'




                                   • *



                                                                              fc^a'
;
                                          202-28**^-,
                                    —Kaxi-gBB»ge8!qafrgS!-
                                   jett.george@epa.gov
             George M. Jett
              Chemical Engineer
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
      Engineering and Analysis Division (4303)
          1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
            Washington, D.C, 20460

               -gjaii-j.;rr^ssi*-	'—•-•III-T " '    "  ' ~~ '  *5in	i	  '

-------

-------
            DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT

                     for

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS

                   for the

   ALUMINUM FORMING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
           William D.  Ruckelshaus
                Administrator

                Jack E.  Ravan
     Assistant  Administrator  for Water

              Steven  Schatzow
 _,_.             Director
 Office of Water  Regulations  and Standards
             Jeffery D>  Denit
  Director,  Effluent Guidelines Division

           Ernst P.  Hall,  Chief
         Metals & Machinery Branch

             Janet K.  Goodwin
         Technical Project Officer
                 June  1984,


  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
nff.    f    Office of Water

              rcRe^ati°ns and Standards
               Guidelines Division
         Washington, D.C.  2046,0

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-------
                              CONTENTS
   Section

   I

   II
  III
  IV
 V
 VI
VII
                      Title

   SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

   RECOMMENDATIONS
       BPT
       BAT
       NSPS
       PSES
       PSNS

   INTRODUCTION
       Legal  Authority

       Sata ro?ieC^°n and Utilization
       Data Collection Since

                  3
                INDUSTRY SUBCATEGORIZATION
                               Subcafce9
                                a

                                    SETS
      Tr
      Treated Wastewater Sampl
                                            es
                  ms         Ancillary

     Pollutant Selection by Subcategory

CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

        -
     Major Technology Effect
                                          iveness
  Page

     1

    13
    13
    31
    41
    58
    71

    87
    87
    87
    91
    93
   97

  135
  135
  146
  148

  165
  165
  174

  175

  179
  181
  187

 541

 542
 543

 616

 647
 674

 697
 697
698
720
                              ill

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Section
VIII
 IX
                          CONTENTS (Continued)

                                   Title
     Minor Technologies
     In-Plant Technology

COST OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL



     Summary of Costs
     Normal Plant
     Nonwater Quality  Aspects

BEST PRACTICABLE  CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE                   pT
     Technical  Approach to BFi
     lllling with Neat Oils Subcategory
     Rolling With Emulsions Subcategory
      Extrusion Subcategory

      SSStSS SSS'SSfSllB S-bc-t-gory
      Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps

      Application^ the Limitations  in Permits

 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY  ECONOMICALLY
 ACHIEVABLE
      Technical Approach to BAT
      Selected  Option  for  BAT
      Reaulated Pollutant Parameters
      Soiling with Neat Oils Subcategory
      Rolling with Emulsions Subcategory
       Extrusion Subcategory
               Subcategory
   XI
   XII
  NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
       Technical Approach to NSPS
       NSPS Option  Selection
       Reaulated Pollutant  Parameters
           Source Performance  Standards
                        Aluminum Forming
736
771

855
855
856
880
897
897
897
 959
 959
 965
 972
 978
 984
 987

 991
 995
 1049
 1049
 1057
 1058
 1061
 1064
 1065
 1068
 1070
 1072

 1147
 1147
 1148
 1149
 1 150

  1 173

  1 173
  1176
                                   IV

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 Section
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
            CONTENTS (Continued)
                     Title

      PSES and PSNS Option Selection
      Regulated Pollutant Parameters
      Pretreatment  Standards    eters
BEST  CONVENTIONAL  POLLUTANT  CONTROL
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
TECHNOLOGY
 1 177
 1 178
 1 179
 1241
 1243
1245
1261

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                             TABLES
Section

III-l
III-2
III-3
V-l
V-2
 V-3

 V-4
 V-5
 V-6

 V-7
 V-8

 V-9

 V-10
 v-n
 V-l 2

  V-l 3

  V-l 4

  V-l 5

  V-l 6
  V-l 7

  V-l 8

  V-l 9
  V-20

   V-21

   V-22
   V-23
                                   Title
                                   odif i«tion

                     ,1th  »eat  Oils  Sp^nt
            Raw  Wastewater
            Emulsions  Snt
              Rolling with Elisions Spent
  Emulsions Raw Wastewater
Roll Grinding Spent Lubricant        fcants Roll
  Wastewater        .
Extrusion Die Cleaning Bath
Extrusion Die Cleaning Rjnse     pollutants



              occure nee of Toxic
                                      Rinse Raw
 Exusome Cleaning Scrubber Liquor     £xtrusion
 Frequency of Occurence of Toxi c Po l^ t   ter
                         Sl^S-Sln, Scrubber  Liquor
Pollutants Extrusion
   Raw Wastewater
 Extrusion  ^
                  Bloc, Contact
                                      Raw Wastewater
119
120

121

189


190

194
196


 197

 201
 210

 211

 215
 220
 221

 222

  223

  228

  232
  235

  236

   240|
   241

   242|

   246J
   247|

   24J
                                   VI

                             TABLES  (Continued)
  Section
  V-24

  V-25
  V-26
  V-27
  V-28

  V-29
  V-30

  V-31
  V-32

  V-33
  V-34
  V-35

 V-36

 V-37
 V-38
 V-39

 V-40
 V-41
 V-42

IV-43

!V-44


V-45

V-46.
V-47
                                    Title
               ExtrUSion
                               B!ock Cooling  Raw
 Drawing with Neat Oils Spent Lubricants
 Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps SpeS   ulsion
                           —

                            Emulsions
 Sawing Spent Lubricant
Spent Solvents  Raw  Wastewatr
                                                 sing

FIit
          S°lution Heat  Treatment Contact Cooling
                                                                       Page
                                                     252
                                                     253
                                                     254
 255

 259
 260

 261
 265

 269
 273
 274

 275

279
280
                                                       281

                                                       285
                                                       288
                                                    289

                                                    293

                                                    299


                                                    300

                                                    304
                                                    307


                                                    308
                              vii

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                           TABLES (Continued)
Section
V-48

V-49
V-50
V-51

V-52
V-53

V-54
V-55
 V-57

 V-58
 V-59

 V-60

 V-61
 V-62

 V-63
 V-64

 V-65

 V-66

 V-67

 V-68

  V-69

  V-70
  V-71
  V-72
  V-73

  V-74
                    Title


Sampling Data Forging Solution Heat Treatment Contact

nr^Tso^^^^

~SSSn°S^^
  anp^n* — Drawing Solution Heat Treatment Contact
  Cooling Water Raw Wastewater
frequency°o£EOccur2ncf of  Toxic^Pollutants  CJeaning

  °ri^nChDataBCleaningWortEtching  Bath Raw  Wastewater

Sency^occurence"!?  Toxic  Pollutants  Cleaning
  or Etching Rinse Raw  Wastewater
Sampling Data  Cleaning  or  Etching  Rinse Raw
  Wastewater
     uencyo£ccureo                   Cleaning
   n? Etch i no Scrubber Liquor Raw Wastewater
 SampUng Data Cleaning o? Etching Scrubber Lrquor
   Raw Wastewater
                           Toxic Pollutants Forging
 Sanga                       .    Raw Wastewater
 D?rect Chill Casting Contact Cooling Water
                               Cooling  Water  (Primary
   Aluminum  Subcategory)       _   Drtn,,4-ani-«;  Direct



  Con?!nuouseRodecasting Contact Cooling Water
                                 Cooling Water (Primary
    Aluminum Plants)
  Continuous Rod Casting Spent


                                          ...
                                                                      Page
312
317
318

322
326

328
332
349

351

355
391

 392

 396
 397

 398
 402

 404

 406

 408

 412

 4261

 427
 428
 429
  430|

  431
  43!
                                 Vlll

-------
                             TABLES  (Continued)
  Section
                                     Title
  V-75
  V-76

  V-77

  V-78
  V-79
  V-80
  V-81
  V-82
  V-83
  V-84
  V-85
  V-86
  V-87
  V-88
  V-89
  V-90
  V~91
  V-92
  V-93
  V-94
 V-95

 VI-1
 VI-2
 VI-3
 VI-4

 VII-1
 VII-2

 VII-3

 VII-4

 VII-5

 VII-6
 VII-7
 VII-8
 VII-9
 VII-10
vn-n

                                             Extrusion
Sampling Data
SampUng
Sampling
Sampling
Samplmg
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Sampling
Samp mg

     1SS
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant
 Plant

P^SJ
               B
               C
               D
               E
               H
               J
               K
               L
               P
               Q

               5
                        Teatd
                        Treated
                        Treated wstwatr
                        Treated Wastewatlr
                        Treated Waltlwatlr
                        Treated Wastewatlr
                        Treated
                        Treated
                        Treated
                        Treated
iS 2S
                     S

 List of 129 Toxic Pollutants
     Effect on
        °f
                            Removal
                                  for Metals

                                 Hydroxide for

            Sol"bilities of Hydroxides and






Multimedia Filtration Performance
  436

  437

  441
  445
  460
  461
  465
  466
  471
  479
  481
  483
  485
  486
  488
  490
  494
  596
  500
  504
 510

 675
 681
 685
 ,692

 788

 789

 790

 791

 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
798
                               IX

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                           TABLES  (Continued)
                                   Title
Section


VII-12

V1I-13
VII-14
VII-15
VI1-16

VII-17

 VII-18

 VII-19

 VII-20
 VII-21
 VII-22

 VII-23

 VII-24
 VII-25
 VII-26
 VII-27

 VIII-1
  VIII-2

  VIII-3

  VIH-4

  VIII-5

  VIII-6

  VIII-7

   VIII-8

   VIII-9
   VIII-10
   viii-n
Trace Organic Removal by Skimming  API  Plus
LSS Performance
                                  r.--11  .
                                     wastewater
   Performance Plant CMSS (mg/1)
    aExchange Performance  (.11 values mg/1,
  pat Adsorption Performance
  Membrane  Filtration  system Effluent
  Ultrafiltration Performance



             ^          .sfociateS with Aluminum

                       Annualized  Costs  -  Post-
                     ($1982)
799
800
801
802

803

804

 805

 806
 807
 808

 809

 810
 811
 812
 813
  814

  902

  903

-  909

  910

   911

   912

   916

   9171
   918
   919

   9201
                                    x

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                              TABLES  (Continued)
  Section


  VIII-12

  VIII-13

 ' VIII-14

  VIII-15

 ; VIII-16

  VIII-17


  VIII-18


  IX-1

  IX-2

 'lX-3
 !

 ixi-4

 IX-5
 i
 IX-6


 IX-7

 IX-8
 IX-9
IX-10
ix-n
IX-12
IX-13
IX-1 4
Title



                                                             for
                                    921

                                    922

                                    923

                                    924

                                    925


                                    926

                                    927

                                   998


                                  1000


                                  1001

                                  1003

                                  1007


                                  1008

                                  1010
                                  1013
                                 1014
                                 1016
                                 1020
                                 1021
                                 1023

                                 1026
                               XI

-------
                         TABLES  (Continued)
Section



IX-15



IX-16


IX-17


IX-18


IX-19





 IX-20


 IX-21


 IX-22



 X-1


 X-2


 X-3


 X-4


 X-5
 X-6
 X-7


 X-8


 X-9


  X-10


  X-ll


  X-1 2


  X-1 3
                   Title


Concentration Range of  Pollutants Considered for
  •RPT Regulation in Core and Ancillary wat>t:e
  lllelml  - Drawing with Neat Oils Subcategory
BP? Mais Limitations for the Drawing with Neat

Proauctfon'operSons - Drawing with Emulsions or


                                      From
                              t

  Itr'eamT^rawing' wfth
                    for the Drawing with Emulsions

 Al£»i!rD?scnargl°Calculations for Plant X in

 AUowabie Discharge Calculations for Plant Y in
   Example 2
 Capital  and Annual Cost Estimates for BAT Options

 Capftal  ana^nn^Cost Estimates for BAT Options

 PonurantDReauct?onSBenefits - Rolling  with Neat

 Po?iuStantbReauc?ion Benefits - Rolling  with



                            :
 PoflSSStSctlon Benefits -  Drawing with Emulsions


 -•^H^s^ssr Dls79"s -
           Reduction Benefits_-tDlrect Dischargers -
                                     Dischargers -

                             _ Direct  Dischargers -


  -ill                                      -
1027


1029


1033


1034





1035


1037


1041


1042



 1074


 1075


 1076


 1078
 1080
 1082


 1085


 1087


 1089


 1091


  1093


  1095


  1097
                                Xll

-------
                              TABLES  (Continued)
:   Section


   x-u

:   x-i5

   X-16

:   x-i7

   X-18

:   X-19

;  x-20

!  X-21

  X-22

;  X-23

;  X-24

i  X-25

  X-26

'  X-27

 X-28

 X-29

 X-30

! X-3 1
 X-32
 X-33
!X-34
 X-35

!x-36
                      Title


                                       Plant
                                       Plant
Pollutant Reduction Benefits - Normal
                                       Planh
                                             "
             Performance  -
                                  Plant
          Subcategory Treatent
  Performance - Normal Plant
   9Sae0r            Perforce
  Tr«t»,»fD     °US Subcategory
  Treatment Performance - Normal Plant*
Dra«ng with Emulsions Subcate^ory
      ^T fer£°^nce - Normll Plant
                         the
                                     - Dra"ln' -"h Emulsions
                                                              or
   1099

   11 00

   1 101

   1 102

  1 103

  1104

  11 05

  1 106

  1 107

  1 108

  1 109

  1110

 1111

 1 1 12

 1 113

 1118

 1119
 1 122
 1 123
 1 127
 1 128

 1131

1 132

1 136
                              xni

-------
                        TABLES (Continued)
Section
X-38
XI-1
XI-2
XI-3
XI-4
XI-5
XI-6
 XII-1

 XII-2

 XII-3

 XI1-4

 XII-5

 XII-6

 XII-7

 XII-8

 XII-9
 XII-10
 XII-11
 XII-12
 XII-13
 XII-14

  XII-15
  XII-16
  XII-17
  XII-18
  XII-19
  XII-20
                  Title

BAT Mass Limitations for the Drawing with Emulsions
  or Soaps Subcategory

sin in ss sits? wi«s?|s
NSPS for the Extrusion  Subcategory

fsif m 8= ESS -Slifjs
NSPS for the Drawing with Emulsions or
   Subcategory
POTW Removals of the Toxic  Pollutants Found  in
                  SftTsKmates for BAT Options
                  eBenell?s2> Indirect Dischargers
                                    Dischargers

           educSoflenSits - Indirect Dischargers
     uan                   - Indirect Dischargers


                    ^^ ssssss
  PSES for  the Extrusion Subcategory
  HI for  fhS Drawing SMHll- Subcategory
  Illl lor  the Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps

                    aa ---
  PSNS for the Extrusion Subcategory

      E S   -    :s s,b rsa-
    Subcategory
1137

1151
1155
1158
1162
1165

1169
 1180

 1182

 1183

 1185

 T1 87

 1189

 1192

 1 194
 1196
 1200
 1203
  1207
  1210

  1214
  1219
  1222
  1225
  1229
  1232

  1236
                              xiv

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   Section

   III-l
   III-2

   III-3
   III-4

   III-5
   III-6
   III-7
   III-8
   III-9
   111-10

   III-ll
   111-12
   111-13

  V-l
  V-2
  V-3
  V-4
  V-5
  V-6
  V-7
  V-8
  V-9
  V-10
  V-ll
  V-l 2
  V-l 3
 V-l 4
 ,V-15
 V-l 6
 V-l 7
 V-l 8
 V-19
 V-20
 V-21
 V-2 2
 V-2 3
 V-2 4
 V-2 5

 VII-1

 VII-2
VII-3
VII-4
                 FIGURES

                       Title
   Aluminum Forming  Products
                Di3t-^tion  of  Aluminum Forming
Common Rolling will Configurations

GeM^ol?Jn
Direct Extrusion
                                            Hot
                            of Piants «ith Extrusion

                            «>« Wants .ith Forging
  Direct Chill Casting
  Continuous Casting
  Vapor Degreasing
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
 Wastewater
Wastewater
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources at
          Sources  at
          Sources at
          Sources at
         Sources at
         Sources, at
         Sources at
 Plant A
 Plant B
 Plant C
 Plant D
 Plant E
 Plant F
 Plant G
 Plant H
 Plant J
 Plant K
 Plant L
 Plant 1ST
 Plant P
 Plant Q
 Plant R
 Plant S
 Plant T
 Plant U
 Plant  V
 Plant W
 Plant AA
 Plant BB
 Plant CC
 Plant DD
Plant EE
       uif
      Sulfide as a Function of PH
Lead Solubility in Three Alkalies
                                                      815
                                                      816
                                                      817

                                                      818
                                   xv

-------
Section


VI I-5

VII-6

VII-7

VI1-8

VI1-9

VII-10

vii-n

 VII-12

 VII-13

 VII-14
 VI1-15
 VII-16
 VII-17
 VII-18
 VII-19
 VII-20
 VII-21
 VII-22
 VII-23
 VII-24
  VII-25
  VII-26
  VII-27
  VII-28
  VII-29
  VII-30
  VII-31
  VII-32
  VII-33
  VII-34

  VII-35

  VII-36
  VII-37
  VII-38
             FIGURES (Continued)

                    Title


Hydroxide Precipitation sedimentation Effectiveness

Hydroxidfprecipitation sedimentation Effectiveness
                        sedimentation Effectiveness

Hydroxide Precipitation sedimentation Effectiveness

HydroSe" PrecipiiS^ Sedimentation Effectiveness

HydroxMe Precipitation sedimentation Effectiveness

HydroxMe Precipitation Sedimentation  Effectiveness
                         Sedimentation Effectiveness

 aexavafent Chromium Reduction with Sulfur
   Dioxide
 Granular Bed Filtration
   presn             of Sedimentation
 Activated Carbon Adsorption Column

 TreatmeTcfcyanide Waste by Alkaline Chlorination
 ?ypacK Lone  Plant for Waste Treatment
 UV/Ozonation             .
 Types  of  Evaporation  Equipment
 Dissolved Air  Flotation
 Gravity Thickening
  ion Exchange with Regeneration
  ^•imnl ified  Reverse osmosis Schematic
  levSrse Ssmosis Membrane Configurations

                             Flow Schematic

                            Breaking with Chemicals
  Filter Configurations
   FlofSagram  of  Activated  Carbon  Adsorption  with

                    Recycling with a Cooling  Tower
819

820

821

822

823

824

825

 826

 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 835
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
  843
  844
  845
  846
  847

  848

  849
  850
  851
   852
                                 xvi

-------
   Section
   VIl-39
  viii-i
  VIIl-2

  VIIl-3
  VI.II-4
  VIH-5
:  VIII-6
  VIII-7
  VIII-8
,  VIII-9
  VIII-10
  VIII-11
  VIII-12
  VIII-13
  VI11-14
  VIII-15
1  VIII-16
  VIII-17
  VIII-18
:  VIII-19
1VIII-20
;VIII-21

 VIIi-22
 VIII-23
 VIII-24

!VIII-25

VIII-26
VIII-27
VIII-28

VIII-29

VIII-30

IX-1
                FIGURES (Continued)

                       Title
   Costs  of  Oil  Skimming  (Pre-

   C°
  SS
              ne0x
                                     (Po.t.
                                        (Post-
Costs of Contract Hauling (Post-Proposal)

BPT Treatment Train for the Rolling with Neat Oils
   853

   928

   929
   930
   931
   932
  933
  934
  935
  936
  937
  938
  939
  940
  941
  942
  943
  944
  945
  946
 947

 948
 949
 950

 951

 952
 953
 954

 955

956
957
                              xvi i

-------
Section
IX-2

IX-3
IX-4
IX-5

IX-6
 X-l
 X-2
 X-3
 X-4
 X-5
 X-6
                            FIGURES (Continued)

                                   Title
  Subcategory
BPT Treatment Train for
  Subcategory
BPT Treatment Train for
BPT Treatment Train for
BPT Treatment Train for
  Subcategory
BPT Treatment Train for
  or  Soaps  Subcategory
         the Rolling with Emulsions

         the Extrusion Subcategory
         the Forging Subcategory
         the Drawing with Neat Oils

         the Drawing with Emulsions
 BAT Treatment
 BAT Treatment
 BAT Treatment
 BAT Treatment
 BAT Treatment
 BAT Treatment
Train
Train
Train
Train
Train
Train
for Option 1
for Option 2
for Option 3
for Option 4
for Option 5
for Option 6
                                                       Page
1043

1044
1045
1046

1047

1048

1141
1142
1143
 1144
 1145
 1146
                                 xvin

-------
                               SECTION I


                        SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
                                      A      '>        so,   0£  the

                                    r

  gummar-Y: of the Category
 peopleompristhiscatqonf  f?P?^ng aPP^oximately 3]  200



 ''      '                                     '  -'   •

                             and
forming (called cleanng
                         or
                                                  aluminum product



                                                part   of
                      subufab                   generally
ingots  and  billets  are ?he Star-f abricatin<3  operations.   Cast
Plate, extrusions, and Jorgingf as  2^??lnt f°r making sheet and

-------
either so!d as consul products  or  as parts In the production o£
machinery,  aircrafts,  and engines.

PoUutants found In significant amounts

processes used,  the
                             of
                                            disposal practices
                                            fa -.r
of these firms responded.

EPA sailed the raw (untreated)
$5  aluminum  forming   l«s.
four facilities, eac h
Samples  were  collected  from
lhePcore processes, as wel 1 js
ing  cleaning,  etching,  s°l"tion
other wastewater streams.  Each of
determine   the  presence  °^
tration of  129  toxic priority
selected  nonconventional  P0
wJre sampled to  verify   the

 ftrfams  S-SS
 strengthen the data base.

 The Agency examined the rate
                                    on
                                                               at
                                                 ^  processes
                                          sources associated with
                                              processes,   includ-
                                           atm5nt/ annealing, and
                                   nea          was  analyzed  to
                                       sa p       nt  tne concen-
                                          plus  conventional  and
                                          p   remaining 21 plants
                                          "       screen  sampling
                                              of a number of  waste
                                      aluminum  forming,  and  to
                                    t he
      .

  mined  during   sampling  became the
                                              s
                                                        appropriate
         srsa?
  and  water
                    these
                                                             ntac
                                          them to  remove the oil and

-------An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.

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        Chemical emulsion breaking, and

        Thermal emulsion breaking.

EPA  also  studied various types of in-plant controls reported in
the dcp's and observed during sampling.   The  in-plant  controls
studied included:

     -  Recycle of contact cooling water and scrubber liquor,

     -  Countercurrent cascade rinsing,

        Hauling or regeneration of chemical baths for cleaning
        or etching,

     -  Alternative fluxing and degassing methods which do not
        require wet scrubbing, and

        Recycle of extrusion press hydraulic fluid leakage.

Engineering costs were prepared for each of the treatment options
considered for each plant in the category.  These costs were then
used  by  the  Agency  to estimate the impact of implementing the
various options on the industry.  For each subcategory  for  each
control  and  treatment option, the number of potential closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price were estimated.
These results are reported in the EPA document  titled:  Economic
Impact  Analysis  of  Effluent  Limitations and Standards for_ the
Aluminum Forming Industry EPA 440/2-83-010.

Based on consideration of the above factors, EPA identified  var-
ious  control  and  treatment technologies which formed the basis
for BPT and selected control and treatment appropriate  for  each
set  of  standards  and  limitations.   The  mass limitations and
standards for BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES, and  PSNS  are  presented  in
Section  II.  The  limitations and standards are discussed briefly
below.

BPT

In general, the BPT level represents   the  average  of  the  best
existing performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes
or  other  common  characteristics.  Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be   transferred  from   a  different
subcategory  or  category.    In   balancing  costs  in relation to
effluent reduction benefits, EPA  considers the volume and  nature
of  existing  discharges,  the  volume  and  nature of discharges
expected after application  of  BPT,   the  general  environmental

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effects  of  the  pollutants, and cost and economic impact of the
required pollution control level.

EPA is promulgating*BPT mass limitations based on  model  end-of-
pipe  treatment, which consists of oil skimming and lime precipi-
tation and settling,  and, where necessary, preliminary  treatment
consisting of chemical emulsion breaking, and hexavalent chromium
reduction.   Cyanide removal, where appropriate, is also included
in the model BPT technology.  The cyanide limitations  are  based
on  the  application of cyanide precipitation technology which is
transferred from the coil coating category.  However, the  Agency
recommends  product  substitution  as the most effective means of
cyanide control.

The pollutants selected for limitation  at  BPT  are:   chromium,
cyanide,  zinc,  aluminum, oil and grease, total suspended solids
(TSS), and pH.

Fifty-nine plants are direct dischargers.  The  Agency  estimates
that  investment  costs in 1982 dollars for these plants would be
$48.4.million and that total annual costs would be $37.9 million.
Removal of toxic pollutants over estimates  of  current  removals
would  be  94,250  kg/yr  (207,350 Ibs/yr).  In addition, BPT will
result in the removal of  15.6 million kg/yr (34.3 million Ibs/yr)
of total pollutants including 1.73 million  kg/yr  (3.80  million
Ibs/yr)  of  the  pollutant  aluminum.   The analysis of economic
impact concluded that there are two potential plant closures  and
221  job losses associated with compliance with the BPT treatment
option.  Total loss in industry  production  is  expected  to  be
about  0.1  percent,   with  the  cost of production increasing by
about 0.3 percent.  If average compliance costs incurred  by  the
plants  in  the  category  were  passed  on  to  consumers, price
increases would range from 0 to  0.7  percent.   The  Agency  has
determined  that  the effluent reduction benefits associated with
compliance with BPT limitations justify the costs.

BAT

The BAT technology level represents the best economically achiev-
able performance of plants of various ages, sizes,  processes  or
other  shared  characteristics.   As with BPT, where existing per-
formance is uniformly inadequate, BAT may be transferred  from  a
different subcategory or category.  BAT may include feasible pro-
cess  changes or internal controls, even when not common industry
practice.

In developing BAT,  EPA  has  given  substantial  weight  to  the
reasonableness  of  costs.   The Agency considered the volume and
nature  of  discharges,  the  volume  and  nature  of  discharges
expected  after  application  of  BAT,  the general environmental

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effects of the pollutants, and the costs and economic impacts  of
the  required  pollution control levels.  Despite this considera-
tion of costs, the primary determinant of BAT is  'still  effluent
reduction capability.                 .

The  direct  dischargers are expected to move directly to compli-
ance with BAT limitations from  existing  treatment  because  the
flow  reduction  used to meet BAT limitations would allow the use
of smaller — and less expensive —  lime  and  settle  equipment
than   would  be  used  to  meet  BPT  limitations  without  flow
reduction.
The pollutants selected for regulation
cyanide, zinc, and aluminum.
at  BAT  are:   chromium,
Implementation  of  the  BAT  limitations will remove annually an
estimated 124,500 kg (273,900 Ibs) of  toxic  metal  and  organic
pollutants  (from estimated current discharge) at a capital cost,
above equipment in place, of $48.2 million  and  a  total  annual
cost of $25.1 million  ($1982).

BAT  will  remove 16,000 kg/yr  (35,200 Ib/yr) of toxic pollutants
(metals and organics)  and 19,400  kg/yr   (42,680  Ib/yr)  of .the
pollutant  aluminum  incrementally above BPT.  Total annual costs
for BAT are less than  BPT  because  the   lower  flows  allow  for
smaller  equipment  and thereby smaller operating and maintenance
costs.  The Agency projects no additional plant or line  closures
as  a  result  of  these  costs.   If the average compliance cost
incurred by the plants in the industry were passed on to  consum-
ers, price increases would range from 0 to 0.8; not significantly
greater than the BPT increases.  Thus EPA has determined that BAT
is economically achievable.

NSPS

NSPS  (new  source  performance  standards) are based on the best
available  demonstrated  technology   (BDT),   including   process
changes, in-plant control, and  end-of-pipe treatment technologies
which reduce pollution to the maximum extent feasible.

EPA  is  establishing  the best available demonstrated technology
for the aluminum forming category to be equivalent to  BAT  tech-
nology  with  the addition of filtration  prior to discharge.  The
Agency recognizes that new sources have the opportunity to  imple-
ment more advanced levels  of   treatment  without  incurring  the
costs of retrofitting  equipment, the costs of partial or complete
shutdown  to  install  new equipment and the costs to start  up and
stabilize the treatment system  as existing systems would have  to
do.

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Filtration  is  an  appropriate technology for NSPS because it is
demonstrated in this category and because  compliance  with  NSPS
will  be approximately the same as the cost for an existing plant
to comply with the BAT limitations.  EPA does  not  believe  that
NSPS  will constitute a barrier to entry for new sources, prevent
major modifications to existing sources, or produce other adverse
economic effects.
The pollutants selected for regulation are:
zinc, aluminum, oil and grease, TSS, and pH.
chromium,  cyanide,
All of the flow allowances established for NSPS are equivalent to
the   BAT  allowances  with  the  exception  of  extrusion  press
hydraulic fluid leakage.  The NSPS flow  allowance  is  based  on
reported  flow  data from extrusion presses designed and built to
allow for the recirculation of the hydraulic fluid leakage.

PSES

PSES (pretreatment standards for existing sources)  are  designed
to prevent the discharge of pollutants which pass through, 'inter-
fere  with,  or  are otherwise incompatible with the operation of
POTW.  Pretreatment standards are technology-based and  analogous
to the best available technology for removal of toxic pollutants.
EPA  is  promulgating PSES based on the application of technology
equivalent to BAT, which consists of end-of-pipe  treatment  com-
prised  of  oil skimming and lime precipitation and settling, and
preliminary treatment, where necessary, consisting of  hexavalent
chromium  reduction,  chemical  emulsion  breaking,  and  cyanide
removal.

In the aluminum forming category, the Agency has  concluded  that
the  toxic  metals  regulated  under  these  standards (chromium,
cyanide,  and zinc) pass through the POTW.  The nationwide average
percentage of these same toxic metals removed by a well  operated
POTW. meeting secondary treatment requirements is about 50 percent
(ranging  from 20 to 65 percent), whereas the percentage that can
be removed by an aluminum forming direct discharger applying  the
best  available  technology  economically  achievable is about 91
percent (ranging from 79  to  97  percent).   Accordingly,  these
pollutants pass through a POTW and are being regulated at PSES.

In  addition .to  pass  through  of  toxic metals, the Agency has
determined that there would be  pass  through  of  toxic  organic
pollutants  associated with oil waste streams.  The PSES technol-
ogy will  remove 97 percent of the  toxic  organics,  whereas  the
POTW  national  average removal of these same toxic organics by a
well operated POTW meeting secondary treatment requirements is 71
percent.  , At BAT, the Agency has determined that  toxic  organics
will  be  adequately controlled by the oil and grease limitation.

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Oil and grease standards are not appropriate at PSES  and  there-
fore  it  is  necessary to specifically control toxic organics at
PSES.  Toxic organics are regulated as total toxic organics  (TTO)
which is all those toxic organics that were found to  be  present
in sampled aluminum forming wastewaters at concentrations greater
than the analytical quantification level of 0.01 mg/1.

The  analysis  of  wastewaters  for  toxic organics is costly and
requires  sophisticated  equipment,  therefore  the   Agency   has
retained the alternative to monitoring for TTO that was proposed.
Data  indicate  that  the toxic organics are much more soluble in
oil and grease than in water and that the removal of  the oil  and
grease  will substantially remove the toxic organics.  Therefore,
a monitoring parameter for oil and grease based on  the  applica-
tion  of  oil and grease removal has been provided as an alterna-
tive to monitoring for TTO at PSES.

The PSES set forth in this regulation are expressed in  terms  of
mass  per  unit  of production rather than as concentration  stan-
dards.  Regulation on the basis  of  concentration  only  is  not
appropriate because concentration-based standards do  not resttict
the total quantity of pollutants discharged.  Flow reduction is  a
significant part of the model technology for pretreatment because
it  results  in  more  concentrated  waste  streams which further
result in more effective pollutant  removal.   Thus,  mass   based
standards  are necessary to reflect the pollutant removal achiev-
able by the model treatment technology.

The pollutants selected for regulation are:   chromium,  cyanide,
zinc,  and TTO.  Aluminum is not limited because aluminum is com-
monly used by a POTW as a flocculant to aid in the  settling and
removal of suspended solids.

Implementation  of  the  PSES  will  remove annually  an estimated
119,500 kg  (263,000 Ibs) of toxic metal  and  organic pollutants
(from  estimated  current  discharge)  at  a  capital cost,  above
equipment  in place, of $26.1 million and a total annual  cost  of
$16.7  million  ($1982).  The Agency's estimate of potential  plant
closures   indicates  that  there  are  three  potential  closures
associated  with  PSES.   In terms  of employment, these potential
closures could  affect  approximately 276 employees.  Total  loss  in
industry production is expected  to  be about 0.2 percent, with  the
cost of production  increasing about 1  percent.   Therefore,   the
Agency has determined  that PSES  is  economically achievable.

The  Agency has set the PSES compliance date  at three years  after
promulgation of this regulation.

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PSNS

Like PSES, PSNS (pretreatment  standards  for  new  sources)  are
established  to  prevent  the discharge of pollutants which pass-
through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible  with  the
operation of the POTW.  New indirect dischargers, like new direct
dischargers,   have  the  opportunity  to  incorporate  the  best
available demonstrated technologies  including  process  changes,
in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
use  plant  site  selection  to  ensure adequate treatment system
installation.

This regulation establishes  mass-based  PSNS  for  the.  aluminum
forming  category.   The  treatment technology basis for the PSNS
being promulgated is identical to the  treatment  technology  set
forth as the basis for the NSPS being promulgated.

The  pollutants regulated under PSNS are chromium, cyanide, zinc,
and TTO.  Aluminum  is  not  limited  because  aluminum,  in  its
hydroxide form, is commonly used by a POTW as a flocculant to aid
in  the settling and removal of suspended solids.  Monitoring for
oil  and  grease  has  been  established  as  an  alternative  to
monitoring for TTO as discussed under PSES.

Nonwater Quality Environmental Impacts

Eliminating  or  reducing  one  form of pollution may cause other
environmental problems.  Sections  304(b)  and  306  of  the  Act
require  EPA  to  consider  the  nonwater  quality  environmental
impacts (including energy requirements) of  certain  regulations.
In  compliance with these provisions, we considered the effect of
this regulation on air pollution, solid waste  generation,  water
scarcity, and energy consumption.  This regulation was circulated
for review by EPA personnel responsible for nonwater quality pro-
grams.   While  it  is  difficult  to  balance pollution problems
against each other and against energy use, we believe  that  this
regulation will best serve often competing national goals.

The .Agency considered the solid wastes that would be generated at
aluminum  forming  plants by the suggested treatment technologies
and believes that except for the sludges generated by the  treat-
ment  of  cyanide,  these sludges are not hazardous under Section
3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).   This
judgement  is  made  based  on the recommended technology of lime
precipitation.  By the addition of a small excess of lime  during
treatment,  similar  sludges,  specifically  toxic  metal bearing
sludges generated by other categories such as the iron and  steel
category,  passed the EP toxicity test.  See 40 CFR 261.24 (45 FR
33084 (May 19, 1980)).

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Only wastewater treatment sludge generated by cyanide  precipita-
tion  technology  is likely to be hazardous under the regulations
implementing subtitle C of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA).  Under those regulations generators of  these  wastes
must  test  the wastes to determine if the wastes meet any of the
characteristics of hazardous waste (see  40  CFR  262.11,  45  FR
33142-33143,  May  19,  1980).   Wastewater  sludge  generated by
cyanide precipitation treatment of aluminum forming solution heat
treatment contact cooling water  may  contain  cyanides  and  may
exhibit  extraction  procedure  (EP)  toxicity.  Therefore, these
wastes may require disposal as  a  hazardous  waste.   Wastewater
treatment  sludge  from  cyanide precipitation of a process waste
stream is generated separately from lime and  settle  sludge  and
may be disposed of separately.

Treatment   and   control  technologies  that  require  extensive
recycling and reuse of  water  may  require  cooling  mechanisms.
Evaporative  cooling mechanisms can cause water loss and contrib-
ute to water scarcity problems—a primary  concern  in  arid  and
semi-arid  regions.   While  this regulation assumes water reuse,
the overall amount of reuse through evaporative  cooling  mechan-
isms  is  low  and the quantity of water involved is not signifi-
cant. In addition, most aluminum forming plants are located  east
of  the  Mississippi  where  water scarcity is not a problem.  We
conclude that the consumptive water  loss  is  insignificant  and
that  the  pollution  reduction  benefits of recycle technologies
outweigh their impact on consumptive water loss.

EPA estimates that the achievement of  BPT  effluent  limitations
will result in a net  increase in electrical energy consumption of
approximately  65  million  kilowatt-hours  per  year.   The  BAT
effluent technology should not substantially increase the  energy
requirements of BPT because reducing the flow reduces the pumping
requirements,  the  agitation  requirement for mixing wastewater,
and other volume-related energy requirements.  Therefore, the BAT
limitations are assumed to require an equivalent energy  consump-
tion  to that of the BPT limitations.  To achieve the BPT and BAT
effluent limitations, a typical direct discharger  will  increase
total  energy  consumption by less than one percent of the energy
consumed for production purposes.

The Agency estimates  that PSES will result in a net   increase   in
electrical   energy   consumption  of  approximately  50  million
kilowatt-hours per year.  To  achieve  PSES,  a  typical  existing
indirect discharger will increase energy consumption  by  less than
one percent of the total energy consumed for production purposes.

NSPS and PSNS will not significantly add to total energy consump-
tion  of   the   industry.  A normal plant for each subcategory was
used to estimate the  energy requirements for new sources.  A  new
                                10

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source  wastewater  treatment  system  will add approximately one
million kilowatt-hours per year  to  the  total  industry  energy
requirements.
                               1 1

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                           SECTION II

                         RECOMMENDATIONS

1.    EPA  has  divided  the  aluminum  forming  category into six
subcategories  for  the  purpose  of  effluent  limitations   and
standards.  These subcategories are:

    -  Rolling With Neat Oils
       Rolling With Emulsions
       Extrusion
       Forging
       Drawing With Neat Oils
       Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps

Each  subcategory  is regulated by core and ancillary operations.
The core is composed of those operations that always  occur  with
the  subcategory  or are dry operations.  Operations not included
in the core are classified as ancillary operations and may or may
not be present at any one facility.

2.   BPT is being promulgated based on the model  treatment  tech-
nology   of   flow   equalization,  oil  skimming,  and  chemical
precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle) technology, and
where   appropriate,   chemical   emulsion   breaking,   chromium
reduction,  and  cyanide  removal.   The  following  BPT effluent
limitations are being promulgated for existing sources:
                               13

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A.   BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE ROLLING WITH NEAT OILS
     SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Rolling with Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams Without An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
Maximum
Monthly
for
Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
                    0,
                    0,
                    0,
                    0,
                    1,
                    2,
    0244
    0161
    0808
    356
    11
    27
                    (1)
                 0.010
                 0.0067
                 0.0338
                 0.174
                 0.664
                 1 .079
                 (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times,
(b)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams With An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
              Maximum for
              Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of  aluminum  rolled with  neat  oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended  Solids
PH
                    0.
                    0.
                    0.
                    0.
                    1 ,
                    3,
    0360
    0237
    1 19
    525
    634
    348
                     (1)
                 0.
                 0.
                 0.
                 0.
                 0.
                 1 .
                 (1
     0147
     0098
     0498
     257
     980
     593
 (1)  Within  the  range  of  7.0  to 10.0  at  all  times,
                                14

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(c)  Continuous Sheet Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  0.00086
  0.00057
  0.0029
  0.0127
  0.0393
  0.0805
  (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
   0.00035
   0.00024
   0.0012
   0.0063
   0.0236
   0.0383
   (1 )
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  3.39
  2.24
 1 1 .25
 49.55
154.10
315.91
  (1)
   1 .39
   0.93
   4.70
  24.66
  92.46
  150.25
   (1)
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                                15

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
                      Maximum for
                      Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                    0.079
                    0.052
                    0.262
                    1.15
                    3.58
                    7.34
                    (1 )
                         0,
                         0,
                         0,
                         0,
                         2
                         3,
     032
     022
     110
     573
     15
     49
                         (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                    6. 12
                    4.04
                   20.31
                   89.46
                  278.24
                  570.39
                    (1)
                         2.51
                         1 .67
                         8.49
                        44.52
                       166.95
                       271.29
                         (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                                16

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(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                         7.00
                         4.61
                        23.22
                       102.24
                       318.00
                       651.90
                         (1)
   2.86
   1 .91
   9.70
  50.88
 190.80
 310.05
   (1 )
(a)

B.
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE ROLLING WITH EMULSIONS
SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Rolling With Emulsions - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with emulsions
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                         0.057
                         0.038
                         0.19
                         0.84
                         2.60
                         5.33
                         (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
   0.024
   0.016
   0.079
   0.416
   1 .56
   2.53
   (1 )
                               17

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(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  0.59
  0.39
  1 .94
  8.55
 26.58
 54.49
  (1 )
   0.24
   0. 16
   0.81
   4.26
  15.95
  25.92
   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  3.39
  2.24
 11 .25
 49.55
154.10
315.91
  (1)
   1 .39
   0.93
   4.70
  24.66
  92.46
 150.25
   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                                18

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(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
                      Maximum for
                      Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
                    0.079
                    0.052
                    0.262
                      15
                      58
                      34
  1
  3
  7
   0,
   0,
   0,
   0,
   2,
   3,
032
022
109
573
15
49
                    (1)
                         (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                    6. 12
                    4.04
                   20.31
                   89.46
                  278.24
                  570.39
                    (1 )
                         2.51
                         1 .67
                         8.49
                        44.52
                       166.95
                       271.29
                         (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                                19

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(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
              Maximum for
              Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  7.00
  4.61
 23.22
102.24
318.00
651.90
  (1)
                 2.86
                 1 .91
                 9.70
                50.88
               190.80
               310.05
                 (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

C.   BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE EXTRUSION SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Extrusion - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum extruded
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  0.16
  0.11
  0.53
  2.34
  7.32
 15.0
  (1)
(a)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                 0.066
                 0.044
                 0.22
                 1.16
                 4.39
                 7. 13
                 (1)
                               20

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(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  0.59
  0.39
  1 .94
  8.55
 26.58
 60.60
  (1 )
   0.24
   0.16
   0.81
   4.26
  15.95
  25.92
   (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(c)  Solution and Press Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  3.39
  2.24
 1 1 .25
 49.55
154.10
315.91
  (1 )
   1 .39
   0.93
   4.70
  24.66
  92.46
 150.25
   (1 )
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               21

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(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
                    0.079
                    0.052
                    0.26
                    1.15
                    3.58
                    7.34
                    (1)
                         0.032
                         0.022
                         0. 109
                         0.573
                         2. 15
                         3.49
                         (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
              Maximum
              Monthly
        for
        Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
                    6.
                    4.
                   20.
                   89.
                  278.
                  570.
                    (1
    12
    04
    31
    46
    24
    39
                 2.
                 1 .
                 8.
                44.
               166.
               271 .
                 (1
     51
     67
     49
     52
     95
     29
(!)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,
                               22

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(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor,
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  7.00
  4.61
 23.22
102.24
318.00
651.90
  (1)
   2.86
   1 .91
   9.70
  50.88
 190.80
 310.05
   (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(g)  Degassing - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum degassed
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  1.15
  0.76
  3.81
 16.78
 52. 18
106.97
  (1)
   0.47
   0.32
   1 .59
   8.35
  31 .31
  50.88
   (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               23

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(h)  Extrusion Press Leakage
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of hard alloy aluminum extruded
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                         0.65
                         0.43
                         2. 16
                         9.51
                        29.56
                        60.60
                         (1)
   0.27
   0.18
   0.90
   4.73
  17.74
  28.82
   (1 )
(1)

D.
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE DRAWING WITH NEAT OILS
SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Drawing With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                         0.022
                         0.015
                         0.073
                         0.32
                         0.97
                         2.04
                         (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
   0.0090
   0.0050
   0.031
   0. 160
   0.598
   0.972
   (1)
                               24

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(b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                  Maximum for
                  Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  0,
  0,
  2,
 10,
 31
 63,
684
451
271
00
10
76
  (1 )
                                                     0.28
                                                     0.187
                                                     0.949
                                                     4.976
                                                    18.66
                                                    30.322
                                                     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times

(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                            Maximum
                            Any One
        for
        Day
                  Maximum for
                  Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
                              0.00086
                              0.00057
                              0.00287
                              0.01263
                              0.03928
                              0.08052
                              (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times
                         0,
                         0,
                         0,
                         0,
                         0
                         0,
                       00035
                       00024
                       00120
                       00628
                       02357
                       03830
                                                      (1)
                                25

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(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                    3,
                    2,
                   1 1 .
                   49,
                  154
                  315,
    39
    24
    25
    55
    10
    91
                    (1 )
   1 .39
   0.93
   4.70
  24.66
  92.46
 150.25
   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
                      Maximum for
                      Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                    0.
                    0.
                    0.
                    1.
                    3.
                    7.
                    (1
    079
    052
    26
    150
    58
    34
   0.
   0.
   0.
   0.
   2.
   3.
   (1
032
022
1 1
57
15
49
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,
                               26

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(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
              Maximum for
              Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off—Ibs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  6. 12
  4.04
 20.31
 89.46
278.24
570.39
  (1)
                 2.51
                 1 .67
                 8.49
                44.52
               166.95
               271.29
                 (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-Ibs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  7.00
  4.61
 23.22
102.24
318.00
651.90
  (1 )'
                 2.86
                 1 .91
                 9.70
                50.88
               198.80
               310.05
                 (1)
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all  times.
                                27

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E.   BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE DRAWING WITH EMULSIONS OR
     SOAPS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps - Core Waste Streans
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with emulsions
or soaps
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  0.205
  0. 135
  0.680
  3.00
  9.33
 19.12
  (1 )
   0.084
   0.056
   0.285
   1 .50
   5.60
   9. 10
   (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  0.684
  0.450
  2.27
 10.00
 31.10
 63.76
  (1)
   0.28
   0. 187
   0.949
   4.976
  18.66
  30.323
   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               28

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(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
  0.0009
  0.0006
  0.0029
  0.013
  0.040
  0.081
  (1)
   0.0004
   0.0003
   0.001
   0.006
   0.024
   0.039
   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
  3.39
  2.24
 1 1 .25
 49.55
154.10
315.91
  (1)
   1 .39
   0.93
   4.70
  24.66
  92.46
 150.25
   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               29

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
Maximum
Monthly
for
Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                    0.079
                    0.052
                    0.262
                    1.15
                    3.58
                    7.34
                    (1)
                         0
                         0
                         0
                         0
                         2.
                         3
                   032
                   022
                   109
                   573
                   15
                   49
                         (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
                      Maximum for
                      Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                    6.
                    4.
                   20.
                   89.
                  278.
                  570.
                    (1
    12
    04
    31
    46
    24
    39
                 2.
                 1 .
                 8.
                44.
               166.
               271 .
                 (1
     51
     67
     49
     519
     95
     29
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               30

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(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
                          Maximum for
                          Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminim cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
                    7.
                    4.
                   23.
                  102.
                  318.
                  651 .
                    (1
        00
        61
        22
        24
        00
        90
                     2
                     1
                     9
                    50
                   190
                   310
         86
         91
         70
         88
         80
         05
                             (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
3.  BAT is being promulgated based on the model  treatment  tech-
nology of oil skimming, chemical precipitation, and sedimentation
(lime  and  settle)  technology  and  in-process  flow  reduction
control  methods,  and  where   applicable,   chemical   emulsion
breaking, chromium reduction, and cyanide removal.  The following
BAT  effluent  limitations  are  being  promulgated  for existing
sources:
A.  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE ROLLING WITH NEAT OILS
    SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams Without An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
                   0,
                   0.
                   0,
                   0,
       025
       016
       081
       356
                    0,
                    0,
                    0,
                    0
        010
        0067
        034
        174
                                31

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(b)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams With An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.036
     0.024
     0.119
     0.525
      0.015
      0.0098
      0.050
      0.257
(c)  Continuous Sheet Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.00086
     0.00057
     0.00287
     0.0127
      0.00035
      0.00024
      0.0012
      0.0062
(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.897
     0.591
     2.974
    13.10
      0.367
      0.245
      1 .243
      6.518
(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.079
     0.052
     0.262
     1 .151
      0.032
      0.022
      0. 109
      0.573
                               32

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(f)   Cleaning or Etching - Rinse .
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One 'Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.612
     0.404
     2.031
     8. 944
(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
     Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
  Maximum for
Any One Day
      0.251
      0. 167
      0.849
      4.45
    Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.851
     0.561
     2.822
    12.43
      0.348
      0.232
      1 . 179
      6.186
B.   BAT  MASS  LIMITATIONS  FOR  THE  ROLLING   WITH
SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Rolling With Emulsions - Core Waste Streams
                                EMULSIONS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with emulsions
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.057
     0.038
     0. 19
     0.84
      0.024
      0.016
      0.079
      0.42
                                33

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(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.59
     0.39
     1 .94
     8.55
      0.24
      0. 16
      0.81
      4. 26
(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.90
     0.59
     2.98
    13.10
      0.37
      0.25
      1 .25
      6.52
(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.079
     0.052
     0.26
     1.15
      0.032
      0.022
      0. 109
      0.573
(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.61
     0.41
     2.03
     8.95
      0.25
      0. 17
      0.85
      4.45
                               34

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(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
     Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
  Maximum for
Any One Day
    Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.85
     0.56
     2.82
    12.43
      0.35
      0.23
      1.18
      6. 19
C.  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE EXTRUSION SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Extrusion - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum extruded
119  Chromium
121  Cyanide
128  Zinc
     Aluminum
     0. 15
     0.098
     0.49
     2.19
      0.061
      0.041
      0.21
      1 .09
(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.59
     0.39
     1 .94
     8.55
      0.24
      0. 16
      0.81
      4.26
(c)  Solution or Press Heat Treatment Contact Cooling
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.90
     0.59
     2.98
    13.10
      0.37
      0.25
      1 .25
      6.52
                               35

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(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.079
     0.052
     0.262
     1.15
      0.032
      0.022
      0. 109
      0.58
(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.61
     0.41
     2.03
     8.95
(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
      0.25
      0. 17
      0.85
      4.45
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.85
Cyanide                      0.56
Zinc                         2.82
Aluminum                    12.43

(g)  Extrusion Press Leakage
                            0.35
                            0.23
                            1.18
                            6.19
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of hard alloy aluminum extruded
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.65
     0.43
     2. 16
     9.51
      0.27
      0.18
      0.90
      4.73
                               36

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D.  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE DRAWING WITH NEAT OILS
    SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.022
     0.015
     0.073
     0.321
      0.009
      0. 006
      0.031
      0. 16
(b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.086
     0.056
     0.283
     1 .247
(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
      0.035
      0.024
      0.118
      0.621
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg {Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.00086
     0.0006
     0.0029
     0.0127
      0.0004
      0.0002
      0.0012
      0.0063
                               37

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(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.896
     0.591
     2.974
    13.10
      0.367
      0.245
      1 .243
      6.519
(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.079
     0.052
     0.262
     1.151
      0.032
      0.022
      0. 109
      0.563
(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.612
     0.404
     2.031
     8.944
(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
      0.251
      0. 167
      0.849
      4.451
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.851
     0.561
     2.82
    12.43
      0.348
      0.232
      1 . 179
      6. 19
                               38

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      E.  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE DRAWING WITH EMULSIONS
          OR SOAPS SUBCATEGORY
      (a)  Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps - Core Waste Streams
      Pollutant or
      Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with emulsions
      or soaps
      Chromium
      Cyanide
      Zinc
      Aluminum
     0.205
     0. 135
     0.681
     3.00
      0.084
      0.056
      0.285
      1 .49
       (b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
      Pollutant or
      Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
      methods
      Chromium
      Cyanide
      Zinc
      Aluminum
     0.086
     0.056
     0.283
     1 .25
       (c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
      Pollutant or
      Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
      0.035
      0.024
      0.118
      0.62
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum  cast  by  continuous
      methods
      Chromium
      Cyanide
      Zinc
      Aluminum
     0.0009
     0.0006
     0.0029
     0.013
      0.0004
      0.0003
      0.0012
      0.0063
                                      39
_

-------
(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.897
     0.591
     2.98
    13.10
      0.37
      0.25
      1 .24
      6.52
(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.079
     0.052
     0.262
     1.15
      0.032
      0.022
      0.1 1
      0.57
(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.612
     0.404
     2.03
     8.95
(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
      0.251
      0.167
      0.849
      4.45
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
     0.85
     0.561
     2.82
     12.43
      0.348
      0.232
      1.18
      6. 19
                                40

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4.   NSPS is being promulgated based on the model treatment tech-
nology of oil skimming, chemical precipitation, sedimentation and
filtration (lime, settle, and filter) technology  and  in-process
flow  reduction  control  methods, and where applicable, chemical
emulsion breaking, chromium reduction, and cyanide removal.   The
following  effluent  standards  are  being  promulgated  for  new
sources:

A.  NSPS FOR THE ROLLING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams Without An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
 sMaximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0,021
     '0.011
     0.057
     0.338
     0.553
     0.830
    (1)
      0.0083
      0.0044
      0.023
      0. 150
      0.553
      0.664
     (1  )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
(b)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams With An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.030
     0.016
     0.084
     0.499
     0.817
     1 .225
    (1)
      0.0123
      0.0065
      0.0343
      0.221
      0.817
      0.980
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               41

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(c)  Continuous Sheet Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
     0.
    (1)
00073
00039
0020
012
0197
0295
 0.00029
 0.00016
 0.00082
 0.0053
 0.019
 0. 022
(V)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.76
     0.41
     2.08
    12.45
    20.37
    30.56
    (1)
                     0.31
                     0. 17
                     0.86
                     5.52
                    20.37
                    24.45
                    (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               42

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                    Maximum for
                  Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.066
     0.036
     0. 183
       094
       79
       69
 1 .
 1 .
 2.
(1 )
 0.027
 0.015
 0.075
 0.485
 1 .79
 2. 15
(1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                    Maximum for
                  Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.52
     0.28
     1 .42
     8.50
    13.91
    20.87
    (1)
                        0.21
                        0. 1 1
                        0.59
                        3.70
                       13.91
                       16.69
                       (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                    Maximum for
                  Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.715
     0.387
     1 .97
    11.81
    19.33
    29.00
    (1)
                        0.29
                        0. 16
                        0.81
                        5.24
                       19.33
                       23.20
                       (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               43

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B.  NSPS FOR THE ROLLING WITH EMULSIONS SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Rolling With Emulsions - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
                        Maximum for
                      Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with emulsions
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
                   0.048
                   0.026
                   0. 133
                   0.80
                   1 .30
                   1 .95
                  (1 )
                            0.020
                            0. 0 IT
                            0.055
                            0.35
                            1 .30
                            1 .56
                           (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,

(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant
Pollutant
or
Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
                   0.49
                   0.27
                   1 .36
                   8.12
                  13.29
                  19. 94
                  (1 )
                            0.20
                            0.11
                            0.59
                            3.60
                           13.29
                           15.95
                           ( 1 )  '
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               44

-------
(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.76
     0.41
     2.08
    12.45
    20.37
    30.56
    (1)
      0.31
      0. 17
      0.86
      5.52
     20.37
     24.45
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium      '
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.067
     0.036
     0. 183
     1 .094
     1 .79
     2.69
    (1)
      0.027
      0.015
      0.075
      0.485
      1 .79
      2. 15
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.52
     0.28
     1 .42
     8.50
    13.91
    20.87
    (1)
      0.21
      0. 11
      0.59
      3.77
     13.91
     16.70
     (1 )
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               45

-------
(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-Jcg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.72
     0.39
     1 .97
    11.81
    19.33
    29.00
    (1)
      0.29
      0.16
      0.81
      5.24
     19.33
     23.20
     (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

C.  NSPS FOR THE EXTRUSION SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Extrusion - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs), of aluminum extruded
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.13
     0.068
     0.35
     2.07
     3.39
     5. 10
    (1)
      0.051
      0.027
      0. 14
      0.92
      3.39
      4.07
     (1)
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                                46

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(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0,
     0.
     1 .
     8,
    13
    19
    (1)
49
27
36
12
29
24
 0.20
 0. 1 1
 0.56
 3.60
13.29
15.95
(1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
(c)  Solution and Press Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling
         Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.76
     0.41
     2.08
    12.45
    20.37
    30.56
    (1)
                     0.31
                     0. 17
                     0.86
                     5.52
                    20.37
                    24.45
                    (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               47

-------
(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.067
     0.036
     0.183
     1 .094
     1 .79
     2.69
    (1)
      0.027
      0.015
      0.075
      0.485
      1 .79
      2.15
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.52
     0.28
     1 .42
     8.50
    1 3.91
    20.87
    (1)
      0.21
      0. 1 1
      0.59
      3.77
     13.91
     16.70
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.72
     0.39
     1 .97
    1 1 .81
    19.33
    29.00
    (1)
      0.29
      0. 16
      0.81
      5.24
     19.33
     23.20
     (1 )
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                               48

-------
(g)  Extrusion Press Leakage
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of hard alloy aluminum extruded
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0. 1 1
     0.060
     0.31
     1  .82
     2.98
     4.47
    (1  )
      0.045
      0.024
      0. 126
      0.81
      2.98
      3.58
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

D.  NSPS FOR THE FORGING SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Forging - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum forged
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.019
     0.010
     0.051
     0.305
     0.50
     0.75
    (1 )
      0.008
      0.004
      0.021
      0. 135
      0.50
      0.60
     (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               49

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(b)  Forging - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                Maximum for
              Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum forged
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.035
     0.019
     0.096
     0.576
     0.943
     1 .42
    (1)
                    0.014
                    0.008
                    0.04
                    0.256
                    0.95
                    1.13
                   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum
Any One
for
Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.76
     0.41
     2.08
    12.45
    20.37
    30.56
    (1 )
                    0.31
                    0. 163
                    0.86
                    5.52
                   20.37
                   24.45
                   (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                Maximum for
              Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.066
     0.036
     0. 183
     1 .094
     1 .79
     2.69
    (1)
KT                           N  '

(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                    0.027
                    0.015
                    0.075
                    0.485
                    1 .79
                    2. 15
                   (1)
                               50

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.52
     0.28
     1 .42
     8.5
    13.91
    20.87
    (1 )
      0.21
      0. 1 1
      0.59
      3.77
     13.91
     16.69
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
     0.72
     0.39
     1 .97
    11.81
    19.33
    29.00
    (1)
      0.29
      0.155
      0.812
      5.24
     19.33
     23.20
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                                51

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E.  NSPS FOR THE DRAWING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with neat oils
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.019
     0.010
     0.051
     0.304
     0.498
     0.747
    (1)
      0.008
      0.004
      0.021
      0. 135
      0.498
      0.598
     (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Averaige
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.072
     0.039
     0.198
     1 . 185
     1 .939
     2.909
    (1)
      0.029
      0.016
      0.082
      0.526
      1 .939
      2.327
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               52

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(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods                       •	
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.0008
     0.0004
     0.002
     0.012
     0.02
     0.03
    (1 )
      0.0003
      0.0002
      0.008
      0.006
      0.02
      0.024
     (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.754
     0.408
     2.08
    1 2.45
    20.37
    30.56
    (1 )
      0.306
      0. 163
      0.856
      5.52
     20.37
     24.45
     (1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               53

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
     0.066
     0.036
     0. 183
     1  .094
     1  .79
     2.69
    (1)
      0. 027
      0.015
      0.075
      0.485
      1  .79
      2. 15
     (1  )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.515
     0.278
     1 .42
     8.50
    13.91
    20.87
    (1 )
      0.209
      0.111
      0.584
      3.77
     13.91
     16.70
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.715
     0.387
     1 .97
    1 1 .81
    19.33
    29.00
      0.290
      0. 155
      0.812
      5.24
     19.33
     23.20
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                               54

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F.  NSPS FOR THE DRAWING WITH EMULSIONS OR SOAPS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with emulsions
or soaps
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0. 173
     0.094
     0.476
     2.85
     4.67
     7.00
    (1)
      0.070
      0.038
      0.196
      1 .27
      4.67
      5.60
     (1 )
(1)  Within the range, of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.072
     0.039
     0. 198
     1  . 184
     1  .940
     2.91
    (1)
      0.029
      0.016
      0.081
      0.526
      1 .940
      2.33
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all times.
                                55

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(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.0008
     0.0004
     0.0020
     0.012
     0.020
     0.030
    (1)
      0.0003
      0.0002
      0.0008
      0.0053
      0.020
      0.024
      1 )
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.

(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.754
     0.408
     2.08
    12.450
    20.37
    20.56
    (1 )
      0.31
      0. 16
      0.86
      5.52
     20.37
     24.45
     (1)
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times.
                               56

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or	-
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-l'bs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.066
     0.036
     0. 183
     1  .094
     1  .79
     2.69
    (1)
      0.027
      0.015
      0.075
      0.49
      1 .79
      2. 15
     (1)    '-
(1)  Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times,

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (lb/mil,lion off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or 'etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
PH
     0.515
     0.278
     1 .42
     8.50
    13.91
    20.87
    (1)
      0.21
      0. 1 1
      0.59
      3.77
     13.91
     16.70
     (1)
 (1)  Within the range of 7.0 to  10.0 at all  times.

 (g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of  aluminum  cleaned  or  etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Aluminum
Oil & Grease
Total Suspended Solids
pH
     0.72
     0.387
     1 .97
     1.18
     19.33
     29.00
     (1)
      0.290
      0. 155
      0.812
      5.24
      19.33
      23.20
      (1)
 (1)  Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times.
                                57

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5.  PSES is being promulgated based on the model treatment  tech-
nology  of  oil  skimming  and  chemical  precipitation and sedi-
mentation  (lime  and  settle)  technology  and  in-process  flow
reduction   control   methods,  and  where  applicable,  chemical
emulsion breaking, chromium reduction, and cyanide removal.   The
following   pretreatment  standards  are  being  promulgated  for
existing sources:

A.  PSES FOR THE ROLLING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams Without An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium                     0.025
Cyanide                      0.016
Zinc                         0.081
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.038
Oil & Grease*                1.11
                            0.010
                            0.007
                            0.034

                            0.67
(b)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams With An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium                     0.036
Cyanide                      0.024
Zinc                         0.119
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.057
Oil & Grease*                1.64
                            0.015
                            0.010
                            0.050

                            0.98
                               58

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(c)  Continuous Sheet Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of aluminum cast by continuous methods
Chromium                     0.00086
Cyanide               '.  -,    0.00057
Zinc                         0.0029
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.0014
Oil & Grease*                0.040
                            0.00035
                            0.00024
                            0.0012

                            0.024
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.90
Cyanide                      0.59
Zinc                         2.98
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               40.74

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
                            0.37
                            0.25
                            1 .25

                           24.45
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.079
Cyanide                      0.052
Zinc                         0.262
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                3.58
                            0.032
                            0.022
                            0. 109

                            2. 15
                               59

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(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.61
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc                         2.03
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               27.82
                            0. 25
                            0. 17
                            0.85

                           16.69
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.85
Cyanide                      0.56
Zinc                         2.82
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               38.7

B.  PSES FOR THE ROLLING WITH EMULSIONS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Rolling With Emulsions - Core Waste Streams
                            0.35
                            0.23
                            1.18

                           23.20
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum.for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with emulsions
Chromium                     0.057
Cyanide                      0.038
Zinc                         0.190
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.090
Oil & Grease*                2.60
                            0. 024
                            0 . 0 1 f
                            '0. 0~9

                            1 . f-o
                               60

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(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium                     0.59
Cyanide                      0.39
Zinc                         1.94
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.92
Oil & Grease*               26.58
                            0.24
                            0. 16
                            0.81

                           15.95
^Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.90
Cyanide                      0.56
Zinc                         2.98
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               40.74

(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
                            0.37
                            0.25
                            1 .24

                           24.44
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.079
Cyanide                      0.052
Zinc                         0.262
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                3.58
                            0.032
                            0.022
                            0. 109

                            2.15
                               61

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million Ibs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.61
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc                         2.03
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               27.82
                            0.25
                            0.17
                            0.85

                           16.69
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.85
Cyanide                      0.56
Zinc                         2.83
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               38.66

C.  PSES FOR THE EXTRUSION SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Extrusion - Core Waste Streams
                            0.35
                            0.23
                            1.18

                           23.20
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum extruded
Chromium                     0.15
Cyanide                      0.098
Zinc                         0.49
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.23
Oil & Grease*                6.80
                            0.061
                            0.041
                            0.21

                            4.0.7
                               62

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(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly 'Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium                     0.59
Cyanide                      0.39
Zinc                         1.94
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.92
Oil & Grease*               26.58
                            0. 24
                            0. 16
                            0.81

                           15.95
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(c)  Solution and Press Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling
     Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.90
Cyanide                      0.59
Zinc                         2.98
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               40.74

(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
                            0.37
                            0.25
                            1 .25

                           24.45
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.079
Cyanide                      0.052
Zinc                         0.26
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                3.58
                             0.032
                             0.022
                             0. 109

                             2. 15
                                63

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.61
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc                         2.03
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               27.82
                            0.25
                            0. 17
                            0.85

                           16.69
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.85
Cyanide                      0.56
Zinc                         2.82
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               38.66

(g)  Extrusion Press Leakage
                            0.35
                            0.23
                            1.18

                           23.20
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of hard alloy aluminum extruded
Chromium                     0.65
Cyanide                      0.43
Zinc                         2.16
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.02
Oil & Grease*               29.56
                            0.27
                            0.18
                            0.90

                           17.74
                               64

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D.  PSES FOR THE FORGING SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Forging - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum forged
Chromium                     0.022
Cyanide                      0.015
Zinc                         0.073
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.035
Oil & Grease*                1.00
                            0.009
                            0.006
                            0.031

                            0.60
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(b)  Forging - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum forged
Chromium  .                   0.042
Cyanide                      0.028
Zinc                   ,      0.14
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.065
Oil & Grease*                1.89
                            0.017
                            0.01 1
                            0.058

                            1.13
(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.897
Cyanide                      0.591
Zinc                         2.98
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               40.74
                            0.37
                            0.25
                            1 .24

                           24.45
                               65

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(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.079
Cyanide                      0.052
Zinc                         0.26
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.123
Oil & Grease*                3.58
                            0.032
                            0. 022
                            0. 11

                            2. 15
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                    • 0.61
Cyanide                      0.40
Zinc                         2.03
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               27.82

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                            0. 25
                            0. 17
                            0.85

                           16.70
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.851
Cyanide                      0.561
Zinc                         2.82
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               38.66
                            0.35
                            0.23
                            1.18

                           23.20
                               66

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E.  PSES FOR THE DRAWING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                   Maximum for
                   Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with neat oils
Chromium                     0.022
Cyanide                      0.015
Zinc                         0.073
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.035
Oil & Grease*                1.00
                                               0.009
                                               0.006
                                               0.031

                                               0.60
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.
(b]
Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                   Maximum for
                   Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium                     0.086
Cyanide                      0.057
Zinc                         0.283
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.133
Oil & Grease*                3. 878

(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                   Maximum for
                   Any One Day
                                               0.035
                                               0.023
                                               0.118

                                               2.327
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium                     0.0009
Cyanide                      0.0006
Zinc                         0.0029
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.0014
Oil & Grease*                0.040
                                               0.0004
                                               0.0003
                                               0.0012

                                               0.024
                               67

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(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.896
Cyanide                      0.591
Zinc                         2.98
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               40.74
                            0.367
                            0.245
                            1 .24

                           24.45
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.079
Cyanide                      0.052
Zinc                         0.262
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                3.58

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
                            0.033
                            0.022
                            0. 109

                            2. 15
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.612
Cyanide                      0.404
Zinc                         2.03
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               27.82
                            0.251
                            0. 17
                            0.85

                           16.70
                               68

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(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.851
Cyanide                      0.561
Zinc                         2.82
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               38.66
                            0.348
                            0.23-2
                            1.18

                           23.20
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

F.  PSES FOR THE DRAWING WITH EMULSIONS OR SOAPS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with emulsions
or soaps

Chromium                     0.205                  0.084
Cyanide                      0.135                  0.056
Zinc                         0.681                  0.285
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.32
Oil & Grease*                9.33                   5.60

(b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium                     0.086
Cyanide                      0.056
Zinc                         0.283
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.134
Oil & Grease*                3.88
                            0.035
                            0.024
                            0.119

                            2.33
                                69

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(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum, for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium                     0.0009
Cyanide                      0.0006
Zinc                         0.0029
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.0014
Oil & Grease*                0.040
                            0.0004
                            0.0003
                            0.0012

                            0.024
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.896
Cyanide                      0.591
Zinc                         2.98
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               40.74

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
                            0.367
                            0.245
                            1 .25

                           24.44
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.079
Cyanide                      0.052
Zinc                         0.262
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                3.58
                            0.032
                            0.022
                            0. 1 1

                            2.15
                               70

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      (f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
     Pollutant or
     Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
     Chromium                      0.612
     Cyanide                       0.404
     Zinc                          2.03
     Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)    0.96
     Oil & Grease*                27.82
                            0.251
                            0. 167
                            0.849

                           16.69
     *Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
      for TTO.

