FINAL

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
   US DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
        PERMIT APPLICATION
        WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT
Waikoloa, South Kohaia District, Island of Hawai'i
US Army Corps
of Engineers
Honolulu District
September 1985

-------



-------
                              FINAL
                 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
          U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION
                     (RLE NO. PODCO-O I8I2-SD)

              I        WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT

WAIKOLOA, SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAI'I, STATE OF HAWAI'I
                          PREPARED BY:
                   U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT
                            HONOLULU
                          SEPTEMBER 1985

-------

-------
                 FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT


            U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION
                          FILE NO. PODCO-O I8I2-SD

               I           WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT

 WAIKOLOA, SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT, ISLAND OF HAWAfM, STATE OF HA WAI'
      (a)   This ;is a Final Environmental Impact Statement prepared by the U.S. Army
 Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District, for U.S. Department of the Army permit appli-
 cation PODCO-O I8I2-SD.  In the permit application, Transcontinental Development
 Co. and Atpac Land Co. request authorization under Section 10, River and Harbor Act
 of 1899, as amended, and the Section 404, Clean Water Act, as amended, to excavate a
 recreational lagoon and to fill  anchialine ponds  on  portions of the Waikoioa Peach
 Resort.  The work would be performed in conjunction with their plans to develop a
 major resort destination complex at WaiJ
-------

-------
                              TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                            Page
SUMMARY	

CHAPTER I:  PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION .  .

CHAPTER II:  ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION .

I.   Regional Background	

     Alternatives Considered	

       Development Alternatives	 .  .  .  .
                                                                            XI
2.

2.2

3.
     Alternatives Within the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers and the
     Capability of the Applicants	
3.1

3.1.1
       Issue the Department of the Army Permit for the Proposed Action.

         The Proposed Action	
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
3.
•
•
•
m
•
•
•
•
•
.t
.i
,i
*•
.2
.:
•*«
.4
£
* —
.6
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
>
>.l
>.2
!.3
!.4
!.5
!
\-


           Lagoon	
           Pond Avoidance, Preservation and Management
           Pond Filling	
           Building Footings	
           Hotel/Resort	
           Public Access	
           Coastal Trail	
           Historic Sites	
           State;and County Permit Requirements  .  .  .
         Issue a DA Permit for a Modified Action
           Alternative I - Addition of 2.5 Acres of Ponds  ....
           Alternative 2 - Separate Pond Preservation Areas .  .  .
           Alternative 3 - Large Pond Preservation Area  ....
           Alternative 4 - Lower Density Alternative	
           Alternative 5 - Applicant's Proposal Without the Lagoon
         Lagoon Flushing Alternatives	
         Off-Site Pond Preservation	
         Anchialine Pond Creation and Restoration
         Deny the Permit	
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
       Alternatives Within the Capability of the Applicant, but Outside the
       Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers	
         Reducing or Eliminating the Fill by Using Pile-Supported Structures
         Alternative Configurations	
         Alternative Development Sites Outside the WBP.	
2-1

7-4

2-6


7-7

?-7

2-7

2-7
2-13
2-14
2-14
2-15
2-15
7-19
2-19
7-19
                                                                           2-2!
                                                                           2-2!
                                                                           7-2!
                                                                           7-25
                                                                           2-75

                                                                           2-25
                                                                           7-27
                                                                           2-28
                                                                           2-28
2-28

2-28
2-29
2-29
                                       in

-------
                              TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                   (Continued)
                                                                            Page
3.2.3.1
3.2.3.2
       Other Islands Within the State of Hawai'i
       Areas on the West Hawaii Coast   ...
2-30
2-3!
3.2.4

4.
    No Action-Alternative	   2-32
Foreseeable Alternatives Beyond the Capabilities of the Applicants, but
Within the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers	
     Reasonably Foreseeable Alternatives Beyond the Capability of the .
     Applicants and Outside the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers .  . .
6.   Environmentally Preferred A Iternative.

CHAPTER III:  AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT.

I.   Project Location	

2.   Topographic and Geological Features  .
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

3.

4.

4.1
4.2
4.3
  Visual Elements.  . . .
  Topography and Geology
  Soils	
  Drainage	
Coastal Features	

Oceanographic Characteristics
  Tide and Currents
  Storm Waves .  .
  Tsunamis  ...
     Climate
5.1
5.2
5.3

6.

7.

7.1
7.2

7.2.1
7.2.2
  Wind  .  .  .
  Rainfall  .  .
  Temperature
Air Quality	

Vegetation and Wildlife
  Vegetation
  Wildlife .
    Birds  .  .
    Mammals
2-33


2-33

2-33

3-1

3-1

3-1

3-1
3-1
3-2
3-?

3-5

3-5

?-5
3-7
3-7

3-7

3-11
3-II
3-11

3-11

3-13

3-13
3-16

3-16
3~I6
                                        IV

-------
                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                     (Continued)
 8.
                                                                         Page


Aquatic Resources	    3-]9
 8.1     Waiulua fyjy	        3_!9
 8.2     Coastal Water Quality	!!!!!!!!!    3^20
 8.3     Anchialine Ponds	!  ! ! !  *    3-20

 8.3.1     Overview	    3-20
 8.3.2     Distribution	!!!!    3-2!
 8.3.3     Pond Ecology	! !  !    3-23

 8.3.3.1      Hydrology	        3-23
 8.3.3.2      Water Quality	! ! !  !    3-25
 8.3.3.3      Aging	                       ....
 8.3.3.4      Pond Diversity	!!!!!!!!.*!!    3-26
 8.3.3.5      Anchialine Pond Organisms	'.   	'.'.'.    3-">Q

 8.3.4     Endangered Species Status  .	    3-43
 8.3.5     Future Trends	'.'.'.'.'    ?-43

 9.   Historical and Cultural Resources	    3.45

 10.  Socio-Economic Characteristics	    3-46

 10.1     Existing Economic Activity — Hawai'i Island and South Kohala  ....    3-46
 10.2    County Land Use Plans and Controls	    3_48

 10.2.1     Overview	                  3 48
 10.2.2     The Waikoloa Project	!!•!!!!!!   3-49

 10.3     Community Profile	              3 49

 10.3.1     Population	              3 49
 10.3.2     Labor Force and Employment. ...                 	   •? cc
 In *3  o     it-                               •••••••••••...    j—.J3
 U.j.3     Housing,	                   3 57
 10.3.4     Public Services and Facilities	!.'!!.".'."!.".*.'   3^0

 10.3.4.1      Schools and Libraries  ......                                  -3 /-n
 10.3.4.2     Health Care Facilities .	    I'Tn
 10.3.4.3     Recreational Facilities	      	    r>Tf
 10.3.4.4     Protective Services .........!!!!!!  | i ] | | ]    3l63
10.3.4.5     Transportation Facilities.  ...                 	*    ?"<•?
10.3.4.6     Solid Waste Disposal.  ...           	    •\ ,,,
10.3.4.7     Water Supply	."!!!!!!!!.*!!!!.'    3-64
10.3.4.8     Wastewater Treatment and Disposal System  .'	    •?"/:«;
10.3.4.9     Electrical Power	      	.*!!.*!.".'.'    3^6
10.3.4.10    Telecommunications	'''	     ~

-------
                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                  (Continued)
CHAPTER IV:  ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

I.    Introduction	

2.    Topographic and Oceanographic Alterations. .
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.

4.1

4.2
4.3

5.

6.

6.1
6.2
6.3
  The Lagoon	•
  The Lagoon Related to Tsunami and Storm Wave Hazards.
  Filling Related to Tsunami Hazards	
4-1

4-1

4-1

4-1
4-2
4-7
     Anchialine Ponds	    *-3
  Reduction in Number, Water Surface Area, and Diversity	
  Reduction in Anchialine Pond Organisms	
  Spread of Exotic Fish	
  Consequence of Fill on Anchialine Pond Water Quality	
  Consequence of Fill on Groundwater	
  Lagoon Construction and Operation Consequences on Anchialine Ponds
  Consequences of Other Resort Construction and Operation Activities
  on Anchialine Ponds	
4-3
4-5
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10

4-12
Coastal Water Quality and Marine Resources	    4-13
  Lagoon Construction Consequences on Water Quality and Marine
  Resources	  .  .
  Lagoon Operation Consequences on Coastal Water Resource  .  .
  Potential Effects on Marine Animals	  .  .
Historical and Cultural Properties ....

Impacts on Vegetation, Birds, and Wildlife
  Vegetation	
  Birds and Wildlife	
  Threatened and Endangered Species
4-13
4-14
4-16

4-17

4-17

4-17
4-18
4-18
7.   Socio-Economic Impacts	   4-18
7.1
7.2

7.2.1
7.2.2

7.3

7.3.1
7.3.2
  Introduction	
  Employment and Population Impacts
    Construction Period
    Operational Period
4-18
4-20

4-20
4-70
  Housing Impacts	   4-21
     Construction Period
     Operational Period
4-21
4-21
                                       VI

-------
                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                    (Continued)
                                                                             Page


 7.4    Other.Economic Impacts	    4_22
 7.5    Social Effects and Concerns	    4-22
 7.5.1
 7.5.2
 7.5.3
 7.5.4

 7.5.4.1
 7.5.4.2
 7.5.4.3
       Effects on Family Structure and Stability	    4_22
       Crime Impacts	    4-23
       Effects on Social Structure	....!!.*    4-24
       Mitigation Measures	    4-25

         Housing	    4-25
         Maximizing Employment Benefits for Longtime Residents  '.'.'.'.    4-25
         Other Steps	    4-26
 8.

 8.1
 8.2

 9.

 9.1
 9.
 9.
 9.
 9.
 9.
 9.
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
Impacts on Recreational Resources and Activity	    4_27

  Within the:Waikoloa Beach Resort	    4_27
  Outside the Waikoloa Beach Resort	!!!!.*    4-28

Impacts on Public Services and Facilities . .	    4_28

  The Proposed Action	„ *.•	    4_2g

    Transportation	    4-28
    Potable Water	 -.	!!!!!!!!    4-29
    Wastewdter Treatment and Disposal	',  ]    4.29
    Solid Waste Disposal	....!!!!    4-30
    Electrical Power and Telecommunications Facilities	'.    4-30
    Public Services	\  \    4_30
9.2     Alternatives	f                431

10.  Air Quality Impacts	        4_3I

II.  Noise Impacts	^        4_?2


CHAPTER V:  LIST OF PREPARERS OF FINAL EIS	    5.]


CHAPTER VI: PLBLIC INVOLVEMENT	    6_j

I.   Public Notices and the Scoping Process.	    g_l

2.   Coordination with Government Agencies	    6_ I

2.1     Endangered Species	               6 !

2.1.1     U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	    6_l
2.1.2.    National Marine Fisheries Service	!!!!!!!    6-2
                                      VII

-------
                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                  (Continued)
                                                                          Page
2.2    Historic Preservation	    6-2

3.   Public Hearing	    6-3

4.   Draft Environmental Impact Statement	.	    6-3


CHAPTERVII:  REFERENCES	    7-!


APPENDICES

Appendix A:   Applicants Practicable Alternative Analysis	    A-1

Appendix B:   Tentative Anchialine Pond Preservation Management Plan.  .  .    R-!

Appendix C:   Assessment of the Conditions and Future of Anchialine Pond
              Resources of the Hawaiian Islands	    C-l

Appendix D:   List of Public.Notice Recipients and Copies of Notices of
              Intent and Public Notices	    n-l

Appendix E:   Correspondence Related to Public Notices	    F.-I

Appendix F:   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Section 7 Coordination	    F-!

Appendix G:   National Marine Fisheries Service Section 7 Coordination  ...    G- !

Appendix H:   Historic Coordination	    H-l

Appendix I:    Public Hearing Notice and Record	    I-1

Appendix J:   List of DEIS Recipients	    J-l

Appendix K:   DEIS  Letters Received and Comments and Responses	    K- I

Appendix L:   Coastal Zone Management Consistency Determination   ....    L-l
                                      VIII

-------
                                 LIST OF FIGURES
 Figure
                        Descrijp t i o n
                                    Chapter II
 II-1       Kohala and North Kona Region	   2-2
 11-2      Waikolog Beach Resort Development Plan	   2-3
 11-3      Location of Anchialine Ponds within the Waikoloa Beach Resort.  .  .   2-5
 II-4      Proposed Lagoon Configuration	   2-8
 11-5      Cross-Sections Through Proposed Lagoon, Shoreline Berm and Beach.   2-9
 11-6      Applicant's Proposal	   2-10
 11-7      Cross-Section Through Proposed Pond Preservation Area	   2-1 I
 11-8      Detailed Cross-Sections of Proposed Shoreline Berm and Temporary
             Rock Filter Berm  .	   2-12
 11-9      Proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel Site Plan	   2-16
 II-10     Relationship of Proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel to
             Existing Ponds .	   2-17
 II-11      Location of Public Beach Access - Waikoloa Beach Resort	   2-18
 11-12     Historic Trail Construction, Waiulua Bay Area	   2-20
 11-13     Alternative I - 15-Acre Pond Preserve	   2-22
 11-14     Conceptual Plan for Alternative 2 - Separated Pond Preservation
             Areas	   2-73
 11-15     Conceptual Plan for Alternative 3 - Large Pond Preservation Area  .   2-24
 11-16     Conceptual Plan for Alternative 4 - Minimal Fill  .........   2-26

                                    Chapter III

 111-I      Existing Site Conditions	   3_3
 111-2      Bathymetry of Waiulua Bay and.Nearshore Waters	   3_6
 III-3      Flood Insurance Rate Map	   3_9
 III-4      Rainfall Map	   3_IO
 III-5      Frequency Distribution of Wind Direction	'.'.'.   3-12
 1II-6      Vegetation Map	„	    3-17
 III-7      Distribution of Anchialine Ponds	    3_22
 IH-8      Salinity Contours of Groundwater as Determined by Anchialine Pond
             Measurements	    3-24
 1II-9      Distribution of Vegetated and Unvegetated Ponds at the Waikoloa  *
             Beach Resort	    3-27
 111-10     Distribution of Open and Closed Ponds at the Waikoloa Beach Resort!    3-28
 HI-1 I     Known Distribution of Hypogeal Shrimp in Hawaii	    3-40
 III-12     Distribution of 'Opae'ula and Metabetaeus Lohena at the Waikoloa
             Beach Resort	             3-41
 111-13     Districts of Hawaii Island	'.'.'.    3-47
 III-14     Waikoloa Lands and the South Kohala Region	! !  !  !    3-50
 111-15     Existing Boning - Waikoloa Beach Resort	    3_5I
 111-16     Recreational Facilities in Kohala/N. Kona Region	    3_59
1V-1
                          Chapter IV

Expected Post-Construction Changes in Groundwater Salinity.  .  .
                                                                            4-11
                                       IX

-------
                                LIST OF TABLES
 Table
Description
                                   Chapter II
II-1      Expected Footing Depths	    2-15
II-2      Comparison of Alternatives	    2-34

                                   Chapter III

III-1      Selected Projections of Deep-Water Storm Waves:  Waikoloa Beach
            Resort	    3-8
IIJ-2     Plant Species Checklist: Waikoloa Beach Resort	    3-14
III-3      List of Aquatic Species Found in Open Ponds on the West Hawaii
            Coast	    3-30
1II-4     Comparison of Pond Biota Surveys for the Waikoloa Beach Resort .  .    3-32
III-5     Summary of Change in Four Native and Two Exotic Aquatic Species
            Found in Kona Coast Anchialine Ponds Located Between Lahui-
            pua'a and Kailua-Kona:  1972-1985	    3-34
111-6     Summary of Anchialine Ponds Surveyed by Oceanic Institute,  1985.  .    3-35
IH-7     Summary of Change in Organism Occurrence in Exceptional and
            Significant Anchialine Ponds Identified by Maciolek and Brock
            H974), from Lahuipua'a to Kailua-Kona	    3-36
111-8     Some Rare and Unique Anchialine Pond Organisms	  .    3-38
III-9     Hypogeal Shrimp in Hawaiian Anchialine Ponds	    3-39
III-10    Species Classified as Category 2 by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service .    3-43
III-11     Principal Communities of Kohala	    ^-52
111-12    Principal Communities of North Kona and Hamakua	    3-53
HI-13    1970 &  1980 Census Data on Population & Demographics, by Area .  .    3-54
III-14    1970 &  1980 Census Data on Labor Force Characteristics	    3-56
III-15    Percent Unemployment in Urban Areas:   1980	    3-58
111-16    Estimates of Unemployed Since 1980	    3-58
111-17    Census Data on Housing Stock: 1970 and 1980	    3-59

                                   Chapter IV

1V-1      Coastal Areas Mot Filled By Alternative	 4-?
1V-2     Comparison of Anchialine Pond Number and Habitat Losses .  .....    4-3
1V-3      Estimate of Anchialine Pond Loss in Relation to the State-Wide
            Resource	    4-4
IV-4     Comparison of Pond Diversity	    4-5

-------
                                   SUMMARY
3.
 This  is a  Final Environmental  Impact Statement prepared by the  U.S.  Army
 Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District for U.S. Department of the  Army permit
 application, File Number PODCO-0  1812.  In the permit application, Transconti-
 nental Development Co. and Atpac  Land Co., the applicants, have requested
 authorization under Section 10, Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and Section 404,
 Clean Water Act, as amended, to excavate a 5-acre recreational lagoon at the
 head  of Waiulua Bay and  to fill anchialine ponds on portions of  the Waikoloa
 Beach Resort (WBR) properties.  The work would be performed in conjunction
 with  their plans to construct three,  luxury resort hotels and a  luxury resort
 condominium, as  part  of  a  major  resort destination  complex.    A  12-acre
 anchialine  pond preservation area would  be created as part of  the proposed
 action, and the preserve would be managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

 Purpose land Need for the Proposed Action

 The applicants have stated  that their proposed action would allow the construc-
 tion of a major resort destination complex consistent with State and County land
 use plans  for Waikoloa, and that their proposed development is part of  the
 overall development that has already occurred at Waikoloa.  They have further
 asserted that the proposed  development would fulfill a publicly recognized need
 for more  employment  opportunities and increased economic activity  on  the
 island  of  Hawaii and  would increase the  range and number of  recreational
 facilities available to residents of the island of Hawaii.

 Beneficial and Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Action

a.   Beneficial Impacts.

     (!)    The proposed resort development would increase employment oppor-
           tunities and economic activity on the  island of Hawaii, in conjunction
           with  adjacent resort developments,  at a time when the  decline in
           Hawaii's  sugar   industry  threatens   to   undermine  the  County's
           economic base.  The proposed development would provide immediate
           and long-term employment based on  tourism, and would increase in
          housing development and leisure recreational opportunities.  Public
          access to the shoreline, low income/worker housing and  public parks
          would also  be  provided  in  accordance with  County of  Hawaii
          approvals.   Historic site preservation  and  restoration  would  be
          provided, and archaeological data recovery would be implemented for
          any sites destroyed by the development.  A  Hawaiian coastal  trail
          would be reconstructed.

     (2)   The proposed lagoon would provide a  safe water recreation area and
          the  proposed fill  would  provide  tsunami  flood  protection   for
          structures built  in the  tsunami inundation hazard zone.  Funding for
          management of a proposed Anchialine Pond Preservation Area would
          allow scientific  investigations of the anchialine pond resource and
          would protect the remaining resource from human disturbance.
                                     xi

-------
     b.    Adverse Impacts.

          (I)   The proposed action would fill about 70% of the anchialine ponds at
                the  WBR.  The remaining unfilled ponds  would be protected  in  a
                managed, Anchiaiine Pond Preservation Area. This loss represents a
                20% reduction  in the  number  of  anchialine ponds in the  State  of
                Hawaii.  Some archaeological sites would be destroyed after archae-
                ological  data recovery.   Groundwater flow and  leakage near  the
                coastline would be altered, but no adverse impact on  the remaining
                anchialine pond biota is expected.  The existing  vegetation would be
                replaced by landscaped vegetation. The rugged  lava fields and  open
                space would be visually replaced by the development.  No endangered
                or  threatened  species,  potable  water supplies,  commercial   and
                recreational  fishing resources are  affected by the loss of anchialine
                ponds.

          (2)   The  proposed  development would increase  demands  on  water  and
                power resources  and infrastructure.    Social conflicts and loss of
                traditional values could result  from  increased tourism and a change
                from an agricultural based economy to a service economy.  A rise in
                crime is expected to  occur  with tourism  and  population  increase.
                Although the proposed development would result  in economic benefits
                to the  County  of Hawaii, economic diversification is needed for a
                balanced County economy.

4.   Summary of Major Conclusions and Issues

     a.   The proposed action and 5 alternatives are evaluated in this Final EIS.  The
          proposed  action and Alternatives  I, 2,  3  and 5 involve the  loss  and
          preservation of anchialine ponds, and differ in  the amount of anchialine
          ponds preserved at WBR.  The proposed action  and Alternatives  2 and 5
          preserve  12  acres of ponds.  Alternative I preserves about  14.5 acres.
          Alternative 3 preserves about 39 acres.  Alternative 4 involves filling only
          a few  ponds,  and some  development could occur.  The Permit Denial
          Alternative and the No-Action Alternative could preserve all the  ponds at
          the WBR.

     b.   However, all the preserved or unfilled ponds face the threat of degradation
          of habitat and  loss of the unique anchialine pond organisms  due to the
          human  introduction of exotic fish into the anchialine ponds.  Similarly, all
          the preserved or unfilled ponds face the probability of degradation due to
          human  development  around  the  ponds that can occur outside the jurisdic-
          tion  of the Corps.  Thus, the preferred environmental  alternative allows
          some development while preserving, protecting and managing the greatest
          number of anchialine ponds in the area.

5.   Areas  of Controversy

     a.    The U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency (EPA), Region IX, in review of
          the Draft Environmental  Impact Statement (DEIS) expressed. its opinion
           that  the DEIS  did not  adequately assess  significant  impacts to the
           anchialine ponds,  did not consider the rare and endangered  status of the
          species,  did not assess the State-wide loss of anchialine  ponds, did not
                                       XII

-------
          assess alternatives subject to Section  404, CWA, and did not adequately
          explain the proposed development.  EPA further indicated that it believed
          that the proposed action potentially violated Section 404, CWA.

     b.   The Corps of Engineers has considered EPA's opinions and concerns  in
          development  of the  FEIS.  A detailed  response to EPA's opinions and
          concerns is provided  in Appendix K.  Several  meetings were held between
          the Corps, EPA and the applicants to clarify EPA  interpretation of Section
          404  requirements.  In a further attempt to  resolve EPA's concerns, the
          Corps of Engineers invited EPA to  participate in the preparation of the
          FEIS.  A staff member of EPA, Region  IX, was  present at the Honolulu
          District  Office during the initial stages of FEIS preparation.

6.   Issues t6 be Resolved

     .a.   The  development of a Memorandum of Agreement for the protection of
          historic and archaeological sites with the U.S. Advisory Council on Historic
          Preservation  would be completed prior to a decision on the Department of
          thje Army permit.

     b.   The  Anchialine Pond  Management Plan and funding for the plan would be
          completed prior to a decision on the Department of the Army permit.

     c.   The Corps Section 404(b)(I), Clean Water  Act, analysis would be completed
          prior to a decision on the Department of the Army  permit.
                                    xiii

-------

-------
                                   CHAPTER I

                PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION
       (a)   The applicants,  Transcontinental Development Co.  and Atpac  Land Co
 propose to construct three  luxury resort  hotels and a luxury resort  condominium  on
 port.ons of the Waikoloa Beach Resort. The Waikoloa Beach Resort is a major-resort
 zoned area at iWaikoloa,  South  Kohala District,  Island of Hawaii.   The applicants'
 proposed development Involves about 130  acres of the coastal portion of the Walkoloa
 Beach Resort properties, and is intended to provide a resort destination in  South
 Kohala in conformance with the existing  County of Hawaii General Plan and land use
 zoning.
 7«n« ^ A  Jhc:Pr0?nt  and economic  opportunities  on the
     nr     H^   T the SCl  ne °f the SU9Gr Jndustry threatens the island's economy!
The  proposed resort  would  also  increase  the  range  and  number  of  recreational
fac.lit.es available to residents  of Hawaii and serve as a  major tourist destination
                                                                             /*/

-------

-------
                                   CHAPTER II

               ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING THE PROPOSED ACTION
  I.   REGIONAL BACKGROUND

       (a)   The South Kohala coastal area is recognized in the State of Hawai'i and
  Hawai'i County land use plans as a desirable location for large-scale resort develop-
  ment (see Figure II-1).  The Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, Keahole Airport, Kawaihae
  Harbor, and the|Lalamilo  Water System are the major Federal, State and  County
  investments in infrastructure that were  made  to support anticipated development  in
  the region.  In conjunction with these government-sponsored and constructed projects,
1  private landowners have developed several large resort  complexes and water systems
  in the region.  Aggregate private expenditures to date for the resorts are estimated to
  have exceeded $IOO-million (Belt, Collins & Associates, 1985).

      (b)   Plans for the 31,000-acre Waikoloa  project were first announced by Poise
  Cascade in the Ipte 1960s.  In 1968 the State  Land Use Commission granted Urban
 designation for approximately 500 acres of land bordering 'Anaeho'omaiu and Waiulua
  Bays to allow development of the first phase of the Waikoloa Beach Resort (M'BP).  In
  1971, the County of Hawai'i  designated the WBR  as a  "Major  Resort"  in its  aeneral
 plan, and initial County zoning for the resort was granted by the County Council.  In
  1977 County Ordinance No. 265 adjusted zoning to match revised parcel boundaries.  A
 Special Management Area Use Permit for J-he  entire resort makai  (seaward) of the
 King's  Trail was also issued in 1977.  Development plans for the shoreline portions of
 the WBR  have subsequently  been revised and necessary changes in County zoning
 obtained (see Figure II-2).

      (c)   The present County of Hawaii Land Use Plans for the WBR provide for the
 ultimate development of approximately 3,000 hotel rooms and 3,400 single- and multi-
 family residential units. However, the 543-room Sheraton Royal Waikofoa Hotel is the
 only hotel  constructed thus far.   Ground-breaking for  the first increment  of  "The
 Shores at  Waikoloa" condominium project occurred in mid-1984, and initial occupancy
 is scheduled for 1985. This leaves slightly over 2,200  additional  hotel rooms and about
 3,300 resort residential  units still  to be  constructed within the WBP under approved
 land use plans.

      (d)   Mixohaline, landlocked ponds are a unique  geological feature  along the
 West Coast of Hawaii;  the term "anchialine" has  been coined and used to describe
 them  (Holthius,  1977).  The  ponds  provide a  habitat  for  a distinctive and unique
 assemblage of organisms, including rare shrimp species.  The most striking elements of
 the ponds are the red-pigmented shrimp, 'opae'ula fHalocaridina rubra) and the orange-
 rust colored algal mat (Schizothrix sp.).   In April  1974, Maciolek and Brock published
 the first biological baseline survey of these ponds. The survey, administered in part by
 the County of  Hawaii Planning Department, surveyed about  318 ponds in five County
 Districts,  including South  Kohala.    Eight areas  of "exceptional"  and 4 areas  of
 "significant" natural geological and biological quality were identified.   One  of  the
 exceptional areas was the 'Anaeho'omalu-Waiulua bay area at waf|
-------
                                   .'Upolu Airport
                     Mahukona Harborr
                                                   0   2

                                           .-".  (*oj-th irriles
MAUNA KEA BEACH RESORT


             Puako /i
                                                                      ^Waimea-Kohala1,
                                                                       Airport
                    MAUNA LANI RESORT
        itfAIKOLOA  BEACH RESORT^>.
                                                                           CSv. 4 e'rttS^&K? ^ , "4"'
 KONA VILLAGE RESORTA
Honokohau.  ." '••?
Small Boat Harbor:?
      Kailua-KonaM
        KEAUHOU RESORT
Figure 11-1.  Kohala and  North. Kona Region
                                            2-2

-------
                         Future Golf Course
                                                                                 500    1000
                                                                                   Irrigation Pond
                                                                                   Limit of
                                                                                   Corps Permit Area
                                                                                   Fishpond
                                                          Future Golf Course
                                                                                 Future Golf Course1
                        Future Golf Course
MF 28 Z
Hyatt Regency
  Waikoloa
   Hotel
                                                                Hotel 12
                                                                            '•• '  L Ku'uali'i Fishpond)"

                                                                            Kahapapa Fishpond
                                                                                   "Anaeho'omalu Bay
                                                  MF 13
              Figure 11-2 Waikoloa  Beach  Resort Development Plan
                                               2-3

-------
     (e)   A detailed site inventory of Waikoloa (Oceanic Institute, 1977 and 1984),
identified approximately 215 anchialine ponds within the WBR  (see Figure 11-3).  The
ponds are near the shoreline and extend from Waiulua Bay to 'Anaeho'omalu Bay.  The
survey indicated that the 'Anaeho'omalu-Waiulua Bay  area  of  the WBR remains the
largest, single concentration of anchialine ponds on  the Kona coast, as well as the
State of Hawaii.  The anchialine ponds continue to contain  representative anchialine
communities, but the occurence of the marine fish has diminished and the rare eel has
not been found (Oceanic Institute, 1984).

     (f)   In 1985, the Oceanic Institute, in response  to a request from the Corps of
Engineers, surveyed  311 ponds between Lahuipuaa and Kailua-Kona  to determine the
condition of the anchialine pond resource. About 57%  of the areas surveyed showed a
decrease  in shrimp species and  an  increase in the spread of exotic fish.  Of the 3
exceptional areas  within  the survey area identified by Maciolek  and Brock in  1974,
only one, the 'Anaeho'omalu-Waiulua  Bay area, did  not contain  exotic  fish.   The
remaining exceptional areas had declines in the distribution of  the shrimp species and
an increase in the presence of exotic fish.

     (g)   Kahapapa and Ku'uali'i  fishponds are at the head  of 'Anaeho'omalu Bay;
they lie within  an area  zoned "open" by the County of Hawaii  that  also encompasses
approximately 15 anchialine ponds.  As part of the open-space zoning, an archaeologi-
cal site  near  the ponds  was  restored,  and a trail with interpretive signs  was
constructed. All the anchialine  ponds and the two fishponds on the WBP, as well as in
the shoreline area, are under the Corps of Engineers' regulatory  jurisdiction.

2.   ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED

     (a)   In September 1984, Transcontinental Development Co. submitted a Depart-
ment of the Army permit application  requesting authorization to  excavate and fill
more than 80 anchialine ponds within  a 60+ acre site  at the WBR  for the purpose of
constructing a  1,250-room luxury resort hotel (the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel).
The proposal did not provide for avoidance of any anchialine  ponds within the hotel
site or mitigation for those losses. Therefore,  the Corps did  not accept the permit for
processing immediately.  Rather, it engaged in the preliminary steps described below
to reach the point where an application which gave consideration to those factors was
submitted.

     (b)   Following discussions between the applicant, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
and the Corps of Engineers to explore ways to avoid or mitigate anchialine pond loss
on  the property,  the  Transcontinental Development Co. revised  the  Hyatt plans,
reconfiguring the parking lot, tennis courts and health  spa in an effort to avoid ponds
on  the Hyatt Hotel site.  As efforts to avoid filling ponds continued, Transcontinental
Development Co. indicated that the successful development  of  the WBR would depend
upon utilization of other WBR lands containing anchialine ponds. Accordingly, the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers recommended that Transcontinental Development Co. revise
its permit application to consider of all the anchialine ponds on the WBP. The Corps
of  Engineers believed  that broadening the  scope of the permit application would
provide a better means to evaluate comprehensively the anchialine pond resources at
WBR, rather than by piecemeal evaluations of  ponds on a permit-by-permit basis.  The
Corps  of Engineers' basic objective was  to assure that  long-term management and
maintenance of anchialine  ponds at  Waikoloa was considered together  with other
competing demands for the resource.
                                      2-4

-------
ro
                                                                                                        to Queen Ka'ahmanu Hwy
               Legend!
                 	Boundaries of Developed Parcels
                     Golf Course
                     Anchialine Pond (with reference no.)
                   Figure 11-3  Location of Anchialine Ponds within the Walkoloa Beach Resort

-------
                (c)   In January 1985 Transcontinental Development Co. revised and broadened
           the scope of the permit application and included a 12-acre anchialine-pond-preserva-
           tlon are?.  The revised permit application is described bek>w.  Inasmuch as some of the
           land covered by the revised permit application is owned by  Atpac Land  Co., Atpac
           Land Co. became a joint applicant with Transcontinental Development Co.

           12.   DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES

                Within the properties under Corps jurisdiction,  the  applicant  has developed
           specific site plans for the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel,  and has  County zoning
           approvals for a condominium and two hotels  (see Figure II-2).  Since the Corps of
           Engineers was evaluating long-term management of the anchialine pond resources, the
           principal  issue considered by the Corps  of Engineers  in developing alternatives was
           compliance with regulatory requirements, focusing on avoidance, and anchialine pond
           preservation and protection.  Based on present County "major resort" land use zoning
           for the area, the Corps did not believe it  was significant whether the applicant built a
           specific hotel, condominium or other facility on the ponds, because any resort/residen-
           tial facility, if constructed directly on the ponds would result in the destruction or loss
           of the ponds.  Thus, for the purposes of the NEPA process, the alternatives considered
           by the Corps of Engineers dealt principally with the management of the pond resource,
           such as pond preserves or refuges, resource management, monitoring, reducing adverse
           impacts and maintaining the pond resource. To the Corps, pond preservation results in
           architectural  and construction constraints that modify facility location, reduce fill or
           reduce the number of amenities, such as tennis courts or parking  spaces. Thus, for the
           purposes of the NEPA process, the Corps of Engineers addressed a range of alternative
           reconfigurations that resulted in identifying a number of ponds to be preserved or
           protected,  limiting the number of facilities or hotel units that could be  built on the
           ponds.  The range of alternatives included:

                 (I)    Issuance of the permit as requested by the applicant;

                 (2)    Issuance of a permit with modifications to the applicants' proposed project;

                 (3)    Denial of the permit; and

                 (4)    No Action.

            In  this context, denial of the permit and no-action  would prevent the  applicants from
            filling  or excavating any  anchialine  ponds.   Issuance  of  the permit  as oriainally
            requested would fill all  anchialine ponds at Waikoloa Beach  Resort, and issuance of a
            permit for the proposed project or with  modifications to the proposed project  would
            fill some  ponds.   These  alternatives,  and  several variations of them, have  been
            examined in great detail by the applicant as part  of the Clean Water Act, Section
            404(b)  process regarding practicability of alternatives. While the ultimate purpose of
            the 404 practicable  alternatives  analysis differs from that of the  NFPA alternatives
            discussion, both analyses shed light  on  the alternatives which may be available for
            development.  Both analyses have been considered by the Corps in its  preparation and
            review of environmental documentation. Therefore, it may  be useful to refer to the
            practicable alternatives discussion  found in  Appendix  A in order  to augment the
            information contained within the body of the EIS.
3.1
2-6

-------
3.    ^TERNATiyES WITHIN TT-g JURISDJPlpN OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS
      AND THE CAPABILITY OF THE APPLICANTS

3.1   ISSUE THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT FOR THE PROPOSED
      ACTION

3.1.1    The Proposed Action

      The permit application requests Department of the Army authorization to:

      o     Excavate a 5-acre lagoon adjacent to Waiulua Bay under Section 10, Rivers
           and Harbors Act of 1899 (RHA) (Figure 11-4)  and Section 404. Clean Water
           Act (CWA);

      o     Construct, operate and maintain structures and a beach in the lagoon under
           Section 10, RHA and Section 404, CWA (Figure H-4 and Figure 11-5);

      o     Maintain a 12-acre Anchialine Pond  Area (Preservation area in Figure 11-6)
           and implement a plan to manage and  monitor  the preserve;

      o     Fill all remaining anchialine ponds  on  the WBR  properties under  Section
           404, CWA (Figure H-6), except those ponds located within the proposed
           "pond preservation area" or those at the head of 'Anaeho'omalu Bay.  (The
           ponds at the head of  'Anaeho'omalu  Bay are not the subject of the permit
           application.)

3.1.1.1   Lagoon

      (a)   The lagoon would be  constructed using explosives. Bulldozers with rippers
and cranes would  remove  the  lava  basalt.   The  work may take  three  months to
complete.  Prior to blasting bulldozers would roll over the excavation area, essentially
leveling the area, filling depressions with volcanic basalt  material to create a dry work
area.  The blast holes would be drilled and loaded  with  explosives;  the use of the fill
helps  to direct the blast force into the basalt rock, moving and breaking the rock and
reducing blast shock wave  transmission through water  into  Waiulua Bay.  Individual
charges  would be limited to no more than 400 pounds of explosives. A temporary berm
constructed across the mouth of inner Waiulua Bay to control  turbidity  would  also
reduce shock  wave transmission into  Waiulua  Bay.   (See  Figure II-8  for  typical
temporary berm section.)

     (b)    Blasting would be performed under the following conditions (to be included
in the DA permit) to protect threatened sea turtles and endangered marine mammals:

     (I)    A natural or man-made berm shall separate  the blast area from Waiu|ua
           Bay or the open ocean during blasting and excavation.

     (2)    All ponds in the blast area shall  be filled before commencing blasting.

     (3)    No blasting shall  be performed  if  endangered species or major  marine
           mammals are within view from the shoreline.

     (4)    A surveillance for threatened sea turtles and endangered marine mammals
           shall be performed by helicopter during  the first three days of blasting to
           insure that the bay and ocean areas  to  a depth of 5 fathoms are clear of
           threatened sea turtles and endangered or major marine mammals.
                                     2-7

-------
r
00
                                         Finished
                                         Section: SM f Iflur*
                                         Resort Walkwtyi
                          Figure 11-4 Proposed Lagoon Configuration

-------
                                                                                ^[   .1?-«*1» IW<*«» •>
     SECtlOM THKU FBOL DOCK ffi DEBI? B°.RK TOWEK.
See Figure II-9 for
Location of Cross-Sections
                                                                           Typlcil Section «t Lagoon Edge
                                  SUB WORK - OVERALL -SITE SECTIONS
Figure 11-5    Cross-Sections through Proposed Lagoon, Shoreline Berm, and  Beach

-------
t-"
o
               Hyatt Regency Waikoloa
                    Hotel Site
                                                                        Resort
                                                              "<      «•»"«,«•,
       Legend:

       «»M  Permit  Area Boundary   .

       L-Ll-J  Existing Preservation  Area

       CirUn  Proposed Anchialine Pond Preservation Area

       	  Parcel  Boundaries

                 Existing Anchialine Ponds
(see figure 11-7 for
cross-sections A,B AC)
Note:  Compiled from maps In reports of Blenfang
      (1977) and Conquest (1984 a I b), which Here .
      based on uncontrolled aerial photos flown
      by R. H. Towlll Corp. (October 29, 1974).
      The proposed pond preservation easements
      Here surveyed by Engineers Surveyors Hawaii
      In January and February 1935.  Aerial photo
      flovn by R. H Ton111 Corp. on March J6, 196?
      helped locate ponds outside of the easements.
      The ponds Here not ground surveyed.
                                                                  Figure  11-6  Applicant's  Proposal

-------
   ASLOPE
             .  PRESERVATION AREA BUFFER ZONE
             PROPERTY
             LINE
CHAIN
LINK
FENCE
              SLOPE
     •EXISTING GRADE
                                  GRAVELLY
                            FILL MATERIAL
                            (NO TOP SOIL/
                            LANDSCAPE)
                       VARIES
TOE OF FILL
SETBACK
                                MINIMUM OP 5'
                                FROM POND EDGE.
              -PHYSICAL EDGE OF POND/
               PRESERVATION AREA
               BOUNDARY
                                                ,-ANCHIALINE  POND TO
                                                REMAIN UNDISTURBED
                                                     •EXISTING GRADE
  TYPICAL SECTION AT  EDGE OF POND PRESERVATION AREA
      -PLANNED ROAD
       ELMO't
           L—EDGE OF ROW
eo-
             /EDGEOFRQ.^

             U EXISTING^
             1ROAD
             I EL? IS1!.
                               CROSS  SECTION  "B"
                                     (FIGURE IL-G)
                                                                   o ao  go so IPO	iso    eoo
                                                                            SCALE IN FEET
                 Figure 11-7 Cross-Sections through Proposed Pond Preservation Area

-------
                                                  Filler Fabric
                                                           MSL
                                    •Existing Ground..Varies

                            -ROCK FILTER
                                    -exsrNG anouNO
                                                  TVFICAL
                                                             DeTA.lt_
                               ON HM*D SUWCE
                             SECTIONS
                      M3T ID SCALC
Figure 11-8 Detailed  Cross-Sections of Proposed  Shoreline Berm
            and Temporary Rock Filter Berm
                                 2-12

-------
      (5)   National Marine Fisheries Service personnel shall be permitted to monitor
            blasting operations from suitable platforms to assist in surveying for sea
            turtles and marine mammals that may be in the project vicinity.

      (c)   Approximately 40,000 cubic yards of basalt rock would be excavated to
 form the lagoon.  The excavated material would be used to fill other ponds on low-
 lying coastal areas around the  lagoon.   Any  material  removed from State land in
 Waiulua Bay would be  handled, stored or disposed of  in accordance to conditions
 required by the State of Hawaii.

      (d)   The lagoon would have an average depth of approximately four feet and a
 surface area of approximately 5 acres (see Figure 11-4).  Its maximum depth would be
 approximately six feet  below mean sea level.  The mouth of the lagoon would be a
 shallow basalt shelf rather than a channel to avoid any tidal currents that  could be
 hazardous to swimmers.  The applicants have proposed to level or clear the sill as part
 of the lagoon excavation.

      (e)   In order to maintain water clarity and minimize stagnation or algal blooms,
 the applicants propose to pump 5.6 million  gallons per day (4000 gallons per minute) of
 seawater into the lagoon.  The seawater would be obtained from a well  located near
 the shoreline at the head of the lagoon (see Figure fI-4). The well would have a total
 depth  of 80-100  feet.   The well  was sited  to avoid  impacts to the proposed pond
 preservation area, and to ensure the availability of seawater.

      (f)   Improvements in the lagoon would include a sand beach, swimming area for
 resort  guests,  footbridges,  shoreline  improvements  and other recreational/resort
 structures (Figures 11-4 and M-5).   Approximately 2,000 cubic yards  of  natural sand
 would be used to create a beach in the lagoon.  Since the lagoon is an artificial  basin
 and is not subject to significant wave action or erosive water currents, maintenance of
 the beach would be minimal and no significant  loss of sand is anticipated. Any sand
 that might be lost from the beach would be trapped in the lagoon.

     (g)   The  lagoon excavation would convert about  17 tidal ponds, having a total
 water surface area of about 3.5 acres into a 5-acre tidal lagoon having  an  average
 depth' of 4 feet.                                                              '  y

     (h)   A revetted berm would  be constructed on the existing shoreline above the
 mean high water  level along the seaward  side of the lagoon,   this man-made  berm
 would shelter the lagoon from storm  waves that occasionally  overtop  the  existing
 shoreline.  The revetted  berm, which would be designed to withstand storm waves and
 tsunamis; would range  in height from 8 to  18 feet above mean sea level. Space would
 remain  at  the  foot of the  berm for pedestrian movement along the shoreline.   A
 landscaped and  lighted pathway  would be provided along the top of the berm (see
 Figure 11-5).

3.1.1.2   Pond Avoidance, Preservation and Management

     (a)   The applicants propose to create a 12-acre Anchialine Pond Preservation
Area within the  Waikoloa Beach Resort (see  Figure  11-6 and  the  cross-sections in
Figure  11-7).  When added to the  existing 16.3-acre  open space  area   around the
 Anaeno'omalu Bay fishponds (which is not the subject of this permit application), this
newanchialme pond preservation area would bring the  total pond preservation  area
with.n  the WBR to over 28 acres.   The  proposed 12-acre pond preservation  area
contains approximately 63 ponds having a total water surface area of about  3.4  acres
                                     2-13

-------
     (b)   A buffer zone would be maintained around the pond preservation area to
insulate the ponds  from development and resort activities.   No major above-grade
structures would be constructed within the buffer zone or along the shoreline seaward
of the preservation  area.  However, walkways, shaded rest stops, and landscaping with
a predominance of native vegetation may be developed within the buffer zone.

     (c)   The areas  surrounding  the pond preservation  area  would  be graded to
prevent stormwater from flowing directly into it.  Curbing or other means would be
used to convey stormwater runoff from paved areas away from the ponds. The storm-
water would be disposed of on lands  adjacent  to the pond preservation area, or  into
injection wells sufficiently removed from the ponds to avoid harmful contamination ot
the groundwater flow entering the ponds.  Petrochemicals or other potentially hazard-
ous materials  would not be stored immediately adjacent to the pond preservation area.
Features, such as lined containment dikes around fuel storage tanks and center sloping
fueling areas would be incorporated into the design of fuel  structures to minimize the
possibility of accidental chemical spills flowing into the ponds or off the spill site.

      (d)   The pond preservation area is  intended to provide  a continued pond habitat
for anchialine pond organisms, and to allow educational, research and public informa-
tional  use of the ponds.  Water guality and the status of anchialine pond biota would he
periodically monitored to detect changes  in pond health.  The management and opera-
tion of the pond preservation area would be funded by the applicants and managed by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the applicants in perpetuity.  The details of the
tentative management plan are provided in Appendix B.

3.1.13   Pond Riling

      (a)   Anchialine ponds within the WBR that are outside the designated preserva-
tion area and not  within the  area to be excavated for the lagoon would be filled;
approximately 12,000  cubic yards of volcanic basalt  rock would  be  used  as fil
material.  A bulldozer would roll over the area, leveling the  ground, pushing material
from high spots into the low  spots, essentially filling  the ponds.

      (b)    Additional  lava  basalt  fill obtained  from  surrounding  grading,  lagoon
excavation and an upland quarry would be used to raise the elevation of coastal areas.
On the Hyatt site the minimum finished grade would be approximately 8 feet above
mean sea level; this is the base flood elevation of the 100-year coastal flood (tsunami)
for that area as specified in the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM.) (Federal Emergency
 Management  Agency, May 3,  1982) and the County  Flood  Control  Ordinance.  In the
 case of the WBR shoreline, the highest base flood elevation shown on the FIRM map is
 approximately 8 feet above mean sea level.

      (c)   The lava basalt fill is exempt from chemical, biological, and  physical
 evaluation  and testing under U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency Section 404(b)(l)
 guidelines (40 CFR 230.60), because (I) the fill site is adjacent to the extraction site
 and is composed of the  same materials  and (2) the fill material is not suspected of
 being a carrier of contaminants and is sufficiently removed from sources of pollutants.

 3.1.1.4   Building Footings

       Before  constructing the proposed Deer Park Tower,  Health Spa, Tennis Stadium
 and Lobby area, the underlying ground would be probed and  any detected voids would
 be filled with grout.   Filling  the voids reduces the possibility  that the  building may
 settle.  Probing could be done using a tractor mounted drill. Areas found to contain
                                       2-14

-------
voids would be filled with grout.  For extremely large voids, the void would be exposed
and backfilled with lava basalt rock (12" diameter or less) depending upon the size of
the void.  Table II-1  provides footing depths for the major structural components of
the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel.  The condominium and other two hotel structures
would probably use similar footing construction methods.
                                   Table II-1
                            Expected Footing Depths
                  Structure
Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel:

   Deer Park Tower
   Health Facility
   Tennis Stadium
   Restaurant/Lobby Complex

Other Sites:

   Condominium
   Hotels
                                          Depth of Excavation
                                            -15 feet below sea level
                                            -5 feet below sea level
                                            • 11 feet below sea level
                                            -7 to -9 feet below sea level
                                             15 feet below sea level
                                             15 feet below sea level
3. LI.5   Hotel/Resort

     (a)   The Hyatt  Regency  Waikoloa Hotel facilities that would  be constructed
partly or wholly atop filled anchialine ponds include the Deer Park Tower, a health
spa, tennis courts, restaurants, a shopping village, automobile parking, and the hotel's
main lobby, meeting areas and ballroom. Figure 11-9 provides an illustration of  the
Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel site plan. Figure 11-10 shows the approximate relation-
ship of  the building footings of  the  proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa  Hotel  to  the
existing ponds.

     (b)   Site-specific development plans have not been developed for the condomin-
ium  or two hotels within the Corps permit area.  Because the parcels are  zoned  for
hotel and condominium use  by  the  County  of Hawaii, the Corps believes that  the
condominium and hotels would eventually be developed in accordance with designated
land uses shown on Figure H-2.  The  roadways and infrastructure necessary to support
the uses are largely in place to support the addition of the condominium and two
hotels.  Under the proposed action, the applicant proposes to fill all anchialine ponds
located  on the condominium and two hotel sites.

3.1.1.6   Public Access

     In  accordance with County of Hawaii requirements, public access to the shore-
line would be provided along  an easement adjacent to each  of the development sites.
The  locations  of these easements  are shown  on Figure  11-11.  Public parking and  the
number  of  parking stalls for  the public access areas would be provided close  to  the
head of  each path near the resort entrance road, subject to the approval of the County
of Hawaii, Planning Department.
                                     2-15

-------
N3

t-"
CT*
  opo»«d     I
AnchlallM Pond
Preservation /

'         /-

                                               Main
                                 Banquet     Lobby
                                Facilities
                                    Deer
                                       Tower
     Swan La
       Tower
                                                                       (SEE FIGURE 11-7 FOR
                                                                        CROSS-SECTIONS At TO A7)
o
  p|
  fit;
pi
jll
ii
I!
ii
<§
o
1
•>_
u
z
UJ
U
UJ
H
h-
1


I
I *
§ 1
e8 |
lS '
s f
iii
|ij
§c|
11
                        Figure 11-9 Proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel Site Plan

-------
ro
                                                                                                              ! Proposed
                                                                                                              Pond .:
                                                                                                              Preservation
                                                                                                             Aw
                                                                               Entranc* Road
                                                                                  A Parking
                                             Lobby, Mooting Room*
                                               •nd Main R*tt«ur«nt
Transportation
    Corridor
                                                                            Swimming
                                                                              Pool
                                                                                        Raataurant
                                                      Existing Ponds

                                                      Approximate Location of Major Facilities

                                                      Parcel Boundary

                                                      Preservation Easement Boundary
                                                                                    Note: Grading of areas around major Facilities
                                                                                       will also be required.
         Figure  11-10    Relationship of Proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel to Existing Ponds

-------
      Roadway PatcelR-6
      1209ac
to Hauna Lanl/Resort
                                                                                                  to Ktholo
                                                                                             Legend;
                                                                                                  Beoch Access

                                                                                                  StxxeKne Troll
                                                                                             o  aoo  40o vn MO
                                                                                       NORTH   SCALE W FEET
                  Figure 11-11  Location of  Public Beach Access - Walkoloa  Beach Resort

-------
3.1.1.7   Coastal Trail

     Public use of the existing shoreline trail would not be obstructed by the develop-
ment under provisions of the County of Hawaii, Special  Management Area  permit.   A
portion  of  the Wqiulua  Bay settlement  site trail would be reconstructed (see Historic
Sites below), and public walkways would be provided across the entire seaward front of
the development.

3.1.1.8   Historic Sites

     (a)   In response to a request from the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO),
the applicants propose to preserve the archaeological features within the "Kaniku  Settle-
ment Group" and the "Nawahine Settlement Group", two previously identified complexes
along the coastline north of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel site.

     (b)   The applicants plan to  reconstruct  the  Hawaiian coastal foot-trail  in the
smooth  stepping-stone style of  Hawaiian trail construction as required by the County of
Hawaii.  In conjunction  with this reconstruction, the applicants also plan to reconstruct
three archaeological sites in the Waiulua Bay Settlement site,  as requested by the Corps
of Engineers (Figure 11-12).

     (c)   On the  condominium  and other two hotel sites,  the  applicants, the State
Historic Preservation  Officer and the Corps have agreed to implementing any archaeo-
logical data recovery  plan. However, the plan would not be implemented until after the
applicants have  first  considered architectural designs that  might  preserve,  enhance or
restore  some of the archaeological sites.  Once specific construction plans are devel-
oped, the applicants would notify the Corps and  the State Historic Preservation Officer
that they intend to execute the Data Recovery  Plan.  The Advisory Council  on Historic
Preservation was asked to develop of a Memorandum of Agreement. The  archaeological
sites were  determined to be eligible  for inclusion on the National Register  of Historic
Places because the  sites contained scientific data that could contribute to knowledge of
Hawaiian history.  The archaeological sites at the Hyatt Hotel site were  not  determined
to be eligible because the scientific information  was previously removed by archaeologi-
cal data recovery and  salvage.

3.1.1.9   State and County Permit Requirements

     (a)   The issuance of a Department of the Army (DA) permit would not negate or
satisfy  the applicants' need to obtain the  necessary  State of  Hawai'i  and County of
Hawai'i  permits and  approvals.  Thus  far, the applicants  have obtained a change in
County  Zoning,  a Planned Unit Development permit, a shoreline setback variance,  a
Special  Management Area permit, and some of the building permits. The applicants must
satisfy  the County's  rezoning condition  to  provide adequate,  affordable employee
housing.

     (b)   A Federal  Coastal Zone Management consistency statement  is needed from
the State of Hawaii, Department of Planning and Economic Development, prior  to the
issuance of a  DA permit.  The DA permit also contains a  provision that all necessary
State and County permits be obtained by the applicants prior to the start of construc-
tion.

     (c)   To construct the outer portion of the proposed lagoon, as well  as to build the
two pedestrian bridges that would cross the lagoon, a Conservation District Use  Permit
from the State of Hawai'i, Department of Land and Natural Resources would be required.
                                       2-19

-------
10
to
o
              RECONSTRUCTED
              ARCHAEOLOQICA
FLAGSTONE
PATH
RECONSTRUCTED
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
                                                         SHORELINE
                                                         ALIGNMENT
                                                        RECONSTRUCTED
                                                        ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
      Figure 11-12 Historic Trail Construction, Waiulua Bay Area

-------
       (d)   Based on a Corps inquiry, the State Department of Health does not require
  a permit for the discharge of groundwater into the fagoon as part of the applicants
  flushing design.  The Department of  Land and Natural Resources, Division of Voter
  and Land Development indicated that a  permit  was  required  for  the pumpinq of
  groundwater as part of the applicants' flushing design.

  3. 1 .2   Issue a DA Permit for a Modified Action

  3. 1.2. 1    Alternative I - Addition of 2.5 Acres of Ponds

       (a)   This alternative was suggested for consideration during the public hearing
  and  the public review  of the Draft  Environmental Impact  Statement.   Under this
  alternative, discharge of fill would be prohibited in an additional 2.5 acres of land
  containing 12 ponds.  This area would be added to the 12-acre pond preservation area
  proposed  by the applicants (Figure II- 1 3).  The ponds are  relatively unvegetated and
  geologically interesting, containing the orange-rust algal mats and the 'opae'ula.  By
  comparison,  the  ponds  in the pond preservation  area are heavily vegetated while
 containing both the algal mat and opaeula.  The additional ponds are also  situated in
 collapsed lava  tubes and fissures.  One of the ponds  has an  arch and cave and is
 considered geologically interesting in comparison to the preservation ponds that are on
 flatter, older pahoehoe with less vertical relief.
   *•             «lternative avoids filling  74 ponds in  comparison with the proposed
 action that avoids filling 62 ponds.  The alternative also reduces the amount  of  land
 available for condominium development from 17.7 acres to 15.2 acres. The alternative
 does not impact the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel plan or the other two hotel sites.
 Public access and historic preservation remain unchanged.  While the elements of the
 pond preservation management plan remain unchanged  from the proposed action, the
 additional ponds would not be filled, but could be included in landscaping as part of the
 condominium parcel.

 3.1.2.2   Alternative 2 - Separate Pond Preservation Areas

      Alternative 2 consists of two separate pond preservation areas, rather than one
 area  as proposed by the applicants (Figure II- 14).  The alternative encompasses the
 same  amount of land  as the applicants proposed  preservation area  02 acres),  but
 includes 55 ponds rather -than 62 ponds in the  proposed action.  The total water surface
 actfon  ( iLlr P+h"   E ab°i? 3'8 uCI2S ?n c°mParfson to ^e 3.4 acres  in the proposed
 action. Under this alternative, the Hyatt Regency  wafko|oa Hotel site would have to
 relocate or redesign the parking, tennis courts, luau area and health  spa.  Provisions
                       hiSt°!;iC Preservatlon' shoreline  access and public parking for
                                                                  «olly unchanged
3. 1 .2.3    Alternative 3 - Large Pond Preservation Area
ment   nn o           f" Raure H-|5> thfs alternative would include  the establish-
ment of an anchialine pond preservation area nearly 39 acres in size.  The preservation
™    TahnS °PP?»dmateIy l22 P°nd* h°vmg a total water surface area of about £
acres.    I he pond  preservation  management  elements  would be  similar  to those

wTthin'the e°xn±e nT*  QCt!°n-   ^ archaeol°9fc°' *tes -°u«d E Preservld
within  the expanded pond preservation area.  No change would occur in the preserve
1C£ th6 "™ahl™ and Kanl! and the restoration* the Waiulua Bay settlement
sites or the data recovery on  the hotel sites.
                                      2-21

-------
N)
              Hyatt Regency Waikoloa
                  Hotel  Site
      Legend:
       ~-—-. Permit Area Boundary

       i.E-1.-*1 Existing Preservation  Area

       C_J'_l3 Proposed Anchialine Pond Preservation Area

       	 Parcel  Boundaries

        Crir?   Existing Anchialine  Ponds
emptied from maps In reports of Blenfing
(1977) and Conquest (1984 a t b), which were
based on uneontroHeJ ttr(t\ photos floxn
by R. H. Tonlll Corp. (October 29. 1974).  .
The proposed pond preservitlon easements
wer« surveyed by Engineers Surveyors HamI!
In January and February 1985.  Aerial photo
flown by R. H Toxlll Corp. on March 26, 1982
helped locate ponds outside of the easements.
The ponds xere not ground surveyed.
                                               Figure  11-13  Alternative  1  -    15-acre Pond  Preserve

-------
Legend
•••»• Permit Area Boundary

-J—.li Existing Preservation Area
-»—""j
..»«j Proposed Anchialine Pond Preservation Area

	 Parcel Boundaries

      Existing Anchialine Ponds
                                                                                                                             roo naps In reports of Blenfang
                                                                                                                       (1977) and Conquest (1984 a I b), uhlch Here
                                                                                                                       based on uncontrolled aerial photos flown
                                                                                                                       by R. M. ToKlll Corp. (October 29. 1974).
                                                                                                                       The proposed pond preservation easements
                                                                                                                       «re surveyed by Engineers Surveyors Hanall
                                                                                                                       In January and February 1985.  Aerial photo
                                                                                                                       floxn by R. H Toxin Corp. on March 26, 1982
                                                                                                                       helped locate ponds outside of the easements.
                                                                                                                       The ponds were not ground surveyed.
            Figure  11-14  Conceptual  Plan for Alternative  2  -  Separated Pond  Preservation Areas

-------
Legend:

«.«_ Permit  Area Boundary

[L..L.I] Existing Preservation Area

CL...-4..J Proposed Anchlallne Pond Preservation Area

——— Parcel  Boundaries

         Existing Anchlallne Ponds
Note:  Compiled fro* «aps In reports of Blenfang
     (1977) jnd Conquest (I9B4 l I b), »hlch were
     bated on uncontrolled lerUl photos flonn
     by ft. M. Toxllt Corp. (October 29. 1974).
     The proposed pond preservation easements
     Here surveyed by Engineers Surveyors Him 11
     In January and February 1985. Aerial photo
     flow) by R. N Towlll Corp. on March 26, 1982
     helped locate ponds outside of the easements.
     The ponds Here not ground surveyed.
                     Figure 11-15 Conceptual Plan for Alternative 3 - Large  Pond  Preservation  Area

-------
       (b)   As compared to the plan proposed by the applicants, the site intended for
  the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel would be substantially smaller.  There would be no
  room for the Deer  Park Tower, the southern-most and smallest of the three Hyatt
  hotel towers.  Also, the hotel parking area would  have to be reduced  in size or
  relocated, fewer tennis courts could be built, and the health spa facilities would have
  to be redesigned and/or  relocated.  The lagoon  would be  reduced in size and the
  restaurant would be eliminated. The last 500 feet of the existing entrance road would
  be abandoned.  Development of the two hotels sites on  lots  10  and 12 could proceed
  without significant change in land area, but the condominium would be eliminated.

  3. 1 .2.4   Alternative 4 - Lower Density Alternative

       (a)   Under this alternative the applicants would  build a lower density resort
  similar to Kona Village, concentrating their construction in areas between the ponds
  (Hgure  H-16).   This alternative would  require a  major change in  land  use zoning
  eliminating the proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel, and the condominium.  One
  hotel  site would remain unchanged, but the other would have a reduced land area.

    A  (b\ rT,h'f 5ltern,atfve  Is similar to  Alternative 3,  but  increases the number of
 ponds not filled from 122 to 194. Historic site preservation and public access similar
 to Alternative 3 would be applicable.  The nature of  the proposed management plan
 would probably change because the large preservation area  may influence arrange-
 ments for research and funding, particularly when the majority of the WBP ponds are
 not  filled.  Management  of  human  activities in  and around the pond to prevent  the
 introduction of exotic fish, waste and trash would continue to be essential elements of
 the management plan.

 3. 1 .2.5   Alternative 5 - Applicant's Proposal Without the Lagoon
 •  tr- (a)  ,7^IS alternat?ve Fs virtually identical to the applicants proposal as depicted
 m higure M-4, except that permission to excavate the proposed recreational lagoon
 would be denied.  This would mean that an  estimated 17 additional ponds with a total
 water surface area of about two acres would not be excavated. Many of the features
 of the applicants  proposed resort complex related to the  lagoon, such as boat docks,
 waterside restaurants, swimming area and beach, etc., would not be constructed.

      (b)   The applicants  have  indicated that the absence of a swimming laqoon and
 beach would greatly handicap their efforts to create a viable resort hotel on the site
 proposed for the Hyatt.  Waiuiua Bay does not have a broad sandy beach comparable to
 that found at 'Anaeho'omalu Bay to the south.  The shoreline is rocky, and recreational
 swimming in coastal  waters by visitors, unaccustomed to such an environment, could
 be both unattractive and hazardous.

 3-I-3   Lagoon Flushing Alternatives

   it  ia)u.  The aPP|?cants Preliminary lagoon circulation scheme featured two shallow
 nil-r^ ?*        ***?* °J thf ***** structures- Their potential impacts on the  pond
 preservat.on area  required relocating and redesign of the circulation system.   The
 applicants est.mated  that  approximately 5.6 million gallons of  lagoon water would
 need  to be exchanged da. ly in order to maintain water quality and "to minimize alaal
 blooms F.ltration and treatment of that amount of water for recirculation was found
to be too expensive.   Deepening the opening to middle bay would probably result in
out of lltl C     * th0t VF <>? hazardous to swimmers. Thus, pumpinq water into or
out of the lagoon was  considered by the applicants to be a better approach
                                     2-25

-------
N)


CTi

             Hyatt Regency Hatkoloa
                  Hotel Site
       Legend:

       _...-. Permit  Area Boundary

       rn.Il"".] Existing Preservation  Area

       C'^TH Proposed Anchialine Pond Preservation  Area

       —..— Parcel  Boundartes

                Existing Anchialine Ponds
Compiled fro* naps In reports of Blenfang
(1977) and Conquest (1984 a I b), «htch were
based on uncontrolled aerial photos flowi
byR. H. ToHlll Corp. (October 29, 1974).
The proposed pond preservation easements
were surveyed by Engineers Surveyors Hawaii
In January and February 1985.  Aerial photo
Mown by R. H Toxin Corp. on March 26. 1982
helped locate ponds outside of the easements.
The ponds were not ground surveyed.
                                         Figure 11-16   Conceptual Plan for Alternative  4  -  Minimal  Fill

-------
      (b)   Pumping  water out of the lagoon into a  disposal well  would allow water
 from the middle bay to be drawn into the lagoon through its mouth.  Concern for the
 maintenance reliability of. the air lift pump and acid treatment of the water caused
 the applicants to chose  the proposed method of water exchange.  (The  applicants
 indicate that acid treatment of water is  necessary for successful  injection well
 operations.)  Whether or not the geological porosity of the area could accomodate the
 discharge of seawater into the injection well at the rate of 4000 gallons per minute is
 also questionable.  At the Natural Energy Laboratory injecting waste water  into the
 ground at 800 gallons per minute was fourid to be a reasonable rate without  flooding
 the well.

 3.1.4    Off-Site Pond Preservation

      (a)   This alternative  considers allowing the applicants to  fill all the ponds at
 Waikoloa and requiring the applicants to purchase other lands containing  anchialine
 ponds to create  an "off-site"  pond preservation area.  This alternative requires that
 another area with similar anchialine ponds be available and capable of being purchased
 by the applicant  at reasonable cost. Based on the Maciolek and Brock (1974) and Corps
 (1985) surveys, the only areas containing large clusters of ponds  are located  in West
 Hawaii  at  'Opae'ula-Makalawena, Kohanaiki  and Aimakapa-Honokohau.   'Opae'ula-
 Makalawena and Aimakapa-Honokohau are presently degraded due to the presence of
 exotic  fish throughout the  pond systems.   Thus, extensive fish  eradication  efforts
 would be required to remove  the fish and possibly restock the  ponds with opaeula.
 While Brock (1985) and the Corps believe that fish eradication and natural recoloniza-
 tion is feasible,  actual field  tests have not  been  conducted to  determine  if fish
 eradication is feasible, practical, and capable of long-term success.  Preliminary tests
 indicate that mechanical  efforts, electro-shocking, netting, and trapping  are time-
 consuming and reach  a point where other methods would have to be tried to totally
 eradicate the fish from the ponds. Since most of the degraded ponds are on private
 lands, further tests were not possible due  to the lack of  landowner permission  to
 conduct the tests. Use of fish  poisons may be possible provided the poisons do not kill
 the  anchialine pond  organisms  in the water  table and can  be  neutralized  before
 entering coastal waters.

      (b)   Aimakapa-Honokohau and Kohanaiki pond are beina filled with trash from
 human recreational activities in the area. However, the Kohanaiki  area is presently
 cleaner than Aimakapa-Honokohau. Although Kohanaiki has nearly the same  number
 of ponds as Waikoloa, the ponds are smaller and shallower than the Waikoloa  ponds and
 contain exotic fish.  Human refuse in and around Kohanaik? ponds could he cleaned and
 future human activity  in the area could be regulated at a cost and an inconvenience  to
 fisherman and surfing activities in the area.  Again, the success of removing fish has
 not been tested.

      (c)   Under this alternative the  applicants  would be  required to purchase the
off-site ponds prior to the issuance of a permit, and would be required to provide funds
for restoring and cleaning the  ponds and for a pond management program.  The
applicants probably could not purchase the land at a  reasonable cost as long  as the
prospective seller knows that the applicant's proposed project cannot proceed without
purchasing the seller's land.   Thus, the alternative  is  considered  unfeasible at the
present time due to inherent problems, i.e.,  lack of a fair market, uncertainty of the
success of removing fish, and lack of a suitable replacement area.
                                      2-27

-------
3.1.5   Anchialine Pond Creation and Restoration
Based  on
                        field  tests and  observation of previously disl Curbed or -eas,
excavated in previously filled and graded areas were colonized by 'opae'ula with 10-14
SSrcorDS of Engineers,  1985). Based on these limited observat.ons, anch.alme pond
S&S?Sd%SS3S» may be possible and may possibly be used to replace or restore
filled ponds as long as the shrimp are in the water table.

3.1.6   Deny the Permit

      This alternative prevents the applicants  from constructing the developmenl -as
proposed, and essentially forces them to undertake alternatives outs.de the !^'sd,ct,on
of the Corps of Engineers.   The applicants can  also cons.der  do.ng nothmg,  the no-
action alternative.
 ALTERNATIVES WITHIN THE CAPABILITY OF THE APPLICANT, BUT
 OUTSIDE THE JURISDICTION OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                                                                           or
 3 2
      Under these alternatives, the applicants  could proceed with  the
 without a DA permit. The applicants would have to modify their plans to
 avoid filling oTexcavating any anchialine ponds and proceed without « D
 the Army permit, i.e., reducing fill by use of piles, avo.d.ng ponds, or  siting the
 Inland from the ponds.

 3.2.1    Reducing or Eliminating the Fill by Using Pile-Supported Structures

       (a)   Since the applicants proposed  to fill  the  low lying areas in order to comply
 with the County of Hawaii codes for construction in a flood  hazard area, this alterna-
 tive considers the use of  pile-supported structures to  reduce or el.mmate  the f.!l
 activity reducing the number of ponds lost to the development.

       (I)   One  design could be similar to hotel  designs in Hilo, where the ground floor
            is used for non-habitable functions, such  as restaurants, meeting or conte r-
            ence rooms.  The design could then possibly  limit the  number of ponds filled
            by the development to the footprint of the buildings,  as well as the laaoon,
            roadways, walkways, and recreational amenities the could be built at ground
            level.  Potential flood damages and the frequency of damages is expected to
            be more than  the  proposed action,  because  the proposed action provides
            flood protection for the 100-year tsunami inundation event.  The alternative
            would subject ground level structures and  amenities to  wave damage and
            flooding from  less  severe  and more frequent  storm waves,  as  well as
            tsunamis.

       (2)   Another design could mount  the  buildings  on piles,  such that the building
            would appear to stand on  stilts.  The concentration of  ponds in the^ area
            means that piles may have to be driven into some ponds possibly resulting in
            their loss due to construction activities associated with driving piles.  Since
                                         2-28

-------
           construction is not a clean affair, rubbish, concrete, wood, paint, debris of
           all sorts would probably fall into adjacent ponds, and construction easements
           would also require equipment operations in adjacent ponds.  Parking areas,
           lagoon, tennis courts,  roadways and walkways would be constructed at
           ground level requiring  the filling of other ponds increasing the  number of
           ponds loss to development.  Pile-supported structures would  also shade
           directly the ponds covered by the structure, and possibly block the sun and
           wind  from adjacent  ponds.   Shading would  reduce the amount of algae
           growth in  the ponds.  Blocking or  altering wind  patterns could influence
           water mixing and  dissolved oxygen concentrations  in the ponds.   These
           factors could  reduce  the amount of  algae available as a food  source  for the
           'opae'ula and  may  reduce  dissolved oxygen  levels in the ponds, possibly
           degrading the  pond ecosystem.

      (3)   Another design could also  combine parking, hotel rooms and amenities, i.e.,
           tennis courts,  restaurants, conference  rooms, into one  structure.  One
           possible configuration is placing parking on the ground level, hotel rooms on
           the next and tennis courts and swimming pools at  the top of the buildings.
           Such  a design would increase the building heights in excess of allowable
           County of Hawaii building height restrictions. Pond loss would occur within
           and immediately adjacent to the building footprints, including the roadways,
           accessways  and walkways  and  other amenities associated with a  resort
           development.

      (4)   Piles  are also  difficult to drive into lava.  Rock density, porosity and hard-
           ness are factors affecting  use of piles versus another method of providing
           foundation support.

      (b)   In  summary, pile structures may not be feasible in recent lavas with high
voids. Pile-designed structures would not significantly reduce the number of ponds loss,
unless the applicant reduces the size  of the development, i.e., the density, number of
room, and the types of facilities,  or reconfigures the proposed development layout.

3.2.2   Alternative Configurations

      Additional alternative configurations were considered in detail by the applicants
as part of the Clean  Water  Act,  Section  404fl>Kl) practicable alternatives analysis.
While the ultimate purpose of the Section 404 practicable alternatives analysis  differs
from that of the  NEPA alternatives discussion, both analyses shed light on the alterna-
tives which may  be available for development.  As mentioned  previously, .the practica-
ble alternatives analysis is found in Appendix A.
                                                                           *
3-2-3   Alternative Development Sites Outside the WBR

      The applicants own  31,000 acres of land  at  Waikoloa.  The  WBP  Development
began in the late  1960's under Boise Cascade. The applicants purchased  the land in 1978
and developed an  extensive infrastructure with the expectation that development would
proceed as allowed in State and  County land use plans. The applicants indicated that
they do not wish to abandon their investment in  the WBR and develop their resort else-
where on the  Big Island.  Further the applicants have indicated that the development
plans and marketing approaches of the Keauhou Resort, the Mauna Lani Resort  or the
Mauna Kea Resort are not consistent or compatible with their  objectives, and that it is
unreasonable to expect them to undertake the action  at another resort.  However, as
part  of the NEPA process the Corps of Engineers has reviewed the following off-site
development alternatives with respect to the resort development trends  in  Hawai'i.
                                       2-29

-------
3.2L3.1   Other Islands Within the State of Hawai'i

     (a)   A review of resort development  trends and elements of successful resort
developments in  Hawai'i shows  that  the successful development of a  large-scale,
luxury resort in Hawaii depends upon the presence of certain attributes, among which
are:

     o    infrastructure to support the development, i.e., airport to handle direct
           mainland flights, highways to move travelers, sufficient water and power,

     o    diverse  attractions, such as  landscapes, activities, challenging  areas and
           recreational opportunities,  expensive and inexpensive entertainment  areas
           and lodgings in order  to  attract and entertain visitors*' For example, Mau?
           has the scenery and sunrise at Haleakala, the road to Hana, the  rugged road
           around East Maui and West  Maui, the whaling town of Lahaina and the
           luxury resorts at Kaanapali; on Oahu one finds the concentrated hotel mass
           around world-famous  Waikiki Beach, physical attractions such  as the Blow
           Hole,  Waimea Falls Park, and Sacred Falls,  and cultural centers of various
           Pacific Island and Asian ethnic groups.

     o    location in a sunny area - normally the leeward side of the islands.

     o    location along  an attractive, exciting coast preferably with white sand
           beaches.

     o    large  land areas with single landowner rather than public lands, land areas
           with  many small  landholdings or previously developed areas.   This  is
           desirable so that the development deals with one  landowner,  can  acquire
           spinoff  profits from sales  of adjoining  properties,  and  maintain the
           character of the area  as a luxury resort.

     (b)   Of  the  major  Hawaiian Islands,  the  islands of  Kaua'i,  Oahu, Maui, and
Hawaii all  have the  infrastructure to support large luxury resort developments.
Individual island potential can be  summarized as follows:

     Lana'i - insufficient land mass and geographic diversity to support larae, luxury
     resort; insufficient infrastructure.

     Moloka? - same as above.

     Kaua'i  -  insufficient land  area  available  at  this time  for  large-scale,  luxury
     resort; Poipu area is saturated  and  other potential leeward coastal  areas are
     public beaches.

     Oahu  -  only  available leeward  coast  site  is W'aianae coast;  residents oppose
     development  there  and racial tensions exist.   Coastal properties  are  small
     holdings and much of the beach areas are public.

     Mau? - leeward coast is saturated with resort development; water is critical item
     in areas south of Makena.

     Hawai1? - leeward coast consists of  large tracts  of open lava fields and pocket
     beaches often held by single landowners.  Large open tracts of land provide flexi-
     bility  in  development design;  Hawai'i has greater land mass than other islands
                                      2-30

-------
       and more climatic, scenic and activity diversity.   Rather than saturate area,
       presence of other world class  hotels (Mauna Kea,  Mauna Lani,  Kona  Village)
       compliments proposed development and increases visitor attraction.

       (c)   Since the  1970's, the State Department of Plannina and Economic Develop-
 ment has recognized large-scale, luxury resort  developments were focusing attention on
 the outer islands, particularly on the leeward coast of Hawai'i. Resort growth in Hawaii
 has developed a trend that filled Kauai and Maui, and Keahou, Hawaii. In recognition of
 the impending development of the West Hawaii coast, the State and Federal  govern-
 ments have invested in water, harbor, highway  and airport infrastructure to support and
 encourage anticipated growth in West Hawai'i.  In 1972, the State analyzed the  impacts
 of tourism on  West Hawaii  ?n order to assist in long-term planning for the development
 of the region.  In this plan, they recognized the need for  a "critical mass", amenities
 and infrastructure, that would be centered around the resort to accomodate visitors and
 residents and  would permit  the greatest  return of capital to the developer, as  well as
 the community.  They also  recognized the "spillover" effects that would  benefit the
 developer, as well as the community.  They further  recognized that development would
 result in impacts  to  the community, and stressed the  need to  center development
 around the resort rather than have the resort sprawl  along the coastline.

 3.2.3.2   Areas on the West Hawaii Coast

      (a)   In  addition to the WBR, there  are three other areas on Hawai'i Island
 designated for development of major, destination resort facilities.  These are the Mauna
 Lani Resort, the .Mauna Kea Resort and the Keahou  Resort.  The latter is located in the
 U/RR   D   D'st[lct ?f ?he island, while the other two are in South Kohala north of the
 WBK.   Resort hotels in Hilo and  elsewhere  on the island have had extremely  low
 occupancy rates in recent years. Hilo's relatively wet weather and the emergence of
 alternat.ve resort destinations on the drier, West Hawaii coast, most likely contribute
 to the low occupancy rate in  Hilo.

 KI  ..*?   feauhou Resort.  The Keauhou Resort is situated around Keauhou Bay in the
 North Kona District, about five miles south of the village of  Kailua-Kona.  The area has
 been the scene of ongoing resort development since the early  1970s.  The applicants
 anrnrt^Sihera f^^l ctmttorlstlcs which make this  North Kona  location less
 attractive  than sites  m  South Kohala.   First, the Keauhou  Resort is  situated on
 moderately sloping land with a rocky shoreline; it lacks a sandy beach such as is found
         h   h   °ft ^ the c?nffaucratf°n of  ^e coastline is such that creation of an
        cc^™Sa?    exPenf ve-  Second, there are no coastal  parcels  of sufficient
           i+   ^ ,,e ° Pr°jeCt  *uch as the Proposed WBP.   The Keauhou Resort area
        substantially  more rainfall than  does  the  South Kohala coastal  reaion, and
 afternoons are often overcast, with freguent light rains.                    req.on, ann

   .  (c)    MQUnQ Kea  Resor* Area.  The Mauna Kea Resort (MKP) is the oldest  of the
major resorr projects in South Kohala.  The world famous Mauna Kea Beach Hotel was
constructed there in the  mid 1960s, and  40 condominiums  (the VHI«foS 65 sinde!

WBR^JTd±nItedFa!rWT N°rth °nd S°Uth) were ^seguently developed. Likete
WBR, it .s designated  as a "major resort" on the Hawai'i County General  Plan  UAL
Inc., the owner, recent!y received State Land Use Commission approval for a 350-room

      Ka'ahum^nu Sif "^V^ r^T^  "^ ™«™™^ on both sidSof
      Kaahumanu Highway.  The plans call for construction  of a luxury hotel that tans
         SmiIar t° *at °f the exIstFna M<*™  Ke°  Beach Hotel.  The UALmoSeSj
                wJE th*  V^"' SUper-'UXUry  ™rl
-------
     (d)   Mauna Lani Resort.  The Mauna Lani Resort is located immediately north
of the applicants' property and has zoning approval for approximately  3,000 hotel
rooms  and 3,200 resort residential units. Presently, only  the 350-room luxury Mauna
Lani Bay  Hotel and  80  luxury  resort condominium  apartment  units  have been
completed. The applicants feel that the remaining hotel  sites within the Mauna Lani
Resort are too small to accommodate their  development  plans unless the hotel sites
were consolidated. If consolidation were possible, two sites might be  large enough for
a project the size of that proposed for the WBR.  The first area surrounds Pauoa Bay
and also contains some anchialine ponds along the shoreline.  The second area borders
Honoka'ope Bay. It has not yet been designated for Urban use by the State Land Use
Commission, although  a re-districting request is being processed at the present time.

     Ce)   The applicants have indicated that it requires many years (a minimum of 3
to 6 years) to obtain the necessary State and County land use designations, permits,
and approvals for a  major resort.  The design and construction of major resort facili-
ties typically adds at least four more years to the process,  so that the earliest the first
units in a new project could be in operation is 1992.  In view of the time delay and the
great uncertainty of obtaining approvals to develop an entirely new resort, particularly
in view of the large amount of their own land already zoned for resort use, consider-
ation of an alternate resort location is not a viable alternative to the proposed action.

3.2.4   No Action Alternative

     (a)   Under this alternative the  applicants abandon their project and no other
private or government interest undertakes the proposed project or  any other  project.
Under this alternative all the ponds at Waikoloa would not  be filled or excavated.

     (b)   Based on Corps field observations and surveys of the anchialine ponds by
Oceanic Institute H985) and Brock (1985), the threat of exotic fish introduced  into the
anchialine ponds is high and that the continued existence of the anchialine ponds as a
habitat for the endemic Hawaiian fauna  depends upon regulating and controlling human
activities.  Thus, under the no action  alternative, the Corps foresees the continued
degradation of anchialine ponds as a result of the human introduction of exotic fish, a
factor that cart  occur at any time in any of the anchialine ponds.  Since a source of
exotic fish presently  exists at Waikoloa in  the irrigation water,  holding ponds  and
exotic fish was  introduced into one anchialine pond in the golf course, the threat of
exotic fish  appearing  in  the  remaining Waikbloa  anchialine ponds is considered
extremely high.

      (c)    The Corps does not know of any regulatory  agency that can prevent or
regulate the introduction of exotic fish into  the anchialine  ecosystem.  While some
anchialine ponds are protected by their  inclusion in State Natural Area Reserves and
Parks, the management  of the majority of  the anchialine pond resource is  lacking.
Secondly,  there are no guarantees that ponds in  the Natural Area  Reserves or Parks
could  not also be degraded by the introduction of exotic fish.

       (d)    In comparison to filling, which eliminates  the anchialine pond as a water
body,  as well as the pond organisms, exotic  fish  eliminates only the presence of the
pond  organisms.  With the  introduction of exotic  fish, the  shrimp  fauna  would
disappear  from  the ponds together with  some  mollusks,  particularly  the  hapawai
(Theodoxus sp.). Changes in the algal community would also occur.  These changes are
would eliminate the unique anchialine  pond  character, reducing the presence of the
unique shrimp species and creating more exotic fishponds.
                                       2-32

-------
       (e)   Even when exotic fish are in the ponds, some of the hypogeal shrimp, those
 that can exist underground in the subterranean water table, would continue to exist
 where the fish cannot  "reach"  them.  This factor suggests that restoration  of  the
 anchialine pond ecosystem may be possible by eradicating the exotic fish and allowina
 natural recolonization or transplanting anchialine pond organisms.  Fish eradication
 field tests are not presently substantial to ascertain whether or not fish eradication as
 a  pond restoration method,  is practical,  feasible or successful  over  the  long-term
 However, causal observations have indicated that filled ponds may be restored by man,
 and previously disturbed ponds can reestablished naturally within a six-year period
 4.
         GINfctRS
ALTERNATIVES BEYOND THE CAPABILITIES
    WHH1NTHE
                                                                    THE
      This category is  intended to explore the possibility of the Corps of Engineers
 accomplishing the objectives of the applicants' proposal.   Presently, the Corps of
 Engineers has no  authority or program which could accomplish the same purposes or
 objectives as those which would be met by the applicants' proposal.         .

                                                    EYOND THE CAPABILITY OF
                                           JUMbblCIIONoF
 K  -A   11 altern.ative is  lntended  to  explore the  availability of any other  interest
 besides the applicants or  the  Corps of Engineers that miaht accomplish  the same
 wh,!    M*  ?  ! uC°rpS knowledae> no other agent,  public or private, is available
 who could achieve the same purposes as the action proposed by the applicants.
      ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE
                environmentally preferred  alternative  allows  some  development
               the 6St
-------
                                                        Table ll-2t Comparison of Alternatives
Resource
Resort Facilities:
Zoned and Existing at WBR:
Existing Hotel
Zoned Hotel
Existing Residential
Zoned Residential
Hyatt Area:
Hotel
Residential
Remainder of WBR:
Hotel
Residential
Deny Permit
543
3000
0
3400
0
0
1000
3300
No Action
543
3000
0
3400
0
0
1000
3000
Proposed
Action
543
3000
0
3400
2150
200
850
3100-3200
Alternative Alternative
1 2
543
3000
0
3400
2150
850
543
3000
0
3400
2150
200
300
3200
Alternative
3
543
3000
0
3400
800
0
500
3200
Alternative
4
543
3000
0
3400
0
0
>500
0
Alternative
5
543
3000
0
3400
2150
200
300
3200
^ Direct Employment (in Average No. of Persons Employed);
00
*" Construction:
Hyatt
Later
Resort Operation:
Hyatt
Later
Operational Total
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
700
240
1900
1600
3500
700
1900
1600
3500
700
240
1900
1600
3500
"500
-'ISO
"1300
~IOOO
2300
0
>I50
0
>IOOO
1000
650
240
1900
1600
3500
Personal Income Generated by Construction Expenditures: County/Other Hawol'i (In millions of dollars):
Hyatt Hotel
Other Projects
Total
None
None
None
Personal Income Generated by Visitor Expenditures:
Hyatt Hotel
Other Projects
None
None
None
None
None
County/Other
None
None
46/39
38/32
84/71
State (in millions
46/39
38/32
46/39
>84/7l
of dollars/year):
46/39
Same as
Proposed
Project


Same as
Proposed
Project
Substantially
Less Than
Proposed
Project


Substantially
Less Than
Proposed
Project
None


None
Slightly Less
Than Proposed
Project


Slightly Less
Than Proposed
Project
Total
                                   None
None
84/71
>84/71

-------
                                                                Table 11-2:  Comparison of Alternatives (continued)
U>
Oi
Resource
Deny Permit
No Action
Proposed
Action
Alternative
1
Alternative
Tax Revenues From Operation (In million dollars/year)
County

State
Utility Demand;
Highway Improvements

Potable Water Supply
Est.Use(lnMGD)
Wostewater Treatment Facilities;
Wastewater Generated (MGD)
Expansion Required?
Solid Waste Generated
Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

Decrease

None Needed None Needed

0.66

0.15
No
3,000
Ibs/day

0.66

0.15
No
3,000
Ibs/day
Increase by
$3 million

Increase by
$14 million

Queen Krfahu-
monu Highway

Increase by
1.2 MGD

0.95
Yes
13,500
Ibs/day
Increase by
$3 million

Increase by
> $14 million

Queen Kcfahu-
manu Highway

Increase by
1.2 MGD

>0.95
Yes
>I3,500
Ibs/day
Approx. Same
as Proposed
Project

Approx. Same
as Proposed
Project

Same as
Proposed
Action
Increase by
1.2 MGD

Same as
Proposed
Project
13,500
Ibs/day
Alternative
3

Substantially
Less Than
Proposed
Project
Substantially
Less Than
Proposed
Project
Same as
Proposed
Action
Increase by
0.5 MGD

0.38
Possibly
5,000
Ibs/day
Alternative
A
*f
Substantially
Less Than
Proposed
Project
Substantially
Less Than
Proposed
Project
None Needed

Less than
Altern. 3

0.38
Possibly
5,000
Ibs/day
Alternative

Slightly Less
Than Proposed
Project

Slightly Less
Than Proposed
Project

Some as
Proposed
Action
Increase by
1.2 MGD

Same as
Proposed
Project
13,500
Ibs/day
         Topographic Changes

         Lagoon;
            Quantity Excavated
            Blasting Required?

         Amount of Fill Required for
            Total Project

         Anchialine ponds
            % available
            Total water surface area (acres)

         Ponds lost (number/%)
         Total water surface area (acres/%)
None
None
None
"|2.2
0/0%
0/0%
None
None
None
198
12.2
0/0%
0/0%
40, 000 c.y.
Yes
200, 000 c.y.
62
3.4
136/69%
8.8/72%
40, 000 c.y.
Yes
200, 000 c.y.
72
3.9
126/64%
8.3/68%
40, 000 c.y.
Yes
200,000 c.y.
55
3.8
143/72%
8.4/69%
40,000 c.y.
Yes
200,000 c.y.
122
6.6
76/38%
5.6/46%
None
None
None
194
4/2%
0.2/2%
None
None
240,000 c.y,
77
5.4
119/60%
6.8/56%

-------
                                                   Table 11-2:  Comparison of Alternatives (contlnoed)

Resource
Preservation Area Size (Acres)
Estimated revenue loss from
land in the preservation area
($ million) with Hyatt In place
Interference with groundwater
' flow
Fill material contamination
of ground ond marine waters
Change in Coastal Ground-
water Quality by resort and
uplond uses



hJ
1
00
ON
Amount of existing vegetation
unaffected by development
Birds/Wildlife Change


Deny Permit
None
None


None

None

Probable
Small
Increase in
Nutrient
Levels



All

No Change
From Present


No Action
None
None


None

None

Probable
Small
Increase in
Nutrient
Levels



All

No .Change
From Present

Proposed
Action
12 acres
$12 million


Deflection

None

Probable
Slightly
Greater
Increase in
Nutrient Levels
Than Deny
Permit
Alternative
12 acres

Decrease in
herons ond
migratory
waterbirds;
increase In
exotic birds

Alternative
1
14 acres
$14 million


Deflection

None

Same as
Proposed
Action





14 acres

Decrease In
herons ond
migratory
waterbirds;
Increase in
exotic birds

Alternative
?
12 acres
$12 million


Deflection

None

Some as
Proposed
Action





12 acres

Decrease in
herons ond
migratory
waterbirds;
increase in
exotic birds

Alternative
3
39 acres
$39 million


Deflection

None

Less Increase
Than Proposed
Action





39 acres

Decrease in
herons ond
migratory
waterbirds;
increase In
exotic birds

Alternative

57 acres
$57 million


Possible
Deflection

None

Less Increase
Than Proposed
Action





57 acres

No change in
herons; human
activities
affect migra-
tory birds;
slight
increase in
exotic birds
Alternative

17 acres
$17 million


Possible

None

Same as
Proposed
Action





17 acres

Decrease In
herons ond
migratory
waterbirds;
increase in
exotic birds

Threatened and Endangered
Species Present in Regions
Hawaiian stilt, hoary bat,
green sea turtle, humpback
whale

Historic Properties
No Effect
                                                 No Effect
                               No Effect
                                                                                No Effect
                                                                                               No Effect
                                                                                                              No Effect.
                                                                                             No Effect
                                                                                                                                             No Effect
Waiulua Bay;
Nawahine;
Kaniku
Settlements
Burials
Waiulua Bay;
Nawahine;
Kaniku
Settlements
Arsaehoomaiu
Burials
Restored
Preserved
Preserved
Salvaged

Restored
Preserved
Preserved
Salvaged

Restored
Preserved
Preserved
Salvaged

Restored
Preserved
Preserved
Salvaged

Restored
Preserved
Preserved
Salvaged

Restored
Preserved
Preserved
Salvaged


-------
                                 CHAPTER II!

                          AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
I.   PROJECT LOCATION

     (a)   The Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR) is located in the South Kohala District
of the Island of Hawai'i along the northern boundary of the North Kona District  (see
Figure II-I).  The Mauna Lani Resort  is just to the north.  Most of the land along the
WBR's southern edge is owned  by the State of Hawai'i, but Richard Smart owns a
10-acre shoreline parcel.

     (b)   The project area encompasses almost all of the parcels containing shoreline
and anchialine ponds within the WBP from the head of Waiulua Pay south to 'Ariaeho'o-
malu Bay.  This involves approximately one-half of the resort's total shoreline acreage
(see Figures 11-2 and 11-3). The project area does  not include the  preservation parcel
containing  Kahapapa and  Ku'uali'i fishponds which are located in back of the sandy
beach at 'Anaeho'omalu Bay.  The fishponds and anchialine ponds in  this parcel are  also
within DA  regulatory jurisdiction, but.no development or other action requiring a DA
permit is proposed for this fishpond area.

2.   TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL FEATURES

2.1    VISUAL ELEMENTS

     (a)   Open space characterizes  much of the Waikoloa Beach Resort.  A large
portion of the inland acreage consists of grassed areas that are part of the Waikoloa
Beach  Resort golf  course.  The project area  consists of the land near the coast
composed largely of rugged and jumbled, brown/black pahoehoe lava interspersed with
sparse vegetation.   The dominant visual elements along  this portion of the coast are
the lava, clusters of kiawe trees, seascape, open waters of Waiulua Bay, and the coral
cobble beach berm  (see Figure  III-1).  The coastal parcel to the south of the project
area is a preservation area containing  Kahapapa and Ku'uali'i fishponds, a white sandy
beach  curving around 'Anaeho'omalu  Bay, and a  number of anchialine  ponds.   The
northern portion of  the Waikoloa Beach Resort is  on the Kaniku lava flow; its rough
'a'a lava surface is unrelieved by any vegetation except where the WBR golf course has
been developed.

     (b)   The golf clubhouse, the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel  complex, the paved
and unpaved  roads,  the graded areas, and the  golf course  are the  only  man-made
elements present.   The slopes  and peaks of the Kohala Mountains, Hualalai, Mauna
Kea, and  Mauna  Log  are the  principal background  features.   During  very clear
weather, Haleakala on Maui can  be seen on the horizon.

2.2    TOPOGRAPHY AMD GEOLOGY

     (a)   The project area  extends  from the northern side of  Waiulua Ray south to
'Anaeho'omalu Bay  encompassing  at  least two prehistoric  lava flows that probably
resulted from eruptions of Mauna Loa volcano. The oldest  of these is composed of
pahoehoe lava covering^ the entire Waikoloa Beach Resort.   The younger  Kaniku  lava
flow is composed of 'a'a lava and lies on top of the pahoehoe from the head of Waiulua
Bay northwards.
                                     3-1

-------
     (b)   The surface of the Kaniku flow ranges in elevation  from 20 to 40 feet
above mean sea level, forming an escarpment along the northern side of Waiulua Bay.
The pahoehoe flow ranges in elevation from 0 to 10 feet above sea level.  Depressions,
fissures, cracks, and collapsed  lava tubes in the pahoehoe flow extend below sea level_,
forming ponds and tide pools  throughout the WBR coastal area  south of the Kaniku
flow. Groundwater passing through the porous volcanic lavas discharges into the ocean
all along  the  shoreline of the WBR, as it does  elsewhere  along the West Hawai'i
coastline. The groundwater discharge mixing with the ocean water in  the below-sea-
level depressions inland of the shoreline has produced the distinctive anchialine pond
habitat.  Waiulua Bay is an  area of conspicuous groundwater discharge.  Previous
investigators (Cox, et al., 1969; Fisher et aU, 1969; Key et a[.,  1971; and Young etal.,
1977) estimated theUischarge there to be on the order ofTto 4  million gallons per day
per  mile  of coastline.   Belt, Collins  &  Associates (1985) estimated groundwater
discharge at Waiulua Bay at 0.5 mgd for purposes of lagoon flushing design.  Recharge
occurs over an extensive upland area stretching miles inland  on the rainy slopes  of
Mauna Kea.

     (c)   On an earthquake risk zone scale of I  to 4, the entire Island of Hawai'i is
classified as Risk Zone 3. While most earthquakes that affect  the island are associa-
ted with swelling and deflation of the volcanoes, the most damaging earthquakes have
been the result of crustal block movements  under or near  the southern part of the
island.  At its epicenter, the  areat earthquake of 1868 was estimated to have had a
magnitude of 7.25-7.75, and probably intensities in the 7 to 8 range at  the WBR.  The
most intense, the 1951 earthquake, is estimated to have had an intensity of about 5 at
the  WBR (Macdonald and Abbott,  1970).   The  1975 earthquake  probably  had  an
intensity of 5 at WBR (Environmental Center, see Appendix K).  Its  location on the
flank of Mauna Loa places the WBR in "Overall Volcanic Risk Zone F" frisk increases
from A through F) as defined by Mullineaux and Peterson (1974), but Dames and Moore
(December 1969) concluded that the risk of damage  from new lava flows within the
next 100 years is remote.

23   SOILS

     The Soil Conservation Service  of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (SCS) has
identified and mapped three different soil and land types within the project  area: 'a'a
lava flows (mapped as rLV), pahoehoe lava flows (rLW), and Beach (BH).  Little or  no
soil covering exists, and all three land types are mapped as a miscellaneous land type
in capability class VIII — soils and land forms with limitations  that preclude their use
for commercial plants.   None of the three land types are identified  as  important
agricultural land (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Decem-
ber 1973).

2.4   DRAINAGE

     The WBR  is at the seaward end of a large  drainage basin whose upper reaches
(Mauna Kea) receive substantially more rainfall than the WBR, and intermittent flows
undoubtedly occur in  upland  areas.   However, this water infiltrates  into the porous
lava well before reaching the shoreline, and there is no evidence of significant surface
runoff within  the project area. As a result, there are no well-defined drainageways at
WBR.
                                      3-2

-------


,,
                                                               ^Vr'A'W *^C
          ^ -           ^'f"x-
          i' *,»i/«M.::s.>f.«-*  J.

                                                  '
                                                  •?,•     J.fe'iife^l  T«-«?!.!#

                                                                K?ffe?H

-------

-------
 3.    COASTAL FEATURES

      (a)    Most of the shoreline of the project area consists of exposed basaltic lava
 backed by  a  low,  storm-tossed, coral  cobble  beach berm.  The  shoreline along the
 Kaniku lava flow is a sea cliff averaging about 20 feet ?n height.  At 'Anaeho'omalu
 Bay, a wide sand beach  has formed, possibly contributing  to the creation of the two
 large fishponds (Kahapapa and Ku'uali'i) (Figure IM-2).

      (b)  ^ Waiulua Bay  is an embayment with an area of less than 15.acres.  The bay
 can be divided into three distinct zones — inner, middle, and outer,  the inner bay is
 essentially  a  low-lying area in the pahoehoe lava that is flooded during high tide.  At
 low tide, a large portion of the lava substrate of the inner bay is exposed, with the
 remaining areas submerged in the form of ponds.  During high tide, this entire zone is
 covered with water ranging from I to 3 feet in depth, so that it forms one large water
 body.

      (c)    The middle bay extends from the inner bay approximately 500 feet seaward
 to a submerged lava basalt ridge and emergent rocks  that separate it from the outer
 bay.  The average  depth of the water in the middle bay is  less than five feet, and the
 bottom consists primarily of smooth basalt rock. Small pockets of calcareous sand can
 be  found  on the  bottom.  Basalt cobbles cover the  submerged ridge where the water
 depth ranges  from  three to four feet during low tide.  The emergent  rocks and the
 submerged ridge reduce wave action in the middle and inner zones of the bay.

      (d)    The outer zone of the bay begins at the basalt  ridge and extends seaward.
 The water depth in this zone  is generally 12  feet  or less, and the bottom  consists
 primarily of basalt shelves, scattered basalt cobbles, and pockets of calcareous sand.

 4.   OCEANOGRAPH1C CHARACTERISTICS

 4.1    TIDE AND CURRENTS

      (a)   The tidal range along the coast is small  (generally about  2 feet in a day),
 with a mean tide level of 0.8 feet above mean lower  low water. Tidal fluctuations are
 usually semidiurnal, the  higher of  the  two tides averaging I.I  feet above mean sea
 level.  The highest tide is about 3.5 feet above mean lower low  level.  The maximum
 tidal range is about 4.5 feet.

      (b)   The Hawaiian Archipelago lies within the geostrophic east-to-west current
 coinciding with the  northeast tradewind drift. Within the islands, however, particular-
 ly near shore, this current  is weak (Mann, 1968; U.S. Department of Commerce,
 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration,  1974).  Along the leeward
 coast of the Big Island, the current on a rising tide is typically to the north and tends
 to move in towards the coast.  Nearshore, a representative rising-tide current velocity
 is 0.4 knots (Mann, 1968). This current generally produces clockwise eddies in  bays
 along the  coast, such as  at 'Anaeho'omalu.  On a falling tide, the nearshore current
 usually  reverses,  weakens (to about O.I to 0.2  knot), and produces counter-clockwise
 eddies within the bays. Because the flood tide currents are stronger, the resulting net
 current drift is northward along the coastline of the WBR (Boise Cascade Home and
 Land Corp., 1976:187).

     (c)   Currents in the inner and middle zones of Waiulua Bay are driven primarily
by the  tide, creating eddies on a  rising and falling  tide.  The  large  discharae of
brackish groundwater, noted previously, produces a predominantly seaward current on
the surface of  the bay.
                                      3-5

-------
U)
                                                      IWSSS1
                                                       j))M%
                                                     l//fyJJl))™ v
                                                     i f/Kt///'^^
W7f^}^
'-AW   ( / W^/c//T\
>J!r\J//A((L'/i/V \i
        ^x IB^^^

       Legend;
       Land Contour Interval - 5'
       Marine Contour Interval:
         1/4 Fathom to 3 Fathoms
         1 Fathom From 3 to 5 Fathoms
         5 Fathoms From 5 to 35 Fathoms
       (Adjusted to mean low water)
       Source: Hclnttre & Qulros
           November 1968
                 1000
        feet
                    North
                      c
                Figure 111-2 Bathymetry of Waiulua Bay and Nearshore Waters

-------
 4.2   STORM WAVES

      (a)   With respect to the design of coastal structures, waves generated by Kona
 storms (i.e., storms from the south), hurricanes, and large open-ocean disturbances to
 the south of the island are of greatest concern on the South Kohala coast.  The North
 Pacific swell and swells generated by the northeast tradewinds are of little consequence
 as the South Kohala coast is  not directly exposed to these waves.  The probable deep-
 water storm wave heights in the area of the Waikoloa Beach Resort were estimated by
 Sea Engineering, Inc. (December  1984),  using available wave  data  from  stations
 throughout the Hawaiian islands. The estimated deep-water wave heiahts for selected
 storm conditions are presented in Table HI-1.

      (b)   Under typical weather conditions, waves along the shoreline of the site are
 small. However, large waves can be generated by Kona storms.  In general, such storms
 typically produce waves with heights of 8 to 15 feet and periods of 6 to I? seconds
 along exposed West Hawai'i shorelines. Once in every 10 years, wave heights may reach
 25 feet with periods  of  15 seconds in places (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,  1970).
 Southern swells  have produced high-breaking waves on occasion; for example, southern
 swell breakers of up to  18 feet with periods of 20 seconds were recorded at Hapuna
 Beach (Cayman and Greenbaum, 1968).  Based on his observation of wave-tossed Hebris,
 Mann (1968) plotted what he termed a "storm-wave run-up" line ranging from 500 to 700
 feet in from the shoreline at the WBR.

 4.3   TSUNAMIS

     (a)   Historical data  covering 85 tsunamis indicate that the tsunami  of  1946
 produced the  highest runups in  Kawaihae and Kailua-Kona, the points closest to  the
 Waikoloa Beach  Resort for which  data were recorded.  At Kawaihae the 1946 wave
 runup was 12 feet above mean low, low water (MLLW), or about I1  feet above mean sea
 level.  The runup of  the 1946 wave at Kailua-Kona was I I  feet above MLLW (University
 of Hawai'i, Department of Geography, 1983;  58).

     (b)  As shown on Figure  HI-3, the shoreline  of the WBR  lies within a special
 flood hazard area as indicated on the Flood Insurance Rate Map for  the area (Federal
 Emergency Management Agency, 3  May 1983).  Structures built within the flood hazard
 area must comply with the County of Hawai'i's flood control regulations (Chapter 27 of
 the Hawai'i County Code), which are based on the Federal flood control guidelines.

     t^ u Portions of the project  area are located  in a flood hazard zone designated
 VIS; the base flood elevation  for the land nearest the ocean is  8 feet MLLW 'Areas
 zoned VI to V30 (the "V" stands for velocity — a measure of wave action) are termed
 Coastal High Hazard" (tsunami)  zones, or V zones, in the County Code; structures built
 within  them  must  meet  specified  design  and construction  standards.   Portions of
 structures within the V-zoned area must be elevated "...so that the lowest supporting
 member of the lowest  habitable floor, excluding pilings and columns, is above the base
 flood elevation" (Section 27-37(b) of the Howai'i County Code).

5.   CLIMATE

     Situated between latitudes 19 and 22 degrees north, approximately  2,500 miles
southwest of San  Francisco,  the Hawaiian Islands are well within the tropics.  Hawai'i's
climate is  notable  for  its  mild  and equable year-round temperatures, moderate
humidity, generally prevailing  northeasterly  tradewinds, infrequency of severe storms,
and large differences of rainfall within short distances due to  the varied topography
(see Figure III-4).                                                           y    7

-------
                                   Table HI-1

     Selected Projections of Deep-Water Storm Waves: Waikoloa Beach Resort
 Source of Wave


Storm Swell
Kona Storm

Hurricane
Estimated
Return
Height
(feet)
10
15
20
25
30
17
27
Period
(Seconds)
12
12
12
12
12


&
&
&
&
&
19
12
20
20
20
20
20


Direction
West
West
West
West
West
SW
SW
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
NW
NW
NW
NW
NW
W
W
Period
(years)


2
10
25
10

1
1
- 10
-25
-50
-30
50
(!)
NOTES:

      The heights are presented as "significant wave heights, i.e., the average of the
      highest one-third waves."

(2)   Estimated return  periods are based on an inspection of published freauency-of-
      occurrence data,  which are limited and qualitiative in nature for storm wave
      events applicable  to the study area. No new or additional statistical analysis was
      undertaken; hence, the return periods are very approximate.

Source:  Sea Engineering, Inc. (December 1 984:28).
                                       3-?

-------
co
vo
      Zone  V15
                     Golf Course
                                                                                             Golf Course
                                                                           , r—;Sheraton Royal
                                                                           lt=:Wa1koloa Hotel
HYATT REGENCY
WAIKOLOA
HOTEL SITE
Zone  VI5
                                                                                               Site 12
                       Ualulua
                         Bay
                       Site 13
'Anaeho'onilu
   Bay
                                                                                              Zone  A4
                                 Zone VIS-
                                                                                                                  0
                                                                                                                  H
                                                                                                                  feet
                                                                                 500
                                                                                                                                  North
                                                                                                     legend

                                                                                                     — •— PenMt Area Boundary

                                                                                                           Zone A4   Area of 100-year (coastal) flood

                                                                                                           Zone VIS  Are* of 100-year coastal flood y)th
                                                                                                                   velocity (wave action)

                                                                                                    I	I Zone C    Areas of minimal flooding


                                  Figure  ui-3   Flood  Insurance Rate  Map      ~*8~ Base f1ood •^M«» m feet
                                                                                                     Source:  Federal Emergency Management Agency (Hay 3, 1982)

-------
                                                                          SlARANA
                                                         100-200
                                                         200-300
                                                         GREATER THAN 300
       	                                              Annum
        SCALE IN MILE
Source: State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources. Report R34
                        Figure 111-4 Rainfall Map
                                     3-10

-------
5.1   WIND.

     (a)   The South Kohala coast is generally sheltered from the prevailing northeast
tradewinds.  An  on-shore breeze is  usually  present from mid-morning until  about
sunset.   From about sunset until the  next morning,  the wind direction  typically
reverses and becomes an offshore breeze.  This diurnal  pattern  is  in contrast to the
prevailing northeasterly tradewinds found in  most parts  of the state. Wind velocities
average  7-8  miles  per hour.  However, gusty winds blowing down from  the saddle
between the  Kohala Mountains and Mauna Kea do reach the shoreline under certain
atmospheric conditions.

     (b)   The surface wind regime for the area is depicted in the wind rose shown in
Figure 111-5.  The wind rose is based on hourly wind data  (3,785 hours) collected at the
Mauna Kea Beach Hotel in  1967 and  analyzed by  Morrow (February  1979).  The data
clearly  indicate an east-west dichotomy, and a closer  examination reveals that the
ESE-ENE winds generally occur  during the night,  early morning, and evening hours,
while the WNW-West winds predominate during the daytime.

5.2   RAINFALL

     The Waikoloa Beach Resort is located along the island's leeward coastline. Long-
term records show it to be one of the  driest areas in the  state. Rased on rainfall data
collected over a 36-year period at the National Weather Service station at Puako
(about  five miles north of the  WBR), the rainfall at the resort  averages  about nine
inches  per  year (Boise Cascade Home and Land Corp.,  1976:166). The majority of the
rain which does fall occurs during the winter.

5.3   TEMPERATURE

     Although the resort area  is quite dry and sunny, the temperatures along the
shoreline are typically mild.  Daytime highs above 88 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and lows
below 63 degrees  F are rare.   The  mean annual  temperature is 78 degrees F,  with
relatively small daily and seasonal fluctuations (Boise Cascade Home  and Land Corn.,
1976:169).

6.   AIR QUALITY

     (a)   The closest continuous State Department of Health air guality  monitoring
station is located in Hilo, some 60 miles to the east. Only total suspended particulates
(TSP) and sulfur dioxide are  measured, and in 1983 both State and Federal ambient air
guality standards for  these were met.  A second monitoring station (which measured
only TSP) was maintained at Honoka'a, also on the windward side of  the island, for a
few years.  This station was closed in 1981, but records from the years during which it
operated indicate that both State and Federal ambient air guality standards for TSP
were being met there as well. Levels of nitrogen oxide (NOx), one of three  principal
automotive pollutants, were last measured in Hilo in  1975.  At that time they ranged
from less than 5 to approximately 29 micrograms per cubic meter  (ug/m3^; the average
in Hilo was  16 ug/m3.  The wind conditions at  Waikoloa tend to  rapidly disperse
emissions.

     (b)   Volcanic eruptions are the most significant factor  affecting air guality on
the island.  Volcanic emissions are somewhat  variable and have not been fully charac-
terized, but in addition to the obvious particulates, they contain substantial amounts
of mercury and sulfur dioxide. Areas close to  the eruptive vent can experience greatly
                                      3-1 I

-------
 Figure 111-5 Frequency Distribution of Wind  Direction
                  NNW
           NW
   WNW
   W .
   WSW
           SW
                  SSW
                                                 NE
                                                        ENE
                - E
                                                        ESE
         SE
SSE
Notes:

Based on  data gathered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for March
through December 1967 and compiled by J.W.  Morrow.

Center value indicates percentage of calm time.
                               3-12

-------
  elevated concentrations of both mercury and sulfur dioxide.  Sampling during the 1 983
  eruption indicated that concentrations in Kona were relatively low.  This is probably
  accounted for by its distance  from the active vent and constant  changes  In  wind
  direction during the eruption. However, volcanic haze and aas accumulation do occur
  particularly  in  the  lee of Mauna Kea  and Mauna  Lan!  when winds are light and
  variable.

  7.   VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

  7.1   VEGETATION
 Konmh                  u    '  .          '               a    and Farthwatch
 (September 1984) surveyed the aguat.c and terrestrial vegetative communities on the
 site of  the proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel and around the WRP'S anchialine
 5£+     I  }n£r™rion, contained in their  reports,  together with  aerial  color
 th^SS* ?•        C°a.S*f.aI P?^0? °f the resort' provides a basfs  for characterizing
 the vegetative communities throughout the project area.  Four natural cover types are
 present:  (I) Kiawe Woodland, (2) Coastal Strand, (3)  Marsh, and («  Barren Lava
                     lava ^faces).  The approximate location and extent of  these
                  h  °S Wf" GS T08 that h°Ve been land*caped and cleared durina
 ™       +h   ?  1   refrt' °re Sh°Wn °n Rgure  m'6'  The P|ant species  present
 outside  the  landscaped areas  are  listed in  Table  III-2.   Oceanic  Institute and
 Earthwatch have identified several endemic plant species in the Barren Lava, Coastal
 ?hem  n^  fn °? COm™nFtfes'. T,he~ communities, and the species which comprse
 them, are  found in numerous similar locales  throughout  Hawai'i.  Mo  plant  species
                                                                           s
 ^ __  fb)... Th.f  Co?sfa' Strand community  is more sharply defined  than the other
 commun.t.es because  it is generally limited to areas covered by coral  cobble  and

 sCh°oarr|h-neanare n9 ^ "T^ °fJheJeS°rt' The ^™S *™*s Bowing a.ona "e
 5kuliku?i StfJ ™^°-kahak?>  hklnahfn°' "««,  'akolFkul!,  '5helo-kai,  and  'aki'aki.
 mosUt prlL'nt  b'ac'h plTtf'7 *~™d *"*» ^ "^ ^ ^MK-cc^lcnKakoF are the


       l r,Tf!f ^arSh  com™nFty ?s found Jn ^d around some of the anchialine ponds,
         cfose t« Tff     f7 +£° ^^^"^ the™- Where anchialine pond? are
 Sedc, nnH r .h           * ' ^^ Marsh  and Coastal Strand communities intermix.
 abundant on th65 T+f °mmTly found ?n combination with grasses.  Wfdaeon grass is
 abundant on the bottom  of  some ponds.   The Marsh community  contains  more
 indigenous plant species than the other community types.              conjoins  more

           TheKiawe  Woodland community is closely associated and overlaps with  the
                  r°?e they ?re b°th dePendent  "P°n the brackish water  in  the
covr  vn.       •   S  'tS name Jmpl?eS' k!awe trees are the dominant plant in this
cover type, towenng over,  and  often crowding out, other plant types  Fxotic s
dominate this community. However, noni and beach naupaka are also found here
                                      3-13

-------
                                                  Tobte 111-2
Scientific Name
MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
GRAMINEAE (Grass Family)
Aristlda odeensionls L.
gynodon doctylon tL.) Pers.
Pennisetum setaceum (Forsk.) Chiov._
Pennisetum setosumTSw.) L.C. Rich in Pers.
Sporobolus virqinicus (L.) Kunth
CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)
Clodlum leotestoehyum Nees & Meyen
Cyperus roeviootus L.
Cvperus polystoenyus Rottb.
Eleochcris geniculata (L.) R.&S.
Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult.
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl
Fimbristylis pycnoeephala Hbd.
Fimbristylis littoralis Oaud.
Scirpus moritimo var. paludosus (A. Nels) Kuk.
PALMAE (Palm Family)
Coeos nueifero L.
RUPP1ACEAE (Ruppio Family)
Ruppio moritimo*
D1COTYLEDONEAE
CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family)
Atrlplex semiboecata R. Br.
Chenopodium muroleL.
AIZOACEAE (Corpetweed Family)
Sesuvium portulocostrum (L). L.
PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)
Portuloca cvonosperma Egler
Portuloco eleroceaL.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)
Sperqulo spp.
PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)
Arqemone qlaucaPope
CAPPARACEAE (Coper Family)
Copporis sondwiehiono var. zohoryi Deg. & Deg.
LEGUMINOSAE (Pea Family)
Prosopis pallida (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) HBK
EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)
Euphorbia prostrate Ait.
MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)
Sida spp.
TKespesio populnea (L.) Solond. ex Correa
Hibiscus 'tiiioceus*
STERCULIACEAE (Cocoa Family)
Waltheria indica var. omericcno (L.) R.Br.
BORAGINACEAE (Heliotrope Family)
Heliotropium onomalum H. & A.
Heliotropium eurossovicum L.
Messerschmidia argentea (L.f.) Johnston
SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family)
Lyeium sondwicense Gry
SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family)
Bocepo monnierio (L.) Wettst.
RUBIACEAE (Coffee Family)
Morinda citrifolio L.
GOODEN1ACEAE (Naupako Family)
Seoevolo toecedo (Gaertn.) Roxb.
COMPOSITAE (Sunflower Family)
Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Wedelia trilobota*
CONVOLULACEAE (Morning Glory Family)
Ipomea pes-coproe*
Common Names

Sixweeks threeawn
Permuda grass; manienie
Fountaingrass
Feathery permisetum
Beach dropseed; 'aki 'aki
Native sawgrass; 'uki
Makaloa; 'ehu 'awa
Pip" wai
Tall fringe rush
Makai
Coconut; niu
Widgeon grass; tassel ponrf weed

Australian saltbush
Nenle-leaved goosefoot
'Akulikuli; sea purslane
Blue-seeded portulaca; 'Ihi
Common purslane; 'ihi
Prickly poppy; pua-kala
Native caper; pua-pilo
Mesquite; kiawe
Prostrate spurge
'Ilima
Milo; portio tree
Hau
Waltheria; hi'aloha; 'uhaloa
Hinahina-ka-kahakai
Nena; seaside heliotrope
Tree heliotrope
'Ohelo-kai
Water hyssop
Noni; Indian mulberry
Beach naupako; naupaka-kahakai
Pluchea; sourbush; Indian pluchea
Sow thistle; pua-lele
Wedelia
Pohuehue, beach morning glory
. Found in -
Oriain Location 01 Surveys

X P
x B,'K
X B
1 C, M +
F M +
| M
1 M
X M
1 M
| M
1 M *
M
1 M
P M +
I M +

X C,K
1 C, M +
E B
X B
X P
F. B
E B
X B, V +
X P
B
PC +
1 M +
1 B
I C, M +
1 ' C
X C +
1 C, M +
1 M +
P M, K +
1 C, M, K +
X K +
X P
X M +
1 M 4-
	Footnotes on following page.
                                                  3-14  -

-------
 FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 111-2;


   Families are arranged according to St. John (1973).  Genera and species are listed
   alphabetically  within each family.  Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow
   St. John except where more  commonly accepted names are listed. Author citation
   of scientific names are given. See footnote 5 regarding names with asterisks (*).

 2
   Hawaiian name also given when known.


   Species origin:

     E = Endemic to the Hawaiian  Islands; occurring naturally  nowhere else in  the
         world.

     I  = Indigenous:  native to  the Hawaiian  Islands but also occurring naturally
         elsewhere in the world.

     P = Polynesian Introduction:  plants brought by  the Polynesian immigrants prior
         to contact with the Western World.

     X = Exotic:  plants  of accidental or deliberate introduction after contact.


   Location:

     B = Barren Lava
     C = Coastal Strand
     M = Marsh
     K = Kiawe Woodland


   The scope  of the vegetation  surveys  conducted by  Oceanic Institute  (1977, Auaust
   1984, September  I984a&b) was  limited  to the plants growing in and around "the
   anchialine  ponds, but  included areas beyond the Hyatt site that Farthwatch did not
   cover. Only four additional species, besides those  noted by Earthwatch, were found;
   these are marked with an asterisk (*).
Source: Earthwatch (1984) except as noted above.
                                     3-15

-------
7.2   WILDLIFE

7.2.1    Birds

      (a)   Within the West Hawai'i region, large coastal ponds, such as 'Opae'ula,
Kaloko and 'AimakapS to the south of the WPR support large populations of native and
migratory waterbirds, including the endangered Hawaiian stilt, the coot and the duck.
Many migratory waterbirds winter in Hawai'i at these large ponds.  Bachman U9jW
indicated that the endangered Hawaiian stilt and other migratory waterb.rds used the
Kahapapa and  Ku'uali'! fishponds prior to  the  development  of  the Sheraton Koyal
Waikoloa Hotel.  No migratory waterbirds or endangered Hawaiian stilt were observed
in the fishponds during Corps and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service site visits m November
and December  1984, while many waterbirds were observed in ponds to the south of the
WBR. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been attempting to purchase  Opae ula
pond as a waterbird wildlife refuge.

      (b)   A reconnaissance  survey  (Bruner,  September 20,  1984)  found that  bird
populations on the WBR property were not significant.  No species on the Federal  list
of threatened or endangered species were  found, although the U.S. Fish  and Wildlife
Service reported that the endangered Hawaiian stilt  had been seen in the anchialme
ponds.  The endangered stilt was not seen by either the Corps of  Engineers or the I J.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service during  November and December  1984 site visits; nor was it
siahted by the Corps of Engineers during site visits over a period  from January to June
 !9"85.

      (c)   Bruner reported finding one family (two adults and one juvenile^  of Black-
crowned Night Heron, an average of 12 Pacific Golden Plovers per day,  4 Wandering
Tattlers, and a flock of 6 Ruddy Turnstones. The Night Heron is a resident indiaenous
species, while  the others  are  migratory  species  that  winter In  Hawai'i.  The Niqnt
Heron family is believed to roost in a kiawe thicket  on the  Hyatt site, and  may have
nested  there earlier in 1984.  The plovers were observed defendina  territories around
the  anchialme ponds, and are believed to represent a stable population of about 15
birds.  The tattlers and the turnstones forage around  the ponds or the rocky shoreline;
both are non-territorial.  The tattlers were observed alone,  while the turnstones feed
 in small flocks.

      (d)  Nine  species of exotic birds were observed, with the Zebra dove the most
 abundant bird observed.  The House Finch, Japanese White-eye, and Northern Cardinal
 were common in the area, as they are throughout other areas of Hawai'i.

 7.2.2   Mammals

      Mongoose were seen on the WBR, although Bruner did not  find any mongoose or
 mongoose scat.  Gnawed remains of human  refuse scattered along the beach  suggested
 to Bruner that rats  and mice could be found in the  area.  On September 24, I9P4, a
 dead specimen of the endangered Hoary Bat was found on the grounds of the Sheraton
 Royal  Waikoloa  Hotel.  The specimen was donated to  the Brigham  Young University-
 Hawai'i Campus Museum of Natural History.  Bruner did not find any evidence that a
 significant bat population existed on the Waikoloa Peach Resort. A feral cat was the
 only feral mammal observed by Bruner.
                                       3-16

-------
   ure m-6   Vegetation Map
3-1

-------

-------
 8.   AQUATIC RESOURCES

 8.1    WAIULUA BAY

      (a)   The distribution and abundance of benthic organisms within w'aiulua Bay is
 related to water depth and substrate type.  The existing  distribution  and species
 composition  of marine fauna within the inner two zones of the bay is the  result of
 long-term exposure to significant freshwater discharge.  Water in the Bay's outer zone
 is well-mixed  by wave action,  and no freshwater influence is apparent  in the biota
 found there. The outer portion  of the bay appears typical of coral communities found
 along the coast (Key et a]., 1971; ORCA, Ltd./D.P. Chaney, 1980.  Thirteen species of
 stony coral have been~observed within Waiulua Bay, but most of these are restricted to
 the  outer zone.  Porites  lobata and Pocilloporo  meadrina were  the  most abundant
 corals found. Generally, P. meandrina was most abundant along Jhe outer edges of  the
 bay and just outside theTasalt ridge separating the outer bay from  the  middle bay.
 P. lobata was most  common in  the deeper water at the mouth of the bay.   Several
 species of sea  urchins were found in this part of the bay, as well as several different
 types of molluscs. Most of the coral heads within the  bay were dead and cemented
 with coralline algae, although some cemented heads showed signs of regrowth.

      (b)   The middle bay is practically devoid of  corals or major coral coverage.
 The corals present form only small colonies and cover less than one percent  (Wof
 the  available hard substrate. They share this substrate with tube-forming molluscs,
 barnacles, and bivalves. The bivalve Ispgnomon californicum, which tolerates relative-
 ly high temperatures and low  salinities, was round  in crevices on rouah basalt in
 shallow areas toward the head of the bay. A closely related species, -I., perna, which is
 less  tolerant of low salinity, was found nearby, but at greater  depths.  The observed
 positions of the two  species indicates that the salinity and temperature stratification
 observed  at  the time of the surveys is probably persistent  over time.  Much of the
 bottom was covered  with fine, white sediment, probably  a calcite precipitate, and had
 isolated pockets of coralline sand.  Basalt outcrops extending off the bottom into the
 freshwater layer were virtually devoid  of marine  life, although the relief attracted
 some fish.

      (c)  The  inner zone Waiulua Bay is  a basalt, tidal flat  devoid  of  coral. The
 mouth of the inner bay was  the site of unauthorized fill  activities on  two separate
 occasions. In 1971-1972 Boise Cascade placed a road fill across the mouth of the inner
 bay  in violation of  Section   10, Rivers and Harbors Act of  1899.   The Corps  of
 Engineers ordered restoration of the area in January 1974.  Restoration was completed
 in June-August 1974.  In 1984 Transcontinental Development Co.  also placed a  road fill
 across mouth of the  inner bay at the same  location.  The Corps of Engineers ordered
 restoration which  was completed in  September 1984.   In addition, Transcontinental
 Development Co. was assessed a penalty of $30,000.

      (d)   Key et al. (1971)  observed a gradation  of species number, abundance and
 diversity of fishes within Waiulua Bay. These values were  lowest in the inner bay and
 increased  towards  the mouth.  HInalea, parrot fish,  sturgeon fish, and damselfish were
 common  throughout  the area, althouah the  two  species of sturgeon  fish were less
common in the  middle bay and even more rare in the innermost portion of  the bay  A
wrasse and a damsel  fish species were abundant in the middle of the bay and were not
observed farther inside the bay.  An unidentified  species of needlefish was observed
only in the middle portion of the bay.
                                      3-19

-------
     (e)    Juvenile reef fish were found foraging over the inner bay at high tide and
some fish were  found in the  anchialine ponds.  A reconnaissance survey  by  marine
biologists from  OI  Consultants,  Inc. (October  1984) and  by the  Corps of Engineers
(January-July 1985) observed large schools of fish  composed primarily of l«yenile
aholehoie mixed with manini, weke, and pipefish foraging over the basalt  flat in the
inner bay during high tide. OI  Consultants, Inc. observed a large school of juvenile
parrot  fish and Kinalea was observed on the shallow, algal-covered bench adjacent to
the north bank of the middle zone of the bay.   The Corps also observed that juvenile
reef fish, i.e., kupipi, manini and alaihi, resided in the a'a lava along the bay shoreline.
Similar observations by the National Marine Fisheries Service suggest that middle and
inner Waiulua Bay  are a reef fish nursery  area.  Adult and juvenile marine reef fish
found in the low salinity anchialine ponds are a  unigue feature of the pond habitats.,

     (f)    The threatened Green Sea Turtle and the endangered Hawksbill  Sea Turtle
may be found in the offshore waters.  Duncan (September  26, 1984:2) reported  that
local fishermen  rarely found sea turtles in Waiulua Bay.  The National Marine Fisheries
Service reported that turtles are often observed along the open coast just to the north
and south where there is limu (seaweed) on which they feed.

     (g)   The  National Marine Fisheries  Service indicated that sightings of endan-
gered Humpback Whales in coastal waters off  South  Kohala are common between the
months of January and April.

8.2   COASTAL WATER QUALITY

     (a)   Key et al. (1971) found that water guality in the outer zone of Waiulua Ray
was similar  to  open" ocean conditions;  nitrate and  phosphate ^ values  were low, and
salinity values (32 to 34 parts per thousand)  were close to oceanic levels.

      (b)   Salinity levels  near  the surface throughout  the  middle portion  of  Waiulua
Bay ranged  from 10 to 18 parts per thousand (ppt), while bottom salinities  ranged
between  28 and 33 ppt.   This  salinity stratification is caused by  the  significant
quantities of brackish water naturally discharged at the shoreline. Levels of phosphate
and nitrate in the water samples showed patterns opposite to salinity; both were much
higher in the fresher surface  layer than in the water near the bottom.  The phosphate
and nitrate  values were similar  to those  observed  in the  shoreline anchialine ponds
(Oceanic Institute, 1977, August 1984 and September  1984 a&b).

8,3   ANCHIALINE PONDS

83.1    Overview

      (a)   Anchialine ponds are landlocked coastal ponds having salt or brackish water
 and showing dampened tidal fluctuations (Holthuis,  1973).  These ponds are a unique
 geological feature that provide  a habitat for a  distinctive assemblage of organisms;.

      (b)   Maciolek and Brock (1974) surveyed "coastal ponds" which  included "water
 exposures not definitely part of the littoral marine  ecosystem."  They used the  term
 "pond" broadly  to include open wells, excavations, fissures,  fractures and waters under
 lava overhangs. Their survey was of all ponds, not only anchialine ponds.  They defined
 ponds without  surface  connection as  "closed" ponds  and ponds with  restricted or
 occasional surface connection to the sea as "open" ponds.  The closed ponds could be
 classified as anchialine.
                                       3-20

-------
      (c)   In the open pond ecosystems the faunal assemblage resembles marine and
 estuarine ecosystems. In the closed pond ecosystems, the faunal assemblages resemble
 estuarine ecosystems, but  include a unique and striking organism, the red-piqmented
 shrimp, or  'opae'ula, as well as several other relatively rare organisms.  Brock 0985)
 grouped anchialine organisms into epigeal organisms (those preferring the sunlit ponds)
 and hypogeal organisms (those that use the ponds but can also spend extended periods
 of time in  the subterranean water table).  The hypogeal organisms consist principally
 of shrimp species.  Quantitative information on Hawaiian anchialine ponds is essential-
 ly lacking, i.e.,  energy  flow, population size and species turnover, but an adequate
 understanding of the pond systems can be synthesized from available information.

      (d)    Ponds can also occur as low areas  behind shoreline berms composed of
 depositional material (sand, coral rubble, small rocks, etc.). Typically, ponds occur in
 fissures,  in collapsed "lava  tubes" or "bubbles", or simply in  lava  depressions and
 interstices.  The ponds can occur several hundred yards inland from the shoreline, as
 long as lava tubes, depressions or fissures extend  into the groundwater table.

      (e)    The  hypogeal shrimp and other  anchialine pond organisms are  not being
 harvested for any significant commercial or recreational fishing.  Some shrimp from
 anchialine ponds are harvested on a small scale  for sale to the'u'aikiki Aquarium and
 use in home aquariums.

      (f)   The shrimp and anchialine pond organisms are not known to be a major part
 of any food chain that could occur in bays or estuaries.  Rather, the anchialine pond
 ecosystems are isolated systems that are not known to contribute to the nearshore
 food web or significant commercial recreational fishery food web.  The ponds do not
 appear to support any significant avion food web.

 8.3.2   Distribution

      (a)   Anchialine ponds are known  to occur in  highly porous substrates such as
 lavas and fossil  reefs.  Anchialine ponds have a disjunct world-wide distribution  and
 have been recorded  from Fiji, Egypt, and Hawaii (Brock, 1985). In the United States,
 anchialine ponds are known to exists only on the islands of Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.  On
 Maui  and Hawaii anchialine ponds are found in recent lavas  flows where depressions
 and^ fissures in the  lava  extend below the  water table.   On Oahu anchialine pond
 environments occur  in limestone caves and sinkholes.  Excavated holes that penetrate
 the water table can also become anchialine ponds  with  the colonization of the holes by
 anchialine organisms (Brock 1985; Corps of Engineers 1985).

     (b)   On Maui, anchialine ponds  are found in  the  Cape Kinau Natural Area
 Reserve, on Cape Hanamanioa, in the recent lava flows flows further to the northeast
ot Cape Hanamamua, and in caves at Wainapanapa State Park. In  West Hawaii, major
clusters of anchialine ponds are found at 'Anaeho'omalu/Waiulua Bay (Waikoloa Reach
Resort), Makalawena/'Opae'uIa Pond, Kaloko Pond/Kohanaiki, and Honokohau/Aimaka-
pa Pond.  In addition, many individual ponds  or small pond groups, and fissures occur
along the coast  from the South Kohala  District  to South Point in the Kau  District.
beveral areas in East Hawaii are known to contain anchialine ponds, and the potential
tor finding more anchialine systems is considered  high (Brock, 1985). On Oahu, anchia-
line pond environments  occur  in limestone sinkholes  and  substrates at Kailua Bay,
Barbers Pomt, Ewa Beach and Kahuku (Brock 1985, Corps of Engineers, 1985). Fiaure
III-7 illustrates the distribution of anchialine ponds in the State of Hawaii
                                     3-2!
4

-------
v
ro
           'NIIHAU
         Legend:
           •  Anchialine Pond Sites
         '  ..  .. Anchialine Pond Areas
         10   0     20     40    60	BOmlltt
                                      North
                                                                   LANAI

-------
      (c)   The total number of ponds in Hawaii is not completely known due in part to
the lack of sufficient surveys and investigations, to the difficulty in defining a pond
when looking at pond complexes, to difficult access to some pond areas, and to the
problem of finding ponds in rugged terrain.  Based on recent surveys by the Oceanic
Institute (1985) and a study by Brock (1985) there may be as many as 600-650 ponds on
the island of Hawaii, about  60  ponds on the  island of Maui  (U.S. Army  Corps of
Engineers, 1985), and four on the  island of Oahu.

