and Development and Implementation of
Commercial Building Standards, in Mexico (1993-present). The department has also worked closely
with the governments of Australia, China, Colombia, Denmark, Egypt, the European Union, France,
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Singapore, South Korea,
Sweden,  Switzerland, and Thailand.

Sponsor/Contact:      Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
                      Energy Analysis Department, MS 90-4000
                      Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
                      Tel: +1-510-486-5396; Fax: +1-510-486-6996
                      website: http://eetd.lbl.gov/EA.html

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                                            55
                            MITIGATION RESOURCES: ENERGY
                                    MARKAL-MACRO

The MARKAL-MACRO model is an assessment tool designed for integrated economy, energy, and
environmental analysis and planning by combining a macroeconomic growth model (MACRO) with a
model of the energy sector (MARKAL). This integrated version models energy-economy-
environmental interactions, linking capital, labor, and energy inputs into the economy. It can cover
local, regional, and national scales, and medium-term to long-term time horizons.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >      mitigation planning               >      air pollution and air quality
       >      energy use planning
       >      economic welfare

Application: With MARKAL-MACRO, users can perform macroeconomic analyses, total energy
system analyses, detailed energy systems analyses, and environmental analyses of changes in pollution
levels. This planning tool is data intensive, requiring inputs on GDP, energy balance, and energy
prices and projections. It also requires a basic understanding of energy optimization, macroeconomic
modeling, and some technical training on software use. It can be applied wherever there is sufficient
data on the energy sector and the economy, and has been used successfully in the United States,
Sweden, Switzerland, and The Netherlands to develop least-cost energy strategies and examine the
consequences of policy responses on energy sector economies.

Sponsor/Contact:      Brookhaven National Laboratory
                      Mr. Gary A. Goldstein
                      Building 490D
                      Upton, NY 11973 US A
                      Tel:  +1-516-282-2646; Fax: +1-516-282-7867
                      website: http://www.bnl.gov

Note: This model has the following computer requirements: minimum IBM 386 (486 or Pentium
preferred), 8 MB RAM, 30 MB hard drive DOS 5.0, and GAMS and MINOS.

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                                            56
                           MITIGATION RESOURCES: FORESTS
                                COPATH Spreadsheet Model

COPATH is a set of connected spreadsheets that are used to estimate a forest area's existing carbon
stock and to track its carbon flows under a variety of land use options. COPATH takes its name from
the initials of the names of its component modules (carbon uptake, other land uses, pasture,
agriculture, and harvest). The model has two main components — BASIS and FORECAST. BASIS
takes specific information about the forest and computes carbon storage, emissions, and sequestration
for a user-defined base year. FORECAST predicts the extent of future carbon emissions and uptake
from the forest sector based on assumptions about the future state of forest resources and the
consumption of forest products. COPATH was developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(see page 63) with support from the U.S. EPA.

      Climate Change Topics                     Environmental Linkages
      >      forestry                            >      deforestation
      >      carbon sequestration                 >      land use
                                                >      land degradation

Application: The FORECAST component of COPATH can be used to predict carbon emissions and
sequestration under various land use policies. FORECAST has four modules: AGRIC, PASTURE,
HARVEST, and OTHER. Each module predicts the effects of a different land use scenario: conversion
of forest to agriculture, conversion of forest to grazing land, various forest harvesting policies, and
other land use options, respectively. The total emissions and sequestration for each module are
extracted and summed to obtain the totals for each forest type, or life zone. The process is repeated for
each life zone and then summed for the country as a whole.

Sponsor/Contact:  Energy Analysis Program
                  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
                  Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
                  Tel: +1-510-486-5396; Fax: +1-510-486-6996
                  website:  http://eetd.lbl.gov/EA.html

Notes:
COPATH can be obtained on diskette from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
COPATH is designed for use in Symphony or Lotus 1-2-3. It requires a PC (or compatible) system
with at least a 286 microprocessor.

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                                             57
                   MITIGATION RESOURCES: CITIES AND URBAN AREAS
                                 Building Energy Efficiency

Overcoming barriers and providing incentives for improving energy efficiency is a common problem
throughout the world. This report, prepared by the U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, examines
strategies for efficient energy use in buildings. Significant energy savings in buildings are possible
through the use of commercially available, cost-effective, energy efficient technologies. The report
aims to enhance adoption rates of these technologies. Interviews with industry representatives,
property managers, homeowners, and others are used in this report to explore why adoption rates are
low in the United States.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >      building energy conservation       >      air pollution and air quality
        >      energy efficiency                 >      resource conservation
        >      buildings and structural energy
              efficiency

Application: Improving the use and penetration of energy efficient technologies, particularly in
buildings and structures, is an important policy problem. This report can assist in designing and
evaluating the performance of efficiency programs by providing insight on barriers to adoption that
have been experienced in the United States. The report offers suggestions for how these barriers can
be overcome, and provides guidance on program design.

Sponsor/Contact:      The sponsoring agency for this document, the U.S. Office of Technology
                      Assessment, was closed in September 1995. The report  can be purchased
                      from:

                      U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents
                      Mail Stop: SSOP
                      Washington, DC 20402-9328 USA

This document is available free at http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~ota/ns20/alpha fhtml

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                                             58
                    MITIGATION RESOURCES: CITIES AND URBAN AREAS
         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency State and Local Climate Change Program

The State and Local Climate Change Program is one of the U.S. EPA's Climate Change Action Plan
programs. It is a capacity-building program focusing on state and local government decision-makers.
The program provides technical and financial assistance to state and local officials, and the
organizations that support state and local functions, to  1) increase the level of understanding of the
economic and environmental impacts of climate policies; 2) assess the risks of climate change; 3)
understand state/local contributions to greenhouse gas  (GHG) emissions; 4) evaluate and assess
options to address and reduce emissions; 5) identify the co-benefits of mitigation policies to increase
adoption of innovative policies and programs; 6) implement cost-effective policies and measures that
result in GHG reductions; and 7) share results and educate stakeholders to increase transferability of
technologies and policies. The program's website offers access to many of the program's resources,
including an electronic newsletter; a  state climate database; results of inventories and action plans;
guidance documents; information sheets on the impacts of climate change at the state level;  and
contacts for U.S. regional and state climate change programs.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >      economic welfare                >      air pollution and air quality
       >      greenhouse gas emissions         >      resource conservation
       >      mitigation technologies
       >      climate data

Application: Visitors to the State and Local Climate Change website will find a readily accessible
compendium of information on U.S.  state and local GHG emissions and reduction strategies. The
database contains GHG emission inventories and action plans, actions to reduce GHG emissions, data
on historical emissions from fossil fuels, and population and economic information. An example
included on the site is the Pennsylvania (U.S.) State Action Plan, which recommends expanding
information provided to local farmers about sustainable farming practices that are energy efficient and
also beneficial to the local environment. The recommendation calls for developing cost-effective
designs for small-scale on-farm digesters that would collect methane and turn it into a usable energy
source. The plan also recommends that the state government provide financial assistance for the
design of such systems.

Sponsor/Contact:      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      State and Local Climate Change  Program
                      401M Street, SW
                      Washington, DC 20460-0003 USA
                      Tel:+1-202-260-4314
               website: http://www.epa.gov/oppeoee 1 /globalwarming/actions/national/ccap/state/

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                                             59
         MITIGATION RESOURCES: IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
                             Global Environment Facility (GEF)

The GEF provides grants and concessional funding to developing countries for projects and programs
that protect the global environment and promote sustainable economic growth. GEF projects and
programs are managed through three implementing agencies: the UN Development Programme, the
UN Environment Programme, and the World Bank. In addition, the Framework Convention on
Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity have designated the GEF as their funding
mechanism on an interim basis. The program has four main focal areas: climate change, biological
diversity, international waters, and stratospheric ozone. Activities concerning land degradation,
primarily desertification and deforestation, as they relate to the four focal areas, are also eligible for
funding. GEF projects must be country driven, incorporate consultation with local communities and,
where appropriate, involve nongovernmental organizations in project implementation. Currently, 156
countries participate.

      Climate Change Topics                     Environmental Linkages
      >      mitigation                           >     air pollution and air quality
      >      adaptation                           >     water pollution and water quality
      >      ecology/ecosystems                  >     biodiversity
      >      economic welfare                           >   land degradation
                                                 >     deforestation
                                                 >     stratospheric ozone

Application: GEF can help developing countries obtain financial assistance and finding in-country
examples of climate change projects. Since 1994 GEF has provided nearly US $2 billion for
implementation of climate change projects. Countries may be eligible for GEF funds if 1) they are
eligible for financial assistance through the financial  mechanism of either the Climate Change
Convention or the Convention on Biological Diversity; or 2) they are eligible to borrow from the
World Bank or receive technical assistance grants from UNDP through a Country Programme. In
addition, a country must be a party to the Climate Change Convention or the  Convention of Biological
Diversity to receive funds from the GEF in the relevant focal area. Examples of projects funded
through GEF include US $3 million provided to several countries for Alternatives to Slash and Burn;
US $9.5 million provided to southeast  Asian countries for Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement
Strategy (ALGAS); and US $10 million provided to Pakistan for Waste to Energy: Lahore Landfill Gas
Recovery and Use.

Sponsor/Contact:  Global Environment Facility Secretariat
                   1818 H Street, NW
                  Washington, DC 20433 USA
                  Tel: +1-202-473-0508; Fax: +1-202-522-3240 or+1-202-522-3245
                  website: http://www.gefweb.com
                  e-mail: gef@gefweb.org

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                                             60
         MITIGATION RESOURCES: IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
       National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) International Supporting Activities

NREL, operated by the U.S. Department of Energy, supports international programs promoting
renewable energy and energy efficient technologies. NREL's international activities include
assessment of renewable energy resources, analysis and modeling of available renewable technologies,
training on the use of renewable energy technologies, and policy and regulatory support on the
integration of renewable resources in electric utility restructuring. NREL has supported energy-related
projects in more than 20 nations worldwide, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, Ghana,
India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia,  and South Africa. The NREL International Programs website
provides details on international programs and contact information for NREL's international staff.
      Climate Change Topics
      >      mitigation technologies
      >      energy efficiency
      >      renewable resources
                        Environmental Linkages
                        >      air pollution and air quality
                        >      resource conservation
                        >      water pollution and water quality
Application: NREL sponsors a variety of programs supporting renewable energy and energy efficient
technologies and applications, including programs related to rural electrification, water pumping,
education, alternative transportation fuels, cooking fuels, and desalinization. NREL's international
programs include:
>      Climate Change and Air Pollution Mitigation — a program to use renewable energy and
       energy efficient technologies to reduce greenhouse gases, acid rain, ozone precursors,
       particulates, and air toxins
>      Environmental Outreach Education — a program to develop information products that
       emphasize the environmental benefits of renewable energy and energy efficient technologies
       and practices
>      Environmental Security — a program to prevent social and economic instability resulting from
       reliable domestic power sources
>      Pollution Prevention — a program to promote technologies for waste and landfill gas
       management, biomass conversion to power and chemicals, pollution remediation, and
       environmentally responsible chemical processes.
Sponsor/Contact:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Boulevard
Golden, CO 80401 USA
Tel: +1-303-275-3000
website: http://www.nrel.gov/business/international/
e-mail: tom_ferguson@nrel.gov
Note: Many NREL programs provide funding and/or training to participants.