     (g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
     Pollutant or
     Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of  aluminum  cleaned or etched
     Chromium                      0.851
     Cyanide                       0.561
     Zinc                          2.82
     Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)    1.34
     Oil & Grease*                38.66
                            0.348
                            0.232
                            1.18

                           23.20
     6.  PSNS  is being promulgated based on  the model  treatment   tech-
     nology  of oil skimming and  chemical precipitation, sedimentation
     and filtration  (lime, settle,   and  filter)   technology   and  in-
     process   flow  reduction   control  methods,  and where  applicable,
     chemical  emulsion  breaking,   chromium reduction,  and  cyanide
     removal.    The   following   pretreatment   standards  are   being
     promulgated for new sources:
                                     71
_

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A.  PSNS FOR THE ROLLING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams Without An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any'One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils
Chromium                     0.021
Cyanide                      0.011
Zinc                         0.057
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.038
Oil & Grease*                0.54
                            0.009
                            0.005
                            0.024

                            0.54
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(b)  Rolling With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams With An
     Annealing Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with neat oils

Chromium                     0.030                  0.013
Cyanide                      0.017                  0.007
Zinc                         0.084                  0.035
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.057
Oil & Grease*                0.817                  0.817

(c)  Continuous Sheet Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium                     0.00073
Cyanide                      0.00039
Zinc                         0.0020
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.0014
Oil & Grease*                0.020
                            0.00029
                            0.00016
                            0.00082

                            0.020
                               72

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(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.76
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc                         2.08
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               20.37
                            0.31
                            0.17
                            0.86

                           20.37
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.067
Cyanide                      0.036
Zinc                         0.183
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                1.79

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
                            0.027
                            0.015
                            0.075

                            1 .79
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/millioh off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium         '            0.52
Cyanide                      0.28
Zinc    "                     1 .42
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               13.91
                            0.21
                            0. 1 1
                            0.59

                           13.91
                               73

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(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.72
Cyanide                      0.39
Zinc                         1.97
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               19.33
                            0.29
                            0. 16
                            0.81

                           19.33
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.
B.  PSNS FOR THE ROLLING WITH EMULSIONS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Rolling With Emulsions - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum rolled with emulsions

Chromium                     0.048                  0.020
Cyanide                      0.026                  0.011
Zinc                         0.133                  0.055
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.090
Oil & Grease*                1.30                   1 .30

(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium                     0.49
Cyanide                      0.27
Zinc                         1.36
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.92
Oil & Grease*               13.29
                            0.20
                            0. 1 1
                            0.56

                           13.29
                               74

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(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum, for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.76
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc                         2.08
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               20.37
                            0.31
                            0. 17
                            0.86

                           20.37
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.079
Cyanide                      0.052
Zinc                         0.26
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.00
Oil & Grease*                0.00

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
                            0.032
                            0.022
                            0. 109
                            0.00
                            0.00
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.52
Cyanide                      0.28
Zinc                         1.42
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               13.91
                            0.21
                            0. 1 1
                            0.59

                           13.91
                               75

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(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.72
Cyanide                      0.39
Zinc                         1.97
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               19.33
                            0.29
                            0.16
                            0.81

                           19.33
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

C.  PSNS FOR THE EXTRUSION SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Extrusion - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum extruded

Chromium                     0.13                   0.05
Cyanide                      0.07                   0.03
Zinc                         0.35                   0.15
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.24
Oil & Grease*                3.40                   3.40

(b)  Direct Chill Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by direct chill
methods
Chromium                     0.49
Cyanide                      0.27
Zinc                         1.36
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.92
Oil & Grease*           .     13.29
                            0.05
                            0.03
                            0.13

                            2.98
                                76

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(c)  Solution and Press Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling
     Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
  Maximum  for
  Any One  Day
                   Maximum for
                 Monthly Average
ing/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.76
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc                         2.08
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               20.37
                               0.31
                               0.17
                               0.86

                              20.37
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
  Maximum  for
  Any One  Day
                   Maximum for
                 Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium
Cyanide
Zinc
Total Toxic Organics
Oil & Grease*
:TTO)
0.067
0.036
0. 183
0.00
1 .79
0.027
0.015
0.075
0.00
1 .79
(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
  Maximum  for
  Any One  Day
                   Maximum for
                 Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.52
Cyanide                      0.28
Zinc                         1.42
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               13.91
                               0.21
                               0. 1 1
                               0.59

                              13.91
                               77

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(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.72
Cyanide                      0.39
Zinc                         1.97
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               19.33
                            0.29
                            0. 16
                            0.81

                           19.33
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(g)  Extrusion Press Leakage
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of hard alloy aluminum extruded
Chromium                     0.11
Cyanide                      0.06
Zinc                         0.31
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.21
Oil & Grease*                2.98

D.  PSNS FOR THE FORGING SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Forging - Core Waste Streams
                            0.05
                            0.03
                            0. 13

                            2.98
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum  forged
Chromium                      0.019
Cyanide                       0.010
Zinc                          0.051
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)    0.035
Oil & Grease*                 0.50
                            0.008
                            0.004
                            0.021

                            0.50
                                78

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(b)  Forging - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum forged
Chromium                     0.035
Cyanide                      0.019
Zinc                         0.096
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.065
Oil & Grease*                0.95
                            0.014
                            0.008
                            0.040

                            0.95
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(c)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.76
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc    ,                     2.08
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               20.37

(d)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
                            0.31
                            0. 16
                            0.86

                           20. 37
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.066
Cyanide                      0.036
Zinc                         0.183
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                1 .79
                            0.027
                            0.015
                            0.075

                            1 .79
                               79

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.52
Cyanide                      0.28
Zinc                         1,42
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               13.91
                            0.21
                            0. 1 1
                            0.59

                           13.91
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg {Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.72
Cyanide                      0.39
Zinc                         1.97
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               19.33
                            0.29
                            0. 16
                            0.812

                           19.33
E.  PSNS FOR THE DRAWING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Neat Oils - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with neat oils
Chromium                     0.019
Cyanide                      0.010
Zinc                         0.051
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.035
Oil & Grease*                0. 50
                            0.008
                            0.004
                            0.021

                            0.50
                               80

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      (b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
     Pollutant or
     Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     mg/off-kg  (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
     methods
     Chromium                      0.072
     Cyanide                       0.039
     Zinc                          0.198
     Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)    0.134
     Oil & Grease*                 1.94
                            0.029
                            0.016
                            0.082

                            1 .94
     *Alternate monitoring  limit  - oil and grease may be substituted
       for TTO.

     (c)  Continuous Rod Casting  - Spent Lubricant
     Pollutant' or
     Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum" for
Monthly Average
     mg/off-kg  (Ib/million  off-lbs)  of  aluminum  cast  by  continuous
     methods
     Chromium                      0.0007
     Cyanide                       0.0004
     Zinc                          0.0020
     Total  Toxic  Organics  (TTO)    0.0014
     Oil &  Grease*                 0.020
                            0.0003
                            0.0002
                            0.0008

                            0.020
      (d)   Solution  Heat  Treatment  -  Contact  Cooling  Water
      Pollutant  or
      Pollutant  Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/off-kg  (Ib/million  off-lbs)  of  aluminum quenched
      Chromium                      0.76
      Cyanide                      0.41
      Zinc                          2.08
      Total  Toxic Organics  (TTO)    1.41
      Oil &  Grease*                20.37
                            0.306
                            0. 163
                            0.856

                           20.37
                                     81
_

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(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.067
Cyanide                      0.036
Zinc                         0.183
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                1.79
                            0.027
                            0.015
                            0.075

                            1 .79
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.52
Cyanide                      0.28
Zinc                         1.42
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               13.91

(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                            0.21
                            0.11
                            0.59

                           13.91
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.72
Cyanide                      0.39
Zinc                         1.97
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               19.33
                            0.29
                            0.16
                            0.812

                           19.33
                               82

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F.  PSNS FOR THE DRAWING WITH EMULSIONS OR SOAPS SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps - Core Waste Streams
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum drawn with emulsions
or soaps
Chromium                     0.173
Cyanide                      0.094
Zinc                         0.48
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.32
Oil & Grease                 4.67
                            0.070
                            0.038
                            0. 196

                            4.67
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(b)  Continuous Rod Casting - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium                     0.072
Cyanide                      0.039
Zinc                         0.198
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.134
Oil & Grease*                1.94

(c)  Continuous Rod Casting - Spent Lubricant
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                            0.029
                            0.016
                            0.082

                            1 .94
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cast by continuous
methods
Chromium                     0.0007
Cyanide                      0.0004
Zinc     ,                    0.0020
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.0014
Oil & Grease*                0.020
                            0.0003
                            0.0002
                            0.0008

                            0.020
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(d)  Solution Heat Treatment - Contact Cooling Water
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum quenched
Chromium                     0.76
Cyanide                      0.41
Zinc                         2.08
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.41
Oil & Grease*               20. 37
                            0.306
                            0. 163
                            0.856

                           20.37
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.

(e)  Cleaning or Etching - Bath
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg {Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.067
Cyanide                      0.036
Zinc                         0.183
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   0.124
Oil & Grease*                1.79

(f)  Cleaning or Etching - Rinse
                            0.027
                            0.015
                            0.075

                            1 .79
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.52
Cyanide                      0.28
Zinc                         1.42
Total Toxic Organics  (TTO)   0.96
Oil & Grease*               13.91
                            0.21
                            0.1 1
                            0.59

                           13.91
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(g)  Cleaning or Etching - Scrubber Liquor
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/off-kg (Ib/million off-lbs) of aluminum cleaned or etched
Chromium                     0.715
Cyanide                      0.387
Zinc                         1.97
Total Toxic Organics (TTO)   1.34
Oil & Grease*               19.33
                            0.290
                            0. 155
                            0.812

                           19.33
*Alternate monitoring limit - oil and grease may be substituted
 for TTO.
                               85

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                           SECTION III

                          INTRODUCTION
LEGAL AUTHORITY

The Federal  Water  Pollution  Control  Act  Amendments  of  1972
established  a comprehensive program to "restore and maintain the
chemical, physical, and  biological  integrity  of  the  Nation's
waters"  (Section 101(a)).  To implement the Act, EPA was to issue
effluent  limitations guidelines, pretreatment standards, and new
source performance standards for industry dischargers.

The Act  included a timetable for issuing these  standards.   How-
ever,  EPA  was  unable  to  meet many of the deadlines and, as a
result,  in 1976, it was sued by several environmental groups.

In settling this lawsuit,  EPA  and  the  plaintiffs  executed  a
court-approved  "Settlement  Agreement."  This Agreement required
EPA to develop a program and adhere to a schedule in promulgating
effluent limitations guidelines,  new  source  performance  stan7
dards,   and  pretreatment  standards for 65 "priority" pollutants
and classes of pollutants for 21 major industries.   See  Natural
Resources  Defense  Council,  Inc.  v.  Train, 8 ERC 2120 (D.D.C.
1976), modified, 12 ERC 1833 (D.D.C. 1979),  modified  by  Orders
dated October 26,  1982 and August 2, 1983.

Many  of  the basic elements of this Settlement Agreement program
were incorporated  into the Clean Water Act  of  1977.   Like  the
Agreement,  the Act stressed control of toxic pollutants, includ-
ing the  65 "priority" pollutants.  In addition  to  strengthening
the  toxic  control program, Section 304(e) of the Act authorizes
the Administrator  to prescribe "best management practices"  (BMP)
to  prevent  the   release  of toxic and hazardous pollutants from
plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or  waste  disposal,
and drainage from  raw material storage associated with, or ancil-
lary to, the manufacturing or treatment process.

The purpose of this document is to provide the supporting techni-
cal data regarding water use, pollutants, and treatment technolo-
gies for BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES, and PSNS effluent limitations that
EPA  is  promulgating  for  the  aluminum  forming category under
Sections 301, 304, 306, 307, 308, and 501 of the Clean Water Act.

DATA COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION

EPA gathered and   evaluated  technical  data  in  the  course  of
developing  these  guidelines  in  order to perform the following
tasks:
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     3.
     4.
To profile the category with regard to the  production,
manufacturing   processes,  geographical  distribution,
potential wastewater streams,  and  discharge  mode  of
aluminum forming plants.

To subcategorize, if  necessary,  in  order  to  permit
regulation  of  the  aluminum  forming  category  in an
equitable and manageable way.  This was done by  taking
all  of  the  factors  mentioned above plus others into
account.

To characterize wastewater, detailing water use, waste-
water  discharge,  and  the  occurrence  of   priority,
conventional,  and nonconventional pollutants, in waste
streams from aluminum forming processes.

To select pollutant parameters—those priority, conven-
tional,  and  nonconventional  pollutants  present   at
significant  concentrations in wastewater streams-~that
should be considered for regulation.

To consider  control  and  treatment  technologies  and
select  alternative methods for reducing pollutant dis-
charge in this category.
          To consider the costs of implementing
          control and treatment technologies.
                                       the  alternative
     7.   To present possible regulatory alternatives.

Sources of Industry Data

Data on the aluminum forming category were gathered from previous
EPA studies, literature studies, inquiries to federal  and  state
environmental agencies, raw material manufacturers and suppliers,
trade  association  contacts,  and  the aluminum forming manufac-
turers themselves.  Additionally, meetings were held with  indus-
try representatives and the EPA.  All known aluminum formers were
sent a data collection portfolio (dcp) requesting specific infor-
mation concerning each facility.  Finally, a sampling program was
carried  out  at  25  plants.   The sampling program consisted of
screen sampling and analysis at four facilities to determine  the
presence  of  a  broad range of pollutants and verification at 21
plants to quantify the pollutants  present  in  aluminum  forming
wastewater.   Specific details of the sampling program and infor-
mation from the above data sources are presented in Section V.

After proposal on November 22, 1982, a  large  number  of  public
comments  were received on the proposed regulation and supporting
documents, many containing additional data  about  the  category.
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The  Agency sent out requests for additional information and data
to 13 commenters and visited six facilities; sampling and  analy-
ses  were performed at five of those plants.  On July 27, 1983, a
notice was published  in  the  Federal  Register  (49  FR  34079)
announcing  the  availability  of  additional data for review and
comment.  All  additional  information  obtained  since  proposal
which arrived in a timely manner and all comments on the proposed
regulation were considered in preparing the final regulation.
Literature   Review.    EPA   reviewed
literature for  background  information
and  evaluated  existing
to  clarify  and  define
various aspects of the aluminum forming category and to determine
general  characteristics  and  trends in production processes and
wastewater treatment technology.  Review  of  current  literature
continued throughout the development of these guidelines.

Plant  Survey  and  Evaluation.  The aluminum forming plants were
surveyed to gather information  regarding  plant  size,  age  and
production,  the  production  processes  used,  and the quantity,
treatment, and disposal of wastewater generated at these  plants.
This  information  was requested in dcp's mailed to all companies
known or believed to be involved in the forming  of  aluminum  or
aluminum alloys.  The original mailing list was compiled from the
following sources:

     -  U.S. Department of Commerce, Directory of Aluminum
        Suppliers in the United States, Revised January 1978.

     -  Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers Association,
        Membership Directory, 1977.

     -  Aluminum Foil Container Manufacturers Association,
        Membership Roster as of May 1, 1978.

        Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., Million Dollar Directory, 1978.

In  all,  dcp's were sent to 580 firms.  Approximately 95 percent
of the companies responded to the survey.  In many cases,  compa-
nies  contacted were not actually members of the aluminum forming
category as it is defined by the Agency.  Where firms had  alumi-
num  forming  operations  at  more  than  one location, a dcp was
requested from each plant.  A total of 279  dcp's  applicable  to
the  aluminum  forming  category  were  returned.  Two plants had
ceased aluminum forming operations before proposal and a total of
277 plants were included in the data base  at  proposal.   Subse-
quent  to proposal, the Agency became aware of three plants which
have closed and three additional plants which have ceased  alumi-
num  forming  operations.   Therefore,  a total of 271 plants are
included in the data base.  In cases where the dcp responses were
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incomplete or unclear, additional information
telephone or letter.
was  requested  by
The  dcp responses were interpreted individually, and the follow-
ing data were documented for future reference and evaluation:

     -  Company name, plant address, and name of the contact
        listed in the dcp.

     -  Plant discharge status as direct (to surface water),
        indirect (to POTW), or zero discharge.

        Production process streams present at the plant, as well
        as associated flow rates; production rates; operating
        hours; wastewater treatment, reuse, or disposal methods;
        the quantity and nature of process chemicals; and the
        percent of any soluble oil used in emulsified mixtures.

     -  Capital and annual treatment costs.

     -  Availability of pollutant monitoring data provided by the
        plant.

The summary listing of this information  provided  a  consistent,
systematic   method   of   evaluating  and  summarizing  the  dcp
responses.  In addition, procedures were  developed  to  simplify
subsequent  analyses.  The procedures developed had the following
capabilities:

        Selection and listing of plants containing specific pro-
        duction process streams or treatment technologies.

        Summation of the number of plants containing specific
        process stream and treatment combinations.

        Calculation of the percent recycle present for specific
        streams and summation of the number of plants recycling
        this stream within various percent recycle ranges.

        Calculation of annual production values associated with
        each process stream and summation of the number of plants
        with these process streams having production values
        within various ranges.

     -  Calculation of water use and blowdown from individual
        process streams.

In addition to industry data obtained from dcp's, telephone  con-
tacts  were  made with plants in the aluminum forming category to
expand the Agency's information on extrusion die cleaning  baths,
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rinses,   and  scrubbers,  and  on  the  roll grinding operations.
Telephone contacts also served to clarify  information  contained
in the dcp's.

The  calculated information and summaries were important and fre-
quently used in the development  of  this  guideline.   Summaries
were  used  in the category profile, evaluation of subcategoriza-
tion, and analysis of in-place treatment  and  control  technolo-
gies.   Calculated  information  was used in the determination of
water use and discharge values for the  conversion  of  pollutant
concentrations to mass loadings.

Utilization of Industry Data

Data  collected  from  the  previously  listed  -sources  are used
throughout this report in the development of a base for  BPT  and
BAT  limitations  and  NSPS and pretreatment standards.  Previous
EPA studies as well as the literature provided the basis for  the
aluminum  forming subcategorization discussed in Section IV.  Raw
wastewater characteristics for each subcategory presented in Sec-
tion V were obtained from the  screening  and  verification  sam-
pling.   Selection  of  pollutant parameters for control (Section
VI) was based on verification  and  screening  sampling  results.
These provided information on both the pollutants which the plant
personnel  felt  were  in  their  wastewater discharges and those
pollutants specifically found in aluminum forming wastewaters  as
the  result  of  sampling.   Based on the selection of pollutants
requiring control and their levels, applicable treatment technol-
ogies were identified and these are described in Section  VII  of
this document.  Actual wastewater treatment technologies utilized
by  aluminum  forming  plants (as identified in the dcp responses
and observed at the sampled plants) were also  used  to  identify
applicable  treatment technologies.  The costs of treatment (both
individual technologies and systems) were based primarily on data
from equipment manufacturers and literature and are contained  in
Section  VIII of this document. Finally, dcp data, sampling data,
and  estimated  treatment  system  performance  are  utilized  in
Sections  IX,  X,  XI, and XII  (BPT, BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment,
respectively) in the selection of applicable  treatment  systems;
the  presentation  of achievable effluent levels; and the presen-
tation of actual  effluent  levels  obtained  for  each  aluminum
forming subcategory.            ;

DATA COLLECTION SINCE PROPOSAL

After proposal of the Aluminum Forming Regulation, EPA provided  a
75  day  comment  period,  which closed on February 8, 1983.  EPA
received approximately  1,000 individual comments from 24  differ-
ent  commenters.   The  Agency  gathered  additional  data  after
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proposal to clarify data and to provide further support
regulation.
for  the
Under authority of Section 308 of the Clean Water Act, the Agency
requested  specific  additional information and data from 13 com-
menters to clarify and support their  individual  comments.   The
Agency's  request for information asked each commenter to provide
specific  information  supporting  their   particular   comments.
Responses  were  received  from  all  of  the 13 commenters.  The
additional data and information  received  related  primarily  to
wastewater  sources  not  specifically considered by the proposed
regulation; space limitations and retrofit problems involved with
the installation of two-stage  countercurrent  rinsing;  and  the
classification  and  disposal  costs of solid wastes generated by
wastewater treatment.  We received flow and production  data  for
additional  waste streams as well as information on treatment and
characteristics of these streams.  Plan view diagrams  were  sub-
mitted  by  two companies to show space availability for counter-
current cascade rinsing.  We also received information  regarding
operating  schedules  for surface treatment lines.  Cost informa-
tion was submitted for solid waste disposal as well as copies  of
correspondence with disposal companies and state or local author-
ities.   We  also  received  new  technical  information  on  the
regeneration of cleaning and etching baths.

To supplement existing data regarding treatment-in-place and  the
long-term  performance  of that treatment, we collected discharge
monitoring report (DMR) data from state or EPA  Regional  offices
for  direct  dischargers.  DMR data are self-monitoring data sup-
plied by permit holders to meet state or EPA permit requirements.
These data  were  available  from  30  aluminum  forming  plants;
however,  the data vary widely in character and nature due to the
dissimilar nature of the monitoring  and  reporting  requirements
placed  on  aluminum  forming  plants by the NPDES permit issuing
authority.  These data were not used in the actual development of
the final limitations but DMR data from 11 plants that have  lime
and settle treatment were used as a check on the achievability of
the  treatment effectiveness values used to establish limitations
and standards.  A discussion on these DMR data and  a  comparison
of  them to the treatment effectiveness values used in this regu-
lation is found in the administrative record to this rulemaking.

The existing treatment effectiveness  data  were  reviewed  thor-
oughly  following  proposal.   As  a result of this review, minor
additions and deletions  were  made  to  the  Agency's  treatment
effectiveness  data  base.   These  changes are documented in the
record along with responses to comments.  Following the  changes,
statistical  analyses  performed prior to proposal were repeated.
Conclusions reached prior to proposal were unchanged  and  little
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or  no  effect  on  the
changes in the data.
final limitations occurred as a result of
Additional data were obtained from 17 plants that perform anodiz-
ing and conversion coating operations  as  an  integral  part  of
their   aluminum   forming  extrusion  operations.   These  data,
obtained by site visits, telephone contacts, and  letter requests,
were used to expand the process  configuration,   production,  and
wastewater  flow  information  obtained  during the Agency's 1978
data collection  effort  with  regard  to  plants  which  perform
anodizing  and  conversion  coating.   These  data  were  used to
characterize wastewater flows and subsequently estimate  cost  of
compliance for these plants.

Since  proposal, the Agency made engineering visits to six alumi-
num forming plants to determine the flow  characteristics  of  12
wastewater  streams  (sawing spent lubricant, roll grinding spent
lubricant, die cleaning baths, extrusion press hydraulic leakage,
detergent cleaning baths and rinses, anodizing baths and  rinses,
dye  baths  and rinses, and sealing baths and rinses).  Addition-
ally, we collected samples for chemical analysis  at five of these
plants to determine the nature of the  above  wastewater  streams
and the effectiveness of end-of-pipe treatment in removing pollu-
tants, primarily aluminum.  In addition to the wastewater streams
listed  above,  we  sampled  a  variety of process wastewaters to
characterize treatment effectiveness.

A notice of  data  availability  was  published   in  the  Federal
Register  on July 27, 1983 and the comment period for this notice
ended on August 11, 1983.

The data described above were analyzed and incorporated with  the
data  collected  prior to proposal, and were used in the develop-
ment of the final effluent limitations guidelines  and  standards
delineated  in  this document.  A further discussion of how these
additional  data  were  used  is  presented  in   the  appropriate
sections of this document.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ALUMINUM FORMING CATEGORY

The  aluminum  forming  industry is generally included within SIC
3353, 3354, 3355, and 3463 of the Standard Industrial Classifica-
tion Manual, prepared in  1972 and supplemented  in  1977  by  the
Office   of  Management  and  Budget,  Executive  Office  of  the
President.

Aluminum forming is  the  deformation  of  aluminum  or  aluminum
alloys  into specific shapes by hot or cold working such as roll-
ing, extrusion, forging, and drawing.  Also included are a number
of ancillary operations such as casting, heat treatment, and sur-
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face treatment that are an integral part of aluminum forming pro-
cesses and that can contribute significantly to  the  wastewaters
discharged  from  aluminum  forming  plants.  For the purposes of
this regulation, surface treatment is considered to be a part  of
aluminum  forming whenever it is performed as an integral part of
aluminum forming.  All surface treatment of aluminum  is  consid-
ered  to  be  an integral part of aluminum forming whenever it is
performed at the same plant site at  which  aluminum  is  formed.
The manufacture of aluminum powders and the forming of parts from
aluminum  or  aluminum  alloy powders will be regulated under the
nonferrous metals forming regulation.  Casting done  at  a  plant
which  manufactures  aluminum and also does aluminum forming will
be subject to the casting limitations for the  aluminum  manufac-
turing  subcategories  of  the nonferrous metals category if they
cast the aluminum without cooling.  If the aluminum is a rernelted
primary aluminum product and is cast at a facility for subsequent
forming of aluminum, then the casting of remelted  aluminum  will
be subject to the aluminum forming limitations.

Historical

The  dcp  responses  indicate that 156 companies own 271 aluminum
forming plants.  Five of the companies  own  22  percent  of  the
plants,  and  16  companies  own  42  percent  of  the production
facilities.

Employment data is given in the dcp responses for 248 plants  (89
percent  of  the  total).   These plants report a total of 28,557
workers involved in aluminum forming.  Employment  at  the  indi-
vidual  sites  ranges  from  one to 2,100 people.  The employment
distribution of aluminum forming workers at the 248 plants is: 69
percent  employ  fewer  than  100  people  in  aluminum   forming
operations;  83  percent  employ  fewer  than  200 people in this
capacity; and 95 percent employ fewer than 500 people.

Aluminum forming plants are not limited to any  one  geographical
location.   As shown in Figure III-2, plants are found throughout
most of the United States, but the majority are located  east  of
the  Mississippi  River.   Population  density  is not a limiting
factor in plant location.  Aluminum forming  plants  tend  to  be
more  common  in  urban  areas,  but they are frequently found in
rural areas as well.

The majority of the aluminum forming  plants   (55  percent)  that
reported  the  age  of  their  facility indicated they were built
since 1957.  Table III-2 shows the age distribution  of  aluminum
forming  plants  according  to  their  classification  as direct,
indirect, and zero discharge type.   The  dates  of  most  recent
modification  were  reported  by 230 plants.  The distribution of
facilities according to time elapsed since their last major plant
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modification is given  in  Table  III-3.   Of  the  271  aluminum
forming plants, 44 percent have been modified since 1972.

Product Description

There  are  a  number  of  advantages to using aluminum  in a wide
variety of products.  Chief among  these  are  that  aluminum  is
lightweight,  tough,  resistant  to corrosion, and has high elec-
trical conductivity.  The major  uses  of  aluminum  are  in  the
building  and  construction  industry, transportation  industries,
the electrical products industry, and in  container  and  package
manufacturing.

Products  manufactured  by  aluminum forming operations  generally
serve as stock for subsequent fabricating operations,  as shown in
Figure III-l.  Cast ingots and billets are the starting  point for
making sheet and plate, extrusions, and forgings, as well as rod,
for use in drawing operations.  Rolled aluminum sheet  and  plate
can  be  used as stock for stampings, can blanks, and  roll formed
products; as finished products in  building,  ship  and  aircraft
construction;  or  as  foil.  Extrusions can be used as  raw stock
for forging and drawing; to fabricate  final  products,  such  as
bumpers,  window  frames,  or  light standards; or can be sold as
final products, such as beams or extruded tubing.   Forgings  are
either  sold  as  consumer  products  or  used  as  parts  in the
production of machinery, aircraft, and engines.

The variety and type of products produced at one location  has   a
large  influence on the production capacity of the forming plant,
the number of people employed, and the amount of water used.  The
capital intensive investment, large source  of  energy   required,
and  specialized  labor  force involved in making aluminum sheet,
strip, foil, and plate products limit the  number  of  facilities
available  to  meet  the  demand  for these sheet products.  Most
sheet products are made at a few large plants owned by major com-
panies.  Table III-l summarizes data about these and other  prod-
ucts  of aluminum forming.  A variety of sheet products  are often
produced at the same location.  Other products, such   as billets
and  extrusions,  are  frequently  made  in  conjunction with the
rolled products at these plants.

Tubes, rod, cable, and wire are produced at sites that  range  in
size  from  very  large  to  small.   On  a mass basis most drawn
products are produced by a  few  large  companies  or  factories,
while  the  remainder  are produced by a number of smaller firms.
Employment varies from a few to several hundred people.

Extrusion and  forging processes, which produce a wide  variety  of
products,  do  not require large facilities.  Consequently, extru-
sion and forging products are formed at many sites by  a  number of
                                95

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companies.  Production and employment at facilities using  either
type of process range from small plants with few workers to large
plants  with  hundreds  of employees.  Some extrusion plants have
other forming operations as well.  Forging, however,  is  usually
performed by plants that are not involved in other processes.

Casting  in  the  aluminum  forming category, both continuous and
direct chill, is done prior to another operation, such as rolling
or extrusion.  Aluminum billets or  ingots  are  rarely  cast  at
aluminum  forming  plants  for sale to other industries or firms.
Stationary casting in this industry usually involves only  melted
in-plant  scrap  aluminum.  The ingots, frequently called pigs or
sows, produced from stationary casting are normally remelted  and
used as stock for continuous or direct chill casting.

Reported  production of formed aluminum at individual plant sites
ranged from .09 kkg (0.1 ton)  to  almost  360,000  kkg  (400,000
tons)  during 1977.  The aluminum forming production distribution
for the 249 plants, for which 1977 production data  were  availa-
ble,  is  summarized  as  follows:  75 percent produced less than
9,000 kkg (10,000 tons); 96 percent produced less than 45,000 kkg
(50,000 tons); and 98 percent  produced  less  than  180,000  kkg
(200,000 tons).

One hundred forty plants indicated that no wastewater from alumi-
num  forming operations is discharged to either surface waters or
a POTW.  Of the remaining 131,  59  discharge  an  effluent  from
aluminum  forming  directly  to  surface waters, and 72 discharge
indirectly, sending aluminum forming  effluent  through  a  POTW.
The volume of aluminum forming wastewater discharged by plants in
this  category  ranges  from 0 to 2,896,000 liters per hour (0 to
765,000 gal/hr).  The mean volume is approximately 74,000  liters
per hour (19,540 gal/hr) for those plants having discharges,  Two
hundred fifty-nine plants supplied wastewater data.  This is less
than  the total number of aluminum forming plants in the category
because several plants did not provide enough information to cal-
culate the flows.  Of these 259 plants, over 50 percent  reported
no wastewater discharge from aluminum forming operations; 90 per-
cent  discharge  less than 19,000 liters per hour (5,000 gal/hr);
and 98 percent  discharge  less  than  190,000  liters  per  hour
(50,000  gal/hr).   There is no correlation between overall water
use and total  aluminum  production  for  a  plant  as  a  whole;
however,  correlations  can  be  developed  between  water use or
wastewater discharge and production on a process basis.  This  is
discussed further in Section V.

Sixty  plants reported some form of treatment for wastewater from
aluminum forming processes.  Another 13 plants  mentioned  treat-
ment  only  for  wastes  not  covered  under the aluminum forming
category.  The most common forms of wastewater treatment  are  pH
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adjustment, clarification, gravity oil separation  (skimming), and
lagoons.   Recirculation  including in-line filtration and cooling
towers are frequently used as wastewater  controls.   Other   flow
reduction  techniques demonstrated include countercurrent cascade
and spray rinsing.  Oily  wastes are separated  into oil and  water
fractions  by emulsion breaking using heat or  chemicals.  Gravity
separation is frequently  used to separate  neat  oil  and  broken
emulsions  from  the  water fraction.  The oil portion is usually
removed by a contractor,  although some plants  dispose  of  it   by
land   application,   incineration,   or  lagooning.   Wastewater
treatment sludges generally are not thickened, but  are  disposed
of  without treatment; however, vacuum and pressure filters,  cen-
trifuges, and drying beds are occasionally used.   Sludge disposal
methods include  landfill  and  contractor  removal.   Disposal   of
wastewater  is   being accomplished by discharge to surface waters
or a POTW, by contractor  removal, or by land application.

DESCRIPTION OF ALUMINUM FORMING PROCESSES

Aluminum forming processes, for the purpose  of  this  guideline,
are  those manufacturing  operations in which aluminum or aluminum
"alloys are shaped into semifinished or mill products  by  hot   or
/cold  working.   An aluminum alloy is defined,  for  the purposes  of
this regulation, as any metal in  which  aluminum  is  the  major
component  by  percent  composition.   Frequently  used  alloying
materials include silicon, zinc, copper, manganese, iron,  magne-
sium,  titanium, and nickel.  The content of these alloying mate-
rials in aluminum generally ranges from 3 to 12 percent.   Alloys
are  formulated  to produce a metal with improved  characteristics
such as good machinability, hardness, strength,  high  resistance
to corrosion, and good castability.

The manufacturing operations, called core operations  (see Section
IV), include rolling, extruding, forging and drawing of aluminum.
Associated  processes,  called  ancillary operations, such as the
casting  of  aluminum  alloys  for   subsequent    forming,    heat
treatment, cleaning, and  etching are also included.

Water  is  used  in combination with oil lubricants, surface  pro-
cessing chemicals, and in contact cooling  as  a   part  of  these
operations in order to achieve specified desired metal character-
istics   (i.e.,   tensile   strength, malleability, specific surface
properties).  Water may also be used in wet air pollution control
devices  (i.e., wet  scrubbers,  electrostatic  precipitators)   to
collect  fumes   and particulates.  A further discussion of waste-
water sources from aluminum forming  processes is presented  in
Section  V.   Regulatory  flow allowances for  waste streams under
BPT, BAT, NSPS,  and  pretreatment  standards   are  presented  and
discussed in Sections IX, X, XI, and XII respectively.
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EPA recognizes that plants sometimes combine non-aluminum forming
process  and  nonprocess  wastewater  prior to treatment and dis-
charge.  Pollutant discharge allowances will be established  only
for  aluminum  forming  process  wastewater, not the non-aluminum
process or non-process wastewaters under  this  regulation.   The
flows  and  wastewater  characteristics  for  these  other  waste
streams are a function of the plant operations/ layout, and water
handling practices.  As a result, the pollutant discharge  efflu-
ent  limitation  for non-aluminum forming wastewater streams will
be prepared by the permitting or control authority on a  case-by-
case  basis.  These wastewaters are not further discussed in this
document or covered by the regulation.

Core Operations

Rolling.  The rolling process is used to transform cast  aluminum
ingot into any one of a number of intermediate or final products/
Pressure  exerted  by  the  rollers as aluminum is passed between
them reduces the thickness  in  the  metal  and  may  cause  work
hardening.   Square  ingots  cast  by  the  direct  chill  method
described previously are often used in the  production  of  wire,
rod,  and  bar.  The ingots are usually reduced by hot rolling to
elongated forms, known as blooms.  Additional hot or cold rolling
may be used to produce rod, bar, or  wire.   Rod  is  defined  as
having  a solid round cross section 0.95 cm (3/8 inch) or more in
diameter. Bar is also identified by a cross section with 0.95  cm
(3.8  inch)  or  more  between  two parallel sides, but it is not
round.  Wire is characterized by a diameter of less than 0.95  cm
(3/8 inch).

Although  the  design  of  rolling mills varies considerably, the
principle behind the process is essentially  the  same.   At  the
rolling  mill,  aluminum  is  passed  through a set of rolls that
reduces the thickness of the metal and increases its length.  Two
common roll configurations are shown in Figure  III-3.   Multiple
passes  through  the  rolls  are  usually required, and mills are
frequently designed to allow rolling in  the  reverse  direction.
For  wire,  rod, and bar products, grooves  in the upper and lower
rolls account for the various reductions in cross sectional area.

At sheet mills, ingots are heated to  temperatures  ranging  from
400°  to 500°C and hot rolled to form slabs.  Hot rolling is usu-
ally followed by further reduction of thickness on a cold rolling
mill.  The hot rolled  product  is  generally  limited  to  plate
typically  defined as being greater than or equal to 6.3 mm (0.25
inch) thick.  Cold rolled products are classified as  sheet  from
6.3 to 0.15 mm (0.249 to 0.007 inch) thick and foil below 0.15 mm
(0.006 inch) thick.
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As  will  be  discussed  later in this section, heat treatment is
usually required before and between stages of  the  rolling  pro-
cess.   Ingots  are  usually  made homogeneous in grain structure
prior to hot rolling in order to remove the effects of casting on
the aluminum's mechanical  properties.   Annealing  is  typically
required  between  passes or after cold rolling to keep the metal
ductile and remove the effects of work hardening.  The  kind  and
degree  of  heat treatment applied depends on the alloy involved,
the nature of the rolling operation, and the  properties  desired
in the product.

It  is necessary to use a cooling and lubricating compound during
rolling to prevent excessive wear on the rolls, to prevent  adhe-
sion  of  aluminum  to  the rolls, and to maintain a suitable and
uniform rolling temperature.  Oil-in-water emulsions,  stabilized
with  emulsifying  agents  such  as soaps and other polar organic
materials, are used for this purpose in hot  rolling  operations.
Emulsion  concentrations  usually  vary  between 5 and 10 percent
oil.  Evaporation of the lubricant as it is sprayed  on  the  hot
metal  serves  to cool the rolling process.  Mist eliminators may
be used to recover rolling emulsions that are  dispersed  to  the
atmosphere.  The emulsions are typically filtered to remove metal
fines  and other contaminants and recirculated through the mills.
The use of deionized water to replace evaporative  and  carryover
losses  and the addition of bactericides and antioxidizing agents
are practiced at many plants to increase the life  of  the  emul-
sions.   Nevertheless,  the emulsions eventually become rancid or
degraded and must be eliminated from circulation either  by  con-
tinuous  bleed  or  periodic discharge.  Most cold rolling opera-
tions use mineral oil or kerosene-based  lubricants  rather  than
water-based  compounds  to  avoid  staining the aluminum surface;
however, emulsions are used for cold rolling in  other  countries
and,  to  a  limited  extent,  in  the  United States.  As in hot
rolling, mist eliminators  are  commonly  used  to  collect  cold
rolling mists in order to recover the rolling oils for reuse.

The  steel  rolls used in hot and cold rolling operations require
periodic machining to remove aluminum buildup and to  grind  away
any  cracks  or  imperfections  that appear on the surface of the
rolls.  Although the survey of the category indicated  that  roll
grinding  with  water  is  practiced,  the use of an oil-in-water
emulsion is much more common.  This emulsion is usually  recycled
and periodically discharged after treatment with other emulsified
waste  streams  at the plant.  Some plants have demonstrated that
the discharge of roll grinding emulsions can be  avoided  by  in-
line  removal  using  magnetic separation of steel fines from the
emulsion or filtration  techniques.   With  this  treatment,  the
emulsion  can be recycled indefinitely with no bleed stream other
than carryover on the rolls.
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Of the plants surveyed, 57 have rolling operations.  Twenty-three
of these discharge wastewater directly  to, surface  water,  nine
discharge  indirectly  through  a  POTW,  and 25 do not discharge
process wastewater.  The geographical  location  of  plants  with
aluminum  rolling  operations  is presented in Figure III-4.  The
annual production of rolled aluminum at these plants during  1977
varied from 270 to 580,000 kkg (300 to 640,000'tons), with a mean
value of 200,000 kkg {220,000 tons).  The production distribution
is summarized as follows:  of the 45 rolling operations for which
1977  production  data  were  available, 36 percent produced less
than 18,000 kkg (20,000 tons) of aluminum and aluminum alloys; 73
percent produced less than 90,000  kkg  (100,000  tons);  and  90
percent produced less than 360,000 kkg (400,000 tons).

Extrusion.   In the extrusion process, high pressures are applied
to a cast billet of aluminum, forcing the metal to flow through a
die orifice.  The resulting product is an elongated shape or tube
of uniform cross-sectional  area.   Extrusions  are  manufactured
using either a mechanical or a hydraulic extrusion press.

There  are  two  basic  methods  of  extrusion  practiced  in the
aluminum forming category:

        direct extrusion, and
        indirect extrusion.

The direct extrusion process is  shown  schematically  in  Figure
III-5.   A  heated  cylindrical  billet  is placed into the ingot
chamber, and the dummy block and ram  are  placed  into  position
behind  it.   Pressure  is  exerted  on  the  ram by hydraulic or
mechanical means, forcing the  metal  to  flow  through  the  die
opening.   The  extrusion  is  sawed off next to the die, and the
dummy block and ingot  butt  are  released.   Hollow  shapes  are
produced  with the use of a mandrel positioned in the die opening
so that the aluminum is forced to flow around  it.  A less  common
technique,  indirect  extrusion,  is similar, except that  in this
method, the die is forced against the billet extruding the  metal
in the opposite direction through the ram stem.  A dummy block is
not used in indirect extrusion.

Although  aluminum  can  be  extruded  cold,   it is usually first
heated to a temperature ranging from 375 to 525°C, so that  little
work hardening will be imposed on the product.  Heat treatment is
frequently used after extrusion to attain the desired  mechanical
properties.  Heat treatment techniques will be described later in
this  section.  At some plants, contact cooling of the extrusion,
sometimes called press heat treatment quench,  is practiced as the
aluminum leaves the press.  This can be  done  in  one  of  three
ways:   with  a water spray near the die, by immersion in  a water
tank adjacent to the runout table, or  by  passing  the  aluminum
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through  a  water  wall.   A third wastewater stream which may be
associated with the extrusion  process  is  dummy  block  cooling
water.    Following  an  extrusion, the dummy block drops from the
press and is cooled before being used again.  Air cooling is most
commonly used for this purpose, but water is used at a few plants
to quench the dummy blocks.

The extrusion process requires the use of a lubricant to  prevent
adhesion  of  the  aluminum to the die and ingot container walls.
In hot extrusion, limited amounts of lubricant are applied to the
ram and die face or to the billet ends.  For cold extrusion,  the
container  walls, billet surfaces, and die orifice must be lubri-
cated with a thin film of viscous or solid lubricant.  The lubri-
cant most commonly used in extrusion is graphite  in  an  oil  or
water base.  A less common technique, spraying liquid nitrogen on
the billet prior to extrusion, is also used.  The nitrogen vapor-
izes during the extrusion process and acts as a lubricant.

Extrusion  presses  that  are used to extrude hard alloys such as
aircraft alloys operate under extremely  high  pressures.   These
presses  frequently  use  an  oil-water emulsion as the hydraulic
fluid to reduce the risk of fires instead of neat oil used as the
hydraulic fluid in other presses.  Due  to  the  nature  of  this
hydraulic fluid and the extremely high pressures, these extrusion
presses  frequently  develop  hydraulic fluid leaks which must be
treated and discharged.

The steel dies used in the  extrusion  process  require  frequent
dressing  and  repairing to ensure the necessary dimensional pre-
cision and surface quality of the product.  The aluminum that has
adhered to the die orifice is typically removed  by  soaking  the
die  in  a caustic solution.  The aluminum is dissolved and later
precipitated as aluminum hydroxide.  The caustic bath is followed
by a water rinse of the dies.  The rinse is frequently discharged
as a wastewater stream.

In all, 163 extrusion plants were identified in this survey.   Of
these,  85 indicated that no wastewater is discharged from alumi-
num forming operations at the plant; 38 identified themselves  as
direct  dischargers;  and  40 indicated indirect discharge of the
process effluent to  a  POTW.   In  subsequent  investigation  of
extrusion practices, it became apparent that these figures may be
misleading.  At many of the extrusion plants contacted, personnel
did  not  realize that die cleaning rinse water was considered to
be an aluminum forming  wastewater  stream  as  defined  in  this
study.   For  this  reason, some of the plants classified as zero
discharge are believed to be  discharging  this  effluent  stream
either to surface waters or to a POTW.
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The  geographical  locations of the extrusion plants are shown in
Figure III-6.  Annual production of extruded products from  these
plants ranged between 6.8 and 68,000 kkg (7.5 and 75,000 tons) in
1977.   The production distribution is summarized as follows:  of
the 157 extrusion operations for which 1977 production data  were
available,  58  percent produced less than 4,500 kkg (5,000 tons)
of aluminum and aluminum alloys; 81 percent  produced  less  than
9,000 kkg (10,000 tons); and 92 percent produced less than 18,000
kkg (20,000 tons).

Forging.   Forging  is  a  process  in  which aluminum is formed,
usually hot, into shapes by employing  compressive  forces.   The
actual  forging process is a dry operation.  There are four basic
methods of forging practiced in the aluminum forming category:

     -  Closed die forging,
     -  Open die forging,
     -  Rolled ring forging, and
     -  Cold impact extruding.

In each of these techniques,  pressure  is  exerted  on  dies  or
rolls,  forcing  the heated stock to take the desired shape.  The
first three methods are shown schematically in Figure II1-7.

Closed die forging, the most prevalent, method, is accomplished by
hammering or squeezing the aluminum between two steel  dies,  one
fixed  to  the  hammer  or  press ram and the other to the anvil.
Forging hammers, mechanical presses, and hydraulic presses can be
used for the closed die forging of aluminum alloys.   The  heated
stock is placed in the lower die and, by one or more blows of the
ram,  forced  to  take  the  shape of the die set.  In closed-die
forging, aluminum is shaped entirely within the cavity created by
these two dies.  The die set comes together to completely enclose
the forging, giving lateral restraining to the flow of the metal.

The process of open die forging  is  similar  to  that  described
above, but in this method, the shape of the forging is determined
by  manually  turning  the  stock and regulating the blows of the
hammer or strokes of the press.   Open  die  forging  requires   a
great  deal of skill and only simple, roughly shaped forgings can
be produced.  Its use is usually restricted to items produced  in
small quantities and to development work where the cost of making
closed type dies is prohibitive.

The  process of rolled ring forging is used in the manufacture of
seamless rings.  A hollow cylindrical billet is rotated between  a
mandrel and pressure roll to reduce its  thickness  and  increase
its diameter.
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The process of impact extruding is performed by placing a cut-off
piece  of  aluminum  in  a bottom die.  A top die consisting of a
round or rectangular punch and  fastened  to  the  press  ram  is
driven  into the aluminum slug, causing the aluminum to be driven
up around the top punch.  Usually, the aluminum  adheres  to  the
punch and must be stripped off as the press ram rises.

Proper  lubrication  of the dies is essential in forging aluminum
alloys.  Collodial graphite in either a water or an oil medium is
usually sprayed onto the dies for this purpose.  Particulates and
smoke may be generated from the partial combustion  of  oil-based
lubricants as they contact the hot forging dies.  In those cases,
air  pollution  controls  may be required.  Baghouses, wet scrub-
bers, and commercially available dry  scrubbers  are  in  use  at
aluminum forming facilities.

Forging  of  aluminum alloys is practiced at 16 plants located as
shown in Figure III-8.  Of those plants,  12  discharge  aluminum
forming  wastewater  indirectly to a POTW, and the remaining four
plants have no discharge of process wastewater.   The  production
distribution  is summarized as follows:  of the 15 forging opera-
tions for which 1977 production data were available,  67  percent
produced  less than 900 kkg (1,000 tons) of aluminum and aluminum
alloys; 80 percent produced less than 4,500 kkg (5,000 tons); and
87 percent produced less than 9,000 kkg (10,000 tons).

Drawing.  The term drawing, when it applies to the manufacture of
tube, rod, bar, or wire, refers to the pulling of metal through a
die or succession of dies to reduce its diameter, alter the cross
sectional shape, or increase its hardness.   In  the  drawing  of
aluminum tubing, one end of the extruded tube is swaged to form a
solid point and then passed through the die.  A clamp, known as a
bogie,  grips the swaged end of tubing, as shown in Figure III-9.
A mandrel is then inserted into the die orifice, and  the  tubing
is  pulled  between  the  mandrel  and  die, reducing the outside
diameter and the wall thickness of the tubing.   Wire,  rod,   and
bar drawing is accomplished in a similar manner, but the aluminum
is drawn through a simple die orifice without using a mandrel.

In  order to ensure uniform drawing temperatures and avoid exces-
sive wear on the dies and mandrels used, it is essential  that  a
suitable  lubricant be applied during drawing.  A wide variety of
lubricants are used for this purpose.  Heavier draws, which  have
a higher reduction in diameter, may require oil-based lubricants,
but  oil-in-water emulsions are used for many applications.  Soap
solutions may also be used for some of the lighter draws.   Draw-
ing  oils are usually recycled until their lubricating properties
are exhausted.
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Intermediate annealing is frequently required  between  draws  in
order  to restore the ductility lost by cold working of the drawn
product.  Degreasing of the aluminum may be required  to  prevent
burning of heavy lubricating oils in the annealing furnaces.

Of  the  plants surveyed, 77 are involved in the drawing of tube,
wire, rod, and bar.  The geographical location of these plants is
shown in Figure 111-10.  No aluminum forming wastewater  is  dis-
charged  at  51  of  the  plants.  Of the remainder, 10 discharge
directly to surface water, and 16 discharge indirectly to a POTW.
The production distribution is summarized as follows:  of the  57
drawing operations for which 1977 production data were available,
46  percent  produced  less than 900 kkg (1,000 tons) of aluminum
and aluminum alloys; 74 percent  produced  less  than  4,500  kkg
(5,000 tons); and 82 percent produced less than 9,000 kkg (10,000
tons).

Sawing.   Sawing may be required for a number of aluminum forming
processes.  Before ingots can be used as  stock  for  rolling  or
extrusion, the ingot may require scalping or sawing to a suitable
length.   Following  processes  such  as  rolling, extrusion, and
drawing, the aluminum products may be sawed.  The  circular  saws
and band saws used generally require a cutting lubricant in order
to  minimize  friction  and act as a coolant.  Oil-in-water emul-
sions or mineral-based oils are usually applied to the  sides  of
the  blade  as a spray.  In some cases, a heavy grease or wax may
be used as a saw lubricant.  Normally,  saw  oils  are  not  dis-
charged  as  a  wastewater stream.  The lubricants frequently are
carried over on the product or  removed  together  with  the  saw
chips for reprocessing.  In some cases; however, recycle and dis-
charge of a low-volume saw lubricant stream is practiced.

Swaging.   Swaging  is  a forming operation frequently associated
with drawing.  Swaging is often the initial step in drawing  tube
or  wire.   By  repeated  blows  of one or more pairs of opposing
dies, a solid point  is  formed.   The  point  is  then  inserted
through  the drawing die and gripped.  In a few cases, swaging is
used in tube forming  without  a  subsequent  drawing  operation.
Some  lubricants,  such  as  waxes  and  kerosene, may be used to
prevent adhesion of the metal or oxide on the swaging dies.

Ancillary Operations

Casting.  Before aluminum alloys  can  be  used  for  rolling  or
extrusion,  and  subsequently  for  other aluminum forming opera-
tions, they are usually cast into ingots  of  suitable  size  and
shape.   Although  ingots  may  be  prepared at smelters or other
forming plants, 85 of the  277  plants  surveyed  indicated  that
casting  is  done  on  site.   In  addition, 30 of the 31 primary
aluminum plants surveyed in the nonferrous metals study indicated
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that some form of casting is done on site.  Nine of these  plants
fall  into  both the aluminum forming and nonferrous metals cate-
gories.   Therefore, 106 primary reduction, secondary aluminum and
aluminum forming plants have casting operations on site.

The equipment and methods of casting  used  at  aluminum  forming
plants are the same as those employed by primary and many second-
ary  plants, and the water requirements and waste characteristics
are also very similar.  Casting done at a plant which  does  both
primary  aluminum  reduction and aluminum forming will be subject
to the casting limitations for primary aluminum if they cast  the
aluminum directly without cooling.  If the aluminum is a remelted
primary  aluminum  product  then  the  casting  subsequent to the
remelting will be subject to the aluminum forming limitations.

The aluminum alloys used as the raw materials for casting  opera-
tions  are.  sometimes  purchased,  from nearby smelters and trans-
ported to the forming plants in the molten state.  Usually,  how-
ever,  purchased aluminum ingots are charged together with alloy-
ing  elements  into  melting  furnaces  at  the  casting  plants.
Several types of furnaces can be used, but reverberatory furnaces
are  the  most  common.  The melting temperatures used range from
650 to 750°C.

At many plants, fluxes are added to the metal in order to  reduce
hydrogen  contamination, remove oxides, and eliminate undesirable
trace elements.  Solid fluxes, such as hexachloroethane, aluminum
chloride, and anhydrous magnesium chloride, may be used,  but  it
is more common to bubble gases such as chlorine, nitrogen, argon,
helium,   and  mixtures  of  chlorine  and inert gases through the
molten metal.  Fluxing  is  accomplished  by  inserting  a  long,
perforated  "lance"  into  the  molten liquid and pumping the gas
through it.   This forces the oxides of aluminum back  up  to  the
surface.   The  oxides  form  on top of the molten metal while it
stands in the crucibles and after it is poured into the  furnace,
and—being  heavier than pure aluminum—the oxides sink down into
the molten metal.  Bubbles in the fluxing material  surround  the
aluminum oxides and carry them up to the surface, where it can be
skimmed off with big, long-handled rakes.

After  alloying  and fluxing, the metal is allowed to flow into a
second or "holding" compartment of the furnace, which acts  as  a
reservoir.   When  the  reservoir of molten metal is sufficiently
full the metal may be drawn off to be cast.

Certain complex reactions occur in the furnace itself and,  as  a
result,   some  hydrogen  gas is trapped in the molten metal.  For
this reason, just before it moves from the  charging  furnace  to
the  holding  furnaces,  the metal is "degassed" by introducing a
combination of nitrogen and chlorine gas, or chlorine gas  alone,
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or   other   chemicals.   Although  similar  to  fluxing  in  its
description, degassing has an entirely different purpose but both
may occur in the same operation.

The fluxing and degassing operations are  not  the  same  as  the
demagging  process used in the manufacture of secondary aluminum.
Like degassing and fluxing, demagging involves bubbling of  chlo-
rine  gas  through molten aluminum, however the constituent to be
removed through demagging  is  primarily  magnesium.   Thus,  the
demagging process is a refining process which frequently requires
significantly  more  chlorine  than degassing or fluxing and some
type of wet air pollution control.

One of  the  problems  associated  with  furnace  degassing  with
chlorine  is  the  need  for air pollution control.  If the alloy
being treated does not contain magnesium, the chlorine  gas  will
react  to  form aluminum chloride, which exists as a dense, white
smoke.   The  presence  of  hydrochloric  acid  in  these  vapors
necessitates  the  use  of wet scrubbers.  For this reason, other
gases or mixtures of gases may be preferred as degassing  agents.
In addition, a number of in-line treatment methods that eliminate
the  need  for fluxing when degassing aluminum have recently been
developed and are being adopted by  the  industry.   For  a  more
detailed description of these alternatives, see Section VII.  One
of  the  aluminum forming plants and four primary aluminum plants
with casting operations reported using wet air pollution controls
to treat fumes from their melting furnaces.  Chlorine  was  occa-
sionally cited as a degassing agent.  If enough metal refining is
taking  place that large amounts of gases are being emitted and  a
wet scrubber is necessary, this is considered metal manufacturing
and  is  covered  under  the  primary   or   secondary   aluminum
subcategory  of  the nonferrous metals manufacturing point source
category.

The casting methods used in aluminum forming can be divided,  into
three classes:

     -  Direct chill casting,
     -  Continuous casting, and
     -  Stationary casting.

The  process  variations  among  these techniques affect both the
metallic  properties  of  the  aluminum  that  is  cast  and  the
Characteristics of associated wastewater streams.

Direct  chill  casting is performed at 61 aluminum forming plants
and is the most  widely  used  method  of  casting  aluminum  for
subsequent  forming.   Direct  chill  casting is characterized by
continuous solidification of the metal while it is being  poured.
The  length  of  an ingot cast using this method is determined by
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the vertical distance it is allowed to drop rather than  by
dimensions.
mold
As  shown  in  Figure  111-11, molten aluminum is tapped from the
melting furnace and flows through a distributor  channel  into  a
shallow  mold.   Noncontact  cooling water circulates within this
mold, causing solidification of the aluminum.  The  base . of  the
mold  is  attached  to  a  hydraulic  cylinder which is gradually
lowered as pouring continues.  As the solidified aluminum  leaves
the  mold, it is sprayed with contact cooling water to reduce the
temperature of the forming  ingot.   The  cylinder  continues  to
descend  into  a  tank  of  water, causing further cooling of the
ingot as it is immersed.   When  the  cylinder  has  reached  its
lowest  position,  pouring stops and the ingot is lifted from the
pit.  The hydraulic cylinder is then raised  and  positioned  for
another casting cycle.

In  direct  chill casting, lubrication of the mold is required to
ensure proper ingot quality.   Lard  or  castor  oil  is  usually
applied  before  casting  begins  and may be reapplied during the
drop.  Much of the lubricant  volatilizes  on  contact  with  the
molten  aluminum,  but contamination of the contact cooling water
with oil and oil residues does occur.

The production distribution is summarized as follows:  of the  56
direct  chill  casting  operations for which 1977 production data
were available, 52 percent produced less than 23,000 kkg  (25,000
tons)  of  aluminum and aluminum alloys; 73 percent produced less
than 45,000 kkg (50,000 tons); and 89 percent produced less  than
180,000  kkg  (200,000  tons).  Direct chill casting is also per-
formed by 27 primary aluminum plants covered  in  the  nonferrous
.metals  survey.   A comparison of production information was made
using production capacity from the two data sets, since the  pri-
mary aluminum data was not from 1977.  Of the 18 reduction plants
supplying  production capacity data, 28 percent produce less than
90,000 kkg (100,000 tons); 78 percent produce less  than  180,000
kkg  (200,000 tons); and 94 percent produce less than 227,000 kkg
(250,000 tons).

Continuous casting is practiced at  15  plants  in  the  aluminum
forming  category  instead  of,  or  in addition to, direct chill
casting methods.  Unlike direct chill casting,  no   restrictions
are  .placed on the length of the casting, and it is not necessary
to interrupt production to remove the cast product.  The  use  of
continuous casting eliminates or reduces the degree of subsequent
rolling required.

A relatively new technology, continuous casting of aluminum first
came  into practice in the late 1950's.  Since then, improvements
and modifications have resulted in the increased use of this pro-
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cess.  Current applications include the casting of plate,  sheet,
foil, and rod.  Because continuous casting affects the mechanical
properties of the aluminum cast, the use of continuous casting is
limited  by  the  alloys  used,  the nature of subsequent forming
operations, and the desired properties of the  finished  product.
In applications where continuous casting can be used, the follow-
ing advantages have been cited:

     -  Increased flexibility in the dimensions of the cast
        product;

     -  Low capital costs, as little as 10 to 15 percent of the
        cost of conventional direct chill casting and hot rolling
        methods; and

        Low energy requirements, reducing the amount of energy
        required to produce comparable products by direct chill
        casting and rolling methods by 35 to 80 percent, depend-
        ing on the product being cast.

In  addition,  the  use of continuous casting techniques has been
found to significantly reduce or eliminate  the  use  of  contact
cooling water and oil lubricants.

A  number of different continuous casting processes are currently
being used in the category.  Although the methods vary  somewhat,
they  are similar in principle  to one of the three processes dia-
grammed schematically in Figure 111-12.  The most  common  method
of continuous sheet casting, shown in Figure III-12A, substitutes
a  single casting process for the conventional direct chill cast-
ing, scalping, heating, and hot rolling  sequence.   The  typical
continuous  sheet  casting  line  consists of melting and holding
furnaces, a  caster,  pinch  roll,  shear,  bridle,  and  coiler.
Molten  aluminum  flows from the holding furnace through a degas-
sing chamber or filter to  the   caster  headbox.   The  level  of
molten  aluminum  maintained   in  the headbox causes the metal to
flow upwards through  the  top   assembly,  which  distributes  it
uniformly  across  the  width of the casting rolls.  The aluminum
solidifies as it leaves the tip and is further cooled and solidi-
fied as it passes through the  internally water-cooled rolls.   It
leaves  the  caster  as  a  formed  sheet and successively passes
through pinch rolls, a shear, and a tension bridle  before  being
wound into a coil.  The cooling water associated with this method
of   continuous  sheet  casting   never comes into contact with  the
aluminum metal.

Another method of casting continuous aluminum sheet  is  shown  in
Figure  III-12B.   This process is not very common and  is  limited
due  to the mechanical properties of the sheet  produced.   Molten
aluminum   is  poured   into  a   rotating perforated cylinder.   The
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droplets formed are air cooled and solidify  as   they   fall.    At
this point, the pellets may either be removed  for temporary  stor-
age  or  charged directly to a preheated  chamber,  hot  rolled into
sheet, and coiled.  This unique process design  not  only  elimi-
nates  the use of contact cooling water,  but also results  in con-
siderable reductions in the amount of  noncontact cooling  water
required in the production of sheet.

Several  methods  of  rod  casting,  similar   to the one shown  in
Figure III-12C, are currently being used  to produce aluminum rod.
Typically, continuous rod is manufactured on an  integrated  cast-
ing  and  rolling  line  consisting of a  wheel belt caster,  pinch
roll, shear, rolling trains, and a coiler.  A  ring mold   is set
into  the edge of the casting wheel.  The mold is bound peripher-
ally by a continuous belt which loops around   the casting  wheel
and  an  associated  idler  wheel.  As the casting wheel rotates,
aluminum is poured into the mold and solidifies.   After a  rota-
tion  of  approximately  180°,  the belt  separates from the  mold,
releasing the still pliable aluminum bar.  The  bar  then  enters
directly  into  an  in-line rolling mill, where  it is  rolled into
rod and coiled.  Noncontact cooling water circulating  within the
casting  wheel  is  used  to  control the temperature  of the ring
mold.  Cooling of the belt is, for the  most   part,  also  accom-
plished  by  noncontact  water, though some plants indicated that
contact with the aluminum bar as it leaves the mold is  difficult
to  avoid.   Some  models  are  actually  designed so that  cooling
water circulates within the interior of the wheel  and  then  flows
over the freshly cast bar and onto the 'belt as the belt separates
from  the  ring  mold.   Because  continuous,pasting incorporates
casting and rolling into a single process, ro'Lling lubricants may
be required.  Frequently, oil emulsions similar  to those used   in
conventional  hot  rolling  are' used for this purpose.  Graphite
solutions may be suitable for, roll lubrication of  some  continuous
casting processes.  In  other  .instances,  aqueous solutions   of
magnesia are used.          '' •   \

The  production distribution is summar.tze.d as  follows:  of the  14
continuous casting operations for which -1977 production data were
available, 57 percent produced less than'  18,000  kkg (20,000  tons)
of aluminum and aluminum alloys; 71 percent  produced   less  than
27,000  kkg  (30,000  tons);  and ' 100 percent produced less than
36,000 kkg (40,000 tons).  Five plants in the  primary aluminum
industry  have continuous casting.  Production was compared  using
the production capacity rather than actual production since   1977
production  was not available.  Of the four plants supplying pro-
duction capacity data, one plant has a capacity  less than  22,700
kkg  (25,000  tons);  two  plants  have   a capacity of  45,000 kkg
(50,000 tons) or less; and no plant has a capacity above  68,000
kkg (75,000 tons).
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Stationary casting of aluminum ingots is practiced at 16 aluminum
plants,   usually   to  recycle  in-house  aluminum  scrap.   The
production distribution is summarized  as  follows:   of  the  10
stationary casting operations for which 1977 production data were
available,  50  percent produced less than 1,800 kkg (2,000 tons)
of aluminum and aluminum alloys; 70 percent  produced  less  than
4,500  kkg  (5,000 tons); and 90 percent produced less than 9,000
kkg (10,000 tons).  In  the  stationary  casting  method,  molten
aluminum  is poured into cast iron molds and allowed to air cool.
Lubricants and cooling  water  are  not  required.   Melting  and
casting procedures are dictated by the intended use of the ingots
produced.   Frequently,  the  ingots are used as raw material for
subsequent aluminum  forming  operations  at  the  plant.   Other
plants sell these ingots for reprocessing.

Heat  Treatment.   Heat treatment is an integral part of aluminum
forming practiced at nearly every plant in the category.   It  is
frequently used both in process and as a final step in forming to
give  the  aluminum alloy the desired mechanical properties.  The
general types of heat treatment applied are the following:

     -  Homogenizing, to increase the workability and help con-
        trol recrystallization and grain growth following
        casting;

        Annealing, to soften work-hardened and heat-treatecl
        alloys, relieve stress, and stabilize properties and
        dimensions;

     -  Solution heat treatment, to improve mechanical properties
        by maximizing the concentration of hardening constituents
        in solid solution; and

        Artificial aging, to provide hardening by precipitation
        of constituents from solid solution.

Homogenizing, annealing, and aging are dry processes, while solu-
tion heat treatment typically involves significant quantities  of
contact cooling water.     ,

In the casting process, large crystals of intermetallic compounds
are  distributed heterogeneously throughout the ingot.  Homogeni-
zation of the cast ingot provides a more uniform distribution  of
the soluble constituents within the alloy.  By reducing the brit-
tleness  caused by casting, homogenization prepares the ingot for
subsequent forming operations.  The need for  homogenization  and
the  time  and  temperatures  required are dependent on the alloy
involved, the ingot size, the method of  casting  used,  and  the
nature  of  the  subsequent  forming  operations.  Typically, the
ingot is heated to a temperature ranging between  425  and  650QC
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and  held  at  that temperature for four to 48 hours<   The irtgots
are then allowed to air cool.  One plant does use a water mist to
aid final cooling after homogenizing.

Annealing is used by plants in the aluminum forming  category  to
remove  the  effects  of strain hardening or solution heat treat-
ment.  The alloy is raised to its recrystallization  temperature,
typically  between  350  and  400°C.   Nonheat-treatable, strain-
hardened alloys need only  be  held  in  the  furnace  until  the
annealing  temperature  is reached; heat-treatable alloys usually
require a detention time of two or three  hours.   In  continuous
furnaces,  the  metal is raised to higher temperatures (i.e., 425
to 450°C) and detained in the furnace for 30 to 60 seconds.  Once
removed from the annealing furnace,  it  is  essential  that  the
heat-treatable  alloys  be  cooled  to  250°C or lower at a slow,
controlled rate.  After annealing, the aluminum is in a  ductile,
more  workable  condition  suitable for subsequent forming opera-
tions.  One plant reported that a water  seal  was  used  on  its
annealing furnace to maintain the inert atmosphere in the anneal-
ing  furnace.   Water circulates through a fibrous material which
provides the seal between the furnace door and  the  frame.   The
purpose  of  the  water is to prevent scorching of the seal mate-
rial.  Some of the water does pass through the  fibrous  material
and  contacts  the  metal; however, this water evaporates on con-
tact.  After discussions with the plant and the  furnace  vendor,
it  was  concluded  that  the  furnace seal water is a noncontact
cooling water stream.

Solution heat treatment is accomplished by raising  the  tempera-
ture of a heat-treatable alloy to the eutectic temperature, where
it  is  held  for  the  required  length  of  time, then quenched
rapidly.  As a result of this process, the metallic  constituents
in  the  alloy  are  held  in  a  super-saturated solid solution,
improving the mechanical properties  of  the  alloy.   The  metal
temperatures  recommended  for  solution heat treatment of formed
aluminum alloys typically range from 450 to 550° C.  The required
length of time the metal must be held at this temperature  varies
from one to 48 hours.  In the case of extrusion, certain aluminum
alloys  can  be  solution  heat treated immediately following the
extrusion process.  In this procedure, known as press heat treat-
ment, the metal is extruded  at  the  required  temperatures  and
quenched with contact cooling water as it emerges from the die or
press.

The  quenching  techniques  used  in  solution heat treatment are
frequently critical in achieving the desired  mechanical  proper-
ties.   The sensitivity of alloys to quenching varies, but delays
in transferring the product from the furnace  to  the  quench,   a
quenching  rate that is incorrect or not uniform, and the quality
of the quenching medium used can  all  have  serious  detrimental
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effects.   With  few exceptions, contact cooling water is used to
quench solution heat treated products.   Immersion  quenching  in
contact  cooling  water,  typically  ranging from 65 to 100°C, is
used for  most  aluminum  formed  products.   Forgings  are  also
quenched  at  cooler  temperatures  (i.e., 60 to 70°C).  Spray or
flush quenching is  sometimes  used  to  quench  thick  products.
Solution  heat treated forgings of certain alloys can be quenched
using an air blast rather than a water medium.  Air quenching can
also be used for certain extrusions following press  heat  treat-
ment.   Immersion  quenching  using  glycol is often found in the
manufacture of high-performance  aeronautical  components.   This
quenching  technique is critical for achieving desired mechanical
properties, and its use may increase  as  the  demand  for  high-
quality parts goes up.

Artificial  aging, also known as precipitation heat treatment, is
applied to some aluminum alloys in order to  cause  precipitation
of  super-saturated  constituents  in  the  metal.   The alloy is
heated to a relatively low temperature (i.e., 120 to 200° C)  for
several  hours  and  then  air  cooled.  Artificial aging is fre-
quently used following solution heat  treatment  to  develop  the
maximum  hardness  and ultimate tensile and yield strength in the
metal.  For certain alloys, the mechanical properties  are  maxi-
mized  by  sequentially  applying  solution  heat treatment, cold
working, and artificial aging.

At elevated temperatures, the presence of water vapors  can  dis-
rupt  the oxide film on the surface of the product, especially if
the atmosphere is also contaminated with ammonia or  sulfur  com-
pounds.  Possible detrimental effects include surface blistering,
porosity,  discoloration,  and  a decrease in tensile properties.
When this occurs, it  is  necessary  to  control  the  atmosphere
within  a  heat treatment furnace.  A number of techniques can be
used to control the atmosphere.  At some aluminum forming plants,
natural gas is burned  to  generate  an  inert  atmosphere.   The
resulting flue gases are cooled to remove moisture and are intro-
duced  to  the  heat  treatment furnace.  Under the proper condi-
tions, the same fuel that heats the furnace can be used for  this
purpose.   Because  of  the  high  sulfur content in most furnace
fuels; however,  the  off-gases  may  require  treatment  by  wet
scrubbers  before  they  can be used as inert atmosphere for heat
treatment.

Cleaning or Etching.  A number  of  chemical  or  electrochemical
treatments may be applied after the forming of aluminum or alumi-
num  alloy products.  Acid and alkaline solutions, and detergents
can be used to clean soils such as oil and grease from the ailumi-
num surface.  Acid and alkaline solutions can  also  be  used  to
etch  the  product  or  brighten  its  surface.   Deoxidizing and
desmutting  are  accomplished  with  acid   solutions.    Surface
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treatments  and their associated rinses are usually combined in a
single line of successive tanks.  Wastewater discharge from these
lines is typically commingled prior to  treatment  or  discharge.
In  some  cases,  rinse water from one treatment is reused in the
rinse of another.

These treatments may be used for cleaning  purposes,  to  provide
the  desired  finish  for an aluminum formed product, or they may
prepare the aluminum surface for subsequent coating.  A number of
different terms are commonly used in referring  to  sequences  of
surface  treatments  (e.g.,  pickling lines, cleaning lines, etch
lines; preparation lines, and pretreatment lines).  -The  termin-
ology  depends,  to some degree, on the purpose of the lines, but
usage varies within the industry.  In addition, the  characterise
tics  of  wastewater generated by surface treatment is determined
by the unit components of the treatment  lines  rather  than  the
specific  purpose  of  its  application.   In  order  to simplify
discussion, the term cleaning or etching is used in this document
to refer to any surface treatment processes  other  than  solvent
cleaning.

Surface treatment operations performed as an integral part of the
forming  process  are  considered  to  be within the scope of the
aluminum forming category.  For the purposes of this  regulation,
surface  treatment  of  aluminum  is considered to be an integral
part of aluminum forming whenever it is  performed  at  the  same
plant site at which aluminum is formed.

Solvent  Cleaning.   Solvent  cleaners are used to remove oil and
grease compounds from the surface  of  aluminum  products.   This
process  is  usually  used  to  remove  cold  rolling and drawing
lubricants before products are annealed,  finished,  or  shipped.
There  are  three  basic  methods  of  solvent  cleaning:   vapor
degreasing, cold cleaning, and emulsified solvent degreasing.

Vapor degreasing, the predominant method of solvent  cleaning  in
the aluminum forming industry, uses the hot vapors of chlorinated
solvents  to  remove oils, greases, and waxes.  In simplest form,
vapor degreasing units consist of an open steel tank  similar  to
the one shown in Figure III-13A.  Solvent is heated at the bottom
of  a  steel tank and, as it boils, a hot solvent vapor is gener-
ated.  Because of its higher density, the vapor displaces air and
fills the tank.  Near  the  top  of  the  tank,  condenser  coils
provide  a  cooling  zone  in  which  the vapors condense and are
prevented from rising above a fixed level.   When  cool  aluminum
forming products are lowered into the hot vapor, the solvent con-
denses  onto the product, dissolving oils present on the surface.
Vapor degreasing units may also  incorporate immersion or spraying
of the hot solvent for more effective cleaning.  Conveyor systems
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similar to the one shown in
applications.
Figure  III-13B  are  used  in  some
The  solvents most commonly used for vapor degreasing in aluminum
forming are trichloroethylene,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,  and  per-
chloroethylene.   Selection of the solvent depends on a number of
factors, including solvent boiling point, product dimension,  and
alloy  makeup;  and  the  nature of the oil, grease, or wax to be
removed.  Stabilizing agents are usually added to the solvents.

Vapor degreasing solvents are frequently recovered  by  distilla-
tion.   Solvents  can  be  distilled either within the degreasing
unit itself or in a solvent recovery still.  The  sludge  residue
generated  in the recovery process is toxic and may be flammable.
Suitable handling and disposal procedures must  be  followed  and
are  discussed in subsequent sections of this report (principally
in Section VII).