      (d)   The WBR encompasses the largest  concentration  of anchialine ponds in
West  Hawaii as well as the State of Hawaii. Approximately 215 ponds were counted on
the property (Figure II-3).  Based on a conservative estimate of 600 ponds on the island
of Hawaii, the WBR ponds represent 35% of the total pond resource on Hawaii and 32*^
of the total State  resource.  Using pond water surface area as a measure  of usable
habitat, the WBR ponds  have a usable habitat of about  12 acres.  The  measurements
were  made by the  Oceanic Institute (August 1984, September  1984 a&b^ during high
tide and using simple geometric shape calculations.  Thus, calculations  may have
overestimated pond water surface area.  Data to calculate  the total  water surface
area of all other anchialine ponds on the island of Hawaii are not available.

      (e)   The number  of anchialine  ponds on the  WBR  prior to the initiation of
development by Boise Cascade, the previous landowner, was never enumerated.  Brock
(personal  communication,  1985) indicated that  road  access construction in  1972 had
destroyed some ponds. Analysis of 1972 aerial photographs  also indicate that grading
probably eliminated more  ponds.   In July 1977, the Corps issued a permit to Boise
Cascade (PODCO-O 1358) to fill 20 ponds on Hotel  Site 12. After partially completing
the grading work, the hotel project was sold and terminated by the new owners.  In
March 1977, Boise Cascade withdrew a permit that requested authorization  to fill 90
ponds and preserve 89 in the development of the Waikoloa Beach Resort.

8.3.3    Pond Ecology

8.3.3.1   Hydrology

      (a)   Anchialine ponds contain brackish water.  As topographic depressions, the
ponds intercept the basal lens.  In general, salinity of  the  lens increases with depth
below sea level until a point where the salinity is identical to seawater.  Basal ground-
water  is also less saline with  increasing distance inland from the shoreline.  Both
vertical and horizontal  salinity gradients are a result  of  seawater intrusion.  The
extent of intrusion is primarily influenced by the flowrate of fresh groundwater from
inland to the shoreline; permeability of the lava formation; aides; and pumping stresses
of wells (see Figure III-8).

     (b)    Belt, Collins &  Associates (1976) reported that estimates by others of the
rate of groundwater discharge along the South Kohala coast range from 2.5 to 7.0
million gallons per day (MGD) per mile of shoreline.  If 5.0 MGD peV mile is taken as a
reasonable estimate for  the Waikoloa region, then  approximately &.0 MGD discharges
along  the shoreline between 'Anaeho'omalu to  Waiu|ua Bays,  a distance of 0.8 mile.
Discharge into Waiulua Bay alone is estimated to be in the range of 0.5 MGD.

     (c)    Foundation  investigation for  the  proposed Hyatt  M'aJkoloa  Hotel  has
revealed that the nearshore area around Waiulua Bay is extremely permeable (Harding
Lawspn Associates, 1985).  Voids  created by cooling cracks, lava tubes, and lava flow
layering provide the predominate permeability for  groundwater movement.   As a
result, groundwater flow is locally guite variable.  Salinity measurements by Oceanic
                                      3-23

-------
to
*>
                    1.1 M             /
                     CONCENTRATED/
                      QROUNDWATERX
                              FLOW  \
                                •in.   \
                                                 IM SMm
                                               (infer cMltructlNi)
            HYATT REQENCY
          WAIKOLOA HOTEL SITE
                                              propoMd Pond
                                               PrtMrvothNi ATM
 ONCENTRAT
QROUNDWATER
    flow
                                                                   Propottd
                                                                   Pr«Mrvotion
                                                                                                   UlMil't M *-u, 1W.  rl I
                                                                                                   I twit 1. « talll CM. « *"«• ».
                                                                                                       M»4t <«>ll
-------
Institute (1977 and 1984) differentiate areas of greater and  lesser groundwater flux.
They also clearly  show  a  salinity  change with  tidal phase.   Because of  extreme
permeability variations, it is misleading to visualize groundwater in a simple Ghyben-
Hersberg configuration this close to the shoreline.

      (d)   High lava permeability, i.e., voids, clinker, allows the frequent exchange of
pond water with tidal fluctuations.  During high tide, pond depth, volume and area can
increase significantly over low tide conditions (Oceanic Institute,  1977; 1984). Some
ponds have no water  in them at low tide, or become very shallow  and heat UD during
low  tide.  During low tide the ponds  can become fresh,  then highly stratified during
high tide. Given Hawaii's semi-diurnal tidal cycles, an anchialine pond can experience
two  total changes  of tidal  volume per 24 hours,  or can  experience extreme  salinity
variations in a 24-hour period.

8.3.3.2    Water Quality

      (a)   Water salinity in West Hawai'i anchialine ponds averages  7 ppt (parts per
thousand) (Maciolek and  Brock  1974); in comparison, ocean  water has a salinity of
about 35 ppt. None of the  West Hawai'i pond water meet the potable water standard
of 0.5  ppt, and only a  few  ponds have  salinities below the  aenerally acceptable
maximum for irrigation water of about 1.9 ppt.  Maciolek and  Prock reported some
values of  I ppt  for ponds around 'Anaeho'omalu Bay,  but more  recent and extensive
measurements by Oceanic Institute (1977;  1984) recorded salinity readings of  2 to 18
ppt;  the average salinity was 9 ppt.

      (b)   Maciolek and Brock (1974) measured water temperatures  in West  Hawai'i
ponds ranging from a  low of 1 9 degrees Centigrade (66 degrees Farenheit) to a high of
35 degrees Centigrade (95 degrees P.).  Most  often water temperatures were in the
range of 22-28 degrees Centigrade (71-82 degrees F.).   Solar heating, shallow pond
depth and a low rate of water exchange are believed to account for the relatively high
water temperatures recorded in some ponds.  The  lowest  water temperature recorded
(19 degrees C.; 66 degrees F) "was in a narrow fissure.... with a noticeable outflowing
current of groundwater" (Maciolek and Brock,  1974:7)  at  Kaloko  Point.   Water
temperatures in WBR ponds did not differ substantially from  those measured in other
West Hawai'i  ponds (Oceanic Institute,  1977, August 1984,  September 1984
     (c)   The nutrient levels in most ponds are high in comparison to the ocean, and
the Oceanic Institute (1977) did find that nutrient input into the groundwater by golf
course irrigation  around anchialine ponds did increase  nutrient concentrations in the
ponds.   Recorded nutrient concentrations in the  WBP ponds were  high relative to
similar  groundwater concentrations.  A comparison (Oceanic Institute,  1977; August
1984) of pre- and post-golf course  development  nutrient  levels  in certain ponds
recorded elevated levels of  nitrates (98%  increase), phosphates (55% increase)  and
ammonium (134% increase) over pre-development conditions.  The elevated nutrient
levels were related  to  golf course fertilization and irrigation with sewage effluent.
Despite the elevated nutrient concentrations, there is  no apparent change in  phyto-
plankton activity or increase in water turbidity.   Rapid flushing (twice-daily water
exchange  and possible  groundwater  outflow)  is believed to prevent a  buildup  of
phytoplankton concentrations that would otherwise reduce pond water clarity (Oceanic
Institute, August  1984).  Brock (1985) noted that negative impacts are not presently
observable in anchialine ponds  surrounded by the Mauna Lani Resort golf course  and
condominium development.
                                      3-25

-------
     (d)   Anchialine pond water is normally very clear, and WBR pond water clarity
Is no exception.  However, individual WBR ponds may be turbid, probably related  to
differences in flushing rates.  Those ponds in which seasonal pond water clarity was
observed, especially large ponds, may  have reduced  water exchange  rates and  high
water residence times that allow the growth of phytoplankton within the nutrient rich
waters (Maciolek and Brock, 1974).  Large fishponds along the West Hawai'l coast are
probably more susceptible to reduced water clarity due to phytoplankton growth that
Is not characteristic of anchiallne ponds.

     (e)   All investigators of anchialine pond systems  in Hawai'i have found  that
dissolved oxygen concentrations were near saturation in  most ponds, and that pond
waters  are typically clear.  Early investigations suggested that the hiqh dissolved
oxygen  concentrations might be related to wind  mixing in shallow ponds.  However,
subsequent investigations  indicate that  photosynthesis  in  algal  mats  and oxygen
trapped in the porous rock during  tidal cycles may contribute to the relatively high
dissolved oxygen levels.  Dissolved oxygen concentrations at the WBF ranaed from 5.6
mg/l  (milligrams per liter)  to 14.3  mg/l,  indicating  saturated -  supersaturated
conditions.

8.3.3.3    Aging

      (a)   Anchialine  ponds are relatively temporary features on a geologic  time
scale, and are rare or absent on old or ancient lava flows.  Ponds undergo a natural
process of aging that is directly related to variable rates of sedimentation.  Plant
growth  and calcifying algae may be principal agents in pond sedimentation. As organic
material  and sediment accumulation increases,  the interstitial voids  in the aeologic
foundation are filled becoming less porous, thereby retarding  water exchange or flush-
ing.  Emergent plants take root in the accumulating material increasing the rate of
sedimentation, resulting in the development of a coastal marsh, wetland environment,
that may become a dry  land environment.  Brock (1985) hypothesized^that senescence
could occur within as short a time as 100 years based on field  observations.

      (b)    Other factors that may increase the rate of pond aging could be the dearee
of  flushing (Brock  1985).   Field observations on closely  associated anchialine ponds
frequently showed  one  to  have a  considerable  deposit  of sedimentary  carbonate
material  while others nearby are devoid  of sediment.  Brock hypothesized that the
degree  of flushing could be responsible for the differences in sedimentation rates, i.e.,
the rapid flushing may lower the rate of sediment accumulation.

      (c)    Vegetation may accelerate aging by trapplna sediment and  introducing leaf
litter.  Figure  111-9 illustrates the distribution  of vegetated ponds and unveaetated
ponds on WBR.  The WBR  ponds are basically situated in  a pahoehoe lava flow that Is
older than the adjoining  Kaniku, a'a lava flow.

R3.3.4    Pond Diversity

      Besides having the greatest concentration of anchialine ponds at WRR, the wpp
also contains the greatest diversity of pond types on the island of Hawaii. Figure HI-9
illustrated the  distribution of vegetated and  unvegetated ponds.   Figure 111-10  illus-
trates the distribution of open and closed ponds." During high tide several of the open
ponds at the head of Waiulua Bay are joined to form one large tidal pond. At low tide
the pond becomes several individual ponds.  The total area of the one  large tidal pond
was estimated at 3.5 acres.
                                       3-26

-------
U)

N>
               Hyatt Regency Wilkolo*
                   Hotel Site
      \
        Legend:

          •$ii  Vegetated Ponds

          ^3" Unvegetated Ponds

        ••• «• Permit Area Boundary

        	Parcel Boundaries
Holt:  Cwpfled fron nipt In rtporti of Kenfing
     (It") 
-------
V
 10

 NJ
 oo
                 Hyatt Regency Uilkoloi
                     Hotel Site
            Legend:

             ••V Open Ponds

             "H  Closed Ponds

            mm •*Permit Area Boundary

            	Parcel Boundaries
Hott:  C«pl1td fro* «ip> In rtporti of
     (1171) mi) Conceit (198* 11 »). .hlth ftrt
     b»(4 on tmcontrolltiJ urlil (*oto« floxn
     by *. H. r
-------
  8.3.3.5   Anchialine Pond Organisms

       (a)   Anchialine Pond Ecosystems

  ...    .   {')   AS indicated previously,  anchialine ponds  provide a  habitat  for  a
  distinctive assemblage of organisms. The first distinction in anchialine pond organisms  is
  made  between  open pond ecosystems and closed  pond ecosystems.   In open  pond
  ecosystems the organism assemblage resembles marine and estuarine  assemblages in
  Hawaii.  A list of species recorded by Maciolek and Brock (1974) for open pond systems
  in West Hawaii is provided on Table HI-3.  In closed pond ecosystems, the most striking
  organisms in the ponds are the red-pigmented shrimp, particularly 'opae'ula (Halocaridina
  rubra).  Table IH-4 provides  a list  of common closed pond organisms in comparison to
  their presence at the WBR.

  j-    •*  •  (I?L.  Du^Lt° ,the  Presence  of  euryhaline  and marine organisms, species
  diversity is ; higher within the open ponds than it is within the closed  ponds.  Maciolek and
  Brock (1974)  found 65 species  in the open ponds surveyed as compared with 55 species in
  closed ponds.  The average salinity of the open  ponds  was usually higher than the closed
  ponds, but much less than ocean water.  A unigue feature of the WRR open pond systems
  in 1974 was the presence of marine fish in nearly fresh water (Maciolek and Brock, 1974)
 A  rare eel Gymnothorox hilonis, first described from a specimen  found in a  HFlo fish
 I?n^h m l^'-T* n0"6?^?,^6 f?rst time Slnce  l903 from open ^chialine ponds at
 Kapoho  and Waiulua Bay in  972 (Brock  1985).  The eel has not been seen or collected at
 ™?n^KST\ 972* Bro^j' 985) related finding in 1972 several dead rare eels that were
 caught by fishermen and discarded, and also observed that the presence of the marine
 fish in the ponds has significantly declined since the Maciolek and Brock survey (Brock,
 personal communication, 1 985).                                                     '
..       . .           dosed pond system may be considered the "representative" anchia-
Ime pond habitat.  Organisms diversity is lower and more distinctive in the .closed ponds
«n?Rn  ?e/!2^^dsLrS'eCtfn9 restr?cted organism range and distribution. Maciolek
and Brock  (1974)  hsted  55 species  and species  groups of closed pond oraanisms: 27
spec.es  or  groups  were considered "common" anchialine  pond organisms because they
occurred m  10 or more ponds (see Table HI-4 ).  The closed  anchialine pond ecosystem
 ahvnarCiC f     orange-rust appearance due to the carbonate producing, Schizothrix
         olal community covering the bottom.  Snails and shrimp are the most  obvious
                   +elem5lts fn the P°nds- The  fauna  is characterized by four  shrimo,
                   tW°  flsh*Pecfes.   Two of the shrimp  species,  the 'opae'ula  and
                   are considered rare, found only in anchialine ponds, but are the most

         S    ps m  ^e  ponds>  Two other shrfmp  - >opae huna 
-------
                                    Table III-3

         List of Aquatic Species Found in Open Ponds on the West HawaPi Coast
PHYLUM PORIFERA

     Two unidentified sponges

PHYLUM COELENTERATA (ArCMOhES, ETC.)

     Anthozoa:  Aiptosia sp.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA (WORMS)

     Polychoetn-Errantia
         Eurythoe complonoto
         Nomolycastis sp.

     Polychoeta-Sedentarla
         Jonua kniohtjonesi
         Jonua nipponica
         Leooora knightjones!
         Mercierella eniqrnota

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

     Gastropoda (snails, nudibranchs)
         Pplobrifera olivaeeo
         Hipponixsp.
         Littering pintado (pipipi akolea)
         Mitro ouriculoides
         Morulo'qronulata'Tpupu makaawa)

     Pelecypodo (clams, oysters, etc.)
         Hormomyo crebristriotus
         Isoonomon'costellotum (popauo)
         Isoqnomon sp.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

     Crustoeea-Orrlpedia (barnacles)
         Chthomalus sp. (pioe)

     Crustocea-Decapoda (shrimps, crabs)
         Calcinus loevimenus
         Carpi fijs" maeul otus
         Clitxmorius zebra~
         Epixonthus sp.
         Grapsus'qropsus (omo)

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

     Opiuroidea (brittle stars)
         Ophiocomo erinaeeus
         unidentified species

     Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
         unidentified species

PHYLUM CHORDATA

     Osteichthys (bony fishes)
         Aconthurus niorofuscus
         Adi oryx laeteoguttotus (alaihi)
         Asterropteryx semipunctatus
         Awoous stomineus (oopu kowo)
         Chaetodon lunulotkikokopu)
         Diodon hyStrix (oopu kawa)
         Flommeo sommora
         Gomphosus voriuslokilolo)
         Gymnothorox hilonis (puhi)
         Istiblennius sp.
         Microconthys striqotus
         Mulloidiehthys somoensis (weke)
Prptula otypha
Spiophones bombyx
Pileolario militoris
Pileolorio pseudornilitoris
Salmocina dysteri
Notice morochiensis
Neritp piceo (pipipTT
Teredoporksi
unidentified nudibranch
unidentified vermetid
Ostrea sondvicensis folepe)
Spondyfus zonal is
Telling rugoso
Leptodius sonquineus
Poloemonello burrisT"
Portunus pubeseens
Tholomita crenato
unidentified Xanthidae
Oxyurichthys lonchotys 'oopu kauleloa)
Horupeneus multifosciotus (moano)
Porupeneus porphyreus '(kumu)
Polydoetylus sexf ilisTmo!^
Pomocentrus Tehkinsi
Scorus dubius
Seorus perspicillotus fuhu)
Stethojulius oxillarTs fomaka)
Stolepnorus purpureus (nehu)
Tholossoma duperryiThinoleo louwilO
unidentified Gohiiaae
 Note: Includes open ponds at the Waikoloa Beach Resort.
 Source:  Maciolek end Brock (! 974).
                                    3-30

-------
           (5)   In ponds with heavy sediment accumulation, widaeon grass and sedges
 are abundant, particularly when sediment accumulations are sufficient to support root
 structures.  Upland plants are also associated with  the anchialine ponds where roots
 can tap the fresh basal water, and where periodic tidal flooding provides frequent
 watering and fertilization. Mangrove, reeds, milo, and bulrush can be found in ponds
 that have become coastal marshes.  On Maui, 'opae'ula and Metabetaeus  lohena  are
 found  in the coastal marsh water amongst the vegetative growth (Corps  of Engineers,
 1985).

     (b)   Rsh

           (I)   Fish are  not a common element of closed anchialine pond environ-
 ments. Generally if fish are  present, shrimp are not present or are present in reduced
 numbers, presumably as  a result of predation by fish (Maciolek  and Brock,  1974).
 Brock  (1977) hypothesized that native fish  enter the ponds as post-larval  forms;
 becoming trapped in the ponds as they mature.  Man has also introduced both native
 and exotic fish,  such as  mullet, manini, top  minnows, guppies  and tilapia, into  the
 ponds.  The  introduction  of  exotic fish has resulted in the significant decline of  the
 shrimp and  mollusc fauna in anchialine  ponds,  and  may contribute to  long-term
 changes in the anchialine  pond ecosystems (Brock 1985).   Maciolek and Brock"(1974)
 found that exotic fish were not compatible with native fish, and that exotic fish were
 less compatible with 'opae'ula than native fish. Where native fish require marine and
 mixohaline waters in their life cycles and reproduction, exotic fish can breed entirely
 in mixohaline waters expanding their numbers in the ponds.  Where Maciolek and Brock
 (1974)  found exotic fish in 10% of  the ponds they sampled between  Lahuipua'a and
 Kailua-Kona, the Oceanic Institute (1985) found  exotic fish  present in 32% of  the
 ponds they sampled, indicating the spread of exotic fish in the anchialine pond system
 in West Hawaii.  This observation also corresponds with a  decline in the presence of
 'opae'ula (found in 67% of the ponds sampled in 1974 and 39% of the ponds sampled in
 1985) and M.etabetaeus lohena (40%/4%) between 1974 and 1985 (see Table 111-5).

           (2)   Between Lahuipua'a and Kailua-Kona, Oceanic  Institute 0985) and
 Brock (1985) recorded the introduction of exotic fish  into 57% of  the pond systems in
 comparison to the Maciolek  and Brock (1974) survey of the same area in  1972.   In
 general, the survey indicated  an increase in the presence of Schizothrix and exotic fish
 in the  anchfaline ponds and an decrease in  the  presence  of  'opae'ula,  Met abet aeus
 lohena, Assiminea, Melania  and Theodoxus.   Table  III-6  provides a list  of areas
 surveyed  by the  Oceanic Institute!   The survey also compared the  condition  of
 exceptional and significant anchialine pond areas identified by  Maciolek and  Brock
 (1974)  and found that  with the exception of Waikoloa, all the areas had sianificant
 reductions in anchialine pond organisms and significant increases in the presence of
 exotic  fish (Table III-7).

           (3)   The spread of exotic fish into anchialine ponds is related  to man. The
 problem stems principally  from unregulated  and uncontrolled  human introduction  of
biological agents  incompatible  with the anchialine  pond ecosystem.  Brock  (1985)
 hypothesized that once the exotic fish are in the ponds, their larvae and fry can spread
throughout the pond system.  At  Makalawena, exotic fish are found throuahout the
pond system  suggesting that  the larvae and fry can also migrate through the porous
ground like the shrimp.  The 'opae'ula are still found at Makalawena-'Opae'ula, but only
 in areas inaccessible to the fish. Brock (1985) hypothesized that  with the disappear-
ance of the 'opae'ula the anchialine pond ecosystem changes, and that the  changes may
be permanent.  The orange-rust algae would be replaced by a different alaae possibly
resulting in a change  in  pond biological characteristics and rate of  sedimentation.
                                     3-31

-------
                                    Table 111-4
            Comparison of Pond Biota Surveys for the Waikoloa Beach Resort
                                                               Oceanic Institute

Species
ALGAL CRUSTS:
Schlzothrix/Mlereeoleus olgol mot
(Qronge-rust/whitecrust)
Schizothrix/Rhizeeoleniutn algal mot
(Dark-green, non-mineralized mat)
Choetophero spp.
(GreerTfTnger-like tufts)
Clodgpherc/Enteremerpho algal mat
(GreenTvelvet spheres)
Synetenemo cooetile
(Dark encrusting algae)
VASCULAR PLANTS:
Rupplo maritime
(Widgeon gross)
"CRUSTACEANS:
Holoeoridlna rubra
I'opae 'ula, red caridean atyid shrimp)
Metabetoeus lohena
(red olpheid shrimp)
Poloemon debilis
Copaenuna) ^
Mocrobrachium arandimanus
Copae 'oeno'a)
Mocrobroehium lor ,
( lohitian prawn)
Amphipod spp.
Crabs:
Grapsus urcpsus
MetepooTOSPSus sp.
Unidentified crab molts
Unidentified burrowing shrimp
MOLLUSCS:
Assiminea sp.
(herbivorous snail)
Melonia sp.
(herbivorous snail)
Theodoxussp.
(hapawai, black neritid snail)
Nerito sp.
Isoonemon eolifornieum
(mussel)
Unidentified mussel
FISH:5
Muoil eephalus
(mullet)
Kuhlia sandvieensis
Caholehole)
Bathyoobius fuscus
Acanthurus triosteaus sondvicensis
(manini)
Arothon hispidus
(balloon tish)
Eehnldb nebulpso
(puh! kopa)
Gymnothorox eurostus
(putii) r
Gymnethcrox hllonis
(rare eel) c
Aeonthurus nlqrofuseus
Stenoqobius oenivinorus
Co'opu kani'o)
Kelleooello olioolepis
Waciolek1
01 Brock

cc
ce
n.o.
n.o.

n.o.


cc


cc
cc

ce

cc
cc

cc

n.o.
cc
n.o.
n.o.

cc
cc

cc

n.o.
Ice

—

cc
cc

Ice
n.o.

n.o.

n.o.

n.o.

oo

oo
Ice

Ice
Head of3
Woiulua Boy

X
X
n.o.

X


X


X
n.o.



n.o.
n.o.

n.o.

X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X
n.o.

X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X

n.o.

X
n.o.

n.o.
Remainder
of WBR

X
X
y
X




X


X




n.o.
n.o.




X
n.o.
n.o.

X
X

X

n.o.
n.o.

n.o.

X
X

n.o.
X

n.o.

n.o.

n.o.

n.o.

n.o.
n.o.

n.o.
— Footnotes on following page
                                     3-32

-------
                              Footnotes to Table III-4
   Appendix B of the Maciolek and Brock 0974) report lists (by pond numbers that
   correspond to maps indicating general location) the species considered "common" to
   closed anchialine ponds.  "Common" is defined as located in  more than  10 ponds
   along the West Hawai'i coast.  Appendix C gives a taxonomic list, with distribution
   data, of the less-common fauna in West Hawai'i closed anchialine ponds.  Appendix
   D of their report lists anchialine pond macrofauna that  occurs only in open ponds
   along the West Hawai'i coast, but does not give specific  locational data.  Thus, the
   following symbols are used in the column under Maciolek and Brock:
      cc   = common to closed ponds (Appendix B)
      Ice  = less common to closed ponds (Appendix C)
      oo   = observed only in open ponds (Appendix D)
   In all columns of the table:
      n.o. = not observed
   The Oceanic  Institute (1977,  August 1984, September  I984a&b, and October 1984)
   studies constitute a more definitive survey of the Waikoloa Beach Resort anchialine
   ponds than the Maciolek and Brock survey, that surveyed only a few ponds.   The
   Oceanic Institute gives comprehensive water quality data for the WRR ponds.  Their
   biota surveys may not be as complete, since several species listed in Maciolek  and
   Brock were not inventoried by Oceanic Institute. This may be due to the fact that
   Oceanic Institute  did not  survey  the  same area  as Maciolek and  Brock, and to
   differences in survey purposes and  reporting  format,  and perhaps to errors in
   identification.  Detailed  comparison of  the  Maciolek and Brock  data with  the
   Oceanic Institute information is not possible for those reasons.

   See Figure II I -6 for the ponds included in this category.


   The maps  in the  Maciolek and Brock report indicate  that  these species  were

   Institute m P°ndS ^  the are° °f the  WBR  that  WQS n0t surve>'ed  b* °ceanic
  Maciolek and  Brock may have observed more fish in the WRP ooen ponds than are
  listed, but Appendix D does not give locational data. Since the Aconthurus nigrofus-
  cus is listed m Appendix D and included in the Oceanic Institute species list, it \s
  assumed Maciolek and Brock also observed this species in the WBR open ponds.


Source:  As noted above.
                                     3-33

-------
                         Table 111-5

Summary of Change in Four Native and Two Exotic Aquatic Species
     Found in Kona Coast Anchialine Ponds Located Between
             Lahuipuaa and Kailua-Konas 1972-1985
                                        % Ponds Examined
              Species
      Schizothrix calcicola
      TheodoxuTcariosQ
      HalocaridTna rubra
      Metabetaeus lohena
      Oreochromis mossambicus
      Poeciliidae^pp.
31
22
67
40
 5
10
41
 6
39
 4
14
32
      Source: Brock, 1985.
                              3-34

-------
                                                                       Table 111-6


                                              Summary of Anchialine Ponds Surveyed by Oceanic Institute, 1985
 OJ
 i
 CO


Location
Lahuipuaa (Mauna Lani Resort)
Anaehoomalu
Kapalaoa
Akahu Kaimu
Weliweli
Pueo Bay
Keawaiki
Kiholo
Keanalele Waterhole
Waiaelepi
Luahfnewai
Kaupulehu (Kona Village)
Waiakuhi
Kukio Bay
Maniniowali (Kua Bay)
Awakee-Makalawena
Opaeula
Puu Alii Bay
Natural Energy Laboratory
Wawaloli Beach
Kohanaiki
Kaloko
Honokohau
Kealakehe
Queen Llliuokalan? Pond
Old Kona Airport
King Kamehameha Hotel
Ground
Surveyed
Yes/No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Theodoxus
1972
13
20
44
50
too
0
50
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
-35
0
0
33
0
43
50
24
56
0
0
1985
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
0
0
0
0
2
6
5
33
0
0
Metabetaeus
Opae'ula
1972
78
80
100
100
80
0
0
100
44
too
83
100
70
0
80
33
100
50
75
60
67
50
33
1985
50
73
56
100
40
0
0
0
0
100
64
100
18
0
, 25
40
100
46
II
40
42
20
100
7
Lohena
1972
47
67
67
50
60
50
50
50
100
56
100
100
0
13
0
40
0
100
II
75
12
II
0
13
1985
13
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
5
0
10
0
13
100
0
Tilapia
1972
0
0
0
0
20
50
0
0
0
0
II
0
0
0
4
0
20
0
0
0
0
0
II
0
47
19ft1;
22
0
0
0
33
0
50
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
5
0
5
15
0
100
Poeciliids
1977
1 71 i
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
60
0
0
0
75
0
0
50
53
IQDC
I7OD
13
0
55
0
33
0
50
too
50
0
0
100
55
100
75
0
0
21
67
0
33
0
43
                "
-Si

-------
                                                                               Table 111-7

                                         Summary of Change In Organism Occurrence In Exceptional and Significant Anchtallne Ponds
                                                   Identified by Maclolek and Brock (1974), from Lohulpuaa to Kallua-Kona
CA>
I
Fv™Pt?«nnl Ar*ns Significant Areas
Anaehoomalu
W'alkoloa
Species
Schizothrlx Sp.
Rhizoclonlum Sp.
Chaetophora Sp.
Entromorpha Sp.
Ruppia Marittnna
Assimlnea Sp.
Melanla Sp.
Thoedoxlus Cariosa
Amphipoda
Metabetaeus Lohena
Halocaridina Rubra
Palaemon Debilts
Macrobrachium Sp.
Metopograpsus Thukuhar
Mubil Cephalus
Kuhlia Sandvicensis
Eleotris Sandwtcensis
Oreochromis Mossamblcus
Poeciliidae
1972
N=I5
40
33

7
7
20
20
40
67
80
7
7




1985
N=96
69
22
16
13
15
10
1
73
34
4
7
13



Puuwaawaa
Luahinewal
1972
N=l
100

100
100
100
100
100
100




-
1985
N=l
too
100
too
100




100
Kohanaiki
1972
N=28
14
II

II
4
50
43
4
II
50
39
7
7




1985
N=56
36
II
30
32
13
68
2
II
5
46
27
2


5
21
Lohuipuaa
1972
N=23
13
21

4
26
65
13
52
47
78
22
9
4
9


1985
K'=22
22
22

5
59
13
3
50
9
5
9
5
13
22
13
Awakee
Makalawena
1972
N=23
39
22

30
4
57
35
30
13
70
48
4
43
/.
H
17

4
13
1985
N=22
50
14
14
18
14
32
27
5
5
18
23
18
5


55
Honokohau
1972
N=25
4
16

44
72
76
24
56
12
60
20
20
A
4
to
\L


1985
N=20
25

5
2
10
5
10
40
10
15
5
15



Kealakehe
1972
N=9
II

33
44
56
33
II
67
II
1 I
II




1985
N=d2
8
8
50
33
42
8
8
8
OS
11

            Source: Oceanic Institute, 1985; Maciolek and Brock, 1974.

-------
 Development of green algal films at Almakapa (Corps of Engineers, 1985) and Kohana-
 iki (Brock, 1985) and increased algal growth at a pond in the WBR golf course (Corps of
 Engineers, 1985) indicate that changes in the algal community may  be related to the
 presence of exotic fish.  The algal contents of  exotic fish  guts could also introduce
 new algal species into the anchialine pond ecosystems.

            (4)   The lack of exotic fish in WBR ponds may be related to the lack of a
 major residential community in the immediate area that probably limits the number of
 people using the WBR ponds.  The  'Anaeho'omalu  Bay Beach Park  may also attract
 more people than the ponds located in the rugged lava field.  However, human use does
 occur and is expected to increase over  time.  Fishermen, picnickers, surfers and sight-
 seers are frequently seen in the area crossing the ponds and  lava to the beach.  Trash
 is somewhat collected from the  beach  area by Transcontinental, but trash and human
 waste do accumulate along the shoreline and in the lava fields and ponds.

      (c)   Epigeal and Hypogeal Organisms

           (I)   Brock (1985) grouped anchialine pond organisms into two classes:
 epigeal (those organisms preferring the sunlit ponds) and hypoqeal  (those  oraanisms
 preferring the subterranean water table).

           (2)   The epigeal organisms include organisms typically found in Hawaiian
 estuaries and nearshore waters.  Major epigeal anchialine pond organisms include the
 Schizothrix/Lyngbya algal mat, 'opae huna, and hapawai. These organisms prefer the
 sunlit pond environment.  In contrast, the hypogeal organisms spend much of the time
 in the sub.terranean water table.  One phenomenon of organisms recorded by Maciolek
 and Brock (1974) was the appearance of ecotypes  or morphological variants within
 species apparently caused by environmental conditions in the  ponds.  For example,
 Maciolek and Brock noted anatomical .differences in the shrimp, Polemon debilis, from
 Opae ula-Makalawena.   The  rare eel,  Gymnothorax hilonis  could be considered  an
 epigeal organism. One rare epigeal  shrimp, PolaembneHo burns?  was found at Cape
 Kmau, Maui and in Kaloko  Pond, Hawaii. P. burnsi hoTnot been found at  the WRR.
 Other unique and rare species also found in the  anchialine ponds are listed in  Table
 MI-8.

  i.    t  , ^   The hyP°aeal organisms  in Hawaiian anchialine ponds consist princi-
 pally of shrimp species  (Table 111-9).  Figure III-11  illustrates the distribution  of
 hypogeal shrimp in Hawaii.  Only 'opae'ula and Metabetaeus loheno were found at Wfpp
 (Oceamc Institute, 1977,  1984 and 1985;  Corps of t'ngineers, T583TVlaciolek and Prock,
 , .  ,  .  lfiaure In-'2 illustrates  the distribution  of 'opae'ula and  M.  lohena at WBR.
 Little is known about the life requirements of any hypoqeal shrimp due to their habits.
 The hypogeal shrimp display tidal linked migration, emerging  from the rock interstices
 in the groundwater table with the incoming tide to feed in the pond, and later return-
 ing via the  interstices  to  the subterranean  labyrinth with the  falling tide.   The
 opae'ula are known to feed on the Schizothrix/Lynqbya mat.   In turn, Metabetaeus
 "/I6"0 enter ™e P°nd system to  prey on 'opae'ula and may occur in densities of I per
 100 opae'ula (Brock,  1985). While many egg-carrying Metobetoeus lohena con be found
 in  the  ponds (Corps  of Engineers, 1985),  egg-carrying 'opae'ula a?e~n^t found in the
ponds, probably preferring and requiring the hypoqeal environment for completion of
the reproductive  process  (Couret and Wong, 1978).  Since 'opae'ula carryina  egqs  in
their carapace and egg-carrying M. lohena are found  in the  ponds, reproduction is not
rare itirock,
                                      3-37

-------
                            Table HI-8

           Some Rare and Unique Anchialine Pond Organisms
       Group/Scientific Name
         Distribution
Sponge
     Tethyo diploderrna
     Several unidentified species

Hydroid
     Ostromouvia horii
Shrimp
     Palaemonella burnsi
Amphipod spp
     (Eight species)

Mollusk
     Neritilia hawaiiensis
          snail

Vertebrate
     Gymnothorax hilonis
          rare ee!
Cape Kinau NAR, Mau?
Aimakapa-Honokohau, Hawaii
     Oahu marine caves
Cape Kinau NAR, Maui
     Kaloko Pond, Hawaii
Kiholo, Hawaii
     Kaloko Pond, Hawaii
Kapoho, Hawaii
     Waiulua Bay, Hawaii
Source:  Brock 1985.
                                3-38

-------
                           Table III-9

          Hypogeal Shrimp in Hawaiian Anchialine Ponds
  Scientific/Hawaiian Name


 Halocaridino rubra
 'opae 'ula

 Metabetaeus loheno


 Procarfs hawaiana


 Antecaridina lauensis
CaHiasmotQ pholldota
          Distribution
Hawaiian islands
      Oahu, Maui, Hawaii

Hawaiian Islands
      Maui, Hawaii

South Point, Hawaii
      Cape Kinau, Maui

Kahuku and South Point, Hawaii
      Cape Kinau, Maui
      i—•••
      FIJI
      Mozambique, Red Sea

South Point, Hawaii
     Cape Kinau, Maui
     Ellice Is.
     Sinai Peninsula
Source:  Brock, 1985.
                            3-39

-------
U)
         di
           NIIHAU
        Legend:
             Metibetaeut
             Antecaridina liveniii
             Procarii hawiiina
             Callitsmate pholldou
         100    20    -«0     60     80 Milw
                                    North
                                                                LANAI
A,B,C,D,6
                               A,B,C,D,E
                           Figure 111-11  Known  Distribution of Hypogeal Shrimp In Hawaii

-------
u>
.p-
      'Opae'ula' Ponds

      Ponds with no 'Opae'ula' and/or Metabetaeus

!•• ••Permit Area Boundary

•—•- — Parcel Boundaries
                                                                                                                                    fro* ••*'
                                                                                                                                   «nd ConqueU (198« < I b), irlilch Mr.
                                                                                                                                  on unconlrolltd itrld ptiotoi flnm
                                                                                                                              blf «. M. Tm.llI Corp. (OcUMr Z9. UM).
                                                                                                                              Tht proposed pom) pmtrvitlon citeHoti
                                                                                                                              Mr« turvtyeil by EngtnMrt $ur«»y«ri Him) I
                                                                                                                              In Jinutry ind fttrgiry 1985.  Atrlil photo
                                                                                                                              flwn by ». H Toxin Corp. on Hirck M, IM)
                                                                                                                              Mfti locilt p«ni(« out>t«l of th« titncnti.
                                                                                                                              The pondi itcri not ground iwrvtytd.
            Figure III-12 Distribution of 'Opae'ula' and Metabetaeus Lohena  at the Walkoloa Beach  Resort

-------
           (4)   'Opae'ula is the  most abundant of the Hawaiian hypogeal  shrimp
(Brock 1 985). They frequently occur in concentrations exceeding hundreds of individu-
als per square meter in a given pond on a rising tide, but may be scarce in adjacent
ponds.  The apparent abundance of the 'opae'ula may be misleading for nothing is
known of the population size in the subterranean water table. Metabetgeus lohena is
the next most abundant species and has been found wherever 'opae'ula occur; support-
ing the predator-prey relationship in  Maciolek and Brock (1974) and Brock  (1985).
P. hawaiana and
found
Figure HI- 1 2 illustrates the distribution of both species at the V'BR.
C. phplidpta  are not  common (Brock  1985) and  have not  been  found at  V'BR
•R. lauensis and P. hawaiana have been found only in dimly illuminated anchialine ponds
(B"rocl
-------
except where dense volcanic rock (such as the Kaniku flow) present a barrier.  The
distribution of the  hypogeal organism may be an indicator of the distribution of the
available habitat (See Figure III-11).   An example of the  extensive  distribution  of
'opae'ula and Metabetaeus lohena at  WBR is based on their appearance in an anchialine
pond and a skimming well at distances of 3500 and 4000 feet inland from the shoreline,
respectively.

           (8)   Hypogeal  organisms also appear to  be  highly  resilient to  surface
modifications.   As an example, the 'opae'ula and M. lohena are found  in  previous
borrow and quarry areas at the WBR (Corps of Engineers,  1985). These areas often dry
out during  low tide and have no Schizothrix algal mats, although one borrow area is a
re-established anchialine pond with algal mats, wetland vegetation, snails and hypogeal
shrimp.  'Opae'ula have re-entered holes excavated in previously filled areas within
10-14 days of  opening the holes (Corps of Engineers, 1985).  These  observations also
support the hypothesis that the whole porous WBP area might provide a habitat for the
hypogeal shrimp.

8.3.4    Endangered Species Status

     The U.S.  Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) recently classified several anchialine
pond organisms as Category 2 for purposes of the Endangered Species Act.  Category 2
reflects that the organisms probably should be listed as endangered or threatened, hut
insufficient data prevents an assessment of their status for listing on the federal List
of Threatened  and  Endangered Species.  Thus, the organisms are still considered rare,
but are not listed on the Federal List of Threatened and Endangered Species  and are
.not proposed as candidates for listing.  Of those  species considered on Table III-10,
only Metabetaeus lohena was observed at Waikoloa Beach Resort.
                                   Table HI-10
        Species Classified as Category 2 by the U.S. Fish and WildHfe Service
                        Metabetaeus lohena
                        Procaris hawoiona
                        Palaerrionella burns?
                        Ostromouvia horii
                        Neritilia sp.
                                      a shrimp
                                   -  a shrimp
                                   -  a shrimp
                                   -  a hydroid
                                   -  a snail
8.3.5   Future Trends
      (a)
Hawai'i.
At least six trends influence the continued existence of anchialine ponds in
           - natural aging or other natural phenomenon (e.g., lava flows),
           - increased rates of aging,
           - the introduction of exotic fish and other foreign material,
           - filling or alteration by man,
           - creating new ponds by natural or man-made events, and
           - restoring ponds by exotic fish removal.
                                      3-43

-------
      (b)   The natural aging process eventually results in the loss of the anchialine
pond habitat.  Brock (1985) hypothesized that this natural aging process may be as
short as 100 years.  However, the natural aging process may be much longer if flushing
rates do not allow sedimentation to occur.

      (c)   Increased rates of aging me/ occur as a result of reduced flushing  and
increased sedimentation.  This could occur as a result of modifications to groundwater
recharge and flow or alteration of the carbonate production in the algal community or
algal blooms.

      (d)   The human introduction of exotic and native organisms  into the anchialine
ponds poses a  serious threat to anchialine  pond habitats.  Recent surveys (Oceanic
Institute, 1985; Brock,  1985; Corps of Engineers, 1985) have documented a decline in
the anchialine  resource since 1972 as a result of the introduction of exotic fish  into
the anchialine  pond ecosystem.  This decline is judged to be occurring faster than the
loss of  anchialine ponds due to  filling.  While some homeowners  and developers have
built adjacent to the ponds, retaining them for aesthetic reasons,  they have also intro-
duced fish into the ponds resulting in a  loss of anchialine pond organisms.   Presently,
there are  no government regulatory controls that  can prevent the  introduction of
exotic fish into the ponds.

      (e)   Filling and altering  anchialine ponds similarly eliminates  the  ponds ait a
rate faster than normal aging.  Some anchialine ponds were modified by the ancient
Hawaiians to serve  as fishponds: Lahupua'a, 'Anaeho'omalu, 'Aimakapa, 'Opae'ula  and
Kaloko  ponds, as well as  'opae'ula culture ponds where the shrimp were used  as  fish
bait. The influence of the Hawaiian culture on the anchialine pond resource must have
been slight compared to the alterations and loss posed by modern  land development,
principally because  the ancient Hawaiians  utilized  the ponds for their subsistence,
whereas modern man does not.

      (f)   Urban  and resort development at Puako, Waikoloa Reach Resort, Kailua-
Kona and other private landholdings along  the  West Coast  of Hawai'i have already
filled and eliminated some anchialine ponds. Future developers and private landowners
have expressed a  desire  to fill ponds in conjunction  with  their development  plans,
thereby contributing to a further decline in the pond resource, subject to Federal,
State and County regulatory controls. As the majority of ponds are presently located
on  private  landholdings,  development  plans could result  in  a  large decline  in  the
number  of anchialine ponds.  However, in areas where  development has  left  ponds
intact,  i.e., Mauna Lani Resort golf course ponds, short-term observations were  not
able to detect any negative impact directly attributable to construction or subsequent
use of the surrounding  terrain (Brock 1985).  Brock's observations  indicate that pond
preservation is  possible. Secondly, field observations also suggest that filled ponds  can
be restored and created indicating that pond replacement could be considered where
developments proposed to fill and eliminate ponds.

      (g)   Even  if  ponds are not filled, adjacent  land  uses  and increased  human
activity can degrade anchialine ponds.  Hikers, fishermen and other shoreline users  use
the ponds  for  bathing or as toilets, and  dispose of  trash in and  around  the  ponds.
Recent  surveys (Oceanic  Institute, 1985) suggest that the ponds appear to tolerate a
certain  amount  of bathing including the use of soaps  and shampoos.  While trash  and
human waste may be unattractive,  the unique  anchialine pond shrimps  appear to
tolerate a  certain level of trash accumulation (Oceanic Institute, 1985; Brock  1985).
However, the disposal of oils in the ponds appears to eliminate the  shrimp fauna  (Brock
1985).  Thus, If anchialine ponds were preserved in developed or conservation areas,
human activities around the ponds need to be regulated and controlled.
                                       3-44

-------
      (h)   Anchialine ponds  located on conservation- or open space-zoned lands are
 somewhat protected from development, changes to land use zoning can occur at any
 time within  the State and County land  use systems.  Conservation and open space
 zoning by itself would  not prevent the degradation  of the  pond resource  without
 enforcement  and  management  efforts.   Institutionally, only  the  anchialine ponds
 located in the Cape Kinau, Maui and Manuka, Hawaii, Natural Area  Reserves and in
 Wainapanapa State Park are provided any long-term preservation.
      0)   Both the Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
 are studying the rare anchialine pond organisms. The USFWS may decide to include
 some of the species on the Federal List  of Endangered and Threatened Species and
 may designate critical habitats; the action would place the species and the critical
 habitats under the protection of the Endangered Species  Act.   The Corps  can only
 speculate about the outcome of the studies, but any future permits to fill or excavate
 anchialine ponds could be prohibited in areas designated as critical habitat, subject to
 satisfying  compliance with  the Endangered  Species Act.   The  USFWS would also
 regulate any capturing or killing of the listed species, and could possibly undertake
 action to stop the introduction of exotic fish into critical habitat areas.

 9.   HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES

      (a)   The  identification and  study of archaeological sites within the Waikoloa
 Beach Resort was initially performed in 1969-1970 by archaeologists of the Depart-
 ment of Anthropology of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum (Barrera, 1971). This  study
 identified four major clusters of archaeological  remains within  or  near the project
 area.  Detailed  maps have not been included in this report to reduce the potential for
 vandalism of the  sites.   Three other archaeological investigations  of nearby  areas
 conducted during the 1 970s contribute archaeological data for the area.  These include
 the investigations of coastal  sites and site complexes at Kalahuipua'a (the Mauna Lani
 Resort)  prepared by  Kirch  (1979) and the  archaeoloqical surveys  of the Queen
 Ka'ahumanu Highway road corridor  (Ching, 1971; Rosendahl, 1 972 and  1973V

      (b)   More recent reconnaissance surveys of the project area were commissioned
 by the applicants  (Rosendahl, August  1984 and January  1985).  Following the August
 1 984 reconnaissance survey of the  Hyatt hotel site, Shun (September I 984) completed
 an  intensive survey of -that area.  The intensive-level  survey included  recording and
 locational mapping of all sites, photographs and plan mapping of most sites, controlled
 surface collection of  artifacts where found, subsurface testing of sites with apparent
 excavation potential, subsurface excavation of beach deposits along the south side of
 Waiulua  Bay,  and age determinations  of charcoal samples and a volcanic  glass
 specimen.  All but eight sites recorded earlier  by Barrera were definitely relocated by
 Rosendahl  and/or  Shun;  and  they  found five  additional sites  plus  some additional
 cairns.  The 39 sites  listed in Shun's report (September 1984b) consisted of three trail
 segments,  13 cairns and 23  others (most  categorized as shelters, cleared areas, or
 walls).  Most of the sites were located in the Waiulua  Bay Settlement, a cluster of
 sites near the water on the north side of the bay.  Shun's test excavations of the beach
 berm  to  the south of Waiulua Bay showed no  signs of  buried cultural  deposits.   The
 intensive survey did  not include the  Kdniku  or Nawahine settlement  site  clusters,
 which are not on a parcel where  resort structures would be built.

     (c)    Age  determinations  (by radiocarbon analysis  and hydration-rind analysis)
conducted of material recovered by Shun suggested that Waiulua Bay was occupied for
short  durations,  possibly in association with fishing trips, as early as 1400 A.D. He
hypothesized that  the users of the  sites probably resided in upland areas where  they
                                      3-45

-------
farmed; trips  were made to the  coast  via the  region's  trail  system to exploit  the
marine resources of the ocean, bay, and anchialine ponds.

     (d)    On the basis of these findings, Shun concluded that the archaeological sites
in this area had limited significance in  terms of their value for scientific research and
that they did not qualify for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.  The
State Historic Preservation Officer concurred with these conclusions, but recommen-
ded preservation of the foot trail  segment and Waiulua Bay Settlement  including  the
Kaniku and Nawahine sites on the  Kaniku lava flow, if possible.  The applicants
included  the  recommendations  in their plans  and  intend  to develop  interpretive
displays as part of the preservation plan.

     (e)    The results of Shun's intensive archaeological survey of the Hyatt hotel site
confirmed the basic accuracy of the  information for that area, which was surveyed by
the Bishop Museum in  1971.  To determine the  likelihood that the 1971 conclusions
regarding  other WBR areas were also accurate, a  reconnaissance  survey of  the
remaining area makai  of the golf course (north of the Sheraton and fishpond parcels
and south of the Hyatt site) was conducted (Rosendahl, January 1985).   Barrera had
identified 27 sites, incorporating 52 component features, within this area. Six sites (7
features) could not be relocated and appear to have been destroyed by bulldozing.  In
addition, 22 previously unidentified sites, comprising 25  component  features, were
found.  Fifteen of these were cairns, ten of  which could be of modern  construction,
being constructed of boulders or containing wooden planks.  The beach area between
the head of 'Anaeho'omalu Bay and Ka'au'au Point was inspected for indications of the
presence of buried cultural deposits, but was considered to have a low potential as an
area where undisturbed deposits were likely to be found.

     (f)    The reconnaissance survey  (Rosendahl, January 1985) of this area conclud-
ed that several  components of the Ridge Settlement Complex (which is on a parcel
outside of the project area) and  of the 'Anaeho'omalu Point  Cluster  complex have
moderate research  potential, and that  the newly identified burial cave have both
moderate research  value  and high cultural  value.   All of the other archaeological
remains were  considered  of limited  significance in terms  of potential  research,
interpretive, or cultural values.   A program  of  intensive archaeological survey was
recommended by Rosendahl to include the same tasks undertaken for the Hyatt site,
together with  preservation, or removal and reburial, of human skeletal remains.

     (g)   At the present time, the following historic sites are preserved on the V'BP:
the Kiholo-Puako (King's) Trail, a petroglyph area in the  golf course, a burial cave
complex in the golf course, a "camel" area of geological  interest, and the Ku'uali'i  and
Kahapapa Fishponds and a reconstructed site.  Some of the petroglyphs were salvaged
and put on display in the Sheraton Hotel. WBR plans to include a Museum to hold some
of the artifacts found on the property and to provide information about the ancient
inhabitants of 'Anaeho'omalu area.

10.   SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

10.1   EXISTING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ~ HAWAIM ISLAND AND  SOUTH KOHALA

     (a)   With an area of 4,038  sauare miles, the island  of  Hawai'i  comprises
63 percent of  the State's total land area. Politically, the entire island comprises the
County of Hawai'i, and is divided into  nine judicial districts:  North and South Kohala,
North  and South Kona, Hamakua, Ka'u,  Puna, and North and South Hilo (see Figure
UI-13).
                                       3-46

-------
                                          0  468



                                          •fles       North
                             a1 a
                                        Core Study Area




                                        Secondary Study Area
               South Point
Figure HI -13 Districts of Hawaii Island
                     3-47

-------
     (b)  The primary economic activities in the South Kohala District are agricul-
ture and tourism. Cattle ranching and diversified agriculture are located principally in
the upland areas around Waimea.   The Parker Ranch, one  of the largest privately
owned ranches in the world, is headquartered in Waimea.  The area around Waimea is
also the most productive on the island with  respect to the production of vegetable
crops.

     (c)  Visitor-related activities and accommodations  in West Hawai'i have tradi-
tionally been centered in Kailua-Kona  in the North Kona District.  However, South
Kohala's white sand beaches, dry and sunny climate, and  majestic mountains make it
exceptionally  attractive, and  it has  long  been recognized  ?n  State, County, and
private-sector plans for  its potential as a major resort destination  area. The pace of
resort development, which began with the opening of the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel  at
the Mauna Kea Resort in 1965,  has accelerated during the  past few years with the
opening of the first hotels in the  Mauna Lani and Waikoloa Beach Resorts.  Continued
development of extensive visitor facilities is underway in these three South Kohala
resorts.

10.2   COUNTY LAND USE PLANS AND CONTROLS

10.2.1    Overview

      (a)  The  County  of  Hawai'i General  Plan, adopted  in 1971, sets forth  the
County's long-range plans for development of the island. The General Plan was revised
in 1979-80, and a second update  is  currently underway.  TheTJeneral Plan recognizes
the opportunity for, and desirability of, resort development  within the bouth Kohala
District that proceeds in an orderly fashion, consistent with the physical and social
goals of the County's citizens.

      (b)   Hawai'i County's General Plan is the primary policy document  of a multi-
level  land use control system  that  is designed to insure that development meets the
island's needs and proceeds in an orderly fashion.  In the General  Plan? major resort
areas in South  Kohala have been designated at  Kawaihae-Hapuna (Mauna  Kea Beach
Resort  area), Puako-Honoka'ope Bay  (Mauna Lani Resort area),  and 'Anaeho'ornalu
(Waikoloa Beach Resort). In addition to its land use sections, the General Plan also
addresses the County's  goals,  policies,  and standards in  the following areas:  flood
control and drainage,  historic sites, housing, natural beauty, natural  resources and
shoreline, public facilities, public  utilities, recreation,  and transportation.   Often,
specific objectives concerning development  in South Kohala are slated in the General
Plan, such as  providing for employee housing  needs, developing  basal groundwater
supplies,  developing parks and  ensuring  public shoreline  access, and  developing
highway, port and airport facilities. Some of these actions have  been implemented;
the water system developed by Boise Cascade for the Waikoloa project was followed
by the Lalamilo water system developed by the State, County, Mauna Lani and Mauna
Kea Resorts.  The  water systems  plus the construction of the  Queen  Ka'ahumanu
Highway, Kawaihae  Harbor, and Keahole Airport have provided major infrastructure to
support resort development in  South Kohala.

      (c)   The County adopted land use strategies to guide development and to meet
the needs identified in the General Plan.  In the area of housing, the General  Plan
requires that resort developers provide employee  housing where necessary to avoid
housing shortages.  The General Plan also requires the development of adeauate water
supply systems  prior project approval.  Resort  developments are required to provide
public access to beach areas.  Through  land use zoning allocations,  housing/resort unit
                                      3-48

-------
 densities are regulated so  that  the capacities  of support  facilities will not  be
 exceeded.  The implementation of these strategies rests with the County of Hawai'i
 through its Planning Department, Department of Public Works, and Office of Housing
 and Community Development.  Implementation is  accomplished through various land
 use controls,  including Zoning, Planned  Unit  Development  permits, Special Manage-
 ment Area permits, and shoreline setback requirements.

 10.2.2   The Waikoloo Project

      (a)   The Waikoloa project is a planned community encompassing 31,000 acres of
 land (see Figure 111-14).  Extending 12  miles between Mamalahoa  Highway and the
 shoreline,  it  is composed of two  main parts.   The uppermost lies  above Queen
 Ka'ahumanu Highway  and  is  by far the largest;  it includes  zoning  for  larqe-  and
 medium-size agricultural lots, as well as low- and medium-density residential land and
 commercial areas within Waikoloa Village. The 1,360 acres below Queen Ka'ahumanu
 Highway comprise the Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR).

      (b)   The WBR is designated as a "major resort" on the Hawai'i County General
 Plan.  Initial zoning for the area of the WBR makai (seaward) of the King's Trail was
 granted in 1971.  Adjustments in zoning lot boundaries needed to accommodate revised
 golf and roadway plans were  granted by the County with the adoption  of Ordinance
 No. 265 in  1977.  Approved  plans and zoning at the WBR provide for  the ultimate
 development  of  approximately 3,000 hotel  rooms  and 3,400  multi-family  resort
 residential units, but the 543-room  Sheraton  Royal Waikoloa is  the only hotel  built,
 thus far.  Ground-breaking for the first resort condominium project within  the  WBR,
 the  114-unit "The Shores at Waikoloa", took place in mid-1984, and initial occupancy is
 scheduled for  1985. This leaves about 2,450 additional hotel rooms and approximately
 3,300 additional resort multi-family units still to be constructed. The  existing zoning
 district boundaries within the Waikoloa Beach Resort are shown in Figure 111-15.

 10.3   COMMUNITY PROFILE

     Descriptions of the major communities in North and South Kohala, North  Kona
 and Hamakua Districts are provided in Tables III-11 and 111-12.

 10.3.1    Population

     (a)   The population  of the South Kohala District remained nearly  constant
 between 1960 and 1970, but  rose by 2,297 (an increase of  99  percent) during the
 following decade (see Table 111-13).  During this same period, the Mauna Kea Resort
 was the only South Kohala resort to experience significant growth, suggesting that the
 increase in the population of the South Kohala District was probably driven  by  other
 factors, such as growth in Waimea  and the resort development that occurred  in North
 Kona.  In comparison, the North Kona District population rose from 4,832 in 1970 to
 13,748 in 1980, an increase of 8,646, or 185 percent.

     (b)   The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (November 1984) has estimated that the
 population of the South Kohala District  will reach  approximately 7,000  by  1990 and
 12,000 by the year 2040.  Population projections contained in environmental impact
 statements prepared for major resort projects in the  region are substantially higher.  It
 is  expected that the  major  cause of  this  population growth  will  be the resort
 development planned along the South Kohala coastline.  Belt, Collins & Associates, for
example, project that the operation of the  Hyatt hotel alone will increase the area
 population by 4,000 before 1990, bringing the area's population to 10,000 by 1990.
                                     3.-49

-------
                                          Proposed
                                        HYAH REGENCY
                                        WAIKOLOA HOTEL
                                                       Sheraton Royal
                                                       Waikoloa Hotel
     Pu'ufcoholi Heiau

     National Historic Site
                                                        (543 rooms) .
              Figure 111-14 Waikoloa Lands and the South Kohala Region
tot
                                               3-50

-------
                                                                                                     Roadway Parcel R 2

                                                                                                     3IM1C
             Roadway Parcel R-6'

             ISOTac
Ul
                                                           Roadway Pared R-4 • ^
                                                           5 56610 lo    \ 9

                                                                  AA\
             Miuni Lanl Raeort
                                                                                                  MO  *00 900
                                                                                               EEEH
                                                                                          NORTH  SCALE IN FEET
                                Figure 111-15 Existing Zoning - Walkoloa Beach Resort

-------
                                                              Table III-11

                                                    Principal Communities of Kohala
          Community

       North Kohala

       Howl,  Kapa'au,
       Hala'ula
      Capsule Description
       Makapala,
       Halawa, Niuli'i
Adjacent  former  sugar  towns;
contain  most  of  N.  Kohala's
population  and  all  commercial
activity & government services.
Sugar activities long abandoned,
low population, rural setting.
   Major Economic Activities
Small  retail   outlets;  nursery
operation; small-scale industrial
activities  (kim  chee  factory,
heavy equipment repair, etc.)
Only  .agriculture or  subsistence
activities;  no commercial  busi-
nesses.
                                                                                              Population Characteristics
                                                                                            Longtime  residents tend  to  be
                                                                                            aging, former plantation  work-
                                                                                            ers, with less formal  education.
                                                                                            An unknown  proportion consists
                                                                                            of relatively younger in-migrants
                                                                                            from the Mainland.

                                                                                            Relatively more part-Hawaiian.
U1
South Kohala

Waimea (Kamuela)
       Waikoloa Village
       Kawaihae
       Puako
                             Commercial & population center
                             for both South and North Kohala.
Resort/residential   community;
homes built on  27Q of 985 lots;
222 condo units.

Most  population   in  Kawaihae
Village subdivision; few homes in
old area near harbor.
 Vacation beach homes.
Parker  Ranch  HO and shopping
center; telescope  basecamp; two
large private schools; profession-
al  offices;  restaurants;  retail
outlets;   small  tourist  attrac-
tions.

Project    development;     golf
course; clubhouse, a convenience
store.

Harbor and storage; one gas sta-
tion; two stores; one restaurant;
wood-chipping plant.
 No   stores;  one   condo  bldg.
 serving as apt ./hotel.
                                                                      Longtime residents of  paniolo
                                                                      tradition; influx  of newcomers
                                                                      (professional);  vacation  homes
                                                                      for O'ahu residents.
                                                                                            About  30%  retirees  (mostly
                                                                                            Mainland)   and   70%   younger
                                                                                            working people (mostly local).

                                                                                            Village residences  intended  as
                                                                                            employee housing for Mauna Kea
                                                                                            Hotel, but  most residents work
                                                                                            elsewhere.

                                                                                            Retirees/younger  people renting
                                                                                            old cottages.
       Source:  Community Resources (1980); updated by Community Resources, Inc. (September 1984).

-------
                                                              Table III-12

                                           Principal Communities of North Kona and Hamakua
          Community
                            Capsule Description
       North Kona

       Kailua
                      Visitor destination area; agricul-
                      tural   activity,   primarily   in
                      mauka regions.
                                      Major Economic Activities
                                   Tourism; retail and commercial
                                   activity; agricultural production
                                   related  to  coffee,  ranching and
                                   macadamia nuts.
                                      Population Characteristics
                                   Primarily  Caucasian;  employed
                                   in professional, retail,  and ser-
                                   vice work.
CO
I
en
OJ
Hamakua

Honoka'a
Plantation  town which serves as
regional economic center.
Sugar   production;  retail   and
commercial activity; macadamia
processing; some visitor-oriented
shops.
                                                                                            Wulti-ethnic   population   with
                                                                                            expanding Filipino community.
      NOTE:   For the secondary study area, only the largest community for each district is discussed in this table and text.

      Source:  Community Resources, Inc. (September 1984).

-------
00

Ul
                                                                       Table til-13

                                          1970 and  1980 Census Data on Population and Demographics, by Area


TOTAL POPULATION
AGE
under 5 years
5 to 17 years
18 to 64 years
65 and older
ETHNICITY1
Caucasian (White)
Chinese
Filipino
Hawaiian
Japanese
other
PLACE OF BIRTH1
Hawaii
other U.S.A.
foreign country
RESIDENCE 5 YR. AGO1
same house
elsewhere on Island
different island
different state
different country
EDUCATION (pop. 25+)1
8 years or less
high school grad
college grad., more
Hawaii
1970
63.468
8.58
27.82
54.40
9.20
28.83
2.90
16.47
12.30
37.53
1.97

76.99
NC
10.83

62.49
NC
NC
NC
NC
37.16
31.60
7.54
County
1980
92,053
9.09
21.50
59.22
10.19
34.98
1.74
13.85
18.81
26.56
4.07

70.54
20.04
9.41

52.89
24.86
8.11
11.06
3.09
20.11
35.52
15.16
North Kohala
1970
L326
10.01
29.43
51.08
9.47
25.59
4.27
29.22
15.33
23.84
1.74

69.29
NC
16.26

49.89
NC
NC
NC
NC
44.24
29.97
5.93
1980
3,249
9.20
22.87
54.36
13.57
27.83
1.01
23.95
24.74
16.07
6.41

75.63
13.62
10.75

68.85
12.10
4.40
11.59
3.06
28.98
38.98
8.12
South Kohala
1970
2.310
9.31
28.27
56.06
6.36
39.22
1.30
6.58
26.45
24.42
2.03

70.34
NC
6.09

45.64
NC
NC
NC
NC
24.09
34.23
13.06
1980
4,607
10.18
23.57
58.58
7.66
46.54
1.37
5.57
28.51
14.56
3.45

64.85
30.43
4.71

50.74
17.33
14.86
16.42
.65
8.58
37.02
20.73
Honokaa-Kukulhaele
i9"70~
2.829
7.60
27.08
55.04
10.29
36.94
2.72
21.77
7.14
30.01
1.41

77.90
NC
14.60

66.18
NC
NC
NC
NC
45.73
27.46
5.33
1980
3.287
9.43
22.27
54.49
13.81
37.85
1.18
21.90
12.24
24.88
1.94

77.19
9.48
13.34

68.33
16.45
8.89
4.33
2.00
30.30
35.68
9.82
North Kona
1970
4,832
9.13
27.03
55.69
8.15
43.98
3.66
8.40
19.33
23.14
1.49

67.40
NC
. 5.77

51.08
' NC
NC
NC
NC
28.85
65.98
8.77
lyuu
13.748
9.11
20.29
63.88
6.72
53.77
1.59
7.17
22.10
11.83
3.54

54.38
39.92
5.70

38.78
28.13
7.01
23.12
2.97
7.95
40.93
18.79
                      Figures based on 15  percent sample;  hence, numbers represent estimate.

                      "NC" » 1970 categories or bases "Not  Comparable" to 1980 (1970 Census kept a "non-response category, while  1980 census
                        allocated non-responses to other categories shown).	   '	

                      Sources;  U.S. Bureau of the Census,  1972, Census of Population  and Housing, 1970. Census Tracts (Final Report,
                      PHC(l)-88,' Honolulu,  Hawaii SHSA); State of Hawaii, Department of  Planning and Economic  Development, 1973,  Community
                      Profiles for Hawajj;  U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980, Summary Tape Files 1-A and 3-A.

-------
     (c)   In  contrast  to  the  dramatic population changes observed in both South
Kohala and North Kona over the past ten years* population decline or slow growth are
characteristic of the North  Kohala, Hamakua, and  the  North Hilo Districts.  The
decline  is probably related  to the lack of employment opportunities as a  result of the
termination of sugar agriculture in North Kohala and Hamakua. The slight decline in
North Kohala's population is definitely related to the demise of the Kohala Plantation
Co. and to the stagnation in ranching. The lack of economic opportunity has led many
young persons to leave the area in search of employment.  As a consequence, the
average age of the residents in North Kohala, Hamakua, and North Hilo has increased.
In 1980, for example, persons  over age 65 accounted for  14 percent of the North
Kohala  District's population, up from 9 percent in 1970.  Hamakua showed modest
growth over the period, and had more of both younger and older persons in  1980 than in
1970. Both North Kohala and Honoka'a-Kukuihaele  (the northern part of the Hamakua
District) have  high dependency ratios, with 84 persons younger than 17 or older than 64
for each 100 persons in the  prime working age of .18  to 64.

     (d)   Revised estimates of resident population  growth in Hawai'i County since
1980 show an average annual increase of three percent (Hawai'i, State of, Department
of Planning and Economic Development, 1984). District level population estimates are
not available,  but indicator statistics such  as school enrollment strongly suggest  that
the number of people  in South Kohala and North Kona has continued to rise faster than
the County-wide average.

     (e)  The populations of South Kohala, North  Kohala,  and North Kona are more
Hawaiian and  more Caucasian than that of the island as a whole.   The Caucasian in-
migrants have generally higher educational levels  thap  longtime island residents.
There is also greater wealth in the South  Kohala  and North  Kona Districts  than  in
areas to the north and east. There has been substantial in-migrat?on of young persons
to North Kona to take visitor  industry  jobs.  In the  North  and South Kohala, North
Kona, and Hamakua  districts and  in the major  towns within them,  the number of
families has increased much faster than the number  of households.

10.3.2    Labor Force  and Employment

     (a)  Overall, Hawai'i County's labor force participation rate remained relatively
steady during  the 1970s, with about 60  percent of  the potential labor force actually
working or looking  for  work.  South Kohala has historically showed a slightly higher
than average labor force participation rate,  and this has not changed.  The decline  in
the participation rate ?n Honoka'a-Kukuihaele is related to the natural aginq of  that
population and to out-migration of working-age persons.  North Kona shows a signifi-
cant increase  in the  tendency to work, with civilian labor force  participation  rate
increasing one and  one-half times as fast as the potential  labor force.   In  I960, 72
percent of all  persons age  16 or more residing in North Kona were  in the labor force,
well above the County-wide average of  61  percent. The  higher-than-averaae rate  is
believed to be a  function of  North Kona's  younger, less family-based population.
Pertinent labor force characteristics of North and South Kohala, North Kona,  and
Honoko'a-Kukuihaele,  as well as County-wide totals, are shown in Table HI-14.

     (b)  The female component of the labor force has  increased in the  County  as a
whole.  In 1980,  it was largest (44 percent) in North Kohala  and smallest (36 percent)
in Honoka'a-Kukuihaele. Except in the  latter area, female unemployment tends to he
lower than male unemployment. This last relationship is the reverse of the situation
which prevailed in  1970, when female unemployment rates were one to three times as
high as men's.
                                     3-55

-------
                                                                       Table III-1
                                              1970 and 1980 Census Data on Labor Force Characteristics
00
ON
Hawaii County

POTENTIAL LABOR FORCE
(aged 16 or above) ;
not in labor force
armed forces
civilian labor force
OTlUlM~LXBUR~FB«C~E~ ~ ;
male
female
unemployed
(male unemployment)
(female unemployment)
WAL MLoW
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
OCCUPATION
service (not pvt. hh.)
managerial/profess.
technical, sales
t administrative
farm, fish, forestry
precision, craft,
repair
operators, fabrica-
tors, laborers
INDUSTRY (selected)
agriculture, forest,
fish, mining
construction
manufacturing
wholesale trade
retail trade
financial, insurance,
real estate
personal, entertain.
1 recreat. services
educational services
public adminis.
COMMUTE TO WORK
45 minutes or more
mean travel (minutes)
1970

13,075
39.46
0.43
60.10
K-f9-
63.60
36.40
2.74
( 2.12)
( 3.82)

25.180
-
16.29
NC

NC
NC

NC

NC


NC
10.60
15.01
4.32
14.82

2.80

NC
7.61
6.49

N/A
N/A
NOTE: All figures based on IS
"N/A" » "Not Available"
"NC"
1980

67.205
38.67
0.31
61.02
"4T.CQS "
58.53
41.47
6.96
( 7.18)
( 6.66)

38.150
-
16.47
20.05

26.10
10.29

12.71

14.39


11.20
9.11
8.33
3.87
17.52

5.70

10.89
8.10
7.26

5.95
16.5 m
North
1970

2.240
'38.39
1.12
60.49
" ~1735"5"
63.17
36.83
1.85
( 1.40)
( 2.61)

1.330
-
24.66
NC

NC
NC

NC

NC


NC
2.56
29.25
.75
2.93

1.13

NC
8.57
5.49

N/A
N /A
Kohala
1980

2.286
i~
39.76
.96
59.27
~ T.355" " "
i~
55.72
44.28
9.23
( 9.40)
( 9.00)

1,230
-
34.23
15.20

13.74
14.23

9.67

12.93


8.05
4.96
8.13
1.95
6.99

2.28

31.38
12.52
8.05

22.03
24.1 m
percent sampie; hence, numbers
* 1970 categories or
bases "Not
South Kohala Honokaa-Kukulhaele
1970

1.446
34.23
0.00
65.77
•~ 95V
r~
65.62
34.38
4.10
( 2.40)
( 7.34)

912
X
13.82
NC

NC
HC

NC

NC


NC
13.60
2.30
.88
15.90

3.51

NC
10.09
3.07

N/A
N/A
represent
1980

1*222
35.87
0.00
64.13
" 7.T1P ~
~i
62.99
37.01
6.26
( 7.37)
( 4.35)

1.978
-
17.95
20.58

19.16
14.00

16.53

11.78


16.84
12.29
5.11
3.39
13.80

7.63

16.03
9.61
2.07

13.90
21.7 m
estimate.
1970

2.092
40.58
0.24
59.18
"17218" '
~i
68.01
31.99
1.86
( 1.66)
( 2.27)

1.215
-
18.68
NC

NC
NC

NC

NC


NC
9.88
26.42
.00
10.29

.41

NC
6.91
8.64

N/A
N/A

1980

2.418
46.69
0.00
53.31
L|S
64.31
35.69
5.35
( 5.07)
( 5.87)

1,220
-
11.15
12.46

18.93
12.62

17.54

27.30


16.23
8.03
29.43
1.64
13.77

1.15

6.56
7.05
5.25

13.44
17.6 ffl

North Kona
1970

3.632
44.33
0.00
55.67
27072"
66.62
33.38
4.80
( 4.08)
( 6.22)

1.925
-
18.65
NC

NC
HC

NC

NC


NC
23.58
2.81
1.04
13.09

3.95

NC
4.S2
4.16

N/A
N/A

1900

10.115
27.85
0.06
72.09
-Lr
57.52
42.48
5.20
( 6.20)
( 3.84)

6.913
A
21.50
21.15

28.18
7.10

12.14

9.94


6.22
11.24
1.49
1.88
23.55

8.64

20.73
4.79
2.73

4.80
16.4 n

Comparable" to 1980
                            Source:  U.S.  Bureau of the Census, 1970, 1980; State of Hawaii, Community Profiles for Hawaii. 1973

-------
      (c)   In 1980, unemployment in all districts was higher than in  1970. The highest
 unemployment rate within the study area was recorded in North Kohala (9.23 percent),
 the lowest in North Kona (5.20 percent) (see Table 111-14). Unemployment tended to
 be slightly lower in urban places (see Table 111-15) than elsewhere.

      (d)   North Kohala and North Kona residents tend to be employed in the service
 sector, especially in businesses serving the visitor  industry.  The increasing dominance
 of service sector employment is most pronounced in North Kohala; where the number
 of service sector employees increased by 28 percent during the ten-year period.  At
 the same time,  total  employment  declined by 7  percent.  These changes indicate  a
 major transition  in  North Kohala from a dependence on sugar growing and processina
 to hotels and other personal, entertainment, and recreational industries.

      (e)   South Kohala, though closer to the tourism center in North Kona, was less
 directly involved in service sector employment at  the  hotels developed during the
 1970s.  In 1980, about  40 percent of employees in South Kohala worked in managerial,
 professional, technical, administrative, or sales occupations. The Honoka'a-Kukuihaele
 area also remained relatively untouched by the trend toward service sector employ-
 ment, and in  1980  it still showed greater  employment in  skilled  occupations and  in
 agriculture-related  industries.

      (f)   Commuting statistics confirm the importance to North  Kohala residents of
 visitor-related employment in  North Kona, with almost one-quarter  (22  percent)
 spending more than 45 minutes  to reach their place of employment.  In contrast, less
 than 5 percent of North Kona workers spent as much time commuting.

      (g)   The 1980 Census data presented above are the  most recent data available
 for most demographic  parameters.  Unemployment, which is a key  factor in judaing '
 the effect of the proposed project,  tends to fluctuate somewhat  more than other
 factors. The  State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations  estimates  that Rig
 Island unemployment has increased  from about six percent in  1980 to nine percent in
 1983.  District-level unemployment data are not available  for 1983, but the Depart-
 ment has prepared estimates based  on relationships  observed in  1980.   These are
 presented in Table 111-16.

 10.3.3  Housing

      (a)   Table 111-17 presents selected data on the housing stock of the study area
 for the years  1970 and  1980.  As with population,  housing stock increased most
 dramatically in the North Kona and South Kohala districts. North Kona's housina stock
 grew by 247 percent over the course of the decade, three times the county-wide rate.
 In contrast, the number of housing units in North Kohala and in Honoka'a-Kukuihaele
 grew only modestly during the 1970s.

      (b)  The proportion of homes occupied by owners rather than renters increased
 in all regions, but the greatest rise  was in  North Kona and South Kohala.  However,
home ownership is still greatest in North  Kohala  and Honoka'a-Kukuihaele,  the two
regions that have been  least affected by in-migration.

      (c)  The incidence, and share  of homes lacking some or all plumbing is down in
all regions from the  1970 level, reflecting the higher building standards that now exist
and a gradual  replacement of old and  dilapidated homes by new units. All areas show
comparable or lesser percentages of "crowded" conditions ('defined as more than 1.5
persons per room in a unit).  However,  in absolute  terms the number of "crowded"
                                     3-57

-------
                               Table HI-15



                Pa-cent Unemployment in Urban Areass 1980
Haw! Waimea Honoka'a
Total 9.12 5.55 2.48
Male 9.68 7.45 3.84
Female 8.44 1.79 2.27
Kailua-Kona
3.02
3.15
2.84
     Source: 1980 U.S. Census.
                                Table HI-16



                     Estimates of Unemployed Since 1980
       Area
Hawai'i County



  North Kohala



  South Kohala



  Honoka'a/Kukui hae I e



  North Kona*



  Kailua-Kona
    1980
1981
                                                      1982
                                             1983
2650 (6.3%)  3400  (7.6%)  4450   (9.8%) 4250   (9.1%)



 100 (8.4%)   150 (10.1%)   200  (12.8%)  200  (12.0%)



 100 (5.7%)   150  (6.9%)   200   (8.8%)  200   (8.2%)



  50 (4.9%)   100  (5.9%)   100   (7.5%)   100   (7.1%)



 350 (4.7%)   450  (5.7%)   600   (7.5%)  550'  (6.9%)



 150 (4.9%)   200  (5.9)    200   (8.8%)  250   (7.1%)
* Census Tracts 215 and 216 combined.



Source:  Unpublished State Department of Labor and Industrial Relations data.
                                   3-58

-------
                                                                    Table III-17
                                                  Census Data on Housing Stock: 1970 and 1980
CO
I
en
VQ


TOTAL YEAR-ROUND
HOUSING UNITS
vacant
(pet. vacancies held
for occasional use)
TOTAL YEAR-ROUND
OCCUPIED UNITS
TENURE
owner-occupied
renter-occupied
SELECTED CONDITONS
lacking some plumbing
1.51 or more
persons/room
PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD:
NUMBER OF OWNER-
OCCUPIED NON-CONDO-
HINIUM UNITS FOR WHICH
VALUE DATA AVAILABLE
Hawaii
1970

18.972
9.02
N/A

17.260
56.87
43.13

17.06
6.52
3.61


NC
MEDIAN VALUE: $24,800

NUMBER OF RENTER-
OCCUPIED CASH RENTAL
UN ITS FOR WHICH
RENTAL DATA AVAILABLE
MEDIAN RENT:

"N/A" - "Not Available."



NC
$54

11 NC" =
County
1980

33.954
13.89
(18.08)

29.237
60.65
39.35

8.12
4.97
3.09


15.703
$70,300



9.667
$223

North
1970

941
r~
6.59
N/A

879
66.55
33.45

17.63
9.67
3.75


NC
$16.100



NC
$38

1970 categories or
Kohala
1980

1.121
8.83
(18.18)

1.022
"i
67.71
32.29

9.88
3.13
3.16


613
$64,200



226
$153

bases "Not
South Kohala Honokaa-Kukulhaele
1970

798
r~
18.55
N/A

650
r~
48.77
51.23

15.38
8.15
3.51


NC
1980

1.959
~i
24.30
(21.85)

1.483
59.27
40.73

2.43
5.26
3.07


773
$31,800 $95,700



NC
$116

Comparable



492
$307

" to 1980.
1970

880
r*
8.07
N/A

809
r~
59.70
40.30

17.43
4.20
3.40


NC
$19,400



NC
$37


I5BS

1.114
6.46
(54.17)

1.042
i~
64.30
35.70

7.87
4.61
3.13


597
$60,600
to


301
$128


North Kona
1970

1.982
27.80
N/A

1.431
44.65
55.35

26.28
14.12
3.36


NC
$35,000
$49,999


NC
$150
to $199

1980

6.694
33.25
(14.70)

4.602
55.11
44.89

7.32
6.06
2.92


2.132
$114,000



1.720
$331


                    Source:  U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1970.  1980; State of Hawaii. Comity Profiles for Hawaii. 1973

-------
homes increased in South Kohala, North Kona, and Honoka'a-Kukuihaele.  In North
Kona, at least, this is probably related to an increase in the number of single  persons
sharing housing.  However, the high average number of persons per room in South
Kohala and Honoka'a-Kukuihaele may  indicate that some "doubling-up" has occurred
among families as well.

     (d)  As would be expected, 1980 property values and rental rates were highest
in North Kona and South Kohala, but the 1970 figures indicate that  these two areas
have historically been expensive ones.  Changes in property values and median rents
during the 1970s were greatest in the northern areas where housing stock grew slowly.
Rents and property values in North Kohala, for instance, tripled over the decade.

     (e)  Within districts, census data shows 1980 property values were higher within
the towns of Waimea and Haw!  than in their surrounding areas.  On the  other hand,
Kailua-Kona, which has a substantial  number of multi-family units, showed a lower
median property value than did the North Kona district as a whole.

10.3.4    Public Services and Facilities

     As previously described, substantial investments have been made in the public
infrastructure needed to stimulate and support resort development in the South Kohala
District.  Construction projects include the Oueen Ka'ahumanu Highway, Keohole
Airport, the Lalamilo water system, and Kawaihae Harbor. Public investment in the
infrastructure is over $40 million.  In conjunction with these government-sponsored
efforts, private landowners are developing several  major resort projects alonq  the
South Kohala coast.   Aggregate private expenditures  for the resorts exceeds $100
million.  The joint State, County, and private funding of the Lalamilo water system is
an exemplary cooperative effort to'solve water supply problems in the region.

10.3.4.I   Schools and Libraries

     (a)  Public schools serving the South Kohala District include waimea Flernen-
tary and Intermediate School (kindergarten through grade 9) and Honoka'a  High School
(grades 10 through  12) situated  in the Hamakua District.  South Kohala district high
school  students are bussed to Honoka'a High School.  Two private schools are located
in Waimea:   Parker School (grades 7 through 12), and Hawai'f Preparatory Academy
(grades I  through  12).  The Thelma Parker Memorial Library in Waimea serves  the
South Kohala area.

     (b)  Other schools and libraries situated outside the District, but in the general
area, include Kohala High  and Elementary (kindergarten through grade 12) in Honoma-
ka'u (near Haw"i),  the Kohala Mission School (grades  I  through 8)  in  Hawl,  Bond
Memorial Library in Kapa'au, and the Honoka'a Library.

10.3.4.2   Health Care Facilities

     (a)  Four medical  facilities are available  to residents  and visitors in  West
Hawai'i:  Lucy Henriques Medical Center in Waimea, Honoka'a Hospital in Honoka'a,
Kohala Hospital near Hawi, and the Kona Hospital in Kealakekua, Kona.

     (b)  The facility nearest  to  the WBR is the  privately owned Lucy Henriques
Medical Center; this is a modern facility staffed by six physicians and three dentists
(two full-time and one part-time).  While it is the most modern of the four, it is not
certified to  operate as a hospital.  Emergency treatment is available at  the  Center,
and patients may be treated and  held for up to 24 hours.
                                      3-60

-------
     (c)   The three hospitals are State operated.  The number of full-time equivalent
practicing physicians is 8.7 in Kohala, 5 in Honoka'a, and 35.1 in Kona.

     (d)   Kohala Hospital is a 26-bed facility (10 acute care, and 16 long-term care),
which offers 24-hour emergency care as well as a  range of other medical services
including surgery.  Honoka'a Hospital has 35 beds (27 acute care^ and 8 long-term care),
and offers a range of medical services including surgery, child delivery, laboratory, and
emergency room.  The largest of the four hospitals is the Kona Hospital which serves
West Hawai'i, with 53 acute care and 22  long-term care beds.  All three hospitals have
been operating well  below their capacity, and there are currently no plans to  expand
facilities (Park; October 4, 1984).

10.3.4.3    Recreational Facilities

     (a)   Kohala and North  Kona  recreational  facilities  include golf courses,  tennis
courts, beaches, riding stables, historic sites, small boat harbors, and other facilities.
Their locations are shown on  Figure 111-16.  The County's  Samuel Spencer Beach Park
and the Hapuna  Beach State Recreation  Area are the principal  developed recreational
facilities in  the immediate  vicinity of the  WBR.   They offer  white sand beaches,
picnicking, camping, and restroom and parking facilities.  Other County beach parks are
located in  the  Kailua area  and at Mahukona,  Kapa'a, and  Keokea.   A large State
Historic Park is being developed  at Lapakahi in North Kohala.   At  Honokohau and
Kawaihae there  are small  boat harbors and ramps, and just south of Hapuna Beach is the
Puako Boat Ramp.  An electric boat hoist  is available at Mahukona.   A number of
additional recreational facilities are proposed for Kohala and North Kona in the Hawai'i
County Recreation Plan (Hawai'I, County of, Department of Parks and Recreation and
Planning Department; 1973).

     (b)   The  Waikoloa  Beach Resort  currently  has an  18-hole  championship golf
course and clubhouse, and at the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel  there  are tennis and
swimming facilities available to  guests.  The 'Anaeho'omalu Bay shoreline area includes
a white sand beach  and two  fishponds.   This area  has  been  extensively cleaned and
rehabilitated by  the developers of the WBR.  The two fishponds  have been restored and
restrooms,  showers, and parking for the public have been provided, making the  area a
popular beach for residents as well  as resort guests.

     (c)   Waiulua Bay and the  nearshore waters area fronting the Hyatt site are used
for fishing, diving, surfing, and hiking. Use of these waters  for fishing and diving seems
to have increased in popularity since the opening  of the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel,
probably because of improved access.  Both pole and throw  net  fishing occur In the
area; some of the more popular fish caught there are mullet, wowo, uhu, and 'oama.
According to Duncan (September 26, 1984), as many as one to two dozen people may use
Waiulua Bay  for some form of recreation  during the course of a sunny weekend day.
The diving that  occurs is often by  boat; it is done  at  night, as well as in  the day.
Surfing occurs just south of Waiulua Bay, where wave conditions are very favorable.

     (d)   In addition to  the ocean-related activities, hiking also occurs on portions of
old Hawaiian trails that are in the  area.  Waiulua Bay includes one segment of the Ala
Kahakai, a foot trail  that hugs the shoreline from Pu'ukohola to just south  of the
Keahole Airport. This segment is one of those hiked by such groups as the Kona Hiking
Club and Na Ala  Hele, as well as by informal  groups.   The anchialine ponds in the
shoreline area of the WBR, including the southern portion of the Hyatt site, are  visited
by many of the hikers and by others Interested in their  beauty  or uniaue biological
features.   These pools  also provide an  oasis  for the hikers;  providing water  In  an
emergency and a place to  rest  and cool off.
                                       3-61

-------
                                                'Upolu Point
                               Kapa'a Beach


                             Mahuk'ona Beach
                         Mahukona Boat Ramp'
                Lapakahi  State Historic Park
                                      Kohala High/Elen.
                                      School Playground

                                      Kamehameha Park
                                      Keokea Beach

                                      Camp Koapaka
                     Kawalhae Boat Harbor/Launching Ramp

                                     Sa«uel Spencer Beach
                                                          Kamehameha
                                                          Statue
          Hala'ula Elern.    _.
          School Playgrouhd
           alley
 Ironwood  X              fe
Outfitters J^Kahua Ranch *)
 Stables    Tp*vil1on     '
                                                                             District
                                                                             Park \ "-^Kahilu Hal
                         _
             Mauna Kea Beach
             Riding Stabl
                  aimeaJ'Jayground
  WAlMEA  f
     Waimea- Youth Center

Waimea  Rodeo \
Arena and Track:
                          Mauna Kea Beach Hotel Golf Course v
                                            Hapuna Beach
                                      Puako Boat R
                           Thelnaa
           Pu'ukohola Heiau  Parker
           National Park
                                                                                      Waimea Elem. /Intrmediate
                                                                                      Playground     I
                                          P*uo* Bay./
                                      HakaTwa Bay
                    Francis I'i  Brown !Golf Cours
             JHYATT  REGENCY
                          •Anteho'oiulu Bay
                                                Ualkoloa
                                                Beach Resort
                                                Golf Course
    Honokohau
Boat Harbor and


    Kailua District
 Kailua Bay Wharf and Ramp'
           Hulihe'e Palace"
               Hale Halawai
               Hillcrest Parkx
    Kamoa Point Historic Site

             White Sands Beach
           Kahalu'u Beach Park
    Kona at Keauhou Golf Course
         Figure  111-16       Recreational  Facilities in Kohala/N.  Kona  Region
                                                      3-62

-------
 10.3.4.4   Protective Services

      (a)   The Hawaf'i County Police Department  currently maintains  two police
 stations in the South and North Kohala region.  The  larger facility is at Waimea and
 consists of a modern station and jail structure which serves as headquarters for  a
 20-person full-time staff. The Kapa'au Police Station in North Kohala is housed in  a
 building that adjoins  the court .building and is  staffed by approximately  13 persons.
 Both police stations were constructed relatively recently, and there is room within the
 buildings for additional staff.

      (b)   Existing fire protection facilities  in  the South  Kohala district consist
 primarily of a County-operated fire station in Waimea, about 20 miles from the WBR.
 This station  has 24-hour staffing with a six-person crew and is equipped with pumper,
 water tanker, and  rescue van.  to supplement the Waimea station, the County has  a
 single fire truck, one-person facility in Kawaihae which is staffed only between 8 a.m.
 and 4p.m.  There are  also  two County fire trucks, one at  Puako and another at
 Waikoloa  Village,  manned  solely  by volunteers  (Yoshizumi; November 9,  1984).
 Additional fire protection capacity is provided by a privately owned fire truck at the
 Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, manned by volunteers.

 10.3.4.5   Transportation Facilities

      (a)   Highways;  Major  roadways in the West Hawai'i  resort region are shown on
 Figure II-1. Access to the Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR), as well as to the other major
 resort  projects within  the  Kohala  Coast  Resort  Region,  is provided  by  Queen
 Ka'ahumanu Highway.  Completed  in 1975, this 33-mile-long, two-lane, controlled-
 access State highway has a capacity of  2,000 vehicles per hour.  It links the major
 resort development along the coast with Keahole Airport and Kailua-Kona to the south
 and Kawaihae Harbor and the Waimea-Kawaihae Road to the north.  The Hawai'i Belt
 Road (MamaJahoa Highway) serves the upland areas of North Kona and South Kohala.
 Connections  between  Queen  Ka'ahumanu Highway and the Hawai'i Belt Road are
 provided by the Waimea-Kawaihae Road (located about eight miles north of the  WBR),
 Waikoloa Road (located just north of the WBR entrance road), Ka'imi Nani Street, also
 known as  the Kona Palisade Subdivision Road (located a short distance south of the
 Keahole Airport), and Palani Road at Kailua-Kona.

   _ ^   Airports;   Three  airports serve the Kohala coast resort region.  Two,
 Keahole and Kamuela, are operated by the State Department of Transportation.  The
 third, the recently  opened Waikoloa Airstrip,  is operated by Princevtlle Airways.  The
 Kamuela and Waikoloa facilities are used primarily  by commuter airlines and private
 aircraft, although daily jet  service  is still available between Kamuela and Honolulu.
 Keahole Airport is  located approximately 20 miles south of  the WBR.  It is served by
 all  three of the major  interisland air carriers, as well  as by several commuter airlines
 and air  cargo  companies.    In 1982, Ke5hole  Airport  handled over I.I  million
 passengers, and the number has  increased substantially since then.  Its 6,000-foot lonq
 runway  is adequate for the largest  interisland aircraft, and wide-bodied jet aircraft
 now fly directly to  the airport from  the West Coast. However,  the runway'is too short
 to permit these aircraft to take off with a full load of fuel; therefore, return fliqhts to
 the mainland must  proceed via General Lyman  Field in Hilo  or  Kahului  Airport on
 Maui, where the aircraft top off  their fuel tanks.

     (c)    Harbors; In 1959 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed Kawaihae
Harbor, which is  used primarily for inter-island barge service. Building materials,
consumer  goods,  and -equipment, as well as the provisions and supplies needed  to
                                      3-63

-------
operate the hotels In South Kohala and Kona, pass through the harbor  Harbor capacity
is considered ample to accommodate the expected long-term growth of West Hawa, i s
tourist industry.

10.3.4.6    Solid Waste Disposal

     The Kailua landfill is located near Kailua-Kona and will serve the North Kona and
South Kohala coastal  area until a planned new landfill site becomes operational.  The
County Sewers and Sanitation Bureau is considering a new landfill site which would be
located about 10 miles east of the Kona Village Resort, in the vicinity of Pu'uanahulu
The new site is expected to be operational in about  three  or  four years, and wou d
accommodate solid waste generated  by planned  resort development m South Kohala
(Sugiyama; September 20, 1984).  Refuse  generated by the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa
Hotel, the  golf course clubhouse, and other existing WBR facilities is currently being
collected by a privately contracted firm which trucks the. waste to the County-operated
Kailua-Kona  landfill.

 10.3.4.7   Water Supply

      (a)   A preliminary analysis  of municipal water supply problems and needs in the
South  Kohala District was completed by the Corps  of Engineers in I9P4.  Within the
South Kohala District water demand could  increase from 2.5 million gallons a day (mad)
to 20 mgd  by the year 2010.  The principal cause for increased demand is resort devel-
opment along the coast.  The present supply of 4.5 mgd would be increased to 17 mgd by
private development of groundwater.  The  development of groundwater is regulated by
the State of'Hawai'i,  Department of Land and Natural Resources,, Division of Water and
Land Development.  Approval from the State Department of  Health must  also be
obtained.

      (b)   The principal  sources of water in  the coastal region of  the South  Kohala
 District are  the  Lalamilo water system operated by  the County of Hawai'i,  and the
 private Waikoloa water system.

      (c)   The Waikoloa Water Co. owns  the wells, reservoirs, and primary transmis-
 sion mains that supply potable water to both Waikoloa  Village and  the Waikoloa Peach
 Resort. Waikoloa Resort Utilities owns the water distribution and sewer lines and the
 sewage treatment plant  (STP) that serve the Beach Resort.  Brackish water wells and
 effluent from  the STP provide the irrigation water for the Waikoloa Beach Resort golf
 course.

      (d)   The Waikoloa potable  water wells  serve the WBR as well as the  Waikoloa
 Village area, drawing from the Waikoloa aquifer, discovered in 1969. Parker wells Mo. 4
 and No. 5, located at the 1,200-foot level  nearly five miles inland from Puako Bay, tap
 high-quality water /?5 ppm chloride content versus chloride  levels  well above 200 ppm
 for most  wells in the region (Boise Cascade Home and Land Corp.; 1976:17977.  The
 storage capacity of the wai(
-------
      (f)    In  addition to  the two  potable  water wells,  the existinq water system
 includes a  one-million-gallon  (mg) capacity  reservoir near the wells,  a  transmission
 main connecting to a second reservoir of I.O-mg capacity located about a mile inland of
 Queen  Ka'ahumanu Highway.   The  lower reservoir  is connected  to the WBR  by a
 transmission main which enters the  resort complex at the intersection  of the  WBR
 entrance road  and the highway.  Inside the resort the main runs within the road right-
 of-way, terminating where the pavement now ends a few  hundred feet  south of the
 proposed Hyatt site.

      (g)    The average annual potable water sales by the Waikoloa Water Company
 over the last four years amounted to 0.66 mgd. About half of this was used within the
 Waikoloa Beach Resort, while  the remainder was consumed by residential and commer-
 cial users in the Waikoloa Village area.  This is well within the I.O-mgd capacity of the
 source  (two I.O-mgd capacity  wells, with one held on standby).  Water sales and  hotel
 occupancy data indicate that average water use by the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel
 is approximately 400 gallons per day per occupied unit.

      (h)    The two existing 18-hoIe  golf courses (one in the village area and the other
 in the WBR) are irrigated primarily with brackish  water from Waikoloa wells (two at
 lower elevations supplying the  WBR course, and one at the 800-foot  elevation supplying
 the  Village course).  Water from these  wells is not  of potable quality (the  chloride
 content exceeds  250  mg/l), but is satisfactory for  golf course irrigation.   Treated
 effluent is  mixed with the brackish water and provides part of the golf course irrigation
 water  requirements of approximately 0^5 mgd.  Two holding ponds for the effluent/
 brackish water mix (with capacities  of about 2.0 and 4.0 million aallons) are located
 within the resort golf course.

     (i)   The South Kohala District has always been known as a dry, water poor area.
 Water  for  the  coastal  communities at Puako  and  Kawaihae was previously obtained
 from surface impoundments in  Waimea/Kamuela. The  discovery of potable  groundwater
 at Waikoloa in J 969 fostered .the development of the County Lalamifo  groundwater
 system, that relieved the Waimea system of servicing the coastal area.  The discovery
 of sufficient groundwater to support development  opened the coastal area  for resort
 development allowing  the realization of County  plans for  the  area.. Under present
 County of Hawaii planning constraints for the region,  developers must prove that  they
 have sufficient water to support their  planned development in order to obtain County
 zoning and  building approvals.   As previously  indicated, the Waikoloa Water  System,
 when fully developed, has the capability of supporting a demand of 3-6 mgd.

 10.3.4.8  Wastewater Treatment and Disposal System

     Waikoloa  Resort Utilities, Inc. provides for the collection, treatment,  and disposal
 of Waikoloa Beach Resort wastewater.   The utility's treatment plant  is located 1,000
 feet south  of  the WBR entrance  road  intersection on the  inland side  of  Queen
 Ka'ahumanu Highway.   It  meets State  Department  of Health standards  for private
 wastewater  treatment facilities providing a secondary  level of treatment.  The primary
 units of the plant consist of an aerated lagoon, a clarifier,  and  a contact tank.  The
 State Department of Health has approved the use of effluent for irrigation  of the WRP
 golf  course.  The treated effluent flows  by gravity to the  golf course holding ponds,
W,M?,r^'t 'S m     with brack!sh water.   The existing wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP) has an average flow  capacity of  0.570 mgd.  In  1983 actual  flow ranaed
between 0.080 and 0.150 mgd.  The WWTP was designed so that it could be  expanded to
an average  flow  capacity of  2.330 mgd.   Existing sewaqe  pump station (SPS) peak
capacity is  1,600 gallons per minute (gpm), and the system was designed for a planned
capacity of 2,400 gpm.
                                      3-65

-------
10.3.4.9   Electrical Power

     Electrical power for Hawai'i Island is mainly from oil-fired turbines and diesels,
but bagasse-fired boilers at the island's sugar companies currently provide about one-
fifth of the Island's total generating capacity of 125,900 KW. The WRR is estimated to
currently use about one percent of this capacity.   Electrical power  to  the  WBRjs
supplied by the Hawai'i Electric Light Company (HELCO> through a 69-KV transmis-
sion line connected to the Waikoloa substation.  This is located on the inland side of
Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway along Waikoloa's southern boundary. The resort distribu-
tion system is through underground conduits, and these extend  to the end of the payed
section of the WBR entrance road (Ala Mhi) a few hundred feet south of the Hyatt site.
Current electrical power consumption  at the WBR  is estimated  to be about nsne
MWH/year.

10.3.4.10  Telecommunications

      Telephone service to the WBR is provided by the Hawaiian Telephone Company.
A telephone substation is  located on  the  south  side  of the resort's  wastewater
treatment plant, and a recently constructed Hawaiian Telephone radio station near the
Sheraton provides telephone service to the resort via microwave. Telephone lines  are
located underground in  conduits similar to those used for electrical power distribution
lines.  An empty conduit for cable television lines is also located within the road nqht-
of-way. These also currently terminate at the end of the paved section of Ala Mhi.
                                      3-66

-------
                                  CHAPTER IV

                       ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES
 I.   INTRODUCTION
      This chapter  discusses  the  environmental consequences of  the  alternatives
 described in Chapter II, and consists of eleven sections indicated below.
            Section
            Number
               2
               3
               4
               5
               6
               7
               8
               9
               10
               11
                Section Title
Introduction
Topographic and Oceanographic Alterations
Anchialine Ponds
Coastal Water Quality and Marine Resources
Historical and Cultural Properties
Vegetation, Birds and Terrestrial Wildlife
Socio-Economic Resources
Recreational  Resources and Activities
Public Services and Facilities
Air Quality
Noise
2-   TOPOGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC ALTERATIONS

2.1   THE LAGOON

      (a)   The proposed lagoon would be constructed in the inner bay and does  not
modify the  middle or outer zones of Waiulua Bay.  All  the  work is  confined  to  the
mtertidal, basalt flat of the inner bay.  The lagoon would deepen the inner bay and
would have a gradual sloping basalt bottom as depicted in  Figure H-4.  The sides of  the
lagoon would be constructed to maintain aesthetics (using natural rock) and to increase
wave attenuation insuring safe water conditions (Figure ll-5).  A shallow sill would be
left in place between the inner and middle bay to prevent the formation  of any tidal
rip currents that could be hazardous to swimmers or other lagoon users.

      (b)   The natural wave attenuation characteristics  of the outer and middle bay
would continue to protect the inner bay area and the proposed lagoon.  At present, the
relatively shallow water depth in the outer and middle bay (2 to 12 feet water depths),
the basalt sill separating the middle and outer bay, the right-angle bend into the inner
bay^and the basalt sill between the inner and middle bay act  as a natural  storm wave
barriers for the  inner bay.  The construction of  the shoreline berm  seaward of the
lagoon on the existing cobble shoreline would also protect the  lagoon from periodic
storm waves that normally overtop the natural shoreline.

    - (c)  The shoreline berm would be constructed using basalt rock, and is designed
to withstand storm waves based on an analysis of Sea Engineering,  Inc. (I9B4).  Flaure
II-10 provides some design details of the berm.   The shoreline berm would vary, in
elevation from mean sea level to +14 feet mean sea level.

-------
     (d)   In comparison to the  proposed  action,  Alternatives I, 2 and  3 could
accommodate a lagoon resulting in changes  similar to the proposed action, although
Alternative 3 would require some  redesign to accomodate the lagoon and health spa
and  sport facilities.   Alternatives  4  and  5 would  eliminate  the  lagoon, while
accommodating some  resort development.  Denial of the permit would eliminate the
lagoon and resort development as presently designed and planned, resulting in none ot
the changes discussed.

2.2   THE LAGOON RELATED TO TSUNAMI AND STORM WAVE HAZARDS

     (a)   The lagoon related  to  tsunami and storm  wave hazards.  The proposed
lagoon is not expected to increase  the susceptibility of the shoreline areas to tsunami
inundation.  However, the  construction  of damageable properties in the  lagoon, i.e.,
the foot bridges and bar, would increase potential tsunami and storm wave property
damages.  Storm waves may overtop the shoreline berm near the lagoon mouth, but
may not damage the berm.  Storm waves could damage the footbridges, but probably
not damage the amenities inside the lagoon.

     (b)   In comparison the proposed  action, Alternatives I, 2 and 3 have similar
effects.  Alternatives 4  and 5  eliminate the lagoon reducing amount of damaaeable
properties present in  the tsunami flood  hazard zone associated with the lagoon.  The
Denial and No-Action alternatives  maintain the status quo with no development.

2.3   FILLING RELATED TO TSUNAMI HAZARDS

     The proposed action and Alternatives I, 2, 3, 4 and 5 involve construction in the
tsunami inundation hazard zone.  AH the alternatives would use fill to raise the first
habitable floor above  the base flood  elevation, changing the existing ground elevation
from a variable -2 to +10  feet mean sea level (MSL) to an even +8 feet MSL.  Table
IV-1 compares the pond preservation sizes, since these coastal  areas ^are not filled.
Denial of the permit and the no action alternative results in no pond filling.
                                   Table IV-1

                     Coastal Areas Not Filled By Alternative
               No Action/Permit Denial
               Proposed Action
               Alternative I
               Alternative 2
               Alternative 3
               Alternative 4
               Alternative 5
124 acres
12 acres
14 acres
12 acres
39 acres
57 acres
12 acres
                                       4-2

-------
 3.   ANCHIALINE PONDS

 3.1   REDUCTION IN NUMBER, WATER SURFACE AREA, AND DIVERSITY

      (a)   A total of approximately 215 anchialine ponds are present on the WRP.
 About 15 of the ponds are located within the  existing 16.3-acre  preservation area
 around Ku'uali'i and Kahapapa fishponds (not the subject of the  permit application).
 The remaining  ponds, only 198 were surveyed (Oceanic  Institute,  ) 977,  1984), have a
 total water surface area of about 12 acres.

      (b)   The proposed action reduces the number of anchialine ponds on WRR from
 200 to 62 ponds resulting in a reduction of water surface area from 12 acres  to 3.4
 acres. This reduction represents a  69% decrease in the number of  ponds on the WBR
 and a 72% decrease in pond water surface area.  If pond water surface area is used as
 an  expression of pond aquatic habitat,  then  reduction in pond water surface area is
 considered equivalent  to a reduction in pond aquatic habitat.  A comparison of the
 number of ponds and  habitat available between alternatives is provided in Table IV-2.
 (Table II-1 also provides comparative information on anchialine  pond loss.)  Permit
 denial  and  the  No-Action Alternative does not  allow any pond filling at  WBR.
 Alternative 4 allows smaller  scale development  while disallowing filling of the most
 ponds at  WBR.  Alternative 3 reduces the number of the ponds at the WBR by 38%.
                                   Table IV-2
            Comparison of Anchialine Pond Number and Habitat Losses




Permit Denial (No Action)
Proposed Action
Alternative 1
Alternative 2
Alternative 3
Alternative 4
Alternative 5
Remaining
Number
of
Ponds
200
62
72
55
122
194
77


Percent
Loss .
0
69
64
72
38
2
60
Remaining
Habitat
Area
(Acres)
12.2
3.4
3.9
3.8
6.6
12.0
5.4


Percent
Loss
0
72
68
69
46
2
56
     (c)   Under the proposed action, the Waikoloa area would no longer have  the
greatest number, density and diversity of anchialine ponds in West Hawai'i and  the
State of Hawai'i.  A conservative estimate of the number of anchialine ponds in  the
State of Hawai'i is about 660 ponds.  (Because of the problems in enumeratina ponds,
i.e. problems in defining ponds  within a complex and in finding ponds in rugged terrain,
the total number of ponds in the State may be underestimated".) Based on ~660 ponds in
the State,  the  proposed project  could reduce the total  State resource by 21%.   A
comparison of anchialine pond  loss between alternatives in relation to the  total state
resource is provided in Table IV-3.  Only Alternatives 3 and 4 avoid filling a majority
of anchialine ponds at Waikoloa. An anchialine pond reduction of  18% would make  the
Waikoloa anchialine pond resource comparable in size to  other major pond clusters in
West Hawai'i.
                                     4-3

-------
                                   Table IV-3
     Estimate of Anchialine Pond Loss in Relation to Known Regional Resource


                                            (State)         (West Hawaii)
                                           Percent           Percent
                                          Reduction         Reduction
Permit Denial (No Action)
Proposed Action
Alternative 1
Alternative 2
Alternative 3
Alternative 4
Alternative 5
0
21
19
22
12
less than 1 %
18
0
23
*i t
i\
24
13
less than 1%
21
     (d)   The loss of anchialine ponds at WBR would contribute to the total decline
5n anchialine  pond resources in the State  of  Hawaii related to natural  aging  or
increased rates of  aging,  and to  degradation  by human activities, including  the
introduction of exotic fish.  The potential anchialine pond loss in areas outside of the
WBR, as a result of resort/urban development, occurs under Federal, State and County
regulatory control. Thus, the cumulative loss of ponds related to future development
is not easily predictable and can be regulated or controlled.  However, the spread of
exotic fish that has occurred in the West Coast of Hawaii is uncontrollable and a more
significant factor in cumulative anchialine pond ecosystem loss than development.

     (e)   Based  on  the comparison  in Table IV-4, permit denial  (no action)  and
Alternatives 4 and 5  would retain the greatest diversity of pond types at VRR.   1 he
proposed  action  and all  the  alternatives  include  representative  anchialine  pond
habitats in the preserved or unfilled areas, typically containing Schizothrix,  'opae'ula,
Metabetaeus,  Palaemon, and the snails, Assiminea and Melania.  Only permit denial
and  Alternatives  4  and 5 include the open tidal ponds  that  contain more  marine
species, including  the snail, Theodoxus, resulting in a greater diversity of organisms in
the unfilled ponds.

3.2   REDUCTION IN ANCHIALINE POND ORGANISMS

      (a)   Epigeal Organisms.  Filling the ponds eliminates the ponds as a water body
or an aquatic habitat.  The fill would kill and eliminate the epigeal  organisms, those
organisms preferring or requiring the sunlit pond habitat. These organisms include the
'opae huna, 'opae ehuna,  hapa wai, aholehole, o'opu, and the algae.  The loss could also
mean  the elimination of  species  ecotypes or variants;  however,  no  ecotypes  or
variants, e.g., the ecotype of 'opae huna in 'Opae'ula Pond,  have been  found in the
Waikoloa Ponds.  Although the brackish water aholehole (Kuhlia sp.) is present in some
ponds, the aholehole  is a common  element of West Hawaii  anchiaTfne ponds.  The pond
and aquatic habitat loss percentages in Table IV-2 represents a comparison of epigeal
organism loss at Waikoloa.

      (b)   Hypogeol Organisms.  The hypogeal organisms, the 'opae'ula and Metabe-
taeus  lohena, would also suffer  a  reduction  in  population,  but would not entirely
disappear!    Brock   (1985)  hypothesized  that  the  reduction  in hypogeal resource
abundance may be offset by the ability of the organisms to survive underground in the
                                       4-4

-------
                          Table IV-4

                  Comparison of Pond Diversity
        Alternative
Permit Denial (No Action)


The Proposed Action


Alternative I


Alternative 2


Alternative 3


Alternative 4


Alternative 5
  Types of Ponds Preserved at WPR

 Open/Closed Ponds
 Vegetated/Unvegetated Ponds

 Closed Ponds
 Vegetated Ponds

 Closed Ponds
 Vegetated/Unvegetated Ponds

 Closed Ponds
 Vegetated/Unvegetated Ponds

 Closed Ponds
 Vegetated/Unvegetated Ponds

 Open/Closed Ponds
" Vegetated/Unvegetated Ponds

 Open/Closed Ponds
 Veaetated/Unveaetated Ponds
                              4-5

-------
subterranean water table for extended periods of time, despite the modification of the
surface and the filling of ponds. Man's ability to assess the actual  impact on hypogeal
organisms is  restricted by the inability to adequately sample the hypogeal resource.
Brock (1985)  hypothesized  that the ponds represent significant points of high  benthic
productivity  relative to the subterranean water table.  The shrimp appear  to  take
advantage  of the ponds as  loci  for  food  resource, such  that  ponds  number  may
represent a carrying capacity of the resources found in the area.  Thus, the worst loss
of hypogeal  resource  could  be represented  by  the percent losses in Table  IV-2.
However, casual observations (Brock 1985; Corps of Engineers, 1985) indicate that the
losses could be less than the  percent losses in Table IV-2.  For example, an anchialine
pond has re-established itself in a previous algae quarry and borrow areas on the WBF.
The  re-established pond  is  complete  with  the Schizothrix,  'opae'ula,  Metabetaeus
lohena,  Assiminea, Melania, sedges and Bacopo.  In another borrow area, 'opae'ula were
observed foraging amongst the cobble and gravel size rocks, despite the flat, ripped,
bulldozed terrain and flooding only during high tide.   In previously bulldozed and
compacted areas, excavated  holes that penetrated the water table were colonized by
'opae'ula within 10-14 days indicating that the hypogeal organisms could possibly move
into  newly created ponds  from adjacent ponds, or are present in the  subterranean
water table  appearing  in  the  ponds or excavated  holes as opportunistic  feeders or
colonizers (U.S. Army Corps  of Engineers, 1985).  These observations suggest that the
ground  porosity may be the key  to the survival of hypogeal species.   Some motile
organism avoid fill activities by migrating underground to ponds within the preserva-
tion area.

     (c)   The applicants' foundation  report  indicates that the whole WBR is highly
porous  (15-25% voids  in  the first 30  feet) suggesting that  the  available hypogeal
habitat  is abundant throughout the region.   The geographical extent of the hypogeal
resource at Waikoloa (Figure 111-12) suggests  that the resource has the  capability of
moving  great distances underground  through the highly  porous  lava substrate.  The
presence of opea'ula in an anchialine  pond in  the golf course 3500 feet  from  the
shoreline and main cluster of ponds and in a man-made irrigation  well, 60 feet below
ground  level, 4000 feet from the shoreline near Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway,  demon-
strates  hypogeal  organisms'  ability to  migrate  over great  distances or demonstrates
the potential vastness of  the underground resource.  Brock (1985) hypothesized  that
hypogeal organisms can occur  through  much of the coastal water table based on the
appearance of the organisms  (principally 'opae'ula)  in drilled wells,  sinkholes and
excavated irrigation wells elsewhere in Hawaii.

     (d)   While  the hypogeal  habits make population sizes or geographic distribution
measurements extremely difficult and expensive, Brock (1985^ hypothesized that the
hypogeal may be  able to survive the destruction of surface  exposures, i.e., the ponds,
by retreating to underground habitats.  Maciolek (1983, in Rrock 1985) noted that the
hypogeal habitats of the red shrimp could explain their disjunct distributions in  that
their distribution  may be restricted to  man's inability to collect adequate samples in
difficult to sample  habitats.  At the  present  time, the 'opae'ula and Metobetaeus
lohena are  the only hypogeal shrimp species known  to occur at Waikoloa.  These two
shrimp  species are also common  in  anchialine pond habitats found ?n  the State of
Hawaii.

     (e)   The grouting and  filling of voids under the building footings (see Table  II- P
reduces the availability of underground interstitial space,  reducing the underground
habitat  for hypogeal organisms by an amount equal to the amount  of void space filled
with grout.  The larger voids filled with rock  would continue to provide some habitat
space for hypogeal organisms.  The reduction would probably not have any significant
                                       4-6

-------
Impact oh the  underground distribution of the hypogeal  resource at Waikoloa due to
the limited nature of the grouting and filling activity.  Smaller voids that are not filled
would continue to provide interstitial habitat for the hypogeal organisms.  This impact
would occur  with any structure whose footings extends below sea  level.  Only  the
permit denial and no action alternative would have no loss of interstitial space.

     (f)    With respect to the anchialine ponds in the Cape Kina'u, Waul, and Manuka,
Hawai'i,  Natural Area  Reserves  and  those at  Wainapanapa State  Park,  a pond
preservation  area at  Waikoloa increases the amount  of anchialine ponds and related
organisms found in protected reserves.  A preservation area  at the WRR would be  the
second reserve on the island of Hawaii.  Unless anchialine habitats are found at other
State parks or the Volcano National Park on Hawaii, the  Corps foresees no  other
reserves  with anchialine ponds being created in the near  future. Table IV-3 indicates
that Alternatives 3 and  k save more of the total State resource than the proposed
action and the remaining alternatives.

3.3   SPREAD OF EXOTIC FISH

     (a)    Permit denial and no action would avoid filling any ponds within the WRR
and avoid any loss of anchialine pond organisms due to filling. However, permit denial
and no action do not protect or preserve  the anchialine ponds at Waikoloa over  the
long-term.  As previously discussed  in Chapter  II  and Chapter 111, biological degrada-
tion of anchialine ponds  has occurred in many West Hawai'i anchialine ponds  because
of increased human access and activity in and around anchialine ponds, particularly  the
introduction of exotic fish.  For example,  Brock (1985) relates finding dead and dried
rare eels,  Gymnothorax hiloriis, at Warkoloa as  a  result  of fishing  in the ponds
following improved  road access to the Waikoloa ponds.   Recent surveys (Oceanic
Institute, 1985; Brock  1985) indicate that the presence and distribution of exotic fish
have increased while the presence and distribution of 'opae'ula, hapa wai, 'opae huna
and  Metabetaeus  lohena has  decreased.   Bathing,  toilet  facilities, fishing,  trash
disposal have contributed to anchialine pond degradation, even though the ponds seem
to withstand a certain level of human intrusion  (Brock, 1985), i.e., 'opae'ula  occurring
amongst  trash in ponds and In ponds used for bathing with soaps.  In comparison, filling
and excavation activities eliminate ponds as water bodies, while biological agents  and
other human  activities allow the ponds to  exist as water bodies.  However,  the ponds
would not be a habitat for native Hawaiian  anchialine organisms.

     (b)    In  ponds  containing  exotic fish,  Brock  (1985) hypothesized  that  the
hypogeal organisms, 'opae'ula and Metabetaeus lohena, may be hiding in the subterra-
nean water table waiting for  a chance  to forage in the ponds.  Under this hypothesis,
removal  of the  fish  may encourage recolonization by hypogeal organisms.  To date,
tests have  been conducted to restore any ponds that contain exotic fish.  Shrimp have
been observed in crevices out of reach of fish, suggesting  that restoration by removing
fish is possible.  Brock (1985)  also hypothesized that the disappearance of the hypogeal
organisms may also result in long-lasting ecological changes that alter the  nature of
the anchialine  pond ecosystem, such  that the habitat would no  longer  support  the
native organisms. By comparison, excavating holes in  previously filled ponds creates a
pond  water  body that  is  soon  colonized by  hypogeal organisms, suggesting that
restoration of filled areas is also possible.

     (c)    In any event, the  loss  of native anchialine pond organisms as a result of
unregulated human activities and the introduction of exotic  fish has  occurred with or
without the proposed action or Corps regulatory action.  Thus, the spread of exotic
fish and  degradation of anchialine  ponds  due  to human presence and activities  are
                                       4-7

-------
expected to continue under all alternatives, including the  No-Action Alternative or
Permit Denial.  In  this regard, a pond preservation management program  under the
proposed action and Alternatives I, 2, 3 and 5, would regulate human activities and
access to the unfilled ponds at  WBR.  However, this protection and management does
not extend to other ponds outside  the WBR.  The proposed management plan would
allow for systematic scientific research and data  recovery  for understanding anchia-
line pond ecology, surveillance, education and remedial activities supported  by private
funding.  If implemented, the preserved, WBR anchialine  ponds would be the only
actively studied and managed anchialine ponds  in West Hawai'i or the State of Hawaii.
However, data recovery and scientific research  opportunities, as well as regulation and
control of human activities in and round the WBR anchialine ponds, would occur only
as a result of a  loss of some anchialine ponds (Table IV-2).   Under Alternative 4, the
Corps speculates that management plan would be revised  because so few  ponds are
filled and since incentives for the applicants funding of the program may be reduced.

3.4   CONSEQUENCE OF FILL ON ANCHIALINE  POND WATER QUALITY

     (a)   The  Proposed Action  and  Alternatives  I,  2,  3 and  5 all  involve  the
discharge of fill into anchialine ponds.  Volcanic basalt  material from the existing lava
fields would be  used  to fill  anchialine  ponds at WBR.  The  fill  would essentially
eliminate the filled ponds as open water bodies.  The basalt  material  is  naturally
occurring  lava rock,  the same lava rock  that form the sides and bottoms  of the
anchialine ponds. The lava rock is not expected to contain  contaminants because the
material  would be obtained from  undeveloped or  unused, natural  lava fields,  not
located in areas downstream from known sources of contaminants.

     (b)   The volcanic, basalt, fill material would be free of domestic, industrial or
other controllable sources of pollutants, including:

     o    Materials that will  settle to form objectionable sludge or bottom  deposits.

     o    Floating debris, oil, grease, scum or other floating materials.

     o    Substances in amounts sufficient to produce taste or odor  in the water or
          detectable  off flavor in the  flesh of fish, or  in amounts  sufficient to
          produce objectionable color, turbidity  or other conditions in the receiving
          waters.

     o    High, temperatures; biocides;  pathogenic  organisms; toxic,  radioactive,
          corrosive  or other  deleterious  substances at  levels or  in  combination
          sufficient to be toxic or harmful to human, animal, plant or aquatic life, or
          in amounts sufficient to  interfere with  beneficial uses of the water.

     o    Substances or conditions or combinations thereof in concentrations which
          produce undesirable aquatic life.

     o    Soil particles resulting from erosion on land involved in earthwork, such as
          the construction of public  works;  highways; subdivisions;  recreational,
          commercial, or  industrial  developments; or the cultivation  and manage-
          ment of agricultural lands.

      (c)   The  basalt fill is not expected to release  any contaminants or  pollutants
into  the groundwater and is not expected to contain  contaminants that would cause
one  organism  to out-compete another.  Thus, no contaminants from  the fill are
expected to migrate from the filled ponds to the unfilled ponds.
                                       4-8

-------
      (d)   No potable water  source  is impacted by the fill activities, because the
groundwater is too saline for use as a potable wafer supply.  Potable water sources for
the  area are  located  5-7 miles inland at  elevations of  about  1000  feet  and are
hydrologically upstream and isolated of the WBR anchialine ponds.

      (e)   Based on observations of anchialine ponds adjacent to road  and construc-
tion fills within the WBR and  on construction and operational constraints around the
pond preservation area, the  discharge of fill and subsequent raising of the ground
elevation are not expected to increase sedimentation  in the remaining ponds.  The fill
is not expected to migrate into the water table to fill other ponds  or clog the voids.
This conclusion is based upon the lack of  soil movement on golf courses at the V'RR
and  Mauna Lani  Resorts  that  are constantly watered.   The fill is not expected to
impact 'opae'ula  in  unfilled ponds, based upon  the  presence of  'opae'ula  in ponds
adjacent to existing  road fills at the WBR.

      (f)   The proposed action and Alternatives  I, 2, 3, 4 and 5 involve the discharge
of fill into the anchialine  ponds.  Under the  proposed action, the applicants estimate
that approximately  12,000 cubic yards of basalt material would fill  136 anchialine
ponds on WBR.  The Alternatives I, 2, 3, 4 and 5 require less fill  material to fill the
ponds.  Permit denial and the No-Action alternative do not  authorize the discharge of
fill material.

3.5   CONSEQUENCE OF FILL ON GROUNDWATER

      (a)   Two types of filling would  be used under the Proposed Action and Alterna-
tives 1, 2,  3 and 5.   The first involves  surface leveling  and  compaction  where  a
bulldozer rolls over  the terrain pushing material  from high  spots into low spots.  The
second  is related to the  grouting and filling  of voids under  the building  footings.
Permit denial and  the No-Action alternative  do not involve  the discharge of fill
material in either case.

      (b)   Surface leveling and compaction is not expected to interfere with ground-
water  flow,  salt  water intrusion or groundwater tidal fluctuation.  The fill  would
consist of rocks  pushed from high spots into the ponds or ripped lava rock.   Because
voids would exist in the course lava rockfill, hypogeal organisms will continue to be
able to utilize the interstitial, subterranean  water, similar to conditions  observed in
previously quarry and borrow areas and excavated holes in previous filled areas at the
WBR.   The fill  does  not  form an impenetrable well that  would obstruct saltwater
intrusion or the seaward flow of basal water.  The fill would not alter the nature of the
brackish water lens  which  is hydrologically dependent upon  rainfall at high elevations
and the intrusion of seawater from the ocean.

     (c)   Grouting and filling voids  for the building footing would reduce the voids
under the proposed building site. The grout would be considerably more dense (less
voids) than the fill or the surrounding  substrate.  Backfilling large voids  with volcanic
basalt utilizing rocks as large as 12"  in diameter would also reduce void space, but
maintains  interstitial habitat  for hypogeal organisms  in  comparison to grouting.
However, the grout would not eliminate  voids under the  building footings.   While
neither the grouting or filling of voids would prevent  saltwater intrusion  or  tidal
fluctuation of the groundwater under  the  buildings, the  reduction  in voids could
obstruct and divert groundwater flow.
                                       4-9

-------
     (d)   Under the Proposed Action and Alternatives  I, 2, 3 and 5 groundwater flow
into  Waiulua Bay could be deflected into the  pond preservation area (Figure IV-!).
Because of the hydraulic head and voids under  the buildings, some groundwater would
continue to flow under the buildings into the lagoon and Waiulua Pay, but the flow
could be less than the estimated 0.5 mgd that presently enters Waiulua Ray.  Under
Alternative 4, ponds located directly seaward of the hotel structures may experience
increases  in water  salinity, but the principal groundwater flow routes would remain
unaffected (Figure IV-1).  Preliminary salinity measurements seaward of the Sheraton
Royal  Waikoloa (Corps of Engineers,  1985)  indicate that groundwater leakage  into
Ku'uali! Pond still  occurs despite  the grouting and  filling  for  the hotel  footing,
suggesting that the building footings may not significantly obstruct groundwater flow
patterns in the area.  The permit denial and No-Action  Alternative would not involve
grouting and filling voids for building footings.

     (e)   Since the organisms in the open ponds are principally marine, increases in
water salinity should not have any serious consequences.  Since the hypogeal organisms
tolerate a wide range of salinities  (Brock, 1985),  any change in water salinity is  not
expected to have any serious consequence on their survival. The possible deflection of
groundwater flow toward the pond preservation  area in the proposed action  and
Alternatives I, 2 and 3 could increase the pond flushing rates.

3.6  LAGOON CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION CONSEQUENCES ON
     ANCHIALINE PONDS  .

     (a)   Excavating the lagoon in the proposed  action and Alternatives  I, 2 and 3,
would  destroy  17 individual ponds,  most  of  which are  the open  ponds.  The lagoon
would  create one large water body, similar to the high  tide condition in the open
ponds, except that the lagoon  would persist as a large, deep water body in comparison
to the natural condition. Alternatives 4, 5 and permit denial eliminates the  lagoon.

     (b)   Lagoon construction would probably destroy the organisms presently found
in the  anchialine ponds encompassed by the lagoon.  Since the marine species found in
the  open  anchialine ponds are commonly found in Hawaiian  estuaries and nearshore
waters, some of the species may  re-establish themselves in the lagoon. The 'opae'ula,
characteristic of the closed anchialine  pond  environment, do not occur in most of the
 17 ponds,  and are not expected  to appear in the  lagoon.  The presence of ^the^ glass
shrimp, hapawai, gobies and  blennies may be reduced, although  recolonization is
anticipated. The presence of marine fish and  marine snails may increase  if surfaced
relief  is provided for habitat diversity.  Coral colonization may be hindered by variable
water salinities.  The addition  of  the sand beach at  the head  of  the lagoon  may
encourage colonization by a few sand dwelling organisms.

      (c)    The applicants propose to flush the lagoon by pumping  5.6 million gallons a
day of seawater into the lagoon.  The seawater would  be extracted from  a  shoreline
well drilled to 80-100 feet depths.  At a pumping rate of 4000 gallons per minute, the
drawdown is expected to be one foot or less.  With the  hydrologlc gradient toward the
ocean  and being located 900-1300 feet  from the  lagoon, pumping operation is not
expected  to affect groundwater flow or elevation in the  pond preservation area,
particularly with the  withdrawal of seawater so  close  to the shore and the possible
 deflection of groundwater flow into the preservation area.

      (d)    The lagoon would  increase seawater  intrusion inland around  the lagoon
since the distance between the ocean and inland areas would be reduced.  The change
 is not expected to alter water salinity  in the  anchialine pond preservation areas
                                      4-10

-------
                                           GROUNDWATER
      HYATT REGENCY WAIKOLOA
             HOTEL  SITE
                                                 POST CONSTRUCTION
                                                   SHIFT OF GROUND
                                                     WATER FLUX,
     AREA OF NO
    QROUNDWATER
     • INFLUENCE
                                   xcavotedogoon
                                  (brings shoretni
                                   inland)
Boundory of  .
Anchiolini   '
Pond Preser- I
votion Area
         \
         \
                                    REGION OF
                                     HIGHER
                                    SALINITY
   REGION OF
  LITTLE OR NO
SALINITY CHANGE
   REGION OF
8UQHTLY LOWER
    SAUNITY
HYATT SITE FOUNDATION WORK
        Probe and grout foundations;
        number Indicates depth of influence
       Over-excavated area (parking and,
I  \   \ tennis courts)-will not significantly
       effect grounawoter movement
                Figure IV-1   Expected  Post-Construction Changes to Groundwater  Salinity

-------
created under the proposed plan or Alternatives I, 2 and 3 because the hydraulic head
and seaward flow of groundwater through the preservat.on area would Counteract any
saltwater intrusion.  Secondly, the possible deflection of groundwater toward^the pond
preservation  area would also tend to reduce salinity in the pond preservation area.
Alternatives 4 and 5 eliminate the lagoon and any impacts associated with it.

3.7  CONSEQUENCES OF OTHER RESORT CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
     ACTIVITIES ON ANCHIALINE PONDS

     (a)   The proposed action and all the alternatives, including permit denial and
no-action, have the potential to cause indirect impacts on the ponds.  Development
around the pond and inland of the ponds increases the threat of groundwater pollution
from leaking sewer lines, fertilization, petrochemical spills, herbicides, pesticides, and
other urban  pollutants.  If these pollutants  reach the  ponds in sufficient quantities,
they could poison  the aquatic  organisms  or cause long-term degradation of water
quality,  possibly changing the aquatic  community.  Increased human activity in the
development could result in the introduction of exotic fish,  trash and other foreign
material into the ponds.

     (b)   Under the proposed  action,  the agreed-upon pond management plan would
provide pond maintenance to reduce trash potential, would regulate human activities
to protect ponds from human introduced species, would monitor pond quality and  its
ecosystem so  that practical remedies could  be  undertaken for  any  man derived
degradation.  The pond management plan also provides for sensitive development and
management of upland areas, as well as education of the resort employees, visitors and
residents.  The Corps and the  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service would  expect that a
similar management plan would  be required as part of Alternatives I, 2 and 3.

      (c)   Based upon observations at existing ponds surrounded by development and
human  activities,  decreases in pond  water  salinity  were  detected  toaether  with
substantial increases  in nitrate, ammonium and phosphate concentrations m oonds at
Waikoloa following construction and operation of the  golf course (Oceanic Institute
 1977;  August  1984).  The decrease in  water salinity could be related to golf course
irrigation. The irrigation contributes to groundwater recharge increasing the ground-
water head  and flow in the irrigated area.   The increased head reduces seawater
intrusion resulting in a reduced water salinity in  nearshore ponds.  Belt  Collins and
Associates (1985) estimated that groundwater  recharge could increase by 0.8 mgd with
 an increase of golf course irrigation from 1.4 mgd to 2.8 mgd.  The increased recharge
 could increase groundwater flow beneath the WBR from an estimated 4 mgd to 6 mgd.
 The increased use of sewage effluent for irrigation could increase nitrogen concentra-
 tions in the groundwater from  0.011 milligrams/liter (mgl) to 8.1  mgl, and phosphorus
 concentrations from 0.0008 mgl to 0.5 mgl.

      (d)  Despite the significant increases in nutrient levels in the groundwater and
 the ponds, no obvious adverse  effect on the anchialine pond assemblages have been
 observed (Oceanic  Institute, 1984).  Brock (1985) in studies of Mauna Lani ponds was
 unable to detect any negative  impact  directly attributable to construction or subse-
 quent  use of the  surrounding terrain.  Water clarity and  benthic algal abundance
 remained unchanged  from a preconstruction  survey (Maciolek and Brock,  1974),  13
 years earlier. Water exchange rates may be primarily responsible the maintenance of
 the pond habitat (Oceanic Institute, 1984).   Since water nutrient concentrations  are
 not factors  limiting phytoplankton, algal or plant growth, the low water residence time
 may be  limiting the  organisms ability to assimilate the nutrients.  As noted by  the
 Oceanic Institute, many ponds  are totally dry at low tide, and pond water volumes in
                                       4-12

-------
 "typical"  ponds can increase and decrease significantly during each tidal cycle.  This
 high rate of water exchange resulting in quick flushing and low water residence times
 may explain the lack of algal  blooms in the anchialine ponds at Waikoloa.  While
 changes in anchialine pond communities related to water quality are presently difficult
 to detect, causal observations suggest that development and land uses do not have an
 immediate, near-term  deleterious effect in  comparison to human  introduction of
 exotic  fish.  Secondly, as long  as flushing rates  remain the same or do not change
 substantially, anchialine communities would probably continue to  exist in  the pond
 habitats.   Any increased  groundwater flow through the pond preservation area would
 also contribute to pond flushing,  as well as convey nutrients to the ponds.