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                                             61
         MITIGATION RESOURCES: IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
                        U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation (USIJI)

The USIJI, part of the U.S. Climate Change Action Plan, encourages organizations in the United States
and other countries to implement projects that reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions.
The USIJI provides technical assistance and public recognition to approved projects that:

>      encourage development and implementation of cooperative, mutually voluntary, cost-effective
       projects between U.S. and foreign partners aimed at reducing or sequestering emissions of
       greenhouse gases
>      promote a broad range of projects to test and evaluate methods for measuring, tracking, and
       verifying costs and benefits
>      establish an empirical basis to contribute to the creation of international criteria for joint
       implementation
>      encourage private-sector investment and innovation in the development and dissemination of
       technologies for reducing or sequestering emissions of greenhouse gases
>      encourage participating countries to adopt more complete climate action programs, including
       national inventories, baselines, policies and measures, and appropriate specific commitments.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      greenhouse gas emissions
       >      carbon sequestration
       >      mitigation
                         Environmental Linkages
                         >    air pollution and air quality
Application: Groups and organizations interested in the USIJI program or in obtaining project
summaries, application information, technical reports, or general information will find the USIJI
website a good place to start. A key resource of the website is the database of summaries of approved
projects. These summaries provide examples of the types of projects that USIJI supports and highlight
the benefits of participating in projects sponsored by USIJI or similar organizations. One example is
the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area Carbon Sequestration Pilot Project, located in
northwest Belize (Central America), which combines land acquisition and a sustainable forestry
program to achieve carbon mitigation. The project has two components: purchase of endangered forest
land, and development of a sustainable forestry management program that will increase the level and
rate of carbon sequestered. The project's goal is to demonstrate an optimal balance  between
cost-effective carbon dioxide sequestration,  economically sustainable forest yield, and environmental
protection.
Sponsor/Contact:
U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation
PO 6/GP-196, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20585 USA
Tel: +1-202-586-3288; Fax: +1-202-586-3485
website: http://www.ji.org/usjii/usjii.htm
e-mail: csmt@igc.apc.org

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                                            62
         MITIGATION RESOURCES: IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
          U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Climate Change Initiative

In 1997, the United States committed more than $1 billion over five years to a USAID program called
the Climate Change Initiative. The initiative establishes and supports programs to collaborate with
developing nations and countries in transition to reduce the threat of climate change. US AID's goals
are to 1) decrease the rate of growth in net emissions, 2) increase developing and transition country
participation in the goals of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, and 3) decrease
vulnerability to the threats posed by climate  change. Currently, USAID is focusing its efforts in nine
countries and three regions: Brazil, Central Africa, Central America, Central Asia, India, Indonesia,
Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, and Ukraine. These countries and regions were
selected because of their contribution (and estimated future contribution) to global greenhouse
emissions or their governments' receptivity to taking concrete action.

       Climate Change Topics                   Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions          >     air pollution and air quality
       >      industrial manufacturing           >     resource conservation
       >      energy efficiency

Application: Through USAID, interested parties in developing countries can find examples of past and
current projects and financial and technical support for climate change projects. For example,
programs to assist urban areas are a key part of the program. The Sustainable Cities Initiative enhances
environmentally sound economic growth through broad-based partnerships to promote efficient
resource use in cities. The program invests in energy efficiency and clean-energy technology and
leverages funding from international financial institutions and foundations. An example of a project
under their program is in Ahmedabad, India, where USAID and the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency are supporting an effort to address some of the critical environmental challenges faced by the
city. As part of the project, USAID worked with Ahmedabad Electric Company (AEC) to design and
implement three pilot programs to test and install high efficiency power generation equipment. As a
result, AEC invested over US $1  million in energy efficiency, resulting in reduced energy demand and
lower CO2 emissions.

Sponsor/Contact:      U.S. Agency for International Development Information Center
                      Ronald Reagan Building
                      Washington, DC 20523-0016 USA
                      Tel: +1-202-712-4810; Fax: +1-202-216-3524
                      website:  http://www.info.usaid.gov
                      e-mail: pinquiries@usaid.gov

Note: The USAID Climate Change Institute  provides funding for climate change projects, primarily in
the focus countries and regions identified above.

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                                             63
         MITIGATION RESOURCES: IMPLEMENTATION AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
       U.S. Country Studies Program (U.S. CSP): Implementation and Assistance Programs

The U.S. CSP was created prior to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development,
also known as the Earth Summit, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. The program assists developing
and transition countries as they establish a process for developing and implementing national policies
and measures; develop information to further national and international discussions; and support the
principles and objectives of the U.N.  Framework Convention on Climate Change. The program offers
financial and  technical assistance, including workshops, guidance documents, analytical tools, and
consultations  with technical experts. Fifty-five countries currently participate in the program. Projects
include developing inventories of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, assessing
vulnerabilities to climate change, evaluating response strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate
change, formulating national climate  change action plans, and performing technology assessments.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      mitigation technologies
       >      adaptation
       >      greenhouse emissions
       >      climate data
                         Environmental Linkages
                         >      air pollution and air quality
                         >      land use
                         >      resource conservation
Application: The U.S. CSP has helped countries develop assessment reports in the following areas:
GHG emissions inventory; assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change; and GHG
mitigation options. This program can assist countries that are developing their own climate change
research programs. For example, the China Country Study will improve China's scientific and
institutional capacity to assess its vulnerability and adaptation needs and to formulate national
response and mitigation strategies. Many of the country reports can be obtained in hard copy form
through the U.S. CSP. A few reports are available in electronic format.
Sponsor/Contact:
U.S. Country Studies Program
Forrestal Building, PO-6, Room GP-196
1000 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20585 USA
Tel:  +1-202-586-3288; Fax: +1-202-586-3485 or+1-202-586-3486
website: http://www.gcrio.org/CSP/uscsp.html
e-mail: csmt@igc.apc.org

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IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES:
            GENERAL
          GUIDELINES
  ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS

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                                             65
                    IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: GENERAL
            Climate Change Convention Information Exchange Program (CC:INFO)

CC:INFO is an information service, sponsored by the UNFCCC, that summarizes UNFCCC programs
and activities of member countries. It includes a directory of organizations that are concerned about
climate change; a forum that matches requests for technical or financial assistance with suitable
organizations that can provide it; profiles of activities and ratification information on each
participating country; a database of technologies used in projects associated with UNFCCC; links to
the home pages of countries participating in the national climate convention; and information on
Activities Implemented Jointly.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >     mitigation programs              >      land use
       >     adaptation programs

Application: CC:INFO is a source of information for users who are developing climate change
adaptation or mitigation programs and want some background information on other countries'
experiences. For example, for users searching for a specific type of support, CC:INFO contains a list
of organizations involved with climate change, providing information on the location; type of
organization (e.g., governmental, nongovernmental, international); the resources it provides (e.g.,
technical, information, financial); contact information; and examples of projects that it has supported.
One of the featured organizations is the African Development Bank, a resource for users seeking
financial assistance for mitigation projects. The Bank provided US $275 million for natural resources
conservation and rehabilitation projects in 13 African countries between 1978 and 1993.

Sponsor/Contact:      website: http://www.unfccc.de/

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                                             66
                    IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: GENERAL
                             Climate Change and Human Health

This book, prepared on behalf of the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological
Organization, and the United Nations Environment Programme, examines the potential human health
hazards of global climate change. One of the most serious effects of global climate change is the
potential for increased prevalence of vector-borne diseases. Earlier this century, infectious diseases
appeared to be in broad retreat, at least in developed countries. But many infectious diseases (malaria,
yellow fever, etc.) are now resurgent in many parts of the world. According to analysis by WHO,
efforts to control malaria are meeting with less and less success. In many regions where malaria
transmission had been almost eliminated, the disease has made a comeback, surpassing earlier
recorded levels in some cases. Increases in temperature and humidity may have increased the
survivability of mosquitos (one of the main transmitters of malaria) and the plasmodium parasite (the
cause of malaria).  Further climate change could intensify this trend.
        Climate Change Topics
        >      human health
        >      agriculture
        >      extreme weather events
        >      sea level rise
Environmental Linkages
>      water borne diseases
>      wetlands
>      tropical and subtropical
       ecosystems
Application: This book can be used to gain an understanding of issues related to climate change and
its potential effects on human health. Beginning with the historical and economic context of the
climate change issue and the most recent science of greenhouse gas accumulation and its effects on
climate, the book proceeds to explore the potential health effects caused by changes in temperature
patterns, changes in transmission of vector-borne diseases, changes in agricultural activity, increased
frequency of extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and increased ground-level exposure to ultraviolet
radiation.

Sponsor/Contact:      The World Health Organization
                      Headquarters Office in Geneva (HQ)
                      Avenue Appia 20
                      1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
                      Tel: +41-22-791-2111; Fax: +41-22-791-0746
                      website: http://www.who.org
                      e-mail: info@who.org

Note: This book is available from WHO Publications (Tel: +41-22-791-2476). The  publication number
and order number are WHO/EHG/96.7 and 1930091, respectively. The cost is Sw.fr. 30.00/US $27.00;
in developing countries: Sw.fr. 21.00.

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                                             67
                    IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: GENERAL
            Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability —
                                 Summary for Policy Makers

Description: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) produced a series of
Assessment Reports, Special Reports, Technical Papers, methodologies, and other products that have
become standard works of reference, widely used by policy makers, scientists, and other experts. This
Special Report, produced by Working Group II of the IPCC, builds on the Working Group's
contribution to the Second Assessment Report (SAR), and incorporates more recent information made
available since mid-1995. It was prepared in response to a request from the Subsidiary Body for
Scientific and Technological Advice  (SBSTA) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC). It addresses the degree to which society and the natural environment are vulnerable to the
potential effects of climate change. Unlike past IPCC reports that focused on impacts on sectors this
report focuses on impacts to regions such as Africa and Latin America. The report establishes a
common base of information regarding the potential costs and benefits of climatic change, including
the evaluation of uncertainties, to help the Conference of Parties determine what adaptation and
mitigation measures might be justified.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >     multiple sector impacts            >      land use
       >     economic welfare                 >      biodiversity
                                               >      resource conservation

Application: This report assists climate change researchers in characterizing regional vulnerability to
climate change and in identifying potential policy needs. The report consists of vulnerability
assessments for 10 regions: Africa, Arid Western Asia (including the Middle East), Australasia,
Europe, Latin America, North America, the Polar Regions (the Arctic and the Antarctic), Small Island
States, Temperate Asia, and Tropical Asia. It also includes several annexes that provide information
about climate observations, climate projections, vegetation distribution projections, and
socioeconomic trends. As an example of available information, some of the regional vulnerabilities
described for Africa include potential ecosystem degradation due to continued population growth,
habitat conversion, and increasing stress on available water supplies. Furthermore, climate changes
could threaten marginal agricultural regions where rainfall and irrigation are limited and subsistence
demands continue to rise. Coastal regions are vulnerable to sea level rise, which threaten  both
ecosystems and human developments.

Sponsor/Contact:      IPCC-World Meteorological Organization Building
                      41 Av. Guiseppe-Motta, Case postale No. 2300
                      1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
                      Fax: +41-22-733-1270
                      website: http://www.ipcc.ch

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                    IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: GENERAL
             Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments: An International Handbook

The U.S. Country Studies Program developed a handbook that provides comprehensive guidance on
methods for evaluating the potential impacts of climate change and possible adaptation strategies. The
handbook complements the Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and
Adaptations prepared by the IPCC, and builds on the IPCC's analytical framework. The handbook
offers "step-by-step" instructions on the application of specific assessment methods for the following
sectors: agriculture, grasslands and livestock, forests, water resources, coastal resources, human
health, fisheries, and wildlife. The book also offers guidance on the creation of country-level climate
change scenarios, and provides detailed descriptions selected assessment methods and their
limitations, data requirements for the methods, and interpretation of results. Over 50 of the developing
countries and countries with economies in transition participating in the U.S. Country Studies Program
used an earlier version of this handbook as a tool for their vulnerability and adaptation studies.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      multiple sector impacts
       >      adaptation
                                              Environmental Linkages
                                              >      air quality and air pollution
                                              >      water quality and water pollution
                                              >      land use
                                              >      deforestation
                                              >      biodiversity

Application: For each sector, the guide describes the most practical and widely used techniques for
carrying out an analysis. In presenting these techniques, the guide details a structured and systematic
process for an analysis, including identification of data requirements, available analytical tools
(e.g., computer programs and models), and potential advantages and disadvantages. The guide focuses
on reasonable methods that can be used within the resource limitations of a country's overall climate
program. In addition, more sophisticated supplementary techniques are presented for those with
available time and resources.
Sponsor/Contact:
       Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
       P.O. Box 322
       3300 AG Dordrecht, The Netherlands
       Tel:+31-78-639-23-92
       Fax:+31-78-639-22-54
       website: http://www.wkap.com
       e-mail: Services@wkap.nl

Selected Sources:
                                                    Country Studies Management Team
                                                    U.S. Department of Energy
                                                    1000 Independence Avenue, SW
                                                    Washington, DC 20585 USA
                                                    Tel: +1-202-426-1635
                                                    Fax: +1-202-426-1540
Benioff, R., S. Guill, and J. Lee (eds.). 1996. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments: An
International Guidebook. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Note: This book is available from the publisher (contact information provided above). The cost is
NLG 387.00, US $235.50, GBP 154.95. The ISBN number is 0-7923-4140-6.