Cold cleaning is another solvent  cleaning  method  and  involves
hand  wiping,  spraying,  or  immersion of metal parts in organic
solvents to remove oil, grease, and other contaminants  from  the
surface.   A  variety  of  solvents  or solvent blends, primarily
petroleums and chlorinated hydrocarbons, are used in cold  clean-
ing.   These  solvents can be reclaimed by distillation either on
site or by an outside recovery service.  For highly  contaminated
solvents;  however,  reclamation  may  not be cost effective, and
contract hauling is the disposal method of choice.   In  general,
cold  cleaning is not as effective as vapor degreasing treatment,
but the costs are considerably lower.

Emulsified solvents can also be used to clean aluminum, but  they
are  less  efficient than pure solvents, and their use is limited
to the removal of light oil and grease.  Reclamation  of  emulsi-
fied   solvents  is  not  economically  feasible  at  this  time.
Contract hauling of the spent solvents  is  the  disposal  method
practiced by plants in the aluminum forming category.

Due  to the toxic nature of many cleaning solvents, emission con-
trols may be required.

Alkaline and Acid Cleaning.  Alkaline cleaning is the most common
method of cleaning aluminum  surfaces.   The  alkaline  solutions
vary  in  pH and chemical composition.  Inhibitors are frequently
added to minimize or  prevent  attack  on  the  metal.   Alkaline
cleaners  are  able  to  emulsify  vegetable  and animal oils and
greases to a certain degree and are effective in the  removal  of
lard, oil, and other such compounds.  Mineral oils and grease, on
the other hand, are not emulsified by alkaline cleaning solutions
and, therefore, are not removed as effectively.
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Aluminum products can be cleaned with an alkaline solution either
by  immersion  or spray.  The solution is usually maintained at a
temperature ranging between 60 and 80° C.  Rinsing, usually  with
warm  water,  should  follow  the  alkaline  cleaning  process to
prevent the solution from drying on the product.

Acid solutions can also be used for aluminum cleaning,  but  they
are  less effective than either alkaline or solvent cleaning sys-
tems.  Their use is generally limited to the  removal  of  oxides
and smut.  Acid cleaning solutions usually have a pH ranging from
4.0  to  5.7  and temperatures between room temperature and 80°C.
The solutions typically contain one or two acids  (e.g.,  nitric,
sulfuric, phosphoric, chromic, and hydrofluoric acids).

Chemical   and   Electrochemical  Brightening.   The  surface  of
aluminum   or   aluminum   alloys   can    be    chemically    or
electrochemically  brightened  to  improve surface smoothness and
reflectance.  Chemical brightening is accomplished  by  immersing
the  product  in  baths of concentrated or dilute acid solutions.
The acids most commonly  used  for  this  purpose  are  sulfuric;
nitric;  phosphoric; acetic; and, to a lesser extent, chromic and
hydrofluoric.  Other constituents, such as copper or lead  salts,
glycerol, and ethylene glycol, may be added as well.

Aluminum  can also be brightened by electrochemical methods.  The
product is immersed in an electrolyte bath> through which  direct
current  is  passed.  The electrolytic solutions are acidic, con-
taining hydrofluoric, phosphoric, chromic, or sulfuric  acid,  or
they  may  be  alkaline, containing sodium carbonate or trisodium
phosphate.

Etching.  Chemical etchants  are  used  to  reduce  or  eliminate
scratches  and  other surface imperfections, to remove oxides, or
to provide surface roughness.  The most widely used etchant is an
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.  The concentration and tem-
perature of the caustic bath are carefully controlled to  provide
the  desired degree of etching.  In general, the sodium hydroxide
concentration ranges from 1 to 15 percent, and  the  solution  is
maintained  between  50  and 80°C.  It is important that products
are rinsed immediately following caustic etching.

As a result of etching with a caustic solution,  the  surface  of
the  product  may  be discolored.  Alloying constituents, such as
copper, manganese, and silicon, as well as  other  impurities  in
the  metal,  are  not  dissolved  in  the etchant and form a dark
residual film referred to as smut.  In order  to  alleviate  this
problem, caustic etching is frequently followed by desmutting.

For  specific  aluminum  alloys or desired finishes, acid etching
may be used.  Aluminum-silicon alloys are frequently etched in  a
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solution   containing   nitric  and  hydrofluoric  acids.   Fumes
generated by acid etching are  corrosive  and  may  constitute  a
health  hazard  requiring  suitable  air  pollution  control.  In
general, etching with acids is more expensive, but it may  result
in less aluminum loss, which can be an economic advantage.

Desmuttinq   and   Deoxidizing.    Acid  solutions  are  used  in
desmutting and  deoxidizing  aluminum  products.   Desmutting,  a
process   frequently   applied   following  caustic  etching,  is
accomplished by immersion in an acid solution that dissolves  the
residual  film.   Although a number of acid solutions can be used
to remove smut, dilute nitric acid is most commonly employed.

Deoxidizers are acid  solutions  formulated  to  remove  specific
oxide  films and coatings from the aluminum products.  The oxides
may have been formed naturally, or  they  may  result  from  heat
treatment or other surface treatments.  Deoxidizing solutions can
be composed of a variety of acids, including chromic, phosphoric,
sulfuric, nitric, and hydrofluoric acid.

Anodizing.   Anodizing  is  either  a chemical or an electrolytic
oxidation process which converts the surface of the metal  to  an
insoluble  oxide.  These oxide coatings provide corrosion protec-
tion, decorative surfaces, a base for painting and other  coating
processes,  as  well as special electrical and mechanical proper-
ties.

The majority of anodizing is carried out by immersion  of  racked
parts  in tanks.  Continuous anodizing may be done on large coils
of aluminum in a manner  similar  to  continuous  electroplating.
The  formation  of  the  oxide occurs (in electrolytic anodizing)
when the parts are made anodic in dilute sulfuric acid or  dilute
chromic  acid solutions.  The oxide layer begins formation at the
extreme outer surface, and as the reaction  proceeds,  the  oxide
grows into the metal.  The last formed oxide, known as the bound-
ary  layer,  is located at the interface between the aluminum and
the oxide.  The boundary is extremely thin  and  nonporous.   The
sulfuric  acid process is typically used for all parts subject to
stress or containing recesses  in which the sulfuric acid solution
may be retained and attack the  aluminum.   Chromic  acid  anodic
coatings are more protective than sulfuric acid coatings and have
a  relatively thick boundary layer.  For these reasons, a chromic
acid bath is used if a complete rinsing of  the  part  cannot  be
achieved.

Chemical   Conversion   Coating.   This  manufacturing  operation
includes chromating, phosphating, and passivating.   These  coat-
ings  are applied to previously deposited metal or basis material
for increased corrosion protection, lubricity, preparation of the
surface for additional coatings,  or  formulation  of  a  special
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surface  appearance.  In chromating, a portion of the aluminum is
converted to one of the components of the protective film  formed
by  the  coating  solution.  This occurs by reaction with aqueous
solutions containing hexavalent chromium and  active  organic  or
inorganic  compounds.  Most of the coatings are applied by chemi-
cal immersion, although a spray or brush treatment can be used.

Phosphate coatings are used to provide a good base for paints and
other organic coatings, to condition the surfaces for cold  form-
ing  operations  by  providing  a  base for drawing compounds and
lubricants, and to impart corrosion resistance  to  the  aluminum
surface by the coating itself or by providing a suitable base for
rust-preventive oils or waxes.  Phosphate conversion coatings are
formed by the immersion of aluminum in a dilute solution of phos-
phoric  acid.   The  method  of applying the phosphate coating is
dependent upon the size and shape  of  the  part  to  be  coated.
Small  parts  frequently  are  coated  in barrels immersed in the
phosphating  solution.   Large  parts  may  be  spray  coated  or
continuously passed through the phosphating solution.

Coloring  or  Dyeing.   Coloring or dyeing aluminum is frequently
performed on anodized  aluminum.   The  dyeing  process  involves
impregnating  the  pores of the anodized aluminum with an organic
material.                                             .
Mineral coloring is the precipitation of a pigment in
of the anodic coating before sealing.
the  pores
Integral  color  anodizing  is a single-step process in which the
color is produced during anodizing.  Coloring  results  from  the
occulsion  of  micro-particles  in  the coating.  The electrolyte
reacts with the micro-constituents and the matrix of the aluminum
alloy.                  .'

Another method for coloring is a two-step or electrolytic  color-
ing process.  Following anodizing with sulfuric acid and rinsing,
the aluminum parts are transferred to an acidic electrolyte which
contains  a  dissolved metal salt.  The metallic pigment is elec-
trodeposited in the pores of the anodic coating  by  the  use  of
alternating current.

Sealing.   Sealing  is the final surface finishing step performed
in conjunction with anodizing.  Sealing  partially  converts  the
alumina  on  the surface to an aluminum monohydroxide.  Corrosion
resistance of anodized  aluminum  is  largely  dependent  on  the
effectiveness  of  the  sealing operation.  Sealing solutions may
consist  of  boiling   deionized   water   or   nickel   acetate.
Precipitation of nickel hydroxide helps in plugging pores left in
the anodized surface.
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Aluminum  anodized  in  sulfuric  acid  may be sealed in slightly
acidified water (pH 5.5 to 6.5) at about  93  to  100°C  (200  to
212°F).   Clear  anodized  aluminum- parts may be sealed with hot
nickel acetate followed by rinsing and immersion in a hot dichro-
mate solution.
                                118

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           Table III-1




PROFILE OF ALUMINUM FORMING  PLANTS
Aluminum
Product
Plate
Sheet
Strip
Foil
Tube
Rod
Wire &
Cable
Extrusions
Forgings
Number
of
Plants
7
16
21
15
25
13
48
141
16
PRODUCTION
Industry
Total
6.00x104
8. 34x1 O5
7.28x105
2.091x105
7. 08x1 O4
4. 747x1 O4
1 .988x105
9.07x105
1. 856x1 O4
(tons /yr)
Plant
Average
8. 57x103
5. 56x1 O4
3. 639x1 O4
1. 394x1 O4
3,078
4,747
4,229
6. 48x1 O3
1 ,547
EMPLOYMENT
Plant
Average
852
693
356
294
176
125
43
100
94
                 119

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                              134

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                           SECTION IV

                   INDUSTRY SUBCATEGORIZATION
Subcategorization should take  into  account  pertinent  industry
characteristics,  manufacturing  process  variations,  wastewater
characteristics, and other  factors.   Effluent  limitations  and
standards  establish  mass limitations on the discharge of pollu-
tants which are applied, through the permit issuance process,  to
specific  dischargers.   To  allow  the  national  standard to be
applied to a wide range of. sizes of production units, the mass of
pollutant discharge must be referenced to a unit  of  production.
This  factor is referred to as a production normalizing parameter
and is developed in conjunction with subcategbrization.

Division of the category into subcategories provides a  mechanism
for  addressing  process  and  product variations which result in
distinct wastewater characteristics.  The selection of production
normalizing parameters provides the means  for  compensating  for
differences  in  production rates among plants with similar prod-
ucts and processes within a uniform set  of  mass-based  effluent
limitations and standards.

BASIS FOR SUBCATEGORIZATION

Factors Considered

After  considering  the  nature  of  the  various segments of the
aluminum forming industry and  their  operations,  EPA  evaluated
possible bases for subcategorization.  These include:

      1.  Raw Materials Used
      2.  Manufacturing Processes
      3.  Wastewater Characteristics
      4.  Products Manufactured
      5.  Water Use
      6.  Water Pollution Control Technology
      7.  Treatment Costs
      8.  Solid Waste Generation
      9.  Size of Plant
     10.  Age of Plant
     11.  Number of Employees
     12.  Total Energy Requirements  (Manufacturing Process and
          Water Treatment and Control)
     13.  Nonwater Quality Characteristics
     14.  Unique Plant Characteristics
                               135

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Subcateqorlzation Selection

After  considering  the  above factors, it was concluded that the
aluminum forming category consists of separate and distinct  pro-
cesses  with enough variability in products and wastes to require
the division of the industry into a number of discrete subcatego-
ries.  The individual processes, wastewater characteristics,  and
applicable  treatment  technologies comprise the most significant
factors in the subcategorization of this complex  industry.   The
remaining  factors  either served to support and substantiate the
subcategorization or were shown to  be  inappropriate  bases  for
subcategorization.   In  evaluating  these factors, the following
items were addressed:  the nature of the subcategorization  based
on the factor being considered; the positive and negative aspects
of  the  potential  subcategorization;  the  potential production
normalizing parameters that could be  used  in  conjunction  with
this  subcategorization scheme; and the interrelationship between
different factors.  Each factor is discussed below.

Raw Materials.   The raw materials used in  the  aluminum  forming
category can be classified as follows:

     -  aluminum and aluminum alloys;

        lubricants;

     -  surface treatment, degreasing, and furnace fluxing
        chemicals; and

        additives to lubricants and cooling water.

In  some  instances,  the  same  raw material may take on various
effluent characteristics, and these will require different treat-
ment.  For example, an oil that is emulsified requires  different
treatment  than  the same oil in a pure state.  The proportion of
particular pollutants may differ depending upon the type of  alu-
minum  alloy  being  processed.  Copper alloyed aluminum may gen-
erate wastewater with higher concentrations of copper than  other
aluminum  alloys.   Due to process variations and the proprietary
nature of many alloys and chemical additives, it is difficult  to
establish   a  production  normalizing  parameter  that  directly
relates  pollutant  discharge  to  specific  alloys  or   process
chemicals.

Manufacturing  Processes.  There are four principal manufacturing
processes used in aluminum forming:  rolling, extrusion, forging,
and drawing.  Since recognition of these  separate  processes  is
common,  subcategorization  using  these  four processes would be
easily understood.
                                136

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Typically, a company will have only one of these  forming  opera-
tions  at  an  individual plant site, as tabulated below.  Conse-
quently, all the plant operations associated with  that  facility
would be regulated under one subcategory.

             PLANTS HAVING ONLY ONE ALUMINUM FORMING
                        OPERATION ON-SITE
                        Number of Plants
                         With Only This
 Percent of Total
 Plants With This
Forming Operation
Rolling
Extrusion
Forging
Drawing
Forming Operation
37
144
13
52
Forming Operation
65
88
81
68
Subcategorization  based on the principal manufacturing processes
does not take into account the wastewater generated by  minor  or
ancillary  production  processes.   In  many cases, the principal
manufacturing process will contribute only a  small  fraction  of
the plant's total process wastewater.
Wastewater  Character i st i cs  and  Treatment
wastewater characteristics as a  criterion,
Technologies.  Using
the  following  sub-
categorization would result:  emulsions; pure oils, also known as
neat  oils;  oil-in-water  (nonemulsified) mixtures; and acidic or
basic wastewaters.  The major types of unit operations  producing
the identified waste streams are listed below.
                                137

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Waste Stream

Emulsions
Neat Oils
Oil-in-water (nonemulsified)
mixtures
Acidic or basic wastewaters
Unit Operations Producing
	the Waste Stream

Hot Rolling
Cold Rolling
Drawing
Extrusion (Press Leakage)

Cold Rolling
Drawing

Casting
Solution heat treatment
Cleaning or etching

Extrusion die cleaning
Cleaning or etching
Anodizing or conversion coating
This  subcategorization  scheme, reflects the fact that effective
wastewater pollutant  removal   is  dependent  on  the  wastewater
characteristics  and  treatment  system  designed  for removal of
these pollutants.  Treatment of emulsified and oil-in-water  (non-
emulsified) wastewaters in the  same treatment system is  inappro-
priate  because  additional treatment steps are required to  break
emulsions.  Wastewaters generated during the cleaning or  etching
of  aluminum with an acid or base solution may require pH adjust-
ment with metals removal and may not need to be treated  for  oil
removal.  Finally, since spent  neat oils are pure oil and contain
no  water,  they may frequently be disposed of by incineration or
contract hauling, thus requiring no treatment.

Products Manufactured.  Another approach to subcategorization  is
based on the products manufactured, as listed below:
Product

Plate
Sheet
Strip
Foil
Rod and bar
Tubing
Miscellaneous shapes
Wire and cable
Other (L shapes,  I-beams, etc.)
  Associated
  Manufacturing Process

  Rolling
  Rolling
  Rolling
  Rolling
  Rolling, extrusion, drawing
  Extrusion or drawing
  Extrusion or forging
  Drawing
  Drawing or extrusion
The  product  manufactured  would be an appropriate criterion for
subcategorization  if the waste   characterization  and  production
                                138

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process to produce a given item are the same from plant to plant;
however,  this  approach  is not applicable to the manufacture of
many aluminum formed products.  For example, rods can be produced
by two different  production  processes  which  generate  similar
wastewater  (i.e.,  rolling  and  drawing);  however, the mass of
pollutants generated per unit of rod produced by rolling will  be
different than the amount generated by drawing the rod.  Further-
more,  some products produced by the same process may use differ-
ent lubricants,  therefore  generating  a  waste  with  different
characteristics.   Strip  and sheet, for example, can be produced
by operations  which  use  either  neat  or  emulsified  oils  as
lubricants.

This  approach  to  subcategorization  does not take into account
ancillary operations, such as cleaning or  etching,  heat  treat-
ment,  and casting, that may be found at any given plant.  All of
these factors make it very  difficult  to  develop  an  equitable
regulation   using   products   manufactured   as   a  basis  for
subc.ategorization.

Process Water Use.  Major differences in  water  use  (volume  of,
water  applied  to a process per mass of product) between facili-
ties with large and small production could  be  considered  as  a
factor in the development of subcategories.

As will be discussed in Section V, analysis of the data indicated
that  production  normalized  water use (i.e., gallons per ton of
aluminum formed) for a given unit operation is  usually  indepen-
dent  of  production  volume.   For example, a large direct chill
casting operation will use about the same amount of water per ton
of ingot produced as an operation casting much less  aluminum  by
the same method.

Size.   The  number of employees and amount of aluminum processed
were used to measure relative sizes of aluminum forming plants.

Wastewaters produced by a production process are largely indepen-
dent of the number of plant employees.  Variations in staff occur
for many  reasons,  including  shift  differences,  clerical  and
administrative  support, maintenance workers, efficiency of plant
operations, and market fluctuations.  Due to these and other fac-
tors, the number of employees is constantly  fluctuating,  making
it  difficult  to  develop  a  correlation  between the number of
employees and wastewater generation.

Subcategorization based on size in terms of production of  alumi-
num  would  group plants by the off-pounds of extrusions, sheets,
rods, etc.  This is a good method  of  subcategorization  for  an
economic  analysis  on  this  category since plants producing rod
will compete for the same market, and smaller  production  plants
                               139

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may  have  very  different  economic  characteristics  than large
production  plants.   One  drawback  to  this   subcategorization
approach is that it does not account for the ancillary operations
frequently  performed  in  conjunction with the forming operation
and the wastewater they may generate.

Age.  Aluminum forming is one of the  newest  large-volume  metal
industries.   The  demand for aluminum products has grown greatly
since the end of World War II.  Thus, aluminum forming plants are
relatively modern; most are less than 30 years old.  Furthermore,
to remain competitive,  plants  must  be  constantly  modernized.
Modernization   of  production  equipment,  processes,  treatment
systems, and air pollution control equipment is undertaken  on  a
continuous basis throughout the industry.  Data regarding the age
and  date  of  the  latest major modification for each plant were
compiled from the dcp responses and summarized  in  Tables  II1-2
and III-3 (pp. 120 and 121), respectively.

Unique Plant Characteristics.  Aluminum forming plants are unique
on the basis of their physical locations and unit operations.  As
discussed  later  in  this  section,  these  unit  operations are
necessary to the manufacturing process, but vary  from  plant  to
plant, depending on the product and specifications.

Location.   The geographical distribution of the aluminum forming
plants is shown in Figure III-2 (p. 122).   The  plants  are  not
limited  to any one geographical location, but they are generally
located east of the Mississippi River,  with  pockets  of  plants
located  in  the  western  states  of Washington, California, and
Texas.  Although some cost savings may be realized for facilities
located in non-urban settings where land is available to  install
lagoons, equivalent control of wastewater pollutant discharge can
be achieved by urban plants with the use of physical and chemical
treatment  systems  that  have  smaller land requirements.  Since
most plants are located in the eastern part of the United  States
(an  area  where  precipitation  exceeds evaporation) or in urban
areas, evaporation and land application of the wastewater are not
commonly used.  Presently, only 27 of the 271 plants are known to
evaporate or apply wastewater to land.
Unit Operations.  The following  is a  list of the unit
performed as part of the aluminum forming process.
operations
                                140

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Unit Operation

Direct chill casting

Continuous rod casting


Continuous sheet casting

Stationary casting

Hot rolling

Cold rolling

Roll grinding

Degassing

Extrusion die cleaning



Extrusion dummy block cooling

Forging

Drawing


Annealing

Press heat treatment

Solution heat treatment

Homogenizing

Artificial aging

Degreasing

Cleaning, etching, or
other surface treatment



Sawing

Swaging
Waste Stream

Contact cooling water

Spent lubricant
Contact cooling water

Spent lubricant

Dry operation

Spent emulsion

Spent neat oil or emulsion

Spent emulsion

Scrubber liquor

Bath caustic solution
Rinse water
Scrubber liquor

Contact cooling water

Scrubber liquor

Spent neat oil, emulsion,
  or soap solution

Atmosphere scrubber liquor

Contact cooling water

Contact cooling water

Dry operation

Dry operation

Spent solvents

Bath:  caustic, acid, seal,
  or detergent solutions
Rinse water
Scrubber liquor

Spent neat oil or emulsion

Dry operation
                            141

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Included  in  this list are several operations that either do not
discharge a waste stream or discharge small quantities of  waste-
water.  Furthermore, for subcategories based on these operations,
this approach to subcategorization does not take into account the
different types of oils used for lubrication.  For example, draw-
ing  can use a neat oil lubricant or an emulsified oil lubricant.
Waste characteristics and treatment schemes are different for the
two types of oils used.

Subcateqory Selection

In selecting the subcategories, the Agency tried to minimize  the
number  of subcategories, but at the same time provide sufficient
segmentation to account for the differences between processes and
associated wastewater  streams.   Because  the  aluminum  forming
category  encompasses  a  variety  of  operations  that  generate
wastewaters with differing characteristics, it  is  necessary  to
consider  a combination of factors when establishing subcategori-
zation.

Each of the factors listed and discussed previously are evaluated
below  on  the  basis  of  suitability  for  subcategorizing  the
aluminum forming category.

Raw  Materials.   The pollutants in the wastewater discharged are
dependent on the raw materials; however, the amount of pollutants
discharged does not directly correlate with  the  nature  of  raw
materials  used.   Heavy discharge of some metals may result from
the presence of these particular compounds in the aluminum alloy;
however, the amount of metal that enters the wastewater  is  much
more  highly  dependent  on the .operation performed on the alloy.
For instance, etching the workpiece will result in a higher metal
discharge than rolling the workpiece.   Subcategorization  solely
on  the  basis  of raw materials was considered inappropriate for
this  category  because  of  the   difficulty   associated   with
correlating raw materials with the discharge of pollutants.

Manufacturing  Processes.   Aluminum  forming   is  widely charac-
terized by the  principal  manufacturing  processes  of  rolling,
extruding,  forging,  and  drawing.   Companies have built plants
around a single production process  and  are  familiar  with 4 the
terminology.  Pollutant  generation can be related to the mass of
production from these processes.  On this  basis,  subcategoriza-
tion  based  on  manufacturing  processes is appropriate for this
category; however, the  four  processes  of  rolling,  extruding,
forging, and drawing do not account for the different lubricants,
requiring  different treatments, that can be used for the rolling
and drawing operations.  This approach to subcategorization  also
fails  to  consider the unique properties of the aluminum forming
                                142

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plants in the variety of ancillary unit operations  that  may  be
present,   many  of  which  generate  large volumes of wastewater.
Therefore, the manufacturing  processes  by  themselves  are  not
suitable for subcategorizing the aluminum forming category.

Wastewater  Characteristics.  Wastewater characteristics are very
important  in  the   consideration   of   appropriate   treatment
technology   and   form   the  basis  for  effluent  limitations.
Subcategorization based solely on wastewater  characteristics  is
inappropriate  for  the  aluminum  forming  category  since it is
difficult to develop a production  normalizing  parameter.   More
than  one  manufacturing process may generate a waste stream with
the same characteristics, such as rolling and drawing which  both
can  use  neat  oils  and emulsions.  Volume of wastewater, or in
this case lubricant generated per the mass  of  aluminum  rolled,
may  vary  greatly with the volume generated per mass of aluminum
drawn.  The purpose of subcategorizing is to allow for  equitable
regulations  across  a  category and the subcategories must allow
for  a  normalizing  parameter  to  establish  mass  limitations.
Wastewater    characteristics   alone   are   inappropriate   for
subcategorizing the aluminum forming category.

Products Manufactured.  As discussed previously, the same product
can be manufactured by as many as three of the  aluminum  forming
operations.   The mass of pollutant generated per unit of product
will be different depending on  the  type  of  forming  operation
employed.   Subcategorization based on products manufactured does
not account for the ancillary operations,  such  as  cleaning  or
etching,  heat  treatment,  and casting, that may be found at any
given plant.  These factors make it very difficult to  develop   a
reliable  effluent  limitation  using  products manufactured as  a
basis for the Subcategorization.  Thus, this is an  inappropriate
approach  for  subcategorizing  the  aluminum forming category to
establish    equitable     effluent     limitations;     however,
Subcategorization  on  the  basis  of products manufactured is an
appropriate approach  for  characterizing  the  industry  for  an
economic  impact  analysis  where  the  emphasis  is on a plant's
ability to compete in the marketplace.

Process Water Use.  Process water use, when related to  the  mass
of  aluminum  processed,  is  fairly  constant  regardless of the
production volume.  Since no distinct differences  in  water  use
could  be identified between plants with large production volumes
and  plants  with  small  production  volumes,  the  Agency   has
determined  that  this approach is inappropriate to subcategorize
the aluminum forming category.  Flows  which  are  normalized  by
some   aspect  of  production  are  used  to  establish  effluent
limitations; variations  in water use or discharge were considered
and are discussed in detail in Sections V and IX.
                                143

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Size.  Size in  terms  of  employment  is  considered  to  be  an
inappropriate  basis  for  subcategorization because it cannot be
directly related to the generation of wastewater.  Size in  terms
of production is also considered to be inappropriate for subcate-
gorizing  to  establish  effluent  guidelines,  since it does not
account  for  the  wastewaters   generated   by   the   ancillary
operations.

Age.   Since  most aluminum forming plants have been built in the
past 30 years and have been modernized frequently, age is  not  a
valid basis for subcategorization.

Location.  Location does not appear to be a significant factor on
which  to  base  subcategorization.  Most aluminum forming plants
are located in urban areas; thus, there is no vast  disparity  in
land  availability  between urban and rural plants.  In addition,
few plants use land application or evaporation to treat  aluminum
forming wastewaters.

Unit  Operations.   The  principal  benefit from using unit oper-
ations as a basis for subcategorization is  that  an  appropriate
effluent  limitation  can  be  established  for each waste stream
generated.  For each regulated pollutant,  a  specific  pollutant
mass  discharge  value  could be; calculated for each waste stream
present at the facility.  These values would be summed to  deter-
mine  the total mass discharge allowed for that pollutant at that
facility.

The difficulties with this approach are the large number of  sub-
categories  (approximately  25)  and the need for a separate pro-
duction  normalizing  parameter  for  each  subcategory  or  unit
operation.

Primarily  because  of the large number of subcategories and com-
plications associated with it, subcategorization  based  on  unit
operations alone was not considered to be appropriate.

Summary of Subcategorization

The  aluminum forming category is not well suited to subcategori-
zation using any one of the factors discussed  in  this  section.
By  applying  a  combination  of  factors,  such as manufacturing
processes, unit operations, raw materials, and wastewater charac-
teristics, the aluminum forming category can be divided into  six
subcategories:

     1 .  Rolling with Neat Oils
     2.  Rolling with Emulsions
     3.  Extrusion
     4.  Forging
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     5.  Drawing with Neat Oils
     6.  Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps

Each  manufacturing process consists of one of the four principal
forming operations plus a number of ancillary  operations.   Each
of these unit operations must be addressed by the limitations and
standards.   Since not all plants with a given manufacturing pro-
cess have the same number  of  ancillary  unit  operations,  some
method  of equating the plants must be developed.  In addition to
the principal forming operation, there are some ancillary  opera-
tions  that  are  unique  to the principal forming operations and
others that are necessary to manufacture the final product.   For
the purpose of subcategorization, the forming operation and these
"closely  related  ancillary  operations are grouped to comprise a
core operation.  Another group of operations is not unique to the
forming operations, is not always necessary in the  manufacturing
process,  and does not discharge wastewater.  For simplification,
these are included with the other operations in  the  core.   The
core  thus  becomes  a  distinct  regulatory  unit  that, for the
purpose of establishing limits, is viewed as a single  source  of
pollutants.

There  are still a number of unit operations that do not fit into
the core.  ("These operations are not unique to a forming  process,
discharge  wastewater (usually large volumes), and are not always
necessary to the manufacturing process.  Because these operations
make significant contributions to  the  pollutant  loadings  when
they  are  performed,  but  they  are  not performed consistently
throughout the subcategory, they are not included  in  the  core.
Instead,  these  operations  are included in the subcategories as
ancillary operations that, for regulatory purposes, can be  added
to  the  core when they (the ancillary operations) are practiced,
or in order to  limit  the  pollutant  discharges  from  aluminum
forming plants.

.Subcategorization  on  the basis of the core and ancillary opera-
tions as previously defined does not take into account  the  dif-
ferent  types  of  wastes  that  can  be generated by rolling and
drawing.  To account for the two types  of  wastes  generated  by
rolling  and  drawing  lubricants,  four distinct operations were
specified:  rolling  that  uses  neat  oils,  rolling  that  uses
emulsions,  drawing  that  uses  neat oils, and drawing that uses
emulsions or soaps.  These four operations are still identifiable
by the industry and account for  the  differences  in  wastewater
generated  by  the same forming operation.  Furthermore, each can
be related to some unit of production to  normalize  plant  prac-
tices  and can be applied to the subcategorization scheme of core
and ancillary operations.   Thus,  the  manufacturing  processes,
unit  operations,  raw  materials, and wastewater characteristics
                                145

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all play  an  important
forming category.
part  in  subcategorizing  the  aluminum
PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETER

In order to ensure equitable regulation of the category, effluent
limitations  guidelines  and  standards  of performance have been
established on a pollutant mass discharge basis  (i.e.,  mass  of
pollutant  discharged  per unit of production).  The unit of pro-
duction specified in these regulations is known as  a  production
normalizing  parameter (PNP).  Establishing concentration limita-
tions rather than mass-based limits was  considered;  however,  a
plant  that  diluted  its  wastewater  would have an advantage in
meeting concentration-based limitations over a  plant  that  con-
served water.  Thus, with concentration limitations a plant might
actually  be  penalized  for having good water conservation prac-
tices.  To avoid this possibility, the mass of pollutants in  the
discharge has been related to a specific PNP to establish a limi-
tation  that will limit the pollutant mass discharged proportion-
ate to an amount of production.

The approach used in selecting the appropriate PNP  for  a  given
subcategory or ancillary operation is two-fold:  achieving a cor-
relation  between  production  and the corresponding discharge of
pollutants and ensuring feasibility and ease of regulation.  Some
of the alternatives considered in specifying the PNP include:

      1.  Mass of aluminum processed,
      2.  Number of finished products manufactured,
      3.  Surface area of aluminum processed, and
      4.  Mass of process chemicals used.
The evaluation of these alternatives is summarized
cussion that follows.
                           in  the  dis-
Mass  of  Aluminum  Processed.   The  aluminum  forming  industry
typically maintains production records of the pounds of  aluminum
processed by an individual unit operation.  Availability of these
production data and lack of data for other production parameters,
such  as  area of aluminum and number of products, makes this the
most convenient parameter  to  use.   The  aluminum  forming  dcp
requested  three production values:  the capacity production rate
for the unit operation in question, the maximum  production  rate
achieved  in  1977, and the average production rate for 1977, all
in Ib/hr.

Number  of  End  Products  Processed.   The  number  of  products
processed  by  a given plant would not account for the variations
in size and shape typical of formed  products.   Extrusions,  for
instance,  are  produced  in  a wide range of sizes.  It would be
                                146

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unreasonable to expect the quenching of a large extrusion to  use
the same amount of water required for a smaller extruded product.
Surface  Area  of  Aluminum  Processed.   Surface
appropriate  production   normalizing   parameter
                                                   area may be an
                                                    for   surface
treatment operations of aluminum such as cleaning or etching.  It
would  not,  however,  be appropriate for quench or lubricant and
cooling operations.  The surface area of  aluminum  processed  is
not  generally  kept or known by industry and in some cases, such
as forging of miscellaneous shapes, surface area  data  would  be
difficult to determine.

Mass  of  Process  Chemicals Used.  The mass of process chemicals
used  (e.g.,  lubricants,  solvents,  and  cleaning  or   etching
solutions)  is  dependent  on  the  processes  which the aluminum
undergoes rather  than  the  other  raw  materials  used  in  the
process.

Selection of the Production Normalizing Parameter

Two  of  the four parameters considered, number of finished prod-
ucts and mass of process chemicals, are not appropriate PNP's for
the aluminum forming category.  The number of  finished  products
is  inappropriate because of the lack of consistency and uniform-
ity in the finished products manufactured by an aluminum  forming
plant,  particularly  by an extrusion or forging plant.  Also the
processes vary from plant to plant  even  when  producing  essen-
tially  the  same  product.   The mass of process chemicals is an
inappropriate PNP because the mass of  pollutants  discharged  is
more  directly related to the type of operation using the process
chemicals than the amount of these compounds used,  although  the
process chemicals frequently enter the wastewater.

The  surface  area  of  product as a PNP would relate the mass of
pollutants discharged to the surface area of aluminum  that  con-
tacts  the process wastewater.  This parameter may be appropriate
for some aluminum forming  operations  that  produce  wastewater,
since  the  mass  of  pollutants  entering  the wastewater may be
related to the  area  of  the  aluminum  it  is  contacted  with.
However, the Agency is not selecting surface area as a production
normalizing parameter because surface area is not always the most
appropriate  parameter,  especially in contact cooling situations
where the volume of water used is more  closely  related  to  the
mass  of  product.   Aluminum  formed products, especially forged
products or extrusions, also come in a wide variety of shapes and
the surface area of these shapes would be difficult to determine.

The fourth parameter considered is  the  mass  of  product.   The
Agency  has  selected mass as the most appropriate PNP.  The mass
of pollutants can be related to the mass  of  aluminum  processed
                               147

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and most companies keep production records in terms of mass.  The
PNP  is  based  on  the  average production rates reported in the
dcp's.  In most cases, the plants were operating at or  near  the
capacity  production  rate  for  a given piece of equipment.  The
average production rate will correlate with the  mass  of  pollu-
tants  found  in  the wastewater.  For the six subcategories, the
core operations are closely  related  to  the  principal  forming
operation and the mass of pollutants generated from each ought to
be  dependent on the mass of aluminum processed through the form-
ing operation.  Thus, there is only one PNP for each  core  based
on  the  mass  of pollutants processed through the forming opera-
tion.  Each ancillary operation has a separate PNP based  on  the
mass  of  aluminum processed through the ancillary operation.  An
example of how the PNP's apply when establishing  mass  discharge
limits is shown in Section IX.

The  PNP for aluminum forming is "off-kilograms" or the kilograms
of product removed from a machine at the end of a process  cycle.
In  the  rolling  process  aluminum  ingot  enters the mill to be
processed.  Following one process cycle which  may  substantially
reduce  the  ingot's  thickness, the aluminum is removed from the
rolling mill where it may be processed through another operation,
such as annealing, sizing, cleaning, or it may simply  be  stored
before being brought back to the rolling mill for another process
cycle,  further  reducing  the  thickness.   The mass of aluminum
removed from the rolling mill after each process cycle multiplied
by the number of process cycles is the PNP for that process.  The
core of each subcategory has one PNP which is based on  the  mass
of  aluminum  processed  through the principal forming operation.
There is a different PNP for each ancillary  operation  which  is
the  mass  of  aluminum  removed  from the process following each
process cycle for that specific operation.  For example, the  PNP
for solution heat treatment would be the mass of aluminum removed
from  the contact cooling water quench that follows solution heat
treatment.  In the case of press heat treatment the  PNP  is  the
mass  of  aluminum  removed from the contact cooling water quench
that  immediately follows extrusion.

DESCRIPTION OF SUBCATEGORIES

Subcategory Terminology and Usage

Each subcategory is broken into  "core"  and  "ancillary"  opera-
tions.   The  core   is  composed  of those operations that always
occur in conjunction with the forming operation, are  dry  opera-
tions,  or  are  a  basic part of the manufacturing process.  The
core  limitation is based on the mass of aluminum  passed  through
the  principal  manufacturing  unit. The core limitation does not
vary within a given subcategory and applies to all the plants  in
that subcategory.
                                148

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Operations  not  included in the core are classified as a/icillary
operations.  These are operations involving discharged wa'stewater
streams of significant pollutant concentrations  and  flows  that
may  or,, may  not  be present at any one facility.  The ancillary
operation limitations are based on the mass of aluminum processed
through the given ancillary operations.  In other words, the mass
of aluminum cast by the direct chill method  is  the  normalizing
parameter for casting, and the mass of aluminum cleaned or etched
is  the normalizing parameter for cleaning or etching.  To deter-
mine the effluent-.limitation for the facility  as  a  whole,  the
permit  writer  must  consider the core limitation as well as the
appropriate ancillary limitation.

The ancillary operation  of  cleaning  or  etching  includes  all
surface treatment operations, including chemical or electrochemi-
cal  anodizing  and conversion coating when they are performed at
the same location where the aluminum is formed.   A  cleaning  or
etching  operation  is  defined  by the cleaning or etching baths
which are followed by a rinse.  Multiple baths would  be  consid-
ered  multiple cleaning or etching operations only when each bath
is followed by a rinse and a separate limitation, would  apply , to
each  bath-rinse  combination. Multiple rinses following a single
bath will be regulated by a single limitation.

In the following discussion, the aluminum  forming  subcategories
are  presented  on  an. individual basis.  The core and ancillary
operations included in each subcategory  are  briefly . described,
and   the   appropriate  production  normalizing  parameters  are
identified.

Some plants will be included under  more  than  one  subcategory.
The  frequency  of plants with more than one subcategory is tabu-
lated below.  In these cases, the subcategories should be used as
building blocks to establish permit limitations.   It  should, be
noted  that  in  most  cases  the  ancillary  operations  will be
included with only one subcategory (i.e., the core operation with
which it is most closely associated).  As an example, consider   a
rolling  plant  which has both rolling with neat oils and rolling
                 This plant has direct chill casting  as  one  of
                operations.   Since  the casting precedes rolling
                and   the  rolling  with  emulsions  operation  is
               the product of the casting operation, casting will
with emulsions
the  ancillary
with emulsions
performed
on
be considered an ancillary operation only
Emulsions Subcategory.
                                           to  the  Rolling  with
The lists presented  in  the  following discussions provide  informa-
tion  specific to the subcategory  being  addressed.   The frequency
of occurrence of ancillary  streams considers each  ancillary oper-
ation individually ,and  apart  from  any other ancillary  operations
that  may  be  present  at  the same plant.  Thus,  the sum of  the
                                149

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frequencies of the ancillary operations cannot be related to  the
number of plants in that subcategory.  The same methods have been
applied to the frequency of subcategory overlap.  Since there are
some plants that will be in more than one subcategory, the sum of
plants  in  each  subcategory  will  be larger than the number of
plants in the category.

    INCIDENCE OF OVERLAP WITH MORE THAN ONE OTHER SUBCATEGORY
                             Total Plants in
                              One or More
   Percent of
Total Plants in
Subcategory
Rolling
Rolling
with
with
Neat Oils
Emulsions
Extrusion
Forging
Drawing
Drawing

with
with

Neat Oils
Emulsions
Subcategory
34
28
22
9
25
5
the Subcategory
68
86
13
57
38
38
or Soaps

Rolling with Neat Oils Subcategory

This subcategory  is  applicable  to  all  wastewater  discharges
resulting  from or associated with aluminum rolling operations in
which neat oils are used as a lubricant.  The unit operations and
associated waste streams covered  by  this  subcategory  and  the
appropriate production normalizing parameters are listed below.
                               150

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               ROLLING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY
                                                            •'"V
Unit Operation
Waste Stream
Production Normalizing
     Parameter
CORE:

Rolling wi'th neat oils

Roll grinding

Stationary casting

Homogenizing

Annealing


Artificial aging

Degreasing

Sawing

Miscellaneous non-
  descript wastewater
  sources

ANCILLARY:

Continuous sheet
  casting

Rolling solution heat
  treatment
Cleaning or etching
  Spent lubricant

  Spent emulsion

  None

  None

  Atmosphere
    scrubber
    liquor
  None

  Spent solvent

  Spent lubricant

  Various
  Spent lubricant


  Contact cooling
    water
  Bath

  Rinse

  Scrubber  liquor
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil

Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum
  rolled with neat oil
Mass of aluminum sheet
  cast by continuous
  methods
Mass of aluminum
  quenched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
The  following   list   summarizes  data pertaining  to  the  number  of
plants  in  this   subcategory   and   the  waste   streams  which  are
present at those plants:
                                151

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                                             Frequency
    Associated Waste Streams
No.  of Plants
 Percent of
Total Plants
   in the
Subcategory
CORE:

Rolling with neat oils spent lubricant
Roll grinding spent emulsion
Annealing atmosphere scrubber liquor
Sawing spent lubricant
Miscellanous nondescript wastewater

ANCILLARY:

Continuous sheet casting
  Spent lubricant
Rolling solution heat treatment
  Contact cooling water
Cleaning or etching
  Bath
  Rinse
  Scrubber liquor
      50
       *
       1
       *
       *
      1 1

       6

       9
       9
       0
    100
     *
     2
     *
     *
     22

     1 2

     18
     18
      0
*An accurate count could not be determined from available data,
 assumed to be present at all plants.

As  this table shows, 50 of the plants surveyed in this study are
included in the Rolling with  Neat  Oils  Subcategory.   For  the
majority  of  these  plants,  the core regulations can be applied
without alteration because  no  ancillary  streams  are  present.
However,  continuous  sheet casting is practiced at 11 plants (22
percent), and cleaning or etching of the rolled product is  prac-
ticed  at  nine  plants  (18  percent).   The  presence  of  heat
treatment was reported at only six plants (12 percent).

Over half of the plants (33_of 50) associated with this  subcate-
gory  were  also  associated with one or more additional subcate-
gories.  The most common case,  overlap  with  the  Rolling  with
Emulsions  Subcategory,  was  reported at 19 of the 50 plants (38
percent).  Frequently, rolling  of  aluminum  with  emulsions  is
followed  by  rolling  to  desired  gauge using neat oils.  It is
important to realize that at these  plants,   operations  such  as
casting  were considered to be associated with the emulsion roll-
ing rather than neat oil rolling for the purpose of  subcategori-
zation.   In  this way, duplicatipn of streams is avoided.  Seven
of the plants (14 percent) were included in both the Rolling with
Neat Oils and Drawing with Neat  Oils  subcategories.    In  these
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cases,   the  aluminum  was usually first rolled and then drawn to
form the desired product.  If the drawn product was  then  etched
or  heat;  treated,   these operations were associated with drawing
with neat oils rather than rolling with neat oils.  In only  four
cases  (8  percent) was overlap with more than one other subcate-
gory found to exist.

As discussed in Section III (p.  110),  the  annealing  operation
does  not  use process water.  One of the plants surveyed anneals
aluminum which is rolled with neat oils and derives the inert gas
atmosphere used in its annealing process from furnace  off-gases.
Because  of  the  sulfur  content of furnace fuels, the off-gases
require cleaning  with  wet  scrubbers  to  remove  contaminants.
Other  plants import cleaned gases or burn natural gas to provide
an inert atmosphere.  Since the Agency believes that this  scrub-
ber  is  necessary  to  the operation of the annealing furnace in
this process situation, an allowance has been included as part of
the core of the Rolling with  Neat  Oils  Subcategory.   For  the
Rolling  with  Neat Oils Subcategory, two core allowances will be
established,  because  most  plants  do  not  have  an  annealing
scrubber  liquor  flow.   Separate allowances will be established
for core waste streams without an annealing furnace scrubber  and
for  core  waste  streams  with an annealing furnace scrubber for
only the rolling with neat oils Subcategory  since  no  annealing
furnace  scrubbers  are  known  to be in operation in conjunction
with any other forming operation.

Roll ing with Emulsions Subcategory

This Subcategory  is  applicable  to  all  wastewater  discharges
resulting  from or associated with aluminum rolling operations in
which oil-in-water emulsions are used as  lubricants.   The  unit
operations  and  associated  waste  streams  covered by this sub-
category and the appropriate  production  normalizing  parameters
are listed below.
                               153

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                  ROLLING WITH EMULSIONS  SUBCATEGORY
   Unit  Operation
Waste Stream
                 Production Normalizing
                       Parameter
   CORE:

   Rolling  with  emulsions

   Roll  grinding

   Stationary  casting

   Homogenizing

   Artificial  aging

\f/^Degr easing

'  Annealing

   Sawing
   Miscellaneous  non-
     descript  wastewater
     sources

   ANCILLARY:

   Direct  chill casting
  Spent emulsion

  Spent emulsion

  None

  None

  None

  None

  None

  Spent lubricant

  Various
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
                 Mass of
                   with
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
 aluminum
emulsions
rolled

rolled

rolled

rolled

rolled

rolled

rolled

rolled

rolled
   Rolling  solution  heat
     treatment
   Cleaning or etching
^/Contact cooling  Mass of aluminum  cast
X   water            by direct  chill
 ^~-  •               method
                   Mass of aluminum
                     quenched
                   Mass of aluminum
                     cleaned or etched
                   Mass of aluminum
                     cleaned or etched
                   Mass of aluminum
                     cleaned or etched
Contact cooling
  water
Bath

Rinse

Scrubber liquor
   The  following  list  summarizes data pertaining to the number of
   plants in this subcategory and the waste streams which are  pres-
   ent at those plants.
                                  154

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                                             Frequency
Associated Waste Streams
                                     No. of Plants
       Percent of
      Total Plants
         in the
      Subcategory
CORE :

Rolling with emulsions spent emulsion
Roll grinding spent emulsion
Sawing spent lubricant
Miscellaneous nondescript wastewater

ANCILLARY:

Direct chill casting
  ^*> ._. *_ 1_ ... « X. ___*1 .!__ \jj Z3 4~ f^Y"
                                                29
                                                *
                                                *
                                                *
             TOO
              *
              *
              *
 LLfcJUL UI11J.J. <_cli> Liny
  Contact cooling water
Rolling solution heat treatment
  Contact cooling water
Cleaning or Etching
  T-» _ J_ l_
  Bath
  Rinse
  Scrubber liquor
20

 8

 7
 7
 2
69

28

24
24
 7
*An accurate count could not be determined from available  data,
 assumed to be present at all plants.

Of  the  plants  surveyed  in  this  study,  29 were  classified  as
belonging to the Rolling with Emulsions  Subcategory.    The   core
streams  in  this  Subcategory include rolling emulsions that are
expected to be present at every plant.  As shown  in  the  preceding
list, the regulation of plants in this Subcategory   will  usually
require  consideration of waste streams associated with  ancillary
operations.  Direct chill casting is associated with the  rolling
operations at 20 of the plants surveyed.  Solution heat  treatment
is  practiced  at  eight  plants.  Seven plants will also  require
regulation of cleaning or etching baths and  rinses as an  ancil-
lary  stream,  and  two  plants  will receive an  allocation  for a
cleaning or etching scrubber liquor discharge.

In all but one case (97 percent),  plants  in  the   Rolling   with
Emulsions  Subcategory  were  also  included in one  or more  other
subcategories.  The most common case, overlap  with   the  Rolling
with  Neat  Oils Subcategory, was reported at 19  of  the  29 plants
(66 percent).  Frequently, rolling of aluminum with  emulsions  is
followed  by  rolling with neat oils to the  desired  gauge.   It  is
important to realize that at these  plants,  operations  such  as
direct  chill  casting  were considered to be associated with the
emulsion rolling rather than neat oil rolling for the purpose  of
subcategorization.   In  this  way,  duplication  of streams  is
                                155

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avoided.   Two of the plants (7 percent) were included in both the
Rolling with Emulsions and Drawing with Neat Oils  subcategories.
Two  of  the plants (7 percent) were included in both the Rolling
with Emulsions and Extrusion subcategories.  In  five  cases  (17
percent),  overlap with more than one other subcategory was found
to exist.

Extrusion Subcategory

This subcategory  is  applicable  to  all  wastewater  discharges
resulting  from or associated with aluminum extrusion operations.
The unit operations and associated waste streams covered by  this
subcategory and the appropriate production normalizing parameters
are listed below.
                      EXTRUSION SUBCATEGORY
Unit Operation
              Waste Stream
Production Normalizing
     Parameter
CORE:

Extrusion
Die cleaning
ing4
               ingj

               .>?^s
Stationary castin

Annealing

Homogenizing

Artificial aging-J

Degreasing   J

Sawing      -J

Miscellaneous non-
  descript wastewater
  sources

ANCILLARY:

Direct chill casting


Extrusion press or
Dummy block
  cool ing
Bath and rinse

Scrubber liquor

None

None

None

None

Spent solvent

Spent lubricant

Various
                         Contact cooling
                           water

                         Contact cooling
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
Mass of aluminum
  extruded
                                  Mass of aluminum cast
                                    by direct chill
                                    method
                                  Mass of aluminum
                               156

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  solution heat
  treatment
Cleaning or etching
Degassing


Extrusion press
                           water

                         Bath

                         Rinse

                         Scrubber liquor

                         Scrubber liquor
                       / Hydraulic fluid
                           leakage
  quenched

Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  degassed

Mass of aluminum
  extruded
The  following  list  summarizes data pertaining to the  number  of
plants in this  subcategory  and  the  waste  streams  which  are
present at those plants:

                                    	Frequency	
Associated Waste Streams
                                     No. of Plants
           Percent of
          Total Plants
             in the
          Subcategory
CORE:

Extrusion
Die cleaning bath and rinse
Die cleaning scrubber liquor
Sawing spent lubricant
Miscellaneous nondescript wastewater

ANCILLARY:
                                              163
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                                               *
                 100
                  *
                  *
                  *
                  *
       chill casting
          cooling water
                             heat  treatment
JLJ 1 IT G C L- V.ilJ-O.JL V^tAfc^L-J-JI^
  Contact cooling water
Extrusion press and solution
  Contact cooling water
Cleaning or etching
  Bath
  Rinse
  Scrubber liquor
Degassing
  Scrubber liquor
Extrusion press leakage

*An accurate count could not be determined from available data,
 assumed to be present at all plants.
    44

    52

    85
    85
     3

     1
     5
27

32

52
52
 2

 1
 3
                                157

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The  Extrusion  Subcategory  includes  more plants, 163, than any
other subcategory, or approximately half of the plants  surveyed.
Three  of  these  plants are known to have closed since proposal.
Although an accurate count was not possible  from  the  available
data,  extrusion  die cleaning is expected to be present at every
extrusion plant, and  this  operation  serves  as  the  principal
component of the core for this subcategory.

More than half of the plants in this subcategory can be regulated
on  the  basis of the core allocation alone, but the other facil-
ities will require the consideration of  ancillary  streams.   As
shown  in the preceding list, the. most common ancillary operation
is cleaning or etching (associated with extrusion at 85 of  these
plants), followed by heat treatment (32 percent) and direct chill
casting (27 percent).

Although  most  of  the  plants  in the Extrusion Subcategory (88
percent) are not associated with any  other  subcategories,  some
overlap  does  occur.   In  the  most common example, nine of the
extrusion plants (6 percent) are also associated with the Drawing
with Neat Oils Subcategory.

Forging Subcategory

This subcategory  is  applicable  to  all  wastewater  discharges
resulting  from  or  associated with aluminum forging operations.
The unit operations and associated waste streams covered by  this
subcategory and the appropriate production normalizing parameters
are listed below.
Unit Operation
                       FORGING SUBCATEGORY
Waste Stream
Production Normalizing
     Parameter
CORE:

Forging

Artificial aging

Annealing

Degreasing

Sawing
Miscellaneous non-
  descript wastewater
  sources
  Spent solvent

  Spent lubricant

  Various
                        •J
Mass of
  forged
Mass of
  forged
Mass of
  forged
Mass of
 . forged
Mass of
  forged
Mass of
  forged
aluminum

aluminum

aluminum

aluminum

aluminum

aluminum
                               158

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ANCILLARY:
Forging air pollution
  control
Forging solution heat
  treatment
Cleaning or etching
Scrubber liquor

Contact cooling
  water
Bath

Rinse

Scrubber liquor
Mass of aluminum
  forged
Mass of aluminum
  quenched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
The  following  list  summarizes data pertaining to the number of
plants in this  subcategory  and  the  waste  streams  which  are
present at these plants:

                                    	Frequency	
Associated Waste Streams
            No. of Plants
           Percent of
          Total Plants
             in the
          Subcategory
CORE:

Sawing spent lubricant
Miscellaneous nondescript wastewater

ANCILLARY:

Forging air pollution control
  Scrubber liquor
Forging solution heat treatment
  Contact cooling water
Cleaning or etching
  Bath
  Rinse
  Scrubber liquor
                      16
                       *
                 TOO
                  *
                       4

                       1 1

                       13
                       13
                       2
                  25

                  69

                  81
                  81
                  13
*An accurate count could not be determined from available data,
 assumed to be present at all plants.

Of  the  16  plants identified with the Forging Subcategory,  only
one could be regulated by  the  core  streams  alone.    The   most
common  ancillary  streams, cleaning or etching baths  and rinses,
are each associated with 81 percent of the forging plants.    Fre-
quently,  more  than  one  ancillary  stream is associated with  a
                                159

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given plant.  Six of the 16 forging plants (38
at least three such streams.
                         percent)   involve
Most of the plants in the Forging Subcategory (81 percent) do not
have  operations  associated with any other subcategory.  Overlap
only occurs with the Extrusion and Drawing subcategories.

Dcawinq with Neat Oils Subcategory

This subcategory  is  applicable  to  all  wastewater  discharges
resulting  from or associated with aluminum drawing operations in
which neat oils are used as a lubricant.  The unit operations and
associated waste streams covered  by  this  subcategory  and  the
appropriate production normalizing parameters are listed below.
               DRAWING WITH NEAT OILS SUBCATEGORY
Unit Operation
Waste Stream
Production Normalizing
     Parameter
CORE:

Drawing with neat oils

Stationary casting

 omogenizing

Annealing

Artificial aging

Degreasing

Sawing

Swaging
Miscellaneous non-
  descript wastewater
  sources

Spent lubricant

None

None

None

None

Spent solvent

Spent lubricant

None

Various
ANCILLARY:

Continuous rod casting
  Contact cooling
    water

  Spent lubricant
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
                    Mass of
                      with
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
        aluminum
       neat oils
drawn

drawn

drawn

drawn

drawn

drawn

drawn

drawn

drawn
Mass of aluminum rod
  cast by continuous
  methods
Mass of aluminum rod
  cast by continuous
  methods
                                160

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Drawing solution heat
  treatment
Cleaning or etching
Contact cooling
  water
Bath

Rinse

Scrubber liquor
Mass of aluminum
  quenched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
Mass of aluminum
  cleaned or etched
The  following  list  summarizes data pertaining to the number of
plants in this  subcategory  and  the  waste  streams  which  are
present at those plants:

                                    	Frequency	
Associated Waste Streams
            No. of Plants
           Percent of
          Total Plants
             in the
          Subcategory
CORE:

Drawing with neat oils spent lubricant
Sawing spent lubricant
Miscellaneous nondescript wastewater

ANCILLARY:

Continous rod casting
  Contact cooling water
  Spent lubricant
Drawing solution heat treatment
  Contact cooling water
Cleaning or etching
  Bath
  Rinse
  Scrubber liquor
                       66
                        *
                        *
                 100
                  *
                  *
                       2
                       2

                       8

                      13
                      13
                       0
                   3
                   3

                  12

                  20
                  20
                   0
*An accurate count could not be determined from available data,
 assumed to be present at all plants.

The  Drawing  with  Neat  Oils  Subcategory  is the second largest
aluminum forming subcategory and contains 66 of  the   277  plants
surveyed  in  this  study.   The  majority  of  the plants in the
Drawing with Neat Oils Subcategory can be regulated on the  basis
of  the  core  alone.   Heat  treatment contact cooling water and
cleaning or etching baths and rinses are the most  common  ancil-
lary streams in this subcategory.
                                161

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      Frequent   overlap  with   other  subcategories was noted.   The most
      common  case was with the Extrusion  Subcategory;  nine of  the  neat
      oil   drawing  plants  (14  percent)   were found  to have  extrusion
      processes as well.   In all,  36   percent  of  the  plants  in  the
      Drawing  with Neat  Oils  Subcategory were also associated with one
      or more other alumminum  forming subcategories.

      Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps Subcategory

      This  Subcategory  is  applicable  to  all  wastewater discharges
      resulting from or associated with the aluminum drawing operations
      which use oil-in-water emulsion or  soap solution lubricants.  The
      unit  operations and associated  waste streams covered by  this sub-
      category   and  the   appropriate production normalizing parameters
      are listed below.

                 DRAWING  WITH  EMULSIONS OR SOAPS SUBCATEGORY
      Unit Operation
Waste Stream
Production Normalizing
     Parameter
      CORE:
-2     Drawing with emulsions
 N       or soaps
      Stationary casting
  Spent emulsion
      Artificial  aging
 •^"-^Homogenizing
      Annealing
      Degreasing
      Sawing
      Swaging
      Miscellaneous non-
        descript wastewater
        sources
  None
  None
  None
  Spent solvent
  Spent lubricant
  None
  Various
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
Mass of aluminum drawn
  with emulsions or
  soaps
                                     162

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ANCILLARY:
Continuous rod casting
Drawing solution heat
    treatment
Cleaning or etching
Contact cooling
  water

Spent lubricant
Contact cooling
  water
Bath

Rinse

Scrubber liquor
                                           Mass of aluminum rod
                                             cast by continuous
                                             methods
                                           Mass of aluminum rod
                                             cast by continuous
                                             methods
                                           Mass of aluminum
                                             quenched
                                           Mass of aluminum
                                             cleaned or etched
                                           Mass of aluminum
                                             cleaned or etched
                                           Mass of aluminum
                                             cleaned or etched
The following list summarizes data pertaining to  the  number  of
plants  in  this  subcategory  and  the  waste  streams which are
present at these plants:
                                    	Frequency	
Associated Waste Streams
            No. of Plants
                                                      Percent of
                                                     Total Plants
                                                        in the
                                                     Subcategory
                                                13

                                                *
                                                *
                                   100
                                    *
                                    *
CORE:

Drawing with emulsions or soaps spent
  lubricants
Sawing spent lubricants
Miscellaneous nondescript wastewater

ANCILLARY:

Continuous rod casting
  Contact cooling water
  Spent lubricant
Drawing solution heat treatment
  Contact cooling water
Cleaning or etching
  Bath
  Rinse
  Scrubber liquor

*An accurate count could not be determined from available data,
 assumed to be present at all plants.
                                                1
                                                1
                                                0
                                     8
                                     8

                                    31

                                     8
                                     8
                                     0
                               163

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The Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps Subcategory is  the  smallest
of  the aluminum forming subcategories, with only 13 plants.  The
principal core stream in this subcategory, spent  emulsions  from
drawing  with  emulsions  or  soaps, is present at all 13 plants.
For the majority of plants, the core streams accurately  describe
all  wastewater  associated with the subcategory.  At four of the
plants (31 percent), solution heat treatment is  applied  to  the
drawn  product.   Continuous  rod casting and cleaning or etching
were  each  reported  less  frequently.   Consideration  of   the
appropriate ancillary streams is required for these plants.

Most of the plants  (69 percent) are not associated with any other
subcategories.   Overlap with other subcategories was observed at
four of the 13 plants surveyed (31 percent).
                                164

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                            SECTION V

            WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This section presents the analytical data that  characterize  the
raw  wastewater  and indicate the effectiveness of various waste-
water treatment processes and the flow data  that  serve  as  the
basis  for  developing regulatory flow allowances in the aluminum
forming category.  The data were obtained from four sources: data
collection portfolios (dcp's); sampling  and  analysis  programs;
308  letters sent to industry to obtain additional information on
comments submitted during the comment  period;  and  longterm  or
historical data.

SOURCES OF DATA

Data Collection Port.f ol ios

Data  collection portfolios (dcp's) are questionnaires which were
developed by the Agency to obtain extensive data from  plants  in
the  aluminum  forming category.  These dcp's, which were sent to
all known  aluminum  forming  facilities,  requested  information
about  plant  age,  production, number of employees, water usage,
manufacturing processes, raw material and process chemical usage,
wastewater treatment technologies, the known or believed presence
or absence of toxic pollutants in the  plant's  raw  and  treated
process wastewaters, and other pertinent factors.

The  dcp  responses  supplied  the  quantity of aluminum produced
during 1977, as well as  the  average  production  rate  (Ib/hr),
maximum  production  rate, and the rate at full capacity for each
operation.  As discussed in Section IV,  the  average  production
rate  is considered the most applicable parameter for relating to
water use and raw waste characteristics, and has been used as the
normalizing basis for calculations.

Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and  two  flow-to-
production  ratios  were  calculated  for  each  stream.  The two
ratios, water use and wastewater discharge flow, are  differenti-
ated by the flow value used in calculation.  Water use is defined
as  the  volume  of water or other fluid (e.g., emulsions, lubri-
cants) required for a given process per mass of aluminum  product
and is therefore based on the sum of recycle and make-up flows to
a  given  process.   Wastewater  flow discharged after in-process
treatment or recycle (if these are present) is used in  calculat-
ing  the  production  normalized flow for that waste stream.  The
production normalized wastewater flow is defined as the volume of
wastewater discharged from a given process to further  treatment,
disposal,  or  discharge  per mass of aluminum produced.  Differ-
                               165

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ences between the water use and wastewater flows associated  with
a given stream result from recycle, evaporation, and carryover on
the  product.   The  production values used in calculation corre-
spond to the production normalizing parameter, PNP,  assigned  to
each stream, as outlined in Section IV.

The  production  normalized flows were compiled and statistically
analyzed by stream type.  Where appropriate, an attempt was  made
to  identify  factors  that could, account for variations in water
use.  The production normalized flow information is summarized in
this section.  A similar analysis of factors affecting the waste-
water values is presented in Sections IX, X, XI,  and  XII  where
representative  BPT,  BAT,  NSPS, and pretreatment discharge flow
allowances are selected  for  use  in  calculating  the  effluent
limitations and standards.

The  BPT  discharge  flows  were  also  used to estimate flows at
aluminum forming plants that supplied EPA  with  only  production
data.   The estimated flow was then used to determine the cost of
wastewater treatment at these facilities (see Section VIII).

The methods used in  evaluation  of  wastewater  data  varied  as
dictated  by  the  intended  use of the results.  For example, in
Section VI the wastewater data from effluent samples are examined
to  select  pollutants  for  consideration  in   regulating   the
category.

The  mass  loading  data  (kg of pollutant per kkg of production)
from sampled plants were  averaged  to  determine  mass  loadings
typical of the different wastewater streams.

Sampling and Analysis Program

The  sampling  and analysis program discussed in this section was
undertaken primarily to  implement  portions  of  the  Settlement
Agreement  and to identify pollutants of concern in the industry,
with emphasis on toxic pollutants.  Samples were collected at  25
aluminum forming facilities and subsequently analyzed.

This  section  summarizes  the  purpose of the sampling trips and
identifies the sites sampled and parameters  analyzed.   It  also
presents  an  overview  of  sample  collection, preservation, and
transportation techniques.  Finally, it describes  the  pollutant
parameters  quantified,  the methods of analyses and laboratories
used, the detectable concentration of  each  pollutant,  and  the
general approach used to ensure the reliability of the analytical
data produced.

Prior  to each sampling visit, all available data, such as layout
and diagrams of the selected  plant's  production  processes  -and
                               166

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wastewater  treatment  facilities, were reviewed.  Often an engi-
neering visit to the plant to be sampled was made  prior  to  the
actual, sampling  visit to finalize the sampling approach.  Among
the types of information  obtained  on  engineering  visits  were
identification and observations of production processes, types of
wastewater  generated,  use of wastewater treatment technologies,
and in-process technologies.  These observations were recorded in
plant visit reports.   Representative  sample  points  were  then
selected  to provide coverage of discrete raw wastewater sources,
total raw wastewater entering a wastewater treatment system,  and
final  effluents.  Finally, before conducting a visit, a detailed
sampling plan showing the selected sample points and  all  perti-
nent sample data to be obtained was generated and reviewed.

Site  Selection.   Twenty  plants were sampled prior to proposal.
The reason that the  Agency  selected  these  20  plants  was  to
adequately  represent  the full range of manufacturing operations
found in this industry as well as  the  performance  of  existing
wastewater  treatment  systems.  As such, the plants selected for
sampling were typically plants with multiple  forming  operations
and  associated  surface and heat treatment operations.  The flow
rates and pollutant concentrations in the wastewaters  discharged
from the manufacturing operations at these plants are believed to
be  representative of the flow rates and pollutant concentrations
which  would  be  found  in  wastewaters  generated  by   similar
operations  at  any  plant  in the aluminum forming category.  In
addition, the, 20 sampled  plants  have  a  variety  of  treatment
systems  in  place.   Plants  with no treatment as well as plants
using the technologies considered as  the  basis  for  regulation
were included.

Five  plants were sampled after proposal to obtain data necessary
for the Agency to adequately address several  issues  that  arose
during  the comment period.  These five plants were identified as
having operations directly related to specific comment issues and
were therefore selected for sampling efforts.  Metals and conven-
tional pollutants data have been  incorporated into the data  base
presented  in  this  section.   Organics data for extrusion press
hydraulic fluid are also presented in this section.  The  remain-
ing  organic pollutant analyses were received from the laboratory
too late to be included in the  data  base.   Samples  were  also
collected  from  before and after modules of wastewater treatment
systems.  These additional performance  data  were  collected  to
compare  to  the  treatment  effectiveness concentrations derived
using the combined metals data base (see Section VII -  Lime  and
Settle Performance - Combined Metals Data Base, p.     ).

Field  Sampling.   After  selection  of the plants to be sampled,
each.plant was contacted by telephone,.and a letter of  notifica-
tion was sent to each plant as to when a visit would be expected.
                                167

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These inquiries led to acquisition of facility information neces-
sary for efficient on-site sampling.  The information resulted in
selection  of  the  sources  of  wastewater to be sampled at each
plant.  The sample points included,  but  were  not  limited  to,
untreated  and  treated  discharges, process wastewater, and par-
tially treated wastewater.
Sites visited for this  sampling  program
subcategory and letter designation:
are  listed  below'  by
     1.  Rolling with Neat Oils - Plants B, C, D, E, N, P,
         U, T, CC, and EE.

     2.  Rolling with Emulsions - Plants B, C, D, E, H, P,
         T, U, CC, and EE.

     3.  Extrusion - Plants F, G, K, L, N, R, V, W, AA, BB, and
         DD.

     4.  Forging - Plants A, J, Q, R, and W.

     5.  Drawing with Neat Oils - Plants E, H, R, and V.

     6.  Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps - Plants S and W.

Sample Collection, Preservation, and Transportation.  Collection,
preservation,  and transportation of samples were accomplished in
accordance with procedures outlined in Appendix III of  "Sampling
and Analysis Procedures for Screening of Industrial Effluents for
Priority  Pollutants"  (published by the Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio,  March  1977,  revised,
April   1977)  and  in  "Sampling  Screening  Procedure  for  the
Measurement  of  Priority  Pollutants"   (published  by  the   EPA
Effluent  Guidelines  Division,  Washington, D.C., October 1976).
The procedures are summarized  in the paragraphs that follow.

Whenever practical, all samples collected at each sampling  point
were  taken  from  mid-channel at mid-depth in a turbulent, well-
mixed portion of the waste stream.  Periodically, the temperature
and pH of each waste stream sampled were measured on-site.

Each large composite (Type 1)  sample was collected in a new 11.4-
liter (3-gallon), narrow-mouth glass jug  that  had  been  washed
with  detergent  and  water,   rinsed  with tap water, rinsed with
distilled water, rinsed with methylene chloride, and air dried at
room temperature in a dust-free environment.

Before collection of Type 1 samples, new Tygon  tubing was cut to
minimum lengths and installed  on the inlet  and  outlet  (suction
and  discharge)  fittings  of  the automatic sampler.  Two liters
                               168

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(2.1 quarts) of blank water, known to be  free  of  organic  com-
pounds  and  brought  to  the  sampling  site from the analytical
laboratory, were pumped through  the  sampler  and  its  attached
tubing  into  the  glass  jug;  the water was then distributed to
cover the interior of the jug and subsequently discarded.

A blank was produced by  pumping  an  additional  3  liters  (3.2
quarts)  of  blank  water through the sampler, distributed inside
the glass jug, and poured  into  a  3.8-liter  (1-gallon)  sample
bottle that had been cleaned in the same manner as the glass jug.
The  blank  sample  was sealed with a Teflon -lined cap, labeled,
and packed in ice in a plastic foam-insulated chest.  This sample
subsequently was analyzed to determine any contamination contrib-
uted by the automatic sampler.

During collection of each Type 1 sample, the glass jug was packed
in ice in a separate plastic foam-insulated container.  After the
complete composite sample had been collected,  it  was  mixed  to
provide  a  homogeneous  mixture,  and  two  0.95-liter (1-quart)
aliquots were removed for  metals  analysis  and  placed  in  new
labeled  plastic  0.95-liter  bottles  which had been rinsed with
distilled water.  One of these  0.95-liter  aliquots  was  sealed
with  a  Teflon -lined cap; placed in an iced, insulated chest to
maintain it at 4°C (39°F); and shipped  by  air  for  inductively
coupled  argon  plasma  emission  spectrophotometry  (ICAP) metal
analysis.  Initially, the second sample  was  stabilized  by  the
addition  of 5 ml (0.2 ounce) of concentrated nitric acid, capped
and iced in the same manner as the first, and shipped by  air  to
the contractor's facility for atomic-absorption metal analysis.

Because  of  subsequent  EPA notification that the acid pH of the
stabilized sample  fell  outside  the  limits  permissible  under
Department   of  Transportation  regulations  for  air  shipment,
stabilization of the second sample in the field was discontinued.
Instead,  this  sample  was  acid-stabilized  at  the  analytical
laboratory.

After  removal  of  the  two 0.95-liter (1-quart) metals aliquots
from the composite sample, the balance of the sample in the 11.4-
liter  (3-gallon)  glass  jug  was  subdivided  for  analysis  of
nonvolatile  organics,  conventional,  and nonconventional param-
eters.  If a portion of  this  7.7-liter  (2-gallon)  sample  was
requested by an industry representative for independent analysis,
a  0.95-liter  (1-quart) aliquot was placed in a sample container
supplied by the representative.

Sample Types 2 (cyanide) and 3 (total phenol) were stored in  new
bottles  which  had  been  iced and labeled, 1-liter (33.8-ounce)
clear plastic bottles for Type 2, and 0.47-liter (16 ounce) amber
glass for Type 3.  The bottles had been cleaned by  rinsing  with
                               169

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distilled  water,  and  the  samples  were preserved as described
below.

To each Type 2 (cyanide) sample, sodium hydroxide  was  added  as
necessary  to  elevate the pH to 12 or more (as measured using pH
paper).  Where the presence of chlorine was suspected, the sample
was tested for chlorine (which would decompose most of  the  cya-
nide)  by  using  potassium  iodide/starch  paper.   If the paper
turned blue, ascorbic acid crystals were slowly  added  and  dis-
solved until a drop of the sample produced no change in the color
of  the  test  paper.   An  additional  0.6 gram (0.021 ounce) of
ascorbic acid was added, and the sample bottle was sealed  (by  a
Teflon -lined cap), labeled, iced, and shipped for analysis.