 4.   COASTAL WATER QUALITY AND MARINE RESOURCES

     Neither the proposed  action  nor  the alternatives  involve work in the marine
 waters  offshore  or in  middle or  outer  Waiulua  Bay.  The lagoon construction  is
 confined to the intertidal, basalt flat in the inner bay, and anchialine pond fillinq  is
 confined to landlocked ponds without any direct connection with the ocean.

 4.1   LAGOON CONSTRUCTION CONSEQUENCES ON WATER QUALITY AND
     MARINE RESOURCES

     (a)   Under the proposed  action and Alternatives I,  2  and 3, approximately
 40,000 CY of basalt  material would be excavated to deepen inner Waiulua  Pay and
 create the lagoon.  A temporary berm would be constructed  across the mouth of the
 inner bay to isolate the  work area  from the middle bay and confine any turbid waters
 to the excavation site.  The use of the temporary berm to reduce, control or minimize
 sedimentation in  middle Waiulua Bay is considered the best degree of treatment and
 control  of turbidity and sedimentation in this type of situation.  The lagoon increases
 the open water area from 3.5 acres to 5.5 acres.

     (b)   The temporary berm  would be constructed using volcanic basalt material
 free of contaminants,  similar  to  previous discussions on basalt  fill material  into
 anchialine ponds. The berm would be similar to two previous unauthorized fills in the
 same area, except that an impervious membrane would be placed on the landward face
 of the  berm to confine  the  turbid  waters  to the excavated lagoon.  The discharge of
 volcanic basalt  material would not result in a discharge of any contaminant that would
 chemically, physically or  biologically alter the bay  water quality.  While the berm
 would minimize water flow  between inner and middle Waiulua Bay, water exchange
 cannot be totally prevented. Once the temporary berm  is removed, the free ebb and
 flow of the tide would occur  between the lagoon and middle Waiulua Bay.

     (c)   Construction  and removal  of  the  temporary  berm  would  result  in  a
temporary increase in water  turbidity. Berm removal  would allow any turbid waters in
the lagoon to flow into  Waiulua Bay on the outgoing tide.  Based upon field observa-
 tions of the removal of two unauthorized fills across the mouth of inner Waiulua Bay in
 1974 and  1984,  the temporary berm could be constructed and removed in one day.  The
turbid waters from berm construction and removal would flow into middle Waiulua  Bay
with the outgoing tide,  but  would  not be  visible for more than a day.  On incoming
tides, the  turbid waters would be confined to the  newly excavated lagoon.   This
phenomenon would occur twice each day.  In relation to the existing turbid conditions
 in  middle Waiulua Bay, the temporary turbidity related to  berm" construction  and
removal is not considered significant.
                                     4-13

-------
     (d)   The inner bay is practically devoid of coral  growth and is heavily silted
naturally, possibly due to precipitated calcite from the groundwater.  Any basalt srlt
introduced into the middle bay by  berm  construction  or  removal would not alter
conditions in middle bay.  Turbulent water in the outer bay would tend  to  prevent
sedimentation stress, if any, related to berm construction and removal.  Juvenile and
adult fish  are expected to  colonize the new lagoon, which  would serve as a  nursery
area similar  to the original inner  bay.   Corals  may not establish themselves in the
euryhaline environment.

4.2  LAGOON OPERATION CONSEQUENCES ON COASTAL WATER RESOURCE

     (a)   The excavated lagoon would  be a new water body having its  own water
quality characteristics in comparison with the middle bay. Both the lagoon  and middle
bay are expected to be stratified with the leakage of groundwater along the shoreline.
This stratification  may be  less with  the deflection of the groundwater  by the hotel
lobby/restaurant structure.  With the sill  between the inner and middle bay, the lagoon
bottom layer would not  turnover and flush in the stratified systern.  The applicants
propose to discharge 5.6 mgd of seawater pumped from  the ground into the lagoon to
insure adequate flushing.  Since the well  water would be seawater, the applicants  have
indicated that  the  discharge should be essentially the same as coastal waters.  Belt,
Collins and Associates indicated water quality in Waiulua Bay,  based on limited data,
presently meets or exceeds Class  AA  standards for  Waiulua Bay established by the
State of Hawaii.

      (b)   The discharge of sand into the  lagoon waters is  not expected  to  degrade
water  quality.  The sand would be used to create a beach in an artificial basin adjacent
to Waiulua Bay.  The sand  is expected to be naturally  occurring sand obtained from a
source removed free from sources  of contaminants. The sand  is expected to be 85%
calcareous in origin and  coarse  to medium grain size.  Some  temporary turbidity is
expected during initial sand placement and during any  replenishment of  the beach.
The sand is not expected to contain nutrients or organic material that could  degrade
water quality.  The sand is expected to be free of:

      o    Material that would settle to form objectionable sludge or bottom deposits.

      o    Floating debris,  oil, grease, scum or other floating materials.

      o    Substances in amounts sufficient to produce taste or odor  in the water or
           detectable off flavor in flesh of fish, or in amounts sufficient  to  produce
           objectionable color, turbidity or other conditions  in the  receiving waters.

      o    High  temperatures;  biocides;  pathogenic  organisms;  toxic  radioactive,
           corrosive,  or  other deleterious  substances at  levels or  in combination
           sufficient to be toxic or harmful to human, animal, plant,  or aquatic  life,
           or in amounts sufficient to interfere with any  beneficial use of the water,

      o    Substances or conditions or  combinations  thereof in concentrations which
           produce undesirable aquatic life.

      o    Soil particles  resulting from  erosion on land involved in earthwork, such as
           the  construction  of  public  works,   highways,  subdivisions;  recreational,
           commercial or industrial developments; or the cultivation and management
           of agricultural lands.
                                       4-14

-------
      (c)   Recreational  use of the  lagoon waters by humans is expected to increase
 bacterial levels, trash, and body and suntan oil in the lagoon waters.  The applicants
 intend  to  monitor  lagoon   water quality  so that safe  swimming  conditions are
 maintained and pumping rates adjusted as necessary.  Resort employees would remove
 any trash on a daily or more frequent basis.

      (d)   Development  of  inland areas  could influence the quality of  groundwater
 discharging naturally into coastal waters. Estimates of increased nutrient discharges
 into  nearshore waters resulting from operation of the  Waikoloa  Beach  Resort  were
 discussed  in  the  environmental  impact statement prepared for the  resort  and
 submitted to the County of Hawai'i in 1976 by the Boise  Cascade Home and Land Corp.
 Leaking sewer lines and excess landscape fertilization  were identified  as potential
 nutrient sources, and the extent to which  these would increase nutrient concentrations
 in coastal waters was estimated. The report concluded that:


      The  extent  of dilution  (by  ocean  water) will eliminate any sianificant
      effect of all these constituents with  the possible exception of nitrogen.
      The background  level of nitrogen in coastal waters is not wed established
      — it may be anywhere from  0.02  to  0.16  mg/l  and quite  likely  is  not
      constant. The addition of nitrogen from the project through  the basal lens
      may  increase the average coastal water concentration by as much as 0.03
      mg/l in  the nearshore  surface waters.  In localized areas  of significant
      basal water discharge into calm waters, the nitrogen level will be increased
      by more than this (Boise Cascade Home and Land Corporation, 1976:285).


      (e)   The proposed  resort development  is another  potential source of nutrients,
 but Oceanic Institute's scientists believed  that wave action and currents would result
 in rapid mixing as soon as the groundwater enters  the ocean so  that coastal water
 quality would be maintained.

      (f)   Following  lagoon  construction,   naturally  flowing groundwater  would
 discharge into the proposed lagoon  rather than at the  existing shoreline.  The edge of
 the basal lens (which is already quite brackish in this area) would  move inland to the
 rnauka  side of the lagoon.  The well supplying the  lagoon would  draw from a zone
 beneath _the lens so that the cone of drawdown around it would not produce significant
 further intrusion of saltwater.  The existing wells nearest the lagoon supply "brackish
 water to the Waikoloa Beach Resort golf course, and  are approximately one  mile
 inland from the proposed lagoon and well.  No measurable increase in the saltiness of
 this well water is expected as a result of the operation of the lagoon well.  The nearest
 potable water wells are located approximately seven miles away near Waikoloa Village
 at an elevation of 1,200 feet.  These potable water wells would not be affected by the
 slight change in the boundary of the basal lens at the shoreline.

      (g)   Stormwater runoff to the ocean — even  during the region's most intense
 storms  — is essentially nil at present because the rainwater can percolate downward
 through the extremely permeable  'a'a and pShoehoe  lava more rapidly than it falls.
 Any  development on the ponds or  inland would require the importation of soils  for
 landscaping,  and the addition of  impervious surfaces such as roads,  buildings,  and
 parking areas has the potential to decrease  permeability.

      (h)   The permeability of the  topsoil  likely to be used in landscaping the resort is
at least 2 inches per hour.  Even if  it is compacted by heavy foot traffic across lawn
areas, the permeability would remain 0.5 inch per hour or greater.  Measurable runoff
                                      4-15

-------

             sr?      ai'
rfmel per year? ^This Suggests  that  storm  runoff  changes resulting  from resort
development are likely to be limited.

     (?)   The resort development would involve covering approximately 40 percent
of the ground surf ace within the Hyatt site with buildings, paving, or other 'mpermea-
be surfaces.  Roughly 50 percent of the developed area would be landscaped, while _ 1 0
percent woud be covered by the proposed lagoon, waterways, or other materials that
Sd not generate surface runoff. Based on the foregoing, average annual runoff
Tom the coastd parcels is expected to be on the order of  130,000 gallons per acre per
year. The great majority of this would be captured by the on-s.te drainage system and
dSosed "of in dry wells/Some increase in the volume of stormwater entering coastal
waters as the result of direct overland flow into the  lagoon  and Waiulua Bay is to be
expected but this would average  no more than three or four  million gallons per year.
To'pul [this T into pers^ctive, this  annual discharge is roughly equivalent to the amount
of groundwater which now enters fnT^ean each day along th.s stretch of coastlme.

4.3   POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON MARINE ANIMALS

      (a)   For reasons explained above, the shoreline  development proposed for the
WBR is  not  expected to substantially alter water quality in Waiulua Bay or other
nea?shorrwater?or to have other effects that would  adversely affect  their long-term
suitability for turtles  or whales.

      (b)   Bulldozers and  other  heavy equipment  used to construct  the lagoon (the
Proposed Action and Alternatives  I, 2 and 3) could produce low level no,ses  that could
be heard by whales and other marine animals. Constructs noises would occur ovei  a
period of several months.  A literature review and noise impact analysis conducted by
Darby-Ebisu & Associates (October 1984) indicated that the kinds of low-level no, se
which would be produced have no apparent adverse effect on major [™~ J^"™
does not cause avoidance of an  area  (Fraker, 1981;  Stewart,  1981;  Fr.edl,  1981;
Ljungblad, 1 98 1 ; Johnson, 1 983; and Cummings, 1 98 1 ).

      (c)  Preliminary  tests  have indicated  that  the  lagoon  excavation  can  be
 accomplished solely using heavy equipment. However, portions of the  proposed lagoon
 may be underlain by  massive basalts that could be difficult  or impossible to excavate
 without the  use of explosives. Using explosives, the energy of the explosion will  he
 purposely  directed into the  bottom, and techniques such as charge burial, sandbag
 deflection, limits on  charge size, timing, spacing, and detonation sequencing would be
 used to reduce the amount of potentially damaging energy transmitted into the water
 and ponds within the preservation area.  Furthermore, the natural and manmade roc*
 berms that separate  the lagoon from Waiulua Bay would greatly impede the movement
 of shock waves.

      (d)   Some  energy from explosions would be transferred  to adjoining waters
 through the underlying rock in the form of a  ground  wave, and additional  energy may
 reach the bay and ocean through water-filled fissures and lava tubes.  Young (February
  1973) reports  rapid dissipation of explosive energy in shallow water,  especially when
 the charge is  buried, as would be the case with charges used to excavate  the lagoon.
 Data from the Canadian  Department of Fisheries (Wright,  February 1982) indicates
 that burial provides  at least  a ten-fold attenuation when compared to  explosions in the
                                       4-16

-------
  open water.  Taken together, the available scientific literature suggest that, charges of
  at  least 100 pounds, and possibly up  to  1,000  pounds,  could  be used with negligible
  danger to marine animals if care is taken to insure that no individuals are within 300
  meters of the detonation point. Highly mobile organisms, such as fish, can be encour-
  aged to depart the area by low-intensity explosions detonated immediately prior to the
  main charge.  Important benthic  animals such  as lobsters, crabs,  oysters  and clams
  l?5!vevbeen found to k6 resistant to shock from underwater explosions.  Young (February
  1973), for example, reported  that lobsters showed no signs of injury when exposed to
  20-pound charges at  a distance of only 50 feet in  open water.  The anchialine  pond
  preservation  area, located about  1,400 feet away from the closest edge of the  lagoon,
  should not  be affected by ground shock waves.  The applicant's blast plan coordinated
  with the National Marine Fisheries Service is provided in Appendix D.

 5.   HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROPERTIES

       (a)   Pond filling and lagoon excavation associated with  the applicants' proposal
 and Alternatives I, 2,  or 3 would affect archaeological  resources.  Scientific  data
 present on  archaeological  sites  at  the  Hyatt  Regency Waikoloa Hotel  site were
 recovered to the satisfaction of the State Historic Preservation  Officer.  In addition,
 the applicants  have agreed with the  State Historic Preservation Officer to preserve
 sites within the Kaniku, and Nawahine Settlement  complexes.  The  applicants have
 further agreed  to reconstruct  the Hawaiian trail  and restore some sites in the Waiulua
 Bay Settlement. All other archaeological sites on the Hyatt site would be destroyed.
 None  of the  sites were considered eligible for  inclusion in the  National  Peaister of
 Historic Places.

      (b)  The archaeological sites outside the Hyatt Hotel site were considered to be
 eligible for  inclusion  to the  Register  of Historic  Places  by  the State Historic
 Preservation  Officer  in consultation  with the  Corps of Engineers by  virtue  of the
 scientific information which they contain.  A  data  recovery plan was  worked out
 amongst  the State  Historic Preservation Officer, the Corps, and the applicants and
 was forwarded to the  U.S. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation for the develop-
 ment of a Memorandum of Agreement. Under the agreement, the archaeological sites
 would remain untouched to allow  architectural inclusion of the sites, if possible.  If
 there are sites which cannot be preserved by incorporation into the facility design, the
 data recovery plan would be implemented  to recover any data from  them before they
 are destroyed.  The deta.ls of the  data recovery  plan are provided in Appendix H.  The
 Proposed Action and all the alternatives involve the loss of archaeological sites on the
 properties outside the  Hyatt Hotel site.

 6-   IMPACTS ON VEGETATION, BIRDS, AND WILDLIFE

 6.1   VEGETATION

     With the exception of No Action/Permit Denial and Alternative 4, all  of  the
 alternatives under consideration would  result in substantial changes  in the vegetative
 communities present on  the project site.   The construction of the proposed hotel and
 Ih  M  res'den,tl°l unit^ WOU'd inv°'ve clearance of the existing vegetation, except for
 lotion^   oS^ ? Stra"d c°mmunlties Present within the anchialine pond preser-
 vation  area. Other alternat.ves involve greater or lesser pond preservation areas and,

shown  in TnlT i°?  °   ^'^ ""f?8  °f rmh °nd COastal strand vegetation as
«SC  TJ           Landscaping of the  development sites would involve numerous
totn nmoMnfTI' T  1*7° plcnt SpeCfeS' °S  we!1 « ° si9^cant  increase in the
total amount of plant material present and  species abundance on the property.
                                      4-17
                                                                                       S2P

-------
6.2   BIRDS AND WILDLIFE

     (a)   The Proposed Action and  all the alternatives, except no  action/permit
denial  would result  in considerable changes in the avion community.  The loss of
anchialine  ponds  and kiawe thickets, as well as  the increased human  presence, would
discourage use of the area by the family of Black-Crowned Night Herons, which were
observed in trees  around the ponds near the head of Waiulua Bay.  The herons would
probably be displaced to and compete for other pond areas on the West Hawai'i coast.

     (b)   The change in vegetation and environment would lead to a  gradual increase
in the  number of exotic  and introduced birds, and to an increase in pets such as cats
and dogs.  The Common  Mynah would probably increase in number, as  would the House
Sparrow and the Nutmeg Mannikin.  The open grassy lawns and remaining anchialine
ponds  and unchanged shoreline would probably continue to attract  some migratory
waterbirds. The number of migratory waterbirds visiting the site is already low, and
the  populations  are likely  to  decline  in the  future  as  a result of the  proposed
development.   No major change  in the feral animal  population is  expected.   ~he
increased  human  presence, particularly the food handling areas, may lead to some
increase in the number of mice, rats, and mongooses.

6.3    THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES

     (a)   No species on the Federal list of threatened and endangered species are
affected by the proposed project. Consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(Appendix F)  and  the National Marine Fisheries Service cNMFS) 'see Appendix G)
indicates that neither the proposed action nor the alternatives would  jeopardize _the
continued  existence of the endangered Hawaiian stilt, humpback whale, or Hawaiian
hoary  bat. Similarly, they would not adversely affect the threatened green sea turtle.

      (b)   In April 1985, the  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service informed the  Corps of
Engineers  that it  had classified several  anchialine pond organisms as Category 2 for
purposes  of the Endangered Species Act.  Of the organisms classified as Category ?
only Metabetaeus lohena was found at the WBP.  As a Category 2 species, M. lohena  is
not  provided  protection under the'Endangered Species Act, but studies to determine
whether or not the species should be considered for listing would be conducted by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  Since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service classification
of M.  lohena, (Maciolek,  1983,  as reported in Brock, I985> indicated that M. lohena  is
also found in Madagascar, suggesting that the organism has a much larger range than
previously thought.  The proposed action  and all the  alternatives would reduce the
surface distribution and presence of M.  lohena at the WBR, as well as reduce some of
the interstitial  groundwater habitat.  But the  proposed  action  does  not cause the
 extinction or the disappearance of M. lohena in Hawaii, because M. loheno is found  in
 areas  other than the WBR. Permit denial and no-action do not affect the presence of
 M. lohena at  the WBR.  The introduction of exotic fish into any WRR ponds under the
 proposed action and all alternatives would cause the disappearance of  M. lohena.

7.  SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS

7.1    INTRODUCTION

       (a)   An assessment of future socio-economic responses to any proposed project
 is necessarily speculative.  In the  current  instance, the.degree of uncertainty  is
 particularly great because detailed plans for development within the project area are
 available  only for the Hyatt site, because the shape of off-site secondary growth has
                                       4-18

-------
 not been fully established by State and  County governments,  and because there is
 uncertainty  regarding the applicants' ability  to  implement  alternative  development
 schemes.  Finally, if must be noted that the applicants are currently awaiting County
 and State decisions on some of the on-site development permits needed to implement
 their plans,  and additional  approvals of an  employee housing program, water system
 expansion, and other infrastructure will also be necessary.  Requirements imposed as
 part of any of  these permit processes could lead to adjustments in their plans.

      (b)   Social  impacts  are  largely  a  function  of the overall  magnitude of  the
 development that is undertaken  rather  than the  specific site  layout.   Hence,
 alternatives  to the applicants' proposal that allowed the same amount of development
 would have essentially the same effects as  the  proposed'action.  If the project were to
 be abandoned,  the pace  of economic development  in West  Hawai'i  would be  greatly
 slowed.  Population growth would be lower, as would the growth of personal  income
 and other relevant economic parameters.

      (c)   The proposed development within  the County of Hawaii contributes to a
 shift from an agricultural economic base to one based on tourism.  While the State of
 Hawaii and  County  of  Hawaii are striving  toward economic diversification,  the
 proposed  development  provides  an immediate economic benefit based  on tourist-
 related activities. Moreover, it does so on land  which has little potential for other
 economic use.  Unless non-tourist  or  non-visitor related industries or  employment
 opportunities are developed coincidentally with tourism, economic conditions in  the
 County would vary directly with events that influence tourist travel to Hawaii, such as
 airline strikes.

     (d)   The overall social  impact of  the  WBP was  discussed extensively in  an
 environmental  impact statement submitted to the County of Hawai'i in  1976 (Boise
 Cascade Home and Land Corp.).  The project-specific effects of the proposed Hyatt
 Regency Waikoloa Hotel, one of the most important elements of the  resort, are
 addressed  in some detail  in  a recent socio-economic assessment  by Community
 Resources, Inc. (September 1984).

     (e)   As  noted  elsewhere  in this  report, the Waikoloa Beach Resort  is  one of
 three major resort developments now underway along the  South Kohala coastline. 'All
 three,  together with other resort growth in the North Kona District, are identified as
 major resort  destination areas in the Land  Use  portion of  the Hawai'i County General
 Plan and on  the General  Plan's  Land Use Pattern Allocation Maps.  The three major
 South Kohala resorts, together with the" Keauhou Resort in  North Kona, are largely
 self-contained  with respect  to  their  infrastructure (water, roads,  and wastewater
 collection, treatment and disposal).  However, the  off-site  secondary  growth which
 they will induce is expected  to increase  the demand on non-resort utility systems and
 public services  as well. The Corps' assessment indicates that  the necessary infrastruc-
 ture is now available or can be expanded to  meet these future demands.

     (f)    Community  Resources'  analysis  of the effects   of  the  proposed  Hyatt
Regency Waikoloa Hotel project  concluded  that the existing West Hawai'i labor force
 on  the  island  of  Hawai'i is insufficient to meet  all the labor force needs  of the
 proposed hotel, especially considering the  near-term expansion  plans of neighboring
 resorts.   Depending upon the rate  at which  the remainder of the project area is
 developed, the demand for workers generated by this  development could also stimulate
 in-migration.   Newly arrived workers  would  increase the demand  for housing and
 heighten the need  for public services and infrastructure in support housing areas.  The
ratio of Caucasians to other  ethnic groups  in the region could increase as individuals
                                     4-19

-------
and families in-migrate from  off-island and out-of-state to take advantage  of  the
resort employment and other visitor-related business opportunities.  The regions old
plantation  lifestyle and cultural  attributes would  change in response  to  rapid  and
sizeable  economic and demographic growth.  Cultural conflicts  could increase, as
could the incidence of crimes against tourists.

7.2   EMPLO YA/ENT AND POPULATION IMP ACTS

7.2.1    Construction Period

     (a)   Estimates prepared by the applicant for the Hyatt project indicate that its
construction would involve over 1,600 person-years.  (A "person-year" is defined as one
person working full time for  a period of  one year.)   Averaged  over  the 78-month
construction period that is  expected  for  the Hyatt, this amounts to roughly  700
additional  construction jobs.  Employment  levels would, of course,  fluctuate signifi-
cantly over time, so that  relatively few workers might  be  on-site during the early
months of  the  project when the site is being prepared, and as many as  1,200 to 1,500
might  be  present  at  one  time  for short  periods  during the intense   activity  that
accompanies final fitting-out of the hotel.

     (b)   Construction employment on the three other sites within the project area
would be substantially less than for the Hyatt.  Because these sites are expected to be
developed  sequentially, average construction employment generated by their develop-
ment would be less than would be experienced during  the years  the Hyatt is being
built.   The average during these later years  is expected to be approximately 740
construction jobs, but. annual averages might vary from as few as 170 to as many as
370 construction jobs.

     (c)   Generally, the  construction labor force requirements  are expected to be
met by employing local workers and by bringing in additional workers for short  periods
of time. Hence, the effect of  this construction employment on the resident population
would  be minimal  except that it could allow  individuals  already  in the construction
labor force to remain in the-region.

7.2.2   Operational Period

      (a)   Resort development as proposed would lead to a permanent increase in the
number  of jobs, residents, and visitors in the  region.   Community Resources,  Inc.
(September  1984;  March  1985)  estimated that  the Hyatt Regency Waikoioa Hotel
would generate nearly  1,900 direct visitor industry jobs supporting an additional 4,000
persons  in West Hawai'i.  These  jobs  would be both in the hotel  itself and in direct
visitor industry businesses which  are supported by the expenditures of  the  hotels and
hotel  guests.   Development  on  the   other three  sites  covered  by the  DA  permit
application was forecast to add another 1,600 direct visitor industry jobs and ?,400
residents.   Over the long term, then, the proposed action is expected to result in the
formation of approximately 2,900 direct visitor industry jobs; these jobs  would,  in turn,
support a resident population of about 6,900 people.

      (b)   The Hyatt  is expected to  have an average visitor census of about  1,900
 persons, while the average number of visitors and residents in the two additional resort
hotels and single condominium project planned for the other sites within the project
 area is forecast at almost  1,400 persons.  During peak periods, the visitor census could
 be as much as  20-percent higher than the annual average.
                                       4-20

-------
 7.3    HOUSING IMPACTS

 7.3.1   Construction Period

      (a)   Community Resources, Inc. (September  1984)  estimated that about 300
 workers might enter the housing market in search of long-term leases while the Hyatt
 is being constructed.  If these workers are accommodated in single-family homes, the
 number of units needed to house them  would be less than 100.   If they are housed
 instead in small apartments, the number of units required would be proportionately
 greater.  Assuming a typical distribution between single- and  multi-family units, the
 additional housing demand during construction of the Hyatt is  unlikely to exceed  150-
 200 units, and it could well be substantially lower.

      (b)   An additional  300 off-island workers  may  enter   the  short-term  rental
 housing market for a period of a few months at a time during  the construction of the
 Hyatt.  Depending upon the choices they make between single- and multi-family units,
 the total  could range from as little as 120 to as high as  250 units.   Peak construction
 employment  would be reached when  off-island workers  with special skills not readily
 available  on  the island arrive  for periods ranging from  a few days to  a  few weeks.
 These workers  would almost  certainly  stay in  hotels  or  condominiums  now in the
 vacation rental market; their use by construction workers would have little effect on
 resident housing.

      (c)   The other sites within the project area are substantially smaller than the
 Hyatt site, and development on them would have proportionately  lower construction
 worker housing requirements.  Construction of  the  hotel planned  for Site 12  would
 begin just after the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel  is completed. Because of  its size,
 this hotel  would have the most significant construction work force  requirements of all
 the post-Hyatt projects.  Community Resources, Inc. (March. 1985^ forecasts that the
 average construction worker  housing need resulting from  this hotel would  be well
 under 100 units.

      (d)   If  they were  implemented, Alternatives  I, 2 and 5 would generate  about
 the same  need for construction worker housing as the applicants' proposal.  Alterna-
 tives  3 and 4 would generate  approximately one-half to two-thirds the construction
 worker housing requirement as the applicants' proposal.  If the permit  is denied, no
 additional housing would be needed for  construction workers.  Under the County of
 Hawaii  policy, the  applicants must  provide worker and  low/moderate  housing in
 consultation with the County.  The commitment is made prior to construction.

7.3.2   Operational Period

     (a)    Slightly over  300 workers  could move to  Kohala as a result of the Hyatt
 project if  the applicants'  proposal is implemented. Of these, roughly two-thirds would
 be service workers with .relatively limited incomes.  Development planned subsequent
 to the Hyatt  would support an  additional 200 to 220  in-migrant workers.  Converting
 these figures  to households suggests that direct visitor industry employment generated
 by the Hyatt  might generate a demand for about 200 additional Kohala area homes.
The  remaining planned hotel  and condominium  projects would increase  this by an
additional  140 units.  Hence, total employee  housing  demand associated  with  planned
development within the project area is forecast at about 350  units.
                                     4-21
                                                                                      /¥/

-------
     (b)    Securing affordable housing is likely to be a serious concern for the newly
formed and in-migrating households from which the direct visitor industry work force
required  to  support  the  applicants'  proposal would  be partially drawn.    These
households total between 125  and  185 for the Hyatt, and  from 80 to  130  tor the
subsequent planned projects.  If historical trends  continue, many of these households
may require housing assistance or be forced to live in sub-standard conditions.

     (c)    If they could be implemented, Alternatives I, 2 and 5 would generate about
the same employee housing demand as would the applicants'  proposal.  Alternatives 3
and 4 would generate a need for approximately one-half  to two-thirds the amount of
employee  housing  as the applicants' proposal.  If  the permit is denied,  no additional
employee  housing would be needed.

7.4   OTHER ECONOMIC IMPACTS

     (a)    Over  its 28-month construction  period, the Hyatt development  would
generate about  $85  million  dollars in personal income.  Nearly $46  million  would
accrue to  residents  of the Big Island,  mostly (80 percent) to  those living  in Vest
Hawai'i.   Construction expenditures for  the  three  remaining  planned   projects are
forecast to generate nearly $70 million in personal income statewide, about half of it
on the Big Island.  Available data suggests that tax collections from personal  income
average about 17 percent,  or $6-million per year during construction of the Hyatt.
Average annual tax income'during development of  the remaining three sites within the
permit area is forecast to be about $2-million.

     (b)    Long-term   operational   employmerjt  generated   directly  by the  Hyatt
Regency Waikolda Hotel would produce an estimated $50-million dollars per  year  in
personal  income statewide, and  the increase  on  the Big Island  would approach $30-
million. Development  of the three remaining sites would increase personal income in
the State  and County by $33-million and $l9-million, respectively,.

     (c)    Real property tax revenues generated  by  the Hyatt project would approxi-
mate $1.6 million per  year.  Property tax revenues from the other  three sites in the
project area would amount to an estimated $1.7-million per year at current tax rates.

7.5   SOCIAL EFFECTS AND CONCERNS

7.5.1   Effects on Family Structure and Stability

      (a)   Many of  the concerns about family impacts expressed in early studies  of
visitor facility  development  stem from  the increasing  labor force participation  of
wives and mothers.  This has now been recognized as a  national and statewide trend
not confined to resort areas.  Researchers have also  come to  realize  that stresses
arising when wives enter the work force  must be weighed against  family disruptions
associated with the alternative of out-migration to places with more jobs. However,
the following characteristics of the visitor industry may have particular implications,
especially in rural settings:

      (b)   Shift Work. A common feature of visitor industry employment, shift work
can be disruptive to family routines, particularly when  both spouses work within the
industry.   The  lack of shared time at home  hinders normal communication and can
even interfere with regular marital relations.
                                       4-22

-------
      (c)   Changing Sex Roles.  Since the opening of the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel,
working wives have become more the norm in Kohala, although police  and mental
health agency informants report the phenomenon still causes difficulties in traditional
families.  A  more recent concern is  the  substantial  introduction into the  hotel work
force of large numbers of young local  males, for whom there is sometimes a conflict
between the "macho" values with which they  have been  raised  and the "service"
mentality emphasized in the visitor industry.

      (d)   "Glamor and  Gossip" Environment.   Resorts  expose their employees  to
social interaction with large numbers of people of the opposite sex — both visitors and
other employees — thereby increasing opportunities for  mild or serious  flirtations.
The gossip networks among large  work forces can  circulate  tales  back to  spouses,
increasing jealousy and mistrust.

      (e)   Lack of Parental Supervision.  Despite the stated concern over this issue in
Kohala, Community Resources, Inc.  found  that  reported  child abuse/neglect figures
are not disproportionately high either in Kohala or other rural  resort areas of Hawai'i.
However, there is some reason for concern about growing juvenile delinquency rates in
North Kohala, Kona, and Lahaina.

      (f)   For most of the foregoing factors, the Hyatt Regency — partly because of
its  greater size, partly because more social adaptation would have occurred by the
time the other three sites are developed, and partly because the work forces employed
on the later projects may consist  more of young single persons less  affected by such
concerns  —  is potentially the  most significant aspect  of  the  proposed  action.
However, even  for the  Hyatt it  is  impossible  to  determine the magnitude   or
significance of the changes that would occur in these  areas.

7.5.2    Crime Impacts

      (a)   Crime is a major concern of island residents, with some feeling that crime
rates tend to rise  in proportion to the level of visitor activity.  Studies  of tourism-
crime data nationwide (Pizam;  1982), in comparable  areas such as Florida (McPheters
& Strange; 1974), and in Hawai'i (Fujii, Mak & Nishimura; 1978 and Chesney-Lind &
Lind; 1984) lead to contradictory conclusions. There was some  consistency in finding a
relationship between tourism and robberies (and, in Hawai'i, rape as well), but the data
are not  clear cut.

      (b)   Community Resources, Inc.'s analysis of overall  crime rate data for rural
resort areas suggests there  may be a temporary spurt in reported crime ^particularly
thefts) following openings of major new resort projects, but long-term trends in Kohala
and Kona do  not  suggest continued  growth in  crime rates in  direct proportion  to
continued resort development or population  growth rates.  That is, the per-unit impact
of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa  Hotel on local crime  rates is expected to be less than
the impact of previous hotel openings,  and the impact of the subsequent projects less
still.

      (c)   Additional perspectives gained through interviews  with Kona  and  Kohala
police captains include these points:

     o    On-site crime  at existing West Hawai'i luxury hotels is minimal and usually
           involves theft from rooms or cars by hotel  workers.

     o    Off-site, visitors are most  frequently  victimized  by thefts from  parked
          cars or of valuables left on the beach.
                                      4-23

-------
     o    Police  do not feel  there  are substantial "spill-over"  effects on  residents.
          That is, residents are not more likely to be crime victims because they live
          near resorts, nor are many adult residents tempted to commit crimes if they
          are not already inclined toward criminality.

     o    The major "spill-over"  effect of concern to police is  the increase in crime
          opportunities at  parks and  beaches,  where thefts  are  most  frequently
          committed by juveniles.  However, the impacts of  the  various  proposed
          Waikoloa projects are likely to be dampened by (I) the  tendency of guests to
          drive all  around  the island, not just to nearby areas, and (2) the absence in
          Kohala of a "street scene" such as contributes  to delinquency in Kailua-Kona
          or Lahaina.

     o    An  indirect  effect of tourism on crime  is  through conflicts  between
          longtime residents and  newcomers who may be employed in resorts.  Physi-
          cal  confrontations lead to assault  charges against either party, but often !it
          is the  transient newcomer  who commits the crime  of theft  against  the
          longtime local resident.

     o    On  the other hand, police believe Mainland-raised people are more likely to
          report  crime,  and local people  are also more likely to file reports as the
          population grows and becomes more filled with strangers.  Thus, there may
          be an increase "on paper" of crime in Kohala as economic development leads
          to more in-migration and population growth.

7.53    Effects on Social Structure

     Impacts of resort development on local residents' values, lifestyles, and "quality
of life" are  indirect and difficult  to measure. Nevertheless, effects  will be  felt over
the long term, changing along with other societal trends and circumstances.  To some
extent, it is more  possible to identify aspects of social structure which can be affected
by increased resort development.

     o   Ethnic Relations and Class  Structure.  As more Caucasians move  into the
           area, there  will  be some increases in  existing problems of  intercultural
           adjustment.   Past experience suggests longtime residents  tend to "act out"
           frustrations, while many newcomers are more likely to feel socially isolated
           and seek mental health assistance. If most upper management positions are
           taken by Caucasians,  there  could be echoes  of the old plantation ethnic/
           class structure.  And  should the reported increases  in Asian immigrants
           among the Waikiki work force begin to be replicated on the Gig Island, a new
           intercultural dimension will  emerge.

     o    Community  Organizations.   North Kohala's  plantation  legacy and cultural
           values  of equality have historically discouraged longtime residents  from
           seeking public positions of leadership (Chang;  1977, 1979).  As a result, many
           leadership  positions in  community organizations  are filled  by  relative
           newcomers.   This  trend  can be expected to continue with the  influx of
           newcomers generated by the Hyatt and the later Waikoloa projects.

     o    Role of Labor Unions.  The  growth of the visitor industry in South Kohala is
           being accompanied by  the reemergence  of labor unions as important socio-
           political organizations.  If  a single union gains control both  of  the Hyatt
           Regency Waikoloa and  of most other Kohala hotels, it would become a major
           force in local politics and within the  everyday lives of  many residents.
                                        4-24

-------
       0    Individual Community Character.  The current sharp distinctions  between
            the^ physical and social characters of the major area population centers —
            Waimea and Hawi — will be little affected, and perhaps reinforced, by the
            South Kohala  resort developments.  However, the Hyatt  and subsequent
            Waikoloa  projects will  likely stimulate more rapid growth  at Waikoloa
            Village, which could become the community  of  top and middle manaqe-
            ment.

 7.5.4   Mitigation Measures

       The  primary  socio-economic  impacts of the  project — generation  of  local
 employment and income —  are positive and require no mitigation.  However, efforts
 can  be made  to  avoid some of the undesirable  social side effects  that have  been
 identified, and these are outlined below.

 7.5.4. 1    Housing

       (a)   The most effective means of mitigating any housing problem that develops
 involves the provision of land around Waikoloa Village for low-  and moderate-income
 housing programs to be coordinated  by the State or  County housing agencies.  The
 landowner and the County  are currently negotiating an agreement towards this end for
 the Waikoloa Hyatt  Regency, and similar  agreements  would be later negotiated for
 each of the other projects  as they approach  the permit approval stages.

      (b)   Additional steps  that could be taken to facilitate private sector response to
 the increased  demand for West Hawatt housing that  will accompany the proposed
 project include:                                                             ^

      o     Improved  public  transportation that makes  visitor industry jobs along the
            South Kohala coastline more accessible from existing communities, thereby
            reducing the need for new  residential construction. A variant of this would
            be improvement of the Saddle Road from Hilo, although  it has yet to be
            established  that  many  Hilo residents  would  be  willing to commute to
            Kohala jobs.

      o    Improved  dissemination  of information to  employees regarding housinq
           assistance programs for which they may  qualify.

      o    Government facilitation of housing development in areas "within reasona-
           ble  commuting  distance to the growth  centers of North  Kona and South
           Kohala but where land costs are lower" (Hawai'i, State of, Department of
                   Qnd Econom!c  Development, Hawai'i  Inter-Division  Committee,
                                                                                '
7.5.4.2   Maximizing Employment Benefits for Longtime Residents
vonnn                   ln  ?.ection  6-3'5-3' there  is some community concern that
younger and/or native Hawaiian residents are  growing to feel alienated from tourism
jobs, bteps that could be taken to avoid this include the following:

     o    A determination should be made  of  the  extent  to which disaffection is
          actually present and its causes.
                                     4-25

-------
          which are most likely to be available could be beneficial.
                     deal with local residents as employees and enhance  the job
          satisfaction of their employees.


„.« jsxss, =s




and subsequent high retraining costs.

     (c)   Given such considerations, resort developers and/or hotel operators could







 reasonable commuting distance.

 7.5.4.3    Other Steps

      (a)   Implementation of the State's long-standing plan to develop Kiholo south of





 Waikoloa Beach Resort.

      (b)   Given the large number of units to be developed at the Hyatt site and at




 make it  more feaslbl?  for parents  with young  children to work and  reduce  the
 pressures on families induced by shift work.

      (c)  Finally,  a standing  communication mechanism between resort  managers
 and the leaders  of nearby communities  and community  organ.zat.ons should  be
 develoid   It cou?d help prevent conflicts and resolve those that do occur. It coud
  also bTof dd ?n  Is^ning the housing  and/or  employment mitigat.ons prev.ously
  discussed.
                                      4-26

-------
 8-   IMPACTS ON RECREATIONAL RESOURCES AND ACTIVITY

 8. 1   WITHIN THE WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT

       (a)   The applicants' proposed action would increase the number and diversity of
 recreational  facilities in the region  and on  the island.   This would be accomplished
 through  the  addition  of tennis courts, a  bowling alley,  a  half-acre  freshwater
 swimming pool and 5-acre swimming  lagoon,  and a health spa/sports complex proposed
 as part_ of the  Hyatt Regency  Waikoloa Hotel and  by other (as yet undetermined^
 recreational  facilities that would be constructed on the  other three development sites
 within the permit area.  It would also result  in the construction of improved rights-of-
 way  between the resort entrance road and the shoreline as well as public parking areas
 for the cars  of shoreline users.  These would complement the shoreline access and
 public  beach facilities already constructed by Transcontinental Development Co.  at
 'Anaeho'omalu Bay.

      (b)    Hotel  guests  would  be  the  primary users  of the  hotel amenities, but
 residents and day visitors could also use the restaurants, bowling  alley, and other
 facilities.  Various  community  organizations are also  expected to utilize  the new
 dining and banquet facilities that would be  constructed if development proceeds as
 proposed.

      (c)   In accordance with  conditions established by the County of Hawai'i, public
 r.ghts-of-way would be maintained between the resort  entrance road and the shoreline
 along the sides of each of the sites developed in the  project area.  Establishment of
 woo6 ^ach r'gnjs-of-way would increase the accessibility of the shoreline of the
 WBK.  Continued  public hiking access along the shoreline would not be impeded or
 obstructed. The provision of public parking areas near the heads of these rights-of-
 way would insure that the paths  are usable by the general public. The elimination of
 anch.alme ponds  and construction of buildings on  parcels fronting the trail  would
 significantly alter the character  of the shoreline setting, a change which some users
 find undesirable^  At the same time,  the  creation of pond preservation areas and the
 development of interpretive displays could enhance  public awareness and understand-
 ing of these coastal ecosystems.

      (d)   Fishing and diving from boats  offshore of the project area probably would
 not be adversely affected, and may increase.  However, the pole and net fishing which
 now occur along the shoreline might decline if local  fishermen feel intimidated by the
 presence of the proposed resort facilities and substantial numbers of visitors.

 of + hi6!   ln-wat.er. construction  proposed by  the applicants is limited to excavation
 of the lagoon, slight  deepening of the innermost zone of the bay, two  pedestrian
 bridges, a beach,  and other resort structures  associated with the Hyatt project (see
 Mgyre 11-5).  These changes would not  adversely affect the surfing area just south of
 Wcnuloa Bay.  Usage of  this surfing spot  might increase as a resSlt of the improved
     (f)    11 devel°P.ment  Alternatives  2 and 5  were  pursued,  they would  have
            K6 Same  imP.CtS *?  W°Uld the QPPl!cants'  Pr°P<*°' because they  involve
WOM.H       ^ 'T!  mTriEerlof unlts  and the  same land area-  Alternatives 3 and 4
       2n  iT S"bstantl? '^  le"  development than -the other alternatives  (except for
          '  *K     re!°i W°Uld  "? feW6r On-Site recreat?°n°l amenities, as well as a
    ,        tJV*P«*«' us°9e °f off-site public and private recreational facilities.
Impacts on existing uses would be similar to the proposed development.
                                      4-27

-------
           8.2   OUTSIDE THE WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT
                 (a)   By  increasing  the  resident  and visitor  population  of the  region, the




            be generated.

                    Based  on information  obtained  from  South Kohala hotels,  car rental




            by development within the project area is expected to be relatively low, probably on
            the order of 500 per day.

                 (c)    The projected 7,400-person  increase in the resident population  of West
            Hc^aM which wPould be supported by project-related direct visitor mdustry'  employ-
            rrSnt  represents  a large gain over the existing level.  However, ex.sting State and
            County^parks and other9recreational resources should still be sufficient to meet the
            rSon'sPrecreational needs if planned recreational facility improvements .dentjf.ecIn
            the County's Recreation Plan (Hawai'i, County of, Department of Parks and  Recrea-
            tion  and Planning Department, 1973) are completed.

            9.   IMPACTS ON PUBLIC SERVICES AND FACILITIES

            9.1   THE PROPOSED ACTION

            9.1.1   Transportation

                  (a)   Peak traffic on the  Waikoloa Beach  Resort entrance road  near  Gueen
            Ka'ahumanu Highway  following construction  of the  Hyatt Regency W°'k°£a "°.!e'
            would exceed 1,000 vehicles per  hour.  The level of serv.ce for  through traffic on the
            highway would remain at "A", as would the level of service for veh.cles  turnmg into
            the  resort and vehicles exiting the resort to the south   (Service level "A- s the best
            possible on a scale of A through E; at this service level there ,s 11ttle  of no restrction
            on speed  or maneuverability.)  However, because of conflicts with through traff.c and
            northbound vehicles turning into the resort, the number  of veh.cles  des.rmg to turn
            left out of the resort  onto Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway would exceed the capacity ot
            the  intersection.   Reducing the speed limit  on the highway in  the vicinity  of  the
            intersection would increase the capacity of the left turn movement to the point where
            the  expected volume could be accommodated.

                   (b)    Continuing development of the sites within the project area would increase
             traffic volumes  beyond the capacity  of  the intersection.   To  avoid the  resulting
             congestion, signalization and/or physical improvements to the intersection  would be
             required.  The applicants have indicated that they have plans for such improvements,
             including  the eventual construction of a second entrance road to the resort opposite
             the existing road to Waikoloa Village, and would implement them as necessary.

                   (c)   Visitors moving to and from the resort facilities proposed for the permit
             area would probably increase passenger traffic through Keahole Airport by at least 50
             percent over its  1983 level.  Development of other resort facilities in  the region is
/y/
                                                   4-28

-------
 expected to proceed as well, so that the volume of passenger traffic handled by the
 airport is  projected to at  least double by the  early  1990s.   Existing facilities are
 capable of accommodating this  higher  volume of  passenger traffic, albeit  with a
 noticeable increase in  congestion.

      (d)   United  Airlines  has  already  initiated direct flights from California to
 Keahole, bypassing Honolulu and the inter-island air carriers, but the 6,000-foot length
 of the existing runway at Keahole is too short to permit these long-range aircraft to
 take off fully loaded.  As  a result, departing flights leave with  only a partial fuel  load,
 stopping at either Hilo or Kahului for refueling.  The State Department of Transporta-
 tion  is preparing  to  update  the master plan for  Keahole Airport,  and  facility
 improvements needed  to  accommodate direct flights  to  and from the mainland could
 be operational within about five years if studies show that they are justified.

      (e)   The State  Department of Transportation  has indicated  that facilities at
 Kawaihae  Harbor  are adequate  to accommodate  the expected  long-term  water
 transportation needs of West Hawai'i.

 9.1.2   Potable Water

      (a)   Total  potable  water use by the Hyatt Regency Waikolba Hotel  is forecast
 to be between 0.5 and 0.75  million gallons per day (MGD).  The capacity of the wells
 supplying the  existing water system (exclusive of required backup) is approximately 1.0
 MGD,  and  the   existing  water  use  5n  the  system  is approximately  0.66  MGD.
 Cumulative water demand following construction of the Hyatt would be between 1.16
 and  1.42 MGD. The need for additional source capacity would be further accentuated
 by development  of the two additional hotels and condominium project planned for the
 project area.  Waikoloa Resort Utilities (September 28, 1984) has committed itself to
 provide the necessary service.

     (b)   Since  the capacity of the existing wells would be exceeded, a new potable
 water well (or wells) would  need to be drilled.  During the 1970s ''Bowles, MsJ studies
 were conducted  of the aquifer which  the Waikoloa wells tap and  indicate that its
 capacity, in the vicinity of the existing well field, is on the order of 3.0 to 5.0 MGD.
 The  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers places the capacity of the aquifer in the 3.0 to 6.0
 MGD range.   This  is  more  than  adequate to  accommodate  all  of  the  resort
 development proposed  by  the applicants.  The  additional  development of groundwater
 resources that would be needed to accommodate the proposed uses would require a
 permit from the State  of Hawai'i, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division
 of Land and Water Development. The State Department  of Health must also approve
 sources developed to serve  potable water. Expansion of the water system would also
 have to conform to a policy  of the County of Hawai'i Department of Public Works  that
 requires that  the availability  of  adequate water supplies  be demonstrated  prior  to
 issuance of a building permit.

9.1.3   Wostewater Treatment and Disposal

     (a)   Wastewater treatment and disposal at  the WBR is provided by Waikoloa
Resort Utilities,  Inc.,  a regulated  public  utility.  Belt  Collins &  Associates  (1985^
estimated that the WBR's sewage effluent flow could increase from  about 0.15 mgd to
3.7 mgd, requiring an expansion of the treatment plant at some point in  the future.
The existing plant provides secondary treatment and can be expanded incrementally to
accommodate 2.8 mgd  before requiring a new facility.  The applicants have indicated
that  2.8 mgd  is sufficient to satisfy the requirements for the  proposed development.
The estimated sewage flow from the proposed development would be 0.95 mgd.
                                      4-29
                                                                                       /
-------
     (b)   The applicants  indicated that all  the treated  sewage effluent from the
proposed development would be  used  to irrigate the  Waikoloa Beach  Resort Golf
Course.   If  in  the future wastewater flow  should exceed golf course  irrigation
requirements, the excess would be injected into the ground.  The State Department of
Health indicated in its  comments to the Draft E1S  that  there, could  be potential
impacts of sewage irrigation water aerosol on inhabited areas around  the golf course.
The applicants indicated that treated effluent has been used to irrigate other neighbor
island resort golf courses for many years without adverse effect.  The State of Hawaii,
Department of Health and the County of Hawaii, Department of Public Works regulate
the construction and operation of wastewater treatment facilities and facility design
and operation must conform to their standards.

9.1.4   Solid Waste Disposal

     The proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel would generate an  estimated 7,500
pounds per day of solid waste, and the hotel and condominium development planned for
the other sites within the project area would add another 6,000 pounds per day to this.
This waste,  which would total about 2,500 tons per year,  would be collected by a
commercial  refuse  service paid for by the hotels and  condominium  association and
trucked either to the existing County landfill site near Kailua or to the  planned  new
landfill near Pu'uanahulu. The new landfill is expected  to be operational within three
to four  years  and to  have  sufficient capacity  to accommodate  the  solid waste
generated by currently  planned  resort  development in South Kohala (Sugiyama, 70
September 1984).

9.1.5   Electrical Power and Telecommunications Facilities

     (a)   Based on a 2.5-KV peak demand  per hotel room  and an estimated 17,000
kilowatt  hours (KWH) per  year per hotel room, the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel
would increase peak  demand by  3,150 KV and average annual usage by 21.4-million
KWH  per year.  An overall commitment  to  service the Waikoloa Beach Resort  was
made by  HELCO in the mid-1970s when the master plan  for the project was developed,
and the Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) has confirmed that it will be able to
service  the  Hyatt project (Yamasaki, 20 September 1984).  The existing  electrical
substation adjacent  to   Queen Ka'ahumanu  Highway  will  need to  be  upgraded to
accommodate the higher loads, and requirements established by the County of Hawai'i
may lead to the undergrounding of the power distribution lines between the substation
and the resort.

     (b)   The Hawaiian Telephone Company (HAWTEL^ has stated that it foresees no
difficulty serving the proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel  (Hamlin,  I October
1984).  The applicants indicate that HAWTEL has also expressed satisfaction regarding
its ability to serve other future development within the area covered  by  the Corps of
Engineers permit.

9.1.6   Public Services

     In  addition to  the  improvements described above, increased demands resulting
from population growth and the presence of a larger number of visitors would generate
a need for expanded public services such as police  and fire protection, schools, and
health services.   The   specific  nature of  the required  improvements  cannot be
determined  until additional  information  is-  available regarding  the  location  of the
secondary growth that would be  supported by resort development within the project
area.
                                      4-30

-------
 9.2    ALTERNATIVES

      If development Alternatives I, 2 and 5 were pursued, they would have essentially
 the same impacts as would the applicants' proposal  because they involve essentially the
 same number of units and the same land area.  Because of the larger preservation area
 which they involve, Alternatives 3 and 4 would result in substantially  less development
 than the other  alternatives (except for permit denial). Hence, the demand on utilities
 and  public services would be  correspondingly less.  Denial of the permit and no action
 would leave the demand unchanged.

 10.    AIR QUALITY IMPACTS

      (a)   Construction   activity  would  lead  to  increased  automotive   pollutant
 emissions on Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway, resort access roads, and the coastal sites of
 the WBR.  However, the effect would  be minor compared with the level of automotive
 emissions expected once the resort facilities are operational, and the increase would
 not result in a violation of State or Federal air quality standards.

      (b) ^  Site preparation and earth moving would create  particulate emissions,  as
 will  building and on-site road construction.  There  is little or no soil on most  of the
 affected area, a factor that will help limit construction dust.  However, the soils most
 likely to be used in the top layer of fill  and for  landscaping are likely to have relatively
 low cohesion and to be susceptible to wind erosion.   Hence, proper vigilance and  proper
 erosion control  techniques will need to be be  used  in the placement of topsoil on the
 development sites.
                                                                          *
      (c)   The  most significant source of air pollutants is expected to be the vehicles
 that would move to and from the project area once the  proposed resort facilities are in
 operation.  The impact of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel on  I- and 8-hour carbon
 monoxide concentrations  were calculated.  Air pollutant  dispersion modeling  indicated
 that  during "worst-case" atmospheric  and traffic conditions  (which occur very infre-
 quently), both State and Federal  I-hour CO standards would be met, but that  the level
 might slightly exceed  the State 8-hour standard immediately  adjacent to the intersec-
 tion  of Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway and the WBR entrance  road.  As noted elsewhere,
 the^ additional  traffic generated  by development  on the remaining  sites within the
 project  area  would result in  total traffic  volumes exceeding  the capacity of the
 intersection; the resulting congestion would  lead to markedly higher pollutant  levels  in
 the vicinity, and a deterioration in air quality is to be expected.  This would be avoided
 by roadway improvements that would eliminate the congestion which leads to a build-up
 of pollutants.   It  should  also  be  noted that  the  land surrounding the intersection  is
 vacant, and motorists in waiting vehicles would be subject  to only short-term exposure.

      (d)   Air pollutant emissions from helicopter traffic into and out of the proposed
 helipad would have no significant  effect on air quality  due to the low volume that  is
expected.   The  propane-powered  motors that would be used in  the boat  fleet at the
Hyatt project are inherently clean-burning, and they would not create significant  levels
of air pollutants.

      (e)   If Alternatives I, 2 and 5 were pursued, the effect on air quality would be
essentially the same as that resulting  from  the applicants'  proposal.  This is  because
they involve essentially the same number of units  and the  same land area. Alternatives
3 and 4 would  result  in  substantially  less development  than the other  alternatives
(except for permit denial). This implies reduced traffic and vehicular emissions. Denial
ot the  DA  permit  and No Action would prevent most development  on the  sites in
question; hence, this alternative would have no effect on air quality.
                                       4-31

-------
II.   NOISE IMPACTS

     (a)   Noise from on-site construction activities at the Hyatt site would be just
audible outside the Shores condominium and the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel.  Even
these peak sound levels would not disrupt normal conversations in outside areas; they
would be inaudible in closed, air-conditioned spaces.  No pile driving is contemplated
for the Hyatt project.  Once the roadways, site preparation, and foundation work on
the Hyatt are completed, construction noise levels would be IS  to 20 dB'A) lower than
at their peak.   This  would be too low to be annoying, if  heard at all, at either the
Sheraton or Shores. Because they would be closer to occupied structures, construction
noise levels resulting from  development of  the  other sites within the project area
would  have a  greater effect  on adjacent development, but  quantitative  estimates
cannot be made at this time.  In any case, noise levels resulting from this  additional
construction would be no greater than are commonly experienced in all urban settings.

      (b)   Noise levels on areas adjacent to the resort entrance would be increased by
vehicular traffic moving  to  and from the permit area.  Analyses indicate  that they
would produce noise  levels at the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel (the most seriously
affected building) that are below the current 65 Ldn standard.

      (c)   If Alternatives I, 2 and 5 could be successfully pursued, the effect on noise
levels would be essentially the same as that resulting from the applicants' proposal.
Alternatives 3 and 4 would  result in much  less development than the  other alterna-
tives.   This would mean  reduced noise impacts.   Denial  of  the DA  permit would
eliminate the noise impacts of the project's construction and operation.
                                       4-32

-------
                                   CHAPTER V

                        LIST OF PREPARERS OF FINAL EIS
 U.S.' ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
 Michael T. Lee
~  Environmental analysis  and preparation of  Federal  DEIS/
    FEIS.  Biologist specializing in environmental impact  analy-
    sis;  13 years experience  in  this with  USACOE.  B.A.  in
    Biology.
 U.5. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (Cooperating Agency)

 Andy Yuen
~  Provided input and analysis for DEIS/FEIS  anchialine ponds
    section.  Biologist with M.S. in Biology.
 BELT,  COLLINS &  ASSOCIATES  Provided  environmental information and  initial
 environmental assessments to the Corps.

 Perry J. White      —  As EIS manager,  contributed to organization and content of
                        all sections.   Senior environmental  planner with  masters
                        degree in regional planning.

 Ann K. Yoklavich   —  Contributed to writing and/or editing of all sections.  Planner
                        with  Bachelor of Arts degree.

 Kenneth O. Nagai   —  Contributed to water  resources and public utilities sections.
                        Civil engineer with B.S. in civil engineering.

 Thomas F. Nance    -  Contributed to water  resources  sections.  Civil  engineer/
                        hydrologist with M.S. in civil engineering.
SUBCOMSULTANTS

Paul K. Bienfang


Ann M. Bouslog



Richard E. Brock


Phillip L. Bruner


Ronald A. Darby
   Provided analyses of aquatic resources and anchialine ponds.
   Biological oceanographer with Ph.D. in oceanoaraphy.

   Contributed to socio-economic sections of statement.  Socio-
   logist specializing in demography, and employment and social
   impacts of development. Ph.D. in sociology.

   Prepared report assessing conditions and future of anchialine
   pond resources.  Consulting Biologist with Ph.D. in fisheries.

   Provided input for terrestrial wildlife sections. Environmen-
   tal consultant and ornithologist.  M.S. in zoology.

   Provided analyses of noise  impacts.   Consulting  acoustical
   engineer.  M.S. in engineering acoustics.
                                      5-1

-------
Karen Fassler


Erin M. Hall


John M. Knox



Robert L. Lucas



James W. Morrow


Paul H. Rosendahl


Kanalei Shun


Lee Sichter




David A. Zieman
Prepared graphics for the statement.   Graphic artist with
Bachelor of Fine Arts degree.

Provided input for terrestrial flora sections.  Environmental
consultant with an M.A. degree in biogeography.

Contributed  to  socio-economic  sections  of  statement.
Consultant specializing in survey research and social impact
analyses. Ph.D. in psychology.

Contributed  to sections on  public  services  and  utilities,
recreation, and energy.  Planning and economics consultant
with M.A. in economics.

Provided  analyses  of  air  quality  impacts.    Air  quality
consultant with M.S. in environmental health.

Principal investigator for archaeological surveys.  Consulting
archaeologist with Ph.D. in anthropology.

Prepared archaeological survey reports. Consulting archaeol-
ogist with an M.A. in anthropology.

Responsible for community  interviews and data  gathering
field work for socio-economic impact assessment.  Land  use
planner specializing  in social impact assessment  and conflict
management.  Masters degree in urban planning.

Provided analyses of aquatic resources  and anchialine ponds.
Biological oceanographer with Ph.D. in oceanography.
                                      5-2

-------
                                   CHAPTER VI

                              PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT



  I.   PUBLIC NOTICES AND THE SCOPING PROCESS

       (a)   The  Initial Notice of  Intent (NO!) to prepare an  Environmental Impact
  Statement was published in the Federal Register on September 20, 1984 (49 FR 184,
  36901).   A separate Public Notice and News Release  informing  the  public of  the
  proposed action and intent to prepare an EIS was circulated on October  19, 1984. The
  NOI, the  Public Notice, and the News Release were based on the applicants' original
  proposal requesting  permission to  excavate or fill all  of  the ponds  on  the Hyatt
  Regency Waikoloa Hotel  site.  This application did not cover the anchialine  ponds on
  the rest of the Waikoloa Beach Resort (WBR) or discuss the possible creation of a pond
  preservation area.

      (b)   As a  result of concerns expressed for  the anchialine ponds, the applicants
  revised their permit  application to include all the anchialine ponds within the WBR,
  except those within  the existing preservation area (Ku'uali'i and Kahapapa fishponds)
  adjacent to 'Anaeho'omalu Bay, and those within a  proposed pond preservation area.  A
 revised Notice of Intent was published in the Federal Register on January 31, 1985 (50
  c  •!!'«'" A  revfsed Public Notice (January 29, 1985) and News Release (February
 5,  1985) were reissued to the public, both to those  who had received the original notice
 and to those persons, organizations and agencies who had commented on the original
 Notice of  Intent and Public  Notice.  A list of those who received the Public Notices, as
 well as copies of the Notices of Intent and Public Notices, are contained in  Appendix
 L/»

      (c)   A total of three public  interest groups, three individuals and five govern-
 ment agencies responded to the Public Notices.  A list of the correspondence relating
 to  the Public Notices and copies of these letters  are contained in  Appendix  B.
 txpressed  concerns were used to scope the Draft Environmental Impact Statement and
 to  revise the applicants' initial permit  application.  A Corps representative also met
 informally with representatives of the Hawai'i  Island Chapter of the Sierra Club and
 Noi Ala Hele to discuss their concerns for anchialine ponds preservation,  public access
 and use of the coastal trail system,  as well as their knowledge of the area's resources.
 beparate scoping  meetings  were held with  U.S. Fish  and Wildlife Service,  National
 Marine Fisheries Service and the State Department of Land and Natural Resources.


 2-   COORDINATION WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

 2.1   ENDANGERED SPECIES

 2.1.1    U.S. Fish  and Wildlife Service

     (a)   The Corps  of  Engineers (Corps)  initiated  Section 7  consultation,  in
 JKTT W   ,^c,r,El^anaered SPecies Act> °s  amended, with the U.S. Fish and
 Wildlife  Service (USFWS)  on October 26, 1984.  On December 5,  1984, the USFWS
 informed the  Corps that  the proposed development might  impact the endangered
 McnS/c0"    •! andL the endangered  Hawaiian hoary bat.  On February 22,  1985, the
 UbhWb  provided their biological opinion that the proposed  development  would not
jeopardize the continued existence of either endangered species.
                                      6-1

-------
     (b)    On April  18, 1985, the USFWS Informed the Corps that Procaris howolana,
Metabeteaus lohena, Calliasmata iouensis, Halocardina rubra, and  Ostromouvia horn
were classified as Category 2 for purposes of the Endangered Species Act.  Category 2
classification  indicates that a  species probably should  be listed as threatened  or
endangered on the Federal  List of  Threatened or Endangered Species, but for which
insufficient information exists to list the species. Both the Corps and the  USFWS are
considering the rarity of the organisms in the development of the management plan for
the proposed development, and are consulting on further studies of the organisms.  The
Corps  has  initiated  field work  and required more anchialine pond  survey  work,  in
conjunction with the U.S. Fish and  Wildlife  Service efforts, to gather information  on
the organisms as they relate to anchialine ponds.

2.1.2   National Marine Fisheries Service

     The Corps of Engineers initiated Section 7, Endangered Species Act, as amended,
consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) on February 20, 1985,
when the applicant informed the Corps that they planned to use blasting techniques in
the excavation of the lagoon. Consultation was initiated because of the potential blast
impacts on endangered humpback whales and threatened sea turtles that are known  to
occur in  waters offshore  from the  proposed development.  On May  13, 1985, NMFS
provided  the  Corps  a biological  opinion  that blasting  would not  jeopardize the
continued  existence  of the threatened  and  endangered animals  provided certain
conditions  were included in the Department of the  Army permit.   The conditions
provided  for Corps consideration were made  a part of the proposed lagoon construction
plan.  (See  Appendix G.)

23.   HISTORIC PRESERVATION

     (a)    Initial coordination with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)
concerning the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel led to the conclusion that none of the
remains present on the Hyatt site were eligible for inclusion to the National Register
of Historic Places because  the scientific information  the  sites contained  was recov-
ered and salvaged. The applicants also made a commitment to preserve the Nawahine,
Kaniku and Waiulua Bay settlement sites.  As part of the County  of Hawaii, Special
Management Area permit, the applicants were required to reconstruct the coastal foot
trail through the Waiulua Bay settlement site. Subsequent coordination with the SHPO
and the Corps resulted in the applicants design change to reconstruct and enhance both
the trail  and some of the archaeological sites in the Waiulua Bay settlement site  ~r^~
details of the coordination are available in Appendix H.
The
      (b)   Upon broadening the permit application to include the all anchialine ponds
on the Waikoloa Beach Resort properties, the applicants performed an archaeological
reconnaissance re-survey that resulted  in recommendations  for  archaeological data
recovery of scientific information on the sites found during the survey.  The SHPO and
the Corps agreed that the sites were eligible for inclusion in the National  Register of
Historic Places because the sites contained scientific information that could contrib-
ute to the knowledge of Hawaiian history.  A data recovery plan was developed by the
SHPO and the Corps; however,  the Corps  required that the applicants first consider
architectural designs that could preserve the archaeological sites prior to implementa-
tion of the data recovery plan.  The summary of the coordination was forwarded to the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation  (ACHP) for the review and development of
a Memorandum of Agreement between the ACHP, SHPO, the Corps and the applicants.
The details of the coordination are available in Appendix H.
                                       6-2

-------
 3.   PUBLIC HEARING
                                             .-
      (a)   A public hearing  on  the permit application was held on April  19,  1985 at
 the Sheraton Royal  Waikoloa Hotel.   The public  hearing  was initially scheduled for
 March   14,  1985, but was postponed because  of  delay in the release  of the Draft
 Environmental Impact Statement prior to the public hearing.  (See Appendix 1  for the
 Public Hearing Notice and Record.)

      (b)   The roll-cards indicated that 98 individuals were present at the hearing.
 Ten individuals represented the  applicant, nine represented Federal, State and  local
 governments; two represented  the media, and 77 represented the public-at-Iarge.
 Seventeen letters and one petition were received For inclusion in the record of the
 public hearing (see Appendix  E for a Record of the Public Hearing).  Of those present,
 19 individuals provided testimony on  the permit application, besides three applicant
 representatives.

      (c)  In summary, all testimony and letters  received  indicated the project  at
 Waikoloa was generally supported.  Many speakers and writers indicated support for
 the project  citing increased  employment opportunities, increased economic  growth,
 increased public access to the shoreline,  increased  recreation facilities and opportuni-
 ties, preservation of historic sites and traditional  trails, a balance between develop-
 ment and preservation of anchialine pondsj and scientific and education opportunities
 under preservation management.  However, nine groups and individuals, while  indica-
 ting no opposition to the project, qualified their support indicating their desire to see
 more anchialme ponds preserved (about 7 more ponds encompassing 2.5 acres), desire
 for quality development that fit into the existing coastal environmental setting, desire
 to  ensure  local employment  opportunities and job education for those employment
 opportunities, and desire to see better  long-term planning for management and preser-
 vation of anchialine ponds in the West Coast of Hawaii.   Two individuals  questioned
 the value of anchialine ponds and one interest group questioned the validity  of the
 Mate certified shoreline boundary.  One  individual wanted the lagoon open to public
 use, as well as use by resort  guests.   Two  individuals questioned the desireability of
 importing exotic deer to Hawaii.

*•   DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT  STATEMENT

     (a)    Copies of the  Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) were mailed
to government agencies and the public on March 25,  1985. A list of persons, organiza-
tions and agencies receiving the  DEIS is  provided in Appendix J.  The availability of
the DEIS was published in the Federal Register on April 5,  1985, and the Corps of
Engineers circulated a Public Notice of Availability of the DEIS on April 5,  1985.  The
date in the Federal Register initiated the official 45-day, DEIS, public review  period
that ended May 20, 1985. See  Appendix J for the Public Notice of Availability.

     (b)   Comments to the DEIS were received from:

          (I)   Congressional Representative, Senator Sparky Matsunaga

          (2)   Federal Agencies:

                U.S. Department of Agriculture
                     Soil Conservation Service, Hawaii
               U.S. Department of Commerce
                     National Marine Fisheries Service
                                      6-3

-------
I
                                 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Hawaii
                                 U.S. Department of the Interior
                                      U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Regional Office
                                      U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawaii
                                 U.S. Department of Transportation
                                      U.S. Coast Guard, 14th District
                                      Federal Highway Administration
                                 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

                            (3)   State of Hawaii

                                 Office of Environmental Quality Control
                                 Department of Accounting and General Services
                                 Department of Agriculture
                                 Department of Defense
                                 Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
                                 Department of Health
                                 Department of Land and Natural Resources
                                 Department of Planning and Economic Development
                                 Department of Transportation
                                 University of Hawaii
                                      Environmental Center
                                      Water Resources Research Center

                            (4)   County of Hawaii
                                                           *
                                 Department of Parks and Recreation
                                 Department of Public Works

                            (5)   Special Interest Groups

                                 First Hawaiian Bank
                                 Island Explorations
                                 Mauna Lani Resort
                                 Sheraton Hotels in the Pacific
                                 Sierra Club, Hawaii Chapter
                                 Society of Hawaiian Archaeology

                            (6)   Individuals

                                 Nelson Ho
                                 E. Alison Kay
                                 Tim Newstrom
                                 Jerry Rothstein
                                 Lani Stimmerman
                                 Richard H. Titgen, Ph.D.

                       (c)   Detailed comments and response to comments  received are provided in
                  Appendix K.

                                                       6-4

-------
                                  CHAPTER VII



                                  REFERENCES
 Acoustical Society of America (1980).  ANSI S23-I980:  Sound Level Descriptors for


             'TL? N   Kr         °f  the HawaFFan  St!|t (Himantopus himantopus
             i)".  Unpublished manuscript.                  - c — - —
rn
Center
                           r    uf Socioeconomic  Prof?].,  t Jniv»r.?*v of Hawai'i,

                           litan Planning and Development: Honolulu, 156 pp.




                                                Predat?on on  ^lock-necked Stilt".
Apple, Russell  A. (1 965).  Hawaiian Archaeology.  Trailst  From SteDpinaston^ to


      Kn I?"6'' B'P- B*n°P Museum Special Publication  SJ.  H.shop .MuseJm Mress"
      nonoiuiu*
                                                        \



Apple, Russell  A.,  and Gordon  A. MacDonald (1966).  "The  Pise of Sea Level in

      Contemporary Times at Honaunau, Kona, Hawaii".  Pacific  Science. 20M:I25-





Armst2rong,pR.W.(I973). Atlas of Hawaii.  The University Press of Hawai'i: Honolulu,





Bachman, Ron (November  1984). Personal communication  from Hilo office, State of


               ^^^^^                           R— ^ision of
                         .  Anaehoomalu:  A Hawnnnn Oos;s.  Pocific Anthronn^r.


                      5'   Dept> °f  Antnr°P°logy> B.K Bishop Museum:  Honoldu,
            oclat
                               :  Tr°ffic Count, Collected for the period from

                                       12:0' a-m" January 5-

                                       H""in° st"H-
                                                                     «-•
                                    7-1

-------
          (September  1981).   Revised Environmental  Impact  Statement for the
    PTSposed Mahukona Resort.  Author; Honolulu, var. pag.

          (May  1983).   Revised  Environmentol Impact Statement for the Proposed
    PrTfTceville  Phase  Two Development.   Prepared for  Pnncevme I >eveloprnent
    Corporation, for submission  to the.kaua'i County Planning Department. Author:
    Honolulu, var. pag.

          (1984). Environmentol Assessment for the Proposed Hapuna Beach Resort
              Kohala,  Hawaii.   Prepared  for  Mauna Kea Properties, inc.  Author:
     Honolulu, var. pag.

_ (1985).  Personal communication from Perry White to Michael T. Lee of
     037 Army Corps of Engineers.

          (August 1985).   Effects on  Groundwater of the Proposed Hyatt Regency
     Walkoloa Hotel. Author:  Honolulu, var. pag.

Boise Cascade Home and Land Corp. (n.d.  /T9767).  Woikoloa Beach Resort Environ-
     mental  Impact  Statement for Boise Cascade  Home and LancTCorp.'s Planned
            Impact
     I I ICT I HJI HI If^VJ^* I  w • %J • •**• i '^^J^^J^-^^^^^^^MM^^^a^^——      -mm  ' j"  J 14 	 .-»-   n
     Resort Community at 'Anaeho^matu, bouth Kbhola, Isiaria of Howai u  Hreparee
     with the assistance  of  Belt, Collins  &  Associates,  Ltd.; Hastings, Martin,
     Hatlstrom and Chew, Ltd.; and JHK Tanaka, Inc. Author: Honolulu, 417 pp.

Bowles S.P. (Ms./1972).  "The Potential of Fresh Groundwater Resources at Waikoloa,
     South Kohala, Hawai'i".  Report submitted to Boise Cascade Recreation Commu-
     nities.

Brock, Julie H., and Richard  E.  Brock (1974).  The Marine Fauna of the Coastof
     Northern Kona, Hawaii;   An Inventory of Fishes and l"^r^!'qteiS Jrf^V^
     During Summer, I97Z.  bea Grant Advisory Report UNIHI-ShAGKANT-AH-/a-02.
     University of Hawaii: Honolulu, 30 pp.

Brock, R.E. (1977).  "Occurrence  and  Variety of Fishes  in  Mixohaline Ponds  of the
     Kona, Hawaii, Coast".  Copeia (I): 134-139.

           (1985).  Personal communication to Michael T. Lee, U.S. Army Corps of
     Engineers.
          (March  1 985). Aquatic Survey of the Anchialine Pond System at Lahuipyag,
           Kohala, Hawaii.  Manuscript report submitted to Mauna Lani  Kesort, Inc.
      Author:  Honolulu.

           (August 2,  1985).  An Assessment of  the  Conditions and Future of the
                Pond Resources of the Hawaiian  Islands.  Prepared for Transcontinen-
      tal Development Co.  Author:  Honolulu, 18 pp.

 Bruner, Phillip L. (February 1984).  An Avifauna! and Feral Mammal Survey of Mauna
      Kea Properties.   Manuscript  report prepared  for Belt, Collins & Associates.
      Author:  La1 ie, Hawai'i, 13pp.

 	•    (April  1984).   An Avifauna!  and Feral Mammal  Survey of  Mauna Lani.
      MTanuscript report prepared for  Belt, Collins  & Associates.   Author:   Lcrle,
      Hawai'i, 6 pp.
                                      7-2

-------
       H - kpQ  2°'  ]98S' An Avifauna! and Feral Mammal Survey of Waikolnn
       Beach Resort Property, Hawaii,  Manuscript report prgpnr^ ^ iut+ ^||}   ,
                       ,       ,
  Associates. Author: La'ie, Hawai'i, 12pp.

       (October 10,  1984).  Letter to Ann  Yoklavich  of  Pelt,

                                      '
                                                                         reaardina
                                                                          "
             R Ma+CD I985*)'  ^An Avffaunal and Fer°' ^ammal Survey of Waikoloa
             Resort Property, Coastal Area  Between  South  Property Boundary  and
       Proposed  Hyatt Site  Hawaii".  Manuscript report prepared V Rel^Co Hn &
       Associates. Author: La'ie, Hawai'i, 13pp.                           ^oums c*
                   *   *'  "BrLef Rep°rt °f Avffaun°' °nd Feral Mammal Survey of
               Located Between Portions of Existing Golf Course at Waikoloa Beach

                                   report prepared for Beln Comns & Assodates-
 Chace, Fenner A., Jr. and Raymond B. Manning 0972).  "Two New Caridean Shrimps
      One Representing a New Family, from Marine Pools on Ascension Island (££'
      tacea: Decapoda:  Natantia)". Smithsonian Contribution to
       f;J f'9J7)u  .S"TC Vqrfob'ef Affecting , Leadership and Community I
      Among Kohola Kes.dent.s.  Unpublished Master's  Ihesis, available at
      or t-iawai'i, Hamilton Library, Hawaiian Collection.


- rr- fl,?79c*  ,"P°rwer'  Poetics, and  Power lessness:  Kohala People and Their-
      PutUre."   Social Process in Hawaii  fa journal  published by  the t niversity -of
      Hawai'i Sociology Department), Vol. 27, pp. 116-128.             university or


Chesney-Lmd, M  and I.Y Lind 0984).  Visitors as Victims:  Crimes Against Tonrht.
      n Two Hawaii Counties.  University ot Hawai'i, JJchoo oV Social tA/ork Vouth
      Development & Research Center (Report No. 293): Honolulu.            '

Ching Francis K w. 0970.  "The Archaeology of South Kohala and North Kona, From
      knflnn I?   -i,   o° T'S f°  the /hupua'a of Hamanamana:  Surface Survey
             l7T  Dee5°of IC°rJfd°^ «>«**"  »'>•"   Hawaii  State ArchaeolonT^
             P: HonolE u         °nd NatUra'  Resour~^ L>,v. of  State Marks,  State
Community Resources 0980).  Potential Social Impacts Ond
Arising from  Developrner
                                     ^^MM^M^Mi
-------
Cox, Doak C. and John F. Mink (1963).  "The Tsunami of 23 May I960 in the Hawaiian
     Islands".  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 53, No. 6: I m-
  '   1209.

Cummings, William C. (Fall  1981).  "Measurements of Man-Made Underwater Noise
     Off  North Slope, Alaska".   Journal of the  Acoustical Society of  America,
     Supplement I, Vol. 7, p. 582.

Dames and Moore (December 1969).  Geological Site Studies, Resort Recreation Area,
     South Kohala  District. Kohala, Hawai'i.  /manuscript report prepared  tor Woise
     Cascade Properties, Inc.  "

Darby-Ebisu & Associates, Inc. (October 30, 1984).  "Assessment of Acoustic Impacts -
     Proposed Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel Project FIS".  Prepared for Belt, Collins
     & Associates.  Author: Kailua, Hawai'i,  13 pp. plus tables and figures.

          (December 6,  1984). Personal communication from Ronald Darby  to Anne
     M"apes of Belt, Collins & Associates

Duncan, Marc (September 26, 1984).  Letter report to Perry White of Belt, Collins &.
     Associates regarding recreational use of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel site,
     3pp.

Earthwatch (September 1984).  "Vegetation Survey for  the Proposed Waikoloa  Hyatt
     Project, Island  of Hawaii".   Manuscript report submitted  to Belt,  Collins &
     Associates, 9 pp.

Eaton, J.P., D.H. Richter, and W.U. Ault (1961). "The Tsunami of 23 May  I960 on the
     Island of Hawaii".  Bulletin  of  the Seismoloaical Society of  America, Vol. jl,
     No.  2:  135-157.

Edmondson, C.H. (1929). "Hawaiian Atyidae". Bulletin of the Bishop Museum, Vol. 66;
      1-36, text figs.  1-4, pi. I.

Elliott, M.E. and E.M. Hall  (1977).   Wetlands and  Wetland Vegetation  of Hawaii.
      U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division:  Honolulu, 344 pp.

Environmental Communications, Inc.  (December  1976).  Kohala Community Develop-
      ment Plan. Prepared for the County of Hawai'i.  Author:  Honolulu, var. paa.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (May 3,  1982).  Flood  Insurance Rate Map,
      Hawaii  County, Hawaii.   Community  Panel  Number 155166 (Y/.f> /H.  Author:
      Washington, D.C.

Federal Interagency Committee on Urban Noise (June 1980).  Guidelines for Consider-
      ing  Noise in Land Use Planning and Control. Author: Washington, D.C., 51 pp.

 Fosberg,  F.R. and D. Herbst  (1975).   "Rare and Endangered Species of Hawaiian
      Vascular Plants". Allertonia, Vol. I, No. I.

 Fraker, Mark A. (Fall 1981). "Responses of Blowhead Whales  fBolonea Mysticetus) to
      Activities  Related  to  Offshore Oil  and  Gas Exploration."   Journal  of the
      Acoustical Society of America, Supplement  I, Vol. 7, p. 583.
                                       ?_Zt

-------
  Fried! William A. (Fall 1981). "Whale Observations and Acoustic Noise Measurements
       Around  Kaho'olawe Island, Hawai'i".   Journal  of the  Acoustical  Society  of
       America, Supplement I, Vol. 7, p. 584.   — ^ - " -- - - -


  Fujii, E.T., J. Mak, and E. Nishimura  (1978).  Tourism and Crime.  Tourism Research

       restitute anTtf ^T; T°' 2', ,^'vers.ty of Hawai';, Social Science Peslo ch
       Institute and the School of Travel Industry Management: Honolulu.

  Fukunaga, L. (1975). "A New Sun in North Kohala." In B.P. Finney and K.A. Watson
       gi '  n N7 f'nd * 5"q°r: Tourism in the Pnrifi,. pp. ,99-227.  East-West
       Honotulu           °na Uevel°Pment ^stitute dhd Culture Learning Institute):


                             lr68u' ftport on Preliminary Investigations of Oceano-

             ,n   k          ?f  ^e..ko^°h (^^-  A^j'^ ^>— g-r'-:- Impart
           » Dillingham eorp.: La Jolla, California.


 Hanlin Bob  (October  I  1984).  Personal communication from Hawaiian  Telephone
      personnel in Kailua-Kona office to Bob Lucas.
      Re0enW ^ociates (Nlovember 20,  1984).  Foundation Investigation,  Hyatt
      Regency Wq.koloa, South Kohola. HownH.  Drafl preliminary report prepared fo?
      Hemmeter Development Company. Author:  Honolulu, 1 0 pp. plus fiaures?
>  R ***' * Fo"ndqt?f" '"vestigation, Hyatt Regency
  Report prepared  for  Hemmeter .bevelopment  (C
                                     e'°pmenT  ^
      W^oloa
      Waikoloa        .                          emmeer .
      Aurnor:  honolulu, 25 pp. plus illustrations and appendices.
                                Hqwq?f>s Bfrd^  Third Edition.  Author:  Honolulu,
            The
                                                Plan. County of  Hawaii.  Author:
Hawai'i, County of, Chief of Police (1981).  Annual Report 1980-81. Hilo.
            r    ' DfPartm.!ntDof P^s °nd Recreation and Piannina Oepartment
           - County of Hawaii; Recreation Plan. Author:  Hilo, 230 pp.     P°rTmenT


                 : DepQrtment °f PIannfn^ n'  Employee Housing


          (1982). Kona Regional Plan (Droft^. Author: Hilo,  1 93 pp.


                                  °f Basl^ R;dents on Pl"nnino and
                ^PQrtment °f Agriculture (1 982).  State Agriculture Plan.  Author:


                             °f  Educat'°^'^2).  State Education Plan.   Author:
                                    7-5

-------
Hawai'i, State of, Department of Health (1982). State Health Plan. Author: Honolulu,
     38pp.
	.  "Chapter 59 — Ambient Air Quality Standards", Title 11, Administrative
     Rule's. Author:  Honolulu, 4 pp.
            "Chapter 60 — Air Pollution Control",  Title  11, Administrative Rules.
     Author:  Honolulu, 29 pp.
Hawai'i, State of, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations (1981).  1980 Employ-
     ment and Payrolls in Hawaii.  Author: Honolulu.
	(1982).  1981 Employment and Payrolls in Hawaii.  Author; Honolulu.
	(1983).  1982 Employment and Payrolls in Hawaii.  Author: Honolulu.
	(1984).  1983 Employment and Payrolls in Hawaii.  Author: Honolulu.
Hawai'i, State of, Department of Land and Natural Resources (March 1980).  Revised
     Environmental  Impact  Statement for the Lalamilo Water System,  South Kohala,
     Hawaii.  Author;  Honolulu, var. pag.
	(I982a).  State Conservation Lands Plan. Author:  Honolulu, 20 pp.
	(I982b).  State Historic Preservation Plan.  Author:  Honolulu, 28 pp.
	(1982c).  State Recreation Plan. Author: Honolulu, 19pp.
           (I982d).  State Water Resources Development Plan.   Author:   Honolulu,
      27pp.
	(October 17,  1984).  Letter from  Ralston H. Nagata,  Acting State Parks
      Administrator to Perry White of Belt, Collins & Associates.
Hawai'i, State of, Department of Planning and  Economic Development (1972). Tourism
      in Hawaii;   Hawaii  Tourism  Impact Plan. Volume  I;   Statewide.   Author:
      Honolulu.
           (1972).   Tourism  in Hawaii;   Hawaii Tourism  Impact  Plan. Volume  11;
      Statewide. Author:  Honolulu.
     	(1973).  Community Profiles in Hawaii 1970. Author: Honolulu.
          (1978).  The Hawaii State Plan. Author: Honolulu, 48 pp.
           (I978b).  State Tourism Study, Public Revenue - Cost Analysis.   Author:
      Honolulu.
     	(1981).  The Hawaii State Plan Survey - July I98L  Author: Honolulu.
     	(I982a). State Energy Plan. Author:  Honolulu, 27 pp.
     	(I982b). State Tourism Plan. Author: Honolulu, 23 pp.
           (1983). The Economic Impacts of Tourism in Hawaii;  1970-1980.  Author:
      Honolulu.
                                      1-6

-------
                   The State of Hawaii Data Book 1983.  Author:  Honolulu.
,  Hawai'i Inter-Division Committee (1984).  Economic Development on the
                                          " - ~
 -
       Island of Hawaii. Author:  Honolulu, 81 pp.

 Hawai'i, State of, Department of Social Services and Housing (1982).  State Housina
       "tan.  Hawai'i Housing Authority:  Honolulu, 23 pp.      "         ~~~~ — — — —

           .,  Public Welfare Division (1981,  1982,  1983).  A Statistical Report. on Child
           KM JH_K J K. l^^^^t _ _— A ? _ II    ••  A * t    ••   ..     *^ --      __
       Abuse and Neglect in Hawaii.  Author: Honolulu.

 Hawai'i, State  of, Department of Transportation (1982).  State Transportation Plan
       Author: Honolulu, 28 pp.                            - - - - -=-

 Holthuis, L.B. (1973).  "Caridean Shrimps Found in Land-Locked Saltwater Pools  at
       Four  Jndo-West Pacific Localities (Sinai Peninsula, Funafuti Atoll,  Maui and
       Hawaii Islands), with the Description of One New Genus and Four New Species"
       Zool. Verhald., No. 128:47 p. + 7 plates.                                      *

 Honolulu, City and County of, Department of Data Systems (August  1983). Aqe Distri-
      bution of  Registered Vehicles in the City  & County of Honolulu (unpublished
          *
 Isuzumu, Fred (August 22, 1984).  Personal communication from State Department of
      Transportation to Ann Yoklavich of Belt, Collins & Associates.

 Jehl, J.L. et al. (January. 1980).  Effects  of Sound and Shock Waves on Marine Verte-'
      JJLUJL8 ^"Annotated  Bibliography.  U.S. Pish nnrt MMlifo O.~.i~ /l-U/e/ABe
      8U/U2):  Washington, D.C., 8 pp.

 Johnson,  James H. (Fall 1983). "Compatibility of Ships  and Whales in Glacier Pay".
      Journaf of the Acoustical Society of  America. Supplement, Vol. 74, p. 553.

 Johnson,  O.W., P.M. Johnson, and P.L. Bruner (1981).  "Wintering Behavior and Site
      Faithfulness of Golden  Plovers on Oahu".  'Elepoio,  Volume 41, No. 12, pp. 123-
Kay,  E.  Alison (1979).  Hawaiian Marine Shells.   Reef and Shore Fauna of HnwnfT.
                                                 pecid Mublicgtion
                                              *******
Key'
                                                               Prepared for
Kikuchi, William K   and John C. Belshe (1971). Examination and Evaluation of Fish
     ponds on the Leeward Coast of the Island ot HQWQ.I.  Prepared for th»  U^M
     Counry Banning Commission, Hilo. - '

Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1979).  Marine Exploitation in Prehistoric HnwnPi, Archaeoloqi-
     cal   nves .aations at knlnh;r^at Hawa.-.  Island    Mcciff.  Anthro
     Kecords No. 2
-------
Klein,  Jeffrey, J.C. Lerman,  P.E. Damon, and  E.K.  Ralph H982).  "Calibration of
     Radiocarbon Dates:  Tables based on the Consensus Data of the Workshop on
     Calibrating the Radiocarbon Time Scale". Radiocarbon, Vol. 24:103-150.

Kuilima Development Company (December 28, 1984). "Working Paper on Kuilima Jobs
     Training/Economic  Development  Program  (Draft)."   Manuscript prepared for
     review and input  by community groups and public agencies.  Author:  Honolulu,
     4 pp. + Appendices.

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory  and  State of Hawai'i Department  of Planning and
     Economic Development (January  1981).  Hawaii  Integrated Fnerqy Assessment,
     Executive Summary. Author: Honolulu,  32 pp.

Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service  (January 1974).  A Legislative
     History of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, Volume I, p. 411.

Ljungblad, Donald K. (Fall 1983). "Interaction Between Offshore Geophysical Explora-
     tion Activities and Bowhead Whales in the  Alaskan Beaufort Sea, Fall  1982".
     Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Supplement, Vol. 74, p. 555.

Location, Inc. (September 1984).  "Real  Estate Data Bank."  Hawaii Business, p. 17.

MacDonald,  Gordon A.,  and Agatin  T. Abbott (1970).  Volcanoes in the Sea:  The
     Geology of Hawaii. University of Hawai'i Press:  Honolulu, 44! pp.

Maciolek, John A.  and Richard  E. Brock (April 1974).  Aquatic Survey of the Kona
     Coast Ponds, Hawaii Island. Sea Grant Advisory  Report UNIHI-5EACiKAN i-AK-
     74-04:  Honolulu, 73 pp.

Mann,  H.J. (1968).  Oceanographic Studies at 'Anaeho'omalu Bay .Hawqi'i.  Manuscript
     reports I, 2, & 3 prepared for Mclntire & Ouiros.  Monterey, California.

Matteson and Rae. Associates, Inc. (1980).  A Study of the Housing Needs Associated
     with the Construction and Operation of a 600-Room  Hotel at  Keauhou-Kona.
     Prepared for Architects Hawaii, Inc. Author:  Honolulu.

Maui, County of, Police Department (1981). Annual Report 1980.  Author: Wailuku.

McPheters, L., and W. Stronge.  (1974).  "Crime as an Environmental Fxternality of
     Tourism:  Miami, Florida."  Land Economics, Vol. 50, pp. 288-292.

Michels, Joseph W. (1982).  The Hydration Rate for  PyuWaawaa Trachytic Glass at
     Archaeological Sites in  the Kona Coast Area  of Hawaii,!  Mohlab (Technical
     Report No.  I I): State College, Pennsylvania.

Morrow, J.W. (February  1979).  Air Quality Impact Analysis;  Mauna Keo Beach Hotel
     Power Plant.  Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates. Author: Kailua.

           (July   1984).   Air Quality Impact  Analysis;   Koka'ako  Redevelopment
      District Plan. Author:  Kailua.

       	(September 1984).  Air Quality Impact Analysis;  Waikoloa Hyatt Regency
      Hotel.  Author:  Kailua, 38 pp.         :
                                      7-8

-------
  Mullineaux, Donal R. and Donald W. Peterson (1974). Volcanic Hazards on the Island
       of Hawaii.  Open File Report  74-239.  U.S. Geolog.cal Survey.  Work  done in
       cooperation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development, 61 pp.

  Newman, J.S., et d. (November 1982).  Helicopter Noise Exposure Curves for tfse in
       .-t?-Y.'r,°"me"    'mPqct Assessments!  t-ederal  Aviation Administration  ' the Hyatt
      Development Site at 'Anaeho'omolu,  Hawaii.  Lytha Conquest, ^roj^ Unnn^r'
      Prepared for the Hemmeter Investment Co.  OI  Consultants, Inc.:  wafmana|o;
      Hawai'i, 20 pp. + Appendix.                .

     	/October  1984).   Impact Analysis of  the Hyatt Recency Wa?koloa Hotel
      Development on the Aquatic Resources  of the  Wgikoloa  Reach ^esort Area.
      Mawam  Dr. bavid A.  Aemann, Project Manager.  Author:  Waimanalo, Hawdf'l,'


                       ^Anchialine Pond  Survey of  the Northwest Coast of Hawaii
                                              lager.   Prepared tor Eielt, ^'ollins &
                                              3, Hawaii, 33 pp. + Appendix.

                                                                  Army Corps of
     ™n   (?Ctober+4' I984)«  Persona' communication from State Health Planning
     and Development Agency employee to Bob Lucas.
Phillips, Brandt, Reddick and Associates (Hawai'i), Inc. (1984). North Kohala Commu-
                                                         for
Pratt, H.D. (September 1 984). Personal communication to Phil Bruner.
                                     7-9

-------
Public Affairs Advisory Services,  Inc. (1979). Final Report of a Big Island Survey of
     Public Opinion Concerning Resort Development and Kelated Topics.  Prepared
     for Belt, Collins & Associates. Author: Honolulu, 3 vol.

           (I980a).   Survey of Kona residents  (partial  results  reprinted  in  Kona
	Regional  Plan,  1982  draft, County  of Hawai'i  Planning  Department,  Hilo,
     Hawai'i. j  Author:  Honolulu.

     	 (I980b).  Final Report of a Kohala  (North  and South) Survey  of Pyblic
     Opinion Concerning Resort Development and Keldted loftics^  Prepared for 1-telt7
     Collins & Associates.  Author: Honolulu, ± vol

Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther T. Mookini (1974). Place Names of
     Hawaii.  The University Press of Hawai'i:  Honolulu 2R9 pp.

Pyle, R. (March  1985).  Personal  communication from  R.  Pyle, Ph.D., Ornithologist
     associated with the B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu to Phil Pruner.

Rosendahl,  Paul  H. (1972).   Archaeological  Salvage  of  the  Hapuna-Anaehpomalu
     Section of the Koilua-Kawairiae Road (Qyeen Kaahymony Hjqhway>, island of
     Hawaii.  Departmental Report Series 72-5.  Oept. of^  Anthropology, H.P. Bishop
     Museum:  Honolulu.

	(1973).  Archaeological Salvage of the Ke-Ahole to Anaehoomalu  ction of
     thT'Kailua-Kawaihae Road  (Queen Kaahumanu Hjqhway^lsiand  of
      Departmental Report Series 73-3.  Dept. of Anthropology, B.P. Bishop Museum:
      Honolulu.

	 (1984).  Archaeological  Field Inspection of Waikoloa  Hyatt Hotel Site -
      WaTkoloa Beach Resort. Anaehoomaiu,  South Kohalg,  Island of Hawgii.  PHPT
      Report Ms. 138-080484. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates, Honolulu, 5 pp..

           (January 1985).  Archaeological field Inspection,  Waikoloa Ponds - Woiko-
      loo Beach Resort, Anaehoomalu,5pyth Kohala, Island of Hawaii. PHRI  Report
      152-01 1385. Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates, 7 pp.

	 (April  II,  1985).  Letter to Ann Yoklavich of Belt, Collins & Associates
      regarding Archaeological Site Numbers.

SMS Research, Inc. (December 1984).  The 1984 Hawaii State Plan Survey.  Appendix
      Report; Detailed Results.  Author:  Honolulu, 43 pp.

Schwartz,  C.W. and E.R* Schwartz (1949).  The Game Birds in Hawaii.  The Hawaii
      News Print Shop: Hilo,  Hawai'i, 168 pp.

   	(1951). "The Hawaiian Stilt". Auk, Volume 69, No. 4, pp. 446-449.
 Sea Engineering, Inc. (December 1984).  Shoreline Perm Runup and Stability Analysis;
      Hyatt Regency Waikoloa, Island of Hawaii.  Author; Honolulu, 51 pp.

 Seinfeld,  John  H.  (1975).   Air Pollution;   Physical and  Chemical  Fundamentals.
      McGraw-Hill Book Company:  New York.

 Shallenberger, R.J. (1977). An Ornithological Survey of Hawaiian Wetlands.  Prepared
      for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Ahuimanu Productions:  Honolulu, 2 vol.
                                      7-10

-------
 Shepard, P.P., G.A. Macdonald, and D.C. Cox (1950).  "The Tsunami of April  I, 1946".
       Bulletin of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. Vol. 5, No. 6:391-528.

 Shun, Kanalei (September  I984a). Preliminary Report Upon Completion of Field Work;
       Intensive  Archaeological Survey,  wgikQloa Hyatt Hotel  J»lte, Wajkoioa
       Anaehoomolu, bouth  Kohola,  Island of Hawaii.  Prepared  for  Belt.
       Associates. HHRI Report Ms.  140-090584: Kurtistown, HawdT'i, 7 pp.

           (September  1 984b). Intensive Archaeological Survey, Waikojog Hyatt Hotel
       Site,  Waikoloa Beach Resort,  Anaehoomglu,  South kohgla, island of MawalL
       Prepared for Belt, Collins & Associates.  PHR! Report Ms. 1 40-0% /Mi;  kurtis-
       town, Hawai'i, 60 pp.

 Shupe, Scott  (September  1984).  Personal communication regarding Kenai Helicopters'
      operations at Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel and probable operating procedures
      at the proposed Hyatt.

 Smith, Francis E. (July 10,  1981). Letter from Hawai'i County Fire Department Acting
      Fire Chief to Brian Suzuki of Belt, Collins & Associates.

 Smith, M.H. (1972). "Socioeconomic Transition in North Kohala."  In R.W. Armstrong
      and H.T. Lewis (Eds.), Preliminary Research in  Human Ecology,  1970;  North
          .. °  Studies.   University ot  Howai'i, Social  Science Institute; — Honolulu,
      pp. I OS-ITS^

 Snedecor, G.W. and W.G.  Cochran (1969).  Statistical  Methods, Sixth Edition. Iowa
      State University Press: Ames,  Iowa, 59TppI            -

 St. John, H. (1 973).  List and Summary of the Flowering Plants in the Hawaiian Islands.
      Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden (Mem. I): Lawa'i, kaua'i, Hawai'i. — ' - ; -

 St. John, H.  (preparer) and C. Corn  (editor)  (1981).   Pore Endemic Plants  of the
      Hawaiian Islands.  Book  I.  State of Hawai'i Department ot Land and Natural
      Resources, Division ot Forestry and Wildlife:  Honolulu.

 Stearns, Harold T.,  and Gordon  A.  MacDonald (1946).   Geology and Ground-Water
      Resources of the Island of Hawaii. Hawai'i Division of Hydrography Bulletin 9):
      Honolulu.                "

 Stemmermann, L. (1981).  A Guide  to Pacific Wetland Plants. US. Army Corps of
      Engineers: Honolulu.                            " -

 Stewart  Brent S.  (Fall  1981).  "Behavioral Response of Northern  Flephant Seals and
      California Sea Lions on San  Nicholas Island, California, to Loud Impulse Noise".
      Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Supplement  I, Vol. 7, p. 584.

Sugiyamo, Harold (September 20,  1984).  Personal communication from County Sewers
      and Sanitation Bureau Chief to Bob Lucas.

Titcomb, M. (1962).  The Hawaiian Stilt in Hawaii and Elsewhere.  Pacific Science
      Information Center, tiernice P. Bishop Museum:  Honolulu. -
                     (1969).   Mammals  In  Hawaii;   A  Synopsis and  Notationol
     S'°i'oqr1aPhX; ,BerJl«re P- Bishop Museum Special Publication 57.  Bishop Museum
     i ress.  iionoluiu, £.jo pp.
                                     7-11

-------
          (1974).  "The Hawaiian Hoary Bat".  National Parks Conservation Magazine
Transcontinental  Development  Co. (August  30,  1984).   Traffic, count  sheets  for
     intersection of Waikoloa Beach Resort  Entrance  Road and Queen Ka'ahumanu
     Highway, conducted on August 30, 1984 from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.

__T_P. (March 7, 1985).  Letter from Clifton  H. Jenkins  to Colonel Michael M.
     JenRs of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences (January  1 980).  Trans-
     portation Research Circular (No. 212);  Interim Mgteriais on Highway Capacity.,
     Author: Washington, D.C., 27 1 pp.

_ ( 1 98 1 ). Energy Involved in Construction Materials and Procedures (National
     Cooperative Highway Research Program: Synthesis of Highway Practice No. BS).
     National Research Council: Washington,  D.C., 34 pp.

Umemura, Robert (August 8, 1984).  Letter to Perry White of Belt,  Collins & Associ-
     ates from Robert Umemura of Lawton, Umemura & Yamamoto, Architects, AIA,
     Inc.

University of Hawai'i (1982). State Higher Education Plan. Author:  Honolulu, 21 pp.

         , Department of Geography ( 1 983).  Atlas of Hawaii.  University of Hawaii
     Press:  Honolulu, 238 pp.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1970).  Flood Hazard Information, Island of Hawaii.
     Report R-37.  For Division of Water and Land Development, Department of Land
     and Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i.  Author: Honolulu.

___^__ (November 1984).  South Kohala Wpter  Supply Study,  Island of Hawaii,
     Hawaii;  Reconnaissance Phase Documentation.  Author:  Honolulu,  33 pp. +
     appendices.

U.S. Congress (August 1977). Clean  Air Act Amendments of 1977 (P.L. 95-95, Section
     110, Implementation PlansT

U.S. Department of Agriculture,  Soil Conservation Service (December 1973).  Soi|
     Survey of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii.  Author:  Washington, D.C.,  115 pp.
     + maps.

U.S. Department of Commerce (September 1967).  Climates of the States;   Hawaii.
     Environmental  Science Services Administration, Environmental  Data Service:
     Washington, D.C., 27 pp.

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administra-
     tion, Environmental Data Service (1975).  Hawaii and Pacific  Annual Summary,
     1974. Author: Honolulu.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (October 15, 1984).  Personal commu-
     nication  regarding the U.S. DHHS  guidelines for health manpower  shortage
     designation from State Department of Health personnel to Nancy Brown of Belt,
     Collins & Associates.
                                    7-12

-------
 U.S. Department of the Interior,  Fish & Wildlife Service (1980).  "Endangered and
      Threatened Species, Plants".  Federal Register. 41(1 1 7):24524-24572.

 U.S. Department of Labor (April 6, 1979).  "Occupational Noise Exposure Standard for
      the Construction Industry." Code of Federal Regulations. Title 29, Chapter XV|L
      Part ! 926., p. 41:2501.                              —                      '

 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (December 1978).
      FHWA Highway Noise Prediction Model. FHWA PB8I-I94??7. Author:  Washing-
      ton , D.C., 266 pp.

 -   (July 8, 1982).  "Procedures for the Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise
      and Construction Noise".  Federal Register. Volume 47, Mo. 131: pp. 61:7101-61:
      / 1 Uo«

 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1973).   Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion
      Estimates, AP-26 (Sixth Edition). Author:  Research Triangle Park, N.C.

 - .  —  (January  1975).   Guidelines  for Air Quality Maintenance  Planning  and
     Analysis;  Indirect  Sources (Volume  9). lzPA-45(V4- /S-(l(l I .   A..th^.   B^^^u
      I riongle Park, N.C.

- r-rr (Au9u?c I977>-  Compilation  of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Third
     Edition) with Supplements 1-14.  Author;  Research TrinnnU. Pnrl^ M T — : - *r
          (February 1978).  User's Guide to PAL - A Gaussian Plume Algorithm for
     Point, Area, and Line Sources. 1-kA  dHWA-7ft-iU'.t  A..+l~.   u — nrrh |V{nna|c
     rark, N.C.
     Ton, U.C.
                                        Guidelines for Lead Implementation Plans.
                      , as amended in July and November,  1979.  Author:  Washina-
    -T--T ^September  1978).  Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance  Planning and
     Analysis;  Indirect Sources, 
-------
Ward Research (1982).  A Study of Big Island Attitudes Toward Tourism. Prepared for
     Big Island Visitor Appreciation Committee. Author: Honolulu.

Wear, Robert G. and L.B. Holthuis (1977).  "A New Record for the Ahchialine Shrimp
     Ligur uveae (Borradaile  1899) (Decapoda, Hippolytidae) in the Phillipines with
     nates on Its morphology, behavior and ecology". Zoologische  Mededelingen 5 1 ,
     no. 8.

West Hawaii Today (September 5, 7, 10, 1984).  Classified advertisements.

Wong, D.C.L. ( 1 975). Algae of the Anchialine Pools at Cope klnau, Moui, and Aspects
    * of the Trophic Ecology of Halacaridina .rubrq Hplthui$.(Decopoclg. Atyidoe).  M.5T
     Thesis in Botanical Sciences.  University of Hawaii: Honolulu, 1 03 pp.

Wright, D.G. (February 1982).  A Discussion Paper on the Effects of Explosives on Fish
     and Mammals  in the WaterTof the Northwest Territories. Canadian Department
     of Fisheries and Oceans:  Winnepeg.

Yamasaki,  Iwao (September 20,  1984).   Personal  communication from  Hawaiian
     Electric Light Company employee in Marketing Department to Bob Lucas.

Yoshizumi, Ralph (November 9,  1984).  Personal communication from Hawai'i County
     Fire Department captain to Ann Yoklavich of Relt, Collins & Associates.

Young, George A.  03 February  1973).  Guidelines for Fvaluotinq the Environmental
     Effects of Underwater  Explosion Tests .(-WOLTR 72-21 I).   Naval  Ordnance
     Laboratory: White-Oak, Maryland, 1 1 9 pp.

Young, R.H.F., E.A. Kay, L.S. Lau, E.D. Stroup, S.J. Dollar and D.P. Fellows 0977).
     Hydrologic 'and Ecological  Inventories of the •Cstql  Caters pf  'es' Hawaii.
     Sea Grant Technical Report No. 105.  UNIHI-5EAGPANT-rR-77-02.  University
     of Hawai'i: Honolulu, 94 pp.

Yuen, Andrew (1985).  Personal communication from biologist at U.S. Fish'& wildlife
     Service to Michael T. Lee, U.S. Army Corps of Fngineers.

Ziemann,  David A.  (March  14,  1985).   Letter to Perry  White  of Pelt,  Collins &
     Associates from David A. Ziemann, Ph.D. of Ol Consultants, Inc.

Zoller, W.H. et al. (December 1 983).  "Iridium Enrichment in Airborne Particles from
     Kilauea~V6Tcano: January 1983". Science, 222; 1118.
                                     7-14

-------
                                   CHAPTER VIII

                                       INDEX
                                                                          Page
 Access, Coastal
 Air Quality, Existing Conditions
 Air Quality, Impacts on
 Alternative  I, Description
 Alternative 2, Description
 Alternative 3, Description
 Alternative 4, Description
 Alternative 5, Description
 Alternative, Applicants' Proposal
 Alternative, Permit Denial
 Alternative, Environmentally Preferred
 Alternatives Within the Jurisdiction of the DA
 Alternatives, Practicable
 Alternatives To Be Considered
 Alternatives Within the Capability of the Applicants But
    Outside the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers
 Alternatives Beyond the Capability of the Applicants But
    Within the Jurisdiction of the Corps of Engineers
 Alternative Development Sites Outside the WBR
 'Anaeho'omalu Bay
 Anchialine Pond Preservation Area, Management of
 Anchialine Pond Resources, Statewide
 Anchialine Ponds, Creation and Restoration
 Anchialine Ponds, Description and Distribution of
 Anchialine Ponds, Effect of Alternatives on
 Anchialine Ponds, Hydrology
 Anchialine Ponds, Organisms
 Anchialine Ponds, Waikoloa Beach  Resort
 Aquatic Resources, General
 Aquatic Resources, Waiulua Bay, Description of

 Bathymetry
 Birds
 Birds and Wildlife, Effects on
 Building Footings

 Clean Water Act, Section 404
 Climate
 Coastal Features
 Coastal Trail
 Coastal Zone Management Program
 Communities, Profile of Existing
 Controversy,  Areas of
 Coordination  with Government Agencies
 Coordination,  Endangered Species
Coordination,  Historic Preservation
Currents
 i, 2-19
 3-11
 4-31
 2-21
 2-21
 2-21
 2-25
 2-25
 2-7
 2-28
 2-33  ,
 2-7

 2-4

 2-28

 2-33
 2-29, 2-30, 2-31

 i, iii
 C-l
 2-28
 3-70
 5i, 4-3, 4-8
 3-23 .,.
 3-?9, 4-4

 iz-rt-4-3
 3-19

 3-6
 3-16
 4-18
 2-14

 iii, 2-7
 3-7
 3-5
 2-19

 3-49, ii

 6-1
F-!
H-l
3-5
                                       8-1

-------
                                                                       Jgge
Development Alternatives
Draft Environmental Impact Statement
Drainage, Existing

Earthquakes
Economic Activity
Electrical Power System, Effect on
Electrical Power System, Existing
Employment and Labor Force, Existing
Employment and Labor Force, Projected
Employment, Benefits for Long-Time Residents
Employment, Percent Unemployed
Endangered Species
Environmental Consequences
Environmental Setting
Environmentally Preferred Alternative
Epigeal Organisms
Exotic Fish, Spread of

Fill, Anchidline Ponds
Fill, Discharge of
Fish, Anchialine Pond Species
Flooding, Coastal High Hazard Area
Flooding, Hawaii County Flood Control Ordinance

Geology

Health Care Facilities, Existing
Historic Sites, Coordination
Historic Sites, Description of Preservation Plan
Historic and Archaeologic Sites, Effects on
Historic and Archaeologic Sites, Existing
History of DA Permit Application
Housing Impacts, Construction Period
Housing Impacts, Mitigation.of
Housing Impacts, Operational Period
Housing, Existing Stock of
Hydrology, Groundwater
Hypogeal Organisms

Kaniku Lava Flow
Keauhou Resort

Lagoon Water Circulation
Lagoon, Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel
Land Use, Existing
Land Use, Hawaii County Zoning
Land Use, Hawaii County General Plan
2-6
6-3, J-l, K-l
3-2

3-2
4-22
4-30
3-66
3-55
4-20
i, 4-20, 4-25
3-55

4-1
6-1, 6-2,
Appendix F,
Appendix G,
3-20, 3-43,4-16
2-33
3-37, 4-4
4-7

4-3, 4-8
4-3, 4-8
3-31
i,3-7
3-7

3-1

3-60
Hi, 6-2, H-!
i, ii, 2-19
4-17
3-45
2-4
4-21
4-23
4-21
3-57
3-23
3-37, 4-4

3-1
2-31

2-25,4-1
2-7, 4-1
2-1
3-48
3-48
                                       8-2

-------
                                                                        Poqe
 Mammals
 Marine Biota, Effects on
 Mauna Kea Resort
 Maun a Lani Resort

 No Action Alternative
 Noise, Effects on
 Notice of Intent

 Oceanographic Characteristics

 Permit Denial
 Permit Requirements, County
 Permit Requirements, State
 Personal Income, Project-Related
 Pile-Supported Structures, Use of
 Pond Preservation Area, Alternative I
 Pond Preservation Area, Alternative 2
 Pond Preservation Area, Alternative 3
 Pond Preservation Area, Alternative 4
 Pond Preservation Area, Alternative 5
 Pond Preservation Area, Applicants' Proposal
 Pond Preservation, Off-Site
 Pond Preservation Program
 Population, Effect on
 Population, Existing and Trends
 Practicable Alternatives Analysis
 Preparers, List of
 Project Location
 Property Tax Revenues, Project Related
 Proposed Action
 Protective Services
 Public Access
 Public Hearing
 Public Involvement
 Public Notices
 Public Services, Effect On
 Purpose and Need

 Rainfall
 Recipients of DEIS, List of
 Recipients of Public Notices
 Recreational Facilities, Existing
 Recreatonal Resources, Impacts on
 References
 Regional Background
 Rivers and Harbors Act

Sandy Beach, Proposed
Schools and Libraries, Existing
Scoping
Social Effects, Crime
 3-16,4-16
 4-16
 2-31
 2-32

 2-32
 4-32
 D-l

 3-5
 2-19
 2-19
 4-22
 2-28
 2-21
 2-21
 2-21
 2-25
 2-25
 2-7
 2-27
 2-13, R-l
 4-20
 3-49
 A-l
 5-1
 2-1
 4-22
 2-7
 3-63
 2-15
 6-3,1-1
1, l-l

3-11'
J-l
6-1
3-61
i, 4-27
7-1
2-1
2-7

2-13
3-60
6-1
4-23
                                       8-3

-------
                                                                        Page
Social Effects, Family Structure
Social Effects, Social Structure
Socle-Economic Characteristics
Socio-Economic Impacts
Soils
Solid Waste, Generation and Disposal

Telecommunications Facilities, Existing
Telecommunications Facilities, Proposed
Temperature
Threatened and Endangered Species
Tides
Topographic Alterations
Topographic Features
Trail, Coastal
Transportation Facilities, Effects on
Transportation Facilities, Existing
Tsunamis

Vegetation, "Barren Lava" Cover Type
Vegetation, Coastal Strand
Vegetation, Effects on
Vegetation, Existing
Vegetation, Kiawe Woodland
Vegetation, Marsh'
Vegetation, Pond
Visual Elements
Volcanic Hazards

Waikoloa Project, Scope and History
Waiulua Bay, Description
Waiulua Bay, Zones In
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, Effect On
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, Existing
Water Quality, Anchialine Ponds
Water Quality, Coastal
Water Quality, Effect of Lagoon Construction on
Water Quality, Within Proposed Lagoon
Water Supply, Effects on
Water Supply, Existing
Waves, Storm
Wildlife
Wind
4-22
4-24
3-46
n, 4-18, 4-25
2-3
3-64, 4-30

3-66
4-30
3-11
4-18
3-5
4-1
3-1
2-19
4-28
3-63
3-7, 4-2

3-13
3-13
4-17
3-13
3-13
3-13
3-13
3-1
3-2

3-49
3-19
3-19
4-29
3-65
3-25,  4-8
3-20,3-25,4-13
4-10,  4-13
4-15
4-29
3-64
3-7, 4-2
3-16
3-1!
                                       8-4

-------
               Appendix A
Applicants Practicable Alternative Analysis

-------

-------
                           WAIKOLOA
                         September 12,  1985
     Colonel  Michael H.  Jenks
     District Engineer
     Honolulu District
     U.S. Array Corps of  Engineers
     Building 230
     Ft. Shatter,  HI  96858-5440
         Re:
Waikoloa Beach Resort
Application for Cores of Engineers Permit
     Dear Colonel Jenksi

         Enclosed herewith is the analysis  of practical
     alternatives report,  dated .September 6, 1985, prepared by
     the  professional appraisal firm of  Hastings, Martin,
     Conboy,  Braig t Associates,  Ltd.  The  report was prepared
     in conjunction with our application for the referenced
     Department  of Army Permit, and it sets forth the
     appraiser's determination of the economic impact to the
     Applicant of the Applicant's Proposal  and ten Alternatives
     to that  proposal.   The purpose of this letter is to
     communicate to you,  first, how the  Applicant selected its
     proposal and the ten alternatives for  evaluation by Mr.
     Hastings, and second,  why additional alternatives, both
     onsite and  offsite Haikoloa,  were evaluated by the
     Applicant,  but were not selected for Inclusion in the
     enclosed report.

         1.   Selection Of The Applicant's  Proposal And The Ten
             Alternatives.	

         The  large and complex Waikoloa  Beach Resort project is
     a aasterplanned property that has been under planning and
     development as a world-class "destination resort" for many
     years.   The Applicant and its predecessors initially
1001 Bishop Street Suite 2810 Pntlnh! Tower Honolulu. Hawaii tKW 13 I'lmne (BOB) 545-3220 Telex 2(17147
                                                                                       Colonel  Michael H.  Jenks
                                                                                       Page  2
                                                                                       September 12,  1985
selected Haikoloa because of the unique and unmatched
features of the property which qualify it for such usage.
Over the many years of the project, the Applicant and its
predecessors have exhaustively invested thousands of hours
and Billions of dollars in creating an infrastructure to
accoaodate hotels, golf courses, condominiums, single-
family residences, and the commercial, sporting, and
cultural facilities required for such a resort,  over
those same years, the Applicant has also worked with all
levels of local government and environmental groups to
carefully consider and integrate their needs into the
Haikoloa master plan.  As a result, the application before
you should be considered based upon the full scope of the
Haikoloa Beach Resort project and not merely as it relates
to any one increment of the project, such as the Haikoloa
Hyatt Regency Hotel.

    The Applicant's primary reason for being in business
is to develop the Haikoloa Beach Resort property into a
world-class destination resort.  To abandon Haikoloa in
favor of another location offsite would result in an
economic disaster from which the Applicant could not
survive.  Thus, not only is Haikoloa the best alternative
because of its unique destination resort characteristics
(weather, terrain, location, etc.), Haikoloa is the only
alternative which allows the Applicant to meet the minimum
economic objectives necessary to develop such a resort.

    Developing a world-class destination resort within
economically feasible parameters requires a blend of
proven experience and pioneering innovation.  Hew neighbor
island resort complexes must provide a wide range of
anenlties in order to compete effectively with already-
established resort areas ouch as Haikiki and Ka'anapali.
At one time, the worldwide competition in this industry
was not so well established, and it was possible to start
with a relatively small resort, but that is no longer the
case.  In today's market it is necessary to come on strong
from the very beginning in order to have a financially
viable project.

    Through both experience and research, the Applicant
concluded that the shoreline property at Haikoloa must
include at least four major hotels, at least two luxury
residential complexes, and at least one golf course

-------
Colonel Michael H. JenXa
Page 3
September 12, 1985
parcel.  Thi» !• « difficult taak given the relatively
Short shoreline «t Haikoloa.  Yet it la a fact that no
,aj£ Semination re.ort of significant ai« in Hawaii haB
ever been built and operated profitably without
Substantially all of  it being located directly on the
ocean frontage.  Thu. the usable shoreline must be
carefully planned and developed to maximize its
effectiveness.  If  it i. not, the Applicant has concluded
that Haikoloa cannot  be developed economically; in other
wordB.  it will not  be able  to pay for the major
infrastructure and  holding  costs that are necessary for
such an endeavor.   If the fixed infrastructure costs mauka
of the  ahorelin. properties (e.g., roadways, sewer
systems, utilities,  etc.) have to be borne by fewer
shoreline  properties, the entire concept would be
economically infeasible.

     in selecting  its Proposal, the Applicant has
 considered not only its desire to develop  a successful
 destination resort, but also its desire to meet  its
 com»itaent to the people of Hawaii  and the government
 agencies having juraidiction over  this development.
 During the years after the Haikoloa project was  conceived,
 the preservation of anchialine ponds in Hawaii became a
 concern for many in the community.   A recent  report  by the
 acknowledged authority Dr.  Richard Brock indicates that
 the anchialine ponds on the Island of Hawaii  over recent
 years have degraded  in quality due primarily  to  a lack of
 professional conservation management.   Dr. Brock indicates
 that other anchialine pond areas in the State of Hawaii
 have suffered si.ilarly over the same period of time.  Dr.
 Brock concludes that such degradation is likely to
 continue without a professionally managed conservation
 prograa.  Unfortunately, public funds are not available to
 provida such services, particularly on privately owned
 land.

     Hith this in mind, the Applicant selected as its
 Proposal a  plan to set aside 12.146 acres of prime
 ocetnfront  land as a special pond conservation area.  This
 unique land is currently valued at §13,620,000.
 Additionally, to assure that this special P°nf
 conservation area  will thereafter receive a high level  of
 professional care,  the Applicant's Propoeal includes a
 Pond Management Agreement  with the Corps  of Engineers,
Colonel Michael H. Jenfc*
Page 4
September  12,  1985
whereby  the Applicant will  fund the coat of a Management
program  for the conservation area under the auspices of
0.3.  Fish and Hildlife  Service after the Permit  from the
Corp* of Engineers is issued.  The Applicant believes that
this  Proposal is the best possible way to  save nany
anchialine ponds at Haikoloa from degradation or possible
extinction.

    However, the Applicant  cannot afford to set  aside the
proposed Pond Conservation Area  and  fund a professionally
managed program if the Applicant IB  unrealistically
 limited or restrained from developing the  adjacent
 shoreline parcels in accordance  with its master plan for
 the Haikoloa Beach Resort.   To demonstrate this
 proposition, the Applicant selected ten alternatives to
 its Proposal for evaluation by Hr.  Hastings.  In each
 successive  alternative, the pond conservation area
 increases.  The result of this is to reduce the scope of
 the Haikoloa Hyatt Regency Hotel and/or to reduce_the
 scope of  luxury condominiums on a shoreline parcel.  The
 economic  impact of these ten alternatives IB discussed in
- the  enclosed  report.  Very briefly, however, the report
 demonstrates  the  economic  reality that the Haikoloa Hyatt
 Regency program as  now planned will have to be  abandoned
 if the  Applicant  is  required to significantly Increase the
 Pond Preservation Area on  Parcels 12 and  13.

      2.    Alternatives' That Here Hot Selected For Inclusion
           In The Report.	__	_	

      As  noted earlier,  a  world-class destination resort
 must provide a full range  of amenities to its visitors.  A
 world-class resort development  must  also  have a major
 hotel as its anchor tenant.  Thus the Applicant determined
 that the Hyatt Regency Haikoloa Hotel must have a  minimum
 of 1,250 rooms as well as  the necessary supporting
  restaurants and recreational facilities.   A«  no existing
  site at Haikoloa had the requisite  60  acres,  a  new parcel
 was  created.  On this new parcel,  about  80 percent of  the
  hotel rooms are located on the  top of  the Kaniku lava  flow
  along the northern side of Haiulua  Bay where  there are no
  ponds,   But it is physically impossible  to place more
  rooms there.  As you know, the  County height  limit is
  already achieved; In fact, the County permit  allows the
  Applicant one more story than it would have been able to

-------
Colonel Michael H.  Jenks
Page 5
September 12,  1985
build under the current zoning lava,  Hence  it ia
necessary to put some of the needed  1,250 hotel rooms on
the low-lying areas that contain ponds.

    Similarly, the Applicant had no  alternative but  to
site the lobby, conference room, and back of the house
facilities in the low-lying areas where ponds are present
if reasonable continuity were to be  maintained between  the
two halves of the project — the northern part on top of
the Kaniku lava flow and the southern part on the low-
lying area containing ponds.

    Given these factors, the only elements of the project
which could conceivably be relocated were the parking,  the
tennis courts, and the luau area.  The ten alternatives in
the Hasting Report include relocation and elimination of
some of these vital amenities. The  Applicant also
considered other alternatives relating to these amenities
which were not included in the report for the reasons
discussed next.

         a.   Parking.

         The County requires the Applicant to have  a
certain minimum number of parking spaces.  A substantial
portion of the County parking requirement is already being
met offsite, and further transfer of parking off the site
is not operationally feasible. The  Applicant's experience
is that people do not like to be guests at hotels where
they must walk a mile to their car or wait for a shuttle
bus.

         The Applicant also considered building a parking
structure rather than the surface parking that is
proposed.  The visual impact of a parking structure  on  the
resort is disastrous because the shape of the site  means
that parking must be on the entrance side.   The Waikoloa
resort is designed to afford relaxed, open,  Hawaiian
living.  Visitors abhor large parking structures that
remind them of the cities from which they have recently
fled.

         Underground parking was also considered, but  it
is even more impractical, particularly when  it  is.
recognized that it would have to be  built beneath the
Colonel Michael M. Janks
Page 6
September 12, 1985
water table and somehow be protected against possible
flooding by tsunami.

         b.   Tennis.

         Tennis is  among  the  activities that sell a
resort.  The  incorporation of both  regular  and  stadium
court* in the design of the project is in recognition of
the fact that tennis sells rooms.   But it only  sells them
if they are readily accessible to guests, and so they
could not be  located offsite.

         The  Applicant also considered building a parking
structure and locating the tennis court complex or other
facilities on the roof of that structure.   But  this roof-
top design is impractical because Haikoloa  has  winds that
are too severe at elevation for such recreational
activities.   Typical gusts on top of a parking  structure
would be 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 times greater than  at ground
level .

         The  Applicant also considered the  elimination  of
the tennis courts at the  Hyatt Regency altogether or
almost completely in an effort to add additional pond
preservation  area.  The Hyatt Regency group presented
historical operating facts which indicate  that  a world-
class  luxury  hotel  cannot operate successfully  without  a
tennis court  complex equal  in size  and quality  to that
which  is now  set  forth in the Applicant's  Proposal.
Eliminating the tennis courts was therefore considered  so
economically  infeasible  that  the idea was  not selected  for
review by Mr. Hastings.

         c.    Relocation of Amenities Within the  Hyatt
          Even though the Hyatt site as proposed is large
 in size, there is no extra room on the site to move the
 luau, tennis courts and parking area to another onsite
 location without an offsetting loss of another key element
 of the plan.  Thus, while some relocation variations are
 considered in the ten alternatives addressed by Mr.
 Hastings, major relocations were not included as
 alternatives because they involved even more significant
 losses of income to the Applicant.

-------
            Colonel Michael H. Jenks
            Pag* 7
            September 12, 1985
                                                                                   Colonel Michael H. Jenks
                                                                                   Page 8
                                                                                   Septenber 12, 1985
                     A,   Relocation o£ Amenities  Hauka  ot  the Hyatt
>
-p.
         The Applicant also considered  relocating the
tennis courts, parking area, luau,  or other facilities at
the Hyatt Regency to mauka areas removed from the present
Hyatt «ite.  While such relocations would free up areas
lit possible additional pond preservation,  the relocations
are unworkable and vould severely damage the Hyatt Regency
program.  It is an economic reality that a world-clasa
hotel such as the proposed Hyatt Regency must have these
operating facilities onsite to assure minimum operating
revenues.

         In addition, such relocations  would drastically
impact the golf course which is adjacent to the Hyatt
site.  The golf course was designed to afford visitors
views of the ocean that are essential to a successful
resort golfing program.  Accordingly, the idea of
relocating certain amenities to this valuable parcel was
deemed so economically undesirable that it was not
selected as  an alternative  for further study.

     In summary, The  Applicant's Proposal and the  ten
additional Alternatives to  said Proposal were  selected for
inclusion  in the  enclosed report to  demonstrate  the
economic impact to the Applicant of  various plans for
preserving a maximum number of  anchialine ponds  at
Haikoloa within a professionally managed Pond  Preservation
Area under the auspices of  the  U.S.  Fish and Wildlife
 Service.  As a result of  this study, several  conclusions
 have been reached by the  Applicant »

     1.    The Applicant cannot reduce its planned scope of
          development for the beach frontage properties
          without incurring such a negative economic impact
          as to make the entire  project infeasible.

     2.   It is likely that the anchialine ponds at
         'Haikoloa will not survive if  a professionally
          managed pond preservation program is not
          implemented.

     3.   A professionally managed pond preservation
          program at Haikoloa funded by the Applicant is
         not economically feasible if  the Applicant  is
         prevented from developing Haikoloa Beach Resort
         as now set forth in the Applicant's Proposal.

    4.    The Applicant cannot attract  investors and
         lenders for the development of Haikoloa if  the
         beach frontage properties cannot be developed
         because of a determination to reduce the project
         in order to preserve more anchialine ponds. If
         the Applicant is unable to obtain the necessary
         Department of Army permits to allow the project
         to continue as proposed, the  very anchialine
         ponds that are the focus of attention will  very
         likely ultimately disappear through degradation
         and extinction because.of a continued absence  of
         professional management and preservation care.

    He appreciate your consideration of these comments  and
the enclosed report.  If you have any additional
questions, please do not hesitate to call.

                        Very truly yours,

                        TRAHSCOMTIHEHTAL DEVEWPMEHT CO.

                        By  Transcontinental Corporation
                            Its Managing General  Partner
                                                                                                CJscrld

                                                                                                enclosure

-------
                 mm**-      .•«•'•"*••

                 HIM H M*tr«tlM Wilt **4JM IIw
                  I. ». twill |»/». IfclM** II. Hilt,
FIGURE 1 —   APPLICANT'S  PROPOSAL
               POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
FIGURE 2 —  APPLICANT'S PROPOSAL
            SITE PLAN

-------
  HIHl *M C**«*m IIHI «III,
  HIM •* rHtM'tllH M'Ul i"«ln !»•»
  ir ». «. IwiM (•*». (hiMtf It. It'll
ALTERNATIVE   1
POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
>
00
                                                                                             ALTERNATIVE  1
                                                                                             SITE PLAN

-------
ALTERNATIVE 2
POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
                      Mt U r***1i *f It****
                         «w • III.
                 HM M Mt«1r«tlH M*lll **
                 r i. «. iMtn <*rt. mi«*^ n. inn
FIGURE  6 —  ALTERNATIVE 2
               SITE PLAN

-------
ALTERNATIVE 3
POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
>

(-•
INJ
                                                                                    FIGURE'S —  ALTERNATIVE 3
                                                                                                 SiTE PLAN

-------
CO
                                                                                  FIGURE 9 —  ALTERNATIVE 4
                                                                                               POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
                     t»*« ictifH If IM'***'I t^Hrft *r*i*i
                     u J^VH* ** ftftnt iHt. iftti MII
                     f IfM |( *. • tMllI C*«l. •• «4H» H. 1HI
                      t»M lK*l* H*
-------
cn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            IIH •• ««4IMl*ffllN M'lll *«>4ttt (Iv
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            , I. «. tnltl . (Ktm' M, ItN.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             im •*!*•*
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   •**« MI v*+* t*t*fH

-------
>
                                                                                                                                          M«IIH <"M •*#»
                                                                                                                                          »'« f* i»**nt jiH* • • li. **
                                                                                                                                          ItM •* ••(••IN
                                                                                                                                          f I. •. Inlll Cf». lhl*M« II. I*'!'.
                                                                                                                                          »» CHttM MM ni(**tli^ tll^Mti
                                                                                                                    FIGURE  12 —    ALTERNATIVE 5
                                                                                                                                        SITE PLAN

-------
 I
I-*
-Nl
                                                                                                                                                  •«'* t»rN(H If IH'***'! t^rtr**! *HII*
                                                                                                                                                  l» t****» *M IfVctrf I Ml. ***l|l *MU
                                                                                                                                                  ItM If I. II TMlll tK». •* ^M" H. It*?
                                                                                                                                                  »«lw« l«Mt *wMl Mill* ft l*» *ti*^iU.
                                                                                                                                                ALTERNATIVE 6
                                                                                                                                                POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
\.
                                                                                                                                         •ft i^ttfM Ir l»|i*t»'t Vf ivi "**i
-------
                   •r i. 4. IMIII (•*». ihi*wt it. I*'*;.
                   I** XtMIM MM »»||f*«Mi*
                    'f ««MfM »f I«|IWI U*fff*l •••i
                              «t. *f 111
FIGURE  15 -   ALTERNATIVE 7
                  POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
FIGURE  16 ~  ALTERNATIVE 7
             SITE PLAN

-------
FIGURE 17 —   ALTERNATIVE 8
              POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
 IACK OF HOUSE/ (X
V.BANOUIT FACHITICS
                                                                                     ALTERNATIVE 8
                                                                                     SITE PLAN

-------
                      +tffH If iMIifl'l W****t •*•
                    u **•*«• «•< tf***t»t 1*W. *f til »**ir
                    IIM t) t. N tMlll f*«| M •«•!» H. (*•
FIGURE 19  —
ALTERNATIVE 9
POND PRESERVATION AREA

-------
>
ro
                                                                                                                                    f**l •*•!••
                                                                                                                            S.	 . .. i»iii i*m
                                                                                                                             • twill (f|. M •*'(» II. |M*

                                                                                                                        IM f**» Mr* Ml r**** 1«"«f»*
                                                                                                       FIGURE 20  —  ALTERNATIVE 9
                                                                                                                       SITE PLAN

-------
U J«W»M *M Ittr.Hr 11*1,  lt*|,| t^tf
MM* If i, • IMI|| C»«|. *• t»M» ft. It**
MlM* iKHf WM
I** ***** •»*« Ml

-------
>

ro
a>
                                                                                                                        If I. a. fMIII (HI. (fcliMr n, I




                                                                                                                        iTjJ**j |H /M-M^IIM. *l?lll £!lr
                                                                                                       FIGURE 22 — ALTERNATIVE 10

                                                                                                                       SITE PLAN

-------
                     Appendix 8
Tentative Anchialine Pond Preservation Management Plan

-------

-------
September 22, 1985
                           APPENDIX B
                            TENTATIVE
                   ANCHIALINE POND MANAGEMENT PLAN
A.