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                                            69
                   IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: GUIDELINES
  UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) developed a handbook of methods to help those
conducting research on the potential impacts of climate change on the environment, society, and
economy. The methods described can assist in the design of assessments of climate change impacts
and adaptation strategies. The handbook also provides contact and reference information.

        Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
        >     impacts assessment methods      >      air pollution and air quality
        >     adaptation assessment methods    >      resource conservation
        >     all major sectors (agriculture,     >      water pollution and water quality
              health, water, etc.)

Application: The handbook includes five types of approaches to impact analysis: historical studies of
past effects of climate variations on human and natural systems; analogous comparisons between
historical climatic events and anticipated events due to human-induced climate change; present day
studies of weather-related impacts; models of the relationship between climatic variables and impacted
sectors; and expert judgment to develop a consensus opinion. For adaptation analysis, the handbook
discusses general background issues as well as particular methodologies for asserting adaptation
measures. Of the above methods, the handbook primarily focuses on modeling applications. The
descriptions of methods include the time and spatial scale covered, data needs, cost, time required,
level of expertise needed, and advantages/disadvantages of the method. The methods described in this
handbook to identify future vulnerabilities may also identify sectors that are currently at risk or
impacted by human use and need to be addressed, such as unsustainable land or water use, or
unhealthy air pollution levels.

Sponsor/Contact:    Jan F. Feenstra                          Alex Alusa
                    Institute for Environmental Studies         UNEP Headquarters
                    Vrije Universiteit                             Atmosphere Unit
                    De Boelelaan 1 1 15                       P.O. Box 30552
                    1081 F£V Amsterdam                    Nairobi, Kenya
                    The Netherlands                         Tel: +254-2-623-455
                    Tel: +31-20-444-9550                    Fax: +254-2-623-410
                    Fax: +31-20-444-9553                    e-mail: Alex.Alusa@UNEP.org
                    e-mail: Jan.Feenstraivm.vu.nl

Note: Contact Jan Feenstra for ordering information. Also available from the website:
http://ohrid.cca.vu.n1/english/o o/instituten/IVM/proiects/research/ClimateChange/Handbook.htm

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                                             70
                   IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: GUIDELINES
       IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations

The IPCC Working Group II developed a set of guidelines to assess the potential impacts of climate
change and evaluate appropriate adaptations. The guidelines cover the entire assessment process,
including 1) defining the problem, 2) selecting the method, 3) testing the method, 4) selecting the
scenarios, 5) assessing biophysical and socioeconomic impacts, 6) assessing autonomous adjustments,
and 7) evaluating adaptation strategies. The document outlines processes for completing impact and
adaptation assessments, identifies methods, and discusses strengths and weaknesses of these different
methods. IPCC developed this document to increase users' understanding of the details of performing
an impacts and adaptation assessment, including data needs, time frame of the assessment, and specific
methods to complete each step.

      Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
      >      multiple sector impacts            >      air pollution and air quality
      >      adaptation                        >      land use
                                              >      water pollution and water quality

Application: These guidelines provide useful insight into the approaches and methods for estimating
impacts and adaptation strategies. It also contains case study examples of other studies, qualitative and
quantitative analyses, and models that may be helpful to complete steps of the assessment. To assist
users in completing some of the quantitative analysis associated with assessments, it also contains an
annotated guide to data sources on topics such as population, economic development, emissions, and
natural resources.

Sponsor/Contact:      Department of Geography
                      University College London
                      26 Bedford Way
                      London, WC1H GAP United Kingdom

Note: To obtain a copy of this report, write to the above address.

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                                             71
                   IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: GUIDELINES
         Seven Step Assessment of the Vulnerability of Coastal Areas to Sea Level Rise —
                              The IPCC Common Methodology

This methodology incorporates expert judgment and data analysis of socioeconomic and physical
characteristics to estimate a broad spectrum of impacts from sea-level rise, including the value of lost
land and wetlands. Information from this methodology can be used as a basis for further physical and
economic modeling. The user follows seven steps:  1) delineate the case study area; 2) inventory study
area characteristics; 3) identify the relevant socioeconomic development factors; 4) assess the physical
changes; 5) formulate response strategies; 6) assess the vulnerability profile; and 7) identify future
needs. The methodology does not address how to complete these steps, but it does provide guidance to
information that should be covered.

    Climate Change Topics                     Environmental Linkages
        >     coastal resources                 >      land use
        >     adaptation
        >     economic welfare

Application: The framework and methodology can assist users in developing a vulnerability profile
and a list of future policy needs for physical and economic adaptation. This approach is most useful as
an initial, baseline analysis for country-level studies where little is known about coastal vulnerability.
However, because of the broad scope of this methodology, it requires extensive data on a range of
biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics and may require significant investment of time and
financial resources.

Sponsor/Contact:      Coastal Zone Management Centre
                      P.O. Box 20907
                      NL-2500 EX
                      The Hague, The Netherlands
                      Tel: +31-70-311-4364; Fax: +31-70-311-4380
                      e-mail: czmc@nkz.rws.minvenw.nl

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                                             72
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                               Agricultural Economic Models

Economic models of agriculture simulate the effects of climate change on both producers and
consumers of agricultural products, including potential effects on market prices and production,
consumption, income, and farm value. Because climate change affects agriculture yields and the costs
of production, it also affects the price and quality of products, which, in turn, can lead to further
market-induced changes. These models are data intensive and depend on access to detailed data
regarding price, quantities, resource use, and other information on agricultural production. If extensive
data are unavailable, users can adapt data from regions with similar economic and agricultural profiles
or use more qualitative models, although the results may not be as precise.

        Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
        >      adaptation                     >      land use
        >      agriculture                     >      resource conservation
        >      economic welfare

Application: The range of economic approaches includes economic regression models,
microeconomic models, and macroeconomic models. Different models embody different assumptions
about the nature of changes and human responses. Model types include mathematical programming
models of farm, regional, and national level responses and econometric models that examine statistical
relationships between climate and agriculture at regional, national, and international levels. By
quantifying the  economic impacts and benefits, these models help analysts evaluate whether the costs
of adaptation strategies (e.g., changes in crop management, irrigation infrastructure, cultivars) are
comparable to their benefits. Using output from these models, policy makers can develop strategies to
minimize the economic impact of climate change on the agricultural sector.

Selected Source:

Parry, M.L., C.  Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias. 1998. Chapter 8: Agriculture. In J. Feenstra, I. Burton, J.
Smith, and R. Tol (eds.). 1998. Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and
Adaptation Strategies, version 2.0. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, and Institute for
Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.

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                                            73
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                             Agriculture Impact Models — Crops

Description: Agricultural crop models are used to evaluate the impact that climate change may have
on crops. Crop models simulate yields, under a variety of conditions (e.g., varying growing season,
location, management). Specific models exist for many staple crops such as alfalfa, rice, potato, maize,
wheat, barley, sunflower, sugarcane, tomato, and pasture. These models are computer-based and
generally quite data-intensive, requiring data on the site's soils, climate, and management, as well as
expertise on growing characteristics of the crops of interest.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >     adaptation                       >      land use
       >     agriculture                       >      land degradation
                                             >      resource conservation

Application: Users can apply information from these models to estimate changes in crop yield as well
to identify potential adaptation strategies, such as changing cultivars or planting dates or adding
irrigation and fertilizer, that may reduce negative impacts. Models such  as the ICASA/IBSNAT suite
of models combine crop, soil, and weather databases, management programs, and crop models and
application programs to simulate multi-year outcomes of crop management strategies. Under this suite
of models, programs have been developed for linking crop models to mapping programs, creating a
visual representation of the data.

Sponsor/Contact:     ICASA/IBSNAT
                     2500 Dole  Street
                     Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
                     Tel: +1-808-956-8858
                     Fax: +1-808-956-3421
                     website: http://grss.sherman.Hawaii.edu/dssat
	e-mail: ibsnat@hawaii.edu	

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                                            74
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
          Training Materials for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments (CC:TRAIN)

This computer tool walks the user through the main steps required to complete a climate change
vulnerability and adaptation assessment. Using either default settings or data entered by the user,
CC:TRAIN creates a model of climate change impacts for a selected area. CC:TRAIN allows the user
to model climate impacts on maize, coastal inundation, coastal erosion, malaria incidence, river
discharge, riverine flooding, and water balance. The output is presented as both maps and charts.
CC:TRAIN does not include economic models, but users can apply information generated from this
application as input for economic models. The user can enter default settings and the application will
act as a tutorial, walking through a hypothetical vulnerability and adaptation assessment for a fictional
country. The user can also enter data on a site of interest and the application will model climate
change impacts, creating a site-specific vulnerability and adaptation assessment. Applying CC:TRAIN
as an analytical or modeling tool will require background knowledge of the site's geography, land use,
climate, economy, and population. Otherwise, only a general understanding of climate change issues is
required.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >     multiple sector impacts          >      land use
       >     adaptation                      >      water pollution and water quality

Application: The program is menu-driven, with choices for global temperature change scenarios,
regional patterns of climate change, scale patterns by global temperature change, and present climate
adjustments by temperature change. It requires an IBM-compatible computer with a Windows 95 (or
newer) operating system. Running the impact model for various sectors using default settings
generates a map showing gradients of the severity of potential impacts across the country. Users can
change the model parameters, such as the climate scenario, climate change pattern, and selected
months on which the model is run, and observe how the potential range and severity of impacts shift.

Sponsor/Contact:  UNITAR
                  Palais de Nations
                  CH-1211, Geneva 10, Switzerland
                  Tel: +41-22-788-1417; Fax: +41-22-733-1383
                  website: http://www.geic.or.jp/cctrain

Note: Free to download from website.

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                                            75
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                 COSMIC (Country-Specific Model for Intertemporal Climate)

COSMIC is a PC-based model that produces country-specific climate scenarios. Developed in the
United States by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Electric Power Research
Institute, it allows the user to choose between 7 sulfate emissions scenarios, 10 greenhouse gas
stabilization scenarios, stabilization scenarios, and outputs from 14 GCMs. The model is capable of
calculating changes in mean global temperature and sea level on an annual basis out to 2200.

       Climate Change Topics                     Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions             >     air pollution and air quality
       >      climate data

Application: COSMIC may be helpful for users who need estimates of numerous climate variables for
impact or vulnerability assessments. The model allows users to calculate monthly temperature and
precipitation estimates, annual global mean surface temperature, and annual sea level  rise for any year
between the present and 2200 for 158 countries. Only country average outputs are given. This should
not be a limitation for small countries, but could be for larger countries. Output data generated from
this model (in ASC II format) can be used as input into models of impacts on sectors such as
agriculture and water resources. COSMIC requires an IBM-compatible computer with a Windows95
operating system, 16 megabytes of RAM, and  12 megabytes of hard disk space.