To  each  Type 3 (total phenol) sample, phosphoric acid was added
as necessary to reduce the pH to 4 or less (as measured using  pH
paper).  Then, 0.5 gram (0.018 ounce) of copper sulfate was added
to  kill  bacteria, and the sample bottle was sealed (by a Teflon
-lined cap), labeled, iced, and shipped for analysis.

Each Type 4 (volatile organics) sample was stored in a new 125-ml
(4.2-ounce) glass bottle that had been rinsed with tap water  and
distilled  water,  heated  to  105°C  (221°F)  for  one hour, and
cooled.  This method was also used to prepare the septum and  lid
for each bottle.  Each bottle, when used, was filled to overflow-
ing,  sealed  with  a Teflon -faced silicone septum (Teflon  side
down) and a crimped aluminum cap, labeled,  and  iced.   Hermetic
sealing  was  verified  by  inverting and tapping the sealed con-
tainer to confirm the absence of air bubbles.  (If  bubbles  were
found,  the  bottle  was opened, a few additional drops of sample
were added, and a new seal was installed.)   Samples  were  main-
tained hermetically sealed and iced until analyzed.

Wastewater  samples  were collected in two stages:  screening and
verification.  Ideally, the screening phase  involves  collection
of  samples  from every waste stream in the category.  Pollutants
that were not detected during screening were not considered  fur-
ther  in the study.  Because of the tight schedule of this study,
there was not time to analyze all of the samples obtained  during
screening before verification sampling began.  Therefore, verifi-
cation  samples  were analyzed for almost all of the toxic pollu-
tants, as  well  as  selected  conventional  and  nonconventional
pollutants.

Sample  Analysis.   Samples  were  sent  by  air  to  one  of six
laboratories:  Cyrus Wm. Rice  Division  of  NUS  Corporation  of
Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania;  ARO,  Inc.  of  Tullahoma, Tennessee;
Systems Science and Software   (SSS)  of  San  Diego,  California;
Spectrix  of Houston, Texas; Radian Corporation of Austin, Texas;
and Versar, Inc. of  Springfield,  Virginia.   Screening  samples
                               170

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went  to  Rice; there the samples were split for metals analysis.
An aliquot of each metal sample received  by  Rice  was  sent  to
EPA's  Chicago  laboratory  for  ICAP  analysis; Rice retained an
aliquot for atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA).  Twenty-two
metals were analyzed by ICAP, and five metals  were  analyzed  by
AA, as follows:

                   Metals Analyzed by ICAP
                    Calcium
                    Magnesium
                    Sodium
                    Silver
                    Aluminum
                    Boron
                    Barium
                    Beryl1ium
                    Cadmium
                    Cobalt
                    Chromium
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Lead
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
                    Metals Analyzed by AA

                           Antimony
                           Arsenic
                           Selenium
                           Thallium
                           Mercury

Many  of  the metals analyzed by ICAP are not classified as toxic
pollutants and are not reported in this document as  such.   They
are considered only because they consume lime and increase sludge
production in wastewater treatment facilities.

Verification  samples  went  to Radian or ARO when metal analysis
was performed by AA.  Since metals analysis of screening  samples
was  complete  before  verification metals analysis began, Radian
analyzed the samples only for metals shown to be  significant  in
the  aluminum forming category or those expected to consume large
amounts of lime.

Some verification samples were sent to System, Science and  Soft-
ware  (SSS),  Spectrix,  Radian,  or Rice, where analysis for the
organic toxic pollutants was done.

Due to their very similar physical and chemical properties, it is
extremely  difficult  to  separate  the   seven   polychlorinated
biphenyls  (pollutants  106 to 112) for analytical identification
and quantification.  For that reason, the concentrations  of  the
polychlorinated  biphenyls are reported by the analytical labora-
                               171

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tory in two groups:  one group consists  of  PCB-1242,  PCB^1254,
and  PCB-1221;  the  other  group consists of PCB-1232, PCB-1248,
PCB-1260, and PCB-1016,  For convenience, the first group will be
referred to as PCB-1254 and the second as PCB-1248.

Because the analytical standard for TCDD was  judged  to  be  too
hazardous  to  be  made  generally  available, samples were never
analyzed for this pollutant.  There is no reason  to  expect  the
TCDD would be present in aluminum forming wastewater.

Past  studies  by  EPA  and  others have identified many nontoxic
pollutant parameters useful in characterizing  industrial  waste-
waters  and in evaluating treatment process removal efficiencies.
Some of these pollutants may also be selected as  reliable  indi-
cators  of  the presence of specific toxic pollutants.  For these
reasons, a number of nontoxic pollutants were  also  studied  for
the  aluminum  forming category.  These additional pollutants may
be divided into two general groups:
     Conventional
Nonconventional
     total suspended solids (TSS)
     oil and grease
     PH
aluminum
chemical oxygen demand (COD)
phenols (total)
total organic carbon (TOO
total dissolved solids (TDS)
In addition, samples were analyzed for calcium, magnesium,  alka-
linity,  and  sulfate  in  order to provide the data necessary to
evaluate the cost of lime and settle treatment.

The analytical quantification levels used  in  evaluation  of  the
sampling  data  reflect  the  accuracy  of the analytical methods
employed.  Below these concentrations, the identification of  the
individual  compounds  is  possible, but quantification is diffi-
cult.  Pesticides and PCB's can  be  analytically  quantified  at
concentrations  above  0.005 mg/1, and other organic toxic levels
above 0.010 mg/1 levels  associated  with  toxic  metals  are  as
follows:   0.100  mg/1  for antimony; 0.010 mg/1 for arsenic; 1 x
for cadmium; 0.005 mg/1 for  chromium;  0.009  mg/1  for  copper;
0.010  mg/1  for  cyanide;  0.02  mg/1  for lead; 0.0001 mg/1 for
mercury; 0.005 mg/1 for nickel; 0.010 mg/1  for  selenium;  0.020
mg/1  for  silver;  0.100  mg/1  for thallium; and 0.050 mg/1 for
zinc.

These detection limits are not always the  same as those published
in the propos.ed development  document,  some  of  which  were  in
error;  nor  are  they  always  the same as some of the detection
limits published elsewhere for these same  pollutants by the  same
analytical  methods.    The  detection  limits used were reported
                                172

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with the analytical data and hence are the appropriate limits  to
apply  to  the  data.   Detection  limit variation can occur as a
result of a number  of  laboratory-specific,  equipment-specific,
and  daily  operator-specific factors.  These factors can include
day-to-day differences in machine calibration, variation in stock
solutions, and variation in operators.


Quality Control.   Quality control measures used in performing all
analyses conducted for this program complied with the  guidelines
given  in  "Handbook  for Analytical Quality Control in Water and
Wastewater  Laboratories"   (published   by   EPA   Environmental
Monitoring  and  Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1976).  As
part of the daily  quality  control  program,  blanks  (including
sealed  samples  of blank water carried to each sampling site and
returned unopened, as well as samples of blank water used in  the
field),  standards,  and  spiked  samples were routinely analyzed
with actual  samples.   As  part  of  the  overall  program,  all
analytical instruments (such as balances, spectrophotometers, and
recorders) were routinely maintained and calibrated.

The  atomic-absorption  spectrometer  used for metal analysis was
checked to see that it was  operating  correctly  and  performing
within  expected  limits.   Appropriate  standards  were included
after not more than 10 samples.  Also, approximately  15  percent
of  the  analyses  were  spiked  with  distilled  water to assure
recovery of the metal of interest.  Reagent blanks were  analyzed
for each metal, and sample values were corrected if necessary.

Historical Data

A  useful  source  of  long-term or historical data available for
aluminum forming plants  are  the  Discharge  Monitoring  Reports
(DMR's)  completed  as a part of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES).  DMR's were obtained through the  EPA
regional offices and state regulatory agencies for the year  1982,
and  up  to  the second quarter of  1983 in some cases.  The DMR's
present a summary of the analytical  results  from  a  series  of
samples  taken during a given month for the pollutants designated
in the plant's permit.  In general, minimum, maximum, and average
values, in mg/1 or Ibs/day, are presented for such pollutants  as
total  suspended  solids, aluminum, oil and grease, pH, chromium,
and zinc.  The samples were collected from the plant  outfall(s),
which represents the dfscharge(s) from the plant.  For facilities
with  wastewater  treatment,  the  DMR's provide a measure of the
performance of the treatment system.  In theory, these data  could
then serve as a basis for characterizing treated wastewater   from
aluminum  forming plants; however,  there is no  influent to treat-
ment information and too little information on the performance of
the plant at the time the samples were  collected  to  use   these
                                173

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data  in  evaluating  the performance of various levels of treat-
ment.  They do serve as a set of data that was used to compare to
the treatment effectiveness concentrations presented  in  Section
VII (p.    ).

PRESENTATION OF WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

To  simplify  the  presentation of the sampling data, tables were
developed that present ranges of concentrations with  the  number
of samples in which each pollutant was found within these ranges.
For  each  waste  stream  a frequency of occurrence table is pre-
sented for  all  129  toxic  pollutants.   For  those  pollutants
detected  above  analytically  quantifiable concentrations in any
sample of that wastewater stream, the actual analytical data  are
presented  in  a  second  table.   Where no data are listed for a
specific day  of  sampling,  it  indicates  that  the  wastewater
samples for the stream were not collected.

The  statistical  analysis of data includes some samples measured
at levels considered not quantifiable.  The base  neutrals,  acid
fraction,  and  volatile organics are considered not quantifiable
at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.   Below  this
level,  organic  analytical  results are not quantitatively accu-
rate; however, the analyses are useful to indicate  the  presence
of  a  particular  pollutant.  Nonquantifiable results are desig-
nated in  the  tables  with  an  asterisk  (double  asterisk  for
pesticides).

When  calculating  averages  from  the  organic sample data, non-
quantifiable results (* or **) were handled as zeros.   Since  an
"*"  or  "**" denotes a small but unquantified amount, it is used
as a zero in calculation of averages to minimize overstatement of
the amount present.  Organics data reported as not detected  (ND)
are  not  averaged, since ND signifies that the pollutant was not
present in the sample.  For example, three  samples  reported  as
ND, *, 0.021 mg/1 would average as 0.010 mg/1.

In  the  following  discussion, water use and field sampling data
are presented for each core operation  by  subcategory.   Discus-
sions  of  the  water  use and discharge rates and field sampling
data for the ancillary operations follow thereafter.  Appropriate
tubing or background blank and source  water  concentrations  are
presented  with  the summaries of the sampling data.  Figures V-l
through V-25 show the location of wastewater  sampling  sites  at
each  facility.  The method by which each sample was collected is
indicated by number, as follows:

     1    one-time grab
     2    24-hour manual composite
     3    24-hour automatic composite
                                174

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     4    48-hour manual composite
     5    48-hour automatic composite
     6    72-hour manual composite
     7    72-hour automatic composite
     8     8-hour manual composite
     9     8-hour automatic composite

CORE OPERATIONS UNIQUE TO MAJOR FORMING PROCESSES

Rolling

Rolling with Neat Oils Spent Lubricant.  As described in  Section
III, the cold rolling of aluminum products typically requires the
use  of  mineral  oil or kerosene-based lubricants.  The oils are
usually  recycled  with  in-line  filtration   and   periodically
disposed  of  by  sale  to  an  oil reclaimer or by incineration.
Because discharge of this stream is not practiced,  limited  flow
data were available for analysis.  Of the 50 plants surveyed that
use  neat  oil  rolling  lubricants,  water  (oil)  use  could be
calculated  for  only  four.   These  data  are   presented   and
summarized  in  Table V-l.  None of the plants provided sufficient
flow data to calculate the degree of  recycle  practiced  or  the
discharge flow of this stream.

Toxic  pollutant  frequency occurence data are presented in Table
V-2.  Wastewater  sampling  data  for  neat  oil  lubricants  are
presented in Table V-3.

Rolling  with  Emulsions Spent Emulsion.  Of the plants surveyed,
29 rolling  operations  were  identified  that  use  oil-in-water
emulsions  as  coolants  and  lubricants.   Rolling emulsions are
typically recycled  using  in-line  filtration  treatment.   Some
plants  discharge  a  bleed stream, but periodic discharge of the
recycled emulsion is more commonly practiced.

Water use, wastewater factors, and percent  recyle  corresponding
to this stream are summarized in Table V-4.

Toxic  pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in Table
V-5.  Table V-6 summarizes the field sampling data for toxic  and
selected   conventional  and  nonconventional  pollutants.   This
stream is characterized by high levels of COD (79.8 to  1,520,000
mg/1),  TOC   (38.0  to  560,000  mg/1), and phenolic compounds as
measured by total phenolics-4AAP (0.210 to 49.0  mg/1).   Several
toxic  organic pollutants were detected in the spent emulsions at
significant concentrations.  These included several of the  poly-
nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs).
                               175

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Roll  Grinding  Spent  Emulsion.  The steel rolls used in rolling
operations require periodic machining to remove aluminum  buildup
and  surface  imperfections.  This process is referred to as roll
grinding.  Oil-in-water emulsions are often used as coolants  and
lubricants   during  roll  grinding  operations.   Data  on  roll
grinding spent lubricants from  the  dcp's  and  additional  data
collected  after proposal have been included in the data base for
this waste stream.  Although the available data for  this  stream
are  not  as  extensive  as for other aluminum forming processes,
they did provide a basis  for  the  analysis  of  water  use  and
wastewater  rates  typically associated with roll grinding.  This
information is summarized in Table V-7, along with the degree  of
recycle or disposal mode practiced at the plants.

One  roll  grinding  operation  was  sampled  prior  to proposal.
Unfortunately, the sampled facility did  not  use  an  emulsified
lubricant.   Additional  data  gathered  since proposal, however,
include three samples of roll grinding  spent  emulsions.   Toxic
pollutant  frequency occurrence data for the nonemulsified stream
(stream code U-7) and for the three spent emulsions (stream codes
CC-2, EE-11, and EE-12) are presented in Table  V-8.   The  field
sampling  data are summarized in Table V-9.  This waste stream is
characterized by high levels of oil and grease (11 to 780  rng/1),
suspended  solids  (9.0 to 120 mg/1), total dissolved solids (340
to 2,200 mg/1), and COD (230 to 850 mg/1).

Extrusion

Extrusion Die Cleaning Bath.  As discussed  in  Section  III  (p.
101), the steel dies used in extrusion require frequent dres sing
to ensure the necessary dimensional precision and surface quality
of the product.  The aluminum that has adhered to the die orifice
is  typically  removed  by soaking the die in a caustic solution,
although a few plants indicated that mechanical brush  ing  could
be  used  to  clean  very  simple dies.  Water use and wastewater
values corresponding  to  the  die  cleaning  caustic  bath  were
calculated  for  37  extrusion  plants  for which information was
available.   This  information  is  presented  and  statistically
summarized in Table V-10.

Although  recycle of the caustic solution, as such, is never prac
ticed, periodic discharge of these stagnant baths is common.  For
this reason, water use (make-up rate) and  wastewater  (discharge
rates)  are  normally  identical.  Variations in the water use in
caustic die cleaning baths may result from the following:
Intricacy and size of the
extruded.   Concentration
practices.
die  orifice.   Aluminum  alloy  being
of  caustic  used.   Individual  plant
                               176

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The available  data  are  not  sufficient,  however,
quantitatively the effect of these factors.
to  analyze
Wastewater  samples were collected from three extrusion die clean
ing baths during  the  sampling  program.   Wastewater  data  for
extrusion die cleaning baths are summarized in Tables V-l1 and V-
12.  The wastewater characteristics of this stream are similar to
discharges from cleaning or etching baths.

Extrusion  Die  Cleaning  Rinse.   After  caustic . treatment, the
extrusion dies are rinsed with water.  At some plants,  the  dies
are  simply  hosed  off; at others, a rinse tank is used for this
purpose.  Most of the plants contacted indicated that rinsing was
required to avoid damage  to  the  die  and  the  material  being
extruded.   Water  use and wastewater factors could be calculated
for only nine of the 30 plants.  This  information  is  presented
and  summarized  in  Table V-13.  Water use does not appear to be
affected by differences in rinsing method (i.e.,  hose  or  rinse
tank),.   Other factors, such as the intricacy of the dies, concen
tration of caustic  used,  aluminum  alloy  being  extruded,  and
individual plant practices, could account for minor variations in
water  use.   The  degree of influence of these factors cannot be
determined from the available data.

Toxic pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in  Table
V-l4.   Table  V-l5  summarizes the field sampling data for toxic
and selected conventional and nonconventional pollutants detected
above the analytically quantifiable levels.   This waste stream is
characterized by high concentrations  of  aluminum  (9.0  to  430
mg/1),  dissolved solids (3,200 to 7,200 mg/1), and low concentra
tions of suspended solids  (28 to 120 mg/1)  and  oil  and  grease
(<3.0  to  17  mg/1).   Only five of the toxic organic pollutants
were detected during sampling.

Extrusion Die Cleaning Scrubber Liquor.  Of the plants  surveyed,
two  indicated the use of wet scrubbers associated with their die
cleaning operations.  Wet scrubbers  may  be  required  to  treat
fumes from the caustic die cleaning operation in order to control
air  pollution  emissions  and ensure a safe working environment.
Water use and wastewater factors are calculated  in  Table  V-l6.
Toxic  pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in Table
V-l7.  Table V-l8 summarizes the field sampling  data  for  toxic
and selected conventional and nonconventional pollutants detected
above the analytically quantifiable levels.   This waste stream is
characterized  by moderate levels of oil and grease (58 mg/1) and
dissolved solids (330 mg/1).  The toxic  metals,  when  detected,
were present at levels well below their treatability levels.

Extrusion  Press  Scrubber  Liquor.   Of the 163 extrusion plants
surveyed, two plants reported the use of  wet  scrubbers  at  the
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extrusion  presses to remove caustic fumes.  These fumes occur as
a result of cleaning  aluminum  from  extrusion  presses  between
operations.

One  of these plants reported sufficient data for the calculation
of wastewater values.  The scrubber at this  plant  runs  continu
ously  without recycle and has water use and wastewater values of
2,071 1/kkg.  The other plant, while not supplying  enough  infer
mation  to allow calculation of these values, reported that their
scrubber is only run intermittently.  These data appear in  Table
V-19.   This  waste  stream was sampled at only one plant.  Toxic
pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in Table  V-20.
The  field sampling data are summarized in Table V-21.  As can be
seen in the table, this stream is characterized by low levels  of
suspended solids (5 mg/1) and elevated levels of dissolved solids
(360  mg/1).   All  of  the toxic metals were detected well below
their treatability levels.
                                       Water.
As  described  in
Extrusion Dummy Block Contact Cooling  	
            (p.    ), a dummy block is placed between the ram and
               the direct extrusion process.  After the extrusion
Section III
ingot  during
is complete, the ingot butt and dummy block are released from the
press.  Typically, the dummy blocks are allowed to air cool;  how
ever, of the 163 extrusion plants, three indicated that water was
used  for  this  purpose.   As can be seen in Table V-22, none of
these plants recycle the cooling water.  Data were  available  to
calculate water use and wastewater discharge rates for two of the
three plants.

Toxic  pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in Table
V-23.  Data from wastewater sampling of dummy block cooling water
are presented in Table V-24.  This waste stream is  characterized
by  elevated  concentrations  of oil and grease (74 mg/1) and dis
solved solids  (50  mg/1).   Only  one  toxic  organic  pollutant
(chloroform)  was detected (0.08 mg/1).  None of the toxic metals
were detected.
Forging

There are no core waste streams that are unique
operation.

Drawing
 to  the  forging
Drawing  with  Neat  Oils  Spent  Lubricant.   Of  the 277 plants
surveyed, 66 draw aluminum products using  neat  oil  lubricants.
Two  plants avoid discharge of this stream by  100 percent recycle
of the drawing oil.  Most of the plants dispose of the spent  oil
by  incineration  or  contractor  hauling and  did not provide the
flow data required to calculate water  (oil)  use  and  wastewater
                                178

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discharge  (oil)  values.   Table  V-25  shows  the water use and
wastewater  values  for  the  plants  that  supplied   sufficient
information for the calculation of these values.

No wastewater samples of spent drawing neat oils were collected.
                                                    Of the plants
                                                     oil-in-water
 Drawing   with   Emulsions   or  Soaps  Spent  Emulsion.
 surveyed,   nine  draw   aluminum  products    using
 emulsions,   and  four   indicated  that  soap  solutions  were used as
 drawing  lubricants.  Water use  and  wastewater factors  calculated
 for   this  stream are  presented and summarized in Table V-26.   As
 can  be   'seen,   several plants  recycle   the  emulsions  or  soap
 solutions,    then   discharge  them  periodically  after  their
 lubricating properties are exhausted.  Review of  the   data  shows
 that  there   is  considerable  variability  in  the  wastewater
 discharge rates.   This variation  may be   somewhat   related  to
 difference  in   the dimension  of   wire  being drawn.   Wastewater
 discharge factors were calculated for  seven of the  13 plants.

 Toxic pollutant frequency  occurrence data are presented in  Table
 V-27.    Table   V-28 summarizes  the  field sampling  data for the
 toxic and selected conventional  and  nonconventional  pollutants
 detected  above  analytically  quantifiable  levels.    This waste
 stream is characterized by extremely  high  levels  of  oil  and
 grease   (51,540  mg/1) and the presence  of certain toxic organic
 pollutants.

 Swaging.    Swaging  is  frequently   associated    with   drawing
 operations  and  has  been included in the  Drawing  with Neat Oils
 Subcategory.  Swaging  is used as  an initial step  in drawing  with
.tube or  wire.   By repeated blows  of one or  more pairs of opposing
 dies, a  solid point is formed.  This can  then be  inserted through
 the  die  and gripped for drawing.  In a few  cases, swaging is used
 in   tube  forming  without a subsequent  drawing  operation.  Some
 lubricants,  such as wa.xes  and kerosene, may be used   to  prevent
 adhesion  of metal or oxide  on the  dies.  Discharge of swaging
 lubricants was  not reported by  any  of  the plants  surveyed in this
 study.

 CORE OPERATIONS NOT UNIQUE TO SPECIFIC MAJOR FORMING  PROCESSES
Sawing Spent  	
nearly  all  aluminum
               Lubricant.    Although  sawing  is  associated  with
                        forming  operations,  only 12 of the plants
 surveyed reported the use of saw oil  emulsions.    Because  plants
 frequently   failed  to  mention  minor   streams  that  are not dis
 charged,  the actual  number of plants  using saw lubricants may  be
 much  higher.   The lubricants are frequently recycled and, in most
 instances,   discharge from the system is limited to carryover and
 disposal by  contractor  hauling.   Only  three  plants  reported
 direct  or indirect discharge of saw oils.
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Water  use  and wastewater factors were calculated for plants pro
viding flow and production  data  corresponding  to  the  stream.
These factors are shown and summarized in Table V-29.

Field  samples  of  sawing spent lubricant from three plants were
collected.  The wastewater characteristics of this  waste  stream
are presented in Tables V-30 and V-31.

Deqreasinq   Spent  Solvents.   Although  34  solvent  degreasing
operations have been identified from dcp responses, no  discharge
is typically associated with this process.  Vapor degreasing, the
predominant  method  of  solvent cleaning in the aluminum forming
industry, is described in Section III  (p.  113).   A  number  of
toxic  organic  pollutants,  including  trichloroethylene,   1,1,1-
trichloroethane,  and  perchloroethylene,   are   commonly   used
solvents  for  vapor  degreasing.   The  solvents  are frequently
reclaimed by  distillation,  either  on-site  or  by  an  outside
recovery service.

Toxic  pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in Table
V-32.  Field sampling data for cleaning solvent streams  are  sum
marized  in Table V-33.  Besides the presence of volatile organic
pollutants mentioned above, this waste stream is characterized by
high levels of oil and grease (2,180 mg/1), COD (330  mg/1),  and
TOC (143 mg/1).
Annealing  Atmosphere  Scrubber
III (p.    ), annealing  is
	  Liquor.   As described in Section
used  to  soften  work-hardened  and
solution-heat-treated alloys, to relieve stress, and to stabilize
the  properties  and dimensions of the aluminum product.  In some
cases, it is necessary  to  control  the  atmosphere  within  the
annealing  furnace.   At  elevated  temperatures, the presence of
water vapors can disrupt the oxide film on  the  surface  of  the
product,  especially  if the atmosphere is also contaminated with
ammonia or sulfur compounds.  Inert gas atmospheres can  be  used
within the furnace to avoid possible detrimental effects, such as
blistering,  discoloration, and a decrease in tensile properties.
At most plants, natural gas is burned to generate an  inert  atmo
sphere.   At  one  of  the aluminum forming plants surveyed, flue
gases from the burning of fuel to heat the annealing furnace  are
used  as  the  furnace  atmosphere.  Due to the sulfur content of
furnace fuels, however, the off-gases require  treatment  by  wet
scrubbers before they can be used as an inert atmosphere for heat
treatment.   The  scrubber  in  use at this plant v/as reported to
require a relatively large flow of  water  which  is  extensively
recycled  (more  than  99 percent).  The water use and wastewater
values calculated for this stream are shown in Table V-34.

Toxic pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in  Table
V-35.   Table  V-36  summarizes the field sampling data for those
                               180

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pollutants detected above analytically quantifiable levels.  This
waste stream is characterized by high levels of sulfates  if  the
furnace fuel has a high sulfur content.

ANCILLARY OPERATIONS

Heat Treatment

Solution  and  Press  Heat Treatment Contact Cooling Water.  Heat
treatment of aluminum products frequently .involves the use  of  a
water quench in order to achieve desired metallic properties.  At
the  277  aluminum  forming  plants  surveyed,  88  solution heat
treatment processes were identified that involve water quenching.

The field samples from heat treatment  quenching  processes  have
been  identified  and  compiled according to the aluminum forming
operation that it follows.(i.e., rolling, forging,  drawing,  and
extrusion).   Additional  differentiation  was made between press
and  solution  heat  treatment  of  extrusions.   The  wastewater
streams and the tables which list the water use, percent recycle,
wastewater  values,  frequency of occurrence of toxic pollutants,
and sampling data for toxic and conventional and  nonconventional
pollutants are listed below:
Wastewater Stream
 Water Use,
  Percent
•  Recycle,
Wastewater
  Values
   Toxic
 Pollutant
 Frequency
    of
Occurrence
  Field
Sampling
  Data
Rolling Solution Heat        Table V-37
     Treatment Contact Cooling
     Water
Extrusion Press Heat         Table V-40
     Treatment Contact Cooling
     Water
Extrusion Solution Heat      Table V-43
     Treatment Contact Cooling
     Water
Forging Solution Heat        Table V-46
     Treatment Contact Cooling
     Water
Drawing Solution Heat        Table V-49
     Treatment Contact Cooling
     Water
             Table V-38   Table V-39
             Table V-41  . Table V-42
             Table V-44   Table V-45
             Table V-47   Table V-48
             Table V-50   Table V-51
The water use factors calculated for this stream were analyzed to
determine if a relationship exists between water use requirements
and  the  type  of products being quenched (extrusions, forgings,
etc.) or the method of heat treatment used   (e.g.,  press  versus
                               181

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solution  heat  treatment of extrusions).  It was determined that
neither of these factors account for the variations in water use.
Heat treatment water requirements are independent  of  the  major
forming process which precedes the heat treatment operation.  The
water requirements are a function of several variables, including
the  mass  and surface area of the aluminum, the time allowed for
cooling, and the temperature gradient.

Since the water use requirements are  independent  of  the  major
forming  process which precedes the operation, it is assumed that
the pollutant loadings in  the  discharged  wastewater  are  also
independent  and  will  be similar for the various heat treatment
operations.  For regulatory  purposes  the  wastewater  discharge
values  for  all  the  heat treatment operations will be combined
into a single value for all solution  and  press  heat  treatment
operations.

Cleaning or Etching Bath.  As described in Section III (p. 112 ),
a variety of chemical solutions are used for cleaning purposes or
to  provide  the  desired  finish  for  formed aluminum products.
These treatments and their associated rinses are usually combined
in a single line of successive tanks.  Wastewater discharged from
these  lines  is  typically  commingled  prior  to  treatment  or
discharge.

The  acid,  alkaline, and detergent solutions used in cleaning or
etching lines are usually maintained as stagnant baths into which
the products are immersed.  Chemicals are added  as  required  to
make up for losses due to evaporation, carryover, and splash-out.
In this survey, most of the plants with cleaning or etching lines
did  not indicate discharge of these chemical dips.  A few plants
reported periodic discharge of  cleaning  or  etching  compounds,
usually  following  treatment.   Other  plants indicated that the
chemical dip is hauled periodically by an outside  contractor  or
disposed  of  on-site.   Water use and wastewater discharge rates
for this stream are presented in Table V-52.

Table V-53 presents the frequency of occurrence  of  toxic  pollu
tants for this wastewater stream type.  Table V-54 summarizes the
field  sampling  data for those pollutants detected above analyti
cally quantifiable levels.  This waste stream is characterized by
high levels of several of the toxic metals, specifically  copper;
chromium  and  lead; oil and grease  (<1 to 1,900 mg/1); suspended
solids (1 to 1,100 mg/1); aluminum (0.300 to  70,000  mg/1);  dis
solved solids (586 to 284,000 mg/1); and TOC  (1 to 6,260 mg/1).

Cleaning or Etching Rinse.  Rinsing  is usually required following
successive  chemical treatments within cleaning or etching lines.
The most common methods are  spray  rinsing  or  immersion  in  a
continuous-flow  rinse tank.  The number of rinses within a given
                               182

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line varied .from plant to plant, depending on the kind of surface
treatment applied.

Water use and wastewater values calculated for  the  cleaning  or
etch  lines  at  aluminum forming plants are shown in Table V-55.
As can be seen, cleaning or etching lines  with  multiple  rinses
tend  to  have  higher  water use and wastewater discharge values
than those with single rinses.  Direct correlations between these
factors cannot be established on the basis of these data.  A more
detailed discussion of factors which could account for variations
in wastewater discharge of this stream is  presented  in  Section
IX.   The percent of recycled rinse water could not be calculated
because of the difficulty in defining the amount of  water  used.
This was caused by countercurrent and stagnant rinses, carryover,
and  other practices peculiar to the cleaning or etching lines in
the aluminum forming category.

Toxic pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in  Table
V-56.   Table  V-57  summarizes the field sampling data for those
pollutants detected above analytically quantifiable levels.  This
waste stream, like cleaning or etching baths, is characterized by
elevated concentrations of the toxic  metals,  copper,  chromium,
and  lead.   In  addition,  nickel  and zinc were present at high
levels in many samples.  Oil and grease and suspended solids were
also present at high levels, but lower relative to the baths,  as
would be expected.

Cleaning  or  Etching  Scrubber  Liquor.   Of  the 40 plants with
cleaning and etching lines, seven indicated  that  wet  scrubbers
are associated with these operations.  Fumes from caustic or acid
baths  may  require  treatment to control air pollution emissions
and ensure a safe working environment.  Sufficient flow data were
available to calculate water use from one of  the  seven  plants,
and  wastewater  values  were  available  from  four of the seven
plants.  This information is summarized and presented in Table V-
58.

Toxic pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in  Table
V-59.   Table  V-60  summarizes the field sampling data for those
pollutants detected above the analytically  quantifiable  levels.
This  waste  stream  is  characterized by low levels of contamina
tion, as exhibited by suspended solids at 12 mg/1.

Forging Scrubber Liquor.  Of  the  16  forging  plants  surveyed,
three   indicated   that  wet  scrubbers  were  used  to  control
particulates and smoke generated from the partial  combustion  of
oil-based  lubricants  in  the  forging  process.   Water use and
wastewater discharge rates are summarized in Table V-61.
                                183

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Toxic pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in  Table
V-62.   Table  V-63  summarizes  the  field sampling data for the
toxic and selected conventional  and  nonconventional  pollutants
detected  above the analytically quantifiable levels.  This waste
stream is characterized by the presence of  eight  toxic  organic
pollutants,  five  of which were polynuclear aromatics.  The five
were present at concentrations ranging from 0.018 to 0.075  mg/1.
High  levels  of  oil  and grease (162 mg/1), COD (349 mg/1), and
dissolved solids (388 mg/1) are also characteristic of this waste
stream.

Casting

Direct Chill  Casting  Contact  Cooling  Water.   Of  the  plants
surveyed,  61  aluminum  forming, 25 primary aluminum plants, and
five plants in the secondary aluminum subcategory indicated  that
they  cast  aluminum  or  aluminum  alloys using the direct chill
method.  Because the ingot or billet  produced  by  direct  chill
casting  is  used  as  stock for subsequent rolling or extrusion,
this wastewater stream is considered to be  an  ancillary  stream
for the Rolling with Emulsions and Extrusion Subcategories.

Contact  cooling water is used in the direct chill casting method
to spray the ingot or billet as it drops from the mold  and  then
to quench it as it is immersed in a cooling tank at the bottom of
the  casting pit.  As described in Section III  (p.     ), the cool
ing water may be contaminated by lubricants applied to  the  mold
before  and  during  the  casting process.  Some plants discharge
this cooling water stream without recycle,  but  it  is  commonly
recirculated  through  a  cooling tower.  Even with recycle, peri
odic discharge or the discharge of a -continuous bleed  stream  is
required to prevent the accumulation of dissolved solids.  Of the
48  aluminum  forming plants for which information was available,-
30 recycle the contact cooling water stream used in direct  chill
casting.   The  average  recycle  rate at these plants was 96 per
cent, but the reported values ranged between 50 and 100 percent.

The calculated water use, percent recycle and  wastewater  values
corresponding  to  direct  chill casting cooling water streams at
aluminum forming plants are presented in Table V-64.   The  calcu
lated  water  use,  percent  recycle,  and  wastewater values for
primary aluminum and secondary aluminum plants with direct  chill
casting operations are presented in Table V-65.

Toxic  pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in Table
V-66.  The field sampling  data  for  those  pollutants  detected
above analytically quantifiable levels are summarized  in Table V-
67.   This  waste  stream  is  characterized  by  the presence of
certain toxic organic pollutants at  levels  ranging   from  0.500
mg/1  to  below the level of detection.  It is also characterized
                                184

-------
by elevated levels  of  oil  and  grease
suspended solids {
-------
lubricants used in the continuous rod casting  operation,  it  is
assumed  that the wastewater characteristics of this waste stream
are similar to those of the rolling with emulsions spent emulsion
waste stream.  These data are presented in Tables V-5 and V-6.

Continuous Sheet Casting Spent  Lubricant.   Of  the  277  plants
surveyed  in  the  aluminum forming study, 11 cast aluminum sheet
products using  continuous  techniques  such  as  the  Hunter  or
Hazelett  methods.   No  plants  in the primary aluminum industry
reported  casting  aluminum  sheet  products   using   continuous
methods.   While  continuous  sheet  or  strip  casting uses only
noncontact cooling water, a few plants indicated that  lubricants
were  required  for  the  associated  rolling line.  Oil-in-water
emulsions, graphite solutions, and aqueous solutions of  magnesia
can  be  used  for  this  purpose.   Of  the plants surveyed, six
reported the use of lubricants in their continuous sheet  casting
operations.   The  lubricants were always recycled and two of the
plants indicated  that  periodic  disposal  of  this  stream  was
required.   Water  use  and  wastewater  rates of this stream are
shown for these two plants and for a third plant  which  did  not
indicate  the  discharge  mode  in  Table V-71.  Two other plants
reported periodic disposal of the lubricant, but provided no flow
data.  Six additional facilities with  continuous  sheet  casting
did not indicate the use of a rolling lubricant.

No  wastewater  samples were collected from continuous sheet cast
ing operations.  Because of the similarities in the raw materials
used, lubricant usage in the processing steps, and the nature  of
the  type of lubricant used in this operation, it is assumed that
the wastewater characteristics of this waste stream  are  similar
to  those  of  the  rolling  with  emulsions spent emulsion waste
stream.  These data are presented in Tables V-5 and V-6.

Stationary Casting.   In stationary casting,  molten  aluminum  is
poured  into  specific shapes for rolling and further processing.
It was observed that in 14  plants,  this  is  done  without  the
discharge of any contact cooling water.  Frequently, the aluminum
is allowed to air cool and solidify.  Often, the stationary molds
are  internally  cooled  with  noncontact cooling water.  In some
plants, a small amount of water or mist is applied to the top  of
the stationary cast aluminum to promote more rapid solidification
and allow earlier handling.  In most cases, contact cooling water
is either collected and recycled or it evaporates.
Degassing   Scrubber
 Liquor.     The  purpose,  variations,  and
treatment  technologies  are  described  in
  While the wastewater sampling program was
          visited  had  wet  air  pollution
                           Since that time,
limitations of metal
Section  III (p. 105).
in progress, two of the plants
control  devices  cleaning the degassing fumes.
the plant that was sampled replaced the wet  scrubbers  with  dry
                               186

-------
devices.   Only  one  of  the  80  plants with casting operations
surveyed in  this  study  continues  to  use  wet  air  pollution
controls  in.  association  with  their metal treatment operations
prior to casting.  Sufficient data were not available  from  this
plant,  however, to calculate the water use or wastewater flow of
this stream.  There have been four plants that have gone  to  the
alternative  degassing  air  .pollution  control methods since the
draft document was written.  Four plants in the primary  aluminum
subcategory  reported  using  wet air pollution controls in their
metal treatment  operations.   Three  of  these  plants  provided
information  on water use and wastewater flows.  This information
is presented in Table V-72.

Toxic pollutant frequency occurrence data are presented in  Table
V-73.   Table  V-74  summarizes the field sampling data for those
pollutants detected above analytically quantifiable levels.  This
wastewater  is  characterized  by  slightly  elevated  levels  of
suspended solids (<38 mg/1).

Extrusion Press Hydraulic Fluid Leakage

The  extrusion of hard alloy aluminum frequently requires the use
of an extrusion press hydraulic fluid, which is typically an oil-
in-water emulsion.  Table V-75 presents the wastewater  discharge
data on five extrusion press leakage streams.  Discharges of this
stream  range from 258 1/kkg to 2,554 1/kkg, with two plants prac
ticing recycle.

Wastewater samples of extrusion press leakage were  collected  at
one  plant during the post proposal sampling effort.  Toxic pollu
tant frequency of occurence data are presented in Table V-76  and
sampling  data are presented in Table V-77.  This waste stream is
characterized by elevated levels of oil and grease (490 to  7,300
mg/1).

Additional Wastewater Samples

Table  V-78  presents  the  field sampling data for all raw waste
samples not previously presented.  These  samples  represent  com
bined wastewater streams, miscellaneous waste streams, or streams
not  considered  in  the  scope  of  this regulation.  Table V-79
presents wastewater  discharge  flow  data  for  four  plants  on
miscellaneous nondescript wastewater flows.

TREATED WASTEWATER SAMPLES

Tables  V-80 through V-95 present the field sampling data for the
treated wastewater from  16 of the  25  sampled  plants.   Treated
wastewater  data  for some of these plants were incorporated into
the  larger data base which was used to  determine  the  treatment
                               187

-------
effectiveness  for  different  control systems.  The treatability
limits selected for the  aluminum  forming  control  options  are
presented  in  Section  VII  (Control  and  Treatment Technology)
(Table VII-20, p. 807).

Most of the treated wastewater streams  analyzed  were  collected
after  some  form  of oil separation  (Streams D-15, E-8, and U-3)
and emulsion breaking process  (Streams B-7, C-9, E-9,  P-7,  U-9,
AA-7,  and  EE-6)  (see  Figures V-l  through V-25).  As expected,
these streams showed lower concentrations of oil and grease (<100
mg/1) than found in the influent raw  waste streams.  In addition,
one stream (Stream B-8)  was   sampled after  an  ultrafiltration
process  which  removes  a large percentage of the oil and grease
from the raw  waste.   Also,   samples collected  after  settling
ponds,  lagoons, or clarifiers (Streams D-4, E-11, J-6, K-5, Q-4,
AA-7, BB-12,  DD-16, and EE-8)  showed  reduced levels of  suspended
solids.  Lime and settle system effluents  (Streams D-14, K-5, and
EE-8)  had  toxic metal concentrations below the detection limits
for most of the toxic metals.
                               188

-------
                            Table V-1

             ROLLING WITH NEAT OILS  SPENT  LUBRICANTS
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
         Water Use
     1/kkg     gal/ton
    10.17
     4.586
     4.753
     3.144
*Data not available.
Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:

Note:
     3.144
    10. 1 7
     5.666
     4.670
2.440
1.100
1.140
0.7540
0.7540
2.440
1 .359
1. 120
           Percent
           Recycle
            Wastewater
         1/kkg     gal/ton
*
*
*
*
      4 of 50 plants

Table does not include 46 plants which provided  insuffi-
cient information to calculate water use and wastewater
values.
                               189

-------
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                            Table V-4
              ROLLING WITH EMULSIONS SPENT EMULSION .
              Water Use
          1/kkg     gal/ton
Plant

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 *Data not available.
P Periodic discharge.
B Bleed discharge.

Statistical Summary
*
*
*
60.46
*
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*
*
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*
*
*
30,600
*
*
54,870
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*
76,340
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7,340
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*
13,160
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*
9,860
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18,310
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*
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*
*
*
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
60.46
76,340
40,600
41,110
5 of 29
14.50
18,310
9,737
9,860
plants
Percent
Recycle
*
*
*
99
*
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*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
100
*
*
97
*
*
85
*
100
100
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*
*
*
*
*
(P)
(P)
(P)
(B)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(B)
(P)

(B)

(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)
(P)


Wastewater
1/kkg
0.3344
0.3919
0.5879
0.6046
0.6404
0.6671
1.376
2.039
3.919
4.837
5.045
6.92.1
7.255
12.63
15.05
23.35
28.13
50.87
89.39
181.4
197.8
228.6
304.4
344.4
352.2
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*
*
*
*
*
*
gal /ton
0.0802
0.0940
0.1410
0.1450
0.1536
0,1600
0,3300
0,4890
0.9400
1 . 1 60
1 ,210
1.660
1 .740
3.030
3.610
5.600
6.746
12.20
21.44
43.50
47.43
54.82
73.00
82.60
84.48
*
*
*
*
*
*
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                                            0.3344
                                          352.2
                                           74.51
                                            7.255
                                                        0.0802
                                                       84.48
                                                       17.87
                                                        1.740
                                            25 of 29 plants

Note:  Three plants discharge from both hot and cold rolling
       operations which appear separately in this table.
                             196

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                            Table V-7

                  ROLL GRINDING  SPENT  LUBRICANT
  Plant

    1
    2
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    4
    5
    6
    7
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    9
     Water Use
 1/kkg     gal/ton
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Percent
Recycle

  100
  100
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93
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837
317
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*Sufficient data not available to calculate  these values.

P Total recycle with periodic discharge.

Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero Mean
Sample:
                                   0          0
                                  18.00       4.317
                                   3.917      0.939
                                   0.6779     0.1626
                                     7 of 9 plants
                                   5.5        1.3
                                     5 of 9 plants
                                210

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                            Table V-10

                   EXTRUSION DIE GLEANING BATH
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
   10
   11
   12
   13
   14
   15
   16
   17
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
  *
51.87
  *
 0.2506
  *
 2.472
  *
 2.811
 4.009
 5.833
12.52
13.90
13.99
  *
39.68
53.45
 9.957
 *Data not available.
**Not applicable.

Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero
 Mean
Sample:
Nonzero
 0.2506
53.45
17.56
11.24
 12 of
17.56
37
      *
   12.44
      *
    0.0601
      *
    0.5929
      *
    0.6742
    0.-9615
    1.399
    3.003
    3.333
    3.356
      *
    9.51 7
   12.82
    2.388
                       0.0601
                      12.82
                       4.212
                       2.696
                      plants
                       4.212
       37
   plants
    4.212
             12 of
            17.56
 Mean (Proposal)
Sample:       12 of 37 plants
Percent
Recycle

  **



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  **

  **
                              Wastewater
                           1/kkg     gal/ton
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0
                                              0.2506
                                              0.69
                                              2.
                                              2.
                                              2.
                                              3.
                                              5.
   060
   66
   811
   341
   833
12.52
13.90
13.99
1 6.6
39.68
53.45
                           0
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                           3.076
0
0
0
0.0601
0.17
0.4941
0.64
0.6742
0.8013
1 ,
3.
   399
   003
 3.333
 3.356
 4.0
 9.51 7
12.82
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            2.52
            0.738
 16 of 37 plants
12.9        3.1

 13 of 37 plants
14.79       3.546

 10 of 37 plants
Note:  Table does not include 23 plants which provided insuffi-
       cient information to calculate water use and wastewater
       values.
                                 220

-------
                            Table V-11

                   EXTRUSION DIE CLEANING RINSE
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
   10
         Water Use
     1/kkg     gal/ton
     0.7025
     4.009
     5.833
     8.285
     9.957
    11.78
       *
    53.45
   155.6
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero
 Mean
Sample:

Note:
     0.7025
   155.6
    31.21
     9.121
 0.1685
 0.9615
 1.399
 1.987
 2.388
 2.826
   *
12.82
37.33
 *Data not available.
Statistical Summary
 0.1685
37.33
 7.485
 2. 188
      8 of 30 plants
    31.21       7.485

      8 of 30 plants
Percent
Recycle

 100
   0
   *
   0
   0
   0
   0
   *
   0
   *
                           Wastewater
                        1/kkg     gal/ton
  0
  0.7025
  3.341
  5.833
  8.285
  9.957
 1 1.78
 18.65
 53.45
118.6
            0
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 0
 0.1685
 0.8013
 1.399
 1.987
 2.388
 2.826
 4.473
12.82
28.44
             0
            28.44
             5.530
             2.188
                         10 of 30 plants
                       25.62       6.145

                          9 of 30 plants
Table does not include 20 plants which provided insuffi-
cient information to calculate water use and wastewater
values.
                                 221

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                            Table V-16

              EXTRUSION DIE CLEANING SCRUBBER  LIQUOR
Plant
1
2
Water Use
1/kkg gal/ton
258.8
292.2
62.08
70.08
Percent
Recycle
0
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Wastewater
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292.2
62.08
70.08
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Mean        275.5      66.08
Sample:      2 of 2 plants
275.5      66.08
 2 of 2 plants
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                            Table V-19


                 EXTRUSION PRESS SCRUBBER LIQUOR
  Plant


    1

    2
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
2,071
  *
496.7
  *
Percent
Recycle


   0
   *
                          Wastewater
                       1/kkg     gal/ton
2,071
  *
496.7
  *
*Data not available.


Sample:       .1 of 2 plants
                                    1 of 2 plants
                               241

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-------
                            Table V-22

           EXTRUSION DUMMY BLOCK CONTACT COOLING WATER
Plant
1
2
3
Water Use
1/kkg gal/ton
2,072 497.0
2,172 521.0
* *
Percent
Recycle
0
0
0
Wastewater
1/kkg gal/ton
2,072
2,172
*
497.0
521 .0
*
*Data not available,

Statistical Summary
Mean
Sample:
2,122
509.0
 2 of 3 plants
2,122      509.0
 2 of 3 plants
                                247

-------
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-------
                            Table V-25

              DRAWING WITH NEAT OILS SPENT LUBRICANT
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5

*Data not
                Water Use
            1/kkg     gal/ton
              *
              *
  5.879

available.
Statistical Summary

Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero Mean
Sample:
                         *
                         *
                         *
                       1.410
                        Percent
                        Recycle

                          100
                          100
                           *
                           *
                           *
   Wastewater
1/kkg     gal/ton
0
0
5.420
8.147
0
0
1.300
1 .954
  *
                                    0
                                    8.147
                                    3.392
                                    2.710
           0
           1.954
           0.8135
           0.6500
                                     4 of 66 plants
                                    6.784      1.627
                                     2 of 66 plants
Note:  Table does not include 61 plants which provided insuffi-
       cient information to calculate water use and wastewater
       values.
                            253

-------
                            Table V-26

          DRAWING WITH EMULSIONS OR SOAPS SPENT  EMULSION
                Water Use
  Plant     1/kkg     gal/ton
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1 ,072,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
257,100
*
*
*
*
*
 *Data not available.
P Periodic discharge.

Statistical Summary

Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero Mean
Sample:
Nonzero Mean with Recycle
Sample:
Percent Wastewater
Recycle 1 /kkg
*
P
P
P
P
*
99 P
0
*
*
*
*
*









0
3.
11.
26.
260.
1 ,084
1,113
1 ,072,000
*
*
*
*
*
0
1 ,072,000
134,300
143.
8 of
153,500
7 of
416.
6 of

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18
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13

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5
13
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0
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6.
62.
260.
267.
257,100
*
*
*
*
*
0
257,100
32,210
34.
plants
36,810
plants
99.
plants

8100
810
279
50
0
0









39



90

                               254

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                            Table V-29

                      SAWING  SPENT  LUBRICANT
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
   10
   1 1
   12
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
0.5212
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0.3450
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 0
 0.4586
 0.6671
 1.167
 1.438
 6.379
19. 14
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 '  *
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Maximum
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Median
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Nonzero Mean
Sample:
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                                  4. 1 19
                                  1.167
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                                  4.807
                                   6  of
0
0.0110
0.1600
0.2800
0.3450
1 .530
4.590
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
*Sufficient data not available to calculate these values.

Statistical Summary
                                  O:
                                  4. 590
                                  0.9880
                                  0.2800
                             12 plants
                                  1. 153
                             12 plants
                               260

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                          Table V-34

             ANNEALING ATMOSPHERE SCRUBBER LIQUOR
Plant
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
          6,171
           1,480
Percent
Recycle

  99.6
                                               Wastewater
                                             1/k.kg      gal/ton
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                            Table V-37

      ROLLING SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT CONTACT COOLING WATER
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
   10
         Water Use
     1/kkg     gal/ton
       41.59
       67.54
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    2,110
    2,585
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   52,950
  145,100
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             9.974
            16.20
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           506.0
           620.0
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        12, 700
        34,800.
Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero
 Mean
Sample:

Note:
       41.59
             9.974
  145,
   33,
    2,

   33,
100     34,800
810      8,109
347        563.0
6 of 9 plants
810      8,109

6 of 9 plants
Percent
Recycle

  100
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110
585
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2,585        620.0
1,032        247.5
  748.8      179.6
   6 of 9 plants
1,548        371.3

   ,4 of 9 'plants
This table includes data from one plant which discharges
from two rolling heat treatment operations.
                              280

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                            Table V-40

       EXTRUSION  PRESS  HEAT TREATMENT CONTACT COOLING WATER
Water Use
1/kkg
*
*
1,924
76.30
80.05
833.9
113.0
11 6.7
433.6
554.5
*
*
1,768
26,600
2,522
2,668
2,831
3,185
*
5,670
10,760
16,700
21,890
25,850
28,690
*
*
*
*
*
gal/ton
*
*
461 .5
18.30
19.20
200.0
27.10
28.00
104.0
133.0
*
*
424.0
6,380
605.0
640.0
679.0
764.0
*
1 ,360
2,580
4,076
5,250
6,200
6,880
*
*
*
*
*
Percent
Recycle
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
*
0
, 0
92
0
0
0
• o
0
*
0
0
0
0
0
*
0
*
•*
n
Wastewater
1/kkg
0
0
0
65.46
68.80
81.35
96.73
100. 1
433.6
554.5
1 ,057
1 ,447
1 ,768
2,218
2,522
2,668
2,831
3,185
3,536
5,670
10, 760
16,700
21 ,890
25,850
28,690
*
*
*
*
*
gal/ton
0
0
0
15.70
16.50
1 9.51
23.20
2.4.00
104.0
133.0
253.4
347.0
424.0
532.0
605.0
640.0
679.0
764.0
848.0
1 ,360
2,580
4,076
5,250
6,200
6,880
*
*
*
*
*
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
   10
   11
   12
   13
   14
   15t
   16
   17
   18
   19
   20
   21
   22
   23
   24
   25
   26
   27
   28
   29
   30
*Data not available.
tCombination of two presses.

Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero
 Mean
Sample:

Note:
       76.30       18.30
   28,690       6,880
    7,676       1,841
    2,596       622.5
    20 of 29 plants
    7,676       1,841

    20 of 29 plants
     0           0
28,690       6,880
 5,299       1,271
 1,768         424.0
   25 of 29 plants
 6,021        1,444

   22 of 29 plants
This table includes data from one plant which discharges
from two extrusion press heat treatment operations.
                                288

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                          Table V-43

   EXTRUSION SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT CONTACT COOLING WATER
              Water Use
Plant     1/kkg     gal/ton
- 1
2 1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
• 1 1
1 2
13
14
15
16
17
,18
19
20
21
22
23,
24
25
26
27
*
61,800
9,631
*
1,268
41 ,420
39,690
2,635
41 ,690
3,394
5,003
8 , 547
7,130
10,730
15,680
*
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4,962

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2,


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9,

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2,
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1,
*
800
310
*
304.0
933
520
632.0
000
814.0
200
050
710
573
760
*
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1 90
*Data not available.
Statistical
Minimum
Maximum 1
Mean
Median
Sample: 1
Nonzero
Mean
Sample: 1
Summary
1 ,268
61,800
25,250
9,089
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25,250

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2,
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6,

plant

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180
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s
Percent
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  100
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0
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1,993
2,635
3,056
3,381
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                                           7,901      1,895
                                           3,056        733.0
                                            17 of 27 plants
                                          10,330      2,478

                                            13 of 27 plants
                              299

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                             Table V-46.

       FORGING SOLUTION HEAT -TREATMENT CONTACT COOLING WATER
                 Water  Use
   Plant      1/kkg     gal/ton
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
833.9
1,151
2,956
2,502
3,235
4,169
21,120
32,230
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276.0
709.0
600.0
776.0
1 ,000
5,065
7,730
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..Statistical  Summary

 Minimum       833.9       200.0
 Maximum    32,230      7,730
 Mean       8,524      2,045
 Median     3,096        742.5
 Sample:      8 of 12 plants
 Nonzero    8,'524      2,045
  Mean
 Sample:      8 of 12 plants
Percent
Recycle

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1/kkg     gal/ton
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                                              2,148
                                              2,502
                                              3,235
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                                             32,230
                                             32,320
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          32,320      7,752
          10,940      2,623
           3,235        776.0
             9 of 12 plants
          12,300      2,951

             8 of 12 plants
                               307

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                            Table V-49

      DRAWING SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT CONTACT COOLING WATER
Water Use
Plant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1/kkg
13,430
119.2
496.2
921.4
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3,220
28.60
1 19.0
221.0
720.0
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Recycle
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1/kkg
0
119.2
328. 1
921.4
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27,850
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0
28.60
78.70
221.0
720.0
6,680
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*
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*
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*Data not available.

Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample :
Nonzero
Mean
119.2
13,430
3,593
921.4
5 of 11
3., 593

28.6
3,220
861.7
221 .0
plants
861.7

Sample:
5 of 11  plants
     0         0
27,850     6,680
 5,370     1,288
   624.8     149.9
  6 of 11  plants
 6,446     1,546

  5 of 11  plants
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                            Table V-52

                     CLEANING OR ETCHING BATH
Plant

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
    Water Use
1/kkg    gal/ton
          Recycle
              Wastewater
           1/kkg    gal/ton
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
 *Data not available,
**Not applicable.

Statistical Summary

Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero Mean
Sample:
Nonzero Mean
  (Proposal)
Sample:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0
0 .
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
1.430
5.816
8.406
9.498
28.35
38.0
69.0
121 .0
156.0
192.4
280.0
346.4
355.0
446.5
800.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.22
0.3430
1.395
2.016
2.278
6.800
9.0
17.0
29.0
51.5
46.15
67.0
83.08
85.0
107.1
1 92.0
0
800.5
11 9. 13
8.95
0
1 92
28.33
2.15
                                    24 of 24 plants
                                   178.7        42.9
                                    16 of 24 plants
                                   204.4        49.02

                                     9 of 10 plants
                           326

-------
                      Table V-52  (Continued)

                     CLEANING OR  ETCHING  BATH
Note:  This, table includes only plants  that  discharge  or  haul
       away the baths and provided  enough  data  for  calculation of
       the wastewater value.

Note:  This.table individually lists data  from  four  plants  which
       have both cleaning and etch  line  bath discharges.
                            327

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-------
                           Table V-55

                   CLEANING OR ETCHING RINSE
Plant

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 1 1
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
21,
15,


8,






5,
9,
141,
1,
3,

1,
2,

1,

2,



50,
5,



10,


16,
41,

23,



180
800
*
*
339
*
102. 1
*
*
400.3
500.3
003
727
600
063
490
*
313
377
*
780
*
224
*
*
*
030
212
*
*
*
670
*
*
120
690
*
520
*
*
*
5,
3,


2,






1,
2,
33,












12,
1,



2,


3,
10,

5,



080
790
*
*
000
*
24.
*
*
96.
120.
200
333
970
255.
837.
*
315.
570.
*
427.
*
533.
*
*
•*•
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250
*
*
*
560
*
*
865
000
*
640
*
*
*






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Percent
Recycle
*
*
*
*
*
*
0
*
*
0
0
*
94.3
99.6
0
*
*
0
*
*
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*
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*
*
90.0
0
*
*
*
0
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50.0
*
0
*
*
*
Wastewater
1/kkg
1 .430
2.635
14.48
61 .00
80.05
98.97
102.1
143.8
178.0
333.6
500.3
500.3
558.3
600.0
938.1
1,163
1,227
1 ,313
1 , 591
1 ,692
1,780
1 ,853
2, 1 10
2,330
3, 386
3,519
5,003
5, 212
5,653
5,683
9; 795
10,670
11 , 525
14,480
16,120
20,850
23,350
23,520
36, 390
43,950
63,920
gal/ton
0.3430
0.6320
3.472
14.63
19.20
23.7
24.49
34.5
42.70
80.00
120.0
120.0
133.3
143. -9
225.0
279.0
294
315.0
381.6
406
427.0
445
506.0
558.8
812.6
844
1,200
1 ,250
1,356
1 ,363
2, 350
2,560
2, 765
3,473
3,865
5,000
5,600
5,640
8, 727
10,540
15,330
                              349

-------
                      Table V-55  (Continued)

                    GLEANING OR ETCHING RINSE
 Plant

  42
  43
  44
        Water Use
    1/kkg     gal/ton
   75,430
   89,350
  250,200
18,090
21,430
60,000
*Data not available.

Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
102.1
250,000
32,380
9,033
24.49
60,000
7,766
2,167
Sample:

Note:
    24 of 30 plants
Percent Wastewater
Recycle 1/kkg gal/ton
0 75,430
0 89,350
0 125,100
18,090
21,430
30,000
                           1.430      0.3430
                     125,100      30,000
                      13,912       3,338
                       1,982         476
                         44 of 44 plants
This table individually lists data from six plants which
have both cleaning and etch line rinse discharges.
                               350

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                            Table V-58

               CLEANING OR ETCHING SCRUBBER  LIQUOR
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
  *
  *
  *
47,780
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
  *
11,460
  *
  *
  *
Percent
Recycle

   •k
   *
   *
   0
   *
   *
   *
*Data not available,

Statistical Summary

Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
                          Wastewater
                       1/kkg     gal/ton
 1,880
 1 , 985
12,002
47,780
   *
   *
   *
                                  1,880
                                 47,780
                                 15,911
                                  6,994
   451 .0
   476.0
 2,880
11,460
     *
     *
     *
                                  451 .0
                               11,460
                                3,817
                                1,678
                                    4 of 7 plants
                               391

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-------
                            Table V-61

                     FORGING SCRUBBER LIQUOR
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
  *
  *
5,937
  *
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1,424
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Percent
Recycle

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   P
   0
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   28.85
  159.7
4,453
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P Periodic discharge.

Statistical Summary

Minimum
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Median
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    6.920
   38.31
1,068
                                  28.85        6.920
                               4,453       1,068
                               1,547         371.1
                                 159.7        38.31
                                     3 of 4 plants
                                397

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-------
                            Table V-64

            DIRECT CHILL CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
                    (ALUMINUM FORMING PLANTS)
Plant

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
Water
1/kkg
*
*
2,743
*
*
*
*
*
8.339
82,050
105,000
86,430
82,640
908.9
30,670
37,530
31 ,340
392.8
*
*
73,800
31,440
3,819
14,090
35,320
36,980
177,900
70,880
62,960
72,130
43,360
3,394
*
5,041
*
9,089
9,506
23,060
28,390
35,500
52,540
Use
gal/ton
*
*
658.0
*
*
*
*
*
2.000
19,680
25,190
20,730
19,820
218.0
7,355
9,000
7,516
94.20
*
*
17,700
7,540
916.0
3,380
8,470
8,870
42,670
17,000
15,100
17,300
10,400
814.0
*
1,209
*
2,180
2,280
5,530
6,810
8,514
12,600
Percent
Recycle
100
100
50
97
100
100
100
100*
100
99
99
100
99
0
98
97
99
0
*
*
97
98
0
93
94
97
99
96
96
94
92
0
*
0
*
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater
1/kkg..
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2989
0.3252
0.4169
0.4169
120.9
150.1
250.2
313.4
392.8
496.2
514.5
612.9
629.6
779.7
963.1
1,113
1,167
1 ,483
1,534
1 ,955
2,397
2,753
3,002
4,003
5,041
5,337
9,089
9,506
16,590
28,390
35,500
52,540 1
gal/ton
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0717
0.0780
0. 1000
0.1000
29.00
36.00
60.00
75.16
94.20
119.0
123.4
147.0
151 .0
187.0
231 .0
267.0
280.0
355.6
368.0
469.0
575.0
660.4
720.0
960.0
1,209
1 ,280
2,180
2,280
3,980
6,810
8,514
2,600
                                 404

-------
                      Table  V-64 (Continued)

            DIRECT CHILL  CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
                     (ALUMINUM  FORMING PLANTS).
Plant-

 42
 43
 44
 45
 46
 47
 48
 49
 50
 51  '
 52 •
 53
 54
 55
 56  -
 57
 58
 59
 60
 61
• '••••• ' Water
,1/kkg ••..;...•
58,370
91,310 '
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* '
*
* ,.. -
*
*
50,030
* •• - '
*
* . • .
* , .
* ; • .
Use : -" -
gal/ton , r
14,000
21 ,900
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
12,000..
*
*
*
*
*
Percent
*.' Recycle '
0
0
98
96
*
*
0
0
••*
0
*
0
*
, *
1 00 '
*
*
-.0.
90
*

•" .' 1 / k
'58,370
91 ,310
*
*
: *
*
*
*
, *
*
:• *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Wastewater
kg ..--..- ., gal /ton.
14,000
21 ,900
• ; : *
*
*
*
*
*
*
. ' -, *
, : • •','•'• *
.;.,''_'• *
''. ? - • *
.».;•' *
*
.:','- *
,'.'•' : -- *
•• ''; " ' ' *
*
*
 *Data not available.
                                  405

-------
                            Table V-65

            DIRECT CHILL CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
                   Primary Aluminum Subcategory
Plant

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
Water Use
1/kkg
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
gal/ton
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Percent
Recycle
99+
99
98
98
94
82
48
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
93
*
*
0
*
*
Wastewater
1/kkg
123
459
1,801
9,549
3,303
2,610
600
1 9,473
6,964
12,552
15,638
27,188
32,860
34,903
38,406
45,870 1
57,129 1
59,214 1
79,230 1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
gal/ton
29.52
110.2 ,
432.2
2,292
792.7
626.4
144.0
4,674
1,671
3,012
3,753
6,525
7,886
8,377
9,217
1 ,009
3,711
4,211
9,015
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Secondary Aluminum Subcategory
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
99
100
100
100
100
0.3002
0
0
0
0
0.0720
0
0
0
0
*Data not available.
                                  406

-------
                      Table V-65  (Continued)

            DIRECT CHILL CASTING  CONTACT COOLING WATER
Statistical Summaryt

Minimum           8.339      2.000
Maximum ,    177,9.00     42,670
Mean         43,900     10,530
Median       35,500      8,514
Sample:       33 of 91 plants-
     0          0
91,310     21,900
 1,329        318.9
 1,483        355.6
   67 of 91  plants
tThe statistical summary includes direct chill casting data  for
 aluminum forming, primary aluminum, and secondary aluminum
 plants with 90 percent recycle or greater.
                              407

-------
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                            Table V-68

           CONTINUOUS ROD CASTING CONTACT  COOLING WATER
                     (ALUMINUM FORMING PLANTS)
Water Use
Plant 1/kkg gal /ton
1 0 0
2 1,555 375
3 * *
Percent
Recycle
Dry
0
P
Wastewater
1/kkg ../'gal/ton
0 0
1,555 375
* *
 *Sufficient data not available to calculate these values.

P Total recycle with periodic discharge.

Statistical Summary

                                                  0         0
                                              1,555       375
                                                777.5     187.5
                                                777.5     187.5
                                              2 of 3 plants
                                              1,555       375

                                              1  of 3 plants
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero
Mean
Sample:
0 0
1,555 375
777.5 187.5
777.5 187.5
2 of 3 plants
1,555 375

1 of 3 plants
                             426

-------
                            Table V-69

           CONTINUOUS ROD CASTING CONTACT  COOLING  WATER
                     (PRIMARY ALUMINUM PLANTS)
     ..Plant -Code

          1

          2

          3
Percent Recycle

       *

      99

      99+
Production Normalized
   Discharge Flow
         415

          11.3
* Da t a unkn own.
                                427

-------
                            Table  V-70

              CONTINUOUS ROD  CASTING  SPENT  LUBRICANT
Plant
1
2
3
Water
1/kkg
*
*
*
Use
gal/ton
*
*
*
Percent
Recycle
100
100 (P)
*
Was tewater
1/kkg gal/ton
0
*
*
0
*
*
 *Sufficient data not available to calculate  these  values.
P Periodic discharge.
                                428

-------
                            Table V-71

             CONTINUOUS SHEET CASTING SPENT  LUBRICANT
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4  '
    5
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
  *
5.087
  *
  *
  *
1.220
  *
  *
  *
Percent
Recycle

  100
  * (P)
  * (P)
  * (P)
  * (P)
                          Wastewater
                       1/kkg   ,  gal/ton
0
1.017
2.668
  *
0
0.2440
0.6400
  *
 *Sufficient data not available to calculate  these  values.
P Periodic discharge.
Statistical Summary

Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
Nonzero
 Mean
Sample:
                                    668
                                    229
                                    017
                                    3 of 5 plants
                                  1 . 964      New
                                  0
                                  0.6400
                                  0.2947
                                  0.2440
                                    2 of 5 plants
Note:  An additional seven continuous sheet casting plants did
       not mention the use of a lubricant, but one is  probably
       used.  Also, three additional plants did not provide
       sufficient data to characterize water use or discharge.
                                  429

-------
                            Table V-72

       DEGASSING SCRUBBER LIQUOR  (PRIMARY ALUMINUM  PLANTS)
                Water Use
  Plant     1/kkg     sal/ton
1
2
3
4 (a)
2,842
3,125
1, 854
*
682
750
445
*
Percent
Recycle

   0
   0
   0
   *
*Data not available or not applicable.

Statistical Summary
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample:
1,854 445
3,125 750
2,607 626
2,842 682
3 of 4 plants
   Wastewater
1/kkg     gal/ton
                                               2,842
                                               3,125
                                               1 , 854
                                                *
             682
             750
             445
             *
                                             1,854        445
                                             3,125        750
                                             2,607        626
                                             2,842        682
                                             3 of 4 plants
(a) Data is reported with potline and potroora scrubbing and
    can not be separated.
                                  430

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                             Table  V-75

             EXTRUSION  PRESS HYDRAULIC  FLUID LEAKAGE
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
  *
  *
  *
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Recycle

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   99P
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    0
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  258
  337
  452
1,429
2,554
* Data not available.

P Periodic discharge.

Statistical Summary

Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Median
Sample
Mean (no recycle)
Sample
Mean (recycle)
Sample
 61,
 81
108
343
613
8
                                    258        61.8
                                  2,554       613
                                  1,006       241.4
                                    452       108
                                    5 of 5 plants
                                  1,478       354.7
                                    3 of 5 plants,-
                                    298        71.4,
                                    2 of 5 plants
                                 436

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                             Table  V-79

               MISCELLANEOUS  NONDESCRIPT WASTEWATER
  Plant

    1
    2
    3
    4
    Water Use
1/kkg     gal/ton
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Percent
Recycle

   0
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Statistical Summary

Minimum
Maximum
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Median
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  3.7
 60.6
 70.8
353.8
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                                   65.7
 0.89
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-------
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             Figure V-1

WASTEWATER SOURCES AT PLANT A
                  516

-------
 Rolling
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                           Figure  V-2

             WASTEWATER  SOURCES  AT  PLANT
                                 517

-------
      C-l
                                            Discharge
           Figure V-3   .




WASTEWATER  SOURCES AT  PLANT C
                                      *• To ?OTW
                  518

-------
0-1
                                                To Discharge
                          Figure V-4




              WASTEWATER SOURCES AT  PLANT D
                                519

-------
                                                   Contractor Hauled
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                                                     To Discharge
                            Figure  V-5




                WASTEWATER  SOURCES AT  PLANT E
                                  520

-------
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Press Heat
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           WASTEWATER SOURCES  AT PLANT  F
                       521

-------
C-l
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                            G-3
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         Cleaning Bath
           (Caustic)
                                       Clarifier
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                                                                To  POTW
Moncontact
Cooling
	 ».

Cooling Tower


Evaporation
Pond
             WASTEWATER SOURCES  AT---PLANT :G
                                 •-522

-------
H-9
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          Tap Water
Direct Chill
Casting


Cooling Tower
                        H-l
                                               H-2
                                                       Oil-Water
                                                       Separation
                                                                      H-3
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                                                                              sonarge
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                        H-5
                        H-6
To POTW
                                • Figure V-8

                   •WASTEWATER  SOURCES  AT PLANT H
                                     ;  523

-------
.1-1
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          Lubricants
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             Rinse
            (Acid)
           Etch Line
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                            J-4
                                        J-5
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r
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<
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                                                                      J-6
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                                                                           To
                                                                           POT*
                              Figure  V-9,

               WASTEWATER SOURCES  t
                      J. ,
                                     524

-------
                           Contractor
                           Hauled
           Figure V-10 :

WASTEWATER  SOURCES  AT  PLANT' K
                                          Discharge
Noncontact
-, Cooling


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- Tower " ,


                                           Filter Cak«
                                           to Landfill
                                          To
                                          • Di'scharga
                  525

-------
footing
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                                                   Discharge
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                                                                   Dischar
                   Figure  V-11

      WASTEWATER SOURCES AT  PLANT  L
                           526

-------
N'-L
               Source
              Tap Water
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              (Conversion
              Coating)
              Paint Line
               Rinses
To Land
Application

              Stormwater
               Extrusion
               Solution
            Heat Treatment
                           N-2

Direct Chill
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and
Oil-Wacer
^(3B?TapT_9ft
                                                       N-4
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                                                S-6
                                                S-7
                                                S-8
                                                                                 • To
                                                                                  Discharze
                                                              Contractor
                                                              Hauled
                                  Figure  V-12

                    WASTEWATER SOURCES  AT  PLANT  N
                                         527

-------
P-6
P-l
P-4
              Source
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              Source
           Softened Water
              Source
           Deionized Water
                                P-2
           Direct Chill
              Casting
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Cooling
 Tower
                                      -*• To
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                           P-5
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            Tramp Oils
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                                                        P-7
                                        Evaporation
                                          Lagoon
                                              P-3
                                       Contractor
                                         Hauled
                               Figure  V-13

                  WASTEWATER SOURCES AT  PLANT P
                                       528

-------
  Source
 Tap Water
 Etch Line
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 (Caustic
and Acid)
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 Treatment
Q-2
     *>I	*
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                                     Q-5
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               Figure  V-1=4-

   WASTEWATER SOURCES'AT  PLANT Q
                      529

-------
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Lubricants

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WASTEWATER "SQURGES -AT ;.PLANT  R
               530

-------
S-l
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                           5-2
' " "L'ubricant
 Holding Tank
                                                      To POTW
                    ;' 'Figure V-1 6

          WASTEWATER -SOURGES;, AT PLANT  S
                           531

-------
Hot Rolling
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Honcontact
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Cooling
 Tower
              Figure V-17

   WASTEWATER SOURCES  AT  PLANT T
                   532

-------
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Source
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Cold Rolling

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rge Roller Feed
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                                                   Application
           Figure V-18

WASTEWATER SOURCES  AT PLANT  U
                 533

-------
                                     Discharge
          Figure V-19



WASTEWATER SOURCES AT  PLANT V
               534

-------
W-l
tl
Source
Water
                                      To POTW
             Figure V-20

    WASTEWATER  SOURCES'AT  PLANT W
                   535

-------
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Source
Wacer


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Press Leakage
Unit 1



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trn- «,
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                Figure V-21



      WASTEWATER SOURCES AT  PLANT AA
                     536

-------
BB-1
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                   Figure  V-22

       WASTEWATER*SOURCES  AT PLANT BB
                          537

-------
CC-1
                                           To POTW
                 Figure V-23.