1.
DEFINITIONS
Adjacent Sites.  The term "Adjacent Sites" means those parcels
which share a common border with the Anchialine Pond Preservation
Area.

Applicant.  The term "applicant" means Transcontinental
Development Co. and Atpac Land Co. and their authorized
representatives, and their successors and assigns.

Management Zones.  Management Zones shall consist of the
following three areas:

a.   Anchialine Pond Preservation Area.  "Anchialine Pond
     Preservation Area" shall mean that area containing
     anchialine ponds to remain unfilled and preserved and
     managed for .the continuation of anchialine pond organisms.

b.   Preservation Area Buffer Zone.  "Preservation Area Buffer
     Zone" shall mean that area immediately adjacent to the
     Anchialine Pond Preservation Area in which development
     activities are limited.

c.   Upgradient Control Zone,  "upgradient Control Zone" shall
     mean areas upgradient or inland of the Anchialine Pond
     Preservation Area in which additional ground injection of
     wastewater and stormwater runoff are prohibited.

Policing.  "Policing" shall mean the collection and carrying away
of trash and other refuse.
B.   BOUNDARIES

1.   Depiction of Boundaries

     a.   The boundaries of the Management Zones as described in
          Section A herein above shall be those depicted on the map
          and metes and bounds attached hereto.

          (Note: drawings and metes and bounds are to be completed and
          attached after a permit is issued.}

     b.   Prior to initiating the activities authorized by this
          permit, the Anchialine Pond Preservation Area boundary will
          be marked off or delineated on the ground by the applicant.

     c.   The applicant shall notify the Corps of Engineers so that
          the boundary delineation can be verified by the Corps of
          Engineers.  Once verified, permanent markers shall be
                                 B-l

-------
          installed by the applicant marking the limits of the
          Anchialine Pond Preservation Area.

2.   Method of Conveyance of Management Rights

     (a)  Limited rights to manage the Anchialine Pond Preservation
          Area are to be granted by the applicant to the U.S. Fish and
          Wildlife Service in the form of a conservation easement that
          is to continue for the life of this Department of the Army
          permit.

     (b)  The conservation easement referred to in Section B.2.(a)
          above is to be created simultaneously with the granting of
          this Department of the Army permit.
C.   CONSTRUCTION AROUND THE ANCHIALINE POND PRESERVATION AREA

1.   Notification of the Start of Construction

     a.   The applicant shall notify the Corps of Engineers at least
          two months prior to the start of any major construction or
          earth moving on parcels adjacent to the Anchialine Pond
         , Preservation Area.

2.   Initial Construction and Fill Placement Restrictions In Areas
     Adjacent to the Anchialine Pond Preservation Area

     a.   The toe of any fill placed around the Anchialine Pond
          Preservation Area shall not penetrate the Anchialine Pond
          Preservation Area boundary, and in no event shall the toe of
          any fill be closer than five (5) feet to the edge of a
          preserved pond.  This restriction applies unless a
          written   variation  is  authorized  by  the  Corps  of
          Engineers in consultation with the US Fish and Wildlife
          Service.

     b.   The slope of any fill within the Preservation Area Buffer
          Zone shall have an angle of repose sufficient to prevent the
          fill material from slumping into the ponds, except that no
          slope shall be steeper than one (1) to one (1).

     c.   The slope of any fill within the Preservation Area Buffer
          Zone shall be revetted or stabilized where necessary to
          prevent fill material from eroding or leaching into the
          ponds.

     d.   The slope of any fill within the Preservation Area Buffer-
          Zone shall not be vegetated.


D.   CONSTRUCTION WITHIN THE PRESERVATION AREA BUFFER ZONE

1.   A Preservation Area Buffer Zone shall be maintained adjacent to
                                B-2

-------
     the Anchialine Pond  Preservation  Area.   The width of the
     Preservation Area Buffer  Zone  shall  be  twenty-five (25)  feet,
     except that it shall be thirty (30)  feet where a structure
     abutting the Anchialine Pond Preservation Area has a height
     greater than forty (40) feet.  The width shall be measured
     from  the  perpendicular   plane  of   the  preservation  area
     boundary.

2.   The applicant shall  notify the Corps of Engineers when the
     Preservation Area Buffer  Zone  boundary  is marked off or
     delineated on the ground  so that  the Corps of Engineers can
     verify the boundary.

3.   Construction in the  Preservation  Area Buffer Zone

     a.   Major above grade structures, such as hotel, condominium
          units, restaurants or snack  bars,  shops, restroom
          facilities, and outdoor showers are not allowed within the
          Preservation Area Buffer  Zone.

     b.   Walkways and roadways, bench areas, adequate trash
          receptacles, drinking fountains, utility lines and other
          necessary infrastructure, landscaping, display areas, and
          other similar facilities  and improvements are allowed within
          the Preservation Area Buffer Zone.

     c.   Landscaping within the Preservation Area Buffer Zone shall
          utilize a preponderance of native  vegetation.


E.   OTHER CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN  RESTRICTIONS

1.   Site grading shall be such that stormwater drainage from
     walkways, roadways,  buildings, and other covered areas shall not
     flow into the Anchialine  Pond  Preservation Area or the
     Preservation Area Buffer  Zone  but shall be conveyed outside the
     Anchialine Pond Preservation Area.

2.   The wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system shall
     be designed to prevent overflow during  power outages or other
     emergencies from entering into the pond preservation area or into
     the Upgradient Control Zone.

3.   Street Rights, spotlights, walkway lights, and other types of
     lighting shall be designed, operated, and maintained so that they
     do not shine directly on  the Anchialine Pond Preservation Area.

4.   All structures in Adjacent Sites, whether above or below grade,
     used for the storage of chemicals and petroleum products shall be
     designed to prevent  spillage or leakage from entering into the
     Management Zones.


F.   ANCHIALINE POND PRESERVATION AREA USE RESTRICTIONS
                                B-3

-------
1.   Activities Prohibited Within the Anchialine Pond Preservation
     Area include:

     a.   Disposal of trash, stormwater, wastewater, or other
          unauthorized material of any kind.

     b.   Introduction of organisms of any kind into the ponds
          without the expressed written consent of the Corps of
          Engineers in consultation with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife
          Service.

     c.   Unauthorized feeding of pond organisms.

     d.   Unauthorized removal of pond organisms, to include fishing,
          gathering, collecting, or netting without the written
          consent of the Corps of Engineers in consultation with the
          U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.

     e.   Unauthorized use of pond organisms.

     f.   Any physical or hydrologic modification in the Anchialine
          Pond Preservation Area without written consent of the Corps
          of Engineers in consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
          Service.

2.   Controlled scientific collecting shall be limited to those
     experiments determined to be necessary for understanding the pond
     ecosystem and organism life requirements as determined and
     authorized by the Corps of Engineers in consultation with the
     U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.

G.   ANCHIALINE POND PRESERVATION AREA MANAGEMENT

1.   Objectives.

     The objectives of the pond management program include, but are
     not limited to:

     a.   Maintenance of a viable anchialine pond ecosystem.

     b.   Expansion of scientific understanding of the anchialine pond
          ecosystems and-the effects of urban development on them.

     c.   Education of residents and visitors of the unique nature and
          value of the anchialine pond resource in Hawaii.

2.   Pond Manager

     a.    The  Q.S.  Fish  & Wildlife Service shall  manage  the
     Anchialine  Pond  Preservation  Area  in  perpetuity.   When
     acting in this role,  the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service shall
     be referred to as the "Pond Manager".
     b.    The  U.S.  Fish  and  Wildlife Service
     services to accomplish its responsibilities.
can  contract
                                B-4

-------
 c.    In the event that the U.S.  Fish and Wildlife Service
 is unable to fulfill its management responsibilities,  an
 individual,  organization or government agency with a record
 of experience in wildlife conservation, management,
 environmental awareness, education and public relations  will
 be designated as the managing agent by the Corps of
 Engineers in consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
 Service.

 Responsibilities of the Pond Manager

 The Pond  Manager shall  carry out  or cause to be  carried  out the
 following duties:
 a.
b.
c.
d.
 Implement the programs required under the pond preservation
 plan,  including the Anchialine Pond Preservation Area use
 restrictions described in Section F.  herein above.

 Initiate programs to communicate the  pond management
 objectives and use restrictions to adjacent landowners,
 their  employees,  and other users of adjacent lands.

 Develop, schedule, and conduct resident  and visitor
 education seminars,  tours, and other  programs to achieve  the
 management objectives.

 Monitor  groundkeeping activities by the  applicable hotel  or
 condominium grounds  keepers in the Preservation Area  Buffer
 Zone to  insure that  their activities  do  not adversely affect
 the pond preservation area and to enforce the use
 restrictions.
f.
h.
Conduct a surveillance program to monitor the presence or
absence of exotic fish in the ponds, and inform the Corps of
Engineers if exotic fish species are found so that
corrective measures can be formulated and executed.

Monitor and regulate human activities in the Anchialine Pond
Preservation Area to prevent human disruption of the
anchialine pond habitat and the unauthorized introduction of
live organisms.

Conduct or assist in carrying.out the monitoring program
described in Section L. of this plan.

Conduct, assist, facilitate, schedule, or coordinate
scientific or education activities in the pond preservation
area.

Provide semi-annual update and annual status reports
concerning activities undertaken and actions occurring in
the pond preservation area and provide results of the
monitoring program to the Corps of Engineers.
                          B-5

-------
     j.


     k.

     1.
    notify the Corps of Engineers of any unforeseen,  deleterious
    event! or occurrences in the Anchialine Pond Preservation
    Area.

    Carry out the monitoring program.

    After all contemplated construction and development on
    JdjIceSt Sites hL been completed, the Pond Manager will:

   (a)  assume maintenance and  replacement  responsibility
    for   signs  posted  initially  by  the  applicant   in
    accordance  with  the  provisions  of  Section  G.4.(a)
    herein below.

    (b)  Undertake  and  administer  the  policing  of  the
    Anchialine   Pond  Preservation  Area.    Provide   all
    eqSipmen?  and  consummable supplies required for  such
    activities.
(b)
4.   Responsibilities of the Applicant

          Through the completion of construction and development of
          Ad jSt Sites ,the applicant shall post a^tm^ai£n!ig
          around the ponds informing viewers of the intent of the
          Anchialine Pond Preservation Area, use restrictions, and  -he
          ^vanaoiUty of educational tours and seminars presented by
          the Pond Manager.  The design of the signs shall *>e
          cons!s?enrw!th signage used elsewhere within the Waikoloa
          Beach Resort.  Their informational content will be
          determined in consultation with the U.S. Army Corps of
          Engineers and the Pond Manager.

           The applicant shall cooperate with the Pond  Manager's
          efforts  to assure that resort employees are made aware
          of the value and sensitive nature of the pond resource.

      (c)  The applicant shall be responsible for providing funding
          support for the Anchialine Pond Preservation Program  to the
          extent stipulated  in Section J herein below.

      (d)  The applicant shall provide all notifications required  from
          the applicant by this agreement,  including  advance
          notification  of  intended  construction activity.

 5.    Delegation  of Authority

      a.   The Corps  of  Engineers may  delegate  any  authority  given it
          by the terms  of  this  agreement to the Pond  Manager.
 H. MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

 1.    The  Pond  Manager shall monitor water quality  and  faunal
       assemblages within the Pond Preservation Area on a periodic
                                 B-6

-------
      basis to assess the ecological viability and conditions  of
      the pond ecosystem.

2.   Construction Monitoring Requirements

     a.   Prior to beginning substantial new construction on a parcel
          adjacent to the Anchialine Pond Preservation Area, the
          applicant shall notify the Pond Manager of the nature of the
          proposed construction activity.  This information will be
          used by the Pond Manager to determine the need for, and the
          appropriate duration of, any additional monitoring needed to
          establish baseline conditions and to detect and characterize
          daily and seasonal variations.

     b.   During the course of construction on Adjacent Sites, the
          preserved ponds shall be monitored by the Pond Manager at a
          frequency necessary to detect any adverse impacts on such
          ponds .

     c.   The preserved ponds shall be monitored at least once each
          calendar quarter for a period of two years following
          completion of a construction project on an Adjacent Site.
          The monitoring frequency shall then be reduced to a
          frequency necessary to detect any long-term trends in pond
          water quality and faunal assemblages.

3. Parameters To Be Monitored By The Pond Manager
a.
b.
c.
e.
          Physical parameters to be monitored shall include, but are
          not limited to: salinity, temperature, water clarity, and
          dissolved oxygen profiles.

          Chemical parameters to be monitored shall include, but are
          not limited to: nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, ammonia,
          petrochemicals, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

          Measurements shall be taken during all tidal cycles to
          detect any correlation between physical and chemical
          parameters and tidal influence.

          Plant and animal populations shall be inventoried to develop
          detailed species lists and to calculate population, biomass,
          density, distribution and frequency of occurence.

          (1)  Inventories shall be conducted during all tidal cycles
               to detect any correlation between anchialine pond
               organism occurrence, population, biomass, density,
               distribution,  behavior and the tides and physical and
               chemical parameters, and other parameters necessary to
               detect short-term and long-term changes.

          Chlorophyl levels will be measured to monitor phytoplankton
          growth in the ponds.
6.   Data Analysis
                                B-7

-------
     a.
     The data gathered in the monitoring program shall be used
     to further the scientific understanding of anchialine pond
     ecology.
I,

1,
J,

1,
REMEDIAL AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES.

 When  notified  of  the occurrence  of  such  an  unforseen
deleterious  event,  the Corps of Engineers shall  determine
the need for remedial and corrective action and shall direct
the  Pond  Manager  to undertake such  action  using  monies
provided for in Section J. herein below.

The Pond Manager shall be responsible for implementing any
corrective action or measures as directed by the Corps of
Engineers  when any unforeseen, deleterious event or occurrence
impacts the ecological viability of the pond preservation area.

Notwithstanding  any  permit  conditions  dealing  with
liability or responsibility of the applicant,  the applicant
shall be liable for funding any corrective work directed  by
the  Corps when an unauthorized action by the  applicant  or
its  employees  or agents,  within the scope of  employment,
which  is intended to harm the ecological viability  of  the
Anchialine Pond Preservation Area occurs.

FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS

Funding.  The purpose of this section is to provide sufficient
money to administer the business contemplated under this
Anchialine Pond Management Plan.

a.   The applicant shall contribute an initial funding of
     	 and pay an annual cost, in accordance with the
     attached schedule subject to adjustments based on the
     Consumer Price Index, to provide sufficient money
     to administer the business contemplated under this
     Anchialine Pond Management Plan.

b.   The funds contributed by the applicant under paragraph J.I.a
     above shall be administered by	and
     shall be used to conduct the affairs of the Anchialine Pond
     Management  Plan as set forth herein.   The funds would
     be managed under the doctrine of cy pres.

Office Facilities.

a.   Because of the necessity for the Pond Manager to be on-site
     for extended periods during monitoring, the applicant will
     provide, without rental compensation by the Corps of
     Engineers or the U.S. Fish  and Wildlife Service
     space within the Waikoloa Beach Resort suitable for
     use by the Pond Manager on  a non-exclusive basis, such space
     to be suitable for use as an office and equipment storage

                                 B-8

-------
area.  The Pond Manager shall also be granted ready access
to available toilet facilities maintained by the applicant
or its designee.
                      B-9

-------
             TOTAL
            ANNUAL
 YEAR        COSTS
=====:=:=======:=========
       0      $16,464
       1      $20,946
       2      $20,946
       3      $20,946
       4      $20,946
       5      $19,425
       6      $18,904
       7      $18,404
       8      $18,404
       9      $18,404
      10      $18,404
      11      $18,404
      12      $18,404
      13      $14,732
      14      $14,732
      15      $16,332
      16      $13,116
      17      $13,116
      18      $13,116
      19      $13,116
      20      $13,116
      21      $13,116
      22      $12,616
      23      $12,616
      24      $12,616
      25      $12,616
             TOTAL
            ANNUAL
YEAR         COSTS
      26      $12,616
      27      $12,616
      28      $12,616
      29      $12,616
      30      $14,216
      31      $12,616
      32      $12,616
      33      $12,616
      34      $12,616
      35      $12,616
      36      $12,616
      37      $12,616
      38      $12,616
      39      $12,616
      40      $12,616
      41      $12,616
      42      $12,616
      43      $12,616
      44      $12,616
      45      $14,216
      46      $12,616
      47      $12,616
      48      $12,616
      49      $12,616
      50      $12,616
         COST WILL BE ADJUSTED ANNUALLY BASED ON
         CONSUMER PRICE INDEX.
                      B-10

-------
                  Appendix C

   Assessment of the Conditions and Future of
Anchialine Pond Resources of the Hawaiian Islands

-------

-------
                      AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITIONS AND FUTURE
                           OF THE ANCHIALINE POND RESOURCES
                                OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
O
        Prepared For:

Transcontinental Development Co,
       1001 Bishop Street
      Pauahi Tower 2610
    Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
                                      Prepared By:

                                   Dr. Richard E. Brock
                               Environmental Assessment Co.
                                    1804 Paula Drive
                                 Honolulu, Hawaii 96816
                                     August 2, 1985
                                                                                                                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
 PREFACE 	

 INTRODUCTION	

 THE BIOTA OF HAWAIIAN ANCHIALINE PONDS	       2

     Representative Species	                      7
     Opoeula (Holoearldlno rubrg)	    	       u
     Other Hawaiian HypogeaTSnYimp  ..-.....'	       1
     Epiaeol Shrimp in Hawaiian Anchialine Ponds   ....*''       s
     Other Anchialine Pond Biota	    " ' *       t
     Summary	j j	      .?

 HYPOTHESES ON FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS	      (0

 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION	      ,2

 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES	      ,fi




                            LIST OF TABLES



—                                                       Pane No.

  I       Summary of the Estimated Number of Anchialine Ponds
         Occurring Along the Shores of the Southern Half of
         Hawaii Island	       j

  2       Checklist of Aquatic Flora from Cape Kinau, Maui
         Anchialine Ponds	         g


  3       ho™'.Nalive Marllle Rsh sPecI« <" Noted by Brock
         ll977HorKona Coast Anchialine Ponds	       9

  *       Summary of the  Change in Four Native and Two Exotic
         Aquatic Species  Found in Kona Coast Anchialine Ponds
         Located Between Lohuipuaa and Kailua-Kona: 1972-1985.      15

-------
O
l
rO
PREFACE

     This report was written In response to a rising concern over the anchlallne pond
resources of  the Hawaiian Islands and their status.  It summarizes  the stale of our
knowledge  with respect  to  the  distribution of  onchialine ponds and  discusses the
biological attributes of  these systems.

     Most  of the known Hawaiian onchialine resources occur along the West Hawaii
(Kono) shoreline and Itave in recent years been a focus of attention with respect to
coastal  development.   Anchialine ponds  are  land-locked  brackish water  pools that
display tidal fluctuations and that harbor a distinctive assemblage of organisms,  some
of which are  found nowhere else.  Anchialine pond organisms fall into two classes, i.e.,
eplgeal and hypogeal species. The epigeal fauna is comprised of species that require
the well-illuminated (sunlit) part of the anchiallne system.  Most of  these species are
found in other Hawaiian habitats  albeit individuals from anchlaline systems frequently
show ecolype (morphological) variations.  The hypogeal organisms occur not only in the
illuminated part of the system but also in the interconnected watertable below.  These
species  are primarily decapod crustaceans, some of which are  known only from the
anchialine biotope.

     This report describes  the  anchialine habitat  and its  biota; it presents  some
hypotheses as  to how  the anchialine system might function and how  some of the
components may interact. The report concludes with some suggestions for the possible
management of the resource.

INTRODUCTION

     With  the discover/ of a number  of new caridean shrimp  species in the  early
1960's, Hothuis (1963, 1973) drew  attention to an ecologically distinct habitat In which
these shrimp  are found.  These crustaceans reside in land-locked brackish water pools.
These pools have been termed "anchialine" by Hothuis (1973) and may be characterized
by a lack of  surface connections to the  sea, yet having  measurable salinities and a
damped tidal  fluctuation.

     Naturally occurring onchialine ponds are restricted to highly porous substrates
such as recent lavas or  limestone adjacent to the sea.  These unique habitats are
widely distributed having been reported from the Sinai Peninsula in  the  Red Sea (Par
and Tsurnamal  1973, Holthuis 1973), Entedebir near  the Southern Red Sea (Por 1968),
Aldabra in  the West Indian Ocean (Borradaile  1917, Fricke and Fricke 1979), Solomon
Islands (Smith  and  Williams  1981), Okinawa  (Suzuki 1980), Philippines  (Wear and
Holthuis  1977), Funafuti Atoll (Hotlhuls  1973)  in  the Western Pacific, and in the
Hawaiian Islands (Holthuis 1973,  Maciolek and Brock 1974, Wong  1975, and Maciolek
1983).   This  unique habitat  has  also been  reported on Ascension Island (Chace and
Manning  1972) and  on  the Azores Islands  in the Atlantic,  and on Bermuda in the
Caribbean (D. Williams, pers. comm.). Localities with the most numerous anchialine
sites are in Fiji, the Ryukyus, and Hawaii.

     Anchialine systems often support an unusual biota, with many species not found
elsewhere.  In the Hawaiian Islands anchialine ponds or the most characteristic species
of that  biocoenosis  (the shrimp "opaeula" or Halpcaridina rubra) have been reported
from Oahu, Maui, and  Hawaii.   On Oahu H.  rubrg hove  been  observed  in a  small
anchialine depression located on Popoia  (Flat) Island in Kailua Bay (existence and
opueula presence lust substantiated  in 1973),  and  in a quarry  borrow pit at Laie
approximately I.S km Inland from the shoreline (lost substantiated  in 1972).  Also on
Oohu, opaeula and anchialine waters were observed In a limestone cave uncovered by
bulldozer'operators during the construction of  the new harbor at Barbers Point.  The
salinity of the water  of  the cave was 4 parts per thousand (ppt) at  the  lime of
discovery (December 1975).  This cave has totally disappeared as it was  located In
what Is now the central part of the new harbor. Opaeula have been recently reported
from a borrow pit  at  Campbell Industrial Park and in a  sinkhole In the area of the
proposed Ewa marina (M.  Lee, pers. comm.).  All of these discoveries In this locality
are In  the Ewa coastal plain;  If other water exposures,  that lack Introduced exotic
fishes, are located In this area Hplpcorldlnq rubro will probably be present.  Thus one
of the most  characteristic anchialine pond organisms, opaeula, is known from three
widely separated areas on Oahu.

     One of the  most biologically Interesting groups of anchialine ponds occurs on
Maul at Cape Kinau.  Hollhuls (1973) maps 23 ponds on  Cope Kinau but  notes  that
there are "dozens".  Because  of  the unique assemblage of organisms found in this
system, It has been made  a natural area reserve. Besides these 23 mapped anchialine
ponds  there  may be more in  the  lava fields adjacent  to the  Cape (M.  Lee,  pers.
comm.).

     In terms of the  statewide resource, Hawaii Island has the largest  number of
anchialine ponds.  The  majority of these ponds occurs along the  coast from Kawalhoe
to Kailua-Kona on the west side of the island.  About 420 ponds have been surveyed In
this area and there are an estimated additional '|5 unsampled ponds (10 in Makalawena,
20 in Mahatula and IS  scattered about on private property). From Kallua-Kona to Ka
Lae (South Point) there are about 90 more anchialine ponds.  Along the eastern coast
from South Point  to Keaau Ranch there are an estimated 75 additional ponds.  Many of
the ponds from Kailua-Kona to Keaau Ranch were identified from aerial photographs.
This method  is inaccurate in that ponds may be missed If they are small or occur under
a canopy of trees. Or an over-estimate of ponds may be mode if shapes on the photos
are misidentified as ponds.  In total, 630 ponds have been identified for Hawaii Island
and about  165 of these (see Table I) occur in the area examined by use of aerial
photographs.  Of these ponds,  the existence of 35 (or 5 percent of the aerial-photo-
identified ponds) are questionable (i.e., what was identified as ponds may be something
else); however, the  probability of missing ponds because of the tree canopy is high;
thus, the estimated  total Is  probably low.  A  conservative estimate places the total
number of anchialine ponds on Hawaii Island at  about 600-650 ponds.

THE BIOTA OF HAWAIIAN ANCHIALINE PONDS

Representative Species

     The  Hawaiian anchialine pond ecosystem  is dominated  by a  characteristic
assemblage of organisms  including crustaceans (shrimps, amphlpods), fishes, mollusks,
a  hyrold,  sponges,  polychaetes,  tunlcates,  aquatic   Insects,  algae  and  aquatic
macrophytes. Most striking are a number of red-pigmented caridean shrimp species.
These  shrimps, as  well as many  other co-occurring faunal components,  utilize the
anchialine  pond habitat and the rock  Interstices leading  to the underlying brackish
water  table.  Depending  on pond  depth, many of the shrimp species display a  tidally
linked  migration, emerging from the rock interstices with the Incoming  tide to feed In
the pond, and later returning via the  interstices to the subterranean labyrinth with the
falling tide.
                                                                                                                                                            -2-

-------
            Table I.   Summary of the Estimated Number of  Anchialine Ponds Occurrinq Alona
                      the Shores of the Southern Half of Hawaii Island.         "Burring Along
O

CO
             Topographic
             Quadrangle

           Kealakekua
                                           Number
                         U.S. Army Corps .     ol
                        Aerial Photo Nos.1    Ponds
220 - 227
210 - 219
202 - 209
194 - 202
189 - 193
183 - 189
179 - 182
167 - 179
161 - 167
159 - 160
ISO - 159
146 - ISO
141 . 145
135 - 140
123 - 134
120 - 123
109 - 120
105 - 109
105 -?
II
12
6
20
7
8
14
10
2
2
8
0
£
1
10
2
42
1
1
163
i t^uiui rva
2 questionable; near Nenue
Point
6 questionable
4 questionable
5 questionable
2 questionable
1 questionable


1 questionable

4 questionable

4 questionable
1 questionable

At Kalepa Point
29 in a cluster al Waiopae;
4 questionable
1 questionable near Opihi
Rock v
Large pond at Haena
35 questionable
  Honaunau

  Kauluoo Point

  Milolii

  Manuka Day

  Pohue Bay

  Puu Hou

  KaLae

  Naalehu

 Punaluu

 Pahala

 Naliikakani Point

 Kau Desert

 Makaopuhi Crater

 Kolapana

 Pahoa South

 Kapoho


 Pahoa North


 Keaau Ranch


TOTALS


 1 Sequentially numbered aerial photographs, made available by the U.S. Army Corns
  of Engineers, were used in making estimates of pond numbers.                    P
       Five of the ten species of hypogeal shrimp in this group world wide are found In
 Hawaiian anchialine system; these species ore Holocorldino rubro. Melobeloeus lohuna,
 Proc,ans hpwoianq, Antecoridina jauensis and ColllasmolaplToTrdotQ.  The firuTEreB
 species are known only from Hawaii, while  Antecaridino U^jsffe been collected In
 Hawaii,  Fiji, Mozambique, and in  the Red  Sea  (Dohlak Archipelago).  Calliasmota
 Pholldo'q ls known from Hawaii, the Ellice Islands and the Sinai peninsula (fog1 Sea).	

       These hypogeal shrimps are usually found in waters with salinities between 2 ond
 30 ppt and temperatures between 22 and 30°C.  In deeper  water  exposures  or when
 wind  stress ond mixing are low, vertical stratification will frequently occur: shrimp
 moves through these gradients with impunity implying euryhallnity.

 Opaeula (Holocoridlna rubro)

       More life  history information  is available  for Halocarldina  rubro (or opaeula)
 than  for  any  of the other species.   Opaeula feed  on detrilus,~Eenthic  diatoms,
 phytoplankton,  filamentous algae,  vascular, plant  tissue  (Wong  1975),  and, wher»
 available, animal tissue.  Halocoridino rubra feed by  plucking  the substratum  with
 bristled chelaej mid-water and  surface film  feeding  is  accomplished  by  using  the
 chelae and bristles as plankton filters.  Opaeula have been maintained in small sealed
 containers for years.  Presumably, under these conditions they are capable of utilizing
 bacterial films.                                                         f ,

      The embryogenesis and'larval  development  of H. rubro has been documented
 ICouret and Wong 1978). Opaeula have a low fecundity  with the female carrying 10 to
 16 eggs for at least 38 days.  Evidently darkness is necessary to  Induce oviposltion;
 temales remain in dark seclusion until after  eclosion and the offspring emerge  into Ihe
 open water as juveniles (Maciolek 1983).  This author notes that  ovlgerous  females
 (those  carrying  eggs  on the  abdomen)  have not been seen in nature among  the
 thousands of individuals observed or hundreds collected. However,  12 to 42 percehYo'f
 the females may have eggs visible within the carapace, which suggests that reproduc-
 tion is not rare.  Laboratory observations indicate that opaeula may have lifespamof
 up to several years.  I have maintained a stable non-reproducing population of H. rubra
 since 1981 and others (Mociolek 1983) have done likewise.                  	

      Halocoridina rubro is  the most  abundant of  the Hawaiian hypogeal shrimps. It
 frequently occurs in concentrations exceeding hundreds of individuals per square meter
 in a given pond on a rising tide; al other nearby anchialine pools it may be scarce.  The
 apparent abundance of opaeula in a given pond or pond  system can be very misleading
 for nolh ng is known of Ihe population  size  of these hypogeol shrimp in  subterranean
 interstitial waters.                                             •

Other Hawaiian Hypogeal Shrimp

     Much less Information is available for the remaining four Hawaiian hypoaeal
carideon shrimp  species.   Antecarldlng Iguensls and Metabetaeus  jgheno have been
 found in salinities ranging from 2 to 36 ppt, and as with HolocorldlnoruFra. in water
with temperatures between 22 and 30<>C. Cgiliosinolo pholldoto and  P'roTaTE howaion,i
reside  in waters with similar  temperatures,  but with  salinities  never below~TinnT
(Maciolek 1983).  Metabetaeus loheno is an active predator on  other shrimp (principally
H. rubro) ond other pond invertebrates (Hothuls  1973). Cplllosmoto  pholldoto feeds on
crustaceans and polychueles (Mociolek's observation InHolthuls 1973), while Procurls
howolano has been observed feeding on  moribund shrimp (Maciolek 1983).
                                              -3-
                                                                                                                                                         -4-

-------
 (1978) notes Ihal Procorls howolono  feeds by encounter (it has no chelae)) Ihls is on
 unjpcciallzcd method.

      Melobeloeus loheno Is live most abundant of these  four hypogeal species) at a
 maximum it may occur in densities of approximately one M. loheno. per 100 H. rubro.
 Neither P. hawoiano nor Colllosmoto pholldolo occur In any abundance) boltTshow no
 response to nearby movement, suggesting that  their reduced vision Is  used to detect
 illumination in a broad range (Maciolek 1983).  Anlecorldlno louensis and P. howolano
 have only been found In dimly illuminated anchialine pools.

      Nothing is known of the  reproductive habits of P. hawolono, A. lauensls or C.
 pholldolo.  The absence of ovigerous  (berried) females of  these species from surface
 exposures  suggests  that  their  reproductive  activities  are  restricted  to hypogeal
 conditions (Maciolek 1983).

      A possible new species of hypogeal shrimp  was recently  collected (May  1985)
 from Lua 0 Palahetno, Ka Lae, Hawaii by D. Williams.  This caridean  shrimp has red
 pigment and is large.--approximalely 4.5 cm In overall length.  Five individuals of this
 species were seen in three separate scuba dives into on unusually deep anchialine pool,
 and three individuals were collected.  An unidentified shrimp species  similar In size
 was seen on several occasions on Cape Kinau,  Mauij  efforts to collect  it  were
 unsuccessful (J. Maciolek, pers. comm.).

Epigeal Shrimp in Hawaiian Anchialine Ponds

      Four  other shrimp species are encountered in  the Hawaiian anchialine habitat.
 These species are all  epigeal and include Polaemon debilis (a common  species known
 from other  habitats and localities), Macrobrochium grondTmpnus (a species in Hawaii
 and the Ryukyu Islands whose usual adult habitat is in high island freshwater streams),
 Macrobrachlum tar  (a recent introduction to Hawaii that is usually found in streams)
 and PalaemonellTburnsi (known only  from 3 pools on Cape Kinau, Maul,  and Kaloko
Pond,  Hawaii). Life history  information for these species will  not be  presented here
because other than P. burns! (for which no information exists), all are species common
 to non-anchialine habitats.

Other Anchialine Pond Biota

      Algae are an important component of the anchialine biotope. Wong (1975) lists
 144 species of  macroalgae,  microalgae  and diatoms in the Cape  Kinau, Maui, pools
(Table 2); however, only 7 species or species complexes of algae and aquatic plants are
dominant.    These  are Scytonemo  clncinnaturn.  Lyngbya  spp.  forming  crusts,
Hildenbrandtio prototypus, Ahnfellio'concinno, Lilhophyllum sp., Valonla oeqaqrophlla,
Ciodophoro  spp.,  and the aquatic phanerogam, Ruppia maritime^  Anchialine ponds
along the Kona, Hawaii  coast have much of the same flora as those on Cape Kinau; the
Kona ponds  are dominated by  Schizothrix  colclcola, Lyngbyo spp. (again  forming
crusts), Rhlzoclonium sp. and Ruppio maritimo.

     Probably -the most unique aspect of the anchialine pond flora are the carbonate
producing cyanophyte communities (Lyngbya crusts and Schizothrix calcicola).  The
precipitation of calcium carbonate by cyanophytes has been discussed by Dalrymple
(1965) and Friedman et al. (1973). The method of carbonate production is unknown and
controversial! Golubic (T973)  presents the blotic versus abiotic origin of the material.
                                                                                                      Toble 2.  Checklist of Aquatic Flora From Cope Klooo, Maul, Anchialine Pondi.
Phylum Bocllloxlophyta

      Achnonlhes spp.
      ^clinocyclls ehrenberqll
      ActlnocycTC ehrenberg.ff var. ralfsil
      Tatiphlprora sp.
      Arnphoro lineolola
      Amphora sp.
      Tisterlonella notala
      Auricula insecla
      Auricula intermedia
      Auricula sp.
      Bacillorlo sp.
      Biddulphla litlono
      BiadulphTa sp.
      Compylodlscus sp-i
      Chaetoceros'sp.
      5limacosphenlo sp.
      Socconels djruptq
      Cocconels heleroidea
      Uocconeis plocentula
      Cocconels pseudomorqinato
      Cocconels sp.
      Coscinodiscus loneslonus
      Uoscinodiscus sp.
      Cyclotello spl
      Cymbellg sp.
      piploneis sp.
      Epilhemlo sp.
      Eunotlo sp.

      Sephyrla sp.
      Grammalophora onqulosa
      Grammotophora unauloto
      gramma tophoro sp.
      Hanlzschia sp.
      Hyolodlscus loevis
      Licmophoro sp.
      T^astoqloia sp.
Melos
Melos
ra qranulata
ra
Melosira
talica
urgens!!
      Melrosira monllitorrnis
      Meloiilro'nymmuloides
      Navlculo'claVQla
      Navlcula dislons
      Navlcula spp.
      Nitzschla oclcularis
      Nilzschio aclcularls var. closteriodes
      Nilzsclilo closterlurn
      Nilzschia eonstricio"
      NHischig spp.
      Phaeodoctylum sp.
     Plnnulorlo brownll
     Pinnularlo ip.
     Pleuroslgmo sp.
     Podoslro hormoldes
     Ppdpsjro slelliqer
     Rhobdpnesmo sp.
     Rhopalodlo qibberulo
     Rhopalodla sp.
     StaurortelFsp.
     Sllctodiscys sp.?
     Striotellolnterrupto
     Surlrello'sp.
     Synedro formoso
     Synedra toxineides
     Synedro sp.
     Trochyneis osperg vor. ospero
     Trlcerolium formosum (. quinquelobolo
     Trlceratium pentacrTnus f. quadrate
     Tricerotium shodboltlonum
     Trlceratium shodboltlonum var. elongotum
     Tricerotium zonotulotum
     Tropldoneis sp.
Phylum Chloiuphyta

      Caulerpa racemoso
      ^pulerpo seTrulota
      Oiaetophoro sp.
      Oilorella sp.
      Ciodophoro dolyana
      Ciodophoro Tiemlspherlco
      CTodophoro soclolls var7Iiawoiiano
      Ciodophoro sp.
      Uladophqropsls odhaerans
      Dictyosphoerlo verslyysTT
      ErVteromorphq inleslinalis
      Enleromorphd linzo
      Enterornorpho sp.
      Microdiclyon jgponicum var. loxum
      Wicrosporqlp.?
      Stlqeoclonfum sp.
      Struvea anastomosans
     Olothrrx sp.
     Volonlq'oegagrc
     Valonlo ventnci
•opilo
:osa
Phylum Ghrysophyto

     Chromulino sp.
     Isochrysls sp.
                                      -5-
                                                                                                                                                  -6-

-------
O
cn
Phylum Cyonophyto

     Cololhrix crusloceo
     Uhroococcus lurqidls
     Chroococcus sp.
     Dermpcorpg sp.
     uomphosphoerig sp.
     Cyngbyg oeruglneo-coeruleo
     Lyngbyo gesluorii
                                                   Phylum Rhodophyto

                                                         Ahnfellio concinno
                                                         Amphiroo sp,
                                                         Hildenbrondtio prololypus?
                                                         Lilhophyllum lichenoides?
                                                         Porolilhon sp.
     Lyngbya kuelzinglana
     Lyngbya martensiang
     Lyngbyo mesolricho
  ,   Lyngbya spp.
     Mjcrocoleus chlhonoplastes
     Microcoleys sp.
     Microcystis sp.
     Uscillatorla agordhii
     gsclllotorlogngustissima
     Oscillatorjo orliculato?
     Oscillatoria corakiana'
     OscillQlorla curviceps
     Oscillotoria fremyii
     CJsclllatoria limosj  '
     Uscillatorio morgaritifero
     Qscllloloria nigrovldridis
     Uscillatorio obscuro
     Uscilloloria perornotp
     Oscillalorio planktonicg
    Oscillotorio proteus
    Oscillatoria pseudogeminolo
    Oscillatoria pseudoqeminota vor. unlgronulola
    Oscillotorio raoj                    	
    Uscillotoria schyltzii
    Uscillotoria subbrevfs
    Osci lotorio subtiljssjmg
    Usclllotorjo tenuis
    Oscillotoria willei
    Uscilloloria spp.
    Hleurocap'sg sp.
    Schizothrix sp.
    Scytonema clnclnnalunn
    bpirulino subsolso
    jpirulind sp.
   Phylum Pyrroohyta

         Exuviello sp.
         Gymnottililum sp.
         Proracentrum sp.
   Sourcet Wong (1975)
                                               -7-
                                                                                                                                                  rom
                                                                                                                                            r     ,i        .                          C0os    acoe
                                                                                                                      hasbeen r«l   f   f f  X con$idered fo ** .C°Mm>)>, P0'*"*06'" have been recorded from  pond
                                                                                                                      with low salinities (2 »o 6 ppt-Namalycostis  obiumo)  as  well as in higher
                                                                                                                      ponds (10 ppt or 9reQter--EurJjhoi-c^Ugtg-a7^a|rnaC|na dysteri) .A 1
                                                                                                                                                                   found  In                 '
                                                                                                                                       .
                                                                                                                      Ihe few species above thai are
                                                                                                                                                                   in the anchialine pond habitat.
                                                                                                                           Fishes are a part of the fauna of the Hawaiian anchialine habitat- usuallv their

                                                                                                                      au7onC,ewo S£3d±°lVhe laC^ °f hyP°9eal shrimP'  Fishes '" c,ncahiaHnUeQ s  s! m
                                                                                                                      ION  into two broad  categories-native or exotic species.  Maciolek and Brock  (1974)
                                                                                                                      noted an inverse relationship between Ihe presence of fish and hypogeaTshrimp.  Brack

                                                                                                                      peces a°rentiS LT  Tehra,rinT "* SP!CleS '" Kon° CMSf °"^K ponds'   ThS
                                                                                                                     nn^St '   n        " TaLble 3 alo"9 with  °"e "dditional species seen  in Cape  Kiriau
                                                                                                                     ponds.   One species  that  usually inhabits  ponds  with better (more
                                                                                                                                    |9
                                                                                                                                and 19 ppl
                                       i    i     	 —.PWPUU >ii in\, i inv uiuinci in
                                       i and Brock  I960). It was not collected again
                                       study. At that time G. hilonls was present in

                                and Brock 1974,  Brock 1977)° lit tie ^known 'about

                                         ponds spaced up to about  20  meters apart


     jEx°!'C  fi?hes thal have 'nvaded or been  introduced  Into Ihe
include tilapia (probably Qreochromis mossamblcus). lopminnows  (Famll
probably Gombusio aftinis and PoecillcTnnexicono) and koi (Cyjrlnys carl


                                          O
                                                                                                                                                          -8-

-------
o
o\
           Table 3.    List of Native Marine Fish Species as  Noted by Brock (1977) for Kona
                      Coast Anchialine Ponds.

           Family and Species
Family Muraenidae

     Gymnolhorox flovimarglnolus (puhi)'


Family Congridae

     Conger sp. (puhi uha)


Family Holocentridac

     Adioryx locteogut lotus (olo'ihi)


Family Mugilidae

     Mugil cepholus (amo'aino)
     Neomyxus chaptollj (uouoa)


Family Kuhliidae

     Kuhlio sandvicensis (aholehole)


Family Pomacentridae

     Abudefdut sordidus (kupipi)
     .A. abdominalis (mamo)


Family Acanthuridae

     Acanthurus achilles (paku'ikui)
     A^ triostegus (manini)


Family Eleotridae

     Eleolris sondwicensis (o'opu akupa)
     Asterropteryx semipunctotus (eleotrld)


Family Gobiidae

     Kelloggello oliqolepis (goby)
     Awaous slomineus (o'opu nakea)
     A. genivltlotus (o'opu)
     Bolhyqobius fuscus (goby)
           '  One additional species  (Gymnothorax flavlmarglnotus) is present only in ponds on
             Cape Kinau.
     The most  common  native  fishes found In the onchlallne blolope Include  the
aholehole  (Kuhlio  sqndvlcensis).  mullet  (Muqll   cepholus),   moolnl  (Aconlhurus
Irlosleous), kupipi (Abudetdul sordidus), o'opu akupa (Eleolrls sondwicensis) and o'opu
nokea (Awoous slamlneus). Ot the exotic species, tllopia and topminnows are the most
abundant*

     Other than the exotic species, o'opu akupa, o'opu nokea, and perhaps the mullet,
all  of  the  fishes  In  the  anchialine habitat  are  normally  found  In  the marine
environment as adults.  Brock (1977)  hypothesizes that these marine fishes arrived as
juveniles swept Into the anchialine pond habitat during periods of extreme storm surf.
The  low salinities and  low diversity of available food resources in the ponds suggests
that the fishes present  may be generallsts in their food habits.

     One additional unknown eel species, light brown or pink in color, has been seen
on two occasions (1972 and 1985) in an anchialine pool at Ka Lae, Hawaii. The  1972
sighting Involved one  individual at a depth  of  greater than 10 meters) in 1985  two
individuals were seen at greater than 10 and 30 meters (O. Williams, pers. comm.).
This eel is probably an ophlchlhld; it apparently does not respond to light suggesting
blindness.  If so, It  Is probably an undescribed species presently restricted to a known
habitat  of one anchialine pool.

Summary

     Summarizing  the Information on the  biota of anchialine ponds, this biotope is
usually  crustacean  dominated, particularly by the hypogeal anchialine pond shrimps,
Halocaridina rubro ond Metabetoeus  loheno. Other frequently encountered shrimps
Include  Poloemon  debills  ond  Mocrpbrochlym grandirnanus  as well as the  crab,
MetopogFopsus thukuhar, oil of which are found  in other habitats.  Amphipods are
common and most of the species are known only from the anchialine biotope.  Mollusc
species that are frequently seen Include Theodoxus corloso, Melonlo sp. ond Asslmlneo
nilido.  Anchialine pond flora Is usually dominated by carbonate-producing cyanophyte
mats (Lyngbyo  spp. and  Schlzolhrix  calclcolo), Clodaphora sp., Ahnfeltlo concinnq,
Rhizoclonium sp., and Ruppla moritima.  It fish are present the hypogeal shrimp are
usually  absent and the abundance of epigeal shrimp and amphipods may be reduced.

     Biota that may be considered rare and known onl/  from  the  anchialine habitat
includes the  hypogeal  shrimp CaHlosmotp phoHdoto, Procarls hawolcno,  Antecorldlna
louensis, the epigeal shrimp Poloemnellq burns!, the mollusc Nerltllla hbwoiiensis, and
the moray eel Gymnothorax hllonls.

HYPOTHESES ON FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS

      Quantitative  information on  Hawaiian anchlaline systems is essentially lacking
(e.g., as for energy flow, population size, and turnover of various species), thus much
of what is presented  below represents a synthesis of available information  and an
"educated guess" as to some functional aspects of the anchlaline pond ecosystem.

      Anchialine ponds are indirectly connected to  the sea.  This Is substantiated by
the  damped  oscillation  In pond water  level correlated  with  the  tides and  to  the
presence of  mixohaline water.  Hypogeal shrimp utilize resources (food and space)
present  in ponds and  in  the watertable  below.  The movement of shrimp is tidally
linked for some species (Fricke and Fricke  1979);  shrimp emerge  Into the pond via
interstices on the  rising  and  high  tide apparently to feed, and retreat  to  the
subterranean labyrinth on the ebb tide.
                                                 -9-
                                                                                                                                                           -10-

-------
o
I
-J
       Ponds  with sufficient illumination  must represent significant points or high
 benthic productivity re olive to the walerlable below.  Sunlight and dissolved nutrients
 provide the  necesary  ingredients for  this productivity.  Many of  the shrimp species
 appear  to lake  advantage  of  these  loci of  food  resources (ponds).   With  pond
 obliteration  (as through burial),  the total productivity within a given seclon of the
 walerlable  would  also  be  significantly  reduced;  this  suggests  that  the carrying
 capacity of the habitat will, respect to  these hypogeal species would be significantly
 lower with such obliteration. Hypogeal species would probably not  entirely disappear:
 however, other epigeal species (crustaceans, fishes, molluscs, and flora) dependent on
 the illuminated high productivity part of  the anchialine system would not survive.

      The  porosity (or  degree of connection with Ihe watertable) not only  affects the
 migration of  shrimp to and from these loci of food resources (ponds) but (o)  may affect
 and determine Ihe composition  of species in a given pond and (b) may play a role in the
 life expectancy of  thai pond.  With respect to species composition, o pond located
 close  to Ihe  shoreline  displaying  strong  subterranean connections to the sea may be
 expected  to  have a greater colonization by  marine species than o  similar,  more
 isolated inland pond.

      The porosity of Ihe pond substratum has a direct effect on the residence lime of
 he water.  In general, most anchialine ponds have very clear water. Water residence
 limes  appear to be of short duration,  thus retarding phytoplanklon  blooms.   The
 porosity and  residence time of a pond must influence the degree  to  which alloch-
 thonous sedimentary material (from  in s[tu calcium carbonate production by Lynqbya
 spp. and  Schizolhrix  calcicola) accumulates.  Ponds with greater  porosity and/or
 flushing  will  probably  have  less  sediment; field observations on closely  associated
 anchialine  ponds  will frequently  show one to  have a considerable deposit  of  sedi-
 mentary carbonate material while others nearby are  devoid of sediments.   Sediment
 accumulation appears to be related to the degree of flushing*.

     The variability in Ihe  rale of sediment accumulation is  directly related to the
 life expectancy  of  a pond.  Allochthonous  carbonate production can lead  to the
 infilling of an anchialine  pond and its eventual transformation into a marsh covered
 with sedges and grasses.  In general, anchialine ponds are ephemeral, enduring for o
 relatively short period of  lime.  In the lava  flow of  1859 along Ihe Kona, Hawaii coast,
examples of anchialine ponds in various  stages of senescence  may be found.  Field
observations  suggest  that  under appropriate conditions  this succession may occur in
about 100 years (a minimum).
               This contention is supported by Ihe observation made by Wong (1975). She noted
               that Cape Kinau, Maul  anchialine  pools  with cyanophyte  (blue-green algae)
               communities and lower salinities tended to have proportionately more sediments
               than higher salinity cyanophyle ponds. Lower salinity pools  are probably those
                urther inland and thus further removed  from  tidal influence-a major driving
               force in Ihe exchange of water.
       Many  of the  field observations  of the behavior pattern  of  hypogeal shriinp
 indicate that they spend a considerable period of time in Ihe water table beneath Ihe
 surface exposures.  The hypogeal habitats of these organisms and a number of casual
 observations suggest  that  they can occur through much  of the  coastal walertable.
 Maciolek (1983) notes the  appearance of Halocqridino rubro in a cased well drilled on
 Oahu; this also occurred on the floadplain at Kealio, fiauTduring well drilling.  With
 these hypogeal habits, Ihe  determination of population sizes and Ihe geographic extent
 of a  given population becomes almost  Impossible.  These attributes may, however,
 serve  to  stave  off  extinction; with Ihe destruction of  surface  exposures, epigeal
 species can be expected to disappear, while those with hypogeal habits may not.

       Maciolek (1983) notes that the hypogeal habits of these red shrimp can explain
 their  disjunct known  distributions.   He hypothesizes  that  many of those species ore
 capable of existing in submerged marine rock as well  as in emergent rock (anchialine
 pools) of Ihe tropical Indo-Pocific.  Many species tolerate seawater, thus could  have
 wide  (but as yet  undetermined) distributions in Ihe tropical seas.  Some of the  most
 compelling evidence to support this contention is presented by  Maciolek (1983) and
 includes (I) the  collection of Metobetoeus loheng. previously known only  from the
 Hawaiian Islands, from  the reef  flat and outer  reef face  at  Tulear, Madagascar and
 (2) the  collections  and  sightings of Ligur uveae  (a hypogeal  shrimp known  from
 Molucca Islands, Loyalty Islands, Aldab7aTslan3s7Flji Islands, Elllce Islands, and the
 Phlllipmes) by SCUBA divers deep in marine caves in Hawaii and the Marshall Islands.
 Maciolek concludes that this broadened habitat hypothesis allows for the occurrence of
 shrimps in  the groundwater of many islands  where they have not yet been found, as
 well as  in deep caves on shallow reefs and seamounts.  Thus, rarity for some species
 may be  related to our ability to collect specimens in a  largely unsampled (and difficult
 to sample) habitat.

 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

      A  number of possible causes of anchialine pond degradation have been suggested.
 These include (I) development  that  either results in pond obliteration or  excessive
 nutrient  loading,  (2) recreation  in or near ponds  (resulting  in their use for fishing,
 bathing, or refuse receptacles), and (3) Ihe utilization of ponds for the cultivation  of
 fishes.  Recent studies (Maciolek and Brock  1974, 01 Consultants, Inc.  1985, Brock
 1985) hove implicated several of these as the  source of deterioration of specific ponds
 and systems.

      One obvious impact associated  with construction  activities is the obliteration of
 anchialine exposures in a given area by  infilling and burial.   As stated above, some
 components (e.g., hypogeal shrimp) would probably survive in the water table below,
 albeit  at lower population densities.  Epigeal forms  (algae, molluscs, crustaceans,
 insects,  and  fishes) dependent  upon the well-illuminated  pond and its primary
 productivity would locally disappear following pond burial.

     Many Kona coast anchialine ponds show a clumped distribution, frequently being
 located in Ihe vicinity of small bays.  These same locations are often considered to be
desirable for  development, and as such pose problems for  both Ihe resource  and
economic growth.  In some instances, anchioline ponds have been  left intact  and
development has  taken place around  Ihe ponds.  With surrounding development,  one
 impact is the potential for  increased dissolved nutrients  in Ihe groundwuler (us from
golf courses, etc.).  In Ihe  Lnhuipuaa District of South Kohala (Mauno Lani Resort)
development in the  form of o  golf  course  hus taken  place around  o number of
                                                                                                                                                            -12-

-------
           onchlollne ponds, ood In some coses op  lo within o lew meters of the ponds.  Brock
           (1985) In Ills study of these ponds was unable to delect any negative Impact directly
           attributable to this construction or subsequent use of  live surrounding terrain.  Water
           clarity and benlhic algal abundance (a rough measure of the plan) response lo elevated
           nulrienl  loading) remained unchanged from o preconslruclion survey (Maciolek and
           Brock, 1974) 13 years earlier.  Thus, available evidence suggests lluil elevated nutrient
           levels pose little threat lo ponds with reasonable flushing rules.

                 High benlhic algal standing crops  or  low water  transparency (suggesting high
           phyloplankton activity) is apparent  In some Kona coast  ponds.   Some  of  these are
           found  near human habitation.  For example, Ihe pond at Weliweli was very  turbid
           (green water) ul the time of Ihe  1972 survey (Maciolek and Brock, 1974); In 1985 in a
           helicopter overflight  tills pond appeared lo  be full of macroalgae.  In  1972, toilet
           facilities were about 6 meters inland of this pond, providing a potential nutrient source
           for Ihe plan! growth wilhin the pond.

                 While field observations suggest  that in most instances  environmental degrada-
           tion of anchiallne resources directly due  lo development of the surrounding terrain is
           minimal, other human activities associated with development such  as increased access
           to, and increased recreational uses in and around these  coastal resources may result in
           a large impact on the anchiallne biolope.

,-*.               Greater  access  to  Ihe coastal resources has occurred in  the last ten years In
,          Kona;  Ihe coastal highway linking Kawaihae with Kailua-Kona (Queen Kaahumanu
00         Highway — completed in 1975) has been the  primary access route. Presently, people
           may either drive or hike lo much  of Ihe coast that was formerly quite inaccessible.
           Utilization of these areas is primarily  for recreation:  fishing, swimming, or camping.
           Fishing may occur in some of Ihe larger anchialine pools; Brock (pers. obs.) found a
           number  of  recently  hooked  and  moribund  specimens  of  the  rare moray  eel,
           Gymnolhorox hilonis at Waiulua Bay, Anaehoomalu in 1972.  He attributes the catching
           of these eels  to fishermen seeking moi (Polydaclylus  sexfilus) present in one of the
           more  marine ponds; access was gained by a road that  had been recently bulldozed  to
           Ihe site.  Thus, fishing may directly impact  some of  Ihe native fish species found in
           anchialine systems.  01 Consultants, Inc. (1985) ascribe the disappearance of aholehole
           (Kuhlia sandvicensis) in ponds at Kapalaoa, North Kona, lo fishing.

                Anchialine ponds are also used as bath pools by campers. Having low salinity
           waters, they provide a refreshing slop for hikers or campers.  Evidently anchialine
           ponds  have been subjected lo this use for a long lime.  Pools were sometimes modified
           with stone walling, etc.  by ancient  Hawaiians  for bathing.  There are no known
           negative impacts directly attributable to this activity.  However, the recent introduc-
           tion of soaps and shampoos could be of potential concern.  01  Consultants, Inc. (1985)
           noted  Ihe presence  of shampoo containers and soap wrappers around one anchialine
           pond adjacent  lo a popular swimming beach,  but did not attribute  any degradation in
           the biola lo this activity.

                A more  obvious example of environmental degradation of  the anchialine re-
           sources occurs when the ponds are used as  refuse pits.   The practice is not  new;
           nearly-filled rubbish pits  (former porids) containing datable refuse about 100 years old
           have been found on Ihe Kona Coast. Some refuse (e.g.,  bottles, cans, etc.) appears not
           lo have any real short-term negative impact on Ihe fauna. However, Ihe dumping of
           used oil, grease, and oil fillers  in a pond adjacent lo Honakohuu Harbor resulted  in the
           disappearance of opueula  from  thai pond (Brock, pers. obs.).
      Perhaps one of  Ihe greatest  Impacts lo the biota of onchlollne ponds comes
through the Introduction (accidental or intentional) of exotic fishes to these systems,
Intentional introduction of on exollc flih may be for Its later harvest as fish bait or
food} accidental Introductions can occur when  one pond In a system Is Intentionally
stocked and live introduced species colonizes other ponds In Ihe complex under its own
Impetus.  Exotic species Involved include members of the family Poeclllldoe (probably
Gambuslo offinis ond  Poecllla mexlcano) and Ihe Illopla, Oreochromls mossombicus.
The most obvious Impact resulting from Ihe colonization of anchialine pond systems by
these and oilier fish species Is their predation on resident crustaceans, particularly Ihe
shrimps.  Maciolek (1984) reviewed the Impact of exotic fishes In Hawaiian ond other
insular ecosystems.  He stales that adverse effects  of these introductions center on
changes In natural ecosystems Induced by exotics, particularly on native species; these
effects may  be direct  (as  through  competition ond predation)  or  indirect,  e.g.,
introduction and transmission of  disease or  parasites.  Furthermore, this author notes
that while some adverse effects are self evident, they are often difficult to quantify;
as a result, few studies have been made.

      In one of the  first  ecological studies of Hawaiian anchialine pond ecosystems,
Maciolek and Brock  (1974) describe Ihe  inverse relationship between Ihe fish and the
crustaceans.   In their Kona coast study, 73 ponds were populated with fishes.  Five
ponds had both native ond exotic fishes; 28 ponds had exotic fishes only and 40 had
native fishes only. Being small ond red, opaeula (Halgcarldina rybro) is an "ideal" food
for many fish, both native ond exotic. Maciolek and Brock (1974) found 26 ponds wilh
fishes and H.  ruhra; of those 26 ponds, 20 ponds had native fishes and opaeula, five
ponds had exotic fishes co-occurring with H. rubra, and one pond  had both native and
exotic fishes with H.  rubro.  Thus, only nTpercent of  the 33 ponds harboring exotic
fishes had opaeula present, whereas 50 percent of the ponds having only native fishes
contained H. rubro.  In all cases of co-occurence, the abundance of opaeula was low.

      The recent studies  by Brock  (1985) ond 01 Consultants, Inc.  (1985) resurveyed
many of the West Hawaii anchialine ponds  sampled by Maciolek  and Brock (1974). In
the resurvey efforts, many individual ponds  could not be matched; because of this, the
data calculated and  presented In Table 4 Is in the form of the percent of ponds in the
study area  containing a certain  aquatic  species.    The extensive  survey  by  Ol
Consultants,  Inc. (1985)  in the Anaehoomolu area accounts  for  the majority of the
additional sampled ponds.  Of Ihe  four  native species analyzed  in Table 4, only Ihe
occurrence of  Ihe cyanophyte Schlzothrix colcicola increased  during Ihe 13 years
between these  surveys; this Increase is due to the fact  that the Anaehoomalu area is
particularly rich in  ponds wilh Schlzolhrix.  Other species (e.g., Theodoxus  coripso,
Halocaridino rubro,  and Metobetaeus loheno) all show substantial decreases  In  their
occurrence despite the fact that the 01  Consultants, Inc. (1985) survey inventoried 62
percent more  ponds  than did Maciolek and Brock  (1974)  in the same areas.   The
decrease in the abundance of native species has been accompanied by an  increase in
the occurrence of exotic fishes.

     Exotic  fishes appear  to be spreading through closely associated complexes of
anchialine ponds In  restricted geographic localities.   Poecilids  are present  through
much of  the system  of ponds  at  Makalawena-Awakee — a habitat formerly populated
by epi- and hypogeal shrimp (Maciolek and Brock, 1974) thai are now largely  absent.

     The question might  be raised us lo Ihe outlook  for the anchialine pond resource
following  invasion by exotic fishes.   In general, such ponds  have  some common
attributes: all usually  have populations of poecllids or  lilapia (or both); Ihe basins of
these ponds are dominated  by mud (not  Ihe while calcareous sediment characteristic
                                                 -13-
                                                                                                                                                             -14-

-------
           Table 4.
                      Summary of  the Change in Four Native and Two Exotic Aquatic Species
                      Found  n Kona Coast Anchialine Ponds Located Between Lahuipuaa and
                      Kailua-Kona:  1972 to 1985.
                  Species
           Schlzpthrix calcicola
           TheodoxuTcorioso
           HalocqridTno rubrg
           Metobetaeus ioheng
           Oreochromis mossambicus
           Poeciliidae sppl
 Percent of the Ponds Examined
m	   1985
 192)                    (n=3ll)
O
l
31
22
67
40
 5
10
                                               Maciolek and Brock
41
 6
39
 4
14
32
                                                                        1985 data is from
                                                                            M'ddn l'?1  f°TrQfUre?' I0?"01?' etc') ** '<"* '^ U"^l cyanoph^
                                                                                             yp°9eal  5hrlmp  (Ho'ocorldina  rubro and  MatobetLt
                                                                 """J0 Ud/°r n°Mve) fishes '"'""^ed Into an anchialine
                                                     ln    I      .° chaT,'n ecological succession.  These introductions
                                                   related to greater coastal access. The first and most obvious chanqe that

                                                   °e QndS   e"mil                    from t
                                                                 -   M  ,»  .           9e in lhe °PPe<"-°"ce of the pond system from one that has
                                                                  anchialine" attributes (i.e., a cyanophyte carbonate producing mat, associated  flora!
                                                                 by mud^sub ,Cr±m° I'T^l? d™™te«% [W' shrimp?, to o'sy»!.S ! domS
                                                                 hLSh  i*0™1'0'"1"  and exotic  fishes.   Field observations support  some of  these
                                                                 hypothesized changes) only a. long-term study could confirm them;

                                                                 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

                                                                      The anchialine pond resource is considered to be a relatively unique
                                                                       fsT,-Ufh0KS Vyy* "73i MoC'°lek & 8rock- I97*i Mociolek ,1983)
                                                                         i     K^$ICal 'e,°'UreS Ond Unique biofo- R«"nt  information suggests that
                                                                   nn«   •   a"ch'allne P««* °"  »he Kona, Hawaii coast are in a state of bio ogica
                                                                 change pnmanly due to  the presence of exotic fishes.  If the unique attributes of the
                                                                 anchialine pond  resources  of  West  Hawaii are  to  be preserved,  some  level  of
                                                                 ThenbaTceD  m-M bf6 eslablish?d »ifh the a^ °f Serving par. 'of Z1 resource
                                                                and/or H^ ^ ,•" ° ,f"aSySt{on is  recommend^  because  of the accelerating loss
                                                                and/or degrada, on of anchialine  ponds along much  of the Kona coast.  This section
                                                                suggests some simple steps that could be a part of such a management plan.

                                                                     The proposed  management  scheme  has  five  facets:  these  are

                                                                                                  re9ulation  of human us
                                                                                                                   of
                                                                                                                        Resource preservation should be relegated to those anchioline pond systems that
                                                                                                                  HnenT,rn 'I'*6 °  'h1 -n<|.'ural biol°Pe o"*'0' h°ve unique attributes.  D.?™mta£
                                                                                                                   ion of the status of anchialine pond resources has been recently Initiated for par "tf
                                                                                                                  the Hawaii  Island coastline (01 Consultants, Inc., 1985),  but  a relatively
                                                                                                                  Islandwide Inventory should probably be  made prior to determination of pr
                                                                                                                  area, beyond that presently proposed. Localities with high anchialine pond
                                                                                                                  ± t LT S ,chont0inin9 rePrfse"la«ve anchialine bip.a should be major  crllertah
                                                                                                                  knln f,    h ,1 Prn 6nce j*' rare species such as Cymnothomx hllonis (formerb
                                                                                                                  PrfTmi  H ^oiul"a.)0a>' ond Kapoho ponds - now  may only be liTT?5oho  pond?
                                                                                                                  Pdaemp^burnsi (known from three ponds on Cape  Kinau, Maui and Kaloko Pond ^
                                                                                                                  the Kona coast), procarls  howaiensis and ColllosmolQ pholldola  (in the Hawaii^
                                                                                                                  sands known fromT^pTEinau and one Big Island pond) sh^Bo be a criterion  o?
                                              -15-
                                                                                                                                                       -16-

-------An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.

-------
o
I
                                       LITERATURE CITED
          Barnard, J.L. 1977.
               The cavernicolous fauna of Hawaiian lava lubes. 9. Amphipoda (Crustacea) from
               brackish lava ponds on Hawaii and Maui.
               Pac. Insects |7:267-299.

          Borradaile, L.A. 1917.
               On carides from the western Indian Ocean.
               Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. Ser. 2. J2:397- °n re<"e™«n9 ° "«« »«n«y, from marine pools on
     Ascension Island (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia)
     Smithson. Contrib. Zool. No. 131.18 pp.

Couref, C.L., Jr.  and D.C.L. Wong. 1978.

                       ^
         Dalrymple, D.W. 1965.

              Twa'sT Carb°nale deP°sition associated with blue-green algal mats, Baffin Bay,

              Pubs. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex., JO: 1 87-200.

         Fricke, H. and S, Fricke. 1979.

              S. B'K^WW °' "le shrimPk!2yi "yea in a land-locked marine pool.


         Friedman, G.M., and A.J. Amiel, M. Braun and D.S. Miller. 1973.
              Generation of carbonate particles and laminites in  algal mats - example  from
              sea-marginal hypersaline pool, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.           e*a™P'e  'r°m
              Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 57:54 1-557.

         Golubic, S. 1973.

              and BeA"SnP fc'iT " bluj-?reen ???e and Carbonate deposits. In: N.G. Carr
              and B. A. Whi I Ion (eds.), the biology of blue-green olgae.            ~
             blackwell Scientific Publications. London, pp. 434-472.

        Gosline, W.A. and V.E. Brock. I960.
             Handbook of Hawaiian fishes.
             Univ. Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 372 pp.
 Hollhuis, L.B. 1963.
       On red coloured shrimps (Decapoda, Coridea) from tropical land-locked saltwater
       pools.
       Zool. Meded. 38: 261-279.

 Hollhuis, L.B. 1973.
       Caridean shrimps found  In land-locked saltwater pools at four Indo-West Pacific
       localities (Sinai Peninsula, Funafuti  Atoll,  Maul and Hawaii  Islands), with a
       description of one new genus and four new species.
       Zool. Verhand. 128. 48 pp.

 Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann. 1905.
       The aquatic resources of the Hawaiian Islands. Part I. The shore fishes.
       Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 23:  1-574.

 Maciolek, J.A. 1983.
      Distribution and biology of  Indo-Pacific insular hypogeal shrimps.
      Bull. Mar. Sci. 33: 606-618.

 Maciolek, J.A. 1984.
      Exotic fishes in Hawaii and other island of Oceania.  In: W.R. Courtenoy, Jr. and
      J.R.  Stauf fer, Jr. (eds.). Distribution and management of exotic fishes.
      Johns-Hopkins Univ. Press,  Baltimore, pp. 131-161.

 Maciolek, J.A. and R.E. Brock. 1974.
      Aquatic Survey for the Kono Coast ponds, Hawaii Island.
      Univ. Hawaii Sea Grant Advisory Rep. AR-74-04. 73 pp.

 01 Consultants, Inc. 1985                                                         •?
      Anchialine pond survey of the northwest coast of Hawaii Island.
      Prepared for Transcontinental Development Co. 63 pp.

 Por, F.D. 1968.
      Copepods  of some  land-locked basins on the  islands of Entedebir and Nocra
      (Dahlak Archipelago, Red Sea).
      Sea F ish. Res. S to. Hai f a, Bui I. 49; 32-50.

 Por, F.D. and M. Tsurnamal.  1973.
      Ecology of the Ras Muhammad Crack in Sinai.
      Nature (London) 241: 43-44.

Smith, M.J.  and W.D. Williams. 1981.
      The occurrence of  Antecaridina  louensis (Edmondson)  (Crustacea, Decapoda
      Atyidae) in the Solomon Islands - intriguing biogeoyraphical problem.           '
      Hydro-biologia 85: 49-58.

Suzuki, H. 1980.
      An atyid shrimp  living  in  anchialine  pool on  Kuro-shimo, Yaeyamu Grouo
      Okinawa Prefecture.
      Proc. Jpn. Soc. Syst. Zool. 18: 47-53.

-------
o
 I
                                                                                                                 Wear, R.G. ond L.B. Hoi Ihuls. 1977.
                                                                                                                      A new record for the onchtallne shrimp Llgur uveoe (Borradaile 1899) (Dccapodo,
                                                                                                                      Hlppolylldae) in  the Philippines with nates on Its morphology, behavior, ond
                                                                                                                      ecology.
                                                                                                                      Zool.Meded.5l.il25.l40.

                                                                                                                 Wong, D.C.L. 1975.
                                                                                                                      Algae of  the onchlollne pools at Cope Klnau, Maul, and aspects of the trophic
                                                                                                                      ecology of Holocarldlnq rubro Hollhuls (Decapodo, Atyldoe), Master of Science
                                                                                                                      Thesis, Univ. Hawaii, HolwIuTu. 103 pp.

-------
                Appendix O

     List of Public Notice Recipients and
Copies of Notices of Intent and Public Notices

-------

-------
                                    APPENDIX D

         LIST OF PUBLIC NOTICE RECIPIENTS AND COPIES OF PUBLIC NOTICES



 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

      Representative Daniel K. Akaka
      Representative Cecil  Heftel
      Senator Daniel K. Inouye
      Senator Spark M. Matsunaga

 FEDERAL AGENCIES

      Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
      Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topography Center
      Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
      Department of Commerce, National Ocean Survey
      Department of Housing and Urban Development, Hawai'i
      Department of the Interior
          — Denver Service Center
          -- Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu
          — National Park  Service
                 - Interagency Archaeological Services Division
                 - Pacific  Area Office
                 - Western Regional Office, Division of Environmental Quality
          — U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division
      Department of Transportation,  U.S. Coast Guard, Hawaii, Marine Safety Office
      Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX
      Federal Aviation Administration, Hawai'i
      Federal Emergency Management Agency
      National Marine Fisheries"Service
          — Southwest Region
          — Western Pacific Program Office
      U.S. Air Force, Hickam Air Force Base
      U.S. Navy
          — Commander, Naval Base, Pearl Harbor
          — Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Marianas
          — Commander, Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command
      ,, c  o~ T3?'!10 Division, Nav°l Facilities Engineering Command, Water Quality Lab
      U.S. Postal Service
          — Ewa Beach Post Office
          ~ Hilo Main Post  Office
          — Postmaster, Kahului
          — Kailua-Kona Post Office

STATE AGENCIES

     Department of Health, Environmental Health Division
     Department of Land and Natural Resources
         — Land Management Division
         — Parks Division
         — State Historic Preservation Officer
                                       D-l

-------
STATE AGENCIES (continued)

     Department of Planning and Economic Development, Coastal Zone Management Office
     Department of Transportation
         — Director
         — Chief, Harbors Division
     Office of Environmental Quality Control

UNIVERSITY OF HAWA1M

     Department of Ocean Engineering
     Department of Oceanography
     Environmental Center
     Hawai'i Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit
     Sea Grant, Advisory Service

HAWAI'I COUNTY AGENCIES

     Department of Public Works
     Mayor, County of Hawai'i
     Planning Department

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

     Government of American Samoa
         — Department of Marine Resources
         — Department of Parks and Recreation
         — Director of Port Administration
     Government of Guam
         — Bureau of Planning
         — Territorial Planning Commission
     Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Office of Planning and Statistics

OTHER LEGISLATORS

     Senator Alberto J.C. Lamorena III, 17th Guam Legislature
     Senator Thomas V.C. Tanaka, 17th Guam Legislature
     Representative Charles Toguchi, Hawai'i Legislature

PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS

     Bishop Museum
     Conservation Council for Hawai'i
     Environmental Defense Fund
     Greenpeace Hawai'i
     Hawai'i Audubon Society
     Hawai'i Public Health Association
     Hawai'i's Thousand Friends
     Historic Hawai'i Foundation
     Kona Conservation Group
     Legal Aid Society of Hawai'i
     Life of the Land
     One-Thousand Friends of Kauai
     Outdoor Circle
     Sierra Club
                                        D-2

-------
BUSINESSES
     A.C. Hoyle Company
     American Divers
     American Marine & Machinery Company, Inc.
     Amfac Property Development Corporation
     Amortec, Inc.
     Belt, Collins & Associates
     Builders Concrete, Inc.
     Chevron Shipping Company
     Coast Marine Construction, Inc.
     Coastal Marine, Inc.
     Davies Hamakua Sugar Company
     Dillingham  Tug & Barge Corporation
     Fred L. Waldron, Ltd.
     Golden Gate Dock Company
     Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company
     Great Lakes Environmental Marine, Ltd.
     Hawaiian Cruises, Ltd.
     Hawaiian Dredging & Construction Company, Ltd.
     Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc.
     Hawaiian Trust Company
     Hawaiian Tuna Packers
     Hawaiiana Investment Company, Inc.
     Healy Tibbitts  Construction Company
     Lee Cook Associates
     Leigh Flexible  Structure, Inc.
     Marinas International
     Marine Design  International, Inc.
     Matson Navigation Company
     Morrison-Knudsen Company
     Pacific Basin Environmental Consultants
     Pacific Diving  Industries
     R.M. Towill Corporation
     Rotocast, Plastic Products of Texas, Inc.
     SETS, Inc.
     Shell Oil Co.
     Star-Kist Samoa, Inc.
     Techstaff, Inc.
     Texota, Inc.
     Tideland Signal Corporation
     Transcontinental Development Co.
     Tuna Boat Owners Co-op, Inc.
     Union Oil Company of California
     UOP, Johnson Division, Surface Water Department
     Walter Lum Associates
     Waterfront  Marinas, Ltd.
     Western Pacific Dredging Company
     Woodward-Envicon, Inc.
                                       D-3

-------
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS  •

     Bernice P. Bishop Estate
     Building Industry Association of Hawaii
     Engineering News Record
     Hawaii Yacht Club
     Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
     Micronesian Legal Services Corporation
     Micronesian Support Committee
     National Association of Dredging Contractors
     PASH Coordinator

INDIVIDUALS

     Ms. Debbie Abreu
     Mr. Arthur Akinaka
     Mr. Donald S. Bowman III
     Mr. Ed Crook
     Mr. Rick Gaffney
     Ms. Dorothy Hirowatari
     Mr. Walter Kahiwa
     Mr. Pete L'Orange
     Mrs. Donna Mah
     Mr. Mike Miura
     Mr. R.D. Plunkett
     Mr. Edward Pskowski
     Mr. Bill Reich
     Mr. Jerry Rothstein
     Mr. James Schlais
     Mr. Yukio Shiigi
     Mr. Conrad T. Shiroma

ADDED AFTER 19 OCTOBER 1984

     Mr. Ron Bachmar
     Mr. J. Sanchez
     Sierra Club, Hawai'i Island
     Dr. Richard Titgen
     Mr. John Michael White
     Mr. Richard Worshauer
                                       D-4

-------An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.

-------
                                      Public Notice
           USArmyCorpi
           of Engtnttrt
                                      F>*"CH9"C"<*  PODCO-0 1812-SP0"* 19 October 1984

                                      ntpl/lo DitlnclEng.wKPOOCO-OI  Ropondlpy 13 (joyefli,er
                                            US AimyCopiol EngmMO
                                            BuikfcngJJO
                                            Fl SMIlK HI »«89«
                                   HOTKE Of INTENT TO PREPARE A
                                  EHTOQ(M£NTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (DEIS)
                        FOR A DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY  (DA) PERMIT APPLICATION


          1.  APPLICANT; Transcontinental  Development Company.  1001 Bishop Street,
          Suite 2610,  Pauthl Tower, Honolulu, Hawaii  96813.

            •  APPLICANT'S AGEHT;  Belt, Collins and Associates,  606 Coral Street,
          Honolulu,  Hawaii 96B13.

          2.  APPLICABLE STATUTORY AUTHORITIES;  Section 401 of  the Clean Water Act
          (33 USC 1344}  and Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act  of 1899
          (33 USC 403).

          3.  LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY;  Uatulua Bay, Halkoloa, South Kohala,
          Island of  Hawaii, State of Hawaii.

          4.  DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY;   The applicant, Transcontinental
          Development  Company, proposes a 1,260-room  resort hotel  and associated
          amenities  on approximately 60 acres of  land adjacent to Ualulua Bay.  The
          hotel Is Intended to draw additional  visitors to the South Kohala District
Q        of the Island  of Hawaii.  It would accomplish this by providing a complex
I         with sufficient size, unique features,  recreational amenities, «nd market-
er        ability to be  economically competitive  1n the world tourism market.  The
          site plan  and  preliminary layout  of the proposed project  are shown in the
          attached drawings (5 sheets) dated September 1984.

          The project  includes the excavation of  a 4-acre salt water recreational
          lagoon, the  construction of structural  amenities abutting and elevated over
          the lagoon,  the filling of anchlaline (tidal) ponds on the site and the
          maintenance  deerlng of seaweed,  rubble and other debris  from the shoreline.
          These activities require a DA permit  under  Section 10  of  the River and Harbor
          Act of 1899  (33 USC 403) and Section  404 of the Clean  Water Act (USC 1344).
          A freshwater canal Is proposed as part  of the hotel's  on-site guest transpor-
          tation system.  The proposed canal 1s entirely man-made and Is situated at an
          elevation  of approximately 25 feet sbove sea level.  It has been determined
          to be outside of DA permit requirements.

          5.  DESCRIPTION OF REASONABLE ALTERNATIVES:  Because the  project Is 1n its
          preliminary  planning stages, details  on reasonable lagoon and anchlaline
          pond alternatives are still being developed.  The alternatives that will be
          addressed  include:

              a.  An alternative siting of  the  lagoon and resort along the coastline
          of the Uaikoloa Beach Resort.
Public Kotlce Ho. FOOCO-0 1812-SD

    b.  A reduction In scope of the development Including alt emit e Uyouti
of the Ugoon tnd structures to •Ininlze or ellnlnite Inpicts on the
WKhlallne ponds tnd Walului Biy.

    c.  Alternate uses of the aquatic sites such as aquicuUure, research
and education.

    d.  No action alternative.

6.  HEED FOR FEDERAL E1S;  Based on a preliminary assessment of impacts of
the applicant's proposed project, it has been determined that the proposal
could significantly affect the quality of the human environment 1f
implemented. Therefore, a Federal Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Mill
be prepared under the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of
1969.

7.  SCOPING PROCESS FOR DRAFT EHV1ROWEHTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (DEIS);

    a.  On 20 September 1984, a separate Notice of Intent to prepare a DEIS
for the proposed project was published In the Federal Register, Volume 49,
No. 184.

    b.  All affected Federal, State, and local agencies and other Interested
organizations or persons are Invited to provide comments identifying
specific concerns which should be addressed In the DEIS.

    c.  The significant Issues that have been Identified so far for analyses
in the DEIS will include:

        (1)  Impacts of the lagoon construction, anchlaline pond filling and
maintenance activities on coastal zone resources.

        (2)  Susceptibility of project location In the tsunami hazard  zone.

        (3)  Project Impacts of Ugoon construction, anchlaline pond filling
and maintenance activities on flora and fauna and rare or endangered species.

        (4)  Alterations of coastal water quality and oceanographic
conditions caused by lagoon construction and pond filling.

        (5)  Effects of lagoon construction and pond filling on ambient air
quality and noise.                                 '                       '

        (6)  Impacts of pond filling and lagnon construction and maintenance
on historic, archaeological and paleontological resources.

        (7)  Recreational  impacts and aesthetic considerations related to
lagoon construction and pond filling.

-------
o
I
Public Notice No. PODCO-0 1812-SO

         (B)  Secondary and cumulative effects  of DA permit  actions  on  land
use, public Infrastructure (traffic and utilities),  drainage and  cultural
values.

     d.  Upon preparation of the DEIS, a public notice  shall be Issued
announcing the availability of the DEIS.  It Is estimated  that the DEIS will
be made available to the public In late 1984.

     e.  Requests for a scoping meeting should  be forwarded  to this  District
no later than 30 days from the date of this notice.

B.   EVALUATION FACTORS!  The decision whether  to Issue a  permit  will be
based on an evaluation of the probable Impact of the proposed activity  on
the public Interest, Including the application  of the guidelines  promulgated
by the Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency,  under authority
of Section 404(b) of the Clean Water Act.  That decision will reflect the
national concern for both protection and utilization of Important resources.
The benefit which reasonably nay be expected to accrue  from  the proposal must
be balanced against Its reasonably foreseeable  detriments.  All factors which
may be relevant to the proposal will be considered;  among  those are  conserva-
tion, economics, aesthetics, general environmental concerns, historic values.
fish and wildlife values, flood damage prevention, land use, navigation,
recreation, water supply, water quality, .energy needs,  safety, food  production
and, In general, the needs and welfare of the people.

9.   COMMENTS AND INQUIRIES:  Interested parties may submit  In writing  any
concerns and comments thai they may have-on the proposed project  and DEIS.
Garments should be forwarded so as to reach this District  no later than
30 days from the date of this notice so that they can be considered  In
preparation of the DEIS.  Further Information may be obtained from the
Operations Branch, Honolulu District, Room 205. Building 230, Fort Shafter,
telephone 438-9258.  Written Inquiries and comments  should be mailed to this
District at the address Indicated in the letterhead  and should make
reference to this public notice number.

It is Corps of Engineers policy that any objections  will be  forwarded to the
applicant for resolution or rebuttal before a final  decision is made on the
application.  If the objecting party so requests, all personal  Information
will be deleted from the forwarded letter or the objections  will  be
paraphrased In summary form.'

10.  REQUEST FOR PUBLIC HEARING.  Any person may request,  in writing, that a
public hearing be held to consider this application. These  requests shall
state, with particularity, the Masons for holding a public  hearing.  If
requested and warranted, the-hearing will be held after completion of the
DEIS.  A public notice announcing the time, date, location and nature of the
hearing would be Issued at least 30 days prior  to the hearing date.
             1 Incl
             Drawings  (5 sheets)
                                                                                                                                                 HA'IKOLOA BEACH RESORT
                                                                                                                                                 SITE LOCATION HAP
                                                                                                                                                10
                                                                                                                                                 fe
                           10
                                     20
                                                                                                                         Upolu
                                                                                                                Hahukona
                                                                                                          MAtKOLOA
                                                                                                          BEACH RESORT
                                                                                                        Iteahole
                                                                                                        Airport
                                                                                                            Kailua
                                                                                                            Kona
Haipio Valley

           llonokaa
                                                                                                                                                                 Laupahoehoe
                                                                                                                                                                              Hilo
                                      Lyman
                                      Field
                                                                                                               Keauhou
                                                                                                                Honaunau
                                                                                                                 Hllolii  If
                                                                                                                                                        EXCAVATION OF SWIMMING LAGOON
                                                                                                                                                        AND FILLING OF TIDAL PONDS AT
                                                                                                                                                        HAIKOLOA HYATT SITE, HAWAII
                                                                                                                                                                    SEPT 1984
                                                                                                                                                                                    Sheet J_

-------
a
i
00
                                   Walkoloa Beach Resort Devalopment Plan
                                                        EXCAVATION OF SHIMMING LAGOON
                                                        AND FILLING OF TIDAL PONDS AT
                                                        HA1KOLOA HYATT SITE. HAWAII
                                                        SEPT 1984
Sheet J.  of 6.
                                                                                                           Walkoloa Land* and th« South Kohala Region
                                                              EXCAVATION OF SHIMMING LAGOON
                                                              AND FILLING OF TIDAL PONDS AT
                                                              HAIKOLOA HYATT SITE, HAWAII
                                                                                                                                     SEPT 1384      Sheet J3.  of §_

-------
HYATT  RECENCY  WAIKOLOA
                                              SITE. AUO EIE.VAT1QM Pl>JJ AT
EXCAVATION OF SWIMMING LAGOON
AND FILLING OF TIDAL  PONDS AT
HAIKOLOA HYATT SITE,  HAWAII
SEPT 1984
                                                                                      Sheet ^  of S.
                                 TIDAL  PONDS  LOCATION MAP
                                 AncMaHne (Tidal) Ponds

                                	B-9
                                                                        EXCAVATION OF SWIMMING LAGOON
                                                                        AND FILLING OF TIDAL PONDS AT
                                                                        KAIKOLOA HYATT SITE, HAWAII
 SEPT 1984
Sheet jg  of 5.

-------
V
                                  Federal RciUicr / Veil SO. No. 21 / Thursday, (inujry 11.  IMS  / Nolle*.
                                                                                                                        1SS9
                                                                                                                                                   tsn
                                                                           FaJanl Karftn, / Vol. TO, H«. a  / -nutty. I.nuiry31. IMS y-rama.
               Ihi It\-r lo Ilia Conuoliileoer of
                      t which followed All notice
                    tl f\ vi been 3>t2£tl pound*,
               Inllted o\21.2|il powidt.
               Willu C. I
               of Tf'titf A
               |FX Doe u-uryiltd 1-30-05, l« J in)
               Miwacooe UM
        DEPARTMENT OF «£FEHSE

        Department of lha A\For»

        Intent To Prepare • Droll
        Envlronmintll Impact Stuement (EIS);
        Moody Air Fore* BlM.O/

          The United Stales Air Forcttproposes
        lo develop an air to surface vtf
        range In lie Immediate geogriplbol
        •ret of Moody Air Force Base. CVrgii.
        The close proximity of Ihe proposff'
        range lo Moody AFD would Increas
        both flight lately and (raining
        effectiveness while decreasing the
        overall coll of training. Land for lha
        range would be transferred lo the Air
        Force from the US. Forest Service.
        '  'roxlmalely 350-400 icres of regrown
           * would be cleered lo tllow for
        construction of a range complex
f^     consisting of two. lowers, a small
 I       administrative building, and bomb and
_     atr«fe targets.
O       The environmental analysis will
        include such topic* ••  Impact lo Ihe
        flora and fauna, noise  levels and
        additional topics raised during the
        •coping meeting.
          Our environmental analysis willj
        completed fol^wlng the scoping
        meeting. Exact lime and place oflhe
        •coping meeting will be enmutfiCvJ In
        Ihe local news media and bytilrecl
        contact to organizations that have
        expressed an Interest In Attending.
        Participation In the enynonmenlfil
        analysis process by Isnerested private
        organizations and jauivlduals Is invited
          It Is estimated thai Ihe draft EIS will
        b* available forypubllc review In June
        1905.
          Queationsj&mceming the proposal.
        •coping matting or the draft EIS m>y be
        directed 16 Mr. Alton Chnvls. HQ TAG/
        DEEV. kSngley AFB. VA 23605-5001.
        telephone (604] 704-4430.
          f(CKorflVo,
      (   forve FcilemlResiiler Liaison Officer
        UK Doc. 95-2470 Filed !-»«: US «m|
       ViLma coot »ts-«i.4l
Corpi of Cmfltoiet «ii DiBirtwM'nl ql
lha Army

Mini To Plipsre Drift EwlronmtnUI
SUIsm«nt;Zlmmir Girmsllnj Plant.
Ohio

AClncr: US. Army Corps of Engineers.
DOO.
ACTION: Nalica of Intent lo Prepira •
Drcft Environmental tmpicl Slalemenl
(D'EJS) for • proposed conversion of the
Zlmmer Ceneral'lng Pliant from auclair
lo coal fired operation. Thi plinl li
located along the Ohio River (River Mile
443) near Moscow In Clermont County.
Ohio.                            l
                                                     lUUMAitv: Tha Cincinnati Cat» Ele/rlc
                                                     Company (operator). Columbus a.
                                                     Southern Ohio Electric Corapsnuftnd
                                                     Dayton Power » Ughl Corapan/as (tie
                                                     owners are proposing lo conpri the
                                                     W.I I. Zlmmer Generating Pl/nl from a
                                                     BOO met await nuclear lo a/300
                                                     megawatt coal fired opyi(ion. A portioi
                                                     of the existing itruclueei will be used
                                                     and new conslrucliop^ll] require the
                                                     addition of coat oiMind acrubber
                                                     resgeot unloadlnafuock flclllllei aa well
                                                     •s alorage fidtfJKi for full and empty
                                                     barges. A dlscblrga structure lo the
                                                     Ohio River rafy also be required.
                                                      TaeQndnniU Gas 4 Electric
                                                      impftnwoperator} bat applied for a
                                                      ;p«ttnp»ol of the Army Permit under
                                                        llojnOof the Riverrand Harbors Aci
                                                           •nd section 404 of the dean
                                                     W AT Act The American Electric
                                                           Service Corporation haa been
                                                         Lby (he owners is pro[ect
                                                    'menagV for managing the plant
                                                     converron and licensing effort!.
                                                      NoticeV hereby given of the
                                                     •ssumpliaV of "lead agency"
                                                     responsibility fur Federal action for the
                                                     proposed faalily by the Louisville
                                                     District. CorpVofEngineers. The DEIS
                                                     will cover • vdfcely of Issues Including
                                                     air quality. ecorVmics, land use and
                                                     transportation, luddillon to the actual
                                                     construction end Iteration of the
                                                     facility. Any Indmuial or group having
                                                     comments rxgardingVhe contents of the
                                                     DEIS may suSmit IheV la the Corps of
                                                     Engineers at lie addr\s at the end of
                                                     this notice.
                                                      A scoping meeting forVe DEIS will bi|
                                                     held In early 1085. the da\ and place lo
                                                     be announced faler. The p\pose of the
                                                     meeting will be lo Identify
                                                     significant Issues lo be onal/Ved In
                                                     depth In the DEIS. Participant by Ihe
                                                     public and all interested Government
                                                     agencies is Invited.
                                                    DATE: The Louisville District esli\ites
                                                     Ihit Ihe DEIS will be released for public'
                                                    review on or before 1 May 1908.
 ABO'ilt: Qunllorn jfJsnHn| iht
 propoied scllon. AytnvlrommS'iUil
 Impact StalC(nse applicant*.
     c. Aaftorlitati Hie ptopoitd actlw
   with nodinciUoiu to rtduca or
   ttMtsAtt los i ol anchlsline pond* and
   other significant environment!]
   resources.

     4. Deicttfllaa ejtkt Scaflnf Precut
   far At DEIS. Tit public. IndMJusls and
   iptclil (nttttsl groups. Federal, Slitt
   and local if enclii and other fntereslid
   pirUe* who nNponded to ibe earlier
   public nolle* wi'U be Included U laa
   DBS proces*. Any other Interested
   pirtle* ara Invited (o provide commend
   Identifying ipectflc concern* rhil they
   wild lo ste addressed In the DEIS.

    5. Significant hi ues lo 6*> Addressed
  in tfit DEIS. The slenlflcant Issues to bt
  •ddressed In the DEIS will Include IhoM
  ImpacU directly relited lo the Corpi
  arei ofjurildiclion and area! of Indirect
  •nd cumulative Impacts. These Issue*
  will Indude. but not be limited la
    *. Impacts on the •nchlatlnepondj
  •nd co«sul water quality.          (
    b. fro pacts on historical,
  ardia eologlcal and cultural reaource*.
    c. Impictl on threilened and
  endingered epede*, and other flora and
  fauna.                     '
    d. Impact! on Ihe Isuiuml buard
  xone.
   e. fjnpict* oa groundweter hydraulic*
  •od quality.
   C Impact* on thecoeilil tone and
  oceanography.
   g. Impact* on landa izse and
  recrecllonil resource*.
   k. ttnpicts cti ilr outllly and norte
 levels.
   L Impacts on aeilhetlci.
   ). Impacts on tocloeconomk: factor* In
 the region.
   II ii eillraaled that Ihe DEIS wilt be
 made available lo Ihe public In February
 19&5.

 ADDRESS Questions regarding the
 proposed action and DEIS can be
 answered by: Mr. Michael T. Lee.
 Biologist. US. Army Corps of Engineer*.
 Construction-Operations Division,
 Operations Branch. Room 205. Building
 230. Fort Shafler. Hawaii BC854-54W.
  Dllld:|uiluCTn.tMS.
        ..
Colonel. CttifH, ofEagine*n. Putrid
Engirtc*T
|FR Doc tt-UtO Filed l-M-tt tM 10)
   pARTU£NTOFEDUCATK)H

    Ue VociUtKuJ Ettucalloo Programs:
    •tl To Compf emlM CMm

     Vn Dtp's rtminl of EduciUoo.
     "\ Notice of Inlinl l» Corapromlw
 luu«Aliir\Nollc* Is glvwi lilt muter
 iiellto ISS) of (ha Cintro) Educillon
 Provliloni/Vt.tOU&C.ICMslO.Iki
 Secnlirv UlfcjJs la conorwli t a dsla
 s|iUut On MlVlMU Elite AdvUory
 Council for Voctjloul EAicaHoa now
 pendlnj Wfota tie Edticalkm Ajpeil
 Board. Dodit Kottl-{M)-t1.
[ OATX: la'Ura*'t«l peVon* *aay tubmlt
 ivrillen cojDirteiiti o\bJecU'Cme OQ ot
 before March II, 104
 roil nimta wrafluAw CONTACT:
 ML LynellsCtnrbonM\Ofrioe of the
 General Counsel Departrleal c*T
 Educallon. 400 MsryUnd /V cone. EW.
(Room 400J. FOB-4). WaihSilton. DC.
[20202.
                                                                                                                                               M1JN3 COM ItlS-MMI
                                                                                                                                  Vocalkmil Education Ad of lAj (Ihe'
                                                                                                                                  AclHZO US.C. tm «»aj.J. laclled al
                                                                                                                                  lha UiBl of tha avenU at laiuc,
                                                                                                                                  •ultorted groati to Slain for
                                                                                                                                  vocationa] ntocatlon prognmt. 1
                                                                                                                                  105 of lha Act (20 U.S.C. 2305) requni
                                                                                                                                  •ny Slot* Hkldi deilred la porUdp*Ie>
                                                                                                                                  programs under lie Act lootabllia a '
                                                                                                                                  SliU advisory ooundL Tbai regulsdotis
                                                                                                                                  govamuif Btil* Advisory covodls ware
                                                                                                                                  found I* «S CFR Bart 104 (pteaeotly
                                                                                                                                  found In MCFRFJTI400).
                                                                                                                                   TBaregulatlooa conlalobuj the) fide*
                                                                                                                                  for the conduct •f.pnKMdlnja before
                                                                                                                                  Ihe Education Appeal Board, nloblUhed
                                                                                                                                  by Ihe Secretary purauanl lo Hctiooafil
                                                                                                                                  of the Cueral Educatloa Fnvklom Act
                                                                                                                                  (20 USC. 1234). were published In lie
                                                                                                                                  Faderal ReglHee an May li, Jft!l (48 FR
                                                                                                                                .  27305). The Education Appeal Board
                                                                                                                                 regulation currenlly In *lfect ara found
                                                                                                                                !ln34CFRPirt7*.
                                                                                                                                :   Theclilmlndispulfarastoutofan
                                                                                                                                . audit of theXinneioli State Advisory
                                                                                                                                 Council for Vocational Education
                                                                                                                                 (SACVE) conducted by the former
                                                                                                                                 Deportment of Hetllh, Educatloa and
                                                                                                                                ! Well ire Audit Agency. The audit
                                                                                                                                itiisctcsed thst charge* for clerical
                                                                                                                                 service* were In excess of compereble
                                                                                                                                 charge* In the area. In addition. Ihi
                                                                                                                                auditora found a lack of compliance
                                                                                                                                . with Federal regulallon> and Elate
                                                                                                                                travel policies, resulting la unallowable
                                                                                                                                ' enlertaJbmenl cost! and undocumented
                                                                                                                                travel coils. Accordingly, Ihe auditor!
                                                                                                                                requested refunds from the SAVCE In
                                                                                                                                three areas: (1) Improper bidding
                                                                                                                                procedures pursuant lo Federal
                                                                                                                                regulations hi the negotiations of elaff
                                                                                                                                •entice agreements |$21.17«); (2)
                                                                                                                                I undocumented travel coslo ($5(490); and
 (!) imiHor.slil« tnlrrtilnmenl wrls
 tn.tML1n«fiMl teller of dVktt»ln««o«
 dilcd Eefttentxt 1 tnt, tie Ail h Isjit
 Cecrrltry (or Vacellorul and AuiH
 EducitloQ nolintd the EACVE Hut U
 as ui I nfund tOfta u • tetull «f Ox
 •udllon' flndlnt*. TVe S ACVE Iliad •
 Kmly «pp«iJ lalbJs Dual iJsUrmliullosi
 •nd lli< ciia wss docketed btfaxa ik«
 Ed»c*tlonApptil Boird.
   fitor b> A JVeoHdnf CoaTereaca. Jl
 wss (town Oiil almost • fhlrd of tb«
 rcqutsltd ntund wot birrtd bjr tin
 applicable «lirots of Umllallons.secllon
 «$2fj) of Ihi Central Education
 Provision* Act (20 U&.C.1ZH*(g)|.1a
 sumrosry. iccllon 45Z(g) Urolls t Slilt'a
 llsblllty lo obtliilloiu ma da wlllln flva
 jrein of lha data the Elate ncelrM
 nolle* of tha Dapartraent of Educatloa'a)
 request for • refund. Application of
 section 452(i) reduced the elilm lo
 tigjeo.92.
   TheSecrataryprapoiu to
 compromise the remaining clilm of
 $19.150.52 for $4,400 to sillsficllon of aU
 noneUry flndlngi la Ilia audit. Bud on
 lha coil of further litigation. Ilia
 Secretary hai determined  thai It would
 not b* practical or fa lha public lnlere*1
 to continue tin* proceeding. Moreover.
 the Assistant Secretary for Vocational
 and Awfil Education baa been
 •dequalily MI ured tfaal fba pracfioe*
 which reiultad fnlhadalmtiava been
 corrected and will not recur. ThU
 proposed compromlsa will not advtneljr
 •ITect ajnr other audit proceed! rtf
 ^      efor* tha Education Appeal

     t public la Jnvltod lo.oommenl 0*1
 Ihi SlcreUry'* Intent la compromlM
 this cluni. Additional Information majr
b* obtained by writing lo Ms. LynaU*
Charbolbau al the address given al tha
beglnnlnj^f fhls nolle*.
(!OUS£.lVi.l2Ua
-------
                                        Public  Notice
O
i
             US Army Corps
             of Engineers
             Honolulu Diilrir.l
                             Public Notice No                Dale
                                   pnnrn-n K)i?-sn	2? JanjB5_
                             Reply lo DitliiclEnginMtlPOOCO-OI  HeJoondOy
                                   U S Army Corps of Enginom
                                   Building 230
                                   Fl SUIIli. HI 96856
                                                                           N.A.
                                REVISED HOTICE OF  INTENT TO PREPARE A
                             _.-.-         ..--       -
                         FOR ATJEPARTHENT OF THt ARMY (PA)  HERMll APPLICATION
1.  APPLICANT;  Transcontinental Development Co. and Atpac Land Co.,
Suite 2610,  PauaM Tower, Honolulu, Hawaii  96813.

    APPLICANT'S AGENT:  Belt, Collins and Associates. 606 Coral Street,
Honolulu,  Hawaii  %ai3.

2.  APPLICABLE STATUTORY AUTHORITIES;  Section 404 of the Clean Hater Act
(33 USC. 1344) and Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899 (33  USC 403).

3.  LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY:   Halkoloa. South Kohala, Island of
Hawaii, Sate of Hawaii.

4.  SUWARY: This Notice of Intent supersedes Notice of Intent published  in
the Federal  Register, dated 20 September 1984 (49 FR 184:36901).  In
recognition  of the cumulative loss of anchlallne pond resources within the
applicants'  Halkoloa Beach Properties,  and  to avoid piecemeal assessment and
commitment of anchlallne pond resources on  the applicants' property,  the DA
permit application was revised to include all anchlallne ponds on the Halkoloa
Beach Resort Properties, and to create  an 8-acre pond preservation area.

5.  DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION;  The applicants. Transcontinental
Development  L'o. and Atpac Land (.0. requested authorization to excavate and fill
anchiallne ponds  on their Halkoloa Beach Resort properties In conjunction  with
their ongoing development of the resort. An 8-acre anchiallne pond area will
be preserved, r.anr;:d and maintained by the applicants.  Their construction of
the 1,250-room resort hotel involves the excavation of a 4-acre saltwater
lagoon. These activities require a DA permit under Section 10 of the River
and Harbor Act of 1899, as amended, and Section 404 of the Clean Hater Act, as
amended.

6.  DESCRIPTION OF REASONABLE ALTfttNATIVES: The reasonable alternatives to be
addressed  in the  DEIS will be developed to  minimize and reduce the loss of
anchlallne ponds  on the Haikoloa Beach  Resort properties and will Include:

    a.  The  no action alternative (denial of the DA permit).

    b.  Authorizing the proposed action as  requested by the applicants.

    c.  Authorizing the proposed action with modifications to reduce or
minimize loss of  anchiallne ponds and other significant environmental
resources.
Public Notice No. PODCO-0 1812-SD

7.  DESCRIPTION OF THE  SCOPING PROCESS FOR THE DEIS;  The public. Individuals
and special Interest groups.  Federal, State and local agencies and other
Interested parties who  responded to the earlier public notice will be Included
in the DEIS process. Any other Interested parties are invited to provide
contnents identifying specific concerns that they wish to see addressed in the
DEIS.

8.  SIGNIFICANT ISSUES  TO BE  ADDRESSED IN THE DEIS;  The significant issues to
be addressed in the DEIS will Include those impacts directly related to the
Corps area of jurisdiction and areas of indirect and cumulative Impacts.  These
Issues will include, but not  be limited to:

    a.  Impacts on the  anchtallne ponds and coastal water quality.

    b.  Impacts on historical,  archaeological and cultural resources.

    c.  Impacts on threatened and endangered species, and other flora and
fauna.

    d.  Impacts on the  tsunami  hazard zone.

    e.  Impacts on groundwater hydraulics and quality.

    •f.  Impacts on the  coastal  zone and oceanography.

    g.  Impacts on land use and recreational resources.

    h.  Impacts on air  quality and noise levels.

    1.  Impacts on aesthetics.

    j.  Impacts on socioeconomic factors in the region.

It Is estimated that the DEIS will be made available to the public In February
1985.

9.  ADDRESS;   Questtons regarding the proposed action and DEIS can be answered
by:

                   Kr.  Michael  T. Lee
                   Biologist
                   U.S.  Army  Corps of Engineers
                   Construction-Operations Division
                   Operations Branch
                   Room 205,  Building 230
                   Fort Shafter, Hawaii  96858-5440

-------
Si
      o
       i
      NJ
                                                        BEACH RESORT
                                                SITE LOCATION HAP
                             10	
                                                                   10
                                                                             20
                                                           HVtci
                          Upolu
     II

Hthukona
 Haunt Kea
 Beach Hotel
                                          H«1p1o Villey
                                                    Honokia
                                                               Ltupahoehoe
            WAIKOLOA
            BEACH RESORT
          keahote
          Airport

              Kallua
              Kona
                                                                          HUo
                                                           Lyman
                                                           Field
                 Hilolii
                                                                            Pacific Ocean
                                   Sou
                                   Point
                                               EXCAVATION OF SHIMMING LAGOON
                                               AND FILLING OF TIDAL PONDS AT
                                               UAIKOLOA HYATT SITE, HAWAII

                                               SEPT 1984       Sheet  I.  of '
                                               ESV TAU S6
                                                                                                                                            (MM
                                                                                                                                Waikoio*
                                                                                                                                           Land* and th« South KohaU R«glon
EXCAVATION OF SUIWING LAGOON
AND FILLING OF TIDAL PONDS AT
KAIKOLOA HYATT SITE, HAWAII
                                                                                                                                                          SEPT 1984
                                                                                                                                                                         Sheet *.

-------
                                                            	.-"—\
•otl:  CowjilW frcB MPI In rtports of
      Knifing (1977) UK! Co~jg.it (ISM i t »,
      Mtlch Hcrt based on uncontrolltd *er1«l photos
           by I. N. Twill Carp. (October 21. 1974)
TIDAL PONDS  LOCATION MAP
      AnoHUIIn* (Tidal) Pond*
Approximate Location
of Propoa«d Pond
r>*a*rvatlon Araa
                              EXCAVATION  OF SWIMMING LAGOON
                              AND FILLING OF TIDAL  PONDS AT
                              WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT, HAWAII
                                                                                                JAN  1985
                                               Sheet < of

-------

-------
              Appendix E





Correspondence Relo^ed to Public Notices

-------

-------
                          APPENDIX E

        CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO PUBLIC NOTICES
AGENCY OR INDIVIDUAL
       DATE OF LETTER
Government Agencies

U.S. Coast Guard

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

National Park Service,
   Interagency Archaeological Services

State of Hawaii,  Department of Health

University of Hawaii, Environmental Center


Public Interest Groups

Na Ala Hele


Response from Corps to Na Ala Hele

Sierra Club, Hawaii Chapter

Hawaii's Thousand Friends


Individuals

Donna Mah to Mr. Flanders, COE
Donna Mah to COE re. pond surveys
Stanley Arakaki,  COE to Donna Mah
Donna Mah to COE re. Public Notice
COE request that BCA answer Donna Mah
BCA to Donna Mah
Donna Mah to BCA
BCA to Donna Mah

Wade Shaffer

John Michael  White
       19 November 1984

        6 November 1984
and    23 November 1984

       15 November 1984
        5 December 1984
        8 November 1984
and    18 December 1984

         4 January 1985

       15 November 1984

        25 February 1984
      25 September 1984
        8 November 1984
       26 November 1984
        3 November 1984
        8 November 1984
       30 November 1984
         21 January 1985
          20 March 1985

        21 February 1985

       13 November 1984
                             E-l

-------
                                                    US Deportment
ConwwtfK  (dpi)       Mv>
FowtMnlh CwtTChMid IMlWcl
                                                    United States
                                                    Coast Guard
                                                                                                         16518
                                                                                                         Serial Ho. 5/018
                                                                                                         19 Hovenbir 1984

                                                     From:   Commander,  Fourteenth Coait Guard District
                                                     To I     District Enginaeri  U.S. Army Corpo of Englnearoi Honolulu

                                                     Subj:   PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT HAIULUA BAY. HAIKOLOA, SOUTH
                                                            KOHALA.  ISLAND OF HAWAII•  STATE OF HAWAII

                                                     Ref:    (a) Your public Notice Ho. PODCO-O 1812 SD dtd 19 OCT  1984

                                                     1.  Reference (a)  has bean reviewed by my staff.  It is poosible
                                                     that  the proposed  footbridges in  the Hailua bay/lagoon area nay
                                                     require a Coast Guard Bridge Permit.  It is requested that  the
                                                     Coast  Guard be  included in the review of the Draft EIS to insure
                                                     that  these concerns are addressed.
rn

-------
m
CO
                            UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                             REGION IX

                                          ZIBFrtmontSlixt
                                        S«n Fnncltco, C«. 94106
                                       NOV 0 6 884
Stanley T. Arakaki, Chief
Operations Branch
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Room 205, Building 230
Fort Shatter, Hawaii  96658-5440

Dear Hr. Arakakii

     The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  has reviewed the
Notice of Intent for the project titled PROPOSED RESORT HOTEL
AFFECTING THE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES,  IN WAIULUA BAY,
HAIKOLOA, SOOTH KOHALA, ISLAND OF HAWAII, STATE OF HAWAII.

     Our review is based on the Council on Environmental Quality
(CEO) Regulations (40 CFR Parts 1500-1508).   We have the enclosed
comments to offer at this time.

     He appreciate the opportunity to comment on the proposed
project;  Please send four copies of the Draft  Environmental
Impact Statement (DEIS) to this office at the same time it  is
officially filed with our Washington, D.C.  office.  We also
request notification of any public hearings  to  be held on this
project.  If you have any questions, please  contact Patrick J.
Cotter, Federal Activities Branch, at (415)  974-0948 or FTS -
454-0948.
                                         Sincerely yours,
                                                                                                                 -1-
                                          Loretta Kahn Barsamian, Chief
                                          Federal Activities Branch
            Enclosure  (3 pages)
                                                                                   General  Comments
1.  The DEIS should rigorously explore and objectively evaluate
    all reasonable alternatives and, for alternatives which
    were eliminated from detailed study, briefly discuss the
    reasons for their having been eliminated (40 CFR 1502.14).

2.  The DEIS should clearly explain the relationship between
    the project's cost benefit analysis and any analyses of
    unquantlfled environmental impacts, values, and amenities.
    (40 CFR 1502.23).


Water Quality Comments

For each alternative, the DEIS shouldi

1.  Demonstrate the proposed project's consistency with Executive
    Order 11988 titled •Floodplain Management," dated Nay 24,
    1977.  The evaluation must assess the effects of proposed
    modifications upon floodplain development both upstream and
    downstream.

2.  Completely describe current drainage patterns in the project
    locale and include hydrologlc Maps of the area.  The discussion
    must assess how altering drainage patterns and characteristics
    will affect drainage hydrology, surface runoff, erosion
    potential, soils, vegetation, and therefore water quality.

3.  Evaluate the' potential Cor increased toxlcity in either the
    lagoons, the anchlallne pools or the ocean due to discharges
    or runoff from the surrounding areas.

4.  Evaluate likely changes in the salinity of ground water or
    surface water resulting from this project.  The DEIS must
    document compliance with Sections 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the State
    of Hawaii, Department of Health, Hater Quality Standards.
    These regulations are State-adopted, BPA-approved standards.
   . Special attention should be paid to preservation of anchlaline
    pools which "are usually small, shallow pools of low salinity
    (1,000 to 10,000) with distinctive biota."

5.  A water quality monitoring plan should be presented to ensure
    that the newly-created lagoons comply with  State Hater
    Quality Standards.  The location of existing habitats and
    the proposed lagoons should be Included  in  naps of the
    project site.

6.  Identify any project Impacts on riparian habitats or conditions,
    such as changes in substrate, direction of  stream  flow or
    sediment'levels, resulting from construction activities.

-------
                                          -2-
                                                                                                                        -3-
            8.
    Dlscuss the present capacity of the existing sewage conveyance
    and treatment systen and the potential oewage flow increases
    as a result of the project.  Assess the Inpact of increased
    flows on the existing system, especially on the system's
    ability to meet national Pollutant Discharge elimination
    System (NPDES) or state-issued permit conditions.

    Identify appropriate mitigation aeasuren to protect water
    quality both during and after project construction.
            404(b)  Permit Comments

            Since a 404  permit is  required,  EPA will  review the  project  for
            compliance with federal Guidelines for  Specification of  Disposal
            Sites  for Dredged or Pill  HateriaT (40  CFR 230),  promulgated
            pursuant to Section 4fl4(b)(l)  of the Clean Hater  Act.  Our
            evaluation will focus  on the maintenance  of water quality and
            the protection of wetlands,  fisheries and wildlife resources.
            If applicable, the results of  further study should indicate  the
            amount  of dredging required, potential  disposal sites, types of
            fill material to be utilized,  and quantities to be discharged
            into waters and wetlands that  fall under  Section 404 jurisdiction.
Pesticides Cowmenta
           °                      %
1.  The DEIS should state whether or not any pesticides (e.g.,
    herbicides, insecticides, rodentlcides, fungicides, etc.)
    will b« used for vegetation clearance or control.  Maintenance
    operations, or the control of mosquito or other vector
    populations.  If so, the types of pesticides, application
    rates, and application procedures should be addressed.

2.  Any pesticides used must be registered with the Environmental
    Protection Agency and the State.  Label directions, instructions
    and all applicable State regulations should be followed.

3.  Since the regulatory status of chemicals is constantly
    changing, EPA recommends that a periodic review of the
    chemical's current regulatory status be done prior to
    application.  Should pesticides be used, EPA recommends
    that a specific section of the DEIS be devoted to the
    subject.
m
Ground Hater Comments

For each alternative, the DEIS shouldt

1.  Describe current ground water conditions in the project .
    locale and assess all likely changes in ground water resulting
    from this project, such as alterations of the water table
    depth or chemical composition changes.

2.  Consider the impacts of lagoon excavation on ground water
    related to the basal aquifer and the potential for tidally
    influenced salt water intrusion.

3.  Discuss the availability of public  drinking water supplies
    for the hotel complex development project.
           Air Quality  Comments

           The DEIS should  provide  the  following  information  for  each
           alternative!

           1.  Discuss  the  existing mass/public transit available in  the
               project  area.   Also, analyze  potential mass/public transit
               options  and  identify means  to encourage their  use.

           2.  Discuss  air  quality  impacts caused by construction activities
               and include  appropriate  control measures.

-------
 m
 en
                                                                   UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AQENCV
                                                                                     REGION «
                                                                                <21EFttmantStte«l
                                                                               Sin Fnnclico, Ca. 94106
                                                                                  November 23, 1984
                                                Colonel Michael H. Jenks
                                                District Engineer
                                                Honolulu District
                                                U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                                Building 230
                                                ft. Shatter, Hawaii  96658
                                                Re:
                                                     Public Notice No. PODCO-P 1812-SD   19 October 198-.
                                                     Transcontinental Development Company
Dear Sirt

     The Environmental Protection Agency had previously sub-
mitted comments dated November 6, 1984 In response to the Notice
of Intent for the above project.  I would like to take this
opportunity to reiterate some of our concerns with respect to
compliance with the 404(b)(l) guidelines.

     The 404(b)(l) guidelines require a thorough examination o£
practicable alternatives, with special emphasis on those which
would have less adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem.  The
regulations further require that the discharge of dredged or
fill material not be permitted If such practicable alternatives
exist, or If the discharge will cause or contribute to signifi-
cant degradation of the waters of the United states (40 CFR
230.10(a) & (c)).  Significant degradation Includes significant
adverse effects on aquatic ecosystem diversity, productivity, and
stability.  The uniqueness of the anchlaline ponds and the re-
sources associated with them must be fully evaluated, especially
in light of the non-water dependent nature of the project.

     He request that the above comments be considered in the de-
velopment of reasonable alternatives in the Draft Environmental
Impact Statement, which we understand will include examination of
alternate siting of the lagoon and resor.t, reduction in scope
of the development Including alternate lay-outs of the lagoon
and structures, and alternate uses of the aquatic site.

     Please feel free to direct questions on this matter to
Lily Wong at (415) 974-7443 or FTS 454-7443.

                        Sincerely yours,
                                                cc:   USFHS - Honolulu
                                                     NMFS - Honolulu
                                                                        Loretta  Kahn Barsamian, Chief
                                                                        Federal  Activities Branch
\J7~N

-------
 *
rn
ON
                                                              United States Department of the Interior

                                                                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
                                                                            WESTERN REGION
                                                                       450 GOLDEN GATE AVENUE, BOX 14041
                                              IH »mr »im 

                                                      H24 (MR-RRA)

                                                      November IS,  1084

                                                      U.S.  Army Corpt  of  Enclnaen
                                                      Honolulu Dlitrlct
                                                      Operation! Branch
                                                      Building 230,  ROOM  205
                                                      Port  Shatter,  Hi  08858

                                                      Dear  Sirs/Hesdamet:

                                                      The Interaeency  Archeoloelcal  Services Branch of the Heitern

                                                      Region.  National Park  Service,  would like  to examine  the

                                                      draft and final environmental  Impact statements  for  the

                                                      projecta detcrlbed  in  public  notice* PODCO-0 1812-SD  and

                                                      1S70-SD.  When they  become available,  please  lend them to:
                                                                        Garland  J. Gordon, Chief
                                                                        .Interaeency Archeoloelcal Serlvces
                                                                        4SO  Golden Gate Ave. Box 36063
                                                                        San  Francisco, CA  84102
                                                      Sincerely,
                                                      Helene Dunbar,  Acting  Chief
                                                      Interaeency Archeologlcal  Service!

-------
  GtOftGE ft AHIVOSHI
   Gammon o> HAWAII
rn
 I
                                        STATE OF HAWAII

                                       DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                                             f 0 IOX tilt
                                           HONOLULU. HAWAII MMt
        March 20, 1985
                                                                             ItSlK t UAItulARA

                                                                              OIAICIOHOI Hlutn
                                                                                    ^ itHt, •1*111 I

                                                                                        EPHSO
Col. Michael M. Jenks
Honolulu District Engineer
Corps of Engineers
U.S. Department of the Army
Building 230
Fort Shatter, Hawaii  96858

Subject:   Public Notice No. PODCO-0 1B12-SD .
           Applicant: Transcontinental Development Company
           Activity:  Excavation of Swimming Lagoon and
                           Filling of Tidal Ponds
           Location;  Walulua Bay, Waikoloa, S. Kohala, Hawaii

Dear Col.  Jenks:

           This letter states  the  Department of  Health's current position on  the  subject
permit application.

Coastal Water Quality

           The proposed project is for a 1,250-room resort hotel  and requires the excavation
of a four-acre salt water lagoon and the filling of anchialine ponds.

           The Department's  focus on this matter will be on what effect, If any, the filling
of the  anchialine  ponds will  have on the off-shore  waters.  These off-shore  waters are
Classified  as AA  waters under Chapter 11-54 of the Department's  Administrative Rules.
The Department presently is not in a position to further comment on this matter since it has
not conducted  any studies  nor has It reviewed any of  the  applicant's materials  on this
matter.

Drinking Water

           A project of  this magnitude  will require substantial commitment  of water
resources to support the activity.   An extensive discussion of water  needs and availability
should  be   included  in  the   draft environmental impact  statement  In  order  that full
environmental impact be disclosed. A discussion of possible water sources and commitments
by organizations to support the project with water will also be necessary.
                                                                                                               March 20, 1985
                                                                                                               Page 2
                                                                                                                          In the event that new water  sources will be developed to support the subject
                                                                                                               activity, please be advised that all such sources developed to serve potable water to a public
                                                                                                               water system as defined by Chapter 20, Title 11, Administrative Rules, must be approved by
                                                                                                               the Director of Health prior to  their use to serve potable water.   Such approval is  based
                                                                                                               upon  the satisfactory submittal of a preliminary engineering report satisfactorily addressing
                                                                                                               all concerns as set down by Section 11-20-29 of Chapter 20.  This report must be prepared
                                                                                                               by a registered professional engineer and bear his or her seal upon submittal.
                                                                                                                                               Sincerely,
                                                                                                                                               SHINJI SONEDA, Chief
                                                                                                                                               Environmental Protection &
                                                                                                                                              .Health Services Division
                                                                                                               cc: DHSA, Hawaii

-------
rn
 i
00
                           University of Hawaii at Manoa
                                                       Ctattr
                                      Cttwford 117 • ]WO Ctmjui Hold
                                           Honolulu, HiwiJI ftMli
                                               oEi (MM) M4-7M1
                                                                  December 5,1984

                                                                          RP:0048

District Engineer (PODCO-0)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Building 230
Port Shatter, Hawaii 96858

Dear Sir:

                                Preparation Notice
                          Environmental Impact Statement
                               Walkoloa Beach Resort
              (Excavation of Swimming Lagoon and Filling of Tidal Ponds)
                     Walulua Bay, Walkoloa, South Kohala, Hawaii

     The Environmental Center has conducted a brief In-house review of the above cited
document with the assistance of Jacquelin Miller  and Jullane Mansur.  We note from
previous environmental assessments concerning various projects In the Walkoloa area that
many of the same significant issues will need to be addressed in the forthcoming Draft
EIS. In addition to the eight Issues listed In the preparation notice, we would suggest that
special  emphasis  be  accorded  to  the following  specific  concerns which  have been
repeatedly called to our attention In response to previous developments In this area.

Rare and endangered species

     The  anchlallne ponds support a rare and  unique ecosystem. Besides the concern for
these ponds and their marine species cited in 1977 memoranda and other correspondence
between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine Fisheries and the Army Corps
of-Engineers, tnttf recent observations  by a Big  Island resident  have identified  the
Hawaiian stilt, an endangered bird, as a part of the pond ecosystem.

Tsunami hazard zone

     Alterations of the shoreline may effect the runup of tsunamis and storm waves.  We
suggest that an engineer specializing lii coastal hazard assessment be consulted to assess
the potential  effects of the proposed modifications of the shoreline.

Historic, archaeological and paleontological resources

     In 1976 the  Bishop Museum surveyed the entire Walkoloa Beach resort area and
Identified 301 historic sites.  Results of this survey should be useful to the applicant as
background material prior  to their Initiating their own  archaeological surveys  of  the
specific areas to be developed.
                                                                                                                 District Engineer
                                                                                                                   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                                                                                                 Cumulative Impacts
                                                                                                                                              -2-
                                                                                                                                                                       Decembcr 5,1384
     An Issua needing careful attention Is that dealing with the cumulative environmental
Impacts of  the multiple  resort developments  along  this coastline.  The  address  of
cumulative Impacts must apply not only to the destruction of the anchlallne. ponds but also
to the various Infrastructure needs of this development and their  relationship to the
resources of the general Walkoloa area. For example, the availability of potable water,
waste  water treatment and disposal  systems,  and other  public services,  should  be
addressed from both the Individual project and the cumulative view.

     We appreciate your  consideration of the  concerns we have expressed and look
forward to reviewing the Draft EIS.

                                        Yours truly,
                                                                                                                      OEQC
                                                                                                                      Joseph Halblg
                                                                                                                      James Morrow
                                                                                                                      John Ford
                                                                                                                      Jacquelin Miller
                                                                                                                      Jullane Mansur
                                                                                                                                                         Doak C. Cox
                                                                                                                                                         Director
                                    AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY  EMPLOYER

-------
                                                                                                NaaLflHELE
                                                                                                taioxisH
                                                                                                KEalSKEKUa.HIMlM
                                                                                                November 8, 1984
m
I
District Engineer  (PODCO-0)
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Building 230
Fort Shatter  HI   96858

Dear Sirs:

Re!   Application  by Transcontinental Development Co. to develop a 1,260
      room resort  at Uaikoloa, South Kohala,  Island of Hawaii - Public
      Notice No. POOCO-0 1812-SD

    The Ma Ala Hele non-profit organization,  currently comprised of 57 members
statewide, is hereby requesting that public hearings be held to consider this
application.  Reasons for our request include the advisability of receiving
public input in the task of evaluating "the impact of the proposed activity on
the public interest", and our great concern for uhat we view as a precious
natural treasure of our state, the anchialine pools of West Hawaii.

    We are aware that the state's largest concentration of anchialine pools is
located where the  resort is proposed.  To our knowledge such pools are found
only on the blest Hawaii and southwest Maul coastlines.  We would greatly
appreciate a copy  of the 5 report.s done by 01 Consultants Inc. which examine
and inventory the  pools.

    We also request that public shoreline access and now it mould be provided
for be a part of the draft and final EIS.

    Per a telephone request to John Emerson on 10/17/84 we would appreciate
meeting with an Army Corps of Engineers representative uhen you.return to South
Kohala to study the Waikoloa area.  I can be  reached at 329-7336 (work-)  or
329-9172 (home).
    flahalo for  this opportunity to participate  in  the planning process!

                                          Sincerely,
                                                       ,     0\
                                                                    ±5k
                                          Deborah Chang Abreu, President
                                          Na Ala  Hele
                                                                                                                                  AL,

-------
T1
I
o
                                                                                                            Col. tanks
                                                                                                                                                                         Dvcmbac 10, 19M
                                                   NflflbflHElB
                                                   raioxuiz
                                                   XCIUKtKUl,HI MM
                                                   December 16, 1984
            Col. Michael n. Jenks, District Engineer (POOCO-0)
            U. S. Corps of Engineers
            Building 230
            Fort Shafter  HI  96858

            Dear Sirs:
                                                                                                landowners ftnl about tha possible presnjjrss resulting fro™ approval of
                                                                                                Transcontinental1* raquast to fill In tha onchialina pool*?

                                                                                                    Uo roquost a mooting totuton Chrl* Krnmater, rgpraamUtlvta of Ha Ala Hala
                                                                                                and other Big Island organizations (upon Invitation) and regulatory agency
                                                                                                representatives uho wish to bo present.  The purpose of tuch • meting would be
                                                                                                to discuss Issues In a personalized, rational manner that will facilitate
                                                                                                understanding of dlffgrlng viewpoints and promote) problem resolution.

                                                                                                    Ida are also awaiting a written response to our 11-8-84 request for a public
                                                                                                hearing on this application.
                                                                                                                                       Mahalo for your Una,
            He:
      Application by Transcontinental Development Co. to develop a 1,260
      room resort at Ualkoloa, South Kohala,  Island of Hawaii
    This is to advise you that as part of tha Big  Island's community and as
residents of tha State of Hawaii, ue are not in  favor of the Hyatt Regency
resort's proposed filling in of about 84 anchlaline pools at Ualulua Bay in
South Kohala.

    life urge a compromise that ulll require the retention of more ponds in this
area of the highest concentration of anchlaline  pools in the state.

    Ue are aware that the assumption is being made that the filling in of ponds
by the resort would be insignificant, because the  endemic flora and fauna are
found elseuhere in other Uest Hawaii ponds.

    Ue caution:

1.  Many anchlaline pools along the Uest Hawaii  coast have been seriously
altered by public and private use and abuse  (e.g.  bathing in ponds with soap
and shampoo, run-off from golf courses, introduction of guppies, talapia, koi
and other exotic species, seepage from campers'  make-shift "toilets").  Such
ponds are not reliable havens for endemic flora  and fauna.  It cannot be
assumed that endemic life is still found in  many of Uest Hawaii's remaining
snchialina pools.

2.  The anchlaline pools are easuy changed  by surrounding activities.  A
long-range plan is needed to ensure the perpetuation of the endemic life that
couid become eligible for endangered species status as their only habitats are
destroyed.  Hawaii has numerous examples of  unique wildlife pushed to
extinction or near extinction uith the loss  of their specialized habitats.

3.  By allowing the destruction of pools by  landowners at Uaiulua and
Anaeho'omalu, pressures to retain remaining  pools  mill be greater for those
landowners uho have such pools on their properties.  It uill become crucial
that whatever ponds are left be kept in their natural state.  How do other
                                                                                                                                                   Deborah Chang Abreu
                                                                                                                                                   President, Na Ala Hele
                                                                                                                                                                                 ncVk.sju*^___-
                                                                                                            cc:
Transcontinental Development Co.
Belt Collins S Assoc.

-------
                                                                                                                                   ee
                                                                                                                                  kn/3-
                                                                                       January 4. 19B5
                                                                 Operations Branch
                                                                                                                                   Emmerson
m
Ms Deborah Chang Abreu
President. Na Ala Hete
P. 0. Box 1572
Kealakekua, Hawaii  96750

Dear Ms Abreu:

     This letter responds to your letters of December 6 and
16, 1984 concerning fthe Transcontinental Development Company
plans to develop a 1,260 room  resort at Ualkoloa.  He hjvs
Included your organization on  our public notice and  environmental
Impact statement nailing list  and will address  your  concerns
for anchtallne pond protection and resource Management 1n the
draft environmental Impact statement.  We have  been  working
with the applicant to determine the availability of  reasonable
and feasible alternatives to the proposed action.  As the
applicant has expressed an Interest in meeting  with.you, we
have planned to be present at  any meetings  between you and the
applicant.  He are also planning to hold a  public  hearing on
the subject sometime In March  1985.   We will notify  you when a
firm date Is set.

                            Sincerely,
                                                                                                                                   Ops Br File
                                                                                            Everette A. Flanders
                                                                                            Chief. Construction-Operations
                                                                                            Division

-------
m
                                                             Slerro  Club
                                                (^   [Tjoku  log  group
                                                           HowQl'l  Chapter
                                                      RO. Box 1137, Wlo, HI  96720
9
                                             Vrt
-------
                                                  H/MIS
                                                               BliixJeU on Iht Mill, Suite 402 • 1151 Fort Stntt • Honolulu, Hiwiii 96413 • (606) 5M-I296
                                                   February 25, 198b
                                                   District Engineer (PODCO-O)
                                                   U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                                   Uuildim. 230
                                                   Ft.  Shaffer,  HI  96858
                                                   Thank you for your notice of availability of  the Draft
                                                   Environmental Iinpact Statement ^PEIS) regarding  the
                                                   "reasonable alternatives" which' will address  the
                                                   anchialine ponds on the Waikoloa Beach Properties.

                                                   Please send us all the information regarding  the
                                                   DEIS, and a copy of the draft as well.
m
                                                   Thank You,
                                                   Martha Diaz-Col6n       /
                                                   Administrative Assistant
                                                   HBS:iiidc

-------
      3

     ^1 %;
    ^ ^:
       IT
6  Vs
v"~  ^4


t  $
P  5
                    E-14

-------
                                                                 fai
                                                                 iW
                                                             JTL Mi
                                                            cvi
                                                               tf}i\MjUU.cL
m
J)
                                                                             fcneu)
                                                           a/)-


-------
                                                                                                            -54*0
                                                                                           Hovewber 26,  1984
                                                                  Operations Branch
                                                                                                                                       1559C
                                                     cf/3-9258
                                                                                                                                       PODCO-0
                                                                 Ks. Donne Hah
                                                                 P.O. Box 1432
                                                                 Kamuela, Hawaii

                                                                 Dear Hs. Hih:
                                                                                                                                      Ops  Br File
96743
rn
 i
O\
                                                                      In reference to your letter of  November  8,  1984,  the reports
                                                                 by Paul Belnfang and others,  are being «»de available  to  the
                                                                 public library In Halite*.  Me expect to have  them available at the
                                                                 library by November 27,  1984.  Your  name has  also been added to
                                                                 the mailing list for Halkoloa Hyatt  Resort Draft  Environmental
                                                                 tapact Statement when It Is available.

                                                                                                  Sincerely,
                                                                                                 Stanley Arakakt
                                                                                                 Chief, Operations Branch

-------

i?;>e
so
                                         oo s
                                         ^  uip  li
                                          M'ol  Wi

      |?mnis
      '    w
          -(
-------
•G-
                                                                                                                                       Ar«Vftl
                                                                                                                                         /3-925B
                                                                            lirofn.1
                                                                                                                                       Ops Br File
    m
    I
    00
Hr. Perry
Kelt, Col lint t, Asspclet<»s
MV Coral Street
ItonnU'lu, HswaH  95013

O.:er Hr. Khlte:

     This U in reference to Trtnsccntinrnl*!
Conpiny't apoltcitioft for I Dcptrtrtnt of the Army aermlt to
construct t ligovn *n« fill enchltline (tttfll) poniii *t WcluU'e
bay. Wetlulot, South KohaU. File No. PCOCfl-O 1.1U-SO.

     Tr«r enclosed letter fro" Oonn» T. H. M«>., daUrf Hove«l'«r 2,
1%4, i$ forwsrrted for your direct r»spon$».  Please respond
within IS Usys of the dele of tnis letter ti*i provide tils
s copy of your response.

                                Sincerely,
                                                                                                  M.  0.  Parefa
                                                                                                  Acting rfclrif.  Construct ion.
                                                                                                  Operations
                                                                 Enclosure

                                                                 Copies Furnished:

                                                                 (wo/cncl)
                                                                 (innnj T. II. Hah
                                                                 P. 0. 8ox Ml?     •   •
                                                                 Ksnutls, Hawaii  9*743

                                                                 (H/oncl)
                                                                 Tr»"'uontlnufilil r.o"'p»ny
                                                                 1001 liistiop Strett. Suitf Si 10
                                                                 Konnlulu, Htwolt

-------
   BELl COLLINS
   & ASSOCIATES
   Engineering * Planning
   Landscape Architecture
November 30, 1984
B«-1B03
Page 2
Hi. Donna T. H. Hah
November 30, 1984
         Hs. Donna T. H. Hah
         P.O. Box 1432
         Kamuela, Hawai'i  96743

         Bubject:  Your Letter Dated 3 November  1984 Concerning
                   Public Notice No. PODCQ-0  1B12-8D
                   Department of the Army Permit To Construct a Lagoon and
                   Fill Anchlaline Ponds for  the Hyatt Regency Uaikoloa Hotel

         Dear Hs. Hah:

              Transcontinental Development Co., the applicant for the
         above-referenced Department of the Army permit, has hired Belt,
         Collins t Associates to assemble environmental information for the
         proposed project.  Because of this,  your letter dated 3 November
         1984 commenting on Public Notice PODCO-0 1B12-SD was forwarded to
         us for a response.