Sponsor/Contact: Michael E. Schlesinger
                 Department of Atmospheric Sciences
                 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
                  105 S. Gregory St.
                 Urbana, IL 61801 USA
                 e-mail: schlesin@uiatma.atmos.uiuc.edu

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                                            76
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                           Grasslands and Livestock Impact Models

Grassland and livestock impact models estimate a broad range of potential impacts resulting from
climate change, including direct effects on animal health, growth, and reproduction; impacts on
pasture and forage crops; changes in distribution of disease and parasites; changes in grassland plant
species; changes in plant production; and changes in forage quality. The three primary impact models,
biophysical models, decision support systems, and integrated models, simulate livestock and grassland
production under a range of climate conditions. Biophysical models simulate ecological and
physiological processes, decision support systems help the user examine the potential effects of
various management decisions, and integrated models simultaneously model biophysical changes and
behavioral responses of producers.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >      range and grassland productivity   >       land use
       >      livestock                       >       land degradation
       >      agriculture                      >       grasslands

Application: Modeling range and grassland changes can  help identify adaptation strategies to
minimize adverse effects of climate change. These models require significant data inputs and may
require specialized training. Users should select models based on data needs and expertise, regional
characteristics, and particular assessment needs. An example of the impact models available is
SPUR2, which simulates beef cattle production, plant herbivore interactions, and carbon and nitrogen
dynamics for the plant-soil  system. It simulates multiple sites, rotational type grazing, and herd
dynamics. It can be applied in Asia, North America, and  South America. Another example is
CENTURY, a biogeochemical model that simulates the cycling of nutrients and energy within an
ecosystem.

Selected Sources:

Baker, B. 1998. Chapter 9:  Rangeland and Livestock. In J. Feenstra, I. Burton, J. Smith, and R. Tol
(eds.). Handbook on Methods for Climate  Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation Strategies,
version 2.0. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, and Institute for Environmental
Studies, Vrije Universiteit,  Amsterdam.

Hanson, J.D., B.B.  Baker, and  RM. Bourdon. 1992. SPUR2 Documentation and User's Guide.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Great Plains Systems Research Technical Report-1, Fort
Collins, CO, USA.

Metherall, A.K., L.A. Harding, C.V. Cole, W.J. Parton. 1993. CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model
Environment Technical Documentation, Agroecosystem Version 4.0. Great Plains System Research
Unit, Technical Report No. 4. U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

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                                             77
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                                Human Health Impact Models

Description: Human health impact models relate climate change to changes in disease occurrence and
mortality. They can model vector-borne diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, yellow fever, and
dengue fever, or environmental effects such as heat stress, pollution-related respiratory disease, and
UV-B radiation. They aid in identifying areas of high risk, and are particularly useful for areas
currently with or at risk of diseases like malaria or dengue fever. Models help users identify a range of
health-related impacts, including the present and future ranges and severities of diseases. Users can
apply information from these models to identify policy needs and geographic areas of potential
vulnerability where control measures and education efforts should be focused. Users can select models
based on available data and resources, incidence of disease, and local characteristics.

      Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
      >      human health                     >      water quality (malaria)
      >      adaptation                       >      land use

Application: Health assessments are commonly based on simulations by one or more impact models.
Three primary types of models are available to researchers: conceptual, empirical, and numerical.
Each of these has varying data, time, and financial requirements, and appropriate uses. Conceptual
models, including ecological risk assessments, describe the interactions among the various factors
contributing to the severity of a major current health problem. Empirical models include modeling
historical and geographic analogues, and require the least amount of time and data of the three types of
health models. These  analogue models assist the user in predicting the impact of similar events or
epidemics in the future. Numerical models, including applications such as DENSiM and MIASMA,
are the most complex and data intensive. They model the interactions between climate change
scenarios and various human health factors.
Selected Sources:

Conceptual model:
Focks, D.A., E. Daniels, D.G. Haile, and J.E. Keesling. 1995. A simulation model of the epidemiology
of urban dengue fever: Literature analysis, model development, preliminary validation, and samples of
simulation results. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53, 489-506.

Empirical model:
Bouma, M.J. and H.J. van der Kaay. 1996. The El Nino Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria
epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: An early warning system for future epidemics?
Tropical Medicine and International Health 1, 86-96.

Numerical model:
Martens W.J.M. 1997. Health Impacts of Climate Change and Ozone Depletion: An
Ecoepidemiological Modelling Approach. Doctoral thesis, University of Maastricht.

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                                            78
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                     IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES)

IPCC's SRES project was created to generate a set of four climate change scenarios to update IPCC's
IS92 climate scenarios. The goal of the SRES project is to provide a basis for analysis of potential
future climatic changes and associated impacts. The new scenarios are being developed through a
three step process in which 1) key input assumptions are reviewed and provided to modelers; 2)
modelers develop emissions scenarios based on the input assumptions provided; and 3) the modelers'
results are reviewed and the four new scenarios are developed, either by selecting a representative
model or by averaging model results. The first two steps have been completed and a large number of
scenarios (global and  regional) have  been received from modelers. The final step, development of the
four new emission scenarios, is in progress and should be completed in 1999.

       Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
       >     climate modeling                 >      air pollution and air quality
       >     greenhouse gas emissions

Application: To develop its four new climate change scenarios, the  SRES project has collected
428 scenarios developed by 176 different organizations. They model changes for approximately 50
regions throughout the world. A Microsoft Access database has been developed to store  and organize
the results of all the scenarios. In addition to the scenario data, the database contains information on
the source of the  scenario and the assumptions used in the  scenario. The entire database can be
downloaded free of charge from the world wide  web at
http://www-cger.nies. go .i p/cger-e/db/ipcc .html
Sponsor/Contact:      IPCC Technical Support Unit of Working Group III
                      National Institute of Public Health and the Environment
                      PO Box 1
                      3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
                      Tel: +31-30-274-91-11; Fax: +31-30-274-29-71
                      website: http://www.rivm.nl
                      e-mail: info@rivm.nl

Note: The final SRES report is scheduled to be completed in 1999. Progress reports are available on
the world wide web at http://sres.ciesin.org/

Once the SRES project is complete this document should be updated accordingly.

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        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                              The Climate Impacts LINK Project

The Climate Impacts LINK Project, funded by the UK Department of the Environment,
Transportation, and Regions, provides data and information on climate models and climate change
experiments in order to promote the application of climate change research and implementation. In
addition, the LINK project provides scientific and technical support.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      adaptation                     >      air quality
       >      climate data                    >      water quality
                                             >      land use

Application: From the LINK website, users can access climate change scenarios, general circulation
models (GCM), and data from research that has applied these models and scenarios. For example,
researchers can download GCM results illustrating projected changes in temperature, precipitation,
CO2 concentrations, other greenhouse gases, and  sulfates. The web page features information on the
technical development of the model, descriptions of the variables used, outcomes of multiple runs of
the models using different climate change scenarios, and documentation of publications and
experiments that have used the model. This information is helpful for scientists and researchers
interested in running GCMs or in applying output.

Sponsor/Contact:     Dr. David Viner
                     Climatic Research  Unit
                     University of East Anglia
                     Norwich NR4 7TJ  United Kingdom
                     Tel: +44-0-1603-592089; Fax: +44-0-1603-507784
                     website: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~link/
                     e-mail: d.viner(3>uea.ac.uk

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        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
       MAGICC (Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate Change) /
                              SCENGEN (Scenario Generator)

MAGICC and SCENGEN are two PC-based software programs that enable users to develop regional
climate change scenarios. Developed by researchers at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of
East Anglia in the United Kingdom and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the
United States, these software programs are user-friendly, flexible tools for examining the effects of
different emissions assumptions on the results of currently available general  circulation models
(GCMs). MAGICC couples gas cycle, climate, and ice-melt routines using available output from
GCMs, and allows users to assess the global-mean temperature and sea level changes that might arise
from future emissions of GHGs and of non-GHGs. MAGICC is a global climate model that is
commonly used in conjunction  with the companion model,  SCENGEN, which generates global and
regional scenarios of climate change using the patterns of relative temperature and precipitation
changes from a number of GCMs. SCENGEN contains several databases from available GCM outputs,
and uses these data to generate  cross-model comparisons of the GCMs using consistent emissions and
temperature warming  scenarios.\

       Climate Change Topics
       >      greenhouse gas emissions
       >      climate data

Application: Users developing  vulnerability or adaptation assessments may find these models helpful
for developing scenarios of temperature and sea level may change in their region. Users can also
evaluate the effects that different policies may have on temperature and sea level. MAGICC can be
used to compare the implications of greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The software requires an
IBM-compatible personal computer with 80386 processor and math coprocessor or equivalent, and is
available for a small handling fee from the address below.

Sponsor/Contact:  Dr. Mike Hulme
                  Climate Research Unit
                  School of Environmental Science
                  University  of East Anglia
                  Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
                  Tel:+144-1603-593162
                  e-mail: m.hulme@uea.ac.uk
                  website: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~mikeh

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                                             81
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                                      Vegetation Models

Biophysical vegetation models predict the consequences of changes in climate and site variables
(e.g., precipitation, temperature, soil type, plant species) on ecosystem attributes such as survival and
growth of various species or the productivity of the entire ecosystem. Information generated from
these models can help identify potential economic vulnerabilities, such as whether the species
composition of a region's forests may change from a valuable commercial species to a less valuable
species, and determine necessary and appropriate adaptation measures.

      Climate Change Topics                   Environmental Linkages
      >      forests                           >      deforestation
      >      sequestration                     >      land use
                                              >      resource conservation

Application: Vegetation models can assist users performing a vulnerability assessment of the forest
sector. The computer-based models require extensive data on inventories and forest structure and
characteristics such as water and energy balance of plants or plant types, physiological range of the
plants, precipitation, and temperature. With these models, generally the more detailed data they
require, the greater the model's reliability in predicting changes in the vegetation species composition
and range across space and time. These models range in expertise required, but generally require
background knowledge of forestry. An example of these vegetation models is the gap model, which
simulates the establishment, growth, and death of a large number of individual trees within a fixed
area. They are typically applied to mixed-species forests, since they can project the outcome, over
time, of the interaction of many different species. They are especially useful  for estimating changes in
species composition under altered disturbance regimes, such as more or less frequent storms or fires.
Another type is the biogeochemical model, such as CENTURY, which simulates the cycling of
nutrients and energy within a forest (or other) ecosystem. Biogeography models such as MAPSS that
project the response of ecosystem boundaries and migration to climate and productivity changes can
simulate the range and extent of aerial changes.

Selected Sources:

Shugart, H.H. 1984. A Theory of Forest Dynamics. Springer Verlag, New York.

CENTURY Model:
Metherall, A.K., L.A. Harding,  C.V. Cole, W.J. Parton. 1993. CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model
Environment Technical Documentation, Agroecosystem Version 4.0. Great Plains System Research
Unit, Technical Report No. 4. USDA-ARS, Ft. Collins.

MAPSS Model:
Neilson, R.P.  1995. A model for predicting continental scale vegetation distribution and water balance.
Ecological Applications 5, 62-385.

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                                            82
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                             Impact Models of Water Resources

Water resource models simulate climate change effects such as the frequency of droughts on runoff
conditions. Typically these models link climate changes to hydrologic changes such as stream flow
and evaporation from lakes and reservoirs. It is also important to consider how hydrologic changes
might affect natural and human systems. In some cases, economic water system models can be linked
to provide insight on changes in water use, wetlands, water quality, aquatic ecosystems and
socioeconomic (water quality and water management) impacts.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      adaptation                     >       water pollution/water quality
       >      water storage                   >       fisheries
       >      aquatic and wetland ecosystems   >       resource conservation
       >      water use                      >       minimum streamflow
       >      water storage
              requirement

Application: Users can apply model results to estimate changes in water availability, demand, and
quality and to examine adaptation measures. Some type of hydrological modeling input is required.
Users with some background knowledge of hydrology and climate change can run most of the models.
Users should select the particular method based on their water resource modeling expertise, data
availability, the availability of resources, and their particular hydro climatic questions. WatBal, an
example of a water resource  impact model, evaluates the response of river basins to climate change by
modeling drought, annual yields, and large-scale flooding.