      WASTEWATER SOURCES, AT PLANT  C,C
                       538'

-------
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WASTEWATER" SOURCES : AT'PliA^T ' DD

-------
EE-13
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                 EE-1

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                                                               EE-9
                             Figure  V-25
              WASTEWATER SOURCES  AT  PLANT  EE
                                    540

-------
                           Section VI

                SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Agency has studied aluminum forming wastewaters to  determine
the  presence  or absence of toxic, conventional and selected non
conventional pollutants.   The  toxic  pollutants  and  nonconven
tional  pollutants  are  subject  to BAT effluent limitations and
guidelines.  Conventional pollutants are considered in  establish
ing BPT, BCT, and NSPS limitations.

One  hundred  and  twenty-nine toxic pollutants (known as the 129
priority pollutants) were studied pursuant to the requirements of
the Clean Water Act of 1977 (CWA).   These  pollutant  parameters,
which  are listed in Table VI-1, are members of the 65 pollutants
and classes of toxic pollutants referred to as Table 1 in Section
307(a)(1) of the CWA.

From the original list of 129 pollutants, three  pollutants  have
been  deleted  in two separate amendments to 40 CFR Subchapter N,
Part  401.   Dichlorodifluoromethane  and  trichlorofluoromethane
were  deleted first (46 FR 2266, January 8, 1981) followed by the
deletion of bis-(chloromethyl) ether (46 FR  10723,,  February  4,
1981).   The  Agency  has concluded that deleting these compounds
will not compromise adequate control over  their  discharge  into
the  aquatic  environment  and  that  no  adverse  effects on the
aquatic environment or on human health will occur as a result  of
deleting them from the list of toxic pollutants.

Past studies by EPA and others have identified many nontoxic pol-
lutant parameters useful in characterizing industrial wastewaters
and   in   evaluating  treatment  process ' removal  efficiencies.
Certain of these and other parameters may  also  be  selected  as
reliable indicators of. the presence of specific toxic pollutants.
For  these  reasons,  a  number  of nontoxic pollutants were also
studied for the aluminum forming category.

The conventional pollutants considered (total  suspended  solids,
oil  and  grease,  and  pH)  traditionally  have  been studied to
characterize  industrial  wastewaters.   These   parameters   are
especially  useful  in evaluating the effectiveness of wastewater
treatment processes.

Several  nonconventional  pollutants  were   considered.    These
included aluminum, chemical oxygen demand  (COD), phenols  (total),
and total organic carbon (TOC).  In addition, calcium, magnesium,
alkalinity,  total  dissolved solids and sulfate were measured to
provide data to evaluate the cost of chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation  treatment of certain wastewater streams.   Of these
                               541

-------
pollutants,  only  the  pollutant  aluminum  was  considered  for
regulation in establishing effluent limitations guidelines, since
it  is  found  in  significant concentrations in aluminum forming
process wastewater streams  and  is  removed  by  the  BAT  model
treatment  technology.   It  is  found  in  all  aluminum forming
contact waste  water  streams  because  it  is  the  metal  being
processed.

RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The  Settlement  Agreement  in Natural Resources Defense Council,
Inc. vs. Train, 8 ERC 2120 (D.D.C. 1976), modified  12  ERC  1833
(D.D.C.  1979),  which  preceded  the  Clean  Water Act, contains
provisions authorizing the exclusion from regulation  in  certain
instances    of    particular    pollutants,    categories,   and
subcategories.

Paragraph  8(a)(iii)  of  the  Settlement  Agreement  allows  the
Administrator  to  exclude  from  regulation toxic pollutants not
detectable by Section 304(h) analytical methods or  other  state-
of-the-  art  methods.   Pollutants  that were never detected, or
that were  never  found  above  their  analytical  quantification
level,   were   therefore  eliminated  from  consideration.   The
analytical quantification level for a pollutant  is  the  minimum
concentration  at  which that pollutant can be reliably measured.
For  the  toxic  pollutants  in  this   study,   the   analytical
quantification  levels  are:   0.005  mg/1 for pesticides, PCB's,
chromium, and nickel; 0.010 mg/1 for the remaining organic  toxic
pollutants  and  cyanide,  arsenic,  beryllium,  and selenium; 10
million fibers per liter (10 MFL) for asbestos;  0.020  mg/1  for
lead  and  silver; 0.009 mg/1 for copper; 0.002 mg/1 for cadmium;
and 0.0001 mg/1 for mercury.

The pesticide TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachloridibenzo-p-dioxin) was  not
analyzed  for  because  a  standard sample was unavailable to the
analytical  laboratories.   Samples  collected  by  the  Agency's
contractor  were  not  analyzed  for  asbestos.  Data on asbestos
content are available for a very small number of samples relevant
to this study as a result of  the  first  phase  of  a  screening
program  for  asbestos  in a wide range of industrial categories.
Of these samples, only  a  few  appear  to  contain  asbestos  at
analytically significant levels.

Paragraph 8(a)(iii) also allows the Administrator to exclude from
regulation  toxic  pollutants detected in amounts too small to be
effectively reduced by technologies known to  the  Administrator.
Pollutants  which  were  detected  below  levels considered to be
achievable by specific available treatment methods were therefore
eliminated from further consideration.  For the toxic metals, the
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration  technology
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treatment  effectiveness  values,  which are presented in Section
VII (Table VII-20, p. 807), were used.   For  the  toxic  organic
pollutants  detected above their analytical quantification level,
treatment effective values for activated carboni  technology  were
used.    These  treatment  effectiveness values represent the most
stringent treatment options  considered  for  pollutant  removal.
This  allows  for the most conservative pollutant exclusion based
on pollutants detected below treatable levels.   In  addition  to
the   provisions  outlined  above,  Paragraph  8(a)(iii)  of  the
Settlement Agreement (1) allows the Administrator to exclude from
regulation toxic pollutants detectable in the effluent from  only
a small number of sources within the subcategory because they are
uniquely   related   to   those   sources,  and  (2)  allows  the
Administrator tor to exclude  from  regulation  toxic  pollutants
which  will  be  effectively  controlled by the technologies upon
which are based other effluent  limitations  and  guidelines,  or
pretreatment standards.

Waste  streams in the aluminum forming category have been grouped
together  into  core  and  ancillary   waste   streams   in   the
subcategorization scheme, which has been described in Section IV.
The pollutant exclusion procedure was applied for the following':

     (1)   Rolling With Neat Oils Core Waste Streams
     (2)   Rolling With Emulsions Core Waste Streams
     (3)   Extrusion Core Waste Streams
     (4)   Forging Core Waste Streams
     (5)   Drawing With Neat Oils Core Waste Streams
     (6)   Drawing With Emulsions Or Soaps Core Waste Streams
     (7)   Ancillary Waste Streams

Toxic pollutants remaining after the application of the exclusion
process  were  then  selected  for further consideration in estab
lishing specific regulations.

DESCRIPTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The  following  discussion  addresses  the  pollutant  parameters
detected  above  their  analytical  quantification  level  in any
sample of aluminum forming wastewater.  The description  of  each
pollutant  provides the following information:  the source of the
pollutant; whether it is a naturally occuring element,  processed
metal,  or manufactured compound; general physical properties and
the form of the pollutant; toxic  effects  of  the  pollutant  in
humans  other animals; and behavior of the pollutant in a POTW at
concentrations that might be expected from industrial discharges.

Acenaphthene (1).   Acenaphthene  (1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene,  or
1,8-ethylene-naphthalene)  is  a polynuclear .aromatic hydrocarbon
(PAH) with molecular weight of 154 and a formula of C12H10.
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Acenaphthene occurs in coal tar produced during high  temperature
coking  of  coal.   It  has  been detected in cigarette smoke and
gasoline exhaust condensates.

The  pure  compound  is  a  white  crystalline  solid   at   room
temperature  witn  a  melting  range  of 95C to 97C and a boiling
range of 278C to 280C.  Its vapor pressure at room temperature is
less than 0.02 mm Hg.  Acenaphthene is slightly soluble in  water
(100  mg/1),  but  even  more soluble in organic solvents such as
ethanol, toluene, and chloroform.  Acenaphthene can  be  oxidized
by  oxygen- or ozone in the presence of certain catalysts.  It is
stable under laboratory conditions.

Acenaphthene is used as a dye intermediate, in the manufacture of
some plastics, and as an insecticide and fungicide.

So little research has been performed on  acenaphthene  that  its
mammalian  and  human health effects are virtually unknown.   The
water quality criterion of 0.02 mg/1 is  recommended  to  prevent
the  adverse effects on humans due to the organoleptic properties
of acenaphthene in water.

No  detailed  study  of  acenaphthene  behavior  in  a  POTW   is
available.   However,  it  has  been demonstratd that none of the
organic toxic pollutants studied so far can  be  broken  down  by
biological   treatment  processes  as  readily  as  fatty  acids,
carbohydrates, or proteins.  Many of the  toxic  pollutants  have
been  investigated,  at  least  in  laboratory-scale  studies, at
concentrations higher than those expected to be contained by most
municipal waste waters.  General observations relating  molecular
structure  to  ease of degradation have been developed for all of
the toxic organic pollutants.

The conclusion reached by study  of  the  limited  data  is  that
biological   treatment  produces  little  or  no  degradation  of
acenaphthene.  No evidence is available for  drawing  conclusions
about its possible toxic or inhibitory effect on POTW operation.

Its  water  solubility  would  allow  acenaphthene present in the
influent  to  pass  through  a  POTW  into  the  effluent.    The
hydrocarbon  character  of  this  compound  makes it sufficiently
hydrophobic that adsorption onto suspended solids  and  retention
in  the  sludge  may  also  be a significant route for removal of
acenaphthene from the POTW.

Acenaphthene has been demonstrated to affect the growth of plants
through improper  nuclear  division  and  polyploidal  chromosome
number.   However,  it  is  not expected that land application of
sewage sludge containing acenaphthene at the  low  concentrations
                               544

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which  are  to  be  expectd  in a POTW sludge would result in any
adverse effects on animals ingesting plants grown in such soil.

Acrolein (2).   The available  data  for  acrolein  indicate  that
acute  and  chronic  toxicity to freshwater aquatic life occur at
concentrations as low as 68 and 2-l.ug/l, respectively, and  would
occur  at  lower  concentrations  among  species  that  are  more
sensitive than those tested.

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
acrolein  ingested  through  contaminated  aquatic organisms, the
ambient water criterion is determined to be 320  ug/1.   For  the
protection  of human health from the toxic properties of acrolein
ingested though contaminated aquatic organisms alone, the ambient
water criterion is determined to be 780 ug/1.

Acrolein has a wide variety of applications.  It is used directly
as a biocide for aquatic  weed  control;  for  algae,  weed,  and
mollusk control in recirculating process water systems; for slime
control  in  the  paper  industry;  and  to  protect liquid fuels
against microorganisms.   Acrolein  is  also  used  directly  for
crosslinking  protein  collagen in leather tanning and for tissue
fixation in histological samples.  It is widely used as an  inter
mediate  in  the chemical industry.  Its dimer, which is prepared
by a thermal,  uncatalyzed  reaction,  has  several  applications,
including   use  as  an . intermediate  for  crosslinking  agents,
humectants, plasticizers, polyurethane intermediates,  copolymers
and  homopolymers,  and  Greaseproofing  cotton.   The monomer is
utilized  in  synthesis  via  the  Diels-Alder  reaction   as   a
dienophile   or   a   diene.    Acrolein   is   widely   used  in
copolymerization, but its homopolymers do not appear commercially
important.  The copoly- mers of acrolein are used in photography,
for textile treatment, in the  paper  industry,  as  builders  in
laundry  and  dishwasher detergents, and as coatings for aluminum
and steel panels,  as  well  as  other  applications.   In  1975,
worldwide  production  was about 59 kilotons.  Its,largest market
was for methionine manufacture.  Worldwide capacity was estimated
at  102  kilotons/year,  of  which   U.S.   capacity   was   47.6
kilotons/year.

Acrolein  (2-propenal)  is  a liquid with a structural formula of
CH2=CHCHO and a molecular weight of 56.07.  It melts at  -86.95C,
boils  at 52.5 to 53.5G, and has a'density of 0.8410 at -20C.  The
vapor pressure at 20C is 215 mm Hg, and its water  solubility  is
20.8 percent by weight at 20C.

A  flammable  liquid with a pungent odor, acrolein is an unstable
compound that  undergoes  polymerization  to  the  plastic  solid
disacryl,  especially under light or in the presence of-alkali or
strong  acid.    It  is  the  simplest  member  of  the  class  of
                               545

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unsaturated  aldehydes, and the extreme reactivity of acrolein is
due to the presence of a vinyl group  (H?C=H-)  and  an  aldehyde
group  on  such a small molecule.  'Additions to the carbon-carbon
double bond of acrolein are catalyzed by acids  and  bases.   The
addition  of  halogens to this carbon-carbon double bond proceeds
readily.

Acrolein can enter the aquatic  environment  by  its  use  as  an
aquatic  herbicide,  from  industrial  discharge,  and  from  the
chlorination of organic  compounds  in  wastewater  and  drinking
water  treatment.   It is often present in trace amounts in foods
and is a component of smog, fuel combustion, wood,  and  possibly
other fire, and cigarette smoke.  An evaluation of available data
indicates   that,   while  industrial  exposure  to  manufactured
acrolein is unlikely, acrolein from  nonmanufactured  sources  is
pervasive.   Acrolein  exposure will occur through food ingestion
and inhalation.  Exposure through the water or  dermal  route  is
less likely.  However, analysis of municipal effluents of Dayton,
Ohio  showed  the presence of acrolein in six of 11 samples, with
concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 ug/1.

Benzene  (4).    Benzene  (C6H6)  is  a  clear,  colorless  liquid
obtained  mainly  from  petroleum feedstocks by several different
processes.  Some is recovered from light oil obtained  from  coal
carbonization gases.  It boils at 80C and has a vapor pressure of
100  mm  Hg  at 26C.  It is slightly soluble in water (1.8 g/1 at
25C) and it  dissolves  in  hydrocarbon  solvents.   Annual  U.S.
production is three to four million tons.

Most  of  the  benzene  used  in  the  U.S.  goes  into  chemical
manufacture.  About half of that  is  converted  to  ethylbenzene
which  is  used  to  make styrene.  Some benzene is used in motor
fuels.

Benzene  is  harmful  to  human  health,  according  to  numerous
published  studies.   Most  studies  relate  effects  of  inhaled
benzene vapors.  These effects include  nausea,  loss  of  muscle
coordination,   tion,  and  excitement, followed by depression and
coma.  Death is usually the  result  of  respiratory  or  cardiac
failure.   Two  specific  blood  disorders are related to benzene
exposure.  One of these, acute myelogenpus leukemia, represents a
carcinogenic effect of benzene.   However,  most  human  exposure
data  is  based  on exposure in occupational settings and benzene
carcinogenesis is not considered to be firmly established.

Oral administration of benzene  to  laboratory  animals  produced
leukopenia,  a  reduction  in  mumber of leukocytes in the blood..
Subcutaneous injection  of  benzene-oil  solutions  has  produced
suggestive,    but    not   conclusive,   evidence   of   benzene
carcinogenesis.
                               546

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Benzene demonstrated teratogenic effects in  laboratory  animals,
and mutagenic effects in humans and other animals.

For  maximum  protection  of  human  health  from  the  potential
carcinogenic effects of exposure to benzene through ingestion  of
water  and  contaminated  aquatic  organisms,  the  ambient water
concentration is zero.  Concentrations of  benzene  estimated  to
result  in additional lifetime cancer risk at levels of 10-7, 10-
6, and 1.0-5 are. 0.00015  mg/1,  0.0015  mg/1,  and  0.015  mg/1,
respectively.

Some studies have been reported regarding the behavior of benzene
in  a  POTW.   Biochemical  oxidation of benzene under laboratory
conditions, at concentrations of 3 to 10 mg/1, produced  24,  27,
24,  and  20  percent  degradation  in  5,  10,  15, and 20 days,
respectively, using unacclimated seed cultures  in  fresh  water.
Degradation  of  58,  67,  76, and 80 percent was produced in the
same time periods using acclimated seed cultures.  Other  studies
pro  duced  similar  results.   The EPAs most recent study of the
behavior of toxic organics in a POTW indicates that benzene is 78
per cent removed.   Other  reports  indicate  that  most  benzene
entering  a  POTW   is  removed  to  the  sludge and that influent
concentrations of 1 g/1 inhibit sludge digestion.   There  is  no
information  about  possible effects of benzene on crops grown in
soils amended with  sludge containing benzene.

Carbon Tetrachloride  (6).   Carbon  tetrachloride  (CCl^),  also
called tetrhloromethane, is a colorless liquid produced primarily
by  the  chlorination  of  hydrocarbons  -  particularly methane.
Carbon tetrachloride boils at 77C and has a vapor pressure of  90
mm  Hg at 20C.   It  is slightly soluble in water (0.8 gm/1 at 25C)
and soluble in many organic solvents.  Approximately one-third of
a million tons  is produced annually in the U.S.

Carbon tetrachloride, which was displaced by perchloroethylene as
a dry cleaning agent in the 1930's, is  used  principally  as  an
intermediate   for   production   of   chlorofluoromethanes   for
refrigerants, aerosols, and blowing agents.   It is also used as  a
grain fumigant.                                      .  ..  .  .

Carbon tetrachloride produces  a  variety  of  toxic  effects  in
humans.   Ingestion of relatively large quantities - greater than
five grams - has frequently proved fatal.  Symptoms  are  burning
sensation  in   the  mouth,  esophagus,  and   stomach, followed by
abdominal pains, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, abnormal pulse, and
coma.  When death does not occur immediately,  liver  and  kidney
damage  are usually found.  Symptoms of chronic poisoning are not
as well defined.    General fatigue, headache,  and  anxiety  have
been   observed,    accompanied  by  digestive  tract  and  kidney
discomfort or pain.
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Data  concerning  teratogenicity  and  mutagenicity   of   carbon
tetrachloride  are  scarce  and  inconclusive.   However,  carbon
tetrachloride  has  been  demonstrated  to  be  carcinogenic   in
laboratory animals.  The liver was the target organ.

For maximum protection of human health from the potential carcin-
ogenic effects of exposure to carbon tetrachloride through inges-
tion  of  water  and  contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient
water concentration of zero.  Concentrations of carbon tetrachlo-
ride estimated to result in additional lifetime  cancer  risk  at
risk  levels  of  10-7, 10-6, and 10-5 are 0.000026 mg/1, 0.00026
mg/1, and 0.0026 mg/1, respectively.

Many of the toxic organic pollutants have been  investigated,  at
least  in laboratory-scale studies, at concentrations higher than
those  expected  to  be  found  in  most  municipal  wastewaters.
General  observations  have  been  developed  relating  molecular
structure to ease of degradation for all  of  the  toxic  organic
pollutants.   The conclusion reached by study of the limited data
is that  biological  treatment  produces  a  moderate  degree  of
removal  of  carbon  tetrachloride in a POTW.  No information was
found regarding the possible interference of carbon tetrachloride
with treatment processes.  The EPA's most  recent  study  of  the
behavior of toxic organics in a POTW indicates that carbon tetra-
chloride is 50 percent removed.  Based on the water solubility of
carbon tetrachloride, and the vapor pressure of this compound, it
is expected that some of the undegraded carbon tetrachloride will
pass through to the POTW effluent and some will be volatilized in
aerobic processes.

Chlorobenzene  (7).   Chlorobenzene  (C6H5C1),  also called mono-
chlorobenzene is a clear, colorless, liquid manufactured  by  the
liquid  phase  chlorination of benzene over a catalyst.  It boils
at 132C and has a vapor pressure of 12.5 mm Hg  at  25C.   It  is
almost  insoluble  in  water   (0.5  g/1 at 30C), but dissolves in
hydrocarbon solvents.  U.S. annual  production  is  near  150,000
tons.

Principal uses of Chlorobenzene are as a solvent and as an inter-
mediate  for  dyes  and  pesticides.   Formerly it was used as an
intermediate for DDT production, but elimination of production of
that compound reduced annual  U.S.  production  requirements  for
Chlorobenzene by half.   Data on the threat to human health posed
by  Chlorobenzene  are  limited  in  number.  Laboratory animals,
administered large doses of Chlorobenzene subcutaneously, died as
a result of central nervous system depression.  At slightly lower
dose rates, animals died of liver or  kidney  damage.   Metabolic
disturbances  occurred  also.  At even lower dose rates of orally
administered Chlorobenzene similar  effects  were  observed,  but
some  animals  survived  longer  than  at  higher dose rates.  No
                               548

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studies  have  been  reported   regarding   evaluation   of   the
teratogenic,    mutagenic,    or    carcinogenic   potential   of
chlorobenzene.

For the prevention of adverse .effects  due  to  the  organoleptic
properties of chlorobenzene in water the recommended criterion is
0.020 mg/1.

Laboratory  studies of the biochemical oxidation of chlorobenzene
have been  carried  out  at  concentrations  greater  than  those
expected to normally be present in POTW influent.  Results showed
the  extent  of degradation to be 25, 28, and 44 percent after 5,
10, and 20 days, respectively.  In another, similar study using a
phenol-adapted culture 4 percent degradation was observed after 3
hours with a solution containing 80 mg/1.  On the basis of  these
results   and  general  conclusions  about  the  relationship  of
molecular structure to biochemical  oxidation,  it  is  concluded
that  chlorobenzene  remaining  intact  is expected to volatilize
from the POTW in aeration processes.  The estimated half-life  of
chlorobenzene  in water based on water solubility, vapor pressure
and molecular weight is 5.8 hours.  The EPA's most  recent  study
of  the  behavior  of  toxic  organics  in  a POTW indicates that
chlorobenzene is 67 percent removed.

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (11).  1,1,1-Trichloroethane is one of  the
two    possible   trichlorethanes.    It   is   manufactured   by
hydrochlorinating vinyl chloride to 1,1-dichloroethane  which  is
then  chlorinated  to the desired product.  1,1,1-Trichloroethane
is a liquid at room temperature with a vapor pressure of 96 mm Hg
at 20C and a boiling point of 74C.  Its formula is  CC13CH3.   It
is   slightly  soluble in water (0.48 g/1) and is very soluble in
organic solvents.  U.S. annual production is  .greater  than  one-
third of a million tons.                          :

1,1,1-Trichloroethane  is  used  as  an   industrial  solvent  and
degreasing agent.

Most human toxicity data  for  1,1,1-trichloroethane  relates  to
inhalation   and   dermal  exposure  routes.   Limited  data  are
available!   for   determining   toxicity   of   ingested   1,1,1-
trichloroethane,  and those data are all  for the compound itself,
not solutions in water.  No  data  are  available  regarding  its
toxicity  to  fish  and aquatic organisms.  For the protection of
human health'from the toxic properties  of  1,1,1-trichloroethane
ingested  through  the comsumption of water and fish, the ambient
water  criterion  is  15.7  mg/1.   The   criterion  is  based  on
bioassays for possible carcinogenicity.

Biochemical oxidation of many of the toxic organic pollutants has
been  investigated,  at   least  in  laboratory  scale studies, at
                               549

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concentrations higher than commonly expected in  municipal  waste
water.  General observations relating molecular structure to ease
of  degradation  have been developed for all of these pollutants.
The conclusion reached by study of these  limited  data  is  that
biological treatment produces a moderate degree of degradation of
1,1,1-trichloroethane.   No  evidence  is  available  for drawing
conclusions about its possible toxic or inhibitory effect on POTW
operation.  However, for degradation to occur, a fairly  constant
input of the compound would be necessary.

Its  water  solubility would allow 1,1,1-trichloroethane, present
in the influent and not biodegradable, to  pass  through  a  POTW
into  the  effluent.   The  Agency's  most  recent  study  of the
behavior of  toxic  organics  in  a  POTW  indicates  that  1,1,1-
trichlorethane  is  87  percent  removed.   One  factor which has
received some attention, but no detailed study, is  the  volatil-
ization  of  the lower molecular weight organics from a POTW.  If
1,1,1-trichloroethane is  not  biodegraded,  it  will  volatilize
during  aeration processes in the POTW.  It has been demonstrated
that none of the toxic organic pollutants of  this  type  can  be
broken down by biological treatment processes as readily as ratty
acids, carbohydrates, or proteins.
1,1-Dichloroethane
(13).
	   	     1,1-Dichloroethane,   also   called
ethylidene dichloride and ethylidene  chloride,  is  a  colorless
liquid  manufactured  by  reacting  hydrogen  chloride with vinyl
chloride in 1,1-dichloroethane solution  in  the  presence  of  a
catalyst.    However,   it   is   reportedly   not   manufactured
commercially in the U.S.  1,1-Dichloroethane boils at 57C and has
a vapor pressure of 182 mm Hg at 20C.  It is slightly soluble  in
water (5.5 g/1 at 20C) and very soluble in organic solvents.

1,1-Dichloroethane  is  used  as an extractant for heat-sensitive
substances and as a solvent for rubber and silicone grease.

1,1-Dichloroethane is less toxic than its  isomer  (1,2-dichloro-
ethane),  but  its  use  as  an  anesthetic has been discontinued
because of marked excitation of the  heart.   It  causes  central
nervous system depression in humans.  There are insufficient data
to derive water quality criteria for 1,1-dichloroethane.

Many  of  the toxic organic pollutants have been investigated, at
least in laboratory scale studies, at concentrations higher  than
those  expected  to  be  contained by most municipal wastewaters.
General  observations  have  been  developed  relating  molecular
structure  to  ease  of  degradation for all of the toxic organic
pollutants.  The conclusion reached by study of the limited  data
is  that biological treatment produces only a moderate removal of
1,1-dichloroethane in a POTW  by  degradation.   The  EPA's  most
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recent  study  of  the behavior of toxic organics in a POTW indi-
cates that 1,1-dichloroethane is 76 percent removed.

The high vapor pressure  of  1,1-dichloroethane  is  expected  to
result  in  volatilization  of  some of the compound from aerobic
processes in a POTW.  Its water solubility will result in some of
the 1,1-dichloroethane which  enters  the  POTW  leaving  in  the
effluent from the POTW.

1,1, 2-Trichloroethane  (14).,  1,1,2-Trichloroethane is one of the
two possible trichloroethanes  and  is  sometimes  called  ethane
trichloride  ,or  vinyl  trichloride.  It is used as a solvent for
fats,  oils,  waxes,  and  resins, . in  the  manufacture  of  1,1-
dichloro-ethylene, and as an intermediate in organic synthesis.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane  is  a clear, colorless liquid at room tem-
perature with a vapor pressure of 16.7 mm Hg at 20°C, and a boil-
ing point of 113°C.  It is insoluble in water and very soluble in
organic solvents.  The formula is CHC12CH2C1.

Human toxicity data for 1,1,2-trichloroethane does not appear  in
the  literature.  The compound does produce- liver and kidney dam-
age in laboratory animals after  intraperitoneal  administration.
No  "literature  data was found concerning teratogenicity or muta-
genicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane.  However,  mice  treated  with
1,1,2-trichloroethane  showed increased incidence of hepatocellu-
lar carcinoma.  Although bioconcentration factors are not  avail-
able  for ,1,1,2-trichloroethane  in  fish  and  other freshwater
aquatic organisms, it is concluded on the basis of  octanol-water
partition coefficients that bioconcentration does occur.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects of exposure to 1,1,2-trichloroethane through
ingestion of water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the  ambi-
ent water concentration is zero.  Concentrations of this compound
estimated  to  result in additional lifetime cancer risks at risk
levels of 10-7, 10-*, and T0~5 are 0.00006 mg/1, 0.0006 mg/1, and
0.006 mg/1, respectively.    If  contaminated  aquatic  organisms
alone are consumed, excluding the consumption of water, the water
concentration  should  be  less  than  0.418  mg/1  to  keep  the
increased lifetime cancer risk below 10~5.  Available  data  show
that  adverse  effects  on  aquatic  life occur at concentrations
higher than those cited for human health risks.

It is reported that small amounts  of  1,1,2-trichloroethane  are
formed  by chlorination processes and that this compound persists
in the  environment (greater than two years) and is not  biologi-
cally  degraded.   This  information is not completely consistent
with  the  conclusions  based  on  laboratory  scale  biochemical
oxidation  studies  and  relating  molecular structure to ease of
                               551

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degradation.  That study concluded that biological treatment in a
POTW will produce moderate removal of 1,1,2-trichloroethane.  The
EPA's most recent study of the behavior of toxic  organics  in  a
POTW indicates that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is 96 percent removed.

The  lack  of  water  solubility  and  the  relatively high vapor
pressure may lead to removal of this  compound  from  a  POTW  by
volatilization.

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol  (21).   2,4,6-Trichlorophenol  (C13C6H2OH,
abreviated here to 2,4,6-TCP) is a colorless,  crystalline  solid
at  room  temperature.  It is prepared by the direct chlorination
of phenol.  2,4,6-TCP melts at 68°C and is  slightly  soluble  in
water  (0.8  gm/1 at 25°C).  This phenol  does not produce a color
with 4-aminoantipyrene, and therefore does not contribute to  the
nonconventional  pollutant  parameter  "Total  Phenols."  No data
were found on production volumes.

2,4,6-TCP is used as a fungicide, bactericide, glue and wood pre-
servative, and for antimildew treatment.   It is also used for the
manufacture of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol  and pentachlorophenol.

No data were  found  on  human  toxicity  effects  of  2,4,6-TCP.
Reports  of  studies with laboratory animals indicate that 2,4,6-
TCP produced convulsions when injected  interperitoneally.   Body
temperature  was  elevated  also.   The  compound  also  produced
inhibition of ATP production in isolated rat liver  mitochondria,
increased  mutation rates in one strain of bacteria, and produced
a genetic change in rats.  , No  studies  on  teratogenicity  were
found.  Results of a test for carcinogenicity were inconclusive.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects of exposure to 2,4,6-TCP  through  ingestion
of  water  and  contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water
concentration is zero based on the non-threshold  assumption  for
this  chemical.  However, zero level may not be attainable at the
present  time.   Therefore,  the  levels  which  may  result   in
incremental  increase  of  cancer  risk  over  the  lifetime  are
estimated at 10~5, 10~6, and 10~7.   The  corresponding  criteria
are 0.012 mg/1, 0.0012 mg/1, and 0.00012 mg/1 respectively.

Although  no  data were found regarding the behavior of 2,4,6-TCP
in a POTW, studies of the biochemical oxidation of  the  compound
have  been made at laboratory scale at concentrations higher than
those normally expected in  municipal  wastewaters.   Biochemical
oxidation  of  2,4,6-TCP at 100 mg/1 produced 23 percent degrada-
tion using a phenol-adapted acclimated seed  culture.   Based  on
these results, biological treatment in a POTW is expected to pro-
duce  a  moderate degree of degradation.   Another study indicates
                               552

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that 2,4,6-TCP may be produced  in  a  PQTW  by
phenol during normal chlorination treatment.
chlorination  of
Para-chloro-meta-cresol (22).   Para-chloro-meta-cresol (C1C H$OH)
is  thought  to  be  a  4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol  (4-chloro-meta-
cresol, or 2-chloro-5-hydroxy-toluene), but is also used by  some
authorities  to  refer to 6-chloro-3-methylphenol (6-chloro-meta-
cresol, or 4-chloro-3-hydroxy-toluene), depending on whether  the
chlorine is considered to be para to the methyl or to the hydroxy
group.   It is assumed for the purposes of this document that the
subject compound is 2-chloro-5-hydroxytoluene.  This compound  is
a  colorless  crystalline  solid  melting  at 66 to 68° C.  It is
slightly soluble in water  (3.8  gm/1)  and  soluble  in  organic
solvents.   This  phenol  reacts with 4-aminoantipyrene to give a
colored product and therefore contributes to the  nonconventional
pollutant  parameter  designated "Total Phenols."  No information
on manufacturing methods or volumes produced was found.

Para-chloro-meta cresol (abbreviated here as PCMC) is marketed as
a microbicide, and was proposed as an antiseptic and disinfectant
more than 40 years ago.  It is used in glues, gums, paints, inks,
textiles, and leather goods.  PCMC was found in  raw  wastewaters
from  the  die  casting  quench operation from one subcategory of
foundry operations.

Although no human toxicity data are available for  PCMC,  studies
on  laboratory  animals - have  demonstrated that this compound is
toxic when administered subcutaneously and intravenously.   Death
was  preceded  by  severe muscle tremors.  At high dosages kidney
damage occurred.  On the other hand,  an  unspecified  isomer  of
chlorocresol,  presumed to be PCMC, is used at a concentration of
0.15 percent  to  preserve  mucous  heparin,  a  natural  product
administered  intravenously as an anticoagulant.  The report does
not indicate the total amount of  PCMC  typically  received.   No
information  was  found  regarding  possible  teratogenicity,  or
carcinogenicity of PCMC.

Two reports indicate that PCMC undergoes degradation in biochemi-
cal oxidation treatments carried  put  at  concentrations  higher
than are expected to be encountered in POTW influents.  One study
showed  50 percent degradation in 3.5 hours when a phenol-adapted
acclimated seed culture was used with a solution of 60 mg/1 PCMC.
The other study showed 100 percent degradation of a 20 mg/1 solu-
tion of PCMC in two weeks in an  aerobic  activated  sludge  test
system.   No  degradation  of  PCMC occurred under anaerobic con-
ditions.  The EPA's most recent study of the  behavior  of  toxic
organics in a POTW indicates that PCMC is 89 percent removed.

Chloroform   (23) .  Chloroform, also called trichloromethane, is a
colorless liquid manufactured  commercially  by  chlorination  of
                               553

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methane.   Careful  control  of  conditions  maximizes chloroform
production, but other products  must  be  separated.   Chloroform
boils at 61° C and has a vapor pressure of 200 mm Hg at 25°C.  It
is  slightly  soluble  in  water  (8.22  g/1 at 20°C) and readily
soluble in organic solvents.

Chloroform is used as a solvent and to manufacture  refrigerants,
Pharmaceuticals, plastics, and anesthetics.  It is seldom used as
an anesthetic.

Toxic  effects  of  chloroform  on humans include central nervous
system depression, gastrointestinal irritation, liver and  kidney
damage and possible cardiac sensitization to adrenalin.  Carcino-
genicity  has  been  demonstrated  for  chloroform  on laboratory
animals.

For the maximum protection of human  health  from  the  potential
carcinogenic  effects of exposure to chloroform through ingestion
of water and contaminated aquatic organisms,  the  ambient  water
concentration is zero.  Concentrations of chloroform estimated to
result in additional lifetime cancer risks at the levels of 10~7,
TO-6, and 10~5 were 0.000019 mg/1, 0.00019 mg/1, and 0.0019 mg/1,
respectively.

The  biochemical  oxidation  of  this compound was studied in one
laboratory  scale  study  at  concentrations  higher  than  those
expected to be contained by most municipal wastewaters.  After 5,
10,  and  20 days no degradation of chloroform was observed.  The
conclusion reached is that biological treatment  produces  little
or no removal by degradation of chloroform in a POTW.

The  high  vapor  pressure of chloroform is expected to result in
volatilization of the compound from aerobic treatment steps in  a
POTW.   Remaining chloroform is expected to pass through into the
POTW effluent.  In addition, the most recent  EPA  study  of  the
behavior of toxic organics in a POTW indicates that chloroform is
61 percent removed.
                                                               j^e"
2-Chlorophenol  (24).   2-Chlorophenol  (C1C6H4OH),  also  called
ortho-chlorophenol, is a colorless liquid  at  room  temperature,
manufactured   by  direct  chlorination  of  phenol  followed  by
distillation to separate it from the other principal product,  4-
chlorophenol.   2-Chlorophenol solidifies below 7° C and boils at
176° C.  It is soluble in water (28.5 gm/1 at 20° C) and  soluble
in several types of organic solvents.  This phenol gives a strong
color  with  4-aminoantipyrene  and  therefore contributes to the
nonconventional pollutant parameter "Total  Phenols."  Production
Statistics  could  not  be  found.  2-Chlorophenol is used almost
exclusively as a  chemical  intermediate  in  the  production  of
                               554

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pesticides  and dyes.
chlorophenol.
Production of some phenolic resins uses 2-
Very few data are available  on  which  to  determine  the  toxic
effects  of 2-chlorophenol on humans.  The compound is more toxic
to laboratory mammals when administered orally than when adminis-
tered subcutaneously or intravenously.  This affect is attributed
to the fact that the compound is almost completely in the un-ion-
ized state at the low pH of the stomach and hence is more readily
absorbed into the body.  Initial symptoms  are  restlessness  and
increased  respiration  rate, followed by motor weakness and con-
vulsions induced by noise or  touch.   Coma  follows.   Following
lethal doses, kidney, liver, and intestinal damage were observed.
No  studies  were  found  which  addressed  the teratogenicity or
mutagenicity of 2-chlorophenol.  Studies of 2-chlorophenol  as  a
promoter  of  carcinogenic  activity  of  other  carcinogens were
conducted by dermal application.  Results do not  bear  a  deter-
minable relationship to results of oral administration studies.

For  the  prevention  of  adverse effects due to the organoleptic
properties of 2-chlorophenol in water, the  criterion  is  0.0003
mg/1.

Laboratory  scale  studies of the behavior of 2-chlorophenol have
been conducted at concentrations higher than those expected to be
found in municipal wastewaters.  At 1 mg/1 of 2-chlorophenol,  an
acclimated  culture produced 100 percent degradation by biochemi-
cal oxidation after 15 days.  Another study showed 45, 70, and 79
percent degradation by biochemical oxidation after 5, 10, and  20
days,  respectively.  The conclusion reached by the study of these
limited  data,  and  general  observations  on  all toxic organic
pollutants relating molecular structure to  ease  of  biochemical
oxidation,  is that 2-chlorophenol is removed to a high degree or
completely by biological treatment in a POTW.   The  most  recent
EPA  study  of the behavior of toxic organics in a POTW indicates
that 2-chlorophenol is 50 percent removed.  Undegraded  2-chloro-
phenol  is  expected  to  pass  through  a POTW into the effluent
because of the water solubility.   Some  2-chlorophenol  is  also
expected  to  be  generated  by  chlorination  treatments of POTW
effluents containing phenol.

1,1-Dichloroethylene (29).  1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE),  also
called   vinylidene   chloride,   is  a  clear  colorless  liquid
manufactured  by  dehydrochlorination  of  1,1,2-trichloroethane.
1,1-DCE has the formula CC12CH2.  It has a boiling point of 32°C,
and  a  vapor pressure of 591 mm Hg at 25°C.  1,1-DCE is slightly
soluble in water (2.5  mg/1)  and  is  soluble  in  many  organic
solvents.   U.S.  production  is  in  the  range  of  hundreds of
thousands of tons annually.
                               555

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1,1-DCE is used as a  chemical  intermediate  and  for  copolymer
coatings  or films.  It may enter the wastewater of an industrial
facility as  the  result  of  decomposition  of  1,1,1-trichloro-
ethylene  used  in  degreasing  operations,  or by migration from
vinylidene chloride copolymers  exposed  to  the  process  water.
Human  toxicity of 1,1-DCE has not been demonstrated; however, it
is a suspected human carcinogen.  Mammalian toxicity studies have
focused on the liver  and  kidney  damage  produced  by  1,1-DCE.
Various  changes occur in those organs in rats and mice ingesting
1,1-DCE.

For the maximum protection of human  health  from  the  potential
carcinogenic  effects  due  to  exposure  to 1,1-dichloroethylene
through ingestion of water and  contaminated  aquatic  organisms,
the  ambient  water  concentration  should  be  zero based on the
non-threshold assumption for  this  chemical.   However,  a  zero
level  may not be attainable at the present time.  Therefore, the
levels which may result in an incremental increase of cancer risk
over the lifetime are estimated at 10~5,  10~6,  and  10~7.   The
corresponding  criteria  are  0.00033  mg/1,  0.000033  mg/1, and
0.0000033 mg/1, respectively.

tinder laboratory conditions, dichloroethylenes have been shown to
be toxic to fish.  The primary effect of acute  toxicity  of  the
dichloroethylenes  is  depression  of the central nervous system.
The octanol/water partition co-efficient of 1,1-DCE indicates  it
should not accumulate significantly in animals.

Biochemical oxidation of many of the toxic organic pollutants has
been  investigated  in laboratory scale studies at concentrations
higher than would normally be expected in municipal  wastewaters.
General  observations  relating  molecular  structure  to ease of
degradation have been developed for all of these pollutants.  The
conclusion reached by study of the limited data is that  biologi-
cal  treatment produces little or no degradation of 1,1-dichloro-
ethylene.  No evidence is available for drawing conclusions about
the possible toxic or inhibitory effect of 1,1-DCE on POTW opera-
tion.  Because of water solubility, 1,1-DCE which is not volatil-
ized or degraded is expected to pass through a POTW.  Very little
1,1-DCE is expected to be found in sludge from a POTW.

The most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic organics in  a
POTW indicates that 1,1-DCE is 80 percent removed.  The very high
vapor  pressure  of  1,1-DCE  is expected to result in release of
significant percentages of this material to the atmosphere in any
treatment involving aeration.  Degradation of dichloroethylene in
air is reported to occur, with a half-life of eight weeks.
1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene
trans-DCE)   is  a  clear,
(30).     1,2-Dichloroethylene   (1,2-
colorless  liquid  with  the  formula
                               556

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CHC1CHC1.  1,2-trans-DCE is produced in  mixture  with  the  cis-
isomer  by  chlorination  of  acetylene.  The cis-isomer has dis-
tinctly different physical properties.   Industrially, the mixture
is used rather than the separate isomers.   1,2-trans-DCE  has  a
boiling point of 48°C, and a vapor pressure of 234 mm Hg at 25°C.

The  principal  use of 1,2-dichloroethylene (mixed isomers) is to
produce vinyl chloride.  It is used as a lead scavenger in  gaso-
line, general solvent, and for synthesis of various other organic
chemicals.  When it is used as a solvent, 1,2-trans-DCE can enter
wastewater streams.

Although  1,2-trans-DCE  is thought to produce fatty degeneration
of mammalian liver, there are insufficient data on which to  base
any ambient water criterion.

In  the  reported toxicity test of 1,2-trans-DCE on aquatic life,
the compound appeared to be about half  as  toxic  as  the  other
dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) on the toxic pollutants list.

Biochemical oxidation of many of the toxic organic pollutants has
been  investigated  in laboratory scale studies at concentrations
higher than would normally be expected in municipal  wastewaters.
General  observations  relating  molecular  structure  to ease of
degradation have been developed for all of these pollutants.  The
conclusion reached by the study  of  the  limited  data  is  that
biochemical  oxidation  produces little or no degradation of 1,2-
trans-dichloroethylene.  No evidence  is  available  for  drawing
conclusions about the possible toxic or inhibitory effect.of 1,2-
trans-dichloroethylene  on  POTW  operation.  It, is expected that
its low molecular weight and  degree  of  water  solubility  will
result in 1,2-trans-DCE passing through a POTW to the effluent if
it  is not degraded or volatilized.  Very little 1,2-trans-DCE is
expected to be found  in sludge from a POTW.              :   '

In EPA's most recent  study of the behavior of toxic organics in a
POTW, 1,2-trans-DCE is shown to be 72 percent removed*  The  high
vapor  pressure of 1,2-trans-DCE is-expected to result in release
of a significant percentage of this compound to the atmosphere in
any   treatment   involving   aeration.    Degradation   of   the
dichloroethylenes  in  air is reported to occur, with a half-life
of eight weeks.

2,4-Dimethylphenol  (34) .    2,4-Dimethylphenol  (2,4-DMP),   also
called  2,4-xylenol,  is  a  colorless, crystalline solid at room
temperature-(25°C), but  melts  at  27°C  to  28PC.'   2,4-DMP  is
slightly  soluble  in  water  and,  as a weak acid, is soluble in
alkaline solutions.   Its vapor pressure is less than 1 mm  Hg  at
room temperature.                                : i,   ,  .
                               557

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2,4-DMP  is  a  natural  product, occurring in coal and petroleum
sources.  It is used commercially as an intermediate for manufac-
ture of pesticides, dye stuffs, plastics and resins, and  surfac-
tants.   It  is  found in the water runoff from asphalt surfaces.
It can find its way into the wastewater of a manufacturing  plant
from any of several adventitious sources.

Analytical  procedures specific to this compound are used for its
identification and quantification in wastewaters.  This  compound
does  not  contribute  to  "Total  Phenols"  determined by the 4-
aminoantipyrene method.

Three  methylphenol  isomers   (cresols)  and  six  dimethylphenol
isomers  (xylenols) generally occur together in natural products,
industrial processes, commercial products, and  phenolic  wastes.
Therefore,  data  are not available for human exposure to 2,4-DMP
alone.  In addition to this, most mammalian tests for toxicity of
individual  dimethylphenol  isomers  have  been  conducted   with
isomers other than 2,4-DMP.

In  general, the mixtures of phenol, methylphenols, and dimethyl-
phenols contain  compounds  which  produced  acute  poisoning  in
laboratory  animals.   Symptoms  were  difficult breathing, rapid
muscular spasms, disturbance of  motor  coordination,  and  asym-
metrical  body  position.   In a 1977 National Academy of Science
publication the conclusion was reached  that,  "In  view  of  the
relative  paucity  of  data on the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity,
teratogenicity, and long  term  oral  toxicity  of  2,4-dimethyl-
phenol,  estimates of the effects of chronic oral exposure at low
levels cannot be made with any  confidence."   No  ambient  water
quality  criterion  can be set at this time.  In order to protect
public health, exposure to this compound should be  minimized  as
soon as possible.

Toxicity  data  for fish and freshwater aquatic life are limited;
however, in reported studies  of  2,4-dimethylphenol  at  concen-
trations as high as 2 mg/1 no adverse effects were observed.

Biological  degradability  of 2,4-DMP as determined in one study,
showed 94.5 percent  retrieval  based  on  chemical  oxygen  demand
(COD).   Another  study determined that persistance of 2,4-DMP in
the environment is low,  and  thus  any  of  the  compound  which
remained  in  the  sludge  or  passed  through  the POTW into the
effluent  would  be  degraded  within  moderate  length  of  time
(estimated  as  two months in the report).  The EPA's most recent
study of the behavior of toxic organics in a POTW indicates  that
2,4—DMP is 59 percent removed.
                               558

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As a weak acid, the behavior of 2,4-DMP may be somewhat dependent
on  the pH of the influent to the POTW.  However, over the normal
limited range of POTW pH, little effect of pH would be expected.

2,4-Dinitrotoluene (35).  2,4-Dinitrotoluene  [(N02)2C6H4CH3],  a
yellow  crystalline compound, is manufactured as a coproduct with
the 2,6^isomer by nitration of nitrotoluene.  It melts  at   71°C.
2,4-Dinitrotoluene  is insoluble in water (0.27 g/1 at 22° C) and
soluble in a number of organic solvents.  Production data for the
2,4-isomer alone are not available.  The 2,4-and 2,6-isomers  are
manufactured in an 80:20 or 65:35 ratio, depending on the process
used.   Annual  U.S.  commercial production is about 150 thousand
tons of the two isomers.  Unspecified amounts are produced by the
U.S. government and further nitrated to trinitrotoluene (TNT) for.
military use.  The major use of the dinitrotoluene mixture is for
production of toluene diisocyanate used  to  make  polyurethanes.
Another use is in production of dyestuffs.

The  toxic  effect  of  2,4-dinitrotoluene in humans is primarily
methemoglobinemia (a blood condition hindering  oxygen  transport
by  the  blood).  Symptoms depend on severity of the disease, but
include cyanosis, dizziness, pain in joints, headache,  and  loss
of appetite in workers inhaling the compound.  Laboratory animals
fed  oral  doses of 2,4-dinitrotoluene exhibited many of the same
symptoms.  Aside from the effects in red blood cells, effects are
observed in the nervous system and testes.

Chronic exposure to 2,4-dinitrotoluene may produce  liver  damage
and  reversible  anemia.  No data were found on teratogenicity of
this compound.  Mutagenic data are limited and  are  regarded  as
confusing.   Data  resulting  from  studies of carcinogenicity of
2,4-dinitrotoluene point to a need for further testing  for  this
property.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects of exposure  to  2,4-dinitrotoluene  through
ingestion  of water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the  ambi-
ent  water  concentration   is  zero.   Concentrations   of   2,4-
dinitrotoluene  estimated to result in additional  lifetime cancer
risk at risk levels of  1Q-7, 10-*, and  1Q-$  are   0.000011   mg/1,
0.00011 mg/1, and 0.0011 mg/1, respectively.

Data  on  the  behavior  of  2,4-dinitrotoluene  in a POTW are not
available.  However, biochemical oxidation  of   2,4-dinitrophenol
was  investigated  on  a  laboratory  scale.  At 100 mg/1 of 2,4-
dinitrotoluene, a concentration  considerably  higher  than  that
expected  in  municipal  wastewaters, biochemical  oxidation  by an
acclimated,  phenol-adapted  seed  culture  produced  52  percent
degradation  in  three  hours.  Based on this limited information
and general observations relating molecular structure to ease  of
                                559

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degradation  for  all  the  toxic organic pollutants, it was con-
cluded that biological treatment in a POTW  removes  2,4-dinitro-
toluene  to  a  high  degree  or  completely.   No information is
available regarding possible interference  by  2,4-dinitrotoluene
in  POTW  treatment  processes,  or  on  the possible detrimental
effect on sludge used to ammend soils in  which  food  crops  are
grown.
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
(37).
Toxicity   tests   with   1,2-
diphenylhydrazine and the bluegill  and  Daphnia  magna  indicate
that   acute  toxicity  to  freshwater  aquatic  life  occurs  at
concentrations as low as 0.27  mg/1  and  would  occur  at  lower
concentrations  among  species  that are more sensitive.  No data
are  available  concerning   the   chronic   toxicity   of   1,2-
diphenylhydrazine to sensitive freshwater aquatic life.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects due to exposure of diphenylhydrazine through
ingestion of contaminated water and  contaminated  aquatic  orga-
nisms,  the  ambient water concentrations should be zero based on
the non-threshold assumption for this  chemical.   However,  zero
level  may not be attainable at the present time.  Therefore, the
levels which may result in incremental increase  of  cancer  risk
over  the  lifetime  are  estimated at 10~5, 10~6, and 10~7.  The
corresponding recommended criteria  are  0.00042  mg/1,  0.000042
mg/1,  and  0.000004  mg/1,  respectively.   For
aquatic organisms  only,  excluding  consumption
levels   are  0.0056  mg/1,  0.00056  mg/1,  and
respectively.
                         consumption  of
                         of  water,   the
                         0.000056  mg/1,
Diphenylhydrazine exists as an asymmetrical isomer, 1,1-diphenyl-
hydrazine,  and  a  symmetrical   isomer,   1,2-diphenylhydrazine
(hydrazobenzene).    The hydrochloride of 1,1-diphenylhydrazine is
used as a reagent for the sugars, arabinose  and  lactose.   1,2-
Diphenylhydrazine  is used in the synthesis of phenylbutazone and
as the starting material in  the  manufacture  of  benzidine,  an
intermediate in the production of dyes.

In 1977 the commercial production of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine was in
excess  of  1,000  Ibs.   However,  this  figure  is  probably an
underestimate of the amount of diphenylhydrazine that  was  actu-
ally  available.   Diphenylhydrazine  is produced in several syn-
thetic processes as an intermediate or as a contaminant,  but  it
is  not possible to estimate these quantities, which are probably
substantial.

The reaction of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine with acid  results  in  the
benzidine  rearrangement.   In the stomach, 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
can be converted into benzidene, a known human carcinogen.
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No data were found on the environmental presence  or  persistence
of  diphenylhydrazines,  except  for  one  report of detection in
drinking  water  at  a  concentration  of   0.001   mg/1.    1/1-
Diphenylhydrazine    and    1,2-diphenylhydrazine    have    been
characterized  as  slightly  soluble  and  insoluble  in   water,
                No  quantitative  data  were  found for the water
               and   vapor   pressures   of   these    compounds;
               no predictions can be made about their persistence
in  water.   1,2-Diphenylhydrazine  has  a  molecular  weight  of
184.24.  It melts at 131°C and boils at 220°C.
respectively.
solubilities
consequently,
No information on POTW removal efficiencies are available at this
time.

Ethylbenzene (38).  Ethylbenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid
manufactured    commercially    from    benzene   and   ethylene.
Approximately half of the benzene used in the U.S. goes into  the
manufacture  of  more  than  three  million  tons of ethylbenzene
annually. Ethylbenzene boils at 136°C and has a vapor pressure of
7 mm Hg at 20°C.  It is slightly soluble in water  (0.14  g/1  at"
15°C) and is very soluble in organic solvents.

About  98  percent  of the ethylbenzene produced in the UlS. goes
into the production of styrene, much of  which  is  used  in  the
plastics and synthetic rubber industries.  Ethylbenzene is a con-
stituent  of xylene mixtures used as diluents in the paint indus-
try, agricultural insecticide sprays, and gasoline blends.

Although humans are exposed to ethylbenzene  from  a  variety  of
sources  in  the  environment,  little  information on effects of
ethylbenzene in man or  animals  is  available.   Inhalation  can
irritate  eyes,  affect  the respiratory tract, or cause vertigo.
In laboratory animals ethylbenzene exhibited low toxicityT  There
are no data available on teratogenicity,  mutagenicity,  or  car-
cinogenicity of ethylbenzene.

Criteria  are  based  on  data  derived  from inhalation exposure
limits.  For the protection of human health from the toxic  prop-
erties  of  ethylbenzene  ingested through water and contaminated
aquatic organisms, the ambient water  quality  criterion  is  1.4
mg/1.

Laboratory  scale  studies of the biochemical oxidation of ethyl-
benzene at concentrations greater than would normally be found in
municipal wastewaters have demonstrated varying degrees of degra-
dation.  In one study with phenol-acclimated  seed  cultures,  27
percent degradation was observed in a half day at 250 mg/1 ethyl-
benzene.   Another study at unspecified conditions showed 32, 38,
and 45 percent degradation after 5,  10,  and  20  days,  respec-
tively.  Based on these results and general observations relating
                               561

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molecular  structure  of  degradation, the conclusion was reached
that biological  treatment  produces  only  moderate  removal  of
ethylbenzene in a POTW by degradation.

Other  studies  suggest  that  most of the ethybenzene entering a
POTW is removed from the  aqueous  stream  to  the  sludge.   The
ethylbenzene  contained  in  the sludge removed from the POTW may
volatilize.

In addition, the most recent EPA study of the behavior  of  toxic
organics  in POTW indicates that ethylbenzene is approximately 84
percent removed.

Fluoranthene (39 ) .  Fluoranthene (1,2-benzacenaphthene) is one of
the compounds called polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).   A
pale yellow solid at room temperature, it melts at 111° C and has
a  negligible  vapor  pressure  at 25°C.  Water solubility is low
(0.2 mg/1).  Its molecular formula is C16H10.

Fluoranthene, along with many other PAH's,  is  found  throughout
the  environment.   It  is  produced  by  pyrolytic processing of
organic raw materials, such as coal and petroleum, at  high  tem-
perature (coking processes).  It occurs naturally as a product of
plant   biosyntheses.   Cigarette  smoke  contains  fluoranthene.
Although it is not used as the pure compound in industry, it  has
been  found at relatively higher concentrations (0.002 mg/1) than
most other PAH's in at least one industrial  effluent.   Further-
more,  in  a  1977  EPA survey to determine levels of PAH in U.S.
drinking water supplies, none of the  110 samples analyzed  showed
any PAH other than fluoranthene.

Experiments  with  laboratory  animals indicate that fluoranthene
presents a relatively low degree of toxic  potential  from  acute
exposure,  including  oral administration.  Where death occurred,
no information was reported concerning target organs or  specific
cause of death.

There  is  no  epidemiological  evidence  to  prove  that  PAH in
general, and fluoranthene, in  particular,  present  in  drinking
water are related to the development  of cancer.  The only studies
directed  toward determining carcinogenicity of fluoranthene have
been skin tests on laboratory animals.  Results  of  these  tests
show  that  fluoranthene has no activity as a complete carcinogen
(i.e., an agent which produces cancer when  applied  by  itself),
but  exhibits significant cocarcinogenicity (i.e., in combination
with a carcinogen, it increases the carcinogenic activity).

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
fluoranthene  ingested  through  water  and  through contaminated
                               562

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aquatic organisms, the ambient water criterion is
be 0.042 mg/1.
determined  to
The  available data for fluoranthene indicate that acute toxicity
to freshwater aquatic life occurs at  concentrations  as  low  as
3.980  mg/1 and would occur at lower concentrations among species
that are more sensitive, than those tested.

Results of studies of the behavior  of  fluoranthene  in  conven-
tional  sewage  treatment  processes  found  in  a POTW have been
published.  Removal of fluoranthene during primary  sedimentation
was  found  to  be  62  to  66  percent (from an initial value of
0.00323 to 0.04435 mg/1 to a final value  of  0.00122  to  0.0146
mg/1),  and  the  removal  was  91 to 99 percent (final values of
0.00028 to  0.00026  mg/1)  after  biological  purification  with
activated sludge processes.

A review was made of data on biochemical oxidation of many of the
toxic organic pollutants investigated in laboratory scale studies
at  concentrations  higher  than  would  normally  be expected in
municipal wastewaters.  General observations  relating  molecular
structure  to  ease of degradation have been developed for all of
these pollutants.  The conclusion reached by study of the limited
data is that biological treatment produces little or no  degrada-
tion  of  fluoranthene.   The same study, however, concludes that
fluoranthene would be readily removed by filtration and oil-water
separation and other methods which rely on water insolubility, or
adsorption on other particulate surfaces.  This latter conclusion
is supported by the previously cited  study  showing  significant
removal by primary sedimentation.

No  studies were found to give data on either the possible inter-
ference of fluoranthene with POTW operation, or  the  persistance
of  fluoranthene  in  sludges  or  POTW effluent waters.  Several
studies have documented the ubiquity of fluoranthene in the envi-
ronment and it cannot be readily determined if this results  from
persistence  of  anthropogenic fluoranthene or the replacement of
degraded fluoranthene by natural processes such  as  biosynthesis
in plants.

Methylene   Chloride   (44).   Methylene  chloride,  also  called
dichloromethane  (CH2C12),  is a colorless liquid  manufactured  by
chlorination of methane or methyl chloride followed by separation
from  the  higher  chlorinated  methanes  formed  as  coproducts.
Methylene chloride boils at 40°C, and has a vapor pressure of 362
mm Hg at 20°C.   It is slightly soluble in water (20  g/1  at  20°
C),   and   very  soluble  in  organic  solvents.   U.S.   annual
production is about 250,000 tons.
                               563

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Methylene chloride is a common industrial solvent found in insec-
ticides, metal cleaners, paint, and paint and varnish removers.

Methylene chloride is not generally regarded as highly  toxic  to
humans.  Most human toxicity data are for exposure by inhalation.
Inhaled  methylene  chloride  acts  as  a  central nervous system
depressant.  There is also  evidence  that  the  compound  causes
heart failure when large amounts are inhaled.

Methylene  chloride  does  produce  mutation  in  tests  for this
effect.  In addition, a bioassay  recognized  for  its  extremely
high  sensitivity to strong and weak carcinogens produced results
which were marginally significant.  Thus  potential  carcinogenic
effects  of  methylene  chloride are not confirmed or denied, but
are under continuous  study.   These  studies  are  difficult  to
conduct  for two reasons.  First, the low boiling point (40°C) of
methylene chloride makes it difficult to maintain the compound at
37°C during incubation.  Secondly, all impurities must be removed
because the impurities themselves  may  be  carcinogenic.   These
complications also make the test results difficult to interpret.

For   the   protection   of   human  health  from  the  potential
carcinogenic  effects  due  to  exposure  to  methylene  chloride
through  ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic
organisms, the ambient water concentration should be  zero  based
on the non-threshold assumption for this chemical.  However, zero
level  may not be attainable at the present time.  Therefore, the
levels hwich may result in incremental increase  of  cancer  risk
over  the  lifetime  are  estimated  at 10~s, 10~6 and 10~7.  The
corresponding recommended criteria are 0.0019 mg/1, 0.00019 mg/1,
and 0.000019 mg/1.

The behavior of methylene chloride in POTW has not  been  studied
in  any  detail.   However,  the  biochemcial  oxidation  of this
compound  was  studied  in  one   laboratory   scale   study   at
concentrations higher than those expected to be contained by most
municipal   wastewaters.   After  five  days  no  degradation  of
methylene chloride was observed.  The conclusion reached is  that
biological treatment produces little or no removal by degradation
of methylene chloride in POTW.

The  high  vapor  pressure  of  methylene chloride is expected to
result in volatilization of the compound from  aerobic  treatment
steps  in  a  POTW.  It has been reported that methylene chloride
inhibits anaerobic processes in a POTW.  Methylene chloride  that
is  not  volatilized in the POTW is expected to pass through into
the effluent.
                               564

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The most recent EPA study  of  POTW  removal . of  toxic ,prganics
indicates  that  methylene  chloride  is approximately; 58 percent
removed.

Isophorone (54).   Isophorone is an industrial  chemical "produced
at  a  level   of  tens of millions of pounds ann'ually'-ln the U.S.
The chemical  name for isophorone is  3,5,5-trimethyl-2cyclphexen-
1-one  and  it  is  also  known  as  trimethyl  cyclohexanohe and
iso-acetophorone.  The formula is C6H5(CH3)30.  Normally,' ~it   is
produced  as  the  gamma isomer; technical grades contain, about, .3
percent of the beta isomer  ( 3, 5, 5-trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-l-one),.
cyclohexen-1 -one) . The pure gamma isomer is a water-rwhite  liquid,
with  vapor pressure less.than 1 mm Hg at room' temperature, and a
boiling point of 215.2° C.  It has a camphor- or  peppermint-like
odor and yellows upon standing.  It is slightly soluble  (12,mg/1)
in water and dissolves in fats and oils.    ...'..          ,

Isophorone  is  synthesized from acetone and is used  commercially
as a solvent or cosolvent for finishes, lacquers,  polyvinyl  and
nitrocellulose  resins,  pesticides,  herbicides, fats, oils, and
gums.  It is also used as a chemical feedstock.

Because isophorone is an industrially used solvent, most toxLcity
data are, for inhalation exposure.  Oral administration to  labora-
tory animals in  two  different  studies  revealed .no acute   or
chronic effects during 90 days, and no hematological  or .patholog-
ical  abnormalities  were  reported.  Apparently, no  studies have
been completed on the carcinogenicity of isophorone.   .     '. ',

Isophorone does undergo biqconcentration in the lipids of/aquatic
organisms and fish.                                     .  ,

Based on subacute data, the ambient water quality  criterion  for
isophorone ingested through consumption of water and  organisms  is
set at 5.2 mg/1 for the protection of human .health from  its toxic
properties.     .                                   .       -

Studies  of  the effects of isophorone on fish and aquatic  organ-
isms reveal relatively low toxicity, compared to some other toxic
pollutants.                                          ', " .- "   ',

The behavior of isophorone in a POTW has not been studied.   How-
ever,  the  biochemical  oxidation  of  many of the toxic  organic
pollutants has been investigated in laboratory scale   studies,   at
concentrations  higher than would normally be expected in  munici-
pal wastewaters.  General observations relating. mblejcular"  struc-
ture  to ease of degradation have been developed for  all of these
pollutants.  The conclusion reached by the study of   the   limited
data  is  that  biochemical treatment  in a POTW produces moderate
removal of isophorone.  This conclusion  is  consistent  with  the
                                565

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findings  of an experimental study of microbiological degradation
of isophorone which showed about 45 percent oxidation in 15 to 20
days in domestic wastewater, but only 9 percent  in  salt  water.
No  data  were  found  on the persistence of isophorone in sewage
sludge.

Naphthalene (55).   Naphthalene is an  aromatic  hydrocarbon  with
two  orthocondensed  benzene  rings  and  a  molecular formula of
Cj0HS.  As such it is properly classed as a polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH).  Pure naphthalene is a white crystalline solid
melting  at  80°C.   For  a solid, it has a relatively high vapor
pressure (0.05 mm Hg at 20°C), and moderate water solubility  (19
mg/1  at 20°C).  Napthalene is the most abundant single component
of coal tar.  Production is more than a third of a  million  tons
annually  in  the  U.S.  About three fourths of the production is
used as feedstock for phthalic anhydride  manufacture.   Most  of
the  remaining  production  goes into manufacture of insecticide,
dyestuffs,  pigments,  and  Pharmaceuticals.    Chlorinated   and
partially  hydrogenated  naphthalenes  are  used  in some solvent
mixtures.  Naphthalene is also used as a moth repellent.

Naphthalene, ingested by humans,  has  reportedly  caused  vision
loss  (cataracts), hemolytic anemia, and occasionally, renal dis-
ease.  These effects of naphthalene ingestion  are  confirmed  by
studies  on  laboratory  animals.  No carcinogenicity studies are
available' which can be used to demonstrate carcinogenic  activity
for  naphthalene.    Naphthalene  does  bioconcentrate  in aquatic
organisms.
There are insufficient data on which to base
criterion.
any  ambient  water
Only a limited number of studies have been conducted to determine
the  effects  of naphthalene on aquatic organisms.  The data from
those studies show only moderate toxicity.

Biochemical oxidation of many of the toxic organic pollutants has
been investigated in laboratory scale studies  at  concentrations
higher  than would normally be expected in municipal wastewaters.
General observations relating  molecular  structure  to  ease  of
degradation have been developed for all of these pollutants.  The
conclusion  reached by study of the limited data is that biologi-
cal treatment produces a high removal by degradation of  naphtha-
lene.  One recent study has shown that microorganisms can degrade
naphthalene,  first to a dihydro compound, and ultimately to car-
bon dioxide and water.

Naphthalene has been detected in sewage plant effluents  at  con-
centrations  up  to 0.022 mg/1 in studies carried out by the U.S.
EPA.  Influent levels were not reported.   The  most  recent  EPA
                               566

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study  of  the  behavior of toxic organics in POTW indicates that
naphthalene is approximately 61 percent removed.

4-Nitrophenol  (58).    4-Nitrophenol  (NO2C6H4OH),  also   called
paranitrophenol,   is  a  colorless to yellowish crystalline solid
manufactured .commercially by hydrolysis of  4-chloro-nitrobenzene
with  aqueous  sodium  hydroxide.   4-Nitrophenol melts at 114°C.
Vapor pressure is not cited in the usual sources.   4-Nitrophenol
is  slightly  soluble  in  water  (15 g/1 at 25°C) and soluble in
organic solvents.  This phenol does not react  to  give  a  color
with  4-aminoantipyrene, and therefore does not contribute to the
nonconventional pollutant parameter "Total Phenols."  U.S. annual
production is about 20,000 tons.

Paranitrophenol is used to prepare phenetidine, acetaphenetidine,
azo and sulfur dyes,  photochemicals, and pesticides.

The toxic effects of 4-nitrophenol on humans have not been exten-
sively studied.  Data from experiments  with  laboratory  animals
indicate  that  exposure to this compound results in methmoglobi-
nemia (a metabolic disorder of blood), shortness of  breath,  and
stimulation  followed by depression.  Other studies indicate that
the compound acts directly on cell membranes, and  inhibits  cer-
tain enzyme systems in vitro.  No information regarding potential
teratogenicity  was  found.   Available  data  indicate that this
compound does not  pose  a  mutagenic  hazard  to  humans.   Very
limited   data   for  ' 4-nitrophenol   do  not  reveal  potential
carcinogenic effects, although the compound has been selected  by
the  national cancer institute for testing under the Carcinogenic
Bioassay Program.
No U.S. standards for exposure to 4-nitrophenol in ambient
have been established.
water
Data  on  the  behavior of 4-nitrophenol in a POTW are not avail-
able.  However, laboratory scale studies have been  conducted  at
concentrations  higher than those expected to be found in munici-
pal wastewaters.  Biochemical oxidation  using  adapted  cultures
from  various sources produced 95 percent degradation in three to
six days in one study.  Similar results were reported  for  other
studies.  .Based  on  these  data,  and  on  general observations
relating molecular structure to ease of biological oxidation,  it
is  concluded  that  complete  or  nearly  complete removal of 4-
nitrophenol occurs during biological treatment  in a POTW.

2,4,-Dinitrophenol   (59).  2,4-Dinitrophenol  [(N02)2C6H8OH],   a
yellow   crystalline   solid,  is  manufactured  commercially  by
hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitro-l-chlorobenzene with  sodium  hydroxide.
2,4-Dinitrophenol  sublimes  at  114°  C.   Vapor pressure is not
cited in usual sources.  It is slightly soluble in water (7.0 g/1
                               567

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at 25° C) and soluble in organic solvents.  This phenol does  not
react with 4-aminoantipyrene and therefore does not contribute to
the  nonconventional  pollutant  parameter "Total Phenols."  U.S.
annual production is about 500 tons.
2,4-Dinitrophenol is used to manufacture  sulfur
photochemicals, explosives, and pesticides.
and  azo  dyes,
The  toxic  effects  of  2,4-dinitrophenol in humans is generally
attributed to their ability to  uncouple  oxidative  phosphoryla-
tion.   In  brief,  this  means that sufficient 2,4-dinitrophenol
short-circuits  cell  metabolism  by  preventing  utilization  of
energy provided by respiration and glycolysis.  Specific symptoms
are gastrointestinal disturbances, weakness, dizziness, headache,
and  loss of weight.  More acute poisoning includes symptoms such
as:   burning  thirst,  agitation,   irregular   breathing,   and
abnormally  high fever.  This compound also inhibits other enzyme
systems; and acts  directly  on  the  cell  membrane,  inhibiting
chloride   permeability.   Ingestion  of  2,4-dinitrophenol  also
causes cataracts in humans.

Based on available data it  appears  unlikely  that  2,4-dinitro-
phenol  poses a teratogenic hazard to humans.  Results of studies
of mutagenic activity of this compound are inconclusive as far as
humans are concerned.  Available data suggest  that  2,4-dinitro-
phenol does not possess carcinogenic properties.

To  protect human health from the adverse effects of 2,4-dinitro-
phenol ingested in contaminated water  and  fish,  the  suggested
water quality criterion is 0.070 mg/1 .