              Your letter makes three basic.points:

           o  It would be nice if Transcontinental Development Co.  (the
              master developer of the Ualkoloa Beach Resort) could pre-
[Tl            serve some of the anchlaline ponds in their natural state.

~T         o  The development should include  a cultural park the way Hauna
              Lani has done with its fishponds.

           o  Uaiulua Bay is a unique, serene place whose atmosphere would .
              not be enhanced by the presence of "gondolas or monorails".

         You have accurately noted some of the more important attributes of
         the site, and your concern for the changes that would be wrought
         by the proposed project are understandable.  However, for reasons
         outlined below, it is the applicant's belief that plans for the
         Uaikoloa Beach Resort adequately protect the natural and cultural
         values of the area.
                           £ fluchLilluf Eoadi

              As shown on Attachment 1, there are nearly 200 small anchia-
         llne (brackish) ponds within the Waikoloa Beach Resort.  In addi-
         tion to these naturally occurring ponds, the WBR also contains two
         large fishponds, Kahapapa and Ku'uall'i, that were constructed by
         the aboriginal Hawaiians directly behind 'Anaeho'onalu Beach.  The
         two fishponds and a number of anchialine ponds immediately
         adjacent to them are being preserved and Interpreted in a manner
         similar to the fishponds within the Hauna Lani Resort.
                                               Implementation  of  current plans for the proposed Hyatt  Re-
                                         gency Uaikoloa Hotel  will  require the filling and/or incorporation
                                         within the proposed  swimming lagoon of about BO anchlaline (brack-
                                         ish)  ponds around  the southern side of Waiulua Bay.   This is about
                                         40 percent of all  the ponds at the UBR.

                                               According to  an April  1974 study by Haciolek and Brock  for
                                         the University of  HawaiM  Boa Grant Program entitled figuetlE
                                         iUCXfitt el to*. Keat Ce*«t Cgodt, there are nearly 3OO anchlaline
                                         ponds located elsewhere (i.e., outside the UBR) along the West
                                         Hawai'i coast.   Individually,  the species which inhabit these
                                         ponds are not rare or endangered.  Scientists from the Oceanic
                                         Institute have studied  the ponds on the Hyatt site and concluded:

                                               The  loss of  the ponds within the Hyatt area,  however,
                                               does  not   appear  to  constitute the loss  of  a  unique
                                               resource, since the remaining ponds within the Wai kola*
                                               Beach Resort  are similar in quality.

                                               The U.S. Fish and  Wildlife Service believes the West Hawal'l
                                         ponds represent  a  unique resource worthy of preservation.  As a
                                         result, they have  been  asked to be a "co-operating agency" in the
                                         preparation of the environmental impact statement that the Corps
                                         of Engineers is  now  preparing for the project.  Means of mitigat-
                                         ing adverse impact on the  ponds, whether by adjusting the devel-
                                         opment plans or  by insuring the long-term preservation of anchla-
                                         line  ponds elsewhere within the WBR or Uest Hawai'i  are currently
                                         being evaluated.   Results  of this evaluation will be considered in
                                         deciding whether or  not  the requested Department of  the Army
                                         permit should be issued.


                                         <2> CCteUBQ fif  a.  CuLtUCil CCClS

                                               An intensive  archaeological and historical survey of the site
                                         proposed for the Hyatt Regency Uaikoloa Hotel has been completed.
                                         Results of the survey indicate the area was used only occasionally
                                         by aboriginal Hawaiians, probably by small groups making seasonal
                                         trips to the shoreline for  the purpose of aquatic resource exploi-
                                         tation.  No physical  remains worthy of preservation in place were
                                         identified.  Because  of  this,  the applicant does not currently
                                         plan  to set aside  any part  of  the hotel site as a cultural park or
                                         preserve.

                                              Other portions  of the Uaikoloa Beach Resort d.e contain signi-
                                         ficant historical  remains,  and Transcontinental Development Co. •
                                         has moved to protect  these.   Ku'uali'i and Kahapapa Fishponds, as
                                         wall  as the areas  immediately around them, have'been incorporated
   Honolulu 606 OKA! Street, Honolulu, Hlwjii 9681). Telephone ((06) 521-5)61.1ele> B( IIH 7430474
   Smjiport JoOOrchitd Roid. HU-06. IflUnulwul Building. Smuapoie0921 Telephone ZJS-6870. Tele« RS 5O464 BCISIN

-------
                                                                                         Page 3
                                                                                         Ha. Donna T.  H.  Hah
                                                                                         November 30,  I9B4

                                                                                         in a historical  preserve.   Other historical  sites that are being
                                                                                         preserved within the Waikoloa Beach Reaort  include the King'*
                                                                                         Trail, an extensive petroglyph -field mauka  of  the King's Trail,
                                                                                         and a large burial  cave near the center of  the resort.  Numerous
                                                                                         leaa substantial remain* present on development  sites have been
                                                                                         salvaged.  The archaeological investigations that have been con-
                                                                                         ducted aa part of the overall Waikoloa project,  »« Hell aa the
                                                                                         intenaive survey carried out on the Hyatt aite,  have significantly
                                                                                         incraaaed anthropologists'  underatandlng of the  aboriginal
                                                                                         Hawaiian culture.  The effort made to preaerve the historical and
                                                                                         cultural values of  the Waikoloa Beach Reaort ia  comparable to that
                                                                                         made at the adjoining Hauna Lani Resort.
rn
CO
o
<3> MeluceL iuufcy, D£ tbt SLtt aod EQy.ico.Qi

     Your obaarvation that Hawai'i's natural beauty ia a major
reaaon for ita attractiveneaa to viaitore la correct.   Halulua Bay
i.B a apectacularly beautiful and aorene aottingl it ia theae
characteriatlca which lad to Ita aelection aa the aite for the
propoaed hotel.  While the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel ia large,
the deaign concept calla for gueata to leave their automobile* and
buses at the perimeter of the aite.  Bosides walkwaya, internal
movement ia to be by email trams and boata, both of which are
quiet.  The watera of Waiulua Bay and the propoaed lagoon aerve aa
a natural centerpiece for the hotel structure* and impart a aenae
of openneaa and tranquility.  At the same time, the extenaive onr
aite recreational, entertainment, and dining facilities that are
planned will provide visitors with a range of options unequaled
elsewhere on the ialand, thereby increasing the hotel'a competi-
tiveness in the international travel market.
                                                                                              Thank you for your interest in the pro'ject.   A draft  environ-
                                                                                         mental  impact statement ia currently being prepared and  is schedul-
                                                                                         ed  for  publication about the end of thia year.   It will  diacuaa
                                                                                         the pointa raiaed in your letter,  aa well  as other environmental
                                                                                         concerns related to the project.
                                                                                        cc:   Hike  Brennan
                                                                                              Armando Villalpando
                                                                                              Mill  Sanburn
                                                                                              Cliff Jenkins
                                                                                              Bob Diffley
                                                                                              Bob Umemura
                                                                                              John  Emmereon,  COE

-------

E-21

-------
                         <^
                        H.
                        V
E-22

-------
   Bill, COI.IINS
   &ASSOUATES
   Engineering * Planning
   landscape Arrhil'>t1ure
      Ms. Donna T.H. Mah
      P.O. Box 1432
      Komuela, Hawaii  96743
                                         March 20, 1985
                                         85-470
rn
Is)
                       Hyatt Kegency Waikoloa Hotel Project
      Dear Ms. Mah:
      I an sorry this response to your letter dated January 21, 1985 is
 not as prompt as was my reply to your first inquiry.  He have been
 extremely busy working to resolve some of the concerns that have been
 expressed regarding the initial scope of the proposed Hyatt Regency
 Haikoloa Hotel project.  Since the outcome of this work affected
 several of the items contained in your letter, I thought it best to
.delay ay answer until things were Bore settled.   For ease of refer-
 ence, the responses are organized un.der the sane headings as you used
 in your letter.

 U>  EreiSrvation of Anehialine fond.

 Comment;  When mentioning the percentage of pond* at the HBR are you
 referring to the amount of total area or the total number of ponds?
 There is a big difference between area and number of poods.  Can you
 give Be an approximation of how Bony ponds will either be filled or
 dredged in the Hyatt lite and not the total HBR area?

 Response:   The applicants are proposing to fill  all 92 of the anchia-
 line ponds on the Hyatt site.  At the time the original pernit appli-
 cation was submitted to the Corps of Engineers in September, 1984, it
 did not specify an intent to preserve any of the anchialine ponds that
 are present.   As a result of concerns expressed since then, the appli-
 cants have Bodified their proposal.  It now covers the entire Haikoloa
 Beach Resort  rather than the Hyatt site alone, and it includes a
 proposal to establish a 12-acre pond preservation area.  To accomplish
 this, it has  been necessary to uodify the boundaries of the Hyatt site
 and nake other changes lo the overall resort Master plan.

      The proposed preservation area contains 62 ponds having a total
 surface area  of about 3.4 acres.   By way of comparison, the total
 surface area  of the 136 ponds at  the Haikoloa Beach Resort that lie
 outside both  the newly proposed preservation area and the existing
 pond/open apace reserve at 'Anaeho'omalu Bay have a total surface area
 of approximately 8.4 acres.  There are about 15 additional ponds
 within the existing preservation  area inland of 'Anaeho'onalu Bay, but
 the surface area of the two fishponds ponds is so great that we have
 excluded them fron the calculations.
Page 2
MB. Donna T.H. Mah
March 20, 1985
Comment:  True,  there  are  nearly 300 anchialine pond* elsewhere,
however, the study  done by Haciolek and Brock (1974) states that, "the
'Anaeho'oBalu  ponds «re of exceptional natural value based on physical
structure, diversity,  representative of aquatic coBHUnltlei and new
and unusual endemic apeciei.   Preservation ai a unique resource is
recommended strongly."  Not all 300 ponds have these qualities.

Response:  The high natural value of the ponds within Haikoloa Beach
Resort  is recognized by the landowners, and they have agreed to set
aside a  12-ocre  pond preservation area to insure the continued exis-
tence of representative anchialine pond ecosysteas.  II. IE worth
noting  that the  Maciolek and Brock survey mentioned in your letter was
available when the  County  Bade its 1977 decision to zoni1 the area for
resort  use.  The fact  that the County did so, while atlcrliihg condi-
tions intended to help insure the preservation of sone ponds, suggests
that it was aware of the necessity for tradeoffs between the desire
for preservation and the need for economic growth.


Comment:  I am aware of the studies done by the scientists from the
Oceanic  Institute  (01  Consultants], which were funded by the develop-
ers and other  studies  done by public agencies and their conclusions
differ.  Why?

Response:  For the  moat part the studies conducted by 01 Consultants,
Inc., produced factual information similar to that contained in re-
ports by Maciolek and  Brock and by other scientists working for public
agencies,  The principle differences lie in  the judgements made on the
basis of those results.  01 Consultants concluded that the ponds at
the Waikoloa Beach-  Resort  were not unique, but that they were confined
to a relatively  United geographic region on Heat Hawai'i and Maui.
Consequently,  they  recommended "...that efforts be made to preserve
the most outstanding examples of the ponds or to  incorporate these
ponds into plans for any future developaent".  The current proposal
for the  establishment  of a 12-acre pond preservation area  is consis-
tent with that recommendation.


Comment:  You  mention  that there are 300 or more anchialine ponds
found on our coastline.  However, you failed to mention that these
types of ponds are  found in Southwest Maui only, as well as in  West
Hawai'i.  That's not a very large representative of anchialine  ponds
for the entire state.

Response:  As  noted above, the landowners recognize the natural  value
of the  ponds and have  agreed to preserve 12  acres of land  containing
63 ponds.  This  would  be added to the 16-acre open space reserve '
already established around the fishponds and anchialine ponds  at\
'Anaeho'omalu  Bay.
   HniKjIiilu UXi ( (ii.il ilfivl I lorn, lulu H.m.in 'KJil )  lvlf|>lil8»RlS;l SJIil K-IIM I1II1HNHU74
   Siiiu.iimri' IM]()iili.,.clRii,Hl (fU-ofi lnlfin.iliiiii.il lluililinK Siil|j.ipmi'IM2i Mi-plnmr .' It 14711 M
                                                         US M14(i4 IK IbIN

-------
      Page J
      Ma.  Donna T.ll.  Mali
      March 20, 1985

      (2)   Creation a£ t Cuitur.il EsEfc

      Comment:   Can you tell  me bow I  can obtain • copy of this  survey  or
      •tudy that concluded that,  "No physicsl  remains worthy of  preservation
      ID the place were identified. AD Abu 0  Lono,  • significant  archaeolo-
      gical landmark  wa* sited in Haikoloa and documented in • study done  by
      Barrera.   I am  .aware of it* disappearance.

           The  extensive field* of potroglyphs mauka of the ling'* Trail  i*
      not  a* exteniive a* I remembered it a*.   It seem* to have  been greatly
      reduced from it* original sire.

      Response:  Copies of the report  are available at the Uawai'i County
      Planning  Deportment and at  the State Department of Land and  Natural
      Resources,  Historic Sites Section.   The  Keahuolono mentioned in Bar-
      reru's report is located on the  North Bonn/South Kohala boundary,  far
      from the  project area,  as are the petroglyph fields.  They would  not
      be affected by  the proposed action.


      (3)   Serenity of These  Pond*

      Comment:   I guea* that  I have failed to  get my idea aero**,  about the
,T|    serenity  and natural beauty of the pond*.  May I emphasire the point
I     that the  anchialine ponds give the effect of serenity because of  all
l|Sj    the  natural-beauty that surround* them.   The natural beauty  that  I
*°     talk about are  the one* that you either  want to fill or dredge.  What
      i* your definition of natural beauty?

           The  anchialine ponds are an oasis in the middle of a  sea of  lava
      that can  be found very  few place*.   It*  unique beauty cannot be re-
      placed once it  is gone.

           He cannot  always sacrifice  non-monetary resource* which are  valu-
      able in their own way.   He can learn a lot from them.  Hotel* can be
      found almost anywhere,  but  not anchialine ponds.  Compromise must be
      accomplished, because there is so much at (take on both sidea.

      Response:  Perhaps it is I, not  you, who failed to communicate clear-
      ly.   The  unchialine ponds present along  the shoreline of the Haikoloa
      Beach Resort are considered important resources.  The pond preservation
      area that is now proposed,  as well as -the existing pond preservation
      around the 'Anaeho'omalu fishponds, are  intended to insure that the
      original  character of the place  is maintained within substantial  por-
      tions of  the Haikoloa Beach Resort.  It  would be foolish to  argue that
      the  land  outside the preservation area will not be changed by the
      proposed  shoreline developments;  it most certainly will.  The real
      task before us  is, to paraphrase your words, to see that a reasonable-
      coaproaise is achieved.  I  am hopeful that the extensive public review
      to which  the project is subject  will lead to a resolution  to the  conflict
      in values that  reflects the prevailing values of the island's residents.
Page 4
M*. Donna T.ll. Hah
March 20, 1985

     Thank you again for  your  comment*.  Mr. Michael Lae of the U.S.
Army Corp* of Engineers ha*  a**ured Be  that you will be sent a copy of
the Draft Environmental Impact Statement that  the Corps is preparing
a* soon a* it 1* available.  In the meantime,  if you have any que»-
tions, please call me  at  521-5361.
                                         Sincerely,
     Michael Lee
     Bob  Umemura
     Michael Brennan
     Hill Sanburn
     Cliff Jenkins
     Bob  Diffley

-------
N)
cn
                                                                                                                    February 21, 1985
 Corp.  of  Engineers Operatione Br.
 Rn.  204.  Bldg. 230
 Fort Shifter, HI.  96858-5440

 Oe*r Mr.  Lee:

 I have comment* from nany people Co put on Co you concerning penict Co
 •leer  Che «horeline in Che Anaehoomalu-Uaiwlua Bay area ac Che proposed
 reaort aite  in South Kohala, Hawaii.

 Aa retpecced acientiaCa earlier reported in Che 1974 Maciolek-Brock
 reporc. Aquatic Surveya of Kona Ponda. Hawaii Island, chia ia a unique area
 co aay the lent.  Foma of life are found nowhere >n Che world, buc in Chia
 area and  endangered birda aCill uae Chia area.  Anchialine pond'a role in
 near chore food chain produccion nay be nore important Chan scientist!
 realize and ahould be inveaCigaced furcher before draining, covering, or
 altering  cheie areaa.

 Noa, having iotas biological background and having calked wich many Couriaca,
 acientiaCa and reaidenta about cheae anchialine areaa, gone contents
 are in order Co be pasted on Co develope'ra, auch aa Hr. Henraecer-
 Tranacontinental and che HyaCC.

 You have  a natural setcing Chat can and ahould be uaed aa a caateful
 framework and incorporaCed inCo Che development.  Hany viaitora comment
 on Che exiating coaacal atrip as ao beauciful and like Che Hawaii they
 expected.  In the long run that will concinue Co bring in Bore and more
 Couriatc  ac other reaorCa in competitive areaa are over developed and
 commercialized.

With prudent planning cheae new Kohala recortc can make their arcifical
 environments back further on bare lava and not alcer Cheae unique bay and
 pond areas.  Also, it would show excellent taste by Che developer Co
 improve relations with wary residentc, environmental acciviacs and the
 Hawaiian  descendants that have aeen too much inconsiderate development
occur  in  the state.

Nobody wants to see a no growth, no business climate develop and see the
concomitant problems.   By preserving these special endemic forms of  life
and utilizing the uniqueness of these natural gifts, jobs and economic
bases  can  be provided yet future generations can work, visit and >ee the
real  Hawaii as well.   Don't destroy Che habitat, utilize'it!  Do not issue
permits that would allow any other concept.

                              Sincerely,
                                                                      Dr. James Margolic
                                                                          V\. V>-*-»
                                                                                               Hade Shaffer
                                                                                               P.O. Box 1147
                                                                                               Kamuela, HI.  96743

-------
                                                    HAWAII  LAND  MANAGEMENT
                                                                     A REAL ESTATE CORPORATION
                                                    Hovcmber 13,  1984
m
I
M
ON
Col. Michael H. Jenks
Honolulu District Engineer
U. S. ARMY CORP. OF ENGINEERS
Pacific Ocean Division1
ATTN: PODDD
Ft. Schafter, HI 96858-5440

REj  Environmental Impact Statement, Transcontinental
     Development Company (Hyatt Regency Hotel)/  Halulua
     Bay, Waikoloa/ Hawaii

Dear Col. Jenks:

I've just read an article in Pacific Business Hews advising
the U.S. Army Corp. of Engineers is seeking public comment
with respect to the above, and a draft statement is expected
to be available later this year.

I have visited the proposed site on a number of occasions
during the past 20 years, as well as other shoreline areas
situated between Anaehoomalu Bay and the former Francis E.
E. Brown property. Further, I've reviewed the preliminary
plan for the proposed Hyatt Regency Hotel complex.  My
initial comment on the proposal is that it appears to be
well thought out and has taken a very sensitive and thought-*
ful approach with respect to the site.  I hope that your
review process w'ill be as. expeditious as possible.

In the meantime, I would appreciate receiving a copy of the
draft statement mentioned in the article as soon as it is
available.  I will be happy to comment further at that time.
In the meantime, should you have any questions,  please feel
free to contact me. Thank you for your courtesy.

Sincerely,
                                                    John Michael White
                                                    President

                                                    JHWidor
                                                                           225 Queen Slf eel
                                             Post Office Box 10 « Honolulu Hawaii 96610
                                                                                                 (BOB) 524-6000  Tele. 743-0482

-------
                    Appendix F
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Section 7 Coordination

-------

-------
                United Stales Department of the Interior

                        FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
                           100 ALA MOAHA 0OULCVARO
                              P O 6OX &0t«7
                            HONOLULU. HAVMII titSO
                                                     ES
                                                     Room  6307

                                                     APR 1 8 IE*
                                                                                 He  appreciate  your interest  and share  your concern  for
                                                                                 native flora and fauna.

                                                                                                               Sincerely,
our
71
Mr. Wade Shaffer
P.O. Box 1147
Kamuela, HI  96743

Dear Mr. Shaffer:

Thank you for your letter expressing  concern  for  the  anchialine
pool fauna.  After receiving your letter, members of our staff
reviewed the available published literature and concluded that at
least five of the anchialine pool animals may qualify  for listing
as endangered or threatened species.  These five include three
caridean shrimps  (Procaris hawaiana, Palaeroonella burns!, and
Hetabetaeus lohena), a hydro~Td (03tromouvia~horii), and a snail
(Neritilia  sp. nov.7).  A fourth caridean shrimp, Halocaridina
rubra,  has been referred to the  National Marine Fisheries Service
as  it  may  be  sold commercially and  thus  falls under their
jurisdiction.  Other anchialine  pond animals may be rare  locally,
but our office must consider the species throughout its entire
range when proposing  it for listing.

Our  staff   also concluded that  there does  not  appear  to be
sufficient   information  available,  at  least not  in the published
scientific  literature,  to prepare the documentation required for
listing a species  as endangered or threatened.  We need a firm
biological  basis for listing a plant or animal  as endangered or
threatened]  unfortunately,  the  existing  information  is
insufficent at this  time.

We  sent a memorandum to our  Washington  D.C. office requesting
that the five animals  mentioned above be placed on our annual
invertebrate  Notice of Review update as  Category  2  species.
Category 2  species are those  which probably should be listed as
endangered  or  threatened, but for which sufficient information is
not presently available to  biologically support  a proposed  rule.
This is one  of  the various  steps  in  listing a species as
endangered  or  threatened.  It  also  requests  that persons with
pertinent knowledge on  the species share it with the Service.
                                                                                                               .•=-*   . , .   <  i   ,•"•).-- ".V.
                                                                                                               :—:~  -^- I,--- y.  Vj"1-1
                                                                                                           V ±, Allan Marmelstein
                                                                                                           ;!   Pacific Islands Administrator
                                                                                 cc:  RD, FWS, Portland, OR (AHR)
                                                                                      Director, FWS, Washington, D.C.
                                                                                      NMFS - WPPO
                                                                                      EPA, San Francisco
                                                                                     L/CE, Honolulu District
                                                                                      County of Hawaii, Planning Department
      CONSERVE
        CHIC* 3
        CNEROV
                          Enrtg\ ami Ynu Serve Amenta'

-------
                                                                                             April  9,  1985
                                                                                                            -5440
                                                                  Operations Branch
71
N>
Kr. Allan HtrmeUtetn
Pacific Islands Administrator
US Fish and Wildlife Service
300 Ala Hoana Boulevard
P. 0. Box 50167
Honolulu, Hawaii  96B50

Dear Mr. Harnelstein:

    This letter confirms a telephone conversation between
Mr. Michael Lee. Operations Branch, Corps of Engineers, and
Hr. Hi 111am Kramer. US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS),
March 1985, regarding Section 7 consultation on the Haikoloa Bftach
Resort development, POOCO-0 1812-SO.                           '

    In this conversation. Mr. Kramer had Indicated that USFHS
opinion was forwarded to the Portland Office for coordination.
Kr. Lee asked If expanding the permit area from the Hyatt Hotel
site to Include all of the Uatkoloa Beach Resort Properties
altered the USFWS opinion.  Mr. Kramer Indicated that the change
in project area did not affect his findings and recommendations,
and that he did not feel another round of coordination was
necessary.

    If there are any questions regarding this conversation or
changes of opinion, please contact Mr. Michael Lee, phone
438-9258, so that any required action can be completed.

                                 Sincerely,
Ops Br File
                                                                                                   Everette A. Flanders
                                                                                                   Chief, Construction-Operations
                                                                                                   Division

-------
71
CO
                                   United States   Fish and Wildlife Service

                 Department of the Interior   J^^^'ti*"
                                                 Portland, Orison 971)2


                                                 InRiplyfcfolai  AFA-SE   Voutfdtmaca

                                                 1-2-D5-F-012

                                                 February  '22, 1985
Mr. Everette A. Flanders
Chief,  Construction-Operations  Division
U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Ft. Snafter, Hawaii  96858-5440

Dear Mr. Flanders:

Tnis responds  to  your November 30, 19B4 request for consultation
under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act  of 1973, 16 U.S.C.
1531,  et se(j.  (USA).  At issue are the possible effects ot your
granting a" perm it allowing  the  construction of the  Uaikoloa Hyatt
Resort  Development in South Kohala on the island of Hawaii on  the
following  endangered species:

    Hawaiian stilt      (Himantopus nimantopus knudsoni)
    Hawaiian hoary bat  (Lasiurus cinereus semotus)

Tnis letter represents the Uioloyical  Opinion of  the U.S. Fisn
and Wildlife Service (FWS) as  directed by Section 7 of the ESA,
"Interagency Cooperation Regulations" (5U CFK 402,  4J FR U7u)  on
your proposed  action.  A mjp o'f the site under  consideration  for
that action  is enclosed.

On December  26,  I9d4 we completed our  review of  the information
provided by you  along with other  related  information .in our
files.   We  also  contacted so.ne  of  those  familiar  with  tile
biology,  management,  and recovery of the  species involved.
Copies  of  pertinent  materials  ami documentation are contained in
an administrative record maintained in  this  Service's office  in
Honolulu,  Hawaii.  Our reference number for  this  consultation  is
l-2-a5-F-012.

BIOLOGICAL OPINION

It is our Biological Opinion that the action of  granting a permit
allowing for the construction and operation  of the  Waikoloa Hyatt
Resort  Development, as described in your November 30, iatf4 letter
to us and as described in  thu November l'Jb4 Preliminary Draft
Environmental Impact Statement (PDK1S) on the project, ia not
likely  to jeopardize  the  continued existence of  the Hawaiian
stilt or  the Hawaiian hoary bat.
Mr. E.A. Flanders, Chief, construction-Operations Div., C.O.E.,
Ft. Shatter, Hi    1-2-B5-F-012
Page two


Background  information on the  project and oiological information
pertinent to this determination follow.

Please note this letter and  Biological Opinion address only those
impacts of  the  project on the  two  referenced endangered  species.
It does not speak to impacts on other non-listed species or other
non-living  resources  except where  those impacts may ultimately
affect the endangered species via food chain modification, etc.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUND  INFORMATION

As  currently  planned,  the  resort will be  constructed  on
approximately SOO acres along the ocean  shore in the South Kohala
District  of the island of Hawaii.   Wnen completed,  the  complex
will  feature  over 1,200 hotel rooms, a  man-made lagoon,  a
monorail  transportation system,  a swimming pool,  a system of
canals for aesthetic guest transportation via gondolas, and other
structures.  The developer  wishes  to  begin  construction  as  soon
as possible.

This shoreline area is the  site of a series of anchialine ponds
(ponds  having  no surface  connection  to  the  sea  but  having
measurable  salinity  and  being affected by  the  tides).   The
current development plans require  filling 82 of  these anchialine
ponds.

Although no endangered or threatened species wore observed during
an avifaunal and feral mammal survey conducted as  part of  the
developer's environmental analysis of the area,  Hawaiian stilts
have been  sighted  feeding in  anchialine ponds  near the proposed
construction site.  In September  of this year, one  specimen of
Hawaiian hoary'bat was recovered from the grounds of  the Sheraton
Royal Waikoloa,  a  nearby resort.

SPECIES ACCOUNTS

Hawaiian Stilt:

The Hawaiian stilt was listed as an endangered species on October
13, 1970  (35 FR 16047).   Major  reasons for the decline  of  the
species include predation by cats,  rats, dogs, and mongooses,  the
general loss of wetland habitat as a result of housing and other
development, and changing agricultural practices.

-------
Hi. K.A.  Flanders, Cniut, Conscru.cticn-0p«rdtioni, DIV., C.O.L.,
Ft. Shatter, HI   1-2-U5-F-012
     throe
Currently, the birds can be found on all  the  five aaln islands in
the Statu.  Stilts  use a variety  of habitats associated with
wutcr areas.  Frequently, ncsta are located away  from  feuding
areas, resulting in daily movement between those areas. tlests
ota generally adjacent to or on islands within areas of fresh,
brackish,  or salt water.  These  include irrigation reservoirs  and
settling  basins,  natural  or  nan-made ponds,  tare patches,
marshes, and similar areas.   Stilts feed in shallow water,  and
loafing areas  are generally exposed mud  flats,  picklewoed mats,
and other  open lands where visibility is  good.

Hawaiian Hoary Bat;

The Hawaiian hoary  bat occurs primarily  on  tne  island of Hawaii,
but a resident population has been reported on Kauai.   The  bat
appears only  irregularly on  the  islands  of  Maul, Oahu,  and
Molokai; it has not been reported  on Lanai.  Thb bats have been
seen at elevations  from sea level to 13,000  feet, but occur most
commonly only  up to 4,000 feet.

It  has been considered  to  bo  a  solitary  roosting and non-
hibernating  species, but new, yet unpublished, data  may challenge
these beliefs.  Roosting does not require any specific type of
tree or structure,  and the  oats  may hang  on  a variety of natural
and man-made structures.   They  are nocturnal  and  insectivorous.

Adults  range  in length from  about 3 to  4 inches and  have  a
wingspan of 10 to 14 inches.  Adult body weight  ranges between 14
and  22 grams.

Although several females have been found to contain fetuses in
the months of May and June, little  is known  of  their reproductive
seasons or  cycles.  It is suspected that,  like their mainland
relatives., adult females produce two young in  June.  The age at
which young bats are'capable of flight,  maturity, longevity,  and
many other life  history parameters  are unknown.

The  species was listed as  endangered  in  1970.   Although  the
population  has  not  been systematically  surveyed,  estimates of
numoers in  "the low tnousands" have been suggested.  Tne total
population of the species is believed to have  decreased during
tne  last  several  decades  due  to secondary poisoning  by
pesticides,  general habitat destruction, or  other factors.
He. E.A.  Flandara, Chiof, ConBtructJon-Opurationa Div.,  C.O.E.,
Ft. Shaftur,  III   1-2-85-P-012
Pago four
ANALYSIS OF  IMPACTS

It is known tnat Hawaiian  stilts  use the an-;hialinu ponds in
South Kohala for  feeding. Masting around the ponds, however, has
not been reported.  It con be expected that the filling of tne
ponds for the construction  of  the  Hyatt  project will decrease
some of the feeding areas for  stilts.  However,  in consideration
of the very  low number of birds associated with those ponds and
the availability  of  alternative stilt feeding sites on the  island,
the  loss of the  anchialine complex at the site  would not be
expected to  either  directly or indirectly  "take" stilt.   It would
be expected  that  those individuals  displaced will move  to other
ancnialine  ponus  or other wetlands  for feeding  activities.  The
impact on the stilt population on the island of Hawaii would be
minimal.

Likewise,  impacts on the  Hawaiian hoary bat would not  be  expected
to seriously harm  the bat population on the island of Hawaii.
It does not seem likely  that the construction and operation of
the  resort  complex would change the environment to the bats'
detriment  unless  insecticides are used heavily.   If  such
pesticides  are used,  bats may be affected  due to a decrease in
their  food  supply  and,  possibly,   secondary  poisoning.   Sucn
negative impacts  would not be  likely  to jeopardize the continued
existence of the  species  as a whole.

CUMULATIVE  EFFECTS

Cumulative  effects  are  those  impacts of future State,   ana
private actions which are reasonably certain to occur prior to
completion of the subject action.   Such an  action is  "reasonably
certain" to  occur  if  the  action requires the approval of a local
resource or land use control  agency, and such agencies have
essentially approved  the action.  Cumulative  effects  are not
expected in the case  of  your proposed granting  of a permit for
the filling of anchialine ponds on the island of Hawaii, since we
know of no  such  other State,  or private action that should be
considered  in  the  evaluation of impacts on the  Hawaiian  stilt or
the Hawaiian hoary bat.

BIOLOGICAL OP1HIOH

It is our Biological Opinion that the action of granting a permit
allowing for the construction and operation of the Maikoloa Hyatt
Resort  development is not  likely  to jeopardize the continued
existence of either  the Hawaiian stilt or  the Hawaiian hoary  bat.

-------
«t.  E.A. Flanders,  Chief, Construction-Operations oiv., C.O.E.,
Ft.  Shatter, III   1-2-B5-F-012
Page five
INCIDENTAL TAKE

Section 9 of cue ESA prohibits  any  taking (harm, harassment,
mortality, etc.) of listed species without specific  exemption.
Under  tne  teems of Section 7(b)(4)iii  and 7(o)(2), taking tnai  is
incidental to and  not  intended as a part  of  thu agency action (in
tnis case, the construction and operation of thu  haikoloa Resort)
is not considered taking within the bounds of  the Act  provided
that such  taking is in compliance witn the terms and conditions
of this Biological Opinion.

Since surveys have demonstrated that the presence of eitner  of
the two listed species within the area  to  be affected  is  rare,
no  take should occur as  a  result of the actual  construction.
However, the chance does  exist that  the  stilt or  bat may  enter
the area  to  be altered  prior to  or during  construction.   To
minimize  the chances of taking  either of these  species,  we
specify that the  following reasonable and prudent measures  be
included in your permit to the developer:

     1.  The  developer  snail  incorporate as part of  the
    overall construction  plan and construction contract  the
    stipulation that  if any individual of any of the listed
    species discussed in  this opinion is killed  as a result
    of the subject project, the constructing agency shall
     require  that  tha  causative action of such taking cease
     immediately,  and that the Corps of Engineers shall tnen
     re-initiate  formal  consultation  and/or  seek
    authorization  under  Section  lU(a)(l)(B) prior to
    proceeding with  the  action.

    2.  All listed species which are  injured or  killed as a
     result  of the subject  action shall be retrieved  and
     shall be turned  over to  the  State Department of Land
     and Natural Resources immediately.

     j.  The developer shall immediately prepare a written
     report, which shall  include  the date, location,  and
    circumstances   surrounding  the   taking  and  the
    disposition  of  the  individual(s) taken. Written  and
     telepnone reports snail be  directed  to  riilliam H.
     Kramer at:

                U.S.  Fish and wildlife Service
                P. 0. Box 50107
                Honolulu, Hawaii   'JGB5U

                Phono: (BOB) 546-7530
<
Mr. E.A.  Flanders, Cnit.-£, Construction-Operations Div., C.O.E.,
ft. Shatter,  III   1-2-U5-F-012
Page six
Tnis concludes formal  consultation on this action.  Shoulo any
significant  cnanges be made in the proposed action, should any
new information become available indicating thu occurrence of the
listed species  in the project  area,  or should new  species be
listed which are  not  addressed  in this  letter  which1 may be
affected by the action, you must re-initiate consultation  with
this office.
                             Sincerely yours,
                             William F. Shake
                             Assistant Regional  Director
                             Federal Assistance
Enclosure

-------
71
ON
                                                                    United States Department or the Interior
                                                                            FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
                                                                               100 ALA UOAHA ftOUlCVAJtD
                                                                                  f.o tax ioi»
                                                                               HONOLULU. HAWAII till*
                                                  1-2-85-F-012

                                                    DEC   5 1984
Mr. Everette A. Flanderii
Chief, Construction-Operation* Division
U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Ft. Shatter, Hawaii  96858-5440

Dear Mr.  Flanderst

This acknowledges receipt of your letter of November 30,  1984
which initiated formal  consultation pursuant to Section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act.  He will review  the information you have
provided  concerning your action of granting a permit allowing the
construction and operation of the Haikoloa Hyatt Resort
Development on the island of Hawaii and  will respond  to you_
within.Jl0..days with a biological opinion 'discussing possible
impacts  of that project on the endangered Hawaiian stilt
(Htmantopua  himantopus  knudsenll,  the endangered Hawaiian hoary
bat (LasTutua cinereua semotus),  and other listed or proposed
species  which May be affected by your action.  Our  reference
number for this consultation is 1-2-85-P-012.

He  will  contact you  or  members  of  your  staff if additional
information  is required for our review.

                             Sincerely yours,
                                                                                C  Allan Marrnelsteln
                                                                                    Pacific Islands Administrator
                                                       cci  Regional Director, FHS, Portland,  OR (AFA-SE)
                                                                         Save Energy and You Serve America!

-------
                                           -5440
                          November 30.  1984
Operations Branch
     He hope that your evaluation can b» provided to us by
December 17, 19B4 and that you find that the project Mill not
jeopardize the continued existence of the endangered Hawaiian
ttllt or bat.

                                 Sincerely.
Hr. Allan Harmelsteln                                        •
Pacific Islands Administrator
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  .
300 Ala Hoana Boulevard
P.O. Box 50167
Honolulu, Hawaii  96850

Dear Hr. Harmelsteln:

     In reference to your letter of November 9. 1984 concerning
the Walkoloa Hyatt Resort Development, PODCO-0 1812, we request
that formal consultation be Initiated under Section 7,  Endangered
Species Act, as amended.

     Your letter of November 9I'1V84 Indicated that the endangered
Hawaiian stilt and Hawaiian bat could be present at the Ualkoloa
project site, and that the project could affect the species.  This
was based on the applicant's biological survey that Indicated that
the endangered Hawaiian stilt might be expected to forage In  the
ponds, and the discovery of a dead specimen of the endangered
Hawaiian bat on the grounds of the Hauna Lani Resort Hotel.

     Hr. Ron Bachman, Hllo Office, Division of Forestry and
Utldllfe, State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Indicates that Anaehoomalu Pond was a good Hawaiian
stilt habitat.  Since the development of the Sheraton Malkoloa
Hotel, cleaning the pond and the Increased presence of people, the
Hawaiian stilt are seldom found at the Anaehoonalu Pond.  The stilt
are seldom found in the anchlaline ponds, but wandering tattlers
and other shorebirds may be found there.  He also Indicated that
the Hawaiian bat can be found throughout the island of Hawaii,
especially In the Hmiakua Coast area, amongst the dense vegetation
and under the eaves of abandoned houses.  This information leads
us to believe that if any effect Is anticipated on the endangered
Hawaiian stilt or bat, the effect would not jeopardize the
continued existence of the species.
                                                                                                                                    Everett* A. Flanders
                                                                                                                                    Chief, Construction-Operations
                                                                                                                                    Division

-------
71
00
                    United Slates Department of the Interior

                           FISH AND WII.DI.IFE SEHVICE
                              100 ALA U04HA •OULCVAnO
                                  f a 10* >9||7
                               MOMOLUUI. MAflAII 11110
                                                    1-2-85-SP-021

                                                       NOV9  m
  Mr.  W. J. Paresa
  Acting Chief, Construction-Operations  Division
  U. S. Acmy Engineer District, Honolulu
  Ft.  Shafter, Hawaii   96B58-5440

  Dear Mr. Paresai

  This replies  to  your  October  25,  1984  letter  concerning a
  Department oE the Army Permit Application submitted by Trans-
  continental Development Corporation.  The  applicant requests
  authorization to both fill anchiallne  ponds and excavate  a lagoon
  at Haikoloa, Anaehoomalu,  Hawaii as part  of  the construction of
  the  Haikoloa Hyatt Resort.  Transcontinental^ survey of  the  area
  indicates  that there were  no endangered or threatened avifaunal
  or feral mammal species present at the time of the survey.  Based
  on those  findings, you requested our  concurrence that the action
  will not affect any listed species.

  Although the survey did not  identify any listed species at the
  site during the  two-day  period  of  the field work,  the report
  does state, ".  .  .the  endemic  and  endangered Hawaiian Stilt
  (Himantopus mexlcanus) might be expected to forage on occasion in
  this area as it does in similar habitat elsewhere  in Hawaii and
  along  the Kona coast. . ."

  The  survey  was  conducted for listed avifauna  and  feral  mammals.
  Another  listed  species,   the endangered  Hawaiian  hoary bat
  (Lasiurus cinereus semotusl.  however, was identified after the
  completion of the survey; the October 10, 1984 letter from the
  contracted surveyor amended the report.

  No mention is made of the possible presence of the threatened
  green  sea turtle  (Chelonia  mydaaj  in waters  adjacent to the
  proposed construction site.   Although  the impacts to this species
  fall outside the jurisdiction of  this Service, you may wish to
  contact the National Marine Fisheries  Service in that regard.

  In  consideration  of  the above,  we do  not concur  with  your
  determination that there is an absence of any listed species in
  the  area and that, therefore,  the project  will have no effect on
  such species.  Section  7(a){3)  of the Endangered Species Act
  states:

      ". .  .a Federal agency  shall consult with the Secretary
      on any prospective agency action  at the request of,  and

iCONSERVC
\AMCfllCA-S
                       Save Energy and You Serve America!
     in cooperation with,  tha prospective peralt or license
     applicant if the applicant has reason to believe that
     an endangered  species  or a threatened species nay be
     present in the area affected by his project and that
     Implementation of such action will likely affect such
     species."

If you determine  that your actions may affect any of  the
aforementioned listed species (or other listed species which nay
yet be identified  at the project site),  you are required to
initiate formal consultation with this Service.  You nay wish to
contact William Kramer of  my staff  (546-7530)  if you have any
questions or comments  pertinent to this  procedure.

Thank you for this  opportunity to comment on these  endangered and
threatened species  aspects of the Haikoloa project.
                                                                                                                     Sincerely yours,
                                                                                                                       Ian Marnelstein
                                                                                                                     Pacific Islands Administrator
                                                                                        cc>  Regional Director, FHS, Portland, OR (AFA-SE)

-------
                         October 25.  1984
                                           -5440
Operations Branch
Pacific Islands Administrator
US Fish and Wildlife Service
ATTN:  Endangered Species •   •
P. 0. Box 50167
Honolulu. Hawaii  96850

Dear Sir:

    He are presently evaluating a Department of the Army Permit
Application fro* Transcontinental Development Corp., requesting
authorization to fill anchlallne ponds and to excavate a lagoon at
Haikoloa, Anaehoomalu, for  construction of the Walkoloa Hyatt
Resort (see attached Public Notice 1812-SD, October 19, 1984).   At
our request, Transcontinental has provided a survey of avlfaunal
and feral manual that Indicates the absence of any listed
endangered or threatened species.  Based on this survey report, we
feel that the project will  have no effect on any listed endangered
or threatened species.  He  request your concurrence with our
findings by November 16, 1984.

                             Sincerely,
                             U.  J. Paresa
                             Acting Chief, Construction-Operations
                             Division
Enclosure

-------

-------
                     Appendix G
Notional Marine Fisheries Service Section 7 Coordination

-------

-------
                                  U.B. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                  Nation*! Ooanlc and Atmoiphtrle ArfmlnlttrttlM
                                  NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES BERVKE
                                  Southwest Region
                                  Western Pacific Prograa Office
                                  P. 0. Box 3830
                                  Honolulu, Hawaii  96812
                                  Hay 13,  1985
                                                             F/SUR1:ETN
  Mr.  Everette  A.  Flanders
  Chief,  Construction-Operations Division
  U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers
  Fort  Shatter, Hawaii  96858

  Dear  Mr. Flanders:

       This  is  in  response to your letter of February 20, 1985 regarding blasting
  for lagoon excavation at the proposed Uaikoloa Hyatt Resort Developnent
  (PODCO-0 1812-SD).  On the basis of the Information provided in that letter we
 were  unable to respond to your determination of ''no affect" for threatened or
 endangered species in the project area.  Subsequent to the referenced letter,
 Belt, Collins and Associates and Darby and Associates, Inc., have provided
 recommendations for charge size,  analyses of potential impacts to marine life,
 and mitigation recommendations) to virtually eliminate any Impacts to listed
 marine species in the project area.   Ue also understand that the applicants for
 the Corps of Engineers permit have also agreed to these conditions which speci-
 fically state:

      (a)'    There must always be  natural  or man-made rock berms separating
             the  blast  area  and the  bay or open ocean.

      (b)    All  ponds  in the  blast  area are to be  filled  before commencing
             blasting.

      (c)     (1.)   no blasting  can be done  if endangered species or major marine
             animals are within view from  the shoreline; (11.) blasting be  pref-
             erably done at  low tide; (ill.) a  helicopter be used during the
             first  three days of blasting  for surveillance of marine life before
            blasting to assure the bay  and an area in the ocean  to the 5 fathom
            contour is clear of endangered species and major marine life, and
            after blasting  to inspect  for damaged major marine  life.           '

     Condition (11.) may be deleted since the potential reduction in impulse
transmission from the blasting will be negligible from tidal changes.

     In addition to the above recommendations National Marine Fisheries Service
personnel should be permitted to monitor the blasting operations' from suitable
platforms to assist in surveying for green turtles or marine mammals in the
project vicinity.   If these  conditions  are acceptable to the Corps as permit
conditions,  it  is likely  that the  activity described  in the application is not
likely to affect  green turtles (Chelonia Bydaa)or humpback  whales  (Hegaptera
novaeanaliae)  that  may be found within the project  area,  and  that  formal
consultation under  Section 7 of the Endangered  Species  Act  of 1973, as amended,
will not be required  for  this project.

     This concludes the Informal consultation process for this activity.
Should tha scope  of the. project or proposed construction  activities change
sufficiently to affect either species or a new  species  is listed,  or  critical
habitat designated  that may be affected by the  proposed action, then  consulta-
tion must be initiated at that time,  four cooperation  in this matter is
appreciated.

                                 Sincerely yours.
                                 Doyle E.  Gates
                                 Administrator
cc:  Perry White,  Belt,  Collins,
       and Associates

-------
                                              Hay 2,  1985
                                              85-781
 I        ./    \
BELT, COLLINS
& ASSOCIATES
Inginctrinj • Planning
landscape Architecture
     Mr. John Naughton
     National Marine Fisheries Service
     2570 Dole Street
     Honolulu, Hawai'i  96822

     Subject:  Proposed Use of Explosives  for  Lagoon  Excavation
               Hyatt Regency Haikoloa Hotel Project
               South Sohala District, Island of  Hawai'i

     Dear John:

          I would like to thank you and Gene Nitte again  for Meeting with
     ae on Friday, April 19, 1985, to discuss  the proposed use of explo-
     sives in excavating the lagoon for the Hyatt-Regency Haikoloa Hotel.
     1  believe the exchange of ideas was very  productive.

          Attached is a letter report fron Ron Darby  regarding potential
     damage to aajor Marine life as a result of  the proposed blasting.  Ron
     is the acoustical consultant for the project and prepared the Material
     on which the discussion of noise impacts  contained in the Draft BIS
     was based.  '

          At  the time the Draft BIS was prepared, no  specific excavation
     plans  were  available,  and the discussion  of potential blasting effects
     which  it contains is simply illustrative.  Since then, the contractor
     (Pacific Construction Company) has developed More specific excavation '
     plans.  These di.ffer from those on which the DEIS was based in three
     fundamental ways:

       o  Blasting is now considered the preferred excavation technique
          rather than a "possible alternative" as stated  in the Draft BIS;

       o  Instead of the 1,000-pound charges used for illustrative purposes
          in  the DEIS,  the  contractor has committed to charge sizes of 400
         pounds  or  less;  and

       o The  existing  anchialine ponds and inlet from Waiulua Bay would be
         filled  prior  to placement and detonation of the charges; hence,
         the  potential  for  a direct hydraulic link between the site of the
         explosions  and nearshore waters is even less than would otherwise
         be  the  case.

         Hr.  Darby's  April  24.  1985 letter report addresses the effect
    that the  lesser  charge  sizes would have on Major Marine animals in
    adjacent  nearshore  waters.   On the basis  of his latest work,  he con-
    cludes (see  the  discussion  on pages 4  and 5 and Figure 4 in his
    report)  that:
Page 2
Hr. John Naughton
Hay 2, 1985

     Neglectinl  the presence  of  anomalies  in  the  (round,  there  is
     essentially no danger  rone...from  the effective charge- sizes
     that  are  envisioned....

He further conclude*  that:

     There   should be insignifleant  damage done  to marine life  in
     the ponds located in the preservation area  (1,200 feet  fro*
     the closest blast area).

     Overall,  Mr. Darby's report is  quite  positive with respect to the
absence of significant risk to major Marine animals as a result of the
proposed blasting.  However,  he  recognizes that  lava tubes and  other
geologic anomalies Bay be present which could focus the explosive
energy.  Therefore, he recommends that:
                                                                                         (1)  No blasting be  done  if  endangered  species  or
                                                                                              are within view from the  shoreline;
                                                   sajor Marine aninals
                                                                                         (2)  During  the  first  three  days  of blasting,  nearshore waters adja-
                                                                                              cent  to  the excavation  site  be surveyed from the air before
                                                                                              blasting  and explosives detonated  only after it is confirmed that
                                                                                              Waiulua  Bay and  an  adjacent  area in  the ocean extending to the 5
                                                                                              fathoM  contour  is clear of endangered species and Major marine
                                                                                              life; and

                                                                                         (3)  The sane  area be surveyed from the air innediately after the
                                                                                              blasting  during  the first three days of work to inspect for
                                                                                              visible  damage  to Major Marine life, e.g.,  floating fish,
                                                                                              distressed  behavior on  the part of any visible animals, etc.

                                                                                              Representatives  of  Transcontinental  Development Co. and Atpac
                                                                                         Land Co.,  the  applicants for the  Corps  of Engineers permit, have
                                                                                         indicated  their  willingness  to agree to such conditions.  Further,
                                                                                         they have  agreed that  in the event  that unexpected damage becoaes
                                                                                         evident, blasting will be suspended until Measures satisfactory to the
                                                                                         National Marine  Fisheries Service have  been taken to eliminate the
                                                                                         danger.

                                                                                              I believe the safeguards described above fora a reasonable basis
                                                                                         for an agreement between the applicants and the National Marine
                                                                                         Fisheries  Service that would allow the  project to proceed while still
                                                                                         protecting the oarine resources for which you are responsible.
Honolulu 600 ( tual Slirel Honolulu Hawaii %813. telephone (SOU) S21 5361. lele> BUI II 74)0474
Siiisanaip MlOnluiil Road. »U-W. Imrnialional Building Smiapoie0923 Telephone 2JS 6870. We,RS StMl>4 BOSIN

-------
                                                                                    Page  3
                                                                                    Mr. John  Naughton
                                                                                    May 2,  1985

                                                                                          I  would  like  to  resolve  this  question  at  the earliest possible
                                                                                    tiae  ao that  any require»ents  that are  established can be taken into
                                                                                    account in the  contractor's construction  planning.  A speedy decision
                                                                                    would also allow a final  agreement to be  reported in the Final EIS,
                                                                                    which I understand is scheduled  for publication in Bid-June.

                                                                                          Once you have had an opportunity to  consider the new information
                                                                                    that  is provided in Mr. Darby's  report, I would like to get together
                                                                                    to discuss the  Measures discussed  above,  as well as any other issues
                                                                                    you Bay wish  to -raise.  In the aeantiae,  if you have any questions,
                                                                                    please  call Be  at  521-6361.
9
00
                                                                                    Enclosure
                                                                                         Bob  Diffley
                                                                                         Hill  Sanburn
                                                                                         Cliff Jenkins
                                                                                         Bob  UaeBura
                                                                                         Mike  Brennan
                                                                                         Mike  Lee  (COB)
                                                                                         Araand Cote  (Pacific  Constr.)
                                                                                         Ron Darby

-------
9
  DARBY & ASSOCIATES, INC.
          Acoustical Coniullanli
10S1 Kfo/u DIM. Suilt 201 • KoSuo. llowai, J67J4
             (MS) 2613121                OAI
                        April 24, 1985

 Belt,  Collins 4 Associates, Ltd.
 606 Coral Street
 Honolulu. HI   968)3
 Attention:  Mr. Perry White
 Subject:    Additional Evaluation of Proposed Lagoon Excavation Using
            Explosives with Respect to Potential  Damage  to Major
            Marine Life - Walkaloa, Hawaii
 Dear Perry:
       It Is understood that excavation of the lagoon is  to involve
 explosive charges of 200 to 400 pounds detonated  with time delays
 of  10  to 12 milliseconds.
       1.  The basic problem is to estimate how much  energy from the
 explosives will get into the water where major marine species could
 be  located at the time and then relate that energy to potential
 damage.  Figure 1 summarizes the bases for these  evaluations:
          (a.) Figure 1A depicts the case where the  explosion is
 detonated at depth dd in the deep sea at distance D  from a marine
mammal at depth dt.  Wright (reference 1) has established "safe
distances" D such as  where no injury of any kind  occurs  to the manual.
See Table I.  Note in Table I that the blast effect  could be doubled
and there would be "low incidence of trivial blast injuries.  No
eardrum ruptures." The safe distance must be increased  as the
depth of the detonation or the depth of the mammal is increased.
          (b.) Figure IB depicts that in shallow  water,  Wright
suggests that  the safe distances should be doubled "to ensure a
                                                                              APR 2 f, 1985
                                                                                                                Belt, Collins S Associates. Ltd.
                                                                                                                Attention:  Hr. Perry White
                                                                                                                                        April 24, 1985
                                                                                                                                                Page 2
                                                                                    conservative safety margin".
                                                                                              (c.) Figure 1C depicts the conclusion (reference 1) that
                                                                                    if the charge was burled In the sea floor, the peak  pressure of the
                                                                                    shock wave would be one-tenth of the peak pressure than If the
                                                                                    charge was detonated directly in the water column.   It can be shown
                                                                                    that a charge detonated directly In the water at the same distance
                                                                                    would be only 0.0022 times the weight of the buried  charge in the
                                                                                    sea bottom to cause the same peak pressure.  Burial  depths of 60 to
                                                                                    182 feet were considered in reference 1.  Note that  with such
                                                                                    relatively deep burials the energy is transmitted to the water
                                                                                    primarily via compressions! and shear waves in the bottom material.
                                                                                    Also, it Is believed that the greatest part of the energy Is
                                                                                    transmitted to the water in the area where the congressional waves
                                                                                    are perpendicular to the sea bottom and are not at low angles of
                                                                                    incidence where at such grazing conditions auch energy is reflected
                                                                                    back into the sea bottom.
                                                                                              (d.)  Figure ID depicts the situation at the project site
                                                                                    where a great percentage of the energy In the explosive charge is
                                                                                    consumed In breaking and moving rock.  The non-productive residual
                                                                                    energy radiates from the detonation in congressional  and shear waves
                                                                                    Into the earth.  Note that the congressional  waves are now 1n a very
                                                                                    low grazing angle relationship to the sea bottom and have a low
                                                                                    probability of  efficiently transfering energy into the water.  In
                                                                                    Figure ID,  the  presence of surface waves in the earth is shown
                                                                                    emanating from  the detonation, but are believed not  to effectively

-------
              •Belt, Collins & Associates, Ltd.
              Attention;  Hr. Perry Unite
                                                      April  24.  1985
                                                              Page 3
 Belt, Collins S Associates, Ltd.
 Attention:  Hr. Perry White
April 24. 1985
        Page 4
9
in
 transmit energy to the water due to their relatively rapid  dissipation.
       2.  Figures 2 and 3 show the  proposed lagoon configuration and
 section line oriented  to include the major width of the  lagoon and
 the shortest distance  to deep water in.the ocean.   Note  that the
 rnakai end of the lagoon shoals  up slowly,  while the mauka portion
 will require deeper excavation  to a maximum of  six feet.
       3.  Figure 4 shows typical  bathymetric conditions  at  the
 project site both with true  vertical  scale and  exaggerated  vertical
 scale.   The section at  the top  of Figure 4  with the true vertical
 scale illustrates the  fact that  the  primary congressional waves
 from the shallow detonations will propagate at  very low  grazing
 angles  to  the ocean  bottom.   Thus  it is believed  that less energy
 will  be  transmitted  to  the ocean water when compared  to  the conditions
 depicted in Figure  1C.  However, there is  the possibility of anomalous
 structures  in the ground such as lava tubes  or  layered media that
 could transmit or focus energy more efficiently to  the water.
      The lower  section in Figure 4 with the exaggerated vertical
 scale shows  the  "safe level"  relationship based on Wright's
methodology for detonations of one pound charges directly in the water
column at depths of 3 feet to 6 feet.  These curves represent
the condition shown in Figure IB with shallow water.  If a marine
mammal is located above the curve, then  he is in a safe region; if
below, he could suffer some degree of damage.  The safe level curves
shown in Figure 4 are located for detonations closest to the shore-
line and it can be seen that  there is not  a danger zone in the ocean.
 The curves are based on the considerations depicted  in Figure  1C
 wherein:   (a.) the peak pressure levels from a 400 pound  Inland
 detonation are estimated at the interface between the ocean bottom
 and the sea; (b.) the condition of a deep ocean with the  same  peak
 pressure levels distribution is assumed resulting from an underwater
 detonation in the same location as the inland detonation, but  with
 a charge weight of 0.22X of the actual charge weight; (c.) the safe
 level  curves are calculated using Wright's methodology for the deep
 water  condition; and (d.) the safe distances are doubled  to account
 for the actual shallow water situation.
       4.   Figure 5 Is based on Urick (reference 2) and shows the
 shape  of  the direct shock wave from the detonations  of 400 pound
 charges in deep water in a sequence with 10 milliseconds  delay
 between the detonations.  The purpose of the figure  is to illustrate
 that even with 400 pound charges detonated directly  in the water
 column, the pressure pulse from one detonation decays to  an Insig-
 nificant  level  at  ranges from 200 to 2,000 feet before the shock
wave from the next detonation arrives.   Thus,  the effect  of delayed
detonations  on land (or even in the water) do  not overlap .and  cause
buildup of  pressure level.
       5.  From the above,  the following conclusions  are made:
 (a.) the  existing  state-of-the-art  guideline (reference 1) for
predicting damage  to marine mammals from underwater  explosions is
quite conservative for  the  simplest deep water case  (see  Table 1)

-------
K>
                   Belt, Collins I Associates,  Ltd.
                   Attention:  Hr. Perry White
April 24, 1985
        Page 5
Belt, Collins t Associates, Ltd.
Attention:  Hr. Perry White
April 24, 198S
        Page 6
                   and is even more conservative  for  the  shallow water case;  (b.) there
                   are no known quantitative  guidelines providing relationships for
                   land-based explosions  to the effects of underwater  explosions on
                   marine mammals  even  for sinple models  involving homogeneous soil;
                   (c.) the data on explosives buried  in  the sea bottom  indicating an
                   order of magnitude reduction in peak pressure level at  the ocean
                   bottom interface compared  to pressure  levels  from an  equal distant
                   sea water path  imply that  the  effective charge size in  water is only
                   0.22X of the buried  charge size; (d.)  the land and  sea  bottom at the
                   project site are not homogeneous with  anomalies including  layered
                   lava flows,  fissures,  and  lava tubes;  (e.) neglecting the  presence
                   of anomalies in the  ground, there is essentially no danger zone to
                   marine mammals  from  the effective charge sizes that are envisioned
                   because the  sea bottom drops off fairly gradually from  the project
                   site;  (f.) the  use of  millisecond delayed blasts compared  to
                   instantaneous blasts will  keep peak pressures  relatively low in the
                   water;  and (g.)  there  should be insignificant  damage  done  to marine
                   life in ponds located  in the preservation area (1200  feet  from the
                   closest blast area).
                         6.  The following recommendations are made:
                            (a.) There must always be natural or man-made  rock berms
                   separating the blast area and the bay or open  ocean.
                            (b.) All ponds in the blast area are to be  filled before
                  commencing blasting.
                                                        (c.) Uhile the above analysis assuning homogeneous soil
                                              conditions  shows that millisecond-delayed 400 pound  charges can be
                                              detonated as required for excavation without creating non-safe
                                              conditions for marine mammals, there is the possibility of  lava
                                              tubes and other anomalies causing concentration or  focusing of
                                              explosive energy.  Therefore, it is recommended that:   (i.) no
                                              blasting be done if endangered species or major marine animals are
                                              within view from the shoreline; (it.) blasting be preferably done at
                                              low tide; (iii.) a helicopter be used during the first three days
                                              of blasting for surveillance of marine life before  blasting to
                                              assure the bay and an area in the ocean to the 5 fathom contour
                                              is clear of endangered species and major marine life,  and after
                                              blasting to inspect for damaged major marine life;  and (1v.) if it
                                              is desired to reduce the risk of discovering that the explosive
                                              energy is greater than the above analysis predicts, and the possible
                                              cessation of operations; consideration should be given to
                                              experimental  testing using relatively snail  charges in conjunction
                                              with  underwater pressure level measurements  prior to  excavation.
                                             RAD:aba
                                             Enclosures

-------
                            REFERENCES
I.  "A Discussion  Paper on the Effects of Explosives on Fish
    and Marine Hanmals in the Waters of the Northwest
    Territories,"  D.G. Wright, Canadian Technical Report of
    Fisheries and  Aquatic Sciences No. 1052, February, 1982.

Z.  "Principals  of Underwater Sound for Engineers", R. Urick,
    McGraw Hill, 1967.
                    Table  I

Effects of Different  Impulses  on Mammals Diving
           Beneath the Water Surface
           (from Wright, reference 1)
IMPULSE
bar. msec
2.76
1.38
0.69
0.34
(psi.msec)
(40)
(20)
(10)
( 5)
EFFECTS

No mortality. High
incidence of moderately
severe blast injuries, in*
eluding eardrum rupture.
Animals should recover on
their own.
High incidence of slight
blast injuries, including.
•eardrum rupture. Animals
should recover on their own.
Low incidence of trivial
blast injuries. No eardrum
ruptures.
Safe level. No injuries

-------
              Figure 2    Proposed Lagoon Configuration
r\
                                                                          o :
                                                                          si
                             G-8

-------
                     -100
                                                   DISTANCE (FEET)-

                                                          100
                                                                                                             200
                                                                   / t f ! f i /  it'iij/tiiititittn
                                                                                      TRUE VERTICAL SCALE
      V	
      DETONATION
        REGION
      OF 400 LB7~THA"RGES
                                                               TYPICAL OCEAN BOTTCM PROFILE
30
         NOTE:  1.0 Ib.
               water is;
               levels
               ground.
 :harge  detonated directly in
  assumed  to produce
equivalent to 400 Ib
peak pressure
 detonated in
                                                                                 EXPANDED VERTICAL SCALE

           FIGURE 4 — SAFE LEVEL  CURVES FOR 1.0Ibs.  EXPLOSIVE CHARGE DIRECTLY IN WATER COLUMN SUPERPOSED
                      ON TYPICAL  8ATHYMETRIC CONDITIONS AT WAIKALOA, HAWAII.

-------
500
                 2,000'
                                           10 MILLISECOND
                                      -DELAY BETWEEN  CHARGES
                                        TIME  (MILLISECONDS) —»•
    FIGURE 5 — PEAK PRESSURE VS. TIME FROM DIRECT SHOCK HAVE AT DIFFERENT RANGES FROM
                400 Ibs. EXPLOSIVE CHARGE DIRECTLY IN WATER
                                       G-IO

-------
                         February 20,  19BE
                                           -5440
                                                                      cf/3-925B
Operations Branch
Mr. Doyle Gates, Administrator
National Harine Fisheries Service
Southwell Region
Western Pacific Program Off let
P.O. Box 3830
Honolulu. Newell  96B13

Dear fir. Gates:

     In regards to the Department of the- Amy pernlt application.
PODCO-G 1812-SD, for the Uatkoloa Hyatt Resort Development, we have
been informed that blasting »ay be required during  the excavation .
of tte lagoon.  A figure of the proposed project with the  lagoon
ii provided for orientation.  This constitutes project change that
was not originally addressed In your letter of December  18. 1984
concerning the impacts of the project on the threatened  oreen sea
turtle anti endangered humpback whalt.

     The proposed excavation area is a tidal basalt bench  that
floods during high tide.  The lagoon Mill not be open to the middle
portion of Uaiulua flay.  A basalt ledge, part of the original
bench, will be left In place to separating the lagoon from the mid-
portion of Vlalulua Bay.  A temporary benc will be used to  Isolate
the construction site fro* the bay to confine turbid waters to the
construction site.  Blasting, If required, will essentially be
confined to dry lend or within the confined lagoon  are*.  An
assessment of blasting Impacts Is attacneo for sort Information.

     He ao not feel that the use of blasting to excavate the  lagoor.
will affect the threatened or endangered species end art net
considering initiation of formal consultation under Section 7 of
the Endangered Species Act, as amended.   We respectfully request
your review enc cements on this matter and hope to receive you
consents by March 19, 1985.

                                 Sincerely,
Flanders
PODCO
  s Br F-He-
                                                                                                          ASSESSHENT Of ILASTIH6 EFFECTS ON MARINE OftSAWSKS
     For the proposed lagoon, the energy of the explosion will be
purposely directed Into the rock bottoo «nd techniques such is
charge burial, tandbag deflection, charge (pacing and detonation
sequencing would reduce the Mount of potentially damaging shock
wave energy transxitttd Into the water.  The natural and aanaiade
rock bertts would 1«p*de the •ovenent of shock waves through the
water front the lagoon Into the bay.  So»e energy would be
transferred to adjoining waters through the underlying rock 1n the
form of a ground wave, and additional energy May reach the bay and
ocean through water-filled fissures and lava tubes.  The Guidelines
for Evaluating the Environmental Effects of Underwater Explosion
Tests, fcaval Ordnance Laboratory, 19W, Indicate that rapid
dissipation of explosive energy occurs In shallow water, especially
when the charge Is buried.  A schedule of safe charge weights/
burial depths fron the Canadian Department of Fisheries Indicates
that burial of the charge provides • ten-fold attenuation of blast
shock waves in comparison to epen water explosions.  Charges up to
1,000 pounds could be used without danger If cart  Is taken to
Insure that no Individuals (Marine organises) are within 1.000 feet
of the detonation.
                                 Evert tie A.  Flanders
                                 Chief,  Construction-Operations
                                 Division

Enclosure

-------
                                          -5440
Operations tirincli
H. Lee
ba/3-9258

 Of*  fi&
D. Kern
Hr. Doyle tales, Administrator
Western Pacific Program Office
National Marine Fisheries Service
Attn:  Endangered Species Coordinator
P.O. Box 3630
Honolulu, Hawaii  96B12

Dear Mr. Cites:

    Me ire presently evaluating t Department of the Army permit
PODCO-0 1B12-SP to fill anchlaiine ponds  and to excavate a
stflBmtng lagonn it Maikoloa Hyatt Retort  Development.  The U.S.
Fish *nd Wildlife Service Indicated in *  letter dated
November s, 19M, thit the threitened green see turtle probably
occurs In the narine waters offshore from the project site.

    He do not intend to Initiate foreal consultation under
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act,  as amended, because no
direct impact or. the threatened preen set turtle is anticipated.
Hr. Andy Yuen, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, indicated that no
survey of turtle foraging area: wai performed by the Service in
relation to the haikoloa Hyatt Resort Development,  ho wort In
marine Miters is proposed, and no blasting related to the
excavation of the swimming lagoon.  All filling and excavation
work 1s expected to be perforated with bulldozer equipment.

    While the increase in hunin presence  might affect the
threatened green see turtle, we do not anticipate thtt the effect
fill Jeopardize the continued existence of the species.  An
increase in human presence along the shoreline is expected
regardless of any action taken on the Department nf the Army
permit, because County land use plans for the area hevp zone areas
along the coast for urban, resort and park development.

    Your response to this letter should reach us by January 7,
1985.

                                 Sincerely,
Ops Br
  File
                                 Everette A.  Flanders
                                 Chief, Construction-Operations
                                 Division
                                                         NATXMJU. UWKMl FtBtttfVEC KfNXX
                                                         Southueit  Region
                                                         Uejtern  Pacific  Progrta Office
                                                         f.  0.  Box  3830
                                                         Honolulu,  lUvaii  96812

                                                          Deceaber IB, 1984
                                                                                                                                                              F/SHK1:ETK
                          Mr. Everette  A.  Flanders
                          Chief,  Construction-Operations Division
                          U.S. Array  Corps  of Engineers
                          Fort Shafter, HI 968S8

                          Dear Hr. Flanders:

                               This  is  in  response  to your letter of December 7, 1984' regarding the
                          potential  impact of  the Uaikoloa Hyatt Resort Development  (PODCO-0 1812-SD)
                          on  the  threatened green turtle (Chelonia mydas).  Based on the available
                          information concerning the proposed project we agree with  your conclusion
                          that the activity is not  likely to affect green  turtles.   Although .endangered
                          humpback whales  (Hegaptera novaeangliae) are found off the Kona Coast of the
                          island  of  Hawaii during the winter, the proposed  activity under present condi-
                          tions is not  likely  to affect this species either.  Accordingly,  formal
                          consultation  for this project under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act
                          of  1973, as amended, will not be required.  Should the scope of the project or
                          proposed construction activities change sufficiently to affect either species
                          then consultation oust be initiated at that tine.

                               The Corps is also reminded that  determinations of "jeopardy" or "no
                          jeopardy"  are made by the National Marine Fisheries Service for threatened or
                          endangered species under  its jurisdiction pursuant to Section 7 of the
                          Endangered Species Act.   Your,cooperation in these matters is appreciated.

                                                          Sincerely yours,
                                                                 E.  Gates
                                                           Administrator

-------
    Appendix H
Historic Coordination
                                  .300-*

-------

-------
                                                                                             October 25,  1984
                                                                    Operations Branch
I
i
Mr. Susmu Ono
State Historic Preservation Officer
State of Hawaii
P. 0. Box 621
Honolulu. Hawaii  96809

Dear Mr. Ono:

    Inclosed u «n Intensive archaeological report for the WaUoloa
.Hyatt desert. Department of the Army permit application PODCO-0
1812-SD.  The report Mas prepared by the applicant's contract
archaeologist end was submitted to the Corps for use 1n Section  106
coordination with you. and for use In  preparation of a Federal
Envtrormental tapaet Statement (CIS) for the permit action.

    The Halkoloa Hyatt Retort project  Is described In the attached
Public Notice, PODCO-0 1812-SD, dated  October  19. 1984.  The EIS 1s
expected to discuss the Impacts of filling anchlallne ponds and
excavating the lagoon on historic resources, and Include your
concerns on historical and, cultural resources.

    The report suggests that none of the archaeological sites found
In the project area are eligible for Inclusion In the National
Register of Historic Places and reconxnendt that no further study be
undertaken.  We request your review of the enclosed Information  and
your concurrence on the results of the report.  We suggest that  you
contact Mr. Hlchael T. Lee (Phone:  43B-V258)  by November  Ifi, 19B4
to discuss questions you way have regarding the project or the
report prior to providing us written comnents.  We expect  your
contents will be used In developing the Imp&cts discussion In the
EIS and in the formulation of project  alternatives.

                             Sincerely,
                                                                                                ., 0. Paresa
                                                                                                i.:.'. ing Chief, Construction-Operations
                                                                                                '•ivision

                                                                    Enclosures

-------
                               STATE OF HAWAII

                   DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                                   f o  to* ill
                               HONOLULU, HAWAII MIO>
January IS,  1985
                                                                    MtMTIC MM*MC44
                                                                    eOVUIttUlOM MS
                                                                     N MtMCU
                                                                    WAT1M MO UM Mrt
V. J. Paresa, Acting chief
Construction-Operations Division
Department of the Army
U. s. Kay Engineer District! Honolulu
Ft. Bhaftir, Hawaii  96858-5440

Dear Acting chief Pares*:

Subject:  Review of Intensive Archaeological Survey
          Ualkoloa Hyatt Hotel Bite
          tlalkoloa Beach Resort
          Anaehoomalu, South Kohala, Hawaii
          TMK:  6-9-07:14. 16. and 26	

Thank you for your letter of October 25, 19B4,  requesting our review and
conraents on the submitted archaeological report entitled, 'Intensive
Archaeological Survey: Ualkoloa Hyatt Hotel Site" by Paul H.  Rosendahl, Ph.D.,
Inc. (19S4).

Our telephone conversations and recent Meeting  (December 4,  1984) with Mr.
Hlchael I. Lee. of your staff, have been very helpful In our  review of the
subject project which will iapact several archaeological resources, Including
an Hawaiian foot-trail along the coastline.
                                                                    lents and
Our review of the subject docunent has resulted in the following
recommendations:
          We concur with the consulting archaeologist's statement  in that  the
          intensive survey and testing of archaeological remains in the
          project area have contributed to understanding both the  local  and
          broader regional archaeological concerns relating to indigenous
          Hawaiian settlement and exploitation patterns along the  leeward
          coast of the Island of Hawaii and that no further archaeologic&l
          work within the project area has been recommended (1984:57);
          however, these archaeological features are representative of  the
          physical evidence of coastal patterns of the early Hawailans  fit
          these physical features have been decreasing in numbers  throuct.
          tlae.  in this light, we do reconnend that the developer atterpt  to
          •Ininlze impacts to these pre-Contact (A. D. 1178} features it rauch
          as possible by retaining the* in place wherever possible for  public
          appreciation, In particular, features clustered in an area
          designated as the Walulua Bay Settlement.  We concur that the
          identified features are not eligible for inclusion in the National
          Register.
V. J. Pareaa, Acting chief
January  , 19B5
Page Two
                                                                                                           The existence of the foot-trail through the Walulua Bay Battlement
                                                                                                           is supportive of th« artlfactual and chronological relationship
                                                                                                           between this site and Kalahulpua'a, an •xtenalve Hawaiian settlenent
                                                                                                           investigated by Kirch (1979) and lUUd> In the Statewide
                                                                                                          -Archaeological inventory.  Thus, we do recomend that this portion
                                                                                                           of the  coastal trail not be impacted by the development.

                                                                                                 We further recomend  that In  the event any previously unidentified sites or
                                                                                                 rtulns such as artifacts, shell, bone, or charcoal deposits, huoan burials,
                                                                                                 rock or coral alignments, pavings, or walls ara encountered, please direct the
                                                                                                 applicant to atop work and contact our office at 548-7460 Immediately.  At
                                                                                                 that tine, we itay stake further reconroendatlona toward the Mitigation of the
                                                                                                 resources.
                                                                                                 Sincerely  youra,
                                                                                                'SUSUHU OHO
                                                                                                 Chairperson and state Historic
                                                                                                    Preservation officer  .

-------
                                                                                            February 20,  198!!
                                                                                                              -5440
                                                                   Operttlons Branch
I

GJ
 Nr. Susuou Ono
. State Historic Preservation Officer
 Department of Land and Natural Resources
 f.O. Box 621
 Honolulu. HaMall  96809

 Dear Mr. Dnoi

      This letter Is In regards to Department of the Arqy permit
 application. POOCO-0 18U-SD. Vatkoloa Hyatt Resort Development.

      Enclosed for your review and ccmaenU  It a copy of Or. Paul
 ftosendahl's archaeological  reconnaissance report concerning the
 remainder of the anchlaline pond properties on the Ualkoloa Beach
 Resort properties.  His findings substantiate your staff's opinion
 that More archaeological cites and burials  could be found on the
 property.  Or. Rosendaht Indicates that the sites should be
 excavated end the scientific Information salvaged.  The results of
 his report do not add any slgnlf Iclently new knowledge to the
 original archaeological survey by the Bishop HuseuM In 1971.

      Based on previous discussion with your staff, your letter of
 January IB. 19B5. dettralnlng that the Hyatt development site MS
 not eligible for Inclusion  to the National  Register of Historic
 flaces, and Information to  date, we feel that the reminder of the
 properties are not eligible for Inclusion to the National Register
 of Historic Places.  However, we also feel  that preservation and
 other nltlgatlve actions «ay be necessary.

      He request that your staff review the  report and that awetlngs
 fee arranged between the Corp; and the applicant to discuss eligi-
 bility determination end the necessity of preservation actions.

                                 Sincerely.
                                                                                                    Everett* A. Flanders
                                                                                                    Chief. Construction-Operations
                                                                                                    Division

                                                                    Enclosure

-------
 Liat  of Attachments
 1.   Rosendahl, January 18, 1985, Archaeological Field Inspection
 Haikoloa  Ponds - Halkoloa Beach Resort, Anaehoooalu, South
 Kohala, Island of Hawaii.

 2.   Data  Recovery Plan, July 1985

 3.   Figure II-4, Applicant's Proposal, Final Environmental
 Impact Statement.

 4.   state Historic Preservation Officer Letter Dated
April 19, 1985

5.  State Historic Preservation Officer Letter Dated
July 10, 1985 with Corps Letter Dated Hay 28, 1985.

6.  State Historic Preservation Officer Letter Dated
July 31, 1985 with Corps Letter Dated July 23, 1985.

7.  Society for Hawaiian Archaeology Letter Dated Hay 16,  1985.

-------
                             UL II. ROSENDAHL, Ph.D., Inc.
                               Consulting Archaeologist
I
l
Ul
         152-011385
         Mr.  Petty J. White
         Belt,  Collins  & Associates
         606  Coral Street
         Honolulu, Hawaii  96813
                                                      /• './  <' '-, •

                                                January 18, 1985
                                                        JAN J! 2 BBS
                                                            BEIT, couii.'s « ASSCCIAIK
            Subject:  Archaeological  Field  Inspection
                      Waikoloa Ponds  - Waikoloa Beach Resort
                      Anaehoomalu, South  Kohala
                      Island of Hawaii
Dear Mr. White:

    On January 2-4, 1985,  Paul  II.  Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc.  (PHRI)
conducted an archaeological  field  inspection of Development
Parcels 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and  17  at  the Waikoloa Beach Resort.
The basic purpose of this  field inspection was to determine the
nature and scale of any additional archaeological work that may
be required in order to obtain  various development permits from
the County of Hawaii and the U.S.  Army-Corps of Engineers.  The
inspection field work was  carried  out by PHRI Field Archaeolo-
gists Alan T. Walker and Roy Pua-Kaipo.  Subsequent to the field
work, an oral preliminary  report on findings and tentative recom-
mendations was made to you on January 7, 1985.

    Prior archaeological work conducted within the limits of the
project area consisted of  survey and  limited excavations carried
out for Boise-Casado Properties by Bishop Museum during the
period October 1969-January  1970 (Barrera 1971).   Within the
present project area, Barrera identified 27 sites incorporating
52 component features.  Barrera grouped nine sites located in
Parcel 9 into a site complex referred to as the Ridge Settle-
ment, and eight sites in Parcel 12 into a site complex referred
to as the Anaehoomalu Point  Cluster.

    The basic objectives of  our field inspection were two-fold;
(a) to relocate and evaluate sites previously identified within
the project area (Barrera  1971); and  (b) to carry out a limited
reconnaissance of the area to determine the presence or absence
of any previously unidentified  sites.  Virtually the entire
project area was inspected,  with effort being concentrated on
the Ridge Settlement complex, the  Anaehoomalu Point Cluster
complex, the beach area between Kaauau Point and the head of
Anaehoomalu Bay,  and the area of the  brackish tidal ponds.
Visual inspection was facilitated  by  the generally open, rugged
terrain.  When previously  identified  sites were relocated,
        *William Barrera, Jr., 1971.  Anaehoomalu: A Hawaiian Oasis.
         Pacific Anthropolpgical Records No. 15.  Department of Anthro-
         pology, B.P. Bishop Museum.  Honolulu.
                                                                                            152-011385
they were marked with  red and blue plastic  flagging tape and a
metal tag inscribed with  the date,  site number, PHRI project
number  (84-152) and the letters "PHRI".   Field observations were
compared to  the descriptive information presented in the Barrera
(1971)  report, and additional notes were  made on the field copy
of Barrera's site descriptions.   Newly identified sites were
marked  in similar fashion and assigned a  temporary three-digit
site number  prefixed with "T-".

    The results of our field inspection are summarized in the
attached Table 1.  Of  the 27 sites designated by Barrera, within
the present  project area  (including nine  sites in Ridge Settle-
ment complex and eight sites in Anaehoomalu Point Cluster com-
plex) ,  21 were definitely relocated during  our field inspection.
The remaining six sites which could not be  relocated appear to
have been destroyed by bulldozing done subsequent to Barrera's
work.   In addition, 22 previously unidentified sites comprised
of approximately 25 component features were found during the
field inspection—two  each within Parcels 9, 10, and 12, nine
within  Parcel 13, and  seven within Parcel 17.  No sites were
found within Parcel 16.

    Inspection of the  beach area between  the head of Anaehoomalu
Bay and Kaauau Point failed to reveal any exposures or other
indications  of the presence of buried cultural deposits.  The
general nature of the  beach—primarily basalt and coral cobbles,
with a  capping of sand—suggests the beach  to be a relatively
active  feature of the  area, one presenting  a low potential for
containing undisturbed subsurface cultural  deposits.  The Inspec-
tion of the  brackish tidal pond areas revealed the presence of
three previously unidentified sites: T-120A, located in Parcel
12, is  a wall (possibly recent)  which separates a tidal pond
from the ocean; and T-115 (Feature B) and T-118, both located in
Parcel  13, which are low  cobble walls dividing each pond into
two portions.

    In  our opinion, the archaeological remains identified with-
in Development Parcels 9,  10,  12,  13, and 17 are, for the most
part, of limited significance in terms of potential scientific
research, interpretive, and/or cultural values.  Of the remains
identified within the  area, several component sites of the Ridge
Settlement complex and the Anaehoomalu Point Cluster complex
are believed to have moderate research potential.  Site T-119
(Feature A),  a newly identified burial cave, is believed to have
both moderate research value and high cultural value.

    Based on the findings of our field inspection, we believe
that a program of intensive archaeological  survey, consisting
of several specific field tasks, would constitute an adequate
recovery of  archaeological data present within the project area,
and that little or no  additional archaeological work beyond such
intensive survey would be justified or required.  The specific
                 P.O. (lux 504  •  Kurlislown, Hawaii 96760 • (808) 966-8038

-------
         152-011385
                                                                                             152-011385-
I

O\
 field tasks for the recommended Intensive survey  program  include
 the following:

     a. Intensive level  survey recording of sites — including
        detailed plan mapping, written descriptions, and
        photographs;

     b. Surface  collection  of  portable remains  (midden and
        artifacts)  from  sites;

     c. Subsurface  testing  of  sites  with apparent  excavation
        potential;

     d. Limited  subsurface  testing of  beach deposits between
        the  head of Anaehoomalu Bay  and Kaauau  Point, to
        determine the presence or absence of buried cultural
        deposits, and;  -

     e. Preservation,  or  removal and rebucial,  of  human
        skeletal  remains.

     One specific recommendation should be considered for imple-
mentation as soon as possible.  As an important immediate step,
we  recommend that all sites be accurately located and plotted by
professional surveyors on an  appropriate scale topographic map
of  the project area.  This site locational  plotting would be
done with the assistance of a  qualified archaeologist.  Accurate
site location information would substantially aid development
planning by allowing  further  archaeological work  determinations
(intensive survey and/or preservation)  to be considered on a
site-by-site basis.

    Please note  that the evaluations  and  recommendations given
here have been made  on the basis of the surface field inspection
only.  There is always the possibility,  however remote, that pre-
viously unknown or unidentified subsurface cultural  features or
deposits of significance might be encountered in the course of
subsequent archaeological investigations  or other development
activities.

    If you have any questions concerning  the findings of our
field inspection, or if  we can be of any  further service to you,
please contact me at our Hilo office  (969-1763).
                                          Sincerely yours
        End. slnv. No. 152-011785
                                           aul H. Ros'endahl, Ph.D. ^"^
                                          President and Principal
                                               Archaeologist
                                                                                                                         Table 1.

                                                                                                   SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED SITES -
                                                                                                      DEVELOPMENT PARCELS 9, 10,
                                  HAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT
                                  12, 13, 16, AND 17
                                                                                             Site No.
                                                                                             50-HA-E1-
           Site Type
Field
Ident.
Comments
                                                                                             PARCEL 9 - Ridge Settlement Complex

                                                                                                21        Cave shelter        +
                                                                                                67A
          U-shaped  terrace
   B      Cave  shelter

   C      Cave  shelter

   D      Cave  shelter




 68       Cave  shelter




 69A      Enclosure


   B      Enclosure

   C      Enclosure

   D      Enclosure

 72       Cave  shelter

 73       Cave  shelter

 74       C-shape shelter

117       Cave  shelters  (2)

301       Brackish pond
       Limited excavation
       potential

       Partially walled,  limited
       ex.  potential,  petroglyph
       c. 3.0 m west

       Limited ex.  potential

       Limited ex.  potential

       Moderate ex. potential,
       grey ashy soil  (5-10 cm
       thick), shell midden
       visible

       Moderate ex. potential,
       grey ashy soil  (10-15 cm
       thick), two  petroglyphs
       near entrance

       No ex. potential,  surface
       collection potential
       Limited ex.  potential

       Limited ex.  potential

       No ex.  potential

       Destroyed by bulldozing

       Destroyed by road
       construction

-------
152-011385
                                                                                   152-011385
                       Table
                                (Cont.)
                                                                                                            Table 1.  (Cont.)
Site No.
50-HA-E1-
• PARCEL 9 -
75A
B
C
D-I
76
1 77
116A-F
136
137
138
PARCEL 9 -
T-101
T-102
PARCEL 10 -
241
PARCEL 10 -
T-121
Site Type Field Comments
Ident.
Other Previously Identified Sites on Ridge
C-shape shelter + No ex. potential
Cave shelter + Limited ex. potential
Overhang shelter + No ex. potential
Cairns (€) -I- No ex. potential, encircle
Features B and C
Cairns + Only one of three relo-
cated, two others probably
bulldozed
Cairns + Only one of two relocated
Cairns (6) + Crudely constructed
Cave shelter + Limited ex. potential,
sparse shell midden
Cave shelter + Limited ex. potential,
no shell midden
Cave shelter + Limited ex. potential,
sparse shell midden
Newly Identified Sites/Features
Cairn + No ex. potential, located
below Site 75A
Overhang shelter + No ex. potential, no shell
midden
Previously Identified pite
Petroglyph field - Apparently destroyed by
bulldozing
Newly Identified Sites/FeatgreR
Cairn + Spray painted label "192",
                                   poss.  Barrera's Site  192
                                    (but not described  in
                                   Barrera's  report)
Site No.
50-HA-E1-
                                                                                                Site  Type
Pield
Ident.
                                                                                                                               Comments
                                                                                     T-122     Cairn                +

                                                                                   PARCEL 12 - Anaehoomalu Point Cluster

                                                                                      24A-C    Cave shelters (3)
                                                                                      27A      C-shape  shelter

                                                                                        B      Circular shelter

                                                                                      28A-B    Cave  shelters (2)
                                                                                        C      Rectangular cairn

                                                                                      29       Rock-lined pit
                                     All three shelters tested
                                     by Barrera, moderate ex.
                                     potential (30 cm thick
                                     deposits)

                                     No ex. potential

                                     No ex. potential

                                     Both shelters tested by
                                     Barrera, limited ex.
                                     potential; rock-lined
                                     firepit c. 2.0 m NH of
                                     shelter A entrance

                                     No ex. potential

                                     Limited ex. potential;
                                     poss. firepit
30
130
131
133
PARCEL 12
T-119A
B
T-120A
C-shaped wall
Halls
Lava Blister
Burial Cave
- Newly Identified
Burial cave
Hall segment
Hall
Destroyed by bulldozing
Destroyed by bulldozing
Destroyed by bulldozing
+ Tested by Barrera, moderate
ex. potential; identified
minimum of one burial still
present
Sites/Features
+ Located c. 35 m H of Site
133; human remains, wood,
nails, and gourd fragments
visible
•f
+ Separates brackish tidal
                                     pond from ocean; poss.
                                     recent (?)

-------
152-011385
                                                                                     152-011385
                        Table 1.  (Cont.)
                                                                                                             Table 1.  {Cont.)
Site Ho.
50-HA-E1-
T-120B
PARCEL 13
22
PARCEL 13
T-110
T-lll
00 T-112
T-113
T-114
T-115A
B
T-116
T-117
T-118
PARCEL 16
PARCEL 1?
101
Site Type Field
Ident.
Comments
Shallow bedrock + Evidence of scoria abrader
depressions manufacturing, located c.
10 m HE of Feature A
- Previously Identified Site
C-shape shelter +
- Newly Identified Sites
Cairn +
Cairn +
Cairn +
Cairn +
Cairn +•
Circular walled +
shelter
Pond wall +
Hall segment +
Cairn +
Pond wall +
Moderate ex. potential

Wooden plank upright in
middle of cairn
Wooden plank upright in
middle of cairn
Wooden plank upright in
middle of cairn
Wooden plank upright in
middle of cairn
Wooden plank upright in
middle of cairn; cairns
T-110, 111, 112, 113; and
114 form an E-W alignment
No ex. potential; built
atop bedrock outcrop
Divides pond into two
portions
No ex. potential; poss.
shelter wall
Square or rectangular
shaped
Divides pond into two
portions
- Ho Identified Sitep
- Previously Identified Site
Foot trail +
Coral and scattered shell
                                                                                     Site Ho.
                                                                                     50-IIA-Bl-
Site Type
Field
Idenfc.
Comments
                                                                                     PARCEL. 17 - Hewly Identified Sitea
                                                                                       T-103     Cairn

                                                                                       T-104     Overhang shelter


                                                                                       T-105     Cairn


                                                                                       T-106   "  Cairn


                                                                                       T-107     Cairn


                                                                                       T-108     Cairn


                                                                                       T-109     Cairn
                        Hear pond

                        No excavation potential,
                        overlooking pond

                        Foss. recent, constructed
                        of two boulders

                        Poss. recent, constructed
                        of two boulders

                        Wooden plank upright in
                        middle of cairn

                        Poss. i"cent, constructed
                        of thiue boulders

                        Poss. recent, several
                        wooden planks adjacent to
                        cairn
                                    along  trail

-------
                            DATA RECOVERY PLAN
                       PLOTS 9, 10. 12, 13, I 17.  ANAEHOOHALU.
                          HAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT,
                   SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT. HAWAII ISLAND
                              STATE OP .HAWAII
I
I
VO
                                July  1985
                                                                                                                    -2-
                                                                                                                INTRODUCTJON
      This plan addresses historic sites on lote 9.  10,  12,  13
and 17 in the Anaehoomalu area of Haikoloa in the South  Kohala
District of Hawaii Island (Fig. 1).  This IB in the  Haikoloa
Beach Retort area.  A' Hyatt Regency hotel is being built along
the shore just north of these parcels.  A U.S. Army  Corps of
Engineers (Honolulu District) permit was applied for by  the
developer (Transcontinental Development Co. and Atpac Land
Company) to excavate a recreational lagoon and fill  anchialine
ponds.

      Forty-six (46) historic (archaeological) sites (see Table
1) were identified in a recent archaeological reconnaissance
survey (Rosendahl 1985), twenty-one (21) of which had been
studied previously in 1969-70 archaeological reconnaissance  and
intensive surveys.  The Corps of Engineers, Mate Historic
Preservation Office, and the developer all concur that the
sites contain significant information on the prehistory  of this
area and are. thus, determined to be eligible for inclusion  on
the U.S. National Register of Historic Places based  solely on
their information content.  Better examples of these site types
have been preserved by the developer elsewhere in the
Anaehoonalu resort area, i.e., the burial caves, petroglyph
field and shelter clusters located a little farther  inland.

      The corps of Engineers and the State Historic
Preservation Office are in concurrence that the significant
information can be recovered through an archaeological data
recovery program.  This program is detailed In this  plan,
prepared.in cooperation with the State Historic Preservation
Office.  The permit applicant has also reviewed this plan and
has agreed to hire a professional archaeological firm to carry
out this data recovery program — with the work to be reviewed
by the corps and State Historic Preservation Office  to ensure
adeguacy.
                                                                                                         THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
                                                                                            Anaehoomalu is a coastal land area on the dry (less than
                                                                                      10 inches/year), leeward coast of Hawaii Island (Fig.  1).  A
                                                                                      sand beach is present .at Anaehoonalu say, and narrow
                                                                                      cobblestone and sand beaches at Haiulua Bay and in two
                                                                                      stretches along the coast between these two bays (Fig. 2).

-------
I
o
                                    —3-
      But,  the  terrain  here vat doninanted by barren lava flout
      before  the recent resort development.  The Sheraton Royal
      Haikoloa  now fronts Aniehooaalu  Bay and a golf .course pa,r,ajUlel*
      the Bhore just  behind the parcels of concern in~thi> data
      recovery  plan (Fig. 3).  The  planned Hyatt Regency Hotel will
      be at Haiulua Bay.
                                                                                                   KEAUHOU RESORT

                                                                                                     •  Kohala and North Kona R*B>on
                                                                                         Figure  1.   Location of the Haikoloa Beach Resort Area
                                                                                         (Anaehoomalu) on Hawaii Island.  (U.S. Army corps of Engineers
                                                                                         1985: 11-2).

-------
Figure 2.  Geologic Map of Anaehoonalu.  (Barrera 1971:  5).
                                                                     Figure 3.  Walkoloa Beach Retort:'Area Covered by Memorandum
                                                                               of Agreement

-------
                              -7-
      The parcels in this plan 'lie between the golf course and
the •hore ana between the Hyatt hotel eite and the Sheraton
hotel (Fig. 3).  These plots largely are undulating pahoh^e,,.
1.5-3.1 meters in elevation, with two rained'"littoral cones"
(3.1-6.2 m elevation) just inland.  Nunerous caves are present
in these parcels — eone small and some sizable underground
tubes.  Also, snail brackish (anchialine) ponds are present in
low points in the lava near the shore.  A very narrow,
cobblestone/sand beach IB present on the south side of
Anaehoovalu Point.  Importantly, a sizable section of Parcel 12
was bulldozed and graded extensively in the past, leaving only
a email undamaged area in the center of the parcel and a strip
near the chore.
                            THE SITES
      Table 1, at the end of this plan, lists the sites in
these plots.  The table also notes the presence or absence of
cultural deposits.  [If a plus is under the EX — excavation —
column under Fieldwork Tasks, then deposits are present.]  The
bulk of these 48 sites are caves (14 cases) and stone cairns
(IB cases).  Two of the caves are burial caves (133 and T-11SA,
with the latter having only 1 burial).  Some sites have
multiple features.  For example, site 67 has 3 caves and a
surface enclosure.  (See Fig. 4.)

      Host features are guite small, with the exception of a
few larger caves (e.g., 21, 68).  Host cairns have no cultural
deposits, and most surface enclosures have minimal deposits.
The caves generally have shallow deposits (10-20 en), and
occasionally bare rock covers portions of the cave floors.
However, eome caves have deeper deposits.
                    PRIOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK
      Prior archaeological work at these sites has been
liir.ited.   In 1969-70, the Bishop Museum identified sites in
this area  (Barrera  1971) —  21 of which still are present.
Descriptions of all  sites exist, some are quite brief and lack
a number of site dimension measurements.  General site mapc
exist for  several clusters of sites  (Fig. 5). and these give a
general picutre of  eite siaes and features.  A detailed site
map was made only for site 133, the  large burial cave (Figs. 6,
7).  Excavations (ranging from 1-4 square meters) were
conducted  in 12 caves within 7 sites.  These excavations
represent  1-2S* samples of these caves' floor areas.  Artifacts
and midden were
                                                                                 Figure 4.   The entrances to two small caves in eite 24 (Parcel
                                                                                 12)  are visible in this photograph.  (Barrera 1971: 27).

-------
T
i


CO
                                                            T
        Figure 5.   General  Map of Sites 21, 67, 6B, 69 & 72 (Parcel

        9).   (Barrera 1971: 75).

-------
•p-
       Figure 7.  Photograph of  Burial  2  in  site  133  (Parcel 12).
       (Barrera 1971: 32).
                                                                                                                   -12-
                                                                                     recovered.  The artifacts ware listed in the report (Barrera
                                                                                     1971).  But detailed analyses of the artifacts and all analyses
                                                                                     of Hidden were to occur in a later sutdy, which was never
                                                                                     funded (Barrara 1971:1.105).  This Material is still at the
                                                                                     Bishop Huseua.  All the skeletal tenains werrf''rihoved frbYP*'
                                                                                     burial cave 133 and were analysed by a physical anthropologist
                                                                                     (Pietrusewsky 1971).  12 complete individuals and parts of 77
                                                                                     individuals were documented, and these renains are now at the
                                                                                     Bishop Husem.

                                                                                           IS volcanic glass faydratlon dates were processed fro* 5
                                                                                     caves in sites 68, 117, 24, and 133, and 1 carbon-14 date was
                                                                                     procesoed from charcoal in 133.  Date ranges for these sites
                                                                                     were A.D. 1661-179* (sit* 68). A.D. 1757-1603 (Site 117), A.D.
                                                                                     1381-1469 (Site 24). and A.D. 1470-1627 (site 133).  This
                                                                                     indicates fairly late useag* of these caves in prehistory.

                                                                                           In 1985, the Paul Bosendahl, Ph.D. company resurveyed
                                                                                     this area at the. reconnaissance level (Rosendahl 19B5).  48
                                                                                     aites were located — 27 being new sites.  These Bites were
                                                                                     exactly located on a «ap, and a table of sites and features by
                                                                                     type was prepared.
                                                                                                         RELEVANT RESEARCH PROBLEMS
                                                                                           A number of local  level  research problems have been
                                                                                     addressed in Anaebooaalu (eee  Barrera 1971t Rosendahl 1972;
                                                                                     Kirch 1973,  1979} Tainter 1975a,  1975b; cordy 1975, 1978, 1981;
                                                                                     Tainter and  Cordy 1977;  Shun 1984).  These  include:
1.  Initial human presence in this area.  Volcanic
hydration dates place nan in Anaehoonalu in the A.D. Booe,  and
radiocarbon dates go back to c. A.D. 1000-1100 (Barrera 1971).
However, eome researchers have questioned the earlier dates.

2.  The nature of the occupation.  Interpretations have
suggested that larger surface structures {platforms and
enclosures) were permanent dwellings and that caves and smaller
surface structures were temporary habitations used by people
living outside Anaehoomalu — perhaps inland in the Balnea  area
(Cordy 1975).  There are a variety of temporary habitation
eitee — fro* shelters used for brief periods to those used for
more extended periods (see Rosendahl 1972).  (See Kirch, 1979,
for similar interpretations in the adjacent Kalahuipua'a. )

-------
                              -13-
3.  Population history.   The  initial Anaeboomalu study noticed
a decline in eite numberu later in prehistory, and discussions
of decline and abandonment followed (Barrera 1971).  The latter
analyais of permanent housing argued for a g&iefal-increase
with stability at European Contact — although periods of
fluctuation occurred (Cordy 1978).  This work indicated that
Anaehoonalu's permanent population never exceeded 36 people
(Cordy 1978).  The demographic ramifications of the temporary
sites have yet to be assessed.  Their numbers night well
reflect demographic patterns  in inland areas.

«,  Social Organisation.   Patterns of social organisation have
been addressed by most researchers.  More recent studies have
identified the presence of a  feu commoner local residence
groups based on co-varying permanent housing and burial
patterns (Tainter and Cordy 1977).

5,  Subsistence adaptations,  subsistence adaptations at
Anaehoonalu have been •ininally studied to date.  The fauna1
remains from the initial  study were not analyzed.  Good nollusc
analyses, however, are available from several temporary sites
studied in 1984 at the coastal Hyatt hotel parcel (shun 19B«).
A marine adaptation has long  been noted based on artifact
content of sites.  There  were two fishponds along Anaehoonalu
Bay, and some modification of anchialine ponds occurred all
along the shore.  Also, pits  in the lava have been suggested to
be agricultural features  (Barrera 1971).  Analysis of these
topics particularly in relation to two different populations
using Anaehoomalu (the permanent coastal dwellers vs the
intermittent dwellers) will be important for understanding
local subsistence exploitation patterns.  (Detailed studies of
marine exploitation have  occurred in the adjacent Kalahuipua'a
providing an excellent source of comparative information.)

      Because the dwelling sites in the impact area are all
temporary dwelling sites  (caves, small surface enclosures), it
is expected that much of  this project's research will be
focused on temporary sites as they related to the above
research problems.

      These problems also link into wider regional and
Island-vide- considerations of the same topics (e.g., Kirch
1979; Cordy 1978);  so although the focus of research is on
local patterns, it is anticipated that the findings will have
considerable significance for general research in the Hawaiian
Islands.
                                                                                                               -14-
                       DATA RECOVERY TASKS
      Given the extent of prior work and tne,,pr.pbabillty,.,At •
destruction of the existing sites in these  lots, the following
tasks have been scheduled as part of the data recovery plan.
Table 1 conveniently itemiies general field tasks  to be
conducted at each site.  This plan has been developed by  the
Corps, an arcbaeologiet at the State Historic Preservation
Office (Dr. Ross Cordy), and the developer's consulting
arcbaeologiet  (Dr. Paul Rosendahl).  Tasks  have  been developed
based on review of prior work and on-eite inspection of sites.

1.  Complete Documentation of Surface Dimensions t Features of
the Sites

      The prior work has not recorded this  information at the
newly found sites, and this information  is  not completely
recorded at nany of the sites studied in 1969-70.

      Data recovery will measure the dimensions  of the  sites
and internal features  (height, widths, areal dimenisons,
dimensions of  deposits, cave heights, etc.).  It will also
include written descriptions to  suppllnent  the neasurements and
photography where "needed.  Detailed site maps will also be
prepared for relevant, sites other  than  individual  cairns  and
walls using  surveyors  transit and  etadia rod.  [Note:   some
sites were adequately documented in 1969-70 or were partly
documented.  Redundant documentation will not be done in these
cases.)

      The completion  of this  component  will conclude data
recovery at  sites without  any deposits  (e.g.. walls, cairns,
and -some surface enclosures).

2.  Surface  Collection of  Artifacts.  Midden t, Debris

      This  task will  occur at  all  sites with these surface
remains, with  provenience recorded.  Some site's have but a few
sheila  (midden)  and other  remains on the surface.  In these
cases,  all  these remains shall  be recovered.  In  other cases, a
sample  of at least 20% of the surface area  shall  be collected.
The density and location of surface artifacts collected  will be
napped.

      The  completion of this component will conclude data
 recovery at features and sites with but a  few shells,
artifacts,  etc. on the surface.

-------
                                    -15-
                                                                                                                    -1S-
I
I

ON
3.  Burials

      All the burials visible at site 133 in 1969-70 were
removed then.  Any additional regains found at this site will
be recorded and recovered.  Also the singlerburi«l-*t T-»1T»A-
will be recorded and renoved.  Analysis of these remains will
be done by a physical anthropologist or an archaeologist
specialising in osteology.  Proper reinternent will occur for
all burials.

4.  Excavation

      Excavation will take  place at all features with
deposits.  A minimal sample of 30-501 of the deposits* extent
in each feature shall be excavated, with the 1969-70
excavations counted as part of this sanple.  in the few large
caves, this sample can be revised to lower percentages after
consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office.
Excavations will be by stratigraphic layers with special
attention directed to assessing the possibility of repeated  •
fine layering likely in caves.  Artifacts, midden and debris
(including charcoal, waste  flakes) will be  collected from these
excavations with provenience data.  Soil and feature
information will be recorded within the ctratigraphic layers,
and soil sanples will be taken for possible later analyses
(soil, pollen, botanical,etc.).  U.S. Soil  Service and Hunsell
Color Charts will be used together with 1/B-inch mesh screens
during the excavations.

      The completion of this component will conclude data
recovery field work at all  the identified sites.

5.  Subsurface Testing of the Beach Deposits

      Testing of the cobblestone/sand beacb just north of these
parcels in a prior study (Shun 1984) found  no  sites.  Indeed,
these beaches appear to be thin storm debris.  Nonetheless,
testing will occur to Chech if subsurface cites are present
here.  If any are found, they  ;will be excavated and documented
ae the other sites in this parcel.

6.  Laboratory/Data Analyses

      This deta recovery project will analyze  both  current
findings and unstudied materials  from the  1969-70 excavations
(if the Bishop Museum will  release  these materials).
      Artifacts will at least be listed by provenience and type
and bi Measured for general site in the case of fishhooks,
adies, abrader*, files, and volcanic glass.

      Hidden will at least be categorised by'species and"***1*"
weighed by apecies — by provenience.

      A siiable number of sanples will be eubnited for dating.
This will Include radiocarbon dates and will also include
induced bydration dates.  The focus will be on dating the span
of human use of features as well as the frequency of occupation.

7.  Interpretations

      Interpretive analyses will be presented in the final
report.  This  report will at least Include three interpretive
sections.

      (1)  A review of previous analyses of these sites and
interpretations of their place in Anaehoomalu'B history as
related to the research problems noted on pages 11-12.
(Discussion will at least cover all the references noted on
page 11.)

      (2)  A presentation of oite-by-slte findings with an
interpretation of site function and age at the end of each site
discussion.

      (3) 'A reassessment of the research problems — these
sites' place in Anaehoonalu's  history and the nature of human
occupation at  Anaehoomalu in general.
                                                                                                            MONITORING OF PROGRESS
                                                                                             At periodic points during the data recovery's fieldwork,
                                                                                       laboratory work, and write-up, members of the U.S. Army Corps
                                                                                       of Engineers' and the Hawaii State Historic Preservation
                                                                                       office's staff will conduct checks of work to ensure adequate
                                                                                       progress.
                                                                                                                   CURAT1ON
                                                                                             Artifacts will be curated at a site to be designated by
                                                                                       the State Historic Preservation officer.

-------
                                   -17-
                            REPORT PREPARATION
I
I
            A final report will be prepared and will  cover all  the
      above data recovery tasks.  This report will  be Initially
      reviewed by the Corps of Engineers and the state Historic
      Preservation office to ensure it is adequate.  If it proves
      inadequate, revisions shall occur before this data recovery
      project is considered complete.

            Following normal practices, copies of this report will  be
      filed with the U.S. Arny Corps of Engineers (Honolulu
      District), the Hawaii State Historic Preservation Office  (the
      Historic Sites Section in the Department of Land fc Natural
      Resources), and the Pacific collection of the University  of
      Hawaii's Hamilton Library.  Copies will also be supplied  to the
      Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.
                                                                                                                  REFERENCBS
Barrera, William  1971.  Anaebooaalu:  A Hawaiian Oasis.
      Pacific Anthropoloolclal Records. 15. ^Honolulu, Btotrop
      Huseun.

Cordy. Ross  1975.  Archaeology at Anaehoonalu (Hawaii Island):
      A Reanalysis of Social Organiiation.  Manuscript.  On
      file. Dept. of Anthropology, University of Hawaii.
	  1978.  A study of Prehistoric social Change:  The
      Development of couples societlee in the Hawaiian Islands.
      Ph.D. thesU. Unlverlslty of Hawaii.
	  1981.  A Study of Prehistoric social Change;  The •
      Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian Islands.
      New York. Academic Press.

Kirch, Patrick  1973.  Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey
      of Kalahuipuaa and Portions of Haikloloa, Lalanilo and
      Anaehoonalu, South Kohala, Hawaii Island.' Manuscript.
      On file, Dept. of Anthropology, Bishop Huaeun.
	  1979.  Marine Exploitation in Prehistoric Hawal'i:
      Archaeological Investigations at Kalabuipua'a. Hawaii
      Island,  pacific Anthropological Records. 29.  Honolulu,
      Bishop Huseun.

Pietrusewsky. Michael  1971.  Hunan Skeletal Remains at Anae-
      hoonalu.  Dept. of Anthropology Reports. 71-7.  Honolulu,
      Bishop Huseun.                                '

Rosendahl, Paul  1972.  Archaeological Salvage of the Hapuna-
      Anaeboonaju section of the Kailua-Kawalhae Road  (Queen
      Kaahumanu Highway), Island of Hawaii.  Hawaii Historic
      preservation Reports. 72-1.  Honolulu, State of Hawaii
      Dept. of Transportation.
	  1985.  Archaeological Field  Inspection:  Halkoloa
      Ponds at Halkoloa Beach Resort, Anaehoomalu, South
      Kohala, Hawaii.  Manuscript.  On file, State of Hawaii
      Historic sites section.

Shun, Kanalei  1984.   Intensive Archaeological  survey.  Wai-
      koloa Hyatt Hotel Site.   Haikoloa  Beach Resort, Anae-
      bobmalu. south Kohala,  Island  of Hawaii.  Manuscript.
      On file, State of Hawaii  Historic  Sites Section.

Talnter, Joseph  1975a.  The  Archeological Study  of social
      Social  Change:   Woodland  Systems  in West-central
      Illinois.  Ph.D. thesis,  Northwestern University.
	  1975b.   "Social  Inference and Mortuary  Practices: An
      Experiment  in Numerical  Classification".  World
      aeology.   7(1):  1-15.

-------
•e
 o
                                           -19-
          Taintcr.  Joaeph  ana ROM Cordy  1977.   "An Archaeological
                Analysis; of Social Ranking and Residence Croupe in
                Prehistoric Hawaii'.  Horia Archaeology^ ^8(1): 9 5-14-2-•

          U.S. Arny corpi  of Engineer*   1985.  Draft Environmental
                impact Statement. U.S. Department  of the Atsv Permit
                Application.   HalKoloa Beach Resort  Anchialine Ponds,
                Halkoloa.  South Kohala District.  Ipland of Hauai'i.
                Honolulu,  U.S. Any Corps: of Engineers (Honolulu
                District).
   I

   00
                                                                                                                                  Consular!} Archttohim'
                                                                                                          164-050185
  S01TZT AMD UCA7ATIOH UCOKKEHDATIOHS fO» IDEHTiriD SITES AHD fUTDUS
         VAIKDLOA HO* KSOK - »A»CttS », lOflfl 13^ It, llfK
   21   Cava ahtltcr

   67A  D-abaped
        terrace
                                                                                                                                 Habitation

                                                                                                                                 Habitation
Sit* No.    Formal      lentativa      'Field (fork
 30-Ba- tite/Faatur*   Functional          Tasks         Cements
  tl-	Tret	iBternretition     D»  SC EX	

        - >id»e Bettleaent
4   +   Partially vailed;
        petroglypb c. 3.0 •
        to vest

44

44         —

4   4   Kod. ex. potential;
        grey ashy soil (5-
        10 en thick); shell
        •idden visible

4   4   Hod. ex. potential;
        grey ashy soil
        (10-15 CD thick);
        two petroglypbs
        near entrance
                                        4
     B  Cavi abelter    -Habitation

     C  Cave abelter    Habitation

     D  Cave tbelter    Habitation
                                                                                                             68   Cave abelter
                                                                                                                                 Habitation
                                                                                                             (9A  Enclosure       Habitation

                                                                                                              B  Enclosure      Undetermined

                                                                                                              C  Enclosure      Vndetenined

                                                                                                              D  Encloiure      Vndetenciccd

                                                                                                             72   Cave.shelter     Habitation
                                                                                                            ^Survey and Excavation
                                                                                                                 Field Work Talks: DR • detailed recording (scaled drawings, photo-
                                                                                                                                                         graphs, and written
                                                                                                                                                         descriptions)
                                                                                                                                  SC - surface collections
                                                                                                                                  EX • excavations

-------
               164-050885
                                                                                                              164-050885
I
                              8UBVZT AND EXCAVATION UCOKHZRDATIONS (Coat.)
                                         VADCOLOA BEACB USORT
                                                        FieUf-Votk
                                                          Tnki
Site Ho.    Formal       Tentative
 SO-Ha-  Site/Feature    Functional       	
  Elr	Tree      Interpret it ion     PR  SC  EX

PABCn. 9 - IUd»t Settleaent  Conole« (Cent.)

   73   Cava ahelter     Habitation        *   +   •»

   74   C-ihap*d        Undetermined       •»   -   -
         •htltir

PASCEt 9 - Other fragiouity  Identified Sitee on gjdge
   75A  C-ahaped
         •belter

     B  Cut ahelter

     G  Overhang
         •belter

    D-I Cairo* (6)
              .  76   C.irni (3)



                 77   C.irn. (2)



               116A-F Cairnt (6)

                136   Cave ihelttr

              .  137   Cavt ibtltcr

                138   Cave ahelter
 Habitation


 Habitation

Habitation


Undetermined


Undetermined



Dndeterained



Undetermined

 Habitatibn

 Habitation

 Habitation
              PARCEL 9 - HeulY Identified  Site»/featurei

               1-125  Cairn           Undetermined
                                                                        Coaaenta
                                                       Encircle  Featurei B
                                                       and C

                                                       One relocated;
                                                       otheri probably
                                                       bulldozed

                                                       Oat relocated;
                                                       other probably
                                                       bulldozed

                                                       Crude
                                                                     Located below Site
                                                                     75A
                                                                                                                                    AHD EXCAVATION UCOHHZRDAtlONS  (Cent.)
                                                                                                                                         HAIKOLOA BEACB 1ESOIT
Sit* Ho.    Fonal      Tentative
 50-Ba-  Site/Feature   Functional
  El- _ Tree _ Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                          TaaVa
                                                                                                                 P>  SC  EX
                                                                                                                                                                        Comianta
                                                                        FA1CEL 10 - Mo TreTJoa»lT Identified 81tea

                                                                        FAlCtX 10 - HevlT Identified attea/Featurea

                                                                         T-121  Cairn           Undetermined
                                                                                                               T-122  Cairn           Undetermined

                                                                                                              PA8CEL 12 — Anaehoonalu foiot Clutter
                                                                                                               24A-C  Cave abelter*
                                                                                                                       (3)
   27A  C-ehaped•
         •belter

     B  Circular
         ahelter
Habitation




Habitation


Habitation
 2BA-B  Cave aheltera    Habitation
         (2)      ;
                                                                                                     C  Cairn          Undetermined

                                                                                                   29   Bock-lined pit    Firepit

                                                                                                  133   Cave            Habitation
                                                                                                                        and burial
                                           +   +   «
                                                                                                                                                                     Spray painted lab«l
                                                                                                                                                                     "192"; po.aiblj
                                                                                                                                                                     Barren' • Sit* 193
                                                                                                                                                                     (•it* not described
                                                                                                                                                                     ia bis report)
                                                       Tested by Barnrc;
                                                       nod. ex. potential
                                                       (30 CB thick
                                                       depoiita)
                              Tetted by Barrerc;
                              rock-lined  firtpit
                              e.  2.0 a NV of
                              Feature A

                              Rectangular
                                                       Teated by Barrtr*;
                                                       nod. ex. potential;
                                                       identified miniBUD
                                                       of one burial itill
                                                       preaent  (bonea to
                                                       be removed)
               T-126  Overhang
                       ahelter
                                       Habitation

-------
               164-0506S5
                                                                                                              W-050BBS
                                    AM) EXCAVATION UCOHXEHDATIOHS (Coot.)
                                         VAIEOLOi lUCi UtOKT
                                                                                                               sotm AMD ucmnox UCOKHEMIUTIOIS (cont.)
                                                                                                                          WAUOLOA lUCt X£!01T
I
Ni
CJ>
              Site Ho.    For»al       Tentative        Field Work
               50-H»-  Bite/Feature    Functional          T»«k»—
                El-	T»pt      Interpretation     D»  5C  EX
                                                         Covmte
              rAICEX 12 - HevlT Identified 8it«a/Fe»ture»*

              T-119A  C«yt               Burial         •*
                   B  Vtll legmeot    Pndetcnined       +

              T-120A  W.ll            Dodcciroiced      . +   -
T-120B  Bedrock
         dcpteiiioni
                         Induicri*!
              PAKCEL 13 - FrtvtomlT Identified Sitt
                 22   C-.hiped
                       •belter
                                       Habitation
              PAlJCEL 13 - HevlT IdtnttfieJ Sitei

               T-110  Cairn . .        Undetermined
               T-lll  Cairn
               T-112  Cairn
                                      Dndeternined
                                      Oadetencined
                                                       Located c. 35 • W
                                                       of Sitt 133; biuun
                                                       bonea, wood, naila,
                                                       and gourd  fragBeDta
                                                       viiibla (bonei to
                                                       be renovcd)
Separatee brackiih
tidal pond fron
ocean; recent (t)

Scoria abradtr
manufacturing,
located c. 10 n HE
of Feature A
                                                       Hod.  ex.  potential
                                                       Wooden plank
                                                       upright in middle
                                                       of cairn; T-110
                                                       thru T'llA fora an
                                                       E-V alignment of
                                                       cairni

                                                       Wooden plank
                                                       upright in middle
                                                       of cairn

                                                       Wooden plank
                                                       upright in aiddle
                                                       of cairn
                'Sand beach area along thureline of Parcel 12 ihould alto be titled
                 (ibovel unite) for pretence or abtence of aubiurface cultural depoaita.
                                         tita Ho.    Formal      Tentative        Field Vork
                                          30-Ba-  lite/Feature    Functional      ....   tinka— • —   Ce«artntt
                                           El-	Type	Interpretation     PR  8C  EH	
                                                                                               men.  13 - Htvl* Identified tltei (Cont.)

                                                                                                T-11J  Cairo           Dndeterminad
                                                                                                               T-ll*  Cairo
                                                                                               T-115A Walled
                                                                                                         abeltcr
                                                                Ondeterained
                                                                 Habitation
                                                                                                     B   Brackiab pond     Fiabpond
                                                                                                                                                        +   -  -.
                                                                                                                                          +   -   -

                                                      Wooden plank
                                                      upright in Middle
                                                      of cairn

                                                      Wooden plank up
                                                      right in niddle of
                                                      cairn

                                                      Circular; built
                                                      •atop bedrock
                                                      outcrop

                                                      Internal vail
                                                      dividea pond into
                                                      two portiona
                                                                                                T-116  Wall aegnent    Undetermined       +   -  -   Poaa. ahelter wall

                                                                                                T-117  Cairn •'•'       Dndeterained       +   +  «•   Square

                                                                                                T-ll8  Brackiab pond     Fiabpond         •*   -
 T-124  Brackiah pond     Fiahpond



PA1CET..U - He Identified Bitea

fAlcn, 17 - PrerioualT Identified Site

   101  Trail            Foot  cVai!


PARCEL I? - Hevlv Identified Sitea

 T-127  Cairn           Undetermined

 T-12B  Overhang         Habitation
         ahelter
                                                                                                Interne! vail
                                                                                                partially dividea
                                                                                                pond

                                                                                                Internal vail
                                                                                                partially dividea
                                                                                                pond
                                                                                                Coral and acattered
                                                                                                ahell along trail
                                                                                                                                                                     Near pond

                                                                                                                                                                     Overlooking pond

-------
               H4-0508B5
                                                                                                              164-050885
                              somr AHD EICAVATIOH RZCDHMZTOATIONS (coat.)
                                          VAttOLOA 8UCB RESOBT
                                                                                                              BDEVEI AMD EXCAVATION UCOWOHDAttONS (Cont.)
                                                                                                                          VAKOLOA BEACH USOIT
Site Ho.    Fprnil       Tentative
 50-lU-  Site/Feature    Functional
                                                        Fitld Vork
                                                           Tlikt— •
                                                                        CcWAtnt*
                                                                                                    HOTBSt
                 El-        Type	Interpretation     Dt  SC  EX
               PABCEL 17 - MevlT Identified Silt* (Cont.)

                1-129  Cain          Undetermined       «   -   -
I

NJ
-T
                1-106  pain
                T-107  Cairo
 T-108  Cairo
                T-109  Cairn
                                       Dndctcmioed
                                       Ondeterained
                        Dndeterained
                                       Undetermined

               meg. 7» - HevlT Identified Site

                T-123  Brackiih pond   Bathing pond
Bcecot (1);  con-
structed of  two
bouldara

Recent (1);  con-
itructed of  two
boulderl

Wooden plaok up-
right in aiddlt of
cairo

Recent (t);  con-
structed of  three
bouldtra

Several wooden
plinki adjacent to
Cairo
                                                       Fond intentionally
                                                       deepened}  veil-
                                                       built internal  wall
1. The  aurrejr and  excavation  recocntndationi  liated bera  have
   btan Bad*  on  tba basis of presently  available  data.   ID *oit
   caati,  liaittd  laconnaitiance it  the level of work  that  baa
   bteo conducted to  date,   for  the  matt  part,  the  work don* by
   Barrera  in 1969-1970  for Biahop  Huaeira  would not  aiiet  the
   current  atandarda  for  intensive  •rehaaolo|ieal  aurvay  voxk.
   Furtbemorct  it  appear*  that  matt  of  tba  portable rcaaina
   recovered  during Barrera'a  limited  teat  excavation*  in 1970
   ware never analytcd.

2. Se eite  and feature deiignationi:  cumber*  and letter* prefixed
   by  SO-lla-El-  are  deaignationa •aalgoed  by Barrere  in  1969-
   1970,  according to the  Biihop  Huieua  eytteai   nunberi  and
   letter*  prefixed  by    T-  are  temporary  field   deaignitiooi
   aaaigned by FHU during field  in*p*ctloo aod aite locational
   plotting work done in January 19B5.

3. All  aitt*  and  feature*   litted  here   have  been accurately
   located  and  plotted  on  the  aite  location  oap  produced  by
   Engineer* Eurveyora Hawaii,  Inc. (nap dated March  15,  1985).

4. Hone «f  the aite*  and  feature* liated here are believed to be
   of  such archaeological aignificance  as  to require  preiirva-
   tion;  however,  many  could  be  considered  for  pretervnioa,
   perbapa . for  minimal  interpretation,  aa  attractive  eUncuta
   which could be incorporated  into development landscaping.  For
   those not  telected for preservation, an appropriate  level of
   further  archaeological work,  in the  fora of  survey and exca-
   vation*  would constitute  adequate and  sufficient recovery of
   data present within the  aite*.
                                                                                                                                                     Paul'H. Kosendahl, Ph.D.
                                                                                                                                                     President and Principal
                                                                                                                                                          Archaeologist

                                                                                                                                                     Hay 8, 19B5

-------
•i Cwllrt Irm M»t la ftfvlt ** S(**f#>|
  (ll))) Ml t***rtlt (IH* • * *1. •*'«» **r*
  tllM M WKWIrlttM MTllI I**I«I IIN*
                                  (See Figure 111-8 (or
                                  Cross-sections A & B)
Figure  11-4   Applicant's Proposal

-------
OJ
                                                                                                                            • PG»H A MAUttU
                                                                                                                           M«\n* to tM CMMWU.
                                                                                                                        DlVIBIONl:
                                                                                                                         ADLUCMllM
                                                           APT. I 9
                                                                  ICPS
                               STATE OF HAWAII
                    DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
                                   r. e. »o« «i
                               HONOLULU. HAWAII •••0»
                                                     Colonel Michael M. Jenks, District Engineer     •      ff ^.
                                                     Department of the Any
                                                     U.B. Any Engineer District, Honolulu
                                                     Pt. Chatter. Hawaii  V6B5B

                                                     Dear'Colonel JerJts:

                                                     BUBJBCT:  Draft Bis. D.E. Department of the Any Penlt Application
                                                               POOCO-o 1B12. walkaloa Beach Resort Anchlallne Ponds,
                                                               South Kohala. Hawaii. »P(;  6-9-07; 10.ia.13.14.16. portion
                                                                Vaifciloa
                                                                     Z6"
We have reviewed the Draft BIS.  it adequately reviews prior identification
and study of historic  sites in the project area (111-27 t 28) and the status
of deteninatlons of effect (IV-8. Vl-2, App. D).  Xo review our office's
position:
1.  In the Parcel 11,  16, and 26 area (the 'Hyatt Regency Walkaloa Hotel
Cite'), two archaeological intensive surveys with excavations have located and
studied historic cites (Barrera 1971; Shun 19BI).  we have concurred that
sufficient significant information free Bites in these parcels has been
recovered archaeologically to contribute to the understanding of local and
 regional historical problem (Jan. 15, 1985 EHPO letter to O.E. Corps of
Engineers — App. D, Draft BIS).  We further recoBmended Bites be preserved,
and the developer has  agreed to preserve the Walulua Bay Settlement (and its
coastal trail), the Kanlku Settlement Croup, and the Mawahine Eettleaent Croup
(Draft BISi 11-13. IV-8).  These Bite complexes are etcasples of coastal
occupation along this  arid coastline.  With this Intonation recovery and
preservation, a no adverse effect determination is suitable tor these parcels.
2.  In the remainder of the coastal properties with anchiallne ponds (Parcels
10, 12, 13), an Intensive archaeological survey with excavations (Barrera
1971) and a more recent reconnaissance survey (Rosendahl 1985) have Identified
historic Bites.  We have concurred that the Bites in this area are significant
solely for their information content, and we have recomnended several further
steps to ensure that this information be collected prior to any Bite
destruction (lurch 12, 19B& CHTO letter to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers —
App. D, Draft BIS), our recoBaendatlons also specify that any nunan remains
be preserved or be removed and reburled.  Agreement to these steps will result
in a no adverse effect determination,  (xtie Draft BIS, IV-*. also includes
additional historic preservation matters regarding these parcels.)  As the
Draft BIS notes (rv-e), the applicant, the Army Corps of Engineers and our
office are finalizing the next step* of action in order to reach a no adverse
effect determination for historic sites in these parcels.  Ihe flnallxatlon
and execution of an acceptable "no adverse effect' plan for Bites In these
parcels should be a. condition to the approval of the penit.

 'incerely yours.
                                                     6USUHU ONO
                                                     Chairperson and State Historic
                                                        Preservation Officer

-------
Mi
I
l\>
                                                                   I ifi&Ut A H1UUV
                                                                   nm I* II
             J'JL  \D KM
                               STATE OF HAWAII

                      DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
                                   r o coi «n
                               MOH'PLUIU- HAWAII *ft»0>
                                                      MW1C MMtACfl
                                                      W^HHVIIAM Mt
                                                        MIOUACII
                                                      CWHIUCII
                                                      nwnx AW »u»n
                                                      UMD uuu«ihirwi
                                                      •i&n MMI
Chief Everette A. Flanders
Construction-Operations Division
Department of the Amy
U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Ft. shatter, Hawaii  BEBSB

Dear Chief Flanders:

SUBJ:  Section 106 Matters, Permit FODCO-1B12 (Haikoloa
         Beach Resort)
       Haikoloa (Anaehoomalu), South Kohala, Hawaii
       TMK; 6-9-7; 9.10.12.13.14. 16. part 26	

This responds to your letter of Hay 28, 1BB5.  This  letter
should clarify the natters, as you requested.

In the Haikoloa Hyatt Hotel parcels (14,16,26) we again  concur
that the undertaking will have no adverse effect, because the
significant information has already been recovered
archaeologically f ron the sites.  (Also, the sites are not
eligible for the National Register because the significant
information has already been removed.)  As to the conditions of
preserving the 3 cite complexes ...  We have reassessed  the
need to preserve the Naiulua Bay Settlement Complex  and  have
determined this complex does not merit preservation.  (The
County of Hawaii concurs.  A copy of our letter on this  natter
should be in your hands.)  The Kanlku and Nawahine complexes
are in areas outside the proposed Hyatt Hotel development, but
the developer has agreed to preserve these citeE, and plane for
their preservation are being or will soon be formulated.

In the remainder of the parcels covered in this action
(9,10,12,13), we believe that the sites are eligible for
Inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.  They
contain significant information on the prehistory of the area.
Based on our consultations with your office, we understand that
your agency concurs with this significance asBerEtcent.

Given the above, a request for a Determination of Eligibility
for Inclusion on the National Register should be eubmittted by
your office to the National Park Service.  Michael ice of your
office and Roes Cordy of ours have discussed this point, and
Initial eteps for the document's preparation have begun.
                                                                                          Page Two
Assuming that the Bites will be deternlnefl eligible, your
                  Ve *""Vh*t the .igntticani -inforZio,,
                   r«cow««fl through archaeological data
dtrecove™ «,;flUlSeVbt >"P««loii of .n archaeological
data recovery plan ana th* processing of a Henorandun of
Agreement  (HOA) through the Aflui.ory council onni.toric
nnncrU0?^^1^ th" *"• "co™r* »»« Acorn's the
essence of the HOA to eniure a -no adverae effect* reault   A
              »»•» b" b"D ^eloped in draft by  the
                                                                                       One ainor point,
                                                                                                           we do not believe any of the cites in the
                                                                                                             9'"'"'»> »"lt preeervation? because they
                                                                                                                   tbeir lnf«««ion content and
                                                                                                                       of your eta"
                                                                                          In  BUB,  we believe good progreec ie being made on thie permit
                                                                                          in  accordance with Section 106 of the National Hiotoric
                                                                                          FreB6f vation Act*

                                                                                          sincerely youre*
                                                                                                ONO
                                                                                         Chairperson  I state Historic
                                                                                            Preservation Officer

                                                                                         cc:  Belt, Collins & Associates
                                                                      ///'  -V

-------
                                             VfOAU ft. *«IIVt>tm
                                                                                                             •IWMJU OMO, CHAIRUA
                                                                                                            M6 M tMO • tUtMUl MK

                                                                                                              f DOAft A. tMUUU
                                                                                                              mtnm n i« c
                                                                            STATE OF HAWAII

                                                                  DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                                                                                l*. O. »OM ftll
                                                                            HONOLULU. HAWAII •••O*
                                                         MtUCUTUM
                                                          VflOOIUal
                                                         «xuiic l
                                                         CONMdvAtlON AND
                                                          MKXMCtl tNKMCIUlKI
                                                        . ««M»TMV AMD WU
                                                         AJUO HJUUUMtn
                                                      JUL 31 1965
I
Me. W.J. Pares*
Acting Chief, con* t ruction-Ope tat Ion* Division
Operations Branch
U.S. Aray  engineer Dlitrict. Honolulu
Departnent of the Arny
Ft. Shatter. Hawaii  B685«-S««0

Dear He. pareaa:

SUBJECT:   Section 106 tuttara. remit FODCO-1B12  (Walkoloa
             Beach peaort)
           Walkoloa (Anaehoonalw). South Kohala. fa wall
           THK;  «-»-?;  V.10.  12. 13. 14. 16. "Part -26	

Me have  received  ana reviewed  the Draft Data Recovery Flan Cor
the "no adverae effect" determination. - «e-concur with thla
document,  ana we  support lt« aubnlttal to the Advlaory Council
to be Included  in M MeaorandUB of Agreement.  He  further concur
with the other  points in your  letter of July 23.  l«B5~.

Sincerely  youri,
                                                           ONO
                                                    Chairpereon ana State nlatorlc
                                                       Preservation officer
                                                    cc:  Belt. Collins « Associate*

-------
                                                                  DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                                                                . f, ARHI rHomttn DirrnicT. HONOLULU
                                                                      rr tmniK HAWAII •••••  .5440


                                                                         July 23, 1985
                                                Operations Branch
I

NJ
ON
Hr. Eusutnu Ono
State Historic Preservation Officer
Department of land and latural Resources
t. 0. Box 621
Honolulu, Hawaii  96809

Dear Hr. Onot

   In reference to your July 10, 1985 letter, concerning
Haikoloa Beach Resort, we have enclosed for your review and
concurrence a Draft Data Recovery Plan.  Dpon receipt of your
concurrence, we will forward the document to the OS Advisory
Council on Historic Preservation for preparation of a Memorandum
of Agreement.

   The Data Recovery Plan focuses on the parcels outside of the
Hyatt Development site.  As previously discussed between our
offices, the Haiulua Bay, Nawahine and Kaniku Settlement sites
were determined not to be eligible for inclusion to the national
Register of 'Historic Places.  We did agree that the
archaeological sites found outside the Hyatt site were eligible
for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places,
because they contained significant information on the prehistory
of the area.