Selected Sources:

Yates, D.N. 1996. WatBal: An integrated water balance model. InternationalJournal of Water
Resources Development 12(2), 121-139.

Strzepek, K.M. 1998. Chapter 6: Water Resources. In J. Feenstra, I. Burton, J. Smith, and R. Tol
(eds.). 1998. Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and Adaptation
Strategies, version 2.0. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, and Institute for
Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam.

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                                             83
        IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION RESOURCES: ASSESSMENT TOOLS AND MODELS
                WWW-Server for Ecological Modeling at the University ofKassel

The WWW-Server for Ecological Modeling, maintained by the University ofKassel (Germany), is a
resource for anyone seeking information about ecological and agricultural models or modeling. The
site provides access to a wide array of regional simulation models, model descriptions,
simulation-software, data sources, and other modeling information. The website describes models of
climate change effects, crop growth, path of chemicals through the food chain, and land management.
The site contains the Register of Ecological Models (REM), a meta-database for existing mathematical
models in ecology. For each model, the  database provides general model information, technical
information, manuals, data, mathematical information, and references. The WWW-Server also
provides access to simulation models, descriptions of these models, software that can be downloaded,
and other sources of data and information about modeling.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >      agriculture                      >      land use
        >      forests                         >      deforestation
        >      ecology/ecosystems              >      biodiversity

Application: The REM provides detailed information on more than 500 existing mathematical models
related to ecology, agriculture, and forestry. These model descriptions provide an introduction to a
variety of ecological models and demonstrate how the models can be used to assess impacts from a
variety of environmental stresses, including climate change. Each model description includes
information on the data used in the model, the mathematical specification of the model, and
information to contact the model's author. For example, the REM database contains a detailed
description and ordering information for ForGro, an integrated and closed-system
Forest-Soil-Atmosphere model. ForGro describes the flow of water, carbon and nutrients in the forest
ecosystem. Processes in the model include photosynthesis and respiration, phenology, hydrology,
nutrient cycling, forest growth, and forest structure development. ForGro includes hydrological
submodels for calculating snow fall, canopy water dynamics, forest floor water dynamics, and soil
water dynamics. This model could be used  in combination with a climate change model to model
possible effects of climate change on patterns and rates of forest growth.

Some model descriptions also include links to download software to run the models.

Sponsor/Contact:  University of Kassel
                  Faculty of Agriculture, International Rural Development
                  and Environmental  Protection (FB 11)
                  Nordbahnhofstr. la
                  D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
                  Tel: +49-5542-981560; Fax: +49-5542-981670
                  website: http://dino.wiz.uni-kassel.de/
                  e-mail: benz(o),wiz.uni-kassel.de

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INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL
     CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS

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                                            85
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                   Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN)

APN is an intergovernmental network that promotes global environmental change research and links
between science and policy-making in the Asia-Pacific Region, increases developing country research
participation, and strengthens ties between scientists and policy makers. Funded by the Environmental
Agency of Japan, the U.S. Global Change Research Program, and matching support from participating
countries, the network supports research activities on global climate change and related physical and
social processes. Priority topics include climate change and variability, coastal processes and impacts,
terrestrial ecosystem change, acid deposition, and agriculture  effects on the environment. In general,
the research sponsored by APN is relatively technical and regional rather than site specific. The
website contains information from APN-sponsored research as well as other regional research.

      Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
      >      coastal resources/sea level rise     >    water pollution and water quality
      >      ecology/ecosystems               >    land use
      >      agriculture                      >    resource conservation
      >      climate data                     >    coastal resources

Application: The website contains links to data sources that can be used for technical scientific or
economic research. Examples of research projects funded by APN in 1999 include land use in
temperate Asia, the impact of El Nino and La Nina on Southeast Asia, the development of a regional
climate model for Asia, and the effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on rice varieties. Although APN
is not simply a funding agency, it does provide a limited amount of financial support for research and
workshop activities that match the objectives of the APN.

Sponsor/Contact:    APN  Secretariat
                    3-1-13 Shibakoen
                    Minato-ku Tokyo 105-0011, Japan
                    Tel: +81-3-3432-1844; Fax: +81-3-3432-1975
                    website: http://www.rim.orjp/apn/index2.htm

Note: For research funding information, contact the APN Secretariat, or visit the website.

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                                            86
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                          Canadian Global Change Program (CGCP)

CGCP, founded in 1985 under the Royal Society of Canada, integrates natural and social science
research to provide resources that can be used to assess impacts and formulate mitigation policies.
Although the program has a Canadian focus, it addresses and provides information on issues that may
be relevant to other regions. CGCP compiles research from the natural sciences, social sciences, and
humanities to assess the significance of climate change research in a policy context, plan further
interdisciplinary research, and communicate global change information to decision makers and the
general public. CGCP disseminates this information through workshops, presentations, and
publications, much of which is available on the website.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >       mitigation                     >      air pollution and air quality
       >       adaptation                     >      forestry
       >       ecosystems
       >       multiple sector impacts

Application: The scientific and economic information available from this program can assist users
who are developing climate change-related assessments, conducting applied analyses of economic and
ecological effects, and analyzing mitigation strategies. For example, the type of research available
from this program includes the use of economic instruments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the
impact of global change on marine fisheries, and the economic opportunities in forestry and
agriculture associated with climate change adaptation.

Sponsor/Contact:    Canadian  Global Change Program
                    c/o Royal Society of Canada
                    P.O. Box 9734
                    Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5J4 Canada
                    Tel: +1-613-991-5639; Fax: +1-613-991-6996
                    website: http://www.cgcp.rsc.ca/english/html documents/eindex.html
                    e-mail: WCSRC@CARLETON.CA

Note: Many  of the publications are available in English, Spanish, and  French.

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                                            87
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                      Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER)

CGER is a governmental organization sponsored by the National Institute for Environmental Studies,
Environment Agency of Japan. It promotes the integration of global environmental research from
interdisciplinary, multi-agency, and international perspectives to improve scientific understanding of
human impacts on climate. It also provides a basis for developing mitigation and adaption policies by
providing research-support facilities such as databases and a supercomputer, by conducting its own
long-term monitoring of the global environment, and by disseminating the resulting data.

       Climate Change Topics               Environmental Linkages
       >     greenhouse gas emissions      >      air quality and air pollution
       >     carbon sequestration          >      land use
       >     climate data                  >      resource conservation
       >     multiple  sector impacts

Application: CGER provides scientific researchers with access to data from studies and information
on climate models and scenarios. The center also publishes documents and reports of its studies
(available from the website or the center address below), including both scientific and policy-oriented
analyses. Some current projects promoted by CGER in the East Asia and West Pacific regions include
an integrated scientific and policy research program, a long-term global environment modeling
program, satellite-driven  ozone layer observations, and a land-use monitoring program that integrates
remote-sensing image processing with geographic  information systems information.

Sponsor/Contact:     Center for Global Environmental Research
                     National Institute Environmental Studies
                     Environment Agency of Japan
                      16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
                     Fax: +81-298-58-2645
                     website:  http://www-cger.nies.go.jp
                     e-mail: cgercomm@nies.go.jp

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                                            88
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                       Climate Change Training Program (CC:TRAIN)

The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) developed the CC:TRAIN to help
developing countries implement the UNFCCC. CC:TRAIN offers training to researchers and officials
from developing countries and provides technical support and guidance on climate change. Past
workshops addressed a variety of topics, including implementing the UNFCCC; preparing national
GHG inventories; identifying and analyzing mitigation options; assessing vulnerabilities to climate
change impacts and adaptation options; and preparing national implementation strategies. Currently,
17 countries in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific actively participate in
CCTRAIN.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      greenhouse gas emissions
       >      mitigation technologies
       >      vulnerability assessment
       >      adaptation
                            Environmental Linkages
                            >      air pollution and air quality
Application: CC:TRAIN developed attaining package, Climate Change and the UNFCCC:
Challenges and Opportunities, to assist in the organization of 2-4 day workshops on climate change
and the UNFCCC. The package contains modules on the science of climate change, the impacts of
climate change, challenges and opportunities of the UNFCCC, financial support available from the
UNFCCC, methodologies used in climate change analysis, and training available from the UNFCCC.
The training package includes a Workshop Package Guide with detailed instructions on how to use the
package and how to organize workshops. A complementary introductory video on the science and
impacts of global climate change is also available through the CCTRAIN program. CCTRAIN
materials are available in English, French, or Spanish, and this package can be accessed free of charge
at http://www.geic.or.jp/cctrain/geic-index.html.

Please also see the entry for Training Materials for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
(CC:TRAIN) in Impacts and Adaptation Resources: Assessment Tools and Models section.
Sponsor/Contact:
CC:TRAIN Program
UNITAR, Palais des Nations
1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
Tel: +41-22-788-1417 or+41-22-798-5850; Fax: +4-22-733-1383
website: http://www.unitar.org/cctrain/
e-mail: cctrain@unitar.org

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                                            89
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
             United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Collaborating Center
                           on Energy and Environment (UCCEE)

UCCEE is a research and technical support center established to incorporate environmental aspects
into energy planning and policy worldwide, with special emphasis on supporting developing countries.
The center supports research by local institutions, coordinates projects, and disseminates information.
UCCEE activities include 1) initiation of and participation in UNEP-sponsored projects directed at
energy-environment studies at the national or regional level; 2) research and methodological
development on energy-environment issues and climate change mitigation; and 3) technical support of
the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and UNEP programs on energy and climate.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      energy efficiency                >      air pollution and air quality
       >      mitigation technologies
       >      sustainable  development

Application: Researchers, especially in developing countries, can obtain advice or technical assistance
from UCCEE in performing climate change analysis for their country or region. One of the main
activities of UCCEE is climate change mitigation analysis, including support and execution of
mitigation programs with countries. UCCEE can also provide assistance and expertise in power-sector
restructuring, transport and the environment, demand side management, fuel cycle analysis,
externalities, and environmental economics.

Sponsor/Contact:      UNEP Collaborating Center on Energy and Environment
                     Systems Analysis Department
                     Ris0 National Laboratory
                     P.O. Box 49
                     DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
                     Tel: +45-46-32-22-88; Fax:+45-46-32-19-99
                     website: http://www.uccee.org/

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                                            90
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                 European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH)

ENRICH, sponsored by the European Commission, is a network of climate scientists and research
programs designed to promote cooperation on global change research. ENRICH' s objectives are to
foster collaboration and promote support for global change research in Western Europe, Central and
Eastern Europe, NIS, Africa, and other developing countries; to promote a pan-European contribution
to the international global change research programs; and to improve information exchange between
researchers. ENRICH acts as a central clearinghouse for research, providing access to numerous
information and data sources, such as links to climate, global change, and ozone research networks.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      climate data
       >      ecology/ecosystems
       >      multiple sector impacts
                                              Environmental Linkages
                                              >      air pollution and air quality
                                              >      land use
Application: This network provides technical information that is helpful for users performing analyses
such as emissions inventories or impacts analyses. ENRICH also provides a means for researchers in
different countries or programs to coordinate their efforts and build on each other's research.
Sponsor/Contact:
                     Pierre Mathy
                     European Commission
                     DG XI 1-D Environment — ENRICH
                     Rue de la Loi 200
                     B-1049 Brussels, Belgium
                     Tel: +32-2-295-81-60; Fax: +32-2-296-30-24
                     website: http://www.enrich.hi.is/enrich/index.html

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                                           91
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

The mandate of the FAO is to raise nutrition levels and living standards and improve agricultural
productivity. For many developing countries the FAO will have valuable data, models, and
information useful for climate change impact assessment.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      impacts                         >      land use
       >      adaptation                      >      land degradation
       >      renewable resources              >      sustainable development
       >      agriculture
       >      forestry

Application: Users can acquire data, models, and information for climate change impact assessment
from FAO. For example, FAO has developed models, such as CROPWAT, which look at agricultural
water needs and can be used to examine effects of climate change on regional agricultural production.