Data  on  the  behavior  of  2,4-dinitrophenol  in a POTW are not
available.  However, laboratory scale studies have been conducted
at concentrations higher than  those  expected  to  be  found  in
municipal  wastewaters.   Biochemical  oxidation  using a phenol-
adapted seed culture  produced  92  percent  degradation  in  3.5
hours.   Similar  results were reported for other studies.  Based
on these data, and on  general  observations  relating  molecular
structure  to  ease of biological oxidation, it is concluded that
complete or nearly complete removal of  2,4-dinitrophenol  occurs
during biological treatment in a POTW.

4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol   (60).   4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol  (DNOC)  is  a
yellow crystalline solid derived from o-cresol.   DNOC  melts  at
85.8°  C  and  has  a  vapor pressure of 0.000052 mm Hg at 20° C.
DNOC is sparingly soluble in water (100 mg/1 at 20° C), while  it
is readily soluble in alkaline aqueous solutions, ether, acetone,
and  alcohol.   DNOC  is  produced  by  sulfonation  of  o-cresol
followed by treatment with nitric acid.
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DNOC is used primarily as a blossom thinning agent on fruit trees
and as a fungicide, insecticide,  and  miticide  on  fruit  trees
during ,the  dormant season.  It is highly toxic to plants in the
growing stage.  DNOC is not manufactured in the U.S. as an  agri-
cultural  chemical.   Imports  have been decreasing recently with
only 30,000 Ibs being imported in 1976.

While DNOC is highly toxic to plants, it is also  very  toxic  to
humans and is considered to be one of the more dangerous agricul-
tural  pesticides.   The  available  literature concerning humans
indicates that DNOC may be  absorbed  in  acutely  toxic  amounts
through  the  respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and through
the skin, and that it accumulates  in  the  blood.   Symptoms  of
poisoning  include  profuse  sweating,  thirst,  loss  of weight,
headache, malaise, and yellow staining to the skin, hair, sclera,
and conjunctiva.

There is no evidence to suggest that DNOC is  teratogenic,  muta-
genic,  or carcinogenic.  The effects of DNOC in the human due to
chronic exposure are basically the same as those effects  result-
ing  from  acute exposure.  Although DNOC is considered a cumula-
tive poison in humans, cataract formation  is  the  only  chronic
effect  noted  in  any human or experimental animal study.  it is
believed that DNOC accumulates in the human body and  that  toxic
symptoms may develop when blood levels exceed 20 mg/kg.

For  the  protection of human health from the toxic properties of
dinitro-o-cresol ingested through water and contaminated  aquatic
organisms, the ambient water criterion is determined to be 0.0134
mg/1.   If  contaminated  aquatic  organisms  alone are consumed,
excluding the consumption of water, the ambient  water  criterion
is  determined  to be 0.765 mg/1.  No data are available on which
to  evaluate  the  adverse  effects  of  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol  on
aquatic life.

Some studies have been reported regarding the behavior of DNOC in
POTW.   Biochemical oxidation of DNOC under laboratory conditions
at a concentration of 100 mg/1 produced 22 percent degradation in
3.5 hours, using acclimated phenol  adapted  seed  cultures.   In
addition,  the  nitro group in the number 4 (para) position seems
to impart a destabilizing effect on the molecule.;  Based on these
data and general conclusions relating molecular structure to bio-
chemical oxidation, it  is expected that 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol will
be biochemically oxidized to a lesser extent than domestic sewage
by biological treatment in POTW.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine       (62)..         N-nitrosodiphenylamine
T~(C6H5) 2NNO],  also  called  nitrous  diphenylamide,   is a yellow
crystalline solid manufactured by nitrosation  of  diphenylamine.
It  melts  at  66°C  and  is  insoluble  in water, but soluble in
                               569

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several organic solvents other than hydrocarbons.  Production  in
the  U.S.  has  approached  1,500.tons per year.  The compound is
used as ,a retarder for rubber vulcanization and  as  a  pesticide
for control of scorch (a fungus disease of plants).

N-nitroso  compounds  are  acutely  toxic to every animal species
tested and are also poisonous to humans.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine
toxicity in adult rats lies in the mid range of the values for 60
N-nitroso  compounds tested.  Liver damage is the principal toxic
effect.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine,  unlike  many  other  N-nitroso-
amines, does not show mutagenic activity.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
has  been  reported  by several investigations to be non-carcino-
genic.  However, the compound is capable of trans-nitrosation and
could thereby convert other  amines  to  carcinogenic  N-nitroso-
amines.   Sixty-seven of 87 N-nitrosoamines studied were reported
to have carcinogenic activity.  No water quality  criterion  have
been proposed for N-nitrosodiphenylamine.

No  data  are available on the behavior of N-nitrosodiphenylamine
in a POTW.  Biochemical oxidation of many of  the  toxic  organic
pollutants  have  been investigated, at least in laboratory scale
studies, at concentrations higher than those expected to be  con-
tained in most municipal wastewaters.   General observations have
been  developed  relating molecular structure to ease of degrada-
tion for  all  the  toxic  organic  pollutants.   The  conclusion
reached by study of the limited data is that biological treatment
produces  little  or  no  removal  of N-nitrosodiphenylamine in a
POTW.  No information is available regarding  possible  interfer-
ence  by  N-nitrosodiphenylamine  in  POTW  processes,  or on the
possible detrimental effect on sludge  used  to  amend  soils  in
which  crops  are grown.  However, no interference or detrimental
effects are expected because N-nitroso compounds are widely  dis-
tributed  in  the  soil  and water environment, at low concentra-
tions,  as  a  result  of  microbial  action  on   nitrates   and
nitrosatable compounds.

Pentachlorophenol  (64).   Pentachlorophenol (C6C15OH) is a white
crystalline solid produced commercially by chlorination of phenol
or polychlorophenols.  U.S. annual production  is  in  excess  of
20,000  tons.   Pentachlorophenol  melts at 190°C and is slightly
soluble in water (14 mg/1).  Pentachlorophenol is not detected by
the 4-amino antipyrene method.

Pentachlorophenol is a bactericide and fungicide and is used  for
preservation  of  wood and wood products.  It is competitive with
creosote in that application.  It is also used as a  preservative
in  glues, starches, and photographic papers.  It is an effective
algicide and herbicide.
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Although data are available on the human toxicity effects of pen-
tachlorophenol, interpretation of data is  frequently  uncertain.
Occupational  exposure  observations  must  be examined carefully
because exposure to pentachlorophenol is  frequently  accompanied
by  exposure  to other wood preservatives.  Additionally, experi-
mental results and occupational  exposure  observations  must  be
examined  carefully  to  make sure that observed effects are pro-
duced by the pentachlorophenol itself and not by the  by-products
which usually contaminate pentachlorophenol.

Acute  and  chronic  toxic effects of pentachlorophenol in humans
are  similar;  muscle  weakness,  headache,  loss  of   appetite,
abdominal  pain,  weight  loss, and irritation of skin, eyes, and
respiratory tract.  Available literature  indicates  that  penta-
chlorophenol  does not accumulate in body tissues to any signifi-
cant extent.  Studies on laboratory animals  of  distribution  of
the  compound in body tissues showed the highest levels of penta-
chlorophenol in liver, kidney, and intestine,  while  the  lowest
levels were in brain, fat, muscle, and bone.

Toxic  effects of pentachlorophenol in aquatic organisms are much
greater at pH 6 where this weak  acid  is  predominantly  in  the
undissociated  form  than  at  pH 9 where the ionic form predomi-
nates.  Similar results  were  observed  in  mammals  where  oral
lethal  doses  of  pentachlorophenol were lower when the compound
was administered in hydrocarbon solvents (un-ionized  form)  than
when  it  was  administered  as the sodium salt (ionized form) in
water.

There appear to be no significant teratogenic, mutagenic, or car-
cinogenic effects of pentachlorophenol.

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
pentachlorophenol ingested through water and through contaminated
aquatic  organisms,  the  derived  level is determined to be 1.01
mg/1.

Some data are available on the behavior of pentachlorophenol in  a
POTW.  Pentachlorophenol has been found  in  the  influent  to   a
POTW.   In  a  study  of one POTW the mean removal was 59 percent
over a seven day period.  Trickling filters removed 44 percent at
the influent pentachlorophenol, suggesting that biological degra-
dation occurs.  The same report compared removal of  pentachloro-
phenol  at the same plant and two additional POTW facilities on  a
later date and obtained values of  4.4,  19.5  and  28.6  percent
removal,  the  last value being for the plant which was 59 percent
removal in the original study.  Influent concentrations of penta-
chlorophenol ranged from 0.0014 to 0.0046 mg/1.   Other  studies,
including the general review of data relating molecular structure
to  biological  oxidation, indicate that pentachlorophenol is not
                               571

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removed by biological treatment processes in a  POTW.   Anaerobic
digestion  processes are inhibited by 0.4 mg/1 pentachlorophenol.
The most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic organics in  a
POTW indicates that pentachlorophenol is 52 percent removed.

The  low water solubility and low volatility of pentachlorophenol
lead to the expectation that most of the compound will remain  'in
the sludge in a POTW.  The effect on plants grown on land treated
with  pentachlorophenol-containing sludge is unpredictable.  Lab-
oratory studies show that this compound affects crop  germination
at  5.4  mg/1.   However, photodecomposition of pentachlorophenol
occurs in sunlight.  The effects of the various  breakdown  prod-
ucts  which  may  remain  in  the  soil  was  not  found  in  the
literature.

Phenol <65).   Phenol, also  called  hydroxybenzene  and  carbolic
acid,  is a clear, colorless, hygroscopic, deliquescent, crystal-
line solid at room temperature.  Its melting point  is  43°C  and
its vapor pressure at room temperature is 0.35 mm Hg.  It is very
soluble  in  water   (67  g/1  at  16°C)  and  can be dissolved in
benzene, oils, and petroleum solids.  Its formula is C6H5OH.

Although a small percent of the annual production  of  phenol  is
derived  from  coal  tar as a naturally occuring product, most of
the phenol is synthesized.  Two of the methods are fusion of ben-
zene sulfonate with sodium hydroxide,  and  oxidation  of  cumene
followed  by  cleavage with a catalyst.  Annual production in the
U.S. is in excess of one million tons.  Phenol is generated  dur-
ing distillation of wood and the microbiological decomposition of
organic matter in the mammalian intestinal tract.

Phenol  is  used as a disinfectant, in the manufacture of resins,
dyestuffs, and in Pharmaceuticals, and in  the  photo  processing
industry.   In  this  discussion, phenol is the specific compound
which  is  separated  by  methylene  chloride  extraction  of  an
acidified  sample and identified and quantified by GC/MS.  Phenol
also contributes to  the  "Total  Phenols,"  discussed  elsewhere
which are determined by the 4-AAP colorimetric method.

Phenol  exhibits  acute  and  sub-acute  toxicity  in  humans and
laboratory animals.  Acute oral doses of phenol in  humans  cause
sudden  collapse and unconsciousness by its action on the central
nervous system.  Death occurs by respiratory  arrest.   Sub-acute
oral  doses  in  mammals are rapidly absorbed and quickly distri-
buted to various organs, then cleared from the  body  by  urinary
excretion  and metabolism.  Long term exposure by drinking phenol
contaminated water  has  resulted  in  statistically  significant
increase  in reported cases of diarrhea, mouth sores, and burning
of the mouth.  In laboratory animals, long term oral  administra-
tion  at  low levels produced slight liver and kidney damage.  No
                               572

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        reports were found regarding carcinogenicity of  phenol  adminis-
        tered orally - all carcinogenicity studies were skin test.

        For  the  protection of human health from phenol ingested through
        water and through contaminated  aquatic  organisms,  the  concen-
        tration in water should not exceed 3.5 mg/1.

        Fish  and  other  aquatic  organisms demonstrated a wide range of
        sensitivities to phenol concentration.  However,  acute  toxicity
        values  were  at  moderate  levels  when  compared to other toxic
        organic pollutants.

        Data have been developed on the behavior of  phenol  in  a  POTW.
        Phenol  is biodegradable by biota present in a POTW.  The ability
        of a POTW to treat phenol-bearing influents depends upon acclima-
        tion of the biota and the constancy of the phenol  concentration.
        It  appears  that an induction period is required to build up the
        population of organisms which can degrade phenol.   Too  large  a
        concentration  will  result  in upset or pass though in the POTW,
        but the specific level causing upset  depends  on  the  immediate
        past  history  of  phenol concentrations in the influent.  Phenol
        levels as high as 200 mg/1 have  been  treated  with  95  percent
        removal in a POTW, but more or less continuous presence of phenol
        is  necessary  to  maintain the population of microorganisms that
        degrade phenol.

        Phenol which is not degraded is expected to pass through the POTW
        because of its very high water solubility.  However,  in  a  POTW
        where  chlorination  is  practiced  for  disinfection of the POTW
        effluent, chlorination of phenol may occur.  The products of that
        reaction may be toxic pollutants.

        The EPA has developed data on influent  and  effluent  concentra-
        tions  of  total phenols in a study of 103 POTW facilities.  How-
        ever, the analytical procedure was  the  4-AAP  method  mentioned
        earlier  and  not  the  GC/MS  method  specifically  for  phenol.
        Discussion of the study, which  of  course  includes  phenol,  is
        presented  under the pollutant heading "Total Phenols."  The most
        recent study by EPA on the behavior of toxic organics in  a  POTW
        indicates that phenol is 96 percent removed.

        Phthalate   Esters   (66-71).   Phthalic  acid,  or  1,2-benzene-
        dicarboxylic acid, is one of three  isomeric  benzenedicarboxylic
        acids  produced by the chemical industry.  The other two isomeric
        forms are called isophthalic and terephthalic acids.  The formula
        for all three acids is C6H4(COOH)2.  Some esters of phthalic acid
        are designated as toxic pollutants.  They will be discussed as  a
        group  here,  and  specific  properties  of  individual phthalate
        esters will be discussed afterwards.
                                        573
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Phthalic acid esters are manufactured in the U.S.  at  an  annual
rate  in  excess of one billion pounds.  They are used as plasti-
cizers - primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride  (PVC)
resins.   The  most  widely used phthalate plasticizer is bis (2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate (66) which accounts for nearly one-third of
the phthalate esters produced.  This particular ester is commonly
referred to as dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and should not be confused
with one of the less  used  esters,  di-n-octyl  phthalate  (69),
which  is  also  used as a plasticizer.  In addition to these two
isomeric  dioctyl  phthalates,  four  other  esters,  also   used
primarily  as  plasticizers,  are designated as toxic pollutants.
They are:  butyl  benzyl  phthalate  (67),  di-n-butyl  phthalate
(68), diethyl phthalate (70), and dimethyl phthalate (71).

Industrially,  phthalate  esters are prepared from phthalic anhy-
dride and the specific alcohol to form the ester.  Some  evidence
is  available  suggesting  that  phthalic acid esters also may be
synthesized by certain plant and animal tissues.  The  extent  to
which this occurs in nature is not known.

Phthalate  esters  used as plasticizers can be present in concen-
trations up to 60 percent of the total weight of the PVC plastic.
The plasticizer is not linked by primary chemical  bonds  to  the
PVC resin.  Rather, it is locked into the structure of interrnesh-
ing  polymer  molecules  and  held  by van der Waals forces.  The
result is that the plasticizer is easily extracted.  Plasticizers
are responsible for the odor associated with new plastic toys  or
flexible sheet that has been contained in a sealed package.

Although  the  phthalate  esters are not soluble or are only very
slightly soluble in water, they dp migrate into aqueous solutions
placed in contact with the plastic.  Thus, industrial  facilities
with  tank  linings,  wire and cable coverings, tubing, and sheet
flooring of PVC are expected to discharge some  phthalate  esters
in  their  raw  waste.  In addition to their use as plasticizers,
phthalate esters are used in lubricating oils and pesticide  car-
riers.   These  also  can  contribute  to industrial discharge of
phthalate esters.

From the accumulated data on acute toxicity in animals, phthalate
esters may  be  considered  as  having  a  rather  low  order  of
toxicity.   Human  toxicity data are limited.  It is thought that
the toxic effect of the esters is most likely due to one  of  the
metabolic products, in particular the monoester.  Oral acute tox-
icity in animals is greater for the lower molecular weight esters
than for the higher molecular weight esters.

Orally administered phthalate esters generally produced enlarging
of liver and kidney, and atrophy of testes in laboratory animals.
                               574

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Specific  esters produced enlargement of heart and brain, spleen-
itis, and degeneration of central nervous system tissue.

Subacute doses administered orally to laboratory animals produced
some decrease in growth and degeneration of the testes.   Chronic
studies in animals showed similar effects to those found in acute
and  subacute  studies,  but  to  a  much lower degree.  The same
organs were enlarged, but pathological changes were  not  usually
detected.

A recent study of several phthalic esters produced suggestive but
not conclusive evidence that dimethyl and diethyl phthalates have
a  cancer liability.  Only four of the six toxic pollutant esters
were included in the study.  Phthalate esters  do  bioconcentrate
in  fish.   The  factors,  weighted  for  relative consumption of
various aquatic and marine food groups,  are  used  to  calculate
ambient  water  quality  criteria for four phthalate esters.  The
values are included in the discussion of the specific esters.

Studies of toxicity of phthalate esters in  freshwater  and  salt
water  organisms are scarce.  A chronic toxicity test with bis(2-
ethylhexyl)  phthalate  showed  that   significant   reproductive
impairment  occurred  at 0.003 mg/1 in the freshwater crustacean,
Daphnia magna.  In acute toxicity  studies,  saltwater  fish  and
organisms  showed  sensitivity differences of up to eight-fold to
butyl benzyl, diethyl, and dimethyl  phthalates.   This  suggests
that each ester must be evaluated individually for toxic effects.

The biochemical oxidation of many of the toxic organic pollutants
has  been  investigated in laboratory scale .studies at concentra-
tions  higher  than  would  normally  be  expected  in  municipal
wastewaters.  Three of the phthalate esters were studied.  Bis(2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate was found to be degraded slightly or not at
all and its removal by biological treatment in a POTW is expected
to be slight or zero.  Di-n-butyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate
were  degraded to a moderate degree and their removal by biologi-
cal treatment in a POTW  is  expected  to  occur  to  a  moderate
degree.  Using these data and other observations relating molecu-
lar  structure  to ease of biochemical degradation of other toxic
organic pollutants, the conclusion was reached that butyl  benzyl
phthalate  and dimethyl phthalate would be removed in a POTW to a
moderate degree by biological treatment.  On the same  basis,  it
was  concluded  that  di-n-octyl  phthalate would be removed to a
slight degree or not at all.  An EPA study of seven POTW  facili-
ties  revealed  that  for all but di-n-octyl phthalate, which was
not studied, removals ranged from 62 to  87  percent.   The  most
recent  EPA  study  of  the  -behavior  of  toxic organics in POTW
indicates removals ranging from 48 percent to 81 percent for  the
six phthalate esters designated as toxic pollutants.
                               575

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No information was found on possible interference with POTW oper-
ation  or the possible effects on sludge by the phthalate esters.
The water insoluble phthalate esters - butyl benzyl and di-n-octyl
phthalate - would tend to remain in  sludge,  whereas  the  other
four  toxic  pollutant  phthalate  esters with water solubilities
ranging from 50 mg/1 to 4.5 mg/1 would probably pass through into
the POTW effluent.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (66).  In  addition  to  the  general
remarks  and discussion on phthalate esters, specific information
on bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is provided.   Little  information
is  available  about the physical properties of bis(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate.  It is a liquid boiling at 387°C  at  5mm  Hg  and  is
insoluble  in water.  Its formula is C6H±(COOC8H17)2.   This toxic
pollutant constitutes about  one-third  of  the  phthalate  ester
production  in  the  U.S.   It is commonly referred to as dioctyl
phthalate, or DOP, in the plastics industry where it is the  most
extensively  used  compound  for  the plasticization of polyvinyl
chloride (PVC).  Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate has been approved by
the FDA for use in plastics in contact with food.  Therefore,  it
may  be  found  in  wastewaters  coming in contact with discarded
plastic food wrappers  as  well  as  the  PVC  films  and  shapes
normally  found  in  industrial  plants.  This toxic pollutant is
also a commonly used organic diffusion pump oil,  where  its  low
vapor pressure is an advantage.

For  the  protection of human health from the toxic properties of
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ingested through  water  and  through
contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water quality criter-
ion  is determined to be 15 mg/1.  If contaminated aquatic organ-
isms alone are consumed, excluding the consumption of water,  the
ambient water criteria is determined to be 50 mg/1.

Biochemical oxidation of this toxic pollutant has been studied on
a  laboratory  scale at concentrations higher than would normally
be expected in municipal wastewater.  In fresh water with a  non-
acclimated  seed  culture  no  biochemical oxidation was observed
after 5, 10, and 20 days.  However, with an acclimated seed  cul-
ture,  biological  oxidation  occured to the extents of 13, 0, 6,
and 23 percent of theoretical after  5,  10,   15  and  20  days,
respectively.   Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate concentrations were  3
to 10 mg/1.  Little or no removal of bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate
by  biological  treatment in a POTW is expected.  The most recent
EPA study of the behavior of toxic organics in a  POTW  indicates
that bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is 62 percent removed.

Butyl  Benzyl Phthalate (67).  In addition to the general remarks
and discussion on phthalate esters, specific information on butyl
benzyl phthalate is provided.  No information was  found  on  the
physical properties of this compound.
                               576

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Butyl  benzyl  phthalate  is  used as a plasticizer for PVC.  Two
special  applications  differentiate  it  from  other   phthalate
esters.   It  is  approved  by  the  U.S. FDA for food contact in
wrappers and containers; and it  is  the  industry  standard  for
plasticization  of  vinyl  flooring  because  it  provides  stain
resistance.
No ambient water quality criterion is proposed for
phthalate.
butyl  benzyl
Butyl  benzyl phthalate removal in a POTW by biological treatment
is expected to occur to a moderate degree.  The most  recent  EPA
study  of  the  behavior of toxic organics in POTW indicates that
butyl benzyl phthalate is 59 percent removed.

Di-n-butyl phthalate (68).  In addition to  the  general  remarks
and discussion on phthalate esters, specific information on di-n-
butyl  phthalate  (DBF)  is  provided.   DBP  is a colorless, oil
liquid,  boiling  at  340°C.   Its  water  solubility   at   room
temperature  is  reported  to  be  0.4  g/1  and  4.5
different   chemistry   handbooks.    The   formula
C6H4(COOC4H9)2  is  the  same  as  for  its  isomer,
phthalate.  DBP production is  1  to  2  percent  of
phthalate ester production.
   g/1 in two
  for    DBP,
  di-isobutyl
  total  U.S.
Dibutyl  phthalate  is  used to a limited extent as a plasticizer
for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  It is  not  approved  for  contact
with  food.   It is used in liquid lipsticks and as a diluent for
polysulfide dental impression materials.  DBP is used as a  plas-
ticizer for nitrocellulose in making gun powder, and as a fuel  in
solid  propellants  for  rockets.  Further uses are insecticides,
safety glass manufacture, textile  lubricating  agents,  printing
inks, adhesives, paper coatings, and resin solvents.

For  protection  of  human  health  from  the toxic properties  of
dibutyl phthalate ingested through water and through contaminated
aquatic  organisms,  the  ambient  water  quality  criterion    is
determined  to  be  34  mg/1.   If contaminated aquatic organisms
alone are consumed,  excluding  the  consumption  of  water,  the
ambient water criterion is 154 mg/1.

Biochemical oxidation of this toxic pollutant has been studied  on
a  laboratory  scale at concentrations higher than would normally
be expected in municipal wastewaters.  Biochemical  oxidation   of
35,  43,  and  45  percent of theoretical oxidation were obtained
after  5,  10,  and   20   days,   respectively,   using   sewage
microorganisms as an unacclimated seed culture.

Biological  treatment  in a POTW is expected to remove di-n-butyl
phthalate to a moderate degree.  The most recent EPA study of the
                                577

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behavior of toxic organics in a POTW
phthalate is 48 percent removed.
                         indicates  that  di-n-butyl
Di-n-octyl  phthalate  (69).   In addition to the general remarks
and discussion on phthalate esters, specific information on di-n-
octyl phthalate is provided.  Di-n-octyl phthalate is not  to  be
confused  with  the isomeric bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate which is
commonly referred to in the  plastics  industry  as  DOP.   Di-n-
octyl  phthalate is a liquid which boils at 220°C at 5 mm Hg.  It
is insoluble in water.  Its molecular formula is C6E4.(COOCQB17) z.
Its production constitutes about 1 percent of all phthalate ester
production in the U.S.
Industrially, di-n-octyl phthalate is used
vinyl chloride (PVC) resins.
                               to  plasticize  poly-
No  ambient
phthalate.
water  quality  criterion is proposed for di-n-octyl
Biological treatment in a POTW is expected to lead to  little  or
no removal of di-n-octyl phthalate.  The most recent EPA study of
the  behavior of toxic organics in POTW indicates that di-n-octyl
phthalate is 81 percent removed.

Piethyl phthalate (70).  In addition to the general  remarks  and
discussion  on  phthalate esters, specific information on diethyl
phthalate is provided.  Diethyl phthalate, or DEP, is a colorless
liquid boiling at  296°  C,  and  is  insoluble  in  water.   Its
molecular  formula  is
phthalate  constitutes
production in the U.S.
           C6H4(COOC2H5)2.   Production  of  diethyl
           about  1.5  percent  of  phthalate  ester
Diethyl  phthalate is approved for use in plastic food containers
by the U.S. FDA.  In addition to its use as a polyvinyl  chloride
(PVC)  plasticizer,  DEP  is used to plasticize cellulose nitrate
for gun powder, to dilute polysulfide dental  impression  materi-
als,  and  as  an  accelerator  for dyeing triacetate fibers.  An
additional use which would contribute to its wide distribution in
the environment is as an approved special  denaturant  for  ethyl
alcohol.   The  alcohol-containing  products  for which DEP is an
approved denaturant include a wide range of personal  care  items
such  as bath preparations, bay rum, colognes, hair preparations,
face and hand creams, perfumes and toilet  soaps.   Additionally,
this  denaturant  is approved for'use in biocides, cleaning solu-
tions, disinfectants, insecticides, fungicides, and room  deoder-
ants  which have ethyl alcohol as part of the formulation.  It is
expected, therefore, that people and buildings  would  have  some
surface  loading of this toxic pollutant which would find its way
into raw wastewaters.
                               578

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For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
diethyl phthalate ingested through water and through contaminated
aquatic  organisms, the ambient water quality criterion is deter-
mined to be 350 mg/1.  If contaminated  aquatic  organisms  alone
are  consumed,  excluding  the  consumption of water, the ambient
water criterion is 1,800 mg/1.

Biochemical oxidation of this toxic pollutant has been studied on
a laboratory scale at concentrations higher than  would  normally
be  expected  in municipal wastewaters.  Biochemical oxidation of
79, 84, and 89 percent of theoretical was observed after  5,  15,
and  20  days  respectively.   Biological  treatment in a POTW is
expected to lead to a  moderate  degree  of  removal  of  diethyl
phthalate.   The  most  recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic
organics in POTW indicates that diethyl phthalate is  74  percent
removed.

Dimethyl  Phthalate (71).  In addition to the general remarks and
discussion on phthalate esters, specific information on  dimethyl
phthalate (DMP) is provided.  DMP has the lowest molecular weight
of  the phthalate esters - M.W. = 194 compared to M.W. of 391 for
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.  DMP has a boiling point  of  282°C.
It  is  a  colorless  liquid, soluble in water to the extent of 5
mg/1.  Its molecular formula is CtfH4((C)CH3)2.

Dimethyl phthalate production in the U.S. is just under one  per-
cent  of  total  phthalate ester production.  DMP is used to some
extent as a plasticizer in cellulosics;  however,  its  principal
specific use is for dispersion of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
PVDF  is  resistant to most chemicals and finds use as electrical
insulation, chemical process equipment (particularly  pipe),  and
as a case for long-life finishes for exterior metal siding.  Coil
coating techniques are used to apply PVDF dispersions to aluminum
or galvanized steel siding.

For  the  protection of human health from the toxic properties of
dimethyl phthalate ingested through water  and  through  contami-
nated  aquatic  organisms,  the ambient water criterion is deter-
mined to be 313 mg/1.  If contaminated  aquatic  organisms  alone
are  consumed,  excluding  the  consumption of water, the ambient
water criterion is 2,900 mg/1.

Based on limited data and observations relating molecular  struc-
ture  to  ease  of biochemical degradation of other toxic organic
pollutants, it is expected that dimethyl phthalate will  be  bio-
chemically  oxidized  to  a lesser extent than domestic sewage by
biological treatment in a POTW.  The most recent EPA study of the
behavior of toxic organics in  a  POTW  indicates  that  dimethyl
phthalate is 50 percent removed.
                               579

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Polynuclear   Aromatic  Hydrocarbons  (72-84).    The  polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) selected as toxic  pollutants  are  a
group of 13 compounds consisting of substituted and unsubstituted
polycyclic  aromatic  rings.   The  general class of PAH includes
heterocyclics, but none of those were selected  as  toxic  pollu-
tants.   PAH  are  formed  as the result of incomplete combustion
when organic compounds are burned with insufficient oxygen.   PAH
are  found  in  coke  oven  emissions,  vehicular  emissions, and
volatile products of oil and gas burning.  The  compounds  chosen
as  toxic pollutants are listed with their structural formula and
melting point (m.p.).  All are insoluble in water.
72   Benzo(a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
m.p. 162°C
73   Benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
m.p. 176°C
74   3,4-Benzofluoranthene
m.p. 168QC
75   Benzo(k)fluoranthene (11,12-benzofluoranthene) m.p. 217 C
76   Chrysene (1,2-benzphenanthrene)
77   Acenaphthylene
78   Anthracene
m.p. 255°C
m.p.  92°C
m.p. 216°C
79   Benzo(ghi)perylene (1,12-benzoperylene) m.p. not reported
                               580

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80   Fluorene (alpha-diphenylenemethane)
                                             m.p. 116°C
81   Phenanthrene
                                             m.p. 1010C
82        Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
m.p. 2690C
                                  (1,2,5,6dibenzoanthracene)
83        Indeno
m.p. not available
                (1,2,3-cd)pyrene
(2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)
84
Pyrene
        m.p.  156°C
Some of these toxic  pollutants  have  commercial  or  industrial
uses.   Benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene, anthracene,
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and pyrene are all used as  antioxidants.
Chrysene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and
pyrene  are  all used for synthesis of dyestuffs or other organic
chemicals.  3,4-Benzofluoranthrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,  benzo-
(ghi)perylene,  and  indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene have no known indus-
trial uses, according to  the  results  of  a  recent  literature
search.

Several of the PAH toxic pollutants are found  in smoked meats,  in
smoke flavoring mixtures, in vegetable oils, and in coffee.  Con-
sequently,  they  are also found in many drinking water supplies.
The wide distribution of these  pollutants  in  complex  mixtures
with  the many other PAHs which have not been designated as  toxic
pollutants results in exposures by humans that cannot be  associ-
ated with specific individual compounds.

The  screening  and verification analysis procedures used for the
toxic organic pollutants are based on  gas  chromatography   (GC).
Three pairs of the PAH have identical elution  times on the column
specified in the protocol, which means that the parameters of the
pair  are  not  differentiated.  For these three pairs anthracene
                               581

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(78)  - phenanthrene (81); 3,4-benzofluoranthene (74) - benzo(k)-
fluoranthene (75); and benzo(a)anthracene (72)  -  chrysene  (76)
results  are  obtained  and reported as "either-or."  Either both
are present in the combined concentration  reported,  or  one  is
present in the concentration reported.

There  are no studies to document the possible carcinogenic risks
to humans by direct ingestion.  Air pollution studies indicate an
excess of lung cancer mortality among workers  exposed  to  large
amounts  of  PAH containing materials such as coal gas, tars, and
coke-oven emissions.  However, no definite proof exists that  the
PAH  present  in  these materials are responsible for the cancers
observed.

Animal studies have demonstrated the toxicity of PAH by oral  and
dermal  administration.   The  carcinogenicity  of  PAH  has been
traced to formation of PAH metabolites which, in  turn,  lead  to
tumor  formation.   Because the levels of PAH which induce cancer
are very low, little work has been done on other  health  hazards
resulting  from  exposure.   It  has  been  established in animal
studies that tissue damage and systemic toxicity can result  from
exposure to non-carcinogenic PAH compounds.

Because  there  were  no studies available regarding chronic oral
exposures to PAH mixtures, proposed water quality  criteria  were
derived using data on exposure to a single compound.  Two studies
were  selected,  one  involving  benzo(a)pyrene ingestion and one
involving  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene  ingestion.   Both  are   known
animal carcinogens.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic  effects  of  exposure   to   polynuclear   aromatic
hydrocarbons  (PAH)  through  ingestion of water and contaminated
aquatic organisms,  the  ambient  water  concentration  is  zero.
Concentrations of PAH estimated to result in additional risk of 1
in  100,000 were derived by the EPA and the Agency is considering
setting criteria at an interim target risk level in the range  of
10-7,  10~6,  or  10~s  with corresponding criteria of 2.8 x 10~7
mg/1, 2.8 x 10~6 mg/1, and 2.8 x 1 0~s mg/1, respectively.
No standard toxicity tests have been reported for  freshwater
saltwater organisms and any of the 13 PAH discussed here.
or
The  behavior of" PAH in a POTW has received only a limited amount
of study.  It is reported that up to 90 percent of PAH entering a
POTW will be retained in the  sludge  generated  by  conventional
sewage  treatment  processes.   Some  of the PAH can inhibit bac-
terial growth when they are present at concentrations as  low  as
0.018  mg/1.   Biological treatment in activated sludge units has
been shown  to  reduce  the  concentration  of  phenanthrene  and
                               582

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anthracene  to  some extent; however, a study of biochemical oxi-
dation of fluorene on a laboratory scale  showed  no  degradation
after 5, 10, and 20 days.  On the basis of that study and studies
of other toxic organic pollutants, some general observations were
made  relating molecular structure to ease of degradation.  Those
observations lead to the conclusion that the 13 PAH  selected  to
represent  that  group  as  toxic pollutants will be removed only
slightly or not at all by biological treatment methods in a POTW.
Based on their water insolubility and tendency to attach to sedi-
ment particles very little pass through of PAH to  POTW  effluent
is  expected.  The most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic
organics in POTW indicates that removals for five of the  13  PAH
range from 40 percent to,83 percent.

No  data  are  available  at this time to support any conclusions
about contamination of land by PAH on which  sewage  sludge  con-
taining PAH is spread.

Tetrachloroethylene  (85) .   Tetrachloroethylene (CCL2CC12), also
called perchloroethylene and PCE  is  a  colorless,  nonflammable
liquid   produced  mainly  by  two  methods  -  chlorination  and
pyrolysis  of  ethane  and  propane,   and   oxychlorination   of
dichloroethane.   U.S.  annual  production  exceeds 300,000 tons.
PCE boils at 121°C and has a vapor pressure of 19 mm Hg at  20°C.
It is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Approximately  two-thirds  of  the U.S. production of PCE is used
for dry cleaning.  Textile processing and  metal  degreasing,  in
equal amounts consume about one-quarter of the U.S. production.

The  principal  toxic  effect of PCE on humans is central nervous
system  depression  when  the  compound  is  inhaled.   Headache,
fatigue,  sleepiness,  dizziness,  and sensations of intoxication
are reported.  Severity of effects increases with  vapor  concen-
tration.  High integrated exposure (concentration times duration)
produces  kidney  and  liver  damage.   Very  limited data on PCE
ingested by laboratory animals indicate liver damage occurs  when
PCE  is  administered  by that route.  PCE tends to distribute to
fat in mammalian bodies.

One report found in the  literature suggests, but  does  not  con-
clude,  that PCE is teratogenic.  PCE has been demonstrated to be
a liver carcinogen in B6C3-F1 mice.

For the maximum protection of human  health  from  the  potential
carcinogenic  effects  of  exposure to tetrachlorethylene through
ingestion of water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the  ambi-
ent  water concentration is zero.  Concentrations of tetrachloro-
ethylene estimated to result in additional lifetime  cancer  risk
                                583

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levels of 10~7, 10-*, and 1 0~5 are 0.00008 mg/1, and 0.0008 mg/1,
and 0.008 mg/1, respectively.

Many  of  the toxic organic pollutants have been investigated, at
least in laboratory scale studies, at concentrations higher  than
those  expected  to  be  contained by most municipal wastewaters.
General  observations  have  been  developed  relating  molecular
structure  to  ease  of  degradation for all of the toxic organic
pollutants.   The conclusions reached by the study of the  limited
data  is that biological treatment produces a moderate removal of
PCE in a POTW by degradation.  No information was found to  indi-
cate that PCE accumulates in the sludge, but some PCE is expected
to  be adsorbed onto settling particles.  Some PCE is expected to
be volatilized in aerobic treatment processes and little, if any,
is expected to pass through into the effluent from the POTW.  The
most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic organics  in  POTW
indicates that PCE is 81 percent removed.

Toluene  (86).   Toluene  is  a  clear,  colorless  liquid with a
benzene-like odor.  It is a naturally occuring  compound  derived
primarily   from  petroleum  or  petrochemical  processes.   Some
toluene is obtained from the manufacture of  metallurgical  coke.
Toluene  is also referred to as totuol, methylbenzene, methacide,
and phenylmethane.   It  is  an  aromatic  hydrocarbon  with  the
formula  C6HSCH3.   It boils at 111°C and has a vapor pressure of
30 mm Hg at room temperature.  The water solubility of toluene is
535 mg/1, and it is miscible with a variety of organic  solvents.
Annual  production  of  toluene  in  the U.S. is greater than two
million metric tons.  Approximately two-thirds of the toluene  is
converted  to  benzene  and  the  remaining 30 percent is divided
approximately equally into chemical manufacture,  and  use  as  a
paint solvent and aviation gasoline additive.  An estimated 5,000
metric  tons  is  discharged  to  the  environment  anually  as a
constituent.in wastewater.

Most data on the effects of toluene in human  and  other  mammals
have been based on inhalation exposure or dermal contact studies.
There  appear  to be no reports of oral administration of toluene
to human subjects.  A long term toxicity  study  on  female  rats
revealed  no adverse effects on growth, mortality, appearance and
behavior,  organ  to  body  weight  ratios,  blood-urea  nitrogen
levels,  bone marrow counts, peripheral blood counts, or morphol-
ogy of major organs.  The effects of inhaled toluene on the  cen-
tral  nervous  system,  both at high and low concentrations, have
been studied in humans and animals.  However, ingested toluene is
expected to be handled differently by  the  body  because  it  is
absorbed more slowly and must first pass through the liver before
reaching  the nervous system.  Toluene is extensively and rapidly
metabolized in the liver.  One of the principal  metabolic  prod-
                               584

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ucts  of  toluene  is  benzole  acid,  which itself seems to have
little potential to produce tissue injury.

Toluene does not appear to be teratogenic in  laboratory  animals
or  man.   Nor  is  there any conclusive evidence that toluene is
mutagenic.  Toluene has not been demonstrated to be  positive  in
any in vitro mutagenicity or carcinogenicity bioassay system, nor
to be carcinogenic in animals or man.

Toluene  has  been  found  in fish caught in harbor waters in the
vicinity of petroleum and petrochemical plants.  Bioconcentration
studies have not been  conducted,  but  bioconcentration  factors
have  been calculated on the basis of the octanol-water partition
coefficient.

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
toluene  ingested  through water and through contaminated aquatic
organisms, the ambient water criterion is determined to  be  14.3
mg/1.   If  contaminated  aquatic  organisms  alone  are consumed
excluding the consumption of water, the ambient  water  criterion
is  424  mg/1.   Available  data show that the adverse effects on
aquatic life occur at concentrations as low as 5 mg/1.

Acute toxicity tests have  been  conducted  with  toluene  and  a
variety of freshwater fish and Daphnia magna.  The latter appears
to  be  significantly  more resistant than fish.  No test results
have  been  reported  for  the  chronic  effects  of  toluene  on
freshwater fish or invertebrate species.

The  biochemical  oxidation  of  many of the toxic pollutants has
been investigated in laboratory scale studies  at  concentrations
greater  than  those  expected  to be contained by most municipal
wastewaters.  At toluene concentrations ranging  from  3  to  250
mg/1 biochemical oxidation proceeded to 50 percent of theoretical
or  greater.   The time period varied from a few hours to 20 days
depending on whether or not  the  seed  culture  was  acclimated.
Phenol  adapted  acclimated seed cultures gave the most rapid and
extensive biochemical oxidation.

Based on study of the limited data, it is expected  that  toluene
will  be  biochemically oxidized to a lesser extent than domestic
sewage by biological treatment in a  POTW.   The  volatility  and
relatively  low  water solubility of toluene lead to the expecta-
tion that aeration processes will remove  significant  quantities
of  toluene  from  the  POTW.  The EPA studied toluene removal in
seven POTW facilities.   The  removals  ranged  from  40  to  TOO
percent.   Sludge  concentrations of toluene ranged from 54 x 103
to 1.85 mg/1.  The most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic
organics in a POTW indicates that toluene is 90 percent removed.
                               585

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Trichloroethylene      (87).        Trichloroethylene      (1,1,2-
trichloroethylene or TCE) is a clear, colorless liquid boiling at
87°C.   It  has  a vapor pressure of 77 mm Hg at room temperature
and is slightly soluble in water (1 g/1).    U.S.   production  is
greater  than  0.25 million metric tons annually.  It is produced
from tetrachloroethane by treatment with lime in the presence  of
water.

TCE  is  used for vapor phase degreasing of metal parts, cleaning
and drying electronic components, as a solvent for paints,  as  a
refrigerant, for extraction of oils, fats, and waxes, and for dry
cleaning.   Its  widespread  use  and  relatively high volatility
result in detectable levels in many parts of the environment.

Data on the effects produced by ingested TCE are  limited.   Most
studies  have been directed at inhalation exposure.  Nervous sys-
tem disorders and liver damage are frequent results of inhalation
exposure.  In the short term exposures, TCE  acts  as  a  central
nervous  system  depressant - it was used as an anesthetic before
its other long term effects were defined.

TCE has been shown to induce transformation in a highly sensitive
in vitro Fischer rat embryo cell system (F1706) that is used  for
identifying  carcinogens.   Severe and persistent toxicity to the
liver was recently demonstrated when TCE  was  shown  to  produce
carcinoma  of  the  liver in mouse strain B6C3F1.  One systematic
study of TCE exposure and the incidence of human cancer was based
on 518 men exposed to TCE.  The authors of that  study  concluded
that  although  the cancer risk to man cannot be ruled out, expo-
sure to low levels of  TCE  probably  does  not  present  a  very
serious and general cancer hazard.

TCE is bioconcentrated in aquatic species, making the consumption
of  such  species by humans a significant source of TCE.  For the
protection  of  human  health  from  the  potential  carcinogenic
effects  of  exposure  to  trichloroethylene through ingestion of
water and contaminated aquatic organisms,  the ambient water  con-
centration  should  be zero based on the non-threshold assumption
of this chemical.  However, zero levels may not be attainable  at
the  present  time.   Therefore,  the  levels which may result in
incremental  increase  of  cancer  risk  over  the  lifetime  are
estimated at 10~7, 10~6, and 10~5.  The corresponding recommended
criteria  are  0.00027  mg/1,  0.0027  mg/1,  and 0.027 mg/1.  If
contaminated aquatic organisms alone are consumed, excluding  the
consumption of water, the water concentration should be less than
0.807  mg/1  to  keep  the  additional lifetime cancer risk below
10-s.
Only a very limited amount of data  on
freshwater aquatic life are available.
the  effects  of  TCE  on
One species of fish (fat-
                               586

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head  minnows)  showed  a  loss  of equilibrium at concentrations
below those resulting in lethal effects.

In laboratory scale studies of toxic organic pollutants, TCE  was
subjected  to biochemical oxidation conditions.  After 5, 10, and
20 days no biochemical oxidation occurred.  On the basis of  this
study  and  general  observations relating molecular structure to
ease of degradation, the conclusion is  reached  that  TCE  would
undergo  no  removal  by  biological  treatment  in  a POTW.  The
volatility and relatively low water solubility of TCE is expected
to result in volatilization of some of the TCE in aeration  steps
in  a  POTW.   The most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic
organics in a POTW indicates that TCE is 85 percent removed.

Vinyl Chloride (88) .  No freshwater organisms  have  been  tested
with vinyl chloride and no statement can be made concerning acute
or chronic toxicity.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects due to exposure of  vinyl  chloride  through
ingestion  of  contaminated  water and contaminated aquatic orga-
nisms, the ambient water concentrations should be zero  based  on
the  non-threshold  assumption  for this chemical.  However, zero
level may not be attainable at the present time.  Therefore,  the
levels  which  may  result in incremental increase of cancer risk
over the lifetime are estimated at TO-5,  10~6,  and  10~7.   The
corresponding recommended criteria are 0.02 mg/1, : 0.002 mg/1, and
0.0002  mg/1, respectively.  For consumption of aquatic organisms
only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are  5.25  mg/1,
0.525 mg/1, and 0.0525 mg/1, respectively.

Vinyl chloride has been used for over 40 years in producing poly-
vinyl,  chloride (PVC) which in turn is the most widely used mate-
rial in the manufacture of plastics throughout the world.  Of the
estimated 18 billion pounds of vinyl chloride produced  worldwide
in  1972, about 25 percent was manufactured in the United States.
Production  of  vinyl  chloride  in  the  United  States  reached
slightly over 5 billion pounds in 1978.

Vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride are used in the manufacture
of numerous products in building and construction, the automotive
industry,  for  electrical  wire  insulation  and cables, piping,
industrial and household equipment, packaging for food  products,
medical  supplies,  and  is  depended upon heavily by the rubber,
paper, and glass industries.  Polyvinyl chloride and vinyl  chlo-
ride  copolymers  are  distributed  and processed in a variety of
forms including dry resins,  plastisol  (dispersions  in  plasti-
cizers),  organosol,  {dispersions  in plasticizers plus volatile
solvent), and latex (colloidal dispersion in,water).  Latexes are
used to coat or impregnant paper, fabric, or leather.
                               587

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Vinyl chloride (CH2CHC1;  molecular  weight  62.5)  is  a  highly
flammable  chloroolefinic  hydrocarbon  which  emits  a  sweet or
pleasant odor and has a vapor density slightly  more  than  twice
that  of  air.   It  has a boiling point of -13.9°C and a melting
point of -153.8°C.  Its solubility  in  water  at  28°C  is  0.11
g/lOOg  water  and  it  is soluble in alcohol and very soluble in
ether and carbon tetrachloride.  Vinyl chloride is  volatile  and
readily  passes  from  solution  into  the  gas  phase under most
laboratory and ecological conditions.  Many salts such as soluble
silver and copper salts, ferrous  chloride,  platinous  chloride,
iridium  dichloride,  and  mercurous chloride to name a few, have
the ability to form complexes with vinyl chloride  which  results
in  its  increased solubility in water.  Conversely, alkali metal
salts such as sodium  or  potassium  chloride  may  decrease  the
solubility  of  vinyl  chloride in .ionic strengths of the aqueous
solution.  Therefore, the amounts  of  vinyl  chloride  in  water
could be influenced significantly by the presence of salts.

Vinyl chloride introduced into aquatic systems will most probably
be  quickly transferred to the atmosphere through volatilization.
In fact, results  from  model  simulations  indicate  that  vinyl
chloride  should  not  remain  in an aquatic ecosystem under most
natural conditions.

Based on the information found, it does not appear that oxidation
hydrolysis, biodegradation or sorption, are important  fate  pro-
cesses for vinyl chloride in the aquatic environment.

Based  on  the 1982 POTW study (cite), the removal efficiency for
vinyl chloride at a POTW with secondary treatment is 94 percent.
Endosulfan
(97) .    For  endosulfan  the  criterion  to   protect
aquatic  life  is determined to be 0.000056 mg/1 as a
                                      exceed  0.00022
freshwater
24-hour average and the concentration should not
mg/1 at any time.
For endosulfan the criterion to protect saltwater aquatic  life  is
determined  to  be  8.7  x 10~6 mg/1 as a 24-hour average  and the
concentration should not exceed 0.000034 mg/1 at any time.

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties   of
endosulfan  ingested through water and contaminated aquatic orga-
nisms, the ambient water criterion  is  determined  to  be 0.074
mg/1.

For  the  protection of human health from the toxic properties  of
endosulfan ingested through contaminated aquatic organisms alone,
the ambient water criterion is determined to be 0.159 mg/1.
                               588

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Endosulfan is a broad-spectrum insecticide of the group of  poly-
cyclic chlorinated hydrocarbons called cyclodiene insecticides.

Annual  production  of  endosulfan in the United States was esti-
mated in 1974 at three million pounds.  It is  presently  on  the
U.S.  EPA's  restricted  list  which  limits its usage.  However,
significant commercial use of endosulfan for  insect  control  on
vegetables, fruits, and tobacco continues.

Endosulfan  is  a  light  to  dark brown crystalline solid with a
terpene-like odor, having the molecular formula in water of  0.06
to  0.15  mg/1  and  is readily soluble in organic solvents.  The
chemical  name   for   endosulfan   is   6,7,8,9,10,1Ohexachloro-
1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-
oxide.

Technical  grade  endosulfan  has  a  purity of. 95 percent and is
composed of a mixture of two steroisomers referred  to  as  alpha
and  beta  or  I  and  II.  It has a melting point range of 70 to
100°C and a density of 1.745 at 20°C.  The endosulfan isomers are
present in the ratio 70 percent isomer I to 30 percent isomer II.
Impurities present in technical grade endosulfan  consist  mainly
of the degradation products and may not exceed 2 percent endosul-
fandiol  and  1  percent endosulfan ether.  Endosulfan is commer-
cially available in the  form  of  wettable  powders,  emulsified
concentrates,  granules, and dusts of various concentrations.  It
is a powerful contact and stomach insectide  used  to  control  a
wide spectrum of insects.

Endosulfan is stable to sunlight, but is susceptible to oxidation
and  the formation of endosulfan sulfate -in the presence of grow-
ing vegetation.  Technical grade endosulfan is sensitive to mois-
ture, bases, and acids and decomposes slowly ,by hydrolysis to S02
and endosulfan alcohol.

In the environment,  endosulfan  is  metabolically  converted  by
microorganisms,  plants, and animals to endosulfan sulfate, endo-
sulfandiol, endosulfan ether, endosulfan hydroxyether, and  endo-
sulfan lactone.

Endrin  (98).   Endrin  is  the  common name of one member of the
cyclodiene group of pesticides.  It is a cyclic hydrocarbon  hav-
ing  a  chlorine-substituted methanobridge structure.  Chemically
pure endrin is a white crystalline  solid,  while  the  technical
compound   is  a  light  tan powder.  The specific gravity of this
compound is  1.7 at 20°C; the vapor pressure  is  2.7  x  10~7  at
25°C; and  the substance begins to decompose at 200°C.  Endrin was
introduced   into  the  United States in 1951 .  The endrin sold in
the United States is a technical grade  product,  containing  not
less than  95 percent active ingredient, available in a variety of
                               589

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diluted  formulations.
0.2 mg/1.
Endrin is very insoluble in water, about
Known uses of endrin in the United  States  are  as  an  avicide,
rodenticide,  and  insecticide,  the latter being the most preva-
lent.  Endrin enters the environment primarily  as  a  result  of
direct  applications to soil and crops.  Waste material discharge
from endrin manufacturing and formulating plants and disposal  of
empty  containers also contribute significantly to observed resi-
due levels.  In the past several years,  endrin  utilization  has
been  increasingly  restricted  and  production  has continued to
decline.  In 1978, endrin production  was  approximately  400,000
Ibs.

Most  of  the invertebrate species tested for acute toxicity were
substantially more tolerant  than  fishes  in  sensitivity.   The
generally  higher tolerance of the insects and related groups was
unexpected since endrin is an effective insecticide.

Despite its high acute toxicity, endrin is a  relatively  nonper-
sistent  pesticide  in  humans.   Endrin  residues have only been
detected in the body tissues of humans immediately after an acute
exposure.  However, little is known  concerning  the  persistence
and toxicity of endrin metabolites.

No   malignancies  attributable  to  endrin  exposure  have  been
reported in the literature.  Teratogenesis,  growth  retardation,
and  increases  in fetal mortality have been observed in mice and
hamsters following endrin administration.  Endrin toxicity  seems
to  result  primarily  from the effects of endrin and its metabo-
lites on the central nervous system.

The ambient water quality criterion for endrin is recommended  to
be  identical  to  the  existing drinking water standard which is
0.001 mg/1.

POTW removal efficiency is not known at this time.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls  (106  -  112).   Polychlorinated  10),
designated  PCB's, are chlorinated derivatives of biphenyls.  The
commercial products are complex mixtures of chlorobiphenyls,  but
are  no  longer  produced  in  the  U.S.   The  mixtures produced
formerly  were  characterized  by  the  percentage  chlorination.
Direct  chlorination  of  biphenyl  was  used to produce mixtures
containing from 21  to  70  percent  chlorine.   Seven  of  these
mixtures have been selected as toxic pollutants:
                               590

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Toxic
Pol 111-
tant
No.
106
107
108
109
1 10
1 1 1
1 12
Name
Arochlor
1242
1254
1221
1232
1248
1260
1016
Percent
Chlorine
42
54
20.5-21 .5
31 .4-32.5
48
60
41
Range (°C)
Distilla-
tion
325-366
365-390
275-320
290-325
340-375
385-420
323-356
Pour
Point (o C)
-19
10
1
-35.5
- 7
31
Water
Solubil
240
12
200
54
2.7
225-250
ity

The  arochlors  1221,  1232,  1016, 1242, and 1248 are colorless,
oily liquids; 1254 is a viscous liquid; 1260 is a sticky resin at
room temperature.   Total annual U.S. production of PCB's averaged
about 20,000 tons in 1972 to 1974.

Prior to 1971, PCB's were used in several applications  including
plasticizers,  heat  transfer  liquids,  hydraulic fluids, lubri-
cants, vacuum pump  and  compressor  fluids,  and  capacitor  and
transformer  oils.   After  1970,  when PCB use was restricted to
closed systems, the latter two  uses  were  the  only  commercial
applications.

The  toxic effects of PCB's ingested by humans have been reported
to range from acne-like skin eruptions and  pigmentation  of  the
skin  to  numbness  of  limbs,  hearing  and vision problems, and
spasms.  Interpretation of results is  complicated  by  the  fact
that the very highly toxic polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF's)
are  found  in  many  commercial PCB mixtures.  Photochemical and
thermal decomposition appear to accelerate the transformation  of
PCB's  to  PCDF's.   Thus  the  specific  effects of PCB's may be
masked by the effects of PCDF's.  However,  if  PCDF's  are  fre-
quently  present  to  some  extent in any PCB mixture, then their
effects may be properly included in the effects of PCB mixtures.

Studies of effects of PCB's in laboratory animals  indicate  that
liver and kidney damage, large weight losses, eye discharges, and
interference  with  some  metabolic  processes  occur frequently.
Teratogenic effects of PCB's  in  laboratory  animals  have  been
observed,  but  are  rare.  Growth retardations during gestation,
and reproductive failure are  more  common  effects  observed  in
studies  of  PCB  teratogenicity.   Carcinogenic effects of PCB's
have been studied in laboratory animals with results  interpreted
as positive.  Specific reference has been made to liver cancer in
rats in the discussion of water quality criterion formulation.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects of exposure to PCB's  through  ingestion  of
                               591

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water  and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water con-
centration should be zero.  Concentrations of PCB's estimated  to
result in additional lifetime cancer risk at risk levels of 10~7,
lO-6,  and  TO-5  are  0.0000079 mg/1, 0.000079 mg/1, and 0.00079
rag/1, respectively.

The behavior of PCB's in a POTW has received limited study.  Most
PCB's will be removed with sludge.  One study showed removals  of
82  to  89  percent,  depending  on suspended solid removal.  The
PCB's adsorb onto suspended sediments and other particulates.  In
laboratory scale  experiments  with  PCB  1221,  81  percent  was
removed by degradation in an activated sludge system in 47 hours.
Biodegradation  can  form polychlorinated dibenzofurans which are
more toxic than PCB's (as noted earlier).   PCB's  at  concentra-
tions  of  0.1  to 1,000 mg/1 inhibit or enhance bacterial growth
rates, depending on the  bacterial  culture  and  the  percentage
chlorine  in the PCB.  Thus, activated sludge may be inhibited by
PCB's.  Based on studies of  bioaccumulation  of  PCB's  in  food
crops grown on soils amended with PCB-containing sludge, the U.S.
FDA  has recommended a limit of 10 mg PCB/kg dry weight of sludge
used for application to soils bearing food crops.
Antimony (114).  Antimony  (chemical name - stibium,
classified  as  a  non-metal  or  metalloid,  is a si
brittle crystalline solid.  Antimony is found in smal
throughout the world.  Principal ores are oxides of
mony  valences,  and an oxysulfide ore.  Complex ores
are important because the  antimony is recovered as a
Antimony  melts  at 631°C, and is a poor conductor of
and heat.
symbol  Sb),
Ivery white,
1 ore bodies
mixed  anti-
 with metals
 by-product.
 electricity
Annual U.S. consumption of primary antimony ranges from 10,000 to
20,000 tons.  About half is consumed in metal products  -  mostly
antimonial  lead  for lead acid storage batteries, and about half
in non-metal products.  A principal compound is antimony trioxide
which is used as a flame retardant in fabrics, and as  an  opaci-
fier in glass, ceramics, and enamels.  Several antimony compounds
are  used as catalysts in organic chemicals synthesis, as fluori-
nating agents (the antimony fluoride), as pigments, and in  fire-
works.  Semiconductor applications are economically significant.

Essentially  no  information  on  antimony-induced  human  health
effects has been derived  from  community  epidemiology  studies.
The  available  data  are in literature relating effects observed
with therapeutic or medicinal  uses  of  antimony  compounds  and
industrial  exposure  studies.   Large therapeutic doses of anti-
monial compounds, usually used  to  treat  schistisomiasis,  have
caused  severe  nausea,  vomiting,  convulsions,  irregular heart
action,  liver  damage,  and  skin  rashes.   Studies  of   acute
industrial  antimony  poisoning  have  revealed loss of appetite,
                               592

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diarrhea, headache, and dizziness in  addition  to
found in studies of therapeutic doses of antimony.
the  symptoms
For  the  protection of human health from the toxic properties of
antimony ingested through water and through contaminated  aquatic
organisms  the  ambient water criterion is determined to be 0.146
mg/1.   If contaminated aquatic organisms are consumed,  excluding
the  consumption  of water, the ambient water criterion is deter-
mined to be 45 mg/1.  Available data show that adverse effects on
aquatic life occur at concentrations higher than those cited  for
human health risks.

The  limited  solubility of most antimony compounds expected in a
POTW,  i.e., the oxides and sulfides, suggests that at least  part
of the antimony entering a POTW will be precipitated and incorpo-
rated  into  the  sludge.   However, some antimony is expected to
remain dissolved and pass through the  POTW  into  the  effluent.
Antimony  compounds  remaining  in the sludge under anaerobic and
very toxic compound.  There are no data to show antimony inhibits
any POTW processes.  The most recent EPA study of the behavior of
toxic pollutants in POTW indicates that antimony  is  60  percent
removed.   Antimony is not known to be essential to the growth of
plants, and has been reported to be moderately toxic.  Therefore,
sludge containing large amounts of antimony could be  detrimental
to plants if it is applied in large amounts to cropland.

Arsenic  (115).  Arsenic (chemical symbol As), is classified as a
non-metal or metalloid.  Elemental arsenic normally exists in the
alpha-crystalline metallic form which is steel gray and  brittle,
and  in  the beta form which is dark gray and amorphous.  Arsenic
sublimes at 615°C.  Arsenic is widely distributed throughout  the
world  in a large number of minerals.  The most important commer-
cial source of arsenic is  as  a  by-product  from  treatment  of
copper, lead, cobalt, and gold ores.  Arsenic is usually marketed
as  the  trioxide  (S2O3).  Annual U.S. production of the trioxide
approaches 40,000 tons.

The principal use of arsenic is in agricultural chemicals (herbi-
cides) for controlling weeds in cotton fields.   Arsenicals  have
various  applications  in  medicinal  and  vetrinary use, as wood
preservatives, and in semiconductors.

The effects of arsenic in humans were known by the ancient Greeks
and Romans.  The principal  toxic  effects  are  gastrointestinal
disturbances.   Breakdown of red blood cells occurs.  Symptoms of
acute  pbisoning   include  vomiting,  diarrhea,  abdominal  pain,
lassitude,  dizziness,  and  headache.   Longer exposure produced
dry, falling hair, brittle, loose nails, eczema, and exfoliation.
Arsenicals also exhibit  teratogenic  and  mutagenic  effects  in
humans.   Oral  administration  of  arsenic  compounds  has  been
                               593

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associated clinically with skin cancer  for  nearly  one  hundred
years.   Since  1888  numerous  studies  have linked occupational
exposure and therapeutic administration of arsenic  compounds  to
increased incidence of respiratory and skin cancer.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects of exposure to arsenic through ingestion  of
water  and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water con-
centration is  zero.   Concentrations  of  arsenic  estimated  to
result  in  additional lifetime cancer risk levels of TO-7, 10~6,
10-s are 2.2 x 10~7 mg/1, 2.2  x  10-*,  and  2.2  x  10~5  mg/1,
respectively.    If  contaminated  aquatic  organisms  alone  are
consumed,  excluding  the  consumption  of   water,   the   water
concentration  should  be  less  than  1.75  x  1 0~4  to keep the
increased lifetime cancer risk below 1 0~5 .  Available  data  show
that  adverse  effects  on  aquatic  life occur at concentrations
higher than those cited for human health risks.

A few studies have been made regarding the behavior of arsenic in
a POTW.  One EPA survey of nine POTW facilities reported influent
concentrations ranging from 0.0005 to 0.693 mg/1; effluents  from
three a POTW having biological treatment contained 0.0004 to 0.01
mg/1;  two POTW facilities showed arsenic removal efficiencies of
50 and 71 percent in biological treatment.  Inhibition of  treat-
ment  processes  by  sodium  arsenate is reported to occur at 0.1
mg/1 in activated sludge, and 1.6  mg/1  in  anaerobic  digestion
processes.   In  another study based on data from 60 POTW facili-
ties, arsenic in sludge ranged from 1.6 to  65.6  mg/kg  and  the
median value was 7.8 mg/kg.  The most recent EPA study of the

behavior  of  toxic  pollutants  in  POTW  indicates  that  total
trivalent arsenic is  65  percent  removed.   Arsenic  in  sludge
spread  on cropland may be taken up by plants grown on that land.
Edible plants can take up arsenic, but normally their  growth  is
inhibited before the plants are ready for harvest.

Beryllium  (117).  Beryllium is a dark gray metal of the alkaline
earth family.  It is relatively rare, but because of  its  unique
properties   finds   widespread   use  as  an  alloying  element,
especially  for  hardening  copper  which  is  used  in  springs,
electrical contacts, and non-sparking tools.  World production is
reported  to be in the range of 250 tons annually.  However, much
more reaches the  environment  as  emissions  from  coal  burning
operations.   Analysis  of  coal  indicates  an average beryllium
content of 3 ppm and 0.1 to 1.0 percent in coal ash or fly ash.

The principal ores are beryl (3BeO - Al203.6SiO2) and bertrandite
[Be4Si207(OH)2].    Only   two   industrial   facilities   produce
beryllium  in  the  U.S. because of limited demand and the highly
toxic character.   About two-thirds of the annual production  goes
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into  alloys,  20  percent  into  heat sinks, and 10 percent into
beryllium oxide (BeO) ceramic products.

Beryllium has a specific gravity of 1.846, making it the lightest
metal with a high melting point (1,350° C).  Beryllium alloys are
corrosion resistant, but the metal corrodes in  aqueous  environ-
ments.   Most common beryllium compounds are soluble in water, at
least to the extent necessary to produce a toxic concentration of
beryllium ions.

Most data on toxicity of beryllium is for inhalation of beryllium
oxide dust.  Some studies on  orally  administered  beryllium  in
laboratory  animals have been reported.  Despite the large number
of studies implicating beryllium as a  carcinogen,  there  is  no
recorded  instance  of  cancer being produced by ingestion.  How-
ever, a recently convened panel of uninvolved  experts  concluded
that  epidemiologic  evidence  is  suggestive that beryllium is a
carcinogen in man.

In the aquatic environment  beryllium  is  chronically  toxic  to
aquatic  organisms  at  0.0053  mg/1.  Water softness has a large
effect on beryllium toxicity to fish.  In soft  water,  beryllium
is reportedly 100 times as toxic as in hard water.

For  the  maximum  protection  of human health from the potential
carcinogenic effects of exposure to beryllium  through  ingestion
of -. water  and  contaminated  aquatic organisms the ambient water
concentration is zero.  Concentrations of beryllium estimated  to
result  in  additional lifetime cancer risk levels of 10~7, 10~6,
and TO-5 are 6.8 x 10~7 mg/1, 6.8 x 10~6  mg/1  and  6.8  x  10~5
mg/1.  respectively.  If contaminated aquatic organisms alone are
consumed  excluding  the  consumption of water, the concentration
should be less than 0.00117 mg/1 to keep the  increased  lifetime
cancer risk below 10~5.

Information  on  the  behavior  of beryllium in a POTW is scarce.
Because beryllium hydroxide is insoluble in water, most beryllium
entering a POTW will probably be in the form of suspended solids.
As a result most of the beryllium will settle and be removed with
sludge.  However, beryllium has been  shown  to  inhibit  several
enzyme systems, to interfere with DNA metabolism in liver, and to
induce  chromosomal and mitotic abnormalities.  This interference
in cellular processes may extend  to  interfere  with  biological
treatment  processes.  The concentration and effects of beryllium
in sludge which  could  be  applied  to  cropland  has  not  been
studied.

Cadmium  (118).   Cadmium  is  a relatively rare metallic element
that  is seldom found in sufficient quantities in a pure state  to
warrant  mining  or  extraction  from the earth's surface.  It is
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found in trace amounts of about  1   ppm  throughout  the  earth's
crust.   Cadmium  is, however, a valuable by-product of zinc pro-
duction.

Cadmium is used primarily as an electroplated metal, and is found
as an impurity in the  secondary  refining  of  zinc,  lead,  and
copper.

Cadmium  is  an  extremely dangerous cumulative toxicant, causing
progressive chronic poisoning  in  mammals,  fish,  and  probably
other organisms.  The metal is not excreted.

Toxic  effects of cadmium on man have been reported from through-
out the world.  Cadmium may be a factor  in  the  development  of
such  human pathological conditions as kidney disease, testicular
tumors,   hypertension,   arteriosclerosis,   growth   inhibition,
chronic  disease  of  old  age,  and cancer.  Cadmium is normally
ingested by humans through food and water as well as by breathing
air contaminated by cadmium dust.  Cadmium is cumulative  in  the
liver, kidney, pancreas, and thyroid of humans and other animals.
A  severe bone and kidney syndrome known as itai-itai disease has
been documented in Japan  as  caused  by  cadmium  ingestion  via
drinking  water  and contaminated irrigation water.  Ingestion of
as little as 0.6 mg/day has produced the disease.   Cadmium  acts
synergistically with other metals.   Copper and zinc substantially
increase its toxicity.

Cadmium   is   concentrated  by  marine  organisms,  particularly
molluscs, which accumulate Cadmium in calcareous tissues  and  in
the viscera.  A concentration factor of 1,000 for cadmium in fish
muscle  has been reported, as have concentration factors of 3,000
in marine plants and up to 29,600 in certain marine animals.  The
eggs and larvae of fish are apparently more sensitive than  adult
fish  to  poisoning by cadmium, and crustaceans appear to be more
sensitive than fish eggs and larvae.

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
cadmium  ingested  through water and through contaminated aquatic
organisms, the ambient water criterion is determined to be  0.010
mg/1.   Available  data show that adverse effects on aquatic life
occur at concentrations in the same  range  as  those  cited  for
human health, and they are highly dependent on water hardness.

Cadmium  is  not destroyed when it is introduced into a POTW, and
will either pass through to the POTW effluent or be  incorporated
into  the  POTW  sludge.   In addition, it can interfere with the
POTW treatment process.

In a study of 189 POTW facilities,  75  percent  of  the  primary
plants,   57 percent of the trickling filter plants, 66 percent of
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the activated sludge plants, and 62  percent  of
plants  allowed  over  90 percent of the influent
through to the POTW effluent.  Only two of the 189
ties  allowed  less  than  20 percent pass-through
than  10  percent  pass-through.   POTW  effluent
ranged  from.  0.001  to  1.97  mg/1  (mean  0.028
deviation 0.167 mg/1).  The most recent EPA study
of toxic pollutants in POTW indicates that cadmium
removed.  -.
the  biological
cadmium to pass
  POTW  -facili-
,  and none less
 concentrat ions
 mg/1, standard
of the behavior
 is 38  percent
Cadmium  not  passed  through  the  POTW  will be retained in the
sludge where it is likely to build up in concentration.   Cadmium
contamination  of  sewage  sludge limits its use on land since it
increases the level of cadmium  in  the  soil.   Data  show  that
cadmium  can be incorporated into crops, including vegetables and
grains, from contaminated soils.  Since the crops themselves show
no adverse effects from soils with levels up to  1,00  mg/kg  cad-
mium, these contaminated crops could have a significant impact on
human  health.   Two Federal agencies have already recognized the
potential adverse human health effects posed by the use of sludge
on cropland.  The FDA recommends that sludge containing  over  30
mg/kg of cadmium should not be used on agricultural land.  Sewage
sludge  contains  3 to 300 mg/kg (dry basis) of cadmium mean - 10
mg/kg; median = 16  mg/kg.   The  USDA  also  recommends  placing
limits  on  the  total cadmium from sludge that may be applied to
land.                                       '             . ;

Chromium (119).  Chromium is an elemental metal usually found  as
a  chromite  (FeO«Cr203).   The  .metal  is  normally  produced by
reducing the  oxide  with  aluminum.   reducing  the  oxide  with
aluminum.   A  significant  proportion of the chromium used is in
the form of compounds such as sodium  dichromate  (Na2Cr04),  and
chromic acid (Cr03) - both are hexavalent chromium compounds.

Chromium is found as an alloying component of many steels and its
compounds  are  used  in  electroplating  baths, and as corrosion
inhibitors for closed water circulation systems.

The two chromium forms most frequently found in  industry  waste-
waters  are  hexavalent and trivalent chromium.  Hexavalent chro-
mium  is the form used  for  metal  treatments.   Some  of  it  is
reduced  to  trivalent  chromium as part of the process reaction.
The raw wastewater containing  both  valence  states  is  usually
treated  first  to reduce remaining hexavalent to trivalent chro-
mium, and second to precipitate the trivalent form as the hydrox-
ide.  The hexavalent form is not removed by lime treatment.

Chromium, in its various valence states, is hazardous to man.  It
can produce lung tumors when inhaled, and induces skin sensitiza-
tions.  Large doses of chromates have corrosive  effects  on  the
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intestinal  tract  and  can  cause  inflammation  of the kidneys.
Hexavalent chromium is a known human carcinogen.  Levels of chro-
mate ions that show no effect in man appear to be so  low  as  to
prohibit determination, to date.