   He further agreed with your determination of no adverse
effect with the implementation of the Data Recovery Flan by the
applicant.  However, we believe that the Data Recovery Plan
should not be implemented until after the applicant has
considered architectural designs that could possibly preserve,
enhance or restore some of the archaeological cites.  Once
specific construction plane are developed, the applicant would
notify the Corps and the State Historic Preservation Officer
that he Intends to execute the Data Recovery Plan.

                              Sincerely,
                                                                                    Paresa'
                                                                              Acting Chief, Construction-
                                                                              Operations Division
                                                Copy Purnishedtw/o Encl
                                                OS Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
                                                Transcontinental Development Co.
                                                   Jack  Coulter
                                                   Clifton Jenkins
                                                                                                               /H« '

-------
I
Ni
                                                                                Society for Hawaiian Archaeology
                                                                                P.O. Box 22911
                                                                                Honolulu, Hawai'i  96813
                                                                                May 16, 198.5
Colonel Michael M. JenkB
District' Engineer
U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Ft. Shafter, Hawai'i  96858

REi  Draft EIS Waikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine Ponds

Dear Colonel JenkB,

The Peer Review Committee of the Society for Hawaiian Arch-
aeology has reviewed the above document.  We conclude that
previous archaeological work done in the area  has adequately
recorded and evaluated sites within portions of the project
area.

Me concur with the SHPO that the intensive survey as planned
by Paul Rosendahl, Ph.D., Inc., should be completed prior  to
any construction activity,  tie also agree with the recommen-
dations of the SHPO as listed in hie letter of March 12. 1985
(see Appendix D of the above document).,

This document (p. 1V-B) generally summarizes how the negative
impacts of this project might possibly be mitigated.  We
recommend that the steps for salvage and preservation be
clearly stated in. the final EIS (e.g. which sites are to be
preserved, which sites are to be reconstructed).

                               Sincerely,
                                                                                David J. Welch, Chairperson
                                                                                Peer Review Committee
                                                cci  State Historic Preservation Officer
                                                                                                                IfilD

-------
                                                                                           March 20, 1985
                                                                   Operations Branch
I

N>
00
 Hr.  Perry White
 Belt Collins and Associates
 606  Coral Street
 Honolulu, Hawaii  S6813

 Dear Hr. White:

     Enclosed for your review and action ft the State Historic
 Preservation Officer's commits and recoenendatlons concerning
 the Archaeological Reconnaissance Report for the Ualkoloa Hyatt
Development by Dr. Paul Rosendah! (1985).  He request that you
undertake the necessary action to satisfy the comments and
recoomndatlons, and to Inform us of the action you've taken.

                            Sincerely,
                                                                  Enclosure
                                                                                              Everette A. Flanders
                                                                                              Chief, Construction-Operations
                                                                                              Division
                                                                  CFj   (w/o encl)
                                                                  State Historic Preservation Officer
                                                                  Dept  of Land s Natural Resources
                                                                  Honolulu, Hawaii  96B09

-------
CtC, at * ANIVOIHI

 •OVIIWOt Of HAWAII
                              STATE OF HAWAII

                     DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                                  *. o «ox «ai
                              HONOLULU. HAWAII ••BOB
                                                                  SUkUMU OHO. CHAIRMAN

                                                                •OMO 0« UKO • Nltuftu M101MCII

                                                                   IDGAN A. HAUASU

                                                                  Mrwt* 10 IM ClUMUUi

                                                                OIVI>K>Nt:
                                                                 ACHMCIMUM MvtiAfvlNI
                                                                  mOCJUM
                                                                 AQUATIC MBOUMII
                                                                 CMUNVAIIOM AMD
                                                                  MIOtmcH IKKMClWlm
                                                                 COWfVANClt
                                                                 rOAISIHV AMD WIlfiilM
                                                                 UNO UANAAIUEHT
                                                                 •TA1I PAAAt
                                                                 WAtM AND LAND MM10MIH1
          March 12, 1985

          Mr.  Everette A. Flanders
          chief
          Construction-Operations Division
          U.  S.  Army Engineer District, Honolulu
          Ft.  Shatter, Hawaii  96858-S440

          Attention:  Operations Branch

          Dear Mr. Flanders:

          Subject: Review of Archaeological Reconnaissance  (Rosendahl)
                   Haikoloa Hyatt Resort Development
                   Haikoloa Ponds - Haikoloa Beach Resort
I                 Anaehoomalu, South Kohala, Hawaii
I                  THK!  6-9-07:15. 16. and 26	.

**        Thank  you for your letter.of February 20, 1985 requesting our
          review and comment on the archaeological field inspection of
          the  subject area conducted by Paul H. Rosendahl,  Ph.D.,  Inc.
          (January 18, 1985).

          our  review of the report has resulted in the following comments
          and  recommendations:

          1.   The report does not include a nap, schematic  or  otherwise,
          showing the locations of the sites reported.  As  a result,  we
          are  not able to ascertain exactly what parcels had been
          inspected.  He recomnend that the developer and/or consultant
          provide an accompanying nap for this report.

          2.   While we generally concur with the intensive  survey program
          specified by the consultant (1985:.2), we feel that  two of the
          five pcints included in his recommendation should be further
          clarif :<-d:

            a.   ;.:.  human skeletal material shall be analyzed by a
          physic,1 anthropologist as part of any nitigative action,
          inducing preservation.

            b.   subsurface testing of sites with apparent  excavation
          potential shall also Include the dating of a representative
          sample  of applicable naterials (e. g. volcanic glass and/or
         ' carbon).

          3.   He  further recommend that the developer, by  instituting the
          cultural features into his landscaping, attempt  to preserve as1
          many cultural sites as possible.
Mr. Everette  A.  Flanders
March    ,  198S
Page Two
                                                                                           4.  The intensive survey shall be completed  prior to the start
                                                                                           of any construction activity and two copies  of this report
                                                                                           shall be eubnltted to our office for review  and comment.  At
                                                                                           that tine, we may make further recommendations toward the
                                                                                           mitigation of the resources.  This further mitigative actions
                                                                                           shall also be completed prior to any construction activity for
                                                                                           the project.

                                                                                           Should you have  any questions, please contact  Wendell Kara.
                                                                                           staff archaeologist, at 548-7460.

                                                                                           Sincerely yours,
                                                                                             SUMU ONO
                                                                                           Chairperson and  State Historic
                                                                                              Preservation  officer

-------
                                          -5440
                                .
                                .uggestB that BOBS eltee
                                                     -
                              Delusion to tbe national
                           .                .
State Historic Preservation Officer w/oiit CIS
Belt.Collins and AEBociates w/out Els     { .
                                                    •5fr-3v.

                                                    '*m
                                                  - - ?W>-  'I
                                                  "- *iT -.-*s»- ^**  JTV
                                                                                                               36  CFR 800
                                                                                                        PRELIHIKARY  CASE REPORT

                                                                                                         WMKOLOA  BEACH RESORT
                                                                                               DEPARTHEBT OF THE ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION
                                                                                                            PODCO-0  1B12-SD
1.  A Pescription of the Agency's involvement with the proposed
undertaking with citations of the agency's progra» authority and
applicable Implementing regulations, procedures and guidelines.

     The US Arny'Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District, is
evaluating a Department of the Army permit application to fill and
excavate several anchialine ponds at Haikoloa Beach Resort under
the authority of Section 10, Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and
Section 404 of the Clean Hater Act. as attended.   The permit is
being processed In accordance with Corps regulations 33CFR320.


2.  The status of this project in the agency's approval process.

     The Honolulu District is presently evaluating the permit
application.  A decision on the permit application may be made by
mid-August 1985.


3.  Tbe status of this project in the agency's NEPA compliance
process and the target date for completion of all environmental
responsibilities.

     A Notice of Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
availability was published in the Federal Register on April 5,
1985.  Target date for completion of the Final EIS is 20 June
1985, but may slip due to awaiting comments from the US
Environmental Protection Agency.


4.  A description of the proposed undertaking including, as
appropriate, photographs, maps, drawings, and specifications.

     The project is described in the Draft EIS (Enclosure 1).  In
summary, the permit applicants, Transcontinental Development Co.
and ATPAC Land Co. intend to develop the Haikoloa Beach Resort
properties with the construction of two hotels and a condominium
along the shoreline.  They have detailed plans for one hotel, the
Hyatt Hotel at Haiulua Bay.  Their plans require filling  and
excavating anchialine ponds found along the shoreline.  These
ponds are subject to Corps jurisdiction.
     The development of the hotels and condominiums would affect
the archaeological sites on the Haikoloa Beach Resort.
                                                   * ji \, •?
                                                   _*rf*"J!Jtf

-------
      5.  A description of the Rational Register or eligible properties
      affected by the undertaking, including a description of the
      properties' physical appearance and significance.

           The properties affected by the hotel and condominium
      construction include cave habitation sites and a burial.  The
      sites are significant for the scientific information they nay
      contain.
                                                                                      The proposed  action  is not a  Federal or  local governnent
                                                                                 undertaking.  The  proposed action  is  totally  funded by private
                                                                                 funds.  Development  costs were requested from the applicants.
      6.  A brief statement explaining why any of the Criteria of
      Adverse Effect apply.

           The construction activities would level and cover some of
      archaeological sites destroying the scientific information
      contained in the sites.
                                                               the
X

CO
7.  Written views of the State Historic Preservation  Officer
concerning the effect on the property,  if available.

     State Historic Preservation Officer comments are attached
(Enclosure 2).

8.  The. views of other Federal agencies, State and local
governments, and the other groups or individuals, when known.
           Comments from the Society of Hawaiian Archaeology are
      attached (Enclosure 3).
      9.  A description and analysis of alternatives that would avoid
      the adverse effects.

           Permit denial or the no-action alternative would avoid any
      adverse effects.  Siting the development outside the areas of
      Corps jurisdiction would avoid any adverse effects to those
      properties in the area of Corps jurisdiction.  Other
      archaeological sites can be found in upland areas outside of the
      area of Corps jurisdiction.


      10.  A description and analysis of alternatives that would
      mitigate the adverse effects.

           The State Historic Preservation Officer recommends data
      recovery and reinterment  of human remains, See Enclosure 2.
      11.  An estimate of the cost of the undertaking,  identifying
      Federal and non-Federal shares.

-------
                                                                                      -54CD
                                                                       June 10, 1965
                                             Operations Branch
                                              Mi. Robert Pink
                                              Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
                                              730 BIBBS Street, Root 450
                                              Golden, Colorado  60401

                                              Dear Mr. rinki

                                                 in regard! to our letter of Hay 24 » UBS requesting conutnti;
                                              on the Naikoloa Beach Keaort p*r»it «pplioation« we bav* «ncioB«d
                                              copice o£ corrtapondenci c*c«lvad aino« the Draft Environmental
                                              Impact Statenent was prtpareo.
I

U)
N>
    He anticipate that a MeBotandtm of Agrawoent
oucsclvcB, the State of Hawaii and tb* applicant nay taault  in a
determination of no adverse affect.

                                Eincecely,
                                                                             Bveratte a. Flendore
                                                                             Chief, Construction-Operations
                                                                             Diviaion
                                             EncioBUiss
                                             Copy  Pucnifibedc  with •nclosuiet
                                             Btnte Historic Preeervation Officer
                                             Belt,Collins and Asaociatt*

-------
                                List of Enclosures

         1. Letter Hay 28. 198S. Department of Land and Natural Resource! to Clifton Jenkins


         2. Corps letter May 28, 1985. to State Historic Preseratlon Officer

         3. Transcontinental Development Co. letter Hay 9, 1985.  to State Hlitorlc
           Preservation Officer

         4. State Historic Preservation Officer letter May 8, 19B5 to the Corpa of
           Engineers.


         5. State Historic Preservation Officre letter April  19,1985 to the Corpa of
           Engineers..
I

CO
                                                                                                                                                         ICXUft A HAUAfU

                                                                                                                                                        MfUIf ID lUI (Ml****


                                                                                                                                                     OWI.KHU:
                                                                                                                                                       •QUACUlfUM MvflOMltf*
   MAY*
                           STATE OF HAWAII

                 DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCE*
                               f. O BOX «tl

                           HONOLULU, HAWAII •••0*
MiMltC AIIOUftCH
COMIf RVATKM AMP
 MKWACII iNrOftCIU
CfiNVtTUKIS
ttWtllftl AMD WILOUFI
 Mr. Clifton  H.  Jenkins
 Transcontinental Development Co.
 1001 Bishop  Street
 Suit* 2610
 Pauahi Tower
 Honolulu, Hawaii   96813

 Dear Mr. Jenkins:

 SUBJECT:  Archaeological Preservation Matters — Hyatt  Regency
              Halkoloa Hotel project
           ffalkoloa (Miaehooaalu),  South Sohala, Hawaii
           THK;   6-9-07; 14.  16.  26	

 Thank you for your letter of May  9, 1985.

 He are pleased-to see the more detailed preservation plans for
 the Kanlku Sit* Complex and  the Nawahine Rock Site  Complex and
 are glad to  see that preservation of these complexes is moving
 forward.  It would indeed be helpful if you could have  these
 two sites nominated to the State  and National Registers of
 Historic Places.  If your staff needs assistance  In preparing
 these nominations"or the interpretive signs, please feel free
 to contact our staff at 548-7460.

 As to the Halulua Bay Settlement  Complex, we determine  that
.this complex and its associated trail no longer need be
 considered for preservation.   Following a field inspection, we
 concur with  the points you,  the County, and Dr. Rosendahl have
 made.  The complex does not  merit preservation.

 Our office appreciates the preservation efforts undertaken by
 your company relating to the Kanlku and Nawahine  complex and to
 previous historic sites preserved in the resort area.  He will
 look forward to receiving the  listing of the resort's historic
 resources that you mention.

 Sincerely yours,
                                                                                            Chairperson I state Historic
                                                                                                Preservation Officer

                                                                                            ccs:  Michael Lee, Operations  Branch, U.S. corps  of  Engineers
                                                                                                 Perry  White, Belt, Collins i Associates
                                                                                                 Virginia Goldstein, Planning Office, County  of  Hawaii

-------
 X
"
 r
                                                      -5440
                                      Hay 21,  1S>B5
        Opcratjonf "Branch^'1  '.',
        •Cuo oi  /»_:•( e.1    _j, ]..    ri «•    ,-tiL.:: t :.-... ...

Hr. SUBUMU Ono                    -•:-•:,
Etatt  Blstoric Preservation Officer
Departnont of  Land and Natural Resources
P.O. Box C21
Honolulu, HI   9E809                 	   ^   j r.x..rl.

Dear Hr. Onoi                      j".i',. .'.'     '~ ""' c    •'

 .   This letter concerns the Section 106, Rational  Historic
Preservation Act, coordination for the  Haikoloa Beach Resort,  OS
Department of  the Army Pernit Application PODCO-0 1812-SD.

•'   .Transcontinental Development Co. and  ATPAC Land Co completed
a  reconnaissance eurvey of the Haikoloa Beach Resort properties
and data recovery of the Haikoloa Byatt Hotel property.  Based on
your  letter of April 19, 19B5  (enclosed)  you determined that the
construction of the  Haikoloa Byatt Botel  would not  have an adverse
effect on historic properties, subject  to your recommendations to
preserve.the Haiulua Bay, Kaniku, and Navahine Battlement cites.
You also indicated a determination of no  adverse affect for  the
remainder of  the Haikoloa Beach  Resort  property subject to data
recovery and  ceinteroent of human renaina.  Since  that tine  the
appllcante have worked with our  offices to satisfy our concerns
Sor the protection and preservation of  historical  resources  at
Haikoloa.

    Your deternlnation of no adverse affects implies that the
archaeological Bites on the applicants' property could be eligible
for inclusion to the national  Register  of Historic Places.   If
this  is the  case, we should work toward a Memorandum of Agreement
to protect,  preserve and  restore the historic sites or to collect
the scientific Information they contain.   He would be interested
in preserving some  of the archaeological features  within the
Haikoloa Beach Resort properties after  the scientific data  are
recovered.
                                                                                                                                   -2-
       We would.like a  clarification cm eligibility of the   *•
  archaeological sites *t Naikoloa Jeach Retort,  and would like your
  ideas on the content of the Memorandum of Agreement, so that.ve
  can couplet* the Section 106 coordination.  We  would make the
 cHeaorandua.pf.Agrewjfcnt ai part4ic>fjour perr1 ***•'•**•'""-—  >Ji*""
 I/-.J....LI ,:; if  t:-  f_i.               *
 |t.t. l.nr. tr.fUn': BJ<   :-'..  I.:.-.sic'.  Sincerely,
 »:. u.-i-'.i . K«-..i;  v  •!
                                                                                                                                  Vi	_-,„.. Flanders  ..     ','
                                                                                                                                 ....Chief, Construction-Operation!
                                                                                                                                  " THiH.lrS, 	       •'••>'.
 , v*i  .wicn «nci.o*ur*    .      .     •     . ."" -^ t^~.',,- , j.". '/;.* "'"""
 . Advisory Council on Historic rretsrvat'ion *    "        ' ' *
 iBalt Cqliins *nd.Associates .t,.  ...   Vyj;t „„„„._, w.:Mjcl! „ ,.;,

 •        • x »rr'.c.:-.   •! :..:r...--.: r   •   .- u.\'.. cr-ev.'tJc-.j, i :\c ior.;-   .,
 nu:.i.  !.>• u.r.r i -  •  li-.ur:* i*~:   •    »»!••;.  It h?v-  r:.-,ru-rt:' t?i.:
 S-.':)' :t:.: «.;? '.J*..    i>r:"-i- '.-. !•-.  :.-i;  ir. i'.'tt Jf.vl.  ;,-.• J.:-
 •r« «.•!.•«. ircl. '  J      !.: i • .    •:      .  It- u; :-...-> .r-rSS':; i.l  it-.-t:: *:.:
 li';)'-•:.'. :.:>••• :~i.:  ,   nr  • •.-   .        ••  .• 11: t:  !»•  i;.E ('••;  t-'
 trjitifr:' -•  ..-.-. I-,  i..»!t tl::    V  • .   .  i.  ws-niii tilt;  i-. t'T.cvtr
 *:•:'  1   t'-.-.  '.i;  . titi ran---. te-r:r. ••  ..   f.  .'til Ei> tf*'.J^«-r-  ItT  It-
 cr.'.-:«:  ••. :;•.  \\.t  f'.'.ji. : J.t'-.lf •   -••--•..  r- * II,'  !.,.-«• j:(-  n: .'t;-.:'.  -.-:>.•.
 '!-.-.-.: i:::.:*-i:-. i'-S':.  •;.-.-.•  :.:•• ccc;lt»<". e:i t>.^- It:  t* t-^.-i.:
 «c !••;•.'-v  I..-.'.  i..i  . J  :•: cnir'll.B..  tj\>,  t:.i- ififo'fj*'.:.-*1  rf -vi'j- ti-;
 j'-M.'i.-.11."  -<   :  i.  •*.•  •   «?;«•:  c'.'.fr.ii.r'.icit a:  --'It..;-..   :  • t-.-t^i  fttr:..
 i.   !• •'.  t«....i.-. .  »' >'•  €•>.'..•' ).* !-•(.: »i»:. »llr. «i_-t;i(.;i.'ir  poitui. (F"..-.-.'::
 I?   .':,  >'..  i   sir   (I ;•. • ....u:.; IVi'J  nM".  ^iji'.*4f;
 ».::.:• ri: t;-.-.;.  I't J.- •.- c."   '»•- '.:  . !t"  :-:'t: f: t  ; t'rr  t t rlfifirf
*C'.-»') .'• • lu1-!: tr.!c' »' *'•• sltt
rfC'!,:."1  i •  IK.-.T' )^.  )'.,  E.-3vi Icte-  *•• i .t. fetpv <; r\.- K' f...cir. ir? •
».;; . 1   ;   '   J.:^J.   ...  it -33 si:''.ttT.s  »!»•••.• cfi>iiy .  .r. f ;  '-.a-.'  re-s
f. ,• '  •  •    -' •'- rir.-..--' *V rt!i.:i! c.  l.i-et.' •.: If- »l«-r.- i": •• »•!!) rt  :
 In • i   • '   t  i!f»-v; if  ' l:.i.!iti-.   (!.•!• t-rt:: nil-.  Tv'-Si •">.  i.nc!i.;i:
».-.;t:. .      .:-is. i r.  -i .•.!:•: 1-iSMJS  i-.c:r«"i.i;.  Llv. it ;>;:c*li.)  1^ t:.-
t.:r.t t •  •.  ••  (n-f  tl'u  «•  :'.lcc'.  th  >.r.ij Lu.-|-& t' l--i..n-.-t.rr tr:i IKI-
•-":'.—  <  •  ' i  '"isi-.i ti*r n: •  lit.'  i! <:! lae in lilt   to imr1 » no at. ...
»!••-•  i   • -.-i:.r'.)ar.  
-------An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.

-------
U)
o\
      Page 3
      Hr.  Susumu Ono
      Hay  9,  1985
     ...that  the  developer attempt to minimize i»poct*  to   pre-
     contDct fcoturo* by retaining them in place wherever possible
     for public appreciation,  in particular features  clustered  in
     an area designated as  the Haiulua Bay Settlement.

Also, your letter requested preservation of the rough trail  which pas-
ses through the complex.

     At the tine, the developer of the Hyatt Regency  Haiholoa Hotel
believed that there would be no difficulty in preserving  this site
conplex end trail, and so we indicated during discussions late  in 1984
that we would avoid their destruction.

     Subsequent to issuance of the DEIS for the U.S.  Arny Corps of
Engineers perait, the architects for the hotel have begun preparing
detailed landscaping and grading plans for the proposed project.
During the course of their  work, several things have  cone to light
which make preservation of  the Bitec within the Haiulua Bay  Settlement
complex less desirable than previously thought:

(1)  Further discussions with Ipcal residents, information provided  by
     the Hawai'i County Planning Department, and testimony at the two
     public hearings that have been held regarding the project  have
     nade it apparent that  the people of the Big Island place a high
     priority on improved shoreline access.  Inprovenent  of  the shore-
     line trail trail has been Bade a condition of approval  for the
     Special Management Area Use Permit granted by the County (see
     attachment to this letter, page 3, item A.4).  Fulfillment of  this
     condition will require construction of a new shoreline  trail
     because the old trail  is extremely rough and hazardous.

(2)  The architects for the Hyatt Regency Haikoloa Hotel  have found
     that preservation of the sites within the Haiulua Bay Settlement
     conplex would constrain improvements to the shoreline area of  the
     .resort complex to such an extent that it would seriously detract
     from the aesthetic quality of the area and add substantially  to
     the development costs.

(3)  A 40- to 50-foot wide  graded area is needed around the  base of
     the Swan Lake Tower for movement of equipment and supplies during
     construction of the building.  This neans the Tower  could  not  be
     built in its planned location without destroying tone of the
     archaeological remains within the Kaiulua Bay Settlenent coaplex.
     Shifting the Swan Lake Tower further inland to preserve these
     marginal sites would inpinge significantly on hole number  13  of
     the existing golf course.
Page 4
Hr. Sucumu Ono
May 9, 198S

     Given these problems, the County's historic sites specialist,
Virginia Goldstein, visited the lite.  She indicated that the preser-
vation value of sites within the Haiulua Bay Settlement complex is
inferior to that of many similar features located elsewhere within  the
resort project and concluded that preservation of the complex was not
necessary.  The County has suggested that limited resources could be
better spent on preservation and interpretation of other sites within
the Haikoloa Beach Resort.

     In view of the new assessment of the site's preservation value,
developaent needs, and the fact that appropriate archaeological stud-
ies have already taken place at the complex, we ask that Transconti-
nental Development Co./Atpac land Co. be relieved of any requirement
to preserve the Haiulua Bay Settlement complex and the shoreline trail
on the Hyatt parcel.  Continued pedestrian access along the shoreline
will be insured by the construction of a new shoreline pathway to
replace the existing trail noted in the archaeological survey.

     In closing, I would like to note that in developing the Haikoloa
Beach Resort we have endeavored to preserve worthwhile archaeological
features and to integrate then into the resort development.  The royal
fishponds at 'Anaeho'malu Bay, the King's trail, the large burial cave
complex north of the golf course clubhouse, and the large petroglyph
field"adjacent to the King's Trail — as well as the proposed preser-
vation of the Nawahine Rock and Kaniku site complexes discussed ear-
lier la this letter — are examples of the results of this preserva-
tion effort.  He are now in the process of compiling a nore complete
listing of the steps that we have taken to preserve the resort's
historic resources and will forward it to you shortly.

     If you have any questions regarding the issues discussed in this
letter, please contact Mr. Perry Hhite or Ms. Ann Yoklavich of Belt,
Collins 8. Associates at 521-5361.

                              Sincerely,
                                                                                       Attachment
                                                                                                                 i/T^Clifton  H.  Jenkins
                                                                                                                 U    Transcontinental  Development  Co.
                                                                                            Hike  Lee  (COB)
                                                                                            Bob Diffley
                                                                                            Hill  Sanburn
                                                                                            Perry Hhite
                                                                                            Bob Umenura
                                                                                            Mike  Brennan
                                                                                            Paul  Rosendehl
                                                                                            Virginia  Goldstein  (Hawai'i  Co.)

-------
                                                                                                           •Q*AO 0* IAMO ft M
                                                                                                              MtVI
                                                                                                                 AH A HAM»IU

                                                                                                                 IO tt4 CHUM)**
                        STATE OF HAWAII

              DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                           I* O tOX Ml
                        HONOLULU. HAWAII •••OB
                                                        MAY '
                                                                                                           DIVISIONS;
                                                                                                            MtMCUlTUM MrflOmlHI
                                                                                                              MOCHA**
                                                                                                            JUHU1K MWtWCfft
                                                                                                            eONIinvAtWM MO
                                                                                                              MMUACIt IMFOACIUIMT
                                                                                                            OONVIVAMCIS
                                                                                                            MMItNV AMD WilfiUM
                                                                                                            IAHO UAHACIUIMt
                                                                                                            •TA1I »AMS
                                                                                                            WAUH AMO UNO ocmofuiHi
I
CO
Everette A. Flanderi
Chief
Conatruction-opecatlon* Division
U.S. Army Engineer  District, Honolulu
Ft. Shatter, Hawaii  96858-5440

Dear Chief Flanders:

SUBJECT:  Review of Archaeological Reconnaieaance Report
             (Roiendahl 1965) t Walkaloa Anchiallne Ponds
            Permit  Action (FODCO-o 1B12)
          Halkaloa  (Anaehoonalu). South Kohala. Hawaii
          THK!   6-9-07; 9.  10. 12. 13	

He have received a  draft copy of a »lt« location Map (or  thi*
report — item  1 which we requested in our  March 12, 1985
letter to you.   This  Bap is acceptable, and we understand that
a final nap will be sent to us at a later date.

He also note that Mr. Michael Lee of your office, Mr. perry
White of the developer's offices, and DC. Rosa Cordy of our
office met on April 26, 1985 to follow-up-on iteos 2-4 of our
March 12, 1985  letter.  They will be working further to
finalise historic preservation concerns in  this area for  the
Corps' ongoing  permit action (PODCO-o 1812).

Sincerely yours,
                                                    SUS0MU ONO
                                                    Chairperson  and  State Historic
                                                       Preservation  Officer

-------
t
     X
     I
     oo
     oo
                                                                                                                                   tttWUV OMOwCtiUfttUM
                                                                   APf, I 9 IS*
                                STATE OF HAWAII
                    DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MUIIJC
PMUMMIIOM **•
  MMUftUI tNf04C(ut«1
CfeMMMCIt
                                                                                                 r a BOX «ii
                                                                                             HONOLULU HAWAII •
colonel Hlchiel M. Jenks, District Engineer
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Ft. Shafter, Hawaii  96856

Dear Colonel Jenks:

SUBJECT:  Draft BIS, U.S. Department of the  Army Permit Application
          POOOO-O  1812, Walkaloa Beach Besort Anchlallne Ponds, Walkd'loa,
          South Kohala. Hawaii. THK:  6-9-07; 10.12.13.14.16. portion[Zg
                                                                     <—
We have reviewed the Draft SIS.  It adequately reviews prior identification
and study of historic sites In the project area (IXI-27 & 28) and the status
of determinations of effect (IV-B. VI-2, App. D).  To review our office's
position:
1.  In the Parcel 14, 16, and 26 area (the 'Hyatt Regency Walkaloa Hotel
site*), two archaeological Intensive surveys with excavations have located and
studied historic sites (Barrera 1971; Shun 1984).  We have concurred that
sufficient significant Information from sites In these parcels has been
recovered archaeologlcally to contribute to the understanding of local and
regional historical problems (Jan. 15, 19B5  SltPO letter to U.S. Corps of
Engineers — App. D, Draft BIS).  We further recommended sites be preserved,
and the developer has agreed to preserve the Valulua Day Settlement (and its
coastal trail), the Kanlku Settlement Group, and the Uawahine Settlement Group
(Draft BIS: 11-13, IV-B).  These site complexes are examples of coastal
occupation along this arid coastline.  With this Information recovery and
preservation, a no adverse effect determination Is suitable for these parcels.
2.  In the reoalnder of the coastal properties with anchlallne ponds (Parcels
10, 12, 13), an Intensive archaeological survey with excavations (Barrera
1971) and a more recent reconnaissance survey (Rosendahl 1985) have Identified
historic sites.  We have concurred thai the  sites In this area are significant
solely for their Information content, and we have recooraended several further
steps to ensure that this Information be collected prior to any site  '
destruction (March 12, 1985 SIIPO letter to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers —
App. D, Draft BIS).  Our recommendations also specify that any hman remains
be preserved or be removed and reburled.  Agreement to these steps will result
In a no adverse effect determination.  (The Draft BIS, IV-B, also includes
additional historic preservation matters regarding these parcels.)  As the
Draft BIS notes (IV-B), the applicant, the Army Corps of Engineers and our
office are finalizing the next steps of action in order to reach a no adverse
effect determination for historic sites In these parcels.  The flnalization
and execution of an acceptable "no adverse effect* plan for sites In these
parcels should be a condition to the approval of the permit.

sincerely yours,
                                                             susimu ono
                                                             Chairperson and state Historic
                                                                Preservation Officer

-------
I
         Advisory
         Council On
         Historic
         Preservation
         Hie Old Posl (Mice Building
         1100 Pennsylvania Avenua. NW. * 609
         Wuhinslwi. DC 20004
                                          Reply In:
                                       730 Slmmi Stawl, Room 450
                                       Golden. Coloiido 80401
June 13,  1985

Everette  A.  Flanders
Chief, Construction-Operations Division
Honolulu  District,  Corps of Engineers '
Ft. Shatter, HI 96858-511)0

SUBJECT:  Walkoloa Beach Resort Development

Dear Mr.  Flanders:

On May 28, 1985, the Council received a copy of the Draft
Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) and Preliminary Case Report
(PCR) for the referenced undertaking.  We have reviewed those
documents.  We have no comments on the DEIS at this time.  We do
note, however, that the results of the consultation with the
Hawaii State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) regarding the
National Register eligibility of the historic properties in the
Halkoloa Beach Resort area may necessitate some revisions to the
DEIS.

Before offering ou'r comments on the  PCR, we note that It Is not
altogether clear whether or not there are National Register
eligible properties In the project area.  We agree with you that
the SHPO's letter seems to imply that there are eligible
properties present but this question cannot be left to inference.
A  final resolution of the eligibility question must be achieved
before COE can obtain Council comments pursuant to Section  106 of
the National Historic Preservation Act and 36 CFR Part 800.  If
this  matter  cannot be worked out with  the SHPO, COE should  seek a
formal determination of eligibility  from the Keeper of the
National Register.

With  regard  to the PCR, we find that some aspects must be
elaborated  upon  in order  to provide  sufficient basis  for
consultation towards the  development of  a Memorandum  of  Agreement
for the subject  undertaking.  Specifically:

Item  5 (Description of  eligible properties)  Is far  too brief.
Although we  do not need a full, detailed  description  of  all of
the  sites  in the area of  affect, we  do need  some  descriptive data
on each site.  This Information should include a  brief
description of the  site with  particular  emphasis  on those
elements  that qualify  it  for  inclusion In  the  National  Register,
e.g., What significant research questions can  be addressed with
data from the property?  Why  does  COE  believe  that the  site
Includes relevant data?  What degree of  Integrity does  the site
retain?  This description  should also  consider answers  to these
questions in the context of all of the historic properties
present In the impact area, e.g.,  a site may individually lack
the ability to contribute  to  answering slglnfioant questions  but
may make a contribution as part of the complex of sites.

Item 6 (Description  of adverse effect) needs to be expanded upon.
Will all of the sites be affected? Will they  all be  equally
affected?  For the sites that will not be directly affected,  what
will be the indirect effects  (If any)  of the development project?.
For the sites that'the developer has already agreed to  avoid,
will there be indirect effects?

Item 9 (Description  of alternatives) should be expanded.  For
example, Are*there any design alternatives that will  avoid or
minimize effects to  some or all of the sites?  Are suoh measures
feasible and/or defensible from a  cost effectiveness  perspective?
Is data recovery actually  justifiable  in accordance with the
principles and recommendations detailed  In the the Council's
"Treatment of Aroheologloal Properties:  A Handbook" Parts I and
III?

Item 10 cannot be fully evaluated  until  these  questions and the
natter of eligibility have been resolved.

Finally, for all alternatives, consideration of possible presenoe
and effect to properties of cultural significance must  be
incorporated in the  PCR.
                                                                 ir
We will be available to assist in  the  development of  the
additional documentation for  the PCR and, once the PCR  Is
completed, the MOA In any  reasonable fashion.  If you have any
questions or If the  Council can be of  assistance, please contact
Alan Downer at (303) 236-2682 (commercial) or  776-2682  (FTS).

Sincerely,
                                                                                               BolieFt Fink
                                                                                               Chief, Western Division of'
                                                                                                Project Review
                                                                    If/:-

-------
  wnrio

Operations Branch
                  DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                  U ( AlWrtlKltHHItmSIIUCI.KOttOlUlU
                       August  12, 1985
Mr. Robert Fink
Advisory Council  on Historic
  Preservation
730 Simms Street, ROOD 450
Golden, Colorado  80401

Dear Mr. Fink:

    In regards to your letter of June 13, 1985 concerning the
Haikoloa Beach Resort permit application (PODCO-0  1812), we have  "
completed our coordination with the Hawaii State Historic
Preservation Officer concerning compliance with the National
Historic Preservation Act, as amended.

    In summary, the State  Historic Preservation Officer and we
agreed that archaeological sites on the Haikoloa Beach Resort
Properties, outside of the Hyatt Hotel site, are considered
eligible for inclusion on  the National Register of Historic Places
because of the scientific  information that can contribute to the
knowledge of Hawaiian history.  He also agree that the proposed
Haikoloa Beach Resort project would not have an adverse effect on
the eligible properties provided the information is salvaged in
accordance with the enclosed Data Recovery Plan dated July 1985 in
the Preliminary Case Report (End 2).

    Me request that a Memorandum of Agreement be prepared and
executed between  the Corps of Engineers, the Hawaii State Historic
Preservation Officer and the permit applicants, Transcontinental
Development Company and Atpac Land Company.  A draft Memorandum of
Agreement (Encl 1) and Preliminary Case Report (Encl 2) are
provided for your Information and comment.

                              Sincerely,
                          W. J. Paresa
                          Acting CJiief, Construction-Operations
                          Division

Enclosures

Copies Furnished with enclosures:

State Historic Preservation Officer
Transcontinental.Development Co., Attn:  Mr. Jack Coulter
                                 DRAFT
                       MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT

     WHEREAS, the  US Army Corps of Engineers,  Honolulu  District

(Corps)  it considering a proposed permit  to Transcontinental

Development Co.  and Atpac Land Co. -for the excavation and filling

of anchiallne pond* at Walkoloa, Anaehoomalu,  South  Kohala

District, laland of Hawaii!  and,

     WHEREAS, the  Corps in  consultation with the Hawaii State

Historic Preservation Officer (BHPO), have determined that this

construction  (hereafter "undertaking") as proposed would not have

an adverse effect  upon archaeological sites at Waikoloa that were

considered eligible for inclusion to the  National Register of

Historic Places) and,

     WHEREAS, pursuant to  Section  106 of  the National  Historic

Preservation  Act of 1966  (16 USC Sec. 470f, as amended, 90 Stat.

1320)  and Section 800.4(d)  of the regulations of the Advisory

Council on Historic Preservation  (Council), "Protection of

Historic and  Cultural Properties"  (36 CFR Part BOO), the Corps

has requested the comments of  the  Council|  and,

      WHEREAS, pursuant to  Section   BOO.6 of the Council's

regulations,  representatives  of the Council,  the Corps,  and  the

Hawaii BHPO  have consulted and reviewed the undertaking  to

consider feasible and prudent alternatives  to avoid or

satisfactorily mitigate  the adverse effect)

      NOW,  THEREFORE,  it  is mutually agreed  that  if the permit is

granted  the  undertaking  shall  be  implemented  in  accordance  with

-------
T
-P-
the following stipulations  to  minimize  adverse effects on  the

above-mentioned properties.

                         STIPULATIONS


I.  The Corps shall  condition  its  permit  to  Transcontinental

Development Co.  and  Atpac Land Co.  as followsi

     I. The applicant* shall implement  data  recovery in

accordance with the  attached Data  Recovery Plan,  dated July 1985,

after they have considered  architectural  designs  that could possibly

preserve,  enhance or restore some  of the  archaeological  sites.

     2. Where no architectural designs  are feasible, the applicants

shall notify the Corps and  the Hawaii SHOP that they intend to

execute the Data Recovery Plan.

     3. All clearing, ground-disturbing,  and borrow/quarry

activities shall be  monitored  by an archeologist.  In the event,

that previously unidentified archaeological  properties,  features,

or cultural material are discovered, activities that could

adversely affect them shall be stopped  and they shall be evaluated

in consultation with the Hawaii SHPO to determine their  potential

to contribute information important to  Hawaiian history  or

prehistory.  If any  such remains are determined to be important,

all activities that  would adversely affect them shall be delayed

until measures developed in consultation  with the Hawaii SHPO are

taken to protect them or to preserve the  important information

they contain.

     4.  All specimens, field  notes, photographs, negatives, and

processed data  (tables, maps,  etc.) shall be stored in  good order
                                                                                             at an appropriately equipped institution in a manner that makes

                                                                                             them available for future study.

-------
                                  36 CFR 800
                           PRELIMINARY CASE REPORT

                            WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT
                   DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION
                               PODCO-0 1812-SD
1.  A description of the Agency's Involvement with the proposed undertaking
with citations of the agency's program authority and  applicable Implementing
regulations, procedures and guidelines.

    The US Army Corps of Engineers,  Honolulu District, 1s evaluating  a
Department of the Army Permit application to fill several anchlallne  ponds at
Ualkoloa Beach resort under the authority of Section  404 of the Clean Hater
Act, as amended.  The permit Is being processed  in accordance with Corps
regulations (33 CFR 320).  The area  covered by the permit Involving the
archaeological sites Is shown In Attachment 1, and Figure 3, Data Recovery
Plan, dated July 1985 (Attachment 2).

2.  The status of this project In the agency's approval process.

    The Honolulu District Is presently evaluating the permit application.  A
decision on the permit application may be made by November  1985.

3.  The status of this project In the agency's NEPA compliance process and the
target date for completion of all environmental  responsibilities.

    Completion of the NEPA process Is scheduled  for October 1985.

4.  A description of the proposed undertaking including, as appropriate,
photographs, maps, drawings and specifications.

    Within the subject properties, the permit applicants, Transcontinental
Development Co. and ATPAC Land Co.,  Intend to fill several  anchlallne ponds
(ponds, outside the highlighted area  on Attachment 3).  Filling the anchialine
ponds would permit the construction  of two hotels and a condominium on
properties shown on Attachment 1, and Figure 3,  Data  Recovery Plan (Atch  2).
No specific site plans have been developed for the subject  properties.
However, the process of filling the  anchialine ponds  and preparing the site
for construction would destroy archaeological sites located outside of a  pond
preservation area.

5.  A description of the National Register or eligible properties affected by
the undertaking, including a description  of the  properties' physical
appearance and significance.

    The properties affected by the hotel  and condominium construction are
described in the Data Recovery Plan  and listed on Table 1,  Data Recovery  Plan,
July 1985 (Atch 2).  These properties consist of cave habitation sites, cave
burial sites, stone cairns (trail markers) and parts  of the coastal trail.
Some surface features consist of caves and surface enclosures.
6.  A brief statement explaining why any of the Criteria  of Adverse Effect
apply.

    The condominium and hotel projects cannot be built without filling
anehlalltte ponds and raising the ground level.  As presently conceived,  the
construction activities would destroy ill the archaeological sites shown on
Attachment 1 and Identified In Attachment 2.

7,  Written views of the State Historic Preservationiflff-lce concerning the
effect on the property, if available.

    State Historic Preservation Officer comments are attached (Attachments  4,
5 and 6).

8.  The views of other Federal agencies. State and local  governments, and the
other groups or individuals, when known.

    Comments from the Society of Hawaii Archaeology are attached
(Attachment 7).

9.  A description and analysis of alternatives that would avoid the adverse
effects.

    Under the Corps permit application, the applicant has requested
authorization to fill and excavate anchlaline ponds.  Host of the
archaeological sites are located on properties adjacent to the ponds, thus  the
permit applicants could design a condominium or hotel that would not require
any filling of ponds, but still destroy the archaeological sites.  Under this
scenario, denial of the permit application can eliminate present development
plans, but may not avoid adverse effects In the long run.

    Expansion of the anchialine pond preservation area could also reduce
adverse effects by Incorporating some archaeological sites into the pond
preservation area.  This would not preserve the Anaehoomalu Point Cluster or
the Ridge Settlement Complex, especially since these archaeological sites are
not located In pond areas.

10.  A description and analysis of alternatives that would mitigate the
adverse effects.

    The State Historic Preservation Officer recommended data recovery and
reinterment of human remains, see Attachments 4, 5, and 7.  The Corps
recommends that the Data Recovery Plans should not be implemented until after
the applicant has considered  architectural designs that could possibly
preserve, enhance or restore  some of the archaeological sites.  Once specific
construction plans are developed, the applicant would notify the Corps  and the
State Historic Preservation Officer that he intends to execute the data
Recovery Plan.  (See Attachment 8.)

11.  An estimate of the cost  of the undertaking,  identifying Federal and
non-Federal shares.

    The proposed action is not  a Federal or  local  government undertaking.  The
proposed action is totally funded by private  funds.   Development costs  were
requested from the applicants.

-------
          Appendix I
Public Hearing Notice and Record

-------

-------
US Army Corps
of Engineers
Honolulu District
Public  Notice

Public Nonce No                Dale
	PODCO-0 1812-SO    March 6,  1985
Reply lo District Engineer IPOOCO-O)  ttospond by  11  «
      US Army Cwpsol Engmeeis            
                                Building 230
                                Fl Shallet. HI 96858
                       POSTPONEMENT OF PUBLIC HEARING

             OH DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (DA) PERMIT APPLICATION
                 FOR THE WAIKOLOA HYATT RESORT DEVELOPMENT
                   WAIULUA BAY, WAIKOLOA, SOUTH KOHALA
                    ISLAND OF HAWAII, STATE OF HAWAII
1.  Notice  is hereby gtven that the public hearing originally scheduled for
Thursday, March 14, 1985,  at  the Sheraton Maikoloa Hotel has been postponed.

2.  The public hearing has been rescheduled for:

        DATE:   Tuesday, April 9, 1985
        TIME:   7:00 PM
        PLACE:  Sheraton Waikoloa Hotel

During the  hearing, the applicant will discuss the project's features and
its environmental impacts. The public will have  the opportunity to present
their views, opinions and Information on the proposed-project.  This will
assist the  District Engineer  in making a decision on the permit application.

3.  DISTRIBUTION OF NOTICE:  This notice of public hearing is being sent to
various agencies of the Federal, State, and County governments.  It is also
being sent  to various organizations and citizens' groups that have expressed
an Interest In the permit action and to the parties requesting a hearing.
However, all citizens, whether or not they have received the notice, are
invited to  be present or represented at the hearing.  Everyone will be given
full opportunity to present his views on the permit application.  Oral
statements  will be heard,  but for the accuracy of-the record, all important
facts should be submitted in  writing.  Written statements may be submitted
at the hearing or mailed to the District Engineer, at the address given on
the letterhead, before the hearing.  Please bring this notice of public
hearing to  the attention of anyone Interested in  the proposed project.

4.  The Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be available to the
public on March 25, 1985.

5.  ADDRESS:  Questions regarding the proposed action, DEIS, and public
hearing can be answered by:

        Mr. Michael T. Lee
        Biologist
        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
        Construction-Operations Division
        Operations Branch
        Room 205, Building 230
        Fort Shafter, Hawaii  96858-5440
        Phone:  438-9258

-------

1
2
3
4
5
6


7
a
9
to
It
I «
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2J
24
25



THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
HONOLULU DISTRICT

IN RE: . PODCO-0 1812-SD )
)
DEPARTMENT OP THE ARMY )
PERMIT APPLICATION FOR
THE WAIKOLOA HYATT
RESORT DEVELOPMENT -
WAIULUA BAY, HAIKOLOA,
SOUTH KOHALA, ISLAND OF
HAWAII, STATE OP HAWAII

PUBLIC HEARING

A public hearing was held in the above-entitled
matter on Tuesday, April 9, 1985, commencing at
7:00 p.m., at the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa Hotel,
Waikoloa, Hawaii, pursuant to Public Notice.

ROSTER OF ATTENDANCE
For the U.S. ARMY CORPS COL. MICHAEL M. JENKS
OF ENGINEERS; Honolulu District Engineer
District:
MICHAEL LEE
Civil Engineer
JOHN EMMERSON
Civil Engineer
CYNTHIA KAYWELL
General Attorney

POWERS * ASSOCIATES
(BOS) 521-7815

" ) 1
/
2
3
4
5

6

7
1
9
10
It
12
13
- > 14
15
16
17
in
10
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

1 )
2
ELSIE ft. SMITH
Assistant Public Affairs Officer
Reported by: CARMEN A. BURDITTE, TCSR 10-39
Powers & Associates, Honolulu
STATE & LOCAL OFFICIALS
AND MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC:


Peter Stine
Reed Flickinger
Bob Nishimoto
Robert K." Lindsey • ••
Jan Auyong
Kalani Schutte
•Takashi Domingo
Robert Herkes
A. Lono Hyman
Greg Moores
Norbert A. Vallee

Kem Melrose
Lynn B. Markas
Clifton H. Jenkins
Neele P. Schultz
Glen Byers
Will Sanburn
David E. Kerr
Michael Brennan
POWERS A ASSOCIATES
(BOB) 521-7815

-------
I
to
 I   Stephanie Salazar
 .2   Denise F. Cosby
:
 3   Chris Hemmeter
 4   Ann Yoklavich
 5   John J. Fellenstein
 6   Nat Wolozin
 1   Don J. Daley
 8   H. Peter L'Orange
 9   Peter Young
 10   Bill Knutson
 It   Herbert T. Lawton
 12   Philip L. Luce
 13   -Helen Luce
 14   -George E. "Pete" Goss
 IS   J. A. Hanlet
 16   Deborah Chang Abreu
 17   John I. Ford
 18   Carrie Markas
 19   Paul H. Rosendahl
 20   T. Nicely
 21   Ronald Lum
 22   Lorraine R. Ellison
 23   P. Quentin Tornich
 24   Thomas F. Schmidt
 25   Myron D. A. Olson
                                 POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                                     (806) 621-7815

I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Kazuhisa Abe
Hilda Filipek
H. Filipek
Elaine Flores
Samuel Hook
William Ahyou  Akau
Noelle Bennett
Dan Biernie
Douglas Blake
Cynthia Calderone
Douglas Carr
Fay Chaffee
Al Cho
Alika Kailiauu Cooper
Armand A.  Cote
Kathryn S.  Diffley
David Eldridge
Dennis Nakaoka
Alfie Fujitani
Toni Fortin
Derrick H.  Fukumoto
Dick Goodman
Stephen Green
Kelly Greenwell
M/M Dennis Haserot
                        POWERS * ASSOCIATES
                            (608) 521-7815

-------

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
«
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

24
25


5
Joni Ilawloy
Maralyn Kerkeu
Patrice J. Ishizaki
Doris Jacober
Frank E. Jacober
Sonny A. Kaniho
Robert Keakealane
Jan Kimball
W. Lau
Winifred Lilleeng
Cathy Louder
Shelley Maesaka
Donna T. H. Mah
Joseph Mah
Maile Melrose
Mrs. Thomas Mikita
James Naniole
Robert W. Nettnin
Richard Rowe
John H. Sakamoto
Harvey R. Schestag
Ron Sewell
Wade T. Shaffer

Richard Sinnott
Ramsay R. M. Taum
POWERS & ASSOCIATES
(BOB) 521-7815
•
W) i
2
3
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
II
12
13
== ) 14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23
24
25

£ )
Richard Titgen
Robert K.  Uraeraura
Hana C. Hedemeyer
M/M P. Reeve Hilliama
Julie Williams
G. Tweetie Wong
Myron Vamasato
Fred T. Vamashiro
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                       (80B) 521-7615

-------

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
U
M
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25


INDEX

Opening of Hearing (By Col. Jenks)
SPEAKERS
Bob Diffley
Chris Hemmeter
Perry White
A. Lono Lyman
Robert Herkes
Bill Knutson
Peter L 'Orange
Douglas Blake
P. Quentin Tomich
Peter Young
Ron Sewell
Bob Lindsey
Al Cho
William Akau
Robert Keak.ealane
Richard Titgen
Deborah Chang Abreu
Greg Moores'
G. Tweetie Wong
Jan Auyong
Douglas Carr.
POWERS A ASSOCIATES
(800) 521-7815
7

Page
8

13
16
20
30
34
39
41
43
45
48
50
53
55
56
59
61'
66
72
75
77
78


             I
             2
             3
             4
             5
             6
             1
             8
             9
             10
             II
             12
             13
             14
             IS
             16
             17
             18
             19
             20
             21
             22
             23
             24
             25
;;; • )
                       INDEX
(continued)
Elaine Flores
Closing Remarks (By  Colonel Jenks)
                                                                           3A
EJSLS
 84
                     POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                          (806) 521-7815

-------
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
2)
24
25
                                                         a
     April 9, 1985
                                                7sOO p.m.
           COLONEL JENKS:  Good evening, ladies and
 gentlemen.  I'm Colonel Mike Jenka, District
 Engineer of the Honolulu District, Corps of
 Engineers.  Welcome -to this public hearing on the
 Department of the Army Permit Application for the
 excavation of a swimming area and filling of
 anchialine ponds at Haikoloa Beach Resort Properties,
 Hawaii.
           The applicant is Transcontinental
 Development Company and Atpac Land Company.
           Before we get into the hearing itself,
 there  are  some  blue sign-in cards that you should
 be  completing;  and  those are important, because
 we  need  to  know  who you are and  whether you wish
 to  speak tonight.   Also you will be—if you are
 interested, you  will be indicated on our mailing
 list for any  further consideration of  this  project.
 The lady in the  red will—if you raise  your hand,
 she will collect any of the cards  or provide you
with additional  cards.
          While we're taking care  of some of the
administrative arrangements,  let me tell you a little
bit about the purpose here, tonight.  As  you may
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (SOB) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 »
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
2S
 know,  the U.  S.  Army Corps of Engineers io
 responsible for  all work in navigable waters of
 the  United States,  and all discharges of dredged
 and  fill  material into waters of the United States.
 The  proposed  excavation of the swimming area and
 filling of anchialine ponds requires a Department
 of the Army permit, under Section 10 of the '1899
 Rivers and Harbors  Act, and Section 404 of the  1972
 Amendments to the Clean Water Act.
           Copies of our public notice describing
 the  proposed  work and the Draft Environmental
 Impact Statement have been made available to the
 public in public libraries; and I believe we have
 a few copies  here this evening, if you haven't
 seen those.   We  had scheduled this public hearing
 a little  earlier, and apologize to you that we
have delayed  it  until tonight, because some issues
were raised and  we  wanted to make sure that we
 addressed those  in  the Draft Environmental Impact
Statement so  that you could review those prior  to
 the hearing.
           The purpose of the meeting today is to
obtain information  or evidence which will be
considered  in evaluating the permit application,  to
give everyone an opportunity to present their
                   POWERS » ASSOCIATES
                       (BOB) 521-7615

-------
 10
 II
 12
 13
 M
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                        10
 views and opinions and any pertinent information .
 that you may have on this project.  In other words,
 we're here to get your comments, what you have to
 say.
           I will be the decider for the Army
 permit, and I'll listen very closely to what you
 have to say, and I'll use that information.  And the
 primary document that I'll be looking at is the
 Environmental Impact Statement when it's finalized.
           During the hearing, I will first call on
 the applicant to review the features and environmental
impacts of the proposed project, and present other'
 pertinent information and explain to you a little
 bit about what the project is.
           Following his presentation,  we'll call .
 on the elected officials  or their designated
 representatives  who wish  to comment on the project.
 Then I'll call on  representatives of various
 governmental  agencies  to  give their views,  followed
 by individuals who  have indicated that  they wish
 to speak  this  evening.
           Finally,  the  applicant  will  have  the
 opportunity to comment  or  to  respond to  any issues
 that may  have been  raised  that  could be  perhaps
 clarified in some of the minds  of  the people here.
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7615
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 »
10
It
12
13
14
15
16
17
IV
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
 But this is not a meeting to discuss the pros and
 cons of the project, or to argue the merits of the
 project.  It's simply an opportunity for me to
 receive input into the decision process.
 Consequently, there will be no cross-examination
 of  the  applicant or any of the people that wish to
 speak this  evening.
          We have a microphone here, and I will
 ask you to  come to the microphone when I call your
 name; and speak—state your name and who you
 represent,  if you represent any organization or
 any elected official.   I would like to limit comment,
 because of  the number of people that we have, to
 five  to eight minutes.   Many of you, I presume,
 could do it in less time than that, and that's
 fine.   But  we will cut you off, though—a maximum
 of  ten  minutes.
          Are there any comments or questions on
 the administrative procedures before we get started
with  the meeting?
          We  have several  representatives of the
County,  and I apologize if I don't pronounce your
name  correctly,  or if  I can't quite make out your
writing—but  Robert Herkes,  would he raise his
hand?
                    POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                        (80S) 521-7815

-------
00
 t
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    12
           Thank you.   The chief of—the director
of planning, Mr. Lyman—saw him earlier.  There he
 is.   And representing the Mayor, Office of the
 Mayor, Gary Hoores.
           A PARTICIPANT:   Greg Moores.  He'll be
 here after eight.
           COLONEL  JENKSj   Okay, fine.
           We have  a  representative of  the Fish &
 Wildlife Service,  Peter Stine—U. S. Fish & Wildlife
 Service.
           Anyone else I missed?
           MR.  LINDSEY:   Representative Robert
 Lindsey from Waimea.
           COLONEL  JENKS:   Thank you.  Anyone else?
 Any representatives,  elected officials?
           Again, for  those that just came in in the
 back,  please see the  lady circulating  among you
 for a  blue card, if you haven't filled it out.  And
 just give me a few minutes to go through these cards,
 if you would.
           We're going to  have the applicant make
 a presentation.  Representing the applicant—actually,
 Waikoloa Resort Developments—Mr. Bob  Diffley, who
 will start the presentation.  And he'll be followed
 by Mr. Chris Hemmeter,  who will address the Hyatt
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                        (608) 521-7815

7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                            13
Regency Hotel project itsolf more specifically.
          MR. DIFFLEY:  Good evening.  My name
is Bob Diffley.  I am project manager here at
Waikoloa, and.I represent  the applicants, who are
Transcontinental and Atpac Land Company.  One
additional—we will have a third party as part of
the applicant, who has worked very  diligently
over the last year in his  environmental  impact
report and is quite familiar with all of the items
contained in  it.
          I would first  like  to start by giving
a brief background of  the  Waikoloa  Beach Resort
•in order to put our plans  that we have  today into
the proper perspective.  This  resort was created
back in the  1970's, but  it was not  created  only
by the developer, nor  was  it  created in  isolation
as an independent development.
          During the  1970's,  both  the State  and
County governments  realized that  there  was  a great
deal of visitor potential  for the West  Hawaii
area.   And  realizing  this potential,  the  State
and County governments cooperated  in developing
a number of  facilities to  enable  developers in turn
to create resorts.
          During  this  period, the  Ke Ahole airport
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (606) 521-7815

-------
                                                       14
to
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2}
24
25
    was developed, the Queen Kaahumanu Highway was
    built.
              Waikoloa has its own water, but there
has been extensive effort among County officials
to create an atmosphere in which beach resorts
could be developed along the coastline and make
the Kohala  coast a true visitor destination area.
          In this context, the County also approved
a number of proposals that we had  made previously
to zone our particular properties.
          This aerial photograph that you see on
your left over here gives you a graphical
representation of the subdivisions which have
been created, and was  created many years ago for
Waikoloa Beach Resort.
          This zoning was created by the County
with the intent of allowing the developers,
Transcontinental Development, to develop something
in excess of three thousand hotel rooms here
at Waikoloa Hotel Beach Resort.
          This zoning was contingent upon our
fulfilling certain conditions.  And among those
conditions were that we had to provide sufficient
water to handle the development.   We have done
that.
                       POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                           (803) 521-7815
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 t
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                   15
           We  have two water wells in the Waikoloa
village,  which  provide over a million gallons a
week.  And we have done that.
           On  the aerial photograph, in the upper
right hand, edge of it, you can actually see a
photograph of the sewage treatment plant which
we have built.
           It  has been necessary to bring power in,
and utilities,  to the site; and we have brought
all of those  in.
           Basically,  after fifteen years of effort,
we have sites at Waikoloa Beach Resort which are  '
ready for hotel development.  We have all of the
infrastructure  necessary.
           We  are looking forward to building
developments  which will make the people of West
Hawaii proud  that they live here.
           Too,  I think at this time, realizing
that the  resort is the result of fifteen years of
evolution  and work on the part of the County,
the State  and all of  the people of West Hawaii,
we think we would really like to have the Hyatt
Regency Waikoloa.   And so to bring to you the
facility  that they would like to see built here,
I would like  to now introduce Chris Hemmeter.
                    POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                        (BOB) 521-7815

-------
 8
 9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 M
 15
 16
 17
 IB
 19
20
21
22
21
24
25
                                                    16
           MR.  IIEHHETER:   Good evening.   My name ia
 Chris Ilerameter.   I  appreciate your introduction.
           Colonel Jenks  and fellow interested
 citizens  of our  State;   in 1980,  Transcontinental
 approached our organization,  soliciting  our interest
 in  developing  a  world class hotel at  the Waikoloa
 Hotel Resort Project.
           We spent  well  over  a year in studying
 various alternatives  to  the Waikoloa  site—various
 alternatives,  not only on  this island, but
 throughout our island chain.   We  came to the
 conclusion,  after these  extensive studies,  that
 the Waikoloa project  indeed was a project
 committed  to a long-range  program of quality
 consistent with  the needs  and  expressions of our
 community.
           It was  through this  study that  we decided
 in 1982 to become directly  involved in the
 development  of the Waikoloa Resort Project,  with
 the development of the proposed Hyatt Regency
Waikoloa Hotel.
          We established certain principles  when
we initially set out on our task.   One principle
was to develop a world class facility, a world  class
facility that would not occupy a small parcel of
                  POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                      (80S) 521-7815
                                                                 £ )
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
21
24
25
                                                                                                                                   17
 land, because  we  were  surrounded by literally tena
 of  thousands of acres  of land.   And it would be
 ridiculous  to  come  in  here  and  create the  Waikiki
 syndrome.   We  wanted to be  expansive and create
 a park-like study where we  could develop a hotel
 that was very  water-dependent»  that could  be
 responsive  to  traveling needs.
          In this overall study, we determined that
 the expanse of this  hotel should, in fact, include
 lands south of the  proposed hotel sites.  This
was absolutely necessary to create the critical
place which, in fact,  would attract the visiting
public's attention  and bring recognition and, of
 course, the ultimate marketing  success on  this
island.
          When we set  out with  Our principle of
developing  the finest  hotel in  the world,  we
understood  that that ought  to be integrated with
our community.  We  didn't believe that we  could
develop this type of a hotel in a vacuum.    We knew
that we needed community support.   We knew that
we needed the  community to  work in our project,
and we knew that  we  were going  to create property
tax equivalent to ten  percent of the property tax
base of our island.
                   POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                        (608) 521-7815

-------
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 1C
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                        18
               Our first year's projection:   the hotel
     is to do as much business as all hotels in the
     island of Hawaii combined.  It will have an
     enormous economic impact.  Thus, we ought to act
     in a responsible fashion.  And we set forth to do
     that.
               Our application  precipitated  the
 environmental impact statement,  because  we  wanted
 to fill certain anchialine  ponds.  We wanted  to
 do some dredging,  because unfortunately,  our  hotel
 site  was not  blessed with some of  the beautiful
 beaches we  find in other parts of  the island.   So;
 we determined that we were  going to have  to create
 an internal lagoon system on the property and  to
 become  involved with  our natural water.
          A hotel  in  Hawaii is water-dependent.
 There is  some  concern that  a hotel such as  this
 is  non-water-dependent, that it could be moved in
 from mauka land, and  it can be successful.
          I would  only have to point out a  few
 examples  in Hawaii where this has not been  the
 case, and it would be very  apparent to all  of  us
how water-dependent resort hotels in Hawaii are.
          When we  started our discussions with  the
Army Corps of Engineers, with regard to a permit
                   POWERS 4 ASSOCIATES
                      (808) 521-7815
                                                             r£  )
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
M
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                   19
to fill certain anohialine  ponds  on  our  property,
we engaged in what we felt  was  the top experts  in
the field of anchialine ponds,  other areas  that
deal with our environment,  to be  sure that  not
only did we address these issues  in  a sensitive
manner, but we could defend our position.   And  our
position could hold up on,  not  only  a technical
basis, but it could hold up in  the area  of  the
overall thrust and need of  our  community and  the
expressions that have been  given  to  us as it  relates
to the environment and how  we should be  sensitive
to it and deal with it.
          As we proceeded with  this  development,
it became very apparent to  us that we weren't
dealing with just a hotel project and specific
use of the ocean front property.
          Without the ocean front property  and  the
economic project, there will be no further
development at Haikoloa and economic chaos  will
exist.  No question about it.   So, recognizing
this, we decided that we ought  to request that
the Army Corps take a look  at the overall
Haikoloa Resort Hotel Project,  and not just
specifically our hotel site.
          That we have attempted  to  do.   And  I
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815

-------
                                                        20
 |   think  we  will propose to  you  this  evening solutions,
 2   recommendations,  and demonstrate to you our concern
 3   and  what  we  are going to  do to  preserve the
 4   anchialine ponds,  to preserve the  ecological
 5   aspects of our water front here that will, in
 6   fact,  mitigate the circumstances of our filling
 7   certain of the ponds.  That has been our proposal.
 8   We will continue  on that  endeavor.
 9       -     There is an awful lot at stake for all
10   of us, and we are  sensitive to  it.  And we
It   understand that there is  an awful  lot  at stake,
J2   not  only  for  developers,  but  for those who live
13   on the island and  also for folks concerned about
14   our  environment.
15            We  are pleased  to be  here, and hopefully
16   we can join together and  -set  the further
17   development of this  beautiful island.
IS            I would  now  like to introduce the next
19   gentleman who will  be  speaking.
20            If  Perry will come  forward.
21             He  can give  you a little bit of  the
22  background of  our  involvement as it relates to the
23   federal environmental  impact statement.
24            MR.  WHITE:   My  name is Perry  White, and
25  I "ork for Belt Collins and Associates.  And we
                       POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                           (60S) 521-7815
 6
 7
 I
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                        21
have  had long involvement in the Haikoloa project,
frow  early master planning back in the 1970'a
through  a hiatus in the late 1970's and early '80's,
and some involvement both in the engineering for
this  specific Hyatt site and in preparation or
at least coordination of some of the environmental
studies  which covered all of the coastal parcels
on the Haikoloa Beach Resort.
           Some of the things which have been said
up until now  is that the real topic that we are
dealing  with  tonight has to do with the entire
Waikoloa Beach Resort.   The trigger for that is
the Hyatt project.   It involves filling of certain
anchialine ponds that also require an Army Corps
permit.   And,  in fact,  in September 194B, when we
were  first formally involved in the Corps in the
process,  that  is all that it involved.
           The  permit application originally was  for
permission to  fill  ponds on the Hyatt site, and
to create  a lagoon  on the Hyatt site and, in fact,
a preliminary  environmental assessment  was
prepared.   And it was completed in November 1984,
and dealt  only with the  high side.   It  left moot
what would happen with ponds elsewhere  on the
Waikoloa  Beach Resort.   And I will get  back to
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (603) 521-7815

-------
I
to
 9
 10
 II
 12
 U
 14
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
ZO
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                22
             this,  though,  in a minute.   But it became  apparent
             as  we  went through a  process of coordinating with
             our government agencies  ana  listening  to public
             comment  on it  that probably  the Hyatt  site  alone
             was not  an appropriate limit to the discussion.
             Because  we saw that we really were going to have
             to  deal  with anohialine  ponds,  water qualities
             and a  number of  other issues on  a much more global
 basis.
           But by the time we got to January 1985,
 we  had  made the switch from talking about the
 Hyatt site and the  filling of ponds on  the Hyatt
 site, to filling ponds and preserving across  the
 entire  Waikoloa resort.
           I am going to  do a little bit  of work
 with  the drawings and the maps  over here.   1  am
 sorry they 'are so low down,  because I think they
 are going  to be  hard to  see—because I want to
 take nineteen  seconds  to  trace  the  mystery  and
 give you some  good familiarity  with what  is going
 on.
           This is a  very  nice photograph  taken
about 1982.  What you see, white lines superimposed
on it, are  the development as it existed before
the Hyatt proposal came along.  The Hyatt site—and
                .  POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7615
 1
 2
 3
 4
 S
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    23
again I apologize to the people in  the back—
consisted of a number of sites as they had existed,
several sites around Waiulua.  Those were hotel
sites.  One was a condo, one was a  hotel.  Site  14,
which was zoned for hotel  use.  15  had originally
been planned for a marina, back in .the 1970's,
and that is the reason  for. its open zoning.   14  over
here was hotel-zoned--as you move around—you had
some condo and other hotel sites.   The Hyatt site
as we now know it, or as it came to be as part
of this procession that I  was talking about—I
will try hold this up for  a while so that you can '
see it, if you are in back--involved something
a lot different.
          Okay.  Basically what happened  is  that
these separate parcels  down here had become  one
roughly 65-acre site.   The site has actually
expanded, taken a little bit of the golf  course.
It now entirely surrounds  Waiulua Bay, and coming
way over.  I don't know if you can  compare the
line down to here, but  originally the Hyatt  site
went something like this:  it had no pond
preservation areas.
          The pond preservation area is shown in
green.  And I would like to draw all your attention
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815

-------
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2}
24
2$
     to the  fact  that there is not only one area proposed
     on here.   There is also a—one around the
     Anaeho'omalu Bay fishpond, also shown in green up
     here.
              As  a  result  of the  creation of the
 proposed pond preservation areas, and that proposal
 is  the developer's proposal.   It is one which we
 feel  balances needs of development with needs for
 pond  preservation.  It encompasses 36 ponds and
 about 12 acres of land.  It is expensive land,
 beachfront  land.
          We  think that within the area, based
 on  the studies that have been done for us by
 consultants and others, it incorporates ponds of
 a wide range  of quality, ponds of all the different
 types  that are found within the Waikoloa Beach
 Resorts.  Basically,  a good cross-section of
 ponds  of different types and  quality.   And we
 think  that it  is  a microcosm,  in fact,  of ponds
 that are found about  and throughout  the entire
 resort area.
          Perhaps  one  thing that is  missing is
the very open  kind of  pond that  is found right
down here near  the  entrance to Waiulua  Bay,  which
is much more bay-like  than  the  traditional  or
                   POWERS »L ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 I
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
 archetypal anchialino ponda.
           One other thing I will do while I'm down
 here  is  put one other nap down here.  Just to
 put things into perspective,  we will do a lot of
 talking  about the ponds that are present on the
 Waikoloa Beach Resort site—but I think you should
 get some idea that we are not talking about
 something that is in a vacuum or something only
 at Waikoloa.
           This represents the ponds that were
 identified in the study that  was published in 1974.
 Actually,  it  was representative in 1972, by'
Maciolek t, Brock.'   They  took a good look .at many"•
 anchialine ponds.
           The west coast  south point goes all the
way up into north Kohala.   There was about 300-some
 different  ponds  that they identified,  but there
were  certain  areas where  they didn't count every
single pond.   So,  in fact,  the number  of ponds
present  on the coast is somewhere at least in
the neighborhood of over  500,  maybe higher.
           There  is no doubt that there are very
fine ponds  at the Waikoloa  Beach Resort.   There
are also very find ponds  elsewhere.  And I  think
the basic  point  that we have  tried to  reach  that
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815

-------
26
 I   protects a large number of ponds, roughly a third
 2   of those present, the Waikoloa Beach Resort
 3   protects some of the best ponds and basically
 4   leaves us with a good resource.  In fact, the
 5   resource that is left here within the pond
 6   preservation area is roughly, in terms of pond
 7   number, the same as the best of the areas that
 8   are found on this coast.
 9             Just a couple of other things I want
10   to hit, and that has to do with the procession
II   that we went through to get here.  I have already
12   touched on this—some of those, but I want to go
13   back, and State land use designation for this
14   resort area was given back in 1968.  That is
IS   sixteen years, ago, seventeen years ago.  The
IIS   general plan designation for resources, use of this
17   area, came in 1970, fifteen years ago.
18             The zoning for it was first granted in
19   1972.  It was changed slightly in 1977, roughly
20   eight years ago.  In 1977 there was also a Corps
2|   permit issued that allowed the filling of certain
22   anchialine ponds on Site 12, and those of you
23   who are close enough can see it.
24             At that time, redevelopment was proposed
25   for that site, and the Corps permit allowed
                          JtS & ASSOCIATES
                          '|608) 521-7815
                           ('
         ,^7~J v
                     10
                     II
                     12
                     u
                     14
                     15
                     16
                     17
                     18
                     19
                     20
                     21
                     22
                     2}
                     24
                     25
                                                   27
filling some ponds, preservation  of  others.
Basically, that was the  attitude  that  was  taken,
in the hope that  the ponds were a worthwhile  resource,
and that some should be  saved—and that  was the
effort that Waikoloa committed to the  process.
          The original Corps permit  application,
January 1985—the revised Corps permit application
which was proposed by the applicant, a pond
preservation area. And  at one point—and  I would
like to correct what has been said by  some people—
we did not prepare the BIS.  That is a Corps  EIS.
They are responsible.  We commissioned and oversaw
some of the studies that are on it,  and commented
on it and gave it our best effort.   But that
reflects what the Corps  has  said. And there  are
a lot of things in there, I'think,  that we do not
have.  For example, in the environmental assessment
that was submitted to the County—^when I talk about
that, there is a  requirement for  the Corps to address
all alternatives. And I think we—they did  a
good job of it, and sat  down.  And  I think we
said, "Here is what we have  to do."   And that is
aimed between some balance between  pond preservation
and development and necessity.
          But there are  other people who may  have
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (606) 521-7815

-------
I
0\
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
a
24
25
                                                                28
 different values of what kind of a plan,would they
 draw up.  And we looked at a whole bunch of
 different alternatives, none of which are believed
 by the developer to be equally viable.  And I think
 Chris made that fairly clear.  But we do have some
 other values to them.   They are addressed in the
 Corps EIS as well.
           I  think the  only other things I would
 like to say  is  that in terms of environmental
 assessment,  which -we did,  and my reading  of the
 Corps EIS, important points to keep in mind is
 that there will be  a host  of ponds.   There will
 be  a preservation of ponds.   There  will not be  a
 significant  degradation of coastal  water  quality
 as  a result  of  any  of  the  activities  proposed.
 And there will  not  be  a significant degradation of
 water quality in  the ponds  remaining  in the
 preservation area.   And I  think  that  is a key item.
 But  because of  the  thing that drove the final
 shape',  the preservation area  is  to establish one
 that  has sufficient  space  and a  proper  location
 such  that it would not  be  affected by  surrounding
 resort activities.
          We have evidence from  two studies, one
done  in 1977  and one done in  1984.  So  I  think we
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (806) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 I
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    29
 wound up with something that is durable and it can
 survive over time.  And it ia a pond preservation
 plan which we feel works.
           Thank you very much.
           COLONEL JENKSs  I will not go through them
 all, but I do have a number of letters that will
 be  introduced and considered in the preparation
 of  the EIS.   He have statements here.  If you would
 like to read from them, they are fine.  And if
 you would like to summarize them, that is fine
 also.   But if you have a prepared statement, let
 us  have a copy of that, if you w  .Id.
           Also, if you do not wish to speak, but
 if  you have  a prepared statement, you can leave it
 with me before you leave this evening, if you
 would.
           The people on the rostrum here with me
 are  from the Corps  of Engineers:   Mr.  Mike Lee,  to
my  far  right,  is  the marine biologist with our
 regulatory function staff,  and is the principal
preparer of  the Draft Environmental Impact
Statement.   Next  to him is  John  Emmerson,  project
manager  for  this  project from the Corps  of Engineers.
And  to my  left  is Miss  Cindy  Kaywell,  who  is  with
the office of Counsel for the Corps of Engineers.
                    POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                        (608) 521-7815

-------
I
-4
                                                       30
 I             The first speaker—I'm going to ask
 2   Mr. Lyman, the Director of Planning for the County
 3   of Hawaii, to resume, if he would.
 4             Those coming from the floor may use the
 5   microphone here, down at floor level—and address
 6   me, if you would.
 7             MR. LYMAN:  Thank you very much,
 8   Colonel.
 9        .     Members of the audience, and members of
10   the staff of the staff of the Army Corps of
II   Engineers, I'm Albert Lono Lyman, Planning Director
12   of the County of Hawaii.  I'm here tonight to speak
13   as the County's chief planning officer.
14             Before beginning tonight, I'd like to
1$   note that the County Planning Commission this
16   afternoon approved three permits and variances require
17   for the development, and recommended app'roval of zonin
U   changes for the project site.  Within the sphere
19   of the County government, the only action that
20   remains is Council approval of the zoning changes.
21             Other than Council approval of the
22   zoning changes, the permits which are the focus
23   of this hearing remain the only approval required
24   to begin the development.
25             With respect to the permit application
                       POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                           (608) 521-7815
                                                                         :=•  \
 4
 S
 6
 7
 S
 9
10
II
12
19
14
IS
1C
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
being considered  tonight,.!  would begin my comments
by saying  that  the  County  Planning Department
will be submitting  more  detailed written comments.
Tonight I  would like  to  make the following remarks,
though.
           Since the Corps  permit has  very
significant  implications related to land use,
an.d to the future economic development of the
County, we feel it  would have been more
appropriate  to  have consulted with the County
throughout the  permitting  process.  We ask that
this be done in the future,  since the County's
administration  is directly accountable to the
residents  of the  County; and we strongly believe
that we can  provide perspectives the  federal
agencies do  not share.
           Second  is that we  feel that the proposed
12-acre pond preservation  area more than satisfies
the area required to  offset  the impact of filling
the anchialine  ponds  in  the  remainder of the
resort.  Taken  with the  existing 16-acre pond  area
designated by the County as  conservation of open
space, we  feel  that the  total 28 acres that this
would comprise  represents  sufficient  pond areas
on the resort for the enjoyment of future
                    POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815

-------
00
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
is
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                 32
 generations.
           If  it's deemed desirable to preserve
 additional ponds, it should be done elsewhere,
 not through this project.
           We  also feel that the management plan
 for the proposed pond preservation area,  which
 is  subject to County review and approval, should
 be  done in a  joint effort  involving representatives
 of  the  resort,  the County,  and the appropriate
 federal agencies.
           The limited information  in the  EIS
 related to the pond  management plan indicate  that
 the proposal  to  set  back development on the
 adjacent parcels,  in order  to  avoid as yet to be
 substantiated impacts  attributable to shadows and
 disruption of air  circulation  patterns—the County
 asks that  it  be  responsible  for  the task  of this
 and related land  use matters.
          Additionally, since  these impacts are
 yet to  be substantiated, we would  conclude that
 it is imprudent to set such a  condition at this
 time.   I would note  that the County's building
height ordinance limits the height  of developments
on the island.  And as with variances, resort
developments have been allowed to go to six
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (606) 521-7815
                                                                          *   \
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 a
 »
to
11
u
13
M
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2}
24
25
                                                                                                                                             33
stories, aa waa  the case with  the  Hyatt Haikoloa.
This ordinance is  strictly  adhered to,  and is
consistent with  the height  limits  set by all three
neighbor island  counties.   And these  height limits
reflect the preference  of the  neighbor  island
communities,  to  limit developments to mid-rise
heights that  are compatible with their  rural
settings.
          We  also  feel  that the project as
conceived will provide  guests  to the  Hyatt and
other hotels  in  West Hawaii a  broad mix of
recreational  and other'  resort  facilities.   This
in terms should  broaden the visitor market base
for the County,  and should  stimulate  considerable
economic growth  benefiting  the County's residents.
This growth is important, given the County's
current sluggish economy and the prospect  of the
island's sugar industry declining.
          In  closing, I ask that the  Army  Corps of
Engineers and the  other federal agencies
participating in the federal permitting process
carefully consider the  economic benefits that.-.the
Hyatt Waikoloa would have for  the  residents  of the
County.
          The federal Environmental Impact Statement
                   POWERS t ASSOCIATES
                      (606) 521-7815

-------
-r,  )
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 16
 17
 IB
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                   34
 for the project summarizes these benefits.  And
 we believe that the benefits will far exceed any
 adverse effects from the development of the
 resort.  And the efforts of the developer more
 than satisfy the concerns of the County
 administration regarding the Hyatt and future
 construction planned at the resort.
           Denial or further delay of this project,
 attributable to the federal permitting process,
 could  have very serious negative repercussions,
 and potentially could  deprive  the County's
 residents  of the benefits they stand to gain from
 this project.
           Thank you.
           COLONEL JENKS:   I ask  you  not to take
 any photographs.  I'm  sure  Mr. Lyman doesn't,
 being  a public  official,  but some  private
 individuals may  object  to  that.   So  if  you would
 refrain from taking photographs  of anyone  here,
please.
          County of Hawaii, Mr.  Bob  Herkes, will
speak now, please.
          MR. HERKES:  Colonel Jenks , I suppose
that it would have been possible for  the County
Council to submit their testimony in writing.  But
                  POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815
                                                                           •i" )
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 a
 9
10
II
12
13
14
I!
Ifi
17
18
19
20
21
22
2)
24
25
                                                    35
it is impossible  for  a  group  of politicians  not
to appear  in  person and speak verbally.
           My  name  is  Robert Herkes,  and  I am a
member of  the Hawaii  County Council, which is the
legislative body  for  this  island.   At a  regularly
scheduled  meeting  of  that  body, the members  voted
unanimously to support  the project that  is under
discussion tonight, and instructed the Chairman
to present supporting testimony.
           He  is unable  to  be  here, tonight, and
asked that I  represent  the Council.   Al;so in
attendance, to show their  support,, are Vice' Chairman
Kalani. Schutte, and Councilman Domingo,  the
chairman of the planning committee of the Council—
a true bipartisan  representation,  I might add.
           Incidentally, at this point I'd like
to congratulate Mr. Hemmeter  on being named  the
Entrepeneur of the Year by our school, Cornell.
Congratulations.   It's  a great school.
           Our testimony is:
           Thank you for the opportunity  to respond
to the proposal by Transcontinental Development
Company and Atpac  Land  Company.  The applicants
are requesting authorization  to excavate a 5-acre
lagoon; construct  and maintain structures and a
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (808)  521-7615

-------
                                                                 36
I
tsJ
O
 I   beach in the lagoon;  create  and maintain a 12-acre
 2   anchialine pond preservation area;  and fill the
 3   remaining anchialine  ponds on the Haikoloa Beach
 4   Resort properties.  These proposals are necessary
 5   to construct a  1,250  room luxury resort complex
 6 •  consisting of three towers and recreational
 7   facilities.
 8             The excavation of  a 5-acre recreational
 9   lagoon adjacent to Waiulua Bay is necessary to
10   provide easy access into the water  due to hazardous
It   conditions of the existing shoreline.   The lagoon
12   will  encompass  an artificial beach  which further
13   promotes  a safe water recreation area.
I*  •           The creation and maintenance of a 12-acre
15   pond  preservation area will  perpetuate the aquatic '
16   ecosystem  located on the Haikoloa Beach Resort
17   properties.   The remaining anchialine  ponds
18   located outside the designated preservation area,
19  which  consists  of 41 percent of the ponds, would
20   be  filled  to  allow for the construction of the
21   Hyatt  Regency Waikoloa Hotel  facility.
22             The development of'luxury properties
23   along  the  South Kohala coastline has changed the
24  complexion of the area into  a  major resort
25   destination.  Planned resort  developments will
                      POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                          (603) 621-7815
 I
 a
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    37
result in  substantial  increases in employment
opportunities  and economic  activities for the
communities  of West Hawaii.   The proposed resort
would further  expand the County's.economic base
by providing recreational opportunities  and
stimulating  housing development and  general  business
activities.
           This proposed  project has been designed
as a world-class  resort  to  entice visitors to
the South  Kohala  area.   The  lagoon and recreational
amenities  were uniquely  designed into this
project to attract selected  visitors.  Further,
the Waikoloa Hyatt Regency would complement..the
Sheraton Waikoloa Hotel  by  attracting additional
visitors to  the area.
           Alternatives I, II,  and III as proposed
in the  Environmental  Impact Statement prepared  by
the 0. S.  Army Corps of  Engineers would  impede
the development of the recreational facilities
which may  severely compromise  the attraction  of
this world-class  resort.
           Past experiences with Sheraton Haikoloa
Resort, Mauna  Lani Resort,  and Mauna Kea Properties
have shown that projects  can be planned  to protect
the environment and preserve archaeological and
                    POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815

-------
10
II
12
13
M
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
21
24
25
                                                        38
 historical sites.   The caliber of this commitment
 will also give the Waikoloa properties the
 recognition which  may promulgate further
 developments.   Any alteration to the project plans
 of Transcontinental Development Company and Atpac
 Land Company would incur unnecessary delays and
 additional expenses.
           We believe  that the project is in
 consonance with  the type of development the Council
 has  envisioned  for the  area and that every
 effort  should be made  to avoid the  imposition
 of unnecessary obstacles.   We,  the  legislative
 branch  of  government, have  constantly strived
.to create  a  climate conducive  to  encourage
 development  and economic  activity,  and  have
 continually  sought  to minimize'delays  and
 streamline the permit processes.
          In closing, in behalf of myself  and
members of the County Council,  I  recommend  that
the U. S, Army Corps of Engineers approve  the
applicants DA permit to allow the developers  to
proceed with their  resort project as planned.
          And it's  signed by Stephen K, Yamashiro,
Council Chairman.
          And we also submit a letter that  was
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 S
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
I)
U
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                    39
 sent  to the Council by the International Union of
 Elevator Constructors, which strongly supports
 the economic impact of the project.
           Thank you very much.
           COLONEL JBNKS:  Mr. Bill Knutson, from
 the Kona-Kohala Chamber of Commerce.
           MR.  KNOTSON:  Colonel, thank you.
           It's a pleasure to be here tonight.
 We're going to talk a little about the economic
 important of this development to our coastline.
 I  think some of us here read quite frequently
 in the paper about the' battleship task force
 that  the City  and County of Honolulu has been
 promoting to attract an economic alternative to
 their County.   I don't think anybody has really
 sat down to figure out what the economic impact
 is going to be to our County with this beautiful
 development here in Waikoloa.   It is something
 that  will probably be two to three times what
 Honolulu  is  looking for.
           We feel that we have a potential  solution
 to some  of  our problems with 'this hotel
development, that would help us  with the
unemployment that we've got—which is  the highest
in the State.   It would help us  to improve  our
                    POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                        (BOB) 521-7815

-------
                                                                  40
I
t\>
     visitor count, which we always seem to lag behind
     on, on a monthly basis.  It will help us with tho
     quality of this development, and with the
     advertising that they're going to be going into,
     to identify our island better, to separate us
 6   from the identity problem that we have with the
 7   State of Hawaii.
 8             We do feel that this hotel with
     complement the other hotels up and down the
 10   coastline, and it will help bring additional
 II   visitors to those establishments also.   We feel
 12   that the development is one of the highest
 13   quality, that it's one that will be complimentary
 14   to our island.  It certainly has enough open space
 15   to grant the beauty of our island to be enjoyed
 16   by the visitors.  And it's being put together by
 17   Mr.  Hemmeter,  who has had a tremendous  track
 18   record for being concerned about the environment,
 19   being concerned about the local  people  having
20   access to his  hotel,  which is  so vital  to those
21    of us who have moved  to the Big  Island  for the
22   lifestyle that we  enjoy so much  here.
23              And  we need this project on  this island.
24   We need  it to  improve our economy.   We  need it to
25    help  us  in our visitor count.  And we  certainly
                       POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                           (BOB) 521-7615
                                                                          t=  )
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 I
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                             41
hope  that you  will not delay thia"'project any
further, because we would like to open it tomorrow.
          Thank you very much.
          COLONEL  JENKS:  After each speaker, if
you would hold down your applause.   The reason I
say that is  because I don't want—I want a free
discussion,  and those that have their views to
be addressed here  and not be intimidated by
whatever the majority may or may not be.
          Mr.  Peter L'Orange from the Hawaii
Leeward Planning Conference, please.
          MR.  L'ORANGE:   Colonel Jenks, thank you
for the opportunity to speak.
          But  before I start,  I'd just like to
share with you that I'm  a football  coach, and I
can't be intimidated.  When a  parent gets on me,
I just tell  them,  "You may be  right," and walk
away.
          My name  is Pete L'Orange.   I am president
of the Hawaii  Leeward Planning Conference.   Hawaii
Leeward Planning Conference is a non-profit
corporation  dedicated to monitoring  government
programs affecting  West  Hawaii,  and  providing
input to government agencies to  assist them in the
decision making process.
                    POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7B15

-------
I
N)
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                 42
           The objectives and purposes  of. Hawaii
 Leeward Planning Conference are  as  follows:
           Advocated sound planning  decisions  for
 West Hawaii  to promote the long-term benefits for
 the communities involved.
           Assist in maintaining  and enhancing the
 attractiveness of West Hawaii  through  concern for
 the natural  beauty and natural resources of the
 region.
           Preserve the significant  aspects of
 Hawaiian  history now available in West Hawaii.
           Provide information  to the public"on
 substantive  issues  facing  public planners.
           And  to assist  public agencies  in reaching
 sound decisions  regarding  West Hawaii's  future.
           In pursuing  these objectives,  we have
 reviewed  the proposed  Waikoloa Hyatt project  and
 wish to speak  in  favor of  the project.   The project
 conforms  with  the County General Plan and the Kona
 Regional  Plan.   It is, therefore, consistent with
 the long-range policy  of the County of Hawaii.
          Secondly,  the project will have a positive
economic  impact on West Hawaii and the County as
a whole.  Wi'th the uncertain status of the sugar
industry, expansion of job opportunities' is very
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815
                                                                         =H  )
 1
 2
 3
 4
 S
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    43
important to our  island.
          We urge  favorably  action on  this  project,
and thank you  for  this opportunity to  speak.   We
will be following  this with  some more  technical
written testimony.
          Thank you.
          COLONEL  JENKS:   Mr.  Douglas  Blake from
the Kona Conservation Group.
          MR.  BLAKE:  Good evening.  My name  is
Douglas Blake, and I'm a  resident here of  .
Kailua-Kona, and have been for some—almost twenty
years.  I'm here  as  a member and officer of'the
Kona Conservation  Group,  to  testify on
Transcontinental's permit application  to dredge
certain so-called  anchialine ponds and to construct
a swimming lagoon  at Waiulua Bay, here in South
Kohala.
          The  Kona Conservation Group  would like
first to go on record as  being in favor of  the
proposed Hyatt hotel construction.  However,  it
has come to our attention through our  own examination
of the area in question that the shoreline
delineation that has resulted in this  area  being
characterized  as  "anchialine ponds" is, in  part,
inaccurate.  And what is  referred to as "anchialine
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815

-------
 I   ponds" in the area actually are ocean tide pools
 2   that are connected to,  and are directly contiguous
 J   with the ocean—and,  33 such,  they are ocean tide
 4   pools.  As such,  they are  public property.
 5             The inaccurate shoreline designation
 6   which has been wade by  the applicant,  as well as
 7   the  State in  certifying, is quite easily observed
 8   and  documentable  by photographs.
 9             Therefore,  the Kona  Conservation  Group
10   requests that Transcontinental's  application be
II   deferred at this  time,  and that a new,  more
12   accurate survey be performed so as to  ascertain
13   the  correct shoreline designation and  to ensure
14   the  protection of  the public's interest in  an area
IS   of obvious  public  ownership.
IS             The Kona Conservation Group  has  submitted
17   a complaint to the Department  of  Land  and Natural
18   Resources  therefore,  and has requested  a new survey
19   be performed.   We  wish  the  applicant to resubmit
20   their application  after  such time that  the  new
21    shoreline  survey has been performed by  the  office
22   of the State  Surveyor,  as per  our complaint.
2)            Thank you very much.
24        '    COLONEL  JENKS:  Mr.  P.  Quentin Tomich,
25   Sierra Club.
                       POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                           (60S) 521-7815
 2
 3
 4
 3
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2}
24
25
                                                                                                                                   45
          MR. TOMICHt  Thank you, Colonel Jenka.
          I'll be reading from a draft, here.
He're volunteers, and we don't always meet
deadlines, because we don't consider them as
deadlines necessarily.
          My names is Quentin Tomich, and I'm
representing the Sierra Club.  The Sierra Club on
this island has an enrollment of about 256 members,
and state-wide about 1900.  The Sierra Club's
concern for integrity and quality in the national
outdoor environment is well known throughout the
nation.
          Many of our local members have walked
the shores of Haikoloa, long before the germ of
massive development settled here, and we liked
it better under that condition of wildness and
remoteness.
          However, our realization has been that
scales are irretrievably tipped in favor of
increased human use, the accouterments of
civilization, and the retreat of the sparse but
interesting biota at this most unusual meeting
place of land and sea.
          Perhaps the County General Plan of 1970
was the pivotal document that -specified and
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815

-------
                                                                .  46
is)
 I    virtually assured resort development .along  the
 2    Kohala Coast, at least on privately controlled
 3    lands.   If there was  a challenge  in the  zoning
 4    changes of that time,  the  conservation  community
 5    of this island apparently did  not make a response
 6    to it.
 7              Well, as you can see, I'm leading  up
 8    to saying that we would support the project.
 9    With  some resignation  perhaps, the Sierra Club
10    does  support the applicant's proposal, and we're
II    talking about Figure  11-4 for  the single open
12    space Anchialine Pond  Preservation Area.  But
13    we have certain reservations and  comments.
14-              If the 12-acre proposal can be made much
15    larger,  naturally it would be  very supportive of
16    that  move.   But we do  believe  that a minimal
17    expansion should include the adjacent pond cluster
H    in Residential Lot 13,  comprising a series of
19    ponds  approximately 169  to 196.   And a rough
20    estimate  would be that would be an addition of
21    about  two and a half acres — two and a half acres
22    to the  proposed twelve.
23              This pond cluster contains the  deepest
24    example we  know of in  the  preservation area,
25    and adjacent areas—that's Pond 179, which has a
                       POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                           (608) 521-78)5
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
 depth of about 3 or  4  feet.
           The ponds  in this  cluster  appear  to  be
 newer and on generally bare  lava, which  supports
 little or no terrestrial vegetation.   One pond
 is most unuusal, in  that it  is  formed  in and
 adjacent to a collapsed lava bubble.   It's
 Pond 172.  An arch of  stone  spans this pond from
 that old bubble.  It really  would be a pity to
 destroy this natural geological  feature.
           It appears to us that  the residential
 development in Lot 13  can be  made flexible enough
 to accommodate our proposed  addition of  these
 several unusual ponds.
           We have a comment to make on management, .>"••
 and certainly long-term management of these ponds
 is  of  primary consideration and  certainly this
 has been  addressed in the EIS.   But out  recommendation
.is  that  the  landowners explore any possibility of
 a  conservation easement for the  preservation area,
whatever  it  finally ends up as being, and to
 look to a  suitable  arrangement for this conservation
easement with  the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii.
Under  such a  program—and  I don't represent the
Nature Conservancy  here-rownership of the acreage
would be retained by. the present landowner.   The
                    POWERS S ASSOCIATES
                        (BOB) 521-7815

-------
N)
CJ\
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
It
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                 48
             Nature  Conservancy have an excellent track record
             in  Hawaii  of  working  with many—a  large  variety  of
             arrangements  for  preservation  and  Management  of
 land.
           Thank you.
           COLONEL JENKS:  Mr. Peter Young, from •
 the Kona Board of Realtors.
           Is Mr.  Moores here yet?
           MR. YOUNG:  My name is Peter Young.  I
 am the president-elect of the Kona Board of Realtors,
 and I'm here on behalf of the board of directors;
 and I've just given you a written statement of the
 board.   And I'd like to read a copy of it.
           The Kona Board of Realtors strongly
 supports the proposed resort development of
 Mr.  Chris  Hemmeter at Waikoloa,  South Kohala.  We
 believe  that the  proposed development would
 complement the  existing high standards found in
 the  neighboring resorts on the Kohala coast and
will  be  a  positive economic influence to our
community,  both for the immediate  vicinity and the
island as  a whole.
           The coastal  region of  South Kohala has
been  shown  to be  an area  of  quality  conscious
resort developments,  serving a variety  of  visitors
                   POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                        (608) 521-7815
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 a
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                            49
to the area.  The proposed Hyatt is a continuation
of these high standards.  For a land use concern,
the project is a natural extension of the land
use patterns already established for the area.
          The State, as well as local economies,
are dependent on the survival of the visitor
industry.  As stated in the report called, Economic
Development on the Island of Hawaii, Issues and
Options:
          "The Big Island's visitor industry is
now comparable in economic importance to the total
agricultural industry on the island.  Tourism's
considerable growth potential, however, makes it
the most important industry in the foreseeable
future."
          Not only will the proposed project
provide the necessary economic stimulus to our
economy, it will also provide an economic influence
that will assist in the stabilization of the
island's economy.
          We have no doubt as to the capability
of Mr. Hemmeter and his ability to provide a
product that we will all be proud of.  We are not
concerned with the possibility of unfulfilled
promises, as he has a proven track record for
                  POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                      (808) 521-7615

-------
                                                        50
N)

 )
 I   developments  such as  these  in  the State of Hawaii,
 2   as evidenced  by his resort  developments on Oahu
 3   and Maul.  When we review the  quality aspect of
 4   the development, we need only  consider our image
 5   of the Hyatt  resort on Maui--ours will be better.
 6             We  believe  that the  responsible action
 7   of the Army Corps of  Engineers is to approve the
 8   application as soon as possible.  We encourage
 9   you to do so.  At the same  time, we encourage all
10   other reviewing agencies to expedite the permit
II   processing for this important  and necessary
12   development in our community.
I)             Thank you.
14             COLONEL JENKS:  Mr.  Ron Sewell-
15             MR. SEWELL:  Colonel, and ladies and
16   gentlemen, I'm just a concerned citizen that would
17   like to spend a minute talking about the 5 acres
18   of anchialine ponds that are proposed to be
19   deepened and excavated for a swimming area, and a
20   continuation of the lagoon.  And I would like to
21   direct my remarks to that particular portion of
22   the project, because I have had many, many years
23   of earning my living from the  sea.  More than
24   three-quarters of my working years have been
25   occupations which derived my income from the ocean.
                       POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                           (806) 521-7815
                                                               j	~  \
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
2J
24
25
                                                   51
So I'm in a position to be very concerned about
the. environment of the seacoast.  And so I've
always had a concern about that.
          And  to qualify myself a little bit,
I'm a dredge captain, a commercial  fisherman,
commercial diver, and have spent many years—
approximately  22 years here  in the  islands—in the
ocean, on or above or under.   And  I've  heard
comments following this project—I've heard
comments concerning  this  area being a  detriment
to  the marine  environment:   namely, to  fish and  •.,
the red  shrimp.   And I'm  familiar with  the area.
I'm familiar with the red shrimp and the fish that
live  in  that  locality.  And the claims  that have
been  made by  certain people  that this  is going
to  destroy  the environnment of these marine
species  is  not speaking with knowledge.  Because
through  my  experiences in dealing with dredging,
I have found that marine species many times increase
in  volume—and to clarify an earlier statement,
made e.arlier today, that when you  deepen water
you have marine environments that  live in  deeper
water come closer to the shore.  And what  this
has a tendency to do is visually display  that
marine variety.  You will have two, maybe  as  much
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 621-7B15

-------
I
r\>
CO
 10
 it
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    52
 as three times as much marine action come into an
 area because you deepen the area.  You deepen the
 bottom.  You create more food.  You create more
 room for them to move around.
           And so, it's my premonition that in
 deepening this area, that you will enhance the
 marine life in that area.   And it will be better
 for visitors, better for the local people.  I've
 seen.it happen,  and I've watched it personally
 happen myself.
           There  is  really  only one way that this
 area  could be polluted and which would destroy
 the marine  envirnonment,  and that is if we put
 poisons  into  the  water.   If we had poison sewage
 or  if  we  had  a poison  outfall  of some  sort go
 into  that water,  then  it would destroy the.
 marine environment.  But in this situation,  we
 have none of  that.   And with the nearly million
 gallons of  fresh  water per  day flowing from  this
 land mass,  you have  a  situation  there  where  you
 cannot create a stagnant pond.   It's totally
 impossible  in that area.
          And that's one of  the  problems  in  dredging—
if you create a stagnant area, you have  a marine
environment problem.  In that  area, there is no
                   POWERS « ASSOCIATES
                       (BOD) 521-7815
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                            53
way that you  are going  to  create  a  stagnant  area.
          So  I just wanted to  comment  on  this,
because there are people that  feel  like that that
is destroying the animals  that live in that  area.
And it's my premonition that you  will  find a
bigger, better and  more visual action  of  the local
marine species in that  area—crustacean and  fish.
          Thank you.
          COLONEL JENKS:   Bob  Lindsey.
          MR. LlNDSEYs  Thank  you,'Colonel:  '
          I'm Bob Lindsey,  a Waimea resident and
a member of the Hawaii  Legislature.  I represent
District 6 in the State House  of  Representatives.
I guess the significance of that  is  that  Waikoloa
Beach Resorts falls within the geographical
parameters of District  6.
          I am here to  testify in full support of
Waikoloa Beach Resorts  development  efforts for
this area, specifically, the proposed  Hyatt
Waikoloa.
          I will commence  by saying  I  was born and
raised on this island.  And I  intend to spend my
final days here.  I feel very  close  to Waikoloa
and all that  has happened  in this area.   I worked
here in 1970  for Morrison-Knudsen Construction,
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (BOB) 521-7815

-------
I
N)
 10
 II
 12
 13
 H
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    54
 when the infrastructure for Waikoloa Village was
 being put in place.  The crew I worked on installed
 the main water transmission line on A Street,
 that brings water from the Parker 5 well to Waikoloa
 Village.
           I worked here again for a few months in
 1980.   My primary job at that time was operating
 a piece of heavy machinery used to compact the
 fairways and bunkers for the golf course here
 at the  Sheraton Waikoloa.   I mention this simply
 to establish,  I am not just passing through.   My
 roots are here.   I have seen,  first, Boise Cascade
 and now the  Transcontinental Development Company
 convert a wasteland  into an oasis,  and as a  result,
 provide this island  an alternative  to  agriculture.
           I  am  here  to ask  of  you who  represent
 the  U.  S. Army  Corps  of  Engineers,  to  expedite
 the  efforts of  the Hemtneter Investment  Company,
 as well  as Waikoloa Beach Resort, in this massive
 and  exciting venture.
          Granted, there are those amongst us who
 are  apprehensive about the  future and  the impacts
 a project of this magnitude will have on  this
island,  particularly West Hawaii.  You have your
side to  tell.  But where you see darkness, I see
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (606) 521-7615
 I
 2
 3
 4
 S
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
1$
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    55
sunshine.   I  see  the  Hyatt Waikoloa as essential
and necessary.  I  see the Hyatt Waikoloa as a
vessel for  opportunity.   I see the Hyatt Waikoloa
as being a  catalyst  for  moving this island into
the 21st century,  and a  contributor to our tax,
employment  and  economic  bases.
          There is no turning  back.  Hawaii has
moved from  an economy based on agriculture to an
economy based on  service and'information.  We ,are
living in a new age  and  a new  time.  We need to
grow; for if  we do not,  we will as an island die.
If some of  our  anchialine ponds in the vicinity
must fall to  earth movers, if  some of the coast
has to be altered, if some of  the  aina has to be
disturbed—then let  it be so.                     •*.*-•-
          I trust  we  will not  permit this
opportune moment  to  escape us.  Alternatives
have been offered.   Let  us examine these, and let
us implement  them.  Granted, we must remember the
past, but let us  not  let days  gone by deny us access
to the future.
          Thank you  for  this opportunity to
testify.
          COLONEL  JENKSs   Mr.  Al Cho.
          MR. CHO:  Sir,  I'm here  unprepared with
                   POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815

-------
i
w
o
to
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2)
24
25
                                                    56
 n written document.  The only reason I aaked, or
 put in my application to come here and say
 something, la for the people of Hawaii and the
 project that's in process right now.
           I feel right now that there's more
 opportunity to gain for everybody in the community,
 and I  know Mr.  Hemmeter will pull this thing
 together.   And the people here in Hawaii are going
 to get employment} and we all know when there's
 employment,  we're going to take care of our families.
 And it's  not just the construction alone , •'it's- the
 potential  thing that's going on for everybody—
 my  kids, my  grandchildren,  everybody else.   That's
 what we're looking for.
           And  I  feel  everybody I  know,  all  you
 guys—everybody—wants to  see this project  go,
 because number  one, it's  employment,.so everybody
 can  take care of  their families.
           Thank you guys.
           COLONEL  JENKS:  William Akau.
           MR. AKAU:   Ladies  and gentlemen,  my  name
is William Akau.   I reside  in  Kawaihae.  And  tonight
I would like to speak  on this  little  type pools
that we discussed  about.  I would like  to run back
in the years—1950—when the Corps  of Engineers
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815
 t
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                   57
—the State—started  to wake preparation in
construction of the Kawaihae deep  soa harbor.  And
so I live right alongside  a big  fishpond,  right
in Kawaihae, about three acres of  pond.  And  there
were three smaller, little ponds in back of it.
And my grandfather is  the  caretaker, which is
Abraham,Akau.  So he  took  care of  these ponds,
and he would go to the ocean during spawning  time
for the mullet and for the awa.  And he would
bring these little fish and place  them in  the
little pond.  And then he  would  raise these fish
up to about eight inches.  And so, as they get a cer-
tain-, size, they used  to haul the  fish to  this
point here in Alaualo  (phonetic).
          So, the Hawaiians had  a  system,  because
you just can't take,  take, take; you need  to
replace.  And the replacement comes from the  ocean.
Fish comes in and spawn, and they  start running
along the shoreline.   And  so they  get a certain
size, then my grandfather  pull it  in.  So, as they
bring these fishes over to restock the pond,  then
start raising these fish,  and when they get a big
luau and stuff like that,  they would come  and
harvest.  And, you know, they take out so  much,
and put back so much.
                   POWERS ft  ASSOCIATES
                       (603) 521-7815

-------
I
U)
                                                        58
               So,  these other ponds we're talking about
     now—now,  if these ponds were very  significant,
     they would have done something in the old days.
     I'm thinking of the Hawaiians, my race of people.
     So, my race of people live here for a long time,
     so they should understand more of the conditions
     and the land.   So,  as I  see today,  these  little
     ponds meaning  nothing to me,  you see; because my
     people didn't  do anything with them,  because one
 10   thing:  the limu (phonetic)  wouldn't  grow in these
 II   little ponds.   You need  feed,  and if  you  have the
 U   feed, then they would have stocked  these  little
 13   ponds, because limu,  as  I say, can  grow--so, what
 14   do you call the fish  wasn't able to live  in these   '
 15   little ponds.
 16             So,  I  feel,  you know,  we  need to look
 17   ahead, look in the  future,  and sacrifice  like how  we
 IS   sacrifice  that three  acre pond in Kawaihae.   It
 19   means a  lot  to me,  because I was raised right along-
20   side  that  pond,  to  take  care  of  this  pond here,
21   so this  pond is  very  important to us  to preserve.
22   But  those  ponds  along  the  coastline,  to me,  I feel
23   is not that important.
24             We need to  develop,  to create jobs for
25   bur people.
                       POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                           (608) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 »
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
U
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                            59
                                                                                                   So, this is my testimony.  I leave with
                                                                                         you.
          Thank  you  very  much.
          COLONEL JENKS:   Robert Keakealane.
          MR.  KEAKEALANE:   I  am Bob Keakealane,
and I've been  working  on  the  ranch for 51 years,
with the Hinds (phonetic)  Limited,.with the
Dillinghams; so  I retire  in the year 1982.  So I
was born and raised  on the Big  Island; when I  was
a little boy,  I  started work  on the ranch when I
was fourteen year old, which  my dad and my
grandfather, my  greatgrandfather, and we was all
employees.  So they  all pass  away, so I was the
last old hand  on the ranch.  I  just retired in the
year 1982.
          So,  I  am 68  year old, born in the year,
October 24, 1916.  I was  raised in Kona Village.
Been a little  boy, played around all down through
this seacoast, from  Kaahole (phonetic) to Maeula
(phonetic) , Makawaena  (phonetic), Kuupio (phonetic) ,
down to Kona Village,  Kiholo  (phonetic), Kaeweki
(phonetic), Wilawila (phonetic), Kapalaua (phonetic),
Anaeho1omalu,  Konahipua (phonetic), and then
Waikoloa right down  to Waipio Valley with my
grandfather.   I  know in and out of these place lilte
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                       (606) 521-78)5

-------
I
00
KJ
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
21
24
25
                                                    60
 I know my ten fingers.
           I was called this morning from Alika
 Cooper (phonetic),  and I'm the person came and
 •control the area of Haiulua.  A lot of old trail
 over there, a lot of old fish ponds, and all of
 these pond there was mention about.   Eel—that will
 compose the name by Frank Brown's (phonetic) beach
 at Kalaiheapua (phonetic);  one pond down there
 called Waipuhi (phonetic).   Puhi means eel.  Hai
 means water.   So that area  came right up to
 Waikoloa.   That pond called Hanaihoomalu, that
 was  the pond  raised with the mullet.   Hanai means
 mullet. Hoomalu means nobody go to  destroy the
 mullet.  That was only  for  the king,  Kamehameha.
 That was in the olden days.
           I was  taught  by my great-greatgrandpa.
 This  island here is  controlled under  our king,
 Kamehameha-.   And my  dad  and my grandfather,  they
 used  to live  at Kona  Village.   They  used to get
 their  foot  at  Kawaihae.  They  go  on  a  canoe ship.
When  the kona wind come, they  go  to Kawaihae  to
get their food.  When waimeau  (phonetic)  wind come
back,  they  come back, in this  canoe.
          So,  since this project  brought up,  like
it's about Waikoloa—it is very important for
                  POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                      (BOS) 521-7815
                                                                         £• )
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 I
 9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                            61
generations.   I'm a grandpa  for  five  grandchildren,
and I have  four  children,  one with Parker ranch.
So I had one  granddaughter in Kamehameha, juat
•graduate from the academy  so she's in Kamehameha
School now  in Oahu.  I have  two  at Parker School.
So I have two little grandchild  going to school,
one is six  year  old, one is  three. Pretty soon he
be in school.
          So  for this project, again, I  can say,
everybody have to put their  heads together, because
it take four  horse to pull the plow—if  three
horse hold  back, one horse pull  the plow.  I no
think so, going  to work.
          So,  if you put your head together,
work together, you'll be all right.  And I say,
mahalo hui  loa,  and God bless you folks.
          COLONEL JENKS:  Richard Titgen.
          MR.  TITGEN:  My  name is Bichard Titgen,
and I'm representing myself.
          I would like to  speak  for a few minutes
on the ponds,  and then make  a recommendation.
          First  of all, though,  I wanted to define
the ponds.  Fishponds out  here that have the
connection  to the sea aren't anchialine  ponds.
By definition, they're just—you know, the
                   POWERS « ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815

-------
I
CO
CO
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                 62
 anchialine ponds have no surface connection.
 Therefore, as the previous  gentleman said, they
 wouldn't be considered common  property.   Also,
 what we're dealing with here is  not a pond system.
 It's a subterranean system.  It's  due to the very
 porous nature of volcanic islands.   It's also found
 in  corallinine (phonetic) islands.   It's found—
 commonly known all over the Pacific and  the
 Atlantic.   it's  got a  wide distribution.  It's
 mostly on  islands,  though.
           Now,  the animals that we  know  most are
 the  shrimp,   In  Hawaii,  there  are  six main species.
 Four of  them  are widely  distributed all  over the
 Pacific.   It's not  just  something here.   There
 are  two  endemic species, but we don't know that
much about them.  Hawaii—this system is  probably
very extensive.  We know that  they're here,  all the
way down to South ,Point and up at least  to Hilo,
probably further.  We know that they're  on Maui,
Lanai and Oahu.  We don't have  the ponds.   We just
find old ponds that are dried,  but you 'don't have  '
the surface ponds now.  But  in  some of the  wells,
even on North Oahu, you can  get the shrimp  out of
them.  So the fauna is widespread.
          What the ponds are,  really, are  a window
                   POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                       (606) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 S
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
21
24
25
                                                    63
into this  system.   It's a way for us to look in and
see some of  this  cryptic fauna that we don't normally
get to see.  What's been done so far on the ponds
•is basic survey work.   . Mac.iolek and Brock ••  .
did their  survey  in '72, I guess it was, and
they described -what animals they found, and they
told us that the  pools were generally small, the
salinity was low,  and  they showed that—well, the
salinity varied,  because you have fresh water
input, subsurface water, and then you have a tidal
influence.
           He also know a little bit about the
species, as  I said. At the university,, they have
done a little bit of work on one of the shrimp.
But that's basically what we know.   There's a lot  '
we don't know.  We don't know how the system works—
because it's not  an isolated pond system; because
all of it  is essentially connected together, we
don't really know what the effect is going to be,
if we put  some kind of an impact on it.
           There is things that we should try to
learn of the system, not so much just what
animals are  there, but how it works.  Wha't is the
flushing rate of  the pools?  This would depend on
the tides; it would depend on the amount of
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7615

-------
I
CO
                                                        64
 1   fresh water  input, various  things.   These  are
 2   the types  of things we  need to  study,  to look at,
 3   to understand it.
 4   "          If—there's no  doubt  that the
 5   construction of  this size will  have an impact.   So—
 6   but we don't know how much.   It can depend on the
 7   specific system  here.   This  sytem may  be very good
 8   at flushing,  so  you're  not  going to affect the
 9   system.  It  may  not.  We  don't  know.   We don't
10   have the information.
11             There  are several  other things that can
12   be studied.   We  don't know  whether  the animals
13   —well, if you watch a  pond,  there  are a lot of
14   'them:  when the tide goes  out, the pond dries; and
15   when it comes back up,  you'll see the  animals.
|£   But we don't know if these  animals  migrate to
17   different  ponds.  We don't  know if  they stay right
18   there.  We don't know how well  these things are-
19   connected.   It's likely that  this whole pond
20   system here  is in one way or  another connected.
21    But we don't know, you  know--if you study  something
22   like flushing rate, you can  get an  idea.   You can
23   put certain  types of dyes in, and see  it just  .
24   spreads out  through different ponds.   There are
25   several things you can  do.
                      POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                          (606) 581-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 1
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    65
          What I'm here primarily to do is—well,
 how do  I  explain?  What I would like to see done
 is some more  study.  This is an opportunity.
 This area was described by Maciolek and Brock as
 having  the  highest density of ponds in the area.
 That in itself makes it an important ecological
 area.   And  as I said, there is no doubt there will
 be some kind  of an impact.  What I think we can
 do here is  study it.  Get some people in and watch
 how the area  changes.
          This is a way to get information, because
 rght now  we don't have enough information to make
 any kind  of management decisions.  What I would
 recommend  is—well, first of all, I don't know  how
 true this is.   I heard rumors that the Natur e
 Conservancy might be approached to monitor the
 ponds.  Monitoring is a good thing, and you can
 find out  that something is happening.   But you
 want to get an idea of why.   So I would like to
 see some  moneys  put forward to extend this into  a
 more of an  experimental program and try to understand
 the system  a  little bit.
          Then,  when the next hotel comes in,  or
whatever, we  will have more  data to make decisions
 on.  It's not,  then, a matter of saying, "Well,  I
                    POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                        (BOB) 521-7815

-------
I
CO
Ul
 7
 a
 9
10
It
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2}
24
25
                                                    66
 think it's going to affect it,  so we shouldn't do
 it."   Or:   "We don't think it will affect it,  so
 let's build."  We need information.
           And because this has  not started yet,
 if  we can  bring people in  to study it as  the building
 goes  on, we would get some information.
           Thank you.
           COLONEL JENKS:   Donna Mah.
           State your name.
           MS.  ABREU:   My name is  Deborah  Chang
 Abreu.  I'm here as president of  the  Na Ala Hele
 non-profit organization.   Donna Mah  and I  are  so
 nervous about  speaking before groups  that  we've
 been  sitting there  debating with  ourselves whether
 to  take this brave  step.
           I  have submitted a write-up, which I
 would  like to  read  from.
           Just  as an  introduction, the Na  Ala  Hele
 organization basically  seeks to preserve historic
 Hawaiian trails,  and  also  the protection of
 historic area  and natural areas found adjacent to
 trail routes.
           With  regard  to the twelve acres  actually
being preserved, the proposed--it's very
encouraging  that after  initially not mentioning
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (806) 521-7815
                                                                         =  )
  t
  2
  a
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
.21
 24
 25
                                                    63
 any  intention of preserving any of the pools, we
 now  have  a  twelve acre preserve.  And for that,
 I would like  to express my thanks.
          We  have walked the twelve acre area, and
 have endeavored to identify each pond according to
 number.   We can't seen to locate Pond Number 39,
 We also urge  the retention of four additional ponds,
 which  appear  to be located just outside of the
 north  boundary of your proposed twelve acre area.
 And  the reason why—well, these additional four
 ponds  don't have numbers on the site, so I can't
 really accurately identify them now.
          What makes  these four ponds unique among
 the  twelve  acre ponds are their aesthetic beauty—
one  pool  has  an extremely picturesque arch formation.
The  four  ponds tend to be more deep than the ponds
in the preserve.   They also lack vegetation
surrounding them,  and as a result, lack the quote
unquote aging  characteristics that are commonly
found among the majority of the ponds within the
proposed  reserve.
          As  is noted in the Draft BIS, the ponds
found in  the Waikoloa area exhibit great diversity
in pond characteristics,  such as age, size and
salinity.    It  would then be desirable to represent
                   POWERS a ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 621-7815

-------
-e
                                                                  68
  00
 I   that diversity in a preserve.
 2             I believe preservation and, very
 2   importantly, management of anchialine pools would
 4   be advantageous, because it provides aesthetically
 5   appealing open space within the Waikoloa Beach
 6   Resort design.  And it's very difficult to attach
 7   a dollar sign to open space, but I'm sure that
 8   that would be extremely valuable to the visitors
 9   and the residents.
10             There are educational benefits as the
II   ponds-are studied and managed.  There are
U   opportunities for interpretive programs for
13   residents and visitors, which can instruct people
14   in what makes these ponds so unique in our State
IS   and, indeed, the world.
16             It would also help to prevent the loss
17   of these very special habitats, and thereby
18   assisting in the survival of endemic plants and
19   animals, which are found nowhere else in the
20   world except here in Hawaii.
21             I would also like to mention—and this
22   is more pertinent to Hawaii County, rather than
2}   to the Army Corps—that a program aimed at the
24   long-term protection of West Hawaii anchialine
25   resources needs to be included in the Hawaii County
                       POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                           (608) 521-7815
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
General Plan update.  He urge that  this be done
because—for four reasons.
          Number one:  anchialine pools are  special
natural resources of our county  and we have  a
responsibility  to protect  them.
          Number two:  these  pools  are easily
degraded by  surrounding  activities.
          Number  three:   an inventory and
identification  of  pools  worthy of protection would
apprise potential  developers that certain ponds
have been  earmarked for  conservation and
management.
           And lastly:  it cannot be assumed that
 there are sufficient anchialine pools in West
 Hawaii to guarantee the survival of these endemic
 aquatic organisms.  Presently,  there.appear to
 be no sanctions against bulldozing,  filling-in
 or other destructive treatment  of  ponds.  An
 anchialine pond preserve  at  Waikoloa would  be  the
 the  first Natural  Area  Reserve  for anchialine
 pools  on the island  of  Hawaii.
           Other comments  that Na Ala Hele would
 like to make,  outside of  the anchialine pools
 issue, would be  that continuous pedestrian public
 shoreline  access  needs  to be guaranteed and made
                    POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                        (808) 521-7815

-------
I
CO
                                                        70
     explicit within the Haikoloa Beach Resort plan.
     The Mauna Lani Reosrt to the north has successfully
     incorporated the Ala Kahakai trail system along  that
     shoreline, and the trail system should be extended
     through the Waiulua Bay area and north to
 6   Honoka'ape Bay.
 7             As for historic resources,  along the
 8   shoreline north of Waiulua Bay is a concentratio'n
     of Hawaiian lava storage bins.  I call them
10   storage bins because I don't know what else to
II   call them.   I have been told that they were used
12   to store salt, because the area was a kind of salt
13   factory a long time ago.  And we would like to
14   know if those storage bin features are planned
IS   for preservation by the applicants.
16             Also, the section of the Ala Loa,  which
17   is also referred to as the King's Highway and
18   Ala Mamalahoa, in that area that is traversing
19   the proposed development area—we would like to
20   advise  you that it is on the Hawaii Register of
21    Historic Places,  and that any alterations of that
22   trail must first  need to be reviewed  and approved
23   by the  Department of Land and Natural Resources.
24             Additional comments on the  Hyatt Regency
25   proposal:   according to the applicants,  the  Big
                       POWERS a ASSOCIATES
                           (806) 521-7815
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                     71
  Island's  visitor industry has lagged behind that of
  other  islands due to a lack of identity and
  inadequate  promotion.  It should also be noted that
  the  Big  Island lacks the extensive, white sand
  beaches  so  popular with visitors.  For example,
  the  Hyatt Regency will need to alter the natural
  coastline by constructing a man-made beach and
  lagoon in order to attract clientele.  One wonders
  if the natural, windy character of Kohala also
  discourages visitors and contributes to the slower
  growth of the industry.
           Secondly: how essential—I have read
  that you  have a deer tower in your plans, and it
 was my understanding that somehow the importation
 of deer would be involved.   And I would ask how
 essential is the importation of deer to the success
 of the resort?  Haven't deer been found to be
 potentially devastating to Hawaii's environment?
 And how appropriate are deer to the establishment
 of an identity for the Big Island's visitor
 industry?
           The Hyatt Regency proposal is indeed an
 ambitious one.   It is not, however, the only
 development currently being proposed.  Other projects
are being  reviewed which will contribute to our
                     POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                         (806) 521-7815

-------
—fci
                                                                   72
  CO
  00
 I   need  for  jobs.   For  example,  the  Mauna  Lanl  Resort,
 2   Keauhou,  Mauna  Kea Beach  and  Kona Village  Resort
 3   expansions,  and new  developments  proposed  Cor
 4   Kapalaoa,  Kuki'o and Hahukona.  While the  total
 5   number  of  jobs  anticipated  through  resort
 6   developments can appear promising,  it is more
 1   accurate  to  assess how many of  those jobs  will
 8   be  temporary construction jobs, and how many will
 9   be  part-time, casual or on-call,  with little or no
10   employee  benefits.
II             In conclusion,  Na Ala Hele is not
12   anti-jobs  or anti-development.  We  are  in  favor of
13   quality developments that will  not  involve too
H   great a sacrifice of our  natural  environment,
15   historic  resources,  Hawaiian  culture and our island
16   way of  life.
"             I  do  want  to say  that I myself was born
(8   in  Kohala  and raised in Waimea, and I am a product
19   of  this island.
20             Thank you.
21              COLONEL JENKS:  Is  Mr.  Moores here, from
22   the Office of the Mayor,  please?
23             MR. MOORES:  Colonel  Jenks, the  Mayor
24   was unable to be here tonight.  He  had  to  be in
25   Honolulu,  and asked  me if I would read  his
                       POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                           (BM) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 I
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    73
 testimony  into  the  record tonight.
           Dear  Colonel  Jenks:
           As  Mayor  of the County of Hawaii,  I  would
 like  to  submit  my testimony in support of the
 proposed Hyatt  Regency  Waikoloa Resort.
           I believe the developers  of the project
 have  made  a sincere and commendable attempt  to
 conduct  their task  with due respect for the  citizens
 and resources of  this community.  It is my
 understanding that   the matter of anchialine ponds
 has been the  subject of thorough, considerable
 and lengthy discussions between the applicant  and
 the developers, and that this  has resulted in  the
 developer  offering  to establish a 12 acre preserve
 in addition to  the  existing 16 acres of open space
 surrounding other ponds.
           While recognizing the importance of
 the anchialine  ponds, I feel the foregoing measures
 represent  an  adequate preservation  of the affected
 resources.
           Additionally,  while  recognizing the
 importance of the federal permitting process,  we
must  also weigh the  benefits of this project and
 future development  of the resort—namely, jobs,
 economic opportunities,  upward mobility,  activities,
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (606) 521-7B15

-------
CO
                                                        74
     services and recreational facilities and the means
     of supporting ourselves and our families in an
     increasingly competitive and demanding society,
               Briefly, the benefits as outlined in
     the Federal Environmental Impact Statement, include:
               One:   700 new construction jobs
     generated by the Hyatt, and an additional 240.
     construction jobs due to development of other
     projects at the resort.
to             Two:   a total of 3,500 operational jobs
(I   at the resort,  including an estimated 1,900 at
12   the Hyatt,
13             Three:   an increase  in personal income
14   for County  residents estimated to be $84 million
IS   per year for the  resort's future development,
16   including  $46 million for the  Hyatt,
17            And four:   additional real  property  tax
18   revenues of  $3  million  per year,  resulting  from
19   further  development  of  which we estimate the
20   majority will be  derived from  the  Hyatt,
21            Although we should all be  concerned  for
22   our  natural  resources,  we  must  recognize that  our
23   people are the  most  vital  resources of  all.  I
24   believe  this'project—and  others associated  with,
25   or dependent upon  this  development—are  important
                       POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                           (608) 521-7815
                                                                             \
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
\6
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    7S
 to  the  welfare of our community at this critical
 time.
           The use of the property in question is
 extremely  limited, and I feel the development
 proposed  for this area is something which will
 benefit our community in a positive way for many
 years to  come.   On the other hand, the denial
 or  further delay of this project may have very
 serious and negative repercussions.
           In closing, I suggest that the benefits
 of  this project will far exceed any adverse
 effects,  and that the efforts of the developer
 more than  satisfy the concerns of the County
 administration  regarding the Hyatt Waikoloa Resort '"*'
 and construction planned for the future.
           I assure you that the County Administration
 is  totally  supportive of this development, and
 ask that the necessary Federal permits be approved
 as expeditiously as possible.
           Respectfully submitted,
           Dante K.  Carpenter.
           COLONEL JEHKS:   I have a few cards here
that people indicated that  they wished to speak.
G. Wong?
          MS. WONG:   Ladies and gentlemen, my name
                   POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                        (BOB) 521-7815

-------
 9
 to
 II
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                        76
 ia Tweetie Hong.  I'm a realtor, businesswoman from
 Hilo.   And I would like to note that this morning
 and this afternoon, the planning staff recommended
 approval for the development of the Hyatt, and
 sixteen out of sixteen speakers at that meeting
 supported the development.   I find that highly
 unusual, especially for this island.   That
 showed remarkable community support.
           Concerning the studies that have been
 done  about the water 'project, I can only respect
 the studies of Belt Collins and Alika Cooper.
 They  are reputed to be well informed  of their
 areas.   I can only say I respect as well the
 experience of Mr.  Chris Hemmeter.   He knows what
 would sell and how to  sell  it.   And if he is to
 develop  this  project,  it must be on the water,
 not up  the hill.
           Obviously, he's gone  through much time,
 effort  and money  to  choose  this area.   And right
 now,  we're looking  at  whether we need to take
more  time  to  study the project  in  the water area.
We have  seen  the  community  come out today to
 say that they want this  to  happen  as  soon as
possible.   If we take  the time  to  take more studies,
that means  more time that people are  not having
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (BOS) 521-7815
                                                                ~ )
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                   77
their  hopes  come  true,  of economic opportunities
for  their  families.
           I  would like  to speak  in support of  this
project, and I  would like to take a moment just
to present leis to Mr.  Chris Herometer and
Mr.  Bob Diffley.
           COLONEL JENKSs   Jan Auyong, A-u-y-o-n-g,
I believe.
           MS. AUYONGs   I'm not necessarily
representing the  employer that I—I'm with the
U. H.  Sea  Grant Center.   But as  a group  that is
involved with ocean  awareness and education-—
also we do conduct a program wi  >i ocean  recreation
and  tourism--!  commend  Mr.  Hemmeter on the project
that he does have.   And I would  suggest  that we do
go through with the  idea  of the  preserve.   I would
like to see  programs involving the preserve,
managed perhaps by the  Nature Conservancy  or some
organization which has  experience in land
management and preservation.   I would like to
see educational programs  which would inform the
visitors as  well  as  rerldents—I.,  understand there
are public access-ways  nearby—that  would  inform
the community about  these pools.
          Also, educational  programs  would also
                   POWERS  & ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 621-7815

-------
 10
 II
 12
 13
 M
 IS
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                        78
 include the surrounding marine areas of the Hyatt
 Regency and the Waikoloa Resort.
           I would like to ask a question in
 regards to the lagoon that was proposed.  Is this
 also included within the present EIS, or would
 that be in a separate document?  Could I 'ask the
 question whether this lagoon would be subject to
 Title Four and under the jurisdiction of the Corps
 of  Engineers,  or is  that going to be addressed in
 the Final EIS?
           COLONEL JENKS:  We'll take questions
 individually after,  if we have some time.
           MS.  AUYONG:   I did have some other
 questions,  and I'll  address  those later.
           Thank  you.
           COLONEL JENKS:   I  don't have any  more
 cards  indicating  that  anyone  would wish  to  speak.
 Is  there  someone  that  has  not  spoken that would
 like  to speak  or  make  a  presentation?
          If you  would state your name,  and  if you
 represent any  organization, please.
          MR.  CARR:  Thank you, Colonel.
          My name  is Douglas Carr.   And  I'm  really
not representing  any particular agency.
          My remarks are regarding  the developer
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (B03) 521-7815

 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                . .,..'..  \
                                                    79
 and the development.
           What the developer means to the community:
 they basically provide a backbone to any such
 community that is about to start, or already here.
 They offer financial support for the community
 activities,  and also a creation of mass employmentT-
 which is  certainly going to be needed.   The
 construction of needed roadways and recreational
 areas.  The  Anaehoomalu Beach Development—from
 its  situation in the earlier years, very difficult
 to  get  down  and enjoy, to a now very beautiful piece
 of  landscape, done by flowers, plants,  roadways.
 This  was  financed and paid for by the developer.
           The deplorable condition of the ponds
 five  years ago to its very pretty, beautiful
 surroundings, where you can now get into the area--.
 again,  done  and paid for by the developer.
           The mauka/makai roadways—I speak of
Waikoloa mauka to the road down below here.   I speak
of Kona Palisades,another development project—again,
financed by.  the developer.
           Water supplies added to the County system
and used during  times  of emergencies and droughts--
again, developer-financed.
           Donating  developed  and undeveloped land
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (BOB) 521-7815

-------
10
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2)
24
25
                                                    80
 for recreational use.  Parks, police and fire-
 property.   Landscaping in general.
           The donation of corporate money to
 unlimited  civic groups.  I have ideas of Boy Scouts,
 Girl Scouts,  your service clubs, unlimited golf
 sponsorship programs that go on through corporate
 money hand-overs,  which promote community
 activities.   One such one is the Waikoloa Canoe
 Club—again,  corporate money getting in and helping
 community  and supporting community, the backbone
 of  and financing,  canoe and equipment purchasing,
 the legal  and required paperwork needed to get
 something  like  that  going,  the land and building
 made available,  and  the much-needed clerical work,
 and many others.
           Sugar  and  its future—job losses,  the
 number  one problem on  the Honokaa  (phonetic)  coast.
 It's  a  known  fact that  sugar  is  on the  way  out.
Why?  Hell, there's many reasons why.   The  federal
aid money—I believe it's sometimes called  AA
money—is just about if not totally over.   Import
sugar is controlled mainly by  the  big companies,
such as your soft drink companies,  your  candy
companies.  Billion dollar companies  really need  a—
I hate to use  the word, but a  cheap  source of sweet
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815
 8
 9
10
11
12
U
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
a
24
25
products.  The lobbying is done, very extensive,
on a legislative and congressional area, in the
mainland.
          Hhat does that mean?  The Hawaii sugar—
Hawaii's sugar is basically too costly for the
world market.  Tha result—the big companies in
Hawaii are presently operating at a loss.
          We're back ,to basic one:  the loss of
sugar cane jobs and now, where do we go?  Our job
employment market becomes in great danger, and
unemployment will soar; the economy will drop off.
And you tell me what else is going to happen?
Human existence is needed, and how is that
accomplished?
          Through development of new ideas, places
and industry.  Development and the developer, and
the benefits to all of us:  the developer wants
his project up.  And for that, he must conform to
the rules of the land, directed by the State and
and the County building codes.
          They usually, in almost all cases, make
every effort to do a nice, beautiful job.  With
such a development as Transcontinental, you would
have the so-called home-grown personnel, wanting
to do the project with good taste to the community.
                   POWEflSl. ASSOCIATES
                       (BOS) 521-7615

-------
CO
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 IS
 16
 17
 IB
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                    82
 Spend the required moneys to do the project with
 pride.
           The  spin-offs  to the community are
 employment,  sometimes  often overlooked;  opportunities
 for our growing-up youth to adults, often times
 forces  them  away  from  Hawaii because of  the lack
 of  job  opportunities.
           In conclusion,  1 feel that the job market
 is  often overlooked in the name of  conservation;
 and I feel that anti-development--and the feeling
 of  anti-development at the present  time.   I feel
 that if  you  have  a  developer such as mentioned
 above, Transcontinental  Development Corporation,
 and one  who  is trying to  do everything in their
 power to develop  a  world-great  hotel,  one that
 will undoubtedly  be  in the  top  ten  as  great hotels,
 that all  of  us should try  to offer  support for
 that project in every way  you can.
          Should we  come across  environmental
problems, letjs stop, let's  discuss  the problems
and find  a workable  solution  and go  on with  the
project.
          The final outcome:  a  future for  all of
our growing people in Hawaii; jobs and an
environment that we will  all be proud of.
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                       (608) 521-7815
 I
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 »
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                           83
           I further believe that in my fifteen
years  as- a professional diving and teaching scuba
on  this  coast,  I have yet to see where a
development—such as the Mauna Kea, the Sheraton
and the  Mauna Lani Bea Hotel—have created problems
with the ocean  floor.  In fact, they spend millions
annually just treating the waste water and turn
it  around and re-use it for the golf course
irrigation, really an environmental conservation
effort on their part.
           What  I have seen along the coastline is  r
the  netting of  all types of small fish through the
use  of nets,  legal or otherwise, and the harvesting
of  any and all  of these fish with little or no
regard to the grow-back or reproduction areas in
these reefs.  This is where control should be spent,
and  I also understand that control is now underway.
           And I thank you.
           COLONEL JENKS:  Is there anyone else that
wishes to speak?
           MS. FLORES:  My name is Elaine Flores,
and  I'm  president of the Waimea Hawaiian Civic
Club.
           I'd just like to say something.  For one
thing, I  never  heard in my thirty years, about
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                        (608) 521-7815

-------
 10
 II
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
20
21
22
23
24
25
 anchialine ponds down here.  And all of a sudden
 we've got all kinds of experts.  Where did they
 come from?  I'm surprised.  When Sheraton built
 this place, they weren't concerned about the
 anchialine ponds.  Now Hyatt Regency wants to come
 in, and everybody is getting excited about the
 eels.   And I never heard one Hawaiian say that
 they knew the eels were there.   How long the
 Hawalians live here?  They had  no connection to
 the eels.
           Anaeho'omalu was known for the mullet
 ponds.   Frances Brown (phonetic)  has a awa pond.
 And every  section had a special attraction.
 Makuawena  (phonetic)  has the red shrimp.   Kukio
 (phonetic)  had something special.   But I  never heard
 of  the  eels;  and  now I  hear there  is so many  ponds
 from the other side  of  the island  all the way up
 to  Kohala.   So why are  you worried about  fourteen
 ponds or fifteen  ponds,  compared  to five  hundred?
 They're going  to  have a  conservation area  that
 they're going  to  preserve.   And people  are now
 asking, what are  they?   This will  be an extra
 attraction to  the area.  We  never  before  had
access to these areas, even where  I'm standing
today—it was  all private property.
                   POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                       (808) 521-7815
 1
 2
 3
 4
 3
 6
 7
 I
 9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                   85
           And I wondered, what did the ponds look
 like?   And look what happened.  Sheraton camo in.
 We  can  come to the seashore.   We can look at the
 ponds at  the Makahao (phonetic), how the Hawaiiana
 engineered this system.  The  haoles cannot
 duplicate.   Really.
           And so now, we have Hyatt Regency who
 going to  build a beautiful complex, going help us—
 they're going to bring doctors here.  And we'll
 have all  this employment.  And let them know, that
 whole beach is going to be open.  People can come;
 they'll have 'access  to the beaches.  So what are
 we worried about?
           Thank you.
           COLONEL JENKS:  Anyone else?
           Well, I want to thank  you all for your
 attendance  here this evening,  and your courtesy
 to the  developer and his representatives, to the
Corps,  and  to those  who spoke  this evening.
           Before I ask Mr.  Hemmeter and his  party
 if they have  any closing comments, I want to say
a couple  of things about what's  going to happen from
here.
           I'm going  to hold the  comment period open
on this public hearing for  ten days, until the
                   POWERS & ASSOCIATES
                        (606) 521-7815

-------
C/1
                                                        66
 1   19th  of  April.   So if you have  any  other  comments
 2   that  you wish  to make, you may  write  to me, .
 3   Colonel  Michael  Jenks,District  Engineer,  Corps
 4   of  Engineers,  Pacific Ocean Division,  Fort Shatter,
 5   Hawaii,  zip  code 96858.
 6            we also have the Draft EIS,  environmental
 7   impact statement, out for public comment.  I  know
 8   it  has not been  out very. long.  I apologize to you
 9   that  it  was  just recently received.   I understand that
10   there was some delay at  the post office in getting
II   it) but  we will  accept comments on  the Draft  EIS
12   until the 20th of May.   After that, we will take
13   a look at the  comments that we  received on the EIS;
14   and as you may know, this hearing is  being recorded
IS   and we will study the transcript of the hearing and
I*   the comments made.
'7            And we will address those issues.   Then,
18   we will  incorporate all  of that into  a Final
I'   Environmental Impact Statement.  And  that will
20   be the principal document that  I'll use to make a
21    decision.
22            i would expect the Final EIS to be
23    probably published during the month of June.  That
24    depends  on how much difficulty we have in addressing
25   the remaining issues.  That document will be
                      POWERS A ASSOCIATES
                          (BOB) 521-7815
 I
 a
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
II
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
                                                                                                                                            87
 distributed for thirty days for comment, and then
 I  will  anticipate making a decision probably in
 August.
           One comment I will clarify is that there
 was  a concern made about the ownership of the ponds,
 and  their  location relative to the shoreline, et
 cetera.  it may be or may not be a State issue or
 County  issue, but it's not a federal issue.  There
 is no question that the federal government has
 jurisdiction over the ponds, regardless of where
 the  ponds  are located relative 1.0 the ownership of
 land.
           So we're involved, and we'll make our
 decision based on our jurisdiction over-the ponds.
           Mr.  Hemmeter, do you have any comment
 that you would wish to make or any issues—or to
 address anything  that we had come up here this
 evening?
           We  want to thank our recorder,  Carmen
 Burditte.   Also,  Miss Elsie Smith from the Corps
 of Engineers  who  has been circulating among you
 in collection  of  the blue cards.
           If  you  have not filled  out a card,  if
you would,  or  at  least leave your name and
 address, so  that  we can inform you of the next
                    POWERS ft ASSOCIATES
                        (608) 521-7815

-------

1

3

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25


88
public document that will be available, which will

be the Final EIS.