Sponsor/Contact:     FAO
                     Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy
                     Tel: +39-06-570-51; Fax: +39-06-570-53152
                     website: http://www.fao.org

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                                            92
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                         German Advisory Council on Global Change
     (Wissenschaftlicher Beirut der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltverdnderungen, WBGU)

WBGU, established by the German federal government in 1992, is responsible for reviewing research
findings on all aspects of global change and deriving policy recommendations for the federal
government. The recommendations focus on national-level policies that countries can implement to
adapt to global-level crises. Although WBGU produces reports for the German government, the
analyses address global issues, and the research and policy recommendations could be applicable to
research around the globe.

       Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
       >      greenhouse gas emissions        >      air pollution and air quality
       >      adaptation, multiple sectors       >      water pollution and water quality
       >      economic welfare                >      land use

Application: Policy-makers and researchers can download or order all of WBGU's annual and special
reports from its website. Report topics include global risks, water, soil, emissions targets for climate
protection, and strategies for reducing CO2 emissions. These reports cover current research and the
state of knowledge on the topic, risks and vulnerabilities on a global and national scale, and policy and
strategy recommendations.

Sponsor/Contact:      WBGU Secretariat
                     P.O. Box 12 01 61
                     D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
                     Tel: +49-0-471-4831-723; Fax: +49-0-471-4831-218
                     website: http://www.wbgu.de
                     e-mail: wbgu@awi-bremerhaven.de

Note: Documents are available in print at a cost or for free to download from the website.

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                                            93
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
    United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Information Unit for Conventions (IUC)

IUC is a division of UNEP (see entry for UNEP in International and National Governmental Climate
Change Organizations section) that works to promote public understanding of and support for
conventions on climate change and other environmental issues. IUC provides details on upcoming
environmental conventions and distributes information on convention proceedings. IUC also provides
access to a variety of environmental publications, including a quarterly bulletin on the latest issues
related to climate change and several resources providing background information on climate change
and its potential effects.

       Climate Change Topics                      Environmental Linkages
       >     background on climate change         >      air pollution and air quality
       >     agriculture                           >      water pollution and water quality
       >     human health                        >      land use

Application: lUC's Climate Change Information Kit, a collection of information downloadable from
the web, provides detailed background on the basic issues of climate change, including greenhouse
gases, the greenhouse effect, potential changes in climate, and the potential time frame for climate
change. The kit provides information on the potential effects of climate change on agriculture,
biological resources, sea level, water resources, human health, and extreme weather events. It also
discusses potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and details the activities of the UNFCCC.

Sponsor/Contact:  UNEP Information Unit for Conventions
                  website: http://www.unep.ch/iuc/
                  e-mail: iuc@unep.ch

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                                             94
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                   Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI)

IAI is an intergovernmental organization established to foster increased understanding of global
change in North, Central, and South America. Its website contains information on past and current
research sponsored by IAI, as well as notifications of funding opportunities. IAI promotes research
beyond the scope of national programs by sponsoring studies, both biophysical and socioeconomic,
based on scientific issues important to the region as a whole. IAFs research priorities include climate
variability in the Americas; comparative studies of ecosystems, biodiversity, land use, and water
resources; changes in composition of the atmosphere; and integrated assessments and research
applications.

        Climate Change Topics                  Environmental Linkages
        >       multiple sector impacts            >      biodiversity
        >       adaptations, multiple sectors       >      land use
        >       climate science                   >      water quality
        >       climate data                     >      deforestation

Application: This resource focuses on the Americas, particularly Central and South America. IAI can
assist researchers who need information on funding opportunities or information on the current status
of research projects and data availability. The website also contains summaries of the state of
knowledge on climate-related topics such as El Nino, ozone, and UV radiation. IAI is developing a
data information service so that scientific organizations in the Americas can share data holdings and
develop joint research efforts. IAI covers various sectors and climate change issues, including coastal
issues, land use, agriculture, forestry, human health, and ecosystems.

Sponsor/Contact:      IAI Directorate — Brazil
                      Av. Dos Astronautas, 1758
                      12227-010 Sao Jose dos Campos, SP Brazil
                      Tel: +55-12-345-6854; Fax: +55-12-341-4410
                      website: http://www.iai.int
                      e-mail: iaifflJdir.iai.int
Note: Information on the website is currently available in English, and soon will be available in
French, Portuguese, and Spanish as well.

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                                            95
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
     International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP)

IHDP, established by the International Social Service Council in 1990, is an international,
interdisciplinary, nongovernmental social science program dedicated to promoting and coordinating
research aimed at describing, analyzing, and understanding the human dimensions of global
environmental change. To accomplish its goals, IHDP links researchers, policy-makers and
stakeholders; promotes collaboration between national and regional research committees and
programs; identifies new research priorities; provides a focus and framework for interdisciplinary
research; and facilitates the dissemination of research results. IHDP places particular emphasis on
expanding and strengthening the network of national human dimensions committees and programs and
on enhancing the IHDP's capacity to support them.
       Climate Change Topics
       >     multiple sector impacts
       >     climate data
       >     emissions reductions
       >     adaptation
                         Environmental Linkages
                         >      air pollution and air quality
                         >      water pollution and water quality
                         >      land use
                         >      sustainable development
                         >      pollution prevention
Application: Users can apply scientific information from IHDP to develop mitigation strategies and
impacts assessments for multiple sectors. IHDP studies are particularly useful for policy applications
because they interpret impacts determined by scientific studies in the context of their effects on
humans. Scientific projects currently supported by the program include land-use and land-cover
change, global environmental change and human security, institutional dimensions of global
environmental change, and industrial transformation. Users can download IHDP publications for free
from the website or order hard copies from the address below.
Sponsor/Contact:
IHDP
Walter-Flex-Strasse 3
53113 Bonn, Germany
Tel: +49-228-739050; Fax: +49-228-739054
website: http://ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de/ihdp
e-mail: ihdp@uni-bonn.de

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                                              96
   INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
        National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): General Information and Website

NREL is the leading center for renewable energy research in the United States. The laboratory, a
national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, works with utilities, regulatory agencies, the
World Bank, and international trade groups to ensure that renewable energy technologies reach the
marketplace as quickly as possible. NREL helps government agencies, international institutions, and
private companies with renewable energy and energy-efficiency applications that address climate
change, air pollution, and other environmental issues. NREL works with these organizations to assess
and verify emissions from alternative technologies and to develop and implement new policies and
projects. NREL offers a suite of analytical tools, training programs, and technical assistance in
collecting accurate data,  supplying tools for assessing alternative energy sources, providing training,
and offering policy and regulatory support. NREL also maintains a website that provides information on
renewable energy research and programs.
       Climate Change Topics
       >      energy efficiency
       >      renewable resources
       >      mitigation technologies
                         Environmental Linkages
                         >      air pollution and air quality
                         >      resource conservation
Application: The site provides links to sources of data on renewable energy, including the Alternative
Fuels Data Center, the Renewable Resource Data Center, and the Renewable Electric Plant Information
Center. The site also provides access to publications and other information on the latest research and
technology, including an introductory  information page called Clean Energy 101. Users interested in
the development of sustainable rural power will find the Renewables for Sustainable Village Power
program of interest, especially as it addresses potential electricity opportunities in rural villages through
the application of renewable energy technologies. The program is currently operating in 13 countries
(Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Dominican  Republic, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico,
Russia, South Africa, and the United States). The objective of this program is to develop and implement
applications that demonstrate the technical performance, economic competitiveness, operational
viability, and environmental benefits of renewable rural electric solutions  compared to conventional
options of line extension and isolated diesel generators.
Sponsor/Contact:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Boulevard
Golden, CO 80401-3393 USA
Tel: +1-303-275-3000
website: http://info.nrel.gov
Note: NREL often provides training at their Golden, Colorado, USA, facility. Details on international
training and programs can be found on the NREL website at
http: //www .nrel. gov/international/contacts/default. asp

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                                            97
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                     System for Analysis Research and Training (START)

START, a program sponsored by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP, see Climate
Change Research and Data Resources section), (see listing for this program), the World Climate
Research Program (WCRP, see International and National Governmental Climate Change
Organizations section), and the International Human Dimensions Global Environmental Change
Program (HDP, see International and National Governmental Climate Change Organizations), was
established to develop networks of scientists and institutions to conduct research on global climate
change. START assesses the causes and impacts of regional changes, and provides relevant
information to policy makers and governments. The START mission is to enhance scientific capacity
in developing countries by strengthening and connecting existing institutions, by training global
climate change scientists, and by providing them with improved access to data, technology, and
research results. START assists  in regional implementation of global science programs and helps
developing regions design and implement global climate change programs of regional relevance.
START currently has regional networks in South Asia, Southeast Asia, temperate East Asia, the
Mediterranean, Africa, and Oceania.

        Climate Change Topics                Environmental Linkages
        >      multiple sector impacts          >      land use
        >      climate  data                    >      land degradation
        >      ecology/ecosystems              >      biodiversity
                                             >      deforestation
                                             >      desertification

Application: Scientists developing global climate change studies who are in search of region-specific
data can access the START program for region-specific information, training, and assistance. Topics
covered by START programs include regional climate variability and change, changes in atmospheric
composition, land use/cover change and its impacts, impacts of global change on terrestrial ecosystems
and biodiversity, and the impacts of global change on coastal zones and oceans.

Sponsor/Contact:     International START Secretariat
                    2000 Florida Ave. NW, Suite 200
                    Washington, DC 20009 USA
                    Tel: +1-202-462-2213; Fax: +1-202-457-5859
                    website: http://www.start.org
                    e-mail: START@agu.org

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                                            98
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                       United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

UNDP supports programs aimed that foster sustainable development and poverty reduction in
developing countries. Environmental protection, including GHG mitigation, is an important aspect of
several UNDP activities. Through the Global Environment Facility (see GEF entry in Mitigation
Resources: Implementation and Assistance Programs section), UNDP has sponsored more than 150
projects to protect biodiversity, mitigate climate change, and prevent pollution of water resources.
Other areas of UNDP concern include food security and sustainable agriculture, water resources and
the aquatic environment, sustainable energy, forest resources, and dryland management.

       Climate Change Topics              Environmental Linkages
       >      economic welfare            >      air quality and air pollution
       >      sustainable  development      >      water quality and water pollution
       >      energy efficiency             >      land use
       >      renewable resources          >      land degradation
       >      human health                >      deforestation
       >      coastal resources
       >      multiple sector impacts

Application: UNDP provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for
environmental and climate change projects. One UNDP effort is a set  of programs to achieve
sustainable management of forests in developing countries. For example, in Cameroon, UNDP has
collaborated to introduce sustainable forestry management policies and practices that benefit local
communities as well as the local environment. The project is supporting a national forest program, a
new forestry policy, and matching legislation. UNDP has provided training in forest resource
assessments and the use of computers. In addition, a public awareness campaign is helping to develop
a participatory approach to forest management that reflects the interests of the community, industry,
and the government.

Sponsor/Contact:        United Nations Development Programme
                        One United Nations Plaza
                        New York, NY 10017 USA
                        Telephone: +1-212-906-5315; Fax: +1-212-906-5364
                        website: http://www.undp.org
                        e-mail: hq@undp.org

Note: UNDP provides funds and assists in locating sources of funding for environment and climate
change projects in developing countries.