The  toxicity  of  chromium  salts to fish and other- aquatic life
varies widely with the species, temperature, pH, valence  of  the
chromium, and synergistic or antagonistic effects, especially the
effect  of  water  hardness.   Studies  have shown that trivalent
chromium is more toxic to fish of some types than  is  hexavalent
chromium.  Hexavalent chromium retards growth of one fish species
at  0.0002  mg/1.   Fish  food organisms and other lower forms of
aquatic life are extremely  sensitive  to  chromium.   Therefore,
both hexavalent and trivalent chromium must be considered harmful
to particular fish or organisms.

For  the  protection of human health from the toxic properties of
chromium (except hexavalent chromium) ingested through water  and
contaminated  aquatic organisms, the ambient water quality crite-
rion is 170 mg/1.  If contaminated aquatic  organisms  alone  are
consumed,  excluding  the consumption of water, the ambient water
criterion for trivalent chromium  is  3,433  mg/1.   The  ambient
water quality criterion for hexavalent chromium is recommended to
be  identical  to  the existing drinking water standard for total
chromium which is 0.050 mg/1.

Chromium is not destroyed when treated by a  POTW  (although  the
oxidation  state may change), and will either pass through to the
POTW effluent or be incorporated into the POTW sludge.  Both oxi-
dation states can cause POTW treatment inhibition  and  can  also
limit the usefulness of municipal sludge.

Influent  concentrations of chromium to POTW facilities have been
observed by EPA to range from 0.005 to 14.0 mg/1, with  a  median
concentration of 0.1 mg/1.  The efficiencies for removal of chro-
mium  by the activated sludge process can vary greatly, depending
on chromium concentration in the influent,  and  other  operating
conditions  at the POTW.  Chelation of chromium by organic matter
and dissolution due to  the  presence  of  carbonates  can  cause
deviations from the predicted behavior in treatment systems.

The  systematic presence of chromium compounds will halt nitrifi-
cation in a POTW for short periods, and most of the chromium will
be retained in the sludge solids.  Hexavalent chromium  has  been
reported  to  severely affect the nitrification process, but tri-
valent chromium has little or no toxicity  to  activated  sludge,
except at high concentrations.  The presence of iron, copper, and
low  pH  will  increase  the  toxicity  of  chromium in a POTW by
releasing the chromium into solution to  be  ingested  by  micro-
organisms in the POTW.
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The  amount,of chromium which passes through to the POTW effluent
depends on the type of treatment processes used by the POTW.   In
a  study of 240 POTW facilities, 56 percent of the primary plants
allowed more than 80 percent pass-through to POTW effluent.  More
advanced treatment results in less pass-through.   POTW  effluent
concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 3.2 mg/1 total chromium (mean
   0.197,,  standard deviation = 0,48),  and from 0.002 t,q Q.I mg/1
hexavalent chromium (mean = 0.017, standard deviation  =  0.020).
The  most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic pollutants in
POTW indicates that hexavalent chromium is 18 percent removed.

Chromium not passed through the POTW  will  be  retained  in  the
sludge,  where it is likely to build up in concentration.  Sludge
concentrations of total chromium of over 20,000 mg/kg (dry basis)
have been observed.  Disposal of  sludges  containing  very  high
concentrations  of trivalent chromium can potentially cause prob-
lems  in  uncontrolled  landfills.   Incineration,   or   similar
destructive  oxidation processes, can produce hexavalent chromium
from lower valence states.  Hexavalent  chromium  is  potentially
more toxic than trivalent chromium.  In cases where high rates of
chrome  sludge  application  on  land  are  used, distinct growth
inhibition and plant tissue uptake have been noted.

Pretreatment of discharges substantially reduces  the  concentra-
tion  of  chromium in sludge.  In Buffalo, New York, pretreatment
of electroplating waste resulted in a decrease in  chromium  con-
centrations  in POTW sludge from 2,510 to 1,040 mg/kg.  A similar
reduction occurred in Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  POTW  facilities
where  the chromium concentration in sludge decreased from 11,000
to 2,700 mg/kg when pretreatment was made a requirement.

Copper (120).  Copper is a metallic  element  that  sometimes  is
found  free,  as  the native metal, and is also found in minerals
such  as  cuprite  (Cu20),  malechite  [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2],   azurite
[2CuC03.Cu(OH)2],  chalcopyrite   (CuFeS2)  and bornite (Cu5FeS4).
Copper is obtained from these ores  by  smelting,  leaching,  and
electrolysis.   It  is used in the plating, electrical, plumbing,
and heating equipment industries, as well as  in insecticides  and
fungicides.

Traces of copper are found in all forms of plant.and animal life,
and  the  metal  is  an  essential  trace  element for nutrition.
Copper is not considered to be a cumulative systemic  poison  for
humans  as  it  is readily excreted by the body, but  it can cause
symptoms of gastroenteritis, with nausea and  intestinal   irrita-
ti.ons,  as relatively low dosages.  The limiting factor in domes-
tic water supplies is taste.  To prevent this adverse  organolep-
tic  effect  of  copper  in water, a criterion of  1 mg/1 has been
established.
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The toxicity of copper to aquatic organisms varies significantly,
not only with the species, but also with the physical and  chemi-
cal  characteristics  of  the water, including temperature, hard-
ness, turbidity, and carbon dioxide content.  In hard water,  the
toxicity  of  copper salts may be reduced by the precipitation of
copper carbonate or other insoluble compounds.  The  sulfates  of
copper  and  zinc,  and  of copper and calcium are synergistic in
their toxic effect on fish.

Relatively high concentrations of  copper  may  be  tolerated  by
adult  fish  for  short  periods  of time; the critical effect of
copper appears to be its higher toxicity  to  young  or  juvenile
fish.   Concentrations  of 0.02 to 0.03 mg/1 have proved fatal to
some common fish species.  In general  the  salmonoids  are  very
sensitive and the sunfishes are less sensitive to copper.

The  recommended  criterion to protect freshwater aquatic life is
0,0056 mg/1 as a 24-hour average, and 0.012 mg/1 maximum  concen-
tration  at  a  hardness of 50 mg/1 CaC03.  For total recoverable
copper the criterion to protect freshwater aquatic life is 0.0056
mg/1 as a 24-hour average.

Copper salts cause undesirable color reactions in the food indus-
try and cause pitting when deposited on some other metals such as
aluminum and galvanized steel.  To control undesirable taste  and
odor  quality of ambient water due to the organoleptic properties
of copper/ the estimated level is 1.0 mg/1 for total  recoverable
copper.

Irrigation water containing more than minute quantities of copper
can  be  detrimental  to  certain  crops.   Copper appears in all
soils, and its concentration ranges from 10 to 80 ppm.  In soils,
copper occurs in association with hydrous oxides of manganese and
iron, and also as soluble and insoluble  complexes  with  organic
matter.   Copper  is  essential  to  the  life of plants, and the
normal range of concentration in plant tissue is  from  5  to  20
ppm.  Copper concentrations in plants normally do not build up to
high  levels  when  toxicity occurs.  For example, the concentra-
tions of copper in snapbean leaves and pods was less than 50  and
20  mg/kg, respectively, under conditions of severe copper toxic-
ity.  Even under conditions  of  copper  toxicity,  most  of  the
excess  copper  accumulates in the roots; very little is moved to
the aerial part of the plant.

Copper is not destroyed when treated by a POTW, and  will  either
pass  through  to  the  POTW  effluent or be retained in the POTW
sludge.  It can interfere with the POTW treatment  processes  and
can limit the usefulness of municipal sludge.
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The  influent concentration of copper to a POTW has been observed
by the EPA to range from 0.01 to 1.97 mg/1, with a median concen-
tration of 0.-12 mg/1.   The  copper  that  is  removed  from  the
influent stream of a POTW is absorbed on the sludge or appears in
the  sludge  as . the  hydroxide  of the metal.  Bench scale pilot
studies have shown that from about 25 percent to  75  percent  of
the  copper  .passing through the activated sludge process remains
in solution in the final effluent.   Four-hour  slug  dosages  of
copper  sulfate in concentrations exceeding 50 mg/1 were reported
to have severe effects on the removal efficiency of  an  unaccli-
mated  system,  with  the system returning to normal in about 100
hours.  Slug dosages of copper in the form of copper cyanide were
observed to have much more severe effects on the activated sludge
system, but the total system returned to normal in 24 hours.

In a recent study of 268 POTW facilities, the median pass-through
was over 80 percent for primary plants and 40 to 50  percent  for
trickling  filter,  activated  sludge,  and  biological treatment
plants.  POTW effluent concentrations of copper ranged from 0.003
to 1.8 mg/1 (mean 0.126, standard  deviation  0.242).   The  most
recent  EPA  study  of  the  behavior of toxic pollutants in POTW
indicates that copper is 58 percent removed.

Copper which does not pass through the POTW will be  retained  in
the sludge where it will build up in concentration.  The presence
of  excessive  levels  of  copper  in sludge may limit its use on
cropland.  Sewage sludge contains up to 16,000 mg/kg  of  copper,
with  730  mg/kg  as  the  mean  value.  These concentrations are
significantly greater than those normally found  in  soil,  which
usually  range  from  18 to 80 mg/kg.  Experimental data indicate
that when dried sludge is spread over tillable land,  the  copper
tends to remain in place down to the depth of the tillage, except
for copper which is taken up by plants grown  in the soil.  Recent
investigation  has  shown  that the extractable copper content of
sludge-treated soil decreased with time, which suggests a  rever-
sion of copper to less soluble forms was occurring.

Cyanide   (121).   Cyanides are among the most toxic of pollutants
commonly observed in  industrial  wastewaters.   Introduction  of
cyanide   into  industrial  processes is usually by dissolution of
potassium cyanide (KCN)  or  sodium  cyanide  (NaCN)  in  process
waters.   However,  hydrogen  cyanide  (HCN) formed when the above
salts are dissolved in water, is probably the most acutely lethal
compound.

The relationship of pH to  hydrogen  cyanide  formation  is  very
important.   As pH  is lowered to below 7, more than 99 percent of
the cyanide  is present as HCN and less than 1 percent as  cyanide
ions.   Thus,  at   neutral pH, that of most living organisms, the
more toxic form of  cyanide prevails.
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Cyanide ions combine with numerous heavy metal ions to form  com-
plexes.   The  complexes  are in equilibrium with HCN.  Thus, the
stability of the metal-cyanide complex and the pH  determine  the
concentration  of HCN.  Stability of the metal-cyanide anion com-
plexes is extremely variable.  Those formed  with  zinc,  copper,
and  cadmium  are not stable - they rapidly dissociate, with pro-
duction of HCN, in near neutral or acid waters.  Some of the com-
plexes are extremely stable.  Cobaltocyanide is very resistant to
acid distillation in the laboratory.  Iron cyanide complexes  are
also  stable,  but  undergo  photodecomposition  to give HCN upon
exposure to sunlight.  Synergistic effects have been demonstrated
for the metal cyanide complexes making zinc, copper, and  cadmium
cyanides  more  toxic  than  an  equal  concentration  of  sodium
cyanide.

The toxic mechanism of cyanide is essentially  an  inhibition  of
oxygen  metabolism,  i.e.,  rendering  the  tissues  incapable of
exchanging oxygen.  The cyanogen compounds are true noncumulative
protoplasmic poisons.  They arrest the activity of all  forms  of
animal life.  Cyanide shows a very specific type of toxic action.
It  inhibits  the  cytochrome oxidase system.  This system is the
one which facilitates electron transfer from reduced  metabolites
to  molecular  oxygen.   The  human body can convert cyanide to a
non-toxic thiocyanate and eliminate it.  However, if the quantity
of cyanide ingested is too great at one time, the  inhibition  of
oxygen  utilization  proves fatal before the detoxifying reaction
reduces the cyanide concentration to a safe level.

Cyanides are more toxic to fish than to lower  forms  of  aquatic
organisms such as midge larvae, crustaceans, and mussels.  Toxic-
ity to fish is a function of chemical form and concentration, and
is  influenced by the rate of metabolism (temperature), the level
of dissolved oxygen, and pH.  In laboratory studies free  cyanide
concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 mg/1 have been proven to
be fatal to sensitive fish species including trout, bluegill, and
fathead minnows.  Levels above 0.2 mg/1 are rapidly fatal to most
fish  species.   Long term sublethal concentrations of cyanide as
low as 0.01 mg/1 have been shown to affect the ability of fish to
function normally, e.g., reproduce, grow, and swim.

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
cyanide  ingested  through water and through contaminated aquatic
organisms, the ambient water quality, criterion is  determined  to
be 0.200 mg/1.

Persistence  of  cyanide  in water is highly variable and depends
upon the chemical form of cyanide in the water, the concentration
of cyanide, and the nature of other constituents.  Cyanide may be
destroyed by strong oxidizing agents  such  as  permanganate  and
chlorine.   Chlorine  is  commonly used to oxidize strong cyanide
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solutions.  Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are the products of  com-
plete  oxidation.   But if the reaction is not complete, the very
toxic compound, cyanogen chloride, may remain  in  the  treatment
system  and subsequently be released to the environment.  Partial
chlorination may occur as part of a POTW treatment, or during the
disinfection treatment of surface water for drinking water  prep-
aration.

Cyanides  can  interfere  with  treatment processes in a POTW, or
pass through to ambient waters.  At low concentrations  and  with
acclimated  microflora,  cyanide  may be decomposed by microorga-
nisms in anaerobic and aerobic environments  or  waste  treatment
systems.   However, data indicate that much of the cyanide intro-
duced passes through to the POTW effluent.  The mean pass-through
of 14 biological plants was 71 percent.  In a recent study of  41
POTW  facilities the effluent concentrations ranged from 0.002 to
100 mg/1  (mean = 2.518, standard deviation = 15.6).  Cyanide also
enhances the toxicity of metals commonly found in POTW effluents,
including the toxic pollutants cadmium, zinc,  and  copper.   The
most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic pollutants in POTW
indicates that free cyanide is 52 percent removed.

Data  for Grand Rapids, Michigan, showed a significant decline in
cyanide concentrations downstream from the POTW  after  pretreat-
ment  regulations  were  put  in force.  Concentrations fell from
0.66 mg/1 before, to 0.01 mg/1 after pretreatment was required.

Lead (122).  Lead is a soft,  malleable,  ductile,  blueish-gray,
metallic  element, usually obtained from the mineral galena (lead
sulfide, PbS), arglesite  (lead  sulfate,  PbSO^),  or  cerussile
(lead  carbonate,  PbC03).  Because it is usually associated with
minerals of zinc, silver, copper, gold,  cadmium,  antimony,  and
arsenic,  special purification methods are frequently used before
and after extraction of the metal from  the  ore  concentrate  by
smelting.

Lead  is  widely  used  for  its  corrosion resistance, sound and
vibration  absorption,  low  melting  point  (solders),  and  has
relatively  high  imperviousness  to  various forms of radiation.
Small amounts of copper, antimony and other metals can be alloyed
with lead to achieve greater hardness,  stiffness,  or  corrosion
resistance  than  is  afforded by the pure metal.  Lead compounds
are used  in glazes and paints.  About  one  third  of  U.S.  lead
consumption goes into storage batteries.  About half of U.S. lead
consumption is from secondary lead recovery.  U.S. consumption of
lead is in the range of one million tons annually.

Lead  ingested  by  humans  produces  a  variety of toxic effects
including impaired reproductive ability,  disturbances  in  blood
chemistry,  neurological  disorders,  kidney  damage, and adverse
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cardiovascular effects.  Exposure to lead in the diet results  in
permanent  increase in lead levels in the body.  Most of the lead
entering the body eventually becomes localized in the bones where
it accumulates.  Lead is a carcinogen  or  cocarcinogen  in  some
species  of experimental animals.  Lead is teratogenic in experi-
mental animals.  Mutagenicity data are not available for lead.

The ambient water quality criterion for lead is recommended to be
identical to the existing drinking water standard which is  0.050
mg/1.   Available  data show that adverse effects on aquatic life
occur at concnetrations as low  as  7.5  x  10-*  mg/1  of  total
recoverable lead as a 24-hour average with a water hardness of 50
mg/1 as CaCO3.

Lead  is  not  destroyed  in a POTW, but is passed through to the
effluent or retained in the POTW sludge; it  can  interfere  with
POTW  treatment  processes  and  can limit the usefulness of POTW
sludge for application to agricultural croplands.  Threshold con-
centration for inhibition of the activated sludge process is  0.1
mg/1,  and for the nitrification process is 0.5 mg/1.  In a study
of 214 POTW facilities, median pass through values were  over  80
percent  for  primary  plants  and  over 60 percent for trickling
filter, activated sludge, and biological  process  plants.   Lead
concentration  in  POTW  effluents  ranged from 0.003 to 1.8 mg/1
(mean = 0.106 mg/1, standard deviation = 0.222).  The most recent
EPA study of the behavior of toxic pollutants  in a POTW indicates
that lead is 48 percent removed.

Application of lead-containing sludge to cropland should not lead
to uptake by crops under most conditions because normally lead is
strongly bound by soil.  However, under the unusual condition  of
low  pH  (less  than  5.5) and low concentrations of labile phos-
phorus, lead solubility is increased and  plants  can  accumulate
lead.

Mercury  (123).   Mercury  is  an elemental metal rarely found in
nature as the free metal.  Mercury is unique among metals  as  it
remains  a  liquid  down  to  about 39 degrees below zero.  It is
relatively inert chemically  and  is  insoluble  in  water.   The
principal ore is cinnabar (HgS).

Mercury  is  used  industrially as the metal and as mercurous and
mercuric salts and compounds.  Mercury is used in  several  types
of  batteries.   Mercury  released  to the aqueous environment is
subject to biomethylation - conversion  to  the  extremely  toxic
methyl mercury.

Mercury  can be introduced into the body through the skin and the
respiratory system as the elemental vapor.   Mercuric  salts  are
highly  toxic  to  humans and can be absorbed  through the gastro-
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intestinal tract.  Fatal doses can  vary  from  1  to  30  grams.
Chronic  toxicity  of  methyl  mercury  is evidenced primarily by
neurological symptoms.  Some mercuric salts cause death by kidney
failure.

Mercuric salts are extremely toxic  to  fish  and  other  aquatic
life.   Mercuric  chloride is more lethal than copper, hexavalent
chromium, zinc, nickel, and lead towards fish and  aquatic  life.
In  the  food cycle, algae containing mercury up to 100 times the
concentration in the surrounding sea  water  are  eaten  by  fish
which  further  concentrate  the mercury.  Predators that eat the
fish in turn concentrate the mercury even further.

For the protection of human health from the toxic  properties  of
mercury  ingested  through water and through contaminated aquatic
organisms  the  ambient  water  criterion  is  determined  to  be
0.000144 mg/i.

Mercury  is not destroyed when treated by a POTW, and will either
pass through to the POTW effluent or  be  incorporated  into  the
POTW  sludge.   At  low concentrations it may reduce POTW removal
efficiencies, and at high concentrations it may  upset  the  POTW
operation.

The  influent  concentrations  of  mercury  to  a  POTW have been
observed by the EPA to range from 0.002  to  0.'24  mg/1,  with  a
median concentration of 0.001 mg/1.  Mercury has been reported in
the  literature  to  have  inhibiting  effects  upon an activated
sludge POTW at levels as low as 0.1 mg/1.  At 5 mg/1 of  mercury,
losses  of  COD  removal efficiency of 14 to 40 percent have been
reported, while at 10 mg/1 loss of removal of 59 percent has been
reported.  Upset of an activated sludge POTW is reported  in  the
literature  to occur near 200 mg/1.  The anaerobic digestion pro-
cess is much less affected  by  the  presence  of  mercury,  with
inhibitory effects being reported at 1,365 mg/1.

In  a study of 22 POTW facilities having secondary treatment, the
range of removal of mercury from the influent to the POTW  ranged
from 4 to 99 percent with median removal of 41 percent.  The most
recent  EPA  study  of  the  behavior of toxic pollutants in POTW
indicates that mercury is 69 percent removed.   Thus  significant
pass through of mercury may occur.

In  sludges, mercury content may be high if industrial sources of
mercury contamination are present.  Little  is  known  about  the
form  in  which  mercury  occurs  in sludge.  Mercury may undergo
biological methylation in sediments, but no methylation has  been
observed in soils, mud, or sewage sludge.
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The  mercury  content  of  soils  not receiving additions of POTW
sewage sludge lie in the range from 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg.  In  soils
receiving  POTW sludges for protracted periods, the concentration
of mercury has been observed to approach 1.0 mg/kg.   In the soil,
mercury enters into reactions with the exchange complex  of  clay
and  organic  fractions,  forming  both ionic and covalent bonds.
Chemical and microbiological degradation of mercurials  can  take
place  side  by  side  in  the  soil, and the products - ionic or
molecular - are retained by organic matter and  clay  or  may  be
volatilized  if  gaseous.   Because  of the high affinity between
mercury and the solid soil  surfaces,  mercury  persists  in  the
upper layer of the soil.

Mercury  can  enter plants through the roots, it can  readily move
to other parts of the plant, and it has been  reported  to  cause
injury  to  plants.   In many plants mercury concentrations range
from 0.01 to 0.20 mg/kg, but when plants are supplied  with  high
levels  of  mercury,  these  concentrations can exceed 0.5 mg/kg.
Bioconcentration occurs in animals ingesting mercury  in food.

Nickel (124).  Nickel is seldom  found  in  nature  as  the  pure
elemental  metal.   It  is  a relatively plentiful element and is
widely distributed throughout the earth's crust.   It  occurs  in
marine   organisms  and  is  found  in  the  oceans.   The  chief
commercial ores for nickel are pentlandite  [(Fe,Ni)9S8],  and  a
lateritic   ore   consisting  of  hydrated  nickel-iron-magnesium
silicate.             •

Nickel has many and varied uses.  It is used in alloys and as the
pure metal.  Nickel salts are used for electroplating baths.

The toxicity of nickel to man is thought to be very low, and sys-
temic poisoning of human beings by  nickel  or  nickel  salts  is
almost  unknown.   In  non-human  mammals  nickel acts to inhibit
insulin release, depress growth, and reduce cholesterol.  A  high
incidence  of  cancer  of  the lung and nose has been reported in
humans engaged in the refining of nickel.

Nickel salts can kill fish at very low concentrations.   However,
nickel  has been found to be less toxic to some fish  than copper,
zinc, and iron.  Nickel is present  in  coastal  and  open  ocean
water  at  concentrations  in  the  range of 0.0001 to 0.006 mg/1
although the most common values are 0.002 to 0.003 mg/1.   Marine
animals  contain up to 0.4 mg/1 and marine plants contain up to 3
mg/1.  Higher nickel concentrations have been reported  to  cause
reduction  in  photosynthetic  activity of the giant  kelp.  A low
concentration was found to kill oyster eggs.

For the protection of human health based on the toxic  properties
of nickel ingested through water and through contaminated aquatic
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organisms, the ambient water criterion is determined to be 0.0134
mg/1.   If contaminated aquatic organisms are consumed, excluding
consumption of water, the ambient water criterion  is  determined
to  be  0.100  mg/1.   Available data show that adverse effects on
aquatic life occur for total recoverable nickel concentrations as
low as 0.007-1 mg/1 as a 24-hour average.

Nickel is not destroyed when treated in a POTW, but  will  either
pass  through  to  the  POTW  effluent or be retained in the POTW
sludge.  It can interfere with POTW treatment processes  and  can
also limit the usefulness of municipal sludge.

Nickel  salts have caused inhibition of the biochemical oxidation
of sewage in a'POTW.   In a pilot  plant,  slug  doses  of  nickel
significantly  reduced  normal  treatment  efficiencies for a few
hours, but the plant acclimated itself somewhat to the slug  dos-
age  and appeared to achieve normal treatment efficiencies within
40 hours.  It has been reported that the anaerobic digestion pro-
cess is inhibited only by high concentrations of nickel, while  a
low concentration of nickel inhibits the nitrification process.

The  influent concentration of nickel to a POTW has been observed
by the EPA to range from 0.01 to 3.19 mg/1, with a median of 0.33
mg/1.  In a study of 190 POTW facilities, nickel pass-through was
greater than 90 percent for 82 percent  of  the  primary  plants.
Median  pass-through  for trickling filter, activated sludge, and
biological process plants was  greater  than  80  percent.   POTW
effluent  concentrations  ranged  from  0.002  to 40 mg/1 (mean =
0.410, standard deviation = 3.279).  The most recent EPA study of
the behavior of toxic pollutants in POTW indicates that nickel is
19 percent removed.

Nickel not passed through the POTW will be incorporated into  the
sludge.   In a recent two-year study of eight cities, four of the
cities had median nickel concentrations  of  over  350  mg/kg  in
their  sludge, and two were over 1,000 mg/kg.  The maximum nickel
concentration observed was 4,010 mg/kg.

Nickel is found in nearly all soils, plants, and waters.   Nickel
has  no  known  essential  function  in plants.  In soils, nickel
typically is found in the range from 10 to  100  mg/kg.   Various
environmental  exposures  to  nickel  appear  to  correlate  with
increased incidence of tumors in man.  For example, cancer in the
maxillary antrum of snuff  users  may  result  from  using  plant
materials grown on soil high in nickel.

Nickel  toxicity may develop in plants from application of sewage
sludge on acid soils.  Nickel has caused reduction of yields  for
a variety of crops including oats, mustard, turnips, and cabbage.
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In one study nickel decreased the yields of oats significantly at
100 mg/kg.

Whether nickel exerts a toxic effect on plants depends on several
soil  factors,  the amount of nickel applied, and the contents of
other metals in the sludge.  Unlike copper and  zinc,  which  are
more  available  from  inorganic sources than from sludge, nickel
uptake by plants seems to be promoted  by  the  presence  of  the
organic  matter  in  sludge.   Soil  treatments,  such as liming,
reduce the solubility of nickel.  Toxicity of nickel to plants is
enhanced in acidic soils.

Selenium (125).   Selenium  (chemical symbol Se) is a  non-metallic
element  existing  in  several  allotropic forms.  Gray selenium,
which has a metallic appearance, is the stable form  at  ordinary
temperatures  and  melts at 220°C.  Selenium is a major component
of 38 minerals and a  minor  component  of  37  others  found  in
various  parts  of the world.  Most selenium is obtained as a by-
product of precious  metals  recovery  from  electrolytic  copper
refinery  slimes.  U.S. annual production at one time reached one
million pounds.

Principal uses of  selenium  are  in  semi-conductors,  pigments,
decoloring of glass, zerography, and metallurgy.  It also is used
to  produce  ruby  glass used in signal lights.  Several selenium
compounds are important oxidizing  agents  in  the  synthesis  of
organic chemicals and drug products.

While  results  of  some  studies suggest that selenium may be an
essential element  in  human  nutrition,  the  toxic  effects  of
selenium  in  humans  are  well  established.  Lassitude, loss of
hair, discoloration and  loss  of  fingernails  are  symptoms  of
selenium  poisoning.   In  a  fatal case of ingestion of a larger
dose of selenium acid, peripheral  vascular  collapse,  pulmonary
edema,  and coma occurred.  Selenium produces mutagenic and tera-
togenic effects, but it has not been  established  as  exhibiting
carcinogenic activity.

For  the  protection of human health from the toxic properties of
selenium ingested through water and through contaminated  aquatic
organisms,  the ambient water criterion is determined to be 0.010
mg/1, i.e., the same as the drinking water  standard.   Available
data  show  that adverse effects on aquatic life occur at concen-
trations higher than that cited for human toxicity.

Very few data are available regarding the behavior of selenium in
a POTW.  One EPA survey of 103 POTW facilities revealed one  POTW
using  biological  treatment and having selenium in the influent.
Influent concentration was 0.0025  mg/1,  effluent  concentration
was 0.0016 mg/1, giving a removal of 37 percent.  The most recent
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EPA  study  of the behavior of toxic pollutants in POTW indicates
that selenium is 46 percent.. removed.   It  is  not  known  to  be
inhibitory to POTW processes.  In another study, sludge from POTW
facilities  in  16  cities  was  'found to contain from 1.8 to 8.7
mg/kg selenium,  compared to 0.01 to 2 mg/kg  in  untreated  soil.
These  concentrations  of  selenium in sludge present a potential
hazard for humans or other mammals eating  crops  grown  on  soil
treated with selenium-containing sludge.

Silver  (126).    Silver  is a soft, lustrous, white metal that is
insoluble in water and alkali.  In nature, silver is found in the
elemental  state (native silver) and  combined  in  ores  such  as
argentite  (Ag2S),  horn  silver (AgCl), proustite (Ag3AsS3), and
pyargyrite (Ag3SbS3).  Silver  is  used  extensively  in  several
industries,  among them electroplating.

Metallic  silver  is  not considered to be toxic, but most of its
salts are toxic to a large number of organisms.   Upon  ingestion
by humans, many silver salts are absorbed in the circulatory sys-
tem  and deposited in various body tissues, resulting in general-
ized or sometimes localized gray pigmentation  of  the  skin  and
mucous  membranes known as argyria.  There is no known method for
removing silver from the tissues once it is  deposited,  and  the
effect is cumulative.

Silver  is recognized as a bactericide and doses from 0.000001 to
0.0005 mg/1  have been reported as sufficient to sterilize  water.
The  criterion for ambient water to protect human health from the
toxic properties of silver ingested  through  water  and  through
contaminated aquatic organisms is 0.050 mg/1.

The  chronic  toxic  effects of silver on the aquatic environment
have not been given as much attention as many other heavy metals.
Data from existing literature support the  fact  that  silver  is
very toxic to aquatic organisms.  Despite the fact that silver is
nearly the most toxic of the heavy metals, there are insufficient
data  to  adequately  evaluate  even  the  effects of hardness on
silver toxicity.  There are no data available on the toxicity  of
different forms of silver!

Bioaccumulation  and  concentration  of silver from sewage sludge
has not been studied to any great degree.  There is some  indica-
tion  that  silver  could  be  bioaccumulated in mushrooms to the
extent that there  could  be " adverse  physiological  effects  on
humans  if  they  consumed large quantities of mushrooms grown in
silver enriched soil.  The effect,  however,  would  tend  to  be
unpleasant rather than fatal.

The  most recent EPA study of the behavior of toxic pollutants in
a POTW indicates that silver is 66  percent  removed.   There  is
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little   summary   data  available  on  the  quantity  of  silver
discharged to a POTW.  Presumably there would be  a  tendency  to
limit  its discharge from a manufacturing facility because of its
high intrinsic value.

Zinc  (128).    Zinc  occurs  abundantly  in  the  earth's  crust,
concentrated  in  ores.   It  is  readily  refined into the pure,
stable, silver-white metal.  In addition to its  use  in  alloys,
zinc  is used as a protective coating on steel.  It is applied by
hot diping (i.e.,  dipping  the  steel  in  molten  zinc)  or  by
electroplating.

Zinc  can  have an adverse effect on man and animals at high con-
centrations.   Zinc at concentrations in excess of 5  mg/1  causes
an  undesirable  taste which persists through conventional treat-
ment.  For the prevention of adverse effects due to these organo-
leptic properties of zinc, 5 mg/1 was  adopted  for  the  ambient
water  criterion.   Available  data  show that adverse effects on
aquatic life occur at concentrations as low as 0.047  mg/1  as  a
24-hour average.

Toxic  concentrations  of zinc compounds cause adverse changes in
the morphology and physiology of fish.  Lethal concentrations  in
the  range of 0.1 mg/1 have been reported.  Acutely toxic concen-
trations induce cellular breakdown of the gills, and possibly the
clogging of the gills with mucous.  Chronically toxic  concentra-
tions of zinc compounds cause general enfeeblement and widespread
histological  changes to many organs, but not to gills.  Abnormal
swimming behavior has been reported at  0.04  mg/1.   Growth  and
maturation  are  retarded by zinc.  It has been observed that the
effects of zinc poisoning may not become apparent immediately, so
that fish removed from zinc-contaminated water may die as long as
48 hours after removal.

In general, salmonoids are most sensitive to  elemental  zinc  in
soft  water;   the  rainbow  trout  is  the most sensitive in hard
waters.  A complex relationship exists  between  zinc  concentra-
tion,  dissolved zinc concentration, pH, temperature, and calcium
and magnesium concentration.  Prediction of harmful  effects  has
been  less  than  reliable  and  controlled studies have not been
extensively documented.

The major concern with zinc compounds in  marine  waters  is  not
with  acute  lethal  effects,  but rather with the long-term sub-
lethal effects of the metallic  compounds  and  complexes.   Zinc
accumulates  in  some  marine species, and marine animals contain
zinc in the range of 6 to 1,500 mg/kg.  From the point of view of
acute lethal effects, invertebrate marine animals seem to be  the
most sensitive organism tested.
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 Toxicities  of   zinc  in  nutrient  solutions  have  been  demonstrated
 for  a  number of  plants.   A  variety  of  fresh water   plants   tested
 manifested  harmful   symptoms   at concentrations of 0.030  to  21.6
 mg/1.   Zinc sulfate has  also been found   to  be  lethal  to  many
 plants and  it could impair  agricultural  uses of  the water.

 Zinc   is  not  destroyed when  treated by a POTW,  but will  either
 pass through to  the POTW effluent or   be  retained in  the  POTW
 sludge.   It  can   interfere with treatment processes in the  POTW
 and  can also limit  the usefulness of municipal sludge.

 In slug doses, and  particularly in  the presence  of copper,  dis-
 solved zinc can  interfere with  or seriously disrupt the  operation
 of   POTW  biological  processes by  reducing overall removal effi^
 ciencies, largely as  a result of  the toxicity of   the  metal  to
 biological  organisms.    However,  zinc   solids  in  the  form of
 hydroxides  or sulfides do not appear to  interfere  with biological
 treatment processes,  on  the basis of available data.   Such solids
 accumulate  in the sludge.

 The  influent concentrations of  zinc to a POTW have been  observed
 by   the EPA to  range from  0.017  to 3.91  mg/1, with a median  con-
 centration  of 0.33  mg/1.  Primary treatment is not efficient  in
 removing zinc; however,  the microbial  floe  of secondary  treatment
 readily adsorbs  zinc.

 In a study  of 258 POTW facilities,  the median pass-through values
 were  70  to  88 percent for primary plants, 50  to 60 percent for
 trickling filter and  biological process  plants,  and 30 to  40  per-
 cent for activated  process  plants.  POTW effluent   concentrations
 of   zinc  ranged from   0.003 to 3.6 mg/1 (mean  =  0.330, standard
 deviation = 0.464).   The most recent EPA study of  the behavior of
 toxic  pollutants in  POTW  indicates   that   zinc  is   65  percent
 removed.

 The  zinc which  does  not pass through  the POTW is  retained in the
 sludge.  The presence of zinc  in sludge   may  limit  its  use  on
 cropland.   Sewage  sludge   contains   72  to over  30,000 mg/kg of
 zinc,  with  3,366 mg/kg as the mean  value.   These   concentrations
 are  significantly  greater  than  those  normally found in soil,
 which  range from 0  to 195 mg/kg,  with  94  mg/kg  being  a   common
 level.  Therefore,   application of   sewage  sludge  to soil  will
 generally increase  the concentration of  zinc in  the  soil.    Zinc
 can  be toxic to plants, depending upon soil pH.   Lettuce, toma-
 toes,  turnips, mustard,  kale, and beets  are especially  sensitive
 to zinc contamination.

.Aluminum.   Aluminum,  a  nonconventional  pollutant, is an abundant
 silvery white metal comprising  approximately 8.1 percent  of   the
 earth's crust.   Aluminum   never  exists  in an   ionic state in
                                61 1

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nature, but rather is found as a component of several ores.   The
principal  ore for aluminum is bauxite from which alumina  (A1203)
is extracted.  Aluminum metal is produced by electrolysis of  the
alumina in the cryolite bath.

Aluminum metal is relatively corrosion resistant because it forms
a  protective  oxide film on the surface which prevents corrosion
under many conditions.  Electrolytic action of  other  metals  in
contact with aluminum and strong acids and alkalis can break down
the oxide layer causing rapid corrosion to occur.

Aluminum is light, malleable, ductile, possesses high thermal and
electrical  conductivity, and is non-magnetic.  It can be formed,
machined or cast.  Aluminum is used in the  construction,  trans-
portation,  and  container  industries and competes with iron and
steel in these markets.

There is increasing evidence that  dissolved  aluminum  may  have
substantial  adverse  effects on human health.  Aluminum has been
implicated by several studies in the development  of  Alzheimer's
disease  (progressive  senile dementia).  This disease is associ-
ated with the formation of tangled bunches  of  nerve  fibers  or
"neurofibrillary tangles" (NFT).  Autopsy studies have shown that
aluminum  is  present in 90 percent of the nuclei of NFT neurons.
It is present in less than 6 percent of the nuclei of normal neu-
rons.  This trend is also apparent in the cytoplasm of  NFT  neu-
rons,  although  less prominent than in the nuclei:  aluminum was
found in 29.4 percent of the cytoplasms of NFT neurons  and  11.1
percent of the cytoplasms of normal neurons.

Brains  of  individuals suffering from several other neurological
diseases have also displayed elevated concentrations of aluminum.
These diseases include Huntington's disease, Parkinsons' disease,
progressive supranuclear palsy, acoustic neuroma,  and  Guamanian
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

These increased concentrations of aluminum may be a result of the
development  of  the  disease,  rather than a contributing cause;
however, this possibility seems less likely in light  of  several
recent studies correlating high concentrations of aluminum in the
environment  to a high incidence of several of these neurological
disorders.  These and other  studies  are  discussed  in  greater
detail  in  the  report  "Aluminum:   An Environmental and Health
Effects Assessment," cited  as  a  reference  in  this  document.
Although much work remains to be done on this subject, the Agency
believes  that  the  evidence points to a much broader neurotoxic
role for aluminum than had previously been assumed.

In addition, mildly alkaline conditions can  cause  precipitation
of  aluminum  as the hydroxide.  When aluminum hydroxide precipi-
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tates in waterways or bodies of water, it can blanket the bottom,
having an adverse effect on the benthos and on aquatic plant life
rooted on the bottom.  Aluminum  hydroxide,  like  many  precipi-
tates,  can  also  impair the gill action of fish when present in
large amounts.

Alum, an aluminum salt with the chemical formula A12(SO^)3.14H20,
is used as a coagulant in  municipal  and  industrial  wastewater
treatment.   This  form  is different from dissolved aluminum and
aluminum hydroxide,  which  are  both  harmful  pollutants.   The
amount of dissolved aluminum in finished water does not generally
depend  upon  the  amount  of  alum used as a coagulant, unless a
large excess is used.  The alum is  contained  in  the  treatment
sludge; very little passes through into the effluent.

Similarly,  the  amount  of  aluminum hydroxide in finished water
does not depend on the amount of alum used  in  coagulation,  but
rather  on  the  pH  and the concentration of dissolved aluminum.
Therefore, the use of alum as a  coagulant  does  not  result  in
large  amounts  of  either  aluminum  or  aluminum  hydroxide  in
finished water.  There are no data available on the POTW  removal
efficiency for the pollutant aluminum.

Oil  and  Grease.   Oil  and  grease  are  taken  together as one
pollutant parameter.  This is a conventional pollutant  and  some
of its components are:

1.   Light  Hydrocarbons  -  These  include  light  fuels such as
gasoline, kerosene, and jet fuel, and miscellaneous solvents used
for  industrial processing, degreasing, or cleaning purposes.  The
presence of these light hydrocarbons  may  make  the  removal  of
other heavier oil wastes more difficult.

2.   Heavy Hydrocarbons, Fuels, and Tars - These include .the crude,
oils,  diesel oils, 16 fuel oil, residual oils, slop oils, and in
some cases, asphalt and road tar.

3.   Lubricants and Cutting Fluids - These generally fall into two
classes:  non-emulsifiable oils  such  as  lubricating  oils  and
greases and emulsifiable oils such as water soluble oils, rolling
oils, cutting oils, and drawing compounds.  Emulsifiable oils may
contain fat, soap, or various other additives.

4.   Vegetable  and  Animal  Fats  and  Oils  -  These  originate
primarily from processing of foods and natural products.

These compounds can settle or float and may exist  as  solids  or
liquids  depending upon factors such  as method of use, production
process, and temperature of water.
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Oil and grease even in small quantities cause  troublesome  taste
and  odor problems.  Scum lines from these agents are produced on
water treatment basin walls and other containers.  Fish and water
fowl are adversely affected by oils in their habitat.  Oil  emul-
sions  may  adhere  to the gills of fish causing suffocation, and
the flesh of  fish  is  tainted  when  microorganisms  that  were,
exposed  to waste oil are eaten.  Deposition of oil in the bottom
sediments of water can serve to inhibit  normal  benthic  growth.
Oil and grease exhibit an oxygen demand.

Many  of  the  toxic organic pollutants will be found distributed
between the oil phase and the aqueous phase in industrial  waste-
waters.   The  presence  of phenols, PCB's, PAH's, and almost any
other organic pollutant in the oil and grease make  characteriza-
tion  of this parameter almost impossible.  However, all of these
other organics add to the objectionable nature  of  the  oil  and
grease.

Levels  of  oil  and  grease which are toxic to aquatic organisms
vary greatly, depending on the type and the species  susceptibil-
ity.   However, it has been reported that crude oil in concencra-
tions as low as 0.3 mg/1 is extremely toxic to  freshwater  fish.
It  has  been  recommended  that  public  water supply sources be
essentially free from oil and grease.

Oil and grease in quantities of TOO 1/sq km show up as a sheen on
the surface of a body of  water.   The  presence  of  oil  slicks
decreases the aesthetic value of a waterway.

Oil and grease is compatible with a POTW activated sludge process
in  limited  quantity.  However, slug loadings or high concentra-
tions of oil and grease interfere with biological treatment  pro-
cesses.   The  oils coat surfaces and solid particles, preventing
access of oxygen,  and  sealing  in  some  microorganisms.   Land
spreading of POTW sludge containing oil and grease uncontaminated
by  toxic pollutants is not expected to affect crops grown on the
treated land, or animals eating those crops.

pH.  Although not a specific pollutant,  pH  is  related  to  the
acidity  or  alkalinity  of a wastewater stream.  It is not, how-
ever, a measure of either.  The term pH is used to  describe  the
hydrogen ion concentration (or activity) present in a given solu-
tion.   Values  for  pH range from 0 to 14, and these numbers are
the negative logarithms of the hydrogen ion concentrations.  A pH
of 7 indicates neutrality.  Solutions with a pH above 7 are alka-
line, while those solutions with a pH below 7  are  acidic.   The
relationship  of pH and acidity and alkalinity is not necessarily
linear or direct.  Knowledge of the water pH is useful in  deter-
mining  necessary measures for corrosion control, sanitation, and
disinfection.  Its value is also necessary in  the  treatment  of
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industrial wastewaters to determine amounts of chemicals required
to remove pollutants and to measure their effectiveness.  Removal
of  pollutants, especially dissolved solids is affected by the pH
of the wastewater.

Waters with a pH below 6.0 are corrosive to  water  works  struc-
tures,  distribution  lines,  and household plumbing fixtures and
can thus add constituents to drinking water such as iron, copper,
zinc, cadmium, and lead.   The  hydrogen  ion  concentration  can
affect the taste of the water, and at a low pH water tastes sour.
The  bactericidal  effect  of  chlorine  is  weakened  as  the pH
increases, and it is advantageous to keep the pH  close  to  7.0.
This is significant for providing safe drinking water.

Extremes of pH or rapid pH changes can exert stress conditions or
kill  aquatic  life outright.  Even moderate changes from accept-
able criteria limits of pH are deleterious to some species.

The relative toxicity  to  aquatic  life  of  many  materials  is
increased  by  changes in the water pH.  For example, metallocya-
nide complexes can increase a thousand-fold in  toxicity  with  a
drop of 1.5 pH units.

Because  of  the  universal  nature of pH and its effect on water
quality and treatment, it is selected as  a  pollutant  parameter
for  many industry categories.  A neutral pH range (approximately
6 to 9) is generally desired because either extreme  beyond  this
range  has a deleterious effect on receiving waters or the pollu-
tant nature of other wastewater constituents.

Pretreatment for regulation of pH is covered by the "General Pre-
treatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution,"
40 CFR 403.5.  This section prohibits the discharge to a POTW  of
"pollutants  which  will cause corrosive structural damage to the
POTW but in no case discharges with pH lower than 5.0 unless  the
works is specially designed to accommodate such discharges."
Total  Suspended  Solids   (TSS).
 Suspended  solids include both
The inorganic compounds include
organic and inorganic materials.
sand, silt, and clay.  The organic fraction includes such materi-
als as grease, oil, tar, and animal and vegetable waste products.
These solids may settle out  rapidly,  and  bottom  deposits  are
often a mixture of both organic and inorganic solids.  Solids may
be  suspended  in  water for a time and then settle to the bed of
the stream or lake.  These solids discharged  with  man's  wastes
may  be  inert, slowly biodegradable materials, or rapidly decom-
posable  substances.   While  in  suspension,  suspended   solids
increase  the  turbidity  of the water, reduce light penetration,
and impair the photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants.
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Suspended solids in water interfere  with  many  industrial  pro-
cesses  and  cause foaming in boilers and incrustations on equip-
ment exposed to such water, especially as the temperature  rises.
They  are undesirable in process water used in the manufacture of
steel, in the textile industry, in laundries, in dyeing,  and  in
cooling systems.

Solids  in  suspension  are aesthetically displeasing.  When they
settle to form sludge deposits on the stream or  lake  bed,  they
are often damaging to the life in the water.  Solids, when trans-
formed  to  sludge  deposit, may do a variety of damaging things,
including blanketing the stream or lake bed and thereby  destroy-
ing  the  living  spaces  for  those benthic organisms that would
otherwise occupy the habitat.  When of an organic nature,  solids
use  a  portion  or  all of the dissolved oxygen available in the
area.   Organic  materials  also  serve  as  a  food  source  for
sludgeworms and associated organisms.

Disregarding  any toxic effect attributable to substances leached
out by water, suspended solids may kill  fish  and  shellfish  by
causing  abrasive injuries and by clogging the gills and respira-
tory passages of various aquatic  fauna.   Indirectly,  suspended
solids  are  inimical  to  aquatic  life  because they screen out
light, and they promote and maintain the development  of  noxious
conditions through oxygen depletion.  This results in the killing
of  fish  and  fish food organisms.  Suspended solids also reduce
the recreational value of the water.

Total suspended solids is a traditional pollutant which  is  com-
patible  with a well-run POTW.  This pollutant with the exception
of those components which are described elsewhere  in  this  sec-
tion,  e.g.,  heavy metal components, does not interfere with the
operation of a POTW.  However, since a  considerable  portion  of
the  innocuous  TSS  may be inseparably bound to the constituents
which do interfere  with  POTW  operation,  or  produce  unusable
sludge,  or  subsequently  dissolve  to produce unacceptable POTW
effluent, TSS may be considered a toxic waste.

POLLUTANT SELECTION FOR CORE WASTE STREAMS

The pollutant selection procedure was performed for the following
core groups of waste streams to  select  those  toxic  pollutants
that  would  be considered for establishing regulations for these
core wastewater stream groups:

     Rolling with Neat Oils Core Waste Streams
     Rolling with Emulsions Core Waste Streams
     Extrusion Core Waste Streams
     Forging Core Waste Streams
     Drawing with Neat Oils Core Waste Streams
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     Drawing with Emulsions or Soaps Core Waste Streams

Table VI-2 summarizes the disposition of priority pollutants with
respect to each set of core operations.

Rolling with Neat Oils Core Waste Streams

The following waste streams will receive  a  pollutant  discharge
allocation in the core of the Rolling with Neat Oils Subcategory:

     Roll Grinding Spent Emulsion
     Annealing Furnace Atmosphere Scrubber Liquor
     Sawing Spent Lubricant
     Miscellaneous Nondescript Wastewater Sources

Organic  pollutant  characteristics  of  the  roll grinding spent
emulsions and sawing spent lubricant waste  streams  were  deter-
mined  from  the  rolling  spent  emulsions waste stream.  All of
these processes require a lubricant to prevent excess wear on the
metal against metal surfaces.  Since the properties of the lubri-
cants required are similar between  these  three  processes,  the
formulations  for  each  ought  to  be  similar;  therefore,  the
characteristics of one are transferable to another.

Toxic metal pollutants and cyanide characteristics from  applica-
ble  miscellaneous  wastewater  sources (points AA-2, AA-3, AA-8,
and AA-9)  were  considered  for  the  miscellaneous  nondescript
wastewater  sources.  Toxic metals and cyanide characteristics of
sawing spent lubricant and  roll  grinding  spent  emulsion  were
determined from samples taken of these streams.  The organic data
for  these  wastewater  streams  were  received  too  late  to be
included in the data base.

The annealing furnace atmosphere scrubber liquor waste stream had
no toxic pollutants detected above the level considered  achieva-
ble by specific available treatment methods.

Pollutants  Never  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-2 were not detected in any  samples  from  these
wastewater   streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.  The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI42
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from these wastewater streams; therefore,  they  were
not  selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for
these wastewater streams.
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Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by  Treatment.    The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-2 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods; therefore,  they  were  not
selected  for consideration in establishing regulations.for these
wastewater streams.  The pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

Acrolein  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 8 samples; however, it was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.100 mg/1).

Benzene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
1 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1).

Chlorobenzene  was  detected  above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 8 samples; however, it  was  not  found  above  the
level  considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.025
mg/1).

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol was detected above its analytical quantifi-
cation level in 1 of 9 samples; however, it was not  found  above
the  level  considered  achievable  by specific treatment methods
(0.025 mg/1).

Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 8 samples; however, it was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.1  mg/1).

Methylene  chloride was found above its analytical quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples, with values ranging from 0.360 to  1.300
mg/1.   This  pollutant is not attributable to specific materials
or processes associated with rolling with neat oils; however,  it
is  a  common solvent used in analytical laboratories, and is not
expected to be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above
the level considered achievable by specific  available  treatment
methods (0.100 mg/1).

Antimony  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 11 samples; however, it was not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.47 mg/1).

Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
2  of  12 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.049 mg/1).
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Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification level in
1  of 12 samples; however,  it  was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.036 mg/1).

Nickel  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
5 of 13 samples; however, it was not found above the  level  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1).

Pollutants  Detected  in  a  Small  Number of Sources.  The toxic
pollutants identified by "SU" in  Table  VI-2  were  found  above
their  analytical  quantification level at only a small number of
sources -within the category and  are  uniquely  related  to  only
those   sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in  1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Butyl  benzyl  phthalate  was  detected  above   its   analytical
quantification level in  1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Dimethyl  phthalate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Chrysene was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Acenaphthylene  was  detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Anthracene and phenanthrene are  not  cleanly  separated  by  the
analytical  protocol  employed  in  this  study;  thus,  they are
reported together.  The sum of these pollutants was  reported  at
values greater than their analytical quantification level in 2 of
9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion  level  in  4 of 8 samples; however, it was only found above
the level considered achievable  by  specific  treatment  methods
(0.05 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Trichloroethylene  was  detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.
Chlordane was detected above its analytical quantification
in 1 of 7 samples and in  1 of 5 sources.
level
4,4'-DDE  was  detected above its analytical quantification  level
in  1 of 7 samples and in  1 of 5 sources.
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Alpha-endosulfan was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1  of 5 sources.
Beta-endosulfan was detected above its analytical
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
       quantification
Alpha-BHC  was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
Beta-BHC was detected above its analytical
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
quantification  level
Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification level in
5 of 12 samples and in 3 of 5 plants; however, it was found above
the  level  considered  achievable  by specific treatment methods
(0.34 mg/1) at only 1 of 5 plants.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for the Rolling with Neat Oils Core  Waste  Streams.   The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "RG"  in  Table  VI-2  are  those not
eliminated from consideration  for  any  of  the  reasons  listed
above;   therefore,   each  was  selected  for  consideration  in
establishing  regulations  for  these  wastewater  streams.   The
pollutants are individually discussed below.

Acenaphthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.010  mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

Ethylbenzene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples and above the level considered achievable
by  specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 8 samples and
in 2 of 4 sources.

Fluoranthene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods  (0.010 mg/1) in 3 of 9 samples and in  2  of  6
sources.

Naphthalene  was  detected  above  its  analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.050  mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine  was   detected   above   its   analytical
quantification level in 3 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.
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Phenol was detected above  its analytical quantification  level  and
above  the   level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods  (0.050 mg/1)  in  3  of 10 samples and  in 3 of  6 sources.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate  was  found  above  its   analytical
quantification   level  in  4 of 9 samples.  The maximum concentra-
tion observed was  2.900  mg/1.

Di-n-butyl phthalate  was found above  its  analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 4  of 9  samples, ranging from 0.330 to  19.000 mg/1.

Diethyl  phthalate  was  found above its analytical quantification
level  in 4 of 9  samples.   Values ranged from 0.220 to 3.100 mg/1.

Fluorene was detected above its analytical   quantification  level
and  above   the  level  considered achievable  by specific  treatment
methods  (0.010 mg/1)  in  5  of 9 samples and in 4 of 6 sources.

Pyrene, was detected above  its analytical quantification  level  and
above  the  level   considered  achievable  by specific   treatment
methods  (0.010 mg/1)  in  4  of 9 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.

Toluene was  detected  above its analytical quantification level in
5  of  8  samples  and  above  the level considered  achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and   in
.2  of 4 sources.

Endosulfan   sulfate was  detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 2  of 7  samples and in 2 of 5 sources.

Endrin was detected above  its analytical quantification  level   in
2  of 7 samples and in 2  of 5 sources.                     ' ' .

Endrin   aldehyde was  detected above its analytical quantification
level  in 2 of 7  samples  and in 2 of 5 sources.

The; seven   organic   toxic  pollutant   PCB's    (polychlorinated
biphenyls)   are  not  cleanly separated by the analytical protocol
employed in  this study;  thus, they are reported   in  two groups.
Each   of  the  two  PCB  groups  was  reported  present  above  its
analytical quantification  level in 3  of 7 samples and in 3  of  5
sources.

Chromium  was  detected  above its analytical quantification level
in 6 of  12 samples and above the level considered  achievable   by
specific  treatment methods  (0.07 mg/1) in 2 of  12 samples and in
2  of 11  sources.

Copper was detected above  its analytical quantification  level   in
5  of   12  samples  and  above the level considered  achievable by
                                621

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specific treatment methods (0.39 mg/1) in 1 of 12 samples and  in
1 of 11 sources.

Lead  was detected above its analytical quantification level in 5
of 12 samples and above the level considered achievable by speci-
fic treatment methods (0.08 mg/1) in 3 of 12 samples and in 2  of
11 sources.

Zinc was detected above its analytical quantification level in 11
of 12 samples and above the level considered achievable by speci-
fic  treatment methods (0.23 mg/1) in 6 of 12 samples and in 6 of
11 sources.

Rolling with Emulsions Core Waste Streams

The following waste streams will receive  a  pollutant  discharge
allocation in the core of the Rolling with Emulsions Subcategory:

     Rolling with Emulsions Spent Emulsions
     Roll Grinding Spent Emulsions
     Sawing Spent Lubricants
     Miscellaneous Nondescript Wastewater Sources

Pollutant  data  from applicable miscellaneous wastewater sources
{points AA-2, AA-3, AA-8,  and  AA-9)  were  considered  for  the
miscellaneous nondescript wastewater sources.  Characteristics of
rolling  spent emulsions, sawing spent lubricant, and roll grind-
ing spent emulsions were determined from samples taken from these
waste streams.

Pollutants Never Detected.  The toxic  pollutants  identified  by
"ND"  in  Table  VI-2 were not detected in any samples from these
wastewater  streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations for these wastewater
streams.

Pollutants Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical  Quantification
Level.   The  toxic  pollutants  identified by "NQ" in Table VI-2
were never found above their analytical quantification  level  in
any  samples  from these wastewater streams; therefore, they were
not selected for consideration in  establishing  regulations  for
these wastewater streams.

Pollutants  Detected  Below  Levels Achievable by Treatment.  The
toxic pollutants identified by "NT"  in  Table  VI-2  were  found
above   their   analytical   quantification   level   only  at  a
concentration below the concentration  considered  achievable  by
specific  available  treatment  methods; therefore, they were.not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations for  these
                               622

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wastewater
below.
streams.   The  pollutants are individually discussed
Acrolein was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  2  of  8  samples;  however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.100 mg/1).

Benzene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
1  of 8 samples;  however,  it  was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.05 mg/1).

Chlorobenzene  was  detected  above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 8 samples; however, it  was  not  found  above  the
level  considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.025
mg/1).

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol was detected above its analytical quantifi-
cation level in 1 of 9 samples; however, it was not  found  above
the  level  considered  achievable  by specific treatment methods
(0.025 mg/1).

Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 8 samples; however, it was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.1 mg/1).

Methylene  chloride was found above its analytical quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples, with values ranging from 0.360 to  1.300
mg/1.   This  pollutant is not attributable to specific materials
or processes associated with rolling with emulsions; however,  it
is  a  common solvent used in analytical laboratories, and is not
expected to be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above
the level considered achievable by specific  available  treatment
methods (0.100 mg/1).

Antimony  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 21 samples; however, it was not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.47 mg/1).

Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification level in
3  of  22 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.036 mg/1).
Pollutants Detected  in a Small  Number  of  Sources.
                                           The   toxic
pollutants   identified  by   "SU"   in  Table VI-2 were  found  above
their analytical quantification  level at only a small   number  of
sources  within  the  category   and  are uniquely  related  to only
those  sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations for these wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are  individually discussed  below.
                               623

-------
1/2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Butyl   benzyl   phthalate  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Dimethyl phthalate was detected above its analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Chrysene  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Acenaphthylene was detected above its  analytical  quantification
level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Anthracene  and  phenanthrene  are  not  cleanly separated by the
analytical protocol  employed  in  this  study;  thus,  they  are
reported  together.   The sum of these pollutants was reported at
values greater than their analytical quantification level in 2 of
9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 4 of 8 samples; however, it was  only  found  above
the  level  considered  achievable  by specific treatment methods
(0.05 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Trichloroethylene was detected above its  analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Chlordane  was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

4,4'-DDE was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Alpha-endosulfan was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Beta-endosulfan  was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Alpha-BHC was detected above its analytical quantification  level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Beta-BHC  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification level in
10 of 21 samples; however, it was only found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.34 mg/1) in 2
                               624

-------
of 21 samples and in 2 of 16 sources.  Both of these sources were
located at the same plant, out of a total of 8 plants.

Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level In
8 of 21 samples; however, it was only found above the level  con-
sidered  achievable by specific treatment methods (0.049 mg/1) in
3 of 21 samples and in 3 of 16 sources.  These three sources  are
located at two different plants.

Nickel  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
12 of 22 samples; however, it was only found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1) in 2
of 22 samples and in 2 of 17 sources.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for the Rolling with Emulsions Core  Waste  Streams.   The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "RG"  in  Table  VI-2  are  those hot
eliminated from consideration  for  any  of  the  reasons  listed
above;   therefore,   each  was  selected  for  consideration  in
establishing  regulations  for  these  wastewater  streams.   The
pollutants are individually discussed below.

Acenaphthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by,  specific
treatment  methods  (0.010  mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

Ethylbenzene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples and above the level considered achievable
by  specific treatment methods  (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 8 samples and
in 2 of 4 sources.

Fluoranthene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods  (0.010 mg/1)  in 3 of 9 samples and in  2  of  6
sources.

Naphthalene  was  detected  above  its  analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.050  mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine was detected above its analytical  quanti-
fication level in  3 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.

Phenol was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific treatment
methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 10 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.
                               625

-------
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate  was  found  above  its   analytical
quantification  level  in 4 of 9 samples.  The maximum concentra-
tion observed was 2.900 mg/1.

Di-n-butyl phthalate was found above its  analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 4 of 9 samples,  ranging from 0.330 to 19.000 mg/1.

Diethyl  phthalate  was found above its analytical quantification
level in 4 of 9 samples.  Values ranged from 0.220 to 3.100 mg/1.

Fluorene was detected above its analytical  quantification , level
and  above  the level considered achievable by specific treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 5 of 9 samples and in 4 of 6 sources.

Pyrene was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 4 of 9 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.

Toluene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
5  of  8  samples  and  above  the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and  in
2 of 4 sources.

Endosulfan  sulfate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.
Endrin was detected above its analytical quantification level
2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.
in
Endrin  aldehyde was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.

The  seven  organic  toxic   pollutant   PCB's    (polychlorinated
biphenyls)  are  not cleanly separated by the analytical protocol
employed in this study; thus, they are reported   in  two  groups.
Each  of  the  two  PCB  groups  was  reported  present above its
analytical quantification level in 3 of 7 samples and in 3  of  5
sources.

Chromium  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 14 of 22 samples and above the level considered achievable  by
specific  treatment methods (0.07 mg/1) in 7 of 22 samples and in
7 of 17 sources.

Copper was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
13  of  22  samples  and above the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.39 mg/1) in 7 of 22 samples and  in
6 of 17 sources.
                               626

-------
Cyanide was detected above its analytical quantification level in
8 of 22 samples and above the level considered achievable by spe-
cific  treatment methods (0.047 mg/1)  in 6 of 22 samples and in 3
of 17 sources.

Lead was detected above its analytical quantification level in 13
of 22 samples and above the level considered achievable  by  spe-
cific  treatment  methods (0.08 mg/1)  in 9 of 22 samples and in 6
of 17 sources.

Zinc was detected above its analytical quantification level in 19
of 21 samples and above the level considered achievable by speci-
fic treatment methods (0.23 mg/1) in 13 of 21 samples and  in  11
of 16 sources.

Extrusion Core Waste Streams

The  following  waste  streams will receive a pollutant discharge
allocation in the core of the Extrusion Subcategory:

     Extrusion Die Cleaning Bath
     Extrusion Die Cleaning Rinse
     Extrusion Die Cleaning or Press Scrubber Liquor
     Sawing Spent Lubricant
     Miscellaneous Nondescript Wastewater Sources

Pollutant data from applicable miscellaneous  wastewater  sources
(points  AA-2, AA-3, AA-8, and AA-9) were considered for the mis-
cellaneous nondescript wastewater sources.  For the extrusion die
cleaning or press scrubber liquor, no toxic metals were  detected
above  their  analytical quantification level and above the level
considered achievable by specific  available  treatment  methods.
Due  to  a  lack of data, the toxic organics in the extrusion die
cleaning or press scrubber liquor and  the  cleaning  or  etching
scrubber liquor are considered to be similar.  The same pollutant
selection is  considered equally applicable to both of these waste
streams.   As  will  be  discussed  in  the  section on pollutant
selection for ancillary waste streams,  no  toxic  organics  were
selected  for  consideration  in establishing regulations for the
cleaning or etching scrubber liquor wastewater stream.

Organic pollutant characteristics of the sawing  spent  lubricant
waste  stream  were  determined  from the rolling spent emulsions
waste stream.  Both of these processes  require  a  lubricant  to
prevent  excess  wear  on the metal against metal surfaces and to
aid by cooling the surfaces.  Since the properties of the  lubri-
cants  required  are  similar  between  these  two processes, the
formulations  for each are assumed to be similar;  therefore,  the
characteristics of one are transferable to another.
                               627

-------
Toxic  metal  pollutants and cyanide characteristics of extrusion
die cleaning baths and rinses, and sawing spent  lubricants  were
determined from samples taken of these streams.

Pollutants  Never  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-2 were not detected in any  samples  from  these
wastewater   streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.   The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI-2
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from these wastewater streams; therefore,  they  were
not  selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for
these wastewater streams.

Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-2 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods; therefore,  they  were  not
selected  for consideration in establishing regulations for these
wastewater streams.  The pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

Acrolein  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 10 samples; however, it was not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.100 mg/1).

Benzene was detected abov<=lts analytical quantification level in
2  of  10 samples; howeve^ it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1).

Chlorobenzene was detected above  its  analytical  quantification
level  in  1  of  10 samples; however, it was not found above the
level considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.025
mg/1).

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol was detected above its analytical quantifi-
cation  level in 1 of 11 samples; however, it was not found above
the level considered achievable  by  specific  treatment  methods
(0.025 mg/1).

Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in  2  of  10  samples; however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.1 mg/1).

Methylene chloride was found above its analytical  quantification
level in 7 of 10 samples, with values ranging from 0.021 to 1.300
                               628

-------
mg/1.   This  pollutant is not attributable to specific materials
or processes associated with extrusion; however, it is  a  common
solvent  used  in analytical laboratories, and is not expected to
be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above  the  level
considered, achievable  by  specific  available treatment methods
(o. 100 mg/i).-...-.                              .   ,   /.";••  •'•••;;

Antimony was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  12  of  22 samples; however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.47 mg/1).

Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
7 of 22 samples; hpwever, it was not found above the  level,  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.0.4.9 mg/1).

Cyanide  was  detected above its quantitative analytical level in
11 of 22 samples; however, it  was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.047 mg/1).

Mercury was detected above its quantitative analytical level in  2
of  22 samples; however, it was not found above the level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.036 mg/1).  ..

Nickel was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
6  of  22 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1).

Selenium was detected above its quantitative analytical level , in
6  of  21 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.20 mg/1).
Pollutants Detected in a Small, Number  of  Sources.
The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "SU"  in  Table VI-2 were found  above
their analytical quantification level at only a small  number  of
sources  within  the  category  and  are uniquely related  to only
those  sources;   therefore,   they .  were  . not   selected    for
consideration  in, establishing  regulations for these wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Butyl   benzyl   phthalate  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 11 samples and in 1 of 8 sources.

Dimethyl phthalate was detected above its analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 11 samples  and in 1 of 8 sources.      ;

Chrysene  was  detected above  its analytical quantification  level
in  1 of 11 samples and in 1 of 8 sources.
                                629

-------
Acenaphthylene was detected above its  analytical
level in 1 of 11 samples and in 1 of 8 sources.
       quantification
Anthracene  and  phenanthrene  are  not  cleanly separated by the
analytical protocol  employed  in  this  study;  thus,  they." are
reported  together.   The sum of these pollutants was reported at
values greater than their analytical quantification level in 2 of
11 samples and in 1 of 8 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 4 of 10 samples; however, it was only  found  above
the  level  considered  achievable  by specific treatment methods
(0.05 mg/1) in 3 of 10 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.
Trichloroethylene was detected above its  analytical
tion level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.
          quantifica-
Chlordane  was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
4,4'-DDE was detected above its analytical
in 1  of 9 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
quantification  level
Alpha-endosulfan was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.

Beta-endosulfan  was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
Alpha-BHC was detected above its analytical quantification
in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 8 sources.
                level
Beta-BHC  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 8 sources.

Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification level in
10 of 22 samples.   It  was  found  above  the  level  considered
achievable  by  specific treatment methods (0.35 mg/1) in 5 of 22
samples and in 5 of 15 sources.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for the Extrusion  Core  Waste  Streams.   The  toxic  pollutants
identified  by  "RG"  in Table VI-2 are those not eliminated from
consideration for any of the  reasons  listed  above;  therefore,
each  was  selected for consideration in establishing regulations
for these wastewater streams.  The  pollutants  are  individually
discussed below.

Acenaphthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
                               630

-------
treatment
sources.
methods  (0.010 mg/1) in 2 of 10 samples and in 2 of 8
Ethylbenzene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  in  5  of  IT  samples  and  above  the  level  considered
achievable by specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of  11
samples and in 2 of 7 sources.

Fluoranthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.010 mg/1) in 3 of 12 samples and in 2 of 9
sources.                                           .

Naphthalene was  detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 12 samples and in 2  of  9
sources.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine   was   detected   above   its  analytical
quantification level in 3 of 12 samples and in 2 of 9 sources.

Phenol was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 12 samples and in 3 of 8 sources.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)   phthalate  was  found  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 5 of 12 samples.  The maximum  concentra-
tion observed was 2.900 mg/1.

Di-n-butyl  phthalate  was found above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 4 of 12 samples, ranging from 0.330 to 19.000 mg/1.

Diethyl phthalate was found above its  analytical  quantification
level   in  4  of  11  samples.  Values ranged from 0.220 to 3.100
mg/1.

Fluorene was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
and  above  the  level considered achievable by specific treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 5 of 11 samples and in 4 of 8 sources.

Pyrene was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 4 of 11 samples and in 3 of 8 sources.

Toluene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
5  of   10  samples  and  above the  level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of  10 samples and in
2 of 6  sources.
                                631

-------
Endosulfan sulfate was detected above its analytical
tion level in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 7 sources.
   quantifica-
Endrin  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 7 sources.                        -:
Endrin aldehyde was detected above its analytical
level in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 7 sources.
quantification
The   seven   organic.  toxic  pollutant  PCB's  (polychlorinated
biphenyls) are not cleanly separated by the  analytical  protocol
employed  in  this  study; thus, they are reported in two groups.
Each of the  two  PCB  groups  was  reported  present  above  its
analytical  quantification  level in 3 of 9 samples and in 3 of 7
sources.

Chromium was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  15 of 22 samples and above the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.07 mg/1} in 6 of 22 samples and  in
6 of 15 sources.

Copper  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
17 of 22 samples and above the  level  considered  achievable  by
specific  treatment methods (0.39 mg/1) in 7 of 22 samples and in
5 of 15 sources.

Lead was detected above its analytical quantification level in 16
of 22 samples and above the level considered achievable by speci-
fic treatment methods (0.08 mg/1) in 10 of 22 samples and in 7 of
15 sources.

Zinc was detected above its analytical quantification level in 22
of 22 samples and above the level considered achievable by speci-
fic treatment methods (0.23 mg/1) in 11 of 22 samples and in 9 of
15 sources.                             -  •

Forging Core Waste Streams

The following waste streams will receive  a  pollutant  discharge
allocation in the core of the Forging Subcategory:

     Sawing Spent Lubricant
     Miscellaneous Nondescript Wastewater Sources

Pollutant  data  from applicable miscellaneous wastewater sources
(points AA-2, AA-3, AA-8, and AA-?) were considered for the  mis-
cellaneous  nondescript  wastewater  sources.   Organic pollutant
characteristics of the sawing spent lubricant waste  stream  were
determined  from  the rolling spent emulsions waste stream.  Both
of these processes require a lubricant to prevent excess wear  on
                               632

-------
the  metal  against  metal  surfaces  and  to  aid by cooling the
surfaces.  Since the properties of the  lubricants  required  are
similar  between  these  two processes, the formulations for each
ought to be similar; therefore, the characteristics  of  one  are
transferable to another.

Toxic  metals  and  cyanide  characteristics  of the sawing spent
lubricant wastewater stream were determined from samples taken of
this stream.

Pollutants Never Detected.  The toxic  pollutants  identified  by
"ND"  in  Table  VI-2 were not detected in any samples from these
wastewater  streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations for these wastewater
streams.

Pollutants Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical  Quantification
Level.   The  toxic  pollutants  identified by "NQ" in Table VI-2
were never found above their analytical quantification  level  in
any  samples  from these wastewater streams; therefore, they were
not selected for consideration in  establishing  regulations  for
these wastewater streams.

Pollutants  Detected  Below  Levels Achievable by_ Treatment.  The
toxic pollutants identified by "NT"  in  Table  VI-2  were  found
above   their   analytical   quantification   level   only  at  a
concentration below the concentration  considered  achievable  by
specific  available  treatment  methods; therefore, they were not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations for  these
wastewater  streams.   The  pollutants are individually discussed
below.

Acrolein was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  2  of  8  samples;  however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.100 mg/1).

Benzene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
1 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1).

Chlorobenzene was detected above  its  analytical  quantification
level  in  1  of  8  samples; however, it was not found above the
level considered achievable by specific treatment methods   (0.025
mg/1).

2,.4,6-Trichlorophenol   was   detected   above   its   analytical
quantification level in 1 of 9 samples; however, it was not found
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods  (0.025 mg/1).
                               633

-------
Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in  2  of  8  samples;  however, it was not found above the leyel
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.1 mg/1).