That concludes the public hearing this
evening, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you very much.
(Whereupon, the proceedings were
concluded at 9:10 p.m.)



















POWERS & ASSOCIATES
(608) 521-7815

1
\
2

3

4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
') 14
15
16
17
18
19.
20
21
22
23
24
25
I


CERTIFICATE




I, Carmen A. Burditte . hereby certifv that the
_
foregoing is a full, true and correct statement of the
proceedings had and the testit-jony given by the witnesses at
the hearing held April 9, 1985 . as taken down bv ne
in stenotype and thereafter transcribed into -typewriting
under my supervision.

/?
(¥j(M4K/*j 6t, lu/J/fjfaJZ&L'
rtsz /03
-------
       HAWAII LAND  MANAGEMENT
                       A REAL ESTATE CORPORATION
     March 7, 1985
      Michael T. Lee
      U.S. Army Corp of Engineers
      Room 205, Building 230
      Fort Shatter, Hawaii 96858-5440
      RE:
               WAIKOLOA HYATT RESORT PERMIT APPLICATION
      Dear Mr. Lee:

      Thank you for your notice with respect to the public
      hearing scheduled for April 9, 1985 and announcing that
      the draft EIS will be available shortly before that
      date.

      I would appreciate receiving a copy of the draft EIS as
      soon as it has been published, along with any other
      information that you may have with respect to the permit
      application.

      I notice that the April 9th hearing date is actually a
      rescheduling of the meeting which had previously been set
      for March 14, 1985.  I hope that this will not result in
      further delays of the proposed' Hyatt resort development
      at Haiulua Bay.  I hope that you will exercise all possible
      means to expedite this permit application so that the
      Hyatt resort project can proceed as quickly as possible.

      Thank you for your courtesy.

      Sincerely,
     John Michael White, President

     JHWijok
Posl Ollice Box 10 • Honolulu Hawaii 96610
                              825 Queen Street
                                                    (BOB) 524-6000 Tele« 743-W82

-------
                                                                                              LOCAL UNION NO. 126
                                                                      rintci1iati  I'
                                                                                           -AFFILIATED WITH THE AFU-CIO-
                                                                              SUIIE3M. 101 MAKCA S1MEI • HOMQWUI HI 46813 • ICUPHOHE 656 6Ci3
                                                                                                       April 3, 1985
*•
00
The Honorable Stephen Yamashlro
Hawaii County Council
Hllo, Hawaii  96720

Dear Councilman  Yamashlro:

                 Subject:  Hyatt Regency Project

     The officers and members of the International Union of
Elevator Constructors, Local 126 are In favor of the proposed
Hyatt-Regency project and strongly urge your support of the
project.

     The approval of the Hyatt Regency project .will create
much-needed jobs for those In the construction Industry and
other areas of employment.

     Thank you for your consideration of the project.

                                     /Sincerely yours,/.
                                                                                                        Lawrence S. Sakamoto
                                                                                                        Business Representative
                                                                                                        1UEC, Local 126
                                                                  LSS:Jh

-------
                  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                    REGION IX
                                215Fieinont Street
                              San Fiancisco. Ca. 94105
Colonel Michael H. Jenks                      April 8, 1985
District Engineer
Honolulu District
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Building 230
Ft. Shatter, Hawaii   96858

Re:  Public Notice No. PODCO-0 1612-SD
     Transcontinental Development Company
      - Waikoloa Hyatt Resort Development

Dear Colonel Jenks:

     This letter provides preliminary comments in response to
the referenced public notice announcing the public hearing for
the project referenced above.  Please include them in the
hearing record.  Our comments focus primarily on the need for
the proposed project to comply with the 404(b)(l) guidelines
(referred to as "the Guidelines').  He will provide additional
404 comments, as well as an evaluation of the overall environ-
mental impacts of the project following our review of the Draft
Environmental Impact Statement.

     The applicant proposes to construct a 1,250-room resort
hotel and associated amenities, including a 4-acre salt water
lagoon, ice skating rink, bowling alley, health spa and sports
medicine complex, tennis stadium, and freshwater swimming pool.
The construction of the project would result in the destruction
of a large number of anchialine ponds located on the project
site.

     Anchialine ponds are unique natural resources.  In Hawaii,
they are found only on the west coast of the island of Hawaii,
and in the Cape Kinau area of Maul.  They support a community
of organisms, some of which are found only in anchialine ponds.
The ponds located on the project site have been described as
ponds of *... exceptional natural value based on physical struc-
ture, diversity, representative aquatic communities and new and
endemic species."  They are part of a system of ponds that rep-
resent, "The largest single concentration ot anchialine ponds
on the Kona coast and in the state* (Maciolek and Brock, 1974).

     He have determined that many of the anchialine ponds are
•special aquatic sites" under the Guidelines (40 CFR 230.3(q-l».
In recognition of the special and Important values of special
aquatic sites and the need to protect these areas from degra-
dation or destruction, the regulations establish a "water
                                                                                                                  -2-
dependency* test for discharges into special aquatic sites,  if
the activity associated with the discharge of dredged or fill
material into a special aquatic site is not "water dependent*
(i.e. require access or proximity to or siting within the spe-
cial aquatic site in order to fulfill its basic purpose), prac-
ticable alternatives are presumed to be available unless clearly
demonstrated.otherwise.  The degradation or destruction of
special aquatic sites is considered to be one of the most
severe environmental impacts covered by the these Guidelines.

     The proposed project, a hotel resort, is not water dependent
as defined above.  As such, one of the first steps in determining
compliance with the Guidelines is the evaluation of the appli-
cant's demonstration that there are no practicable alternatives
to the proposed discharge into special aquatic sites.

     In addition to the demonstration described above, the Guide-
lines also require that no discharge be permitted 1C a practica-
ble alternative exists which would have less adverse impact on
the aquatic ecosystem.  Compliance with this requirement is de-
termined by a thorough evaluation of such alternatives.  These
alternatives include consideration of revised configurations
and/or a reduction in scope of the project in order to minimize
adverse effects.  The Guidelines further require that no discharge
be permitted which will cause or contribute to significant degra-
dation of the waters of the United States resulting in unaccept-
able adverse impacts.

     Based on our site visit and a review of the literature on
anchialine ponds, it is clear that the destruction of these
ponds could result in significant adverse effects on the aquatic
ecosystem.  In addition to the direct losses resulting from the
filling activities, we are also concerned with the secondary
impacts of the proposed project on the remaining ponds, i.e. the
effects oft  excavation and fill on the subsurface flows, the
increased human intrusion into the area, and the flow Into the
ponds of runoff potentially laden with fertilizer, oil and
grease, petroleum hydrocarbons and other pollutants.

     The proposed project will be evaluated for compliance with
the above criteria.  Substantial consideration will be given
to the uniqueness of this resource.  Please feel free to direct
questions on this matter to Ms. Lily Hong of my staff at (415)
974-7194 / PTS 454-7194.
                       Charles H. Hurray, Jr.
                       Assistant Regional Administt
                         for Policy and Management
(tor
                                                                                   cct   applicant
                                                                                         USFHS  -  Honolulu
                                                                                         NMPS - Honolulu

-------
I
Ol
o
                                                             DAWE X. CARPENTER
                                                                      MAYOR
April B, 1985

Colonel Michael Jenka
District Engineer
Army Corps of Engineers
Fort Shafter, HI  96858
Dear Colonel Jenkst
     As Mayor of the County of Hawaii, I would like to submit
my testimony in support of the proposed Hyatt Regency Haikoloa
Resort.
     I believe the developers of the project have made a
sincere and commendable attempt to conduct their task with due
respect for the citizens and resources of this community.  It
is my understanding that the matter of anchialine ponds has
been the subject of thorough, considerable and lengthy
discussions between the applicant and the developers, and that
this has resulted in the developer offering to establish a
12 acre preserve in addition to the existing 16 acres of open
space surrounding other ponds.
     While recognizing the importance of the anchialine ponds,
I feel the foregoing measures represent an adequate
preservation of the affected resources.
                                                                                          Colonel  Jenko
                                                                                          Page 2
                                                                                          April 8,  1985
     Additionally, while recognizing the importance of the
federal permitting process, we Bust also weigh the benefits of
this project, and future developnent of the resort—namely,
jobs, economic opportunities, upward mobility, activities,
services, recreational facilities and the means of supporting
ourselves and our families in an increasingly competitive and
demanding society.
     Briefly, the benefits as outlined in the Federal
Environmental Impact Statement, include:
     1.  700 new construction jobs generated by the Hyatt and
         an additional 240 construction jobs due to development
         of other projects at the resort;
     2.  A total of 3,500 operational jobs at the resort
         including an estimated 1,900 at the Hyatt)
     3.  An increase in personal income for County residents
         estimated to be $84 nillion per year for the resort's
         future development including (46 million for the
         Hyatti and
     4.  Additional real property tax revenues of $3 million
         per year resulting from further development of which
         we estimate the majority will be derived from the
         Hyatt.
                      COUNTY OF. HAWAII • HILO. HAWAII 96720

-------
                                                Colonel Jenks
                                                Page 3
                                                April 8, 1985
I
Ul
     Although we should all  be concerned for our natural
resources, we oust recognize that our people are the most vital
resources of all.  I believe this project—and others
associated with or dependent upon this development—are
important to the welfare of  our community at this critical
time.  The use of the property in question is extremely limited
and I feel the development proposed for this area is something
which will benefit our community in a positive way for many
years to cone.  On the other hand,  the denial or further delay
of this project may have very serious and negative
repercussions.
     In closing, I suggest that the benefits of this project
will far exceed any adverse  affects and that the efforts of the
developer more than satisfy  the concerns of the County
Administration regarding the Hyatt  Waikoloa Resort and
construction planned for the future.   I assure you that the
County Administration is totally supportive of this development
and ask that the necessary Federal  permits be approved as
expeditiously as possible.
  speclfully submitted.

-------
«**»,
     MH1KNN 1 \\IWKW1
     I
    Oi
    N)
                                                                                         COUNTY COUNCIL
                                  COUNTY axiNc.il.
                                      Cmin r|
                                      25 Akfmi Vlrn
                                     IM>. Itimni
          April 8,  1985
          District  Engineer
          U. S.  Army  Corps of  Engineers
          Building  230
          Ft. Shafter,  HI  96858
Thank you for the  opportunity  to respond to the  proposal  by
Transcontinental Development Company and Atpac Land Company.   The
applicants are requesting authorization to excavate a  five-acre
lagoon;  construct  and maintain structures and a  beach  in  the
lagoon;  create and maintain a  12-acre anchlaline pond  preservation
area; an'd fill the remaining anchialine ponds on the Waikoloa
Beach Resort properties.   These proposals are necessary to
construct a 1,250-room luxury  resort complex consisting of three
towers and recreational facilities.

The excavation of  a five-acre  recreational lagoon.adjacent to
Waiulua  Bay is necessary  to provide easy access  into the  water due
to hazardous conditions of the existing shoreline.   The lagoon
will encompass an  artificial beach which further promotes a  safe
water recreation area.

The creation and maintenance of a 12-acre pond preservation  area
will perpetuate the aquatic ecosystem located on the Waikoloa
Beach Resort properties.   The  remaining anchialine ponds  located
outside  the designated preservation area which consists of 41X of
the ponds would be filled to allow for the construction of the
Hyatt Regency Waikoloa Hotel facilities.

The development of luxury properties along the South Kohala
coastline has changed the complexion of the area into  a major
resort destination.  Planned resort developments will  result  in
substantial increases in  employment opportunities and  economic
activities for the communities of West Hawaii.  The proposed
resort would further expand the County's economic base by
providing recreational opportunities and stimulating housing
development and general business activities.
                                                                                            IbU, llnui 967W
                                                                                    District Engineer
                                                                                    Page 2
                                                                                    April 8, 1985
This proposed project has been designed as a world-class resort to
entice visitors to the South Kohala area.  The lagoon and
recreational amenities were uniquely designed into this project to
attract selected visitors.  Further, the Waikoloa Hyatt Regency
would complement the Sheraton Waikoloa Hotel by attracting
additional visitors to the area.

Alternatives I, II, and 111 as proposed in the Environmental.
Impact Statement prepared by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
would Impede the development of the recreational facilities which
may severely compromise the attraction of this world-class resort.

Past experiences with Sheraton Waikoloa Resort, Hauna Lanl Resort,
and Hauna Kea Properties have shown that projects can be planned
to protect the environment and preserve archeological and
historical sites.  The caliber of  this commii -nt will also give
the Waikoloa properties the recognition which may promulgate
further developments.  Any alteration to the project plans of
Transcontinental Development Company and Atpac Land Company would
incur unnecessary delays and additional expenses.

We believe that the project is in  consonance with the type of
development the Council has envisioned for the area and that every
effort should be made to avoid the imposition of unnecessary
obstacles.  We, the legislative branch of government, have
constantly strived to create a climate conducive to encourage
development and economic activity  and have continually sought to
minimize delays and streamline the permit processes.

In closing, in behalf of myself and members of the County Council,
I recommend that the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers approve the
applicants' DA (Department of the  Army) permit to allow the
developers to proceed with their resort project as planned.

-------
                  Hawaii Island
                      Chamber of Commerce
                       tstotwieain 1
                                  • 160K,riooleSl S>»le2(U • llilu
                                                           '20 • Plmne(60e Q3S "
                                                            April  8. 1985
                                                                                                      U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
                                                                                                                                                   April  8.
                                                                                                                                                   Page 2.
                            1985
I
l/i
CO
U. S.  Army Corps of Engineers
Public Hearing
Sheraton Royal Walkoloa Hotel
Tour Lobby
South Kohala, Hawaii Island

         Subject:  Request of Transcontinental Development Co. and
                  Atpac Co. to Exca'vate and Fill Anchlallne Ponds
                  at Proposed $360 million Hyatt Regency Ualkoloa
                  Resort.

Gentlemen:

     On April 9, 1985 the Hawaii Island  Chamber of Commerce at a public
hearing at the Sheraton Ualkoloa Hotel before the County of Hawaii
Planning Commission, went on record supporting the applications by
Transcontinental Development Co. and Atpac Co. for a Special Management
Area Use Permit to allow the development of their proposed luxury class
1260-room Hyatt Regency Ualkoloa on the  Kohala Coast of Hawaii Island.
That testlmoney Is made a part of this and Is attached hereto.

     The Hawaii Island Chamber of Commerce supports the developer's
request to the Corps of Engineers to excavate a five acre recreational
lagoon on the site of the 60 acre beach  front complex and to fill the
anchlallne ponds that are presently located on the development sites.

     The Chamber also supports the applicant's modification to Include
the establishment of a 12 acre anchlallne pond preservation area to  In-
sure the continued existence of this unique aquatic  ecosystem on the
Halkoloa Beach  resort property.

     The former request Is necessary In  order to raise the ground eleva-
tion of the coastal area above the base  flood elevation and by so doing
to provide flexibility In designing and  constructing this multlmllllon
dollar complex.
                                                                                                           Creation of a 5-acre lagoon and artificial beach by the developers
                                                                                                      will provide a safe water recreation area for visitors unfamiliar with
                                                                                                      some of the hazards of coastline swimming.

                                                                                                           I  thank you for this opportunity to submit our testimony and urge
                                                                                                      your favorable consideration.

                                                                                                                                         Respectfully yours,
                                                                                                      RSB:bnm

                                                                                                      encl.
Sharon  K. Scheele, President
Hawaii  Island Chamber of Commerce
                         .AM,holed win ihe CI*xnS» ol Comnieice ol n« u»teci Shiies

-------
                                          auait
                                   KAMUELA. HAWAII  96743

                                             April 8, 1985
01
-p-
      Colonel Michael H. Jenks
      Honolulu District Engineer
      U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
      Fort Shafter, Building 230
      Honolulu, Hawaii 96858-5440

      Dear Colonel Jenks:
         Re:
              Transcontinental Development Co.  and Atpac  Land Co.  Proposal/Permit to
                Excavate Lagoon and Fill Tidal  Ponds  at Haikoloa Beach  Resort	
Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this very important matter that has
captured the interest of all informed residents on the island.

As one who was born and  raised In the Kohala Districts. I have watched our
communities change In both  size and character.  I have seen the decline of
sugar since the 1950's,  the beginnings of a Kohala Coast resort destination
area with Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, and the shakey beginnings of Haikoloa Village
and Haikoloa Beach Resort.  I have witnessed those years when the District's
greatest export was its  own children, who from a young age assumed they had to
leave the District to get a nonplantation job.  After Laurance Rockefeller's
pioneer project here on  the Kohala Coast, It took a full decade and a half be-
fore a second hotel was  built, and another two years thereafter.for a third.

The Sheraton Haikoloa and Hauna Lani Bay Hotels have provided this Island's
children job opportunities  and the choice to continue living In the communities
they love best, but only after a long lag period.  This long lag has had mixed
blessings.  On the positive side, It has given the Big Island an opportunity to
learn from the mistakes  of  others.  Resorts like Hauna Lani have maintained
open communication with  special Interest groups to ensure that community con-
cerns are Incorporated in the project in the best possible way.  It has proven
that public access, lateral'shoreline access over the Ala Kahakal, historic
preservation, and open space can work well in a master development plan.  Other
points that make the coastal resorts palatable from a social stand point are
these:

          o  resort facilities are not mixed with the existing communities;
             employees can  go home at night away from the visitor plant

          o  the secondary  jobs provided by the hotel developments give our
             children additional job options beyond the hotels, and this
             Includes construction jobs and other employment generated by
             Investor Interest
                                                                                                         Colonel Michael  H.  Jenks
                                                                                                         Honolulu District Engineer
                                                                                                         U.S. ARMY CORPS  OF  ENGINEERS
                                                                                                         April B, 1985
                                                                                                         P»ge Two
          o  these resorts are being developed  on  aqrlcuKurtlly poor lands
             and from an overall  planning standpoint,  the lands seem to be
             designated for their highest and best use

If there is one thing I have learned In my long life,  it is that life is a
series of compromises.  I ant the  greatest advocate for the preservation of
things of cultural , historic, and aesthetic significance. But I also believe that our
Island's children deserve employment choices within a  diverse economy, and this
diverse economy at this point In  time can only  be  driven by quality resort de-
velopment on the Kohala Coast.

The Hyatt Regency Haikoloa Is an  Important factor  In the overall success of the
Kohala Coast as the premier visitor destination for the State.  Hlthout this
project. It Is possible that Investor Interest  1n  the  Big Island will rapidly
decline and the Kohala Coast will again suffer  from a  long lag period and eco-
nomic stagnation.  He urge a speedy compromise  of  Issues to allow the Hyatt to
proceed.  However, we also urge the developers  of  Haikoloa Beach Resort to do
the following:

          o  develop a better attitude toward preservation of historic and
             cultural assets at Haikoloa

          o  provider safe and well delineated linkage of the Ala Kahakal
             so that local fishermen and walkers can pass without obstruc-
             tion

          o  take an active part In the prforltlzatlon of the most aesthe-
             tic and valuable anchlaline ponds  along the Kona-Kohala Coast

          o  work closely with local special Interest  community  groups to
             ensure a product with which we can all live.

He also urge the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to do some long  range planning
rather than "crisis management" dictated by individual project requests.  This
long range planning should Include an Inventory and priorltlzatlon of wetlands
and ponds along the Coast.  Developers should he made  aware at the outset,
what the risks of development are, especially If there are anchlaline ponds on
the property deemed very Important and are not to be disturbed.  Host people
will find It impossible to speak Intelligently on the  biological importance of
the Haikoloa anchlaline ponds In question, especially compared to the many
others along the Coast.  Let us do that which is reasonable.  Let's not merely
react to this limited issue.  Let's be smart and begin to look at the big pic-
ture .
                                        Sincerely,
                                        HAJMEA HAWAIIAN CIVIC  CLUB
                                                                                                                                                 Sam Hook
                                                                                                                                                 Historic Preservation Officer
                                                                                                         SH:lms

-------
                                            NflflbflHELE
                                            r.O BOX 1572
                                            KCflLBKCKUft.HllHSO
                                            April 8. 1985
I
cn
O1
 Toi  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 Fromi  Ha Ala Hele
 Bei  Testimony for the April 9,  1985 Public Hearing  - Comments on the Draft
      Environmental Inpact Statement,  Walkoloa Beach  Resort Anchlallne Ponds

 I.  foe Twelve Acre Anchlallne Preserve

      It is encouraging that the  applicants have proposed a 12 acre preserve after
 initially seeking perolsaion to  eliminate all pond resources in the area to be
 developed.  Me have walked the 12 acres, Identified  many ponds by their identifi-
 cation numbers, but could not locate  pond #39.  We urge the retention of four
 additional ponds which appear to be located Just outside of the proposed preserve's
 north boundary.  These pools lacked numbers and thus cannot be precisely identified
 In this write-up.  What Bakes then unique among the  other pools in the 12 acre
 area arei
 a.  their aesthetic beauty (one  pool  has an extremely picturesque arch formation),
 b.  their greater depth,
 c.  the lack of vegetation surrounding them, and
 A.  the lack of "aging" characteristics (p. 111-19)  commonly found among the
     majority of ponds in the proposed preserve.
      As Is noted in the Draft ESS  (p. 111-24) the ponds found in the tfaikoloa
 area exhibit great diversity in  pond  characteristics such as age, size and
 salinity.  It would be desirable  to  represent that diversity'in a preserve.

 11•   Preservation and Management of Anchlaline Pools Can Achievei
     1.
     2.
    3.
     Aesthetically appealing open space  within the Walkoloa Beach Resort design
     Educational benefits as the ponds are studied and managed - Interpretive
     programs for residents and visitors can instruct people in what makes these
     ponds so unique in the state and the world.
     Prevention of the loss of these specialized habitats, thereby assisting in
     the survival of endemic plants and animals

III.   long-Range Planning for Vest Hawaii's Anchlaline Pool Resources

     A progran aimed at the long term protection of West Hawaii's anchlaline
resources should be propqsed In the Hawaii County General Plan update.  We urge
that this be done becausei

1.  Anchlallne pools are special natural resources of our county and we have a
    responsibility to protect then.
2.  These pools are easily degraded by surrounding activities.
3.  An inventory and identification of pools worthy of protection would apprise
    potential developers that certain ponds have been earmarked for conservation
    and nanageaent.
*».  It cannot be assuned that there are sufficient anchlaline pools in West Hawaii
to guarantee the survival of endemic aquatic organisms. '  Presently  there appear
to be no sanctions against bulldozing, filllng-in or other destructive treatment
of ponds.  An anchlaline pond preserve at Walkoloa would  be the first Natural
Area Reserve for anchlaline pools on the island of Hawaii (see p.  111-22).

IV.  Public Access and the Ala Kanaka! Trail Systea

     Continuous, pedestrian, public shoreline access needs to be guaranteed and
made explicit In the Walkoloa Beach Resort plan.  The Hauna Tflnl Resort to the
north has successfully incorporated the Ala Kahakal along that shoreline, and
the trail system should be extended through the Walulua Bay area and north to
Honoka'ape Bay.

V.  Historic Resources

     Along the shoreline north of Walulua Bay Is a concentration of Hawaiian lava
"storage bins" which appear worthy of preservation.  We would like to  know if
those features are planned for preservation by the applicants.
     The section of the Ala Loa (a.k.a. King's Highway and Ala Hasalahoa) traversing
the proposed development area Is on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places and
any alterations Bust first be reviewed and approved by the Department  of  Land and
Natural Resources. '                                                    '   '    i-

VI.  Additional Comments RBI The Hyatt Regency Proposal

1.  According to the applicants the Big Island's visitor Industry has lagged
    behind that of other islands due to a lack of Identity and Inadequate
    promotion (p. 11-1?).  It should also be noted that the Big Island lacks
    the extensive, white sand beaches so popular with visitors.  For example  ...
    the Hyatt Regency will need to alter the natural coastline by .constructing
    a nan-made beach and lagoon In order to attract clientele.  One wonders If
    the natural, windy character of Kohala also discourages visitors and
    contributes to the slower growth of the Industry.
2.  How essential is the importation of deer to the success of this resort?
    Haven't deer been found to be potentially devastating to Hawaii's environment?
    How appropriate are deer'to the establishment of an identity for the Big Island's
    visitor Industry?
3.  The Hyatt Regency proposal is Indeed an ambitious one.  It is not the only
    development currently being proposed.  Other'projects are being reviewed
    which can contribute to our need for jobs, eg. Hauna lanl Resort,  Keauhou,
    Hauna Kea Beach and Xona Village Resort expansions, and new developments
    proposed for Kapalaoa, Kukl'o and Hahukona.  While the total number of
    jobs anticipated through resort developments can appear promising, it is
    •ore accurate to assess how nany of those jobs will be temporary construction
    jobs and how many trill be part-tine, casual or on-call with little or no
    employee benefits.

Conclusion

     Ha Ala Hele Is not anti-Jobs and development.  We are in favor of quality
developments that will not Involve too great a sacrifice of our natural environ-
ment, historic resources, Hawaiian culture and our Island way of life.

-------
                                DOUU.A& M.  CM*

                 K (I. WJX 1252       KAMUUA,  HIlVMI I    V67-1?

                                     ALSO

          WHll OLtM CANUE CLUIl             KKOKhSSIOMlU  DIVERS .HfiHAI I

                                APRIL 09. 1985


      SIIUJECI:   REMARI £. REGARDING THE DEVELOPER AMD THE HYATT DEVELUFMLW


OPENING REMARKS:  WHAT A DEVELOPER MEANS TO A COMMUNITY.

     A.  THEY BASICALLY PROVIDE A BACKBONE TO ANY SUCH COMMUNITY.

         1.  OFFER FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR COMMUNITY 'ACTIVITIES.

             CREATING OF MASS EMPLOYMENT.

         2.  CONSTRUCTION OF NEEDED ROADWAYS, RECREATION AREAS.

__           A.  ANAEHQOMALU BEACH DEVELOPMENT.  FROM NOTHING TO BEAUTY.
I                FINANCED AND PAID BY THE DEVELOPER.

^           B.  MAUKA/MAKA1 ROADWAYS: WAIKOLOA/KONA PALISADES/OTHERS.
                 FINANCED AND PAID BY THE DEVELOPER.

             C*.  WATER SUPPLIES ADDED TO THE COUNTY SYSTEM AND USED DURING
                ' TIME OF EMERGENCIES, DROUGHTS. ETC...                 '

         3.  DONATING DEVELOPED AND UNDEVELOPED LAND FOR RECREATIONAL USE. .

             A.  PARKS/POLICE AND FIRE PROPERTY/LANDSCAPING IN GENERAL...

         4.  DONATION OF CORPORATE MONEY TO UNLIMITED CIVIC GROUPS.

             A.  SERVICE CLUBS/BOY-GIRL SCOUTS/GOLF SPONSORSHIPS.

             B.  WAIKOLOA CANOE CLUB, THE BACKBONE OF AND FINANCING.

                 1.   CANOE PURCHASE           2.  LEGAL PAPERWORK

                 3.   LAND AND BUILDING        1.  CLERICAL WORK NEEDED

                                  5.  AND OTHERS

     B.  SUGAR AND ITS FUTURE...  JOB LOSS, THE NUMBER ONE PROBLEM. •

         1.  IT'S A KNOWN FACT THAT SUBAR IS ON THE WAY OUT.  WHY?

             A.  THE  FEDERAL AID MONEY CALLED THE   MONEY IS OVER

             C.  IMPORT SUGAR IS REALLY CONTROLLED BY  THE BIG COMPANIES

                 1.   ALL SOFT DRING CD'S      2.  CANDY COMPANIES

                 .BILLION DOLLAR COMPANIES NEEDING CHEEP SWEET PRODUCTS AND
                 ALL

                 LOBHINB VERY HARD  IN CONGRESS TO GET THE CHEEP SI,IBST 1 TUIE.
                 I.
              QUIT.
                     HAWAII 8UBAK TO COSTUY OH THE WORLD MAWCT.  RCUU.T. THE
                     UIG COMPANIES III HAWAII OPERATING AT A LOSS AMD V.UL
                 2.  BAG*. TO BASIC STEP  I.  1 OSS OP SUOAK JOBS AMD MM) WHERE.
                     ARE WE7

                 3.  OUR JOB EMPLOYMENT  MARKET BECOMES  IN GREAT DAMUER AND
                   •  UNEMPLOYMENT SOURS, THE ECONOMY DROPS OFF   YOU TELL HE

     C.  HUMAN EXISTENCE IS NEEDED AND HOW  IS THAT ACCOMPLISHED?

         I.  THROUGH DEVELOPMENT OF NEW  IDEAS, PLACES,  AND INDUSTRY.

         Z.  DEVELOPMENT AND THE DEVELOPER  AND THE BENEFITS TO ALL OF US.

             1.  THE DEVELOPER WANTS HIS PROJECT UP.  FOR THAT HE MUST.

                 A.  CONFORM TO THE RULES OF THE LAND DIRECTED BY STATE AND
                     COUNTY BUILDING CODES.

                 B.  THEY USUALLY MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO  DO A NICE JOB.

                 C.  WITH SUCH A DEVELOPER  AS TRANS-CONTENANTIAL, YOU HAVE THE
                     SO CALLED HOME GROWN HAWAII PERSONNEL, WANTING TO DO THE
                     PROJECT WITH GOOD TASTE TO THE COMMUNITY.

                 D.  SPEND THE REQUIRED  MONEY TO DO THE PROJECT WITH PRIDE.

                 E.  THE SPINOFFS TO THE COMMUNITY ARE  EMPLOYMENT, SOMETHING
                     SOMETIMES OFTEN OVER LOOKED, AND THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR
                    - OUR BROWING UP YOUTH TO ADULTS, OFTEN TIMES FORCES THEM
                     AWAY FROM HAWAII BECAUSE OF LACK OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES.

CONCLUSION:        I FEEL THAT THE JOB MARKET IF OFTEN OVERLOOKED IN THE NAME OF
CONSERVATION, AND  THE FEELING OF ANT1 DEVELOPMENT AT THE PRESENT TIME.
     I FEEL THAT IF YOU HAVE A DEVELOPER SUCH AS MENTIONED ABOVE,
(TRANS-CONTENTIAL  DEVELOPMENT CORP.), AND ONE WHO IS TRYING TO DO EVERYTHING IT
THEIR POWER TO DEVELOPE A WORLD GREAT HOTEL, ONE THAT WILL UNDOUBTEDLY BE  IN.
THE TOP TEN (10) AS GREAT HOTELS, THAT ALL  OF US HERE SHOULD TRY OF OFFER
SUPPORT FOR THE PROJECT IN EVERY WAY YOU CAN.
     SHOULD WE COME ACROSS ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, LET'S STOP, DISCUSS THE
PROBLEMS. FINE A WORKABLE SOLUTION AND GO ON WITH THE PROJECT.
	FINAL OUTCOME, A FUTURE FOR  ALL  OF  OUR GROWING  PEOPLE  IN HAWAII	

        JOBS AND AN ENVIRONMENT THAT WE  WILL  ALL BE  PROUD OF.

     I FURTHER BELIEVE THAT  IN MY  15 YEARS  OF PROFESSIONAL DIVING  AND TEACHING
SCUBA ON THIS COAST,  I HAVE  YET TD SEE WHERE  A DEVELOPMENT SUCH AS' THE MAUNA
KEA, THE SHERATON, AND THE MAUNA LANI BAY HOTEL HAVE CREATED PROBLEMS WITH THE
OCEAN FLOOR.  IN FACT THEY SPEND MILLIONS ANNUALLY JUST TREATING THE  WAIST
WATER AND TURN IT AROUND AND REUSE IT FOR GOLF COURSE IRRIGATION.   REALLY  AN
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION EFFORT  ON THEIR  PART.
     WHAT I HAVE SEEN ALONG  THE COAST LINE  IS THE NETTING OF ALL TYPES OF:  SMALL
FISH THROUGH THE USE OF ILLEGAL SIZE NETS AND THE HARVESTING OF ANY AND ALL OF
THESE FISH WITH LITTLE OR NO REGARDS TO  THE GROW BACK REPRODUCTION AREA OF
THESE REEFS.  THIS IS WHERE  CONTROL  SHOULD  BE SPENT  AND I UNDERSTAND  THAT  THIS
CONTROL IS UNDERWAY NOW.
                                                   CORpIALLY SUBMITTED,

-------
       TESTIMONY  FOR  A  PUBLIC HEARING
       BEFORE  THE U,S.  ARMY  CORPS OF ENGINEERS
       SHERATON WAIKOLOA  HOTEL
       3 APRIL 198b     7:00 P.M.
                                                                                         TESTIMONY  BEFORE  U.S.  ARMY CORPS OF ENG.
                                                                                         APRIL  9, 1985  SHERATON WAIKOLOA HOTEL
                                                                                         PAGE 2
i
en
      I'M BOB LlNDSEY,  A WAIMEA RESIDENT AND A MEMBER OF THE HAWAII
 LEGISLATURE.  I  REPRESENT DISTRICT Six IN THE STATE HOUSE OF
 REPRESENTATIVES.
      I  AM HERE TO  TESTIFY IN FULL SUPPORT OF WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORTS
 DEVELOPMENT  EFFORTS FOR THIS AREA, SPECIFICALLY,  THE PROPOSED HYATT
 KAIKOLOA.
      I  WILL  COMMENCE BY SAYING I WAS BORN AND RAISED ON THIS ISLAND.
 I  INTEND TO  SPEND  MY FINAL DAYS HERE.  I  FEEL VERY CLOSE TO WAIKOLOA
 AND ALL THAT HAS HAPPENED HERE.  I WORKED HERE IN 1970 FOR i'lORRISON-
 KNUDSEN CONSTRUCTION WHEN THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR  WAIKOLOA VILLAGE
 WAS BEING  PUT IN PLACE.  THE CREW I  WORKED ON INSTALLED THE MAIN
 TRUNKLINE  ON A STREET THAT BRINGS WATER FROM THE  PARKER FlVE WELL
 TO WAIKOLOA  VILLAGE.  I WORKED HERE  AGAIN IN 1980.   MY PRIMARY
 JOB WAS  OPERATING A PIECE OF HEAVY MACHINERY USED TO COMPACT THE
 FAIRWAYS AND BUNKERS FOR THE GOLF COURSE  HERE AT  THE SHERATON WAIKOLOA,
 I MENTION  THIS SIMPLY TO ESTABLISH,  I AM  NOT JUST 'PASSING THROUGH1.
MY ROOTS ARE  HERE.   I  HAVE SEEN BoiSE CASCADE AND NOW THE TRANS-
CONTINENTAL  DEVELOPMENT COMPANY CONVERT A WASTELAND  INTO AN OASIS
AND AS A RESULT PROVIDE THIS ISLAND,  AN ALTERNATIVE  TO AGRICULTURE.
     I AM HERE TO ASK OF YOU WHO  REPRESENT THE U.S.  CORPS  OF  ENGINEERS,
TO EXPEDITE THE EFFORTS OF THE  HEMMETER INVESTMENT COMPANY AS WELL AS
WAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT  IN THIS MASSIVE AND EXCITING VENTURE.
     GRANTED, THERE ARE THOSE AMONGST us, WHO ARE APPREHENSIVE
ABOUT THE FUTURE AND THE IMPACTS A PROJECT OF THIS MAGNITUDE WILL
HAVE ON THE  ISLAND, PARTICULARLY WEST HAWAII.  YOU HAVE YOUR SIDE
TO TELL.  BUT WHERE YOU SEE DARKNESS, I SEE SUNSHINE.  I SEE THE
HYATT WAIKOLOA AS ESSENTIAL AND NECESSARY.  I SEE THE HYATT WAIKOLOA
AS A VESSEL  FOR OPPORTUNITY.   I SEE THE HYATT WAIKOLOA AS BEING A
CATALYST FOR MOVING THIS ISLAND INTO THE 21ST CENTURY AND A
CONTRIBUTOR  TO OUR TAX, EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC BASES.  THERE  IS
NO TURNING BACK.  HAWAII HAS MOVED FROM AN ECONOMY BASED ON AGRICULTURE
TO AN ECONOMY BASED ON  SERVICE AND  INFORMATION.  WE  ARE LIVING IN A
NEW AGE AND  A NEW TIME.  WE NEED  TO GROW  FOR  JF WE DO NOT, WE  WILL
AS AN ISLAND DIE.  IF ANCHIALINE  PONDS  IN THE VICINITY MUST FALL TO
EARTH MOVERS.   If THE COAST HAS TO BE ALTERED.   IF THE AINA HAS TO
BE DISTURBED THEN SO BE IT.   I TRUST WE WILL  NOT PERMIT THIS
OPPORTUNE MOMENT  TO ESCAPE US IN ORDER TO  SAVE CERTAIN FORMS  OF
WATERLIFE AND'A NETWORK OF PONDS.  ALTERNATIVES HAVE BEEN OFFERED,
LET US  EXAMINE  THESE AND LET  US  IMPLEMENT THEM.  GRANTED, WE
MUST REMEMBER THE PAST  BUT LET US NOT  LET DAYS GONE  BY DENY  US
ACCESS  TO THE FUTURE.
      HAHALO.

-------
I
Ol
00
                     KOHA BOARD OF REALTORS
                      TESTIMONY IH FAVOR OF
       THE  PROPOSED HYATT RESORT AT HAIKOLOA. SOUTH KOIIALA

                 PETER T, YOUHG, PRESIDENT-ELECT
       75-5722 KUAKINI HIGHWAY. KAILUA-KOHA, HAWAII  96740
                            329-64S8

                          APRIL 9, 1985

        The Kona Board of Realtors strongly supports the proposed
 resort development of Mr. Chris llemmeter at Halkoloa, South
 Kohala.  He believe that the proposed development will complement
 the  existing high standards found in the neighboring resorts on
 the  Kohala  Coast and will be a positive economic influence to our
 community, both for the immediate vicinity and the Island as a
 whole.
        The coastal region of South Kohala has been shown to be
 an area of quality conscious resort developments serving a
 variety of  visitors to the area.  The proposed Hyatt Is a
 continuation of these high standards.  From a Land Use concern,
 the  project is a natural extension of the land use patterns .
 already established for the area.
          The State, as well as local economies are dependent on
 the  survival of the visitor Industry.  As stated in the report
 called 'Economic Development on the Island of Hawaii, Issues and
 Options': "The Big Island's visitor industry is now comparable in
 economic importance to the total agricultural Industry on the
 Island.  Tourism's considerable growth potential, however, makes'"'
 it  the most important industry in the foreseeable future."  Hot
•only will the proposed project provide the necessary economic
 stimulus to our community, It will also provide an economic
 influence that will assist in the stabal iza tion of the Island's
 economy.
        He  have no doubt as to the capability of Mr. llemmeter and
 his  ability to provide a product that we will all be proud of.
 Me are not  concerned with the possibility of unfulfilled
 promises, as he has a proven track record for developments such
 as  these in the State of Hawaii as evidenced by his resort
 developments on Oahu and Maul.  When we review the quality aspect
 of  the development, we need only consider our Image of the Hyatt
 resort on Maul -- ours will be better.
         He believe that the responsible action of the Army Corps
 of Engineers is to approve the application as soon as possible.
 He encourage you to do so.  At the same time we encourage all
 other reviewing agencies to expedite the permit processing for
 this important and necessary development In our community.
                                                                                 -1-

-------
HAWAII VISITORS BUREAU • Sulla 104. Hilo Plaza • 180 Kinode Street • Hilo, Hawaii 96720 • Telephone: (608) 961-5797
                      **i     r  -lEEssrn
                     lr
         April  9.  1985
         U. S.  Army Corps of Engineers
         Public Hearing
         Sheraton Royal Ualkoloa Hotel
         Tour Lobby
         South Kohala, Hawaii Island

                  Subject:  Request of Transcontinental Development Co.  and
                            Atpac Co.  to  Excavate and Fill Anchlallne Ponds
                            at Proposed $360 million Hyatt Regency Malkoloa
                            Resort.

         Gentlemen:

              The Hawaii Visitors Bureau and the Hawaii Island Chapter of the
         Hawaii Visitors Bureau support the developer's request to the Corps  of
         Engineers to excavate a five acre recreational lagoon on the site of the
         60 acre beach front complex and to fill the anchlallne ponds that are
         presently located on the development sites.

              We also support the applicant's modification to Include the esta-
         blishment of a 12 acre  anchlallne pond preservation area to insure  the
         continued existence of this unique aquatic ecosystem on the Ualkoloa
         Beach resort property.

              Creation of a 5-acre lagoon  and artificial beach by the developers
         will provide a safe water recreation area for visitors unfamiliar with
         some of the hazards of coastline  swimming.

              I thank you for this opportunity to submit our testimony and urge
         your favorable consideration.
                                           Respectfully yours
                                               Shipman Blackshear, Chairman
                                           Hawaii Island Chapter, HVB
                                           Member of the Board, HVB
         RSB:bnm

-------
    *«11 i

    '-§M
      00^.
      £ ji uj fj
      • - -tf £
S3
_>

            o
     J


                  5

                       o
                       0
j    I .

5 ^ = -5
_^ i/4 £ — £
J I § 2*0
•<£ >  f

   ^ I  s
   "0 t5 st

   b ^  2)
   y ^   ~3  o
   3 |  S
   £5 5
TJ vA
a o

ii
^ 4)

if

71  ft
cJ7 c
  d
  cso
  d
3
                                § i
                                ^ £

                                V
                                o -I
                                vC d
                                ^ 3D
                                O oJ
      .•5
     :«o 8
                                        t
     i f | S

     ^ 5) ^
     N J i-

     IP-* A
     e>\. °
     b S ?•
      ^
    4- 1
    •o ?
    ^
    yi  ;
    d, $

    n
$
 * *
 I"
 3f

 il|
   I
                                v^
                                 . > 0

£>3
  o ?
 4- S
3
I

^1
o -f*
^ -P !5
ii ^

i^
L«-- < ,
  315
  -ff ^
         ^ a
         h
         ^^
         t?
         § ^
                                         e#
                                         5 J
           51
           a

-------
*
                                                            \9~\ '

                                                                     r  o  x  c?
                                                                         '
                               -17 v£     6
                         5

                             y
f
                                           ft  C
                                           {p  c

                                           Qr
                                           ft)
           Jf
       1
       o
                                        CTs
                                        c

                                      T?
                                               r
              f
                                        O
                                        O
                                                                            p
^'  g  #
^  f  f
>  ^  <
O  5-
i  §'
U
                                                                                p   O
                                                                                    H-
            H-
                                                                                                r ^
                                                                                              €
                                                                                              I
                                                                     O
                                                                     -n
                                                                      1

-------
Z9~\
8 °l P -1 f F "£ ? •? 5
5 ? ? Jt 1 §• e { 3- f
B? *>?S Md' 8
? § , |? r f S.2 &
4oJ £ 2 »# o 5 i?
K -< P (?/r^-° ^
fr * f ^ ft -i-.tf tf ^J
S -^f j- ^'^ f'° 5 of
.^|^ if p ^ n> s'-^ i
-t f!oHp?^1-"?
£ ^^^ff^E^ 5^-0 5
§ ^ "H|I| „,?§-»-
if ' E« P +£-< J,g-aBo
•= J ^ * C • f
-*. <- ^ /to 1 0 ,1
Q n 2 C y.' ^- V
c -£ 1 t -5 9
' O (P ~- r* <
^ iVo P V f
-0 J. ^ R. r f
•^ -T* _P '.
§ -^ E. o ^ i
S f ^
f»
1
: ^ i
^ -J
i t
i r-
» P 0
* 5 r
J *-z
^ P 3
5 i
-^ *r l

b
f
t
-p



V
5
Js
2
P
^t
5
p
^

5
0!
c
<;
f6
x4-
C


cP P
o
»f
If g
^s
o
p ?
1? p
? F
??
7 -+•
(»
^S

o
§
$
<

-------
                                             10 MAY 1986
                         Operations Branch
                                                                                               Despite the restoration  efforts,  the  bulldozed and redeposHtd
                                                                                          n.aterijl could give the area  t  definite  appearance  of  disturbed
                                                                                          condition?.  Nevertheless,  the  material  within the  tidal  waters
                                                                                          was removto to the Corps' satisfaction,  a  fine levied  against  the
                                                                                          violators, the case was considered resolved,  and  the matter  closer.
                                                                                          I understand that you have  recently spoken to representatives  of
                                                                                          our Office of Counsel on this matter.  If  you have  additional
                                                                                          Questions, please contact the Operations Branch at  436-9256.

                                                                                                                           Sincerely,
I
u\
CO
Mr. Douglas Blake
Kona Conservation Group
P.O. Box 307
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii  96745

Dear Mr. Blake:

     This is in response to your April  11,  1965 letter transmitting
a copy of the testimony you presented at the public hearing held on
April 9, 1985 for the proposed Malkoloa Hyatt Development.   As 1
explained at the public hearing, regardless of the State's  position
on  shoreline certification, the Federal interest and jurisdiction
in  the matter  is clearly Indicated, and the Department of the Army
(DA) permit processing is proceeding.

     With regard to your concerns of bulldozing and filling in the
area directly  Inland of the mauka arm of Walulua Bay, an Investiga-
tion of  such a violation was conducted  In July 1984 by my
Operations  Branch..  Cri's^n hasoii rock and debris had teen placed
across  a narrow  neck of Walulua Inlet,  forming a "jwav, Oi,u ii; a
Second  pile about  50 feet north of the  roadway.  A map is enclosed
to  Indicate the  location of the unauthorized  fill.  As a result of
the investigation  and  subsequent  legal  action, Malkoloa  Properties/
Transcontinental Development removed the fill  In September'1984 and
was fined J30,000.

     At the time the fill was  placed by Transcontinental
Development in February  1984,  much of  the  adjacent  land  area  was
also disturbed by  bulldozing.   Restoration  of the  area focused  on
removal of  the fill  placed  in  tidal waters,  particularly the
roadway which  cut  off  one  to  two  acres  of  intertidal  area  from
direct  access  to ocean waters.  The  restoration  action  involved
removal of  bulldozed material  returning it  to the  area  from which
 it came.  An on-site inspector was present  to ensure  that  the
material was adequately  removed and  redeposited  on dry  land.
                                                                                                                                                    Michael K. Oenks
                                                                                                                                                    Colonel, Corps of Engineers
                                                                                                                                                    District Engineer

                                                                                                                  Enclosure

-------
1

-------
                                                                                                                                     Telephone (&08) 538-1505

                                                                       Hawaii Building & Construction Trades Council AFL-CIO
                                                                                      205 Empire Bldp.  /  49 S. Hotel SI. / Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
ON
                                                     HortMrt S. K. Kaofxj* Sr.
                                                     Norman JanicH Jr.
                                                     VIM PrMKMrt

                                                     Paul Monkawa
                                                     Seattary-TiiuuH

                                                     Sefgeanl-AI-Arms;
                                                     Malcolm Ahlo
                                                     Herman Meek

                                                     Trustees:
                                                     David Kaiu
                                                     Sam Mohuahi
                                                     Lawrence Sakamoto
                                                                                                                April IS, 1985
Colonel Michael  Jenks
District  Engineer
Army Corps  of Engineers
Fort Shatter, HI  966SB

Dear Sir:

     My name is  Herbert S. K. Kaopua Sr. and an
presently serving as the President of the Hawaii
Building  and Construction Trades  Council.  Although
I an a resident  on Oahu, ny  roots come from Kona.

     I am supportive of the  Hyatt Regency project  and
feel that a project such as  this  would help the
economical  and social aspect of this community.

     We have communicated with our members and they
feel an urgency  to initiate  such  a project.  The
people want to work.  Therefore,  we solicit your  support.
                                                                                      HSKK:aek
                                                                                                   Then It no substitute tor skilled craftsmen

-------
                                            Box 173
                                            Papaaloa, HI 967BO
                                            April 16.19B5
     Col. Hlohael H. Jenks
     District Englneer(PODCO-O)
     U.S. Corps of Engineers
     Building 230
     Fort Shafter, Hono. 96858
0\
0\
Dear Col. Jenks,

     I  wish  to  express my concerns about  the  proposed  Hyatt
Regency  Hotel at Haikoloa,  Tor there was a definite bias at the
hearing held last week.

    The  first  and moat obvious concern for many of  us  is  the
preservation  of the anchialine ponds for biological reasons.  To
me,  one  of  the major problems facing the world  today  is  the
wanton destruction of species and their habitats.  With a  global
perspective,  the  proposal to dredge and/or fill these ponds  is
just  another  example of today's current trend to  thoughtlessly
destroy  for  the  profit motive.  I  feel  certain  that  future
generations  will  look upon these blind  actions of  today  with
utter dismay,  but by then,  it will be too late. We must do what
we  can  to  raise  consciousness about the  fact   that  we  are
stewards  of  life on this planet and have sufficient courage  to
face  possible  disapproval  when a stand is  taken  to  preserve
precious habitats. It is important to:

      a) preserve and manage more than the 12 acres of ponds

      b) gather enough expertise in the selection of ponds to  be
         preserved  to  ensure an adequate sampling of  differing
         types of ponds (depth, age, etc.) and of the life within

      c) do whatever else is necessary to protect  and  preserve
         such species as the 'opaeula and the Hetabetaeus lohena.
        The second concern is the attitude that a  dredged,  filled,  and
     otherwise   artificial  landscape  is  prettier   than   a   natural
     landscape.   This is simply not true for many,  many  people)   Our
     natural   world  is  vanishing.   When  a   reference   to   "future
     generations" was made, it seems obvious that  a hotel built around
     a lovely and undisturbed natural environment  would be  a  positive
     and  appealing  attraction even more  in the  future.   The Miami
     Beaches of the world are loaded with artificialities-  we  have  the
     opportunity  to provide guests to Hawaii with natural  beauty-  why
     don't  we  do  a fabulous job building this  hotel  AROUND these
     ponds- not on top of their remains. This concern  is also  true  for
     the proposed excavation of the lagoon.
   The  third  concern is the proposed Introduction of  deer.  He
have  already  suffered significant and  ongoing  destruction  of
Invaluable  natural areas fron ahecp and goats- the lesson should
be clear.  If deer are to be allowed,  they Bust be sterilized so
that  any  accidental or intentional release would  have  only  a
teoporary  negative  impact.  Again,  I fail to believe that  our
lovely Hawaii would be enhanced by this proposal.

  The  fourth  concern  is • general concern  about  the  current
"answer"  to  Hawaii's  employment  issue- more  and  more  large
hotels.  Looking at other tourist spots around the world, Bermuda
cones to Bind as a successful resort following a different model.
In  Bermuda,  there are a large number of small hotels and  guest
houses, some we would call "bed and breakfasts." These places are
charming  and provide numerous advantages over large corporations
controlling  the  visitor  "industry."  A  primary  advantage  is
financial.  The money earned does not go off to Hew York or other
corporate  locations- it stays with the small and numerous owners
who are local families,  and not merely international  investors.
Large  hotels  can  mean large profits- but not for  the  average
hotel worker struggling on the minimum wage.  He are creating a 2
class  society- the very wealthy and the maids,  bell  hops,  and
waitresses. This pattern is not inevitable!

  Please forgive cue if this letter is too lengthy. The Issues are
very real and I can't help but think that decision-makers of  the
future  would  make the decisions quite differently than  how  it
appears they will be made in the rush of today.
                                                                                           Hy mahalos for your consideration.
                                                                                                                                  Sincerely Yours,
                                                                                                                                  Louise Pape
                                                                                         co; Michael T. Lee

-------
ON
                                           S>
                                        ' -v^

                                                                 *
                                                                             ^

                                                                                   ,*) V

-------
Hon
k
    -
 .i s. .»

a * o n- ~
U Q u 3 b
                   1-68

-------
   WE THE  UNDERSIGNED ARE IN FAVOR OF THE HYATT REGENCY PROJECT IN UAIKOLOA, HAWAII.
                                                                                                    WE THE  UNDERSIGNED ARE IN FAVOR OF THE HYATT REGENCY PROJECT IN WAIKOLOA,  HAWAII.
         NAME:
                                                ADDRESS:
                                                                                                          NAME:
                                                                                                                                                  ADDRESS;
v**..«\s-^*..\  v\\v»-'-:-"••• s^»3
                                              * o

                                               P.O.
                                                                        rt I
                                                                        VT-
                                                                           f
                                                                                                                                               5/D
                                                                                                                                                                                A
                                                                                                                                                 tr

-------
HE THE UNDERSIGNED ARE IH FAVOR OF THE IIYATT REGEHCY  PROJECT IH UAIKOLOA, HAWAII.
                                                                                             HE THE UHOBRSICHED ARE IH FAVOR OF THE HYATT RECENCY  PROJECT IH HAIKOLOA, HAWAII.
       NAME:
                                             ADDRESS:
                                                                                                     NAME:
                                                                                                                                            ADDRESS;
                                                                                                                                      w
                                                                                                                                                                   \o  y,
                                                                                                                                                        P/
                                                                                                                                       V5v
                                                                                                                                                          tf J>  JL
                                                                                                                                       f, O fl*K
                                                                                                                                       63 AJ/ MA//   ^r ; NIC, Hi-

-------
WE THE UNDERSIGNED ARE IN FAVOR OF THE HYATT REGENCY PROJECT IN WAIKOLOA, HAWAII.
                                                                                               WE THE UNDERSIGNED ARE IN FAVOR OF THE HYATT REGENCY PROJECT IK WAIKOLOA, HAWAII-
                                             ADDRESS i
                                                                                                       NAME:
                                                                                                                                              ADDRESS:
                                        /«/
                                               ?fi0S Sf   -MZo
                                                                     '^"  X.'
                                                                                                                                                     7?
                                                                                                                                                                    J.

-------
WE THE UNDERSIGNED ARE IH FAVOR OF THE HYATT REGENCY PROJECT IH HA1KOLOA,  HAWAII.
HE TllE UNDERSIGNED ARE IH FAVOR OF THE HYATT RECENCY PROJECT IH HAHJOEDif) 1LAHAHL
        NAME:
                                               ADDRESS:
                                                                                                         HAHEt
                                                                                                                                                ADDRESS!
                                                                                                                                       fff
                                                                                                                                                   "U.  P.O.  fc»ov




-------
             WE THE UNDERSIGNED ARE  IN FAVOR OF THE HYATT REGENCY  PROJECT IN UAIK^LOA,  HAUAII.
                     NAME:
                                                             ADDRESS!
                                                                                  -iU
                                                          135
                                                                     7
<
V
o
X
                                                                                                                 WE THE UNDERSIGNED ARE IN FAVOR OF THE HYATT RECENCY PROJECT IN UAIKOLOA,  HAUAII.
                                                                                                                                                                  ADDRESS:
jj-

-------

-------
      Appendix J
List of DEIS Recipients

-------

-------
                                   APPENDIX J

                            LIST OF DEIS RECIPIENTS


HAWAI'I CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION (HAWAIM AND WASHINGTON. D.C. OFFICES)
     Senator Daniel K. Inouye
     Senator Sparky M. Matsunaga
     Representative Daniel K. Akaka
     Representative Cec Heftel

FEDERAL AGENCIES
     U.S. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          Office of Environmental Review, Washington, D.C.
          Region IX, San Francisco, CA
     U.S. Department of Commerce
          Assistant Secretary of Environmental Affairs, Washington, D.C.
          Region IX, San Francisco, CA
          National Marine Fisheries Service
               Southwest Region Office, Terminal  Island
               Western Pacific Program, Hawai'i
     U.S. Department of the Interior
          Office of Environmental Project Review, Washington, D.C.
          U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawai'i
          U.S. Geological Service, Hawai'i
          National Parks Service
               Hawai'i Office
               Interagency Archaeological Services, San Francisco, CA
     U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
     U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
          Region IX, San Francisco, CA
          Honolulu Office
     U.S. Department of Agriculture
          Environmental Quality Activities, Washington, D.C.
          Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, Hawai'i
          Soil Conservation Service, Hawai'i
     U.S. Department of Transportation
          Federal Highway Administration, San Francisco, CA
          Federal Highway Administration, Hawai'i
          U.S. Coast Guard, 14th District, Hawai'i

STATE OF HAWAI'I
     Office of Environmental Quality Control
     Department of Land and Natural Resources
          Chairman
          Division of Aquatic Resources
          Division of Water and Land Development
          Division of Forestry and Wildlife
          State Parks Division
          Historic Sites Section
     State Historic Preservation Officer
     Department of Planning and Economic Development
          Coastal Zone Management Office
     Department of Health
                                       J-l

-------
STATE OF HAWAI'I (continued)

     State Library System
          Main Office, Honolulu
          Kailua-Kona Library
          Thelma Parker Memorial Library
          Bond Memorial Library
          Honokaa L ibrary
          Keaau Community Library
          Kealakekua Library
          Laupahoehoe Community Library
          Mountain View Library
          Pahala Library
          Pahoa Library

COUNTY OF HA WAI'!
     Mayor Dante Carpenter
     Planning Department
     Department of Public Works
     Office of Housing and Community Development
     Department of Water Supply
     Legislative Auditor

ORGANIZATIONS

     Cave Species Specialist Group
     Colorado State University Library
     Greenpeace
     HawaiM Land Management
     Hawai'i's Thousand Friends
     K.G. Hawaii Corporation
     Kohala Community Association
     Life of the Land
     Na Ala Hele
     The Nature Conservancy
     Rohr Development
     Sierra Club
          Honolulu Chapter
          Hawai'i Chapter
     University of Hawai'i, Environmental Center
     University of Hawai'i, Water Resources Research Center
     Alfred A. Yee Division of Leo Daly

INDIVIDUALS

     Kazuhisa Abe
     Deborah Chang Abreu
     Ron Bachrnar
     Ann Fielding
     Paul Friesema
     Dr. Alison  Kay
     Donna Mah
     J. Sanchez
     Wade Shaffer
     Jack Streka
     Richard Titgen
     John Michael White
     Dan Yasui
                                      J-2

-------
                  Appendix K
DEIS Letters Received and Comments and Responses

-------

-------
   US Army Corps
   of Engineers
   Honolulu OiStn. I
                             Public  Notice
Public Nolic* No
                          Dale
                               5 April  19B5
                             Reply lo Diltucl Engineer IPOOCO-O) Respond By
                                   U & Army Cot p& of Engineer*
                                   Buildrno?30
                                   Fl SUItei HI 66656
                                    N.A.
                         HOTICI Of AVAILABILITY

                   DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IHPACT SIAIMENT
              FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION
                        FILE DO. PODCO-0 1812-SD

                 WAIROLOA BEACH RESORT ANCBIALIHE FORDS
            VAIKOLOA, SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT,  ISLAND OF HAWAII
1. Hot ice of Availability;  Tbe availability of  the Draft Environmental
Impact Statement for the DS Department of the Amy permit application,
PODCO-0 1812-SD, Vaikoloa Beach Retort Anchialine Pondt, vaa publiehed in
the Federal Regiater on April 5, 1985.  The date of availability "
publiabed ip the Federal Regiater begina tbe 45-day review period for
content* on tbe Draft Environmental Itrpact Statement.  Any peraona
interested in obtaining or  deairing access to a  copy of the draft
environmental impact atateaent abould contact the Operationa Branch, Phone:
(808)438-9258.  Copies of tbe draft environmental impact atatenent vere
tent to local libraries.

2.  Comments Due:  Any written conmenta on tbe Draft Environmental larpact
Statement are to be aent to tbe Diatrict Engineer by May 20, 1985, rather
than tbe Hay 9, 1985 aa indicated in the Draft Environmental Inpact
Statement. Comment* received by May 20, 1985 will be evaluated and
concidered in arriving at a final decision on tbe pet-nit application, and
will be included in the Final Environnental Impact Statement.

3.  Summary of Permit Application;  Tbe applicanti, Tranacontinental
Development Co. «nd ATPAC Land Co., have requeated authorization to
ucavate a recreational lagoon and to fill anchialine pond* on the Haikoloa
Beach Retort in conjunction with tbeir plant to  conttruct the Byatt Regnecy
Uaikoloa Hotel and tbe remainder of tbe Haikolo  Beach Reaort.  Tbe Draft
Environmental Inpact Etateaent craparaa tba environmental coniequtncet of
the propoted action, three  alternativee, that differ principally in the
lite of tbe ancbialine pond preservation area, and tbe no-action
alternative or pernit denial.  Public Notice* on the perait application
vere itaued on October 19,  1985 and January 29,  1985.

4.  Public Bearing!  A public bearing on the permit application ia
acbeduled for April 9, 1985', 7:00 p», at tbe Sheraton Royal Haikoloa Hotel,
Anaeboonalu, Bavaii.

-------
£
                                   APPENDIX K

        Comments find. Responses an the Draft Environmental Impact Statement


        (a)  Congressional Representative:

             (1)  Senator Spark H. Hatsunaga.  Acknowledge receipt of the Draft BIS.

        (b)  Federal Agencies:

             (1)  Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture:

                  Ho comments.

             (2)  National Marine Fisheries Service (HHFS), US Department of
        Commerce:

                  (2.1)  Comment;  The blasting recommendations included in a report
        by Darby and Associates (April 25, 1985), "Additional Evaluation of Proposed
        Excavation Using Explosives With Respect to Potential Damage to Major Marine
        Life -'Waikoloa, Hawaii", should be detailed in the DEIS.

                         Response:  Darby & Associates report (April 25, 1985)  is
        included in Appendix as part of the NMFS Endangered Species coordination.
        Permit conditions requested by the NMFS were included in the proposed action
        description.

                  (2.2)  Comment:  NMFS continues to be concerned with the loss of
        anchialine ponds at WBR, and recommends as further mitigation that as much
        of the unique macro-biota as possible be removed from the ponds prior to
        filling.  The biota should be transplanted to anchialine ponds in the
        preservation area or to off-site ponds.  Local community volunteers could be
        used to carry out the mitigation plan.

                         Response:  The Corps of Engineers (COE) will consider
        transplanting impacted macro-biota and will consider use of local
        community volunteers.  However, the need for definitive action
        will require time that volunteers may not be able to provide or
        cannot be counted on to provide.

                  (2.3)  Comment:  The pond preservation area should be managed by
        someone other than the applicant as envisioned and stated in the DEIS.

                         Response:  Management will be undertaken by FHS
        as agent for applicant.  See Comment (b)(6).

                  (2.4)  Comment:  The proposed pond preservation area management
        plan should be approved by the US Fish and wildlife service, the Federal
        Agency with primary jurisdiction over the anchialine pond biota.

                         Response:  The pond preservation management plan was
developed in consultation with the USFHS.  However, the final decision on
the contents of the nanagcment plan would roat with the Corpo of Engincere,
the permitting agency, who has primary regulatory responsibility over the
anchialine ponda.

          (2.5)  Comment:  The need Cor the pond preservation area is
clearly demonstrated and only the management plan should be periodically
reviewed by the Corps.

                 Response:  The pond preservation area and the management
plan should both be reviewed periodically.  The intent of periodic review is
to allow modifications for changes in law and with the acquisition of new
scientific data that changes our preception of the pond resource and its
management.

          (2.6)  Comment:  The permit denial is the HHFS'a environmentally
preferred alternative, because permit denial saves the anchialine pond
resources.
                 Response:  Comment noted.  The significant effects on the
quality of the human environment should also be considered, this Includes
anchialine ponds, historic resources, jobs, and other human values.  The no-
action or permit denial alternative would not preserve ponds in the long
term.  The uncontrolled human activity in the ponds, such as trash disposal,
waste disposal, fishing and the introduction of exotic aquatic organisms ace
expected to degrade the pond resource.  As already observed by the Corps,
introduction of exotic aquatic organisms has reduced the presence of the
rare shrimp In some pond clusters.  This has occurred outside of the Corps
regulatory jurisdiction.  Thus, the preferred environmental alternative is
an alternative that involves man's active management of the pond resources,
such as pond preservation area.

           (2.7)  Comment:  Haiulua Bay appears to be an important nursery
area for several species of reef fish based upon underwater surveys by a
NMFS biologist.

                 Response:  Information was added to the FEIS,
Chp III, para. 8.1(e).

           (2.8)  Comment:  Sightings of humpback whales in coastal waters
off South Kohala are very common between January and April.

                 Response:  Information was added to the FEIS, Chp III,
para. 8.Kg) .

           (2.9)  Comment:  The temporary berm to confine turbidity to the
lagoon excavation  site, should be impervious, possibly a filter cloth could
be used.  Construction details should be provided in the FEIS.

                 Response:  The termporary berm would be made impervious,
and typical  sections) were included  in the FEIS, Figure II-8.

      (3)   Department of  Housing and Urban Development, Honolulu Area Officet

          The  project  would not impact any HUD program or  project  in  the
vicinity.

-------
        (4)  US  Department of the  Interior:

             (4.1)   Comment:  The alternatives discussion may be lacking in
   objectivity.  The alternatives seem  to treat the proposed action as the only
   reasonable solution, while portraying sound environmental alternatives as
   being too flawed  to warrant  serious  consideration.  The alternatives should
   contain more  substance.
                    Response:
   is provided  in  the FEIS.
I
CO
                               More  substantive discussions of alternatives
          (4.2)   Comment:   The discussion of the siting  inland  alternative
seems to be an advocacy of the applicant's position.

                 Response:  The discussion quotes the  rationale provided by
the applicant.  Your attention is directed to the impacts  discussion  (Chap
IV, 3) where the COB identifies that the alternative saves the  ponds  from
filling.  See Comment (b)(2.6).

          (4.3)   Comment:   The USFWS worked extensively  with the Corps and
the developer to develop the 12-acre, on-site,  pond preservation area
together with terms for guaranteeing long-term viability of the pond  system.
Unfortunately, some of the vital conditions for the preservation area
management were  not included in the DEIS, such as the  concept of perpetual
protection and management, water quality characteristics,  and light impacts.

                 Response:  At the time the DEIS was prepared,  the details
of the managment plan were not available because the applicant  was trying to
work out the preliminary details of the pond management  plan with The Nature
Conservancy, a third party that was suggested by the USFWS.  The management
plan details 'in  the Final  BIS were developed in consultation with the USFWS,
and addresses the concerns cited above.

          (4.4)   Comment:   In light of discussions, the  environmentally
preferred alternative should be identified and discussed.

                 Response:  The preferred environmental  alternative is
identified in Chp II, para. 6.

          (4.5)   Comment:   Regional background could mention discussions
with prior developers covering mitigation for loss of  ponds and the recent
unauthorized fill at the site.
                   Response:
   BIS, Chp.  Ill, para 8.3.2.
A regional background was included in the Final
             (4.6)  Comment:  The history of the permit application should be
   expanded  to stress the USFWS long-standing concern for the anchialine pond
   resources, and that the USFWS position was well-known to the developer.

                   Response:  The USFWS long-standing concern for the
   anchialine ponds is not relevant  to the history of the permit application or
   discussion of alternative  impacts.  The USFWS concern is reflected in its
   actions to develop a pond preservation area and a management plan.
                                                                   (4.7)   Comment:   The US Department  of the Interior would like to
                                                        be  included in the periodic review and approval of the management  plan.

                                                                          Response:   The management plan would be developed and
                                                        modified  in consultation with the USFWS, as agent for the Department  of
                                                        the  Interior.   However,  approval of the management plan and any
                                                        modifications  to the plan would remain within the jurisdiction of  the
                                                        COB  only.

                                                                   (4.8)   Comment:   The importation of deer and its adverse impacts
                                                         to  Hawaii's ecosystem and agriculture are well-documented.  The applicant
                                                        should  be  informed of the adverse impacts and referred to the State of
                                                        Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources for specific State permits.

                                                                          Response:   The COB has no regulatory jurisdiction over th«
                                                        importation of exotic organisms to the State  of Hawaii or the United  States.
                                                        The  US  Department of Agriculture and the US Department of the Interior
                                                        should  notify  the applicant directly.
                                                                                                 (4.9)  Comment:
                                                                                       ground and marine waters.
                                                                                    He do not know the effect of fill material on
                  Response:  The  use of volcanic  rock  and cinder or grout to
fill the ponds would  not  result  in the release of  contaminants to the ground
or marine waters.  The  cobble  size, basalt  rock  fill  is not  expected to   '
interfere with groundwater  flow  in the area.  This is based  on the fact that
groundwater  flow  and  leakage occurs throughout the developed portions of the
West Coast of Hawaii,  i.e,  groundwater leakage still  occurs  despite 'golf
course development inland.  Hawaii's  groundwater has  its origins in rainfall
at higher elevations.   Since  rainfall averages less than 10  inches/year at
the project  area, recharge  of  the groundwater table at Waikoloa is not  ,
dependent upon rainfall along  the coast.                                 :"-'

           (4.10)  Comment:   The EIS should discuss  the quantitative effects
of pumping groundwater  to  flush  the lagoon  on pertinent aquifer
characteristics.

                  Response:  No effect is anticipated. Chp. IV, para. 3.6.

           (4.11)  Comment:   Editing errors provided.

                  Response:  Editing errors  corrected.

     (5)  US Fish and Wildlife Service, Regional Office, Portland:

           (5.1)   Comment:  The  Service reserves the right to  elevate the
resolution of Issues  to higher authority if final  recommendations of the
Honolulu Environmental  Services  'Project Leader are not accepted.

                  Response:  Comment noted.

           (5.2)   Comment:   The Honolulu Office is  working  with the
applicants to preserve, in  perpetuity, a portion of the anchialine ponds on
the project  site.  The  Service desires to fully  cooperate  in expediting the

-------
permit and preventing unnccsaaty delays.

                 Rcoponaci   Comment noted.

          (5.3)   Comment:   He hope that the Corps acknowledges  the
International importance of the threatened  anchlaline pond habitats by
assisting the Department of the Interior in acting vigorously to  protect
these areas from further degradation.

                 Response:   The Corps  has recognized the  importance of  the
anchlaline pond  resources in the preparation of the Draft EIS,  and has  acted
vigorously to protect those areas by placing the ponds under the  Corps
regulatory jurisdiction.  The Corps has also taken the lead in  updating
surveys of the anchialine pond n (sources in its efforts to consider long-
range management of the resource.

     (6)   US Pish and Wildlife Service, US  Department of  the Interior,
Hawaii:

          (6.1)   Comment:   The USFWS would  prefer the permit denial
alternative.

                 Response:   Comment noted.   The USFWS should also consider
the consequences of unmanaged human uses of the ponds and its effects on  the
rare biota, as a result of  permit denial.  See Comment (b)(2.6).

          (6.2)   Comment:   The pond preservation area and the long-term
management concepts previously discussed with the Corps and the applicant
are considered to be minimally acceptable.

                 Response:   Comment noted.

          (6.3)   Comment:   Details of  important considerations  in the
management plan  were not incorporated  into  the proposed action.

                 Response:   The details of  the management plan  or pond
preservation concept were  not available at  the time of the preparation  of
the BIS.   The applicant working with The Nature Conservancy was working out
preliminary details for our review. The Corps coordinated and  consulted
with the  USFHS in the development of the management plan  contained in the
FEIS.

          (6.4)   Comment:   The selection and approval of  the pond management
organization should be jointly determined by the USFWS and Corps.

                 Response:   The Corps  will  consult with the USFWS, but  the
final decision on the pond  manager will be  made by the Corps.   The USFWS
will be the agent for the  applicant.

          (6.5)   Comment:  List of conditions and guidelines for inclusion in
a management plan.

                 Response:   List noted.  The pond preservation  area
management plan  was developed in consultation with the USFWS who  would
include and consider their  conditions  and guidelines as listed.  See USFHS
letter and Corp* response  in  thio  appendix.

     (7)  US Coast Guard,  14th Coast Guard District; US Department of
Transportation:

          No objections  to the permit  application and no constructive
comments to offer.

     (6)  Federal Highway  Administration, US Department of Transportation!

          No comments.

     (9)  US Environmental Protection  Agency:

          See EPA letter dated Hay 24, 1985, this appendix.
          See Corps  letter to EPA  dated June 24, 1985 this appendix.

(c) State Agencies:

     (1)  Office of  Environmental  Quality Control,  State of Hawaii.

          (1.1)  Comment:   Office  of Environmental  Quality Control suggests
that another site for  the  Waikoloa Beach Resort be  considered because of the
adverse primary and  secondary impacts  anticipated to the anchialine ponds.

                 Response: Comment noted.

     (2)  Department of  Accounting and General Services, State  of Hawaiii

                 No  comments.

     (3)  Department of  Agriculture, State of  Hawaii:

                 Comment:   The proposed action would not affect agricultural
resources in the area  or plans,  programs and activities of the  Department.

                 Response: Comment noted.

     (4)  Department of  Defense, State of Hawaii:

                 No  comment.

     (5)  Department of  Hawaiian Home  Lands, State  of Hawaiii

           (5.1)  Comment:   The  proposed action would have  significant
impacts on  the environment that  should be  studied and evaluated in  totality.

                 Response: The  EIS reasonably addresses significant  impacts
and further  studies  were performed as  necessary  to  refine  the analysis  in
the EIS.

           (5.2)  Comment:   The  applicant's  assertions that construction
within the  40-foot  setback are  not significant are  biased  and a negative
declaration  should  not be  recognized.

-------
                 Response:   The  shoreline setback is managed  under  the
County of Hawaii.  The negative  declaration is a State EIS requirement
managed by the Office of Environmental  Quality Control and the County of
Hawaii.

          (5.3)  Comment:  A full  assessment of anchialine pond hydraulics
and water flow in relationship to  the ocean should be performed.

                 Response:   By their very nature, anchialine  ponds  are
directly related to tidal fluctuations, and ocean waters and  groundwater
directly influence pond salinity.

          (5.4)  Comment:  Mathematical and physical models should  be used
to determine if wave and current patterns would be altered resulting  in
erosional or depositional problems along the shoreline.

                 Response:   Based  on site inspections, erosional  and
depositional patterns along the  shoreline are dependent  upon  storm
conditions, and does not involve sandy  beaches or alluvial deposits.  The
existing shoreline consists of basalt outcrops and ledges that are  not
subject to erosional or depositional forces.  Secondly,  the project does not
modify the coastal geology in middle or outer Waiulua Bay or  the  nearshore
waters.

          (5.5)  Comment:  Would blasting, dredging and  filling wash
detritus into the ocean and adversely affect the ocean?

                 Response:   Detrital material would not  be released into the
ocean by blasting, dredging or filling.  The blasting and dredging
associated with lagoon construction can create and suspend volcanic
sediments :into the water column.   A temporary berm would be  used to  Isolate
the excavation site from the ocean to minimize water turbidity or
sedimentation in Waialua Bay. Filling  in the ponds is confined to  inland
areas.  The material used to fill  the ponds is expected  to consist  of large
or cobble-size basalt that  could not erode into the ocean.

     (6)  Department of Health,  State of Hawaii:

          (6.1)  Comment:  The proposed lagoon waters would be classified
Class AA waters.  Pumping groundwater into the lagoon may alter the natural
and pristine state of water quality resulting in a degradation of the Class
AA waters.

                 Response:   The  applicant was informed to consult with DOH
and DLNR on permit requirements  for discharging groundwater into Class AA
waters and withdrawing groundwater.  The applicant plans to discharge into
the lagoon seawater pumped from  the ground.

          (6.2)  Comment:  The comparison of pond biota  indicates that a
deterioration and disappearance  of biota in the Waikoloa Beach Resort Ponds
may be due to human intrusion and  misuse of the anchialine ponds.  Thus, the
pond preservation area together  with concerted monitoring proposal  would
have a positive tone on the continued existence of the biota  remaining in
the ponds.
                 Response:  Comment noted.

          (6.3)  Comment:   Potential  impacts of  sewage,  irrigation
aerosol drift on inhabitated areas around the golf course should be
addressed.
9.1.3
            Response:  Comment incorporated in the FEIS, Chp. IV,  para.


(7)   Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii:
          (7.1)  Comment:  The possible presence of the endangered Hawaiian
stilt and the possible  impact of  filling anchialine ponds on the stilt
should be addressed.

                 Response:  The DEIS  has provided the known information on
the Hawaiian stilt  in the Haikoloa  Beach Resort area.  Endangered Species
Act coordination with the US Fish and Wildlife Service was completed with a
determination that  the  project would  not jeopardize the continued existence
of the species.  Through several  site surveys by the Corps, no stilt were
seen in the anchialine  ponds.  Conditions  to minimize the taking of any
stilt, as recommended in the US Fish  and Wildlife Service consultation, were
included in the permit  conditions.

          (7.2)  Comment:  The Department  strongly agrees with the DEIS
statement that "maintenance, of pond health would require sensitive
management of developed areas which affect the groundwater flow  into .the
ponds."

                 Response:  Comment noted.

     (B)  Department of Planning  and  Economic Development,-State of Hawaii:

          (8.1)  Comment:  More specific information should be provided on
plans for public accessways, including their number and general  locations
and whether any public  use of the excavation would be allowed.

                 Response:  Concerning public access, the Corps  has no
jurisdiction to manage  public access  to the ocean across private lands.
Thus, the Corps BIS can only reflect  public access agreements made between
the applicant and County or State agencies.  Concerning public access to the
lagoon, under the Department of the Army permit, the applicant is not
allowed to restrict navigation or use of the lagoon waters.  However, the
lagoon shoreline area and ancillary facilities remain private property,

          (8.2)  Comment: Recreational use of Waiulua Bay and the affected
shoreline should be described in  the  EIS.

                 Response:  See page  111-43, para 10.3.4.3(c) and  (d) and
page IV-17, para 8.1(c),  (d) and  (f)  in the DEIS.

          (8.3)  Comment:  The natural resource value of individual ponds
that are to be filled and saved are not comparatively evaluated.

                 Response:  Haps  comparing open and closed ponds, Opacula

-------
o\
and non-Opacula ponda,  and vegetated and unvegetatcd ponda were added to the
FBIS, Figures 111-9, in-10 and 111-12.

      (S.4)       Commenti   Viable alternatives to the proposed action should
be explored further.

                 Response:  Reasonable and practicable alternatives were
considered in the FEIs, Chapter II.

          (8.5)  Comment:   The applicant's proposed action does not minimize
the environmental impacts  to the coastal ponds.

                 Response:  Comment  noted.

          (8.6)  Comment:   The BIS should study  and address facility design
and location to minimize adverse social, visual  and environmental  impacts in
the CZH area to insure  a project design  that  is  compatible with the
objectives and policies of the CZH law.

                 Response:  The EIS  is not the vehicle for studying and
addressing design and location that  would make the project compatible with
the. State of Hawaii, CZH law.   The EIS would  discuss the  effects of those
alternatives on environmental, social and visual resources.  The applicant
needs to work with the  Department to satisfy  CZH requirements and  obtain
Federal CZH consistency determination prior to issuance of the DA  permit.

          (8.7)  Comment:   The long-term protection of the anchialine pond
preservation area rests with maintenance of their unique  qualities.  The
Department recommends that an  organization which has expertise in  this area
and is a disinterested  third party be given the  responsibility for
management of the ponds.

                 Response:  The Department of the Army permit is not binding
on an independent third-party.  The  Corps has no desire to have an
independent third-party who is not bound by the  permit conditions, assume
management of the ponds.,  Presently  the  USFHS will be the pond manager for
the applicant.  See Comment 6.

      (9)  Department of Transportation:

          (9.1)  Comment:   Traffic projections for the existing Waikolqa
Ueach Resort access road intersection in 1987 indicates a level of service
greater than E for northbound  turning vehicles.   Until such tine that
signalization is warranted, we do not anticipate decreasing the speed limit
of Queen Kaahumanu Highway.

                 Response:  Comment  noted.

          (9.2)  Comment:   The Department will consider signalization when
traffic signal warrants have been met.

                 Response:  Comment  noted.

          (9.3)  Comment:   Physical  improvements to the intersection by  the
developer will be required when the  development  is implemented. The
applicant should coordinate these piano with the Highways Division.

                 Response:  Comment noted.  The applicant was given a copy
of the letter for lila information and necessary action.

          (9.4)  Comment:  The second access road for Haikoloa should be
constructed as part of the necessary infrastructure for the proposed
development.  The EIS should  Incorporate traffic volumes and peak hour
distributions with this access availability.

                 Response:  The Corps regulatory jurisdiction does not
extend to regulation of highway Impacts,  since the impact is not directly
related to the Corps permit,  the Department should coordinate directly with
the applicant in relation to  Comment 9.3.  The Corps recognizes in the EIS
that traffic will increase.

          (9.5)  Comment:  The Hahukona boat ramp has been removed and is no
longer in existence.  The County maintains an electric hoist for boaters to
launch and retrieve their craft.

                 Response:  The Information was added to the Final EIS.

     (10) University of Hawaii, Environmental Center, State of Hawaii:

          (10.1) Comment: Suggest a standard scale map of project
developments be overlayed on  the ponds  to determine which ponds are filled
and which ponds are saved.

                 Response:  All ponds not preserved would be filled or
excavated.  The maps in the DEIS showing the pond preservation areas have
the same scale.

          (10.2) Comment:  In comparison to the 1976, State EIS, 1.7 mgd of
sewage would be used for  irrigation.  The present EIS indicates that 2.3 mgd
of sewage would be generated. Would all of the sewage be used for
irrigation?

                 Response:  The applicants  indicate that sewage would be
used for irrigation.  Other methods of  disposal would be considered when
sewage increases to a point when  it is  no  longer possible to dispose of all
the effluent as irrigation water.  All  disposal methods must be approved by
the State Department of Health.

          (10.3) Comment:  Maintenance  of  a health pond environment within
the pond preservation area is possible  as  long as flushing rates remain
high.

                 Response:  Comment noted.

          (10.4) Comment:  With  Increased  nutrient loading related to use of
sewage for irrigation, the health  of the anchialine ponds is far from
certain.

                 Response:  While  continued nutrient loading would occur,
the degradation of anchialine pond is  not  expected to occur as long as
                                                                                                                         10

-------
groundwater flushing  is  unimpeded.  Unless  something alters  the flushing
characteristics,  eutrophication  is not anticipated  in the short-term.  See
Environmental  Center  comment  (c)(10.3) above.

          (10.5)  Comment:  The recreational  lagoon  water quality could be
jeopardized if groundwater nutrients  increase  as  a  result of using sewage in
irrigation.

                 Response:  The  coastal water  quality would  probably reflect
nutrient increases as a  result of sewage  irrigation and fertilizing on the
WBR.

          (10.6)  Comment:  Pumping water  into  the lagoon may not effectively
flush the deeper, more saline water in the  lagoon.

                 Response:  The  seawater  would be pumped into  the lagoon
from the bottom of the deeper parts of the  lagoon in order to  enhance water
turnover.  The water  would not be pumped  into  the lagoon at  the surface of
the lagoon.

          (10.7)  Comment:  Consideration  should be  given to  flushing the
lagoon with low-nutrient salt water from  deeper wells, than  brackish water
that would be  laden with nutrients from the golf  course.

                 Response:  The  applicant intends to use seawater pumped
from the ground.

          (10.8)  Comment:  The value  and  protection of anchialine ponds was
established prior to  the applicant's  purchase  of  the land.   Did the State
and County approved plans also approve destruction  of the anchialine ponds?
Have State 'and County permits or plans been approved?

                 Response:  The  County of Hawaii  has indicated that their
earlier planning  permits required an  anchialine ponds preservation plan.
The applicant  is  obtaining the necessary  State and  County permits and
approvals.

          (10.9)  Comment:  Mitigation measures such as siting  structures
mauka of the ponds and establishing walkways to the ocean and  a scaled-down
lagoon would significantly reduce the number of ponds that would be
destroyed without jeopardizing the economic viability of the project.

                 Response:  Siting the structures mauka of the ponds would
significantly  reduce  the number  of ponds  destroyed, and can  be done without
a Department of the Army permit.  This is the  permit denial  alternative.

          (10.10)  Comment:  The ponds can  be  a valuable addition to the
resort and should not be considered "waste"  land.

                   Response:  Comment noted.

          (10.11)  Comment:  The proposed project is located too far from
economically depressed areas, such as Hawi  and Kapa'au to provide any
economic benefits to  those communities.
                                                                         Response: Comment noted.  Some workers at the Sheraton
                                                      presently commute to work from Hawi and Hamakua.  Sheraton does bus some
                                                      employees to and from work.

                                                                (10.12)  Comment:  suggest the consideration of an alternative
                                                      that  would place a 500-room hotel on the Kaniku Flow and a 500-room hotel
                                                      between the Sheraton and Anaehoomalu beach parking area.

                                                                         Response:  This comment is expressed in concept in
                                                      Alternative 4 and the permit denial alternative.

                                                                (10.13)  Comment:  An alternative that would minimize loss of the
                                                      ponds would be environmentally preferred over a "high-class" development:
                                                      that  destroys most of the ponds.  The retention of natural features would be
                                                      advantageous to the "high-class" hotel.

                                                                         Response:  Comment noted.  See Comment (b)(2.6).

                                                                (10.14)  Comment:  Data provided on earthquake risk.

                                                                         Response:  Data incorporated into the FE1S, Chp III, para.
                                                      2.2(c).
                                                      cited.
                                                                (10.15)  Comment:  The historical tsunami data is accurately
                                                                         Responses  Comment noted.
                                                                (10.16)  Comment: The temporary berm would tend to decrease both
                                                      storm-wave and tsunami inundation inland, except with long-period waves.

                                                                         Response:  The temporary nature of the berra, as a  ,
                                                      turbidity and sedimentation control device, has little bearing on the long-
                                                      term effects of the lagoon and tsunami hazards.

                                                                (10.17)  Comment:  The sea Engineering, Inc, report, 1985, should
                                                      be reviewed.  The wave analysis was not based on a two-dimensional analysis
                                                      neglecting the effects of long-period waves entering Waiulua Bay and
                                                      diffracting from the inlet to the lagoon.  If the effect were neglected,
                                                      exposure of the lagoon area to large tsunamis would be greater than the
                                                      exposure estimated under the National Flood Insurance Program.
                                                                         Response:
                                                      dimensional analysis.
           The analysis was not based on a two-
                                                                (10.16)
                                                      swimming lagoon?
Comment:  Will the public be permitted to use the
                                                                         Response:  The Corps permit does not allow the applicants
                                                      to restrict navigational servitude or public use of the lagoon waters.  The
                                                      permit cannot require the applicant to allow public use of lands around the
                                                      lagoon or access to the lagoon across his land.  See Comment  (c)(B.l),

                                                      (d)   County of Hawaii:
11
                                                                                     12

-------

        (1)  Department  o£  Parks  and  Recreation/ County  of Hawaii!
                      Ho comments.
        (2)  Department  of  Public Works, County of  Hawaii:
             (2.1)     Commenti The Department has reviewed and accepted the
   applicant's analysis  that  the  fill would not aggravate flooding  in the
   coastal area.
                      Response:   Comment noted.
   (e)   Organizations  and Individuals:
        (1)  First  Hawaiian Bank:
             (1.1)     Comment: The project is essential  to both  the County and
   the State for  growth  of  the visitor  industry and replacement  of  jobs as a
   result of the  reduction  in agricultural activities.
                      Response:   Comment noted.
             (1.2)     Comment:  Based on our experience, a luxury hotel in
-j- Hawaii must be located on  the  shoreline to succeed.
00                    Response:   Comment noted.
             (1.3)     Comment:  The establishment of the pond preservation area
   at the cost .of $12,000,000 for the land and $1,000,000 in design alterations
   costs represents the  largest mitigation in the history of Hawaii.
                      Response: Comment noted.
        (2)  Island Explorations:
             (2.1)     Comment:  The Sheraton Haikoloa preservation  area is a
   splendid example of enhancing  the  existing natural and cultural  environment.
   This should be an example  for  the  Hyatt.
                      Response:   Comment noted.
             (2.2)     Comment:  The applicant has no regard for  the uniqueness
   of the site and  sees  the ponds as  an obstacle.
                      Response:   Comment noted.
             (2.3)     Comment:  The Haikoloa ponds  are  in pristine  condition,
   are  in large concentration and include a very rare eel.
                      Response: The Waikoloa ponds  are not in a  pristine
   condition,  although the  ponds  are concentrated.   Biota changes have occurred
   and  the rare eel is harder to  find.  The pond continues to provide a habitat
   for  the rare crustacenan fauna, but  its long-term ecological  viability can
   be threatened  by the  introduction  of exotic aquatic organisms, an action
   that can occur outside of th'e  Corps  regulatory jurisdiction.
          (2.4)    Comment:  The anchialine ponds ought to be preserved.
                   Response: Comment noted.
     (3)  Mauna Lanl Resorts:
                   Comment:  He hope that on-going discussions with various
special interest groups would  result in an expeditious resolution of issues
and a mutually beneficial plan.
                   Response:   Comment noted.
     (4)  Sheraton Hotels in the Pacific:
          (4.1)    Comment:  Based  on their experience in hotel management,
a hotel like the Hyatt must be located on the shoreline in order to be
successful.
                   Response:   Comment noted.
          (4.2)    Comment:  Providing 2,000 permanent jobs would benefit
other hotels operating in West Hawaii and the Hawaiian tourist industry as a
whole.
                   Response:   Comment noted.
     (5)  Society of Hawaiian  Archaeology:
          (5.1)    Comment:  The previous archaeological work done  in the
area has adequately recorded and evaluated sites within the portions of the
project area.
                   Response:   Comment noted.
          (5.2)    Comment:  We concur with the State Historic Preservation
Officer that an  intensive survey be conducted prior  to any construction.
                   Response:   Comment noted.
          (5.3)    Comment:  We agree with the recommendations of the State
Historic Preservation Officer, dated March 12, 1985.
                  • Response:   Comment noted.
          (5.4)    Comment:  We  recommend that steps for salvage and
preservation be  clearly  stated in  the FEIS.
                   Response:   The  salvage and preservation plan developed  in
consultation with the State  Historic Preservation Officer was  included  in
the FEIS, Appendix H.
     (6)  Nelson Ho:
          (6.1)    Comment:   implementation of the  proposed  action  would be
                                 13
                                                                                                                       14

-------
I
   an extreme loss, ecologically  and  esthetically.   Alternative  2 would be the
   best compromise.

                      Response:   Comment noted.

             (6,2)     Comment:  The whole  project does  not  reflect  any
   sensitivity to its surrounding .

                      Response:   Comment noted.

             (6.3)     Comment:  Request that  the worst-case-analysis  for  the
   proposed action  and the two  alternative proposals.

                      Response:   The  worst case analysis  was  used  in  the
   Final EIS.

        (7)  E. Alison Kay:

             (7.1)     Comment:  The anchialine ponds are  unique  for their
   native and endemic biota,  geologically  transient  nature, diversity in
   structure and physical attributes.

                      Response:   Comment noted.
             (7.2)  •  Comment:   All  the  ponds  along  the coast are intec-
   connected, such that activity in  one  can  affect the  remainder of the ponds.

                      Response:   The concept was  included in the FEIS.

             (7.3)    Comment:   The  ponds  cannot  survive surrounded by  the
   resort development.

                      Response:   The rare  organisms  in  the pond are already
   threatened by unmanaged or unregulated  activities by man, such as the
   introduction of exotic organisms  into the ponds.   The ponds appear to be
   unaffected by surrounding, if preserved and managed  to control human
   activities in the ponds.

             (7.4)    Commentt   The  permit should be denied.

                      Response:   Permit  denial does  not guarantee the long-term
   ecological viability of the anchialine  ponds.  See Comment (b)(2.6).

        (8)  Tim Newstrom:

             (8.1)    Comment:   The  permit should be denied to preserve the
   ponds and public access rights to the pond  water  under State law.

                      Response:   The Corps permit does  not grant any rights
   that would conflict with State law and  does not grant public access  across
   private lands.  Pond preservation in  an anchialine habitat is not guaranteed
   with permit denial.  See Comment  (b)(2.6).

             (8.2)    Comment:   The  Corps  must abide by the Coastal Zone
   Management Act and State CZH  provisions.
                   Response:  The Corps permit cannot be issued without a
State Coastal Zone Consistency Determination from the state of Hawaii
Department of Planning and Economic Development.  The applicant has applied
for the CZM consistency determination.

          (8.3)    Comment: The anchialine ponds are a water resource to be  •
protected under State law.

                   Response:  The anchialine ponds are also under Federal
regulatory jurisdiction and subject to Federal laws.  The Department of the
Army permit does not negate the applicants requirements to comply with State
or County statutes.

          (8.4)    Comment: State law requires the Corps of Engineers to act
responsibly in managing the "public interest*.

                   Response:  The Corps permit evlauation process is a
•public interest' review and balancing process in compliance and accordance
with Federal statutes and guidelines.

     (9)  Jerry Rothstein:

          (9.1)    Comment:  The applicant indicated that the swimming
lagoon was to be for public use, as well  as for use by resort guests.  The
Corps permit should contain a provision that the 5-acre swimming lagoon be
for public use, as well as use by resort  guests.

                   Response:  See Comment (c)(8.1) and  (c)(10.18).

     (10) Lani stemmermannt

          (10.1)   Comment: The proposed  development should proceed in such
a manner as to maintain the anchialine ponds.

                   Response:  Comment noted.

          (10.2)   Comment: The permit should be denied to preserve the
natural pond attributes and due to the lack of information concerning the
resource.

                   Response:  See Comment (b)(2.6).

          (10.3)   Comment: The EIS fails to adequately answer certain
questions regarding environmental impacts.

                   (10.3(a))  Comment:  What is the minimum size and number
of ponds necessary to preserve this fragile ecosystem which is a habitat for
unique assemblage of organisms, including the rare eel, Gymnothorax hilonis.

                              Response:   The FEIS addresses the concerns to
the extent practicable and reasonable based on available  information.  G.
hilonis may no longer inhabit the Haikoloa ponds or has become harder  to
find in the ponds.  Conversations with Dr. Richard Brock  indicate that a
significant decline in biota has occurred since his initial survey of  the
                                  15
                                                                                                                       16

-------
   area In 1972.

                      (10.3(b))   Comments  What ace the biological effects of
   added nutrients and pesticides that will Beep into the pond?

                                 Response:   Under existing conditions, nutrient
   loading has not contributed to eutrophication, probably due to adequate
   flushing of the ponds.  Nutrient loading would probably occur even if the
   development were built outside of the ponds due to the highly porous nature
   of the area allowing contaminants to seep into the groundwater from
   irrigation.  Human activity in and around the ponds would be unregulated
   contributing further to pond degradation.  The effects of pesticides are
   immediately evident in the HBR or Mauna  Lani Resort ponds.  See Comment
   development'
      (10.3(c))   Comment:   What  were  the  results of the
survey performed by the  applicant?
                                                                        'after
                                 Response:  The survey detected the increase in
   nutrient levels in the pond water, but was not adequate enough to allow any
   analysis of effect on the crustaceans.  The Opaeula are still abundant in
   ponds in which they occur.

-^                    (10.3(d))  Comment:  The BIS should map the
—  tratification of species associated with ponds of different ages at various
O  (stances from the coast.
   III-9, III-IO and 111-12.
                                 Response:  Maps were added to the FEIS, Figures
                      (10.3(e))  Comment:  The vegetation map is satisfactory
   on a gross level, but did not provide detailed information.

                                 Response:  Detailed information is provided in
   the applicant's technical reports.  Under the applicants' proposal, all the
   existing vegetation, except for that in the pond preservation area would be
   destroyed and replaced with landscaping species.

             (10.4)   Comment:  If Alternative 2 is selected, a more detailed
   ecological inventory of each of the ponds to be filled or excavated should
   be conducted to identify species present, diurnal salinity and nutrient
   trends and pond age. Similar studies should also be completed for a
   selection of preserved ponds.

                      Response:  Comment noted.  The Corps believes a
   reasonable amount of data already exists for the ponds to be filled.  The
   pond management plan provides for more scientific studies in the preserved
   ponds.

             (10.5)   Comment: There would be less adverse biological impact if
   the hotel were set back some distance from the coast.  The setback of a few
   hundred yards is probably not significant.  The setback would also preserve
   vistas and enhance coastal recreation experiences.

                      Response:  The FEIS addresses alternatives that would
preserve the coastal vistas and openness.  See Comment (b)(2.6).

     (11) Richard H. Titgent

          (11.1)   Comment:  The Haikoloa area wan unique because of the
occurrence of Gymnothorax hilonis and Marine fish in the ponds.  However,
the area the area has been impacted to the extent that these unique
organisms may no longer be there.  I recommend that as much undisturbed pond
area as possible be preserved.

                   Responses  Comment noted.

          (11.2)   Comment:  The ponds are inter-connected underground, and
little is known about the subterranean-anohialine pond system.  This lack  ot
information makes it difficult to make a valid decision.

                   Response:  The lack ot data on this concept is noted in
the FEIS.  The assessment ot impacts is based on the best available
knowledge, and that was reasonably attainable.

          (11.3)   Comment:  Information is needed to determine how the pond
systems operate, how extensive they are, and how impacts on one portion
attect impacts on the other portions.  Honeys should be set aside to allow
University ot Hawaii graduate students perform research to answer some ot
the questions.  The opportunity would provide training and information as
part ot the cost ot destroying the anchialine ponds.

                   Response:  Comment noted.

(t)  Letters received are reproduced and included in this Appendix K.
                                                                       EOF..
                                                                       EOT..
                                  17
                                                                                                                      18

-------
                                         -5440
                          June 12,  1985
                                                                                                                  -2-
Oparations Branch
    Wa augq»at that wo meat to discuss any questions regarding our
responses and the management plan.  Contact  Hr. Michael tea.
Operations Branch, phone 438-9258, to arrange a meeting or diacuaa
the contents of this letter.

                                Slncarely,
Mr. Allan Marmelstain
Pacific Islands Administrator
03 Pish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 50167
Honolulu, Hawaii  96850

Dear Mr. Marraelsteini

    This latter addresses your concerns  of  May 2,1985  in  regards
to the Haikoloa Beach Resort, Department of the Army Permit
Application, Pile Mo. PODCO-0 1812-SD, and  begins  tha  process of
developing tha details for the anchlallne pond preservation area.

    He appreciate the efforts of your staff over tha last six
months 'working with us and the applicant on mitigation proposals
for anchialine pond loss.  Because  this  joint  effort has  not
progressed beyond the conceptual stage,  we  included only  this
general concept and preservation goal in the DEIS.   We are
continuing to work on a modified proposal from the  applicant which
includes a managed pond preservation area.

    indeed, we are now at a stage in permit processing where we
can begin to define the details of  the proposed managed pond
preservation area.  He understand that the  applicant's
representative has discussed  your comments  with your staff
(Enclosures 1).  Based on those discussions and our evaluation, we
have provided responses to your letter  (Enclosure  2).
Enclosures
                                Bverette A. Flanders
                                Chief, Construction-Operations
                                Division
Copy Purnishedi with enclosures
Hr. Richard J. Myshak, Regional Director, USPW3, Portland, OR
Mr. Clifton H. Jenkins, Transcontinental Development Con,
    Perry Hhita, Belt Collins and Associates
    Doyle Gates, National Marine Pisherles Service, Honolulu
    Judith Ayrea, BPA, Region IX, San Prancisco, CA
Mr
Mr
Ha

-------
N)
           COMMENTS TO US FISH AND WILDLIFE LETTER, DATED HAY 2,1985
1.  PERPETUAL PROTECTION AND HANAGEHEHT

    a.  COMMENTS   The US Pish and Wildlife Service does not
believe the applicant should be solely responsible for stewardship
of the pond preservation area.  A conservation organization with
the necessary expertise should assume management of the pond
preservation area.

        RESPONSEi   He agree that the pond preservation manager
should have the necessary expertise to assume management of the
pond area.  However,  the Department of the Army permit conditions
are binding on the  permit applicant, not an independent third
party.

    b.  COMMENT: The approval and final selection of the pond
manager would be jointly determined by the USFWS and the Corps of
Engineers.

        RESPONSE!   The Corps would consult with the USFWS in
approving or changing the pond manager.  While the applicant and
the County of Hawaii  would also be consulted, the final decision
would be made by the  permitting agency.

    c.  COMHENTt Some form of perpetual easement is essential to
the pond preservation concept as no conservation organization
could guarantee the long-term, ecological viability of the pond
preservation area vithout an easement.  This concept of perpetual
easement means that the ponds be managed in perpetuity.

        RESPONSEt   The Department of the Army permit is, indeed, a
perpetual permit that would establish the pond preservation area
and the management  requirements.  The permit is binding on the
applicant for as long as the project is present at the Waikoloa
Beach Resort, and   is binding on the next project owner.

        The permit  is not binding on an independent third party.
The Corps has no desire to have an independent third party, who is
not bound by the permit, assume total management responsibility
over the ponds because this third party would not be bound by any
of the permit conditions levied by the Corps of Engineers.  The
independent third party cannot be a party to the permit since the
party has no interests in the proposed action, other than to
profit from the Corps requirement on the applicant to set aside
and manage the pond preseration area.

        The Department of the Army (DA) permit is not a land
conveyance document.   An "easement", as understood in the real
estate concept, is  not established by the DA permit.  The DA
permit cannot be used to convey a land right.  Under the DA permit
the applicant agrees to abide by a pernlt condition.  In the case
of Waikoloa, the applicant nay agree to set aside 12-acres for  an
anchialine pond preservation area.  If he fails to comply with  the
DA permit conditions, the permit ie revoked with whatever legal
consequences may follow.

        We believe that a fixed-perpetual managnent scheme does
not allow us any flexibility in adjusting the pond preservation
area or site when new information or factors require a re-
evaluation of the ecological viability or advisability of
maintaining the pond preservation area at Waikoloa Beach Resort.

        We believe that criteria for selecting and approving the
use of suitable pond manager can be developed.

2.  WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS.                               >.

    a. COMMENTi  An intensive water quality monitoring program  in
and adjacent to the preservation area before, during and after
construction should be required.

       RESPONSES  Water quality monitoring shall be part of the
management of the pond preservation area.

    b. COMMENTi  Injection wells and dry wells  (sumps) shall not
be located directly upstream from the pond preservation area.

       RESPONSE: The Corps suggests that a no injection well zone
be delineated on maps.

    c. COMMENT! No sewage effluents or toxic materials would be
Injected Into the groundwater on the Waikoloa sites.

       RESPONSE]  See item b.  No sewage effluents or toxic
materials shall be injected into the groundwater at Waikoloa
within the zone delineated on the map.

    d. COMMENTS  No cither potential pollutants  (e.g. stormwater
runoff from paved areas, biocides, fertilizers, untreated
wastewater) would be allowed to enter the pond preservation area.

       RESPONSES  The applicant had indicated that he Intends to
slope the land to drain stormwater from roadways and buildings
away from the pond preservation area.

3.  DIRECT AND INDIRECT LIGHTING.

       COMMENTi  Lighting shall not be directly aimed at ponds  in
the pond preservation area.

       RESPONSES  The condition would be included in the permit.

-------
                                                                                          4. MODIFICATIONS IN THE POND PRESERVATION AREA.

                                                                                              a. COHHENTs  Modifications that would alter the ecological
                                                                                          stability of the anchialine systems would not be allowed.

                                                                                              b. RESPONSE:  The condition may be too restrictive. He suggest
                                                                                          modifying the condition to reach "Modifications that would alter
                                                                                          the ecological stability of the anchialine ponds system would not
                                                                                          normally be allowed without the approval of the permitting agency
                                                                                          in consultation with.the US Fish and Wildlife Service."  This
                                                                                          would allow us to permit experiments, such as studying pond
                                                                                          creation and colonization, or efforts to remove exotic vegetation.
f

CO

-------
                 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                I. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT. HONOLULU
                      rr  «if»rnii. HAWAII •<»*-5440
                          June 24, 1985
Operations Branch
Hs. Judith E. Ayres
Regional Administrator
U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency
Region IX
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, California  94105

Dear Hs. Ayres:

     The Corps of Engineers (COE) has reviewed and analyzed the
Environmental Protection  Agency (EPA) comments and concerns
regarding the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the
Halkoloa Beach Resort  Anchialine Ponds, Maikoloa, South Kohala
District, island of Hawaii,  dated May 24, 1985.  A detailed
response to those concerns  is  enclosed for your review and
consideration.

     He appreciate  the agency's views and are giving them
considerable attention.  It is intended that certain areas will be
broadened and strengthened  in  the Final Environmental Impact
Statement (FEIS).  Me  do, however, have an apparent disagreement
regarding whether the  DEIS  does or does not adequately assess and
disclose reasonable and potentially significant environmental
impacts to the anchialine ponds.  In regards to your specific
comments:

     a.  Me consider that the  impact of the discharge on the ponds
and the pond organisms were presented in the DEIS.

     b.  The DEIS indicated that the pond organisms were rare.
The organisms, however, are not listed on the List of Threatened
and Endangered Species and  are being considered accordingly.

     c.  EPA's estimate of  anchialine pond loss in the State of
Hawaii fails to consider  ponds in East Hawaii or ponds preserved
at the Cape Kinau Natural Area Reserve.

     d.  The DEIS presented certain alternative arguments provided
by the developer and so displays them as such but does not reflect
COE endorsement  of  the arguments.  The COE will consider those
arguments in its declsionmaking process.
                               -2-

     e.  The COE detailed cements point out thit the COE
considered and presented the Section 404(b)(l) analysis for the
Walkoloa Beach Resort development, but did not Indicate that a
decision had been reached.  Therefore, concern by EPA as expressed
in its comments on Section 404(b)(l) guidelines seem premature.

     In regards to the need for a Draft Supplemental Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS), the COE finds that the majority of EPA's
comments and concerns were identified and addressed in the DEIS.
The COE believes that EPA has not provided the COE with any
significantly new circumstances or Information relevant to
environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action or its
impacts that justify the preparation of a Draft Supplement EIS.
The COE will clarify its assessments, will include appropriate EPA
concerns and concepts, and will Incorporate supplemental
information that becomes available as the COE permit application
evaluation progresses into a FEIS.

     EPA has raised some research questions that, unfortunately,
cannot be practicably answered In a reasonable length of time.
EPA has also expressed some interesting and speculative concepts,
which though certainly worthwhile from an academic perspective are
not required for making a decision in a specific permit case.

     The COE Is continuing to work with the applicant on the
analysis of alternatives and with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
on a pond preservation plan.

     I appreciate your taking the time to meet with me at your
office on July  IB,  1985.   In the  Interim, I have asked Mr. Michael
Lee (phone  (808) 438-9258) of my Operations Office and Ms. Cindy
Kaywell (phone  (808) 438-1388), Office of Counsel, to meet with
your staff  in early July  in order to clarify  the major Issues.
                                  Sincerely,
                                  Michael  MJeks
                                  Colonel, Qorps-oT  Engineers
                                  District Engineer
 Enclosure

-------
CO
                                -3-

Copy Furnished:  with enclosure

Ms. Josephine S. Cooper, Assistant Administrator, Office of
  External Affairs. EPA
Hs. Kathy Winer, Office of General Counsel, EPA
Mr. Allan Hlrsch, Office of Federal Activities. EPA
Mr. Paul A. Schuette. Office of Public Affairs, EPA
Mr. A. Alan Hill, Council  on Environmental Quality
Mr. Robert Dawson, Assistant Secretary of the Army (CH)
Lieutenant General E. R. Helberg III, Chief of Engineers, U.S.  Army
Mr. Lester Edelman, Chief Counsel, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Mr. Cecil Goad, Chief, Operations and Readiness Division, U.S.  Army
  Corps of Engineers
Mr. Richard Myshak, Regional Director, U.S. F1sh and Wildlife
  Service, Portland, Oregon
Mr. Allan Marmelsteln, Pacific Islands Administrator, U.S. Fish and
  Wildlife Service, Honolulu
Mr. Doyle E. Gates, Administrator, National Marine Fisheries
  Service, Honolulu
Mr. Leslie Matsubara, Director, State Department of Health
Hs. Letltia N. Uyehara, Director, State Office of Environmental
  Quality Control
Mr. Dante Carpenter, Mayor, County of Hawaii, Island of Hawaii
Mr, Clifton Jenkins, Vice President and Manager, Transcontinental
  Development Company, Honolulu
Mr. Perry White, Belt, Collins and Associates, Honolulu

-------
 June 24,  J9B5

                   RESPONSES  70  EPA COMMENTS
                               ON
            MAIkOLOA BEACH  RESORT  ftMCHIALINE PONDS  ,

GENERAL COMMENTS.

1.   Commitnti   A comprehensive EIS  describing the  impacts of  the
Maikoloa Beach Resort and future  development near  tho anchialine
ponds in Hawaii, may be required  by NEPA.
     Response!   The Maikoloa Draft Environmental  Impact
Statement  (DEIS) addresses the comprehendve impacts of the
Uailoloa Beach Resort Development on anchialine ponds at Maikoloa
and relates that impact to anchialine ponds resources in the
State of Hawaii, in accordance with NEPA.  Me identified the
number of  ponds at Maikoloa and on  Meet Hawaii, arid the major
comple:: at Cape Kinau, Maul (page 111-17, para. 8.3.1.1 (d) and
identified the past, present and  future trend in pond resources
in the State  (Page 111-22, para.  B.3.1.6).  Me further  indicated
that the Natural Area Reserve at  Cape Kinau, Maui, contains ponds
that would provide a long-term example of anchialine ponds  in the
State of Hawaii (Page 111-22, para. B.3.1.6(d).    Me indicated
that the reduction in ponds at Maikoloa does not eliminate their
existence in the State of Hawaii  (page IV-3, para. 3(f>).
     Me plan to provide a numerical assessment in  the Final
Environmental  Impact Statement (FEIS) to quantify  pond  loss,  and
male the discussions on the subject more concise  in  the FEIS.

2.   Comment:   Assess the plans for condominium and  additional
hotel construction, as well as, ancillary facilities.   The DEIS
does not disclose the complete development concept.
     Response!  The DEIS assesses the  impacts, not the  plans, of
condominium, additional hotel and ancillary -facilities  of the
Waikoloa Beach Resort development on anchialine ponds.  We did
not believe it was significant whether the applicant built a
hotel, condominium or other facility on the ponds, because we can
anticipate, based on present major  resort land use zoning, that
resort/residential facilities constructed on the  ponds  would
result in the destruction and loss  of ponds.  Thus,  we
concentrated our discussions on management of the  anchialine
resources in relation to permitting use of the lands and the
impacts of those uses on the anchialine pond resources.
     Me indicated that the applicant proposed to  excavate and
fill all ponds on the Maikoloa Beach Resort property outside  of
the 12-acre preservation area (Page ix(l) and l-l (a).   Me
illustrated the extent of the Wa'ikoloa Beach Resort  development  in
Figure 11-2.  Me noted on Figure  11-3 the total anchialine pond
resource at Maikoloa Beach Resort.  We indicated  in Figure  11-4
all the anchialine ponds that would be destroyed  by  the proposed
action.  He indicated on Figure 11-9 and  II-1O the anchialine
ponds that would be destroyed under two alternative land  uses for
the same development concept.  Me indicated  that  anchialine ponds
on the Hyatt hotel site and other anchialine pond  properties
would be filled (Page 11-12, para.  2.1.1.5).  On  Table  II-l,  we
1*1 cJ out the number of ponds dattroyvd and protwvud by thv total
Uaikoloa Beach Retort development within the Corpt' jurisdiction.
     Ww will present the information more concisely in the FEIS,
and mal-B correction* to the maps, where n«crmu*ry.
                           i
Z.   Comment! Inadequate disclosure of all development proposal*
and ensuing environmental impact* for Maikoloa Beach Resort
properties.
     Response:  Comment i* too broad to provide specific answers.
We concentrated our discussions on impacts directly related to
the Corps permit action and related that discussion to impacts
resulting from the remainder of the development outside of the
Corps' jurisdiction.  The discussion was specific where data
allowed specific discussions, i.e., the Hyatt Hotel development,
and was broad and general where data and information was
speculative,  i.e. future development outside of the Corps'
jurisdiction, based on existing land USB zoning.
     Me will  reassess the amount of information that
reasonably  and practicably can be added to the FEIS concerning
secondary  impacts outside of the Corps' jurisdiction.

4.   Comment!  A complete evaluation of environmental impacts
associated  with development  of the whole Maikoloa Beach Resort,
makai of the  Dueen Kaahumanu Highway,  i.e., anchialine pond
ecosystem,  water quality, air quality,  sewage capacity, ground
water resources and cumulative impacts  from development should  be
provided.
     Response:  See Responses 2  and 3.

SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE EFFECTS AND  LACK  OF ADEQUATE  INFORMATOM ON
ANCHIALINE  PONDS.

5.   Comment:  EPA views the potential  loss of  more  than  one-
third of  the anchialine pond resources in Hawaii, a  substantial
portion of  National resources, as  a significant degradation of
waters  of  the United  States.
     Response:  The one-third  loss does not represent  the loss  of
one-third  of the  pond resource in  the State of  Hawaii, but a  one-
third loss in West Hawaii,  assuming  all the ponds at Waikoloa are
destroyed.   Me indicated that  about  215 ponds were found  at
Maikoloa  Beach Resort,  but  also  noted that 15 ponds  are located
in the  Ku'uali'i  and  Kahapapa  fishpond preservation  area.  This
leaves  200 ponds  in  the Maikoloa Beach Resort  property subject  to
developmental pressures.  With the 12-acre pond preservation
area', 62  ponds are preserved.   Thus,  only 138 ponds  would be
destroyed representing a 23V. loss in Mest Hawaii.
      We plan to include the ponds from East  Hawaii and Cape Kinau
 and a more accurate count of ponds in West Hawaii to clearly
describe  the pond loss percentage on the island of Hawaii.

 6.   Comment:  Inadequate assessment of potentially significant
 environmental impacts to the anchialine ponds, including  the
 possibility that some of the organisms in the ponds may qualify
 as rare or endangered species.   The US Fish and Wildlife  Service
 (USFM5) proposed five species as Category 2 status under  the

-------
Endangered Species Act.   EF'A recommends close coordination with
the USFWb.
     fVe-sponse:-   Status  of  the  five  species will be
included in the FEIS.  At the present  time, the species remain
unlisted.   He nave already  identified  the anchialine pond
organisms; as rare and  unique with limited and restricted
distribution in the State of Hawaii  (Page IK, para.(3)) Page  111-
17, para.  B.3.1.1(b)(  page  111-19, para. B.3.1.5(a>| page I11-20,
par*. B.3.i.5(d)  and (h».   Indeed,  this identification
contributed to the decision to  prepare the DEIS.
     t).  We also  discussed the  presence of the rare eel,
Gvmngthorax biiSDlS and  the fact that  the eel was not  found  in
two subsequent surveys of the Waikoloa Beach Resort ponds
(Oceanic  Institute 1977, and 1984)  (Page  111-20, para. B.3.).5.j
Page 111-24, para.8.3.2 If)| Table 111-4).
     We believe that the information cannot be obtained  in  a
reasonable time or cost.  We further believe that the  applicant
should not be totally responsible for  obtaining the information
because the resource occurs State—wide and  that the resource
•Mould also be the interest of the County,  State and Federal
Government.  We believe the management plan provides a mechanism
for obtaining the information.
I
'7.   Comment:  The EIS should also describe the subterranean
connections between ponds, movement of pond species within these
subterranean connections and the relationship between the surface
and subterranenan habitats.  The number, size and subsurface
connections should be quantified in the EIS.
     Response:   The concept of subterranean connections and
underground movement of organisms are expressed in the DEIS
(Page 111-17, para.6.3.1.1(a),(b) and  (c),  page 111-17 - 19,
para. B.3. 1.2(b> and  (c)|  Page  111-19, para. B.3. l.5(c> and  (e)..
We have described the substrate as highly permeable lava with the
presence of large voids  (Page MI-IB, para. B.3. l.?(b).  We
recognized the fact that organisms can move vertical! v within the
water table  (Page Ill-IB,  B.3.1.2(c) and know from experience
.that they can appear in created ponds, such *s Pond 199 which is
a bulldozer scar.  Dr. Brock also notes that opaeula appear  in
excavate depressions that  have become ponds. We have recognized
that some organisms may migrate from filled ponds to unfilled
(Page IV-3, para. 3
-------
Nt.
         rv»fcon<>blo length of time.   Additionally,  whether  or  nut  this
         concifpt it conclusively proven,  tht- impact* are  still
         specitiative.  Opening holes, drilling holes or creating ponda «*y
         prove that organisms can move belwuen ponds underground,  but m«y
         nut result in a any more InowleUciB about the underground
         reuuurce.  We assume based  on Comment 7, that the  resource done
         estist, possibly as a vast reservoir in highly porous  and
         permeable substrates in Hawaii,  and would  be available to
         colonial." pond areas created in the substrata,  Dr,  Brock
         expressed the idea that recent 1 avas may have* been colonized by
         orgamtsmH residing in similar adjacent habitats  or substrates.

         9.    Comment:  'present  a wrtttei. evluation regarding  potential
         short-term and long-term effects of the proposed {ill activities
         on physicali chemical  and bioloigical  components of the aquatic
         environment.
              Response:   The DEIS provides the evaluation of potential
         short-term and long-term effects of the proposed fill on  the
         physical, chemical and  biological  components of  the aquatic
         environment.
              He have indicated  that  the  fill  Mould directly eliminate 70V.
         of  the pond  resources at Waikoloa (Page IV-2-3).
              Ms have indicated  the  discharge of  lava, basalt  rocks into
    7^    the pondu would  not release contaminants or salts  into the water
    I     (Page IV-3,  para.  3(h>.   The fill  into the ponds does not
    »    introduce organics that would decompose and reduce dissolved
         oxygen levels.   The lava rock does not  contain nutrients  that
         would cause  one  group of organisms to outcompete another.
              We have indicated  that  the  lava,  basalt  stones would not
         interfere with groundwater  flow  (Page IV-4,  para.  3(i)> because
         our inspection of  the construction site indicates  that the lava
         b'asalt rocks would have voids that would not  interfere with
         groundwater  flow or tidal exchange.   This  is evident  in
         previously filled areas where the ponds still exhibit un-
         inhibited tidal  response.    Secondly,  crushed lava  is used in
         layers to building up the elevation.   This crushed  lava has not
         exhibited any  migration  into the  ground  on golf  courses that are
         constantly watered.  On  existing  road  slopes  through  anchialine
         ponde,  opaeula continue  to use the pond  habitat  at  the toe of the
         fill.   The fill  has not  silted the ponds or  interfered with tidal
         exchange further inland.
              We have indicated  that  the -fill would kill  any organisms
         residing in  the  filled  ponds (Page IV-3, para. 3<-f>> and that
         some  organisms may survive.
              Me have indicated that  the secondary  effects of development
         would  affect groundwater quality  that  could  affect  the pond, and
         have  recognized  that this would probably occur without the
         filling of ponds (Page  IV-4,  para.  3  and  (1)).  We have
         indicated that existing  water quality has  been degraded by upland
         activities,  but  that the ponds appear  to be a viable resource
         (Page  IV-4,  para.  3(m»,  a factor  that makes us  and the USFWS
         feel  that the pond preservation area is  viable.
             We will clarify this disucussion  in the FE1S.

         10.  Comment:  The number of  species inhabiting  these pools and
their *bund*nc* are not completely known.
     ftciponsoi  Comment Hill be added to Hit FE1S.  Tin- high
inU-rst! tiel »pace prevent* an ea»y population census.  By
qualitative esitmatt- bleed on several visits to the tilts, the
number of organisms in the ponds are too numorous to count.  The
amount of the resource residing underground can never b«'censu&i-d
ea&ilv.  The use of presence or absence wan used for pond
comparison.

11.  Comment; There is insufficient data in the DEIS to
adequately  identify anchialine pond resources.  Additional
species that have not been described because- only qualitative
sampling methods were used during previous, pond studies.
     Response!  We recognized the possibility that species
previously  undescribed could be found  in any pond  (Page I11-20,
para. B. 3. 1.5(e>).  We will not base our decision on the
speculation of  some unknown factor.  The baseline- by Maciolek and
BrocT identified significant areas and organisms in West  Hawaii,
ponds.  The Oceanic  Institute surveys  at Waikoloa did not find
any  new organisms, and noted a reduction in organisms.  We
believe it  unreasonable  for the applicant  to wait for an
unspecified and undeterminable length  of time, while inventories
are  carried out until previously  undescribed and unforeseen
organisms  are or are not found at Maikoloa. Based upon surveys to
date, high porous  substrates, such  as  A'a  lava  flows  at Cape
Kinau,  tlaui ,  have  yielded more rare  organisms,  than sites on the
island  of  Hawaii.  The Waikoloa ponds  are  found  in old pahoehoe
-lava flows.  Therefore,  reasonably  available,  sufficient  data
apperas in the  DEIS  to adequately identify anclnaline pond
resources.

 12.   Comment!   Communities  of organisms  found  in  anchialine ponds
may  conceivably occur  beneath  ancient  lava flows  with no  surface
connection, but to our knowledge,  no one has  investigated this
possibility.
      Response!   See  Comment 11.   The fact  that  they  appear in
created ponds and  quarries  and  in limestone caverns  without
surface connection,  which  implies that the organisms  can
survive underground.   We have addressed this on Page 111-18,
para.B.3.1.2(c).

 13.   Comment:  It  is  unclear to what extent site preparation,
 filling and construction will  affect groundwater flows  and
 circulation patterns in  the subterranean ponds.
      Responses   See comment 8 and 9.

 14.   Comments  The DEIS should explain why only those ponds being
 filled will be affected by the project (Page IV-3).
      Response:   See Comment 9.   We indicated on Page IV-3,
 para.3(h), that only filled ponds would be directly affected by
 the fill.  Natural basalt rock can not degrade water quality.
 Based upon our observations of groundwater leakage and developed
 areas at Mauna Lani  and at Waikoloa we do not see the secondary
 fill and landscaping (crushed lava basalt) entering the  ground
 through leaching.

-------
 15.  Comments   Identify the proposed location and siting criteria
 for wells used  to flush the lagoon.
     Response:   The  information will be added to the FE1S.

 16.  Comments   Assess how pumping 4-. 6 mgd from the groundwater
 will affect  subsurface flows, flushing rates and water quality in
 the anchialine  ponde in the pond preservaiton area.
     Responses   The  information will be added to the FEIS.

 17.  Comment:   Describe the effects of groundwater flow
 alteration by pumping on nitrate, ammonia and phosphate levels in
 the ponds.
     Response:  See comment 16.

 IB.  Comment!   Quantify the relationship between groundwtaer
 flows, nutrient  levels and pond clarity.  The discussion should
 focus on the effect  of higher nutrient concentrations on
 anchialine pond  phytoplankton, other aquatic species and general
 ecology of the  habitat.
     Responsei   See Comment 16.
     We have indicated that nutrient concentrations in the  ponds
 are not presently limiting phytoplankton growth (Page IV-4,
 para.3(m».  We  have suggested that tidal flushing appears  to
 limit water residence time in the ponds preventing phytoplankton
 from ovei—producing.

 PRACTICABLE ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS

 19.  Comment!    The alternatives in the DEIS are not sufficient
 to rebut the presumption that practicable alternatives exist, and
 an extensive evluations should be provided.
     Response!   The DEIS provides information to the decision
 maker, but is not a decision document.  In the DEIS, we presented
 the information  and arguments provided to us by the applicant for
 public disclosure and review. • As a DEIS, the document is subject
 to change with  the addition of new information concerns, and
 evaluations.   The FEIS is still subject to public review and
 comment and consideration of new information and concerns upon
 review of the FEIS enters into the decision making process.  We
 have requested more data from the applicant and intend to
 evaluate the adequacy of the information in accordance with our
 regulations and  in light of your concerns.

 20.  Comment:  Me have identified reasonable available
 alternatives that are outside the spectrum of alternatives
analyzed by the Corps and applicant in the DEIS.

     a.  The entire project could be relocated to the north  and
west margins of Waiulua Bay.
     Responsei   This alternative is the no-action alternative
 (Page 11-20)  forces the applicant to either reduce the fill
 (alter the development to fill fewer ponds), or site in-land
 (fill  no ponds).  If the project was rotated as suggested no DA
permi-t would be required.   If only a portion of the  project was
rotated, than a condition similar to Alternatives 2 and 3 would
occur.  The alternative is considered * variation of an e:: it tiny
alternative presently under consideration.

     b.  Av9id the anchialine ponds having unique habitat or
other values.
     Response!  This suggestion was considered in the des) gn,-,t j on
of the pond preservation concept  (Page IV-3,' para. 3(d».   We •
are still working on the details of the preservation site
boundaries and management plan.

     c.  Habitat development and restoration.
     Response!  We are considering this under the pond
preservation  and management concept.

     d.  Revised configurations.
     Responsei  Revised configurations does not constitute  a
significantly different alternative.  Alternatives 2 and  3
provide variations of revised con-figuration*.  The use of piles,
siting  inland,, on other locations within  the Waikoloa Beach
Resort  and outside the Waikoloa  Beach Resort are presented  in the
DEIS  (Pages  11-13 to  11-22).

     e.  Consideration of other  areas not presently owned by  the
applicant  that could  be reasonably obtained, utilized, expanded
or managed in order to -fulfil the basic purpose of the proposed
activity.
     Response:  The alternative  was  addressed on Pages 11-21  and
11-22.   We are continuing to  evaluate and assess the off-site
alternatives.