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                                             99
   INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                       United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

   the environmental branch of the United Nations, UNEP's mission is to provide leadership and
encourage environmental partnerships by "inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and people to
mprove their quality of life without compromising that of future generations." UNEP is concerned
ibout climate change and provides information and research, educational materials, training, and a
 ariety of environmental programs related to climate change issues. UNEP's climate-related programs
nclude:

      World Climate Impacts and Response Strategies Program (WCIRP), which supports activities to
      assess the impacts of climate change and variability and to identify potential responses to reduce
      vulnerability.
      Global Resource Information Database (GRID), which offers technical assistance for climate-
      related projects.
      Drylands Ecosystem and Desertification Control (DEDC) Program, which supports research on
      the assessment and mitigation of land degradation, especially desertification.
      World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC), which facilitates access to information on the
      status, value, and management of biological resources, many of which could be affected by
      climate change.

      Climate Change Topics               Environmental Linkages
      >       mitigation technologies         >     air pollution and air quality
      >       multiple sector impacts         >     water pollution and water quality
      >       human health                  >     land use
      >       ecology/ecosystems            >     biodiversity
      >       sustainable development        >     deforestation
      >       climate data

Application: UNEP's GRID program serves a scientific basis for climate change decision making.
3RID works to bring the environmental data needs of developing countries to the attention of the global
;hange research community. GRID also assists developing countries understanding how to interpret
;limate and environmental data. GRID also provides technical training and assistance, and can help
ocate sources of financing for climate-related projects in developing countries.

Sponsor/Contact:         UNEP
                        Chief, Information and Public Affairs
                        P.O. Box  30552
                        Nairobi, Kenya
                        Tel: +254-2-62-1234/3292; Fax: +254-2-62-3927/3692
                        website: http://www.unep.org
                        e-mail: ipainfo@unep.org

Vote: UNEP and its programs can help finance international climate change programs, either through
iirect support or by helping to find other funding sources.

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                                           100
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                                      The World Bank

The World Bank, through its Global Climate Change Program, supports a variety of climate change
mitigation projects. The Bank's primary goal is to promote economic development and reduce poverty
among its client countries; however, the Bank is also committed to supporting the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Current climate programs include the
Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) Program, to stimulate foreign investment in projects that reduce
GHG emissions; the National Strategy Studies Program, to educate policy makers on the benefits of
participating in jointly implemented environmental programs; and the Prototype Carbon Fund, to
support sustainable development in developing countries.

     Climate Change Topics               Environmental Linkages
     >     energy efficiency              >       air pollution and air quality
     >     renewable resources            >       water pollution and water quality
     >     mitigation technologies         >       land use
     >     building energy conservation    >       deforestation

Application: The International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group,
supports energy efficient and renewable-based electrical systems by helping developing countries
estimate needs, analyze costs, and secure financing. Assistance is provided through IFC's many
environmental activities, including the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund (REEF); the
Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiative (PVMTI), implemented in India, Kenya, and Morocco;
the Poland Efficient Lighting Project (PELP); the Hungary Energy Efficient Co-Financing Program;
and a Small and Medium-Scale Enterprise (SME) Program to  support smaller scale ventures in
sustainable energy, currently operating in Bangladesh, the Dominican Republic, Mongolia, Poland,
and Egypt.

Sponsor/Contact:        The World Bank
                        1818 H Street, N.W.
                        Washington,  DC 20433 USA
                        Tel: +1-202-477-1234
                        website: http://www-esd.worldbank.org/cc/
                        e-mail: ClimateChange@worldbank.org

Note: The World Bank provides financing for a variety of environmental projects in developing
countries.

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                                            101
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                       World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC)

WCMC was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World
Conservation Union, and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) to work closely with organizations
to increase access to the information on the world's living resources. WCMC information services
provide and facilitate access to information on the status, value, and management of biological
resources that could be affected by changes in climate. WCMC capacity building services help other
organizations gather, manage, interpret, and use such information. WCMC data management services
include secure data storage, data sharing, and management of data on behalf of other conservation
agencies and networks.

        Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
        >      ecology/ecosystems              >      land use
        >      wildlife                         >      land degradation
        >      forests                          >      deforestation

Application: Information from WCMC on biological resources, current threats, and vulnerabilities
could be useful in developing impact assessments. This collection includes WCMC's National
Biodiversity Profiles, a database of information on the state of biological diversity in a number of
countries (several of which are available on WCMC's website). Each country's profile contains an
overview, a description of the country's environmental characteristics, details on current protection
efforts, a summary of protections needed, and a list of opportunities for international cooperation. For
example, the profile for Kenya indicates that Kenya is home to 32 endangered species not found in any
other nation, and climate change could further threaten these species.

Sponsor/Contact:        World Conservation Monitoring Center
                        Information Officer
                        219 Huntingdon Road
                        Cambridge, CBS ODL, United Kingdom
                        Tel: +44-1223-277314; Fax: +44-1223-277136
                        website: http://www.wcmc.org.uk/
                        e-mail: info@wcmc.org.uk

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                                            102
  INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
                          World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

WMO is a United Nations organization that sponsors and coordinates global meteorology and climate
research. In addition to providing weather forecasts and related information, several WMO programs
are engaged in long-term climate research. They include:
>   Atmospheric Research and Environment Program (AREP), which coordinates research on the
    structure and the composition of the atmosphere and its physical characteristics.
>   Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), which documents and monitors global climate
    conditions.
>   Hydrology and Water Resources Program (HWRP), which performs research on issues related to
    sustainable development and the mitigation of water-related disasters.
>   World Climate Program (WCP), which assists countries in applying climate information and
    knowledge to sustainable development.
>   World Climate Research Program (WCRP), which performs research to improve predictions of
    climate change and to determine the extent of human influence  on climate.

        Climate Change Topics                 Environmental Linkages
        >      climate data                     >      air pollution and air quality
        >      climate modeling                 >      water pollution and water quality
                                              >      land use

Application: WMO offers a variety of information on possible changes in climate variability as a
result of climate change.  For example, within WCRP, the Climate Variability and Predictability
(CLIVAR) program focuses on the study of climate variability and predictability and the response of
the climate system to human activity.  The specific objectives of CLIVAR are to 1) describe the
sources and nature of climate variability on various time scales; 2) extend the range and accuracy of
seasonal and interannual  climate prediction; and 3) understand and  predict the response of the climate
system to increases of greenhouse gases and aerosols. CLIVAR publications and datasets are available
through WCRP, which can be accessed at http://www.dkrz.de/clivar/hp  nfhtml

Sponsor/Contact:     WMO — Information and Public Affairs Office
                     41, avenue Giuseppe-Motta
                     1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
                     Tel: +041-22-730-8314; Fax: +041-22-733-2829
                     website: http://www.wmo.ch
                     e-mail: ipa@www.wmo.ch

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LIST OF NONGOVERNMENTAL CLIMATE CHANGE
            ORGANIZATIONS

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                                             104
Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy
    The Alliance is a coalition of companies that produce and use CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs, and was
    organized in 1980 to coordinate industry participation in development of reasonable international and
    U.S. government policies regarding ozone protection and global climate change.

        2111 Wilson Blvd.
        Suite 850
        Arlington, VA 22201 USA
        Tel: +1-703-243-0344; Fax: +1-703-243-2874
        website: http://www.arap.org

American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
    The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) is a nonprofit organization
    dedicated to advancing energy efficiency as a means of promoting both economic prosperity and
    environmental protection. Funding support for ACEEE comes from foundations, government
    organizations, research institutions, and utilities.

        1001 Connecticut Ave.NW
        Suite 801
        Washington, D.C. 20036
        Tel: +1-202-429-8873
        website: http://www.aceee.org

American Forests
    American Forests is a non-profit conservation organization working since  1875 to ensure a
    sustainable future for our nation's forests. American Forests has been working for over 10 years to
    improve    understanding and application of the relationship between trees and greenhouse gases.

        P.O. Box 2000
        Washington, D.C. 20013
        Tel: +1-202-955-4500
        website: http://www.amfor.org

Business Council for Sustainable Energy
    The Council was formed in 1992 and consists of leading companies and industry trade associations
    in the energy efficiency, natural gas, renewable energy, and electric utility industries. The
    organization advocates policies that promote the nation's economic, environmental and national
    security goals.

        1200 18th St. NW
        9th Floor
        Washington, D.C. 20036
        Tel: +1-202-785-0507; Fax: +1-202-785-0514
        website: http://www.bcse.org
        e-mail: bcse@bcse.org

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                                             105
Center for Clean Air Policy
    Founded in 1985 by a bipartisan group of state governors, the Center for Clean Air Policy seeks to
    promote and implement innovative solutions to major environmental and energy problems while
    balancing both environmental and economic interests.

       U.S. Office                                    European Office
       750 First St. NE                                Na Pankraci 101/1291
       Suite  1140                                     14000Praha4
       Washington, DC 20002, USA                    Czech Republic
       Tel: +1-202-408-9260                           Tel: +42-02-427393
       Fax: +1-202-408-8896                           Fax: +42-02-90054983
       website: http://www.ccap.org

Center for Environmental Information
    The Center for Environmental Information (CEI) is a private, nonprofit, educational organization,
    founded in Rochester, New York, in 1974. CEI provides information and communication services,
    publications,  and educational programs.

       55 St. Paul St.
       Rochester, NY 14604-1314 USA
       Tel: +1-716-262-2870; Fax: +1-716-262-4156
       website: http://www.rochesterenvironment.org

Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology (CREST)
    CREST is dedicated to the promotion of renewable energy, energy efficiency, the environment, and
    sustainable development. One of CREST's primary functions is to explore and demonstrate the use of
    advanced information and communication technologies in these fields. CREST also sponsors
    Reinstate; as part of the Global Energy Marketplace (GEM), Reinstate focuses on information and
    opportunities in each US state.

       1612K. St.NW
       Suite 410
       Washington, DC 20006 USA
       Tel: +1-202-293-2898; Fax: +1-202-293-5857
       website: http://solstice.crest.org/

Climate Action Network (CAN)
    The CAN Directory provides a list of non-profit organizations worldwide working on different
    aspects of the climate change issue. The CAN Newsletter provides commentary on international
    negotiations taking place under the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change.

       website: http://www.climatenetwork.org

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                                              106
Climate Institute
    The Climate Institute works to protect the balance between climate and life on earth by facilitating
    dialogue among scientists, policy makers, business executives and citizens.

        website: http://www.climate.org

Committee for the National Institute for the Environment
    The Committee's mission is to improve the scientific basis for making decisions on environmental
    issues, and administer the National Library for the Environment.

        1725 K St. NW
        Suite 212
        Washington, DC 20006-1401 USA
        Tel: +1-202-530-5810; Fax: +1-202-62804311
        website: http://www.cnie.org
        e-mail: cnie@,cnie.org

Econet
    EcoNet serves organizations and individuals working for environmental preservation and
    sustainability. EcoNet builds coalitions and partnerships with individuals, activist organizations, and
    non-profit organizations to develop their use of the electronic communications medium. EcoNet is
    funded as a project through the Tides Center.

        website: http://www.igc.org/igc/gateway/enindex.html

Edison Electric Institute (EEI)
    EEI is the trade association representing shareholder-owned electric utilities.

        website: http://www.eei.org

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
    The mission of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is to discover, develop, and deliver high
    value technological advances through networking and partnership with the electricity industry.
    Approximately 700 electric utility members fund EPRI's annual budget of $500 million.

        3412HillviewAve.
        Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
        Tel: +1-650-855-2000
        website: http://www.epri.com

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                                             107
Environmental Alliance for Senior Involvement (EASI)
    The Environmental Alliance for Senior Involvement (EASI) presents a springboard for senior
    citizens to be actively involved in focusing the direction in which their community, their nation, and
    their world will be headed in the future. EASI is funded through grants.