Methylene chloride was found above its analytical  quantification
level  in 5 of 8 samples, with values ranging from 0.360 to 1.300
mg/1.  This pollutant is not attributable to  specific  materials
or  processes  associated  with  forging; however, it is a common
solvent used in analytical laboratories, and is not  expected  to
be  present  in raw wastewaters at concentrations above the level
considered achievable by  specific  available  treatment  methods
(0.100 mg/1).

Antimony  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 3 of 8 samples; however, it was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.47, mg/1).

Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
2 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.049 mg/1).

Nickel  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
2 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1).

Pollutants Detected in a Small  Number  of  Sources.   The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "SU"  in  Table VI-2 were found above
their analytical quantification level at only a small  number  of
sources  within  the  category  and  are uniquely related to only
those  sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations for these wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Butyl   benzyl   phthalate  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Dimethyl phthalate was detected above its analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Chrysene  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Acenaphthylene was detected above its  analytical  quantification
level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Anthracene  and  phenanthrene  are  not  cleanly separated by the
analytical protocol  employed  in  this  study;  thus,  they  are
                               634

-------
reported  together.   The sum of these pollutants was reported at
values greater than their analytical quantification level in 2 of
9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 4 of 8 samples; however, it was  only  found  above
the  level  considered  achievable  by specific treatment methods
(0.05" mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Trichloroethylene was detected above its  analytical  quantifica-
tion l!evel in T of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Chlordane  was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

4,4'-DDE was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Alpha-endosulfan was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Beta-endosulfan  was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
Alpha-BHC was detected above its analytical quantification
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
level
Beta-BHC  was  detected above its analytical quantification  level
in 1 of 7 samples and in  1 of 5 sources.

Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification  level  in
2 of 8 samples; however,  it was only found above the   level   con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.34 mg/1)  in 1
of 8 samples and in 1 of  7 sources.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration  in Establishing  Regulations
for  the  Forging  Core   Waste  Streams.   The  toxic  pollutants
identified by  "RG" in Table VI-2 are those  not  eliminated   from
consideration  for  any   of  the reasons listed above; therefore,
each was selected for consideration in  establishing   regulations
for  these  wastewater  streams.  The pollutants are individually
discussed below.

Acenaphthene was detected above  its   analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment methods (0.010  mg/1) in 2 of  9 samples and in   2   of   6
sources.

Ethylbenzene   was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
Tevel  in 5 of  8 samples and above the  level considered achievable
                                635

-------
by specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 8 samples
in 2 of 4 sources.
        and
Fluoranthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.010  mg/1) in 3 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

Naphthalene was  detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in  2  of  6
sources.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine   was   detected   above   its  analytical
quantification level in 3 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.

Phenol was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 10 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)   phthalate  was  found  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 4 of 9 samples.  The  maximum  concentra-
tion observed was 2.900 mg/1.

Di-n-butyl  phthalate  was found above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 4 of 9 samples, ranging from 0.330 to 19.000 mg/1.

Diethyl phthalate was found above its  analytical  quantification
level in 4 of 9 samples.  Values ranged from 0.220 to 3.100 mg/1.

Fluorene  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
and above the level considered achievable by  specific  treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 5 of 9 samples and in 4 of 6 sources.

Pyrene was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 4 of 9 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.

Toluene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
5 of 8 samples and  above  the  level  considered  achievable  by
specific  treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of.8 samples and in
2 of 4 sources.
Endosulfan sulfate was detected above its analytical
tion level in 2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.
quantifica-
Endrin  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.
                               636

-------
Eridrin aldehyde was detected above its analytical
level in 2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.
quantification
The   seven   organic   toxic  pollutant  PCB's  (polychlorinated
biphenyls) are not cleanly separated by the  analytical  protocol
employed  in  this  study; thus, they are reported in two groups.
Each of the  two  PCB  groups  was  reported  present  above  its
analytical  quantification  level in 3 of 7 samples and in 3 of 5
sources.

Chromium was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  1   of  8 samples and above the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.07 mg/1) in 1 of 8 samples and in 1
of 7 sources.

Copper was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
3  of  8  samples  and  above  the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.39 mg/1) in 1 of 8 samples and in 1
of 7 sources.

Lead was'detected above its analytical quantification level in  3
of  8 samples and above the level considered achievable by speci-
fic treatment methods (0.08 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

Zinc was detected above its analytical quantification level in  8
of  8 samples and above the level considered achievable by speci-
fic treatment methods (0.23 mg/1) in 5 of 8 samples and in 5 of 7
sources.

Drawing with Neat Oils Core Waste Streams

The following waste streams will receive  a  pollutant  discharge
allocation in the core of the Drawing with Neat Oils Subcategory:

     Sawing Spent Lubricants
     Miscellaneous Nondescript Wastewater Sources

Pollutant  data  from applicable miscellaneous wastewater sources
(points AA-2, AA-3, AA-8, and AA-9) were considered for the  mis-
cellaneous  nondescript  wastewater  sources.   Organic pollutant
characteristics of the sawing spent lubricants waste stream  were
determined  from  the rolling spent emulsions waste stream.  Both
of these processes require a lubricant to prevent excess wear  on
the  metal  against metal surfaces arid to aid by cooling the sur-
faces.  Since the properties of the lubricants required are simi-
lar between these two processes, the formulations for each  ought
to   be  similar;  therefore,  the  characteristics  of  one  are
transferable to another.
                               637

-------
Toxic metals and cyanide characteristics of sawing  spent  lubri-
cants were determined from samples taken of this waste stream.

Pollutants  Never  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-2 were not detected in any  samples  from  these
wastewater   streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.  The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI-2
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from these wastewater streams; therefore,  they  were
not  selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for
these wastewater streams.

Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by_  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-2 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below the concentration   considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods; therefore,  they  were  not
selected  for consideration in establishing regulations for these
wastewater streams.  The pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

Acrolein  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 8 samples; however, it was  not  found  above  the  level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.100 mg/1).

Benzene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
1  of  8  samples;  however,  it  was  not  found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1).

Chlorobenzene was detected above  its  analytical  quantification
level  in  1  of  8  samples; however, it was not found above the
level considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.025
mg/1).

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol was detected above its analytical quantifi-
cation  level  in 1 of 9 samples; however, it was not found above
the level considered achievable  by  specific  treatment  methods
(0.025 mg/1).

Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in  2  of  8  samples;  however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.1 mg/1).

Methylene chloride was found above its analytical  quantification
level  in 5 of 8 samples, with values ranging from 0.360 to 1.300
mg/1.  This pollutant is not attributable to  specific  materials
                               638

-------
or  processes associated with drawing with neat oils; however, it
is a common solvent used in analytical laboratories, and  is  not
expected to be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above
the  level  considered achievable by specific available treatment
methods (0.100 mg/1).

Antimony was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  3  of  8  samples;  however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.47 mg/1).
 • '•.-'-"'  I
Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
2 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the  level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.049 mg/1).

Nickel was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
2 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the  level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1).

Pollutants  Detected  in  a  Small  Number of Sources.  The toxic
pollutants identified by "SU" in  Table  VI-2  were  found  above
their  analytical  quantification level at only a small number of
sources within the category and  are  uniquely  related  to  only
those   sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are individually discussed  below.

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Butyl  benzyl  phthalate  was  detected  above   its   analytical
quantification level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Dimethyl  phthalate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.
Chrysene was detected above its analytical
in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.
quantification  level
Acenaphthylene  was  detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 9 .samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Anthracene and phenanthrene are  not  cleanly  separated  by  the
analytical  protocol  employed  in  this  study;  thus,  they are
reported together.  The sum of these pollutants was  reported  at
values greater than their analytical quantification level in 2 of
9 samples and in  1 of 6 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion  level  in   4 of 8 samples; however, it was only found above
                               639

-------
the level considered achievable  by  specific  treatment
(0.05 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.
              methods
Trichloroethylene  was  detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.
Chlordane was detected above its analytical quantification
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
                level
4,4'-DDE  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1  of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Alpha-endosulfan was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
Beta-endosulfan was detected above its analytical
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
       quantification
Alpha-BHC  was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
Beta-BHC was detected above its analytical
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
quantification  level
Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification level in
3  of  8 samples; however, it was only found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.34 mg/1) in 2
of 8 samples and in 2 of 7 sources.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for the Drawing with Neat Oils Core  Waste  Streams.   The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "RG"  in  Table  VI-2  are  those not
eliminated from consideration  for  any  of  the  reasons  listed
above;  therefore,  each  was    selected  for  consideration  in
establishing  regulations  for  these  wastewater  streams.   The
pollutants are individually discussed below.

Acenaphthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.010  mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

Ethylbenzene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples and above the level considered achievable
by  specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 8 samples and
in 2 of 4 sources.

Fluoranthene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
                               640

-------
treatment methods (0.010 mg/1) .in 3 of 9 samples and in  2  of  6
sources.

Naphthalene  was  detected  above  its  analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.050  mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources. -_••-...                .         "•-.,:.-.•.-

N-nitrosodiphenylamine  was   detected   above   its   analytical
quantification level in 3 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.

Phenol was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above  the .level  considered  achievable  by  specific treatment
methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 10 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate  was  found  above  its   analytical
quantification   level  in 4 of 9 samples.  The maximum concentra-
tion observed was 2.900 mg/1.

Di-n-butyl phthalate was found above its  analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 4  of 9 samples, ranging from 0.330 to 19.000 mg/1.

Diethyl  phthalate  was found above its analytical quantification
level in 4 of 9  samples.  Values ranged from 0.220 to 3.100 mg/1.

Fluorene was detected above,its analytical  quantification  level
and  above  the  level considered achievable by specific treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 5 of 9 samples and in 4 of 6 sources.

Pyrene was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 4 of 9 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.

Toluene was detected above  its analytical quantification level  in
5  of  8  samples  and  above  the level considered achievable  by
specific treatment methods  (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and   in
2 of 4 sources.

Endosulfan  sulfate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 2  of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.

Endrin was detected above its analytical quantification level   in
2 of7 samples and in 2 of  5 sources.

Endrin  aldehyde was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 2 of 7  samples and in 2 of 5 sources.

The  seven  organic  toxic   pollutant   PCB's    (polychlorinated
biphenyls)  are  not cleanly separated by the analytical protocol
employed in this study; thus, they are reported   in  two  groups.
                                641

-------
Each  of  the  two  PCB  groups  was  reported  present above its
analytical quantification level in 3 of 7 samples and in 3  of  5
sources.

Chromium  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 8 samples and above the level  considered  achievable  by
specific treatment methods (0.08 mg/1) in 1 of 8 samples and in 1
of 7 sources.

Copper  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
3 of 8 samples and  above  the  level  considered  achievable  by
specific treatment methods (0.39 mg/1) in 1 of 8 samples and in 1
of 7 sources.

Lead  was detected above its analytical quantification level in 3
of 8 samples and above the level considered achievable by  speci-
fic treatment methods (0.07 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 2 of 7
sources.

Zinc  was detected above its analytical quantification level in 8
of 8 samples and above the level considered achievable by  speci-
fic treatment methods (0.23 mg/1) in 5 of 8 samples and in 5 of 7
sources.

Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps Core Waste Streams

The  following  waste  streams will receive a pollutant discharge
allocation in the core of the Drawing  With  Emulsions  or  Soaps
Subcateogry:

     Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps Spent Lubricants
     Sawing Spent Lubricants
     Miscellaneous Non-Descript Wastewater Sources

Pollutant  data  from applicable miscellaneous wastewater sources
(points AA-2, AA-3, AA-8,  and  AA-9)  were  considered  for  the
miscellaneous  non-descript  wastewater  sources.   Drawing  with
emulsions or soaps spent lubricants  were  only  sampled  at  one
facility;  however,  the  volatile organics and toxic metals were
not analyzed in that sample.   Toxic metals and cyanide character-
istics of the sawing spent lubricants waste  stream  were  deter-
mined from samples of this stream.  Where necessary due to a lack
of  data,  toxic  pollutant  characteristics  of the sawing spent
emulsions and drawing spent emulsions or soaps waste streams were
determined from the rolling spent emulsions  waste  stream.   All
three  of  these  processes require a lubricant to prevent excess
wear on the metal against metal surfaces and to  aid  by  cooling
the  surfaces.   Since  the properties of the lubricants required
are similar between these three processes, the  formulations  for
                               642

-------
each .ought  to be similar; therefore, the characteristics of one
are transferable to another.

Pollutants Never Detected.  The toxic  pollutants  identified  by
"ND"  in  Table  VI-2 were not detected in any samples from these
wastewater  streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations for these wastewater
streams.

Pollutants Never ,Found  Above  Their  Analytical  Quantification
Level.    The  toxic  pollutants  identified by "NQ" in Table VI-2
were never found above their analytical quantification  level  in
any  samples  from these wastewater streams; therefore, they were
not selected for consideration in  establishing  regulations  for
these wastewater streams.

Pollutants  Detected  Below  Levels Achievable by Treatment.  The
toxic pollutants identified by "NT"  in  Table  VI-2  were  found
above   their   analytical   quantification   level   only  at  a
concentration below the concentration  considered  achievable  by
specific  available  treatment  methods; therefore, they were not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations for  these
wastewater  streams.   The  pollutants are individually discussed
below.

Acrolein was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 2 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods ( 0.1 00. mg/1),

Benzene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
1   of  8  samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1).

Chlorobenzene was detected above  its  analytical  quantification
level  in  1  of  8  samples; however, it was not found above the
level considered achievable by specific treatment methods   (0.025
mg/1).

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol was detected above its analytical quantifi-
cation  level in 1 of 10 samples; however, it was not found above
the level considered achievable  by  specific  treatment  methods
(0.025 mg/1).

Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.1  mg/1).

Methylene  chloride was found above its analytical quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples, with values ranging from 0.360 to  1.300
mg/1.   This  pollutant is not attributable to specific materials
                               643

-------
or processes associated with continuous casting; however, it is a
common solvent  used  in  analytical  laboratories,  and  is  not
expected to be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above
the  level  considered achievable by specific available treatment
methods (0.100 mg/1).

Antimony was detected above its analytical  quantification  leyel
in  4  of  18  samples; however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods ,(0.47 mg/1).

Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification level in
4 of 18 samples; however, it was only found above the level  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.036 mg/1).

Pollutants  Detected  in  a  Small  Number of Sources.  The toxic
pollutants identified by "SU" in  Table  VI-2  were  found  above
their  analytical  quantification level at only a small number of
sources within the category and  are  uniquely  related  .to  only
those   sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

p-Chloro-m-cresol  was  detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 11 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
2-Chlorophenol was detected above its  analytical
level in 1 of 11 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
quantification
1, 2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 8 samples and in  1 of 4 sources.
2,4-Dinitrotoluene was detected above its analytical
tion level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
   quantifica-
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine  was  detected above its analytical quanti-
fication level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
Isosphorone was  detected  above  its  analytical
level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
quantification
Butyl  benzyl phthalate was detected above its analytical quanti-
fication level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.

Di-n-octyl phthalate was detected above its analytical  quantifi-
cation level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.

L» i. methyl  phthalate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1 of 7 sources.
                               644

-------
Chrysene was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 1  of 10 samples and in 1  of 7 sources.

Acenaphthylene  was  detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 10 samples and in 1  of 7 sources.

Anthracene and phenanthrene are not cleanly separated by the ana-
lytical protocol employed in this study; thus, they are  reported
together.    The  sum  of  these pollutants was reported at values
greater than their analytical quantification level  in  2  of  10
samples and in 1 of 7 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion  level  in  4 of 8 samples; however, it was only found above
the level considered achievable  by  specific  treatment  methods
(0.05 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Trichloroethylene  was  detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Chlordane was detected above its analytical quantification  level
in 1  of 8 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

4,4'-DDE  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1  of 8 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Alpha-endosulfan was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Beta-endosulfan was detected above its analytical  quantification
level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Alpha-BHC  was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1  of 8 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Beta-BHC was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 1  of 8 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification level in
8  of  18  samples;  however,  it  was only found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods   (0.34  mg/1)
in 2 of 18 samples and in 2 of 13 sources.

Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
8  of  18  samples;  however,  it  was only found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.049  mg/1)
in 3 of 18 samples and in 3 of 13 sources.

Nickel  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
9 of 18 samples; however, it was only found above the level  con-
                               645

-------
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1) in 3
of 18 samples and in 2 of 13 sources.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for  the Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps Core Waste Streams.  The
toxic pollutants identified by "RG" in Table VI-2 are  those  not
eliminated  from  consideration  for  any  of  the reasons listed
above;  therefore,  each  was  selected  for   consideration   in
establishing  regulations  for  these  wastewater  streams.   The
pollutants are individually discussed below.                .-

Acenaphthene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods (0.010 mg/1) in 2 of 10 samples and in 2  of  7
sources.

Ethylbenzene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples and above the level considered achievable
by specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 8 samples  and
in 2 of 4 sources.

Fluoranthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.010 mg/1) in 3 of 10 samples and in 2 of 7
sources.

Naphthalene was  detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 10 samples and in 2  of  7
sources.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine   was   detected   above   its  analytical
quantification level in 3 of 10 samples and in 2 of 7 sources.

Phenol was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 11 samples and in 3 of 7 sources.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)   phthalate  was  found  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 5 of 10 samples.  The maximum  concentra-
tion observed was 2.900 mg/1.

Di~n-butyl  phthalate  was found above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 5 of 10 samples, ranging from 0.034 to 19.000 rng/1.

Diethyl phthalate was found above its  analytical  quantification
level  in  4  of  10  samples.  Values ranged from 0.220 to 3.100
mg/1.
                               646

-------
Flubrene was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
and  above  the level considered achievable by specific treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1)  in 5 of 10 samples and in 4 of 7 sources.

Pyrene.was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods :(0. 01 0 mg/1)  in 4 of 10 samples and in 3 of 7 sources.

Toluene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
5  of  8  samples  and  above  the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and  in
2: of A sources.

Endosulfan  sulfate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 2 of 8 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.
Endrin was detected above its analytical quantification level
2 of 8: samples and in 2 of 6 sources.
in
Endrin  aldehyde was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 2 of 8 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.

The  seven  organic  toxic   pollutant   PCB's   (polychlorinated
biphenyls)  are  not cleanly separated by the analytical protocol
employed in this study; thus, they are reported  in  two  groups.
Each  of  the  two PCB groups was reported present above its ana-
lytical quantification level in 3 of 8 samples  and  in  3  of  6
sources.

Chromium  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 10 of 18 samples and above the level considered achievable  by
specific  treatment methods (0.07 mg/1) in 5 of 18 samples and in
5 of 13 sources.

Copper was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
12  of  18  samples  and above the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods  (0.39 mg/1) in 7 of 18 samples and  in
6 of 13 sources.

Cyanide was detected above  its analytical quantification level in
8  of  18  samples  and  above the level considered achievable by
specific treatment methods  (0.047 mg/1) in 6 of 18 samples and in
3 of 13 sources.

Lead was detected above its analytical quantification level in 11
of 18 samples  and  above   the  level  considered  achievable  by
specific  treatment methods (0.08 mg/1) in 9 of 18 samples and in
6 of 13 sources.
                               647

-------
Zinc was detected above its analytical quantification level in 17
of 18 samples and above the level considered achievable  by  spe-
cific treatment methods (0.23 mg/1) in 12 of 18 samples and in 10
of 13 sources.

POLLUTANT SELECTION FOR ANCILLARY WASTE STREAMS

The pollutant selection procedure was performed for the following
ancillary  operations to select those toxic pollutants that would
be considered for establishing regulations for  these  wastewater
streams:

     Direct Chill Casting Contact Cooling Water
     Continuous Rod Casting Contact Cooling Water
     Continuous Sheet Casting Spent Lubricants
     Continuous Rod Casting Spent Lubricants
     Forging Scrubber Liquor
     Solution and Press Heat Treatment Contact Cooling Water
     Cleaning or Etching Bath
     Cleaning or Etching Rinse
     Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor
     Degassing Scrubber Liquor
     Extrusion Press Hydraulic Fluid Leakage

Direct Chill Casting Contact Cooling Water

Continuous Rod Casting Contact Cooling Water

The  Agency  did  not  sample  the continuous rod casting contact
cooling water waste stream.  The characteristics  of  this  waste
stream  are determined to be the same as the direct chill casting
contact cooling water.  Both casting processes use water to  cool
the  aluminum  as  it  is  cast, and since the alumium that water
contacts is essentially the same in both processes,  the  charac-
teristics of one are transferable to the other.

Pollutants  Never  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-3 were not detected in any  samples  from  these
wastewater   streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.  The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI-3
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from these wastewater streams; therefore,  they  were
not  selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for
these wastewater streams. .
                               648

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Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-3 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods; therefore,  they  were  not
selected  for consideration in establishing regulations for these
wastewater streams.  The pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

Benzene  was  detected  above its analytical quantification level
once in 23 samples.  In addition, the single quantified value  of
0.013  mg/1  is below the level considered achievable by specific
available treatment of 0.05 mg/1.

2-Chlorophenol was present above  its  analytical  quantification
level  in only 1  of 20 samples.  In addition, the single reported
value of 0.012 mg/1 is well below the level  of  0.05  mg/1  con-
sidered achievable by specific available treatment.

Methylene  chloride was found above its analytical quantification
level in 13 of 23 samples, with values ranging from 0.04 to  0.47
mg/1.   This  pollutant is not attributable to specific materials
or processes associated with direct chill casting  or  continuous
rod  casting  contact cooling water; however, it is a common sol-
vent used in analytical laboratories, and is not expected  to  be
present  in  raw  wastewaters  at  concentrations above the level
considered achievable by  specific  available  treatment  methods
(0.100 mg/1).

Cadmium  was reported present above its analytical quantification
level in 6 of 20 samples.  The maximum observed value  was  0.020
mg/1.   The  level  of  cadmium considered achievable by specific
available treatment methods is 0.049 mg/1.

Copper was reported present in 17 of 20 samples at concentrations
greater than its analytical quantification  level.   The  maximum
concentration  of  copper observed was 0.030 mg/1, while.the con-
centration considered achievable by specific available  treatment
methods 0.39 mg/1.

Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification level in
14  of 20 samples, ranging from 0.0004 to 0.020 mg/1.  All values
are below the level considered achievable by  specific  available
treatment of 0.036 mg/1.

Nickel  was  reported present above its analytical quantification
level in just 2 of 20 samples.  The maximum measured value, 0.020
mg/1, is less than the level considered  achievable  by  specific
available treatment methods (0.22 mg/1).
                               649

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Pollutants Detected in a_ Small  Numbet.  of  sources.    The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "SU"  in  Table VI-3 were found above
their analytical quantification level at only a small  number  of
sources  within  the  category  and  ate uniquely related to only
those  sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected   for
considetation  in  establishing  regulations for these wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.
                                                        quantif i-
                                                             Both
                                                           at the
Acenaphthene was reported present above its analytical  qu
cation  level  in  2  of 20 samples and in 2 of 12 sources
sources containing measurable amounts of acenaphthene were
same plant.

Chloroform was found above its analytical quantification level in
11 of 23 samples, with values ranging from 0.012  to  0.15  mg/1.
Only  one  of  the  reported values is above the level considered
achievable by specific available treatment of 0.1 mg/1.

Isophorone was reported above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 20 samples and in 1 of 12 sources.

2,4—Dinitrophenol was reported at a concentration above its  ana-
lytical  quantification level in only 1 of 20 samples and in 1 of
12 sources.  The observed  concentration  was  0.042  mg/1.   The
level  considered  achievable  by  specific  available  treatment
methods is 0.025 rag/1.

4,6-Uini tro-o-cresol was reported at a  concentration  above  its
analytical  quantification level in only 1 of 20 samples and 1 of
12 sources.  The observed  concentration  was  0.042  mg/1.   The
level  considered  achievable  by  specific  available  treatment
methods is 0.025 mg/1.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine was reported at concentrations  above  its
analytical  quantification level in only 2 of 20 samples and in 1
of 12 sources.  The values observed were 0.044 and 0.057 rag/1.

Phenol was reported at a concentration above its analytical quan-
tification level in 3 of 20 samples.  However, it was found above
the concentration achievable through treatment in only one sample
at 1 out of 12 sources.

Butyl benzyl phthalate was reported at a concentration above  its
analytical quantification level in 5 of 20 samples and in 3 of 12
sources.  However, it was found in only 2 of 9 plants.

Di-n-octyl  phthalate  was  reported at a concentration above its
analytical quantification level in 2 of 20 samples  at  2  of  12
sources and 1 of 9 plants.
                               650

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Diethyl  phthalate was reported at a concentration above its ana-
lytical quantification level in 3 of 20 samples.  However, it was
only found in 2 of 9 plants.

Dimethyl phthalate was reported at a concentration  greater  than
its  analytical  quantification level in only 1 of 20 samples and
in 1 of 12 sources.  The observed concentration was 0.053 mg/1.

Acenaphthylene was reported at a concentration greater  than  its
analytical quantification level in 1 of 20 samples and in 1 of 12
sources.  The observed concentration was 0.012 mg/1.

Anthracene and phenanthtene are not cleanly separated by the ana-
lytical  protocol employed in this study; thus, they are reported
together.  The sum of these pollutants  was  reported  at  values
greater  than  their analytical quantification level in just 2 of
20 samples and in 1 of 12 sources.

Fluorene was reported present above its analytical quantification
level in 2 of 20 samples and in 1 of 12 sources.

Chlordane was reported present above its  analtyical  quantifica-
tion  level  in  2  of  16  samples and in 2 of 12 sources.  Both
reported concentrations of chlordane came  from  sources  at  one
plant, and were above the level considered achievable by specific
available treatment methods.

The   seven   organic   toxic  pollutant  PCB's  (polychlorinated
biphenyls) are not cleanly separated by the  analytical  protocol
employed  in  this  study;  thus they are reported in two groups.
Each of the two PCB groups was reported present  above  its  ana-
lytical  quant ificaiton  level  in 2 of 16 samples and in 2 of 12
sources.  The repotted values all were for sources at one plant.

Chromium was reported present above its analytical  concentration
level  in 6 of 20 samples an in 4 of 12 sources.  Only one sample
contained chromium  at  a  level  greater  than  that  considered
achievable by specific available treatment methods (0.07 mg/1).

Lead was found above its analytical quantification level in 15 of
20 samples.  Values ranged ttom 0.002 to 0.100 mg/1.  Four of the
values  at  2  of  12  sources  were  above  the level considered
achievable by  specific  treatment  (0.08  mg/1);  however,  both
sources were at the same plant.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for  the  Direct Chili Casting and Continuous Rod Casting Contact
Cooling Vvater Waste Streams.  The toxic pollutants identified  by
"RG"  in  Table  VI-3 are those not eliminated from consideration
for any of the reasons listed above; therefore, each was selected
                               651

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for  consideration  in   establishing   regulations   for   these
wastewater  sttearns.   The  pollutants are individually discussed
below.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was found above its analytical  quan-
tification  level  in 9 of 20 samples.  All 9 values were greater
than the concentrations considered achievable by specific  avail-
able  treatment  methods.   The maximum concentration reported is
0.280 mg/1.
Di-n-butyl phthalate was reported at a  concentration
analytical quantification level in 8 of 20 samples.
above  its
Zinc was found above its analytical quantification level in 14 of
20  samples.   Values  ranged  from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/1.  Five of the
sample values were  above  the  level  considered  achievable  by
specific treatment of 0.23 mg/1.

Continuous Sheet Casting Spent Lubricants

Continuous Rod Casting Spent Lubricants

The  Agency did not sample the continuous rod casting or continu-
ous sheet casting spent lubricant.  The characteristics of  these
wastes  are  determined to be the same as the rolling spent emul-
sion.  Rolling and continuous casting of rod or sheet, require  a
lubricant  to prevent excess wear on the metal against metal sur-
faces and to aid by cooling the surfaces.  Since  the  properties
of  the  lubricants required are similar between these processes,
the formulations for each ought  to  be  similar,  therefore  the
charactetistics of one are transferable to another.

Pollutants  Mever  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-3 were not detected in any  samples  from  these"
wastewater   streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
s treams.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.  The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI-3
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from these wastewater streams; therefore,  they  were
not  selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for
these wastewater streams.

Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-3 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods; therefore,  they  were  not
                               652

-------
selected  for consideration in establishing regulations for these
wastewater streams.  The pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

Acrolein  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (U.1UU my/1).

Benzene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
1 of 8 samples; however, it was not found above  the  level  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1).

Chlorobenzene  was  detected  above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 8 samples; however, it  was  not  found  above  the
level  considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.025
mg/1).

2,4 ,6-Trichlorophenol was detected above its analytical quantifi-
cation level in 1 of 9 samples; however, it was not  .found  above
the  level  considered  achievable  by specific treatment'methods
(0.025 mg/1).                                             .

Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 2 of 8 samples;, however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.1 mg/1).

Methylene chloride was found above its analytical  quantification
level  in 5 of 8 samples, with values tanging from 0.360 to., 1.300
my/1.  This pollutant is not attributable to  specific  materials
or processes associated with continuous casting; however, it is a
common  solvent  used  in  analytical  labotatories,  and  is not
expected to be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above
the level considered achievable by specific  available  treatment
methods (0.100 mg/1).                                    " :
Arsenic was detected above its
5  of  10 samples; however, it
sidered achievable by specific
analytical quantification level in
was not found above the level con-
treatment methods (0.34 my/1).
Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification level ' in
3 of 10 samples; however, it was not found above the  level"-_ con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.036 mg/1).

Pollutants  Detected  in  a_  Small  Number of Sources. , The toxic
pollutants identified by "SU" in  Table  VI-3  were  found  above
                           653

-------
their  analytical  quantification level at only a small number of
sources within the category and  are  uniquely  related  to  only
those   sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  wastewater
streams.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Butyl  benzyl  phthalate  was  detected  above   its   analytical
quantification level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Dimethyl  phthalate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Chrysene was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Acenaphthylene  was  detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 9 samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Anthracene and phenanthrene are not cleanly separated by the ana-
lytical protocol employed in this study; thus, they are  reported
together.   The  sum  of  these pollutants was reported at values
greater than their analytical quantification  level  in  2  of  9
samples and in 1 of 6 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion  level  in  4 of 8 samples; however, it was only found above
the level considered achievable  by  specific  treatment  methods
(0.05 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Trichloroethylene  was  detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 8 samples and in 1 of 4 sources.

Chlordane was detected above its analytical quantification  level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

4,4'-DDE  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Alpha-endosulfan was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Beta-endosulfan was detected above its analytical  quantification
level in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.

Alpha-BHC  was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 7 samples and in 1 of 5 sources.
                               654

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Beta-BHC was detected above its analytical
in 1  of 7 samples and in 1  of 5 sources.
quantification  level
Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
6  of 10 samples; however, it was only found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.049 mg/1)  in
3  of  10  samples  and  in  3  of 6 sources.  These sources were
located at two different plants.

Nickel was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
7  of 10 samples; however, it was only found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1) in 2
of 10 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for the Continuous Sheet Casting and Continuous Rod Casting Spent
Lubricants Waste Streams.  The  toxic  pollutants  identified  by
"RG"  in  Table  VI-3 are those not eliminated from consideration
for any of the reasons listed above; therefore, each was selected
for  consideration  in   establishing   regulations   for   these
wastewater  streams.   The  pollutants are individually discussed
below.

Acenaphthene was detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level"  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods (0.010 mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in  2  of  6
sources.

Ethylbenzene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level in 5 of 8 samples and above the level considered achievable
by specific treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 8 samples  and
in 2 of 4 sources.

Fluoranthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level and above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific
treatment  methods  (0.010  mg/1) in 3 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6
sources.

Naphthalene was  detected  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  and  above  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods (0.050 mg/1) in 2 of 9 samples and in  2  of  6
sources.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine   was   detected   above   its  analytical
quantification level in 3 of 9 samples and in 2 of 6 sources.

Phenol was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 10 samples and in 3 of 6, sources.
                               655

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Bis(2-ethylhexyl)   phthalate  was  found  above  its
quantification level in 4 of 9 samples.  The  maximum
tion observed was 2.900 mg/1.
analytical
concentra-
Di-n-butyl  phthalate  was found above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 4 of 9 samples, ranging from 0.330 to 19.000 mg/1.

Diethyl phthalate was found above its  analytical  quantification
level in 4 of 9 samples.  Values ranged from 0.220 to 3.100 mg/1.

Fluorene  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
and above the level considered achievable by  specific  treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 5 of 9 samples and in 4 of 6 sources.

Pyrene was detected above its analytical quantification level and
above  the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific treatment
methods (0.010 mg/1) in 4 of 9 samples and in 3 of 6 sources.

Toluene was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
5 of 8 samples and  above  the  level  considered  achievable   by
specific  treatment methods  (0.050 mg/1) in 3 of 8 samples and  in
2 of 4 sources.

Endosulfan sulfate was detected above its analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.

Endrin  was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
2 of 7 samples and in 2 of 5 sources.

Endrin aldehyde was detected above its analytical  quantification
level in 2 of 7 samples and  in 2 of 5 sources.

The   seven   organic   toxic  pollutant  PCB's  (polychlorinated
biphenyls) are not cleanly separated by the  analytical  protocol
employed  in  this  study; thus, they are reported in two groups.
Each of the two PCB groups was reported present  above  its  ana-
lytical  quantification  level  in  3  of 7 samples and in 3 of  5
sources.

Chromium was detected above  its analytical  quantification  level
in  9  of 10 samples and above the level considered achievable  by
specific treatment methods (0.07 mg/1) in 4 of 10 samples and   in
4 of 6 sources.

Copper  was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
9 of 10 samples and above the level considered achievable by spe-
cific treatment methods (0.39 mg/1) in 6 of 10 samples and  in   5
of 6 sources.
                               656

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Cyanide was detected above its analytical quantification level in
8 of 10 samples and above the level considered achievable by spe-
cific  treatment methods (0.047 mg/1) in 6 of 10 .samples and in 3
of 6 sources.

Lead was detected above its analytical quantification level in  8
of  10  samples and above the level considered achievable by spe-
cific treatment methods (0.08 mg/1) in 6 of 10 samples and  in  4
of 6 sources.

Zinc  was detected above its analytical quantification level in 9
of 10 samples and above the level considered achievable  by  spe-
cific  treatment  methods (0.23 mg/1) in 7 of 10 samples and in 5
of 6 sources.

Forging Scrubber Liquor

Pollutants Never Detected.  The toxic  pollutants  identified  by
"ND"  in  Table  VI-3  were not detected in any samples from this
wastewater  stream;  therefore,  they  were  not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations  for this wastewater
stream.

Pollutants Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical  Quantification
Level.   The  toxic  pollutants  identified by "NQ" in Table VI-3
were never found above their analytical quantification  level  in
any samples from this wastewater stream; therefore, they were not
selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for this
wastewater stream.

Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-3 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods; therefore,  they  were  not
selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for this
wastewater stream.  The  pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

The  presence  of methylene chloride in this wastewater sample at
the high level observed (0.95 mg/1) is assumed to be due to  sam-
ple  contamination,  since methylene chloride is used by the ana-
lytical laboratory to extract the non-volatile organics from  the
sample,  and  is not expected to be present in raw wastewaters at
concentrations above the level considered achievable by  specific
available treatment methods (0.100 mg/1).

Copper  was  measured at a concentration of 0.010 mg/1 in the one
sample collected,  This value is only slightly greater  than  the
values  for .its analytical quantification level  (0.009 mg/1), and
                               657

-------
less than the level considered achievable by available
methods (0.39 mg/1).
treatment
Mercury was reported at 0.0005 mg/1 in the only sample collected;
the  level  considered achievable by specific available treatment
is 0.036 mg/1.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for  the  Forging  Scrubber  Liquor  Waste  Stream.   The   toxic
pollutants    identified  by"RG"  in  Table  VI-3  are  those  not
eliminated from consideration  for  any  of  the  reasons  listed
above;   therefore,   each  was  selected  for  consideration  in
establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater   stream.    The
pollutants are individually discussed below.

Fluoranthene  was  found  at a concentration of 0.018 mg/1 in the
waste stream  sample.  For fluoranthene,  this  exceed's  both  its
analytical quantification level of 0.010 mg/1, and the level con-
sidered achievable by specific available treatment methods, which
is also 0.010 mg/1.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine  was  tound  above the levels for both its
proposed water quality criterion and its  analytical  quantifica-
tion level as well as the level considered attainable by specific
available  treatment  methods.  The observed pollutant concentra-
tion was 0.017 mg/1.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was present  at  a  concentration  of
0.075 mg/1 in the one sample collected.  This is greater than the
level attainable by specific treatment methods (0.01 mg/1).

Benzo(a)anthracene was found present in the sample at 0.019 mg/1.
This  exceeds  both  its analytical quantification level, and the
level  considered  achievable  by  specific  available  treatment
methods.

Chrysene was detected at a level of 0.019 mg/1 in the only sample
collected  from this waste stream.  The analytical quantification
level for chrysene  is  0.010  mg/1,  and  the  level  considered
achievable  by  specific  available treatment is 0.010 mg/1.  The
concentration of chrysene exceeds this level.

The combined  concentration of anthracene and phenanthrene in this
waste stream was found to be 0.028 mg/1.  This exceeds  the  ana-
lytical  quantification  level  and  treatability  level, both of
which are 0.010 mg/1.

Pyrene was found at a concentration of 0.021 mg/1  in  the  waste
stream sample, which is above the analytical quantification level
                               658

-------
of  0.010  mg/1 for pyrene.  This concentration is also above the
treatability level (0.010 mg/1).

Lead was present in the sample at a concentration of  2.00  mg/1.
This  exceeds  the  analytical quantification level and the level
considered achievable by available treatment methods (0.020  mg/1
and 0.08 mg/1, respectively) for lead.

Zinc  was  found  in  the sample at a concentration of 0.300 mg/1
which exceeds the concentration considered achievable  by  avail-
able treatment technologies (0.23 mg/1).

Solution and Press Heat Treatment Contact Cooling Water

Solution  and  press heat treatment contact cooling water samples
for .all operations are combined  for  the  purpose  of  selecting
pollutants for consideration for regulation.

Pollutants  Never  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-3 were not detected in any  samples  from  these
wastewater   streams;  therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing regulations  for  these  Wastewater
streams.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.   The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI-3
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from this wastewater stream; therefore, they were not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations for  these
wastewater streams.

Pollutants  Detected  Below  Levels Achievable by Treatment.  The
toxic pollutants identified by "NT"  in  Table  VI-3  were  found
above   their   analytical   quantification   level   only  at  a
concentration below the concentration  considered  achievable  by
specific  available  treatment  methods; therefore, they were not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations  for  this
wastewater  stream.   The  pollutants  are individually discussed
below.                           *        .

Methylene chloride was found in  concentrations  above  both  its
analytical  quantification level and its treatability level in 16
of 34  samples  taken.   However,  since  methylene  chloride  is
normally  used  in the laboratory to extract nonvolatile organics
from the sample, and there is no process or material in the waste
stream to which the pollutant may be attributed, the  sample  was
assumed  to  have  been  contaminated.  Methylene chloride is not
expected to be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above
the level considered achievable by specific  available  treatment
methods.
                               659

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Bis(2-ethylhexyl)   phthalate  was  found  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 9 of 30 samples.  This pollutant  is  not
attributable  to  specific materials or processes associated with
heat treatment press or solution contact cooling operations,  and
is  not  expected  to be present in raw wastewaters at concentra-
tions above the level considered achievable by specific available
treatment methods (0.010 mg/1).

Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification level in
16 of 43 samples; however, it was not found above the level  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.34 mg/1).

Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
14  of 42 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.049 mg/1).

Copper was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
38  of 42 samples; however, it was not found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.39 mg/1).

Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification level in
16 of 42 samples; however, it was not found above the level  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.036 mg/1).

Nickel  was detected above its analytical quantification level in
18 of 42 samples; however, it was not found above the level  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.22 mg/1).

Pollutants  Detected  in  a  Small  Number of Sources.  The toxic
pollutants identified by "SU" in  Table  VI-3  were  found  above
their  analytical  quantification level at only a small number of
sources within the category and  are  uniquely  related  to  only
those   sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected  for
consideration in establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater
stream.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

Acenaphthene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level in 2 of 28 samples and in 2 of 18 sources.

Benzene was detected above its analytical quantification level in
3 of 34 samples; however, it was only found above the level  con-
sidered  achievable  by specific treatment methods (0.05 to 0.100
mg/1) in 1 of 34 samples and in 1 of 17 sources.

1,1,1-Trichloroethane was detected above its  analytical  quanti-
fication  level  in  1  of 34 samples; however, it was only found
above the  level  considered  achievable  by  specific  treatment
methods (0.022 mg/1) in 1 of 34 samples and in 1 of 17 sources.
                               660

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Chloroform was detected above its analytical quantification level
in  10  of 34 samples; however,  it was only found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.1 mg/1) in
1  of 34 samples and in 1  of 14 sources.

2-Chlorophenol was detected above its  analytical  quantification
level in 1 of 28 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene  was  detected  above  its  analytical
quantification level in 1 of 34 samples and in 1 of 17 sources.

Bromoform was detected above its analytical quantification  level
in 1 of 34 samples and in 1 of 17 sources.,

4-Nitrophenol  was  detected  above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 28 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

Phenol was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
3  of 28 samples; however, it was only found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1) in 1
of 28 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

Butyl benzyl phthalate was detected above  its analytical  quanti-
fication level in 3 of 28 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

Di-n-butyl  phthalate  was  detected above its analytical quanti-
fication level in 6 of 28 samples; however, and  was  only  found
above  the  level . considered  achievable  by  specific treatment
methods (0.025 mg/1) in 1 of 28 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

Di-n-octyl phthalate was detected above its analytical  quantifi-
cation level in  1 of 28 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

Diethyl  phthalate  was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 2  of 28 samples and in 2 of  18 sources.

Dimethyl phthalate was detected above  its  analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 2  of 28 samples and in 2 of  18 sources.

Tetrachloroethylene was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 2  of 34 samples and in 2 of  17 sources.

Toluene was detected above its analytical  quantification  level in
4  of 34 samples; however, it was only found above the  level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1) in  1
of 34 samples and in  1 of  17 sources.

Alpha-endosulfan was detected above  its analytical quantification
level in  1 of 24 samples and in  1 of  18 sources.
                               ' 661

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Beta-endosulfan was detected above its analytical
level in 1  of 24 samples and in 1  of 18 sources.
quantification
Endosulfan  sulfate was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 24 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.
Endrin was detected above its analytical quantification level
1  of 24 samples and in 1  of 18 sources.
            in
Endrin  aldehyde was detected above its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 24 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

Heptachlor was detected above its analytical quantification level
in 1 of 24 samples and in 1 of 18 sources.

Heptachlor epoxide was detected above its analytical  quantifica-
tion level in 2 of 24 samples and in 2 of 18 sources.

Selenium  was  detected above its analytical quantification level
in 7 of 36 samples and  was  found  above  the  level  considered
achievable  by  specific treatment methods (0.20 mg/1) in 1 of 36
samples.

Silver was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
6  of 36 samples; however, it :was only found above the level con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.07 mg/1) in 1
of 36 samples and in 1 of 20 sources.

Zinc was detected above its analytical quantification level in 31
of 42 samples; however, it was only found above  the  level  con-
sidered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.23 mg/1) in 3
of 42 samples and in 2 of 24 sources.

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for  the  Solution and Press Heat Treatment Contact Cooling Water
Waste Stream.  The toxic pollutants identified by "RG"  in  Table
VI-3  are  those not eliminated from consideration for any of the
reasons  listed  above;  therefore,   each   was   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations  for this wastewater
stream.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

Chromium was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  35  of  42  samples  and wa"s found above the level considered
achievable by specific treatment methods (0.07 mg/1) in 5  of  42
samples and 4 of 24 sources.

Cyanide was detected above its analytical quantification level in
32 of 43 samples and was found above the level considered achiev-
able  by  specific  treatment  methods  (0.047  mg/1)  in 9 of 43
samples.
                               662

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Lead was detected above its analytical quantification level in 29
of 42 samples and was found above the level considered achievable
by specific treatment methods (0.08 mg/1) in 5 of 42 samples.

Cleaning or Etching Bath

Pollutants Never Detected.  The toxic  pollutants  identified  by
"ND"  in  Table  VI-3  were not detected in any samples from this
wastewater  stream;  therefore,   they  were  not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations  for this wastewater
stream.                          .

Pollutants Never  Found  Above  Their  -Analytical  Quantification
Level.   The  toxic  pollutants  identified by "NQ" in Table VI-3
were never found above their analytical quantification  level  in
any samples from this wastewater stream; therefore, they were not
selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for this
wastewater stream.

Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-3 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods:; therefore,  they  were  not
selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for this
wastewater stream.  The  pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

P-Chloro-m-cresol  was reported present above it analytical quan-
tification level in one of  six  samples.   The  observed  value,
0.021  mg/1, , is less than that of 0.05 mg/1, which is considered
achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Chloroform was reported present above its analytical  quantifica-
tion  level  in one of four samples.  The observed value of 0.020
mg/1 is less than the concentration of 0.1 mg/1,  which  is  con-
sidered achievable by specific available treatment methods.

2,4-Dimethylphenol  was  reported  present  above  its analytical
quantification level in one of six samples.  The  observed  value
was  0.034  mg/1;  the  level  considered  achievable by specific
treatment methods is 0.05 mg/1.

Methylene chloride was  reported  present  above  its  analytical
quantification  level  in  three  of  four samples.  The reported
concentrations were 0.015,  0.062,  and  0.039  mg/1;  the  level
considered achievable by treatment is 0.1 mg/1.

Phenol  was  reported present above its analytical quantification
level in three of six samples..  The maximum  value  reported  was
                               663

-------
0.035 mg/1; the level considered achievable by specific available
treatment is 0.05 mg/1.

Dimethyl  phthalate  was  reported  present  above its analytical
quantification level in only one of six  samples.   The  reported
concentration  was  0.013  mg/1,  whereas  the concentration con-
sidered attainable by specific • available  treatment  'methods  is
0.025 mg/1.

Beryllium  was  reported present above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 1 of 19 samples.  The maximum  value  reported  was
0.105 mg/1; the level considered achievable by specific available
treatment is 0.34 mg/1.

Mercury  was reported present above its analytical quantification
level in 6 of 19 samples.  The maximum value reported  was  0.020
mg/1,  whereas  a  concentration  of  .0.036  mg/1  is  considered
achievable by specific treatment methods.

Selenium was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  4  of  22  samples; however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by spegific treatment methods (0.20 mg/1).

Silver was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
5  of  16  samples;  however,  it  was  not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.07 mg/1).
Pollutants Detected in a Small  Number
            identified  by  "SU""
                                        of  Sources.
The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "SU"  in  Table VI-3 were found above
their analytical quantification level at only a small  number  of
sources  within  the  category  and  are uniquely related to only
those  sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations  for this wastewater
stream.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

Fluoranthene was reported  above  its  analytical  quantification
level in one of six samples and in one of six sources.

2,4-Dinitrophenol  was reported present in two of six samples and
in two of six sources.

Pentachlorophenol was reported present above its analytical quan-
tification level in one of six samples and in one of six sources.
The observed value was 0.012 mg/1; the value considered  achieva-
ble by treatment is 0.010 mg/1.

Di-n-butyl  phthalate  was  reported present above its analytical
quantification level in two of six samples in two of six sources;
however, both of these sources were taken from the same plant.
                               664

-------
 Di-n-octyl  phthalate was reported present  above  its  analytical
 quantification  level  in  one  of  six samples and in one of six
 sources.

 Diethyl  phthalate was reported present above its analytical quan-
 tification  level in one of six samples and in one of six sources'.

 Endrin aldehyde was reported present above its analytical quanti-
 fication level in one of six samples and in one of six sources.

 Antimony was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
 in  8  of  20 samples;  however, it was only found above the level
 considered  achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.47  mg/1)
 in 1  of 20  samples and in 1 of 1.5 sources.

 Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification level in
 15  of  20   samples.   It  was  found  above the level considered
 achievable  by specific treatment methods (0.34 mg/1) in 7  of  20
 samples  'and in 4 of 15 sources.  The detections above the treat-
• able level  occurred at only 2 of 6 plants sampled.

 Pollutants  Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
 for the  Cleaning  or  Etching  Bath  Waste  Stream.   The  toxic
 pollutants   identified  by  "RG"  in?;,. Table  VI-3  are  those not
 eliminated  from consideration  for  any  of  the  reasons  listed
 above;   therefore,   each  was  selected  for  consideration  in
 establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater   stream.    The
 pollutants  are individually discussed below.

 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate  was  reported  above its analytical
 quantification level in 3 of 6 samples.  These three values  were
 also  above  the  level  attainable by specific treatment methods
 (0.01 mg/1).

 Cadmium was detected above its analytical quantification level in
 3 of 19 samples and was found above the level considered  achiev-
 able  by  specific  treatment  methods  (0.049  mg/1)  in 2 of 19
 samples.

 Chromium was reported above its analytical  quantification  level
 in  14  of   19  samples.  Twelve of the 19 samples were above the
 level of 0.07 mg/1, which is considered  achievable  by  specific
 available treatment methods.

 Copper  was  reported present above its analytical quantification
 level in 14 of 19 samples.  The  maximum  concentration  observed
 was  approximately  20  mg/1.   The  level  of  copper considered
 achievable by specific available treatment methods is 0.39  mg/1.
 Copper  concentrations  were above the treatable  level in 8 of 19
 samples.
                                665

-------
 Cyanide was reported present  above its analytical   quantification
 level   in  7  of   22  samples.   Five of the values were above the
 level  of cyanide   considered   achievable  by  specific  available
 treatment methods (0.047  mg/1).

 Lead   was  reported  present   above its analytical quantification
 level  in 7 of  19  samples  collected.   The  maximum   reported  lead
 concentration   was  90.0  mg/1.   A lead concentration of 0.08  mg/1
 is  considered  achievable  by specific available treatment methods.
 Lead concentrations exceeded  0.08 mg/1 in 7 of 19  samples.

 Nickel was reported present above its  analytical   quantification
 level   in  13  of  19 samples collected.  A nickel  concentration of
 0.22 mg/1 is considered achievable by specific  available  treat-
 ment   methods.    Nickel concentrations exceeded 0.22 mg/1 in  7 of
 19  samples.

 Zinc was reported present  above  its  analytical   quantification
 level   in  17  of  19 samples collected.  The concentration of  zinc
 considered achievable by  specific available treatment methods  is
 0.23   mg/1.    Zinc  concentrations exceeded 0.23 mg/1 in 11 of 19
 samples.

 Cleaning or Etching Rinse

•Pollutants Never  Detected.  The  toxic  pollutants   identified  by
•"ND"   in  Table  VI-3  were not  detected in any samples from  this
 wastewater  stream;  therefore,   they  were  not    selected   for
 consideration   in  establishing   regulations  for  this wastewater
 stream.

 Pollutants Never   Found  Above  Their  Analytical   Quantification
 Level.    The  toxic  pollutants   identified by "NQ" in Table  VI-3
 were never found  above their  analytical quantification  level  in
 any samples from  this wastewater stream; therefore, they were not
 selected  for   consideration  in  establishing regulations for  this
 wastewater stream.

 Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  By_ Treatment.    The
 toxic   pollutants  identified by  "NT"  in Table  VI-3 were found
 above   their  analytical    quantification   level    only   at   a
 concentration   below  the  concentration considered achievable by
 specific available treatment  methods; therefore,   they  were   not
 selected  for   consideration  in  establishing regulations for  this
 wastewater stream.  The  pollutants  are  individually  discussed
 below.

 Benzene  was found above  its  analytical quantification level  in 6
 of  42  samples.  The  maximum   concentration  observed  was 0.043
 mg/1.    The level  considered  achievable  by specific available
                                666

-------
treatment methods is 0.05 mg/1; none of
this level.
the  samples  was  above
Chloroform was found above its analytical quantification level in
24  of  42  samples.  The maximum concentration observed was 0.11
mg/1.  The level  considered  achievable  by  specific  available
treatment  methods is 0.1 mg/1; only one of the samples was above
this level.

2,4i-Dimethylphenol was found above its analytical  quantification
level  in  only  1 of 36 samples.  The concentration observed was
0.019 mg/1.  The level considered achievable by  specific  avail-
able  treatment  methods is 0.05 mg/1; the detected value was not
above this level.

Methylene chloride was measured above its analytical level in  22
of  42 samples.  The maximum concentration observed was 6.1 mg/1.
Methylene  chloride  was  also  measured  above  its   analytical
quantification  level in most of the volatiles blank samples, the
highest  concentration   observed   being   20.6   mg/1.    These
observations  indicated  the  probability that either the samples
were contaminated, or that the source water was the major  source
of  methylene  chloride,  or  both.   Methylene  chloride  is not
expected to be present in raw wastewaters at concentrations above
the level considered achievable by specific  available  treatment
methods (0.100 mg/1).

Chlorodibromomethane  was  found  above  its analytical quantifi-
cation level in 2  of  42  samples.   The  maximum  concentration
observed  was  0.02  mg/1.   This is below the concentration con-
sidered achievable with available treatment methods (0.1 mg/1).

Diethyl phthalate was found above its  analytical  quantification
level in 3 of 36 samples.  The maximum concentration observed was
0.022  mg/1.  The level considered achievable by specific availa-
ble treatment methods is 0.025 mg/1; none  of  the  samples  were
above  this  level.  In addition, this pollutant is a plasticizer
found in many plastic products used in manufacturing  plants  and
is  not  considered  to  be attributable to specific materials or
processing in the cleaning or etching rinse operation.

Cyanide was measured above its analytical quantification level in
20 of 62 samples.  The maximum concentration observed  was  0.042
mg/1.   None of the samples exceeded the concentration considered
achievable with available treatment technologies (0.047 mg/1).

Mercury was found above  its analytical quantification level in 17
of 58 samples.  The  maximum  concentration  observed  was  0.021
mg/1.   The  level  considered  achievable  by specific available
treatment methods is 0.036 mg/1.
                               667

-------
Selenium was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in  1  of  39  samples; however, it was not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.20 mg/1).

Silver was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
4  of  39  samples;  however,  it  was  not found above the level
considered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.07 mg/1).

Pollutants Detected In A Small  Number  of  Sources.   The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "SU"  in  Table VI-2 were found above
their analytical quantification level at only a small  number  of
sources  within  the  category  and  are uniquely related to only
those  sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations  for this wastewater
stream.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

Acenaphthene was found above its analytical quantification  level
in  1  of  36  samples and in 1 of 20 sources.  The concentration
observed was 0.017 mg/1.   The  level  considered  achievable  by
specific available treatment methods is 0.01 mg/1.

1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene   was   found   above  its  analytical
quantification level in only 1 of 42 samples and 1 of 20 sources.
The only measurable concentration observed was  0.11  mg/1.   The
level  considered  achievable  by  specific  available  treatment
methods is 0.1 mg/1.

Isophorone was found above its analytical quantification level in
1 of 36 samples in only 1 of 20 sources.

Naphthalene was  measured  above  its  analytical  quantification
level  in  only 1 of 36 samples and in 1 of 20 sources.  The con-
centration observed was equal to  the  treatability  level  (0.05
mg/1).

Phenol  was  found above its analytical quantification level in 2
of 36 samples.  The  maximum  concentration  observed  was  0.063
mg/1.   The  level  considered  achievable  by specific available,
treatment methods is 0.05 mg/1; only one of the  observed  values
was above this level.

Butyl benzyl phthalate was found above its analytical quantifica-
tion  level  in 1 of 36 samples and in 1 of 20 sources.  The only
measurable concentration observed was 0.066 mg/1.  The level con-
sidered achievable by specific  available  treatment  methods  is
0.01 mg/1; only one sample is above that level.

Di-n-butyl  phthalate  was found above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 2 of 36 samples and in only 2 of 20 sources and  in
2 of 11 plants.
                               668

-------
Di-n-octyl  phthalate was measured above its analytical quantifi-
cation level in 2 of 36 samples and in only 2 of 20  sources  and
in 2 of 11 plants.

PCB-1242,   PCB-1254,  and PCB-1221 were measured above their ana-
lytical quantification level in only 1 of 27 samples and in 1  of
19 sources.  The concentration of ths sample was 0.016 mg/1.

PCB-1232,   PCB-1248,  PCB-1260,  and PCB-1016 were measured above
their analytical quantification level in only 1 of 27 samples and
in 1 of 19 sources.  The concentration measured was 0.02 mg/1.

Arsenic was found above its analytical quantification level in 32
of 60 samples; however, it was only found above the level consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.34 mg/1) in 5 of
60 samples and in 3 of 30 sources.  These three sources are  from
only 1 of 15 plants which were sampled for this waste stream.

Beryllium  was found above its analytical quantification level in
7 of 58 samples and in 4 of 26 sources.  The  maximum  concentra-
tion observed was 0.200 mg/1.  The level considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods is 0.20 mg/1.         .

Cadmium was measured above its analytical quantification level in
16 Of 58 samples and in 10 of 29 sources.  The highest concentra-
tion  observed  was 0.2 mg/1.  Of the 58 samples, only one sample
exceeded a cadmium concentration of 0.049  mg/1,  which  is  con-
sidered achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Pollutants Selected For Consideration In Establishing Regulations
For  The  Cleaning  Or  Etching  Rinse  Waste  Stream.  The toxic
pollutants identified  by  "RG"  in  Table  Vi-3  are  those  not
eliminated  from  consideration  for  any  of  the reasons listed
above;  therefore,  each  was  selected  for   consideration   in
establishing   regulations   for  this  wastewater  stream.   The
pollutants are individually discussed below.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was  reported  above  its  analytical
quantification  level in 8 of 36 samples and 6 of 20 sources.  It
was also above .the level attainable by specific treatment methods
(0.01 mg/1).

Chromium was measured above its analytical  quantification  level
in  42  of  58 samples and 22 of 29 sources.  The highest concen-
tration observed was 280 mg/1.  Of the  58  samples,  30  samples
contained  chromium  in  excess of 0.07 mg/1, which is considered
achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Copper was measured above its analytical quantification level  in
46  of  58 samples collected.  The highest concentration observed
                               669

-------
was 480 mg/1.   The concentration of copper in 16 samples exceeded
0.39 mg/1, which is considered  achievable by specific  available
treatment methods.

Lead was measured above its analytical quantification level in 29
of  58  samples.  The highest concentration observed was 11 mg/1.
The concentration of lead in 18 samples exceeded 0.08 mg/1, which
is considered achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Nickel was measured above its analytical quantification level  in
17  of  58 samples collected.  The highest concentration observed
was 160 mg/1.   The concentration of nickel in 6 samples  exceeded
0.22  mg/1,  which is considered achievable by specific available
treatment methods.

Zinc was measured above its analytical quantification level in 43
of 58 samples.  The highest concentration observed was 410  mg/1.
The concentration of zinc in 19 samples exceeded 0.23 mg/1, which
is considered achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Cleaning or Etching Scrubber Liquor

Pollutants  Never  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-3 were not detected in  any  samples  from  this
wastewater   stream;   therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater
stream.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.  The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI-3
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from this wastewater stream; therefore, they were not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations  for  this
wastewater stream.

Pollutants  Detected  Below  Levels Achievable By_ Treatment.  The
toxic pollutants identified by "NT"  in  Table  VI-3  were  found
above   their   analytical   quantification   level   only  at  a
concentration below the concentration  considered  achievable  by
specific  available  treatment  methods; therefore, they were not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations  for  this
wastewater  stream.   The  pollutants  are individually discussed
below.

Methylene chloride was reported present at 0.014 mg/1 in the sin-
gle sample collected.

Copper was measured at a concentration of 0.010 mg/1 in the  sin-
gle  sample collected.  The observed copper concentration is less
                               670

-------
than the copper concentration considered achievable  by  specific
available treatment methods (0.39 mg/1).

Mercury was reported at a concentration of 0.0003 mg/1 in the one
sample  collected.  The observed wastewater mercury concentration
is less than the concentration considered achievable by  specific
available treatment methods (0.036 mg/1).

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing Regulations
for  the  Cleaning  or  Etching Scrubber Liquor Waste Stream.  No
pollutants  were  selected  for  consideration  in   establishing
regulations for this wastewater stream.

Degassing Scrubber Liquor

Pollutants  Never  Detected.   The toxic pollutants identified by
"ND" in Table VI-3 were not detected in  any  samples  from  this
wastewater   stream;   therefore,  they  were  not  selected  for
consideration in establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater
stream.

Pollutants  Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical Quantification
Level.  The toxic pollutants identified by  "NQ"  in  Table  VI-3
were  never  found above their analytical quantification level in
any samples from this wastewater stream;  therefore, they were not
selected for consideration in establishing regulations.

Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  By  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-3 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at   a
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods; therefore,  they  were  not
selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for this
wastewater stream.  The  pollutants  are  individually  discussed
below.

Chloroform was found above its analytical quantification level: in
one  of three samples; the measured concentration was 0.020 mg/1.
The observed value is below the level of 0.1 mg/1  that  is  con-
sidered achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Cadmium  was  found  above its analytical quantification level in
all three samples.  The maximum measured value  was  0.011  mg/1,
which  is  below  the  level  of  0.049  mg/1  that is considered
achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Chromium was measured above its analytical  quantification  level
in  all  three samples.  The maximum concentration was 0.09 mg/1.
The level considered achievable by specific  available  treatment
                               671

-------
methods
level.
is  0.07  mg/1;  only  one of the samples was above that
Copper was found above its analytical quantification level in all
three samples.  The maximum measured value was 0.250 mg/1,  which
is  below the level of 0.39 mg/1 that is considered achievable by
specific available treatment methods.

Nickel was found above its analytical quantification level in two
of three samples.  The maximum measured  value  was  0.023  mg/1,
which  is below the level of 0.22 mg/1 that is considered achiev-
able by specific available treatment methods.

Pollutants Selected For Consideration In Establishing Regulations
For The  Degassing  Scrubber  Liquor  Waste  Stream.   The  toxic
pollutants  identified  by  "RG"  in  Table  VI-3  are  those not
eliminated from consideration  for  any  of  the  reasons  listed
above;   therefore,   each  was  selected  for  consideration  in
establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater   stream.    The
pollutants are individually discussed below.

Lead  was  measured  above its analytical quantification level in
all three samples; the observed concentrations were  0.019,  0.09
and  0.45  mg/1.   The  level  considered  achievable by specific
available treatment methods for lead is 0.08 mg/1.

Zinc was measured at concentrations above its analytical  quanti-
fication  level  in  all three samples collected from this waste-
water stream.  The concentrations of  zinc  observed  were  0.13,
0.22,  and  1.3 mg/1.  A level of zinc of 0.23 mg/1 is considered
achievable by specific available treatment methods.

Extrusion Press Hydraulic Fluid Leakage

Pollutants Never Detected.  The toxic  pollutants  identified  by
"ND"  in  Table  VI-3  were not detected in any samples from this
wastewater  stream;  therefore,  they  were  not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing  regulations  for this wastewater
stream.

Pollutants Never  Found  Above  Their  Analytical  Quantification
Level.   The  toxic  pollutants  identified by "NQ" in Table VI-3
were never found above their analytical quantification  level  in
any samples from this wastewater stream; therefore, they were not
selected  for  consideration in establishing regulations for this
wastewater stream.

Pollutants Detected Below Levels Achievable  by_  Treatment.   The
toxic  pollutants  identified  by  "NT"  in Table VI-3 were found
above  their  analytical   quantification   level   only   at    a
                               672

-------
concentration  below  the  concentration considered achievable by
specific treatment methods; therefore, they were not selected for
consideration in establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater
stream.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

Methylene  chloride was detected above its analytical quantifica-
tion level in 5 of 6 samples; however, it was not found above the
level considered achievable by specific  treatment  methods   (0.1
mg/1).                        .••.,.      ,      •  ,. ...-•:-      ^

Zinc  was detected above its analytical quantification level  in 5
of 6 samples; however, it was not found above the  level  consid-
ered achievable by specific treatment methods (0.23 mg/1).
Pollutants  Detected  in  a  Small
Number 'of Sources.  The toxic
                 found  above
pollutants identified by "SU" in  Table  VI-3  were
their  analytical  quantification level at only a small number of
sources within the category and  are  uniquely  related  to  only
those   sources;   therefore,   they   were   not   selected, for
consideration in establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater
stream.  The pollutants are individually discussed below.

1,1,1-Trichloroethane  was  detected above its analytical quanti-
fication level in 1 of 6 samples and in 1 of 2 sources.
P-Chloro-m-cresol was detected above its  analytical
tion level in 1 of 6 samples and in 1 of 2 sources.
                  quantifica-
Di-n-rbutyl  phthalate  was  detected above  its analytical quanti-
fication level in 1 of 6 samples, and  it   was  found  above  :the
level  considered achievable by specific treatment methods  (0.025
mg/1) in 1 of 6 samples and in 1 of 2 sources.

Chrysene was detected above its analytical  quantification  level
in 1 of 6 samples and in 1 of 2 sources.      ,

Phenanthrene  was  detected  above  its analytical quantification
level in 1 of 6 samples and in 1 of 2 sources.         - ; ' '  ...;'.'

Pollutants Selected for Consideration in Establishing  Regulations
for the Extrusion Press Hydraulic  Fluid  Leakage  Waste  Stream.
The  toxic  pollutants identified by "RG" in  Table VI-3; are those
not eliminated from consideration for any of  the  reasons .listed
above;   therefore,   each  was  selected   for  consideration  in
establishing  regulations  for  this  wastewater   stream.  ,  The
pollutants are individually discussed below.          '.

Phenol  was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
5 of 6 samples and  above  the  level  considered •"achievable 'by
                                673

-------
specific treatment methods (0.05 mg/1) in 5 of 6 samples and in 2
of 2 sources.

The   three   organic   toxic  pollutant  PCB's  (polychlorinated
biphenyls) designated  as  PCB-1248  were  detected  above  their
analytical  quantification  level in 3 of 6 samples and in 1 of 2
sources.

Copper was detected above its analytical quantification level  in
6  of 6 samples and above the level considered achievable by spe-
cific treatment methods (0.39 mg/1} in 3 of 6 samples and in 1  of
2 sources.

POLLUTANT SELECTION BY SUBCATEGORY

The Agency has determined that each aluminum forming  subcategory
will  be  regulated separately.  To assist in the regulatory pro-
cedure, sampling data for core and ancillary  streams  were  com-
bined  to  determine  the priority pollutant disposition for each
subcategory.  This information is presented in Table VI-4 and  is
identical to that which is presented in the preamble to the final
regulation.
                               674

-------
                            Table VI-1

                   LIST OF 129 TOXIC POLLUTANTS
Compound Name

  1.   acenaphthene
  2.   acrolein
  3.   acrylonitrile
  4.   benzene
  5.   benzidene
  6.   carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
     Chlorinated benzenes (other than dichlorobenzenes)

  7.  chlorobenzene
  8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
  9.  hexachlorobeiizene
     Chlorinated ethanes (including 1,2-dichloroethane,
     1,1,1-trichloroethane and hexachloroethane)

 10.   1,2-dichloroethane
 11.   1,1,1-trichloroethane
 12.   hexachloroethane
 13.   1,1-dichloroethane
 14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane
 15.   1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
 16.   chloroethane
     Chloroalkyl ethers (chloromethyl,  chloroethyl and
     mixed ethers)

 17.   bis (chloromethyl) ether
 18.   bis (2-chloroethyl)  ether
 19.   2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
     Chlorinated naphthalene

 20.   2-chloronaphthalene
                               675

-------
                      Table  VI-1  (Continued)

                   LIST  OF 129  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
    Chlorinated phenols  (other  than  those  listed  elsewhere;
    includes  trichlorophenols and  chlorinated  cresols)

21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol
22.  parachlorometa cresol
23.  chloroform (trichloromethane)
24.  2-chlorophenol
    Dichlorobenzenes

25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene
26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
    Dichlorobenzidine

28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine

    pichloroethylenes  (1,1-dichloroethylene and
    1,2-dichloroethylene)
29.  1,1 -dichloroethylene
30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
    Dichloropropane and dichloropropene

32.  1,2-dichloropropane
33.  1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
    Dinitrotoluene

35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38.  ethylbenzene
39.  fluoranthene
                                676

-------
                     Table VI-1 (Continued)

                  LIST OF 129 TOXIC POLLUTANTS
    Haloethers (other than those listed elsewhere)

40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41 .  4-brotnophenyl phenyl ether
42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43.  bis(2-choroethoxy) methane
   .Halomethanes (other than those listed elsewhere)

44.  methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
45.  methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46.  methyl bromide (bromomethane)
47.  bromoform (tribromomethane)         ,  ,,.-.. (,.
48.  dichlorobromomethane
49.  trichlorofluoromethane
50.  dichlorodifluoromethane
51.  chlorodibromomethane
52.  hexachlorobutadiene
53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
54.  isophorone
55.  naphthalene
56.  nitrobenzene
    Nitrophenols (including 2,4-dinitrophenol and dinitrocresol)

57.  2-nitrophenol
58.  4-nitrophenol
59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
60.  4,, 6-dinitro-o-cresol
    Nitrosamines

61.   N-nitrosodimethylamine
62.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63.   N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
64.   pentachlorophenol
65.   phenol
                            677

-------
                     Table  VI-1  (Continued)

                  LIST  OF  129  TOXIC  POLLUTANTS
    Phthalate esters

66.  bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
70.  diethyl phthalate
71.  dimethyl phthalate
    Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

72.  benzo  (a)anthracene  (1,2-benzanthracene)
73.  benzo  (a)pyrene  (3,4-benzopyrene)
74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
75.  benzo(k)fluoranthane  (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
76.  chrysene
77.  acenaphthylene
78.  anthracene
79.  benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)
80.  fluorene
81.  phenanthrene
82.  dibenzo (a,h)anthracene  (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
83.  indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene  (w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)
84.  pyrene
85.  tetrachloroethylene
86.  toluene
87.  trichloroethylene
88.  vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)


    Pesticides  and metabolites

89.  aldrin
90.  dieldrin
91.  chlordane (technical mixture  and metabolites)
    DDT and metabolites

92.   4,4'-DDT
93.   4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)
94.   4,4'-DDD(p,pfTDE)
                             678

-------
                      Table VI-1 (Continued)

                   LIST OF 129 TOXIC POLLUTANTS
     Endosulfan and metabolites

 95.   a-endosulfan-Alpha
 96.   b-endosulfan-Beta
 97.   endosulfan sulfate
     Endrin and metabolites

 98.   endrin
 99.   endrin aldehyde
     Heptachlor and metabolies

100.   heptachlor
101.   heptachlor epoxide
     Hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers)

102.   a-BHC-Alpha
103.   b-BHC-Beta
104.   r-BHC (lindane)-Gamma
105.   g-BHC-Delta

     Polychlorinated biphenyls (PGB's)
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
PCB-
PCB-
PCB-
PCB-
PCB-
PCB-
PCB-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
242
254
221
232
248
260
016
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
242)
254)
221)
232)
248)
260)
016)
     Metals and Cyanide, and Asbestos

114.   antimony
115.   arsenic
116.   asbestos (Fibrous)
117.   beryllium
118.   cadmium
119.   chromium (Total)
                               679

-------
                      Table VI-1 (Continued)

                   LIST OF 129 TOXIC POLLUTANTS
     Metals and Cyanide, and Asbestos (Cont.)

120.  copper
121.  cyanide (Total)
122.  lead
123.  mercury
124.  nickel
125.  selenium
126.  silver
127.  thallium
128.  zinc

     Other

113.  toxaphene
129.  2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                                680

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