MITIGATION                                                   ..,

21.   Comment: Saving 30% of  the ponds  is not considered
mitigation.   There  is 70V. uncompensated losses.at  the  applicant's
site,  not  considering the additonal  losses  or degradation that
may  occur  to the  remaining  ponds through  secondary impacts.
      Response!  The  concept of  mitigation and compensation  are
being considered  in  the  development  of  the  pond preservation  area
and  management.   EPA's opinion will  be  considered.   We are
working with the  USFWS to  develop an adequate plan to  mitigate
or compensate for the loss  of the anchialine pond  organisms
under the  pond  preservation area concept.

22.   Comment!  The DEIS  should evaluate pond preservation
mangement  plans  in order, to determine the likelihood of
maintaining  or  enhancing the  pond ecosystem.   The evaluation
should determine the ability of the plan to actually preserve the
unique resource  in perpetuity.
      Response:    We are  working with the USFWS  in evaluating  the
pond preservation concept.   We have indicated in the DEIS the
 likelihood that  the pond preservation might succeed (Page  1V-4
 and  1V-5,  para.  3(k)-(m).   We will consider your suggestions
below in the  development  of  the pond preservation area and
management plan.

-------
          a.   Identify  thu responsibilities ol the manogamunt agency
     and the enforcement agency, including ltti«l)inp binding
     conwni tmants to  implunont  the management plan.
          Response:  Comment Mill be considered.

          b.   Identify  a preferred management plan including
     tnforcement procedures to Maintain mariagemunt objectives.
          ftesponuet  A  preferred plan will be provided in the FEIS.
     ponds.
c.  Define compliance criteria and methods to monitor  the

    Response:  Comment will be- considered.
          d.   Identify options  for corrective action to ensure pond
     preservation.
              Response:  Comment will be considered.

          e.  Discuss the possibility of requiring the applicant to
     post a bond for the preservation of the anchialine ponds.
              Response:  Comment will be considered.

          f.   Identify those mitigation measures  (features) which will
     minimize potentially adverse impacts on anchialine ponds, such
7\   as:
I              (1)   Introduction of runoff potentially laden with
Q   fertilizers, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, oil and grease
     or other pollutants.
               Response:  As indicated in the DEIS, the area around
     the ponds would be graded  to prevent the flow of the stated
     materi als 'directly into the ponds (Page II-7, para. 2.1.1.4(a),
     and 11-12, para. 2.1.1.4(b)>.

               (2>   Increases in human intrusion, including refuse
     accumulation and introduction of exotic species.
               Response:  The purpose of the management plan will
     prevent the negative aspects itemized above, and will provide
     an educational element for the people of Hawaii.

          g.  The plan should be monitored more rigorously, such as
     every six months during construction and yearly for the next 20
     years.
              Response:  Comment will be considered.

     WATER QUALITY

     23.  Comment:  Corps should assure that water quality of the
     lagoon would not affect the availability of groundwater for
     public water supply.  Evidence of this assurance should be
     displayed as a table showing current water uses, proposed
     projected demand and future development demands.
          Response:  The Corps  has no regulatory jurisdiction to
     assure that lagoon water quality would not affect public water
     supply as a result of the  withdrawal of groundwater.  The Corps
     can regulate the discharge of fill and require monitoring of
water quality if' the lagoon.  The Corps considered I lie-
in the DEIS.  Wu indicatud in the DEIS that the withdrawal of
water for tut- )*cioon.*t the coastline would not *f and page  JV-19, par*. 9.1.2.).
     The withdrawal of groundwater in the Stats of Hawaii is
regulated by the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural
Resources., Division of Land and Water Development.
     The County of Hawaii regulatos development on the  island of
Hawaii and requires that any development in the South Kohala
area must prove that it can provide water to satisfy the
development.  This planning constraint was levied because- of the
limited water resources in  the  area.  Thus, private developments
have had  to find their own  water sources to satisfy their
demands.  7ni°6 policy  is reflected  in the Corps South Kohala
Water Supply study for the  area.
     Ue will clarify this discussion in the FEIS.

BERM CONSTRUCTION AT THE HOUTH  OF THE LAGOON.

24.  Comment:  The Corps should evaluate the construction of the
temporary berm on the  nearshore marine habitats.  The analysis
shoud  include  sedimentation Impacts during berm construction,
berm removal and potential  maintenance dredging of  sand at  the
mouth  of  the  lagoon.
     Response:  Me did evaluate the impacts  and found them  to be
insignificant.  Me will  provide a discussion  in  the FEIS.   The
berm would  be  constructed  on  barren,  intertidal basaltic lava.
The nearshore  marine environment in the  middle and  outer Haiulua
Bay is devoid  of  significant  coral  growth.   The excavation  of
recent lava basalt does not result in the release of  fine
sediments that  could result in  significant  turbidity  plumes.
Stone  size, lava  basalt  would be used to construct  the  berm and a
filter cloth  used  to confine any finds.   The removal  may result
 in a small  turbidity plume.
      There does not  appear to be a need  for maintenance dredging
of sand in the lagoon, because the man-made beach would be
 located at the back  of the man-made lagoon,  protected from  any
 alongshore currents or erosive wave energy.   Periodic sand
 replace is anticipated using imported sand.

 25.  Comment:   A bathymetric map of Waiulua Bay showing sand
 areas and marine ecosystem should be included in the' E1S.
      Response:  A bathymetrie map will added.

 AIR QUALITY

 26.  Comment:   The dispersion model cited in the DEIS should be
 presented in the FEIS.
      Response:   See  Comment 28. EPA was sent a copy of the study
 on November 21, 1984.

 27.  Comment:   The model should investigate additional  traffic
 related  to the development of  the remainder of the Waikoloa Beach
                                                                                                                        10

-------
Resort.
     Responsei
                Bed Comment 2B.
2B.  Comment:  Identify and discuss affective methods to mitigate
or alleviate adverse air quality impacts, to include!
     a. Redesigning or reconstructing intersections that violate
Air quality standards,
     b. Providing high-occupancy or mass transit to reudce
traffic volumes.
     Respon&e:  The comment extends beyond the Corps regulatory
jurisdiction.  In the DEIS, we have addressed the fact that air
quality may degrade as a result of increased traffic related to
the overall development.   The Corps lacks the expertise to
discuss effective measures to mitigate or alleviate adverse- air
quality impacts related to activities far beyond the Corps'
control or regulatory jurisdiction.
     EPA and the State Department of Health and 'the Federal
Highways Administration can coordinate their own requirements on
the Uaikoloa Beach Resort.
                                11

-------
                                                     R. MATSUH4QA
                                                     HAWAII
                                                 WASHINGTON QtttU
                                                   »•» *»•• *w<»\*
                                                 **i**M«ie*. c : jet 
-------
                                                             United Stales
                                                            l Department of
                                                             Agriculture
                          Soil
                          Conservation
                          Service
P.O. Bo*, 50004
Honolulu, Hawaii
96850
                                                                Colonel Michael  M.  Jenks
                                                                District Engineer
                                                                Honolulu District
                                                                U.S. Array Corps  of Engineers
                                                                Bldg. 230
                                                                Ft. Shafter, HI   96858-5440
                                                                                                                April 22,  1985
N>
CO
         Dear Colonel Jenks:

         Subject:  U.S. Department of the Aray Fornit Application
                   Waikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine Ponds, Naikoloa, Hawaii

         He have reviewed  the subject draft environmental impact statement and
         have no comments  to  Bake.

         Thank you for the opportunity to review the docunent.

         Sincerely,
                                                                FRANCIS C.H.  LUM
                                                                State Conservationist
 A
.( I.
\r
                                                            Tt» ao» CwiMmllon Stntci
                                                            li in lomcy ot Ihi
                                                            UnH*d Slilll (Kpidminl of Agrlculltin

-------
                                            Hay 6,
            Colonel Michael H. JenV*
            Dlatrlet Engineer
            U.S. Army Corp* of Engineer*
            Fort Shatter, Bewail  96858

            Dear Colonel Jenkai

                 Th* Rational Marine Fiaharlea Service (KHFS)  haa reviewed  th* Drift
            Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the Walkoloa Beach Reeort Aucblallna
            Fonda, Waikoloa, South Kohal* Dlatrlet. Island of  Hawaii.  The  following
          •  content* are offered for your conalderatlon.

          . General Connant*

7\               NHFS waa consulted during development of the  subject  DEIS.  For  th*
J,          moat part resources for which KHFS beare • responsibility  and alternative*
!p-          to reduce adverse impact* on these resource* have  been addressed to our
            eatisfaction in the document.

                 We not* that throughout th* DEIS atateoents indicate  that  construction
            of th* propoaed S-acr* lagoon will probably not require blasting. However,
            In recent discussions with aeverel project consultants w*  now underetsnd  that
            blasting 1* preaantly considered th* preferred excavation  technique rather
            than a poaalble alternative.

                 A report to Darby and Associates, Inc. (April 24  1985) entitled
            "Additional Evaluation of Proposed Excavation Using Explosives  With Respect
            to Potential Daaage to Major Marine Life - Walkoloa, Hawaii" contains eddl-
            tlonel Information on .the propoaed bleating and recommendations to protect
            marine lit* from potentiel damage.  KHFS concurs with these recommendations
          • snd fssls that propoaed bleot plan and mitigation neaaurea ahould be  detailed
            In the DEIS.  We ere preiently evaluating the potential Impacte to threatened
            and endangered species under HHFS jurisdiction froa UR* of explosives in exca-
            vating th* lagoon.  A asperate report under Section 7 of the Endangered Specie*
            Act of 1973, •* amended, will b* prepared and eubmltted for your conalderatlon.

                 KHFS concur* with the applicant'a plan In the preferred alternative to
            creete • 12-*cr* "enchialin* pond preaervatlon aree" containing approximately
            62 ponda.  We continue to b* concerned, however, with the loaa of the anchlallne
            ponds and their unique blot* outside the designated preservation aree on the
            Walkoloa Beech  Resort-property proposed tor development.   A* additional miti-
            gation for destruction of the approximately 136 ponda, KHFS recoonenda a* much
            of th* unique macroblote a* possible be removed fron the pond* prior to filling.
Th* blot*  should be  carefully transplanted to snchlallne ponds in th* pond
preservation area, or offalte anchlalln* pond*.  The potilbillty of creating
•nchlalln* pond* ooslt* should elso be Investigated.  It 1* likely that
volunteer* from th*  local cotsKmlty could b* utllited for carrying out the
reenxModad  mitigation.

     JHJS  fesls th*  pood  preservation area ahould be managed by IOMOB*
other  than th*  applicant, aa preaantly envisioned and atated In th* DEIS.
long-Urn  managaoent by an organisation auch a* th* Th* Hatur* Conservancy
(mentioned on Page 11-12  of the DEIS) would b* mor* appropriate 1m achieving
management goal*. • W* rscomcend th* proposed pond preservation area management
plan b* approved by  th* 0.8. Fish and Wlldllf* Service, the Federal Agency
with primary jurisdiction over the anchlallne pond blot*.

Specific Comments

2.1.1.4  Food Preaervatlon Area

Page 11-12.  paragraph (e).   This paragraph atates that "the management plan
and the need for the anchlalln* pond preserve* would b* reviewed by th* Corp*..."
KHFS feele the  need  for en anchlellne pond preserve has been clearly demonstrated.
Only the management  plan  Itself and not the "need for the encbleline pond
preaervea" ahould be reviewed by th* Corp*.

2.5  Environmentally Preferred Alternative

Page 11-22.  paragraph 6.  The lUtement 1* mad* that "no environmentally
prater id  alternative ha* been Identified at this tine."  W* wish to point
out that th* "Deny th* Permit" alternative would maintain th* Walkoloa Beach
Reiort a*  th* area having the greateat nuaher, concentration, and diversity
of anchlalin* pond*  In th* 8t«t* of Bewail.

8.1  Waiulua Bay

Page 111-18. peragraph (e).  Underwater inrveye by • KHFS biologist substanti-
ated large number* of juvenile parrot fish end surgeon fish feeding on the
algae covered substrate within portions of Waiulua Bay.   Th* bay appear* to
b* en important nursery area for leverel epeele* of reef fish.

P«g« IH-16. paragraph (f).   Th* itatement 1* mad* that •Ightlng* of th*
endangered humpback  whale off th* project coast *re rare.  W* wish to point
out that alghtinge of humpback whale* in coastal water* of South Kohala ere
very cocoon  between  January and April.

4.1  Effact* On Coastal Water Quality

Peg* IV-5. paragraph (e).  KHFS concur* with th* propoaed placement of e temp-
orary bera between the middle and inner portions of the bey to prevent turbid
water  during conetructlon fron being carried out Into Wellua Bay.   The bera
ahould b*  made  Impervious to properly contain suspended sediment*, possibly

-------
                                                                                                            by utilising filter cloth In constructing the bern.   Construction Btthods and
                                                                                                            materials used for the temporary bem should bs detailed  In  the DEIS.

                                                                                                                                             Sincerely your*,
                                                                                                                                             Doyle E.  Gates
                                                                                                                                             Adalnlstrator
                                                                                                            cc:  F/SHR, Termlnsl Island, CA
                                                                                                                 t/M. Washington, D.C.
                                                                                                            be:  Honolulu District
                                                                                                                   Corps of Engineers
t\>

-------
                                                                                                         U.I. CXjwrtmml cl Homing tod Urtun D»vilM>m*m
                                                                                                         Honolulu A»»» Ottet, Begton IX
                                                                                                         300 Ml Mown Btvd. Room 33IB
                                                                                                         tlonofulu, HlwU K450
N)
0\
                                                                05-159

April 18. 1985

Colonel Michael H. Jenks
Corps of Engineers
U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Ft. Shafter, HI 96858

Dear Colonel Jenks:

SUBJECT:  Draft Environmental Impact Statement  (DEIS)
            U. S. Department of the Army Permit Application
            Uaikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine Ponds,
            Uaikoloa, South Kohala District, Island  of  Hawaii

     We have reviewed the DEIS on the proposed  action to excavate a five-acre
recreational lagoon at the head of Haialua Bay  and to fill Anchialine Ponds on
other portions of the Uafkoloa Beach Resort Properties.

     He find that the proposed action will not  impact  any HUD program or pro-
ject in the vicinity.

     He appreciate the opportunity to comment on the EIS and look forward to
receiving a copy of the FEIS.
                                                                                                                ly yours,
                                                                                                    Manager, 9.2S

-------
                             UNITED  STATES

                  DEPARTMENT  OF THE  INTERIOR

                          OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

                            PACIFIC SOUTHWEST REGION
                       BOXSeOBB  .  480 GOLDEN GATE AVENUE
                         6AN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA 941OZ
                                  (418) one.B2oo
 ER 85/471
 Colonel  Michael N. Jenks
 District Engineer, Honolulu  District
 U.  S. Army Corps  of  Engineers
 Fort Shafter,  Hawaii   96858
 Dear Colonel  Jenks:

 The following comments  on  the  Draft Environmental  Impact Statement (DEIS)
 on the Halkoloa Hyatt Development  and  the Halkoloa Beach Resort Properties
 at Anaehoomalu. Hawaii, dated  March 1985, are being provided In compliance
 with provisions of the  National  Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).


 General  Comments

 Fish and Wildlife Resources

 We appreciate the effort the Corps of  Engineers  (CE) has made on this
 DEIS.  However, it appears that  the section on Alternatives may be lack-
 ing in objectivity.   The document  seems  to treat the proposed action as
 the only reasonable solution while portraying sound environmental alter-
 natives  as being too  flawed to warrant serious consideration.  He believe
 there  Is more substance to these alternatives than is documented 1n the
 DEIS.

 The original  proposal would have eliminated all 215 anchiallne ponds on
 the project site which amounts to  over 1/3 of all  such ponds on Hawaii.
.In light of the magnitude of losses anticipated, the U.S. Fish and Wild-
 life Service  (FWS) worked extensively  over a six month period with the CE,
 the developer, and the applicants  prior  to the submission of the permit
 application in an effort to find a means of mitigating these losses.

 As a result of these  protracted  negotiations, the  concept of an on-slte
 "preservation area* involving  a  12-acre  pond preservation area together
 with associated terms and conditions necessary for guaranteeing long term
 viability of  this pond system, was mutually developed as a minimally ac-
 ceptable form of mitigation.   Unfortunately, some  of the vital conditions
which would have made this pond preservation area concept acceptable have
not been Incorporated In the DEIS.  These are as follows:

a.   Perpetual Protection and Management:  It was generally conceded by all
parties that In order to be certain the ponds were preserved in perpetuity
management responsibility for the area had to be assigned to a conservation
organization which had the necessary expertise in resource management.  The
FHS also emphasized the need for some form of perpetual easement.  Unfortu-
nately, the applicant, rather than an environmentally oriented organization,
Is Identified 1n the DEIS as the management entity for the pond preservation
area.

b.  Water Quality Characteristics:  Anchiallne ponds are characteristically
mixohaline and are variously influenced by inland extension of tides and
seaward flow of fresh groundwater.  The ponds located at the Walklloa site
range in salinity from 2 ppt to 17.5 ppt.  It is thought that most or all
ponds are Interconnected by flow through subterranean Interstices in the
porous lavas.  As a result, water quality Impacts affecting one can be
transmitted throughout the system.  Although this issue 1s addressed on
page 11-12. our present ability to anticipate and mitigate the Impacts of
construction and other activities on the ponds In the preservation area has
to be considered Inadequate.  The DEIS should emphasize the need for an in-
tensive water quality monitoring program in and adjacent to the preservation
area before, during, and after construction.  In addition, prior to Instal-
lation and use of any injection wells, water quality Integrity within the
pond system should be guaranteed.  Potentially contaminated waters (i.e.,
stormwater runoff from paved areas, sewage effluents, and toxic materials)
should be directed away from the preservation area.  If such water quality
protection can not be achieved, then the present mitigation concept Is
threatened.  The DEIS should deal with these considerations 1n clear and
unequivocal language.                                               '

c.  Direct or indirect artificial lighting of the pond preservation area
must be avoided.

Specific Comments

Page II-1 - The "Regional Background" section could be Improved by mention-
Ing discussions with prior developers covering mitigation for loss of ponds
and the recent unauthorized fill at the site.

Page 11-5 - The FHS suggests that the section on the history of the permit
application be expanded to Include reference to PONCO 0  13S8-S.  This was
the first permit Issued authorizing work at the Halkoloa site, in 1977.
The FWS would like to stress that our concern for these anchiallne ponds
is long standing and was well known to the consultants for the applicant
and the current landowner.

Page 11-12 - Section 2.I.I.4(c) refers to a management plan that would be
approved by the CE and reviewed after 20 years and every 5 years there-
after.  Because of the critical Importance of this plan we would like to
be Included in the review and approval of the plan.

-------
Is)
C»
Page 11-6 - The reference to Figure IH-8 for cross sections of A and  B,
should be for Figure II-8.

Page 11-14 - The figure should Include shading for the disjunct section
of ponds suggested for preservation under Alternative I.

Page 11-15 - In Section 2.i.2.2(b) (and elsewhere), there Is reference to
a Deer Park Tower.  We should point out that there 1s a risk Involved  In
bringing deer to the Island of Hawaii.  The Impact of Introduced ungulates
to Hawaii's ecosystems Is well documented.  Also, the potential adverse
Impacts to the Important cattle industry on the Big Island Is of serious
concern. Although the risk of escape is probably small, there are present-
ly no deer on Hawaii.  Even the remote chance of deer escaping and estab-
lishing a population should be viewed with apprehension.   Though quite a
separate issue from the anchialine ponds, the applicant should be Informed
of this problem and referred to the State Department of Land and Natural
Resources for specific State permits required for bringing non-native  ani-
mals into Hawaii.

Page 1I-1S - The entire discussion of the "Economic Viability of the Alter-
natives" appears to be biased in favor of the applicant's proposal. The
DEIS would benefit from a more dispassionate discussion of all alternatives.

Page 11-19 (Table II-l - The conclusion In this table regarding the effect
of fill material on ground and marine water Is questionable.  He do not know
what impacts will occur.

Page 11-20 - The discussion of siting inland, while perhaps accurate 1n Its
assessment of the attractiveness of shoreline location, seems an Inappropri-
ate review of this potential alternative.  It again appears to be an advocacy
of the applicant's position.

Page 11-22 - In light of the lengthy discussions between the CE and FHS,
it would seem responsive and Informative to Identify and discuss the en-
vironmentally preferred alternative.

General Comments

Hater and Geological Resources

The Geological Survey reports the statement should evaluate quantitatively
the effects of the proposed pumping of 3,200 gallons per minute of ground-
water to flush the 5-acre lagoon to be constructed adjacent to Halulua Bay.
The analysis should Include: pertinent aquifer characteristics; anticipated
depth of the well and distance from the lagoon; and anticpated effects on the
basal groundwater lens and on overlying water of better quality, Including
calculated effects on upgradient water levels, on groundwater underflow that
now discharges to the bay, and on the Intrusion of saltwater.
                                                                                                             Thank you for tha opportunity to review and coment on this DEIS.


                                                                                                                                                Sincerely,
                                                                                                                                                          « *--  /&
                                                                                                                                                                                     \

                                                                                                                                                                                    /
                                                                                                                                                Patricia Sanderson Port
                                                                                                                                                Regional Environmental Officer
                                                                                                             cc:  Director, OEPR  (w/copy  Incoming)
                                                                                                                  Reg. Dlr.,  FHS
                                                                                                                  Reg. Dlr..  (IPS
                                                                                                                  Reg. Dlr.,  GS

-------
                                                                                             United States
                                                                       Department of the Interior
                                                   Fish and Wildlife Service
                                                   Lloyd 500 Building Sulle 1692
                                                   500 N.E. Mullnoouh SIIMI
                                                   Portland, Ort|on 971)2
                                                                                                               InEUplyRcEtrTo:
                                                                                                                                      Your Refc»iK«t
                                                                                                                Hay 29, 1985
                                                            Colonel Michael H. Jenks
                                                            District Engineer, Honolulu District
                                                            U. S. Ai-my Corps of Engineers
                                                            Building 230
                                                            Fort Shatter, Hawaii  97858
,
 VO
Dear Colonel Jenks:

This Is to Inform you, as required under the July 2,  1982,  Memorandum of
Agreement, that the Service wishes to reserve the right to  elevate the re-
solution of Issues related to the project proposal  reviewed In your public
notice PDCO-01812-SD, dated February 14, 1985.  This  action will be neces-
sary If the final recommendations of the Honolulu Environmental Services
Project Leader, dated Hay 2, 1985, are not accepted.  The applicants, Halko-
loa Hyatt Development and Ualkoloa Beach Resort Properties, have applied
for a permit to fill numerous anchlallne ponds at Walulua Bay, South Kohala,
Hawaii for the purpose of constructing resort hotels  and condominiums.

Our Honolulu Field Office Is working with the applicants to preserve, In
perpetuity, a portion of the anchlallne ponds on the  project site. If you
propose to Issue a DA permit without Including the Service's recommenda-
tions or over our objections, please forward a copy of your Notice of
Intent to Issue concurrently to the Honolulu Project  Leader.

It Is our desire to cooperate fully 1n expediting the Corps of Engineers'
permitting system and preventing unnecessary delay.   He will continue to
work closely with your staff In resolving the environmental Issues.  We
hope that you acknowledge the International  Importance of these threat-
ened habitats by assisting the Department of the Interior In acting vig-
orously to protect these areas from further degradation.
                                                                                               Sincerely,
                                                                                               Richo
                                                                                               Regional  Director
                                                            cc:  FHS-ES Honolulu Field Office

-------
00
O
                     United States Department or the Interior
                             FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
                                                                 1*1* »ffl* l*i
                                I» ALA UOAHA SOUllVAnO
                                    P 0 *OX 1011}
                                 ttOHOUIUJ. HAWAII MI30
          Colonel  Michael H. Jenks
          U.S.  Engineer  District, Honolulu
          Attention:   PODCO-0
          Building 230
          Fort  Shofler,  Hawaii   UtiUf>H-5 reflects nntv  a
portion  of the nany considerations evolved over several nci'tings.
amunu representatives of the Corps'of Engineers,  the  appl ii-iint .
                           Save Energy and Vfti Serve America!
the  developer,  and  the USFHS.   The bm&ic concopt of the  |>nml
preservation  area  and  the configuration of  the  12-ocrc  BIIt-
represent*  a minimum of what appeared to hiive been  a  consonsua
reached  by the participant* ai being necessary to protect  these
anchinline  ponds.   Hoot of the  vitnlly important considerations
which  would  huve  mode this pond preservation  area  concept  a
viable  alternative  have ngt been incorporated  in  the  current
proposed  action.   The USFHS believes that without the following
conditions,  the pond preservation plan an described i« seriously
flawed and not likely to attain the  objective of conserving  this
unique ecosysten In perpetuity.

     a.    Perpetual   protection and  management:    This   WHS
considered  to be the primary objective of the pond  preservation
proposal.    It   was  generally  conceded  during  the   group's
discussions  that designation of  a conservation organization with
the necessary expertise to  assune Management of this area was the
key  element  in  Baking this  proposal  acceptable.   The  USFWS
further  stressed  that  some  i'or»  of  perpetual  easement  was
essential  if this pond preservation concept were  to be a  viable
alternative.   No  conservation organization could guarantee  the
long-tern   ecological  viability of  this  site  without   this
easement.

Unless   some  reputable  resource   organization   is   given   the
responsibility for protecting and managing this area,  the concept
of the proposed preservation area is seriously  flawed.

The   proposed  action  suggests   that  the  applicant  would  be
responsible for management  of the pond preservation area.  WR- do
no  believe  the  applicant should  be  solely  responsible  lor
stewardship of the pond preservation area.  This is a  burden that
should   be  borne  by  an  organization   that  has    experience-,
expertise,  and  frequent contact and  interchange  with scientists
with knowledge of anchialine pond ecosystems.   The difficult task
of ensuring long-tern nanagement  of  the 12-acre preservation urea
should be  relegated to an organization which can focus all of its
energies   to  attaining  this objective.    The  applicant  will  be
primarily   concerned   with   management  of    the    neighboring
developments,  and the USFWS believes  it  is  in  the- best   interest
of   all   parties  concerned  to  assign  perpetual   nanagenent
responsibilities to a reputable conservation organization.

     b.    Water  Quality Characteristics:   Anchialine ponds  an-
characteristically  aixohaline  and  are variously   influenced  liv
inland extension of tides and seaward  flow of  fresh   groundnutei.
The  ponds  located at  th« Waikoloa  site rnnge  in salinity  from   1!
ppt  to   17.5  ppt.   It  is thought  that nost  or   all  ponds  art-
connected  to some degree by flow  through  subterranean  intersi ires
in the porous  lavas.   Thus,  the  complex  of  ponds  at  Waikolou run

-------
be   thought  of  as  one  system.     This
nicroenvironnent that  is truly unique.
creates  on   aquatic
Because  of  the  relationship  of  the  ponds  to  one  another,
maintenance  of proper water quality in the systen as a whole  is
critical.   Although  this  issue is addressed in  the  DEIS  our
present  ability  to  anticipate  and  mitigate  the  impacts  of
construction   and   other  activities   on  the  ponds   in   the
preservation area has to be considered  inadequate.

Because  of  the  importance of this  issue,   we  believe  it  as
necessary  to  provide  nore reliable safeguards to  avoid  water
quality problems.   An intensive wnter  quality monitoring program
in  and adjacent to the preservation  area  before,  during,  and
after  construction  should  be,  required.   We  should  also  be
certain,  prior to installation and use,  that any injection wells
will not affect the pond systea.  Potentially contaminated waters
(e.g.  storawater runoff froa paved areas,  sewage effluents, and
toxic  materials)  should be directed away from the  preservation
area.  These stipulations need to be specific permit conditions.

     c.   Direct  or  indirect artificial lighting  of  the  pond
preservation area nust be avoided.

Summary

The  USKWS  believes that the proposed  action is contrary to  the
requireoents   of   Federal  regulations  regarding   the   water
dependency  aspects  of  projects constructed in  waters  of  the
United  States  (portions  of 40 CFH 230 and  33  CFR  320),  and
therefore,  considers the alternative of denying the permit to be
the Preferred Alternative.   However, the USFHS believes that the
proposed   action   would   be  minimally   acceptable   if   our
recommendations  are  incorporated into the DA permit.   He  have
worked  extensively  with all concerned parties to  arrive  at  a
negotiated  settlement.   He believe our position represents  the
minimum  necessary protection for the fish and wildlife resources
at the project site.   Thus the USFHS will not object to  POUCO-0
IHlL'-Sll  provided the following conditions are incorporated  into
the DA permit and observed by the applicant.

     n. .  A conservation/natural resource- management organization
with  the  necessary  technical  and scientific  expertise   and
facilities   be  given  perpetual  rights  to  manage  the   pond
preservation  site.    The  approval and final selection  ol  this
organization  would  !><• jointly determined by the USFHS  anil  I he
Corps of Engineers.

     b.   There  will be no modification of existing ponds in I he
pond  preserve! ion  area (identified in  proposed  action)  whir-It
night  alter  the ecological stability of the anchialine
that presently exist.
                                                                                                  systens
                                             c.    No sewage effluents or toxic naterials nay be  injected
                                        into   the   groundwater  on the Waiholoa  site.    Because  of  the
                                        porosity   of the lava and the interconnecting groundwater system,
                                        these restrictions apply throughout the site.

                                             d.    No other potential pollutants (e.g.  stornwater  runoff
                                        fro»  paved areas,  biocides,  fertilizers, untreated wastewater) be
                                        allowed  to enter the pond preservation site.
                                             e.    Direct   or  indirect artificial lighting »ust be
                                        away  fro» the pond preservation area.
                                                                                                    aimed
                                        He   are   prepared  to continue our  efforts  with  all  concerned
                                        parties   to  achieve  solutions to unresolved  issues.   He  have
                                        expended    a  considerable  anount  of  effort  on  this   permit
                                        application,  and  we are committed to continued  cooperation  in
                                        completing this permit process.
                                                                        Sincerely yours,
                                                                        Allan Marmelstein
                                                                        Pacific Islands Adninistraior
                                        cc:   HO,  FWS,  Portland, OR (AHB)
                                             NMFS -  HPHO
                                             EPA, San  Francisco

-------
                                                    US Deportment
                                                    oOranjportolfon
                                                    United Stotw
                                                    Coast Guard
                       FoortMflih CM A Wird Dtitilrt
r>tnciKiti«iiinHi(«
    i BulWing
                                             IkooWu, Hiwtd M4SO
                                             «•»•*  (808)546-2861
>;
U)
                                                    From:
                                                    To:
                                               16518
                                               Serial  Ho.  5/100
                                               16  April 1985

Commanderi Fourteenth  Coast Guard District
District Engineer,  U.S.  Amy Corps of Engineers,  Honolulu
                                                    Subj:   DEIS  FOR HAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

                                                    Ref:    (a) Your public Notice No.  PODCO-0 1812 SD dtd March  1985

                                                    1.  The Fourteenth Coast Guard District  has reviewed the Draft
                                                    Environmental  Impact-Statement (DEIS)  for a US Department of  the
                                                    Army permit  application, PODCO-0 1812-SD, concerning the Halkoloa
                                                    Hyatt  Development and Waikoloa Beach Resort Properties, at
                                                    Anaehoomalu, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, and has no'objection'or
                                                    constructive comments to offer at  this time.     '  ••.•\--t.i'

-------
                                                      -**L-
                                                                      U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
                                                                         FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
                                                                                 REGION MINI
                                                                              Hawaii  Division
                                                                                  Box  50206
                                                                           Honolulu, Hawaii  96850
                                                         April  4,  1985

                                                            IH ffSPLV HtrKK to
                                                            HEC-HI
                                                            (574.6)
                                                    Colonel Michael M.  Jenks, U. S. Army
                                                    Corps of  Engineers,  District Engineer
                                                    Pacific Ocean  Division,  Bldg.   230
                                                    Ft.  Shafter, HI   96858

                                                    Dear Col.  Jenks:
                                                    Subject:
          Draft BIS - Waikoloa Hyatt Development and Waikoloa
          Beach Resort Properties, Annahoomalu, Island of Hawaii
U)
Thank you for the opportunity to, review your Draft  Enviroraental
Impact Statement for the Waikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine Ponds
at Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawaii.

The Federal Highway Administration has no comments  on the DEIS
and proposed undertaking.  We will not need a copy  of your
Final EIS.

                                Sincerely yours,

                                H . Kusumoto
                                Division Administrator
                                                                                       L.  Arthur
                                                                                    Assistant Division Administrator

-------
    EmfeomMnM PnJlKlloo
                                           AJttixu.C««lomn  g o KM DIM
S-EPA
  «?

HAY ^4 1985

 Colonel Michael H.  Jenks
 District Engineer
 U.S. Amy Corps of  Engineers
 Honolulu District
 Building 230
 Fort Shatter, Hawaii   96858

 Dear Colonel Jenksi

     The Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA) has reviewed the
 •Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)  titled PERMIT
 APPLICATION! HAIKOLOA BEACH RESORT ANCHIALINE PONDS, WAIKOLOA,
 SOUTH KOHALA DISTRICT, ISLAND OP HAWAII,  STATE OP HAWAII.
 The enclosed comments are provided in accordance with  EPA'a
 responaibilites under the National Environmental Policy Act
  (NEPA) and Section 309 of the Clean Air  Act.

      EPA's concerns regarding this project includei  1) Inadequate
 assessment of potentially significant environmental  impacts
  to  the anchialine ponds, including the possibility  that some
 of  the organisms in the ponds nay qualify as rara or endangered
  species, 2) potential destruction of one-third  of the  anchialine
 pond habitat on the island of Hawaii, 3) inadequate  assessment
  of  proposed project alternatives and practicable  alternatives,
  4)  potential violation of Section 404 of the Clean  Water  Act
  (CWA)  based on  interpretation of the Section 404(b)(l) Guidelines,
  and 5)  Inadequate disclosure of all development proposals and
  ensuing environmental impacts for Waikoloa Beach  Resort
.  properties.

      EPA strongly encourages the U.S. Amy Corps  of Engineers
  (COE)  to develop alternatives for the Waikoloa Beach Resort
  project which  would assure the protection and maintenance of
  existing environmental quality.  We, therefore, recommend
  that COE prepare a  Draft Supplement to the BIS (DSEIS).

      We have classified  this DEIS as Category 3,  Inadequate
  (see  the enclosed  sheet  titled Summary of Rating Definitions
  and Follow-Up Actions).  The DEIS does not  adequately assess
  the potentially significant environmental impacts of  the
  proposed Waikoloa  Beach  Resort project.  We have also Identified
  reasonably available  alternatives that are  outside the spectrum
  of alternatives analyzed by COE  and the  applicant in  the DEIS.
     The additional intonation required  to evaluate the
alternative*, thoie discussed in the DEIS and thoit identified
by EPA, are of such magnitude that they should have full
public review at the draft stage.  EPA has determined that
the DEIS la inedoguat* for the purposes of NEPA and Section
309 review.  If the inadequate assessment of practicable
alternatives is not broadened and strengthened at the Final
Environmental Impact Stateaent stage, EPA may reconatnd that
this proposed project b* referred to the  Council on
Environmental Quality (CEQ).

     The classification and date of EPA'm comments will be
published in the Federal Raolater in accordance with our
public disclosure responsibilities under Section 309 of the
Clean Air Act.  In addition, 40 CFR 1504 and EPA'a Section
309 responsibilities require us to notify the CEO and the
Chief of Engineers of our rating.•  He are available to meet
with COE to discuss our concern* in detail.  Please contact
Patrick 3. Cotter, Federal Activities Branch, at (415)  974-0948
or FTS 454-0948.
                                                                                                                   Sincerely,

                                                                                                                   JUDITH E.  AKRES
                                                                                                                   Regional Administrator
                                                                                     Enclosure  (11 pages)
                                                                                     cci
                                                                                          Hs. Josephine  S. Cooper, Assistant Administrator, OEA, EPA
                                                                                          Hr. Paul A. Schuette, Office  of  Public Affairs, EPA
                                                                                          Mr. Allan Hirsch, Office of Federal Activities, EPA
                                                                                          Hr. A. Alan Hill, Council on  Environmental Quality
                                                                                          tt. General B. R. Helberg III, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army
                                                                                          Hr. Allan Haraelsteln, Pacific Islands Administrator,
                                                                                           U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawaii
                                                                                          Hr. Doyle B. Gates, Administrator, National Harine
                                                                                           Fisheries Service, Hawaii
                                                                                          Hr. Leslie Hatsubara, Director, Hawaii Department of Health
                                                                                          Hs. Letitla N. Uyehara, Director, Hawaii Office of
                                                                                           Environmental Quality Control
                                                                                          Hr. Dante Carpenter, Mayor, County of Hawaii, Island of Hawaii
                                                                                          Hr. Clifton Jenkins, Vice President and Manager, Transcontinental
                                                                                           Development Company, Hawaii

-------
en
                             -1-

Overview of Section 404 Comments

     EPA has reviewed the proposed project for compliance with
Section 404 of the Clean Hater Act (CHA) and the regulations
for  its implementation at Section 404(b)(D promulgated at 40
CFR  230.  Fundamental to these regulations is the precept
that dredged or fill material should not be discharged into
the  aquatic ecosystem, such as anchialine ponds, unless it
can  be demonstrated that such a discharge will not have an
unacceptable adverse Impact either individually or cumulatively.

     It is the purpose and policy under the 404(b)(l)  Guidelines
(Guidelines) that the degradation or destruction of special
aquatic sites is considered to be among the most severe
impacts.  Impacts to anchialine ponds, classified as special
aquatic sites, may cause an irreversible loss of this  valuable
aquatic resource.  EPA believes that the proposed project
conflicts with the Guidelines becauset 1) anchialine ponds
qualify as special aquatic sites, 2) the proposed project
individually may destroy one third of the anchialine pond
resources on Hawaii, and 3) other developments may adversely
Impact anchialine ponds.  A comprehensive environmental
impact statement, describing the Impacts of this and future
developments near anchialine ponds in Hawaii, may be required
by NEPA:


A. Compliance with Section 404 (b)(l) Guidelines

     The DEIS does not consider alternatives In sufficient
detail to respond to the requirements of the Guidelines.   The
Guidelines prohibit fill in waters of the United States if
there is a practicable alternative which would have less
adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem (40 CFR 230.10(a)(4)].
These alternatives include, but are not limited to, avoidance
of placing fill in waters of the United States or discharging
materials at less damaging locations.  An area not presently
owned by the applicant may be considered as a practicable
alternative site [40 CFR 230.10 (a)(l-2)].

     Under the Guidelines, a hotel Is not classified as a
•water dependent" project.  The Guidelines presume that a
practicable alternative is available, when filling of  special
aquatic sites are involved, and where such a project is not
water dependent (40 CFR 230.10(a)|3)J.  The alternatives
presented in the DEIS are not sufficient to rebut the
presumption that practicable alternatives exist.  An extensive
evaluation of alternate sites was not provided in the  DEIS.
It appears that the entire project could be relocated  to the
north and west margins of Walulua Bay.  This would require
little or no fill of anchialine ponds.
                             -2-

     The Guidelines also prohibit the placement of dredged or
fill Material in waters of the United States,  if such actions
cause or contribute to significant degradation of the waters
of the United States.  These impacts include, but are not
limited to, effects on fish, shellfish, wildlife, special
aquatic sites, or loss of fish and wildlife habitat  [40 CPR
230.10(c)(l,3)).  EPA views the potential loss of more than
one-third of the entire anchialine pond resource on  Hawaii, a
substantial portion of this national resource, as a  significant
degradation of the waters of the United States.

     In addition, no discharge of dredged or fill material is
permitted under the Guidelines, unless appropriate and practicable
steps have been taken to Minimize potentially adverse Impacts
on the aquatic ecosystem  (40 CFR 230.10(d)].  Such steps for
the proposed project could include, but are not limited to,
avoiding sites having unique habitat or other values and
habitat development or restoration [40 CFR 230.75 (c-d)l.
Anchialine ponds are considered as unique habitats (Haciolek
and Brock, 1974) and should not be used as fill disposal
sites.

     Although EPA has provided comments on the management
plans for the proposed pond preservation areas, we do not
believe preservation of existing ponds constitutes mitigation.
The "preferred* preservation plan proposes to  avoid  filling
30% of the ponds on the sit* as Mitigation for the proposed
destruction of 70% of the ponds.  The result of this proposal
is the 70% uncompensated loss of resource values at  the applicant'i
site, not considering additional losses or degradation that may
occur to the remaining ponds through secondary Impacts.

B. Needs for Documentation Under the Guidelines

     Under the Guidelines, COB must present a written evaluation
regarding potential short-tern and long-term effects of the
proposed fill activities on physical, chemical, and  biological
components of the aquatic environment.  These determinations
are the basis 'for findings of compliance or non-compliance
with the restrictions on discharge in 40 CFR 230.10. Although
the DEIS provides much of the required factual determinations
on physical and chemical components, information required to
make a reasoned decision regarding the biological components
is not adequate.  The number, size and subsurface connections
of the anchialine ponds on the Island of Hawaii have not been
quantified in the DEIS.

     The number of species inhabiting these pools and their
abundance are not completely known.  There may be additional
species that have not been described because only qualitative
sampling methods were used during previous pond studies.
Communities of organisms found In anchialine ponds may
conceivably occur beneath ancient lava flows with no surface
connections, but to our knowledge, no one has  investigated

-------
                                      -3-

         this possibility.  The U.S. ri»h and Hlldllfe Service  (PWS)
         «n5.Sr?S0iSd/h*t *iV5 «P«ci«» ba O^en Category 2 status,
         under the Endangered Species Act.  EPA recommends close

         livin  in thWlH3 "" *"** po"8lblllty ot  «ndangered species
              EPA has determined that the proposed project does not
         coiiply Kith the Guideline, at the present time  (40 CPR 230.12
         (a)(3)(iv 1.  This determination is based on the lack of
         adequate information necessary to Bake  a reasonable judgement
         on the project as  well  as  the practicable alternatives analysis,
         potentially significant adverse impacts and the lack ofBn"y""'
         nitlgation alternatives.   NEPA requires that, if such information
         is needed to make  a reasoned choice and the costs of obtaining
         that  information are not exorbitant, the information Bust be
         included in the BIS, the DSEIS in this  case (40 CPR 1502.22).

              Several of the concerns  noted  above are reiterated in
         greater detail in  the following Section 404 comments.
ON
Detailed Section 404 Coa»unts

A. Practicable Al-ternatives Analysis

   1. Anchiallne ponds are defined as "waters of the United
      States' (40 CPR 230.3(s)J and M*ny are classified as
      •special aquatic sites*  (40 CPR 230.3(q-l), 230.41, and
      230.431.  In recognition of the values of special
      aquatic sites and the need to prevent their degradation
      or destruction! the Guidelines establish a "water-
      dependency' test for discharges into special aquatic sites.
      If the activity associated with the discharge of dredged
      or fill Material into • special aquatic site is not
      •water dependent* (i.e. requiring access or proximity
      to or siting within the special aquatic site in order
      to fulfill its basic- purpose), practicable alternatives
      are presumed to be available unless clearly demonstrated
      otherwise (40 CPR 230.10 (a)(3)J.  The degradation or
      destruction of special aquatic sites is considered to
      be one of the Most severe environmental Impacts covered
      by the Guidelines.

      While EPA recognizes that hotel resort facilities are
      classified as "coastal dependent* in the Hawaii Coastal
      iono Management Plan (p. 11-20), a hotel resort project
      is not defined as water dependent by the Guidelines-.
      As such, one of the first steps in determining compliance
      with the Guidelines is the evaluation of the applicant's
      demonstration to rebut the presumption that there are
      practicable alternatives to the proposed discharge into
      special aquatic sites.

      In order for an alternative to be practicable) it must
      be capable of achieving  the basic purpose of the project.
      •An alternative is practicable if it is available and
      capable of being done after taking into consideration
      cost, existing technology, and logistics in light of overall
      project purposes.  If it is otherwise a practicable
      alternative, an area not presently owned by the applicant
      which oould reasonably be obtained, utilized, expanded
      or managed in order to fulfill the basic purpose of the
?       reposed activity may be considered* (40 CFR 230.10
       a)(2)l.  However, the Guidelines do not require that
      an alternative be comparable to the proposed project,
      only practicable.  It is Implicit that the practicable
      alternatives Include consideration of revised configurations
      and/or reductions in scope ot the project  (40 CFR 230.10(a)l.

   2. The DSEIS should provide • detailed evaluation of those
      alternatives which would avoid filling the ponds.
      Section 2.2  (pp. 11-20 to 11-22) attempts to address
      these issues, but does not contain sufficient information
      to rebut the presumption that practicable alternatives
      exist.  The DSEIS should evaluate all practicable

-------
             alternatives  including  the reconfiguration of the
             proposed  project  by  rotating the complex to maximize
             the use of  the  area  north of Haiulua Bay.  This would
             avoid  the need  to fill  anchiallne ponds south of the
             bay.
CO
•-J
B. Significant Degradation

   1. The most adverse impact of filling anchiallne ponds Is
      that many organisms living in the ponds and  their habitat
      would be eliminated.  Section 8.3.1.5 (p.  111-19}
      describes the organisms found in the ponds,  some of
      which are found only in anchialine ponds.  Much of this
      information is based on a report by Haciolek and Brock
      (1974).   In this report, the authors acknowledged that
      not all species present in anchialine pond habitats
      have been identified, and that species distribution data
      was Incomplete (p. 111-20).  Despite an additional
      study for the DEIS, EPA believes that there  is insufficient
      data in the DEIS to adequately identify anchialine pond
      resources.

   2. The proposed project includes several actions which nay
      affect ground water flows (pp. 1V-5 to IV-7).  It Is
      unclear to what extent site preparation, filling, and
      construction will affect ground water flows  and circulation
      patterns In the subterranean pond connections.  The
      DEIS states that only those ponds being filled are expected
      to.be affected (p. IV-3).  The DSEIS should  explain the
      basis for this statement and fully describe  the site
      preparation process.

   3. The DEIS states that in order to naintain  good water
      quality in the excavated lagoon, ground water will be
      pumped from shallow on-site wells at a rate  of 4.6
      million gallons per day (agd) (pp.  II-7 and  IV-6).
      The DSEIS should include the following Information!

      a.  Identify the proposed location and siting criteria
         for the wells, and

      b.  Assess how pumping 4.6 mgd from the ground water
         resource will affect subsurface flows,  flushing
         rates and water quality of the anchialine ponds.

   4. The DEIS states that concentrations of nitrate, ammonia
      and phosphate have Increased in certain ponds due'to the
      use of fertilizers and waste water effluent  irrigation
      practices on the adjacent golf course (p.  111-27).  The
      DEIS also states that water clarity has been Maintained
      by  the flushing effect of high ground water  flows and
      tidal exchanges.
      In light of the concerns regarding the proposed pumping
      described above, the DSEIS should describe the effect
      of potential alterations in ground water flows on nitrate,
      ammonia and phosphate levels in the ponds.  The DSEIS
      should also quantify the relationship between ground
      water flows, nutrient levels, and pond clarity.  The
      discussion should focus on the effect of higher nutrient
      concentrations on anchialine pond phytopiankton, other
      aquatic species and general ecology of the habitat.

C. Measures to Minimize Impact's

   1. EPA does not consider the proposed preservation plans
      as mitigation for the loss of the ponds because the
      habitat values lost are not being minimized or compensated.
      The Guidelines state that no discharge of dredged or
      fill Material shall be permitted unless appropriate and
      practicable steps have been taken which will minimize
      potential adverse Impacts of the discharge on the
      aquatic ecosystem (40 CFR 230.10(d)].  However, we are
      providing comments on the proposed plans because they
      are part of the DEIS.
    •    »_                     i
   2. The DSEIS should evaluate pond preservation management
      plans in order to determine the likelihood of maintaining
      or enhancing the pond ecosystem.  The evaluation should
      determine the ability of the plan to actually preserve
      this unique resource In perpetuity.

   3. The anchialine pond preservation management plan shouldi

      a. Identify and discuss the responsibilities of the
         management agency and the enforcement agency, including
         legally binding commitments to implement the management
         plan,

      b. Identify a preferred Management plan including
         enforcement procedures to maintain management objectives,

      c. Define compliance criteria and methods to Monitor
         the ponds,

      d. Identify options for corrective action to ensure pond
         preservation.

      e. Discuss the possibility of requiring the applicant
         to post a bond for the preservation of the anchialine
         'ponds, and

      f. Identify those Mitigation features which will Minimize
         potentially adverse impacts on the anchiallne ponds,
         such asi

-------
CO
00
          1)  Introduction of  runoff potentially laden with
             fertilizero, pouticldoB, petroleum hydrocarbons,
             oil and grease,  or  other pollutants, and

          2}  Increases  in human  Intrusion, including refuse
             accumulation, and introduction oE exotic species.

    4. The DEIS states  that the  management plan will not be
      reviewed by COB  for 20 years, then every 5 years thereafter.
      This time Crane  is not an acceptable management format
      and could negate any benefits to be derived from the
      establishment of a management plan.  EPA recommends a
      more rigorous monitoring  time schedule, such as every
      six months during construction and yearly for the next
      20  years.

D.  Additional Documentation

     EPA  staff inspected the proposed project site at high
tide and  found a small pond, complete with many Halocarldina
rubra (atyid shrimp) in a shallow depression in the applicant's
access road.  When the tide  receded, this pond and the shrimp
were gone.  The shrimp had apparently moved to the surface
with the  rising tide and receded into the cracks of the
crushed lava roadbed when the tide ebbed.  If the proposed
project site is underlain with  interconnections, it is conceivable
that the  215 anchlaline ponds on this site may represent a
single, interconnected resource with many surface openings.
EPA has concluded that too little information exists to
evaluate  the impacts of the proposed action, or any of the
alternatives presented in the DEIS, on the anchiallne pond
resources on the Island of Hawaii.

     In order to fully assess the impacts of the proposed
project on anchlaline pond species, baseline data should be
collected regarding the extent and distribution of the anchialine
ponds, and the biological and ecological requirements of the
organisms found in the ponds.  The DSEIS should also describe
subterranean connections between ponds, movement of pond
species within these subterranean connections, and the relationship
between the surface and subterranean habitats.

E. Reference Cited

Haciolek,  J.  A.  and R.  E.  Brock.  1974.  Aquatic survey of the
     Kona Coast ponds of Hawaii.  University of_ Hawaii Press,
     Honolulu,  Hawaii.   441 pp.
                                                                                                                        -8-

                                                                                          General Comments

                                                                                               It la  EPA'a understanding  iron discussions  with COE
                                                                                          staff  that  this DEIS serves as  the  tlEPA document for all
                                                                                          proposed development actions in the Haikoloa Beach Resort area,
                                                                                          not just the  Hyatt  Regency Haikoloa Hotel.  The  DEIS did not
                                                                                          fully  disclose the  complete development concept. Ho recomiend
                                                                                          that the DSEIS assess the plans for condominium  and additional
                                                                                          hotel  construction  as well as other ancilliary facilities.

                                                                                               The DSEIS should contain a complete  evaluation of
                                                                                          environmental impacts associated  with these projects Including,
                                                                                          but not limited to, environmental degradation of the anchlaline
                                                                                          pond ecosystem, water quality,  air  quality, sewage capacity,
                                                                                          ground water  resources and cumulative impacts from development.
                                                                                          The parcels in question include:  Coma.  1, Conn.  23, Hotel 10,
                                                                                          Hotel  12, HF  (East  of King's Highway), HF 2, HF  5, HF 9, HP
                                                                                          13, HF 20,  HF 21, HF 22, HF 26, HF  27AA,  HF 27CC, HF 27DD,
                                                                                          and HP 2BZ  (Figure  II-2).
Hater Quality Comments

1. Potable water  is a valuable  resource on the island of
   Hawaii.  COE should  ensure that the pumping of ground
   water, to maintain the water quality .of the lagoon, will
   not affect the availability  of ground water for public
   water supply (p. IV-19).  Evidence for this assurance
   should be displayed  in a  table showing current uses,
   proposed project uses and cumulative uses resulting from
   further developments near the hotel.

2. COE should evaluate  the impact of berra construction on
   nearshore marine habitats.   This analysis should include
   sedimentation  impacts during berm construction, berm
   removal and potential maintenance dredging of sand at the
   mouth of the lagoon.

   EPA recommends that  the DSEIS include a bathymetrlc map of
   Haiulua Bay showing  sand  areas and marine ecosystems.
   This map would be useful  for determining potential areas
   of environmental impact and  the berra location (p. IV-5).


Air Quality Comments

     The DEIS states that carbon monoxide  (CO) concentrations'
might exceed the  state  of Hawaii 8-hour standard at the
intersection of Queen Ka'ahuraanu Highway and the Haikoloa
Beach Resort entrance road  (p.  IV-21).  Congestion resulting
from additional traffic generated by development on the
remaining  sites "would  lead  to  markedly higher pollutant
levels in  the vicinity." The DEIS also states that this "is
of little  consequencp at present because the land surrounding

-------
u>
                             -9-

the intersection is now vacant, and motorists in waiting
vechicles would be subject to only short-term exposures.*

     For an adequate discussion of the air quality impacts  of
the proposed project, the DSEIS should:

1. Present the results of the dispersion modeling cited in
   the DEIS,

2. Present the results of further modeling which would include
   the cumulative impact of additional traffic generated by
   development on the remaining sites within the project
   area, and

3. Discuss methods of mitigating the adverse air quality
   impacts identified above.   Possibilities include,  but are
   not limited tot

   a.  Redesigning and/or reconstructing any intersection(s)
      where violations of air quality standards are predicted
      to occur,

   b.  Providing  high-occupancy vehicles, such as buses or
      vans, to transport employees, guests, and other tourists,
      and

   c.  Discussing the existing and potential public transit
      that was recommended in our scoping letter of November
      6, 1984 (DEIS, Appendix B).

4. The DSEIS should identify  such mitigation measures as are
   found to be effective in alleviating the adverse air
   quality impacts of this project and others in the vicinity.
                                                                                                                        -10-

                                                                                           5. Completely describe the anchialine pond resources in terms
                                                                                             of  geochemical, physical and biological aspects,

                                                                                           6. Describe and .evaluate the environmental impacts and economic
                                                                                             viability of all development plans Cor the Waikoloa Beach
                                                                                             Resort,

                                                                                           7. Provide  a discussion of potential nearshore marine ecosystem
                                                                                             impacts, and

                                                                                           8. Provide  data and appropriate mitigation for potential air
                                                                                             quality  impacts.
         Summary of EPA Recommendation for the DSEIS

              To highlight EPA's detailed comments above, we request
         that the following information be included in the DSEIS for
         the Halkoloa Beach Resort complex!

         1. Detailed 'analysis of practicable alternatives and other
            viable project alternatives,

         2. Detailed evaluation of the biology and ecological requirements
            of anchialine pond species,

         3. Assessment of site construction activities and project
            water uses on ground water resources and the survival of
            the pond resource due to ground water modification.

         4. Reevaluate and redesign the pond preservation plan to reflect
            better management objectives and monitoring ^ime periods,

-------
Js-
O
                       OP RAXIIG peti'mTiuts AND POUXH-UV

                        Environmental Impact of tha Action

to—tack of Objections
Iho EPA review has not Identified any potential envlronrenUil  tofacta requiring
substantive changes to tho proposal.  The review nay have disclosed opportunities
for application ot mitigation measures that could to accarvllshed with no more than
minor changes to tho proposal.

EC—Environmental Concerns
The EPA review has identified environmental inpacts that should be avoided in order
to Cully protect the environment.  Corrective measures nay require changes to the
preferred alternative or education ot mitigation treasures that can reduce the
environmental impact.  EPA would like to work with the lead agency to reduce these
inpacts.

EO— Environmental Objections
The EPA review has identified significant environmental impacts that must be avoided
in order to provide adequate protection tor the environment.  Corrective measures may
require substantial changes to tho preferred alternative or consideration of sane
other project alternative (Including the no action alternative or a new alternative).
EPA intends to work with the lead -agency to reduce these impacts.

EU—Environmentally Unsatisfactory
The EPA review has identified adverse environmental impacts that are of sufficient
magnitude that they are unsatisfactory trora 'the standpoint of public health or
welfare or.environmental quality.   EPA intends to work with the lead agency to reduce
these impacts.  If the potential unsatisfactory impacts aro not corrected at the final
EIS stage, this proposal will be reconrended for referral to the CEO.

                •*        Adequacy of the Impact Statement

Category 1—Adequate
EPA believes the aratt EIS adequately sets forth the environmental iropact(s)'of
the preferred alternative ana those of the alternatives reasonably available to the
project or action.  No further analysis or data collection is necessary, but the
reviewer may suggest the addition of clarifying language or information.
               •
Category 2—Insutflclent'Information
The aratt EIS does not contain sufficient intomvation for EPA to fully assess
environmental impacts that should be avoided In order to fully protect tha environment,
or the EPA reviewer has identified new reasonably available alternatives that are
within the spectrum of alternatives analyzed in the draft EIS. which could reduce
the enviromental impacts of the action,  the identified additional information, data,
analyses, or discussion should be included in the final EIS.

Category 3—Inadequate
EPA does not believe that the draft EIS adequately assesses potentially significant
environmental impacts of the action, or the EPA reviewer has identified new,
reasonably available alternatives that are outside of the spectrum of alternatives
analyzed In the draft EIS, which should be analyzed in order to reduce the
potentially significant environmental impacts.  EPA believes that the identified
additional Information, data, analyses, or discussions are of such a magnitude that
they ehould have full public review at a draft stage.  EPA does not believe that the
draft EIS is adequate for the purposes of the NEPA and/or Section 309 review, and
thus should be formally reviled and made available for public cemnant in a supplemental
or revised draft EIS.  On the basis of the potential significant impacts  involved,
this proposal could be a candidate for referral tlo th? CEO.       i

          •Frorai EPA Manual 1640 Policy and Procedures for the Review of
                    Federal Actions imnactino the Environment

-------
GEOMGf A. ANIVOIHI
   •OrtAMM
Ulltlft M. UVEHARA
   04MCIM

 TCUPHONt NO.
                              STATE OF HAWAII
                     OFFICE OP ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL
                                *W HAUKAUWfU ITAIIT
                                    MOW HI
                                HOMHUiU, HAWAII tMIl

                                May 14,  1985

         Colonel Michael M. Jenks
         District Engineer
         Corps of Engineers
         Fort Shatter, Hawaii   96858  •

         Dear Colonel Jenksi

         Subjecti  Comments  to  the Waikoloa Beach Resort  Anchialine
                   Ponds Draft SIS

         Anchialine ponds, because of their unique habitat,  contain
         rare organisms.   The importance  of  the Haikoloa ponds  are
         magnified   because   they    are   the   largest    single
         concentration  of  anchialine   ponds   in West  Hawaii  and
         represent   a   broad    diversity   of   anchialine  pond
         characteristics.   Approximately   33   percent   of  Hawaii's
         anchialine ponds are located at Waikoloa.

         The  Waikoloa  Beach Resort,  if  developed,  will  have  an
         extremely adverse effect upon the anchialine  ponds.>  While
         the  project  is  under  construction,  surface  runoff  and
         siltation  will negatively  affect the  ponds.   After  the
         resort  is constructed,   the  increased  runoff  from  paved
         surfaces  will  have  a  large effect  upon the  salinity  and
         nutrient  loading  of  the  ponds.    The large  nunber   of
         tourists  that  the  resort  will attract  will  also have  a
         detrimental  effect.   The  large  swinning  lagoon  that  is
         being  proposed  will  destroy  approximately  17   of  the
         largest ponds with a total estinated  area of two acres.

         Because  of  the  presence  of the   anchialine  ponds,   we
         suggest that another site  be considered for  the resort.

         We are also  attaching copies  of  comments received  by this
         office froo other state  agencies.

                                         Sincerely,
                                          Letitla H.  Uyehara
                                          Director
         Attachments

-------
                                                          K«f O UUMUUt
                    ' STATE OF HAWAII
         DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND GENERAL SERVICES
                 DIVISION OF PUBLIC WORKS
                   9, O- M* lit, HOMOUAU. WW»H M4tl
Ms. Letitia Uyehata
Director
Office of Environmental
  Quality Control
550 llalekauwila Street
Room 301
Honolulu, Hawaii

Dear Ms. Uyehara:

     Subject:  Draft  EIS by U.S Department of the Army
               Haikoloa  Beach Resort Anchialine Ponds
               Waikoloa, South Kohala, Hawaii

     We have reviewed the subject document and have no
comments to offer.
                               Very truly yours,
CTsjk
                                TEUANE TOMINAGft
                          State Public Works Engineer

-------
OEORGER.ARIYOSHI
   GOVERNOR
          JACKK.tUWA
CHAIRPERSON. HOARD OF AGRICULTURE
                                                                 SUZANNE D. PETERSON
                                                                POTV TO THE CHAIRPERSON
                                      Still OlHlWlll
                              DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
                                    142« So. King SUM)
                                  Honolulu, Htwall 96814


                                     April 4. 1985
        Milling Addwai
            P. O. Box 22159
            Honolulu, Hiwill 96822
      MEMORANDUM

      To:         Ms. LetUia N. Uyehara, Director
                  Office of Environmental Quality Control

      Subject:    Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for  the
                    U.S. Dept. of the Army Permit Application, Haikoloa
                    Beach Resort, South Kohala, Hawaii

            The  Department of Agriculture has reviewed the subject DEIS  and
      offers the following comments.

            The  proposed project will not affect the agricultural  resources of
      the  area, nor the plans, programs and activities of this Department.

            He are returning this document for your further use.

            Thank you for the opportunity to comment.
                                          x^;
                                         //(JACK K. SUHA
                                        (^X  Chairman, Board of Agriculture
       Enclosure

-------

                                STATE OP HAWAII

                          DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
                         OFfTCS OP THE ACXHrTAHT OEMEBAL
                         *tt OUUOHO MAO hOW. HOMlutU, HLWAU H*1I
  UUUIIK.C.1U

M'lVTT MJWfMt M*M
IIIEIIO
Letltla H. Uyehara, Director
Ofrice of Environmental Quality
  Control
550 lUlekauulla Street
Honolulu, HI  968)3

Dear Ma. Uyehara:

     Thank you for providing ua the opportunity to review  the Draft Environmental
Impact Statement for a U. S. Department of the Army  Pernlt Application.

     We have completed our review and have no comments to  offer at this time.
                                        Yours truly,
                                           fr, HANG
                                         ontr & Engr Officer
Enclosure

-------
   GEORGE n. AHIKWHI
    60vf MOfl Of HAWAN
    PROJECT OFFICES

    WAtMEA OfflCI
     P. O. iOt t«
   KAMUEIA. HAWAII MT4)

    KIAUKAHA OFFfCI

     P. 0, BOX 'tU
    WLO, HAWAII HTM
                          STATE OF HAWAII

                   DEPARTMENT OF HAWAIIAN HOME LANDS

                              P. 0. MX lift
                            HOHOiUlU. HAWAII tUU
                             Hay 13, 1985
  PROJECT OfflCES

   UAUI OFFICE
   P. O. BOX M

 KAHU1UI, UAUI M7U

  UOIOKAI OFFICE

   P. 0. KM IH
HOOilHUA. UOUMCA1 HTH

   KAUAt OfFICt
   P. 0. MX Ut

  UHUf. KAUAI HIM
,
Ul
MEMORANDUM

TO:        Letitia N.  Uyehara, Director
           Office  of Environmental Quality Control

FROM:  /   Georgians K.  Padeken, Chairman
    Off^—- Hawaiian Homes Commission

SUBJECT:   Draft EIS for the U.S. Department of Army  Permit
           Application - Waikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine Ponds,
           Waikoloa. South Kohala, Hawaii	

           As  requested  in your memorandum of April 4,  1985, we
offer the following comments on the subject draft environmental
Impact  statement (EIS):

           1.  The  proposed project will have significant
               Impacts  on the environment, which should  be
               studied  and evaluated in totality.  The
               applicant's assertion that the Improvements
               within the forty-foot shoreline setback area will
               not  constitute major Impacts (page 7, OEQC
               Bulletin,  No. 7, April 8, 1985) appears to be a
               biased determination, and a negative declaration
               should not be recognized.

           2.  A full environmental assessment should  be
               conducted  which should include a study  by experts
               into:

               a) the hydraulics of the area, especially the
                 water flow relationships between the ocean and
                 among the anchialine ponds;

               b) water composition and quality in the ocean and
                 ponds,  and how alterations may Impact  habitat
                 plants  and animals; and
                                                                                       Letitia N. Uyehara
                                                                                       Page Two
                                                                                       Hay 13,  1985
               c)  mathematical and  physical models of the
                  impacts of proposed  developments on the
                  shoreline, especially after construction of
                  the shoreline bern and excavation of the
                  recreational lagoon.  Will wave patterns and
                  currents be altered  such that eroslonal and
                  deposltional problems will occur along the
                  shoreline?  Will  the blasting, dredging and
                  filling wash detritus matter into the ocean to
                  adyersely affect  conditions on the ocean
                  bottom?

            Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this
draft EIS.   Should there be any  questions concerning our
comments, please call Mr. Jason  Ota at 548-2686.

GKP:RF:JC:JO:eh

-------
   GIQA41 *
                                        STATE OF  HAWAII

                                       DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                                             f 0 MX»  3111
                                           HOWXWU, rUftim MMI

                                             May 15,1985
                                                                  11*11. »t«U« (flit U

                                                                     IPHSD
         Col. Michael M. Jenks
         Honolulu District Engineer
         Corps of Engineers
         U.S. Department of the Army
         Building 230
         Ft. Slmfler, Hawaii  968S6

         Dear Col. Jenks:
         Subject:
Request for Comments on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for
Waikoloa Beuch Resort Anchialine Ponds, Waikoloa, S. Kohala, Hawaii
o\
              Thank  you  for  allowing  us  to  review  and  comment  on  the  subject  draft
         environmental impact statement.  We wish to provide the following comments:

              l.agoon

              The proposed lagoon for water-contact recreation  will be connected to Waiulua Bay,
              a Class AA water, based on  the Administrative Rules of the Department of Health,
              Chapter 11-54, entitled Water Quality Standards.   It  is the objective of this class of
              water to remain  in their natural and  pristine state as nearly as possible with an
              absolute minimum of pollution or alteration of the water quality, from  any human-
              caused source of  action (Section H-54-03tc)(D].  Depending  on the water quality of
              the proposed pumped ground water used to aid the  natural flushing action of the tide'
              and groundwater flow,  this pump flushing action may alter  the natural and pristine
              state of the water quality.

              Anchialine Ponds

              Based on Table 111-4 a comparison of the pond biota study, there appears to be some
              deterioration  and disappearance of biota in the  WBR ponds as compared to the
              Maciolek and Brock Report and  the existence in nearby  Waiulua  Bay.  This may be
              due to human intrusion and  misuse of  anchialine ponds as pointed out in the draft
              EIS.  Although some of the anchialine ponds may be  filled, the proposed creation of
              the pond preservation  area  together  with  the concerted monitoring proposal will
              certainly huve  fa positive  tone on  the continued existence  of the biota  in the
              remaining anchialine ponds.
                                                                                             Col. Michael M. Jenks
                                                                                             May 15, 1985
                                                                                             Page 2
                                                                                                   Wastewater Disposal System - Irrigation

                                                                                                   Although the treated wastewater effluent  is blended with brackish water for the
                                                                                                   golf  irrigation,  it should be  cautioned that the aerosol drift  should  be further
                                                                                                   addressed for the inhabited areas adjacent to the golf course.

                                                                                                   We realize that  the statements are general  in nature due to preliminary plans being
                                                                                              the sole  source  of   discussion.   We,  therefore,  reserve  the right  to Impose  future
                                                                                              environmental restrictions on the project at the time final plans are submitted to  this
                                                                                              office for review.
                                                                                                                                           Sincerely
                                                                                                                                           Deputy Director for
                                                                                                                                            Environmental Health
                                                                                              cc:  DHSA,  Hawaii

-------
GIOAOC fl. ARIVO5HI

 tCNtMtQH Of WWW
                               STATE OF HAWAII

                     DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

                                  f. O. BOX •>!
                              HONOLULU. HAWAII 8*«0»
  SUUttJU OMO, CHMftMAH

«MM> M UM> * MIMM MWOACJI

   IDGAJI A. HAUASU

   HMI* TO I* OMMMM


DIVISIONS:
 UMucmruM MMLOMIIMT
   PROGKAM
 MHUTK MKHMCf I
 CMUKVAIlOM HtO
   MMUACfft EMMftCltf MI
 OOHVIVAMCIt
 KM imy AND witoun
 UNO hUMAOIWKt
 •tAtl MM*
 WAT1H AMQ IANO
     Colonel Michael H. Jenks
     District Engineer
     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
     Honolulu District
     Ft. Shatter, HI  96858

     Dear Colonel Jenks:

          He appreciate the opportunity to review the draft
     environmental impact statement (BIS) for the Waikoloa Hyatt
     Resort Development, and have  some comments to offer.

          The EIS should address more, the possible presence of the
     endangered Hawaiian Stilt  and the possible impact of filling
     the anchialine ponds on these species.  These species could
     have been overlooked as they  have seasonal habits.  While this
     site is not a major habitat for the stilt  (it is not listed in
     the Stilt recovery plan),  elimination of a whole series of
     minor sites, statewide, may have an accumulative impact on the
     species.  It is suggested  that mitigation be considered.

          Destruction probably  would be irreversible; the value of
     the "preservation area" may be ephemeral unless its management
     is effective.  No details  of  the proposed management plan are  •
     available other than proposed stipulations that the plan would
     require the Corps' approval,  and would be reviewed  by  the Corps
     after 20 years, and every  fifth year thereafter.  Managerial
     effectiveness would depend heavily on adequate monitoring
     (cumulative degradation may become irreversible unless  detected
     in time) and on adequate Implementation of remedial measures.
     For example, soils on  site are "extremely porous*  (p.  III-3),
     and pond waters are flushed rapidly by inflowing groundwater
     (p. 111-18); we agree  very strongly with the draft  BIS' that
     •maintenance of pond health will require sensitive  management
     of development on areas which affect the groundwater  flow Into
     the ponds"  (p. IV-4).

                                        Sincerely yours,
                                       ,
                                       'SUSUMU ONO
                                        Chairperson

-------
oo
          DEPARTMENT Of PLANNING
        I.) AND ECONOMIC DEVEIOPMENT
                                                                                     ftMTOI
                                                                                     KMtli
                                                                                    HIMtKt
                                                                          (KM KARJNM IOUHU
          IUWHW M>Na »» KXBH *»a n. H>OUU H
          uuww

Ref. No. P-1666
                                                                   tuw«s MO ttuun Eovcntn tMSOl
                                                                          K»»C" lua KM cmoi
                                                                               *•! i ..iii. •»-.>«.
                                                                                IUJOUUCT.WI
                                                                          MMMSIIII.VI1WCUCHCI
                                       May 16, 198S
Colonel Michael M. Jenks
District Engineer
Corps of Engineers
U. S. Army Engineer District Honolulu
Fort Shafter, Hawaii  96858

Dear Colonel Jenks:

          Subject:  Draft Environmental Impact  Statement, Waikoloa Beach
                   Resort Anchialine Ponds,  South Kohala, Hawaii


          We have reviewed the subject draft  EIS and offer the following with
respect to the relevant policies of the Hawaii  Coastal Zone Management (CZM)
Program.

          As part of the development of a resort complex, Transcontinental
Development Co. and Atpac land Co. propose to excavate a S-acre recreational
lagoon at the head of Haiulua Bay and to fill 136 anchialine ponds in other
areas of the site.  Several alternatives to the proposed action are presented
involving modifications to the size of the pond preserve area and lagoon.


Recreational Resources

          CZM policies advocate the protection  of coastal resources uniquely
suited for recreational activity and the provision of public access to and
along shorelines with recreational value.  The  draft EIS discusses the proposed
recreational amenities to be created by the resort development, but more
specific information should also be provided  on plans for public accessways,
including their number and general locations, and whether any public use of the
excavated lagoon will be allowed.  The EIS should also describe the existing
recreational uses and values of Waiulua Bay and the affected shoreline.


Coastal Ecosystems

          The most significant impact of the  project relates to the filling or
excavation of the anchialine ponds on the site. As noted in the EIS, these
ponds constitute a unique natural resource of the State.  Under the CZM
Program, a specific policy calls for preserving valuable coastal ecosystems of
significant biological or economic importance.   In a 1974 study of the Kona
coast (Maciolek and Brock), the ponds in the  Waiulua Bay areas were
                                                                                                      'Colonel Michael H. Jenks
                                                                                                       Page 2
                                                                                                       Hiy 16, 1985
specifically noted for their "exceptional natural geological and biological
qualities that deserve protection as a unique and valuable resource."

          Of the 215 ponds in the development area, 136 ponds  are proposed to
be filled.  An additional 17 ponds are to be excavated in conjunction with the
lagoon.  In the discussion of impacts and alternatives, the natural resource
values of the individual ponds which are to be filled and saved are not
comparatively evaluated.  The draft EIS further italics that the proposed
action Must be accepted, or the  project would be economically  unfeasible (page
11-15 et seq.).  In view of the  significant impacts to the ponds, we believe
that viable alternatives to the  proposed action should be explored further.


Economic Uses

          On page 1-1 of the draft EIS, reference is made to the State's CZM
policies regarding the coastal dependent nature of visitor facilities.  This
reference, if used, should also  .reflect that such facilities should be
located, designed, and constructed to ninimize adverse, social, visual, and
environmental impacts in the CZM area.  The applicant's proposed alternative
does not minimize the environmental impacts to the coastal ponds.

          These concerns should  be studied and addressed in the EIS.  This
will assure a project design that is compatible with the objectives and
policies of the CZM law.

          In addition, we note that page 11-12 indicates that  the pond
preservation areas would be managed by the applicants and that specific
arrangements for pond management have yet to be concluded. Proper management
of the ponds is essential to assure the continued quality of the ponds and
their long-term protection.  The long-term protection of the ponds rests upon
the maintenance of their unique  qualities.  He recommend that  an organization
which has expertise in this area and is a disinterested third  party be given
responsibility for management of the ponds.

          We appreciate this opportunity to cement.

                                      Very truly yours,
                                                                                                                                             Kent M. Keith


                                                                                                       cc:   Office of Environmental Quality Control

-------
                                                         WAVNCJ VAUUAXI
                                                            CMWC1M
                                                       JONATHAN K SHH*ADA,niD.
                       STATE OF HAWAII
                   MMMTMEHT OF TRANWOftTATtOH
                         INFUHCHMWl ItMfT
                         HONOtUlUtUWM MIS

                         Hay 20, 1985
 CHCRADSOOH
 ADAUDWKtHT

IN wiv Reran Ta

STP 8.1Q593
Ms. Letitia H. Uyehara, Director
Office of Environmental Quality Control
550 Halekauwila St., Room 301
Honolulu, Hawaii  96813

Dear Ms. Uyehara>

         Waikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine Ponds
         Waikoloa, Hawaii
         Draft Environmental Impact Statement
EIS:
     We have the following comments on the subject draft
     1.   Traffic projections for the existing Waikoloa
          Beach Resort access road intersection  in  1987
          indicates a level of service greater than E  for
          northbound turning vehicles.  Until such  time  that
          signalizatlon is warranted, we do not  anticipate
          decreasing the speed limit of Queen Kaahumanu
          Highway.  The Department will consider signallzation
          when traffic signal warrants have been met.
          Physical improvements to the intersection by the
          developer will be required when the development is
          Implemented.  The applicant should coordinate
          these plans with the Highways Division.

     2.   The second access road for Haikoloa Beach Resort
          should be constructed as part of the necessary
          infrastructures for the proposed development.
          Discussion in the traffic section of the  EIS
          should incorporate traffic volumes and peak  hour
          distributions with this access availability.

     3.   The Mahukona Boat Ramp has been removed and  is no
          longer in existence.  The County maintains an
          electric hoist for boaters to launch and  retrieve
          their craft.

     Thank you for the opportunity to review this EIS.
                                          sad
                                        Transportation

-------
'3
                          University of Hawaii at Manoa
                                                    d CtnUi
                                     Ciiwford 317 • JWO Cunpui Bond
                                         Honolulu. Itiwili Kill
                                         Ttltphom (tea) Btg.7301
                                                                                 May IS, 1885

                                                                                     RBt04U
 Ms. Lelitla Uyehara
 Office of Environmental Quality Control
 SSO llalekauwlla Street
 Honolulu, Hawaii MB 13

 Dear  Ms. Uyeliara:

                        Draft Environmental Impact Statement
                               Waikoloa Reach Resort
                                 (Anchlallne Ponds)
                            Waikola, South Kohala, Hawaii

      The Environmental Center has reviewed  the DEIS for the Waikoloa Beach Resort
 Anchlallne Ponds with the assistance of Richard Drock, Sea Grant; Frans Gerrltson, Ocean
 Engineering)  James  Parrlsh, Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research  Unit) David Welch,
 Anthropology; Jaoquelln MlUer and Eileen Anthony, Environmental Center. The DEIS was
 prepared to address the Impacts of the construction of a swimming lagoon and the filling
 of  anchiallne  ponds  as  a part of  the development of  a large luxury hotel and resort
 complex.  We note that  our files on this  project date back to 1977  and It appears that
 many of the  same  environmental  concerns expressed in our previous  correspondence
 remain.  These  concerns  mainly involve the water  quality of the lagoon  and anchlaline
 ponds to be preserved and the proposed destruction of other anchialine ponds.  We also
 call attention  In  the  forthcoming paragraphs to errors in the discussion  relative  to
 earthquake risk and some additional information relative to tsunamis.

 Anchlallne ponds, lagoon and water quality

     In  the  Slate of  Hawaii, anchiallne  ponds  occur  almost  exclusively along  the
shorelines of  west Hawaii  and southwest Mmii.  They constitute  a rare  and unique
ecosystem which lias been Increasingly decimated in recent years by coastal development.

     According  to the DFJS, some 215 anchlaline ponds are located  within the Waikoloa
Ueach Resort area  (p. 11-1).  The proposed development calls for the creation of a 28 acre
"total pond preservation area" consisting of approximately 63 ponds In a new 12 acre
preservation area (p. 11-7) and  IS ponds in a 16.3  acre existing open space area.  This
equates to an intended destruction of 137 ponds (215 - 78 = 137). (The discussion on page
IV-2 cites the loss of  136.) Other combinations of numbers of ponds to be filled (destroyed)
or preserved are given for different alternative development plans.
                                                                                                                   Ml. Letltle Uyetura
                                                                                                                                                            -2-
                                                                                                                                                                               May IS, IMS
     It would be most helpful If a standard scaled, basemap of the uichlillni ponds with
overlays of the  various alternative developments  was Included In the H3.   In  tha
description of tha three alternative*, It to not always clear how many ponds arc Involved
and which ones are to be filled.   For example, on page H-15 under Alternative 2, tha
development of Sites 10 and 12 U mentioned and It Is Implied that the ponds on those sites
will  be filled.   Yet It If  not ipeclflcally so  stated.   Are they to be preserved?
Furthermore,  each of the maps  seems to be of  a  different  scale making comparisons
between locations of ponds and construction of structures most difficult.

     We note In the 1978 03 for this project that all of the sewage effluent, estimated at
1.7 tngd, was expected to be used tor Irrigation on the golf course and adjacent landscape.
The present DEIS cites a total volume of 2.) mgd. Will the additional .8 mgd also be used
for Irrigation?  The  document recognizes (p.  1V-4  to IV-5)  that Increases In  nitrate,
ammonia, and phosphate levels have been measured In the anchiallne ponds.  That the
Increases have resulted from the use of the sewage  effluent for golf-course Irrigation Is
expressed as  • hypothesis.  However, because the Increases are expectable consequences
of that use of the sewage effluent and no  other reasonable explanation for the Increase
has been Identified, the cause-and-effeot relationship seems fairly certain, From the lack
of evidence of stimulation of  phytoplankton In the ponds, U ls concluded that something
other  than nutrient  concentrations limit  the phytoplankton production, and  that the
flushing of the ponds by tidal action "reduces the  tendency  of  high nutrient levels  to
Increase the  standing stock of phytoplankton".  U Is  concluded that "maintenance of a
healthy pond environment within the pond preservation area Is possible as long as Hushing
rates remain high."

     The rate of tidal  exchange with the ponds in  the preservation  area wUl not  be
altered by the Hyatt Regency project, but the rate of nutrient loading by way of  the
sewage system and golf-course Irrigation  will be Increased.  U seems  far from certain
from the analysis reflected In the original QS and this supplement on the anchiallne ponds
that the healthy environment will be maintained with the Increase.

     Furthermore, we  are  concerned that the IS-fold proposed  Increase In wastewater
from approximately .ISO mgd to 2.1 mgd will also result In significant Increases In the
nutrient concentrations In  the lagoon.  The  recreational use  of the lagoon  could  be
significantly jeopardized It excessive nutrients produced algal blooms.

     It Is proposed (p. n-7) that  the flushing of the lagoon will be Increased by pumping
ground water from shallow on-slte wells.  Such  wells will, however,  draw water  with
Increased nutrient concentrations from the Herzberg lens.  This brackish water may not
result  In effective flushing of the deeper and more saline water of the lagoon.  It seems
desirable to  consider the alternative of use of  low-nutrient  salt water from somewhat
deeper wells.
                                      EQUAL OPPORTUNITY F.MPI.OYKK

-------
Ms. Letitla Uyehara
May IS, I98S
Economic considerations (p. IMS (o 11-18)

      It Is reported on  page  11-17  that millions  of.dollars have  been spent on  the
infrastructure for the resorts.  It should be acknowledged that the value and protection of
the  anchlallne  ponds was well  established  prior  to  the  purchase of the  land  by '
Transcontinental Development Company and Atpac Land Company (late 1960's). Page U-l
of the Draft BS refers to State and County approved plans for the resort to provide for
the ultimate development of approximately 3,000 hotel rooms and 3,400 residential  units.
However, there  Is no Indication In the  DEIS  that the plans approved  development of-the-
hotels on or at  the expense of  the anchlallne ponds.  Have such permits or plans been
approved?   Mitigation measures such aa citing the structures further  mauka of  the pond
area, establishing  adequate walkways to  the  ocean front  and a  scaled-down lagoon for
swimming, could surely reduce significantly  the number of ponds that would need  to be
destroyed without  jeopardizing the economic viability of the project.  The pools  can be a
valuable addition to the resort and would not constitute "wasted" land as is stated.

      It is  stated  that  the project would "fulfill a publicly recognized need for  more
employment opportunities and increased economic activity".  We note, however, jhat the
proposed project location is too far from economically depressed areas, such as llawl  and
Kapa'au to provide much In the way of economic benefits to those communities.

      Page 1-20  (2.2.3) states that  there are  two coastal areas at the resort where
development would not require pond filling.  One site is already a part of the  proposed
Hyatt Regency  Waikoloa Hotel and could accommodate  a  SOO-room hotel.  The  other
location available  Is on Site 4 which could also accommodate a  SOO-room facility.  The
total 1,0.00 rooms  Is close  to the 1,200 needed for economical feasibility. This could be
considered as an alternative also.

      We suggest  that, particularly in the case of  high-class resorts sucli as  the  one
intended at Waikoloa, the retention of  natural features such a; the ponds would be
advantageous. On page 11-22, it is stated "that no environmentally preferred alternative
has been Identified at this time".  What  Is  probably meant Is that  no environmentally
preferred  alternative  has been identified  by  the developers  that   they  consider
economically practical.  An  alternative without effects to the  anchialine ponds  would
certainly be environmentally preferable,  and we suggest that such an alternative or one
minimizing the loss of the ponds  would in the long run be economically superior in the
cnse of "high-class" developments.

Earthquake risk

      The great earthquake of 1868 had a Richler magnitude estimated as 7.2S to 7.7S (by
Furumoto),  not  10 us slated  on page  111-3.  The value  10  i.i its estimated maximum
Intensity on  the Modified Mcrcalll scale.  The  range of  7-8  Indicated for the  1868
earthquake at Waikoloa and the  value of 5 (for the 1951  earthquake)  are  also Intensities,
not magnitudes.   The great  earthquake  of  1975 (magnitude  7.2) also  probably had an
intensity of about  5 at  Waikoloa.  (The "D"  In  Macdonald should not  be capitalized and
Abbott has two "t's".)
                                                                                                           Ms. Letltia Uyehara
                                                                                                                                                     -4-
                                                                                                            May IS, 1995
                                    Tsunamis

                                         The discussion of the historical tsunami data it the site Is accurately cited (p. 111-5).
                                    Under existing conditions (excluding the lagoon) portions of the project area are located In
                                    a flood hazard zone and subject to certain building restrictions.  It Is concluded in the
                                    document (p. IV-1) that "Neither  the changes to  the inner zone  of the bay  nor tin
                                    shoreline berm  would increase  the susceptibility of  shoreline  areas  to Inundation by
                                    tsunami". The berm proposed for construction between the lagoon and the sea will tend to
                                    decrease both storm-wave  and tsunami Inundation  Inland and, in the case of the storm.
                                    waves, the decrease will probably not be offset by the construction of the lagoon. In lltt
                                    cases of longer-period waves of tsunamis *nd of long-duration storm surges, however, the
                                    protective effect will at least be reduced.  We have not  requested for review the report
                                    cited as • basis  for the conclusion quoted above (Sea Engineering, Inc., 1985). That report
                                    should be carefully checked to assure that- the  conclusion Is not  based  on a  two-
                                    dimensional analysis neglecting the effects of  long-period waves entering the  Inlet at the
                                    head of Walulua Bay and  diffracting from the  inlet to the lagoon.   If the effect of
                                    diffraction has  been neglected, It  may be  that the exposure of the area inland of the
                                    lagoon  to large tsunamis  will  be greater than the exposure  estimated for present
                                    conditions In the National Flood Insurance Program.                     ••

                                    Recreational resources

                                          Section 8  Indicates that "Impacts on Recreational Resources and Activity" provision
                                    will be made for public rlghts-of-woy to the shoreline (p. IV-17). Since the creation of the
                                    swimming lagoon and other structures would significantly alter the existing shoreline for
                                    fishing or other non-water contact recreational activities and, as recognized In the  DEIS,
                                    the specific coastal area Is not safe for water contact sports, will the public be permitted
                                    to use the swimming lagoon?

                                          We appreciate the opportunity  to comment on  this DKIS and look forward to your
                                    response.

                                                                               Yours truly,
                                                                               Doak C. Cox
                                                                               Director
                                          Michael Jenks, Corps of Engineers
                                          Richard Brock
                                          Prans Qerrltsen
                                          James Parrlsh
                                          David Welch
                                          Jacquelin Miller
                                          Eileen Anthony

-------
           University of Hawaii at Manoa

                      Wtlir Rf louini ftntirch Ctnttr
                      llolmei Hill 283 • 25(0 Dole Slreel
                         Honolulu. lliwiU WUZ

                                      8 Hay 1985
Col.  Michael H. Jenks
District Engineer
Corps of Engineers
U.S.  Arny Engineer District, Honolulu
Ft. Shafter, Hawaii 96858

Dear  Col. Jenks:

     SUBJECT:  Draft Environaental Inpact Stateuont, U.S. Dept. of the
              Any Feralt Application,  Haikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine
              Ponds,  Nalkoloa, South Kona District, Island of Hawaii,
              State of Hawaii, March 1985

     We have reviewed  the subject DEIS and have no coonent to offer.
Thank you for the opportunity to review this naterial.


                                      Sincerely,
ETM:jn
                                      Edwin T. Murabayashi
                                      EIS Coordinator
                    AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

-------
                                                            DEPARTMENT OF  PARKS & RECREATION
                                                                                                                          Dante K. Carpenter, Mayor
                                                            COUNTY OF HAWAII
                                                                                                                         Patricia Engelhard, Director
                                                                   April  1$,  1985
                                                                   Col.  Hlchael  Jenks
                                                                   Corps of Engineers
                                                                   U.S.  Army Engineer District, Honolulu
                                                                   Fort  Shafter, HI  96858

                                                                   RE:  U.S. Dept. of Army Permit Application for Walkoloa
                                                                        Hyatt Development and Walkoloa Beach Resort Anchlallne
                                                                        Ponds Project  (PODCO-0-I8I2-SD)
   OJ
We have reviewed the draft EIS for the subject project and have no
adverse comments to offer.
                                                                   Thank you for the  opportunity  to participate  In the review process.
                                                                   Pat Engelhard
                                                                   Director
                                                                   PE:GH:al
                                                            • 29 AUPUNI STREET • HILO. HAWAII W720 • TELEPHONE MI-MI I
-£-

-------
    DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
                                                                                                                             vuac uam
   comjn 01 H*W»»- n UXVH t?mn • wo HIVMI MHO- HUPHCM IKMMI-SMI
Ts-
Ui
April S, 1985
COL MICHAEL H JENKS
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
DISTRICT ENGINEER
DEPARTMENT OF TUB ARMY
FORT SHATTER  HI  96B5B
SUBJECT!  DRAFT EHVIRONMEHTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
         DS DEPT. OF TBE ARMY PERMIT APPLICATION, PODCO-O 1812-SD
         HAIKOLOA HYATT DEVELOPHEHT
         ANAEBOOMALO, SOUTH ROBALA, HAWAII
He have  reviewed the tubject docuaent »nd out  comuntc at* at  (ollown

     Various wotlon* of thi dociuwnt Indicate tht develornunt ii
     within • coaital high haiard aiea at dtterilned by the Federal
     Insurance Agency and al«o that tht elevation ttquirticnta art
     being proposed to be mt »et through the uit o( landfill.   The
     docu»ent, however, fails to indicate that ai stipulated by tht
     Hawaii County Code. «uch a landfill auit  not aggravate flooding
     and that a study addressing this concern  has been submitted to
     and is currently under review by this department.  Because of
     the nature and coaplexity of the study, vt Intend to conduct a
     icview through the use of a consultant.
Thank you for the opportunity to review the docments.
HUGH
Chief'Englneer

-------
JOHN O. ttKlLINOEft
CMAINMAH Of f«r •O*MDAH»
cmtt i Htcutivi or r ic CM
      Years, of Yespertise
n FW5T HAWAIIAN BANK
RQ Box 3200, Honolulu, Hawaii 96847


         April  18, 1985
         Colonel Michael M. Jenks
         District Engineer
         Honolulu District
         U. S. Amy Corps of Engineers
         Building 230
         Fort Shatter, Hawaii  968S8

         Dear Colonel Jenks:

         It has come to ny attention that certain staff washers in the Regional
         Office of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in San
         Francisco have questioned whether the proposed Hyatt Regency Haikoloa
         resort hotel  is truly "water dependent."

         First  Hawaiian Bank has participated in the financing of  several  resort
         hotels in Hawaii,  including the Sheraton Royal Haikoloa Hotel,  and will be
         the lead bank  for the financing of the proposed Hyatt Regency Haikoloa.
         This $360 trillion project is designed to be the finest resort hotel in the
         world and, in our estfeatIon, will have a tremendously beneficial  impact on
         the tourist industry on the Island of Hawaii and throughout  the entire
         state.  Faced with the potential demise of the sugar  industry,  it  is
         essential to both the county  and the state that the visitor  industry grow
         and replace the jobs which inevitably will  be  lost in the agricultural
         sector of our economy.

        Our experience has shown  that  to be  successful a luxury resort hotel in
        Hawaii  nust be on the shoreline.  Those who have tried to develop such
        hotels  without being -Imediately on the shoreline have failed.  Two
        exanples are the Haiakea  Inn in Hilo and Makaha on Oahu.  All of the
        successful luxury hotels  in Hawaii, including the Sheraton Nalkiki, the
        Royal Hawaiian, the Kahala Hilton, the Hyatt Maul,  and the Maura Kea Beach
        Hotel and Mauna Lani  Bay Hotel on the Island of Hawaii, are located right
        on  the  shoreline.   In order to compete with these hotels,  the proposed
        Hyatt Regency Kaikoloa Must also be located on the  shoreline.  Any other
        location sImply will not work.  The Kohala coast -  and particularly
        Haikoloa - is a well-planned region and destination resort,  and  the only
        place in Hawaii where this ambitious project can succeed.

        I can assure you that, as lead bank along with  our  participating.banks  fron
        the United States nainland, we would not finance this hotel unless  it were
        located on the shoreline at Haikoloa  as presently planted.
                                                                                                           Colonel Michael H. Jenks
                                                                                                           April 18, 1985
                                                                                                           Page Two
                                                                            In order to satisfy the interest of the environmental cemunlty,  the
                                                                            developer has agreed to set aside twelve acres of ponds as a penanent
                                                                            preservation area.  These twelve acres will be conservatively  valued at
                                                                            \12 Billion and I aa told that the creation of this preservation  area has
                                                                            already cost approximately $1 Million in alterations to the original design
                                                                            of the Waikoloa Beach Resort.  This pond preservation agreement has to
                                                                            represent one of the largest alligation provisions, if not the largest, in
                                                                            the history of Hawaii.  I feel that it is more than reasonable.

                                                                                                              Sincerely,

                                                                                                              FIRST HAWAIIAN BANK
                                                                            JL/J162M/W
                                                                                                                                      ve Officer

-------
                                                      V
OS
      \s\.anb exploitations
                                                              V
      ANH Ft6LblMC« fovr ornce toK • OHO OHO xeno IUUOH • nixKxuino, 
-------
                  MAUNA LANI RESORT
                       On lh» Kolul« Cw»l/Bi» liUnd at H<->
                                    Nobuo Kitsuda
                                    executive Vice President


NK:lms
              I'O Hut 495<> • K«Kiih» Man-in 9*7». 4°5° • Trli-phivH-  MS-M.7?
                         TEIEX 7524)0-MX IMMiMMi.W

-------
                        \  ./£
                         •»»,•*

SlKiiiKm I lotcls In (hcftidf ic
KIWOIIOIUJWC«»rt M>«<»»<4
                                                                                               Colonel Michael H. Jenks
                                                                                               Page Two
                                                                                               April 29, 198S
       nWBODHOLOEH                           P O BOXIiss
       PWSWHt WRMOllllOmSIMIHtMCHC               HONOIUIU.HAWMI9HIS
       «f«OnviC[Pn£M)€HI II<£l*fwlOIICOnPO(«llON           TELEPHONE 1(00)922-4422


                                             April  29, 1985
           Colonel Michael H. Jenks
           Department of the Army
           U.S.  Army Engineer District
           Fort  Shafter, Hawaii  96858-5440

           Dear  Colonel Jenks:

           It  has  recently  cone  to  my  attention  that  staff members
 T-        at  the  San  Francisco Regional Office  of  the United States
 I1        Environmental  Protection Agency  have Questioned  the "water
 in        dependency"  of  the  Hyatt  Regency  Waikoloa  Resort Hotel,
'00        proposed to be built on Waiulua Bay on the  Island of  Hawaii.

           The   Sheraton  Corporation   is  the   largest  hotel   operator
           in Hawaii, with hotels on all  of the  major  islands, including
           the  Sheraton Royal  Waikoloa  Hotel on  the  Island  of Hawaii
           of which  we are  one of the owners.   Sheraton  also  operates
           major hotels in most of the  Pacific Rim countries.

           During my years in Hawaii,  I have been very  active in Visitor
           Industry Associations, .including  the  Hawaii  Visitors Bureau,
           the Hawaii Hotel  Association,  and was founder  of the Visitor
           Industry Education Council.

           All of Sheraton's successful  luxury  resort hotels in Hawaii
           are   located  immediately  on  the  shoreline.   These include
           the Royal Hawaiian and Sheraton Waikiki on Oahu, the  Sheraton
           Haul,  the  Sheraton  Kauai,   and the Sheraton Royal Waikoloa.
           The   shoreline  locations   of  these  hotels  are  absolutely
           essential  in order  for  them  to  be  competitive  with  other
           luxury  resort  hotels  in   Hawaii.   Only  by  being located
           on  the  water  have  these  hotels  been  able  to  command  the
           room  rates necessary to provide the  amenities  and activities
           which the luxury hotel visitor demands.
                                                  Sheraton was  asked  to  »an«ge  two  luxury  hotels  which ire
                                                  not  located  on  the  water  --  the  Sheraton  Makaha  Resort
                                                  and  Country Club on  Oahu end the  Hiiakea  Village  Resort
                                                  on   the  Island  of  Hawaii.   Although  both  of  these  are
                                                  attractive  facilities,   neither  has  been  able  to  operate
                                                  successfully  as  a  luxury  resort  hotel  due  to  off-water
                                                  location.   As  a  result,   the  Waiakea  Village  Resort  has
                                                  been shut down and is  being converted  to  condominiums.

                                                  I  have   seen  the  «odel and plans for  the  proposed  Hyatt
                                                  Regency  Haikoloa,  with  its  wide  range  of  amenities.    In
                                                  my  judgenent,  this  hotel  Bust  be  located  on  the  shoreline
                                                  in order to be  successful.   The proposed location on Haiulua
                                                  Bay  at   Waikoloa  is  the  only  possible place  on   the  land
                                                  owned  by the  developer,  where I understand  they have already
                                                  spent  $1 Billion.   This  hotel will   provide   the  amenities
                                                  the  affluent  tourist  expects,  but  it oust  be on  the water
                                                  to do  so.

                                                  We  at  Sheraton  welcome the  addition of  the  Hyatt Regency
                                                  Naikoloa  to  the Naikoloa  Beach Resort.   We   believe  that,
                                                  in  addition  to  providing  almost  2,000 permanent  jobs,   it
                                                  will  also benefit the  other  hotels operating  in Nest Hawaii
                                                  and  the Hawaiian tourist industry as a whole.
                                                                                                                                 R.  W. Bob Holden
                                                                                                RWH:bb
Olfcmta: S*i /«nc»KQ. Siwtton Paiac* ' los Angofet, ShtrMon Town Itoust • H***>; Slteraton Wa*iXi » Royal Hawaiian * Moana • Suilndei • Pinctit Kauitn

SlttiMon U&» • Shtutun K*u* • ShvMon Coconut Batcft * SharMon Me*** • Stwtton WvaMl V*aga • \WcKto Houit • Sheraton Rt*a) «a\rto* • SlWMtn Mjhtha

Hbof frdnf: 9*'afon Hong Kong * TfwKmf: Station BanyKoh • KOTM: Stwakxi W*«* H* • PMfppMat: Sheralon Cenhiiy Path Mwxla • $ing»pt*»: Siwulon

C*«MY Park S
-------
ui
 o
                                                                                  Society for Hawaiian Archaeology
                                                                                  P.O.  Box 22911
                                                                                  Honolulu, Hawai'i  96813
                                                                                  May 16, 1985
Colonel Michael M.  Jenks
District Engineer
U.S. Army Engineer District,  Honolulu
Ft. Shafter, Hawai'i  96858

REt  Draft EIS Waikoloa Beach Resort  Anchialine Ponds

Dear Colonel Jenks,

The Peer Review Committee of the Society for Hawaiian  Arch-
aeology has reviewed the above  document.  We conclude  that
previous archaeological work done in  the area has adequately
recorded and evaluated sites within portions of the project
area.

We concur with the SHPO that the intensive survey as planned
by Paul Rosendahl,  Ph.D., Inc., should be completed prior to
any construction activity.  We  also agree with the recommen-
dations of the SHPO as listed in his  letter of March 12,  1985
(see Appendix D of the above document).

This document (p. IV-8) generally summarizes how  the negative
impacts of this project might possibly be mitigated.  We
recommend that the steps for salvage  and preservation  be
clearly stated in the final EIS (e.g. which sites are  to  be
preserved, which sites are to be reconstructed).

                                Sincerely,
                                                                                  David J. Welch, Chairperson
                                                                                  Peer Review Committee
                                                  cci  State Historic Preservation Officer

-------
                                                                                             Hay 15, 1985
Ov
O
        Comments on the Draft EIS, Waikoloa Hyatt, South Kohala
         District,  Island of Hawaii

Dear Mr. Michael Lee,

     1 have within  the past two weeks walked the shoreline of
the proposed Hyatt  at  Waikoloa.  With the EIS in hand, I located
the site of Deer Park  Tower and the preferred Pond Reserve Area.
It would be an extreme loss, ecologically and esthetically, if
the preferred alternative were allowed.  I do endorse Alterative  2
as being the best compromise.
     I would like to point out that there is no replicate for
this system anywhere in the world.  The local endemics and esthetics
would be lost forever.
     This project does not reflect any sensitivity to the surr-
ounding resources.   This Hyatt, as proposed, could be transplanted
to Florida , or Mexico without any hint of being misplaced. Its
siting does not enhance the esthetic resources around it, merely
places Itself over  the grave of these anchialine pools.  It is
not harmonious to bury ponds under yards of fill or  import
alien deer and swans to an environment that is vulnerable to
them. Farmers and ranchers understand the danger of  deer.
     I understand that Federal ElSB must incorporate Worst Case
Scenarios (WCS), yet I don't find amy such analysis  in this draft.
Will the nutrients   and biocides from the golf course make their
wuy into the remaining ponds?  I would formally like to  request
WCS analysis for the preferred and alternative two proposals.
     I do hope the  Army Corp of Engineers would consider Alternative
2 as the best for this hotel project. Thank you for  the  opportunity
of allowing me to comment on this EIS.
                                                                                   Yours,
                                                                                   Nelson Ho
                                                                                   P.O.Box 590
                                                                                   Mountain View,  Hi 96??1

-------
O\
                      University of Hawaii  at Manoa
                                     D«parlm«Dl of Zoology
                                  Edraondloo Hall • Z53B The Mall
                                     Honolulu. Hiwili W.822
                                                           Hay 18,  1985
District Engineer (PODOD-0)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Building 230
Ft. Shafter, HI 96856

Dear Sin

Referencei Environmental Inpact Statenent
           U.S. Department of the Amy
           Permit Application
           Waikoloa Beach Resort Anchlaline Ponds
           Waikoloa,  South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii

      I have studied the west Hawaii, South Kohala district shoreline for
more than 20 years as a marine biologist particularly Interested In
coastal biota.  1, therefore, wish to express ny concern for  the proposal
by the Waikoloa Beach Resort for development which will essentially destroy
many of the anchlaline ponds In the Waikoloa area.

      A significant attraction along the Waikoloa coastline Is the series of
anchlaline ponds which Infiltrate the lava flows comprising the shoreline.
These ponds fom. a rare and unique ecosystem.  The ponds consist of near-
shore water expanses of varying size, with a crustacean-mollusk dominated
community, augmented by fishes and an eel.  Hie biota is highly endemic and
Includes three shrimp known only fron these ponds In the Hawaiian Islands.
Two of the shrimp are blind and Inhabit subterranean waters associated with
the ponds.  Other representatives of the pond biota Include a marl-forming
blue green alga, the vascular plant Ruppla narltlma, other endemic shrinp
such as the small red shrimp Hall carldlna rubra and the alpheid Hetabetaeus
lohena. and several endemic nollusks.

      The significance of these ponds as a unique ecosystem In the Hawaii or,
Islands lies in their native and endemic biota, their geologically transient
nature (which therefore essentially restricts their occurrence in the
Hawaiian Islands to the west coast of Hawaii), their varying chemistry, and
their fragile ecological balance.  They are diverse) each one Is a little
different from the other in color, in Inhabitants, in depth,  In water
chemistry.  They are  extraordinarily subject to variations in temperature
and salinity.  All the ponds alonf that coastline are interconnected! what
affects one will ultimately affect all of theft because of their interconnections
and the porous nature of the basalt substrate In which they lie.  They lie
beyond the reach of wave action, but  they respond to tides, although slowly.
That fact alone Beans that circulation In the subterranean reaches of the
ponds la very sluggish.   All  of these factors dean that development as
proposed will affect not one  pond  but all of them.  Even such a sliple act
as the application of fertilizer to a grassy area or newly planted flower
bed will serve to disrupt not one  pond,  but Many ponds as the alien nutrient
la slowly moved In the subterranean waterway fro» one pond to another.

      The proposal acknowledges that  several of the anchiallne ponds will
be destroyed by the resort developnent.   The alternatives proposed are for
(i) separated pond preservation areas within the resort development) (2)
a large pond preservation area Ml thin tho resort developxent) and (3)
developnent without the lagoon. Given the nature of  the ponds, the biota,
and the porous basalt substrate, 1 do not believe  that any pond site enclosed
within the resort area will serve  to  preserve  the ponds.  1  therefore urge
that all the proposed alternatives be reacted and  that  the  permit be denied.
The anchiallne pond ecosysten in the  Waikoloa  area  is sufficiently unique
that It should be preserved in toto for future generations.

                                           Sincerely,
                                                                                                                                                     B. Alison Kay  f
                                                                                                                                                     Professor of Zoology
                              AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMHI.OYKK

-------
              Jed £5
 ON
O
                     A


-------
                                                        Hawaiian* as potable

  nmter sources*'- bathia* facilities, and natural sources of food and bale.

        Zoto I'a:  Fish ponds i,. . /^V£-^  *             integral parts  of
'•afapua'a, a land tenure systca involving hlerarchial control over land-

                                                    AV-C         '
 and  resource  distribution.   Ideally, ahupua'a ••• radial  strips of land

 running froa  the •ouniain to the sea that eontaiaaa} all the necessary

 resources required to support its resident human population.- '——
                                       CHAFTE87
                        MISCtUANEOUS RIGHTS OF THE KOP1E
                 }7-l  BuliuBt material* water. «£,- taadJordf- KtlM vibjeet to teaaatt'
              •M.  Where the Janitonlt iave obtained, ormaybena/terobum. allodial tides
              to their lands, the people on eaea of their lands shall noi be deprived of Joe naot
              to take firewood, bout^onber, abo conf. thatch, or U k*f. Stem tbe bad on
              whidi tbcy live, for tbeir own ftinu use, but tbevihaU mot have a ri«ht to take
             and mnniat water, and the rijht of way. Tie sprinp of water, naninf water.
             and imfc thalt be foe to aO. on all lands fnuued in fee simple; provided, that
          •'  this shall not be applicable to wells and water-eeunei. which individuals have
             made for their own use. (CC lg!9. }I477; RL 192!. J57fc XL I93S, $ 1694; RL
             1945. iI2901; RL 1955. }H-IJ

-------
                         nADRIOMAt. «MO CUSTOMACT ttOMTI
              S«ett««7.
                                          tainl and reBpoui purpatet cod po»-
          traditionally ewrcbed for nibutence. cultural too rrupou. P-.H—	,—
          aaud by alrapua'a unaats who are daooutanta ofnttive Hawaiian who iohab-
          'tei the HavaiiaB blaads prior to 177*. subject to the ri (ht of the Stale to rcfulue
          aoch risho. [Add Cent Qn 197* and atetioa Nov 7. 197S]
                                                S.c.MSA-1 rL*MNINC-ECONOMICOt\IB0rMCrf
ueMa<«|irii9KCftiMmK

 ifc* ««ality of couul KC»< M* e*ni «MK» tnevrc
 *} en»«M«mt;
                              M
      ifc* ««ality of couul
(4) Cora*}
   (A)
(5)
      rreMCi *»JirtW« COM  c
      HBUC •dvtne hnpKU CM «• eoHul
                ac pnvttc
. crvMon, «»d viM- ifiwt.
       Imptvrr iTvc dtwtkrpncm rmc* prarru. c
       »*4 tuWk p«nteiflau«n m the mtttfcraem
       «*wRtt t*4 haurdaV
           sy^S&sssss^ys
           w Mi.o«m>l7 <*""rl°'n'™,r,|lsuic for it
                                                           aicn *hidi n-Stct iW *t*am*c * ftn* ««ier »«
                                                           ccosymm wd r*t*brt iMd m* «*MT va »fe»c»

-------
                           Ste.WA-4

                                (XKA-4  I.	iiilTiiafn;irtiifcaa»tii«.aal4»iaiBari.  Wb>
                               '     - ttteaHreBWiaflaeeaiMllijn I I ill n [  il arapaaiM
                                      i »ta> >e r*f IB iiulayinl. calraat rau'u aari i'
                           «ataaaB«vftailaaet*>fcrai 	
                                fl»  neatjetMaaarlgefcciBafitaetopgaataainiHiliaai
                           eaanerlllytaeleina»a*lkalk ''  "            ...

                               faSA-S  Cmirnn. AS eteaoei ikal aaaa««cii iqalaiieat. •
                           ~rr*	n	r"    l'_   *""T'tj'iiii naii>ai' 11 nf lliii rtipai
                           aad arqr j-o*ao eaanrt e» Hie hplbian. p. ItHLr (M. pi of 13: an I
                           Ifn.c200.l4j
            PUTL VKU1 MatUGCUMTUOS

 •iiiiin iiianamnii»».€mak

   ntflA.ll  Fla«a|an» aeren. >) •aiiaiiai
«««M.lot.af«a.^Jnraiaca^J»1»af «"ii tkeSiair;
anrm^aMircL and.«*efe aoaiAie. la maer* the aaiaral n
   (I) -AE.to.l-
                      » Mr i«di>i«Ml. fttuimrn*.
   (2)  'AailwrHy* meaas lAe cavae) ptoamnt
       raaaiiei wfcere Ike crai
       the cOMKil nay by onlimmj drvpuM. HIT aMhornv n:
               c. ddrjiM ikt> mpoMibday
                  **
                                     .
       M: in or untMr ra
       (A)  •IWiilnii.t.i-i.rlmlnit.ian-iiig
           (I) T*t»hcii.MrnrB«nieoaf»«r'Mtr<«iiirn'il«r
         In}  lie repair aati*aH»»ieuKT of »Uimuni< ati.-;
                 >!• •u«»»iaCTaena««'«e«ef>»iii»MllH)nL
          (*) ZariMt vanaMevmvpl for fcejfftt «einHy; pfrtefr

         (ri) Krpair. maiaienaAer. «r teierior jMeratioat v
        (*ii) DtfineJitiati or rrmenlnffaweiwn. except tine fCir.
             i y »f localrt an an> hnwhc >iie at deupwurf w aau r:-
             alar stale f
     ia«.I>i^a^^ *at»«taf alaao. eiaai. Baak «a«
     _k_.    —.  i «  :  ^.  ...»           uar

                                           ear
       (n)
       (I)  T»eeiniiii.«r«
                              d affa* iaio Aer or fc»r
(>ii) TVuhJi iiiiiatan
    aareeh «*ea aa aaan              ....  	
    fraroi&pfanrMlIaianiacaliiadvaieaiiBiaWi.
    »iaeil mail am IkenXIrr aialiflr *» IhB eneplioa «na
    itaatn M aay McMajaoji taMmsioa e/ary afthe
     (im)
      ft.)
                              latilityliaeiaadappwfrMat
                             dmltw tea a aeicM aloat
                                   I addhnaal t*eU,n
                                   nd
                                 to nnlin( luaiaKimil
                                                             	  	    .        apHrtaaw Ui.tlui^.i^tlm
                                                            I ike aataoriiv KU aaoai ike felfenac niftlian *ar tke feneo af
                                                            Maaaaaiiaeefotea'ialkcajecitlaiaaateaieiHaiak ' .'.  , '<, ''••
                                                                   (I)
                                                                        W
                                                                  (II

                                                                  (Cl

                                                                      clem aooa taivial ataMtnaeM acta i
                                                                  fl>  A>n»iaiu la nr»i«rl»aa fermi aral «araaaa. aceai


                                                                      •raraiiittliid riiiimiafi tf Nurj of floadfc I
                                                              (2)  Ke
                                                                  fen
                                                                  m
                                                                      eject i» mmiatiied to ike eitcat pratiii ai*_aaiefcidy oav
                                                                           <*l Sick «>v«eCKU*Kiii<)e,Mar>>e taw* M.
                                                                                                 acl ef i«li..)a77.TlU.|IO:aaiLtT7>.c2«.H:aia
                                                                            Lin4.clU.i2)                            ..   .

-------
         (2)  "Water rewurees'
                          all source* of water sappiy in the State
                              be nude to be uiable to topply the
             WBKaarcoria»7 BC«_» —_ —.	
             fl^i<»|j*ij^ **\flMrnfi acricutonal* w^ ««w• «»««•»» <* *5= ^^ S17A"U
                        Amacn

          eoKsavATtoH, eom«OL ANO ocvuof MSMT
          COMSnVATIOM AND OfVBOPMINr OT ttSOUKU


    Scedeal.  -For the benefit ofpramitaadftiturettTVTHiom. the Sate urf
til Banml toourco. iadudins Uod. *tur. lir.
              deveJopmcnt ind utilattioa of that raourea in «
Suit.
    .
    AH poWieiutorilKiooroe* «r» held JBtntt by the Sute for the benefit^
t^ piopfe. [ATu

                                                   OT:
,   2.0SA-
          -
          -03
                                                                ALT
       a?

-------
 f20SA-t
on o
 (1)
pcnon or afcoey 0117 tORnnoKe a o*a aerie*
         UiK9i
                                                                tfl and 662.«ay
                                                              *« any atrncy:
                                                                              ,  :
                                                                             e

                              Kaw*rd Haw of the &ue*i j*ri*dfelioB;«r                 O
                             "                                 "                 !
                                                                   be perfonarf
                         (2} "Hat frited » pcffaro t«y •« or • nj
                            . •
                         (3) • )

                         (b)
                     puty, may ia tervene as t etsnei of neat.
                         (c)  A court, ta aar «iioo,i7O«tto oader ifca»«tjwi. shall have
                     diaim 10 provide tsy rriirf as cay be ipp

                         (d)  Any aqiop bi&i&t me£sr lag vqio* rtat te
                     tiity days ofibe act which is Uwhuts tf titc
                     |3;afflLl979.c200iJiS]
TW(5

-------
                                                    April
                                                              l»«s
ON
00
Col.  Hichaal M.  Jenki
District Engineer
Corp* of Engineer!
U.S.  Army Engineer Diitrict Honolulu
Ft. Shattar, Hawaii 9«IS*

Dear Col. Jenke,

     Thli latter ii in regard  to th* U.S. D*pt. of th* Army
permit application for th* propo**d excavation of th*
Haikoloa Beach  Reiort anchialin*  pondi by Transcontinental
Dev.  Co.  and Atpac Land Co.

    According to th*  April • OBQC Bulletin "KIP A Document"
••ction under  th* "Draft Environmental Impact Statement" for
th* above mentioned project it etatei that  "Improvement* in
the lagoon would  include a  cand beech, iwimming area for
retort  gueiti, footbrldgei, shoreline improvement* and other
recreational/retort itructuree."

     At th* April 0 hearing before  th* Hawaii  county
Planning Commiiiion on th* SHA  permit for thl* development,
Hr. chrii Hemmeter, owner/developer of the Hyatt Hotel to be
built at thil  lit* testified that th* iwimming lagoon
created by  the  excavation of  th*  anchialin*  pond* wa*  to be
for public u«* a* well at for u«e by  r**ort gueit*.

     Thi» being th* ca«* I requeit that any permit inued by
the Army Corp of engineer* for  excavation of  the anchialin*
pondi reflect Hr. Hemmeter'i itatement by  including a
provision in the permit that the S acre iwimming lagoon be
for public uie a* well ai uie by  reiort  gueiti.
                                                                uri.
                                                      r"fy no/h
         hitein
 6-123 Royal Poinciana Dr.
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii 86740
329-1568

-------
                                                                        P.O.  Box 308
                                                                     Volcano,  Hawal'i
                                                                                96785
                                                                          17 Hay 1985

           Col. M. M. Jenks
           District Engineer
           U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
           Bldg. 230
           Fort Shatter, Hawal'l
                 96858-5440


           Dear Col. Jenks:

           On  10 May 1985 I visited the site of the proposed  Hyatt  Regency  Uaikoloa
           Hotel.  The site la beautiful — the ponds  lovely  and  biologically unique.
           Mauna Kea, Hauna Loa, Uualalal,  Kohala,  and llaleakalo  can  all be seen  from
           the coast fronting the property.  My Initial reaction  to seeing  the  site
           was that development should proceed In such fashion so as  to maintain  these
           unique natural attributes.

           I would like to see penults for  the present proposal denied on the grounds
           that 1) as planned, these natural attributes are violated, and,  2) there
           are unanswered questions as to the biological effects  of the proposals.
           Alternatively, a development situated further Inland would serve to  pro-
A         tect the ponds, and ensure a visual corridor.  As  a biologist familiar
0^         with wetland habitats, I consider rejection of all of  the  proposed alter-
\O         natives to be the environmentally preferred alternative, with the maximum
           allowable compromise being the described Alternative 2 which provides  for
           a large pond 'preservation area.

           The EIS. reports that Kaclolek and Brock  (1974) consider  that the anchlallne
           ponds in this vicinity represent the largest concentration of anchlallne
           ponds in West Hawal'i, as well as greatest  diversity in  terms of age,  size,
           salinity, and, though not stated in the  EIS,  likely biological diversity
           as  well.  Given that these anchlallne ponds are recognized by the experts
           to  be among the best of a scattered,  naturally rare, and recently much-
           depleted ecosystem, filling, excavating, or contaminating  them as proposed.
           is  a very serious jeopardy to the continued diversity  and  even existence
           of  this unique ecosystem.

           I feel that the EIS fails to adequately  answer certain questions regarding
           the biological impact of the development.   1) What is  the  minimum size and
           or  number of ponds necessary to  preserve this fragile  ecosystem  which  is
           habitat for an unique assemblage of species,  including the very  rare,
           locally endemic eel Gymnothorax  hllonis? 2)  What  are  the  biological effects
           of  added nutrients and pesticides which  will seep  into the ponds? I find
           it  difficult to understand how an increase  of 98T  in the level of nitrates,
           a 552 increase in phosphates and a 134t  Increase in ammonium would have no
           biological effect (see III-B.3.2-g anj IV-3-m).  Such  eutrophlcation has
           been known to degrade blologlcally«aquatlc  ecosystems  all  over the world.
           3)  Also there has not been reported any  biological study of the  Uaikoloa
           anchialine pools after development in the area —  what are the adverse
           impacts to this unusual ecosystem?

           So  far as the EIS addresses the  biological  attributes  of the site, I find
           the plant species checklist to be correct.   I am not qualified to assess
the completeness of the list of aquatic species, but some of the names men-
tioned In the text are absent from the tables.  As an ecologist, however,
I find that both plant and aquatic species sections should more completely
nap the stratification of species associated with ponds of different ages
at various distances from the coast.  The vegetation nap, Table III-2
(Plant species checklist) and Table  III-4 (a comparison of pond biota sur-
veys for the Uaikoloa Beach Resort), while satisfactory on a gross level,
do not provide this detailed information.
Should Alternative 2, which I consider the maximum allowable compromise,
be granted, a more detailed ecological Inventory of each of the ponds to
be filled or excavated should be conducted.  This survey should identify
species present (Including those observed during crepuscular and night-
time hours), diurnal salinity and nutrient trends, and pond age.  Similar
Inventories should also be completed for a selection of the ponds to be
preserved.
There would likely be less adverse biological Impact if the hotel were set
back some distance from the coast ouch as the nesrby, successful Sheraton
Halkoloa.  Biologically non-sensitive acreage exists just inland of the
proposed site, though construction of resort facilities there night necessi-
tate minor relocation of the fairway in the immediate vicinity.  While the
applicants argue that a luxury  resort hotel oust be situated on the shore-
line (II-2-2-2), a setback of the facilities a  few hundred yards is probably
not significant, particularly since  there would be no visual obstruction
of the coast.
The draft EIS addresses numerous other potential concerns.  Among these are
the Impacts on recreational resources and activities by the project (IV-B).
The inevitable Increase of the  demand on existing public parks is recog-
nized; however it is suggested  that  sufficient  parks are planned to accom-
modate this development.  A setback  of development from the coaat will
ensure the preservation of vistas, and should enhance varied coastal recre-
ational experiences for both visitors and public, as well as serving to
preserve the ponds in question.
I had Intended to attend the public  meeting in  Kona earlier this year,
but if there was any publicity  of this meeting  after the date had been
postponed, I missed it.  Thank  you for accepting my written comments now.
I would appreciate a copy of the final EIS.
                                                      Aloha,
cc: Senator Inouye
    Senator Hatsunaga
    Representative Akaka
    Representative Heftel
    Mayor Dante Carpenter,  Hllo
    U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
    County of Hawaii Department-of Planning
    John Maciolek
                                                      Lani Stemmermann

-------
Hr. Michael T. Lee
Biologist
U.S. Arny Engineer District
Operations Branch
Build 230
Fort Shatter, Hawaii  96858-5440
                                                     9 Hay 1985
Dear Mr. Lee:

     I have a feu comments on the proposed construction o£ the Uaikoloa
Beach Resort on the Island of Hawaii.  My comments are directed primarily
toward the proposed filling of a major portion of the anchialine ponds that
occur in the area.

     I'M sure you are aware of Haclolek S Brock's (1974) statement that  the
Anaehoomalu Bay area has the largest concentration of ponds in the State,
and that the area is (was) unique because of the occurrence of eels,
Gymnothorax hllonis, and marine fishes in the ponds.  However, the area
apparently has already been impacted to an extent that these unique
organisms may no longer be there.  I would, therefore, recommend that as
much undisturbed pond area as possible be preserved.  A buffer zone around
the preserve should also be designated to help insulate the core from
future impacts.

     It should be pointed out that what is being dealt with is not just  a
group of "ponds."  The ponds are interconnected coastal depressions that
lay below the high tide level and thus flucuate with the tidal cycle via
underground connections with the'sea.  They can be thought of as windows
into a complicated subterranean system that is influenced by the ocean,
ground water, and land.

     Very little is known about this subterranean-anchialine pond system.
The studies that have occurred in Hawaii and other places have essentially
been baseline studies to determine the organisms that live, at least part
time, in the pools.  Virtually nothing la known about the much larger
subterranean system, or if there are organisms that live there exclusively.

     Presently, there is not enough known about the subterranean and
anchialine system to make a valid decision concerning the impact of a large
development such as the Uaikoloa Beach Resort,  While there is no doubt
that an impact will occur, there is no way to determine what the results
will be.  There is, therefore, a need for study if rational decisions are
to be made concerning future coastal development in areas with anchialine
pools.

     The type of information necessary for a planning decision.goes beyond
knowing what plants and animals live in the ponds, or monitoring the
population to see if change occurs (change occurs in all populations).
Information is needed on how the systems operate, how extensive they are,
and how an impact in one portion affects other parts of an interconnected
system.  These are not easy questions to answer, but the technology is
available to begin this work.
     I believe «oney should be wide available to study and publish
infornation on the subterranenn-nnchieline pond system of Hawaii.  The
aystens represent a unique aspect of the natural history of the Islands «nd
are part of the heritage.  A possible Bechaniaa to conduct the studies
would be to direct the funding to the University of Hawaii to support
graduate student research.  This would have the added advantage of training
young researchers in a unique aspect of Hawaii's natural history.

     Finally, I believe that the developers of the Waikoloa Beach Resort
should bear at least part of the expense of conducting research on the
subterranean-anchialine syaten.  The reason is that they are using one of
the coat spectacular areas of the syaten (a common heritage) for personal
profit.  By bearing some of the cost, they will be giving infornation back
to the community and training its students.

     Thank you.
                                                                                                                                     Sincerely,
                                                                                                                                      Richard H. Titgen, Ph.D
                                                                                                                                      Oceanographer

-------
                       Sierra Club
       C     moku  loa   group    J

      v  	Howoi'i  Chapter	•

              PO. Box 1137,  Hilo, HI  96720
                    April 9, 1985

Michael M. Jenks
Col., Corps of Engineers
District Engineer
U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu
Fort Shatter,  HI   96858

Dear Colonel Jenks:
DHAFT EI3.
UAJtKOLOA HYAM.
ISLAM) OF HAWAII
March, 1965
With some reservations, the Sierra Club supports the Applicants'
fropoaal (Figure II-4) for a single open space Anchialine fond
Preservation Area.                                       "~~~*

Many of our local members have walked  the shores of Waikoloa •
long before the germ of massive development  settled here; and
we liked it better under that condition of wildness and remote-
ness.

However,, our realization has been that the scales are irretriev-
ably tipped in favor of increased human use, the accoutrements
of civilization, and retreat of the sparse but interesting
biota at this most unusual meeting place1 of  land and sea.

Perhaps the County General Flan of 1970 was  the pivotal document
that specified ana virtually assured resort  development along
the Eohala Coast, at least on privately controlled lands.  If
there was a challenge in the zoning changes  of that time, the
conservation community did not make a  response to it.

We have the following comments:

   1.  If the 12-acre proposed pond area can be made much larger
       we certainly would support that move.

   2.  A minimal expansion should Include the adjacent pond
       cluster in Lot 13, comprising ponds in the series 169-196.
       This would require 2.0 to 2.5 acres of land (see map
       attached).

   3.  Ibis pond cluster contains the  deepest example we know
       of in the region, Pond 179 with a depth of 3 to 4 feet.

   4.  The pond aeries proposed for addition appears to be in
       a newer lava flow which is generally bare, supporting
       little or no terrestrial vegetation.

   5>  Pond 172 is moat unusual in that it is formed under- and
       adjacent to a collapsed pahoehoe bubble.  An arch of
       firm stone spans this pond.   It would be a pity to destroy
       this natural geological feature.
SIEHHA CLUB, page 2, April 9, 1985


   6.  It appears that residential development la lot 13 can
       bo Bade flexible enough to accommodate our proposed
       addition of these several unusual ponds*

MANAGEMENT

long tern pond management la an important conaideratlon, which
the DEIS does address.  Management should Include a significant
research segment, In addition to a monitoring process.  Our
recommendation la that the land owners  explore seriously with
Tha Rature Conservancy of Hawaii the possibility for setting up
a conservation easement for management  and research in the Pond
Preservation Area.(Aider such an arrangement and program, owner-
ship of the acreage would be retained by the landholder.
                                                                      Sincerely yours,
                                       EHCL.
                                         Map. and photos of
                                         Fonda 179 and 1?2.
                                P. Quentin Tomieh
                                Co-Chair.
                                Conservation Committee

-------
          14
          3i
          to
          &
          sT
          1
   SXEBEA CTDB,  pas* 3, April 9, 1985
I
BECOEgtEHDED AJPOTIOH
to include deep pond (#179?
•fid «xched pond (#172)
                            Flgur* 11-4  Applicant's Proposal
                                            K-72

-------
                   Appendix L
Coastal Zone Management Consistency Determination

-------

-------
            DEPARTMENT OF  PLANNING      - J o&as

        J AND  ECONOMIC  DEVEOMffl,w.        -?!=li3
        ' ' KAMAhWUBUlDM* 250 SOUTH KNG SI.HONCXUU IUVWI                      'wWlWru          f!fi!£&ft
            WJUCADO«5S K>eGK23»HONOIUmMAHli«KH»infXMa2SOt«ffO           BUSWtSS«*WOUStWKvtIOHvtfNIOMSON
                                                                            (NtftGY CMS10N
  Ref.  No.  P-2590
                                September 5, 1985
 Mr. Perry J. White
 Belt, Collins and Associates
 606 Coral Street
 Honolulu, Hawaii  96813

 Dear Mr. White:
               &NE (XVQCN
            IWt IIHAJ.HM***!
             IANOUS10MSION
            HANNmO DMS1GN
HSIAUCH »JD (OONOMC ANA11M DMSON

                  CBOi
       «MMSI«MM awcu ana
           Subject:   Coastal Zone Management (CZM)  Consistency Determination,
                     Waikoloa Beach Resort Anchialine  Ponds, Anaehoomalu,
                     South Kohala, Hawaii (FC/8S-026)


           We have reviewed the subject consistency determination and offer the
 following for your consideration.

           As part of the development of a resort complex, Transcontinental
 Development  Co. and Atpac Land Co. propose to excavate a 5-acre recreational
 lagoon at the head of Waiulua Bay and to fill 136 anchialine ponds in other
 areas of the site.

           We support the overall development concept and the economic benefits
 it will bring to the County of Hawaii.   We are, nevertheless, responsible for
 assuring that development occurs in a manner consistent with the legislative
 CZM objectives and policies.

           In  this regard, we  believe the proposed filling of over 130
 anchialine ponds on the project site may represent a substantial resource loss
 to the  State.  Anchialine ponds (shoreline ponds without surface connection to
 the sea  having waters of measurable salinity and showing tidal  fluctuations)
 are unique coastal ecosystems.   In  the United States,  they are  found  only on
 the Kona coast of Hawaii and  Cape Kinau on Maui.  Rare species of shrimp,  fish,
 and inollusks  inhabit  the pond systems.  We understand  in fact that some of the
 species are found only in anchialine ponds.  In recognition of their  values,
 the anchialine ponds  at  Cape Kinau  were designated as  part  of the State's
 Ahihi -Kinau Natural Area Reserve.

          'Hie site of the proposed  resort contains  one of the most extensive
 systems of such ponds.   As noted in a 1974 study of Kona  coast ponds  (Maciolek
 and Brock), the ponds in the Waiulua Bay area have  "exceptional natural
 geological and biological qualities that deserve protection as a unique  and
 valuable resource."   The proposed development calls for filling two-thirds of
 the 21S ponds, and despite leaving a third of them  intact,  could degrade and
eventually destroy the habitats in these remaining  ponds.
Mr. Perry J. White
Page 2
September 5, 198S


          A specific policy of the Hawaii CZM Program is to "preserve valuable
coastal ecosystems of significant biological or economic importance" (Section
Z05A-2(c)(4)(B), Hawaii Revised Statutes).  As compensation and mitigation for
the loss of these ponds, a 12-acre area has been identified for the lone-term
protection of a representative cluster of anchialine ponds.  Sixty-two (62)
ponds will be thus preserved, with the remainder filled as part of the resort
development.

          Given the significant number of ponds which will be lost, nearly 20t
of the total number of anchialine ponds in the State, the integrity of the
proposed management plan for the remaining ponds becomes all the  more
important.  Issues such as the need for studies, frequency of monitoring, the
allowance of lighting and pathways, increased human presence, effects of nearby
development on groundwater quality, and control over the introduction of exotic
fauna should be considered and addressed through the plan.  As such, assurances
that the remaining anchialine ponds will be adequately protected  and maintained
are necessary.

           In consideration of the above, therefore, we will agree with your
determination that the proposed project  is consistent with Hawaii's CZM  Program
predicated  on the following conditions:

           - The  final management plan shall be submitted to the Department  of
              Planning and Economic Development and  the Department of Land and
              Natural Resources for concurrence.

           -  The  applicant shall comply  with and assume  the costs associated
              with implementing the management plan, including any mitigation
              measures which may subsequently be recommended to ensure the
              long-term  integrity and  natural  resource values of  the remaining
              anchialine ponds and habitat.

           -  Free access and parking  shall  be  provided  to the preservation
              area for public educational and  research purposes consistent with
              the proposed pond management objectives.


           By copy of this letter,  we  are also informing the Federal permit
 issuing agency of our conditioned concurrence.   Your written acceptance of
 these conditions or objections to them should be  submitted to us within 30
 days after receipt of this letter,  with a copy to the  Federal permit issuing
 agency.  We will consider our concurrence valid upon receipt of  your written
 acceptance.

-------
r
i
                                                                                                         Mr.  Perry J. White
                                                                                                         Page 3
                                                                                                         September 5, 1985
                                                                                                          Program.
                                                                                                                    He appreciate your cooperation  in complying with the Hawaii CZM
                                                                                                                                                 Very  truly yours,
                                                                                                                                                 Kent M. Keith
                                                                                                          cc:   U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers
                                                                                                               Planning Dept., County of Hawaii
                                                                                                               Dept. of Land and Natural Resources
                                                                                                               Dept. of Health

-------