       8733 Old Dumfries Rd.
       Catlett,VA20199USA
       Tel: +1-540-788-3274; Fax: +1-540-788-9301
       website: http://www.easi.org
       e-mail: easi@easi.org

Environmental Defense Fund (EOF)
    EDF is a not-for-profit environmental advocacy group with four main goals: stabilizing the Earth's
    climate; safeguarding the world's oceans; protecting human health; and, defending and restoring
    biodiversity. The site includes a reference sheet titled 20 Simple Steps to Reduce Global Warming
    and EDF's Find Out About Your Electricity calculator.

       257 Park Avenue South
       New York, NY 10010 USA
       website: http://www.myworld.com

Global Climate Coalition
    Established in 1989 to coordinate business participation in the scientific and policy debate on the
    global climate change issue, the Global Climate Coalition (GCC) is an organization of private
    companies and business trade associations representing more than 230,000 firms.

       1275 K St. NW
       Washington, DC 20005 USA
       Tel: +1-202-682-9161
       website: http://www.globalclimate.org

Global Warming: Focus on the Future
    Global Warming:  Focus on the Future is the official web version of the award-winning exhibit,
    Global Warming:  Understanding the Forecast, which closed on Labor Day, 1997 after a five-year,
    nine-city tour. The website encourages visitors to learn about the history of the issue, examines why
    the recent changes to the atmosphere are a problem, and empowers them to help solve the problem by
    giving specific examples of ways they can help to reduce emissions of gases that cause Global
    Warming.

       website: http://www.enviroweb.org/edf

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                                             108
Greenhouse Gas Technology Verification Center
    The Greenhouse Gas Technology Verification Center is an independent testing organization
    (sponsored in part by USEPA) with a mission to provide a credible third-party verification capability
    to vendors, buyers, and other stakeholders that need reliable GHG technology performance data.

       P.O. Box 13825
       Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
       Tel: +1-929-806-2306; Fax: +1-919-806-2306
       website: http://www.sri-rtp.com

Greening Earth Society
    Greening Earth Society is a not for profit organization created by Western Fuels Association. The
    Society's message is that CO2 is required for life on earth and that the earth is getting greener thanks
    to increasing CO2 levels.

       4301 Wilson Blvd, Suite 805
       Arlington, VA 22203 USA
       Tel: +1-703-907-6168; Fax: +1-703-907-6161
       www.greeningearthsociety.org

Institute of Global Environment and Society
    This is a private, non-profit research organization in the State of Maryland, which provides
    information on the differences between climate and weather in addition to general climatic
    information.

       4041 Powder Mill Rd., Suite 302
       Calverton, MD 20705-3106
       Tel: +1-301-595-7000
       Fax: +1-301-595-9793
       website: grads.iges.org/home.html

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI)
    ICLEI encourages cities to reduce local emissions of carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases that
    contribute to global warming (climate change), and related air pollutants.

       City Hall East Tower 8th Floor
       Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N2 Canada
       Tel: +1-416-392-1462; Fax: +1-416-392-1478
       website: http://www.iclei.org
       e-mail: ccp@iclei.org

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                                             109
International Energy Agency (IEA) Greenhouse Gas Research and Development Programme
    IEA is a private organization funded by a number of governments and industries. IEA provides
    general information about climate change and its causes, as well as papers on reducing greenhouse
    gas emissions and newsletter updates.

       Stoke Orchard, Cheltenham
       Gloucestershire, GL52 4RZ
       United Kingdom
       Tel: +44-0-680753; Fax: +44-0-680758
       website: http://www.ieagreen.org.uk
       e-mail: mail@ieagreen.demon.co.uk

Minnesotans for an Energy Efficient Economy (ME3)
    ME3 is a coalition working to improve the  quality of life, the environment, and the economy of
    Minnesota by promoting energy efficiency and the sound use of renewable energy. This particular
    link is for MES's climate change resource page.

       Minnesota Building, Suite 600
       46 East Fourth St.
       St. Paul, MN 55101 USA
       Tel: +1-651-225-0878; Fax: +1-651-225-0870
       website: http://www.me3.org/issues/climate
       e-mail: info@me3.org

National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
    NASEO, founded in 1986, is a nonprofit corporation whose membership includes energy officials
    from state and territory energy offices, as well as affiliates from the private and public sectors.
    NASEO is the state energy officials' Washington Voice on national energy issues.

       1414 Prince St., Suite 200
       Alexandria, VA 22314 USA
       Tel: +1-703-299-8800; Fax: +1-703-299-6208
       website: http://www.naseo.org
       e-mail: info@naseo.org

National Environmental Trust
    The National Environmental Trust is functioning as the resource for several major public education
    campaigns about environmental issues.

       website: http://www.environet.policv.net

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                                              110
National Safety Council's Environmental Health Center
    The mission of the National Safety Council is to educate and influence society to adopt safety,
    health, and environmental policies, practices, and procedures that prevent and mitigate human
    suffering and economic losses arising from preventable causes. This particular link provides
    information from the publication "Reporting on Climate Change: Understanding the Science."

        1025 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 1200
       Washington, D.C. 20036 USA
       Tel:  +1-202-293-2270; Fax: +1-202-293-0032
       website: http://www.nsc.org/ehc/guidebks/climtoc.htm

Natural Resources Defense Council
    NRDC is a non-profit environmental membership organization which brings together scientists and
    lawyers to protect the world's natural resources and improve the quality of the human environment.

       40 West 20th St
       New York, NY 10011 US A
       Tel:  +1-212-727-2700
       website: http://www.nrdc.org
       e-mail: nrdcinfo@nrdc.org

Northeast Recycling Council (NERC)
    NERC's  mission is to ensure the long-term viability of recycling in the Northeast while maximizing
    its full environmental and economic benefits. NERC's goals are to: 1) increase demand for recyclable
    materials and recycled products; 2) increase the supply of high-quality secondary materials; 3)
    maximize the overall efficiency of the recycling infrastructure; and, 4) further recycling-related job
    development in the collection, processing, and manufacturing sectors.

        139  Main St., Suite 401
       Brattleboro, VT 05301 USA
       Tel:  +1-802-254-3636; Fax: +1-802-254-5870
       website: http://www.nerc.org
       e-mail: nerc@sover.net

Ozone Action
    Ozone Action is a Washington, DC based non-profit public interest organization focused exclusively
    on global climate change  and stratospheric ozone depletion.

        1700 Connecticut Ave. NW, Third Floor
       Washington, DC 20009 USA
       website: htto://www.ozone.org

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                                             Ill
The Pew Center on Global Climate Change
    Established in 1998 by the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change
    undertakes economic and scientific studies, conducts public education, promotes climate change
    solutions globally, and works with businesses to develop solutions to reduce greenhouse gasses while
    sustaining a healthy economy.

       2111 Wilson Blvd., Suite 350
       Arlington, VA 22201 USA
       Tel: +1-703-516-4146; Fax: +1-703-841-1422
       website: http://www.pewclimate.org

Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR)
    PSR is committed to the elimination of nuclear weapons of mass destruction, the achievement of a
    sustainable environment, and the reduction of violence and its causes. PSR has made global climate
    change a priority issue and its Web site reflects that commitment. The status of the national and
    international negotiations, as well as PSR's position on the issue are highlighted through a discussion
    of current PSR initiatives, press releases, and reports.

       1101 14th St. NW, Suite 700
       Washington, D.C. 20005 USA
       Tel: +1-202-898-0150; Fax: +1-202-898-0172
       website: http://www.psr.org
       e-mail: psrnatl@psr.org

Resources for the Future (RFF)
    RFF is a nonprofit and nonpartisan think tank located in Washington, DC that conducts independent
    research - rooted primarily in economics and other social sciences - on environmental and natural
    resource issues. RFF also provides "Weathervane" — a digital forum on global climate policy
    discussed by invited guests.

       1616PSt.NW
       Washington, D.C. 20036 USA
       Tel: +1-202-328-5000; Fax: +1-202-939-3460
       website: http://www.rff.org

Sierra Club Global Warming Campaign
    This Sierra Club site features publications, news, and activities for people concerned about global
    warming. Sierra Club receives funding from donations made by a 550,000 member pool and various
    foundations.

       85 Second St., Second Floor
       San Francisco, CA 94105-3441 USA
       Tel: +1-415-977-5500; Fax: +1-415-977-5799
       website: http://www.toowarm.org

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                                              112
Trees For The Future
    With more than 8,000 supporting members in North America and Europe cooperating with thousands
    of local leaders in the developing communities of Asia, Africa and Latin America, Trees for the
    Future is a non-profit, people-to-people, action program initiating environmental projects around the
    world.

       P.O. Box 7027
       Silver Spring, MD 20907-7027 USA
       Fax: +1-301-565-5012
       website: http://www.treesftf.org

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)
    The common threads of global sustainability and global security weave the Union of Concerned
    Scientists' work on agriculture, arms control, energy, global resources, and transportation into a
    unified vision: achieving a secure and sustainable world today without sacrificing the environment of
    tomorrow.  Funding for UCS comes from individual contributions and private foundations.

       Two Brattle Square
       Cambridge, MA 02238 USA
       Tel: +1-617-547-5552; Fax: +1-617-864-9405
       website: http://www.ucsusa.org
       e-mail: ucs@ucsusa.org

Western Fuels Association
    Western Fuels operates on a not-for-profit basis to provide coal for the generation of electricity by
    consumer-owned utilities throughout the Great Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Southwest States, and in
    Louisiana.  Its 22 members and owners are rural electric generation and transmission cooperatives,
    municipal utilities, and other public power bodies.

       website: http://www.westernfuels.org
       e-mail: wfa@westernfuels.org

Woods Hole Research Center
    The Woods Hole Research Center addresses issues of environment through scientific research and
    education and through applications of science in public affairs. Climate change is at the core of their
    research, and they specialize in global forests because of their controlling influence on climate. The
    Research Center is a private organization.

       P.O. Box 296
       Woods Hole, MA 02543-0296 USA
       Tel: +1-508-540-9900; Fax: +1-508-540-9700
       website: http://www.whrc.org/whrc.htm
       e-mail: info@whrc.org

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Worldwatch Institute
    Worldwatch is a nonprofit public policy research organization dedicated to informing policymakers
    and the public about emerging global problems and trends and the complex links between the world
    economy and its environmental support systems.

       1776 Massachusetts Ave., NW
       Washington, D.C. 20036-1904 USA
       Tel: +1-202-452-1999; Fax: +1-202-296-7365
       website: http://www.worldwatch.org
       e -mail: worldwatch@worldwatch. org

World Resources Institute (WRI)
    WRI is a tax-exempt, publicly supported, educational organization. WRI's current areas of work
    include economics,  forests, biodiversity, climate change, energy, sustainable agriculture, resource
    and environmental information, trade, technology, national strategies for environmental and resource
    management, business liaison, and human health.

       10 G St. NE, Suite 800
       Washington, D.C. 20002 USA
       Tel: +1-202-729-7600; Fax: +1-202-729-7610
       website: http://www.wri.org

Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy
    The Wuppertal Institute is a not-for-profit institute and receives core funding from the regional
    government of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It also receives funds through contract work.
    The Wuppertal Institute is devoted to climate change issues and often takes on the role of a mediator
    to provide links between politics, economics, science and the public, organizing forums for dialogue
    and engaging in mediation procedures.

       website: http://www.wupperinst.org

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Additional copies of this document may be obtained by contacting the National Service Center
for Environmental Publications. Be sure to identify the document number: EPA 236-B-00-001
and title: An Annotated Summary of Climate Change Related Resources.
To order by mail, send written request to:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Service Center for Environmental Publications
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH  45242-2419
USA

By phone:    within the U.S.  1-800-490-9198
             outside the U.S. +1-513-489-8190
By fax:       1-513-489-8695

By internet:   http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/orderpub.html

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